= Bequest of a qui fint,quiin urbe fua hofpites,m patria fua peregrimi, et cognitione femper — teri effe vent, fibi per ine placeant, fibi dormiant, non ego illis hzec conferipli, ss Camdem Brit.Preefat . et i al LONDON. + Prmted for Benj. White, | SEEDS CX SV I: Ses m illis vigilavi : ers T a time, when the ftudy of natu- ral hiftory feems to revive in Eu- rope; and the pens of feveral il- luftrious foreigners have been employed in enumerating the productions of their refpec- five countries, we are unwilling that our own ifland fhould remain infenfible to its par- ticular advantages; we are defirous of divert- ing the aftonifhment of our countrymen at the gifts of nature beftowed on other king- doms, to a contemplation of thofe with which (at left with equal bounty) the has enriched our own. A judicious Foreigner has well ey that an Engh ifbman is excufable fhould he be j ignorant of the papal hiftory, where it does not relate to Great Britain; but inexcufable Should he negle& inquiries into the origin a2 of PR Ee only Be , of parlements, the limitation of the royal | prerogative, and the gradual deviation from — the feodal.to the prefent fyftem of govern- ment. The obfervation is certainly juft, and the application appears too obvious to be pointed out; yet the generality of mankind can reft contented with ignorance of their native foil, while a paflion for novelty attraéts them to a fuperficial examination of the wonders of Mexico, or Fapan; but thefe fhould be told, that fuch a paffion is a fure criterion of a weak judgement: utility, truth and certainty, fhould alone be the point at which {cience fhould aim ; and what knowlege can be more uieful than of thofe objects with which we are moft intimately connected? and where can we reafon with greater certainty on fuch points, than in our own country, where a conftant recourfe may be had to the {pecimen of what we have under confideration? But thefe, and many other arguments for exa- mining into the productions of our own ifland, may here be waved, as the admirable LINNAUS has difplayed them at large in an oration™, which for mafterly reafoning, * Anan. Acad, Tom. Xl, p. 409. Stillingfleet’s Savedifa Tratts, : r : Tr, I. and mw TA Pt AS Ga Bt and happy ingenuity,. may vie with the beft compofitions. Yet, as that great naturalift His, in the fame tract, publifhed an eulogium on Sweden ; and as an incitement to his countrymen to apply themfelves to the ftudy of nature, enumerated the natural productions of that kingdom ; we fhall here attempt a parallel, and point out to the Brztz/h reader, his na- tive riches; many of which were probably unknown to him, or perhaps flightly regarded. Do the heights of Torfburg, or Swucku, afford more inftru€tion to the naturalift than the mountains of Cumberland, or Caernarvon- foire 2? whofe fides are covered with a rich variety of uncommon vegetables, while their bowels are replete with the moft ufeful mi- nerals; The Derby/bire hills, abounding in all the magnificence of caves and cliffs; the mountains of Kerry, and that furprizing har- bour the Bullers of Buchan*, may well be oppofed to the rocks of Blackulla, or the ca- verns of Skzula. Sweden can no where pro- duce a parallel to that happy combination of grandeur and beauty in Ke/wick + vale, or * Between Aberdeen and Peterhead. + In Cumberland. a 3 Killarny PRE. FA @ i Killarny * lake ; nor can Europe thew a na= tural wonder equal to the Gyant’s Caufeway in the north of Ireland. The excellence and number of our fprings (whether medicinal or incrufting) are well known to common inquirers. Rael Our minerals are as great in quantity, as rich in quality: of gold, indeed, we cannot produce many fpecimens, yet fufficient to - fhew that it is found in this ifland-+-; but filver is found in great abundance in our lead ores, and veins of native filver in the copper ore of Muckrus, on the lake of Killarny. The hzematites iron ores of Cumberland, and the beautiful columnar iron ores of the foreft of Dean, are fufficient to difplay our riches in that ufeful commodity. No country pro- duces fo great a quantity of tin as Cornwall; and that county, and feveral others in the north have been long noted for their inex~ hauftible veins of copper; nor lefs famous * In the county of Kerry. + That our country produces gold, appears in Dr. Borla/e's Hiftory of Corzwall, p.214. So late as the year 1753, feveral pieces were found in what the miners call /fream tin; one fpecimen was as thick as a goofe quill; others weighed to the value of feventeen fhillings, twenty-feven fhillings, and another eyen to. the value of three guineas. are ae Te Te. EO AR ACES are the lead mines of Derbyfhire, Cardigan- fbire and Flintfpire, which have been worked for ages, yet fhew no fign of the decline of their ftores. | , | In all thefe, nature fports with great lux- uriancy; the cryftallized lead ore of Tralee *, the fibrous lead ore of Tipperary; the lami- nated lead ore of Lord Hoptoun’s mines; the cryftalized tins, and the figured ores of Zink, | are equally noted for their elegance, fcarcity, and richnefs. The ore of Zink, or Lapis Calaminaris, is found ‘in vaft quantities in the counties of Somerfet and Plint ; while black lead or wadd, a fubftance fcarce known in-other kingdoms, abounds in the mountains of Cumberland. To the Swedi/b Petroleum, we may oppofe the Well at Pztchford, and that of St. Ca- ‘ therine’s near Edinburgh. Our amber and our jet, together with our inexhauftible firata of coal found in fo many parts of this kingdom, will, in the article of bitumens, give us the fuperiority over thefe fo much boafted productions of Sweden. * Jn the county of Kerry. a 4 To Ved Vill Oe Roy BA ES Ago ae ee To avoid a tedious enumeration, we thall only mention our wonderful mines of rock | falt ; our allum and our vitriol works; our various marbles, alabafters, and ftonés ; our moft excellent clays and earths *; all which articles, and many more unnoted here, might have furnifhed us with an ample field sa pa- negyric, Our botanical Sectoid 1s are not lefs abun- dant; but the works of Ray, which have lately been much enlarged and methodized, according to the Linnean fyftem, by the in- genious Mr. Hud/on, in his Flora Anglia, are a fufficient difplay of our vegetable riches. Our Zoology would be a copious fubject to enlarge on, but the work in hand re- {trains us from anticipating our reader’s curi- ofity. We might expatiate on the clouds of Soland geefe which breed on the Ba/s land, or Puffins on that of Prie/tholme: on our fifth, and other marine animals; on our infects, and the various other fenfitive pro- ductions of this kingdom; but we forbear a * If the inguifitive reader is defirous of a farther account of the number and excellence of our fubterraneous produc- tions, we refer him to the learned Dr. Woodward’s Cata- Jocue of the Exglifo Fofils, London 1729, particularly to p. 5. parade: “ BORO ES, FY Ast GC ER parade of ufelefs declamation, and fhail only add, that as few countries receive more ad- vantages from their natural breed of quadru- peds, unmixed with any beaft that preys on man, fo, few can boaft a greater variety of birds, whether local, or migratory. This is a general view of the natural hif- tory of our own country; why then fhould we neglect inquiring into the various benefits that refult from thefe inftances of the wifdom of our. Creator, which his divine munifi- cence has fo liberally, and fo immediately placed before us? Such a neglect is certain- ly highly to be blamed, for (to exprefs ourfelves in the words of an eminent writer) “the Creator did not beftow fo much “< curiofity, and workmanfhip on his crea-. “‘ tures, to be looked on with a carelefs in- “* curious eye, efpecially to have them flight- “‘ed or contemned; but to be admired by ‘* the rational part of the world, to magnify “* his own power to all the world, and the “* ages thereof; and fince the works of the “creation are all of them fo many demon- ‘* {trations of the infinite wifdom and power ‘© of God, they may ferve to us, as fo ma- ** ny arguments exciting us to a conftant fear 66 of Ra Ry By FAQ Cs Ee «of the Deity, and a fteady and hearty obe~ s¢ dience to all his laws.” * » Much might be added to this fubject, if confidered in a theological light; but fince the writings of Boyle, Ray, and Derbam, fully prove that the ftudy of natural hiftory en- fotces the theory of religion and praétice of morality, we had better refer to their works in general, than mangle them by imperfe& quotations. To exalt our veneration towards the Al- mighty, is the principal end of this fublime fcience; and next to that, the various bene- fits refulting from it to human fociety de- ferve our ferious confideration. To give an obvious inftance: what won- derful changes have been made in human af- fairs by the difcovery of an obfcure mineral. The antients, ignorant of the application of the magnet, timidly attempted a mere coatt- ing navigation; while we, better informed. of the ufes of it, traverfe the wideft oceans, and by the difcovery of the new world, have layed open to {cience, an inexhauftible fund of matter. The rife and progrefs of medicine, kept * Derbam’s Phyf. Theol. Book XI. c. 24. pace Pe ny EA Ps Ay Ce En pace with the advancement of this moft im- _ portant difcovery ; and though neceffity was the parent of the mechanic arts, yet they alfo throve, and grew to maturity, under the fame influence. Many more inftances might be Added to this brief view of the utility of natural know- lege; but we fhall only give fome of its ufes in the polite arts, which have hitherto been too little connected with it. To inftance particularly in painting, its ufes are very extenfive: the permanency of colors depends on the goodnets of the pigments ; but the various animal, vegetable, and foflil fubftances (out of which they are made) can only be known by repeated trials; yet the ereateft artifts have failed in this refpe&t: the fhadows of the divine Raphael have acquired an uniform blacknefs, which obfcures the fineft productions of his pencil, while the paintings of Holbein, Durer, and the Vi enetian= fehool, (who were admirably fkilled in the knowlege of pigments) {till exift in their pri- mitive frefhnefs. But thefe advantages are fmall, compared to thofe derived ‘from the knowlege of nature in the reprefentation of objets: painting is aly PURSES FY AS CF ES an imitation of nature; now, who can imi tate without confulting the original? But to come to what is more particularly the object of our inquiries; animal and vegetable life are the effence of landicape, and often are fecondary objects in hiftorical paintings; even the fculptor in his limited province would do well to acquire a correctnefs of defign with a perfect knowlege of the mufcles of animals. But the painter fhould have all this and more; he fhould be acquainted with all their vari- ous tints, their manner of living, their pe- culiar motions or attitudes, and their places of abode *, or he will fall into manifeft er- rors. Plurimus inde labor tabulas imitando juvabit Egregias, operumque typos, fed plura docebit Natura ante oculos prefens, nam firmat et auget Vim genii, ex illaque artem experientia complet +}. * That great artift, Mr. Ridinger, of dufburg, exceeds all others in the three laft particulars; nothing can equal his prints of animals for propriety of attitudes, for a juft idea of their way of life, and for the beautiful and natural fcenery that accompanies them. His fineft works are, his Wilde Thiere, Kleine Thiere, and ‘Fagdbare Thiere; but there are fearce any of his performances that can fail giving pleafure to all ad- mnirers of nature reprefented as herfelf. 4 Frefnoy de arte graph. lin. 537+ : | Defcrip- PRERE AGE Defcriptive poetry is {till more indebted to natural knowlege, than either painting or -feulpture: the poet has the whole creation for his range; nor can his art exift without borrowing metaphors, allufions, or defcrip- tions from the face of nature, which is the only fund of great ideas. The depths of the feas, the internal caverns of the earth, and the planetary fyftem are out of the painter’s reach; but can fupply the poet with the fublimeft conceptions: nor is the knowlege of animals and vegetables lefs requifite, while his creative pen adds life and motion to every object. i _ From hence it may be eafily inferred, that an acquaintance with the works of nature is equally neceffary to form a genuine and cor- rect tafte for any of the above mentioned arts. ‘Tafte is no more than a quick fenfibi- lity of imagination refined by judgement, and corrected by experience ; but experience is another term for knowlege *, and to judge of natural images, we muft acquire the fame knowlege, and by the fame means as the painter, the poet, or the fculptor. * See the Eflay on the origin of our ideas of the fablime and beautiful. Thus xii PREFACE, Thus far natural hiftory in general feems connected with the polite arts; but wete we to defcend into all its particular ufes in com~- mon life, we fhould exceed the bounds of a preface: it will be therefore neceflary to confine our inquiries to the inveftigation of a fingle part of the material world, which few are fo ignorant-as not to know is divided into the animal, vegetable, and foffil king- doms. Vatt would be the extent of the inquiries into each of thefe ; but though ambition may tempt us. to pervade the whole field of fci- ence, yet a little experience will open to our views the immenfe tracts of natural know- lege, and we fhall find it an arduous tafk only to inveftigate a fingle province, fo as to fpeak with precifion and certainty ; without which there can be no real improvements in natural hiftory. For thefe reafons, a partial examination of _ this fcience is all that a confiderate mind will aim at, which may perhaps be moft naturally guided to give the preference to the moft exalted fubject of it. Zoology is the nobleft part of natural hif= tory, as it comprehends all fenfitive beings, from Ren MH A Go Et from reafoning man, through every {pecies. of animal life, till it defcends to that point where fenfe is wholly extinct, and vegetation commences: and certainly none will deny, that life, and voluntary motion are fuperior . to a mere vegetating principle, or the more inactive ftate of the foffil kingdom. Should we follow the train of reflections which naturally arife from the contemplation of animals, they would fwell this preface into a volume: and fhould- we only mention the various ufes of Briti/b animals in com- mon life, yet even thefe would greatly exceed the bounds to which we have thought it right to limit ourfelves. The knowlege of - Dietetics is a neceflary branch of medicine, as by a proper attention to that article, an obftinate diftemper may be eradicated, when common remedies have failed; but this can never be attained, without the ftudy _ of Zoology, which affifts us greatly in learning the different qualities of animal food; and how far a difference of nutriment may con- tribute to cure the difeafe. ~- Cloathing is eflential, not only to our com- fort, but fubfiftence; and the number of | our manufactures, relative to this fingle ar- ticle, xvI Pi. i Al Gt ticle, demand our care for their extenfion and improvement; efpécially as the maintenance of thoufands depends on thefe important branches of commerce; yet thefe may be enlarged, by difcovering new properties in animals, or by the farther cultivation of thofe already difcovered. The {cience of Zoology is requifite for each of thefe; and if we ree but a little on the unwearied diligence of our rivals the French, we fhould attend to every fifter fcience that may any ways pre- ferve our fuperiority in manufactures and commerce. Domeftic ceconomy is an object of equal confequence; and the author* of the Ca- lendar of Flora has eftablifhed the ufes of Zoology in this particular, with undeniable evidence. This excellent writer has united a happy invention, with the moft folid judg- ment, and certainly merits the higheft com- mendations, as a friend of human kind. Our ingenious countryman, and worthy friend, the late Mr. Sz/ingfieet, in the fame year purfued almoft the fame plan as far as his time would permit, with equal fuccefs, * Alex. Mal. Berger. and Pe RO EB. PPA CoE and manifeftly proved the utility of the pro- ject, in a learned difcourfe prefixed to his work *. If then Zoology can fuggett re many hints towards enlarging and improving our manufactures and agriculture; we fhall not think our time mifapplied, in offering to the publick, the NATURAL HISTORY of the Qyadrupeds and Birds of GREAT BRI- TAIN. ‘ This compilation had its peculiar difficulties ; but the labor of travelling through a dry arrangement of the fubject, was very frequently alleviated by the beautiful f{peci- mens we met with in our progrefs: befides, we own with pleafure that we have been ereatly aided by the lovers of natural hiftory, who fince the appearance of the firft edition have contributed to enrich the prefent with feveral valuable obfervations; by collecting and digefting thefe materials, we have not only rendered the work more complete, but are alfo encouraged to trace the Briti/h Zo- ology through fome of the remaining claffes. Let therefore every merit that may appear in the prefent edition, and every error that © Swedifh Tras, tranflated from the Aineen. Acad. fecond edition. b | may xvi XVI Ps Ry BA Pe AS Co may have been fuppreffed from the former, be attributed to the kind informations we have received from our learned and inge= " mious friends; among whom we are ambi- — tious of naming the Honorable Daines Bar- rington; the Reverend Sir ‘fobm Cullum, Baronet; the Reverend Mr. George Ajhby, and the Reverend Mr. Greex of Cambridge ; Wilham Conftable, Efquite; ‘fofeph Banks, Efquire; the late Benjamin Stilling fleet, Efquire; Thomas Falconer, Efquire, of Chefter ; Dottor Fohn Reimold Forfter; the Reverend Doctor Buckworth; the Reverend Mr. Hugh Davies, of Beaumaris; Mr. Travis, Sargeon, of Scarborough; Mr. La- tham, Surgeon, of Dartford; Thomas Topfield, of York/bire, Efquire; Mr. Piymly, of Longnor, Shropfbire; Owen Holland, Efquire, of Conway; Henry Seymer, Efquire, of Hanford, Wilts ; Dottor Lyons, of Glocefter 5 Doctor’ Solander; the late Mr. Peter Col- linfon; the Reverend Mr. White, of Selboras Hants; and that Father of Briti/b Ornitho- logifts, the late Mr. George Edwards, of the College of Phyficians. In the profecution of our plan, we fhall, to avoid the perplexity arifing from forming | a new PRE ER A @ RB, a new fyftem, adopt (as far as relates to the Quadrupeds and Birds) that of the. inefti- mable Ray, who advanced the ftudy of na- ture far beyond all that went before him; and whole abilities, integrity, and mildnefs, were no lefs an ornament to the human {pe- cies in general, than to his own country in particular. Yet, as this excellent man was in a manner the founder of fyftematic Zo- ology, fo later difcoveries have made a few improvements on his labors: wherever then, he is miftaken in the arrangement, we fhall attempt a reform, afiifted by the more mo- dern fyftems, all of which owe their rife to the plan chalked out by our illuftrious cour- tryman. It is unneceflary to detain the reader in this place with the reafons for our devi- ation from the order we obferved in our latt edition, for they are given at large in the Prefaces to our Synopfis of Quadrupeds and Genera of Birds*. We have, in our defcriptions, wholly omitted the anatomy of animals; as that part, unlefs executed with the greateft {kill, would be no fmall blemith to the reft of this * Printed at Edinburgh, 41773. b2 perform- KIX = XX PR EFA ¢€ i performance; but the reader may judge of the extent of our plan, by the following heads: the charaéter of the genus hall frft be mentioned: then the fpecific name: the fynonyms from different authors; and the genera in which thofe authors have placed the animal. The names fhall be given in feveral European languages*; and we fhall conclude with a brief, but fufficient defcription, adding at the fame time, the various ufes, and natural hiftory of each individual. | | | If this plan fucceeds, in promoting the knowlege of nature in this kingdom, we thall think ourfelves amply rewarded. Could our exhortations avail, we fhould recommend this ftudy moft earneftly to every country gentle- man. ‘To thofe of an active turn, we might fay, that fo pleafing and ufeful an employ- ment would relieve the ¢edium arifing from * In the ornithology the European namies are prefixed te the author referred to in the fynonyms, Tialian to Aldrovand, Olina, or Zinanni. French Briffon, or de Buffon. German Gefner, or Kramer. Swedifh ’ the Fauna Suecica. Danifh and Norwegian Brunnich, Caruiclan Scopoli, a fame- mh R i By A Cr ER; a famenefs of diverfions ; every object would produce fome new obfervation, and while they might feem only to gratify themfelves with a prefent indulgence, they would be laying up a fund of ufeful knowlege; they would find their ideas fenfibly enlarged, till they comprehended the whole of domeftic ceconomy, and the wife order of Providence. To thofe of a fedentary difpofition, this ftudy would not only prove agreeable, but falutary: men of that turn of mind are with difficulty drawn from their books, to partake of the neceflary enjoyments of air and exercife ; and even when thus compelled, they profit lefs by it than men of an illiberal education. But this inconvenience would be remedied, could we induce them to obferve and relith the wonders of nature; aided by philofophy, they would find in the woods and fields a feries of objects, that would give to exercife charms unknown before; and en- raptured with the fcene, they will be ready to exclame with the poet : On every thorn, delightfal wildom grows 5 Tn every rill, a {weet inftruction flows. YOuNG, Thus would the contemplative naturalift learn from all he faw, to love his Creator for b 3 his XXU PR EF" Ae ee his goodnefs ; to repofe an implicit. confi=- dence 1n his wifdom ; and to revere his awfal omnipotence. We fhall dwell no longer on this fubje@t, than to draw this important con- clufion ; that health of body, anda chearful contentment of mind, are the general effects of thefe amufements. The latter is produ- ced by a ferious and pleafing inveftigation of the bounties of an all-wife and beneficent Pro- vidence ; as conftant and regular exercife is. the beft prefervative of the former. Downine, March 1, 1778, THOMAS PE NNANT. EXPLANATION or REFERENCES. Le lian. an. Var. Alb. Aldr. av. Amar. acad, Arift. bifts Ari ftophs Fovics, Bell’s Travels, Belon av. Belon obf. 5 Cc AUDII ZEliani Opera que extant omnia, Cura & Opera Conrad: Gef- neri Tigurini, fol. Tiguri, 1556. Nat. Hiit. of Birds, by Eleazer Albin, 3 vol. 4to. Loudon, 1738. | Uhffis Aldrovandi Ornithologia, fol. Fraz- cofurti, 1610, 1613. Caroli Linnei Amenitates Academice, 6 tom. 8vo. Lugd. Bat. & Holmia, 1749, &c. | Ariftatelis Hiftoria de Animalibus, Yuko Cafare Scaligero interprete, fol. “To- hfz, 1619. : Ariftophanis Comordiz undecim, Gr. & Lat. cum Scholiis antiquis, fol. din- frelodami, 1710. 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London, 1767. of Harwich and Dever-court, by Sam. Dale, 4to. London, 1730. _ Defcription of Greenland, by Hans Egede, Miihonary in that Country for twenty ranflated from the Dazi/b, London, 1745. Years. Svo. Nat. Hift. of Birds and other rare and undefcribed Animals, by Gesrge Ed- wards, 7 vol. 4to. London, 1743, &c. Caroli Linngi Fauna Suecica, fiftens Ani- malia Suecie Regni, 8vo. Holmic, 1761. | A Hiftory of the Birds of Germany, with colored Plates, and Defcriptions in the German Language, 2 vol. fol. by Fohz Leonard Frifch. Printed at Bee 1734, &c, Conrad. Gefneri Hiftoria Quadrupedum, fol. Frankfort, 1603. Gefner de Avium Natura, fol. furti, 1585. Icones Animalium Quadr. vivip. & ovip. quz in Hitt. Animalium Conrad: Gé/- wert Libri I. & IL. defcribuntur, fol. Tiguri, 1560. Itinerarium Cambrie, Auttore Sz. Ci valde Cambrenfe, cum Annot. Povel/, yzmo. Londini, 1585. Catalogue of the Rarities belonging to the Royal Society, by Dr. N. Grew, fol. Loudon, 1635. R rauca- Guntere Guuner. Haffelquift?s itin. Hift. a’ Of: Hor. fee. Foufton’s Nat. Hif?. | Klein quad. Klein av. Klein ftem. Kramer. Lin, Syst. Marten’ s Spitzberg. Martin's Weft. Ifles. o + [ xxvii ] Det 7; rondhiemfte Gelfkabs Skrifter Kio- — benthawn, 1761. Fred. Haffelquifttt ter Paleftinum, 8vo, Holmiz, 1757. Hiftoire Naturelle des Oifeaux. . This is a continuation of the Natu- ral Hiftory by M. de Bufox; artd is to be included in five guario volumes. Three only at this time are publifhed. The two firft volumes are the joint performances of M. de Buffon and M. Monbeillard ; the remaining three will be written by the laft. Nat. Hift. of Jcelazd, by N. Horrebow. Tranflated from the hike fol. Lone don, 1758. Fobannis Fonftont, M.D. Hiftoria Na- turalis, 2 tom. fol. Amfielodami, 1657. Fac. Theod. Klein Quadrupedum Difpo- fitio, brevifque Hift. Nat. 4to. Lzpfea, 1751. F. Theod. Klein Hiftorie Avium Prodro- mus, 4to. Lubece, 1750. J. Theod. Klein Stemmata avium, 40 Tar _ bulis Zeneis ornata, 4to. Lipfie, 1759- Gulielmz Henrici Kramer Elenchus Vegeta- bilium & Animalium per Aufriam In- — feriorem obfervatorum, 8vo. Vienne, Praga & Tergefti, 1756. Caroli Linngi Syitema Nature, edit. 12, reformata, 8vo. Holmie, 1766. Voyage into Spitzbergen and Greenland, by Fred. Marten. London, 1694. Defcription of the Weitern Iflands of Scot- land, by M. Martin, 2d edit. 8vo. Lon- don, 1710. Martin’s , Sevn | Martin’s St. Kilda. Voyage to St. Kilda, by M. Martin, ath edit. 8vo. London, 1753. Merret pinax. - Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum, Authore Chriffoph. Merret, 12mo. Lon- dini, 1667. Meyer’s an. A Work wrote in German, containing 200 colored Plates of various Animals, with the Skeleton of each, by Fobu-Da- niel Meyer, Miniature Painter, at Nu- remberg, 2 vol. fol. 1748. Morton’s Northampt. Hi. Nat. of Northamptonfhire, by Fohu Morton, A.M. fol. Loudox, 1712. Nov. Com. Petrop. Novi Commentarii Academiz Scientiari- um imperialis Petropolitane, 7 tom. Ato. Petropoli, 1750, &c. Okna. Uccelliera overo Difcorfo della Natura e Proprieta di diverfi Uccelli e in par- ticolare di que’che Cantano. Opera di Gio. Petro Olina, fol. in Roma, 1684. Plin. Nat. Hift, Phni Hittoria Naturalis, cum Notis Harduini, 2 tom. fol. Paris, 1723. Pl. Eal. Colored Figures of Birds, Reptiles and Infects, publifhing at Paris, under the Title of Planches Enluminées. Pontoppidan. Nat. Hitt. of Norway, by the Right Re- | - verend £Lric Pontoppidan, Bilhop of Bergen. Tranflated from the Daniffr, fol. London, 1755. Profp. Alpin. Profperi Alpini Hiftorie gypri Pars pri- ma & fecunda, 2 tom. 4to, Lugd. Bat. 1735. Raut Syn. Quan. Raii Synopfis methodica Anim. Quadru- pedum & Serpentini Generis, 8vo. | Londini, 1693. RaiSyn. Av, Raz Synopfis methodica Avium & Pif- cium, $vo. fondon, 1713. Ruffel’s Ruffel’s Alep. ScoPo.Li. aes Mu/f. Sib. Scot. Sib. Hift. Fife. Smith's Kerry. Syn. Quad. Turners Wit. Orn. Worm. Muf. Zinanni. [ xxvii j The Natural Hiftory of Aleppo and the. Parts adjacent, by Alexander Ruffel, M.D. 4to. London, 1756. Annus. I. Hiltorico- Naturalis, Fohban- nis. Antonii Scopoli. Lipfe, 17609, Alberti Seba Rerum Naturalium The- faurus, 4 tom. fol. Amferdam, 1734, &e. Prodromus Hiftorie Naturalis Scotiz, Auttore Roberto Sibbald, M.D. Eq. - Aur. fol. Edinburgi, 1684. Hiftory of the Sheriffdoms of Fife and Kizrofs, by Sir Robert Sibbald. Edin- burgh, fol. 1710. Natural and Civil Hiftory of the County of Kerry, 8vo. Dublin, 1756. Synopfis of Quadrupeds, containing De- {criptions of 292 Animals, with 31 | Plates, 8vo. 1771. by Thomas Fcrra Efquire. Avium precipuarum quarum apud P/- nium & Ariftotelen Mentio eft, brevis & fuccinéta Hiitoria, per Dm, Gujiel- mum Turnerum, Artium & Medicine Doétorem, 12zmo. . Colonie, 1544. W.B. This Book is not paged. The Ornithology of Mr. Francis Wil- lughby ; publifhed by Mr. Ray, fol. London, 1678. Mufeum Wormianum, fol. An/elodami, 1655. Delle uova e dei Nidi degli Uccelli, Libro primo del Conte Giu/eppe Zinanni, in ~ Venezia, 1737. CLASS SA Ss eT, QUADRUPEDS. = a . = _ ie © ie SS I. “ SU ADR PB Ds. Div. I. HOOFED. li DAGED AT © Dy ll. PINNATED. IV. WINGED. Div. 1. Secr. l. WHOLE HOOFED. Genus I. HORSE. Sect. I, CLOVEN HOOFED. Hi Go &. HI. SHEP. Ws GOAT. i Vo DEE BR. VE HOG. Div. [ xxxii ] Div. bh DIGITAT EE Sect. I, With large canine teeth, feparated from the cutting teeth. Six cutting teeth in each jaw. Rapacious, carnivorous. PO Gee: CAT. BADGER. WEESEL. OT TE Re Seer. II. With only two cutting teeth in each jaw. Ufually herbivorous, frugivorous. XII. XII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIL. HARE. SQUIRREL. DORMOUSE, RAT. SHREW. MOLE. URCHIN. Div. f °xKxg =] mes ve LH. El NaN arc yD. GENUS XIX, SA of, Div, 'Vo... VO be N AG Ee pe PEK mee AY Le Bs, eee ce Page 12, line 3, for infect read infeft. P. 15, note, for maritima read lanceolata. P. 18, margin,’ for Domestic read 3. Domestic. P. 25, l.g, for co racles read coracles, ‘Ibid. note, for Stanley read Stavely. P. 46, 1. 13, for were read are. Ibid. 1.15, for agreed read agree. P. 78, 1. 22, for out ricks read oat ricks. P. 79, 1. 4, for our read other. P. 89*, go*, g1*, 92*, 93%, 94*, 95*, 96*. P. 101; 1. 9, for fecondfatire fourth book read fourth fatire - fecond book. P. 102, 1.8, for Boadicia read Boadicea. P. 115, running title, for Norway Rat read Brown Rat. P. 128, 1. 9, for Europeus read Europeza. P. 137, 1. 12, for teGis read reGis. P.170, running title, for ERNE _ read CINBREOUS. P. 175, margin, for Neot read Nest. P. 181, 1. 5, for fufcis read fafciis. Ibid. 1. 21, for tips, all read tips of all. P. 186, 1. 25, after twenty-feven add inches. P. 193, 1. 12, dele (the male). P. 199, 1. 10, for fine read five. P. 202, after the charaéer of the genus add Eanzv Ow ts. P. 203, dele Eanep Ow s. P. 210, 1. 18, for diftre read differ P. 220, 1. 14, for illice read ilice. P.222, note, for Melolantha read Melolontha. Ibid. for Rofel read Refel. P. 241, 1. 5, for clifts read clefts. P. 250, 1.17, for difturb read difturbed. P. 262, 1. 9, for Cocque read Cog. P. 263, 264, 265, running title, Woop Grous. P. 269, 270, running titl, Rep Grouvs. P. 275, 1.25, for Sar read Jar. P, 286, 1.1, for quarts read pints. Ibid. l. 10, for canne patiere read canne petiere. P. 294, 1.1, for is read was. P, 326, 1. 18, for Sparrow read Bunting. P. 328, 1. 2, for breaft read belly. P. 351, 1.13, for atri capilla read atricapilla. Ibid. 1.24, for with white bar read with a white bar. P. 384, 1. penult. dele? P. 401, laft 1. for breed read breeder. P. 404, 1. 27, after Indian read air. P. 406, 1.1, for mono- graphics read monographies, Ibid. 1. 8, for tribes read tribe. P. 446, 1. 22, for pair read pairs. P. 461, laft 1. for fuch as employed read fuch as are, &c.. P. 485, laftl. for table read tables. Ibid. dele preceding this clafs, P. 515, t. 8, for houfe read holes. P. 528, 1. 6, for above knee read above the knee. P. 546, 1. 18, for Larus Minuta read Sterna Minuta, P. 550, 1. 26, for unctious read un@tuous. P. 563, note, for Knat read Gnat. P. 619, 1. 23, dele) and place it in the preceding line after fufpe&ts. P. 630, 1. 13, for one. zead the. P. 644, 1. 14, for fleetnefe read fleetnefs. Ibid. 1.21, for at time read at the time. P. 645, 1. 8, for cartamea read carta mea. P. 652, note +, jor let flutter read let it flutter, For Hift, d’ Oyf. read Hift. d@ Oif, paffim. “THE Book-binder is requefted to place the Plates according: - to the numbers affixed to the figures which refer to the defcrip- tions, Ee Oe ee ee } | T O | BRITISH ZOOLOGY. i " wo: 1°" O CT A OC: Plates. to face the Title RONTISPIECE,. Suzep,. Po TIORSE » = ” - Pager Tl. Hicutanp Butt : tee LANCASHIRE Cow | MP. Goar.. -: 7 1 er Pr 8d. IV. Rozsuck - - 49 _V. Wotr ~ - AD aL. eet ‘ 1 ee = 86 Martin VII. on S = Os ERMINE 3. VITL. Orrer t 7 : = 92 BADGER .. * EX, ae i _ e 96 BEAVER “MX, ALPINE Hare t ES -Rapzir Vor.T. d XI. Pa. ARS ®, v Pilates. ‘ - XI. Mouse - t Page 122 » Water Surew Mowe XII. Sears - - - 137 XIII. Lonc-Earep eet 6 = 14 GreaT BaT XIV. Horse-sHoet Bat - * ele XV. Explanation of Technical Ferms 160 XVI. Gotpen Eacue - - 465 XVU. Sea Face. @ - 167 XVIII. Crverzous Eacite - = ye XIX. Gyrratcon - -gel77 XX. Perecrine Fatcon - = 178 XXII. Fatcon Gent - mg AOE XXII. Farcon Gentiz, a Variety- - 181 XXII. Lanner - - 182, XXIV. GosHawk “ - 184 XXV. Buzzarp - - 188 XXXVI. Spottep Farcon - ~~ 889 XXVII. Moor Buzzarp_ - = a2 XXVIII. HEN-HARRIER - iy 8 XXIX. Eacre Ow, - =" 202 XXX. Lonc-EarED Ow, - = 202 XXXI. Suort-EaRED Owr - - 2Od XXXII. Brown Own = - 2. XXXII. Great Femare Surike 7 . 253 XXXIV. Jackpaw Crow * : XXXKV. Rep-tecceD Crow - ~ 226 KXXVI. F. Cuckoo : 6 282 WRYNECK XXXVIT o€ Plates. . Page XXXVII. Mippre and LifTLe sPOTTED p - ; | | 244 | W ooDPECKERS AXXVIUI. Nurnatcu i ae KINGFISHER XXXIX. Creeper t Ley Eloopo XL. Woop Grovus 2 e262, XLI. Femate Woop Grous =, Da XLII. Brack Cock - - 266 XLII. F. Grovus t P TARMIGAN XLIV. Bustarp - - 284 KLV- Torres ¢ ‘ 2) Soe Rock PIGEON XLVI. Rinc Ouze. a S 9a. STARE XLVII. M. and F. Biacksirp - 308 ALVITI. Cuarrerer = =<); 314 XLIX. F. Cross Bitt t - 317 Pine GROSBEAK | L. YeLttow HaMMER " : | t ~ 925 Snow BunTING | LI. M. and F. Sparrows “= 338 LIl. Tree Sparrow 7 ; : oe SEDGE Birp LIII. Siskin, M. and F. : e Twirtet, M. and F. a LIV. Greater and Lesser Rep Ports 343 . hfe AD SS: LY, a > . aes S. reper MP a Ee eS. Plates. | “ ; LV. Waite Wactait * 7 _ _ Yerrow Wactam - Page 361 Sky Larx = LVI. Dartrorp WarRBLER - - - 389 LVII. Great, Buz, Cote; Marsal ~ eo Sy - 390 ITMOUSE ! 2 LVI. ne 3 os : = - 8 { SWIFT 39 LIX. M. and F. Goarsuckers - 416 ” ‘ =» ai -* Px s é & a. = * ® ’ ll “s ‘ ¥ : 4 » ? ; ? ? e's . ‘ 9 " ‘4 - 2 - : +. & > <2 . . =e - . . » e y a ‘ é-« ’ “ . 2 *- “a re : a ® ° * . ; a 1h Ges ie SY Z Ge dates pie oSiac8 i, Fs AS eR er PB yD ig, nee? ere OO "ED. sect. |. WHOLE HOGEED. I. CLOVEN HOOFED. CE UG RS Hoof confifting of one piece. Six cutting teeth in each jaw. Raii fyn. quad. 62. Equus auriculis brevibus erettis, Merret pinax. 