a ’ te 7 v4, t i 4 tir 4 - i+? wn * 7 re 4 4 7 y e + ‘ 7” e - + IN f a vam * . . ae + | 4 De hy mi ; 7 ‘ Hit NN ri ia ioe WARN Yh bs weer ba eity BRITISH ZOOLOGY. aot REPT IL BS by PSs EL Ajt ego defpectis que cenfus opefque dederunt Nature mirabor opus. AUSONIUS. WO i, UD, CHESTER, PRINTED BY ELIZ ADAMS, FOR BENJAMIN WHITE, AT HORACE’s HEAD, | FLEET-STREET, LONDON, MDCCLXIX, ‘ een aii Bi Rie Tihs © —? bi AMP HHS AMAA -Sbd tiwal ne) an 3 BOA LO bh G Lb. Ais 8 HL mR BOP © Do Bos, All the works of the Lorp. are good, and he will give every needful thing in due feafon. So that a man cannot fay this is worfe than that, for in time they fhall all be well approved. Ecclefiafticus XXX1X. 33, 34s Thi od bas |bodg ai aaoLbiods Jo eahiow: salt Qtek ab: ni geil Inithoon yee grad jonda,:ihow, at aida yeh Uonaso (rant ete -havonqga Towed 1 1s’ Hash As sein rR AGS OMAR wwii ty SCNHRE THoMAS FALCONER, Efq; OF OT 2 A ON RC Te T is but juftice, my dear Tom, to ad- drefs toyou a work which was begun with your approbation, carried on under your improving ftrictures, and has fo often amufed us during the many pleafing hours we have pafled together. At the fame time that I own the many advantages I have reaped from making you confident to the productions of an idle and rural pen; let me not fail in my acknowlegements to our common friend the Hon. Dartnes BarrincTon, who, with unremitting ardor, and with an honeft freedom, has favored me with the mofi inftructive hints on the fubjec& of the following theets. Would! would to Heaven that I was capable of adding the third to the number! But the grateful tribute of a A 2 fich bore fich is all I can give to what is now be- come only an inftructive memory. Sim- plicity of manners, zealous friendfhip, the promotion of all liberal arts, uni- verfal benevolence, with its amiable at- tendant charity, characterifed the Prelate whofe lofs I deplore. You I know will excufe thefe expreffions of fenfibility, when you recollect it is Dr. Lirr.eton, late Bifhop of Caruiste, whom I la- ment. May you live long and happy, is the earne{t with of him, who is, with the trueit regard, Your moft affectionate kin{man, And faithful humble fervant, Downing, 1 - " Weieoe Oat Thomas Pennante. ER Re A 5 Page 21, dele **, andi *) xxix) fon 22, Attingot, I, gives 56, thofe (the fir?) 65; ix Guo, 66, inftrument, 67, NAPKE, 68, impute, 6g, leatt 83, affunder, QO, are, 94, Nore, fecond of 115, affure, 135, twelve, 140, extirminate, 171, Gunnellis, - 193, fins, 213, le Soup, 251, intercepter, 236, abound, 298, Note, on, moutant, 306, norit, 310, without beards, 315 wvencra, Attingat. give. thefe. iygsuciv. inftruments. NAPKH. impart. left. afunder. is. fecond book of. affures. fix. exterminate. Gunnellus. fin. le Loup. intercepte. abounds. On. montant. to be placed under Quis? to be placed, p. 399» BREAM. VENENA ADVERT ls EM EIN T- INDIAN ZOOLOGY. PART IL Confifting of Twelve Plates, 4to. Imperial, with Defcriptions. HIS Work will be conti bers, containing Figures peds, with fome Effays on the Antients, ob{cured by Fable, &c. Sold by Mr. Wuire, Bookfeller, in Fieet-freet, and Mr. Watters, at Charing-Crofs. over nued and completed in Six Num- of undefcribed Birds and Quadru- Indian Animals mentioned by the ea py jemee St Pee r ‘ Ih Aw ¢ : aes PREF ACE. iii mountains of Kerry, and that furprizing har- bour the Bullers of Buchan * may well be op- pofed to the rocks of B/ackulla, or the caverns of Skiula. Sweden can no where produce a parallel to that happy combination of gran- deur and beauty in Ke/wick + vale, or Kz/ar- ay t lake; nor can Europe fhew a natural won- der equal to the Grant's Caufeway in the north of Ireland. : . 7 The excellence and number of our f{prings (whether medicinal or incrufting) are well known to common inquirers, _ Our minerals are as great in quantity, as rich in quality: of gold, indeed we cannot pro- duce many {fpecimens, yet fufficient to fhew that it is found in this ifland§; but filver is found in great abundance in our lead ores, and veins of native filver in the copper ores of Muckrus, on the lake of Killarny. The hematites iron ores of Cumberland, and the beautiful columnar iron ores of the foreft of Dean, ave fufficient todifplay our riches in that ufeful commodity. No country produces fo great a quantity of tin as Cornwall; and that county, and feveral others in the north * Between Aberdeen and Peterhead. In Cumberland. t In the County of Kerry. § That ourcountry produces gold, appearsin Dr. Borlaje’s excellent hiftory of Cornwall, p. 214. folate as the year 1753 feveral pieces were found in what the miners call ffream ti7; one {pecimen was as thick as a goofe quill; others weighed to the value of feventeen fhillings, twenty feven fhillings: and another even to the value of three guineas. A 2 have iv “PARSE WO AACE, have been long noted for their inexhauftible veins of copper; nor lefs famous are the lead mines of Derbyfhire, Cardiganfbire and Flint- _fbire, which have been worked for ages, yet thew no fign of the decline of their ftores. In all thefe, nature fports with great lux- uriancy; the cryftallized lead ore of Tralee *, the fibrous lead ore of Tipperary; the lami- nated lead ore of Lord Hoptoun’s mines; the cryftalized tins, and the figured ores of Zink, are equally noted for their elegance, {carcity, and richnefs. The ore of Zink, or Lapis Calaminaris, is found in vaft quantities in the counties of So- merfet and Flint; while black lead ot wadd, a fubftance fcarce known in other kingdoms, abounds in the mountains of Cumberland. To the Swedi/h Petroleum, we may oppofe the Well at Pitchford, and that of Sz. Cathe- rine’s near Edenburg; our amber and our jet, together with our inexhauftable ftrata of coal found in fo many parts of this kingdom, will, in the article of bitumens, give us the fu- periority over thefe fo much boafted produc- tions of Sweden. To avoid a tedious énumeration, we fhall only mention our wonderful mines of rock falt; our allum and our vitriol works; our various marbles, alabafters, and ftones; our moft excellent clays and earths +-; all which * In the county of Kerry. + If the inquifitive reader is defirous of a farther account of the number and excellence of our fubterraneous produc- tions, PO RS Ew Ag Ce EK v articles, and many more unnoted here, might have furnifhed as with an ample field for panegyric, Our botanical productions are not lefs abun- dant; but the works of Ray, which have lately been much enlarged and methodized, according to the Linu@an fyftem, by the in- genious Mr. Hudjon, in his Fhra Plin. dé. ix. €e $° back ClafsIV. BEAKED WHALE, 43 back fin about three feet high, placed near the tail, which was eighteen feet broad: the belly was full of folds This {pecies is faid to feed on herrings. Wey he: BEA KO By Day NNO EL Av Le Te, Butkopf. Marten’s Spitzberg. Dale Harwich, 411. tab. 14. 124. ~ Nebbe-hual, or beaked whale. Bottle-head, or flounders-head. Pontop. Norway, 1. 123. HIS fpecies was taken near Maldon, 1717, and thus defcribed by Dale and Marten. The length was fourteen feet, the circum- ference feven and an half; the body very thick, the forehead high, the nofe deprefled, and of the fame thicknefs its whole length, not unlike the beak of a bird: in the mouth were no teeth. The eyes large, the eyelids fmall, and placed a little above the line of the mouth. The {pout hole was on the top of the head femicircular, with the corners pointed towards the tail. The pectoral fins were feventeen inches lone.’ The back was placed rather nearer the tail than the head, and was a foot lone: the breadth of the tail was three feet two inches. Thefe fith fometimes grow to the length of twenty feet; they make but little noife in blowing, are very tame, come very near the fhips, and will accompany them for a great way. | Belon defcribes and figures a fifh very much re- {embling, if not the fame with this: he fays it fur- D 3 nifhed Size. Defer. Teeth, 44 BLUNT-HEADED CACHALOT. Clafs IV. nifhed whalebone, Dont les Dames font aujourdhuy leurs buftes, et arrondiffent leurs verdugades*, by which ity appears, that this commodity was but newly known at that time in France. He adds, that the tongue was very good eating, and bath that and the flefh ufed to be falted for provifion. Genus II. Cetaceous Fifh, with teeth in the lower jaws only. CacHALoT. Sp. 1. ‘The BLUNT-HEADED CACHALOT. " @ Fith of this kind was caft afhore on Blyth fand, . Fanuary 30, 1762; its length was fifty-four feet, the breadth fourteen: the upper jaw was five feet longer than the lower, whofe length was ten feet. The head was of a moft enormous fize, very thick, and above one-third the fize of the Hfh: the end of the upper jaw was quite blunt, and near eight feet hich: the fpout hole was placed near the end of it. The teeth were placed in the lower jaw, eighteen on each fide, all pointing outwards ; in the upper jaw oppofite to them were an equal number of cavities, in which the ends of the teeth lodged when the mouth was clofed. The teeth, figured in plate ii. No. 2, was eight inches long, the greateft circum- * Belon de la nat. Sc. des Poiffins, ¥555, p- 6, by which it appears that the Frexch were acquainted with that article at lei forty years before we were. ference ClafsTV. BLUNT-HEADED CACHALOT. 45 ference the fame. It is hollow within fide for the depth of three inches, and the mouth of. the cavity very wide: it is thickeft at the bottom, and grows very {mall at the point, bending very much; but ia fome the flexure is more than in others. ‘Thefe, as well as the teeth of all other whales, we have ob- ferved are very hard, and cut like ivory. The eyes very {mall, and remote from the nofe. The pectoral fins placed near the corners of the mouth: it had no other fin, only a large protube- rance on the middle of the back. The tail a little forked, and fifteen feet from tip to tip. The penis eight feet long. The figure plate ii. we borrowed from a print taken from the fifh publithed by William Bingham ; after directing the tail to be placed in a horizontal pofition. This is one of the fpecies which yield what is improperly called /perma ceti, that fubftance being found lodged in the head of the fith that form this genus, which the French call Cachalot, a name we have adopted, having no generical term for it in our tongue, D4 I. The Sperma- Ceti, Teeth. 46 GREAT-HEADED CACHALOT. ClafsTV, Il. The GREAT-HEADED.CACH AL Gar Trumpa. Purchafi’s Pilgrimes Lecachalot adentsen faucilles. ill. 471. Briffon Cet. 229. Balena major in inferioretan- ‘The Parmacitty Whale, or Pos tum maxilla dentata denti- Wal fith. Dale Harwich, 413. bus arcuatis falciformibus, Phyfeter microps. Lin. jp/te pinnam five fpinam in-dorfo 107. Arted. fyn. 1Q4. habens. Sib. Phalain. 13. Cathalot, Catodon, or Pot fifh. tab. A. ¥. Raii fyn. pifc. 15. Crantz Greenl. 1, 112. CCORDING to Sir Robert Sibbald’s obferva- tions on one taken on the coaft of Scotland, the head was of an oblong form, and of fuch a bulk as to exceed that of all the reft of the body. The end of the upper jaw was five feet longer than that of the lower: a little above the middle of the nofe was placed the fpout hole, divided in the middle, and covered with a lid. In the lower jaw were forty-two teeth, bent like a fickle, thick in the middle, and growing {maller towards each end: afpecimen of a {mall one is en- craved, plate ui. No, 3. The eyes were very {mall, not larger than thofe of 2 hadock. On the middle of the back was a long {pine, in- ftead of a fin. The color of this fifh was black, the fkin of a filky appearance, and very thin. : The length of this fifh was fifty-two feet; above feventy gallons of oil were extra¢ted from it, and a great quantity of {perma ceti. Linneus informs us, that this fpecies purfues and terrifies the porpeffes fo much, as often to drive them on fhore. Ill. “fie Clas IV. HIGH-FINNED CACHALOT. 4) Ill. The ROUND-HEADED CACHALOT. Balanaminor ininferiore max- Le petit Cachalot. Brifon Cep, illa tantum dentata fine {pi- 222. na aut pinnain dorfo. Sib, Phyfeter Catodon. Lin. fit. 107. Phalain. 9. Kaii Syn. pifee Catodon fiftula in roftro, Ar- 15- ted. fynon. 108. HIS fpecies was taken on one of the Orkney ifles, a hundred and two of different fizes being caft afhore at one time,-the largeft twenty-four feet in leneth. The head was round, the opening of the mouth {mall : Sibbald fays it had no fpout hole, but only noftrils, We rather think, that the former being placed at the extremity of the nofe was miftaken by _ him for the latter. The teeth,we have in our cabinet of this fpecies (plate iii. No. 4.) are an inch and three quarters iong, and in the largeft part, of the thicknefs of one’s thumb. The top is quite flat, and marked with concentric lines; the bottom is more flender than the top, and pierced with a fimall orifice. ‘The back fin was wanting; inflead was a rough {pace. IV, The HIGH-FINNED CACHALOT: Balana macrocephala tripin- nentes. Sib. Phalain. 18. nis, qua in manaibula in- Raii fyn, pifc. 16. feriore dentes habet minus Le Cachalot a dents plattes. inflexos et in planum defi- Brifan. Cet. 230. NE of this fpecies was caft on the Orkney ifles in 1687. The fpout hole was placed in front, and on the middle of the back was a high fin, Teeth, "Teeth, #8 OD OOE Perth Ns: (Ciaas fin, which Sibbald compares to the mizen maft of a fhip. The head abounded with /perma ceti of the beft fort. _.The teeth of this kind are very flightly bent; that which we have figured, plate ii. No. 1. is fe- ven inches three quarters in length ; the greateft circumference nine: it is much compreffed on the fides; the point rather blunt than flat ; the bottom thin, having a very narrow but long orifice, or flit, hollowed to the depth of five inches and a quarter, and the tooth was immerfed in the jaw as far as that hollow. Genus III. Cetaceous Fifh, with teeth in both jaws. Do.puHin. Spe ota sama, 719 oO). Sob Es, ieee Anois. Arif. Hift. an. lib. vi. Delphinus corpore longo fub- ~¢. 12. Acrgiv. lian. lib. tereti, roftro longo acuto. Pir. 18, Arted. fyn. 105. Delphinus Pai, Lb. ix. ¢. 8. Le Dauphin. Briffon Cet. Le Daulphin, ou oye de mor. 233: ; Below Pai ay ‘ Delphinus Delphis. Liz. fyf. Delphinus. Rondel. 459. Gef- 108. ner pifc. 319 Caii opufc. 113. Dolphin. Barlafe Cornwall, Delphinus Antiquorum. W1. 264. tab. 27. Crantz Greenl. Icth. 28. Raii fyn. pife. 12. I, 115. ISTORIANS and philofophers feem to have contended who fhould invent moft fables concerning this fifh. It was confecrated to the Gods, was celebrated in the earlieft time for its fondnefs of the human race, was honored with the title of the Sacred Gast. D OO.) Bi eM 49 Sacred Fifo *, and diftinguifhed by thofe of Bay- loving, and Philanthropift. . \t gave rife to alone train of inventions, proofs of the credulity and ig- norance of the times. Ariftotle fteers the cleareft of all the antients from thefe fables, and gives in general fo faithful a natu- ral hiftory of this animal, as evinces the fuperior judgement of that great philofopher, in comparifon of thofe who fucceeded him. But the elder Pliny, _ Zélian, and others, feem to preferve no bounds in their belief of the tales related of this fifh’s attach- ment to mankind. Pliny ** the younger, (apologizing for what he is going to fay) tells the ftory of the enamoured dol- phin of Hippo in a moft beautiful manner. It is too lone to be tranfcribed, and would be injured by an abridgement; therefore we refer the reader to the original, or to Mr. Melmouth’s elegant tranflation. Scarce an accident could happen at fea but the dolphin offered himfelf to convey to thore the un- fortunate. Arion, the mufician, when flung into the ocean by the pyrates, is received and faved by this benevolent fifh. Inde (fide majus) tergo Delphina recurvo, Se memorant oneri fuppofuifle novo. Ille fedens citharamque tenens, pretiumque vehendi Cantat, et equoreas carmine mulcet aquas, Ovid. Fafti, ib. ii, 1 13, But (paft belief) a dolphin’s arched back, _Preferved Arion from his deftined wrack ; Secure he fits, and with harmonious ftrains, Reguites his bearer for his friendly pains. © Athenceus, 281. ¥* Epift. lib. ix. ep. 33. ) We Befez. = = eeth e m pon ® Ba ke” seem We are at a lofs to account for.the origin of thofe fables, fince it does not appear that the dolphin fhews a greater attachment to mankind than the reft of the cetaceous tribe. We know that at prefent the ap- pearance of this fith, and the porpeffe, are far from being efteemed favorable omens by the feamen; for their boundings, fprings and frolics in the water, are _ held to be fure figns of an approaching gale, It is from their leaps out of that element that they affume a temporary form that is not natural to them, but which the old painters and fculptors have almoft always giventhem. A dolphin is fcarce ever exhibited by the antients in a ftrait fhape, but almoft always incurvated : fuch are thofe on the coin of Alexander the Great, which is preferved by Belon, as well as on feveral other pieces of antiquity. The poets defcribe them much in the fame manner, and it is not improbable but that the one had borrowed from the other : Tumidumque pando tranfilit dorfo mare ‘Tyrrhenus omni pifcis exfultat freto, Agitatque gyros. Senec. Trag. Agam. 450. Upon the {welling waves the dolphins fhew Their bended backs, then {wiftly darting go, And in athoufand wreaths their bodies throw. The natural fhape of the dolphin is almoft ftrait, the back being very flightly incurvated, and the body flender: the nofe 1s long, narrow, and point- ed, not much unlike the beak of fome birds, for which reafon the French call it L’ ove de mer. It has in all forty-two teeth, twenty-one in the upper jaws, and nineteen in the lower, a little above ag 30, FISH. THETH OF CKTACEOUS 1 Bra. Dw EP SH Al ON as an inch long, conic at their upper end, fharp point- ed*, bending a little in. ‘They are placed at {mall diftances from each other, fo that when the mouth is fhut, the teeth of both jaws lock into one an- other : a fingle one is figured plate iu. No. 5. The fpout hole is placed in the middle of the head. The back fin is high, triangular, and placed ra- ther nearer to the tail than to the head; the pectoral fins fituated low. The tail is femilunar. The fkin is fmooth, the color of the back and fides dufky; the belly whitifh. It fwims with great fwiftnefs: its prey is fifh. It was formerly reckoned a great delicacy : Doc- tor Caius {ays, that one which was taken in his time, was thought a prefent worthy the Duke of Nor- folk, who diftributed part of it among his friends. It was roafted and drefled with porpeffe fauce, made of crumbs of fine white bread, mixed with vinegar and fugar. This fpecies of dolphin muft not be confounded with that to which feamen gives the name, the latter being quite another kind of fith, the Coryphena, | Hippuris of Linneus, p. 446. and the Dorado of the a ortuguefe, defcribed by Willoughby, p. 213. * Plaie mi. figs) S Wf. The Defiz, Tecth, ee - PLO RP a: @ Sy Hi 11 Phe Diuawo. Arift. Hiff. an. lib. Visicsplzs Turfio Phini. Lib. ix. c. 9. Le Marfouin. Belon. Turfio. Rondel. 474. pift- 711. Porpeffe. Wil. Icth. 31. Raii Syn. pife. 13. Crantz Greenl. 1,114. Kolben’s Hifl. Cape, Gefner Clafs IV. POORER ES Soke Le Marfouin. 234. Delphinus corpore fere coni- formi, dorfo lato, roftro fab- acuto. TECEV, once TE Snens ToiG yxe ugusarAAG eviCe) GUT ING 06. The hook’d Torpedo ne’er forgets its art, But foon as ftrack begins to play its part, And to the line applies its magic fides, Without delay the fubtile power glides Along the pliant rod, and flender hairs, Then to the fifher’s hand as {wift repairs : Amaz’d he ftands; his arm’s of fenfe bereft, Down drops the idle rod ; his prey is left ; Not lefs benumb’d, than if he had felt the whole Of froft’s fevereft rage beneath the ar@i¢ pole, Defer. 68 CRAMP RAY. Ch IV. But great as its powers are when the fifh is in vi- gor, they are impaired as it declines in ftrength, and totally ceafe when it expires. They impute no noxious qualities to it as a food, being commonly eat by the French, who find them more frequently on their coafts than we do on ours. This wonderful faculty is occafioned by a moft rapid, frequent, and violent contraction and exertion of its mufcles, againft any object that touches it. The caufe is prettily explained by M. Reaumur*, to whom we refer the inquifitive reader for a farther account. } We may mention a double ufe in this ftrange power the torpedo is endued with ; the one, when it is ex- erted as a means of defence againft voracious fith, who are at a touch deprived of all poffibility of feizing their prey. The other is well explained by Py, who tells us, it attains by the fame powers its end in refpect to thofe fifh it wifhes to enfnare. Novit torpedo vim fuam, ipfa non torpens; merfaque in limo fe occultat pifcium qui fecurt fupernatantes obtorpuere, corri- eps. Thefe fith are fometimes found of the weight of fifteen pounds. The body is almoft circular, and is thicker than others of the ray kind. The fkin is foft, fmooth, * Hift. de PAcademie des Sciences, 1714+ ** « The torpedo is well acquainted with its own powers, ** tho’ itfelf never affected by them. It conceals itfelf in the ** mud, and benumbing the fith that are carelefsly fwimming ‘© about, makes a ready prey of them.” and Chev: THORNBAC K 69 and of a yellowifh color, marked with large annu- lar {pots: the eyes very fmall, and almoft covered with the fkin; behind each is a femilunar orifice; the mouth is placed below, and furnifhed with {mall fharp teeth. Along each fide of the body is a narrow fin; near the vent two others. ‘The tail is thick towards the bafe, and grows {mall towards the end: on the up- per part are two {mall fins placed near each other ; the end is round. Thefe fith inhabite hot, or at leaft warm climates, and are very rarely taken in the Briti/h feas: the only one we ever heard of on our coafts, being took off the county of Waterford. ** With blunt teeth. Woethes.£ EO, R NB A.C. KR. La Rayebouclée. Belox.70o. Raia clavata. Lin. yf. 2976 Raia clavata. Rondel. 353. Gronov. Zooph. No. 154. Gefner pife. 795. R. aculeata dentibus tubercu- Steinroch. Schonevelde, 59. lofis, cartilagine tranfverfa _ Thornback. Wil. Icth 74. — abdominali. Arted. fjnon. 94. Rati yn. pifa 26. Racka. Faun. fuec. No. 293» HIS common fifh is eafily diftinguifhed from the others by the rows of {trong fharp fpines, difpofed along the back andtail. In a large one we faw, were three rows on the back, and five on the tail, all inclining towards its end. On the nofe, and on the inner fide of the fore- head near the eyes, were a few fpines, and others were ~ Food. +0 THORNBACK. Geeae were fcattered without any order on the upper part of the pectoral fins. The mouth was fmall, and filled with granulated teeth. The upper part of the body was of a pale afh- color, marked with fhort ftreaks of black, and the {kin rough, with {mall tubercles like fhagreen: The belly white, croffed with a ftrong femiluiiar cartilaze beneath the fkin: in general the lower part was {mooth, having ae a oe {pines en each _ fide. The young fifh have very few fpines on them, and their backs are often fpotted with white, and each fpot is encircled with black. This fpecies frequents our fandy fhores, are very voracious, and feed on all forts of flat fifh, and are particularly fend of herrings and fand eels, and fometimes eat cruftaceous animals fuch as crabs. Thefe fometimes weigh fourteen or fifteen pounds, but with us feldom Roo that weight. They begin to generate in pines and bring forth their young in July and Augu/t, which (as well as thofe of the fkate) before they are old enough to breed, are called maids. The thornback begins to be in feafon in November, and continues fo later than fkate, but the young of both are good at all times of the year. VI. The Cla& IV. o7UN Cie ay +1 Viewhe Ss Tr LT oN G oR Awe Tevyay. Arif. Hifts an, lib. Paltinaca marina levis, Wil. Vili. c. 13.1%. 37+ Oppian. __ pifc. 67. Halieut. 1. 104. 11. 462. ' Fire Flaire. Raii yn pifee Paftinaca Plinzi ib.ix. c. 42, 38. 24. La Paftenade de mer, Tourte- Raia Paftinaca. Lin. /yf. 396. relle, ou Tareronde. Belon.83 Raia corpore glabro, aculeo Paftinaca. Rondel. 331. Ge/ner longo anterius ferrato, cauda pile. 679. apterygia. Arted. /ynon. 100% Steckroche. Grone'Tepel. Scho- Gronov. Zooph. No. 158. nevelde, 58. HE weapon with which nature hath armed this fifh, hath fupplied the antients with many tremendous fables relating to it. Phuy, lian, * and Oppian, have given it a venom that affects even the inanimate creation: trees that are ftruck by it inftantly lofe their verdure and perifh, and rocks themfelves are incapable of refifting the potent poiton. The enchantrefs Gzrce, armed her fon with a {pear headed with the fpine of the Trygon, as the moft ir- refiftible weapon fhe could furnifh him with, and with which he afterwards committed parricide, unin- tentionally, on his father Uly/fes. That {pears and darts might, in very early times, have been headed with this bone inftead of iron, we have no kind of doubt: that of another fpecies of this fifh being ftill ufed to point the arrows of fome of the South American Indians, and is, from its hard- nefs, fharpnefs, and beards, a moft dreadful weapon. * Hift. an. hb. it. c. 36. F But Delcr. 72, Sl, [SN (Gort Ave. Clafs TV. But in refpedt to. its venemous qualities there is not the left credit to be given to the opinion, tho? it was believed (as far as it affected the animal world) by Rondeletius, Aldrovand, and others, and even to this day by the fifhermen in feveral parts of the kingdom. Jt is in faé the weapon of of- fence belone ing to the fifh, capable of giving a very bad een a which is attended with dangerous fymptoms, when it'falls on a tendinous part, or on a perfon in a bad habit of body. As to any fith having a {pine charged with a¢tual poifon, we muft deny our affent to it, tho’ the report is fanctified by the name of Linnzus*. This fpecies does not grow to the bulk of the the others: that which we examined was two feet nine inches from the tip of the nofe to the end of the tail; to the origin of the tail one foot three inches; the breadth one foot eight. The body is quite fmooth, of a fhape almoft round, and is of a much ereater thicknefs, and more elevated form in the middle than any other Rays, but grows very thin towards the edges. The nofe is very fharp pointed, but fhort; the mouth fmall, and filled with granulated teeth. The irides are of a gold color: behind each eye the orifice is very large. * Sy. Nat. I. 348. He inftances the Paftinaca, the Torpedo, and the Tetrodon lineatus. ‘The firft is incapable of conveying a greater injury than what refults from the meer wound. ‘The fecond, from the vehemence of its fhock: and the third, by im- parting a pungent pain like the fting of nettles, occafioned by the minute {pines on its abdomen. The Clafs IV. St ING UR Awa 93 The tail is very thick at the beginning: the fpine tui, is placed about a third the length of the former from the body, is about five inches long, flat on the top and bottom, very hard, fharp pointed, and the two fides thin, and clofely and fharply bearded the whole way. ‘Ihe tail extends four inches beyond the end of this fpine, and grows very flender at the extre- mity. _. Thefe fith are obferved to fhed their fpine, and to renew them annually ; fometimes the new fpine ap- pears before the old one drops off, and the Corni/b call this fpecies Cardinal Triloft, or three tailed, when fo circumftanced. The colour of the upper part of the body is a dirty yellow, the middle part of an obfcure blue; the lower fide white, the tail and {pine dufky. Ee X Genus m4 AN GEM SFIS Geom Genus VI. Slender body growing lefs towards the tail. Two fins on the back. Rough fkin. Five apertures on the fides of the neck. Mouth, generally placed far beneath the end of the nofe. The upper part of the tail longer than - the lower. SHARKS. * Without the anal fin. Peoimthes) Ati No G:) Biyiky tae ee Piyy. Arift. Hift. an. lib. v. ¢. 5,&c. Atheneus, lib, vii. p. See Ea Oppian Halicat. 1. 388, 742. Squatina Plin. lib. ix. c. 12. Rhina, fc. Squatus. “4.xxxil. c i. L’Ange, ou Angelot de mer. Belon. 69. Squatina. Rondel. 367. Gener. pil. 889. Wil. Icth. 79. Monk, or Angel Fifh. Raii fyn. pife. 26. Squalus fquatina. Lin. /j/. 398. S. pinna ani nulla, caudz duabus, ore termina- li, naribus cirrofis. Iézd. Sq. pinna ani carens, ore in apice capitis. drted. fya. 95. Gronov. Zooph. No. 151. HIS is the fifh which connects the genus of rays and fharks, partaking fomething of the charaéter of both; yet in an exception to each in the fituation of the mouth, which is placed at the extremity of the head. It is a fifh not unfrequent on moft of our coafts, where it prowls about for prey like others of the kind, It is extremely voracious, and, like the ray, feeds | Selly, ANG BE LP 1s) Hi 75 feeds on flounders and flat fifh, which keep at the bot- tom of the water, as we have often found on open- ing them. It isextremely fierce and dangerous to be approached. We knew an inftance of a fifher- man, whofe leg was terribly tore by a large one of this fpecies, which lay within his nets in fhallow wa- ter, and which he went to lay hold of incautioufly. The afpect of thefe, as well as the reft of the ge- nus, have much malignity in them: their eyes are oblong, and placed lengthways in their head, funk in it, and overhung by the fkin, and feem fuller of malevolence than fire. Their fkin is very rough; the antients made ufe of it to polifh wood and ivory *, as we do at prefent that of the greater dog-fifh. The ficfh is now but little efteemed on account of its coarfenefs and ranknefs, yet Archeftratus (as quoted by Athenaeus, p- 319) fpeaking of the fifh of Miletus, gives this Fierce nefs. the firft place in refpect to its delicacy of the whole cartilaginous tribe. They grow to a great fize; we have feen them of near an hundred weight. The head is large, the teeth broad at their bafe, but flender and very fharp above, and difpofed in five rows all round the jaws. Like thofe of all fharks, they are capable of being raifed or depreffed by means of mufcles uniting them to the jaws, not being lodged in fockets as the teeth of cetaceous fifh are. © | * Qua lignum et ebora poliuntur, Pliaii id. ix. ¢. 12. Bs The Defcre 76 ANGEL FISH. Chf&IVv. The tongue is large; the eyes fmall; the pupil — - of a pale green; the irides white, fpotted with brown: behind each eye is a femilunar orifice. The back is of a pale afh-color, and very rough; along the middle is a prickly tuberculated line : the belly i is white and {mooth. | The pectoral fins are very large, and extend hori- zontally from the body to a great diftance; they have fome refemblance to wings, fo writers have given this the name it bears in this work. The ventral fins are placed in the fame manner, and the double penis is placed in them, which forms another character of the males in this and the laft genus. The tail is bifurcated, the upper lobe rather the longeft: not very remote from the end on the back are two fins. II. The Cia&IV. PICKED DOG FISH. “7 im the PICKED DOG FIS 7: auaviias yxrtos. Arift. Hif. The picked dog, or hound fifh. an. lib. vi. co 10. Oppian Raii fyn. pife. 23. Halieut. I. 380. Squalus fpinax. Lin. fjft. 397- Emwotis Athenei lib. vii. p. Sq. pinna ani nulla, dorfa- L’Efguillats. Belor. 61. libus fpinofis, corpore tere- Galeus acanthias. Rondel. 373. tiufculo. Ibid. Gener. pife. 607. Sq. pinna ani nulla, corpore Sperhaye, Dornhundt. Schone- fubrotundo. Arted. fynon. 94. velde, 29. Hai. Faun. fuec. No. 295. Gro- Galeus acanthias five fpinax, now. Looph. 14.0. Wil. Icth. Os HE picked dog fifh takes its name from a {trong and fharp fpine placed juft before each of the back fins, diftinguifhing it at once from the reft of the Britifb tharks. The nofe is long, and extends greatly beyond the mouth, but is blunt at the end. The teeth are difpofed in two rows, are {mall and fharp, and bend from the middle of each jaw to- wards the corners of the mouth. The firft back fin is placed nearer.the head than the tail; the other is fituated very near the latter. The tail is finned for a confiderable fpace beneath, and the upper part is much the longeft. The back is of a brownith afh-color; the belly white. It grows to the weight of about twenty pounds. E 4 Ill. The Name, Defer. 98 BASKING SHARK. CagIM veiled Ii, Th BASKING SHARE Sun-fith. Smith's Hift. Cork, li. 292. Hift. Waterford, 27%. i HIS fpecies has been long known to the inha- bitants of the fouth and weft of Ireland, and thofe of Caernarvonfbire and Anglefea, but having never been confidered in any other than a commer- cial view, has till this time remained undeferibed, at left by any Exgli/h writer* ,; and what is worfe, mif- taken for and confounded with the luna of Rondele- zius, the fame that our Exgl/b writers call the fun- fi The [rifh and Welch give it the fame name, from its lying as if to fun itfelf on the furface of the wa- ter; and for the fame reafon we have taken the li- berty of calling it the bafking fhark. It was long taken for a fpecies of whale, till we pointed out the branchial orifices on the fides, and the perpendicular fite of the tail. | Thefe are migratory fifh, or at left it is but in a certain number of years that they-are feen in mul- titudes on the /Velch feas, tho’ in moft fummers a fingle and perhaps ftrayed fifh appears. * Linnaeus, p. 400. mentions a fpecies, which in fize, and in fome other refpecis, refembles this ; but his differs in having a {mall anal fin. It is his Squalus maximus. S. dentibus caninis, pinna dorfali anteriore majore. He fays it inhabites the ardéic feas, and feeds on medu/z (fea jellies) that it rivals the whale in fize, | has no orifice near the eyes, and hag a {mall anal fin, . They CELGIV. BASKING SHARE =9 They vifited the bays of Caeruarvonfbire and An- giefea in vaft fhoals, in the fummers of 1756 *, and a few fucceeding years, continuing there only the hot months, for they quitted the coaft about Michael- mas, as if cold weather was difagreeable to them. They had nothing of the fierce and voracious na- ture of the fhark kind, and were fo tame as to fuf- fer themfelves to be ftroked: they generally lay mo- ionlefs on the furface, commonly on their bellies, but fometimes, like tired fwimmers, on their backs. Their food feemed to confift entirely of fea plants, no remains of fifh being ever difcovered in the fto- machs of numbers that were cut up, except fome ereen ftuff, the half digefted parts of algae, and the like, At certain times they were feen {porting on the waves, and leaping with vaft agility feveral feet out of the water. Their leneth was from three to eleven yards, but the laft was a rare fize. Their form was rather flender, like others of the fhark kind. The upper jaw was much longer than the lower, and blunt at the end. ‘The mouth placed beneath, and each jaw furnifhed with numbers of {mall teeth : thofe before were much bent, thofe more remote in the jaws, were conic and fharp pointed. On the fides of the neck were five large tranf- verle apertures to the gills, * Some old people fay they recolleé the fame fort of fith yifiting thefe feas in vaft numbers about forty years ago. On Food, Teeth, © Liver. Oil. 890 BASKING SHARK. - ClafsIv. - On the back were two fins; the firft very large, not directly in the middle of the back, but rather nearer the head; the other fmall, and fituated near the tail. On the lower part were four others, viz: two pectoral fins, and two ventral fins; the laft placed juft beneath the hind fin of the back. Near thefe the male had two genitals, and between thefe fins was fituated the pudendum of the female. The tail was very large, and the upper part re- markably longer than the lower. The color of the upper part of the body was a deep leaden ; the belly white. The fkin was rough, like fhagreen, but lefs fo on the belly than the back. , Within fide the mouth, towards the throat, was a very fhort fort of whalebone. The liver was of a great fize, but that of the female was the largeft; fome weighed above a thou- fand pounds, and yielded a great quantity of pure and {weet oil, fit for lamps, and alfo much ufed by the people who took them, to cure bruifes, burns, and rheumatic complaints. A large fifh has afforded to the captors a profit of twenty pounds. They were viviparous, a young one about a foot in length being found in the belly of a fith of this kind. They were taken with harpoons with long lines fixed to them in much the fame manner as whales are, and when ftruck go off with vaft rapidity, and dart inftantly to the bottom, taking with them forty or fifty fathom of line, and are a long time before they are quite fubdued. | The Clafs IV. BASKING SHARK. Sr The fifhers obferved on them a fort of leech of a reddifh color, and about two feet long, but which fell off when the fifh was brought to the furface of the water, and left a white mark on the fkin. The fame perfons affert, that there were two {pe- cies of this fifh; a leffer fort, about two yards in length, which had in the mouth only three rows of teeth, and thofe larger than in the kind we have defcribed, being an inch and an half long. This account wedigefted from materials furnifhed by the Rev. Mr. Farrington, and the Rev. Mr. Wil- liams, Rector of Lanvair yn Hornwy, in Anglefea; for it has not been our fortune to fee more of this fifh than fragments of the fkin, jaws, and what is ftyled whalebone: they have now in a manner quit- ted the coafts, fcarce one in a fummer appearing in thofe feas. a With Bize, fb WHITE SHARK Cham ** With the anal fin. IV... Rhee W HTL ES Ake Nauia ? Arift. Hif. an. lib. Vs bs Ga 1X Gig 7 Adpvn. Oppian Halieut. 1. 370. v. 36. Kaoxaeias Kuwy. Athen. lib. Vil. p. 310. Lamia ? Plinii Lb. ix. ¢. 24. Le chien carcharien ou Perlz fifch de Norvege. Belon. 52. 37. Lamia. Tiburo. Rondel. 429. 390. j Canis Carcharias. Ge/uer pifc. 173. White Shark. Wil. Icth. 47. Raitfyn. pife. 18. Squalus carcharias. Sq. dorfo plano dentibus ferratis. Lzz. Sift. 400. Arted. fynon.89. Gronov. Zooph. No. 143. HIS grows to a very great bulk, Gilius fays, to the weight of four thoufand pounds; and that in the belly of one was found a human corps entire, which is far from incredible, confidering their vaft greedinefs after human flefh. They are the dread of the failors in all hot cli. mates, where they conftantly attend the fhips in ex- pectation of what may drop overboard; a man that has that misfortune perifhes without redemption : they have been feen to dart at him, like gudgeons to aworm. A mafter of a Guinea fhip informed me, that a rage of fuicide prevailed among his new bought flaves, from a notion the unhappy creatures had, that after death they fhould be reftored again to their families, friends, and country. To convince them at left that they fhould not re-animate their bodies, he ordered one of their corpfes to be tied by the Chive) WHITE? S AiARK. 83 the heels to a rope, and lowered into the fea, and tho” it was drawn up again as faft as the united force of the crew could be exerted, yet in that fhort fpace the fharks had devoured every part but the feet, which were fecured at the end of the cord. Swimmers very often perifh by them; fometimes they lofe an arm or leg, and fometimes are bit quite affunder, ferving but for two morfels for this rave- nous animal: a melancholy tale of this kind is re- lated ina Weft India ballad, preferved in Mr. Percy’s reliques of ancient Ezgli/h poetry*. The mouth of this fifh is furnifhed with (fome- times) a fixfold row of teeth, flat, triangular, ex- ceedingly fharp at their edges, and finely ferrated. We have one that is rather more than an inch and, an half long. Grew** fays, that thofe in the jaws of a fhark two yards in length, are not half an inch, fo that the fifh to which mine belonged muft have been fix yards long, provided the teeth and body keep pace in their growth+. This dreadful apparatus, when the fifh isin a ftate of repofe, lie quite flat in the mouth, but when he feizes his prey, he has power of erecting them, by the help of a fet of mufcles that join them to the jaw. The mouth is placed far beneath, for which rea- fon thefe, as well as the reft of the kind, are faid to * Vol. I. 331. ** Rarities, Qt- ¢ Foffil teeth of this fihh are very ee in Malta, fome of which are four inches long. be Teeth, 34. BLUES HARK): Chea be obliged to turn on their backs to feize their prey, which is an obfervation as antient as the days of Pliny*. ‘The eyes are large; the back broad, flat, and fhorter than that of other fharks. The tail is of a femilunar form, but the upper part is longer than the lower. It has vaft ftrength in the tail, and can ftrike with great force, fo that the failors inftantly cut it off with an axe as foon as they draw one on board. ‘The pectoral fins are very large, which enables it to {wim with great fwiftnefs. The color ae the whole body and fins is a light afh. The antients were acquainted with this fifh; and Oppian gives a long and entertaining account of its capture. Their fleth j is fometimes Es but is ef teemed both coarfe and rank. Vee ee a Ee A ee Taavn@>. isan. an. lib.1.c. Squalus foffula triangulari in 16. extremo dorfo, foraminibus Galeus glaucus. Rondel. 378. nullis ad oculos, Arted. fyn. eget pifc. 609. 98. Blew fhark. Bil Kcth. 49. Squalus glaucus. Lin ff. gor. Raii fyn. pife. 20. Att IAN relates ftrange things of the affection this fpecies bears to its young: among others, he fays, that it will permit the {mall brood, when in danger, to fwim down its mouth, and take fhel- * Omnia autem carnivora fant talia et Jupina vefcantur. lib.ik.¢ 24 ter GaalV,, BLUE SHARE 85 ter in its belly. This faét has been fince confirmed _ by the obfervation of one of our beft icthyologifts*, and is no more incredible, than that the young of the Opoffum fhould feek an afylum in the ventral pouch of its parent, a fact too well known to be contefted. But this degree of care is not: peculiar to the blue fhark, but we believe common to the whole genus. This fpecies frequents many of our coafts, but particularly thofe of Cornwall during the pilchard feafon, and is at that time taken with great iron hooks made on purpofe. It is of an oblong form: the nofe extends far beyond the mouth: it wants the orifices behind the eyes, which are ufual in this genus: the noftrils are jong, and placed tranfverfely. Artedi remarks a triangular dent in the lower part of the back. The {kin is fmoother than that of other fharks; the back is of a fine blue color; the belly of a fil- very white. Linnaeus fays, that its teeth are granulated; for our part we muft confefs it is a fifh that has not come under our examination, therefore hope to be fa- vored with an accurate defcription from fome Natu- lift, who lives on the coaft it haunts. We may add, that Rowdeletius fays he was an eye- witnefs to its fondnefs for human flefh; that thefe fith are lefs deftructive in our feas, is owing to the coolnefs of the climate, which is well known to abate the fiercenefs of fome, as well as the venom of other animals, * Rondeletias, 388. ee NI. The Defer, Tail. 86 SE. A OR OxXe | aaa Vite hes Ss ewan nO. ie Arwmeg ? Arif. Hift. an. lib. Cercus Cali opufe. 110. ix.¢.37- _—pinna dorfi fecunda officu- ner pife. 395- lorum quatuor decim. Arted. Schwartzer Goeb. Schonevelde. —_fynon. 46. 36. Gobius niger. Lin. /j/?. 449. Sea Gudgeon. Rock-fifh. Wil. Eleotris capite cathetoplateo, Icth. 206. Raii /yn. pife. 76. pinnis ventralibus concretis, Gobius ex nigricante varius, Gronov. Zooph. No. 281. T is to this fifh that Naturalifts have given the fy- I nonym of Kw&s, and Godio, names of certain fpecies mentioned by 4riftetle, Pliny, and Oppian. The two firft have not left any charaéters for us to diftinguifh them by; and Oppian at once fhews that he never intended this kind, as he has placed it, among thofe which are armed with a poifonous fpine. Ariftotle was acquainted with two fpecies; one a fea fifh that frequented the rocks, another that was gregarious, and an inhabitant of rivers, which Jaft feems to have been our common gudgeon. * Formed from Godius, the generic name beftowed by Natu- turaliits on thefe fish. This Ghsiv. BLACK GOBY 175 This fpecies grows to the length of fix inches the body is foft, flippery, and of a flender form : the head is rather large ; the cheeks inflated; the teeth fmall, and difpofed in two rows: from the head to the firft dorfal fin is a {mall fulcus. The firft dorfal fin confifts of fix rays; the pase of fourteen; the pectoral fins of fixteen or feven- teen, clofely fet together, and the middlemoft the longeft ; the others on each fide gradually fhorter. The ventral fins coalefce and form a fort of fun- nel, by which thefe fifh affix themfelves immoveably to the rocks, for which reafon they are called Rock- fi. The tail is rounded at the end. The color is brown, or deep olive, mixed with dark ftreaks, and fpotted with black: the dorfal and anal fins are of a pale blue, the rays marked with minute black fpots. I, The * Defer. 176 SPOTTED GOBY,: Cais i 1 of Dhe (SPO, Be EoD) ECsOrR me Agua? Athen. lib. vii. p. 284. Gobius Aphya et marfio didtus. Aphia, Belox. 207. Arted. fynon. 47. Aphya cobites. Rondel. 210. Gobius Aphya. G. fafciis Gefuer pife.67. Wil. pifc. 207. etiam pinnarum fufcis. Liz. Raii fyn. pife. 76. > bff. 450. W E faw feveral of this fpecies taken laft fum- mer on our fandy fhores in the fhrimp nets. The length of the largeft was not three inches : the nofe was blunt: the eyes large and prominent, ftanding far out of the head: the irides fappharine ; the head flat; the tongue large ; teeth in both jaws. | The firft dorfal fin. confifted of fix rays, the fe- cond of eleven, and placed at fome diftance from the other. The ventral fins are united: the anal confift of eleven rays: the tailis even at the end. The body is of a whitith color, obfcurely fpotted with ferruginous: the rays of the dorfal fins, and the tail, barred with the fame color. Genus ecm BU inl ole Aw. 7 Genus XXII. Large flat head, armed with fharp fpines. Six branchioftegous rays. BuLL-HEAD. ee Bolras. Arif. Hifl. am, lib, iv. c. 8. Chabot. Belon. 213. Cottus. Rondel. Fluviat. 202. Gobio capitatus. Ge/ner pi/c. 401. Een Miller. Schavenckfelt. Siles. 431. Bull-head, Miller’s Thumb. Wil. Icth, 137. Rati fyn Bi Oi es Pa Ba Ae Cottus alepedotus glaber, ca- pite diacantho. Arted. fynon. 76. ne Cottus Gobio. C. levis, ca- pite fpinis duabus, Liz. fy. 452. aa pa, Slage-fimpa. Faun. Juec. No. 323. Koppe. Kram. 384. Gronov. Zooph. No. 270. ; pile» 76. HIS fpecies is very common in all our clear brooks; it les almoft always at the bottom, either on the gravel or under a ftone: it depofits its fpawn in a hole it forms in the gravel, and quits it with great reluctance. It feeds on water infects ; and we found in the ftomach of one the remains of the frefh water fhrimp, the pulex aquatilis of Ray. _ This fifh feldom exceeds the length of three inches and an half: the head large, broad, flat, and thin at its circumference, being well adapted for infinu- ating itfelf under ftones: on the middle part of the covers of the gills is a {mall crooked {pine turning inwards, The 178 see Pe) 9G Ge ap Clafs IV. The eyes are very fmall: the irides yellow: the _teeth very minute, placed in the jaws and the root ‘of the mouth. The body grows flender towards the tail, and is very {mooth. | The firft dorfal fin confitts of fix rays, the fecond of feventeen: the pectoral fins are round, and pret- tily {calloped at their edges, and are compofed of thirteen rays; the ventral of only four; the anal of thirteen; the tail of twelve, and 1s rounded at the end. | The color of this fifh is as difagreeable as its form, being dufky, mixed with a dirty yellow : the belly whitih. Teo Phe “Bs LO! GaGa Cataphractus, Stein-bicker, | Cottus Cataphraétus. C. lori- Miiller, ‘Turfs-bull. Schone- catus, roftro verrucofo 2 bi- velde. 