166. juba longa. Briffon quad. 69. Ge/n. quad. 404: Eq. Caballus: Lin. fy. 100. Klein quad. 4. Fg. cauda undique fetofa. Faun. De Buffon iv. 174. Suec. 47. : ~! Br. Zool. 1. Syn. quad: No. t. ; Horse, Mare. GELDING. Brit. March, Ceffyl Cafeg . Difpaiddfarch Fren. Le Cheval. LaCavale, Jument Cheval ongre ftal, Cavallo Cavalla Span. Cavallo Yegua Port. Cavallo Egoa Germ. Pferd Stut, Motfch Dut. Paerd, Hengt Merrie — Swed. Hzxtft Stood, Horfs Dan. Heft, Oeg, Hingft Stod-Heft, Hoppe HE breed of horfes in Great Britain is a mixed as that of its inhabitants: The fre- quent introduction of foreign horfes has given us a variety, that no fingle country can boaft Vor. I. B of : lL HORSE. 1. GENE-~ ROUS. SwiFTNESS. MH OCR AS EE: Crass I. of: moft other kingdoms produce only one kind, while ours, by a judicious mixture of the feveral fpecies, by the happy difference of our foils, and by our fuperior fkill in management, may triumph over the reft of Europe, in having brought each quality of this noble animal to the higheft perfec- - tion. ee In the annals of Newmarket, may be found in- ftances of horfes that have literally out-ftripped the wind, as the celebrated AZ Condamine has lately fhewn in his remarks* on thofe of Great Britain. Childers + 1s an amazing inftance of rapidity, his fpeed having been more than once exerted equal to 822 feet in a fecond, or near a mile in a minute: The fame horfe has alfo run the round courfe at Newmarket, (which is about 400 yards lefs than 4 miles) in fix minutes and forty feconds; in which cafe his fleetnefs is to that of the fwifteft Bard, as four to three; the former, according to Doétor Maty’s computation, covering at every bound a fpace of ground equal in length to twenty-three feet royal, the latter only that of eighteen feet and a half royal. Horfes of this kind, derive their origin from * In his tour to Italy, 1go. + M. Condamine illuftrates his remarks with the horfe, Starling; but the report of his {peed being doubtful, we chufe to inftance the fpeed of Childers, as indifputable and univerfally known. Arabia; Crass I. HO te 2S Arabia; the feat of the pureft, and moft generous breed. * The fpecies ufed in hunting, is a happy com- bination of the former with others fuperior in ftrength, but inferior in point of fpeed and line- age: an union of both is neceffary ; for the fa- ticues of the chace muft be fupported by the fpi- rit of the one, as well as by the vigor of the other. No country can bring a parallel to the ftrength and fize of our horfes deftined for the draught; or to the activity and ftreneth united of thofe that form our cavalry. In our capital there are inftances of fingle horfes that are able to draw on a plain, for a {mall fpace, | the weight of.three tuns; but could with eafe, ~ and for a continuance draw half that weight +. The pack-horfes of York/bire, employed in convey- ing the manufactures of that county to the moft re- mote parts of the kingdom, ufually carry a burden - of 420 pounds; and that indifferently over the higheft hills of the north, as well as the moft level roads; but the moft remarkable proof of the ftrength of our Briti/b horfes, is to be drawn. from that of our mili-horfes: fome of thefe will carry at * For a particular account of the 4rabian horfes, the reader is referred to No. I. in the Appendix to this volume. + Holling {bed makes it a matter of boaft, that in his time, five horfes could draw with eafe for a long journey 3000]b.. weight, B2 one STRENGTS, BritTisyH CAVALRY. ANTIENTe HO RB us ids Crass Ff. one load thirteen meafures, which at a moderate computation of 70 pounds each, will amount to 910; a weight fuperior to that which-the leffer fort . of camels will bear: this will appear lefs furprifing, as thefe horfes are by degrees accuftomed to the weight; and the diftance they travel no greater than to and from the adjacent hamlets. Our cavalry in the late campaigns, (when they had opportunity) fhewed over thofe of our allies, as well as of the French, a great fuperiority both of ftrength and aétivity: the enemy was broken through by the impetuous charge of our {quadrons ; while the German horfes, from their great weight, and ina¢tive make, were unable to fecond our ef- forts; though thofe troops were actuated by the nobleft ardor. The prefent cavalry of this ifland only fupports its antient glory; it was eminent in the earlieft times: our fcythed* chariots, and the activity + and good difcipline of our horfes, even ftruck ter- ror into Cz/ar’s legions: and the Britaims, as foon as they became civilized enough to coin, took care to reprefent on their money the animal for which they were fo celebrated. It is now impoffible to trace out this fpecies ; for thofe which exift among the indigene of Great Britain, fuch as the little * Covines yocant, quorum falcatis axibus utuntur. Pomp- Mea, lib. iii. c. 6. + Cafar. Com. lib. iv. - Strabo. lib, iv. horfes Crass I. BO rR: Sr horfes of Wales and Cornwal, the hobbies of Ireland, and the fhelties of Scotland, though admirably well adapted to the ufes of thofe countries, could never have been equal to the work of war; but probably we had even then a larger and ftronger breed in the more fertile and luxuriant parts of the ifland. Thofe we employ for that purpofe, or for the draught, are an offfpring of the German or Flemifh breed, meliorated by our foil, and a judicious cul- ture. | The Engl/b were ever attentive to an exact cul- ture of thefe animals; and in very early times fet a high value on their breed. The efteem that our horfes were held in by foreigners fo long ago as the reign of Athelftan, may be collected from a law. of that monarch prohibiting their exportation, ex- cept they were defigned as prefents. Thefe muft have been the native kind, or the prohibition would have been needlefs, for our commerce was at that time too limited to receive improvement from any but the German kind, to which country their own breed could be of no value. But when our intercourfe with the other parts of Europe was enlarged, we foon layed hold of the advantages this gave of improving our breed. Roger de Belefme, Earl of Shrew/bury*, is the firft that is on record: he introduced the Spanifh ftal- lions into his eftate in Powsfland, from which that * Created by William the Conqueror. B e. : part RaceEs. HO 8s Crass I. part of Wales was for many ages celebrated for a fwift and generous race of horfes. Giraldus Cam- brenfis, who lived in the reign of Henry Il. takes notice of it*; and Adichael Drayton, cotemporary with Shake/pear, fings their excellence in the fixth part of his Pololbion. This kind was probably deftined to mount our gallant nobility, or courte- ous knights for feats of Chivalry, in the generous contefts of the tilt-yard. From thefe fprung, to fpeak the language of the times, the Flower of Courfers, whofe elegant form added charms to the rider; and whofe activity and managed dexterity gained him the palm in that field of gallantry and romantic honor. Notwichttanding my former fuppofition, races were known in England in very early times. Fitz- Stephen, who wrote in the days of Henry II. menti- ons the great delight that the citizens of London took in the diverfion, But by his words, it ap- pears not to have been defigned for the purpofes of gaming, but merely to have fprung from a generous emulation of fhewing a fuperior fkill in horfemanfhip. Races appear to have been in vogue in the reicn of Queen Elizabeth, and to have been carried * In hxc tertia Wallie portione que Powfa dicitur funt eguitia peroptima, et equi emifiaria laudatiflima, de Hi/pani- enfium equcrum generofitate, quos olim Comes Slopefburia Robertus de Bele/me in fines iftos adduci curaverat, originaliter propagati, Jtiz. Camb. 222, to Crass I. EE ©) oR: (Sh: to fuch excefs as to injure the fortunes of the no- bility. The famous George Earl of Cumberland is recorded to have wafted more of his eftate than any of his anceftors; and chiefly by his extreme love to horfe-races, tiltings, and other expenfive diverfions. It is probable that the parfimonious Queen did not approve of it; for races are not among the diverfions exhibited at Kennelworih by her favorite Leicefter. In the following reign, were places allotted for the fport: Croydon in the South, and Garterly in York/bire, were celebrated courfes. Cambden alfo fays, that in 1607 there were races near York, and the prize was a little golden bell. Not that we deny this diverfion to be known in thefe kingdoms in earlier times; we only affert a different mode of it, gentlemen being then their own jockies, and riding their own horfes. Lord Herbert of Cherbury enumerates it among the {ports that gallant philofopher thought unworthy of a man of honor. ‘* The exercife, (fays he) I do “* not approve of, is running of horfes, there being “much cheating in that kind; neither do I fee “why a brave man fhould delight in a creature “¢ whofe chief ufe is to help him to run away *.” The increafe of our inhabitants, and the extent * The Life of Edward Lord Herbert of Cherbury, pub- lifhed by Mr. Walpole, p. aie Jarvis Markham, who wrote on the management of horfes 1599, mentions running horfes; but thofe were only defigned for matches between gentleman and gentleman. B4 of H OR © E. Crass I. of our manufactures, together with the former neglect of internal navigation to convey thofe ma- nufactures, multiplied the number of our horfes: an excels of wealth, before unknown in_thefe iflands, increafed the luxury of carriages, and added to the neceffity of an extraordinary culture of thefe animais: their high reputation abroad, has alfo nade them a branch of commerce, and proved another caufe of their vaft increafe. As no kingdom can boaft of parallel circum- ftances, fo none can vie with us in the number -of thefe noble quadrupeds; it would be extremely dificult to guefs at the exact amount of them, or to form a periodical account of their increafe: the number feems very fluctuating: Wailiam Fitz- Stephen relates, that in the reign of King Stephen, London alone poured out 20,000 horfemen in the wars of thofe times: yet we find that in the begin- ning of Queen Elizabeth's reign*, the whole king- dom could not fupply 2000 horfes to form our cavalry ; and even in the year 1588, when the na- tion was in the moft imminent danger from the Spanifh invafion, all the cavalry which the nation could then furnifh amounted only to 3000: to ac- count for this difference we muft imagine, that the number of horfes which took the field in Ste- phen’s reign was no more than an undifciplined * Vide Sir Edward Harwood’s memorial. Harletan Mie. iv. 255. The number mentioned by Fitz-Stephens is pro- bably erroneous, and ought to be read 2000. rabble ; fest. 42 0.28.6, 2. %, rabble; the few that appeared under the banners of Elizabeth, a corps well formed, and fuch as might be oppofed to fo formidable an enemy as was then expected: but fuch is their prefent in- creafe, that in the late war, the number employ- ed was 13,5753; and fuch is our improvement in the breed of horfes, that moft of thofe which are ufed in our waggons and carriages* of different kinds, might be applied to the fame purpofe: of thofe, our capital alone employs near 22,000. The learned M. de Buffon has almoft exhaufted the fubject of the natural hiftory of the horfe, and the other domeftic animals; and left very little for after writers to add. We may obferve, that this moft noble and ufeful quadruped is endowed with every quality that can make it fubfervient to the ufes of mankind; and thofe qualities appear in a more exalted, or in a lefs degree, in proportion to our various necefiities. Undaunted courage, added to a docility half reafoning, is given to fome, which fits them for military fervices. The fpirit and emulation fo ap- parent in others, furnifh us. with that fpecies, which is admirably adapted for the courfe; or, the more noble and generous pleafure of the chace. Patience and perfeverance appear ftrongly in that moft ufeful kind deftined to bear the burdens * It may be alfo obferved, that the ufe of coaches was not introduced into England till the year 1564. we to & HW .O R SE. Crass I, we impofe on them; or that employed in the fla- very of the draught. Though endowed with vaft ftrength, and great powers, they very rarely exert either to their ma- {ter’s prejudice; but on the contrary, will endure fatigues, even to death, for our benefit. Provi- dence has implanted in them a benevolent difpofi- tion, and a fear of the human race, together with a certain confcioufnefs of the fervices we can render them. Moft of the hoofed quadrupeds are do- meftic, becaufe neceffity compels them to feek our protection : wild beafts are provided with feet and claws, adapted to the forming dens and retreats from the inclemency of the weather; but the form- er, deftitute of thefe advantages, are obliged to run to us for artificial fhelter, and harvefted provifions; as nature, in thefe climates, does not throughout the year fupply them with necefflary food. But ftill, many of our tame animals muft by ac- cident endure the rigor of the feafon: to prevent which inconvenience, their feet (for the extremi- ties fuffer firft by cold) are protected by ftrong hoofs of a horny fubftance. The tail too is guarded with long bufhy hair that protects it in both extremes of weather; du- ring the fummer it ferves by its pliancy and agility, to brufh off the {warms of infects, which are perpe- tually attempting either to fting them, or to depo- fit their eggs in the reéfum; the fame length of hair contributes to guard them from the cold in Winters Crass I. ie @ RS winter. But we, by the abfurd and cruel cuftom of docking, a practice peculiar to our country, de- prive thefe animals of both advantages: in the laft war our cavalry fuffered fo much on that account, that we now feem fenfible of the error, and if we may judge from fome recent orders in refpeét to that branch of the fervice*, it will for the future be corrected. Thus is the horfe provided againft the two great- eft evils he is fubject to from the feafons: his na- tural difeafes are few ; but our ill ufage, or neglect, or, which is- very frequent, our over care of him, bring on a numerous train, which are often fatal. * The following remark of a noble writer on this fubject is - too fenfible to be omitted. ‘ F muft own Iam not poffeffed with the Exgli/h rage of cut- ¢ ting off all extremities from horfes. I venture to declare I € fhould be well pleafed if their tails, at leaft a {witch or a ‘ nag tail, (but better if the whole) was left on. It is hardly ‘ credible what a difference, efpecially at a certain feafon of “the year, this fingle alteration would make in our cavalry, ‘which though naturally fuperior to all other I have ever ‘feen, are however, long before the end of the campaign, * for want of that natural defence againtt the flies, inferior to ‘all: conftantly fweating and fretting at the picquet, tor- ‘mented and ftung off their meat and ftomachs, miferable * and helplefs; while the foreign cavalry bruth off the ver- ‘min, are cool and at eafe, and mend daily, infead of pe- ‘ rifhing as ours do almoft vifibly in the eye of the be- € holder.’ Method of breaking Horfes, &c. by Henry Earl of Pembroke, p. 68, Among TE. 12 % HO: 9 E: Crass I. Among the diftempers he is naturally fubjeé to, ’ are the worms, the bots, and the ftone: the fpecies of worms that infeé&t him are the Jumbérici, and afcarides 7 both thefe refemble thofe found in hu- man bodies, only larger: the bots are the eruce, or caterpillars of the oefrus, or gadfly: thefe are | found both in the reé7um, and in the ftomach, and when in the latter bring on cone that | often terminate in death. The ftone is a difeafe the horfe is not frequently fubje&t to; yet we have feen two examples of it; the one in a horfe near Highwycombe, that voided fixteen calculi, each of an inch and ahalf diameter; the other was of a ftone taken out of the bladder of a horfe, and depofited in the cabinet of the late Dr. Mead; weighing eleven ounces*. Thefe ftones are formed of feveral crufts, each very fmooth and glofiy ; their form triangular; but their edges rounded, as if by collifion againft each other. The all-wife Creator hath finely limited the fe- veral fervices of domeftic animals towards the hu- -man race; and ordered that the parts of fuch, which in their lives have been the moft ufeful, fhould after death contribute the left to our benefit. The chief ufe that the exuvzz of the horfe can be applied to, is for collars, traces, and other parts of the harnefs; and thus, even after death, he pre- ferves fome analogy with his former employ. The * Museum Meadianum, p. 26%. hair Crass I, Aa SS hair of the mane is of ufe in making wigs; of the tail in making the bottoms of chairs, floor-cloths, and cords ; and to the angler in making lines. Afinus, Raii fyn. quad. 63. Equus afinus. Liz. fy. 100. Gefn. quad. 5. Eq. caudex extremitate fetofa Klein. quad. 6. cruce nigra fuper humeros, De Buffon iv. 377. Faun. Suees 35, es Equus auriculis longis flaccidis, Br. Zool. 5. Syn. quad. No. 3; juba brevi. Briffox quad. 70. Brit. Afyn, fem. Afen Germ. Efel Fren. L’Ane, f. L’Aneffe Dat. Bezel Ttal. Afino, Miccio. f. Miccia Swed. Afna Span. Afno, Borrico. f. Borrica’ Dan. Afen, Efel. Port. Aino, Burro. f. Afna, Burra HIS animal, tho’ now fo.common in all parts of thefe iflands, was entirely loft among us during the reign of queen Elizabeth, Holling foed + informing us that in his time, “‘ our lande did yeelde no affes.” But we are not to fuppofe fo ufeful an animal was unknown in thefe kingdoms before that period; for mention is made of them fo early as the time of king + Ezhelred, above four hundred * Habitat in magnatum prediis rarius. Faun. Suec. 35. edit. 1746. We imagine that fince that time the fpecies is there extinct, for Lixneus has quite omitted it in the laft edition of the Fauna Suecica. T 109. } When the price of a mule or young afs was 12s. Chron. preciofum, 51. years 4” 2. Ass. 14 iS Se : Crass I. years preceding; and again in the reign of * Henry Hilf. fo that it muft have been owing to fome acci- dent, that the race was extin& during the days of Elizabeth. We are not certain of the time it was again introduced ; probably in the fucceeding reign, when our intercourfe with Spain was renewed; in which country this animal was greatly ufed, and where the fpecies is in great perfection. The afs is originally a native of Arabia, and other parts of the Eaff: a warm climate produces the largeft and the beft, their fize and fpirit de- clining in proportion as they advance into colder regions. ‘ With difficulty,” fays Mr. Adanfon, fpeaking of the affes of Senegal, ‘* did I know this “« animal, fo different did it appear from thofe of “© Europe: the hair was fine, and of a bright moufe “color, and the black lift that croffes the back ‘* and fhoulders had a good effect. Thefe were the “‘ affes brought by the Moors from the interior “‘ parts of the country +.” The migration of thefe beafts has been very flow ; we fee how recent their return is in Great Britain: in Sweden they are even at prefent a fort of rarity, nor does it appear by the laft hiftory of Norway t, that they had yet reached that country. They are at prefent naturalized in * In 1217, when the Camerarius of St. Alban’s lott two aff- es, &c. Chr. pr. 60. + Voy. Senegal. 212. t Pontoppidan’s Nat. Hiftory of Norzway. this Crass I. Ae Sts! this kingdom ; our climate and foil feems to agree with them; the breed is fpread thro’ all parts; and their utility is more and more experienced. - They are now introduced into many fervices that were before allotted to horfes; which will prove of the utmoft ufe in faving thofe noble animals for worthier purpofes, Many of our richeft mines are in fituations almoft inacceffible to horfes ; but where thefe furefooted creatures: may be employed to ad- vantage, in conveying our mineral treafures to their refpective marts: we may add too, that fince our horfes are become a confiderable article of com- merce, and bring annually great fums into thefe kingdoms, the cultivation of an animal that will in many cafes fupply the place of the former, and enable us to enlarge our exports, certainly merits our attention. The qualities of this animal are fo well known, that we need not expatiate on them; its patience and perfeverance under labor, and its indifference in refpect to food, need not be mentioned; any weed or thiltle contents it: if it gives the prefe- rence to any vegetable, it is to the Plantane; for which we have often feen it neelect every other herb in the pafture. The narrow-leaved Plantane* is greedily eat by horfes and cows: of late years it has been greatly cultivated and fowed with clo- ver in North Wales, particularly in Angle/fea, where ® Plantago maritima. Pi. Angl. §2. | the 15 16 Mute. MARV EWE Crass fT. the feed is harvefted, and thence difperied thro’ other parts of the ‘paar Mulus, Rai fyx. quad. 64. brevi. Brifon quad. Gefn. quad. 702. Afinus biformis, Klein. quad. 6. tas mulus, Lin. fy. 101. Charlton ex. 4. Faun. Suec. 35« edit. 1. Equus auriculis longis “eredtis, Br. Zool. 6. Brit. Mul, fem. Mules Germ. Maulthier, Maulefel Fren. Le Mulet _ Dut. Muyl-Eefel Ital. Mula Swed. Mulafna Spanx. Mulo . Dan. Muule,v. Muul-Efel.. Port. Maula HIS ufeful and hardy animal is the off-{pring of the horfe and afs, or afs and mare; thofe produced between the two laft are efteemed the beft, as the mule is obferved to partake lefs of the male than the female parent; not but they almoft. always inherit in fome degree the obftinacy of the parent afs, tho’ it muft be confeffed that this vice is heightened by their being injudicioufly broke : inftead of mild ufage, which gently corrects the worft qualities, the mule is treated with cruelty from the firft; and is fo habituated to blows, that it is never mounted or loaded without expectation of ill treatment ; fo that the unhappy animal either prepares to retaliate, or in the terror of bad ufage, becomes invincibly retrograde. Could we prevale on our countrymen to confider this animal in the light its ufeful qualities merit, and pay due atten- tion Crass f. MI Goa E, tion to its breaking, they might with fuccefs form it for the faddle, the draught, orthe burden. The fize and ftrength of our breed is at prefent fo im- proved by the importation of the Spanifh male affes, that we fhall foon have numbers that may be adapted to each of thofe ufes. Perfons of the firft quality in Spain are drawn by them, for one of which (as Mr. Clarke informs us*) fifty or fixty guineas is no uncommon price; nor is it fur- prizing, if we confider how far they excel the horie in draught, in a mountanous country; the mule being able to tread fecurely where the former can hardly ftand. This brief account may be clofed with the ge- neral obfervation, that neither mules nor the fpu- rious offfpring of any other animal generate any farther: all thefe productions may be looked on as monfters ; therefore nature, to preferve the ori- cinal fpecies of animals entire and pure, wifely ftops, in inftance of deviation, the powers of pro- pagation.. | * Letters on the Spani/h nation, Vor. I. C D ly. 2§ pie 1G Domestic. O xX) Cuass ¥, Div. I. Sect. ¥. CLOVEN HOOFED. * With hore ** Without horns. Horns bending out laterally. | Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. : Skin along the lower fide of the neck pendulous. Raii fyn. quad. 70. Bos cornibus levibus tereti- Merret pinax. 166. bus, furfum reflexis. Gefn. quad. 25 26, 92. Briffon quad. 52. Taurus domeiticus. Kleiz. quad. Bos taurus. Lin. fpf. 98. 10. Bos cornibus teretibus Alexis. Charlton ex. 8. Faun. Suec. 46. Br. Zool. 7. Syn. quad. No. 4. Butt. Cow. Ox. CaLF. Brit. . Tarw Buwch Ych, Eidion Llo Fren. Le Taureau La Vache Le Beuf Veau Ital. Toro Vacca Bue Vitello Span. ‘Toro Vaca Buey Ternera Port. Touro Vaca Boy Vitela Germ. Stier Kuh Ochs Kalb Dut. Stier, Bul Koe~ Os Kalff Swed. Tiur Ko Noot Kalff Dan. Tyr Koe Oxe, Stud Kalv HE climate of Great-Britain is above all o- thers productive of the createft variety and- abundance of wholefome vegetables, which, to- crown our happinefs, are almoft equally diffufed thro’ | uy We? 3. HIGHLAND BULL LEZ Mezes Grd fit Del : Crass I. Ol XM thro’ all its parts: this general fertility is owing to thofe clouded fkies, which foreigners miftakenly urge as a reproach on our country; but let us chearfully endure a temporary gloom, which cloaths not only our meadows but our hills with the richelt verdure. To this we owe the num- ber, variety, and excellence of our cattle, the rich- nefs of our dairies, and innumerable other advan- tages. Czar (the earlieft writer who defcribes this ifland of Great-Britain) {peaks of the numbers of our cattle, and adds that we neglected tillage, but lived on milk and flefh*. Strabo takes notice of our plenty of milk, but fays we were ignorant of the art of making cheefe-+. Me/a informs us, that the wealth of the Britains confifted in cattle: and in his account of Ireland reports that fuch was the richnefs of the paftures in that kingdom, that the cattle would even burft if they were fuffered to feed in them long at a time ft. This preference of pafturage to tillage was deli- vered down from our Britifh anceftors to much later times ; and continued equally prevalent du- ring the whole period of our feodal government : Lib. 6. ¢ Lib. 4. t Adeo luxuriofaherbis non letis modo fed etiam dulcibus, ut fe exigua parte diel pecora impleant, ut nifi pabulo pro- hibeantur, diutius pafta diffiliant. Lib. iii. c. 6. Hollinfoed {ays, (but we know not on what authority,) that the Romans preferred the Britifh cattle to thofe of Liguria. Defc. Br. 109. C2 the 56 20 O X. Crass I. the chieftain, whofe power and fafety depended on the promptnefs of his vafials to execute his com- mands, found it his intereft to encourage thofe employments that favoured that difpofition; that vafial, who made it his glory to fly at the firft call to the ftandard of his chieftain, was fure to prefer that employ, which might be tranfaéted by his family with equal fuccefs during his abfence. ‘Fil- lage would require an attendance incompatible with the fervices he owed the baron, while the former occupation not only gave leifure for thofe duties, but furnifhed the hofpitable board of his lord with ample provifion, of which the vaflal was equal partaker. The reliques of the larder of the elder Spencer are evident proofs of the plenty of cat- tle in his days; for after his winter provifions may have been fuppofed to have been moftly con- fumed, there were found, fo late as the month of May, in falt, the carcafes of not fewer than 80 beeves, 600 bacons, and 600 muttons*. The ac- counts of the feveral great feafts in after times, af- ford amazing inftances of the quantity of cattle that were confumed in them. This was owing partly to the continued attachment of the people to grazing + ; partly to the preference that the Ez- glifh at all times gave to animal food. The quan- * Hume's hiftory of England ii. 153. $+ Polyd. Virgil Hif}. Angl. vol. i. 5. who wrote in ee time of Henry the VII. fays Angli plures pecuarii quam aratores. ~ tity Crass I. GO. XX tity of cattle that appear from the lateft calculation to have been confumed in our metropolis, is a fuf- ficient arcument of the vaft plenty of thefe times ; particularly when we confider the great advance- ment of tillage, and the numberlefs variety of pro- vifions, unknown to paft ages, that are now intro- duced into thefe kingdoms from all parts of the world *. Our breed of horned cattle has in general been fo much improved by a foreign mixture, that it is dif- ficult to point out the original kind of thefe iflands. Thofe which may be fuppofed to have been purely Briti/h are far inferior in fize to thofe on the northern part of the European continent: the cattle of the highlands of Scotland are exceed- ing fmall, and many of them, males as well as fe- males, are hornlefs: the Wel runts are much larger: the black cattle of Cornwall are of the fame fize with the laft. The large fpecies that is now cultivated through moft parts of Great-Britain are either entirely. of foreign extraction, or our own improved by acrofs with the foreign kind. The Lincolnfoire kind derive their fize from the Holftein * That inguifitive and accurate hiftorian Maztland furnithes us with this table of the quantity of cattle that were con- - fumed in Loudon above 30 years ago, when that city was far -lefs populous than it is at prefent. - Beeves 93,244. Pigs 52,000. Calves 194,700. _ Sheep ed Hogs 136,932. Lambs C 3 breed ; 25 22 Or 3 Crass I. breed ; and the large hornlefs cattle that are bred in fome parts of Exgland come originally from Po- land. About two hundred and fifty years ago there was found in Scotland a wild race of cattle, which were of a pure white color, and had (if we may credit Boethius) manes like lions.. I cannot but give credit to the relation, having feen in the woods of Drumlanrig in N. Britain, and in the park belong- ing to Chillingham caftle in Northumberland, herds of cattle probably derived from the favage breed. They have loft their manes; but retain their color and fiercenefs: they were of a middle fize; long — leo’d; and had black muzzles, and ears: their horns fine, and with a bold and elegant bend. The keeper of thofe at Chillingbam faid, that the weight of the ox was 38 ftones: of the cow 28: that their hides were more efteemed by the tanners than thofe of the tame; and they would give fix-pence per ftone more for them. Thefe cattle were wild as any deer: on being approached would inftantly take to flight and galop away at full fpeed : never mix with the tame fpecies; nor come near the houfe unlefs conftrained by hunger in very fevere weather. When it is neceflary to kill any they are always fhot: if the keeper only wounds the beaft, he muft take care to keep behind fome tree, or his life would be in danger from the furi- ous attacks of the animal; which will never defift till a period is put to its life. Frequent Crass I. O- X. Frequent mention is made of our favage cattle by hiftorians. One relates that Robert Bruce was (in chacing thefe animals) preferved from the rage of a wild Bull by the intrepidity of one of his cour- tiers, from which he and his lineage acquired the name of Turn-Bull. Fitz-Stepben* names thefe animals (Uri-Sylveftres) among thofe that harbored in the great foreft that in his time lay adjacent to London. Another enumerates among the provifions at the great feaft of Nevil + archbifhop of York, fix wild Bulls; and Szdda/ld affures us that in his days a wild and white fpecies was found in the mountains of Scotland, but agreeing in form with the common fort. I believe thefe to have been the Bifontes jubati of Pliny found then in Germany, and might have been common to the continent and our ifland: the lofs of their favage vigor by con- finement might occafion fome change in the external appearance, as is frequent with wild animals de- prived of liberty; and to that we may afcribe their lofsof mane. The Urus of the Hercynian foreft de- {eribed by Czfar, book VI. was of this kind, the fame which is called by the modern Germans, Au- rochs,1. €. Bos fylveftris f. The ox is the only horned animal in thefe iflands * A Monk who lived in the reign of Henry Il. and wrote a Hiftory of London, preferved in Leland’s itin. VIII. 4 Leland’s Colle&anea. vi. 1 Gefner Quad. 144. In Fitz-Stephen, Urus is printed Ur/us. C4 that 23 24 Of Byoc Cuass I. that will apply his ftrength to the fervice of man- kind. It is now generally allowed, that in many — cafes oxen are more profitable in the draught than horfes; their food, harnefs, and fhoes being cheaper, and fhould they be lamed or grow old, an old working beaft will be as good meat, and fatten as well as a youne one. There is fcarce any part of this animal without its ufe. The blood, fat, marrow, hide; hair, horns, hoofs, milk, creme, butter, cheefe, whey, urine, liver, gall, fpleen, bones, and dung, have each their particular ufe in manufactures, commerce and medicine. The {kin has been of great ufe in all ages. The antient Britains, before they knew a better method, built their boats with ofiers, and covered them with the hides of bulls, which ferved for fhort * roelis ing voyages. Primum cana falix madefacto vimine parvam Texitur in Puppim, czfoque induta juvenco, Vectoris patiens, tumidum fuper emicat amnem: Sic Venetus ftagnante Pado, fuloque Britannus Navigat oceano, Lucan. lib. iv. 131, * That thefe witslia navigia, as Pliny calls them, were not made for long voyages, is evident not only from their ftruc- ture, but from the account given by Solinus, that the crew never eat during the time they were at fea. Vide C. Junii al J: . 7 y* DOLzizZ / olybifears 56. The Crass I. Or Xe The bending willow into barks they twine ; Then line the work with fpoils of flaughter’d kine. Such are the floats Venetian fifhers know, Where in dull marfhes ftands the fettling Po ; On fuch to neighboring Gaul, allured by gain, The bolder Britons crofs the {welling main. Rowe. Veffels of this kind are ftill in ufe on the Ir lakes; and on the Dee and Severn: in Ireland they are called Curach, in England Co racles, from the Britifh Cwrwgl, a word fignifying a boat of that ftructure. , At prefent, the hide, when tanned and curried, ferves for boots, fhoes, and numberlefs other con- veniences of life. Vellum is made of calves fkin, and goldbeaters fkin is made of a thin vellum, or a finer part of the ox’s guts. The hair mixed with lime is a neceflary article in building. Of the horns are made combs, boxes, handles for knives, and drinking veffels ; and when foftened by water, obeying the manufactu- rer’s hand, they are formed into pellucid Jaminze for the fides of lanthorns. Thefe laft conveniences we owe to our great kine 4//red, who firft invented them to preferve his candle time meafurers, from the wind*,; or (as other writers will have it) the tapers that were fet up before the reliques in the miferable tattered churches of that time +. * Anderfon’s hift. commerce, I. 45. + Stanley’s hift. of churches, 103, , 25 26 OX: Crass I. In medicine, the horns were employed as alexi- pharmics or antidotes againft poifon, the plague, or the {mall-pox ,; they have been dignified with the title of Englifh bezoar ; and are faid to have been found to anfwer the end of the oriental kind: the chips of the hoofs, and paring of the raw hides, jerve to make carpenters glue. The bones are ufed by mechanics, where ivory is too expenfive; by which the common people are ferved with many neat conveniencies at an eafy rate. From the ¢iza and carpus bones is procured an oil much ufed by coach-makers and others in dref- fine and cleaning harnefs, and all trappings belong- ing to a coach; and the bones calcined, afford a fit matter for tefts for the ufe of the refiner in the {melt- ing trade. The blood is ufed as an excellent manure for fruit trees*; andis the bafis of that fine color, the Pruffian blue. The fat, tallow, and fuet, furnifh us with light ; and are alfo ufed to precipitate the falt that is drawn from briny fprings. The gall, liver, fpleen and urine, have alfo their place in the materia medica. The ufes of butter, cheefe, creme and milk, in domeftic ceconomy ; and the excellence of the latter, in furnifhing a palatable nutriment for moft peo- ple, whofe organs of digeftion are weakened, are too obvious to be infifted on. * Evelyn’s phil. difc, of earth, p, 319.. Horns Crass I. SP Bh Bey 27 Horns twilted fpirally, and pointing outwards, Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. Til. SHEEP, Ovis, Raii /yn. quad. 73. Aries, &c. Klein. quad. 13. Gefn. quad. 71. . Aries laniger cauda rotunda Ovis aries, ovis anglica mutica brevi Brifon quad. 48. cauda fcrotoque ad genua pen- De Buffon. v. 1. tab. 1, 2. dulis. Linz. fyf?. 97- Br. Zool, 10. Syn. quad, Ovis cornibus comprefiis lunatis. No. 8, Faun. Suec. 45+ 4. FLEECY. Mate. FEMALE. Lamps, Brit. Hwrd. Maharen Dafad Oen Fren. Le Belier La brebis L’Agneay ital. | Montone Pecora Agnello Span, Carnero Oveja Cordero Port. Caneiro Ovelha Cordeiro Germ, Widder Schaaf Lamm , Dut. Ram Schaep Lam ‘Swed. Wadur Faar Lamb Dan. Vzezdder, Vzre Faar Lam, agua Gimmer Lam. T does not appear from any of the early writers, that the breed of this animal was cultivated for the fake of the wool among the Britains, the inhabi- tants of the inland parts of this ifland either went entirely naked, or were only clothed with {fkins, Thofe who lived on the fea coafts, and were the moft civilized, affected the manners of the Gauls, and wore like them a fort of garments made of coarfe wool, called Brache. ‘Thefe they probably had from Gau/, there not being the left traces of manutactures 7 Hoe ee Crass I. manufactures among the Britains, in the hiftories of thofe times. | “Ne On the coins or money of the Britains are feen imprefied the figures of the horfe, the bull and the hog, the marks of the tributes exacted from them by the conquerors*. The Reverend Mr. Pegge was fo kind as to inform me that he has feen on the coins of Cunobelin that of a fheep. Since that is the cafe, it is probable that our anceftors were pof- feffed of the animal, but made no farther ufe of it than to ftrip off the fkin, and wrap themfelves in it, and with the wool inmoft, obtain a comfort- able protection againft the cold of the winter feafon. This neglect of manufacture, may be eafily accounted for, in an uncivilized nation whofe wants were few, and thofe eafily fatished; but what is more furprifing, when after a long period we had cultivated a breed of fheep, whofe fleeces were fu- perior to thofe of other countries; we ftill negleét- ed to promote a woollen manufacture at home. That valuable branch of bufinefs lay for a con- fiderable time in foreign hands ;° and we were obili- eed to import the cloth manufactured from our own materials. There feems indeed to have been many unavailing efforts made by our monarchs to pre- ferve both the wool and the manufacture of it a- mong ourfelves: Henry the fecond, by a patent * Cambden, 1. Preface. cxili, granted Crass I. SALE PE BG ie: granted to the weavers in London, directed that if any cloth was found made of a mixture of Spanifh wool, it fhould be~ burnt by the mayor*: yet fo little did the weaving bufinels advance, that Edward the third was obliged to permit the im- portation of foreign cloth in the beginning of his reign ; but foon after, by encouraging foreign artificers to fettle in England, and inftruct the natives in their trade, the manufacture increafed fo greatly as to enable him to prohibit the wear of foreign cloth. Yet, to fhew the uncommercial ge- nius of the people, the effects of this prohibition were checked by another law, as prejudicial to trade as the former was falutary; this was an act of the fame reign, againft exporting woollen goods ma- nufactured at home, under heavy penalties; while the exportation of wool was not only allowed but encouraged. ‘This overfight was not foon recti- fied, for it appears that, on the alliance that Ed- ward the fourth made with the king of Arragon, he prefented the latter with fome ewes and rams of the Cote/wold kind; which is a proof of their ex- cellency, fince they were thought acceptable to a monarch, whofe dominions were fo noted for the finenefs of their fleeces +. In the firft year of Richard the third, and in the two fucceeding reigns, our woollen manufactures * Stow 419. t Rapin i, 605. in thenote, Stow’s Annales, 696. received (3° S#Ri ES eaP: Crass I. received fome improvements*; but the grand rife of all its profperity is to be dated from the reign of queen Elizabeth, when the tyranny of the duke of Alva in the Netherlands drove numbers of artifi- cers for refuge into this country, who were the founders of that immenfe manufacture we carry on at prefent. We have ftrong inducements to be more particular on the modern ftate of our wool- len manufactures; but we defift, from a fear of digreffing too far; our enquiries mutt be limited to points that have a more immediate reference to the ftudy of Zoology. No country is better fupplied with materials, and thofe adapted to every fpecies of the clothing bufi- nefs, than Great-Britain; and though the fheep of thefe iflands afford fleeces of different degrees of goodnefs, yet there are not any but what may be ufed in fome branch of it. Herefordfhire, Devon- feire, and Cotefwold downs are noted for producing fheep with remarkably fine fleeces; the Lincolufbire and Warwick/bire kind, which are very large, ex- ceed any for the quantity and goodnefs of their wool. The former county yields the largeit fheep in thefe iflands, where it is no uncommon thing to cive fifty guineas for a ram, and a guinea for the admiffion of a ewe to one of the valuable males; * In that of Richard, two-yard cloths were firft made. In that of Henry the VIII. an Jtalian taught us the ufe of the diftaf. Kerfies were alfo firft made in England about that time. or - Crass I. GS MH EE Pp. or twenty guineas for the ufe of it for a certain number of ewes during one feafon. Suffolk alfo breeds a very valuable kind. The fleeces of the northern parts of this kingdom are inferior in fine- nefs to thofe of the fouth; but ftill are of great value in different branches of our manufactures. The Yorkfbire hills furnith the looms of that county with large quantities of wool; and that which ts taken from the neck and fhoulders, is ufed (mixed with Spanifh wool) in fome of their fineft cloths. Wales yields but a coarfe wool; yet it 1s of more extenfive ufethan the fineft Segovian fleeces; for rich and poor, age and youth, health and infirmities, all confefs the univerfal benefit of the flannel ma- nufacture. The fheep of Ireland vary like thofe of Great- Britain. ‘Thofe of the fouth and eaft being large, and their flefh rank. Thofe of the north, and the mountainous parts fmall, and their flefh {weet. The fleeces in the fame manner differ in degrees of value. ue Scotland breeds a fmall kind, and their fleeces are coarfe. Sibbald (after Boerbius) fpeaks of a breed in the ifle of Rona, covered with blue wool;. of another kind in the ifle of Hirta, larger than the biggeft he goat, with tails hanging almoft to the ground, and horns as thick, and longer than thofe of an ox*.’ He mentions another kind, which is clothed * Gmelin defcribes an animal he found in S7beria, that in many particulars agrees with this; he calls it Rupicapra cornu- bus 31 32 SEE EL EEPs Crass I, clothed with a mixture of wool and hair; anda fourth fpecies, whofe flefh and ficeces are yellow, and their teeth of the colour of gold; but the truth of thefe relations ought to be enquired into, as no other writer has mentioned them, except the cre-— dulous Boethius. Yet the laft particular is not to be rejected: for notwithftanding I cannet inftance the teeth of fheep, yet I faw in the fummer of 1772, at Athel houfe, the jaws of an ox, with teeth thickly incrufted with a gold colored pyrites ; and the fame might have happened to thofe of fheep had they fed in the fame grounds, which were in the valley beneath the houfe. Befides the fleece, there is fcarce any part of this animal but what is ufeful to mankind. The flefh is a delicate and wholefome food. The fkin dreffed, forms different parts of our apparel; and is ufed for covers of books. The entrails, properly pre- pared and twifted, ferve for ftrings for various miu- bus arictinis; Linnaeus flyles it Capra ammon. Syft. 97. and Gefner, Pp. 934. imagines it to be the Mu/moz of the antients ; the horns of the Siderian animal are two yards long, their weight above thirty pounds. As we have fo good authority for the exiitence of fuch a quadruped, we might venture to give credit to Boethivs’s account, that the fame kind was once found in Hira: but having thrice within thefe few years had opportunity of examining the Mu/mmon, we found that both in the form of the horns, and the fhortnefs of the tail, it had the greateft agreement with the goat, in which gezus we have placed it No. 11. of our Syzop/s, with the trivial name of Siberiax. fical Crass I. SUE P. fical inftruments. The bones calcined (like other bones in general) form materials for tefts for the refiner. The milk is thicker than that of cows; and confequently yields a greater quantity of but- ter and cheefe; and in fome places is fo rich, that it will not produce the cheefe without a mixture of water to make it part from the whey. The dung is a remarkably rich manure; infomuch that the folding of fheep is become too ufeful a branch of hufbandry for the farmer to neglect. To conclude, whether we confider’ the advantages that refult from this animal to individuals in particular, or to thefe kingdoms in general, we may with Colv- mella confider this in one fenfe, as the firft of the domeftic animals. Poff majores quadrupedes ovilli pecoris fecunda ratio eff ; que prima fit fi ad utilitatis magnitudinem referas. Nam id precipue contra frigoris violentiam protegit, corporibu/que noftris liberaliora prebet velamina, et etiam elegantium menfas jucundis et numerofis dapibus exornat*. The fheep as to its nature, is a moft innocent mild and fimple animal; and confcious of its own defencelefs ftate, remarkably timid: if attacked when attended by its lamb, it will make fome fhew of defence, by ftamping with its feet, and pufhing with its head: it is a gregarious animal, is fond of any jingling noife, for which reafon the / * Deve rafiiea, Lb: Vis cs 2s Vox. I. D leader 33 34 SiMAES ENP. Crass I. leader of the flock has in many places a bell hung ; round its neck, which the others will conftantly follow: it is fubjeét to many difeafes: fome arife from infects which depofite their eggs in different parts of the animal; others are caufed by their being kept in wet paftures; for as the fheep re quires but little drink, it is naturally fond of a dry foil. The dropfy, vertigo (the pendro of the Welfh) the pthifick, jaundice, and worms in the liver * annually make great havoke among our flocks: for the firft difeafe, the fhepherd finds a remedy by turning the infected into fields of broom; which plant has been alfo found to be very effica- cious in the fame diforder among the human fpecies. The fheep is alfo infefted by different forts of infects: like the horfe it has its peculiar Oefrus or ° Gadfly, which depofits its eges-above the nofe in the frontal finufes; when ‘thofe turn into mag- cots they become exceflive painful, and caufe thofe violent agitations that we {fo often fee the animal in. The French fhepherds make a common prac- tice of eafing the fheep, by trepannine and taking out the maggot; this practice is fometimes ufed by the Englifb fhepherds, but not always with the fame fuccefs: befides thefe infects, the fheep is trou- bled with a kind of tick and loufe, which magpies and ftarlings contribute to eafe it of, by lighting on its back, and picking the infects off. * Fafciola hepatica, Lin. ff. 648. . Horns Crass I. | Gi O@ Aids 35 “ Horns bending backwards and almoft clofe at their IV. GOAT. bafe. Eight cutting teeth in the upper Jaw, none in the lower. Male generally bearded. Raii fyn. quad. 77. Hircus cornibus interius cultra- Se 5. Domes Meyer’s an. i. Tab. 68: tis, exterius rotundatis, infra Pe. Charlton ex. 9. Carinatis, arcuatis. Briffox Klein quad: 15. quad. 38. Gefn. quad. 266. 268. Capra Hircus, Lin fy. 94. De Buffon. v. 59. Tab. 8: 9: Capra cornibus carinatis arcus atis, Faun. Suec. 44. Br. Zool. 13. Syn. quad p. 14. Mace. FEMALE. Kip. B rit. Bwch Gafr Mynn Fren. We Bouc La Chevreé Chevreau fial.... Becco Capra” Capretto Span. Cabron Cabra Cabrito Port. Cabram Cabra Cabrito Germ. Bock Geifz Bocklein Dut. Bok Giyt “, Swed. Bock Geet Kiidh Dan. Buk, Geedebuk Geed Kid HE goat is the moft local of any of our domeftic animals, confining itfelf to the mountanous parts of thefe iflands: his moft belov- ed food is the tops of the boughs, or the tender bark of young trees; on which account he is fo prejudicial to plantations, that it would be impru- dent to draw him from his native rocks, except fome method could be thought on to obviate this D2 ; evil, > ale is Give Ao Te Class IP 3 evil. We have been informed, that there is a freeholder in the parifh of Traw/vynnyd, in Me- rionethfbire, who hath, for feveral years paft, broke the teeth of his goats fhort off with a pair of pincers, to preferve his trees. This practice has certainly efficacy fufficient to prevent the mifchief, and may be recommended to thofe who keep them for their fingularity ; but ought by no means to be encouraged, when thofe animals are preferved for the fake of their milk, as the great falubrity of that medicine arifes from their promifcuous feed-. ing. This quadruped contributes in various inftances to the neceffities of human life; as food, as phy- fick, and as cloathing: the whiteft wigs are made of its hair; for which purpofe that of the he-goat is moft in requeft, the whiteft and cleareft is-felec- ted from that which grows on the haunches, where it is longeft and thickeft, a good fkin well hair- ed is fold for a guinea; though a fkin of bad hue, and fo yellow as to baffle the barber’s fkill to bleach, ~vill not fetch above eighteen-pence, or two fhil- lings. The Welch coats are far fuperior in fize, and in length and fineneds of hair, to thofe of other moun- tanous countries. Their ufual color is white: thofe of France and the As are fhort-haired, reddifh, and their horns fmall. We have feen the horns of a Cambrian he-goat three feet two inches long, and three feet from tip to tip. The Crass I. G OF} DAD. EB: The fuet of the goat is in great efteem, as well as the hair. Many of the inhabitants of Caer- narvonfhire faffer thefe animals to run wild on the rocks during winter as well as fummer; and kill them in OZfober, for the fake of their fat, either by fhooting them with bullets, or running them down with dogs like deer. The goats killed for this purpofe, are about four or five years old. Their fuet will make candles, far fuperior in whitenefs and soodnefs to thofe made from that of the fheep or the ox, and accordingly brings a much greater price in the market: nor are the horns without their ufe, the country people making of them ex- cellent handles for tucks and penknives. The fkin is peculiarly well adapted for the glove manufac- tory, efpecially that of the kid: abroad it is drefled and made into ftockings, bed-ticks, bol- fters*, bed-hangines, fheets, and even fhirts. In the army it covers the horfeman’s arms, and carries the foot-foldier’s provifions. As it takes a dye better than any other fkin, it was formerly much ufed for hangings in the houfes of people of fortune, being fufceptible of the richeft colors; and when flowered and ornamented with gold and filver, became an elegant and fuperb furniture. * Bolfters made of the hair of a goat were in ufe in the days of Saul; as appears from I, Samuel, c. 19. v. 13. The fpecies very probably was the Angora goat, which is only found in the Eaft, and whofe foft and filky hair fupplied a mot luxu- rious couch. Vide Syn. quad. p. 15. De. he 37 38 a G G; #3 Crass I, The fiefh is of great ufe to the inhabitants of the country where it refides; and affords them a cheap and plentiful provifion in the winter months, when the kids are brought to market. The haunches of the goat are frequently falted and dried, and fup- ply all the ufes of bacon: this by the natives is called Coch yr wden, or hung venifon. The meat of a fplayed goat of fix or feven years old, (which is called Hyfr) is reckoned the beft; being generaliy very {weet and fat. This makes an excellent pafty; goes under the name of rock venifon, and is little inferior to that of the deer. Thus nature provides even on the tops of high and cracoy mountains, not only neceffaries; but deli- cacies for the inhabitants. The milk of the goat is fweet, nourifhing and medicinal: it is an excellent fuccedaneum for afs’s milk; and has (with a tea-fpoon ful of hartfhorn drank warm in bed in the morning, and at four o’clock in the afternoon, and repeated for fome time) been a cure for pthifical people, before they were gone too far. In fome of the mountanous parts of Scotland and Ireland, the milk is made into whey; which has done wonders in this and o- ther cafes, where coolers and reftoratives are necef- ary: and to many of thofe places, there is a great refort of patients of all ranks, as there is in England to the Spaws or Baths. It is not furprizing that the milk of this animal is fo falutary, as it brouzes. only on the tops, tendrils andflowers of the moun- tain Crass I. GS QA Fk. tain fhrubs, and medicinal herbs; rejecting the ~ groffer parts. The blood of the he-goat dried, is a great recipe in fome families for the pleurify and inflammatory diforders *. Cheefe made of goats milk, is much valued in fome of our mountanous countries, when kept to proper age; but has a peculiar tafte and flavor. The rutting feafon of thefe animals, 1s from the beginning of September to. November, at that time the males drive whole flocks of the females continually from place to place, and fill the whole atmofphere around them with their ftrong and ungrateful odor; which though as difagreeable as affa foetida itfelf, yet may be conducive to prevent many diftempers, and to cure nervous and hyf- terical ones. Horfes are imagined to be much refrefhed with it; on which account many perfons keep a he-goat in their ftuds or ftables. Goats go with young four months and a half, and bring forth from the latter end of February to the latter end of -4pri/: Having only two teats, they bear generally but two young, and fome- times three; and in good warm paftures there have been inftances, though rare, of their bringing four at atime: both young and old are affected by the weather: a-rainy feafon makes them thin; a dry funny one makes them fat and blythe: their ex- * This remedy is taken notice of even by Dr. Mead in his monita medica, p. 35. under the article pleuritis. ‘The Germans ufe that of the Szezu-boc, or Ibex. D4 ceffive 39 GOAT, Citic ll ceffive venery prevents longevity, for they feldom live in our climate above eleven or twelve years. Thefe animals with amazing {wiftnefs and fafety, climb up the moft rugged rocks, and afcend the — moft dangerous places: they can ftand unmoved on the higheft precipices, and fo balance their centre of gravity, as to fix themfelves in fuch fitu- ations with fecurity and firmnefs; fo that we feldom hear of their falling, or breaking their necks. When two are yoked together, as is frequently practifed, they will, as if by confent, take large and hazardous leaps; yet fo well time their mutual ef- forts, as rarely to mifcarry in the attempt. The origin of the domeftic goat is the Stein- - boc, Ibex or wild goat, Syn. quad. No. g. a fpecies now found only in the ps, and in Crete. Horns Crass I. De Eh BRS At Horns upright, folid, branched, annually deciduous. V. DEER. Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. Red Deer, Stag or Hart. Cervus cornibus teretibus ad 6. Srac. Cervus Raii fyn. quad. 84. lateraincurvis. Brifon quad. Charlt. ex. 11. 58. ae Meyer’s an. Tab. 22. Cervus Elaphus. Liz. /pf. Gefuer quad. 326. a . Grew’s Mufeum, 21. C. cornibus ramofis teretibus De Buffon, Tom. vi. 63. Tab. recurvatis. Faun. Suec. 40. Q; 10. C. nobilis. Kien. quad. 23. Br. Zool. 15. Syn. quad, No. 38, STAG. Hino. Younc, orCatr. Brit. | Carw Ewig Elain Kren. Le Cerf La Biche Faon Ital. Cervio Cervia Span. . Ciervo Cierva Port. Cervo Cerva Germ. Hirtz, Hirfch Hind Hinde kalb Dutch, Hart Hinde ; Swed. WHiort,Kronhiort Hind Dan. Kronhiort Hind Kid, or Hind kalv Platycerata. Plinii, lib. xi. Cervus cornuum unica et altiore 7, FALLOW. Ca 47 fummitate palmata. DBrifon Eurycerata. Oppian Cyneg. quad. 62. . lib. 11. lin. 293. Cervus dama. Cervus cornibus Fallow deer, or buck; cer- ramofis recurvatis comprefiis ; vus platyceros. Razi /yn, fummitatibus palmatis. Lizz. quad. 35. Sift. 93+ Damavulgaris.Ge/ner quad. Faun. Suec. 42. Br. Zool. 15. 307. Syn. quad. No. 37. Meyer’s an. 'Tom.i. Tab. Cervus palmatus, Klein. quad. ae. Zs De Buffon. Tom. vi. 161. ; Tab. 27, 28. Brit. 42 Dm E ER Crass Ty Buck. Doe. Fawn. Brit. Hydd : Hyddes Elain Fren. Le Dain La Daine Faon . Jtal. Daino Cerbiatto ~ Spax. Gamo, Corza Venadito- Port. Corza Veado Germ. Damhirfch ; Swed. Dof, Dof hiort Daa. Daae Dir T firft, the-beafts of chace had this whole v1 \ ifland for their range; they knew no other limits than that of the ocean; nor confeffed any SS A) aie particular mafter. When the Saxons had efta- blifhed themfelves in the Heptarchy, they were refer- ved by each fovereign for his own particular diver- fion: hunting and war in thofe uncivilized ages were the only employ of the creat; their active, but uncultivated minds, being fufceptible of no pleafures but thofe of a violent kind, fuch as gave exercife to their bodies, and prevented the pain of thinking. But as the Saxon kings only appropriated thofe lands to the ufe of forefts which were unoccupied ; fo no individuals received any injury: but when the conqueft had fettled the Normaz line on the throne, this paffion for the chace was carried to an excefs, which involved every civil right in a ge- neralruin: it fuperfeded the confideration of religion even in a fuperftitious age: the village commu- nities, nay, even the moft facred edifices were turn- ed into one vaft wafte, to make room for animals, the objects of a lawlefs tyrant’s pleafure, The new Crass I. Di Ei Ei R; new foreft in Hampfhire is too trite an inftance to be dwelt on: fanguinary laws were enacted to pre- ferve the game; and in the reigns of Wiliam Rufus, and Henry the firft, it was lefs criminal to deftroy one of the human fpecies than a beaft of chafe*. Thus it continued while the Norman line filled the throne; but when the Saxon line was reftored | under Henry the fecond, the rigor of the foreft laws was immediately foftened. When our barons began to form a power, they clamed a vaft, but more limited tract for a diver- fion that the Engli/h were always fond of. They were very jealous of any encroachments on their refpective bounds, which were often the caufe of deadly feuds: fuch aone gave caufe to the fatal day of Chevy-chace, a fact, which though record- ed only in a ballad, may, from what we know of the manners of the times, be founded on truth; not that it was attended with all the circumftances the author of that natural, but heroic compofition hath given it, for on that day neither a Percy nor a Douglas fell: here the poet feems to have clamed his privilege, and mixed with this fray fome of the events of the battle of Osterbourne. When property became happily more divided by the relaxation of the feodal tenures, thefe extenfive * An antient hiltorian fpeaks thus of the penalties incur red 5 Sz cervum aut aprum oculos eis evellebat; amavit enim feras tanquam erat pater earum. M. Paris. 11. hunting 43 44 it. Et EF RI Crass 1. hunting-grounds became more limited; and as til- | lage and hufbandry increafed, the beafts of chace were obliged to give way to others more ufeful to_ the community. The vait tratts of land before de- dicated to hunting, were then contracted; and in proportion as the ufeful arts gained ground, either loft their original deftination, or gave rife to the in- vention of Parks. Liberty and the arts feem coe- val, for when once the latter got footing, the for- mer protected the labors of the induftrious from being ruined by the licentioufnefs of the fportfman, or being devoured by the objects of his diverfion: for this reafon, the fubjects of a defpotic govern- ment {till experience the inconveniences of vatt waftes, and forefts, the terrors of the neighbouring hufbandmen*; while in our well-regulated monar- chy, very few chaces remain: we ftill indulge our- felves in the generous pleafure of hunting, but con- fine the deer-kind to parks, of which England boafts of more than any other kingdom in Europe. Our equal Jaws allow every man his pleafure; but con- fine them in fuch bounds, as prevents them from being injurious to the meaneft of the community. Before the reformation, our prelates feem to have suarded fufficiently again{ft the want of this amufe- ment, the fee of Norwich in particular, being pof- * In Germany the peafants are often obliged to watch their grounds the whole night, to preferve the fences and corn from being deftroyed by the deer. feffed Crass I. De Ei Fe: Re feffed about that time of thirteen parks*. They feem to have forgot good king Edgar’s advice, Do- cemus etiam ut facerdos non fit venator neque acci- pitrarius neque potator, fed incumbat fuis libris ficut ordinem ipfius decet +. It was cuftomary to falt the venifon for preferva- tion, like other meat. Rymer preferves a warrant of Edward III. ordering fixty deer to be killed for that purpofe. The ftag and buck agree in their nature; only the latter being more tender is eafier tamed, and made familiar. The firft is become lefs common than it was formerly; its exceffive vitioufnefs du- ring the rutting feafon, and the badnefs of its flefh, induce moft people to part with the {pecies. Stags are ftill found wild in the highlands of Scotland, in herds of four or five hundred together, ranging at full liberty over the vaft hills of the north. Some srow to a great fize: when I was at Invercauld Mr. Farqubarfon affured me that he knew an in- ftance of one that weighed eighteen ftone Scots, or three hundred and fourteen pounds, exclufive of the entrails, head and fkin. Formerly the great highland chieftains ufed to hunt with the magni- ficence of an eaftern monarch ; affembling four or five thoufand of their clan, who drove the deer in- to the toils, or to the ftation their lairds had pla- * Pracham’s Compleat Gentleman, 261. + Leges Saxon. 37- ced. 45 46 DD ESE’R. «| Giaesiy ced themfelves in: but as this pretence was fre- _ quently ufed to collect their vaffals for rebellious purpofes, an act was pafled prohibiting any affem- blies of this nature. Stags are likewife met with on the moors that border on Cornwa/ and Devonfhire, and in Ireland on the mountains of Kerry, where they add greatly to the magnificence of the roman- tic fcenery of the lake of Killarny. The ftags of Jreland during its uncultivated Shien and while it remained an aloe boundlefs tract of foreft, had an exact acreement in habit, with thofe that range at prefent through the wilds of America. They were lefs in body, but very fat; and their horns of a fize far fuperior to thofe of Ea- rope, but in form agreed in all points. Old Gi- valdus {peaks with much precifion of thofe of Jre- land, Cervos pre nimia pinguedine minus fugere preva- lentes, quanto minores funt corporis quantitate, tanto precellentius efferuntur, capitis et cornuum dignitate*. We have in England two varieties of fallow-deer which are faid to be of foreign origin: The beau- tiful fpotted kind, and the very deep brown fort, that are now fo common in feveral parts of this kingdom. Thefe were introduced here by king * Topogr. Hibernie.c. 19. Law/fon in his hiftory of Caro- fina p. 123, mentions the fatnefs of the American flags, and their inferiority of fize to the European. I have often feen their horns, which vaitly exceed thofe of our country in fize, and number of antlers. James Crass I. DEE R. Fames the firft out of Norway*, where he paffed fome time when he vifited his intended bride Ma- ry of Denmark +. He obferved their hardinefs ; and that they could endure, even in that fevere climate, the winter without fodder. . He firft brought fome into Scotland, and from thence tranfported them into his chaces of Emjfield and Epping, to be near his palace of Theobalds; for it is well known, that monarch was in one part of his character the Nimrod - of his days, fond to excefs of hunting, that image of war, although he detefted the reality. No country produces the fallow-deer in quantities equal to England. In France they are fearcely known, but are fometimes found in the north ¢ of ‘Europe. In Spain they are extremely large. They are met with in Greece, the Holy Land|}, and in China § ; but in every country except our own are in a ftate of nature, unconfined by man. They are not natives of America, for the deer known in our colonies by that name are a diftiné fpecies, a fort of ftag, as we have remarked p. 51. of our Synopfis of quadrupeds. The ufes of thefe animals are almoft fimilar; the fkin of the buck and doe is fufficiently known to * This we relate on the authority of Mr. Perer Collinfon. + One of the Welch names of this animal (Grewr-danas, or Danifh goat) implies that it was brought from fome of the Danifo dominions. Ed. Lhwyd. Ph. tr. No. 334. { Pontop. Norway. 11.9. Faun. Suec. {p. 42. | Hafelquif}. itin, 290. § Du Halde bik. China. 1. 315. every 7 48 Die foRiq | every one; and the horns of the ftag are of great — ufeé in mechanics; they, as well as the horns of — - the reft of the deer kind, being exceffively com- | pact, folid, hard and weighty; and make excel- — lent handles for couteaus, knives, and feveral o- ther utenfils. They abound in that falt, which is the bafis of the fpirit of Hart/born ; and the remains (after the falts are extracted) being calcined, be- come a valuable aftringent in fluxes, which is known by the name of burnt Hart/horn. Befides — thefe ufes in mechanics and medicine, there is an inftance in Giraldus Cambrenfis, of a countefs of Chefter, who kept milch hindes, and made cheefe of their milk, fome of which fhe prefented to archbifhop Ba/dwzn, in his itinerary through Wales, in the year 1188 *. * Girald. Camb. Itin: p. 236¢ Aocpuas Pad nt tg & i =! we ROEBUCK. Crass I. lal Seagal hag We 49 Aoguac, Ariftotelis de Part. libs Cervus cornibus teretibu-,, 8. Rox. iii, C. 2. erectis. Briffon quad. 61. Torcas, Dorcas, Oppian Cyneg. De ne, Tom. vi. 289. hb, i. lin. 296. 315. Tab. 3 Caprea; Plinzz, lib. x1. c..37- Cone Klein quad: Capreolus Vulgo. Razi /yn. quad. 24. 89. Cervus capreolus, Lin. /y/?. Camd. Brit. ii. 771. O4. a Meyer’s anim. ii. Tab. 73. C. Cornibus ramofis tereti- Capreolus, S26. Scot. pars 3. bus erectis, fummitate bi- Caprea, capreolus, Dorcas. oy, fida, Faun. Suec. 43. Br. ner* quad. 296. Zool. 18. Syn. quad. No. Merret pinax. 166: : A2. Tour in Scotland. 