30. tab. 3. fidis, capite fubtus cirrofo. Cataphrattus Schoneveldit Sep- Lin. fyft. 451. tentr. Anglis a Pogge. Wil. Botn-mus. Faun. fuec. No. 324. Tcth. 211. Raii fyn. pife. 77. Seb. Muf. ui. tab. 28. Gronov. Cottus cirris plurimis corpore § Zooph. No. 271. ottagono. Arted. fynon. 77- HE pogge is very common on moft of the Britifh coatts. Tt feldom exceeds five inches and an half in length, and even feldom arrives. at that fize. The head is large, bony, and very rugged: the end of the nofe is armed with four fhort upright fpines . on the throat are a number of fhort white beards. The ‘aqvaH -TI04 « BAP Clas IV. FATHER-LASHER: 179 The teeth are very minute, fituated in the jaws. The body is o¢tagonal, and covered with a nur- ber of ftrong bony crufts, divided into feveral com- partments, the ends of which project into a fharp point, and form feveral echinated lines along the back and fides from the head to the tail. The firft dorfal fin confifts of fix fpiny rays: the fecond is placed juft behind the firft, and confifts of feven foft rays. The pectoral fins are broad and rounded, and are compofed of fifteen rays. Weeihe PR ATE RA SHER. Scorpios. Ovid. Haleut. 116. Cottus fcorpius. C. capite fpi- La Scorpene. Belon. 242. — nis pluribus, maxilla fuperi- Scorpius marinus, Waelkuke, ore paulo longiore. Lin. fy/. Buloffe, Schorp-fifche. Scho- 452. nevelde. 67. tab. 6. Rot-fimpa, Skrabba, Skialry- Scorpenz Belonii fimilis Cor- ta. Faun. fuec. No. 323. aub, Father-lather. Wil. Icth. Ulke. Crantz. Greezl. 1. gs. 138. Raii fyn. pifes 145. Gronov. Zooph. No. 268. Scorpius virginianus. Jdem. Sea Scorpion. Edu. 284. 142. Wil. Icth. App. 25. HIS fifth is not uncommon on the rocky coafts of this ifland: it lurks under ftones, and will take a bait. | It does not grow to a large fize, feldom exceeding _ (as far as we have feen in the fpecimens that are taken on our fhores) eight or nine inches. The head is very large, and has a moft formidable appearance, being armed with vaft fpines, which it can Defer, 180 FATHER:LASHER. Che can oppofe to any enemy that attacks it, by fwelling out its cheeks and gill covers to a large fize. Et capitis duro nociturus Scorpios iGu. The hurtful Scorpion wounding with its head. Spine. The nofe and {pace contiguous to the eyes are fur- nifhed with fhort fharp fpines: the covers of the - eills are terminated by exceeding long ones, which are both ftrong and very fharp pointed. The mouth is large: the jaws covered with rows of very fmall teeth: the roof of the mouth 1s fur- nifhed with a triangular fpot of minute teeth. The back is more elevated than that of others of this genus: the belly prominent: the fide-line rough, the reft of the body very {mooth, and grows flender . towards the tail. The firft dorfal fin confifts of eight fpiny rays , the fecond of eleven high foft rays : the pectoral fins are large, and have fixteen; the ventral three; the anal eight: the tail is rounded at the end, and is compofed of twelve bifurcated rays. The color of the body is brown, or dufky and white marbled, and fometimes is found alfo ftained with red: the fins and tail are tranfparent, fome- times clouded, but the rays barred regularly with _ brown: the belly is of a filvery white. coo his, Iind “as very frequent in the Newfoundland feas, where it is calléd Scoping: it is alfo as com- mon on the coaft of Greenland in deep water near fhore. It is a principal food of the natives, and the foup made of it is faid to be agreeable as well as wholefome. Genus Clafs IY. PO OMA) ae ER) aA 183i Body very deep, and comprefied fideways. Very long filaments iffuing from the firft dorfal fin. Seven branchioftegous rays. DoreEE; Genus XXIII, Pe ocho DO SR de, Be Kadxtus. Athen. Lb. vii. 328. Oppian Halieut. 1. 133. Faber ? Ovid Halieut. 110. Zeus idem Faber Gadibus. Phin. Lb. ix. c. 18. La Dorée. Belon. 146. Faber five Gallus marinus. Rondel. 328. Gefner pifc. 369. A Doree. Wil. Icth. 294. Raii Lyn pie» 99 Zeus ventre aculeato, caudain extremo circinato. 4rted. Jynon. 78. Zeus Faber. Z. cauda rotun- data, lateribus mediis ocello fufco, pinnis analibus dua- bus. Liz. fff. 454. Gronow. Zooph. No. 311. Zeus fpinofus. Muf. Fred. Ad. 67. tab. XXX1. UPERSTITION hath made the Doree rival tothe Hadock, for the honor of having been the fifth out of whofe mouth St. Peter took the tribute- mony, leaving on its fides thofe inconteitible proofs of the identity of the fifh, the marks of his finger and thumb. It is rather difficult at this time to determine on which part to decide the difpute; for the Doree like- wife afferts an origin of its fpots of a fimilar nature, but of a much earlier date than the former. St. Chriftopher, Piace, Defer, 182 nO. RE EOE: Clafs IV. Chriftopher *, 11 wading thro’ an arm of the fea, hav- ing caught a fifh of this kind ex paffant, as an eter- nal memorial of the fact, left the impreffions on its fides to be tranfmitted to all pofterity. Could this. but be eftablifhed, we fhould not hefitate to pro- nounce in favor of the hadock. In our own country it was very long before this fifh attracted our notice, at left as an edible one. We are indebted to that judicious actor and box vivant the late Mr. Quin, for adding a moft delicious fifh to our table, who overcoming all the vulgar pre- judices on account of its deformity, has effectually eftablifhed its reputation. This fifth was fuppofed to be found only in the fouthern feas of this kingdom, but it has been dif- covered laft year on the coaft of Anglefea. Thofe of the greateft fize are taken in the Bay of Bifcay off the French coafts: they are alfo very common in the Mediterranean; Ovid mutt therefore have {tyled it rarus Faber, on account of its excellency not its fcarcity. The form of this fifh is hideous: its body is oval, and greatly compreffed on the fides : the head large: the fnout vaftly projecting: the mouth very wide: the teeth very f{mall. The eyes great : the irides yellow. * Belon. Rondel. alfo Aldrowand de pife. 40. St. Chrifopher was of a Colofa/ftature, as isevident from his image in the church of Notre Dame at Paris, and a ftill larger at Auxerre: the latt we think is near feventy feet high. His hiftory is expreffed in his name, yessopogec, being faid to have carried our Saviour, when achild, over an arm of the fea. The Clafs IV. 1 Or eRe Wie, 183 The lateral line oddly diftorted, finking at each end, and rifing near the back in the middle: beneath it oneach fide is a round black {pot. The firft dorfal fin confifts of ten ftrong fpiny rays, with long filaments, reaching far beyond their ends : the fecond is placed near the tail, and confifts of twenty-four foft rays, the middlemoft of which are the longeft. The peétoral fins have fourteen rays, the ventral feven ; the firft fpiny, the others foft: it has two anal ie the firft confifts of four fharp fpines, the fecond o twenty-two foft ones, and reaches very near the tail. The tail is round at the end, and confifts of fif- teen branched rays. The color of the fides are olive, varied with light blue and white, and while living is very refplen- dent, and as if gilt, for which reafon it is called the Doree. The largeft fifh we have heard of weighed twelve size, pounds, N "Genus Size, 184 HOLLER UT. Gow. Genus XXIV. Body quite flat, and very thin. Keyes, both on the fame fide the head. Branchioftegous rays from four to feven. FLOUNDER, With the eyes on the right fide. ; i The 10 0 1 2 Hippogioffus. ae 325. Plevronedtes oculis a dextris, Ge/ner pifce. 6 totus glaber. Arted. /ynon. 31- Heglbutte, Hinebutte. Scho- Pleuroneétes Hippoglofius. Liz. nevelde. 62. Sih. 456+ Holibut, Septentr. Anghs Tur- Halg-flundra. Faun. /uec. Ne. bot. Wil. Icth. 99. Raii fyn. 329. Groaov. Zooph. No. pile. 33. 247 HIS is the largeft of the genus; fome have been taken in our feas weighing from one to three hundred pounds ; but much larger are found in thofe of Newfoundland, Greenland, and Iceland, where they are taken with a hook and line in very deep water. They are part of the food of the Greenlanders *, who cut them into large flips, and dry them in the fun. They are common in the London markets, where they are expofed to fale cut into large pieces. They ® Crantz, Hifi. Greenl. I. 98. are Sey) OL A Ba ot) ase are very coarfe eating, excepting the part which ad- heres to the fide fins, which is extremely fat and de- licious, but furfeiting. They are the moft voracious of all flat fifh. The laft year there were two inftances of their fwallow- ing the lead weight at the end of a line, with which the feamen were founding the bottom from on board a fhip, one off Flamborough Head, the other going into Tinmouth Haven: the latter was taken, the other difengaged itfelf. The holibut, in refpect to its length, is the nar- roweft of any of this genus except the fole. It is perfectly fmooth, and free from fpines either above or below. The color of the upper part is dufky ; beneath of a pure white. We do not count the rays of the fins in this genus, not only becaufe they are fo numerous, but becaufe nature hath given to each fpecies characters fufficient to diftin- euifh them by. Thefe flat fifh fwim fideways; for which reafon Lainneus hath ftyled them Pleuronectes. N 2 U. The Defer, 186 PYoAI Ss E Gaiam iT. The W ic eee Pafler Cornubienfis afper, magno oris hiatu. Mr. Jago. Raii fyr. pie. 163. fig. 2. FD Y the figure Mr. Fago has left of this fpecies, it bears a great refemblance to the holibut. He calls it the iff, and fays its mouth is large, its fkin hard and rough, its color a dirty afh, and its flefk coarfe and good for nothing. ‘The {kin ap- pears to be much fpotted, and the lateral line greatly incurvated at the beginning, and afterwards pro- ceeding in a ftrait direction to the tail. Tpke py? Rea Bae Platefla ? -- Aufonii Epifi. ad. Pleuroneétes oculis et tubercu- Theon. 62. lis fex a dextra capitis, late- Le Quarlet. Belx. 139. ribus glabris, {pinaad anum. Quadratulus. Rondel. 318. Ge/- Arted. fynon. 30. ner pifc. 665. Pleuronectes Platefla. Lin. f/f. Scholle, Pladife. Schonevelde. 456. Gronov. Zooph. No. 246. 6I. Skalla, Rodfputta. Faun. /uee- Plaife. Wil. Icth. 96. Raii fyn. No. 328. pile. 31- HESE fith are very common on moft of our coafts, and fometimes taken of the weight of fifteen pounds ; but they feldom reach that fize, one of eight or nine pounds being reckoned a large . ~ The Chea 1 1s0 UN DE R. 184 The beit and largeft are taken off Rye, on the 27,17 coaft of Suffex, and alfo off the Dutch coafts, They Viner {pawn in the beginning o WY Leg: p es s of February cai They are very flat, and much wmere fquare than CO i Pali the preceding. Behind the left eye is a row of fix Kind ji fas tubercles, that reaches to the commencement of the “(/77>e-— ae lateral line. Are () Whe upper-part of the body and fins is of acleay zy fe brown, marked with large bright orange-colored <2. 42 7= {pots : the belly is white. Gwe 0) me he Oe IND) oR Re Le Flez. Belon. 141. fupinéad radices pinnarum, Pafleris tertia fpecies. Rondel. dentibus obtufis. Arted. /ynon. 319. 'Ge/ner pifc. 666, 670. Bil. i Strofi-butte. Schonevelde.6z. Pleuronectes Flefus. Lin. Sf. Flounder, Fluke, or But. Wil. 457+ Gronov. Zooph. No. 248. Icth. 980. Raii fyn. pife. 32. Flundra, Slatt-fkadda. Faun. Pleuronecies oculis a dextris, fuec. No. 327. linea laterali afpera, fpinalis HE flounder inhabits every part of the Brz- tifo fea, and even frequents our rivers at a ereat diftance from the falt waters; and for this rea- fon fome writers call it the Paffer fluviatilis. It ne- ver grows large in our rivers, but is reckoned fweeter than thofe that live in the fea. It is inferior in fize to the plaife, for we never heard of any that weighed more than fix pounds. It may very eafily be diftinguifhed from the plaife, Defers or any other fith of this genus, by a row of fharp fmall fpines that furround its upper fides, and are N 3 placed Defcr. 188 D A [oa Clafs IV, placed juft at the junction of the fins with the body. Another row marks the fide-line, and runs half way down the back. The color of the upper part of the body is a pale brown, fometimes marked with a few obfcure fpots of dirty yellow: the belly is white. We have met with a variety of this fifh with the eyes and lateral line on the left fide. Linnaeus makes a diftiné fpecies of it under the name of Pleuronec- tes Pafer, p. 459; but fince it differs in no other refpect from the common kind, we agree with Doctor Gronovius in not feparating them, V. The D A B. La Limande. Belon. 142. anum, dentibus obtufis. Ar- Paffer afper, five f{quamofus. ted. fynon. 33. Rondel. 319. Gefner pifc. 665. Pleuronecies Limanda. PI. ocu- Dab. Wil. Icth.97. Raii yn. lis dextris, {quamis ciliatis, pile. 32. fpinulis ad radicem pinna- Pleuroneétes oculis a dextra, rum dorfi, anique. ix, {quamis afperis, {pina ad fpf. 457. HE dabis found with the other fpecies, but is lefs common. It is in beft feafon during Fe- bruary, March, and April: they fpawn in May and Fune, and become flabby and watery the reft of the fummer. They are fuperior in goodne(s to the plaife and flounder, but far inferior in fize, _ It is generally of an uniform brown color on the upper fide, tho’ fometimes clouded with a darker. The fcales are {mall and rough, which is a charac- tcf. Casati. $§&MEAR-DAE 189 ter of this fpecies. ‘The lateral line is extremely in- curvated at the beginning, then goes quite ftrait to the tail, The lower part of the body is white. | Vie Phe SME Bi AURMOD Ac B, Rhombus levis Cornubienfis Fago. Raii fyn pifc. 162. maculis nigris, aKit. Mr. fig. 1. E found one of this fpecies at a fifhmonger’s in London laft winter, where it is known by the name of the fmear-dab. It was a foot and an half long, and eleven inches broad between fin and fin on the wideft part. The head appeared very fmall, as the dorfal fin began very near its mouth, and extended very near to the tail. It confifted of feventy nine rays. : The eyes were pretty near each other. “The mouth full of fmall teeth. : The lateral line was much incurvated for the firft two inches from its origin, then continued ftrait to the tail. The back was covered with fmall fmooth fcales, was of a light brown color, fpotted obfcurely with yellow. The belly white, and marked with five large dufky fpots. Tt was a fifh of goodnefs equal to the common dab. N 4 VII. The ** Defer, 190 S 16) L E. Clafs I'V, VII. The Sa L ee Beyawooos. Athen. lib. viii.p. faperiore longiore, {quamis 288. Oppian Halieut. I. gg. utrinque afperis. Arted. /yn. La Sole. Belon. 142. Be. Bugloffus. Rondel. 320. Ge/ner Pleuronectes Solea. Lin. fpf. pic. 666. , 457. Gronov. Zooph. No.25¥. Tungen. Schonevelde. 63. Tunga, Sola. Faun. fuec. No. Pleuronectes oculis a finiftra 326. corpore oblongo, maxilla TAHE fole is found on all our coafts, but thofe on the weftern fhores are much fuperior in fize to thofe of the north. On the former they are fome- times taken of the weight of fix or feven pounds, but towards Scarborough they rarely exceed one pound; if they reach two, it is extremely uncom- mon. They are ufually taken in the trawl-net: they keep much at the bottom, and feed on fmall thell fith. | It is of a form much more narrow and oblong than any other of the genus. ‘The irides are yellow; the pupils of a bright fappharine color: the fcales are fmall, and very rough: the upper part of the body is of a deep brown: the tip of one of the pectoral fins black : the under part of the body is white; the lateral line ftrait: the tail rounded at the end, It is a fifh of a very delicate flavor; but the {mall foles are much fuperior in goodnefs to Jarge ones, Ch&IV. SMOOTH SOLE. 191 ones*. The chief fifhery for them is at Bhxham, and in Jorbay. | VU. The Si MO). tS. TE, Solea? Ovid. Halieut. 124. Wil. Icth. 102. Raii yn. pifce Arnogloflus feu Solea levis. 34. | HIS, as defcribed by Mr. Ray, (for we have not feen it) 1s extremely thin, pellucid, and white, and covered with fuch minute fcales, and thofe inftantly deciduous, as to merit the epithet fmeoth. It is a fcarce fpecies, but is found in Cornwall, where, from its tranfparency, it is called the Laz- tern Fifh. | It is probable that Ovid intended this fpecies, b his Solea ; for the common kind does by no means merit his defcription, | Fulgentes SOLE candore. And Soles with white refplendent, * By the antient laws of the Cizgue ports, no one was to take foles from the 1ft of November to the 15th of March; nei- ther was any body to fifh from fun-fetting to fun-rifing, that the fith might enjoy their night-food, {X. The Size. Fifhery. 192 TiUR BOOT Cha With the eyes on the left fide. Xo Thess TO aR BO ae Rhombus. Ovid. Halieut. Rhombus maximus afper non Le Turbot. Belon. 134. {quamofus. Raii /yn. pifc. 33. Rhombus, aculeatus. Rodel. Pleuronectes oculis a finiftra, 310. Gefner pifc. 661. corpore afpero. Arted. /ynon. Steinbutt, Torbutt, Treen- 32. butt, eRe Schone- Pleurone&tes maximus. Jin. velde. 60. Sjft- 459» Gronov. Zooph. No. ‘Turbot. in the worth a Bret. doe a4 ' Wil. Icth. 94. Butta. Faun. fuec. No. 325 URBOTS grow to a very large fize; we have feen them of three and twenty pounds weight, but have heard of fome that weighed thirty. They are taken chiefly off the north coaft of Exgland, and others off the Dutch coaft; but we believe the laft has, in many inftances, more credit than it de- ferves for the abundance of its fifh. The large turbots, and feveral other kinds of flat fifh, are taken by the hook and line, for they lye in deep water: the method of taking them in wares, or ftaked nets, is too precarious to be de- pended on for the fupply of our great markets, be- caufe it is by meer accident that the great fith ftray into them. It is a misfortune to the inhabitants of many of our fifhing coafts, efpecially thofe of the north part of North Wales, that they are unacquainted with the moft Cpa | Vt UO RY BY OTs 193 moft fuccefsful means of capture: for their benefit, and perhaps that of other parts of our ifland, we fhall lay before them the method practifed by the fifhermen of Scarborough, as it was communicated to us by Mr. Travis. When they go out to fifh, each perfon is provided with three lines. Each man’s lines are fairly coiled upon a flat oblong piece of wicker-work ; the hooks being baited, and placed very regularly im the centre of the coil. Each line is furnifhed with 14 {core of hooks, at the diftance of fix feet two inches from each other. ‘The hooks are faftened to the lines upon {neads of twifted horfe-hair, 27 inches in length. When fifhing there are always three men in each coble, and confequently nine of thefe lines are faf- tened together, and ufed as one line, extending in lencth near three miles, and furnifhed with 2520 hooks. An anchor and a buoy are fixed at the firft end of the line, and one more of each at the end of each man’s lines; in all four anchors, which are commonly perforated ftones, and four buoys made of leather or cork. The line is always laid acrofs the current. The tides of flood and ebb continue an equal time upon our coaft, and when undifturbed by winds run each way about fix hours. They are fo rapid that the fifhermen can only fhoot and haul their lines at the turn of tide; and therefore the lines always remain upon the ground about fix hours*. The fame rapidity of tide prevents their ufing hand- * In this fpace the myxine glutinofa of Linnezus, will frequently penetrate the fith that are on the hooks, and entirely devour them, leaving only the fkin and bones, lines ; Lines, Coble. 194 TT UORT BOUT Capea lines; and therefore two of the people commonly wrap themfelves in the fail, and fleep while the other keeps a {trict look-out, for fear of being run down by fhips, and to obferve the weather. For ftorms often rife fo fuddenly, that it is with extreme difh- culty they can fometimes efcape to the fhore, leav- ing their lines behind. The coble is 20 feet 6 inches long, and 5 feet ex- treme breadth. It 1s about one ton burthen, rowed with three pair of oars, and admirably conftructed for the purpofe of encountering a mountanous fea: they hoift fail when the wind fuits. The five-men boat is 40 feet long and 15 broad, and of 25 tons burthen: it is fo called, tho’ navigated by fix men and a boy, becaufe one of the men is commonly hired to cook, &c. and does not fhare in the profits with the other five. All our able fifher- men go in thefe boats to the herring fifhery at Yar- mouth the latter end of September, and return about the middle of November. ‘The boats are then laid up until the beginning of Lent, at which time they eo off in them to the edge of the Dogger, and other places, to fifh for turbot, cod, ling, fkates, &c. They always take two cobles on board, and when they come upon their ground, anchor the boat, throw out the cobles, and fifh in the fame manner as thofe do who go from the fhore in a coble, with this dif- ference only; that here each man 1s provided with double the quantity of lines, and inftead of wait- ing the return of tide in the coble, return to the boat and bait their other lines; thus hawling one fet, and fhooting another every turn of tide. They commonly Clafs IV. AE aU OR Mb Omen 195 commonly run into harbour twice a week to deliver their fifth. The five-men boat is decked at each end, but open in the middle, and has two large lug-fails. The beft bait for all kinds of fifh is frefh herring cut in pieces of a proper fize; and notwithftanding what has been faid to the contrary, they are taken here at any time in the winter, and all the {pring, whenever the Hfhermen put down their nets for that purpofe. The five-men boats always take fome nets for that end. ‘Next to herrings are the leffer lam- preys*, which come all winter by land-carriage from Tadcafter. ‘The next baits in efteem are fmall ha- docks cut in pieces, fand worms, mufcles, and lim- pets (called here flidders;) and laftly, when none of thefe can be had they ufe bullock’s liver. The hooks ufed here are much fmaller than thofe em- ployed at Iceland and Newfoundland. "Experience has fhewn that the larger fith will take a living fmall one upon the hook, fooner than any bait that can be puton; therefore they ufe fuch as the fmall fifh can fwallow. ‘The hooks are two inches and an half long in the fhank, and near an inch wide between the fhank and the point. ‘The line is made of {mall cording, and is always tanned before it is ufed. Turbots, and all the rays, are extremely delicate in their choice of baits. Jf a piece of herring or hadock has been twelve hours ‘out, of the fea, and then ufed as bait, they will not tovich it. * The Dutch alfo ufe thefe fifth as baits in the turbot fithery, and purchafe annually from the T/ames fifhermen as much as amounts to 700/. worth, for that purpofe, This Baits 196 Pe HOW AR Wate Clafs IV. Defer. This and the pearl are of a remarkable fquare form : the color of the upper part of the body is cine- reous, marked with numbers of black fpots of dif- ferent fizes: the belly is white: the fkin is without fcales, but greatly wrinkled, and mixed with {mall thort fpines, difperfed without any order. <> Aces 2S LOVEF CS s PE MPHET SEED wre OL: My Cercl La Barbue. Beloz. 137. Pleuronectes oculis a finiftris, Rhombus levis. Rondel. 312. corpore glabro. Arted. fyn. Gefner pifc. 662. Zi. Schlichtbutt. Schonewelde. 60. Pleuronectes Rhombus. Lin. Rhombus non aculeatus {qua- ee 450. Gronov. Zooph. Now mofus the Pearl. Londinens. Cornub. Lug-aleaf, Wil. Icth. Pit hvatt. It wgoth. 178, 95- Raii fyn. pifc. 31. T is frequently found in the Loudon markets, but is inferior to the turbot in goodnefs as well as fize. The irides are yellow: the fkin is covered with {mall fcales, but is quite free from any {pines or in- equalities. The upper fide of the body is of a deep brown, marked with fpots cf dirty yellow : the under fide is of a pure white. Genus \ Clafs IV. Gk Io) Ts AB) Ae, 197 Genus XXV. Covers of the gills fealy. Five branchioftegous rays. Fore teeth fharp. Grinders flat. One dorfal fin, reaching the whole length of the back. Forked tail. Gitt-Heap. LH Bhd is A oko rs Oi Uji Oates cs Ii cada a B yeuropeus. Oppian Halieut. Icth. 307. Raitt fyn. pifee I. 169. 131. : Cites tings) vad Halieut. iii, Sparus dorfo acutiflimo, linea Aurata Phinii. ib. 1x. c. 16. arcuata inter oculos. Arted. La Dorade. Belon. 186. Chry- _ /yvon. 63. : fophry Caii opus. 112. Sparus lunula aurea inter Aurata. Rondel. 115. Ge/ner oculos, Lin. fy. 467- pile. 110. L12- Gronov. Looph. No. 220. Gilt-head or Gilt-poll. %/. HIS is one of the pifces faxatiles, or fifh that , haunt deep waters on bold rocky fhores: thofe that form this genus, as well as the following, feed chiefly on fhell fifth, which they comminute with their teeth before they fwallow; the teeth of this genus in particular being extremely well adapted for that pur- pofe, the grinders being flat and ftrong, like thofe of certain quadrupeds : befides thofe are certain bones in the lower part of the mouth, which affiftin grind- ing their food. They Defer. Color, 198 GIL T-HE-AD. Clafs IV, They are but a coarfe fth; nor did the Romans hold them in any efteem, except they had fed on the Lucrine oyfter. Non omnis laudem pretiumque AURATA meretur, Sed cui Jolus erit concha Lucrina cibus*, No praife, no price a Gilt-head e’er will take, Unfed with oyfters of the Lucrine lake. They grow to the weight of ten pounds : the form of the body is deep, not unlike that of a bream: the back is very fharp and of a dufky green color : the irides of a filvery hue: between the eyes is a femilunar gold color’d fpot, the horns of which point towards the head: on the upper part of the gills is a black fpot, beneath that another of purple. The dorfal fin extends almoft the whole length of the back, and confifts of twenty-four rays, the eleven firft fpiny, the others foft: the pectoral fins confift of feventeen foft rays; the ventral of fix rays, the firft of which is very ftrong and {piny : the anal fin of fourteen; the three firft fpiny. The tail is much forked. It takes its name from its predominant color; that of the forehead and fides being as if gilt, but the laft is tinged with brown. * Martial. lib. xiite ep. go« JI. The Clafs IV. Sek, A BRE ANE 199 Me ahe SF) av Base Ee Aw NE: Pagur? Ovid. Haliewt. 107. | Sparus rubefcens, cute ad ra- Le Pagrus. Belon. 245. dicem pinnarm dorfi et ani Pagrus. Rondel. 142. Ge/ner. in finum producta. TAP BPG Vee OZ Seas L rhs af a2 a \ Fr z SFOLUC ¥ sr 4 ‘ é Stic? oral gy di. goth e rd pes A“ 4 ; Be ec, BAN Loca!) Ee. her: eZ 0 he? - Yeee James, A aap * Hy eer aaniey {ie eines : en ee oe ae oe < prG Veode P= ils $ Bare y) 1 Stay . ar E Le. re gt yA: Jad ere 8 gh re, Dre ce ae O, TM. The PDP é oe ie i PSN Z2w7 £t SRS 3 fo roi > sed 4 < ge 2? oe ee rate bie en J ’ 200 LESSER SEA BREAM. Clafs IV, I. fhe. BESSER (SHA eR BAe Brama marina cauda forcipata D. Fonflon, Raii fn pile. 115« HIS fpecies was communicated to Mr. Ray by his friend Mr. Foujlon, a York/bire gentle- man, who informed him it was found on the fands near the mouth of the Tees, Sept. 18, 1681. It was a deep fifh, formed like a roch, twenty- fix inches long, ten broad, and grew very flender to- wards the tail. The eyes large, like thofe of quadrupeds. In the lower jaw were two rows of teeth, in the upper a fingle row of {mall ones. The aperture of the gills very large, and like thofe of a falmon: the body {caly. In the middle of the back was one fin extending almoft to the tail; behind the vent another. The back black; the fides of a brighter color 3 the belly quite of a filvery brightneds. Genus Clafs 1V. OG mas CaS ( 20% Genus XXVI, Deep body. Very minute fecales. Setaceous teeth on the tongue only. One long dorfal fin. Opan, ee ihe a ies 3 Opah, or King-Fith. Péil, Tranf: Abridg. vol. xi. 879. tab. Ve E have only four inftances of this fifh being taken in our feas, each of them in the North, viz. twice off Scotland*, once off Northum- berland, and once in Filey-Bay, York/bire. This laft was caught about two years ago, and exhibited as a fhew at Scarborough. It is of that genus which Linneus diftinguifhes by the name of Chetodon, from its briftly teeth, and is faid to be very common on the coaft of Guinea. It is well defcribed by an anonymous writer in the Londen Magazine for Offober, 1767, which we fhall borrow, as the account is confirmed to us by Mr. Travis, who had an opportunity of examining one of the fame fpecies. Newcafile, Sept. 12. On Saturday \aft was thrown upon the fands at Blyth, a very rare and beautiful fith, weighing between feventy and eighty pounds**, * The fith engraved by Sir Robert Sibbald, Hi/?. Scot. tab. 6. and thus defcribed, is of this kind. Pié/cis maculis aureis a/per- Jus non feriptus, paleae: 42 longus. ** That defcribed in the Philofe phical Tranfactions weighed eighty-two pounds, 5 ace 2 ape 202 Obs. Pah Ava ie Clafs IV. fhaped like the fea bream. The length was three féet and an half; the breadth from back to belly almoft two feet; but the thicknefs from fide to fide not above fix inches. i The mouth {mall for the fize of the fifth, forming a {quare opening, and without any teeth in the jaws. The tongue thick, refembling that of a man, but rough and thick fet with beards or prickles, pointing backwards, fo that any thing might eafily pafs down, but could not eafily return back, there- fore thefe might ferve inftead of teeth to retain its prey *. ‘The eyes remarkably large, covered with a membrane, and fhining with a elare of gold. The cover of the gills like the falmon, | The body diminithes very {mall to the tail, which is forked, and expands twelve inches: the gill fins are broad, about eight inches long, and play hori- zontally: a little behind their iniertion the back fin takes its original, where it is about feven inches high, but flopes away very fuddenly, running down very near the tail, and at its termination becomes a little broader: the belly fins are very ftrong, and placed near the middle of the body: a narrow fin alfo runs from the anus to the tail. All the fins, and alfo the tail, are of a fine fcarlet; but the colours and beauty of the reft of the body, which is f{mooth and covered with almoft impercep- ticle fcales, beggars all defcription ; the upper part being a kind of bright green, variegated with whi- * The writer omitted the defcription of the tongue and its fetaceous teeth, which we fupply from the 7; ranfactions. tifh Clafs lV. Wi R.A 98) 8 Be 203 tifh fpots, and enriched with a fhining golden hue, much refembling the fplendor of the peacock? s fea- thers; this by degrees vanifhes in a bright filver ; and near the belly abe cold begins again to predomi- nate ina lighter proucd than on the back. Gee XXVII. Covers of the gills fcaly. Branchioftegous rays unequal in number *. Teeth conic, long and blunt at their ends. One tuberculated bone in the bottom of the throat: two above oppofite to the other. One dorfal fin reaching the whole length of the back:*a flender fkin extending beyond theendof eachray. Rounded tail. WRASSE. Roy dhe | =Wo ROA Ss. ay Ee ao lec Do pea (sO F IVIL. Vieilie, Poule de mer, Gallot, Wraffe, or Old Wife. Raii Lins une Roffe. Belox. 248. pie. 1366 Turdorum undecimum genus. Labrus roftro furfum reflexo Rondel. 179. Gefner pifc. 1019. cauda in extremo circulari. Turdus vulgatifimus. Wil, Icth. Arted. fynon. 56 319- Labrus Tinca. Lin. /y/?. 477. — HIS fpecies is found in deep Water adjacent to the rocks. It will take a bait, tho’ its ufual food is fhell-fifh, and fmall cruftacea, * Linnaeus {ays fix: this fpecies had only four; the fecond, fix ; the third and fourth, five. We alfo find the fame variation in ane rays of the AS the numbers being different in fith of the fame fpecies, not only of this but of other genera. O 3 Tt Teeth, Color, 204, WR AB 8 Sie Clafs IV. It grows to the weight of four or five pounds : it bears fome refemblance to a carp in the form of the body, and is covered with large fcales. The nofe projeéts; the lips are large and flefhy, and the one turns up, the other hangs down: the mouth is capable of being drawn in or protruded. The irides are red: the teeth are difpofed in two rows; the firft are conic, the fecond very minute, and as if fupporters to the others: in the throat juft before the gullet are three bones, two above of an oblong form, and one below of a triangular fhape; the furface of each rifing into roundifh protube- rances: thefe are of fingular ufe. to the fifh, to grind its fhelly food before it arrives at the fto- mach. The dorfal in confifts of fixteen fharp and fpiny rays, and nine foft ones, which are much - longer than the others. The pectoral fins large and round, and are com- pofed of fifteen rays. The ventral of fix; the firft fharp and ftrong: the anal of three fharp fpines, and nine flexible: The tail is rounded at the end, and is formed of fourteen foft branching rays. The lateral line much incurvated near the tail. Thefe fith vary infinitely in color: we have feen them of a dirty red, mixed with a certain dufkinefs ; others =, Lt) F. BALLAN., i MU GWelhinson del m : - Ses, | PMez oll Soulp ClafsIV. BIMACULATED WRASSE. 205 others moft beautifully ftriped, efpecially about the head, with the richeft colors, fuch as blue, red, and yellow. Moft of this genus are fubject to vary; therefore care muft be taken not to multiply the fpecies from thefe accidental teints, but to attend to the form which never alters. The Welch call this filh Gwrach, or the old wo- man; the French, la Vieille ; and the Engh; oive it the name of Old Wife. Why they all agree in thefe fynonyms it is difficult to aflign a reafon, except one too ill-bred and malignant to pollute our page. Il. The BBMACULATED WRASSE. Labrus bimaculata. L. pinna adcaudam. Lin. fif. 477. dorfali ramentacea, macula Scizna bimaculata. Mus. Ad. fufca in latere medio, et Fred. 1. 66. tab. xxxi. fig. 66. R. Brunnich obferved this {pecies at Penzance, and referred me to Linnus’s defcription of it inthe Mufeum Ad. Fred. where itis defcribed under the name of Sciena Bimaculata. The body is pretty deep, and of a light color, marked in the middle om each fide with a round brown fpot; on the upper part of the bafe of the tail is another: the lateral line 1s incurvated. The branchioftegous rays are fix in number * : the firft fifteen rays of the dorfal fin are fpiny ; the other eleven foft, and lengthened by a fkinny appendage : the pectoral fins. confift of fifteen rays; the ventral * Linneus, in his laft edition, has removed this fpecies from the genus of Sciena, to that of Labrus, tho’ it does not agree with the lait in 4is number of branchioitegous rays. , lod O4 - Of 2 — Name, Defer, 206 TRIMACULATED WRASSE. Clafs IV. of fix; the firft fpiny; the fecond and third ending ina flender briftle: the anal fin is pointed ; the four firft rays being fhort and fpiny; the reft long and foft. Wi. The TRIMACULATED WRASSE. HE fpecies we examined was taken on the coaft of Anglefea, its length was eight inches. It was of an oblong form; the nofe long ; the teeth flender; the fore teeth much longer than the others. The eyes large: branchioftegous rays, five. The back fin confifted of feventeen fpiny rays, and thirteen foft ones; beyond each extended a: long nerve. The pectoral fins were round, and confifted of fifteen branched rays. The ventral fins confifted of fix rays; the firtt fpiny. The anal fin of twelve ; the three firft fhort, (very ftrong, and fpiny; the others foft and branched. The tail was rounded. The lateral line was ftrait at the beginning of the back, but grew incurvated towards the tail. The body covered with large red fcales ; the covers of the gills with {mall ones. On each fide of the lower part of the back fin were two large fpots, and between the fin and. the tail another. IV. The Ch&IV. STRIPED WRASSE. 207 IN he worl RTP BD) WRASSE, HIS was taken off the Skerry I/les, on the coaft of Anglefea, its length was ten inches. The form was oblong, but the beginning of the back a little arched: the lips large, double, and much turned up: the teeth like thofe of the pre- ceding: branchioftegous rays, five. The number of rays in the back, pectoral, and ventral fins, the fame as in thofe of the former. In the anal fin were fifteen rays; the three firft ftrong and fpiny. The tail almoft even at the end, being very little rounded: the covers of the gills cinereous, ftriped with fine yellow. The fides marked with four parallel lines of green- ifh olive, and the fame of moft elegant blue. The back and belly red; but the laft of a much paler hue, and under the throat almoft yellow. Along the beginning of the back fin was a broad bed of rich blue; the middle part white; the reft red. At the bafe of the pectoral fins was a dark olive {pot. The ends of the anal fin, and ventral fins, a fine blue. The upper half of the tail blue; the lower part ef its rays yellow. VY. The Delct, Calor. Color. 208 «=6GIBBOUS WRASSE, ClaG IV, V. The GIBBOUS WRASSE HIS fpecies was taken off Anglefea: its leneth was eight inches; the greateft depth three: it was of a very deep and elevated form, the back being vaftly arched, and very fharp or ridged. From the beginning of the head to the’ nofe, was a fteep declivity. The teeth like thofe of the others. The eyes of a middling fize ; above each a dufky femilunar fpot. The neareft cover of the gills finely ferrated. The fixteen firft rays of the back ftrone and fpiny ; the other nine foft and branched. The pectoral fins confifted of thirteen, the ven- tral of fix rays; the firft ray of the ventral fin was ftrong and fharp. The anal fin confifted of fourteen rays, of which the three firft were ftronely aculeated. The tail was large, rounded at the end, and the rays branched; the ends of the rays extending bes yond the webs. The lateral line was incurvated towards the tail. The gill covers andbody covered with large fcales, The firft were moft elegantly fpotted, and ftriped with blue and orange, and the fides {potted in the fame manner; but neareft the back the orange was difpofed in ftripes: the back fin and anal fin were of afea green, fpotted with black. The -Clafs IV. GO LOD SDN NYY. "209 The ventral fins and tail a fine pea green. The pectoral fins yellow, marked at their bafe with tranfverfe ftripes of red. Vi.) The GOL D SIN NY. Goldfinny COC Sa: Mr, Jago. Raii fyn. ns 163. fig: 3 ver are ae wo GY HIS and the two fiilowing oe were dif- covered by Mr. ago on the coaft of Corn- wall: we never had an opportunity of examining them, therefore are obliged to have recourfe to his defcriptions, retaining their local names. — In the whole form of the body, lips, teeth, and fins, it refembles the Wraffe: it is faid never to ex- ceed a palm in length: near the tail is a remarkable black fpot: the firtt rays of the dorfal fin are > tinged with black. The Melanurus of Rondeletius (adds he) takes its name from the black fpot near the tail, but in many inftances it differs widely from this fpecies, the tail of the firft is forked, that of the Goldfnny is even at the end, VII. The 210 —C O O K. Clafs IV. VIL 2 The. CbhsOm aia By Meee Comber Coraub. Raii fyn. pifc. 163. fig. 5. me Jee Foe be. JO or \HE comber is a fall {caly fith, with the fin of a vermilion color. By the figure it is of an oblong form, and the tail rounded. VIII. The Coe, Oats Cook (2. coquus) Cornubienfium. Raii fyn. pife. 163. fig. 4 PNHIS fpecies, Mr. Fago fays, is fometimes taken in great plenty on the Cornifh coafts. It is a {caly fifh, and does not grow to any great fize. The back is purple and dark blue; the belly yellow. By the figure it feems of the fame fhape as the comber, and the tail rounded. Befides thefe fpecies we recollect feeing taken at the Giants Caufeway in Ireland, a moft beautiful kind of a vivid green, fpotted with fcarlet; and others at Bandooran, in the county of Sligo, of a pale green. We were at that time inattentive to this branch of natural hiftory, and can only fay they were of a {pecies we have never fince feen. Genus Clafs IV. Reb Rw Caer Q1t Genus XXVIII, The edges of the gill-covers ferrated. Seven branchioftegous rays. Body covered with rough fcales. Firft dorfal fin fpiny; the fecond foft *, il}; The P Tlegxn Arif. Hift. an. hb. vi. CG. 14. Perca Saloni Mofella. 115. Une Perche de riviere. elon. 291. ee fluviatilis. Rondel fluviat. 196. Ge/uer. pifc. 698. Fin Barfs. Schonevelde. 55. A Perch. Wil. Icth. 291. Raii Sy» pife- 97+ PERCH. Ban Roan i@ aaah Perca lineis utrinque fex tranf- verfis nigris, pinnis ventra- libus rubris. Arted. /ynon. 66. Perca fluviatilis. P. pinnis dor~ falibus diftinétis, fecunda ra- diis fedecim. Lin, /yf. 481.6 Gronov. Zooph. No. 301. Abborre. Faun. fuec. No. 332. Perfchling, Barfchieger. Kram. 334. Wulff Bornfs, No. 27. HE perch of Ariftotle and Aufonius is the fame with that of the moderns. That men- tioned by Oppian, Pliny, and Athenzeus**, is a fea- fifh probably of the Labrus or Sparus kind, being enumerated by them among fome congenerous fpe- cies. Our perch was much efteemed by the Ro- Mans : Nec te delicias menfarum Perca, filebo Amnigenos inter pifces dignande marinis. Avsonius, * The Rufé is an exception, having only one dorfal fin, but the fourteen firlt rays of it are fpiny. ** Oppian Halieut. 1, 124. Plinii lib. ix. c. 16. Atheneeus Gib. Vil. Pp: 319. 7 It Size, Defcr. S12: PIE “Rae WE Clits FV It is not lefs admired at prefent as a firm and de- licate fifh; and the Dutch are particularly fond of it when made into.a difh called Water Souchy. It is a gregarious fifh, and loves deep holes and gentle ftreams. It is a moft voracious fifh, and eager biter: if the angler meets with a fhoal of them, he is fure of taking every one. It is a common notion that the pike will not at- tack this fifh, being fearful of the fpiny fins which the perch erects on the approach of the former. This may be true in refpect to large fifh ; but ~it is well known the {mall ones are the moft tempting bait that can be laid for the pike. The perch is a fifh very tenacious of life: we have known them carried near fixty miles in dry ftraw, and yet furvive the journey. Thefe fith feldom grow to a large fize: we once heard of one that was taken in the Serpentine river, Hyde-Park, that weighed nine pounds, but that is very uncommon, The body is deep: the fcales very rongh: the back much arched. The irides golden: the teeth fimall, difpofed in the jaws and on the roof of the mouth: the edges of the covers of the gills ferrated: on the lower end of the largeft is a fharp {pine. The firft dorfal fin confifts of fourteen ftrong fpiny rays; the fecond of fixteen foft ones: the pec- oral fins are: tranfparent, and confift of fourteen yays ; the ventral ef fix; the anal of eleven. The tail is a little forked. The Clafs IV. BAS) See 212 The colors are beautiful: the back and part of Color. the fides being of a deep green, marked with five broad black bars pointing downwards: the belly is white, tinged with red: the ventral fins of a rich fcarlet ; the anal fins and tail of the fame color, but rather paler. In a lake called Llyn_Raithlyn, in Merionethfhire, is a very fingular variety of perch: the back is quite hunched, and the lower part of the back bone, next the tail, f{trangely diftorted: in color, and in other refpects, it refembles the common kind, which are as numerous in the lake as thefe deformed fith. They are not peculiar to this water, for Linneus takes notice of a fimilar variety found at Fablun, in his own country. Hy The GA se Adbouk ? Arift. Hift. an. lib. A Baffe. Wil. Icth, 271. Raiét iV. c. 10. &€. Syn pife. 83+. ? Lupus ? Ovid. Halieut. 112. Perca radiis pinnz dorfalis fe- Le Bar, le Soup. Below. 113. cunda tredecim, ani quatu- Lupus. Rozdel. 268. Ge/ner pifc. ordecim. Arted. /ynon. 69. 506. Perca Labrax. Lin. /yf?. 4826 Gronov. Zooph. No. 300. HE baffle is a ftrong, active, and voracious fifh: Ovid calls them rapidi lupi, a name con- tinued to them by after-writers. That which we had an opportunity of examining was {mall ; but they are faid to grow to the weight of fifteen pounds, The Crooked Perch. Size, oie Botan S. S oo chee The irides are filvery: the mouth large: the teeth are fituated in the jaws, and are very fmall: in the roof of the mouth is a triangular rough fpace, and juft at the gullet are two others of a roundifh form. The fcales are of a middling fize, are very thick fet, and adhere clofely. The firft dorfal fin has nine ftrong {piny rays, of which the firft is the fhorteft, the middlemoft the higheft; the fecond dorfal fin confifts of thirteen, rays, the firft fpiny, the others foft. The pectoral fins have fifteen foft rays; the ven- tral fix rays, the firft fpiny: the anal fourten rays, the three firft fpiny, the others foft: the tail is a lit- tle forked. The body is formed fomewhat like that of a fal- mon, The color of the back is dufky, tinged with blue. The belly white. In young fith the fpace above. the fide line is marked with {mall black fpots. It is efteemed a very delicate fifh. | Il. ‘The Clafs IV; Ri FOPEy ABS 215 nie het OR ee oe Cernua, Belon. 186. Perca cernua. P. pinnis dorfa- Perce fluviatilis genus minus. libus unitis radiis 27. fpinis Gefner pijce 701. 15. cauda bifida. L7x. jy. Afpredo Cait opufe. 107. 487. Gronov. Zooph. No. Ein ftuer, ftuerbarfs, Schone- oe cee ie Faun. fuec. velde. 56. Cernua fluviatilis. Wil. Icth. schrcll, (Bisenlaee, Schaef. 334- pile. 37. tab. i. Wulff Borufis Rufte. Raii /yn. pile. 143. No. 356 Perca dorfo monopterygio, ca- pite cavernofo. Arted. /yn. 68. HIS fith is found in feveral of the Engli& _ ftreams: it is gregarious, affembling in large fhoals, and keeping in the deepeft part of the water. It is of a much more flender form than the perch, and feldom exceeds fix inches in length. The teeth are very {mall, and difpofed in rows. It has only one dorfal fin extending along the ereateft part of the back: the firft rays like thofe of the perch are ftrong, fharp, and fpiny; thé others fort. The pectoral fins confit of fifteen rays; the ventral of fix; the anal of eight; the two firft _ftrone and fpiny: the tail a little bifurcated. The body is covered with rough compact {cales. The back and fides are of a dirty green, the laft inclining to yellow, but both {potted with black. The dorfal fin is fpotted with black: the tail . marked with tranfverfe bars: , TV. The 216 BLACK RUWEFE. » GCagim Iv. Th BLA CR Rape ee The Black Fifh. Mr. ago. Borlafe Cornwall. 271, tab. Xxv. Sg. 8. ‘ R. Fego has left fo brief a defcription of this fith, that we find difficulty in giving it a proper clafs: it agrees with the Ruffe in the form. of the body, and the {mallnefs of the teeth, in having a fingle extenfive fin on the back, a forked: tail, and being of that fection of bony fifh, termed Thoracic: thefe appear by the figure, the teeth ex- cepted. The other characters muft be borrowed from the defcription. “< It is {mooth, with very fmall thin fcales, fifteen ‘‘ inches long, three quarters of an inch broad ;. “« head and nofe like a peal or trout; little mouth ; *< very fmall teeth, beginning from the nofe four “¢ inches and three quarters, near fix inches long; ‘© a forked tail; a large double noftril. Twotaken « at Loo, May 26, 1721, in the Seas, near the *« fhore, in fandy ground with {mall ore weed.” Genus. Wlais lV. - THREE SPINED S, BACK. 247 Genus XXIX. ‘Three branchioftegous rays. The belly covered with bony plates. One dorfal fin, with feveral fharp {pines between it and the head. STICKLEBACKs fe ine TREE. SPIN ES. BACK. La Grande Efpinoche, un Epi- Gafterofteus aculeis in dorfo nard, une Artiere. Belon. tribus. Arted. /ynon. 80. 