288 Tab. xiv: Brit. Iwrch, fem. lyrchell Port, Cabra montes Fren, Lé Chevreuil Ger. Rehbock, fem. Reh fial. Capriolo geels Span. Zorlito, Cabronzillo Swed. Radiur, Rabock montes Dan. Raaedijr Raaebuk HE roebuck prefers a mountanous woody country to a plain one; was formerly very conimon in Wales, in the north of England, and in Scotland, but at prefent the fpecies no longer exifts in any part of Great-Britain, except in the Scottifo highlands. In France they are more fre- quent; they are alfo found in Italy, Sweden, and Norway; and in Afa they are met with in Siberia*. The firft that are met with in Great-Britain are in the woods on the fouth fide of Loch Rannoch, i Perthfbire: the laft in thofe of Langwal, on the * Bell’s Travels. Von. I. FE, fouthern 53 DE, ER. 7a known in Ireland. : This is the left of the deer kind, being only. three feet nine inches long, and two feet three inches. high before, and two feet feven behind. The weight from 50 to 60lb. The horns are from eight. to nine inches long, upright, round, and divided into only three branches; their lower part is ful- cated lengthways, and extremely rugged ; of this part is made handles for couteaus, knives, €&e. The horns of a young buck in its fecond year are quite plain: in its third year a branch appears ; I. fouthern borders of Cathnefs: but they are moft numerous in the beautifull forefts of Iuvercauld, in — the midit of the Grampian hills. They are un-— | | but in the fourth its head is complete. The body — is covered during winter with very lone hair, well adapted to the rigor of the highland air; the lower part of each hair is afh-color; near the ends is a narrow bar of black, and the points are yellow: The hairs on the face are black, tipped with afh-color; the ears are long, their infides of a pale yellow, and covered with long hair; the {paces bordering on the eyes and mouth are black. Du- ring fummer its coat has a very different appear- ance, being very fhort and fmooth, and of a bright redcifh color. The cheft, belly, and legs, and the infide of the thighs, are of a yellowifh white; the rump is of a pure white: the tail is very fhort. On the outfide of . Se a 4 Crass I. ee ES St le of the hind leg, below the joint, is a tuft of long hair. The make of the roebuck is very elegant, and formed for agility. Thefe animals do not keep in herds like other deer, but only in families; they bring two fawns at a time, which the female is o- bliged to conceal from the buck while they are very young. The flefh of this creature is reckoned a delicate food. It is a tender animal, incapable of bearing great cold. AZ de Buffon tells us that in the hard win- ter of 1709, the fpecies in Burgundy were almoft deftroyed, and many years paft before it was re- ftored again. I was informed in Scotland, that it is yery difficult to rear the fawns; it being com- puted that eight out of ten of thofe that are taken from their parents die. Wild roes during jummer feed on grafs, and are very fond of the rubus famatiis, catled in the high- lands the roebuck berry; but in winter time, when the ground is covered with fnow, they brouze on the tender branches of fir and birch. | In the old Welfh laws, a roebuck was valued at the fame price as a fhe-goat; a ftag at the price of an ox; and a fallow deer was efteemed equal to that of a cow; or, as fome fay, a he-goat*. It will not be foreign to the prefent fubject, to mention the vaft horns frequently found in Ireland, * Leges Wallica, 258. E2 and SE Fossirz Horws. $2 DE, E.R. L and others fometimes met with in our own king- dom. The latter are evidently of the ftag kind, 3 but much ftronger, thicker, heavier, and furnifhed with fewer antlers than thofe of the prefent race; of thofe fome have been found on the fea-coaft of — Lancafbire*, and a fingle horn was dug a few years ago out of the fands near Chefter. Thofe found in + Ireland mutt be referred to the elk kind, but of a fpecies different from the European, being provided with brow antlers which that wants: neither are they of the Moofe deer or American, which entirely agrees with the elk of Europe, as I have found by comparifon. Entire fkeletons of this animal are fometimes met with, lodged in a white marle. Some of thefe horns are near twelve feet between tipand tip +. Not the fainteft account (traditional or hiftoric) is left of the exiftence of thefe animals in our kingdom, fo that they may poffibly be ranked among thofe remains which fof- filifts diftinguifh by the title of diluvian. Mr. Graham, fa&tor to the Hud/on’s Bay compa- my, once gave me hopes of difcovering the living animal. He informed me that he had received. Te Pad &. ANG, 422, + No. 227. Boate’s Nat. Hift. Ireland, 137. t A pair of this fize is preferved at Sir Patrick Belleww’s, Bart, in the county of Louth. The great difference between the Moofe horns and the Foffil is fhewen in Plates VII. and IX. of my Synopfs of Quadrupeds. accounts o sen ‘ontet ie aaa m Crass I. DE VE &R, accounts from the Indians who refort to the fa¢to- ries, that there is found a deer, about feven or eight hundred miles weft of York fort, which they call Woafkeffeu, and fay is vaftly fuperior in fize to the common Moofe. But as yet nothing has tranfpi- red relating to fo magnificent an animal. The dif- ference of fize between the modern Moofe, and the owners of the foffil horns may be eftimated by the following account. The largeft horns of the Ame- rican Moofe ever brought over, are only thirty-two inches long, and thirty-four between tip and tip, The length of one of the foffil horns is fix feet four inches. The {pace between tip and tip near twelve feet. The largeft Moofe defcribed by any authentic voyager does not exceed the fize of a ereat horfe; that which I faw (a female) was fif- teen hands high. But we muft fearch for much larger animals to fupport the weight of our foffil Horns. If Foffelyn’s ot Dudly’s Maofe of twelve feet in height ever exifted*, we may fuppofe that to. have been a fpecies, which as population advanc- ed, retired into diftant parts, into depths of woods unknown but to diftant Indians. * Voy. to New England, 83. New England Rarities, 109. Sge alfo Mr. Dadly’s account in Ph, Tranf, abridg. VII. 447. E 3 =* Without VI. HOG. H O 4G, Crass E. ** Without horns. Divided hoofs. Cutting teeth in both jaws. 9. Common. Sus, fea Porcus domefticus. Rati fyn. quad. 92. Gefner quad. 372. Charlton ex. t4. Sus caudatus auriculis ob- lengis acutis, cauda pi- lofa. Briffon quad. 74. Brit. Erez. Ttal. Span. Port. Germ, Dut. y wed. Daz. Boar. Baedd Le Verrat Verro Berraco Eber Beer Orne De Buffon, Tom. V. 99. Tab.6.7. Klein quad. 25. Sus fcrofa. Lin. fpf. 102. Sus dorfo antice fetofo, cauda pilofa. Fauna. Suec. 21. Br. Zaal. 1g. Syn. quad. No. 54. Sow. 3: Hoe: Hwch Mochyn La Truye Pore Porca Porco Puerca Puerco Porca Porco Sau - Barg Soch Varken Swiin Soe CCORDING to common appearances, the hog is certainly the moft impure and filthy of all quadrupeds: we fhould however reflect that filthinefs is an idea merely relative to ourfelves ; but we form a partial judgment from our own fen fations, and overlook that wife maxim of Provi- dence, that every part of the creation fhould have its refpective inhabitants. By this ceconomy of nature, the earth is never overftocked, nor any part of OEE Crass I, HO. G. of the creation ufelefs. This obfervation may be exemplified in the animal before us; the hog alone devouring what is the refufe of all the reft, and ‘contributing not only to remove what would be a nuifance to the human race, but alfo converting the moft naufeous offals into the richeft nutriment: for this reafon its ftomach is capacious, and its sluttony exceffive; not that its palate is infenfible to the difference of eatables; for where it finds vari- ety, it will reject the wortt with as diftinguifhing a tafte as other quadrupeds *. This animal has (not unaptly) been compared to a mifer, who is ufelefs and rapacious in his life, but on his death becomes of public ufe, by the very effects of his fordid manners. The hog du- ting life renders little fervice to mankind, except in removing that filth which other animals reject: his more than common brutality, urges him to- _ devour even his own off-{pring. All other domef- tic quadrupeds fhew fome degree of refpect to man- kind; and even a fort of tendernefs for us in our * The ingenious author of the Paz Suecus, has proved this beyond contradiction, having with great induftry drawn up tables of the number of vegetables, which each domeftic ani- - mal chufes, or rejects: and it is found that the hog eats but 72, and refufes 171 plants, The Ox eats 276. rejects 218. Goat 449. 126° Sheep 387% IAI. : Horfe op Pia (212. Amen. Acad. i. 203. id. helplefs 55 56 H o G Crass I. : helplefs years ; but this animal will devour infants, whenever it has opportunity. - The parts of this animal are finely adapted to its way of life. As its method of feeding is by turning up the earth with its nofe for roots of different kinds; fo nature has given it a more prone form than other animals; a ftrone brawny neck; eyes fmall, and placed high in the head; a long fnout, nofe callous and tough, and a quick fenfe of {mel- ling to trace out its food. Its inteftines have a {trong refemblance to thofe of the human fpecies ; a circumftance that fhould mortify our pride. The external form of its body is very unweildy; yet, by the ftrength of its tendons, the wild boar (which is only a variety of the common kind) is enabled to fly from the hunters with amazing agility: the back toe on the feet of this animal prevents its flip- ping while it defcends declivities, and muft be of fingular ufe when purfued: yet, notwithftanding its powers of motion, it is by nature ftupid, inactive, and drowfy; much inclined to increafe in fat, which is difpofed in a different manner from other ani- mals, and forms a regular coat over the whole bo- dy. Itis reftlefs at a change of weather, and in certain high winds is fo agitated as to run violently, {creaming horribly at the fame time: it is fond of wallowing in the dirt, either to cool its furfeited body, or te deftroy the lice, ticks, and other in- fe€ts with which it is infefted. Its difeafes gene- rally arife from intemperance; meafles, impof- tumes, errs ee. > Crass I. H oO G. tumes, and fcrophulous complaints are reckoned among them. Linneus obferves that its flefh is wholefome food for athletic conftitutions, or thofe that ufe much exercife; but bad for fuch as lead a fedentary life: it is though of moft univerfal ufe, and furnifhes numberlefs materials for epicurifm, among which brawn is a kind peculiar to Eng- land*. The fleth of the hog is an article of the firft importance to a naval and commerciai nation, for it takes falt better than any other kind, and confequently is capable of being preferved longer. The lard is of great ufe in medicine, being an ingredient in various forts of plaifters, either pure, or in the form of pomatum; and the briftles are formed into bruthes of feveral kinds. This animal has been applied to an ufe in this ifland, which feems peculiar to Minorca and the part of Murray which lies between the Spey and Elgin. It has been there converted into a beaft of draught; for I have been affured by a minifter of that coun- try, eye witnefs to the fact, that he had on his firft coming into his parifh feen a cow, a fow, and two Trogues (young horfes) yoked together, and draw- ing a plough in a light fandy foil; and that the fow was the beit drawer of the four. In Minorca the afs.and the hog are common help-mates, and are yoked together in order to turn up the land. The wild-boar was formerly a native of our coun- * Holling focd Defer, Brit. 109. try, 57 58 H O G. Crass I. try, as appears from the laws of Hoel dda*, who permitted his grand huntiman to chace that animal from the middle of November to thebeginning of December. William the Conqueror punifhed with — the lofs of their eyes, any that were convicted of killing the wild-boar, the ftag, or the roebuck +; and Fitz-Stephen tells us, that the vaft foreft that in his time grew on the north fide of London, was the retreat of ftags, fallow-deer, wild-boars, and bulls. Charles 1. turned out wild-boars in the New Foreft, Hampfbire, but they were deftroyed in the civil wars. Pm © Leges Wallice. 41. + Leges Saxon. 292. Ciass I. D O°G. Dasebl. Sit ex. oh DIGITATED A Ee hee © 1s, With large canine teeth, feparated from the cutting teeth. Six cutting teeth in each jaw. Rapacious, carnivorous. Six cutting teeth, and two canine. Five toes before, four behind. Blunt claws. Long vifage. Canis, Raii fyn. quad. 175. De Buffon, Tom. v. p. 185. Charlton ex. 26. Klein quad. 63. Merret pinax, 168. Canis familiaris. Lin. fy. 56. Ge/ner quad. 160, 249, 250. Canis cauda recurva. Faun, Canis domefticus. Briffon quad. Suec. 5. 170. | Brit. Zool. 23. Syn. quad. No. 110. Brit. Ci, fem. Gat Germ. Hund Fren. Le Chien Dut. Hond ‘ fral... Gane Swed. Hund Span. Perro Dan. . Hund, few Teve Port. Cam “By Caius, an Englifh phyfician, who fourith- ed in the reign of queen ELzabeth, has left among feveral other traéts relating to natural bift tory, one written exprefsly on the fpecies of Bri- tifp dogs: they were wrote for the ufe of his learn- ed 59 VII. DOG. 10. FAItTHs FULL, 60 D O G. Crass I. ed friend Ge/ner; with whom he kept a ftriét cor- refpondence; and whofe death he laments in a very elegant and pathetic manner. Befides a brief account of the variety of dogs then exifting in this country, he has added a fyfte- _ matic table of them: his method is fo judicious, that we fhall make ufe of the fame; explain it by a brief account of each kind; and point out thofe that are no longer in ufe among us. SYNOPSIS or BRITISH DOGS. Dogs of chace. I. The moft generous kinds, Fowlers. ‘cee esmeniencaspl Rimi tied Ni L gana Dogs. UII. Mon- II. Farm grels, Hounds. , Terrier Harrier Blood hound Gaze hound Grey hound Leviner, or Lyemmet Tumbler Spaniel Setter Water fpaniel, or finder Spaniel gentle, or comforter Shepherd’s dog Mattiff, or ban dog. Wappe Turnfpit Dancer. The Crass I. DeOwGs The firft variety is the Zerrarius or Terier, which takes its name from its fubterraneous em- ploy ; being a {mall kind of hound, ufed to force the fox, or other beafts of prey, out of their holes ; (and in former times) rabbets out of their burrows into nets. | The Leverarius, or Harrier, is a fpecies well known at prefent; it derives its name from its ule, that of hunting the hare; but under this head may _be placed the fox-hound, which is only a ftronger and fleeter variety, applied to a different chace*. The Sanguinarius, or Bloodbound, or the Sleut- hounde+ of the Scots, was a dog of great ufe, and in high efteem with our anceitors: its employ was to recover any game that had efcaped wounded from the hunter; or been killed and ftole out of the foreft. It was remarkable for the acutenefs of its fmell, tracing the loft beaft by the blood it had fpilt; from whence the name is derived: This * Prince Griffith ap Conan (who began his reign in the year 1079) divided hunting into three kinds: the firft and nobleft fort was the Helfa ddolef, which is hunting for the me- lody of the cry, or notes of the pack: The fecond fort was the Helfa gyfartha, or hunting when the animal ftood at bay : The laft kind was the Helfa gyffredin, 1. e. common hunting ; which was no more than the right any perfon had, who hap- pened accidentally to come in at the death of the game, to claim a fhare. Lewzs’s Hift. of Wales, 56. + From the Saxon Slot the impreffion that a deer leaves of its foot in the mire, and fund a dog. So they derive their name from following the track, {pecies 61 D-0OG: Chasey fpecies could, with the utmoft certainty, difcover the thief by following his foottteps, let the diftance — of his flight: be ever fo great; and through the moft fecret and thickeft coverts : nor would it’ ceafe its purfuit, till it had taken the felon. They were likewife uled by Wallace and Bruce during the’ civil wars. The poetical hiftorians of the two he- roes, frequently relate very curious paffages on this fubject; of the fervice thefe dogs were of to their mafters, and-the efcapes they had from thofe of the enemy. The bloodhound was in ereat requeft on the confines of Exglend and Scotland; where the borderers were continually preying on the herds and flocks of their neighbors. The true bloodhound was large, ftrong, mufcular, broad breafted, of a itern countenance, of a deep tan-color, and generally marked with a black fpot above each eye. The next divifion of this fpecies of dogs, com- prehends thofe that hunt by the eye; and whofe fuc- cefs depends either upon the quicknefs of their fight, their fwiftnefs, or their fubtility. The 4gafeus, or Gazehound, was the firft: it chaced indifferently the fox, hare, or buck. Ie would fele& from the herd the fatteft and faireft deer; purfue it by the eye; and if loft for a time, recover it again by its fingular diftinguifhing facul- ty; and fhould the beaft rejoin the herd, this dog would fix unerringly on the fame, This fpecies is now loft, or at left unknown to us. It muft be obferved that the Aga/eus of Dr. Caius, 1s ai ei ; f Crass I. Dy O53 Ga is a very different {pecies from the Agaffeus of Op- pian, for which it might be miftaken from the fi- militude of names: this he defcribes as a {mall kind of dog, peculiar to Great- Bria: and then foes on ith thefe words; Tupiv, aoaguoretov, AacloTeIXov, Oupaot vobes. Curvum, macilentum, hifpidum, oculis pigrum. what he adds afterwards, ftill marks the difference more itronely ; Piet 3? adte warise waveeouos eslv ayaoceus. Naribus autem longé preftantifimus eft agaffeus. From Oppian’s whole defcription, it is plain he meant our Beagle * The next kind is the Leporarius, or Gre-hound. ‘Dr. Caius informs us, that it takes its name quod precipui gradus fit inter canes; the firft in rank among dogs: that it was formerly efteemed {o, appears from the foreft laws of king Canute; who enacted, that no one under the degree of a gentle- man fhould prefume to keep a gre-hound; and ftill more ftrongly from an old Welh faying, Wrth ei Walch, et Farch, @i Filgi, yr adwaenir Bonbed- dig: Which fignifies, that you may know a gentle- man by his hawk, his horfe and his gre-hound. * Opp. Cyneg. Ld. 1. lin. 473. 476. Nemefianus alfo celebrates our dogs. Divila Britanzia mittit Veloces, noftrique orbis venantibus aptos. Froif- HG" G. Crass I. Froiffart relates a fact not much to the credit | of the fidelity of this fpecies: when that unhappy Prince Richard the fecond was taken in Pint caf- tle, his favorite gre-hound immediately deferted him, and fawned on his rival Bolingbroke , as if he underftood, and forefaw the misfortunes of the for- mer *, The ftory is fo fingular, that we give it in the note in the words of the hiftorian. * Le Roy Richard avoit ung levrier lequel on nommoit Math, tres beau levrier oultre mefure, & ne vouloit ce chien cog- noiftre nul homme hors le Roi, et quand le Roy vouloit che- vaucher, celluy qui lavoit en garde le laiffoit aller, et ce levrier venoit tantoft devers le Roy le feftoyer ce luy mettoient incon- tinent quil eftoit efchappé les deux pieds fur les epaules. Et adoncques advint que le Roy et le conte Derby parlans enfemble en la place de la court dudit chafteau, et leur chevaulx tous fellez, car ils vouloient monter a cheval, ce levrier nomme Math qui eftoit couftumier de faire au Roy cé que dift eft, laiffa le Roy et fen vint au duc de Lenclaffre, et luy filt toutes telles contenances que paravant il avoit acouftume de faire au Roy, et lui affift les deux pieds fur le col, et le commenca moult grandement a cherir, le duc de Lenclafre qui point ne cogno- iffoit ce levrier, demanda au Roy, et que veult ce levrier faire, coufin, dift le Roy, ce vous eft une grant fignifiance & a moy “petite. Comment dift duc lentendez vous. Je lentends dift le Roy, le levrier vous feftoye et receult au jourdhuy comme Roy d@’ Angleterre que vous ferez et ien feray depofe, et le levri=- er en a cognoifiance naturelle. Sile tenez deles vous, car ik vous fuyura et meflongera. Le duc de Lenclaffre entendit bien ceite parolle et fift chere au levrier le quel oncques depuis ne voulut fuyvre Richard de Bourdeaulx fayvit le duc de Lenclaftre. Chrenicque de Froifart, tom. iv. Fueillet 72. Edition de Paris, 1530. The q Crass I. D UG. The variety called the Highland gre-hound, and now become very fearce, is of a very great fize, ftrong, deep chefted, and covered with long and rough hair. This kind was much efteemed in former days, and ufed in great numbers by the pow- erfull chieftainsin their magnificent hunting matches. It had as fagacious noftrils as the Blood-bound, and was as fierce. This feems to be the kind Boethzus ftyles, genus venaticum cum celerrimum tum audaciffi- mum: nec modo in feras, fed in hoftes etiam latronef- que; prefertim fi dominum ductoremve injuriam affict cernat aut in eos concitetur. The third fpecies is the Levinarius, or ee 5 The Leviner or Lyemmer: the firft name is deriv- ed from the lichtnefs of the kind; the other from the old word Lyemme, athong: this fpecies being ufed to be led ina thong, and flipped at the game. Our author fays, that this dog was a kind that hunted both by fcent and fight; and in the form of its body obferved a medium between the hound, and the gre-hound. This probably is the kind now known to us by the name of the Irih ere- hound, a dog now extremely {carce in that king- dom, the late king of Poland having procured from them as many as poffible. I have feen two or three in the whole ifland: they were of the kind called by M4: de Buffon Le grand Danois, and pro- bably imported there by the Danes who long pof- fefied that kingdom. Their ufe feems originally to have been for the chafe of wolves with which Vou. I. F Trelana DO Ge Crass I. Freland {warmed till the latter end of the laft cen-. tury. As foon as thofe animals were extirpated, the numbers of the dogs decreafed ; for from that period, they were kept only for ftate. The Vertagus, or Tumbler, is a fourth fpecies ; which took its prey by mere fubtility, depending neither on the fagacity of its nofe, nor its fwiftnefs : if it came into a warren, it neither barked, nor ran on the rabbets; but by a feeming neglect of them, or attention to fomething elfe, deceived the object till it got within reach, fo as to take it by a fudden fpring. This dog was lefs than the hound; more fcragey, and had prickt up ears; and by Dr. Caius’s defcription feems to anfwer to the modern luscher: cs. The third divifion of the more generous dogs, comprehends thofe which were ufed in fowling; firft, the Hi/paniolus or fpaniel: from the name it may be fuppoied, that we were indebted to Spain for this breed: there were two varieties of this kind, the firft ufed in hawking, to fpring the game, which are the fame with our {ftarters. The other variety was ufed only for the net, and was called Judex, or the fetter; a kind well known at prefent. This kingdom has long been remarka- ble for producing dogs of this fort, particular care having been taken to preferve the breed in the ut- moft purity. They are ftill diftinguifhed by the name of Engli/h {paniels; fo that notwithftanding the Cuass I. BF OO Ge the derivation of the name, it is probable they are natives of Great Britain. We may ftrenethen our fufpicion by faying that the firft who’ broke a dog to the net was an Exglifh nobleman of a moft diftinguifhed character, the great Roderi Dudly Duke of Northumberland™. The Pointer, which is a dog of foreion extraction, was unknown to our anceftors. The Aquaticus, or Fynder, was another {pecies ufed in fowling; was the fame as our water fpaniel ; and was ufed to find or recover the game that was fhot. The Mehieus, or Fotor; the fpaniel gentle or comforter of Dr. Caius (the modern lap dog) was the laft of this divifion. The Maltefe little dogs were as much efteemed by the fine ladies of paft times, as thofe of Bologna are among the modern. Old Hollingfhed is ridiculoufly fevere on the fair of his days, for their exceffive paffion for thefe little animals ; which is fufficient to prove it was in his time + a novelty. The fecond grand divifion of dogs comprehends the Rufiici ; or thofe that were ufed in the country. The firft fpecies is the Paftoras, or fhepherd’s dog; which is the fame that is ufed at prefent, either in guarding our flocks, or in driving herds of cattle. This kind is fo well trained for thofe * Wood’s Ath. Ox. Il. 27. tin the reign of Queen ELzabeth. Be purpoles, 68 DO G. Gass purpofes, as to attend to every part of the herd be’ it ever fo large; confine them to the road, and force in every ftrageler without doing it the leat. injury. The next is the Villaticus, or Catenarius;, the maf- tiff or band dog; a fpecies of great fize and ftrength, and a very loud barker. Manwood fays*, it de- rives its name from ma/fe thefefe, being fuppofed to frighten away robbers by its tremendous voice. Caius tells us that three of thefe were reckoned a match for a bear; and four for a lion: but from an experiment made in the Tower by Yames the firft, that noble quadruped was found an unequal match to only three. Two of the dogs were dif- abled in the combat, but the third forced the lion to feek for fafety by flight+. The Enghjh bull dog feems to belong to this fpecies; and pro- bably is the dog our author mentions under the title of Laniarius. Great-Britain was fo noted for its maftiffs, that the Roman Emperors appointed an officer in this ifland with the title of Procurator Cynegii t, whofe fole bufinefs was to breed, and tranimit from hence to the Amphitheatre, fuch as would prove equal to the combats of the place, ~ Magnaque taurorum fracturi colla Britanni ||. And Briti/ dogs fubdue the ftouteft bulls. — * Mauwood’s Foreft Law. $ Stow’s Annals, i427. t Camd. Brit. in Hampfbire. \| Claudia de laude Svilichonis. Lib. iii. Lin. 301. Gratius Crass I. a) OP G). 69 Gratius fpeaks in high terms of the excellency of the Britifh dogs, Atque ipfos libeat penetrare Britannos ? | O quanta eft merces et quantum impendia fupra ! Si non ad fpeciem mentiturofque decores Protinus : hee una eft catulis ja&tura Britannis. At magnum cum venit opus, promendaque virtus, — Ft vocat extremo praeceps difcrimine Mavors, Non tunc egregios tantum admirere Moloffos *. If Britain’s diftant coaft we dare explore, How much beyond the coft the valued ftore; If fhape and beauty not alone we prize, Which nature to the Britifh hound denies: But when the mighty toil the huntfman warms, And all the foul is roufed by fierce alarms, When Mars calls furious to th’ enfanguin’d field Eyen bold Moloffians then to thefe mutt yield. Strabo tells us, that the maftiffs of Britain were trained for war, and were ufed by the Gauls in their battles-+: and it is certain a well-trained maf- tiff might be of confiderable ufe in diftreffing fuch half-armed and irregular combatants as the adverfa- é' ries of the Gauls feem generally to have been before the Romans conquered them. The laft divifion is that of the Degeneres or Curs. The firft of thefe was the Wappe, a name derived * Gratii Cynegeticon. Liz. 175, t Strabo. Lib. iv. i 3 _ dy, A mn @ G@ Crass I, from its note: its only ufe was to alarm the fami- ly, by barking, if any perfon approached the houfe. Of this clafs was the Verfator, or turnfpit; and laftly the Sa/tater, or dancing dog; or fuch as was taught variety of tricks, and carried about by idle people as a thew. Thefe Degeneres were of no certain fhape, being mongrels or mixtures of all kinds of dogs. 3 We fhould now, according to our plan, after enumerating the feveral varieties of Britifh dogs, give its general natural hiftory; but fince Linneus has already performed it to our hand, we-fhall adopt his fenfe, tranflatine his very words (wher- ever we may) with literal exaétnefs. ““ The dog eats flefh, and farinaceous vege- “* tables, but not greens: its ftomach digefts bones: ‘it ufes the tops of grafs as a vomit. It voids “its excrements on a ftone: the album grecum 1s “‘ one of the greateft encouragers of putrefaction. “It laps up its drink with its tongue: it voids “its urine fideways, by lifting up one of its hind “legs; and is moft diuretic in the company of “a itrange dog. Odorat anum alierius: its {cent “is moft exquifite, when its nofe is moift: it treads “lichtly on its toes; fcarce ever fweats; but when “hot lolls out its tongue. It generally walks ‘* frequently round the place it intends to lye down on: its fenfe of hearing is very quick when afleep: “it dreams. Procis rixantibus crudelis: catult cum “ variis: mordet illa illos: coberet copula juntius: 1t Crass... EX OORXT “ it goes with young fixty-three days; and common- “ly brings from four to eight at a time: the male “« puppies refemble the dog, the female the bitch. “It isthe moft faithful of all animals: is very * docible: hates ftrange dogs: will {nap at a ftone “ thrown at it: will howl at certain mufical notes : all (except the §. American kind) will bark at “‘ ftrangers: dogs are rejected by the Mabo- “ metans.”” Vulpes. Razz fyn. quad.177_ Vulpes auctorum. Hafélquift Itin. 11 Morton’s Northampt. 444. TOW. Meyer’s an. i. Tab. 36. Canis vulpes. Lin. /y/?. 59. Canis fulvus, pilis cinereis Canis Alopex. C. caudareétaapice intermixtis. Briffon quad. nigro. vulpes campeftris. 267d. 173. Canis cauda recta apice albo, De Buffon. Tom, Vile 75. Faun. Suec. 7. Tab. 6. Vulpes vulgaris. Klein quad. 73. Ge/ner quad. 966. Br. Zool. 28. /yn. quad. N. 112. Brit. Liwynog, fem Llwynoges. Germ. Fuchs Frea. Le Renard Dut. Vos Ital. Volpe Swed. Rai¥ Span. Rapofa Dan. Rev Port. Rapoza HE fox is a crafty, lively, and libidinous ani- mal: it breeds only once in a year (except fome accident befals its firft litter;) and brings four or five young, which, like puppies, are born blind. Jt is a common received opinion, that this | oa animal ze . Fox, i Ps00 X. Crass do animal will produce with the dog kind ; which may be well founded ; fince it has been proved that the congenerous wolf will*. Mr. Brook, animal-mer- chant in Holborn, turned a wolf te a Pomeranian. bitch then in heat: the congrefs was immediate, with the circumf{tances ufual with the canine fpecies. The bitch brought ten whelps, one of which I afterwards faw at the Duke of Gordons in Scotland. It bore a great refemblance to the male parent, and had much of its nature: being flipped at a weak deer, it inftantly caught at the animal’s throat and killed it. The fox fleeps much in the day, but is in motion the whole night in fearch of prey. It will feed on fcfh of any kind, but its favourite food is lambs, rabbets, hares, poultry, and feathered came. It will, when urged by hunger, eat carrots and infects; and thofe that live near the fea-coafts, will, for want of other food, eat crabs, fhrimps, or * M. de Buffon afferts the contrary, and gives the following account of the experiment he had made. ex fis garder trois pendant deux on:, une femelle SF deux males :- on tenta inutilement de les faires accoupler avec des chiennes; quoiqu’ils n’euffent jamais wit de femelle de leur efpece, et qu’ils paruffent preffés du befoin de jouir, ils ne pirent sy determiner, ils refuferent toutes les chiennes, mais des qu’on leur prefenta leur femelle légitime, ils la couvrirent, guoigu enchainés, et elle produifit quatre petits, Hift. Naturelle, vii, 81, The fame experiments were tried with a bitch and a male fox, and with a dog and a female wolf, and as M. de Buffon fays with the fame ill fuccefs. Vol. v. z10, 212. but the faci juit cited, proves the poffibility paft conteft. thell Crass I. BK Q> ee fhell fifth. In France and Italy, it does incredible damage in the vineyards, by feeding on the grapes, of which it is very fond.. The fox is a great de- ftroyer of rats, and field mice; and like the cat, will play with them a confiderable time, before it puts them to death. When the fox has acquired a larger prey than it can devour at once, it never begins to feed till it has fecured the reft, which it does with great addrefs. it digs holes in different places, returns to the fpot where it had left the booty ; and (fuppofing a whole flock of poultry to have been its prey) will bring them one by one, and thruft them in with its nofe, and then conceal them by ramming the Joofe earth on them, till the calls of hunger incite him to pay them another vifit. Of all animals the fox has the moft fignificant eye, by which it exprefles every paffion of love, fear, hatred, &c. It is remarkably playful, but like all other favage creatures half reclamed, will on the left offence bite thofe it is moft familiar with. It is a great admirer of its bufhy tail, with which it frequently amufes and exercifes itfelf by running in circles to catch it: and in cold weather wraps it round its nofe. The fmell of this animal in general 1s very ftrong, but that of the urine is moft remarkably foetid. This feems fo offenfive even to itfelf, that ic will take the trouble of digging a hole in the ground, ftretching its body at fulllength over it, and there, after 73 ra me G X& Crass I. after depofiting its water, cover it over with’ the eatth, as the cat does its dung. The fmell is fo offenfive, that it has often proved the means of the - fox’s efcape from the dogs, who have fo ftrong an— averfion to the filthy effzvia, as to avoid encount- ering the animal it came from. It is faid that the fox makes ufe of its urine as an expedient to force the cleanly badger from its habitation: whether that is the means is rather doubtful; but that the fox makes ufe of the badger’s hole is certain: not through want of ability to form its own retreat; but to fave itfelf fome trouble: for after the expulfion of the firft inhabitant, the fox improves, as well as enlarges it confiderably, adding feveral chambers ; and providently making feveral entrances to fecure a retreat from every quarter. In warm weather it will quit its habitation for the fake of bafking in the fun, or toenjoy the frefh air; but then it rarely lies expofed, but chufes fome thick brake, and generally of gorfe, that it may reft fecure from furprize. Crows, magpies, and other birds, who confider the fox as their common enemy, will oft- en, by their notes of anger, point cut its retreat. This animal is common in all parts of Great Britain, and fo well known as not to require a de- {cription. ‘The fkin is furnifhed with a foft and warm fur, which in many parts of Europe is ufed to make muffs and line cloaths. Vaft numbers are taken in Le Vallais, and the Alpine parts of Swit- zerland, At Leufanne there are furriers who are 1h The WOLM-. P1.V. ee SK SSS = u Crass I. BC yO. in poffefiion of between two and three thoufand fkins, all taken in one winter. | There are three varieties of foxes found in the mountanous parts of theie iflands, which differ a little in form, but not in color, from each other. Thete are diftinguifhed in Wales, by as many differ- ent names. The Milei or gre-hound fox, is the lar- eft, talleft, and boldeft; and will attack a crown fheep or wether: the mafliff fox is lefs, but more ftrongly built: the Corgs, or cur fox, is the left, and lurks about hedges, out-houfes, Gec.. and is the imoft pernicious of the three to the feathered tribe. The firft of thefe varieties has a white tag or tip to the tail: the laft a black. ‘The number of thefe animals in general would foon become intolerable, if they were not profcribed, having a certain reward fet on their heads. ; In this place we fhould introduce the wolf, a congenerous animal, if we had nor fortunately a juft right to omit it in a hiftory of Britifp quadru- peds. It was, as appears by Holling fhed*, very noxious to the flocks in Scotland in 15773 nor was it entirely extirpated till about 1680, when the laft wolf fell by the hand of the famous Sir Ewin Ca- meron. ‘Ne may therefore with conjidence affert the non-exiftence of thofe animals, notwitliftanding 7. de Buffon maintains that the Englih pretend to the contrary +. | * Dife. Scot. 49. + Tom, Vi, WoL, “6 Fo X. Cinco Be It has been a received opinion, that the other — parts of thefe kingdoms were in early times deli- vered from this peft by the care of king Edgar. In England he attempted to effect it by commu- ting the punifhments for certain crimes into the ac- ceptance of a number of wolves tongues from each criminal: in Wales by converting the tax of gold and filver into an annual tribute of 300 wolves heads. Notwithftanding thefe his endeavours, and the affertions of fome authors, his {cheme pro- proved abortive. We find that fome centuries af- ter the reign of that Saxon monarch, thefe animals were again increafed to fuch a degree, as to become the object of royal attention; accordingly Edward the firft iffued out his mandate to Peter Corbet to fuperintend and affift in the deftru€tion of them in the feveral counties of Gloucefter, Worcefter, Hereford, Salop, and Stafford*: and in the adja- * Pro Petro Corbet, de Lupis Capiendis. Rex, omnibus Ballivis, Sc. Sciatis quod injunximus dileGo et fideli noftro Petro Corbet quod in omnibus foreffis et parcis et aliis locis intra comitatus noftros Gloucefter, Wygorn, Hereford, Salop, et Stafford, in guibus lupi poterunt inveniri lupos cum hominibus canibus et ingentis fuis capiat et deftruat modis omnibus quibus viderit expedire. Et ideo vobis mandamus quod eidem intendentes et auxiliantes eftis. Tefte rege apud Weim. 14 Maii A. D. 1281. Rymer, vol. i. pars 2. p. 1gz. By the grant of liberties from king John, to the inhabi- tants of Devonfbire, it appears that thefe animals were not then extirpated, evenin that fouthern country. vide Appen- dix No. cent Ge i EROtyx. cent county of Derby, as Camden, p: 902, informs us, certain perfons at Wormbill held their lands by the duty of hunting and taking the wolves that in- fefted the country, whence they were ftiled Wolve bunt. To look back into the Saxon times we find that in Athelftan’s reign wolves abounded fo in York- foire, thata retreat was built at P/xtox in that coun- ty, fo defend paffengers from the wolves, that they foould not be devoured by them : and fuch ravages did thofe animals make during winter, particularly _ in Fanuary when the cold was fevereft, that our Saxon anceftors diftinguifhed that month by the title wolf moneth*. They alfo called an outlaw Wolffbed, as being out of the protection of the law, profcribed, and as liable to be killed as that de- ftructive beaft. Et tunc gerunt caput lupinum, ita quod fine judicial: inquifitione rite pereant. Bratton lib. iti, Tr. 14... 