328. Gailerofteus aculeatus. Lin. /j/?. Pifciculi aculeati prius genus. 489. Gronov. Zooph. No. 406. Rondel. fluviat. 206. Gefner Spige, Horn-fitk. Faun. /uece pife: 8. No. 336. Stickleblack, Banftickle, or Stichling, Stachel-fifch. Wulf: Sharpling. Wil. Icth. 341. Borufs. No. 37. Raii fyn. pife. 145+ HESE are common in many of our rivers, but no where in greater quantities than in the Fens of Lincolnfire, and fome of the rivers that creep out of them. At Spalding there are, once in feven or eight years, amazing fhoals that appear in the Welland, and come up the river in form of a vaft column. They are fuppofed to be the multitudes that have been wafhed out of the fens by the floods of feveral years, and colleéted in fome deep hole, *till overcharged with numbers, they are periodically obliged to attempt a change of place. The quan- tity is fo great, that they are ufed to manure the dand, and trials have been made to get oil from P@ them, Deiter. #18 THREE SPINED S. BACK. Clafs IV. ‘them. A notion may be had of this vaft fhoal, by faying that a man employed by the farmer to take them, has got for a confiderable time four fhil- lings a day by felling them at a halfpenny per bufhel. | This fpecies feldom reaches the length of two — inches: the eyes are large: the belly prominent : the body near the tail fquare: the fides are covered with large bony plates, placed tranfverfely. _ On the back are three fharp fpines, that can be raifed or depreffed at pleafure: the dorfal fin is placed near the tail: the pedtoral fins are broad : the ventral fins confift each of one fpine, or rather plate, of unequal lengths, one being large, the other {mall,; between both is a flat bony plate, reaching ~ almoft to the vent: beneath the vent is a fhort fpine, and then fucceeds the anal fin. The tail confifts of twelve rays, and is even at the end. The color of the back and fides is an olive green} the belly white; but in fome the lower jaws and belly are of a bright crimfon. IY, The Clas IV, TEN SPINED S. BACK. 21g Horhe TEN SPINED S. BACK. La petite Efpinoche. Belo. Gafterofteus aculeis in dorfo 28. cecem. Arted. /ynon. 80. Pifciculi aculeati alteram ge- Gajterofteus pungitius. Lin. nos. Rondel. fluviat. 206. fy a 491. Gronov. Zooph. No. | Gefner pife. 8 _Leffer Stickleback. Wil Icth. senuuee Gaddfur, Gorquad. 342- Rati fyn. pif. 145. = Faun. fuec. No. 337. HIS fpecies is much fmaller than the former, and of a more flender make. The back is armed with ten fhort fharp fpines, which do not incline the fame way, but crofs each other. The fides are fmooth, not plated like thofe of the preceding : in other particulars it refembles the _ former. The color of the back is olive: the belly fil- very. P 3 II. The 20. FIFTEEN SPINED S. BACK. Clafs IV Wl. The FIFTEEN SPINEDS. BACK. Aculeatus, five Pungitius ma- Gafterofteus aculeis in dorfo rinus longus, Stein-bicker, quindecim. rted. Jynon. Ersfkruper. Schonevelde. 10. SI. tab. iv. Sib. Sect. ii1.24.tab. Galterofteus fpinachia. Lin. LS int iat Jif. 492. Gronov. Zooph. Aculeatus marinus major. Wl. No. 407. Faun. fucc. Ne. Icth. 340. App. 23. Raii /yn. 338. pife. 145- HIS fpecies inhabits the fea, and is never found in frefh water. Ba Its length is above fix inches: the nofe is long and flender: the mouth tubular: teeth fmall. The fore part of the body is covered on each fide with a row of bony plates, forming a ridge; the body afterwards grows very flender, and & quadrangular. : Between the head and the dorfal-fin are fifteen {mall fpines: the dorfal fin is placed PPRon the anal fin: the ventral fins are wanting. The tail is even at the end. The color of the upper part is a deep brown: the belly white. Genus ore hve IVEY ATY Cir Kat RO ie Ty 221 Genus XXX. Seven branchioftegous rays. Several fmall fins between the dorfal fin and the tail. MackREL. he Whe Mo A en ROE Be Sx6uboos. Arift. Hift. an. lib, Makerel. Schonevelde. 66. Vi. ¢. 17.1x.¢.2, Atheneus. Mackrell, or Macarel. Wil. ib. iii. 121. vil. 321. Op- Icth. 181. Raii fyn. pile. 58. pian Halieut. 1. 142. Scomber pinnulis quinque in Scomber. Ovid. Halieut. 94. extremo dorfo, polypterygio, Phinii lib. ix. c. 15, xxxi.¢.8. Macarello, Scombro. Sa/vian. ted. fynon. 48. 2AL Scomber Scomber. Lin. f/f. Le Macreau. Belon. 197. 492. Gronov. Zooph. No. 304. Scomber, Rondel. 233. Ge/ner Mackrill. Faun. fuec. No. 339. pyc. 841. (pro 861.) HE mackrel is a fummer fifh of paffage that vifits our fhores in vaft fhoals, It is lefs ufe» ful than other fpecies of gregarious fifh, being very tender, and unfit for carriage; not but that it may be preferved by pickling and falting, a method, we believe, practifed only in Cornwall **, where it proves a great relief to the poor during winter. It was a fifh greatly efteemed by the Romans, be- caufe it furnifhed the pretious Garum, a fort of pickle that gave a high relifh to their fauces, and was be- fides ufed medicinally. It was drawn from different * This is the firft opportunity we have had of looking into Salvianus, whofe Italian fynonyms we make ule of, ** Borlafe Cornwall, 269. P4 fying aculeo brevi ad anum. 4r- Garum, Size. Defer, 222 MAC CE KI RO ENTS Claims kinds of fifh, but that made from the mackrel had the preference: the beft was made at Carthagena, > vaft quantities of mackrel being taken near an adjaz » cent ifle, called from that circumftance, Scombraria*, and the Garum, prepared by a certain company in that city, bore a high price, and was diftinguifhed by the title of Garum Sociorum **. This fifh is eafily taken by a bait, but the beft time is during a frefh gale of wind, which is thence* called a mackrel gale. It is not often that it exceeds two pounds in weight, yet we heard that there was one fold laft fummer in London that weighed five and a quarter. The nofe is taper and fharp pointed: the eyes large: the jaws of an equal length: the teeth fmall, but numerous. The form of this fifh is very elegant. The body is a little compreffed on the fides: to- wards the tail it grows very flender, and a little an- gular. | The firft dorfal fin is placed a little behind the pec- toral fin, is triangular, and confiits of nine or ten {tiff rays; the fecond lies at a diftance from the other, and has twelve foft rays; the pectoral twenty; the ventral fix: at the bafe of the anal fin is a ftrone fpine. , Between the laft dorfal fin and the tail, are five {mall fins, and the fame number between the anal fin and the tail. * Strabo lib, iiie 109. ** Plinii Lb. xxx. c. Be The Clafs IV. ES UW). NOON OS 223 The tail is broad and femilunar: The color of Color. the back and fides above the lateral line, is a fine green, varied with blue, marked with black lines, ‘pointing downwards ; beneath the line the fides and belly are of a filvery color. It is a moft beautiful fifh when alive; for nothing can equal the brilliancy of its color, which death impairs, but does not wholly obliterate. Dl he vay eg INN hays Bovvos. Arif. Hift. an. ib, ii, ‘Tunny fith, or Spanifh Mack- co 13. &e. Atheneus. lid. vir. rell. Wil. Icth. 176. Rait 301. Oppian Halieut.iii. 620. — Lim pics 57. Thunnus. Ovid. Halieut. 95. Scomber pinnulis octo vel no- gs. Plinit. lib. ix. c. 15. vem in extremo dorfo, ex Tonno. Salvian. 123. fulco ad pinnas ventrales, Le Thon. Belon. gg. Arted. fynon. 49. Thunnus. Rondel. 241. Gefner Scomber'Thunnus. Sc. pinnulis pile. 957- utrinque otto. Lin. f/f. 493. ‘Thunnus vel orcynus. Schone- Gronov. Zooph. No. 305+ velde. 75. : A la tunny was a fith well known to the antients, it made a confiderable branch of commerce ; the time of its arrival into the Mediterranean from the ocean was obferved, and ftations for taking them efta- blifhed in places it moft frequented; the eminencies above the fifhery were ftyled @uwocxorciz*, and the watchmen that gave notice to thofe below of the mo- tions of the fifh, @uwocxéwo: **. From one of the for- * Strabo. lib. v. 156. ** Oppian Halieut. iii. 638. This perfon anfwers to what the Cornifo calla Huer, who watches the arrival of the pilchards. mer Size. Defer. 524 Ty Ub Neo Ny Ye Clas TV. mer the lover in Theocritus threatened to take a def- perate leap, on account of his miftrefs’s cruelty. > ex exansas ? , e f 5 is ~~ ? Tay Cauirav arodus sg MUMaTOE THE OAEULGE x Ay <= XN \ / Qrse THs OTNNQZ TKOTIACET OL *Oamis o Verreuse Do you not hear? then, rue your Goat-herd’s fate, For, from the rock where Olpis doth defery The numerous % bunny, Iwill plunge and die. The very fame ftation, in all probability, is at this time made ule of, as there are very confiderable thunny fifheries on the coaft of Sicily, as well as feve- ral other parts of the Mediterranean*, where they are cured, and make a great article of provifion in the adjacent kingdoms. ‘They are caught in nets, and amazing quantities are taken, for they come in vaft fhoals, keeping along the fhores. They grow toa large fize, fometimes being found of above a hundred weight. They are not common in our feas, but are fome- times taken off the weft of Exgland. Its form is lefs elegant than that of the mackrel, being rather thicker in the middle: the jaws are of an equal length; the mouth black within: befides the teeth of the jaws, are others in the roof of the mouth. The firft dorfal fin is placed not remote from the head, and confifts of fourteen rays, and is lodged in a fmall channel; the fecond is almoft contiguous to the other, and has the fame number of rays. * Many of them are the fame that were ufed by the antients, as we learn from Cfpran and others, The Clafs IV. Sir Caw ats De 225 The pectoral fin confifts of thirty-four rays; the ventral fins are fmall, and have fix rays; the anal, thirteen: between the laft dorfa] fin and the tail, are from eight to ten fmall ones, and between the anal fin and the tail eight. The body near the tail is flender, and almoft qua drangular ; the tail is in the form of a crefcent. The color of the upper part of the body is dufky, varied with blue and green: the fides and the belly filvery. Uh. i) Athery SS) ot Ay Eos Sauro. Saluian. 79+ Icth. 290. Razi fyn. pife. 92. Un: Sou, Macreau baftard. Scomber linea laterali aculeata, Belon. 186. pinna ani officulorum 30. Trachurus. Rondel. 233. Arted. fynon. 50. Color. Lacertus Bellonii. Gefner pifc. Scomber'Trachurus. Sc, pinnis | 467. unitis, fpina dorfali recum- Mufeken, Stocker. Schonovelde. bente, linea laterali loricata. Tiss Lin. bh. 4946 Gronov. Loophe Scad, Horfe-mackrell. Wil, No. 308 FLAT which we examined was fixteen inches long : the nofe fharp; the eyes very large; the irides filvery : the lower jaw a little longer than the upper: the edges of the jaws were rough, but- without teeth. On the upper part of the covers of the gills was a large black {pot. The fcales were large and very thin: the lower half of the body quadrangular, and marked each fide 226 si CC" ADD: Clafs IV. fide with a row of thick ftrong fcales, prominent in the middle, extending to the tail. | The firft dorfal fin confifted of eight ftrong fpines the fecond lay juft behind it, and confifted of thirty- four foft rays, and reached almoft to the tail: the pectoral fins narrow and long, and compofed of twenty rays: the ventral of fix branched rays. The ventwas in the middle of the belly ; the anal fin extended from it to the tail, which was greatly forked. The head and upper part of the body varied with green and blue: the belly filvery. This fifh was taken in the month of Oéfober, was very firm and well tafted, having the flavor of mackrel, Genus ClagIV. RED SURMULLET. 227 Genus XXXI. Head compreffed, fteep, and co- vered with {cales. ‘Two branchioftegous rays. Body covered with large feales, eafily dropping off. SURMULLET. eo Phe RR ED) SseU RR Mow fb Lek ot. Teryan? Arif. Hif. an. lib. Petermanneken, Goldeken. ii, Oppian Halieut.1.590- © — Schonevelde. 47. Telyan Zwpewv. Athenaus. lib. Mullus Bellonii. Wil. Icth. 285. vil. 325. Rati fyn. pife. ow Mullus. Owvid. Halieut. 123. Trigla capite glabro, cirris ge- Plinii lib. ix. c. V7» minis in maxilla inferiore. Triglia. Salvian. 235. Arted. fynon. 71. Le Rouget barbé, Surmurlet. Mullus cirris geminis, corpo- Belon. 170. re rubro. Lin. fff. 495. Gro- Mullus barbatus. Ronde. 290. 80> Zooph. No. 286. Gefner pife. 565. | ses fifh was highly efteemed by the Romans, and bore an exceeding hich price. The ca- ‘pricious epicures of Horace’s* days, valued it in proportion to its fize, not that the larger were more delicious, but that they were more difficult to be got. The price that was given for one in the time of Fuvenal, and Phny, is a ftriking evidence of the Auxury and extravagance of the age: Mullum fex millibus emit A quantem Jane paribus Jeftertia libris **. The lavith flave Six thoufand pieces fora Mullet gave, A fefterce for each pound. Drrosn. K Sat. lib. ti. f. ti, 33. ** Fuvenal. Sat. iv. 481, 8s. od. But 228 RED SURMULLEYT. . Cima. But Afnius Celer*, a man of confular dignity, gave a {till more unconfcionable fum, for he did not {cruple beftowing eight thoufand nummi, or fixty- four pounds eleven fhillings and eight-pence, for a fith of fo fmall a fize as the mullet; for according to Horace, a Mullus trilibris, or one of three pounds, was a oreatrarity; fo that Fuvenal’s {park muft have had a great bargain in comparifon of what Ce/er had. But Sezeca fays that it was not worth a farthing, except it died in the very hand of your gueft : that fuch was the luxury of the times, that there wer ftews even in the eating rooms, fo that the fifh could at once be brought from under the table, and placed onit: that they put the mullets in tranfparent vafes, that they might be entertained with the various changes of its rich color while it lay expiring **. Apicius+, a wonderful genius for luxurious inven- tions, firft hit upon the method of fuffocating them in the exquifite Carthaginian pickle, and afterwards procured a rich fauce from their livers. This is the fame gentleman whom Ply, in another place, ho- -nors with the title of Nepotum omuniuut altiffimus gurges§, an expreffion too forcible to be rendered in our language ~ © Plin. lib. 1X5 €. TFs ** In cubili natant pifces: et Jub ipfa menfa capitur, qui fatim transferitur in menfam : parum videtur vecens mu)lus nift qui in con= vive manu moritur. Vitreis ollis inclufi offeruntur, et obfervatur aworieatium color, quem in multas mutationes ludtante /piritu vertit. Seneca. Nat. Queit. lib. ili. c. 16. + Ad omne luxus ingenium mirus. *- Garum Sociorum, vide ps 222s § Lib. x. c. 48. oe eel Soe pote * AL oITawtas mine ClasIV. STRIPED SURMULLET. 229 We have heard of this fpecies being taken on the coaft of Scotland, but had no opportunity of exa- mining it; and whether it is found in the weft of England with the other fpecies, or variety, we are. not at this time informed. Salvianus makes it a diftinét fpecies, and fays, that it is of a purple co- lor, ftriped with golden lines, and that it did not commonly exceed a palm in length: no wonder then that fuch a prodigy as one of fix pounds fhould fo captivate the fancy of the Roman epicure. Mr. Ray eftablifhes fome other diftinétions, fuch as the firft dorfal fin having nine rays, and the color of that fin, the tail, and the pectoral fins, being of a very pale purple. On thefe authorities we form different fpecies of thefe fifh, having only examined what Salvianus and Mr. Ray call the Mullus major, which we defcribe under the title of MW. the STRIPED SURMULE.ET. Mullus major. Salvian. 236. utrinque quatuor luteis, lon- Maullus major nofter et Salvi- gitudinalibus, parallelis. 4r- ani. 95. Cornubienfibus. . ted. fynon. 72. A Surmullet. Wil. Icth. 285. Mullus cirris geminis lineis lu- Raii yn. pife. gt. teis longitudinalibus, Lin. Trigla capite glabro, lineis Aj. 496. he FIIS fpecies was communicated to us by Mr, Pitfield of Exeter : its weight was two pounds and an half; its length was fourteen inches; the thickeft circumference eleven. It appears on the coalt, coaft of Devonfbire in May, and retires about No= vember. The head fteep : the nofe blunt : the body thick ; the mouth fall: the lower jaw furnifhed with very fmall teeth: in the. roof of the mouth is a rough hard fpace: at the entrance of the gullet above is a fingle bone, and beneath are a pair, each with echi- “eee furfaces, that help to comminute the food be- fore it pales down. . From the chin hung two beards, two inches and an half lone. The eyes large: the irides purple: the head and covers of the gills very fcaly. The firft dorfal fin was lodged in a deep furrow, and confifted of. fix ftrong, but flexible rays; the fecond of eight; the pectoral fins of fixteen; the ventral of fix branched rays; the anal of feven: the tail is much forked. The body very thick, and covered with large {cales; beneath them the color was a moft beautiful rofy red*; the changes of which, under the thin fcales, gave that entertainment to the Roman epicures as above mentioned: the fcales on the back and fides were of a dirty orange; thofe on the nofe a bright yellow: the tail a reddifh yellow. The fides were marked lengthways with two lines of a light yellow color: thefe with the red color of the dorfal fins, and the number of their rays, Mr. Ray makes the character of the Corni/b Surmullet + thefe are notes fo liable to vary by accident, that till * This color is moft vivid during fummer. we ClafsIV. GREY GURNARBD. 231 we receive further informations from the inhabitants of our Weftern coafts, where thefe fifh are found, we fhall remain doubtful whether we have done right in feparating this from the former, efpecially as Doéfor Gronovius has pronounced them to be only varieties. _Genvs XXXII. Nofe floping. . Head covered with ftrong bony plates. . Seven branchioftegous rays. Three flender appendages at. the bafe of the pectoral fins. ee _ Gurnarp. th The GREY GU:RoN A: Roh Gurnatus feuGurnardusgrife- queoculum. Arted. fynon. 74. us, the Grey. Gurnard. Wil. 'Trigla Gurnardis, Tr. digitis . Icth. 279. Raii fyn. pifc. 88. ternis dorfo maculis nigris Trigla vario roftro diacantho, rubrifque. Lin. fy. 497. aculeis geminis ad utrum- § Gronov. Zooph. No. 283. HE nofe pretty long, and floping: the end bifurcated, and each fide armed with three fhort fpines. The eyes very large; above each were two fhort fpines: the forehead and covers of the gills fil- very ; the laft finely radiated. The teeth fmall, placed in the lower and upper jaws, in the roof of the mouth, and bafe of the tongue. Q Noftrils 292 GREY GURNARD. Clafs IV. Noftrils minute, and placed on the fides of the nofe. On the extremity of the gill covers was a ftrong, fharp, and long fpine : beneath that, juft above the pectoral fins, another. © The firft dorfal fin confifted of eight fpiny rays; the fides of the three firft tuberculated. The fecond dorfal fin of nineteen foft rays: both fins lodged in a groove, rough on each fide, but not ferrated. . The pectoral fins tranfparent, and fupported by ten rays, bifurcated from their middle: the three beards at their bafe as ufual. The ventral fins had fix rays, the firft fpiny, and the fhorteft of all. The anal fin nineteen, each {oft. The tail bifurcated. The lateral line very prominent, and ftrongly fer- rated. The back, tail, and a fmall fpace beneath the fide line, were of a deep grey, covered with {mall fcales, and in parts fpotted with white; the belly filvery. Wecould not perceive any yellow {fpots, as Mr. Ray mentions, but poffibly they vary. . If, The ClasIV; RED GURNARD 233 I, The RED GURNARD. Koxnvg P Arifi. Hift. an. ib. Red Gurnard, or Rotchet. iv. ¢. 9. Oppian Halieut. 1.97. Wil. Icth. 281. Raii fyn. piles Koxxu§ tovleos. Atheneus lib. 20: . Vil. 309. Trigla tota rubens, roftro pa- Pefce capone, Cocco, Organo, rum bicor ae pele culis bran- Salvian. 191. _ chiarum ftriatis. Arted. /ynon. Le Rouget. Belon. igg. 74° et Cuculus. Rondel. 287. Gefner Trigla cuculus. Tr. digitis pife» 305. ternis, linea laterali mutica. Smiedeeknecht,’ Kurre-fifche. Zim: /fs 497- Schonevelde. 3.2. FHAHIS fpecies agrees in its general appearance . with the tub fifh; but in thefe particulars differs. The covers of the gills are radiated: the fpines are lefs and fhorter in thofe of the red gurnard. The fins and body are of a fullerred : the fcales are larger: the head lefs: the pectoral fins are fhorter, and edged with purple, not with blue. Q2 III, The 234: Pop RORY Re Bee HS. ON The UID teh al es ie Arift. Hip. an. lib. iv. Trigla roftro longo diacantho, naribus tubulolis. Arted. /yn. BAS ‘Remieb 298. Ge/ner pifc. Fee St 516. Trigla Lyra. Tr: digitis ter- The Piper. Wit, tah. 282: nis, naribus tubulofis. Liz. Raii ya. pife. 39. Sf. 499. H1S fpecies is frequently taken on the weftern coafts of this kingdom, and choos an e€x- cellent fifh. | The weight of one which was communicated to us by Mr. Pitfela®, was three pounds and an half; the thickeft circumference thirteen inches, the left, which was next the tail, only three: the length near two feet. The head was very large, and that part of the body next to it very thick: the nofe divided into two broad plates, each terminated with three {pines : on the inner corner of each eye is a ftrong fpine: the bony plates of the head terminate on each fide with another. The covers of the gills are armed with one very fharp and ftrong fpine, and are prettily ftriated : im- mediately over the pectoral fin is another {pine very large and fharp pointed. The noftrils very minute: the eyes large. The lower jaw much fhorter than the upper: the teeth in both very minute. | * We have been informed that this fifh 1s found at all times of the year on the weftern coafts, and is taken in nets. The “ATX “UudId Claf IV. PUB Hikes Ee 235 _ The firft dorfal fin confifted of nine very ftrong fharp fpines, the fecond of which is the longeft, the fecond fin begins juft behind the firft, and con- fifts of eighteen foft rays: the pectoral fins were | long, and had twelve branched rays; the ventral fins fix, very ftrong and thick: the anal eighteen, the firft fpiny: the tail {mall, in proportion to the fize of the fith, and forked. The back on each fide the dorfal fin was armed with a fet of {trong and very large fpines, pointing towards the tail like the teeth of a faw. The fcales were fmall, but very hard and rough : the lateral line bent a little at its beginning, that went {trait to the tail, and was almoft fmaoth. IV, They PUB obF od So Bi Hirundo Aldrov. the Tub-fifh, Trigla hirundo. Tr. digitis Cornub. Wil. Icth. 280. Rait ternis, linea laterali acu- Syn. pife. 88. leata. Lin, fff. 497. Trigla capite aculeato, ap- Knorrhane, Knoding, Knot, pendicibus utrinque tribus -Smed. Faun. /uec.. No. ad pinnas pectorales. Arted. 340. ADEA Synon. 