11. alfo Knighton 2356. | They infefted Ireland many centuries after their extinction in England, for there. are accounts of fome being found there as late as the year 1710; the laft prefentment for killing of wolves being made in the county of Cork about that time +. _ The Bear, another voracious beaft, was once an inhabitant of this iland, as appears from differ- ent authorities: to begin with the more antient, Martial informs us, that the Caledonian bears were a Verftegan’s Antiq. 59. + Smith’s hift. Cork. UW. 226. ufed hy BEAR. 78 BZOOXA Crass I. ufed to heighten the torments of the — fuf- ferers on the crofs. Nuda Caledonio fic pe&tora prebuit urfo Non falfa pendens in cruce Laureolus *. And Plutarch relates, that Bears were tranfported from Britain to Rome, where they were much admi- red+. Mr. Lkvydt alfo difcovered in fome old Welfo MS. relating to hunting, that this animal was reckoned among our beafts of chace, and that its flefh was held in the fame efteem with that of the hare or boar. Many places in Wa/es ftill retain the name of Pennarth, or the bear’s head, another evidence of their exiftence in our country:. It does not appear how long they continued in that princi- pality ; but there is proof of their infefting Scotland fo late as the year 1057||, when a Gordon, in re- ward for his valor for killing a fierce bear, was di- rected by the King to carry three Bears’ heads on his banner. They are ftill found in the mounta- nous parts of France, particularly about the grande Chartreufe in Dauphine, where they make great havoke among the out-ricks of the poor farm- ers. Long after their extirpation out of this king- dom, thefe animals were imported for an end, that * Martial, Lib. Spe@. ep. 7. + Plutarch, as cited by Camden, p.1227. 4 Raii fyx. quad. 214. || Hitt. of the Gordons. I, 2. does Crass I. RPO O 1 e, does no credit to the manners of the times: bear- baiting in all its cruelty was a favorite paftime with our anceftors. We find itin queen Ei:zabeth’s days, exhibited (tempered with our merry difports) as an entertainment for an ambaflador, and again among the various amufements prepared for her majefty at the princely Kenelworth. Our nobility alfo kept their bear-ward: twenty fhillings was the annual reward of that officer from _ his lord the fifth earl of NonTHUMBERLAND, ‘ when ‘he comyth to my lorde in cri/fmas with his lord- ‘ fhippes beefts for makynge of his lordichip paf- © tyme the faid xu days *. It will not be foreign to the fubjec | here to add, that our monarchs in very early times kept up the fiate of amenagery of exotic animals. Henry 1. had his lions, leopards, lynxes, and porpentines (por- cupines) in his park at Woodftock +. .The empe- ror Frederick fent to Henry III. a prefent of three leopards in token of his royal fhield of arms, where- in three leopards were pictured {. The fame prince had alfo an elephant which (with its keeper) was maintained at the expence of the fheriffs of London for the time being ||. The other animals had their keeper, a man of fafhion, who was allowed fix- pence a day for himéelf and: fix-pence for each beaft. : * Northumberland Houfbold Book, f; Stow’s Lift London 1, 79. t Thid. \| Idem. 118, 79 Bo Vi. CAT. a2. WILD. WW I Ls CA TT. oa Six cutting teeth and two canine in each jaw. Five toes before; four behind. Sharp hooked claws, lodged in a fheath, that may be exerted at pleafure. Round head: fhort vifage: rough tongue. Felis pilis ex fufco flavicante, Morton Northampt. 443. et albido variegatis veitita, Ge/ner quad. 325. cauda annulis alternatim ni- Catus fylveftris ferus vel fe- gris et ex fordide albo flavi- ralis eques arborum, K/eia cantibus cincta. Briffon quad. quad. 75. 192. Br. Zool. 22. Syn. quad. De Buffon, Tom. vi. 20. Tab 1. No. 133. Brit. Cath goed Germ. Wilde katze, Boumritter Fren. Le Chat Sauvage Dan. Vild kat Span. Gato Montis HIS animal does not differ fpecifically from the tame cat; the latter being originally of the fame kind, but altered in color, and in fome other trifling accidents, as are common to animals reclamed from the woods and domefticated. The cat in its favage ftate is three or four times as large as the houfe-cat,; the head larger, and - the face flatter. The teeth and claws, tremen- dous: its mufcles very ftrong, as being formed for rapine: the tail is of a moderate length, but very Bea. Wt DCA. T. very thick, marked with alternate bars of black and white, the end always black: the hips and hind part of the lower joints of the leg, are always black: the fur is very foft and fine. The general color of thefe animals is of a yellowifh white, mixed with a deep grey: thefe colors, though they appear at firft fight confufedly blended together, yet on a clofe infpection will be found to be difpofed like the {treaks on the fkin of the tiger, pointing from the back downwards, rifing from a black lift that runs from the head along the middle of the back to the tail. This animal may be called the Briti/h tiger; it is the fierceft, and moft deftructive beaft we have; making dreadful havoke among our poultry, lambs, and kids. It inhabits the moft mountanous and. woody parts of thefe iflands, living moftly in trees, and feeding only by night. It multiplies as faft as our common cats; and often the females of the latter will quit their domeftic mates, and return home pregnant by the former. They are taken either in traps, or by fhooting : in the latter cafe it is very dangerous only to wound them, for they will attack the perfon who injured them, and have ftrength enough to be no defpi- cable enemy. Wild cats were formerly reckon- ed among the beafts of chace; as appears by the charter of Richard the fecond, to the abbot of Peterborough, giving him leave to hunt the hare, fox, and wild cat. The ufe of the fur was in lining Vor. I. G of Sr &z DomeEstec. Os Arie Crass Fy of robes; but it was efteemed not of the moft lux- urious kind; for it was ordained ‘ that no abbefs ‘or nun fhould ufe more coftly apparel than fuch ‘as is made of lambs or cats fkins*.? In much earlier times it was alfo the object of the fportf- man’s diverfion. Felemque minacem Arboris in trunco longis przefigere telis. Nemefiani Cynegeticon, Li. 55. Felis domefticafeucatus. Rati De Buffon, Tom. vi. 3. Tab. 2. Syn. quad. 170. Felis catus, Liz. /yft. 62. Charlton ex. 20. Felis cauda elongata, auribuy Meyer’s an. 1. Tab. 15. equalibus. Faun. Suec. g- Gefner quad. 317. Br. Zool. 21. Syn. quad. No. Briffon' quad. 191. 133: Brit. Cath, maf. Gwr cath Germ. Katz Fren. Le Chat Dut. Cyperfe Kat. Huyskat. féal. Gatto Saved, Katta Span. Gato Dan. = Kat. Port. Gato HIS animal is fo well known as to make a defcription of it unneceffary. It is an ufeful, but deceitful domeftic ; active, neat, fedate, intent on its prey. When pleafed purres and moves its tail: when angry fpits, hiffes, and ftrikes with its foot. When. walking, it draws in its claws: it * Archbp. William Corboyl’s canons, A. D. 1127. query by Mr. J, Row in Gent. Mag. 4ril 1774. drinks Crass I. CF. ALT drinks little: is fond of fifh: ic wafhes its face with its fore-foot, (Lianzus fays at the approach of a ftorm:) the female is remarkably falacious; a piteous, {qualling, jarring lover. Its eyes fhine in the night: its hair when rubbed in the dark e- mits fire: it is even proverbially tenacious of life: always lights. on its feet: is fond of perfumes; Marum, Cai-mint, valerian, &c*, Our anceftors feem to have had a high fenfe of the utility of this animal. That excellent Prince Hoel dda, or Howel the Good, did not think it beneath him (among his laws relating to the prices, &c. of animals +,) to include that of the cat; and to defcribe the qualities it ought to have. The price of a kitling before it could fee, was to be a penny; till it caught a moufe two-pence; when it commenced moufer four-pence. It was required befides, that it fhould be perfect in its fenfes of hearing and feeing, be a good mouler, have the claws whole, and be a good nurfe: but if it fail- ed in any of thefe qualities, the feller was to forfeit ‘to the buyer the third part of its value. If any one ftole or killed the cat that guarded the Prince’s eranary, he was to forfeit a milch ewe, its fleece and lamb; or as much wheat as when poured on the cat fufpended by its tail (the head touching the floor) would form a heap high enough to cover * Vide Lin. fyft. + Leges Wallica, p. 247, 248. G2 the 83 $4 CAV Da Crass I. the tip of the former *. This laft quotation is not only curious, as being an evidence of the fimplicity of ancient manners, but it almoft proves to a de- monftration that cats are not aborigines of thefe iflands; or known te the earlieft inhabitants. The large prices fet on them, (if we confider the high value of fpecies at that time +) and the great care taken of the improvement and breed of an ani- mal that multiplies fo fait, are almoft certain proofs of their being little known at that period. * Sir Ed. Coke in his Reports, mentions the fame kind of punifhment anciently for killing a fwan, by fufpending it by the bill, &c. Vide, Cafe des Swannes. + Howel dda died m the year 948, after a reign of thirty- three years over South Wales, and eight years over all Wakes. Six Crass I. BY At D) Gi EE: Re t. Six cutting teeth, two canine, in each jaw, Five toes before; five behind: very long ftrait claws on the forefeet. A tranfverfe orifice between the tail, and the anus. Badger, Brock, Gray, Pate, Taxus five Meles. Razz /yz. quad. 185. Meyer's an. i. Tab. 31. Sib. Scot. 11. Meles pilis ex fordidé albo et nigro variegatis veftita, ca- pite teniis alternatim albis et nigris variegato. Briffox quad, 183. Gefner quad. 686. Urfus meles. Urfus cauda concolore, corpore fupra ci- nereo, fubtus nigro, fafcia longitudinali per oculos au- refque nigra. Liz. /y/t. 70. Coati cauda brevi. Klein quad. hae ? ‘wy heya Meles unguibus anticis lon- gifimis. Faun. Suec. 20. De Buffon, Tom. viii. Tab. 7. Br. Zool. 30. Syn quad. No. Pp. 104. 142. Brit. Pryf Llwyd, Pryf pen- Germ. Tachs frith Dut. Varkens Das Fren. Le Taiffon, Le Blaireau Swed. Graf Suin Ital. Taffo Dan. Grevlin, Brok Spaz. ‘Texon Port. Texugo HOUGH the badger is a beaft of great ftreneth, and is furnifhed with ftrong teeth, as if formed for rapine, yet it is found to be an animal perfeétly inoffenfive: roots, fruits, grafs, infects, and frogs are its food: it is charged with deftroying lambs and rabbets; but, on enquiry, there feems to be no other reafon to think it a beaft of prey, than from the analogy there is between G 3 its 85 13. COMMON. 86 DESCRIP. BAD GE RS Ga its teeth and thofe of carnivorous animals. Nature _ denied the badger the fpeed and aétivity requifite to efcape its enemies, fo hath fupplied it with fuch weapons of offence that fcarce any creature would hazard the attacking it; few animals defend them- felves better, or bite harder: when purfued, they foon come to bay, and fight with great obftinacy. It is an indolent animal, and fleeps much, for which reafon it is always found very fat. It bur- rows under ground, like the fox; and forms feve- ral different apartments, though with only one en- trance, carrfying in its mouth grafs in order to form a bed for its young. It confines itfelf to its hole during the whole day, feeding only at night: it is fo cleanly an animal as never to obey the calls of nature in its apartments; but goes out for that purpofe: it breeds only once in a year, and brings four or five at a time. The ufual length of the badger, is two feet fix inches, exclufive of the tail, which is but fix inches long: the weight fifteen pounds. The eyes are ve- ry fmall: the ears fhort and rounded: the neck fhort: the whcle fhape of the body clumfy and thick ; which being covered with long coarfe hairs Jike briftles, makes it appear ftill more aukward. The mouth is furnifhed with fix cutting teeth and two canine teeth in each jaw; the lower has five grinders on each fide, the upper five; in all thirty four. The nofe, chin, lower fides of the cheeks, and the Crass I. Bom DG E.R. the middle of the forehead, are white: each ear and eye is inclofed in a pyramidal bed of black; the bafe of which inclofes the former; the point ex- tends beyond the eye to the nofe: the hairs on the body are of three colors; the bottoms of a dirty yel- lowifh white ; the middle black; the ends afh-co- lored, or grey ; from whence the proverb, As grey as a badger. The hairs which cover the tail are very long, and of the fame colors with thofe of the body: the throat and under parts of the body are black: the legs and feet of the fame color, are very fhort, ftrong and thick: each foot is divided into five toes; thofe on the fore feet are armed with long claws, well adapted for digging; in walking the badger treads on its heel, like the bear ; which brings the belly very near the ground. Immediately below the tail, between that and the anus, is a narrow tranfverfe orifice, which opens in a kind of pouch, from whence exudes a white fubftance of a very feetid fmell, this feems peculiar to the badger and the Hyena. | This animal is not mentioned by Ayiffotie, not that it was unknown to the ancients, for Pliny takes notice of it *, Naturalifts once diftinguifhed the badger by the name of the fwine-badger, and the dog-badger ; from the fuppofed refemblance of their heads to * Alia folertia in metu Me/ibus, fufflate cutis diitentu i€tus hominum et morfus canum arcent. Lié, viii. c. 38. G4 thofe 87 $$ BAD GE R$ Crag thofe animals, and fo divided them into two fpecies : _ but the moft accurate obfervers have been able to = difcover only one kind; that, whofe head and nole ~refemble thofe of the dog. The {kin of the badger, when drefled with the hair on, is ufed for. piftol furniture, The Highland- ers make their, pendent pouches of it. The hair is frequently ufed for making brufhes to foften the fhades in painting, which are called fweetening tools. Thefe animals are alfo hunted in the winter nights for the fake of their flefh; for the hind quarters may be made into hams, not inferior in goodnefs to the beft bacon. The fat is in great requeft for ointments and falves. In China it feems to be more common food than in Europe: for Mr. Bell * fays, he has feen about a dozen at one time in the markets at Pekin; and that the Chivefe are very fond of them. It does not appear that this animal is found in the hotter parts of Afia, but is confined tothe cold, or the temperate parts of the world. * Bell’s. Travels, I, 82, Six PL VE. Rass WwW? a daa FITCHET. MARTIN . AE Cxass I. ek dee Cm Hy Ee Fs Six cutting teeth, two canine, in each jaw. Sharp nofe, flender bodies. Five toes before, five behind. Putorius. Polecat or Fitchet. De Buffon, Tom. vii. 199. Tab. Raii fyn. quad. 199. 22 Meyer’s an. ii. Tab. 6. Muttela putorius, Lin. ff. 67. Charlton ex. 20. Mutftela foetida, Klein quad. 63. Gefner quad. 767. Muftela flavefcente nigricans, Muftela pilis in exortu ex ci- ore albo, collari flavefcente. nereo albidis, colore nigri- Faun. Suec. 16. cante terminatis, oris cir- Br, Zool. 37. Syn, quad. No, cumferentia alba. Briffox 152. quad. 180. Brit. Ffwibard Germ. IItis, ulk, Buntfing Fren. Le Putois Dut. _ Bonfing ftal. | Foetta, Puzolo Swed. Iller Span. Putoro Dan. Ider \HE leneth of this animal is about feventeen inches, exciufive of the tail; that of the tail fix. The fhape of this animal in particular, as well as of the whole genus, is long and flender; the nofe fharp-pointed, and the legs fhort: in fine, ad- mirably formed for infinuating itfelf into the fmall- eft holes and paffages, in fearch of prey: it is very nimble and active, runs very fatt, will creep up the fides of walls with great agility, and {pring with vaft force. In running, the belly feems to touch the ground: in preparing to jump, it arches its back, which affifts it greatly in that action. The Xx. WEESEL, eePiTrcser, DEscRIP. 90 MANNERS. Perr eCVwn eS Crass I. The ears are fhort, rounded and tipt with white: the circumference of the mouth, that is to fay, the ends of the lower and upper mandibles are white: the head, throat, breaft, legs and thighs, are whol- ly of a deep chocolate color, almoft black. The fides are covered with hatrs of two colors; the ends of which are of a blackifh hue, like the other parts ; the middle of a full tawny color: in others ci- nereous. The toes are long, and feparated to the very origin: the tail is covered with pretty long hair. The fitchet is very deftru€tive to young game of all kinds, and to poultry: they generally refide in woods, or thick brakes; burrowing under eround, forming a fhallow retreat, about two yards in length; which commonly ends, for its fe- curity, among the roots of fome large trees. It will fometimes lodge under hay-ricks, and in barns: in the winter it frequents houfes, and makes a common prattice of robbjng the dairy of the milk : it alfo makes great havoke in warrens. Tt will bring five or fix young at atime. War- -reners aflert, that the fitchet will mix with the ferret; and they are fometimes obliged to procure an inter- courfe between thefe animals, to improve the breed of the latter, which by long confinement will abate its favage nature, and become lefs eager after rab- bets, and confequently lefs ufeful. M. de Buffon cenies that it will admit the fitchet; yet gives the figure of a variety under the name of the Ferret * Polecat, Guea. PLITET COBY EMT Polecat *, which has much the appearance of being a fpurious offfpring. But to put the matter out of difpute, the following faét need only be related : The Rev. Mr. Lewis, Vicar of Llanfowel in Caer- marthenfbire, had a tame female ferret, which was permitted to go about the houfe: at length it ab- fented itfelf for feveral days; and on its return prov- ed with young : it produced nine, of a deep brown color, more refembling the fitchet than the ferret. What makes the matter more certain is, that Mr. Lewis had no male of this fpecies for it to couple with; neither was there any within three miles, and thofe clofely confined. . The ferret agrees with the fitchet in many re- fpects, particularly in its thirft after the blood of rabbets. It may be added, that the ferret comes originally from Africa +; and is only cultivated in Great Britain. Though the fmell of the fitchet, when alive, is rank and difagreeable, even to a proverb; yet the fkin is dreft with the hair on, and ufed as other furs for tippets, €c. and is alfo fent abroad to line cloaths, * La Furet Putois, Tom. vii. Tab. 25 + Kai yaras aypias ds in rvCin Gece, Strabo, Lib. iii. p. va, Edit. Cafauben. Martes, gt 92 35..MartTIN, RI4ANNERS, Descrip. MERAH R°Y¥ TTA IN: Crass I. “Martes, alias Foyna. The Martin caftaneo colore terminatis and Martlet. Raz Syn. quad. ~ veftita, gutture albo, 200. Brifjon quad. 178. - Meyer’s an, u. Tab. 4. ~ De Buffer, Tom. vil. 161, | Martin, or Martern. Charlton Tab. exer 720. Muttela Nee Lin. fyft. 67-2 The Mertrick. Martin’s We fs M. martes. Kein. quad. 64. bles, 36. M. fulvo-nigricans gula pal- Et Gefner quad. 764. lida Fann -stees Le) Muitela pilis in exortu albidis Br. Zool. 38. Syn. “quae | No.1g4: = ee Brit. _ Bela graig Germ. Haufs marder, ftein marder Fren. La Fouine Dut. Marter ftal. Foina, Fouina Swed. Mard Span. Marta, Gibellina Dan. Maar. HIS is the moft beautifull of the Britifh beatts of prey : its head is fmall, and elegantly form- ed: its eyes lively: and all its motions fhew great orace, as well as agility: when taken young, it is eafily tamed, is extremely playful, and in conftant ccod humour: nature will recur, if it gets loofe; for it will immediately take advantage of its liberty, and retire to its proper haunts. It makes great havoke among poultry, game, &c. and will eat mice, rats, and moles. With us it inhabits woods, and makes its lodge in the “hollows of trees; and brings from four to fix young at a time. ° The martin is about eighteen inches lone; the tail ten, or, if the meafurement be taken to the end of the hair at the point, twelve inches. | The segs nm ~ S. See —— S : 5: 3 | 6 fo) a fe Pt ten, om eee poser, aN Crass I. Mi A ARE WY re OW, 93 The ears are broad, rounded and open: the back, fides, and tail, are covered with a fine thick down, and with long hair intermixed: the bottom is afh-colored: the middle of a bright chefnut color: the tips black: the head brown, with fome flight caft of red: the legs and upper fides of ‘the feet are of a chocolate color: the palms, or un- der fides, are covered with thick down like that on the body: the feet are broad: the claws white, laree and fharp,; well adapted for climbing trees, which in this country are its conftant refidence. The throat and breaft are white: the belly of the fame color with the back, but rather paler: the hair on the tail is very long; efpecially at the end, where it appears much thicker than near the ori- gin of it: the hair in that part is alfo darker. But martins vary in their colors, inclining more or lefs to afh-color, according to their ages or the fea- fons they are taken in. The fkin and excrements of this animal have a FineSmect. fine mufky fcent; and are entirely free from that ranknefs which diftinguifhes the other fpecies of this genus: the fkin is a valuable fur; and much ufed for linings to the cowns of maeiftrates. Martes 94 16. Pine MartTIN. Fur. PINE MARTIN. ~ Greg Martes abietum. Raiz /yn. terminatis veftita, eutture — quad. 200: flavo. Briffon quad. 179. Meyer’s an. ii. Tab. 5. De Buffon, Tom. vii. 186: Martes fylveftris. Ge/zer quad. Tab. 22. 765. Br. Zool. 39. Syn. quad. Muftela pilis in exortu ex cine- No.-155. reo albidis caftaneo colore Brit. Bela goed Port: Frex. La Marte Germ; Feld-marder, wild- Ital. Marta, Martura, Mar- marder tora, Martorelle Dut. Marter Span. Marta Swed. HIS fpecies is found in Great Britain; but is much lefs common in £xgland than the for- mer: it is fometimes taken in the counties of Merioneth and Caernarvon, as 1 was informed by my late worthy friend Mr. W. Morris, where it is diftinguifhed from the other kind, by the name of bela goed, or wood martin, it being fuppofed entirely to inhabit the woods; the bela graig to dwell only among the rocks. Tho’ this is fo rare in thefe parts, yet in Scotland it is the only kind; where it inhabits the fir forefts, building its neft at the top of the trees*. It loves a cold climate, and is found in much greater numbers in the north of Ewrope, than in the other parts. North America abounds with thefe animals. Prodigious numbers of their fkins are annually imported * Vide Sibbald’s Hift. Scot. Part I. Lib, iii, p. 11. from P1.ViT = q DW? ba WEESEL. . ———— —= SSS SSE ALLL A | MC / -DA- | rifliths del ERMINE. LVF Crass. COMMON WEESEL. 95 from Hudfon’s bay and Canada. In one of the company’s fales * not fewer than 12,370 good fkins; and 2360 damaged ones were fold; and about the fame time, the French brought into the port of Rochelle from Canada, not lefs than 30,325. The principal differences between this and the former kind, confift in the fize, this being lefs: the breaft too is yellow; the color of the body much darker, and the fur in general greatly fuperior in finenefs, beauty, and value. The Weafel or Weefel. Muftela Muftela fupra rutila, infra al- 17. Com Moe. vulgaris: in Yorkfbire, the ba. Briffon quad. 173. Fitchet orFoumart. Rai fyx. De Buffon, Tom. vil. 235. quad. 195. Tab. 29. Girald. Cambrenf. 149. Gefuer quad. 753. The Whitred. Sib. Scot. 11, Muttela vulgaris. Klein quad. 625 Br. Zool. 39. Syn. quad. No. 150. Brit. Bronwen Germ. Wifel Fren. La Belette | Dut. Weezel ftal. Donnola, Ballottula, Benula Swed. Vefla Span. Comadreia Dap. eV | Port. Doninha HIS fpecies is the left of rhe weefel kind ; Descariv. the length of the head aiid body not exceed- ing fix, or at moft feven inches. The tail is only two inches and a half long, and ends in a point: the ears are large; and the lower parts of them a are -doubled in. * In 1743. Vide Dobbs’s account of Hudfin’s bay, 200. : The 96 Cotor. Prey. COMMON WEESEL. CurassI. The whole upper part of the body, the head, tail, legs, and feet are of a very pale tawny brown. The whole under fide of the body from the chin | to the tail is white; but beneath the corners of the mouth on each jaw is a fpot of brown. This, like the reft of the kind, is very de- {tructive to young birds, poultry, and young rab- bets; and befides isa great devourer of eges. It does not eat its prey onthe place; but after killing © it, by one bite near the head, carries it off to its young, or its retreat. The weefel alfo preys upon moles, as appears by their being fometimes caught in the mole-traps. It is a remarkably active ani- mal, and will run up the fides of walls with fuch facility, that fearce any place is fecure from it; and its body is fo fmall, that there is fcarce any hole but what is pervious to it. This fpecies is much more domeftic than the others; frequenting out- houfes, barns, and granaries; where, to make: as it were fome atonement for its depredations among our tame fowl, it foon clears its haunts from rats and mice, being infinitely more an enemy to them than the cat itfelf. It brings five or fix young at atime: its fkin and excrements are moft intole- rably foetid. This animal is confounded by Linzeus with the Stoat or Ermine. © He feems unacquainted with our weefel in its brown color; but defcribes it in the white ftate under the title of Svomus, or Mujftela nivalls. The MUSIMON. aS =r e= piez. SS MNS QQ Ge va Le Seve oo), — Js va SVrov2 Al. fee Crass I. Sf. BA OD Al: Tt nivalis *. Ihave met with it in that circumftance, in the ifle of Tay. Muftela candida, animal er- Fig. 2. Tab. 31. Fig. 1. mineum, Raz fyn quad. 198 Gefner quad. 753. Mort. Northampt. 442. Muftela erminea. M. plan- Meyer’s an. ii. Tab. 23, 24. tis fiflis, caude apice atro. Muftela hieme alba, zftate fu- Lin. fyft. 68. Faun. Suec. pra rutila infra alba, caude a apice nigro. Briffon quad. Pontop. Norway. Parti. p. 25. 476. | Br. Zool. 40. Syn. quad. No. De Buffon, vii. 240. Tab. 29. 15 ie Brit. Carlwm Germ. Hermelin, Klein. 63. Fren. L’Hermine, Le Rofe- Swed. Hermelin, Lekatt let Dut. Hermilyn Ttal. Armellino Dan. WHermelin, Lekat - Span. Armino, Armelina HE length of the ftoat to the origin of the tail, is ten inches: that of the tail is five inches and a half. The colors bear fo near a refemblance to thofe of the weefel, as to caufe them to be con- founded together by the generality of common obfervers ; the weefel being ufually miftaken for a {mall ftoat: but thefe animals have evident and invariable fpecific differences, by which they may be eafily known. Firft, by the fize; the weefel being ever lefs than the ftoat: fecondly, the tail of the latter is always tipt with black, is longer in * Similima Ermineo fed dimidio minor, cand@ apice pilo vix uno alterove aloo. Faun. Suec. No. 18, Syft, Nat. 69. Vor, I. H propor- 89 £8. :oTOAL, or ERMINE. DESCRIP, ERMINES. How rTa- KEN, of TA OO AF Te Crass TL proportion to the bulk of the animal, and more hairy ; whereas the tail of the weefel is fhorter, and of the fame color with the body: thirdly, the edges of the ears, and the ends of the toes in this - animal, are of a yellowifh white. It may be added, that the ftoat haunts woods, hedges and meadows; efpecially where there are brooks, whofe fides are covered with fmall bufhes; and fometimes (but lefs frequently than the weefel) inhabits barns, and other buildings. ° In the moft northern parts of Europe, thefe animals regularly change their color in winter ; and become totally white, except the end of the tail, which continues invariably black ; and in that ftate are called Ermines: 1 am informed that the fame is obferved in the highlands of Scotland. The fkins and tails are a very valuable article of com- merce in Norway, Lapland, Ruffia, and other cold countries; where they are found in prodigious numbers. They are alfo very common in Kamt- fcbatka and Siberia*. In Siberia they burrow in the fields, and are taken in traps baited with fiefh. In Norway + they are either fhot with blunt arrows, or taken in traps made of two flat ftones, one being propped up with a ftick, to which is faftned a baited ftring, which when the animals nibble, the ftone falls down and crufhes them to.death. The - Laplanders take them in the fame manner, only in- * Bell’s Travels, i. 199. + Hift. Nerway, i. 25. ftead Crass I. Se Pw Or Arve T; ftead of ftones make ufe of two logs of wood *. The ftoat is fometimes found white in Great- Britain, but not frequently: and then it is called a white weefel. That animal is alfo found whites but may be eafily diftincuifhed from the other in the ermine ftate, by the tail, which in he weefel is of a light tawny brown. With us the former is obferved to begin to change its color from brown to white in November, and to.begin to refume the brown the beginning of March. lus The natural hiftory of this creature is much the fame with that of the weefel, its food being birds, rabbets, mice, c. its agilitythe fame, and its {cent equally fetid: it is much more common in England than that animal. PA * Oeuvres de Mauperiuis, 4. 187+ HH 2 Six ot XI. OTTER. 9. OTTER. DEscRIP. O° TATOETRE » Coal Six cutting teeth, two canine, in each jaw. Five toes on each foot ; each toe palmated. Le Loutre, Beloz 26. pl. 27 De Buffon, Tom. vii. 134. ‘Tab. Lutra. The otter. Rai fyx. 12. XU ygaee quad. 187. Muftela lutra. Lin. fpft. 66. Grew’s Mu/. 16. Pontop. Norw. 2.27. _ Morton’s Northampt. 444. Lutra digitis omnibus aquali- S726. Scot. 10. bus. Faun. Suec. 12. Ge/ner quad. 687. Br. Zool. 32. Syn. quad. No. Lutra caftanei coloris. Bri/- 138. | Jou quad. 201. Brit. Dyfrei Germ. Otter, Fifch Otter Fren. Le Loutre Dut. Otter fal. Lodra, Ledria, Lontra. Swed. Utter Span. Nutria Dan. Odder Port. HE ufual length of this animal is three feet three inches, including the tail, which is fixteen inches long. The head and nofe are broad and flat, the neck fhort, and equal in thicknefs tothe head: the body long: the tatl broad at the bafe, tapers off toa point at the end, and is the whole way comprefi- ed horizontally. The eyes are very fmall, and placed nearer the nofe than is ufual in quadru- peds: the ears extremely fhort, and their orifice narrow: the opening of the mouth is fmall, the tes muicular, and capable of being brought very clofe Pet «| OAZTATS ETRE clofe together: the nofe and the corners of the mouth are furnifhed with very long whifkers; fo that the whole appearance of the otter is fome- thing terrible: it has thirty-fix teeth, fix cutting and two canine above and below; of the former the middiemoft are the left: it has befides five grinders on each fide in both jaws. The legs are very fhort, but remarkably ftrong, broad, and muf- cular; the joints articulated fo loofely, that the ani- mal is capable of turning them quite back, and bringing them ona line with the body, fo as to perform the office of fins. Each foot is furnifhed with five toes, connected by ftrong broad webs, like thofe of water fowl. Thus nature in every article has had attention to the way of life fhe had allotted to an animal, whofe food is ffh; and whofe haunts muft neceffarily be about waters. The color of the otter is entirely a deep brown, except two {mall {pots of white on each fide the nofe, and another underthe chin. The fkin of this animal is very valuable, if killed in the winter; and is greatly ufed in cold countries for lining cloaths: but in England it is only ufed for covers for piftol furniture. The beft furs of this kind come from the northern part of Europe, and Ame- yica. hole of N. America are larger than the European otters. The Indians make ule of their fkins for pouches, and ornament them with bits of horn. The fineft fort come from the colder parts of that continent: where they are alfo moft nume- H 3 ous, 93 Fu pe, 94 { MANNERS. OATATVEVR) Crass I. rous. Weftward of Carolina*, there are fome found of a white color inclining to yellow. The otter fwims and dives with great celerity, and is very deftructive to fifh: in-rivers it is always obferved to fwim againft the ftream, to meet ‘its prey. In very hard weather, when its natural fort q - 4 of food fails, it will kill lambs, fucking pigs, and — poultry. It is faid that two otters will in concert — hunt that ftrong and active fifh the falmon. One {tations itfelf above, the other below the place where the fh lies, and continue chafing it inceffantly till the falmon quite wearied becomes their prey. To fuppofe that they never prey in the fea isa miftake: for they have been often feen in it both fwimming and bring- ing their booty on fhore, which has been obferved in the Orkuies to have been cod, and congers. Its flefh is exceffively rank and fifhy. The Romifh church permits the ufe of it on maigre-days. In the kitchen of the Carthufian convent near Dijon, we faw one preparing for the dinner of the religious of that rigid order, who, by their rules, are prohibit- ed during their whole lives, the eating of flefh. It thews great fagacity in forming its habitation: it burrows under ground on the banks of fome ri- ver or lake; and always makes the entrance of its hole under water; works upwards to the furface of © the earth, and forms before it reaches the top, fe- yeral bolts, or lodges, that in cafe of high floods, * Lowfie's Bip, Card. 119. ig Crass I. (EO Ee Ey R. Qs it may have a retreat, for no animal affects lying _ drier, and there makes a minute orifice for the ad- miffion of air: it is further obferved, that this ani- mal, the more effectually to conceal its retreat, con- trives to make even this little air hole in the mid- dle of fome thick bufh. The otter brings four or five young at atime: as it frequents ponds near gentlemen’s houfes, there have been inftances of litters being found in cel- lars, finks, and other drains. It is obfervable that the male otters never make any noife when taken, but the pregnant females emit a moft fhrill fqueal. _ Sir Robert Sibbald, in his hiftory of Fife, p. 49, Sta Orrer. mentions a Sea Otter, which he fays differs from the common fort, in being larger, and having a rougher coat; but probably it does not differ fpecifically from the kind that frequents frefh waters. Did not Ariftotle place his Latax* among the animals which Hz otek. * Toasla de exw 6 Te HaABLEVOS HASUP, Kol TO TAELOY UaL TO calugiov, Ker eyudeic, non n nocdewevy cla. ext de To. wAmTUlegoy x D: oy S Eyuogl 05, ua odovlag EXEL LX UeaS EeIgoa Yae vuRTWP TOMAGHIG, TOE _ Teot Tov Wlaynov uecmious euleuyer 'To1s od8oIOY. Oanver De THs avbourre Li Evu0gls, uO Bn ADINTW, ws AEY¥CL, EX DIS ay oo# Lobo angan. ~ AES a TO OF TeX mum Exel n AdilaE guAngov, Kat TO El00S weTAEY TE THE Oauns Teixwuclos, uate ths snags, Ariftot. Hift. Anim. p., nog. A, 4a Sunt etiam in hoc genere (fc. animalium quadrupedum que vitium ex lacubus et fluviis petunt) fiber, fatherium, fatyrium, lutris, latax, que latior lutre eft, dentefque habet rvobuftos, quippe 96 BEAVER. % OW “EoBY Rx Crass I, feck their food among frefh waters, we fhould imagine we had here recovered this loft animal, which he mentions immediately after the otter, and defcribes as being broader. Though this muft re- main a doubt, we may with greater confidence fup- pofe the fea otter to be the Loup marin of Belon*, which from a hearfay account, he fays, is found on the Exgl/b coafts. He compares its form to that of a wolf, and fays, it feeds rather on fifh than fheep. That circumitance alone makes it probable, Sibbaid’s animal was intended, it being well known, the otter declines flefh when it can get fifh. Little {trefs ought to be laid on the name, or comparifon of it to a wolf; this variety being of a fize fo fu- perior to the common, and its hair fo much more fhagey, a common obferver might readily catch the idea of the more terrible beaft, and adapt his com- parifon to it. Beavers, which are alfo amphibious animals, were formerly found in Great Britain ; but the breed has been extirpated many ages ago: the lateft accounts we have of them, is in Giraldus Cambrenfis+, who travelled through Wajes in 1188: he gives a brief hiftory of their manners; and adds, that in his time guippe que nou plerumque aggrediens, virgulta proxima fuis dentibus, ut ferro precidat. Lutris etiam hominem mordet, nec defiftit (ut ferunt ) nifi fra@i offs crepitum fenferit, Latact pilus durus, Jpecie inter pilum vituli marini et cervi. * Belon de la Nature des Poifous, p. 28. pl. 29. + Girald. Camb. Itin. 178, 179- they ‘Crass I. O.eF 27 JE tR. they were found only in the river Teivi; two or three waters in that principality, {till bear the name of Liya yr afange *, or the beaver lake; which is a further proof, that thefe animals were found in dif- ferent parts of it: I have feen two of their fuppofed haunts; one in the ftream that runs thro’ Nan Frankon, the other in the river Conway a few miles above Lianrwft; and both places in all pro- bability had formerly been croffed by Beaver dams. But we imagine they muft have been very fcarce even in earlier times; by the laws of Hoel dda, the price of a beaver’s fkin (Croen Lloftlydan +) was fixed — at one hundred and twenty pence, a great fum in thofe days. . * Raii fyn. quad. 213. + Lhflydan, thatis, the broad tailed animal. Leges Wallice, 261. 97 XII. HARE. 290. Com- Lepus, Pliii, lib. viii. ¢. 55. The Hare. Raii fyz. quad. 204. White Hare. Mort. Northampt. MON. i GA Ak HE. Cust Dave dh Son-c mes Bh - With only two cutting teeth in each jaw. -Herbivorous, frugivorous. Two cutting teeth in each jaw. Long ears: fhort tail. Five toes before, four behind. 445- Sib. Scot. 11. Meyer’s an. ui. Tab. 32. Gefner quad. 605. Lepus caudatus ex cinereo ru- fus. Briffon quad. 94. Brit. Yfgyfarnog, Ceinach Fren. Le Lievre ftal. Lepre, Lievora Span. Liebre Port. Lebre De Buffon, Tom. vi. 246. Tab. 38. Lepus timidus. Liz. fy. 77. Lepus cauda abrupta pupil- lis atris. Faun. Suec. 35. Lepus vulgaris cinereus. Klein quad. 51. Br. Zool, 41. Syn. quad. No. 184. Germ. Has, Haas Dut. Haas Swed. WHare Dan. Hare O enter on a minute defcription of fo well i known an animal, would be to abufe the reader’s patience; yet to neglect pointing out the admirable contrivance of its feveral properties and parts, would be fruftrating the chief defign of this Crass I. PH wWA PR EE. this work : that of pointing out the Divine Wifdom in the animal world. Being a weak- and moft defencelefs creature, it is endued, ina very diftinguifhed degree, with that preferving paffion, fear: this makes it perpetually attentive to every alarm, and keeps it always lean. To enable it to receive the moft diftant notices of dangers, it is provided with very long ears, which (like the tubes made ufe of by the deaf) convey to it the remoteft founds. its eyes are very large and prominent, adapt- ed to receive the rays of light on all fides. To affitt it to efcape its purfuers by a fpeedy flicht, the hind legs are formed remarkably long, and furnifhed with {trong mufcles: their length give the hare fincular advantages over its enemies in afcending fteep places ; and fo fenfible is the animal of this, as always to make towards the rifing ground when ftarted. As it lies always upon the gtound, its feet are protected above and below with a thick and warm covering of hair. The various ftratagems and doubles it ufes, when hunted, are fo well known to every fportiman, as not to deferve mention ; except to awaken their at- tention to thofe faculties nature has endowed it with ; which ferve at the fame time to increafe their amufement, as well as to prevent the animal’s de- ftruction. It very rarely leaves its form or feat in the day; but \O © 2 257s, i100 CoLor. bs HHA AR YE. Crass I. but in the night takes a circuit in featch of food, always returning through the fame meufes, or pafies. The color approaches very near to that of the sround ; which fecures it more effectually from the fight of men, and of beafts and birds of prey. Pro- vidence has been fo careful in refpeét to the pre- fervation of the fpecies of animals, as to caufe in northern countries thefe as well as many others to change color, and become white at the begin- ning of winter, to render them lefs confpicuous amidft the fhow. Accidental inftances of white hares are met with in South Britain. Hares differ much in-fize. The fmalleft are in the ifle of Z/ay: the largeft in that of Men, where fome have been found to weigh twelve pounds. Its food is entirely vegetable ; and it does great injury to nurferies of young trees, by eating the bark off: it is particularly fond of pinks, parfley, and birch. The hare never pairs; but in the rutting feafon, which begins in February, the male purfues and dif covers the female, by the fagacity of its nofe. The female goes with young one month, brings ufually two young ata time; fometimes three, and very rarely four. Sir Thomas Brown, in his treatife on vulgar errors *, afferts the doctrine of fuperfetation : i. €. @ CONception upon conception, or an im- provement on the firft fruit before the fecond is ex- on ae Tw cluded ; Crass I. AGA RE: cluded; and he brings this animal as an inftance; afferting, from his own obfervation, that after the firft caft there remain fucceffive conceptions, and other younglings very immature, and far from the term of their exclufion; but as the hare breeds very frequently in the year, there is no neceffity of having recourfe to this accident * to account for their numbers. The antients were acquainted with this circumftance. Horace alludes to it in the fecond fatire of the fourth book. : Facundi \eporis fapiens fectabitur armos, fays the bon vivant, every man of tafte will prefer the wing of the fruitful hare. Pliny as a philofo- pher is more explicit, and affigning a moral rea- fon for the great encreafe of this animal gives the following elegant account of it. Lepus omui- um prede nafcens, folus preter Dafypodem /uper- fetat, aliud educans, aliud in utero pilis veftitum, aliud cmplume, aliud inchoatum gerens pariter. Hares are very fubjeét to fleas ; Linnzus tells us, that the Dalecarlians make a fort of cloth of the fur, called filt,; which, by attraéting thofe infects, pre- ferves the wearer from their troublefome attacks +. The hair of this creature forms a great article in the hat manufacture; and as this country cannot * For a farther account of this dogtrine, we refer the cu- tious reader to M. de Buffon’s works, vol. vi. p. 252, 279, &c. + Faun. Suec. 25. ATGE 102 243. ALPINE. ALPINE ARE. Coen fupply a fufficient number, vaft quantities are an- nually imported from Ruffia and Siberia. The hare was reckoned a great delicacy among — the Remans*; the Britains, on the contrary, thought it impious even to tafte it+; yet this animal was cultivated by them; either for the pleafure of the chace; or for the purpofes of fuperftition, as we are informed that Boadicia, immediately before her laft conflict with the Romans, let loofe a-hare fhe had concealed in her bofom, which taking what was deemed a fortunate courfe, animated her foldiers by the omen of an eafy victory over a timid enemy f. Lepus hieme albus Forfer hif. nat. Alpine Hare. Syz. quad. Volgez. Ph. Tr. LVII. 343. No. 184. HE Alpine hare inhabits the fummits of the highland mountains, never defcends into the vales, or mixes with the common ipecies which is frequent in the bottoms: it lives among the rocks * Inter aves turdus, fi quid me judice verum: Inter quadrupedes gloria prima Lepus. Martal. 13. gz. + Leporem et gallinam et anferem guftare fas non putant: hec tamen clunt, animé voluptatifque caufa. Czxfar. Com. lib. v. } Tata simeca Acywv atv ex Te nonme, &c. Aiphilini Epitome Dionif. 173. with SSSSso SES ——S= — " ALPENE HARE. W?2z. 9 RABBET. W°22. Gruassl) A LUPINE? HAR E. with Ptarmigans, natives of the loftieft fituations : does not run faft; and if purfued is apt to take fhelter beneath ftones or in clefts of rocks: is eafi- ly tamed, and is very fprightly and full of frolick : is fond of honey, and carraway comfits, and is obferved to eat its own dung before a ftorm. It is lefs than the common hare, weighing only 6 lb. 2. whereas the firft weighs from eight to twelve pounds. Its hair is foft and full; the predomi- nant color grey mixed with a little black and tawny. This is its fummer’s drefs. In winter it entirely changes to a fnowy white- nefs except the edges and tips of the ears which retain their blacknefs. The alteration of color be- gins in September, and firft appears about the neck andrump. In /pri/ it again refumes its grey coat. This is the cafe in Styria*, but in the polar tracts fuch as Greenland it never varies from white, the eternal color of the country. In the intermediate climates between temperate and frigid, fuch as Scotland and Scandinavia it regularly experiences: thefe viciffitudes of color. * Kramer Aufir. 410. Cuniculus 103 104 22. RABBET. PROLIFIC. RN BY BE 4 Crass I, Cuniculus. The Rabbet, or Lepus cuniculus. Lia (pfs Cony. Raii f/yn. quad. 205. gs Meyer's an. 1. Tab. 83. Lepus cauda breviflima pa- Gefner quad. 362. pillis rubris. Fauz. Suec. Lepus eaudatus, obfcure cinere- 26. us. Briffon quad. 95. Cuniculus terram fodiens; De Buffon Tom. vi. 303. ‘Tab. Klein quad. 52. 50, 52% Br. Zool. 43. Syn. quad. No. 186. Brit. Cwningen Ger. Koniglein, Kaninchin Fren, Le Lapin Dut. Konyn Ital. Coniglio _ Swed. Kanin Span. Conejo Dan. Kanine Port. Coelho T’ is well obferved by Pkwy, that nature ‘* hath ‘“fhewed great kindnefs, in caufing thofe things ©to be moft prolific, that are the moft harmlefs ‘ and the propereft for our food *.’ This excellent obfervation of his, cannot be better illuftrated than in fhewing the great fruit- fulnefs of this animal; as it far exceeds that proof, brought by the ingenious author of the ceconomy » of nature, in fupport of the fame quotation. The inftance he produces is the pigeon; whofe increafe, from one pair, may in four years amount to 14.760 +: but rabbets will breed feven times a * Benigna circa hoc natura, innocua et efculenta animalia fecunda generavit. Lib. vill. ¢, 55. + Vide Swede Effays, tranflated by Mr. Szilingfieer, Ed. Ay is iM year, Crass I. RF. 4 bE Ee kr year, and bring eight young ones each time: ona fuppofition this happens regularly, during four years, their numbers will amount to 1,274,840. By this account, we might juftly apprehend being overftocked with thefe animals, if they had not a large number of enemies which prevents the too great increafe: not only men, but hawks, and beafts of prey, make dreadful havoke among the fpecies. Notwith{tanding thefe different ene- mies, we are told by Phy, and Strabo, that they - once proved fo great a nuifance to the inhabitants of the Balearic iflands, that they were obliged to im- plore the affiftance of a military force from the Romans, in the time of Auguftus, in order to extir- pate them *. Their native country is Spain, where they were taken by means of ferrets, as we do at prefent, which animals were firft introduced there out of Africa +: they love a temperate and a warm climate, and are incapable of bearing great cold, fo that in Sweden { they are obliged to be kept in houfes. Our country abounds with them; their furs form a confiderable article in the hat manu- factures; and of late, fuch part of the fur as is unfit for that purpofe, has been found as good as feathers for ftuffing beds and bolfters. Numbers of the fkins are annually exported intoChina. The Enghjfb counties that are moft noted for thefe ani- * Phi. lib. viti. c. 55. Strabo, lib. iii. + Strabo, iil. 144. t Faun. Suec. 26. Vor, I. I mals Fv 105 ae RABE TT Gia mals are Lincolnfbire, Norfolk, and Cambridgefbire. Methold, in the laft county, is famous for the beft fort for the table: the foil there is fandy, and full of moffes and the Carex grafs. Rabbets fwarm in the ifles of Orkney, where their fkins form a confi- derable article of commerce. Excepting otters, brown rats, common mice, and fhrews, no other quadrupeds are found there. The rabbets’ of thofe ifles are in general grey, thofe which inhabit | the hills, grow hoary in winter. Formerly the filver-haired rabbets were in great efteem for lining of cloaths, and their fkins fold at three fhillings a piece *; but fince the introdudction of the more elegant furs, the price is fallen to fix- pence each. The Sunk Hand + inthe Humber was once famous for a moufe-coloured fpecies, now ex- tirpated by reafon of the Ey it did to the banks by burrowing. * Hartlib’s Legacy. + Ph. Trans. No. 361- ' Two Cast). SUOSUALFR IRVEOL, 107 Two cutting teeth in each jaw. p pee ae i IRREL. Four toes before; five behind. at Tufted ears. Long tail cloathed with long hair. Sciurus vulgaris. Raii /yn. quad. — palmis 4-daéylis plantis 23. Common. 214. 5-dactylis. Lin. fyft. 86. Meyer’s an. i. Tab. 97. Sciurus palmis folis faliens. Gefner quad. 845. Faun. Succ. +37. Sciurus rufus, quandoque otifeo Sc. vulgaris rubicundus. admixto. Briffox quad. 104. Klein quad, 53. : De Buffon, Tom. Vii.258.7ab.32. Br. Zool. 44. Syn. quad. Sciurus auriculis apice barbatis, No. 206. Brit. Gwiwair Germ. Eichorn, Eichmerm- Fren. L’Ecureuil lin Jtal. Scoiattolo, Schiarro, Schi- Dzwzt. Inkhoorn ) ratto Swed. Ikorn, grafkin Span. Harda, Hardilla, Efguilo Dan. Ekorn Port. Cuiuro HE fquirrel derives its name from the form N 4 ™ =. of its tail, ome a fhade, zea a tail, as ferv- ing this little animal for an umbrella. That part is long enough to cover the whole body, and is clothed with long hairs, difpofed on each fide ho- rizontally, which gives it a great breadth. Thefe ferve a double purpofe; when erected, they prove ‘a fecure protection from the injuries of heat or cold; when extended, they are very inftrumental in promoting thofe vaft leaps the fquirrel takes from tree to tree. On the authority of Klein and Linneus, 2 we Fos MANNERS. DESCRIP. §.QO;:Us! R IRvVE CLS Ga we may add a third application of the form of the - tail: thefe naturalifts tell us, that when the fquir- rel is difpofed to crofs a river, a piece of bark is the boat, the tail the fail. : This animal is remarkably neat, lively, active, and provident; never leaves its food to chance, but fecures in fome hollow tree a vaft magazine of nuts for winter provifion. In the fummer it feeds on the buds and young fhoots; and 1s particularly fond of thofe of the fir and pine, and alfo of the young cones. It makes its neft of the mofs or dry leaves, between the fork of two branches; and brings four or five young at atime. Squirrels are in heat early in the fpring, when it is very diverting to fee the female feigning an efcape from the purfuit of two or three males, to obferve the various proofs - they give of their agility, which is then exerted in full force. The color of the whole head, body, tail, and legs — of this animal, is a bright reddifh brown: the belly and breaft white: the ears are very beautifully or- namented with long tufts of hair, of a deeper color than thofe on the body: the eyes are large, black, and lively: the fore teeth, ftrong, fharp, and well adapted to its food: the legs are fhort and muf- cular: the toes long, and divided to their origin; the nails ftrong and fharp; in fhort, in all refpects fitted for climbing, or clinging to the fmalleft boughs: on the fore-feet it has only four toes, with — a claw Pees. ae OY a RR CEL. 109 a claw in the place of the thumb or interior toe: on the hind feet there are five toes. When it eats or dreffes itfelf, it fits erect, cover- ing the body with its tail, and making ule of the fore-legs as hands. It is obferved, that the gullet of this animal is very narrow, to prevent it from dif- _ gorging its food, in defcending of trees, or in down leaps. | : | We Two ATV DOR: ‘4 MOUSE. 24. Dor- MOUSE, DORMOU‘'SE. Crass & Two cutting teeth in each jaw. Four toes before; five behind. Naked ears. | Lone tail covered with hair. Mus avellanarum minor. The De Buffon, Tom. viii. 193. Tab. Dormoufe or Sleeper. Raii 26 JSjn. quad. 220. Mus avellanarius. Liz. /yf. 83. The Dormoufe. Edw. 266. Mus cauda longa pilofa cor- Gefner quad. 162. pore rufo gula albicante. Glis fupra rufus infra albi- Faun, Suec. 35. cans. Briffon quad. 115. . Br. Zool. 45. Sya. quad. No, 219. Brit. Pathew Span. Liron Fren. LeMufcardin, Croque- Germ. Rothe, Wald-maus noix, Rat-d’or Swed. Skog{mus Ital. _Mofcardino Dan. Kaffel-muus 8 teow animal agrees with the fquirrel in its food, refidence, and fome of its actions: on firft fight it bears a general refemblance to it; but on a clofer infpection, fuch a difference may be difcovered in its feveral parts, as vindicates M. Bri/- fon for forming a diftin® genus of the Dormice, ” or Ghres. Thefe want the fifth claw on the in- terior fide of their fore-feet; nor are their ears adorned with thofe elegant tufts of hair that diftin- euifh the fquirrel kind. Thefe diftinctions prevale in the other fpecies, fuch as the Lerot and Lozr. Dormice- ’ “gh. ai — >< s Curass I. D7O2 RIM) OAUR SE; TEL Dormice inhabit woods, or very thick hedges; Manners. forming their nefts in the hollow of fome low tree, or near the bottom of a clofe fhrub: as they want much of the fprightlinefs of the fquirrel, they ne- ver afpire to the tops of trees; or, like it, at- tempt to bound from fpray to fpray: like the fquir- rel they form little magazines of nuts, ce. for winter provifion; and take their food in the fame manner, and fame upright pofture. The con- fumption of their hoard during the rigor of the feafon is but fmali: for they fleep moft part of the time; retiring into their holes at the firft approach of winter, they roll themfelves up, and lie almoft torpid the ereateft part of that gloomy feafon. In that fpace, they fometimes experience a fhort revi- val, in a warm funny day; when they take a little food, ‘and then relapfe into their former ftate. The fize of the dormoufe is equal to that of a Descrre. moufe; but has a plumper appearance, and the nofe is more blunt; the eyes are large, black, and prominent ; the ears are broad, rounded, thin, and femi-tranfparent: the fore-feet are furnifhed with four toes; the hind-feet with five; but the interior toes of the hind-feet are deftitute of nails - the tail is about two inches and a half long, clofely covered on every fide with hair: the head, back, fides, belly, and tail, are of a tawny red co- lor; the throat white. : Thefe animals feldom appear far from their re- Nasr. treats, or in any open place; for which reafon they I4 feem 112 DORMOUSE. Cuaeoild: feem lefs common in Exgland than they really are. They make their nefts of grafs, mofs, and dead leaves; and bring ufually three or four young at a time, — Two Crass J. Bae, 413 Two cutting teeth in each jaw. XV. RAT. Four toes before, five behind. Very flender tail; naked, or very flightly haired. Mus domefticus major, feu Musrattus. Lin. fy. 83. 25. Brack. Rattus. Raii /yn. quad. 217. Mus cauda longa fubnuda cor- Meyer’s an. ii. Tab. 83. pore fufco cinerefcente. Gefner quad. 731. Faun. Suec. 33, Mus cauda longiffima obfcure Mus Rattus, mus ciftrinarius, cinereus, Briffon quad 118. Klin quad, 57. De Deis gia. vi. Dp. 278, | Br. Zool. 46. Syn. quads No. Tab. 36. 226. Brit. Liygoden fferngig Germ. Ratz Fren. Le Rat Dut. Rot Stal, Ratto, Sorcio Swed. Rotta Span. Raton, Rata Dan. Rotte Port. Rato © ; Manners, » awe rat is the moft pernicious of any of our {fmaller quadrupeds : our meat, corn, cloaths, _ paper, furniture, in fhort every conveni- ency of life is a prey to this deftructive creature: nor does it confine itfelf to thefe; but will make equal havoke among our poultry, rabbets, or young game. Unfortunately for us it is a domeftic animal, always refiding in houfes, barns, or egranaries ; anid nature has furnifhed it with fore-teeth of fuch ftreneth, as enable it to force its way through the hardeft wood, or oldeft morter. It makes a lodge, either for its day’s refidence, or for a neft for its young, 114 DescrIpP. Ra Bo Crass I. young, near a chimney; and improves the warmth of it, by forming there a magazine of wool, bits of cloth, hay or ftraw. It breeds frequently in the - year, and brings about fix or feven young at a time: this fpecies increafes fo faft, as to over-ftock their abode; which often forces. them, through defici- ency of food, to devour one another : this unnatural — difpofition happily prevents even the human race from becoming a prey to them: not but that there are inftances of their gnawing the extremities of infants in their fleep. The greateft enemy the rats have is the wees which makes infinitely more havoke among them than the cat; for the weefel is not only endowed with fuperior agility; but, from the form ofits body, can purfue them through all their retreats that are imper- vious to the former. The Norway rat has alfo creatly leffened their numbers, and in many places almoft extirpated them: this will apologize for a brief defcription of an animal once fo well known. Its length from the nofe to the origin of the tail, is feven inches: the tail is near eight inches long: the nofe is fharp-pointed, and furnifhed with long whifkers: the color of the head and whole upper part of the body is a deep iron-grey, bordering on black; the belly is of a dirty cinereous hue; the legs are of a dufky color, and almoft naked: the fore- feet want the thumb or interior toe, having only in its place aclaw: the hind-feet are furnifhed with five toes. Among Guass I. NORW-AY: RAT. 115 Among other officers, his Briti/b majefty has a Kino’s rar. rat-caicher, diftinguifhed by a particular drefs, fcar- let embroidered with yellow worfted, in which are fieures of mice deftroying wheat-fheaves, Mus fylveftris, Rat de bois. Mus norvegicus, Kisix quad, ~ Briffan quad. 20. ie 50s | Le Surmulot. De Buffon, Tom. Mus ex norvegia. Seb. Mus. vill. 206. Tab. 27. Daiae) UN. OA. 6 Lab. 02. Br, Zool. 47. Syn. quad. No.227. HIS is a very large fpecies; thicker, and of a ftronger make than the common rat: the length from the end of the nofe to the beginning of the tail, is nine inches; the length of the tail the fame; the ufual weight eleven ounces: the ears refemble thofe of the rat: the eyes large and black : the color of the head and whole upper part of the body is a light brown, mixed with tawny and afh-color: the end of the nofe, the throat and belly, are of adirty white, inclining to grey: the feet and legs almoft bare; and of a dirty pale flefh-co- lor: the beginning of the tail is of the fame color as the back; the reft of the tail is covered with mi- nute dufky fcales, mixed with a few hairs. This is the fpecies well known in this kingdom under the name of the Norway rat; but it is an animal quite unknown in Scandinavia, as we have been affured by feveral natives of the countries that CATCHER, 26. Brown. Descrip. _ His ft, NO RWAY RAT... ree | that form that traét: and Linnaeus * takes no notice of it in his laft fyftem. It is fit here to remark an error that gentleman has in fpeaking of the common rat, which he fays was firft brought from America into Europe by means of a fhip bound to Antwerp. The fac is, that both rat and moufe were unknown to the new world before it was difcovered by the Europeans, and the firft rats it ever knew, were introduced there by a fhip from Antwerp +. This animal never made its ap- pearance in England tili about forty years ago f, It has quite extirpated the common kind wherever it has taken its refidence; and it is to be feared that we fhall fcarce find any benefit by the change; the Norway rat having the fame difpofition, with greater abilities for doing mifchief, than the com- mon kind. This fpecies burrows like the water rat, in the banks of rivers, ponds and ditches; it takes the water very readily, and fwims and dives with ereat celerity: like the black fpecies, it preys on rab- bets, poultry, and all kind of game; and on erain and fruits. It increafes moft amazingly faft, pro- . ducing from fourteen to eighteen young at a time, Its bite is not only fevere, but dangerous; the wound being immediately attended with a great {welling, and is a long time in healing. Thefe rats * Lin, fyft. 83, $~ Ovalle’s Hift. of Chile in Churchill’s Voy. iii. 43, t This fpecies reached the neighborhood of Paris, akout feventeen years ago, are Crass I. NORWAY RAT. are fo bold, as fometimes to turn upon thofe who purfue them, and faften on the ftick or hand of fuch as offer to ftrike them. M. Briffon defcribes this fame animal twice under different names, p. 170 under the title of /e rat du bois; and again, p. 173 under that of /e rat de norvege. M. de Buffon ftiles it le Surmulot; as re- fembling the mulots, or field mice, in many re- - fpeéts; but exceeding them in bulk. I fufpect that this rat came in fhips originally from the Eaf Indies; a large brown fpecies being found there, called Bandicotes, which burrow under sround., Barbot* alfo mentions a {pecies inhabiting the fields in Guinea, and probably the fame with this. * Churchill’s Colls Voy. 204. 117 118 WATER RAT. 27. Water. Le Rat d’Eau, Belon 30. pl. MAnneRS. ii Mus” major aquaticus, feu Rattus aquaticus. Rai Jpn. quad. 217. Sorex aquaticus. Peo 5: Meyers an. U. Tab. 84. Mus cauda longa pilis fupra ex nigro et flavefcente “mixtis, infra cinereis vef- _titus. Briffon quad. 124. c¢ harlion Crass ft De Buffon, Tom. vii. 348. Tab. “he Mus amphibius. elongata pilofa plantis pal- matis. Lin fy. 82. ee a Mus. cauda Caftor caudalinearitereti. Faux. Suec. 25. Ed. 1. Mus amphi- bius 52. Ed. 2. Mus aquatilis. Klein quad. 57° Br. Zool. 48. Syz. quad. 23 228. Brit. Llygoden y dwfr Germ. Waffer maufe. W. Ratz Fren. Le Rat d’eau Dut. Water-rot ftal, Sorgo morgange Swed. Watn-ratta 5 pan. Dan. Vand-rotte Port. INN AUS, from the external appearance of this animal, has in one of his fyftems placed it in the fame genus with the beaver. The form of the head, the fhortnefs of the ears, and the thick- nefs of the fur and the places it haunts, vindicate in fome degree the opinion that naturalift was at that time of: but the form of the tail is fo different from that of the beaver, as to oblige him to reftore the water rat to the clafs in which he found it, fyftem of our illuftrious countryman Ray. | The-water-rat never frequents houfes; but is in the alwavs found on the banks of rivers, ditches and It feeds on ponds, where it burrows and breeds. {mall fith, or the fry of greater; on frogs, infects, | and Crass I. WATER RAT. and fometimes on roots: it has a fifhy tafte; and in fome countries is eaten; M. de Buffon inform- ing us that the peafants in France eat it on maigré days. | It fwims and dives admirably well, and con- tinues lone under water, though the toes are divid- ed like thofe of the common rat; not conneéted — by membranes, as Mr. Ray imagined; and as Lin- neus, and other writers, relate after him. — The male weighs about nine ounces; the length feven inches from the end of the nofe to the tail; the tail five inches: on each foot are five toes, the inner toe of the fore-foot is very fmall; the firft joint of the latter is very flexible, which mutt affift it greatly in fwimming, and forming its retreat. The head is large, the ears fmall, and fcarce appear through the hair: the nofe blunt, and the eyes lit- tle: the teeth large, ftrong, and yellow: the head and body are covered. with thick and pretty long hairs, chiefly black ; but mixed with fome of a red- difh hue: the belly is of an iron-grey: the tail is covered with fhort black hairs, the tip of it with white hairs. A female that we opened had fix young ones mi if. Maus 119 120 FIELD MOUSE. ‘Ctrassh 28. FrzELD. Mus domefticus medius. Mus fylvaticus, M. cauda longa Rait fyn. quad. 218. palmis tetradattylis, plantis Mus cauda longa fupra e __ pentadaétylis, corpore grifeo” fufco flavefcéns infra ex __ pilis nigris, abdomine albo. © albo cinerefcens. Briffon Lin. fyft. 84. quad; 123. Faun. Suec. 36. De Buffon, Tom. vii. 325, Brit. Zool. 49. Syn. quad: Nos Tab. 41. 230. Brit. Llygoden ganolig. Frez. Le Mulot Llygoden y maes — Dan. Voed Bw AHIS meafures from the nofe-end to the fetting on of the tail, four inches and half: the tail is four inches long: the eyes are black, large, and full: the ears prominent: the head and upper part of the body, is of a yellowifh brown, mixed with fome dufky hairs: the breaft is of an ochre color; the reft of the under fide is white: the tail is covered with fhort hair. Thefe animals are found only in fields and gardens: in fome places they are called bean-mice, from the havoke they make among beans when farft fown. They feed alfo on nuts, acorns, and corn, forming in their burrows vaft magazines of winter provifion. MANNERS, Szpe exiguus mus Sub terris pofuitque domos atque horrea fecit. Virgil Georg. I. 481. Often the little moufe Illudes our hopes; and fafely lodged below | Hath - Cuassl. HARVEST MOUSE. Hath formed his granaries, Doctor Derham takes notice of this wonder fagacity of theirs, in providing againft that feafon when they would find a defect of food abroad: but they provide alfo for other animals: the hog comes in for a fhare; and the great damage we fuftain in our fields, by their rooting up the ground, is chiefly owing to their fearch after the concealed hoards of the field mice. They generally make the neft for their young very near the furface, and often in a thick tuft of crafs; they bring from feven to ten at a time. Lefs long-tailed field moufe, Br. Zcol. IL. 4p. 498. Syn. quad. No. 231. HIS fpecies is very numerous in Hamp- feire, particularly during harvelt. , They form their neft above the ground, be- tween the ftraws of the ftanding corn, and fometimes in thiftles: it is of a round fhape, and compofed of the blades of corn. They bring about eight young at a time. Thefe never enter houfes: but are often carried in the fheaves of corn into ricks; and often a hun- dred of them have been found in a fingle rick, on pulling it down to be houfed, Vou. I. K Thofe 21 29. Hare VEST. E22 DescripP. 