73. HIS fpecies is of a more flender form than the preceding. The pupil of the eye is green : on the inner cor- ner of each are two fmall fpines. But what at once diftinguifhes this from the other fpecies is the breadth and colors of the pectoral fins, which are very broad, of a pale green, moft beautifully edged, and {potted with rich deep blue. Q3 The 236 STREAKED GURNARD. Clafs IV. The dorfal fins are lodged between two rows of {pines, of a ferrated form: the back is of a greenifh caft: the fide line is rough: the fides are tinged with red; the belly white. — ; Thefe fifh are found on the coaft of Cornwall. We have alfo taken them off Anglefea. Na The 3.7 REAK ED GU Run AaRam: Cuculus lineatus, the Streaked Gurnard. Raii yn. pife. 165. Jig. We “AHIS is one of the Cornifh fith communicated to Mr. Petiver by Mr. Jago. He fays the head is large, and diftinguifhed with ftellated marks , the eyes great ; the covering of the gills thorny; the mouth fmall, and without teeth. By the figure the nofe feems not to be bifurcated. The pectoral fins large, and fpotted, beneath them three filaments: the color of the body red: the belly white, marked with many ftreaks, pointing downwards, from the back. ; Mr. Fago imagines it to be the Mullis imberbis of Rondeletius. Wil. Icth. 278. Sect. IV. Clafs IV. i: OF OV) Et 237 Bee hV. A BD) Oo My TAN Ave, Genus XX XIII. Eyes in the upper part of the head. Aperture to the gills clofed below. Several beards on the end of* the upper jaw. Body of almoft an equal thicknefs. One dorfal fin. Locue, ue ‘Ehe Dry Oe ORB Fs bye d OF LaLoche franche. Belon. 321. corpore fubtereti. Arted. /j- Cobitis barbatula. Rondel. flu- om. 2. Viat. 204. Cobitis Barbatula. C. cirris fex Cobitis fluviatilis barbatula. capite inermi compreflo. Gefuer pife. 404. Lin. fyft. 499. Gronov. Zooph. Smerling, Smerle. Schoncvelde. No. 202. Bile Gronling. Faun. Juec. No. 341. Loche, or Groundling. Wil. Grundel. Kram. 396. Wulf. Icth. 265. Rati fyn. pifes 124. Borufs. No. 40. Cobitis tota glabra maculofa, HE loche is found in feveral of our finall rivers, keeping at the bottom on the gravel, and is on that account, in fome places, called the Ground- fing: it is frequent on the f{tream near Ame/bury, in Wiltfbire, where the fportfmen, thro’ frolick, {wallow it down alive in a glafs of white wine. The largeft we ever heard of was four inches and three quarters in length, but they feldom arrive to that fize. Q4 The Defer." od Color. 238 iy -@; €) By B Clafs IV, The mouth is {mall, placed beneath, and has na teeth: on the upper mandible are fix {mall beards, one at each corner of the mouth, and four at the end of the nofe. The dorfal fin confifts of eiokt rays; the pectoral of eleven; the ventral of feven; the anal of fix: the tail is broad, and has fixteen or feventeen rays. The body is fmooth and flippery, and almoft of the fame thicknefs: the color of the head, back, and fides, is in fome white, in others of a dirty yel- low, very elegantly marked with large fpots, con- fifting of numberlefs minute black fpecks : the pec- toral, dorfal, and caudal fins are alfo {potted : the belly and ventral fins of a pure white : the tail broad, and a little rounded. Genus Clafs IV. Ss A LM ON. 239 Genus XXXIV. Branchioftegous rays unequal in number. Two dorfal fins ; the fecond thick, and without rays. SALMON. * With teeth. ro), he OS A Ie nase Salmo Plinii lib. ix. c. 18. Au- Salmo roftro ultra inferiorem Sonius. Mofel. 97. maxillam fepe prominente. Salmone. Salviau. 100. Arted. fynon. 22. Le Saulmon. Belon. 271. Salmo Salar. Lin. fy. 509. Salmo. Rondel. flaviat. 167. Gronov. Zooph. No. 369. Gefner pifc. 824. Schonevelde. Jax. Faun. fuec. No. 122. 64. Lachfs. Wulff. Borufs. No. Salmon. Wil. Icth. 189. Raii 42. : Lym pife. 03. HE falmon is a northern fifh, being unknown in the Mediterranean fea, and other warm climates : it is found in France in fome of the rivers that empty themfelves into the ocean*, and north as far as Greenland; whether it reaches America we are not at this time affured : Charlevoix, Laufon, and Catefby do not mention it ; nor have we any authority for its being found there, except that of the romantic Labontan. Salmons are taken in the rivers of Kamt- fchatka**, but whether they are of the fame fpecies with the European kind is not very certain. * Rondel. fluviat. 167. . ** Hit, Kamt/ch, 143. They 240 (Se A EO ME Gh oN Clafs IV. They are in feveral countries a great article of commerce, being cured different ways, by falting, pickling, and drying: there are ftationary fitheries in Iceland, Norway *, and the Baltic, but we be- lieve no where greater than thofe at Colraine in Ire- land; and in Great-Britain at Berwick, and in fome of the rivers of Scotland. The falmon was known to the Romans but not to the Greeks : Pliny fpeaks of it as a fifh found in the rivers of Aquitaine: Aufonius enumerates it among thofe of the Mo/el. Nec te puniceo rutilantem vifcere Salmo Tranfierem, late cujus vaga verbera caudae Gurgite de medio Jummas referuntur in undas, Occultus placido cum proditur equore pulfus. Tu loricato Jquamofus petore, frontem Lubricus, et dubia faciurus fercula cena, Tempora longarum fers incorrupta morarum, Prafignis maculis capitis, cut prodiga nutat élvus, opimatoque fluens abdomine venter. Nor I thy fcarlet belly will omit, : O Salmon, whofe broad tail with whifking ftrokes Bears thee up from the bottom of the ftream Quick to the furface ; and the fecret lafh Below, betrays thee in the placid deep. Arm’d in thy flaky mail, thy gloffy {nout Slippery efcapes the fither’s fingers; elfe Thou makeft a feaft for niceft judging palates: And yet long uncorrupted thou remaineft : With {potted head remarked, and wavy fpread, Of paunch immenfe o’erflowing wide with fat. ANONYMOUS. A fcends The falmon is a fifh that lives both in the falt and “ve: frefh waters, quitting the fea at certain feafons for * There was about the year 1578 a pretty confiderable fal- mon fifhery at Cola, in Ruffian Lapland. Hackluyt. vay. 1. 416. the Clafs IV. SAIS MMO N, 241 the fake of depofiting its fpawn in fecurity, in the gravelly beds of rivers remote from their mouths. There are fcarce any difficulties but what they will overcome, .in order to arrive at places fit for their purpofe: they will afcend rivers hundreds of miles, force themfelves againft the moft rapid ftreams, and {pring with amazing agility over cataracts of feveral feet in height. Salmon are frequently taken in the Rhine as high up as Bafil; they gain the fources of the Lapland rivers* in fpite of their torrent-like currents, and furpafs the perpendicular falls of Leinflip**, Kennerth+, and Pont aberglaftynt; thefe jaft feats we have been witnefs to, and ieen the efforts of fcores of fifh, fome of which fucceeded, others mifcarried during the time of our ftay. It may here be proper to contradict the vulgar error of their taking their tail in their mouth when they attempt to leap; fuch as we faw, {prune up quite ftrait, and with a ftrong tremulous motion. : Other particulars relating to the natural hiftory of this fith, we fhall relate in our accounts of the fifheries, either from our own obfervations, or from fuch 2s have been communicated to us from different places : the fulleft we have been favored with is from Mr. Potts, of Berwick, to whom the publick is indebted for the following very curious hiftory of the falmon fifhery on the Tweed, * Scheff. Lap. 139. ** Near Dublin. + On the Zivy in South Wales, which Michael Drayton cele- brates in his Po/olbion on this account. t Amidit Snowdon pba a wild {cene in the ftyle of Selva- tor Rofa. At Salmon leaps. Toweed fifhery, Spawn- ARSs - ee SAL MajOoN. — Gleam -_ At the latter end of the year, or in the month of November, the falmon begin to prefs up the rivers as far as they can reach, in order to fpawn; when that time approaches they fearch for a place fit for the purpofe: the male and female unite in forming a proper receptacle for it in the fand or gravel, about the depth of eighteen inches; in this the female de- pofits her fpawn, the male his milt, which they cover carefully, as it is faid, with their tails, for after fpawning they are obferved to have no fkin on that part. The fpawn lies buried till fpring, if not difturbed by violent floods; but the falmon haften to fea as foon as they are able, to purify and cleanfe them- felves, and to recover their ftreneth ; for after fpawn- ing they become very pepe and lean, and then are plied Kipper. About the latter end of March the fpawn begins to exclude the young, which gradually ingress to the length of four or five inches, and are then termed Smelts or Smouts: about the beginning of May, the river is full of them; it feems to be all alive; there _ is no having an idea of the numbers without feeing them; but a feafonable flood then hurries them all to the fea, fcarce any or very few being left in the river. About the middle of Fuze the earlieft of the fry begin to drop, as it were, into the river again from fe fea, at that time about twelve, ae. or fix- teen inches, and by a gradual progrefs, increafe in number and fize till about the end of Fuly, which is at Berwick termed the height of Gilfe time, the name Clafs IV. Si A? Tae Mi Ox INR 243 name given to the fifh at that age: the end of July, or beginning of Augujt they leffen in number, but encreafe in fize, fome being fix, feven, eight, or nine pounds in weight; this appears to be a furpri- fine quick growth, yet we have received from a gen- Quicte tleman at Warrington, an inftance {till more fo: a sow kipper falmon weighing 7lb. three quarters, taken on the 7th of February, being marked with a {ciffars on the back, fin, and tail, and turned into the river, was again taken the 17th of March following, and ~ then was found to weigh 171b. and a half. The capture in the Tweed, about the month of Capture, Fuly, 1s prodigious; in a good fifhery, often a boat load, and fometimes near two, are taken in a tide: fome few years ago there were above feven hundred fifh taken at one hawl, but from fifty to a hundred is very frequent : the coopers in Berwick then begin to falt both Salmon and Gil/es in pipes, and other large veffels, and afterwards barrel* them to fend abroad; having then far more than the London markets can take off their hands. Moft of the falmon taken before April, or to the fetting in of the warm weather, is fent frefh to Lon don in bafkets, unlefs now and then the veffel is difz appointed by contrary winds, of failing immediately; ir. that cafe the fifh is brought afhore again to the coopers offices, and boiled, pickled, and kitted, and fent to the Loxdon markets by the fame fhip, and frefh falmon put in the bafkets in lieu of the ftale ones. At the beginning of the feafon, when a fhip ® The falmon barrel holds above forty-two gallons, wine. meafure. 1S Price, Seafon. 244 S A’-L M: O N: - Chee is on the point of failing, a frefh clean falmon will fell from a fhilling to eighteen pence a pound, and moft of the time that this part of the trade is carried on, the prices are from five to nine fhillings per {tone *, the value rifing and falling according to the plenty of fith, or the profpect of a fair or foul wind. Some fifh are fent in this manner to London the lat- ter end of September, when the weather grows cool, but then the fifh are full of large roes, grow very thin bellied, and are not efteemed either palatable or wholefome. — The price of frefh fifth in the month of Fuly, when they are moft plentiful, has been known to be as low as 8d. per ftone, but laft year never lefs than 16d. and from that to 25. 6d. The feafon for fifhing in the Tweed begins No- vember the 30th, but the fifhermen work very little till after Chrifimas ; it ends on Michaelmas-Day ; yet the corporation of Berwick (who are confervators of the river) indulge the fifhermen with a fortnight paft that time, on account of the change of the ftyle. There are on the river forty-one confiderable fith- eries extending upwards, about fourteen miles from the mouth (the others above being of no great va- tue) which are rented for near 5400/. per annum. The expences attending the fervants wages, nets, boats, &c. amount to 5000/. more, which together makes up the fum 10400/. Now in confequence * A ftone of falmon weighs 181b. 100z. 4, or in other terms, four itones, or fifty-fix pounds avoirdupoife, is only three ftones, or forty-two pounds, fith weight at Berawick, the ChGIVa -Si¢ An lar Ms On Ni 24.5 the produce muft defray all, and no lefs than twenty times that fum of fifh will effect it, fo that 208000 falmon muft be caught there one year with an- other. There is a misfortune attending the river Tweed, which is worthy a parlementary remedy; for there is no law for preferving the fifh in it during the fence months, as there is in the cafe of many other Britifo rivers. This being the boundary between the two kingdoms, part of it belongs to the city of Berwick, and the whole north fide (beginning about two miles from the town) is entirely Scotch pro- perty. From fome difagreement between the par- ties they will not unite for the prefervation of the fifh, fo that in fome fifheries on the north fide they continue killing falmon the whole winter, when the death of one fifk is the deftruction of thoufands. The legiflature began very early to pay attention to this important article: by the 13th Hdward If. there is an act which prohibits the capture of the falmon from the Nativity of our Lady to St. Mar- tin’s Day, in the waters of the Humber, Ow/e, Trent, Done, Arre, Derwent, Wharfe, Nid, Yore, Swale, and Tees; and other monarchs in after-times, pro- _ vided in like manner for the fecurity of the fith in other rivers. Scotland poflefles great numbers of fine fifheries on both fides of that kingdom. The falmon are cured in the fame manner as at Berweck, and a creat quantity is fent to London in the fpring; but after that time the adventurers begin to barrel and ex- port them to foreign countries: but we believe that commerce Scotland, Sreland, 246 SHAG TIME ORUNE Clafs IV. commerce is far lefs lucrative than it was in former times, partly owing to the great encreafe of the Newfoundland fifhery, and partly to the general re- laxation of the difcipline ef abftinence in the Ro- mifo church. Ireland (particularly the north) abounds with this fifh: the moft confiderablé fifhery is at Cranna, on the river Bax, about a mile and an half from Cole- raine. When I made the tour of that hofpitable kingdom in 1754, it was rented by a neighboring seneaah for 620/. a yeat, who affured me that — the tenant, his predeceffor; gave 16007 per ann: . and was a much greater gainer by the bargain for the reafons before-mentioned, and on account of the number of poachers who deftroy the fifh in the fence months. The mouth of this river faces the north, and is _ finely fituated to receive the fifh that roam along the coaft, in fearch of an irlet into fome frefh wa- ter; as they do all along that end of the kingdom which oppofes itfelf to the northern oceam. , We have feen near Ballicaftle, nets placed in the fea at the foot of the promontories that jut into it, which the falmon ftrike into as they are wariderinig clofe to fhore, and numbers are taken by that method. In the Ban they Gfh with ficts eighteen fcore yards long, and are continually Aten night and day the whale feafon, which we think laits about four months; two fets of fixteen men each alter- nately relieving one another. The beft drawing is when the tide is coming in: we were told that at a finele draught there were once eight hundred and ae fifh taken A few GasIV. SAL MON, 247 A few miles higher up the river is a ware, where a confiderable number of fifh that efcape the nets are taken. We were lately informed, that in the year 1760 about 320 tons were taken in the Cranna fifhery. The falmon are cured in this manner: they are firft fplit, and rubbed with fine falt; and after ly- ing in pickle in great tubs, or refervoirs, for fix weeks, are packed up with layers of coarfe brown Spanifo falt in cafks, fix of which make a ton. Thefe are exported to Leghorn and Venice at the price of twelve or thirteen pounds per ton, but formerly from fixteen to twenty-four pounds each. The falmon is a fifh fo generally known, that a very brief defcription will ferve. The largeft we ever heard of weighed feventy-four pounds. The color of the back and fides are grey, fometimes fpotted with black, fometimes plain: the covers of the gills are fubjec&t to the fame variety: the belly filvery : the nofe fharp pointed: the end of the un- der jaw in the males often turns up in form of a hook ; fometimes this curvature is very confidera- ble: it is faid that they lofe this hook when they re- turn to the fea. ; The teeth are lodged in the jaws and on the tongue, and are flender, but very fharp. The tail is a little forked. ‘ R | I. The Defers 248 Re See ae Clafs IV. He The Se ee The Grey, i.e. cinereus feu Salmo eriox. Lin. fff. 509. Grifeus. Wil. Icth. 193. Raii Gralax. Faun. fuec. No. 346. Syn. pife. 63. Lachfs-forellen mit Schwarz- Salmo maculis cinereis, caudz grauen flecken oder punkt- extremo aquali. drted. /ynox. chens. Wulff. Boru/s. No. 43. 23. ’ E are uncertain whether this is not a meer variety of the falmon ; but on the authority of Mr. Ray, we defcribe them feparate. He fays it is a very ftrong fifth, that it does not afcend the frefh waters till uguft, when it rufhes up with great violence, that it is rarely taken, and not much known. ! We faw one laft fummer caught near Gloddaeth, in Caernarvonfhire, which weighed twenty-two pounds : the body was much deeper than that of the falmon ; the head larger: the irides were filvery : the back, firft dorfal fin, the fides above the lateral line, were of a deep grey, fpotted with numbers of dark purplifh fpots: the belly filvery : the tail quite even at the end. ‘The fifhermen called it a fhe falmon. Mr. Ray defcribes it among the fifh of the trout kind, communicated to him by Mr. fobn/on, who made his obfervations in the north of Exgland : but it is not peculiar to that part, for we have heard ot its being taken in the river Wye, where it is known by the name of Sewin, or Shewin. Ill. The Sew BULL vl ROUT.) Aiaig ieee athe Bow! Li er RO Ui Trutta taurina, aptid nos in’ grifque, cauda equali. 4r- Northumbria a Bull-trout. ted. Jynon. 24. Charlton. ex. pifc. 36. Salmo trutta. S. ocellis nigris, Trutta Salmonata, the Salmon _iridibus brunneis, pinna pec- Trout, Bull-trout, or Scurf. torali punctis fex. Lin. fift. Raii fyn. pife. 63. Wil. Icth. 509. Gronov. Looph. No. 367. 193-198. ~Orlax, Borting. Faun. Succes Salmo latus, maculisrubrisni- No. 3.47. HIS fpecies is in fome places called the / bull trout, from the thicknefs and fhortnefs of its head. Its flefh is white, and lefs delicate than that of others of this genus. : It feldom exceeds twenty inches in length: the back is afh-colored: the head and fides are marked with large black {pots, encircled with brown. The firft dorfal fin is fpotted with black: the pectoral fin marked with oblong fpots: the belly white. The tail is even at the end. R 2 AV, The 350 TT RS OUTS ee iv) The 4 Oo ern Salar. Au/enius Mofél. £8. A Trout. Wil. Ich. 199.” Raii Salar et varius, Trotta. Sal- jpn. pie. 65. vian. 90. S. maculis rubris, maxilla in- La Truitte. Belon. 274. _ feriore longiore. Arted. /ynon. Trutta fluviatilis. Rezdel. flu- 234 .. wiat. 169. Gefner pifc. 1002. Salmo Fario. Lin. Syft. 509 Foren, Forellen. Schonevelde. Laxoring, Forel, Ca bis, HR Faun. fuec. No. 348. ‘T is matter of furprize that this common fifth has efcaped the notice of allthe antients, except Aufonius : it is alfo fingular, that fo delicate a fpecies fhould be neglected at a time when the folly of the table was at its herght ; and that the epicures fhould overlook ‘a fith that is found in fuch quantities in the lakes of ‘their neighborhood, when they ran- facted the untverfe for dainties. “The milts of Mu- rene were brought from one place ; the livers of Scavi from another *; and Oy/ers even from {fo re- mote a {pot as our Sandwich ** : but there was, and is a fafhion in the article of sah living. The Ro- mans feem to have defpifed the trout, the piper, and the doree; and we believe Mr. Qun himfelf would have refigned the rich paps of a pregnant fow+, the heels of camels =, and the tongues of Flamingos §, tho’ drefied by Heliogabalus’s cooks, for a good jowl of falmon with lobfter fauce. MS Suetonius, vita Vitellii. ** Fuvenal Sat.iv.141. + Mar- tial. Lib. xiii. pig. 44. 4 -Lamprid. vit. Heliogab. — § Mar- tial libs xii. epig. 71. When Clafs IV. Se? Ae ae i YAS aap 251 When Au/fonins {peaks of this fifh, he makes no euloge on its goodnefs, but celebrates it only for its beauty. Purpureifque Saar frellarus Tergore guttis. With purple {pots the Sa/ar’s back is ftained. Thefe marks point out the fpecies he intended: what he meant by his Fario is not fo eafy to deter- mine: whether any fpecies of trout, of a fize be- tween the /alar-and the falmon; or whether the fal- mon itfelf, at a certain age, is not very evident. Teque znter geminos Species, neutrumque et utrumquey Qui nec dum SaumMo, néc SALAR ambiguu/que. Amborum medio Fario intercepter Jub evo. Salmon or falar, Pll pronounce thee neither ; A doubtful kind, that may be none, or either, Fario, when ttopt in middle growth. In fact the colors of the trout, and its fpots, vary greatly in different waters, and in different feafons ; yet each may be reduced to one fpecies. In Liyndivz, a lake in South Wales, are trouts called Coch y dail, marked with red and black fpots as big as fix- pences ; others unfpotted, and of a reddith hue, that fometimes weigh near ten pounds, but are bad tafted. | | In Lough Neagh in Ireland, are trouts called there Buddaghs, which { was told fometimes weighed thirty pounds, but it was not my fortune to fee any during ‘my {tay inthe neighbourhood of that vaft water. R 3 Trouts Crooked trouts. Defer. 252 Eo eRe Oe tape a Clafs IV, Trouts (probably of the fame fpecies) arealfo taken in Hulfewater, a lake in Cumberland, of a much fu- perior fize to thofe of Lough Neagh. 'Thefe are fup- poled to be the fame with the trout of the lake of of Geneva, a fifh I have eaten more than once, and think but a very indifferent one. In the river Eyniow, not far from Machyntleth, in Merionethfbire, and in one of the Suowdon lakes, are found a variety of trout, which are naturally de- formed, having a ftrange crookednefs near the tail, refembling that of the perch before deferibed. We _dwell the lefs on thefe monftrous productions, as our friend the Hon. Daines Barrington, has already given an account of them in an ingenious differtation on fome of the Cambrian fifh, publifhed in the Philo- fopbical Tranfaétions of the year 1767. Trouts are moft voracious fifh, and afferd excel- Jent diverfion to the angler: the paffion for the fport of angling is fo ftrong in the neighborhood of Lon- don, that the liberty of fifhing in fome of the ftreams in the adjacent counties, is purchafed at the rate of ten pounds per annum. Thefe fith fhift their quarters to fpawn, and, like falmon, make up towards the heads of rivers to de- pofit their roes. The under jaw of the trout is fub- ject, at certain times, to the fame curvature as that of the falmon. A trout taken in Liywallet, in Dendighjbire, which is famous for an excellent kind, meaiured feventeen inches, its depth three and three quarters, its weight one pound ten ounces: the head thick, the nofe ra- ther fharp: the upper jaw a little longer than the lower; Clafs IV. SS Ac NA ae Sa oe Py orp: lower; both jaws, as well as the head, were of a pale brown, blotched with black: the teeth fharp and ftrong, difpofed in the jaws, roof of the mouth and tongue, as js the cafe with the whole genus, ex- cept the Gwyniad, which is toothlefs, and the Gray- ting, which has none on its tongue. The back was dufky; the fides tinged ie a purplifh bloom, marked with deep spl {pots, mixed with black, above and below the fide line which was ftrait: the belly white, The firft dorfal fin was fpotted; the fpurious fin brown, tipped with red ; he pectoral, ventral, and anal fins, of a pale brown; the edges of the anal fin white: the tail very little forked when ex- tended. Vio usb Sh CA ENTE CR By. 2 Le Tacon? Belon. 