30. Mouse. Cc OMMON MOUSE. Cimsh 9 Thofe that are not thus carried away in the $ 4 x a fheaves, fhelter themfelves during winter under — sround, and burrow deep, forming a warm bed for themfelves of dead grafs. They are the fmalleft of the Brit quadru- oe peds: their length from nofe to tail is only two | inches and a half: their tail two inches: their weight one fixth of an ounce. They are more flender lefs prominent ; their ears naked, and ftanding out of the fur; their tail flightly covered with hair; their back of a fuller red than the larger fpe- cies; inclining to the color of a Dormoufe: the — than the other Jong-tailed Field Moufe; their eyes 3 ‘= belly white; a ftrait line along the fides dividing — the colors of the back and belly. Mus domefticus vulgaris feu Mus mufculus. M. cauda minor. Raii /yn. quad. 218. elongata, palmis tetra- Seb. Mufeum, i.Tab.111. f. 6. dactylis, plantis penta- its fkeleton. Tad. 31. dactylis. Lin. fpf. 33. Ge/ner quad. 714. Faun. Suec. 34. Mus cauda longiffima, obfcure Mus minor, Mufculus vul- cinereus, ventre fubalbef- garis. Klein quad. 57. cente. Briffon quad. 119. Br. Zool. 50. Syn. quad. De Buffon, Tom. vii. 309. No. 229. Tab. 39+ Brit. Liygoden Germ, Maus Fren. La Souris Dut. Muys: Iral. ‘Topo, forice Swed. Mus Span, Raton Dan. Muus Port. Ratinho HIS timid, cautious, active, little animal, is too well known to require-a defcription: it 1S * - Sé XI | | i _ We 0 MOU SE. TMM i WATER SHREW MOUSE. LV? 33 = ela RN) PATS qi Crass]. SHORT TAILED MOUSE. is entirely domeftic, being never found in fields; or, as M. Buffon obferves, in any countries unin- habited by mankind: it breeds very frequently in the year; and brings fix or feven young at a time. This fpecies is often found of a pure white, in which ftate it makes a moft beautifull appearance ; the fine full eye appearing to great advantage, amidft the fnowy color of the fur. The root of white hellebore and ftaves-acre, powdered and mixed with meal, is a certain poifon to them. 123 Mus agreftis capite grandi gi Mus agreftis. Faun. Suec. 30. 31. SHORT chiurus. Raii /yx. quad. 218. De Buffon, Tom. vil. eh Mus cauda brevi pilis e nigri- Tab. cante et fordide luteo mixtis Klein quad. 67 No. 50 in dorfo et faturate cinereis Br. Zool. 50. Syn. quad. No. in ventre veltitis. Briffon 223.0 quad. 125. i Brit. Llygoden gwtta’r maes Fren. Le petit Rat de Ital. Campagnoli champs, Le campagnol - - Dan. Skier-muus Abe length of this fpecies, from the nofe to the tail, is about fix inches; the tail only an inch and a half: the head is very large: the eyes prominent: the ears quite hid in the fur: the whole upper part of the body is of a ferrugi- nous color, mixed with black; the belly of a a? afh-color: the tail is covered with fhort hair, K 2 ending TAILED. DESCRIP, 124 MANNERS. SHORT TAILED MOUSE. Crass Tf. ending with a little bufh, about a quarter of an inch long. The legs, particularly the fore legs, very fhort. ‘ This animal makes its neft in moift meadows, and brings eight young at a time: it has a ftrong affection for them: one that was feduced into a wire-trap, by placing its brood in it, was fo intent on foftering them, that it appeared quite regardlefs of its captivity. The manners of this creature much refemble the 28th fpecies: lke it, this refides under ground, and lives on nuts, acorns, but particularly on corn: it differs from the former in the place of its abode: feldom infefting gardens. It has been obferved that in houfing a rick of corn, the dogs have devoured all the mice of this {pecies that they could catch, and rejected the com- , ,¢ s A; z 4 mon kind; and that the cats on the contrary would - touch none but the laft. Two Crass I. Two cutting teeth in each jaw ppinting forward. Long flender nofe; {mall ears. Five toes on each foot. Mus araneus. Shrew, Shrew ~Moufe, or Hardy Shrew. Raii fyn. quad. 239. Gefner quad. 747. Mus araneus fupra ex fufco ru- fus infra albicans. Briffon quad. 126. De Buffon, Tom. Tab. 10. Viil. 57° Brit. Llygoden goch, Chwitt- len, Llyg La Mufaraigne Toporango Murganho Fren. Stal. Span. Sy Bike Baw: 126 XVI. SHREW. Sorex araneus. S. cauda cor- 32. Ferip. pore longiore. Liz. /y/t. 7a Faun. Suec. 24. Mus araneus roftro producti- ore. Klein quad. 58. Br. Zool. 54. Syn. quad. No. 235). Port. Germ. Spitzmaufe, Ziffmufs, Muger Swed, Nabbmus Dan. Nebmuus, Muule- fkier HE length of this little animal, from the pgscpyp. end of the nofe to the origin of the tail is two inches and ahalf: that of the tail, near one inch and a half: the nofe is very long and flender; and the upper mandible is much longer than the lower, befet with long but fine whifkers: the ears are fhort, and rounded: the eyes are very fmall; and, like thofe of the mole, almoft concealed in the hair, The color of the head, and upper part K 3 of 326 33. WaTER. Fa ~ WATER SHREW. CrassI, | of the body, is of a brownifh dufky red: the belly of a dirty white: the tail is covered with fhort dufky hairs: the legs are very fhort: the hind legs — placed very far back: the feet are divided into five — toes. | | Above and below are two flender cutting teeth pointing forward, and on each a minute proces: the reft of the teeth are fo clofely united, as to appear a continued ferrated bone in every jaw; _ the whole number is twenty eight. The fhrew inhabits old walls, heaps of ftones, and holes in the earth: is frequently found near hayricks, dunghills, and neceflary houfes: is often obferved rooting like a fwine in ordure: it lives on corn, infects, and any filth: from its food or the places it frequents, has a difagreeable {mell: cats will kill but not eat it: brings four or five young at atime. In Avguft is an annual mortality of them, numbers being in that feafon found dead- in the paths. The antients believed them to be injurious to cattle, an error now detected. Musaraneus dorfonigroven- La Mufaraigned’Eau, dBufon. trequealbo. Merret Pinax. Vili. 64. 167. Water Shrew, Syn. quad. No. Sorex fodiens, Pallas ined. 256. OF | ‘HIS fpecies inhabits the banks of ditches, and other wet fituations, and is in fome places Crass I. WATER SHREW. places called the Bhud Mou/fe, from the fmallnefs of its eyes. The Germans call it Greber or digeer. J imagine it to be the fame that the inhabitants of Sutherland call the water mole, and thofe of Cathne/s, the Lavellan, which the laft imagine poifons their cattle; and is held by them in great abhorrence. It burrows in banks near the water: and accord- ing to MZ. de Buffon brings nine young. — It was known to Dr. Merre¢ above a century ago; but loft again till within thefe few years, when it was found to inhabit Lincolnfbire, and Lancafbire. Its length from nofe to tail is three inches and three quarters: the tail two inches: the nofe long and flender: ears minute: eyes very {mall and hid in the fur: the color of the head and upper part of the body black : the throat, breaft, and belly afh-color ; beneath the tail is a triangular dufky fpor. K 3 Long | 127 128 XVII. MOLE, MO L i. Crass I. Long flender nofe, upper the lower. No ears. i] jaw much longer than ' Fore-feet very broad, with fcarce any apparent legs before: hind-feet very fmall. 34. Evro- Talpa. The Mole, Mold-Warp, BE AON. or Want. Rai /yn. quad. 236. Meyer’s an. 1. Tab. 2. Talpa alba noftras. Seb. Mus. i. Ds Gd apiahes 32. Lota. Sib. Scot. 11. Gef/ner quad. 931. Talpa caudata nigricans pedi- bus anticis et pofticis penta- Brit. Gwadd, Twrch daear Fren. La ‘Taupe Ital. © 'Talpa. Span. ‘Topo Port. ‘Toupeira dattylis. Brifon guad. 203: De Buffon, vil. 81. Tab. 12. Talpa europzus. T’. cauda- ta, pedibus pentadactylis. Lin. fyft. 73. Faun Suec. 23. Talpa. Klein quad: 60. Br. Zool. 52. fyn. quad. No. 241.: Germ. Maulwerf Dut. Mol. — Swed. Mulvad, Surk Dan. Muldvarp HERE are many animals in which the Divine Wifdom may be more agreeably illuftrated ; yet the uniformity of its attention to every article of the creation, even the moft contemptible, by adapt- ing the parts to its deftined courfe of life, appears more evident in the mole than in any other animal. A fubterraneous abode being allotted to it, the feeming defects of feveral of its parts, vanith,; which, inftead of appearing maimed, or unfinifhed, exhibit Crass I. DP +-Oi SE, 4E, exhibit a moft ftriking proof of the fitnefs of their contrivance. The breadth, ftreneth, and fhortnefs of the fore- feet, which are inclined fideways, anfwer the ufe as well as form of hands; to fcoop out the earth, to form its habitation, or to purfue its prey. Had they been longer, the falling in of the earth would have prevented the quick repetition of its ftrokes in working, or have impeded its courfe: the oblique pofition of the fore-feet, has alfo this advantage, that it flings all the loofe foil behind the animal. The form of the body is not lefs admirably con- trived for its way of life: the fore part is thick and very mufcular, giving great ftreneth to the action of the fore-feet,; enabling it to dig its way with amazing force and rapidity, either to purfue its prey, or elude the fearch of the moft adtive enemy. The form of its hind parts, which are {mall and taper, enables it to pafs with great facility through the earth, that the fore-feet had flung behind; for had each part of the body been of equal thicknefs, its flight would have been impeded, and its fecurity © precarious. The fkin is moft exceffively compact, and fo tough as not to be cut but by a very fharp knife: the hair is very fhort, and clofe fet, and fofter than the fineft filk : the ufual color is black ; not but that there are inftances of thefe animals being fpotted*, and a * Edw, 268, creme 129 139 ST.:O he. -‘Cyage til creme colored breed is fometimes found in i lands — near Downing. ‘ The fmallnefs of the eyes (which gave occafion’ to the ancients to deny it the fenfe of fight*,) is to” this animal a peculiar happinefs: a fmall degree of vifion is fufficient for an animal ever deftined to live under ground: had thefe organs been larger, they would have been perpetually liable to injuries, — by the earth falling into them; but nature, to pre- vent that inconvenience, hath not only made them very f{mall, but alfo covered them very clofely with fur. Anatomifts mention (befides thefe) a third very wonderful contrivance for their fecurity ;_ and inform us that each eye is furnifhed witha certain mufcle, by which the animal has power of withdrawing or exerting them, according to its exi- gencies. To make amends for the pee of its fight, the mole is amply recompenfed, by the great per- fection of two other fenfes, thofe of hearing and of {melling: the firft gives it notice of the moft diftant approach of danger: the other, which is equally exquifite, dire¢ts it in the midft of darknefs to its food: the nofe alfo, being very long and flender, is well formed for thrufting into {mall holes; in fearch of the worms and infects that inhabit them, * Aut oculis capti fodere cubilia talpe. Virg. Georg. 1, Or fghtle/s moles have dug their chamber’d lodge, Thele —rass I. M O Db ee Theft gifts may with reafon be faid to compenfate the defect of fight, as they fupply in this animal all its wants, and all the purpofes of that fenfe, Thus amply fupplied as it is, with every neceflary accommodation of life; we muft avoid affenting _fo an obfervation of a moft refpectable writer, and only refer the reader to the note, where he may find the very words of that author; and compare them with thofe of our illuftrious countryman, Mr. Ray*. It is fuppofed that the verdant circles fo often feen in grafs grounds, called by country people fairy rings, are owing to the operations of thefe animals, who at certain feafons perform their bur- rowings by circumgyrations, which loofening the foil, gives the furface a greater fertility and ranknefs of erafs than the other parts within or without the ring. The mole breeds in the {pring, and brings four or five young at atime: it makesjits neft of mofs, and that always under the largeft hillock, a little below * La taupe fans étre aveugle, a les yeux fi petits fi cou- verts, qu’elle ne peut faire grand ufage du fens de la Vile: en dedommagement la nature tui a donné avec magnificence [” ufage du fix zeme fens, & Crass I. Um G EON. The barbarity of anatomifts furnifhes us with an amazing inftance of its patience ; one that was diffected alive, and whofe feet were nailed down to the table, endured that, and every ftroke of the operator’s knife, without even one groan *. * Clavis terebrari fibi pedes et difcindi vifcera patientiffimé ferebat ; omnes cultri idus fine gemitu plufquam Spartand nobili- fate concoguens. Borrich: in Blas; de Echino. 64. Diy. £35 XIX. SEAL. 36. GREAT. SE AL 1) Gussey Div. UL. PINNATED QUADRUPEDS, With fin-like feet : fore legs buried deep in ihe {kin: hind legs pointing quite backwards. Cutting teeth and two canine in each jaw. Five palmated toes on each foot. Body thick at the fhoulders, tapering towards the tail. | Sea calf, Ph. Yranf. ix. 74. Utfuk? Crantz Greenl. i. Tab Dae 125. Le grand Phoque, de Buffon, Great feal, Syz. guad. No. Xill. 345. 266. SPECIES not very uncommon on the coaft of Scotland, particularly about the rock Hifkyr, one of the weltern ifles, which grows to the length of twelve feet. A young one of this fpecies was fome years ago fhewen in London: notwithftanding it was fo young as to have fcarce any teeth, yet it was feven feet and a half long. In my voyage among the Hebrides I frequently heard oe as . we SEALS Crass I. SL EA ATS heard of this fpecies, but did not meet with it. Mr. Thompfon, our matter, fhot one; but it funk, and we loft it. Le Veau marin, ou loup de Kafligiak. Crantz’s hif. Greenl, Mer. Below 25. Pl. 26. pee ea Seal, Seoile, or Sea-calf. Le Phoque, a Buffon, xii. 333. Phoca, feu vitulus mari- Horr. Icel. 88. nus. Raii fyn. quad. 189. ‘Pontop.. Norw. ii. 125. Sea-calf. PAzl. Lranf. No. Briffon quad. 162. 469. Gab. 1. “Abridg. Phoca vitulina. Lin. fy. 56. xlvil. | | Phoca. Klein quad. 93. Smith's Kerry, 84, 364. Phoca dentibus caninis teétis, Borlafe’s Cornw. 284. Faun. Suec. 4. Worm. mufe. 289. Br. Zool. 34. Syn. quad. No. 265. Brit. Moelrhon Germ. .Meer wolff, Meer hund Fren. Le YVeau marin e« Dut. Zee hond Stal. Vechio marino Swed. Sial Span. Lobo marino Dae. Sel hund HE common length of thofe taken on the Britifh coafts, is from five to fix feet. The fubject that we took our defcription from, was a youne one; fo allowance muft be made for the proportions of the meafurements of thofe that have attained their full fize. Its length, from the end of the nofe to the end of the hind feet, was two feet nine inches; to the end of the tail, two feet three inches: the head was feven inches long: the tail two and a half: the fore legs were deeply im- merfed in the fkin of the body ; what appeared out, _was only eight inches long: the breadth of the fore = Vou. t, L feet, 37 Common. DEscripP, 138 §; Bn An ke Crass I. feet, when extended, was three inches and a half: the hind legs were placed in fuch a manner, as to point directly backwards; and were ten inches Jong: each hind foot, when extended, was nine inches and a half broad: every foot was divided into five toes; and each of thofe connected by a ftrong and broad web, covered on both fides with fhort hair. | The toes were furnifhed with ftrong claws, well adapted to affift the animal in climbing the rocks it baiked on: the claws on the hind feet were about an inch long, flender, and ftrait; except at the ends, which were a little incurvated. The circumference of the body in the thickeft part, which was near the fhoulders, was one foot ten inches; but near the hind lees, where it was narroweft, it meafured only twelve inches. The head and nofe were broad and flat, like thofe of the otter; the neck fhort and thick; the eyes large and black; it had no external ears, but in lieu of them, two fmall orifices: the noftrils were oblong: on each fide the nofe were feveral long {tiff hairs; and above each eye, were a few of the fame kind. Toncue. The form of the tongue of this animal is fo fin- cular, that were other notes wanting, that alone would diitinguifh it from all other quadrupeds; being forked, or flit at the end. The cutting teeth are fingular in refpect to their number, being fix in the upper jaw, and only four in Crass I. SiH. A oD in the lower. Jt has two canine teeth above and below, and on each fide of the jaws five erinders ; the total thirty-four. The whole animal was covered with fhort hair, very clofely fet together: the color of that on the head and féet was dufky: on the body dufky, {potted irregularly with white: on the back the dufky color predominated; on the belly white: but feals vary greatly in their. marks and colors, and fome have been found* entirely white. One that was taken near Chefter, in May 1766, had on its firft capture, the body naked like the fkin of a por- pefe; and only the head and a fmall fpot beneath each fore leg, hairy: it was kept alive fome time; but before it died, hair began to grow over the whole body +. The feal is common on moft of the rocky fhores of Great Britain and Ireland, efpecially on the nor- thern coafts: in Wales it frequents the coafts of | Caernarvonfhire, and Anglefey. It preys entirely on fifh, and never molefts the fea fowl: for I have feen numbers of each floating on the waves, as if in company. Seals eat their prey beneath the water; and in cafe they are devouring any very oily fifh, the place is known by a certain fmoothnefs *In the Afbmolean Mufeum at Oxford, isa good picture of two white feals. | + Vide The figure publifhed in the additional plates of the folio edition of this work, L 2 , of 139 140 MANNERS. Ss] Fn A Crass I. of the waves immediately above. The power of oil in ftilling the waves excited by a ftorm, is mentioned by Pliny: the moderns have made the experiment with fuccefs*; and by that made one~ advance towards eradicating the vulgar prejudices — againft that great and elegant writer. . We muft acknowlege the obligations we were — under to the Rev. Mr. Farrington of Dinas, : tot © ” a Caernarvonfbire, for feveral learned commuhicati- | ons; but in particular for the natural hiftory of this animal, which we fhall give the public in his own words. ‘ The feals are natives of our coafts; and are ‘found moft frequently between Liz in Caernar- } ©‘ vonfbire, and the northern parts of Anglefey: they ‘are feen often towards Carrig y moelrbon, to the ‘ welt of Bard/ey, or Ynys Enlli, and the Skerries, ‘commonly called in the Britifh language Yynys y © moelrbqniad, or feal ifland. The Latin name of this amphibious animal is Phoca+: the vulgar name is fea calf; and on that account, the male is called the bull, and the female the cow; but the ‘Celtic appelative is Moelrbon, from the word — ‘ Moel, bald, or without ears, and Rhon, afpear or ¢ lance. 8 . 4 * Phil. Tranf: 1774. P» 445- + Dottor Charleton derives the word Qwxyn ex Bann, boat quem edit: «ide Exercitationes. de dif. An. pife. Pp. 48. But I do not find any authority for his opinion, + « They Crass 1s Sia te Ars ‘ They are excellent fwimmers, and ready di- € vers, and are very bold when in the dea, fwim- € ming carelefsly enough about boats: their dens or © lodgements are in hollow rocks, or caverns, near ©the fea; but out of the reach of the tide: in * the fummer they will come out of the water, to € bafk or fleep in the fun, on the top of large ftones, ‘or fhivers of rocks; and that is the opportunity © our countrymen take of fhooting them: if they ‘chance to efcape, they haften towards their pro- * per element, flinging {tones and dirt behind them, * as they fcramble along; at the fame time expref- ‘fing their fears by piteous moans; but if they ‘ happen to be overtaken, they will make a vigo- *rous defence with their feet and teeth, till they ‘are killed. They are taken for the fake of their ‘fkins, and for the oil their fat yields: the former ‘fell for four fhillings, or four and fix-pence a ‘piece; which, when dreffed, are very ufcful in * covering trunks, making waiftcoats, fhot pouch- ‘es, and feveral other conveniencies.’ The flefh of thefe animals, and even of porpefes, formerly found a place at the tables of the creat; as appears from the bill of fare of that vaft fea{t that archbifhop Nevill gave in the reign of Edward the fourth, in which is feen, that feveral were provided on the occafion*. They couple about prz/, on Targe rocks, or: fmall iflands, not remote from the * Leland’s Colleétanea, Jig {hore ; 141 142 - SL EAA E38 3% Crass I, fhore; and bring forth in thofe vaft caverns that are frequent on our coafts; they commonly bring two at a time, which in their infant ftate are 5 ~ covered with a whitifh down, or woolly fubftance. — The feal-hunters in Cathne/s have affured me that — their growth is fo fudden, that in nine tides from - their birth (fifty-four hours) they will become as active as their parents. ; Ee On the coaft of that county are immenfe caverns — opening into the fea, and running fome: hundreds of yards beneath the land. Thefe are the refort of feals in the breeding time, where they continue till their young are old enough to go to fea, which is in about fix or feven weeks. The firft of thefe caves is near the Ord, the laft near Thrumfter: their entrance fo narrow, as only to admit a boat ; their infide very fpatious and lofty. In the month of Ogober, or the beginning of November, the feal- hunters enter the mouths of the caverns about mid- night, and rowing up as far as they can, they land : each of them being provided with a bludgeon, and properly ftationed, light their torches, and make a ereat noife, which brings down the feals from the farther end in a confufed body with fear- . full fhrieks and cries: at firft the men are obliged to give way for fear of being over-born; but when the firft crowd is paft, they kill as many as ftraggle behind, chiefly the young, by ftriking them on the nofe; a very flight blow on that part difpatches them. When the work is over, they drag the feals ta | : Crass I. oo Ea £5 to the boat, which two men are left to guard. “This is a moft hazardous employ; for fhould their torches go out, or the wind blow hard from fea during their continuance in the cave, their lives are loft. The young feals of fix weeks age, yield more oil than their emaciated dams: above eight gallons have been got from a fingle whelp, which fells from fix-pence to nine-pence per sees: ; the fkins from fix-pence to twelve-pence. ‘The natural hiftory of this animal may be further elucidated, by the following extraéts from a letter of the Rev. Dr. William Borlafe, dated Ofober the 24th, 1763. * The feals are feen in the greateft plenty on the ¢ fhores of Cornwall, in the months of May, Yune, “and July. ‘ They are of different fizes; fome as large as a “cow, and from that downwards to a {mall calf. © They feed on moft forts of fifh which they can ‘mafter, and are feen fearching for their prey near ‘fhore, where the whiftling fifh, wraws, and ‘ polacks refort, ‘ They are very fwift in their proper depth of “water, dive like a fhot, and in a trice rife at fifty ‘ yards diftance ; fo that weaker fithes cannot avoid ‘their tyranny, except in fhallow water. A per- * fon of the parifh of Sennan, faw not long fince a *feal in purfuit of a mullet (that ftrone and fwift ¢ fifh) : the feal turned it to and fro’ in deep water, * as a gre-hound does a hare: the mullet at lait gig Oe * found 143 144. 5S) Ex Av In “Geasey : nae it had no way to efcape, but by running © into fhoal water: the feal purfued ; and the for- * mer, to get more furely out of danger, threw it- felf on its fide, by which means it darted into fhoaler water than it could have fwam in with the — depth of its paunch and fins, and fo efcaped. | na Lad a ‘The feal brings her young about the begin- id ning of autumn; our fifhermen have feen two fucking their dam at the fame time, as. fhe ftood in the fea in a perpendicular pofition. ‘Their head in fwimming is always above tn) e i) water, more fo than that of a dog. ‘ They fleep on rocks furrounded by the fea, or ‘on the lefs acceffible parts of our cliffs, left dry by the ebb of the tide; and if difturbed by any thing, take care to tumble over the rocks into a tat ‘the fea. They are extremely watchful, and ne- ‘ver fleep long without moving; feldom longer . than a minute; then raife their heads, and if they ‘hear or fee nothing more than ordinary, lie down again, and fo on, raifing their heads a little, and o ‘reclining them alternately, in about a minute’s ‘time. Nature feems to have given them this o precaution, as being unprovided with auricles, or external ears; and confequently not hearing ~ o very quick, nor from any great diftance.’ | In Sir R. Sibbald’s hiftory of Scotland, we find © an account of another fpecies of the feal kind, which is copied from Boethius. The animal he. mentions is the fea-horie, Walrus or Morfe: as this vatt Grass. I, Sky) A Tae vaft creature is found in the Norwegian feas, we think it not improbable but that it may have ap- peared on the Scottifh coafts,; but having no better authority for it, than what is above-mentioned, we dare not give ita place in a Brita Zoology. The teeth of that animal are as white and hard as ivory ; but whether the ercodyrma bdna, ivory bits, which Strabo * mentions among the articles of the Britifh commerce, were made of them, or the tooth of the Narbwal, or of fome of the toothed whales, is not at this time eafy to be determined. But we may here remark that Solimus, in his account of Britain, informs us that the fine gentlemen of our ifland adorned the hilts of their fwords with the teeth of fea beafts, which were as white as ivory itfelf +. * Straho, Lib. iV. 200,’ + Polpbift. C. Xxxv, 145 146 XX. BAT. 38. GREAT. S ASF, Crass I. D2 ven AV. | WINGED QUADER UP EI With long extended toes to the fore-feet, con- nected by thin membranes, extending to the hind-legs. : La nottule de Buffon VII. Tad. xviii. p. 128. Syn. quad. No. 287. S a fpecies lefs common in Great-Britain than the {maller. It ranges high in the air for food, and retires early in the fummer. Is the largeft we have: its extent of wing is fifteen inches: its length to the rump two inches eight tenths: of the tail one inch feven tenths. The nofe is flightly bilobated: ears fmall and — rounded: on the chin a minute verruca. Hair on the body a reddifh afh-color. They collect under eaves of buildings in vaft numbers. The Rev. Doctor Buckworth informed me that under thofe of Queen’s College, Cambridge, he faw taken in one night, one hundred and eighty- — five; the fecond night fixty-three ; the third, two. La xt | A re 4O LONG EARED BAT... = ~—%, ase GREAT BAT. LW? 3S itt ACR CUCU ac Sty == SS sae PNY iy PI. XIV. HORSE - SHOE BAT, 4 GO et Poe a . ai ¥ a 3 es CrassI. LONG FARED BA T. Ta Chauve-fouris a fer acheval. Horfe-fhoe Bat. Syz. quad. De Buffon VAI. 131. Jab. - No. 186. XVI. XX. HIS fpecies was difcovered by Mr. Latham Surgeon at Dartford, Kent, who was fo oblig- ing as to communicate itto me. They are found in greateft numbers in the falt-petre houfes belong- ing to the powder mills ; and frequent them during the evening for the fake of the gnats which {warm there. They have been alfo found during winter in atorpid ftate clinging to the roof. They often feed on Chafers, but only eat the body. The length from the nofe to the tip of the ial is three inches and a half: the extent fourteen. At the end of the nofe is an upright membrane in _ form of a horfe-fhoe. Lars large, broad at their bafe, inclining backwards; but want the little or in- ternal ear. The color of the upper part of the body is deep cinereous ; of the lower whitifh. Edw. av. 201. f. 3. Vefpertilio auritus. Lin. /y/. Ab: me Tabsigr . 476 Ia petite chauve fouris de YV. auritus, nafo oreque fim- notre pays. Brifon quad. _ plici, auriculis duplicatis, 160. capite majoribus. Faun. L’oreillar. De Buffon, Tom. Suec. 3. vi 118. 127. Tab. 17. Br. Zool. 56. Syn. quad. No. Pe Bc ZQ2Z. HIS fpecies is the left of the Britifh bats: the length being only an inch and three quarters ; and the extent of the fore-lees feven inches. | The 147 39. Horss-~ SHOE. 40. Ligne EAR E 148 COMMON BAT.» cate The principal diftin@ion between this and the — common kind, is the ears; which in this are above — an inch long, very thin, and almoft tranfparent: © within each of thefe is a lefler ear, or at leaft a membrane refembling one; which, as Mr, Edwards obferves, may poffibly ferve as a valve to clofe the larger, in the fleeping ftate -of this a- nimal. 41.CoMMON. Vefpertilio. Bat, Flitter, or lis. Briffan quad. 158. Flutter Moufe. Raiz fyn. La chauve iouris. De Buffon, ‘Tab: 36: quad. 243. Short-eared Exgh/h Bat. Edw. av. 201. f. z. Tom. Vili, 113. Vefpertilio murinus. Lin. /yft. = ye V. caudatus nafo oreque fim- Seb. Mus. 1. The Rear Moufe. Charlion plici. Faun. Suec. 2. ex. 80. V. major. Klein quad. 61. Meyer’s an 1. 'Tab. 3. Vefpertilio. Phnii Lib. x, Ge/ner av. 766. 6. 61. | Vefpertilio murinicoloris, pe- Br. Zool. 55. Syn. quad. No, dibus omnibus pentadacty- 291. Brit. Ytlum Port. Morcego Fren. La Chauve fouris ‘Germ. Speckmaus, Fleder- ftal, Nottola, Notula, Spor- maus teglione, Vifpriftrel- Dut. |Viedermuys lo, Vilpiftrello Swed. Laderlap, Fladermus — Span. Murcielago, Morcie- Daz. Flagermuus, Aften- galo bakke HIS fingular animal was placed by Péuy, Gefner, Aldrovandus, and fome other natu- ralifts, among the birds: they did not confider, that it wanted every character of that order of animals, except the power of flying: if the irre- gular, Crass I. COMMON BAT. cular, uncertain, and jerking motion * of the bat in the air, can merit the name of flight. No birds whatfoever are furnifhed with teeth, or bring forth their young alive, and fuckle them: were other notes wanting, thefe would be fufficient to determine that the bat is a quadruped. The fpecies now defcribed, is the moft common: the ufual length of it is about two inches and a half: the extent of the fore-legs nine inches. The members: that are ufually called the wings, are nothing more than the four interior toes of the fore-feet, produced to a great leneth, and connected by a thin membrane; which extends alfo to the hind legs ; and from them to the tail: the firft toe is quite loofe, and ferves as a heel, when the bat walks; or as a hook, when it would adhere to any thing. The hind-feet are difengaged from the membrane, and divided into five toes, fur- nifhed with pretty ftrong claws. The membranes are of a dufky color: the body is covered with fhort fur, of a moufe-color, tinged with red. The eyes are very fmall: the ears like thofe of the moufe. This fpecies of bat is very common in England: it makes its firft appearance early in the fummer, and begins its flight in the dufk of the evening: it principally frequents the fides of woods, glades, and fhady walks; and is alfo frequently obferved * The Englifo fynonym of this animal, Fitter, or Flutter moufe, is very expreffive of its action in the air. te ‘ip COMMON BAT. Crass I, to fkim along the furface of pieces of water, in queft of gnats and infects: thefe are not its only food; for it will eat meat of any kind that it hap “pens to find hanging up in a larder. | The bat brings only two young at a time; ahicti it fuckles from two teats placed on the breaft, like thofe of the human race. Thefe animals are capable of being brought to fome degree of familiarity. The Rev. Mr. White of Selbarne has feen a bat fo far ta- med as to eat infects out of a perfon’s hand; and while it was feeding would bring its wings round before its mouth, hovering in the manner of birds of prey. Towards the latter end of fummer, the bat re- tires into caves, ruined buildings, the roofs:of hou~ fes, or hollow trees; where it remains the whole winter, in a ftate of inaction; fufpended by the hind-feet, and clofely wrapped up in the mem- branes of the fore-feet. The voice of the bat is fomewhat like that of the moufe; but very low, and weak. Ovid takes notice both of that, and the derivation of its Latin name, Lucemauve perofe Noéte volant, feroque tenent a vefpere nomen. Minimam pro corpore vocem Emittunt, peraguntque levi ftridore querelas. Met. lib. iv. 10. Their little bodies found No words, but murmur’d in a fainting found. In CrassIl. COMMON BAT. In towns, not woods, the footy bats delight, _ And never till the dufk begin their flight ; Till Ve/per rifes with his evening flame; From whom the Romans have derived their name. Eufden. 151 CEASS “* ile Pe | ed ae ? pa ed 1a AVES INTERNUNCIZ JOVIS. M “peel a Sug —— ¥ B I Rees D— S. Biel AND Bi RDS Ml WATER BIRDS: Div. I. Orver I. RAPACIOUS. Genus, as ALCON. ‘ Ouw k. IT. He Ee a Ba Se Wi... SHRIKE ie. CR O We Nee CU C.K One VE WRVNECEK: Vibes WOODPECK ER. Ville KUNG EIS HER. mo) Ow Pe'A TCH. 5, POOP OF.” Xi 2G EP Be HL CALUOa A cr OS. COCw TURE EY | M 2 PINTADO, Camo 09 Genus. PINTADO. PEA e€ Oe EK: PHEASANT. XII. GROUS. XIII. BUSTARD. IV. (CO L-UM bia XIV. PIGEON. Vv. POA S SER te XV. STARE. XVI. ie 5 OS Oi SB XVII. CHATTERER. XVII. GROSBEAK. XIX. BUNTING. XX. FEN Cer XXII. EEN CAT CHES: XXII. LARK. XXIII. Wat TALE. XXIV. WARBLERS. XXV. TITMOUSE XXVI. SWALLOW. XXVII. GOATSUCKER. Div: I... WoT ERO UB aaa VI. CLOVEN - FOO@wa XXVIIL HERON. XXIX, CPR, Ew XXX. oN EP: E. SAN D- Genus. XXXI. XXXII. XXXII. XXXIV. XXXYV. VIL. XXXVL XXXVI. XXXVIIL VHr. XXXIX. XL. . MLE XLIL MLE. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XLVIL. XLVIII. ( £157.) SANDPIPER. PLOVER, OYSTER-CATCHER. RADE: GALLINULE. Pt ON FO OU Ee PHALAROPE. COO T: Gr eb. W PoRO FO O TE D. AVY OSE TT: A. UK. GUILLEMOT. D.EV. E.R. TE RN: GULL. PE TREL. MERGANSER. DUCK. CORVORANT. ( 158 ) EXPLANATION of soME TECHNICAL TERMS IN ORNITHOLOGY USED IN THIS WORK, AND BY LINNAUS. , Fig. aT Cere. Cera Capiftrun Lorum Orbits. Orbita Emarginatun Vibrife Baftard wing. Alula fpuria HE naked fkin that covers the bafe of the bill in the Haws kind. A word ufed by Linneus to exprefs the fhort feathers on the forehead juft above the bill. In Crows thefe fall forwards over the noftrils. The {pace between the bill and the eye generally covered with feathers, but in fome birds naked, as in the black and white Grebe. The fkin that furrounds the eye, which is generally bare, particularly in the Heroz and Parrat. A bill is called rofrum emarginatum when there is a {mall notch near the end: this is confpicuous in that of Butcher-birds and Thrufbes. Vibrife peGinate, Tuff hairs that grow on each fide the mouth, formed like a double comb, to be feen in the Goatfucker, Flycatcher, &c. A fmall joint rifing at the end of the middle part of the wing, or the cubitus 3 ( 159 ) cubituss on which are three or five feathers. 8. Lefer coverts of ‘The {mall feathers that lie in fe- the wings. veral rows on the bones of the wings. Te&rices pri- The under coverts are thofe that line Me the infide of the wings. 