275. Eboracenfibus. Raii fyn. pife. Salmulus, Herefordice Samlet Gar dictus. Wil. Icth. 192. Salmoneta, a Branlin, Ray’s Salmulus, ae Samlet Herefor- _—- Letters, 199. dienfioas, Branlin et Fingerin HE famlet is the left of the trout kind, is frequent in the Wye, in the upper part of the Severn, and the rivers that run into it, in the north of England, and in Wales. It is by feveral imagined to be the fry of the falmon; but our yoieds for diffenting from that opinion are thele : Firft, It is well known that the falmon fry never R 4 continue 254 SAM EB BOR. Cla continue in the frefh waters the whole year ; but as numerous as they appear on their firft efcape from the fpawn, all vanifh on the firft vernal flcod that happens, which fweeps them into the fea, and leaves fcarce one behind. Secondly, The growth of the falmon fry is fo quick and fo confiderable, as fuddenly to exceed the bulk of the largeft famlet: for example, the fry that have quitted the frefh water in the fpring, net larger than gudgecns, return into it again a foot of more in length. Thirdly, The falmon attain a confiderable bulk before they begin to breed: the famlets, on the conttary, are found male and female*, (diftinguifhed by the milt and roe) of their common fize. Fourthly, They are found in the frefh waters in all times of the year, and even at feafons when the falmon fry have gained a confiderable fize. It is well known, that near Shrew/bury (where they are called Sam/fons) they are found in fuch quantities in the month of September, that a fkilful angler, in a coracle, will take with a fly from twelve to fixteen - dozen in a day. They {pawn in November and December, at which time thofe of the Severn pufh up towards the head of that fair river, quitting the teller brooks, and re- turn into them again when they have done. They have a oe refemblance to the trout, therefore muft be defcribed ~comparatively. * It has been vulgarly imagined, that there were no other than males of this ipecies. oO Firft, Clem 3 SUN SIM) To Te OT, 255 Firft, The head is proportionably narrower, and the mouth lefs than that of the trout. Secondly, ‘Their body is deeper. _ Thirdly, They feldom exceed fix or feven inches in length. _ Fourthly, The pectoral fins have generally but one large black fpot, tho’ fometimes a finele {mall one attends it; whereas the pectoral fins of the trout are more numeroufly marked. Fifthly, The fpurious or fat fin on the back is ne- ' ver tipped. with red; nor is the edge of the anal fin white. Sixthly, The fpots on the body are fewer, and not fo bright. It is alfo marked from the back to - the fides with fix or feven. large bluith bars; but this is not a certain character, as the jame is fome- times found in young trouts. Seventhly, The tail of the famlet is much more forked than that of the trout. VI. The 256 C OHTA MRA: Cla& IV. VI. The iG eA eee ee L’Omble, ou Humble. Belez. tralibus rubris, maxilla in- 281. feriore longiore. Arred. Syite Umbla feu Humble Belcnii. 25. Gefner pife. 1005. Salmo Alpinus. Liz. ff. 510. Umbla minor. Geyzer pie. 1013. Gronov, Zooph. No. 372. Torgoch Wallis. Weftmorlandis Roding, Lapponibus Raud. Red Charre Lacus Winander Faun. Juec. No. 124. meré. Wal. Icth. 196. Rati Charr-fith. Phil. Tranf. 1755. Syn» pift. 65. 210. Salmo vix pedalis, pinnis ven- HE charr is an inhabitant of the lakes of the north, and of thofe of the mountanous parts of Europe. It affects clear and pure waters, and is very rarely known to wander into running ftreams, except into fuch whofe bottom is fimilar to the neighboring lake. It is found in vaft abundance in the cold lakes on the fummits of the Lapland Alps, and is almoft the only fifth that is met with in any plenty in thofe re- gions; where it would be wonderful how they fub- fitted, had not Providence fupplied them with in- numerable Jarve of the Guat kind*: thefe are food * A pupil of Linnaeus remarks in the fourth volume of the Amen. Acad. p.156, that the fame infeéis which are fach a peft to the rein deer, afford fuftenance to the 4fh of the vatt lakes and rivers of Lagland. But at the fame time that we wonder at Linngus’s inattention to the food of the birds and fifh of that country, which abound even to a noxious degree, we mutit, in juitice to that gentleman, acknowlege an overfight of our own in the fecond volume of the Briti/b Zoology, p. 522, where we give the Lapland waters only one fpecies of water plant; for on a more carefal review_of that elaborate performance, the to _ XV. CHARR. pPMaz Be hid & SS ct bi svn SS 5 Righiie y s « ni . | ; ’ : s y » vt =f s J ‘ me ' a - ‘3 i ~ ’ . ~ r : : - ~ " - ; ‘ . ef Ac y- - ¢ - ‘ - ? LA Clafs TV. CEA (TER WIENS 257 to the fifh, who in their turn are a fupport to the migratory Laplanders Whilft when the folar beams falute their fight, Bold and fecure in half a year of light, Uninterrupted voyages they take To the remoteft woods, and fartheft lake *. Tn fuch excurfions thofe vacant people find a luxu- rious and ready repaft in thefe fifh, which they drefs and eat without the addition** of fauces; for exer- cife and temperance render ufelefs the inventions of epicurifm. There are but few lakes in our ifland that pros duce this fifh, and even thofe not in any abundance. . ic is found in /Vinander Mere in Weftmorland ;.in Llyn Quellyn, near the foot of Snowdon, and before the difcovery of the copper-mines, in thofe of Liyn- berris, but the mineral {treams have entirely deftroyed the fith in the laft lakes+. Whether the waters of Treland afford the charr, we are uncertain, but ima- gine not, except it has been overlocked by their writers on the natural hiftory of that kingdom. In Scotland it 1s tound in Loch Inch, and other neigh- boring lakes, and is faid to go into the Spey to {pawn. Flora Lapponica, we difcover three other fpecies, viz. Scirpus, No. 18, dlopecurus, No. 33, Ranunculus, No. 234.3 but thofe fo thinly feattered over the Lapland lakes, as {till to vindicate our affertion, as to the fcarcenefs of plants in the waters of alpine countries, * Prior’s Solcmon. Book I. ** Arted. Sp. pifc. 52. } They are alio found in certain lakes in Marioneihjbire. The Warie- ties. Spawn- ing of the cafe ¢harr. 258 © HN oR OR: Clafs TV. The largeft and moft beautiful we ever received were taken in Winander Mere, and were communi- cated to us by the Rev. Mr. Farri/h, of Carlifle, with an account of their natural hiftory. He favored me with five fpecimens, two under the name of the Cafe Charr, male and female; another he called the Gelt Charr, i.e. a charr which had not {pawned the preceding feafon, and on that account is reckoned to be in the greateft perfection. ‘The two others were infcribed, the Red Charr, the Silver or Gilt Charr, the Carpio Lacus Benact, Raii fyn. pifc. 66, which lat are in Weftmorland diftinguifhed by the epithet red, eby reafon of the flefh affuming a higher color than the other when dreffed. On the clofeft examination, we could not difcover any f{pecific differences in thefe fpecimens, therefore muft defcribe them as the fame fifth, fubjeét only to a flicht variation in their form, hereafter to be noted. But there is in another refpect an effential difference, we mean in their ceconomy, which is in all beings invariable; the particulars we fhall deli- ver inthe very words of our obliging informant. The Umbla minor, or cafe charr, fpawns about Michaelmas, and chiefly in the river Brathy, which uniting with another called the Rowthay, about a quarter of a mile above the lake, they both fall into ittogether. ‘The Brathy has a black rocky bottom ; the bottom of the Rowthay is a bright fand, and into this the charr are never obferved to enter. Some - of them however fpawn in the lake, but always in fuch parts of it which are ftony, and refemble the channel Clafs IV. COR ARE RR i ee channel of the Brathy. They are fuppofed to be in the higheft perfection about May, and. continue fo all the fummer, yet are rarely caught after pril. ‘When they are fpawning in the river they will take a bait, but at no other time, being commonly taken, en) as well as the other fpecies, in what they call brea/t nets, which are in length about twenty-four fathoms, and about five, where broadeft. The feafon which the other fpecies {pawns in is from the beginning of anuary to the end of March. They are never known to afcend the rivers, but al- ways in thofe parts of the lake which are fpringy, where the bottom is fmooth and fandy, and the water warmeit. The fifhermen judge of this warmth, by obferving that the water feldom freezes in the places where they fpawn, except in intenfe frofts, and then the ice is thinner than in other parts of the lake. They are taken in greateft plenty from the end of September to the end of November :-at other times they are hardly to be met with. This fpecies is much more efteemed for the table than the other, and is very delicate when potted. We mutt obferve, that this account of the fpawn- ing feafon’ of the Weftmorland charrs, agrees very nearly with that of thofe of Wales, the laft appear- ang about a month later, keep moving irom fide to fide of the pool, and then’ retire into the deep wa- ter, where they are fometimes but rarely taken. This remarkable circumftance of the differ feafon of fpawning in fifh, apparently the fame (for the red charr of Winender, is scertainly not the Carpio Gilt chart. Red eharr. 260 Ci Oe Re ee Clafs IV. Carpio Lacus Ben act*) puzzles us greatly, andmakes us wifh that the curious, who border on that lake, would pay farther attention to the natural hiftory of thefe fith, and favor us with fome further lights on the fubject. We fhall now defcribe the varieties by the names afcribed to them in the north. The length of the red charr to the divifion in its tail, was twelve inches; its biggeft circumference almoft feven. The firft dorfal fin five inches and three quarters from the tip of itsnofe, and confifted of twelve branched rays; the firft of which was fhort, , the fifth the longeft: the fat fin was very {mall. Each of the five fifh had double noftrils, and {mall teeth in the jaws, roof of the mouth, and on the tongue. The head, back, dorfal fin, and tail of each, was of a dufky blue; the fides rather paler, marked with numbers of bright red {pots : the bellies of the Red Charr were of a full and rich red; thofe of the Cafe Charr rather paler; from this particular the Welch call thefe fith Torgoch, or red belly. The firft rays of the anal and ventral fins of each, were of a pure white; the reft of each fin on the lower part of the body, tinged with red. The lateral line ftrait, dividing the fifh in two equal parts, or nearly fo. The jaws in the Cafe Charr are perfectly even; on the contrary, thofe of the Red Charr were unequal, * A fith well defcribed by Salvianus, p.99, which bears no kind of refemblance to our fifh, except the generical one. the Clafs IV. CH AAs Re R, 265 the upper jaw being the broadeft, and the teeth hung over the lower, as might be perceived on paffing the finger over them. The branchioftegous rays were, on different fides of the fame fifh, unequal in number, viz. 12,--11, II,--10, 10--9, except in one, where they were Bese T TY 3 The Gelt, or Barren Charr, was rather more flender than the others, as being without fpawn.. The back of a gloffy dufky blue: the fides filvery, mixed with blue, fpotted with pale red: the fides of the belly _ were of a pale red, the bottom white. The tails of each bifurcated. The charrs we have feen, brought from the Suzow- don \akes, were rather fmaller than thofe of We/t- morland: their colors paler. The fuppofed males very much refemble the Gelt Charr ; but that is not a cer tain diftinétion of fex, for the Rev. Mr. Far- riugton*, has told me that the fifhermen do not make that diftinction. * Who favored the Royal Society with a paper on the Wels charr. Vide Phil. Tranf. 1755. VIL. The Gelt charts 262 GRAYLING. GhagTve Nil. Tbe Go Ro ONG es Oup.adracs. Elian. de an. lib. ~ Icth. 187. Raii fyn: pife. 62, xiv.c. 22. Umbra 326 APPIEW Dax. € nw € nN € an € an € nr € " € tal cc € an € an cc 4 n < " 3S ial c Cal € an c nn ¢ Cal c an < inl i ao € an 4 n 4 La ra ¢ +4 - » wn Tebott, Nov. 1, 1768. <¢ In refpeét to the queries I fhall here give the moft fatisfactory anfwers I am capable of. © Firft, I cannot fay how long my father had been acquainted with the toad before I knew it; but when I firft was acquainted with it, he ufed to mention it as the old toad I’ve known fo many years; 1 can anfwer for thirty- fix years. © Secondly, No toads that I ever faw appeared in the winter fea- fon. The old toad made its ap- pearance as foon as the warm wea- ther cate, and I always concluded it retired to fome dry bank to repofe till the fpring. Whenwe new-lay’d the fteps I had two holes made in the third ftep on each, with a hollow of more than a yard lone for it, in which I imagine it flept, as it came from thence at its firft appearance. “ Thirdly, It was feldom pro- voked: neither that toad (nor the multitudes I have feen tormented with gteat cruelty) ever fhewed the left defire of revenge, by {pitting or emitting any juice from their pimples, Sometimes ** upon APPENDIX. 329 144 ce a4 144 (14 (<4 upon taking it up it would let out a great quantity of clear water, which, as I have often feen it do the fame upon the fteps when quite quiet, was certainly its urine, and no more than a natural evacuation. “ Fourthly, A toad has no particu- lar enmity for the fpider; he ufed to eat five or fix with his millepides (which I take to be its chief food) that I generally provided for it, be- fore I found out that flefh maggots, by their continual motion, was the moft tempting bait; but when of- fered it eat blowing flies and hum- ble bees that come from the rat- tailed maggot in gutters, or in fhort any infect that moved. I imagine if a bee was to be put before a toad, it would certainly eat it to its coft; but as bees are feldom ftirring at the fame time that toads are, they can feldom come in their way, as they feldom appear after fun-rifing, or before fun-fet. In the heat of the day they will come to the mouth of their hole, I believe, for air. I once ‘from my parlour window obferved a large toad I had in the bank of a bowling-ereen, about twelve at noon, a very hot day, very bufy and active upon the grafs ; fo uncom- ¥ *¢ mon 428 AeP PVE ND ae (74 Gé 66 ce 6c 6¢ Ge (<4 ee (34 (49 66 66 (44 6c (44 ec ce cc “ec a4 cc ce ce «ce C4 ee 6e ce ee mon an appearance made me go out to fee what it was, when I found an innumerable {warm of winged ants had dropped round his hole, which temptation was as irrefiftible as a turtle would be to a luxurious al- derman. <¢ Fifthly, Whether our toad ever propagated its fpecies I know not, rather think not, as it always ap- peared well, and not leffened in bulk, which it muft have done, I fhould think, if it had difcharged fo large a quantity of {pawn as toads senerally do. The females that are to prepagate in the fpring, I imagine, inftead of retiring to dry holes, go into the bottom of ponds, and lay torpid amongft the weeds ; for to my great furprize in the middle of the winter, having for amufement put a long pole into my pond, and twifted it till it had gathered a large volume of weed, on taking it off I found many toads, and having cut {ome afunder with my knife, by ac- cident, to get off the weed, found them full of fpawn not thoroughly formed. I am not pofitive, but think there were a few males in March: 1 know there are thirty “* males Ad Pi BA EON D TG 329 ** males* to one female, twelve or fourteen of whom I have feen cling- ing round a female: I have often difengaged her, and put her into a ** folitary male, to fee with what eager- “* nefs he would feize her. They im- ** pregnate the {pawn as it is drawn ** ** out in long ftrings, like a neck- ‘*) Jace, i<4 6¢ a ‘ * Mr. Yobn Hunter has affuted me that during his refidence at Bellei/le, he diffected fome hundreds of toads,. yet never met with a fingle female among them. ** T was incredulous as to the ob/ferrical offices of the male toad, but fince the end is fo well accounted for, and the fact eftablified by fuch good authority, belief muft take place. Mr. Demours, in the Memoirs of the French Academy, as tranflated by Dr. Templeman, vol, I. 371. has been very particular in refpeé&t to the male toad, as atting the part of an Accoucheur 5 his account is curious, and clames a place here : «© In the evening of one of the long days in fummer, Mr, ‘© Demours being in the king’s garden perceived two toads sow- “© pled together at the edge of an hole, which was formed in part ‘© by a great ftone at the top. “< Curiofity drew him to fee what was the occafion of the mo- tions he obferved, when two facts equally new furprized him ; <¢ the firff was the extreme difficulty the female had in laying <¢ her eggs, infomuch that fhe did not feem capable of being ** delivered of them without fome afliftance. The /econd was, ‘¢ that the male was mounted on the back of the female, and ‘* exerted ali his ftrength with his hinder feet in pulling out the ‘¢ egos, whilft his fore-feet embraced her breatt. ‘* In order to apprehend the manner of his working in the delivery of the female, the reader muft obferve that the paws ** of thefe animals, as well thofe of the fore-feet as of the hin- der, are divided into feveral toes, which can perform the ‘* office of fingers, any ‘¢ Tt muft be remarked likewife, that the eggsof this {pecies of toads are included each in a membranous coat that is very firm, in which is contained the embryo; and that thefe eggs, which are oblong and about two lines in length, being faften- ed one to another by a fhort but very ftrong cord form a kind ** ef chaplet, the beads of which are diftant from each other ie Y2 s© about ° ae 330 APPENDIX €¢ Jace, many yards long, not ina large “* quantity of jelly, like frogs fpawn. ‘** N. B. After having held a female ‘ fome time in my hand, I have, to ‘* try if there was any {mell, put my -** finger a foot under water to a male, ** who has immediately feized it, and ‘© ftuck to as firmly as-if it was a fe- “male. Qwere, Would they feize a ** finger or rag that had touched a ** cancerous ulcer? ‘* Sixthly, Infects being their food, “* T never faw any toad fhew any lik- “* ing or diflike to any plant*. ** Seventhly, I hardly remember ** any perfons taking it up except about the half of their length. It is by drawing this cord with his paw that the male performs the function of a mid- wife, and acquits himfelf init with a dexterity that one would not expect from fo lumpifh an animal. ‘ «¢ The prefence of the obferver did not a little difcompofe the male; for fome time he ftopped fhort, and threw on the curious impertinent a fixed look that marked his difquietnef and fear ; but he foon returned to his work with more precipita- tion than before, anda moment affer he appeared undetermi- ned whether he fhould continue it or not. The female like- wife difcovered her uneafinefs at the fight of the ftranger, by motions that interrupted fometimes the male in his operation. At length, whether the filence and fteady pofture of the fpec- tator had diffipated their fear, or that the ca/e was urgent, the male refumed his work with the fame vigour, and fuccefs- fully performed his fun@tion.” * This queftion arofe from an affertion of Linnzus, that the toad delighted in filthy herbs. Deké@arur Cotula, A&ea, Stachyde fatidis. ‘The unhappy deformity of the animal feems to be the only ground of this as well as another mifreprefentation, of its conveying a poifon from its pimples, its touch, and even its breath. Verruce lacte/cents: venenate infufe tatu, anhelitu. 66 my AD Plein OM 44t 6 nm my father and myfelf: I do not know whether it had any particular attachment to us. “© Eighhtly, In refpedt to its end, I anfwer this laft quere. Had it not been for a tame raven, I make no doubt but it would have been now living; who one day feeing it at the mouth of its hole, pulled it out, and although I refcued it, pulled out one eye, and hurt it fo, that notwith{tanding its living a twelve- ** month it never enjoyed itfelf, and had a difficulty of taking its food, «© miffing the mark for want of its ** eye: before that accident had all the appearance of perfect health,” What Mr. Pitfeld communicated to me ferves farther to evince the patient and pacific difpofition of this poor ani- mal. If I am thought to dwell too long on the fubject, let it be confider- ed, that thofe who have moft unpro- woked enemies, and feweft friends, clame the greateft pity, and warmeitt vindication. ‘This reptile has under- gone all forts of fcandal; one author makes it the companion of an atheift*; and Milton ** makes the devil itfelf é n S6 a oa a n n n wn wn A nn “ Lal “ A great toad was faid to have been found in the lodgings ef Vanini, at Touloufe, Vide. Fobnfon’s Shakefpear, = Paradife loft. Vy he its AvP: PrN Vers _its inmate; in a word, all kind of evil paffions have been beftowed on it: It is but juftice therefore to fay fome- thing in behalf of an animal that has of late had fo many tryalsof its temper, from experiments occafioned by the new difcovery of its cancer-fucking quali- ties. It has born all the handling, teiz- ing, bagging, &c. &c. without the left fign of a vindictive difpofition ; but has even made itfelf a facrifice to the difcharge of its office: this I know from the refult of much enquiry 3 | would I could contradiét what is afferted, p. 10, of the inefficacy of the tryals made of them in the moft horrible of difeafes ; for at this time [ myfelf cannot bring one proof of the fuccefs. But I would not have any one difcouraged from the purfuit of the re- medy. Heaven opens to us gradually its favors: the /oad/tone was for ages a “meer matter of ignorant amaze at its attractive qualities : mercury was a fup- pofed poifon, and the terror of phyfi- cians : we now wonder at the powers of electricity, and are ftill but partially acquainted with its ufes: the toad, the object of horror even in the moft en- lightened times, is found to be perfectly | innocent ; it has certainly contributed to the eafe (and as has been faid to the cure) i ; : APPENDIX 233 cure) of the unhappy cancered ; let the following facts {peak for themfelves , they come from perfons of undoubted veracity, and will fufficiently eftablifh the truth of the beneficent qualities of this animal. The firft paper relating to it is very ingenioufly drawn up by Mr. Pitfeld, for the information of Dottor Littleton, Bifhop of Carlifle, (now happy) who immediately honored me with the copy. Exon, Aug. 29, 1768. < Your lordfhip muft have taken «< notice of a paragraph in the papers, «¢ with regard to the application of << toads to a cancered breaft. A pa- “< tient of mine has fent to the neigh- “* borhood of Hungerford, and brought “© down the very woman on whom the “© cure was done. I have, with all “¢ the attention I am capable of, at- *¢ tended the operation for eighteen or “< twenty days, and am furprized at “* the phanomenon. I am in no ex- “* pectation of any great fervice from the application: the age, conftitu- tion, and thoroughly cancerous con- dition of the perfon, being uncon- “¢ querable barriers to it. How an “* ail of that kind, abfolutely local, in an otherwife found habit, and of a Y 4 “¢ likely a nw 334 AP BE NO Wom c¢ ce .T3 a4 cc € nN ce g¢ «6 6¢ a4 [aw Ca likely age, might be relieved, I can- not fay. But as to the operation, thus much I can affert, that there is neither pain nor naufeoufnefs in it. The animal is put into a linen bag, all but its head, and that is held to the part. It has generally inftantly, laid hold of the fouleft part of the fore, and fucked with greedinefs until it dropped off dead. It has frequently happened that the crea- ture has fwolen immenfely, and from its agonies appeared to be in great pain. I have weighed them for feveral days together, before and after the application, and found their increafe of weight, in the dif- ferent degrees, from a drachm to near an ounce. They frequently {weat exceedingly, and turn quite pale: fometimes they difgorge, reco- ver, and become lively again. I think the whole fcene is furprifing, and a very remarkable piece of natural hiftory. From the conftant inof- fenfivenefs which I have obferved in them, I almoft queftion the truth of their poifonous fpitting. Many peo- ple here expect no great good from the application of toads to cancers ; and where the diforder is not abio- lutely local, none is to be expected; “ where a Oe ee ee ee ‘ (At BA BN PD Be, 335 2 4 a ae 14 “A n a’ n Ca na a n where it is, and feated in any part, not to be well come at for extirpa- tion, I think it 1s hardly to be ima- gined, but that the having it fucked clean as often as you pleafe, muft ceive great relief. Every body knows, that dogs licking of fores cures them, which is, I fuppofe, chiefly by keeping them clean. lf there is any credit to be given to hiftory, poifons have been fucked out, SOE Pallentia Vulnera lambit - Ore Venera trabens. are the words of Lucan on the oc- cafion; if the people to whom thefe words are applied, did their cure by immediately following the injection of the poifon, the local confinement of another poifon brings the cafe to a great decree of fimilarity. “© I hope I have not tired your lord- fhip with my long tale, as it is a true one, and in my apprehenfion a curi- ous piece of natural hiftory, I could not forbear communicating it to you. 1 own I thought the ftory in the pa- pers to be an invention, and when I “* confidered APPENDIX, “* confidered the -inftinctive principle in all animals of {elf prefervation, «© T was confirmed in my difbelief; but “* what I have related I faw, and all “« theory mutt yield to faét. It is only “ the Rudeta, the land toad, which «¢ has the property of fucking; I can- “‘ not find any the left mention of ‘“* the property in any one of the old “ naturalifts. My patient can bear to ‘* have but one applied in twenty-four «¢ hours: the woman who was cured ** had them on day and night, with- ** out intermiffion, for five weeks. “ Their time of hanging at the breaft “< has been from one to fix hours.” The other account is of a woman now under the experiment, which I give, as delivered to me from un- doubted authority. If the event is profperous, an early opportunity fhall be taken of informing the public of it in fome of the news-papers, with all circumftances of place, name, &c. which at prefent it is needlefs to men- tion. About fix years ago a poor woman received a crufh on her breaft by the fall of a pail; a cancerous complaint was the refult. Lait AUP(P OE NID ER: 337 Laft year her diforder increafed to an alarming degree; fhe had five wounds on her breafts, one exceeding large, from which fragments of bone worked out, giving her vaft pain; and at the fame time there was a great difcharge of thin yellow mat- ter: fhe was likewife reduced to a meer {keleton. All her left fide and ftomach was much {welled; her fingers doughy and difcolored. On the 2 5th of September, 1768, the firft toad was applied; between that and the 29th fhe ufed feven, and had that night better reft. She {wal- lowed with greater eafe, for before that time there was fome appearance of humor in her neck, and a difficulty of getting any thing down. Oéfober 16th, the patient better. It was thought proper as winter was coming on, and of courfe it would be very difficult to procure a number of toads, to apply more at a time, fo three were put on at once. The {wel- ling in the arm abated, and the wo- man’s reft was good. During thefe tryals fhe took an in- fufion of Water Parfuep with Pulvis Carnacchini. | December 335 AP? EN ODW x December 18th, continued to look ill, but: finds herfelf better: two of the wounds were now healed. She was always moft eafy when the toads were fucking, of which fhe kil- led vaft numbers in the operation. January 1769. The laft account that was received, informing that the patient was better. The remarks made on the animals, are thefe: Some toads died very foon after they had fucked; others lived about a quarter of an hour, but fome lived much longer : for example, one that was applied about feven o'clock fucked till ten, and died as foon as it was taken from the breaft; another that immediately fucceeded continued tll three o’clock, but dropped dead from the wound, each {welled exceedingly, and turned of a pale color. Thefe toads did not feem to fuck greedily, and would often turn their heads away; but during the time of fucking were heard to {mack their lips like a young child. As thofe reptiles are apt by their ftruggles to get out of the bag, the open end ought to be made with an open hem, that the ftring may run the more | Pikieaen ome Pare te sis AP PEN DI &X. 339 more readily, and faften tightly about the neck. It would be improper to quit the fubje& without mentioning the ori- gin of this ftrange difcovery, which was Owing to a woman near Hunger- ford, who labored under a cancerous complaint in her breaft, which had long baffled all applications. The account fhe gives of the man- mer in which fhe came by her know- lege is very fincular, and I may fay apocryphal. She fays of herfelf, that in the height of ther diforder fhe went te fome chunk where there was a vatt crowd: on going into a pew, fhe was accotted bp a fijanee clergyman, who, after expreffing compalfion for her fituation, told her that if the would make fuich an application of living toads*-as abovementioned, fhe noe be well. This dark ftory is all we can collea relating to the affair. It is our Opi- nion that fhe ftumbled upon the dit. covery by accident, and that having fet up for a cancer doétrefs, the thought it neceflary to amufe the world with * T have been told that the not only made ufeof livins toads, but cia ae the dead anes to remain at her breaf, by: way of eataplafms, for fome weeks. aa na — fae 4) 340 A.P PEN DT X: this myfterious relation*. For it feems very unaccountable, that this ‘unknown gentleman fhould exprefs fo much tendernefs for this fingle fufferer, and not feel any for the many thou- fands that daily languifh under this terrible diforder: would he not have made ufe of this invaluable noftrum for his own emolument, or at left, by fome other means have found a method. of making it public for the good of mankind. Here I take leave of the fubject, which I could not do without expref- fing my doubts, as to the method of the woman’s obtaining her informa- tion; but in refpect to the authenti- city of this new-difcovered property of the toad, facts eftablifh it beyond difpute. Let the humane with for fpeedy proofs of the efficacy; and for the fatisfaction of the world, let thofe who are capable of giving indifputabie proofs of the fuccefs, take the earlieft opportunity of making the public ‘ac- quainted with fo interefting an affair. © Mr. Valentine Greatraks, who about the year 1664, per- fuaded himfelf that he could cure difeafes, by ftroking them out of the parts affeéted with his hand and the famous Bridget Boftock, of Che/bire, who worked cures by virtue of her fafting fpittle, both came by their art in a manner fepernatural, but by faith many were made whole. Viper, 21 Blind worm, 26. Glain Neidr, cP ae APPENDIX. 34° Keyfler, vol. Tih 2 37, relates, that Sir Kenelm Dighy whed to feed his wife, who was a moft beautiful woman, with capons fattened with the flefh of vipers. The traveller does not quote his authority ; but the lady did not long furvive this ftrange regimen. In Sueden is a fmall reddifh ferpent, called there the /ping, the Coluder Cherfea, of Linneus: it is{mall, and of a reddith color, and its bite is faid to be mortal. ace May it not have been from a fer- pent of this fpecies, that the man in Oxfordfbire received his death ? This reminds me of another Welch word that is explanatory of the cuf toms of the antients, fhewing their intent in the ufe of the plant Vervaine in their luftrations; and why it was called by Diofcorides Hierobotane, or the facred plant, and efteemed proper to be hung up in their rooms. The Briti/h name Cas gan Cythrawl, or the Devil’s averfion, may be a mo- dern appellation, but is likewife called Y Dderwen fendigaid, the holy oak, which evidently refers to the Druids groves, | ) Pliny 342 & i AP PgRAN D IX, Pliny ‘forms us, that the Gauls ufed it in their incantations, as the Ro- mans and Greeks did in their luftrations. Terence, in his Andria, fhews us the Verbena was placed on altars before the doors of private houfes in Athens, and from the fame paffage in Pliny *, we find the Magi were guilty of the moft extravagant fuperftition about this. herb. Strange it is that fuch a vene-- ration fhould arife for a plant éendued with no perceptible qualities; and ftranger fill it fhould fpread from the fartheft north to the boundaries of Jn- dia. So general a confent, however, proves the cuftom arofe betore the dif- ferent nations had loft all communica- tion with each other. Bafking Shark, This fpecies, on comparing a rude 78. {ketch of one taken in the Caernar- vonfbire feas, with an engraving of the Squalus Maximus in Bifhop Gunner's Atta Nidrofiana, we find them to be the fame, and that it has a fmall-anal fin, which probably was overlooked by the Welch fifhermen, Sturgeon, 96. The mouth of the fturgeon when dead is always open; when alive it can * Lib. xxv, cap. ge clofe Bailan. ACP Sy ee 343 clofe or open it at pleafure, by means of certain mufcles, which alfo affift it in protruding or drawing it in. Pliny {peaking of his Acipenfer, makes it fynonymous with the Elops, Quidam enim ELopeM vocant. This is a kind of Wrafe*, fent from Scarborough by Mr. Travis, differing from the other fpecies. They appear during fummer in great fhoals off Filey-Bridge: the largeft weigh about five pounds. It was of the form of the common wrafe, only between the dorfal fin and the tail was a confiderable fink- _ ing: above the nofe was a deep fulcus: on the fartheft cover of the gills was a depreffion radiated from the center. It had only four branchioftegous rays. The dorfal fin had thirty-one rays, twenty fpiny, eleven foft; the laft branched, and much longer than the {piny rays. The pectoral fins had fourteen; the ventral fix; the firft of which was fhort and fpiny: the anal twelve; the three firft fpiny, the nine others branched and foft. * Vide p. 203. Z The ee ee ee 344 AP PE ND hee The tail was rounded at the end; at the bottom, for about a third part of the way, between each ray was a row of {cales. The color in general was yellow, fpotted with orange. The plate of this fifh is placed at _p. 204. ee tlh Weight. Weightof Fecundity. Time. ty of fifb, {pawn. P- 302. oz. dr. grains. Carp DEAS Sut Re 203109 April 4. Codfifh T2540: )/ 3686700... Dee: Flounder 24 4 2200 1357400 March 14, Herring 5110 480 36000" O77. 25, Mackrel) «48; 02) 122341y)) 546680 Fane a8. Perch 8 9 7652 DEI \ Ape Pike BO) An 5 WOOs 49304 April 25. Roach 10: 62 , 261 81586 May 2. Smelt 2+} b 1492 38278 March 21. Sole 14 8 5AWe)* 9100362. Fune 12. Tench 40. O 383252" May 28. * Some part of the fpawn of this fith was by accident lof, fo that the account here is below the reality. 1767. Vide Phil. Tran. » CAT Ae fe ea ee eS ee eee [ 345 ] CA | ALO.G UWE OF THE Animals defcribed in this Volume. With their BRITISH Names. Ryo tb I Boas, 1 C\PINOUS Tortoife, Melwioges. 2 Common Frog, — Llyffant melyn. 3 Gibbous Frog, Llyffant melyn cefn orwm. 4 Toad, Liyfant du, Llyffant dafadenoeg. 5 Natter Jack, 6 Scaly Lizard, 47 Warty Lizard, Genau goeg ddafadenog. 8 Brown Lizard, ho, dreeh: ~ g Little Brown Lizard, leiaf. 10 Snake-fhaped Lizard, naredig. 11 Viper, Neidr, Neidr du, Gwiber 12 Snake, Neidr fraith, Neidr y tomenyd. 13 Blindworm, or Slow- Pwl dall. worm, It is to Richard Morris, Efg; that the public is indebted for the Britifb names. h Z 2 BISE: beg | F I 14 Ommon Whale, 15 Pike-headed ~ Whale, 16 Fin-fith, 17 Round-lipped Whale, 18 Beaked Whale, 19 Blunt-headedCachalot 20 Great-headed 21 Round-headed 22 High-finned 23 Dolphin, 24 Grampus, 25 Porpefie, 26 Lamprey, 27 Leffer Lamprey, 28 Pride, 29 Skate, 30 Sharp-nofed Ray, 31 Rough Ray, 32 Cramp Ray, 33 Thornback, 34 Sting Ray, 35 Angel-fith, 36 Picked Dog-fith, 37 Bafking Shark, 38 White Shark, 39 Blue Shark, *Morfil Cyffredin. Penhwyad. Barfog. Trwnerwn. Penfawr. Pengrwn. Uchel aden. Dolffyn. Morhwch, Morfochyn. Llamhydydd. Llyfowen bendol, Llam- prai. Lleprog. Cath for, Rhaien. Morcath drwynfain. morcath, Swithbyfe. Morcath bigog. Morcath cefn. Maelgi. Ci Pegod, Picewd. Morgi ewin. Morgi glas, y Sierc. 40 Sea Sea Fox, Tope, Greater Dog-fith, Leffler Dog-fith, Smooth Hound, Porbeagle, ih 349) Common Fifhing Frog, Long Fifhing Frog, Sturgeon, Oblong Sun-fith, Short Sun-fifh, Lump-fith, Sea Snail, Longer Pipe-fifh, Shorter Little Sea Adder, Fel, Conger, Sea Wolf, Sand Eel, Morris, t Sword-fifh, Dragonet, Leffler Dragonet, Weever, Leffler Weever, or Common Codfith, Torfk, Hadock, Z 3 Llwynog mor. Ci elas. Ci yfgarmes, morgi mawr Ci Liyfn. Morlyffant, Llyffanbyfe. Morlyffant hir. Iftwrfion. Heulbyfe. Jar-for. M6ér falwen. Mor Neidt. Llyfowen. Mor Llyfowen, Cyngyren Morflaidd. Llamrhiaid, Pyfgod by- chain. Motys. Cleddytbyfe. Mor wiber, Pigyn aftrus. Codfyn. Hadoc. * €9 Whiting 69 JO “96 o7 98 [ 348 ] Whiting Pout, ~ Cod Iwyd. Bib, Deillion. Poor, Cwdyn ebrill. Coal-fifh, Chwetlyn elas. | Pollack, Morlas. Whiting, Chwitlyn gwyn. Hake, Cegddu. Leffler Hake, Left Hake, Ling, Ffonos. Burbot, Llefen, Llefenan. Spotted Whiftle-fith, © » Brown Whiftle-fith, Crefted Blenny, Gattorugine, Smooth Blenny, Spotted Blenny, Viviparous Blenny, Black Goby, Spotted Goby, Bull Head, Pogge, Father Lafher, Doree, Holibut, Whiff, Plaife, Flounder, Dab, Smear Dab, Pentarw, Bawd y meli- nydd. Penbwl. ° Sion dori. Lleden frreinig. Lleden frech, Lleden *ddu. Lieden gennog, Lleden dwfr croyw. 99 Sole, ie t 349 i] 99 Sole, 100 IOI 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 III 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 Smooth Sole, Turbot, Pearl, Gilt Head, Sea Bream, Leffer Sea Bream, Opah, Wrafle, Bimaculated Trimaculated Striped Gibbous Goldfinny, Comber. Cook, Ballan, Perch, Baffle, Rufte, Black Ruffe, Three fpined Stickle- back, 121 Ten fpined 122 Fifteen fpined 123 Mackrel, ‘124 Tunny, 125 Scad, 126 Red Surmullet, 127 Striped Tafod yr hydd, Tafod yr ych. Lleden chwith, Torbwt. Perl. Peneuryn, Eurben. Brom y mor. Gwrach. Perc. Draenog, Gannog. Sil y dom, Pyfgod y eath. Pigowgbyfg. Silod y mor. Macrell. Macrell Sopaen. Hyrddyn coch. 428 Grey [350] 4 Grey Gurnard, © Red Gurnard, Piper, Tub Fith, Streaked Gurnard, Loche, Salmon, Grey, Bull Trout, Trout, Samlet, Charr, Grayling, Smelt, Gwiniad, Pike, Sea Pike, Argentine, Atherine, Mullet, Flying Fifh. Herring. Pilchard, Sprat, Anchovy, Shad, Penhaiarn Ilwyd, haiernyn. Penhaiarn coch. Pibyd. Y{eyfarnog y mor. Pen- Crothell yr afon. Gleifiedyn, Hog, Maran T aliefin. Penllwyd, Adfwlch. Brithyll. Brith y gro, Silod bri- thicn. Torgoch. Brithyll -rheftrog, gangen. Brwyniaid., Gwiniedyn. Penhwyad. Mor nodwydd, Corn big. Glaf- Hyrddyn, Mingrwn. Pennog yfeaden. Pennog mair. Coeg Bennog, Sil pen- waig. Herlyn, Herling. | 154 Carp, mae 154 Carp, 155 Barbel, 156 ‘Tench, 157 Gudgeon, 158 Bream, 159 Rud, 160 Roach, 161 Dace, 162 Chub, 163 Bleak, 164 Minow, 165 Gold Fith, [ 351 J Carp, Cerpyn. Barfbyfg, y Barfog. Gwrachen, Ifgretten. Crothel, Brém. Rhuddgoch, Rhyfell. Darfen, Golenbyfg. Penci, Cochgangen. Gorwynbyfg. Crothel y dom, Bychan byfe. INDEX, als we et A. BDOMINAL fith 237 Adder, fea 109 Adder, vide Viper. _ Adder-gems, their fuppofed virtues 225) 22 Anchovy 295 Angel-fith 74, Apicius, the chief of epicures 2.28 Apopay, ffh III Ape, fea 86 Argentine 276 Ariftophanes, his chorus of frogs 5 Afinus Celer, the vait price he gave for a furmullet 228 Atherine 277 Ballan — B. 204 Barbel 304. its roe Nexious 305 Bafking fhark, the largeft ipe- cies 78, 342 migratory 79 yields great plenty of 80 oil Baffe 213 Bib, or Blinds, a kind of cod- fith 149 Billets, young coal-fifh 153 Birdbolt 16 Bifcayeners early engaged in the whale-fithery 38 Bleak a15 Blenny, the crefted 167 ——— fmooth 169 Blenny, fpotted 171 viviparous 172 Blind-worm, or Slow-worm, aharmlets ferpent 25, 26 Boat, the five-men, what 194. Bony fith 205 EEE Botargo, what 279 - Bottle-head, a fort of whale 4 Branlins, vide Samlet. : Bream 309 -—— fea-bream 199 lefler 200 Bret 192 Britifh names 345 Bufonites, what Q, 121 Bulcard 169 Bull-head 077 Bull-trout 249 Burbot 163 Butter-fith 171 But, a name for the flounder 187 C, Cachalot, a genus of whales producing fperma-ceti 44 the blunt-headed ib. ereat-headed 4@ round-headed = 47 high-finned _ ibid. Cancers, attempts to cure by the applicationof toads 10 Carp 300 —— its longevity 301 =—~ very tenacious of life 302 Car- SFA. BPE, 22 tx ae Soe E X. CarTILAGINOUS fith, ne characters Ceraceous fifh, racters 33 Charr 256 —-, gilt and red, probably Ne Lf their cha- the fame fifh 258 Chub 313 Coal-fith 152 ‘ Coble, a fort of boat 194 Cod-fifh, the common 137 ‘fith affecting cold cli- mates ibid » vaft fifhery off Nezw- _ foundland 138, 139 very prolific 140 Conger, how differing from the eel 1 » an article of com- merce in Cornwall 117 _ Cook 210 ~ Comber ibid 1B Dab 188 —— {mear-dab I 89 Dace, or Dare Br2 Digby, Sir Kenelm, fingular experiment of 341 Dog-fith, the picked 77 —— greater, produces what is called Indian grafs 8g — leffer go Dolphin 48 venerated by the an- tients 49 falfely reprefented by painters 50 Doree 181 Dragonet 130 ——, the leffer 133 E. Eel, will quit its element 111 Fel, impatient of cold 112° ——, their generation 113 —, the moft univerfal ot . fifth 114 —— defpifed by the Romans 115 Eel-pout 163 » Viviparous 172 Eft, vide Lizard Elvers 116 F. Father-lafher 179 Finfcale, vide Rud. Fire-flaire, vide Sting Ray. Fifhing fros, its artifice to take its prey 93 Flounder, or Fluke 187 Flying fifth 282 Forked beards, the greater and the lefs 158, 160 Fox, fea 86 Frog, common 3 ——, generation 4 —, periodical filence 5 —, gibbous 7 G. Garum, a fort of pickle much efteemed by the antients 22% Gattorugine 168 Gilt-head, or Gilt-poll 197 Girrock, or Skipper 274 Glain mae in high efteem with the old BRC 22 Ghucefter city prelents the King annually with a lam- prey pye 59 Goby, the black 174, » {potted 176 Gold-fith 319 Goldfinny 2.09 Grampus Tea aio ied ee Grampus 54. Grayling 2.62 Grey 248 -Grigs 114 Gudgeon 308 Gudgeon, fea 174 - Gutter iti) Gurnard, the yellow, wide Dragonet. Gurnard, grey 2231 9 Fe 2.33 , ftreaked 2.36 Gwiniad 267 TH: Hadock i eal vatt fhoals of 146 faid to be the fifh out ot whofe mouth St. Peter took thetribute-money 147 Hake 15 ——— leffer, or forked beard 158 —— left, or leffer ditto 160 Henry 1. killed by a furfeit of lampreys 59 Herring 284 its migrations 285 fifhery 289 Hierobotane, account of that plant 342 Hippo, the dolphin of 49 Holibut, its vaft fize 184 —-—— voracioufnefs 18 35 Hull, the town of, early in the whale fifhery 39 lig Indian grafs, what 89 Jucuvar fifth 130 K. King-fifh 201 Kit, a fort of dab 189 3o9 L. Lamprey, not the murana of the antients —— its vaft terlacioufnefs 59 the leffer ibid Lampern, vide Pride. Lantern-fifh, or fmooth fole 19 Lark, fea 167 Launce 123 Ling 160 Ling, a great article of com- merce 161 Lizard, fealy 13 —— warty 15 —— brown 10 —— little brown 7) —— fnake-fhaped a —— green a large kind, areyably exotic ibid larves of lizards, moftly . inhabitants of water 15 Loche 227 fea 08 Lump-fith 103 much admired by the Greenlanders 104 M. Mackrel 22% the horfe 225 Mafon, Mr. his fpirited tran- ation of Pliny’s account of the ovum anguinum 22 Miller’s thumb I Minow ab Morris, the 125 Mulgranoc I a9 Mullet 279 the punifhment of adul- terers 280 Murena, not our lamprey 59 Mousixnros 356 I Musizites of Ariftotle, our whale — 36 MMufculus of Pliny, the fau:e ; 3] Myxine - 193 ; N. Natter-jack, a {pecies of toad 12 Newt, vide Lizard. Newfoundland, its bank 140 North capers, vide Grampus. O. Oéther, an able navigator in King A/frea’s days 38 Opah 201 Otter-pike, vide Lefler Wee- ver. Ovum anguinum, a druidical bead PISu22 Ps Paddock-moon, what 5 Parrs, or young coal-fith 153 Pearl 196 Pearls, artificial, what made of 315 Perch, much admired by the antients EM SB a crooked variety found in Wales 213 Phyfeter, or blowing whale 42 279 272 274 2Q1 fifhery 292 Pipe-fifh, Ionger and fhorter 106, 108 — little, or fea-adder tog Pike —— its longevity fea, or fea-needle Pilchard —— iis important Bo DD SE ie Piper 234 Plaife 180 Pliny, his account of the ovum angulnum 22 Pogee 178 Pollack, the wh'ting 555 Poor, or power, a kind of cod-fith 150 Porpefle ee Pride Or Q. Quin, Mr. the actor, firft re- commended the eating of the Doree in England i841 R. Rays 62 —— iharp nofed 64 —— rough 66 cramp, its numbing quality 67, 68 fting, the Zrygon of the aatients 71 fables relating to it ib. Roach 31 Rud 210 Ruffe ED 3 - the black, or black fith of Mr. Faza 216 ‘5. Salmon 239 leaps 24.1 —— fifhery ibid —— trout, wrde ,Bull-trout. Samlet 253 Sand-eel, wide Launce. Sead 225 Schelly, wide Gwiniad, Scombraria, an ifle, why fo called 222 Scorpion, fea 179 Seneca, er ~ eo nINGY |) De Bay. OG Seneca, his account of the luxury of the Romans in ref- pect to fifh 228 Shad 297 Shake/pear, his fine comp2ri- fon of adverfity to a toad- {tone 10 Sharks 74 —— white, their voraciouf- nefs $2 —— bafking, its vaft fize 78 —— blue AN ee) Skate, its method of engen- dering 3 Slow-worm, a harmlefs fer- pent 25526 Smelt 264 Smear-dab 189 Smooth-fhan 169 Snail, fea 105 Snake, inoffenfive 2 Sole 190 _ Sparling, vide Smelt. Sprat 294 Sperma ceti, what 45 Sperma ceti whale, vide Ca- chalot. Stickleback, three fpined 217 , vaft fhoals of in the Welland ibid ——, ten fpined 219 —— , fifteen fpined 2.20 Sting-ray, its dangerous {pine I Sturgeon GE ER ae Surmullet, the red 227, -——.,, extravagantly prized by the Romans 2.28 -———., the ftriped 229 Sword-fifh 126. ——, manner of taking 127 ——, fifhermens fong pre- vious to the capture ibid 357 T. Tench 306 ——, the phyfician of the fith | ibi Tuoracic fith 174 Thornback 69 Threfher, its combat with the erampus 86 Toad, its deformity 7 | ———, ufed in incantations 9 ——, its poifon, a vulgar error 10 —, attempts to cure can- cers by means of livetoads ibid ——, faid to be found in the midft of trees and rocks 14 Toad, a farther account of this animal 321 Toadftone, what 9 Tomus Thurianus, what \127 Torgoch, vide Charr. Torfk, or Tufk 143 Tortoife, fpinous I —, farther account of 324 Trout a 250 , crooked 252 Tub-fith 2.35 Tunny, the fifhery, very an- tient 22.2 ——, taken notice of by The- ocritus 224. Turbot 192 fifhery 193 T waite, a variety of fhad 298 Ur. Ulyffes faid to have been killed with the {pine of the I7y- gon, or fting-ray 70 Vipers, 35% I V. Vipers, not prolific 18 ——, their teeth ibid ——, effects of the bite, and its cure Bid) | ——~, ufes 18 Viper, the black ibid Ww. Weever 134 > its ftroke fuppofed to be poifonous ibid —-—,, the leffer 136 Whales, the common 35 > Vatt fize ibid place 39 i fifhery 38 ome——, the English engaged late in it ibid Ne Dis Be os) Whale, pike-headed 40 » round lipped 42 ———, beaked 43 Whalebone, what 30 Whiff, a fort of flounder 186 Whiting 155 Whiting-pout- 148 Whiting-pollack,- wide Pol- lack. Whiftle-fith, the fpotted 164 ———, the brown 165 White horfe 66 Wolf-fith 119 » curious ftruéture of its teeth 121 Wrafle, or Old Wife 203 ——, bimaculated 205 ——, trimaculated 2.06 ay lirrcieel 207 ——, gibbous 208 be Peau i rales = Bin CAN Hae ae Has ve Ah KN st wi et sty Tey mtg e ie | i ie My v, i Sula a4 ee ay mii ogi %y Sea i cans ane SN ON Ba ir i ine ns 5, f pan Ys ve Pe CR