9g. Greater coverts, The feathers that lie immediate- Teétrices fecunde ly over the quil-feathers and fecondary feathers. - 10. Quil-feathers. The largeft feathers of the wings, Primores or thofe that rife from the firft bone. 11. Secondary feathers. 'Thofe that rife from the fecond. Secondaria 12. Coverts of the tail, 'Thofe that cover the bafe of the Uropygium tail. 13. Vent-feathers. Thofe that lie from the vent to the tail. Crifum Linnai. 14. The tail. Reérices is. Scapular feathers ‘That rife from the fhoulders and cover the fides of the back, 16. Nucha The hind part of the head. 17. Roftrum fubulatum A term Linneus ules for a firait and flender bill. 18. To fhew the ftructure of ‘the feet of the King fifber. 19. Pes fcanforius The foot of the Woodpecker formed for climbing. Climbing feet. 20. Finned foot. Pes Such as thofe of the Grebes, &c. Jobatus, pinnatus Such as are indented, as fig. 21. are M4 | called 22. Pes trida&ylus 23. Semi-palmated. Pes Semi-palmatus 24. Ungue poftico feffili 25. Digitis 4 omnibus palmatis EXPLANATION _ Roftrum cultratum Unguiculatum Lingua ciliata rf ntegra Lumbriciformis Pedes compedes Nares Lineares Marginate Suthue as want 1 the back toe. When the wetnly reach half way of the toes. When the hind claw adheres to the leg without any toe, as in the Petrels. All the four toes connected by webs as in the Corvorazts. OF OTHER LINNZAN TERMS. WHEN the edges of the bill are . very fharp,fuch as in that of the Crow. A bill with a nail at the end, as in thofe of the Goof/anders and Ducks. When the tongue is edged with fine briftles, as in Ducks. When quite plain or even. When the tongue is long, round and flender like a worm, as that of the Woodpecker. When the legs are placed fo far be- hind as to make the bird walk with difficulty, or as if iz fetters; as is the cafe with the 4uks, Grebes and Divers. When the noftrils are very narrow, as in Sea Gulls. With a rim round the noftrils, as in the Srare. CLASS / Ce i ct oe Octavo Lage LO 0. Weems a» — " Oe. a — — —- PLAN Pagedeas Ontavd Page 160 EXPLANATION of TECHNICAL 'THRMS . BRITISH ZOOLOGY. CLASS IL. BIRDS. DIV. PA eee BTR DS . : : LONDON, Printed for Benj. White , : MDCC LXXvVl1. Div. LAND: BIR ps Ornate’) RAPACTOU S: Strong hooked BILL, the bafe covered with a CERE or naked fkin. The firft joint of the middle toe connected to that of the outmoit by a membrane. Grand aigle royal. Beloz av. 89. Orn. Faun. Suec. fp. 54. Aquila Germana. Ge/z. av.168. L’ Aigle doré. Briffon av. Aguila, aguglia, Chryfaetos. Ts 4a det. 62. Golden eagle. Br. Zool. 61. Gnefios. Phiniz lib. 10. c. 3. Tab. A. Pl. Enl. 410. The golden eagle. W2l. orn. 8. Stein adler. Kram. 325. Sco- Aquila aurea, feu fulva. Raiz poli. No. +. fyn. av. 6. Le grand Aigle. Hi. Falco Chryfaetos. Lin. fpf. . D’Oys. 1. 76. | AZ 5. FAHIS fpecies is found in the mountanous parts of Ireland where it breeds in the lofti- eft cliffs: it lays three, and fometimes four eggs, of which feldom more than two are prolific; pro- vidence EF AT CONS. \ ad 42. GoLpEN- Eac te, 162 DeEscRIP. GOLDEN EAGLE. Chee. vidence denying a large increafe to rapacious birds*, becaufe they are noxious to mankind; but gracioufly beftowing an almoft boundlefs one on {uch as are of ufe tous. This kind of eagle fometimes mi- grates into Caernarvonfbire, and there are inftances, though rare, of their having bred in Snowdon hills ; from whence fome writers give that traét the name of Creigiau’r eryrau, or the eagle rocks ; ‘others that of Creigiaw’r eira, or the fnowy rocks; the latter feems the more natural epithet; it being more rea- fonable to imagine that thofe mountains, like Nipb- ates in Armenia, and Imaust in Tartary, derived their name from the circumftance of being cover- ed with fnow, which is fure to befal them near the half of every year, than from the accidental ap- pearance of a bird on them, once only in feveral years. © The golden eagle weighs about twelve pounds ; its length is three feet; the extent of its wings fe- yen feet four inches; the bill is three inches long, and of a deep blue color; the cere is yellow; the irides of a hazel color: the fight and fenfe of {mel- ling are very acute: her eyes bebold afar off {: the head and neck are cloathed with narrow fharp pointed feathers, and of a deep brown color, bor- a ~ f > U 7 - ia * Toy yauluvwyoy oaryotoxa maya. Arift. hift. an. 4 Imaus incolarum lingua nivofum fignificante. Phx, fe. 6. 6. 21. { Fob 39, 27. Where the natural hiftory of the eagle is finely drawn up. dered » Masi GOUDDEN:) EAGLE, dered with tawny ; the hind part of the head in par- ticular is of a bright ruft-color. The whole body, above as well as beneath, is of a dark brown; and the feathers on the back are finely clouded with a deeper fhade of the fame: the wings, when clofed, reach to the end of the tail: the quil feathers are of a chocolate color, the fhafts white: the tail is of a deep brown, irregularly bar- red and blotched with an obfcure ath color, and ufually white at the roots of the feathers: the legs are yellow, fhort, and very ftrong, being three in- ches in circumference, and are Cashew to the very feet: the toes are covered with large {cales, and armed with moft formidable claws, the mid- dle of which are two inches long. Eagles in general are very deftructive to fawns, lambs, kids, and all kind of game; particularly in the breeding feafon, when they bring a vaft quan- tity of prey to their young. Srmith, in his hiftory of Kerry, relates that a poor man in that county got a comfortable fubfiftence for his family, during a fummer of famine, out of an eagle’s neft, by rob- bing the eaglets of the food the old ones brought, whofe attendance he protracted beyond the natural time, by clipping the wings and retarding the flight of the former. It is very unfafe to leave infants in places where eagles frequent; there being in- ftances in Scotland* of two being Sik off by them, but fortunately, * Martin's bift. Weft. Iles, 299. Sib, bift, Scat. 14. [Nzfum LoNceEVITY. GOLDEN EAGLE. ‘Ciggsgs Illzfum unguibus heefit onus. the theft was difcovered in time, and the children reftored unhurt out of the eagles nefts, to the af- frichted parents. In order to extirpate thefe per- nicious birds, there is a law in the Orkney ifles, which entitles any perfon that kills an eagle to an hen out of every houfe in the parifh, in which it was killed *. . Eagles feem to give the preference to the carcafies of dogs or cats. Perfons, who make it their bufi- nefs to kill thefe birds, lay that of one or other by way of bait; and then conceal themfelves within eun-fhot. They fire the inftant the eagle alights, for fhe that moment looks about before fhe begins to prey. Yet quick as her fight may be, her fenfe of hearing feems ftill more exquifite. If hooded crows or ravens happen to be nearer the carrion and refort to it firft, and give a fingle croak, the eagle is certain of inftantly repairing to the fpot, if there is one in any part of the neigh- borhood. Eagles are remarkable for their longevity; and for their power of fuftaining a long abftinence from food. Mr. Keyfler relates that an eagle died at Vienna after a confinement of 104 years. ‘This preeminent length of days probably gave occafion * Camden’s Brit. 1.1474. The impreffion of an eagle and child on the coin of the J/e of Manz, was probably owing to fome accident of this kind. to 3B ht hs GiasslIfi BUACK EAGLE. to the faying of the Psatmist, chy youth is renewed like the eagles. One of this fpecies, which was nine years in the poffeffion of Owen Holland, Efq; of Conway, lived thirty-two years with the gentleman who made him a prefent of it; but what its age was when the latter received it from Ireland is unknown. The fame bird alfo furnifhes a proof of the truth of the other remark, having once, through the neglect of fervants, endured hunger for twenty-one days, without any fuftenance what- foever. Golden eagle, with a white ring Falco fulvus. Liz. ff. 125. about its tail. Wil. orn. 59. Briffon av. 1. 420. Hift.d’oys. I. 86. Raii fyn. av. 6. White tailed eagle. Edw. 1. Ring-tail Eagle. Br. Zool. 62. Pl. Enl. soo. 7 ~ 7 ‘HIS bird is common to the northern parts _ of Europe and America; that figured by Mr. Edwards, differing only in fome white fpots on the breaft, from our fpecies. It is frequent in Scotland, where it is called the Black Eagle, from the dark color of the plumage. It is very deftruc- tive to deer, which it will feize between the horns, and by inceffantly beating it about the eyes with its wings, foon makes a prey of the haraffed animal. The eagles in the ifle of Rum have nearly extirpated the ftags that ufed to abound there. This fpecies generally builds in clefts of rocks near the deer forefts ; 43. Brack EAGLE. DESCRIP. 166 Nest. BLACK HAGUE Gea forefts; and makes great havoke not only among them, but alfo the white hares and Ptarmigans. It is equal in fize to the preceding: the bill is of a blackifh horn color; the cere yellow; the whole body is of a deep brown, flightly tinged with ruft- color; but what makes a long defcription of this kind unneceflary, is the remarkable band of white on the upper part of the tail; the end only being of a deep brown: which charaéter it maintains through every ftage of life, and in all countries where it is found. ‘The legs are feathered to the feet: the toes yellow, the claws black. Mr. Wilt lughby gives the following very curious account of the neft of this fpecies, p. 21. ‘In the year of our Lord 1668, in the woodlands ‘ near the river Derwent, in the Peak ot Derby/bire, ‘was found an eagle’s neft made of great fticks, ‘ refting one end on the edge of a_rock, the other ‘on two birch trees; upon which was a la yer of ‘rufhes, and over them a layer of heath, and up- “on the heath rufhes again; upon which lay one “young one, and an addle ego ; and by thema “lamb, a hare, and three heath poults. The ‘neft was about two yards fquare, and had no ‘hollow in it. The young eagle was black as a ‘hobby, of the fhape of a gofhawk, of almoft the ‘weight of a goofe, rough footed, or feathered ‘down to the foot : having a white ring about the « “tail. Mr. Willughby imagines, his firft pygargus, or white Crass Il. SaktAri EB A Gale. white tailed eagle, p. 61. to be but a variety of this, having the fame chara¢teriftic mark, and dif- fering only in the pale color of the head. The antients believed, that the pebble, com- monly called the ztites*, or eagle ftone, was form- ed in the eagle’s neft; and that the eges could not be hatched without its affiftance. Many abfurd ftories have been raifed about this foffil, which (as it bears but an imaginary relation to the eagle) muft be omitted in a zoologic work. Bein-brecher, Offifraga, Meer- adler, Fifch-arn, Halizetos. Gef/ner av. 201. 203. Haliztos. Turzer:. Auguifta barbata, Offifraga. Aldr. av. i. 118. Halizetos. Phianii Lb. 10. C4 Sib. hift. Scot. 14. Sea eagle, or ofprey. Wil. orn. 59: Raii fyn. av. 7. Sea eagle. Dale’s Harwich. 390. Martin’s hift. Weft. ifles 70. Le grand aigle de mer.- Bri/- fou av. 1. Sea eagle. Br. Bool: Se eae! ae Fal. D120 415. Falco offifragus. Liz, fyft. 124. Gaafe orn. Brunnich 1 Bel L’Orfrair. Hi/?, d’oys. 1. 112. 44. Sea Ene GLE. FATS fpecies is found in Ireland, and feveral parts of Great Britain; the {pecimen we took our defcription from, was fhot in the county of Galway: Mr. Willughby tells us there was an aery * Tf the reader’s curiofity fhould be excited, we refer him for information to Pliny, lib. x..c. 3. lib. xxx. ¢. 21. to Boetius de gemmis, p. 375. to Dr. Woodward's catalogue of foflils, vol. i. p. 53. ¢. 268, 269. and Grew’s Rarities, p. 297+ } of 168 DeEscRIP. SE A’E.AGLE: Glare of them in Whinfield-park, Weftmoreland, and the — eagle foaring in the air, with a cat in its talons, which Barlow drew from the very faét which he faw in Scotland*, is of this kind. The cat’s refiftance brought both animals to the ground, when Barlow took them up; and afterwards caufed the event to be engraved in the thirty-fixth plate of his collec- tion of prints. Zurner fays, that in his days, it was too well known in Exgland, for it made hor- rible deftruction among the fifh; he adds, the fifhermen were fond of anointing their baits with the fat of this bird, imagining that it had a peculiar alluring quality: they were fuperftitious enough - to believe that whenever the /ea eagle hovered over a piece of water, the fifh, (as if charmed) would rife to the furface with their bellies upwards; and in that manner prefent themfelves to him. No writer fince C/ufus has defcribed the fea eagle ; though no uncommon fpecies, it feems at prefent to be but little known; being generally confound- ed with the golden eagle, to which it bears fome refemblance. The color of the head, neck and body, are the fame with the latter ; but much lighter, the tawny part in this predominating: in fize it is far fupe- | rior; the extent of wings in fome being nine or ten feet. The bill is larger, more hooked, and more arched; underneath grow feveral fhort, but ftrong hairs or briftles, forming a fort of beard. This — * Mr. Walpole’s catalogue of engravers, p. 49. gave Crass II. SEFSAVE A-G LE. eave occafion to fome writers to fuppofe it to be the aquila barbata or bearded eagle of Pliny. The in- terior fides, and the tips of the feathers of the tail, are of a deep brown; the exterior fides of fome are ferruginous, in others blotched with white. The legs are yellow, {trong and thick; and feathered but little below the knees; which is an invariable fpe- cific difference between this and our firft fpecies.. This nakednefs of the legs is befides no {mall con- venience to a bird who preys among the waters. The claws are of a deep and fhinine black, ex- ceedingly large and ftrong, and hooked into a per- fect femicircle ; thofe of the hind and firft toe are an inch and a half long. | All writers agree, that this eagle feeds principal- ly on fifh; which it takes as they are fwimming near the furface *, by darting itfelf down on them; not by diving or {wimming, as feveral authors have invented, who furnifh it for that purpofe with one webbed foot to fwim with, and another divided foot to take its prey with. PéZy, with his ufual elegance, defcribes the manner of its fifhine. Supereft hahaetos, clariffima oculorum acie, librans ex alto fefe, vifoque in mari pifce, praeceps in eum ruens, et difcuffis pettore aquis rapiens. * Martin, {peaking of what he calls. the great eagles in the weftern ifles, fays, that they faften their talons in the back of the fifh, commonly of falmon, which are often above water, or on the furface. Thofe of Greenland will even take a young feal out of the water. Voz, I. N It 169 Foop, 170 45. CINERE- OUS. DESCRIP. we BUZZARD. fa ud Wh t No 54 PLU i—r SPOTTED FALCON. IS My Grass. <-SPOQR PER FALCON. 189 This bird is fubje€t to fome variety in its co- Descarip. lors: we have feen fome whofe breaft and belly were brown, and only marked .crofs the craw ‘with a large white crefcent: ufually the breaft is of a yellowifh white, {potted with oblong ruft- colored fpots, pointing downwards: the chin ferruginous: the back of the head and neck, and the coverts of the wings are of a deep brown, edged with a pale ruft color: the fcapular feathers brown; with white towards their roots: the middle of the back is covered only with a thick white down: the ends of the quil feathers are dufky: their lower exterior fides afh-colored: their interior fides blotched with darker and lighter | fhades of the fame: the tail is barred with black and ath-color, and fometimes with ferruginous: the bar next the very tip is black, and the broadeft of all; the tip itfelf of a dufky white. The irides are white, tinged with red. The weight of this {pecies is thirty-two ounces: the length twenty- Size. two inches; the breadth fifty-two. Spotted Falcon, Br. Zool. iv. tab. 11. 55-OPOTTED. WO of thefe birds have been’ fhot near a = Longnor, Shropfbire. O 3 Size 190 56. Honey BuZZARD. DeEscrIP. 1 ee ee HONEY BUZZARD Crass Il. Size ofa buzzard: bill black; cere and legs yel- low: irides pale yellow: crown, and hind part of the neck white, {potted with light reddifh brown: back and fcapulars of the fame color edeed with white. Quil feathers dufky barred with ath color. Under fide of the neck, breaft, belly, and thighs, white; the firft, alfo the beginning of the breaft marked with a few rufty {pots : rump white: mid- die feathers of the tail barred with white, and a deep brown: the others. with a lighter and dark- er brown. The legs very ftrong. Le Goiran, ou Bondrée. Be- La Bondrée. Brifon av. i lon av. 1Ol. 410. Hif?. d’Oys. I. 208. Ald. av. 1. 191. Zinan. 84. Honey-Buzzard. Wil. orn.72. Br. Zool. 67. Tab. A. 4. A*. Raii fyn. av. 16. 4. Pl. Enl, 420 Froich-geyerl. Kram. 331. | Mufe-Hoeg, Mufe-Baage, Falco Apivorus. Lin. /y/?. 130. Brunnich p. 5. Slag-hok. Faun. Suec. /p. 65. Tia. weight of this fpecies is thirty oun- the length twenty-three inches: the readth fifty-two: the bill and cere are black; e latter much Sorcr the irides of a fine yel- low : the crown of the head afh-colored: the neck, back, fcapulars, and covert feathers of the wings, are of a deep brown: the chin is white; the breaft and belly of the fame color, marked with dufky {pots pointing downwards. The tail is lone, of a dull CuassIlL HONEY BUZZARD. dull brown color, marked with three broad dufky bars; between each of which are two or three of the fame color, but narrower: the legs are fhort, ftrong, and thick: the claws large and black. After the publication of the folto Zoology, Mr. Plymly favored us with a variety of this fpecies, engraved in the additional plates, fuppofed to be a female, being fhot on the neft: it was entirely of a deep brown color, but had much the fame marks on the wings and tail as the male; and the head was tinged with afh color. There were two eges in the neft, blotched over with two reds fomething darker than thofe of the keftril; though Mr. Willughby fays they are of a different color: that naturalift informs us, that this bird builds its neft with fmall twigs, which it covers with wool; that its eggs are cinereous, marked with darker fpots: as he found the combs of wafps in the nett, he gave this {pecies the name of the honey-buzzard: he adds, that it feeds on the erucze of thofe in- fects, on frogs, lizards, &¢. and that it runs very {wiftly like a hen. 1Qt Eccs. 192 57: Moor BuzzaRD. DESCRIP. MOOR BUZZARD. Crass Il. Le fau-Perdrieux. Belon av. 114. Circus Accipiter. a Milvus zruginofus. Ald. av. 1.20 F< Moor Buzzard. Wil. orn. 75. Raii fyn. av. 17. Brauner rohr Geyer. Kram. 328. -Pojana roffa. Gefner av. Hoenf-tjuf. Faun. Suec. /p. 66. Zinan. 83. Le Bufard de marais. Briffon av.1. 40%. Hift. d’Oys. 1. 218. . Schwartz-brauner Fifch-Gey- — er mit dem gelben Kopf. Frifch. 1. 77. Hoenfe Hoeg. Brunnich p. 5. Br. Zool. £7. Tab. A. 5. Falco eruginofus. Liz. f/?.gi. | HIS fpecies frequents moors, marfhy places, and heaths; it never foars like other hawks; but commonly fits on the ground, or on fmall bufh- es: it makes its neft in the midft of a tuft of grafs or rufhes: we have found three young ones in it, but never happened to meet with the eggs: it is a very fierce and voracious bird, and is a great de- {troyer of rabbets, young wild ducks*, and other water fowl, It alfo preys, like the ofprey, upon fifh. : Its ufual weight is twenty ounces: the length twenty-one inches: the breadth four feet three inch- es: the bill is black; cere yellow; irides of the fame color: the whole bird, head excepted, is of a chocolate brown, tinged with ruft color: on the head is a large yellowifh fpot; we have feen x * In fome places it is called the duck hawk. fome. * Pi. XXVIT | “i LV? G7 MOOR BUZZARD, 21. XXViiT. HENHARRIER - —— = Crass. HEN HARRIER, fome birds of this kind with their head and chin entirely white; and others again have a whitifh {pot on the coverts of their wings; but thefe are only to be deemed varieties. The uniform color of its plumage, and the great length and flendernefs of its legs, diftinguifhes it from all other hawks. Lanarius albus. A/dr. av. i. Le Lanier cendré. Briffon 197. av. 1. 365. the male. Hift. Rubetarius Turzerz. dQOys. 1. 212s Wil. orn. 70.. Br. Zool. 68. Tab. A. 6. Pl. Raii fyn. av. 17. Enl. 459. Blue Hawk. dw. 225. the Grau-weifle Geyer. Frifch. male. I. 79, 80. Falco Cyaneus. Lin. fyft.126. Brunnich 14. Hil, HEN-HARRIER weighs about twelve oun- ces: the length is feventeen inches; .the breadth three feet three inches: the bill is black: cere, irides, and edees of the eye-lids yellow: the head, neck, back, and coverts of the wings, are of a bluifh grey: the back of the head white, fpotted with a pale brown: the breaft, belly, and thighs, are white: the former marked with a few fmall dufky ftreaks: the fcapular feathers are of a deep grey, inclining to dufky: the two middle feathers of the tail are entirely grey; the others only on their exterior webs; the interior being white, mark- ed with dufky bars: the legs yellow, long and flender. | ! Thefe . 193 58. Hen- HaRRIER, DeEscRIP. 194 59. Rinc- TAIL. DescrIP. Ral N «Gy. T) A, LL. Geese Thefe birds are extremely deftructive to young poultry, and to the feathered game: they fly near the ground, fkimming the furface in fearch of prey. They breed on the ground, and never are obferved to fettle cn trees. Subbuteo. Ge/ner. av. 48. Une autre oyfeau St. Martin, Ringtail. Pygargus accipiter. Belon av. 104. Rati fyn. av. 17. Wil. Rubetarius Turneri. La fou- orn. 70. bufe. Hiff. dOys. I. 215. Le faucon a collier. Brifoz Brunnich No. 14. Br. Zool. av. 1. 345. Pl. Enl. 443; 68. Tab. 4. 7. and 480. HE rinctait weighs fixteen ounces: is twenty inches long; and three feet nine inches broad: the cere and irides yellow: on the hind part of the head, round the ears to the chin, is a wreath of fhort {tiff feathers of a dufky hue, tipt with a reddifh white: on the top of the head, and the cheeks, the feathers are dufky, bordered with ruft color; under each eye is a white fpot: the back is dufky, the rump white, with oblong yel- lowifh {pots on each fhaft: the tail is long; the two middle feathers marked with four dufky, and four broad cinereous bars; the others with three black, and three tawny bars; but the tips of all, white: the breaft and belly are of a yellowifh brown, with a caft of red, and marked with oblong dufky fpots, but Beaci. KRYR So TR oR LT: but they are fubject to vary, for we have met with one fpecimen that had thefe parts entirely plain. The legs in color and fhape refemble thofe of the preceding. This has generally been fuppofed to be the fe- male of the former: but from fome late obfervations by the infallible rule of diffection, males have been found of this fpecies. Wallughby fays, that the egos are white, much befmeared with red. Thefe birds fly higher than the ben-barrier ; and I have feen them perch on trees, La Crefferelle. Belon av. 125. Roethel-Geyer, Fri/ch. I. 84. Gefner av. 54. fem. Maufe-Falck. Frifch. Kiftrel, Kaftrel, or Steingal, I. 88. OE Falco tinnunculus. Liz. Sift. Aldr. av. 188. The Keftril, Stannel, Stone- ck Falk. Faun. Suec. fp. gall, Windhover. Wil. orn. 61. 84. Kirke-Falk. Brunnich 4s 5. Raii fyn. av. 16. Gheppio, Acertello, Gavi- La Crefferelle. Brifon av. 1. nello. Zinan. 88. Bo 3: Br. Zool. 68. plate A. PI, Hift, dOys. 1. 280. Enl. 401. 471. Windwachl, _ Rittlweyer, Poftoka, Splintza, Skoltfch. Wannenweher. Kram, 331. Scopoli. No. i HIE male of this beautiful fpecies weighs only fix ounces and a half: its length fourteen inches: the breadth two feet three inch- es: cere and legs yellow: irides dark. Its colors at once diftineuith it from all other hawks: the crown (195 60. K £ s- TRE L DescriP, 196 FEMALE. K Es TR EF DL. Ga crown of the head, and the greater part of the tail, are of a fine light grey, the lower end of the latter is marked with a broad black bar: the inner webs of the three feathers next the two middle barred with black: the tips white: the back and coverts of the wings are of a brick red, elegantly {potted with black: the interior fides of the quil feathers are dufky, deeply indented with white. The whole under fide of the bird, of a pale ruft color, fpot- ted with black; the thighs and vent only, plain. he female weighs eleven ounces: the color of the back and wings are far lefs bright than thofe of the male: it differs too in the colors of the head and tail; the former being of a pale reddifh brown, ftreaked with black ; the latter of the fame color, marked with numerous tranfverfe black bars: the breaft is of a dirty yellowifh white; and the middle of each feather has an oblong dufky ftreak, pointing downwards. The keftrel breeds in the hollows of trees, in the holes of high rocks, towers and ruined buildings : it lays four eggs, of the fame color with thofe of | the preceding fpecies: its food is field mice, {mall birds and infeéts; which it will difcover at a creat diftance. This is the hawk that we fo ‘frequently fee in the air fixed in one place, and as it were fanning it with its wings; at which time itis watch- ing for its prey. It flings up the indigefted fur and feathers in form of a round ball, When falconry was Crass II. Hr 1O7 Be By cY; was in ufe in Great Britain, this kind was trained for catching {mall birds and young partridges. Le Hobreau. Belon av. 118. Raii fyn. av. 15. Gefner av. 75. fem. Falco fubbuteo. Liz. fpf. 127. Hobbia. Turzeri. : Faun. Suec. Jp. 59. fEfalon. Aldr. av. I. 187. Barletta. Lorenzz av. 45. The Hobby. Wil. orn. 83. Stein-Falck. Fri/ch. I. 86. Le Hobreau, Dendro-falco. Laerke-Falk. Brunnich 10.11. Brifin av. 1. 375. Hif?. Br. Zool. 69. plate A. 9: Pl, a’ Oys.- 1. 277. Enxl. 431. ; HIS bird was alfo ufed in the humbler ob. kind of falconry ; particularly in what was called daring of larks: the hawk was caft off; the larks aware of their moft inveterate enemy, are fixed to the ground through fear; which makes them a ready prey to the fowler, by drawing a net over them. The hobby is a bird of paffage; but breeds in England, and migrates in Ofober. The male weighs feven ounces: the length is one foot; the breadth two feet three inches: cere and orbits yellow: irides hazel: upper mandible furnifhed with a procefs: above each eye a white line: the crown of the head and back are of a deep bluifh black: the hind part of the head is marked with two pale yellow fpots; each cheek with a large black one pointing downwards: the co- verts of the wings are of the fame color with the back, but flightly edged with ruft.color: the inte- rior 10g 61. Hopsy. Descrrer. FEMALE. 62. SPARROW Hawk. DeEscRIP. SPARROW HAWK. Crass Il. rior webs of the fecondary and quil feathers, are varied with oval tranfverfe reddifh fpots: the breaft white, marked with oblong {pots of black : thighs and vent feathers, pale orange: the two middle feathers of the tail are entirely of a deep dove color: the others are barred on their interior fides with ruft color, and tipt with a dirty white. The fpots on the breaft of the female are of a higher color than thofe of the male: it is greatly fuperior in fize, its legs have a tinge of green, in other refpects it refembles the former. L’Efpervier. Below av..121. Sperber Frifch. I. go. gt. Gefner av. 51. Kram. 332. Sparhauc Turzeri. Falco nifus. Lin. fpf. 130. Accipiter fringillarius, fpar- Sparfhoek. Faun. Suec. /p. viero. Aldr. av. i. 183. 9: Wil, orn. 86. Sperre-hoeg. Brunnich p. 5. L’Epervier, accipiter. Brifox Scopoli. No. 6. av. 1.310. Hift. d’oys. 1. Br. Zool. 6g. plate A. 10. A. 225. 11. Pl, Enl. 466, 467.412. Raii fyn. av. 18. HE difference between the fize of the male and female fparrow hawks, is more dif- proportionate than in moft other birds of prey; the former fometimes fcarce weighing five ounces, the latter nine ounces. The length of the male is about twelve inches, the breadth twenty-three: the female CrassIl SPARROW HAWK. female is fifteen inches long; in breadth twenty- fix. ae Thefe birds, as well as the hawk kind in general, vary greatly in their colors; in fome, the back, head, coverts of the wings and tail, are of a deep bluifh grey ; in others of a deep brown, edged with arufty red: the quil feathers are dusky, barred with black on their exterior webs, and fpotted with white on the lower part of their inner webs: the tail is of a deep afh color marked with fine broad black bars, the tip white: the breaft and belly are of a whitifh yellow, adorned with tranfverfe waved bars; in fome of a deep brown color, in others orange: the cere, irides, and legs yellow. The co- lors of the female differ from thofe of the male: the head is of a deep brown; the back, and coverts of the wings, are dufky mixed with dove color; the coverts of the tail of ‘a brighter dove color ; the waved lines that crofs the breaft, are more numerous than thofe on that of the male; and the breaft itfelf of a purer white. This is the moft pernicious hawk we have; and makes great havoke among pigeons, as well as partridges. Jt builds in hollow trees, in old nefts of crows, large ruins, and high rocks: lays four white eges, encircled near the blunter end with red fpecks. Mr. Willughby places this among the fhort-winged hawks; or fuch whofe wings, when clofed, fall fhort of the end of the tail. L’Efmerillon. 199 MANNERS. ® - 200 63. MeER- EN EP hee DeEscrIP. ManneRs. M& Ro) tN Gite” L’Efmerillon. Beloz av. 118. L’Emerillon. Brifon av. I. fifalon. Ge/ner av. 44. 382. Merlina. Turzeri. Smerlio, o Smeriglio. Lorenzi Smerlus, Smerillus. Aldr. av. av. tab. 18. 19. F787. Br. Zool. 70. plate A. 12. Wil. orn. 35. Pl. Enl. 468. Raii fyn. av. 15. fiif?. D’Oys. 1. 288. HE Merlin weighs near five ounces and a half: its length is twelve inches, its breadth twenty five. The bill is of a bluifh lead color: the — cere of a lemon color: the irides very dark, almoft black : the head is ferruginous, and each feather is marked with a bluifh black ftreak along the fhaft: the back and wings are of a deep bluifh ath color, adorned with ferruginous ftreaks and fpots, and edged with the fame : the quil feathers are almoft black, marked with reddifh oval fpots: the under coverts of the wings brown, beautifully marked with round white fpots: the tail is five inches long, croffed with alternate bars of dufky and red- difh clay color; on fome of the feathers of the fame bird are thirteen, on fome fifteen, but in one bird I examined, were no more than eight: the breaft and belly are of a yellowifh white, marked with oblong brown fpots pointing downwards: the legs yellow: the wings when clofed reach within an inch and a half of the end of the tail. This and ~ * Merularius; quia merulas infectatur. Skinner. the Crass II. M VE ORL’ i. w, the preceding kind were often trained for hawking: and this fpecies, fmall as it is, was inferior to none in point of fpirit: it was ufed-for taking partridg- es, which it would kill by a fingle ftroke on the neck. The Merlin flies low, and is often feen along roads’ fides, fkimming from one fide of the hedges to the other, in fearch of prey. It does not breed in England, but migrates here in Ofober, about the time that the Hobdy difappears ; for the Lark-catchers obferve that in September they take no Merlins but abundance of Hobbies: but in the following month, Mer/ins only. © It was known to our Britifh anceftors by the name of Liamy/den, was ufed in hawking, and its neft was valued at twenty-four pence. They made ufe of four other {pecies, but have left us only their names; the Hebog or Hawk, whofe neft was eftimated at a pound; the Gwalch’s or Falcon’s at one hundred and twenty pence; the Hwyedig’s or long winged, at twenty-four pence; and a fpecies call- ed Cammin or crooked bill, at four pence. The Penbebogyd or chief falconer, held the fourth place at the court of the Welch prince: but notwith- ftanding the hofpitality of the times, this officer was allowed orly three draughts out of his horn, leaft he fhould be fuddled and negleét his birds *. * Leges Wallica, 253: 25: Vor. I, e 2 Large 201 202 | BAG L E Oo WL. Crmesis IL OWL. Large round HEAD, ftrong hooked BILL, no CERE. Feathers round the face difpofed in a circular form. Outmoft TOE capable of being turned back, and doing the office of a hind toe. 64. Eacie. Bubo maximus nigri et fufci Buhu. Kram. Aufr. 323. - coloris. S74. Scot. 14. Sova. Scopali. No. 7. Great Owl, or Eagle Owl.W/i/. Le grand duc. Briffon. I. 477. orn. 99. Raii fyn. av. De Buffon, I. 332. Strix Bubo. Liz. fy. 131. Eagle Qwl. Br. Zool. IV. Uff. Faun. Suec. No. 69. Tabs Vis Fl, Bal. 385. Berg Ugegle, Katugl hane. 435+ Strom. Sonudm.- 222. PN HE eagle owl has been fhot in Scotland and in York/bire. It inhabits inacceffible rocks and defert places; and preys on hares and feather- ed game. Its appearance in cities was deemed an unlucky omen; Rome itfelf once underwent a luf- tration, becaufe one of them ftrayed into the capiéol. The antients had them in the utmoft abhorrence, and thought them, like the fcreech owls, the mef- fengers of death. Pliuy ftyles it Bubo funebris & noéiis monfirum. Solaque culminibus ferali carmine Bubo * Saepe queri et longas in fietum ducere voces. VIRGIL. Perch’d | EAGLE OWL LV C4 et ARE. LONG-EARED OWL. Yi te Crassifl. LONG EARED OWL. Perch’d on the roof the bird of night complains, In lengthen’d fhrieks, and dire funereal ftrains. In fize it is almoft equal to aneagle. rides bright yellow: head and whole body finely varied with lines, fpots and fpecks of black, brown, ci- nereous, and ferruginous. Wings long: tail fhort, marked with dufky bars.- Legs thick, covered to the very end of the toes with a clofe and full down of a teftaceous color. Claws great, much hook- ed and dufky.. BA ROE: DO XV is. L’Hibou cornu. Belon av. 136. Horn-uggla. Faun. Suec. Gefner av. 635. ae Afio, feu Otus. A/dr.av.1.265. Haffelquift itin, 233: The Horn Owl. Wil. oraz. 100. Horn Ugle. Brunnich 16, Raii fyn. av. 25. Horn-eule. Kram. 323. Noétua aurita. $76. Scot. 14. Br. Zool. Plate 4. f. 1. PU, Strix otus.- Lin. /y/?. 132. Enl, 26. 47 3 Le moyen Duc ou le Hibou. Mala Sova. Scopol No. 9. | Brifon av. 1. 486. Hif?. Rothe Kautzlein. Fri/ch I. A Oyse I, 342. 99. FIIS fpecies is found, though not frequent- ly, in the north of England, in Chefbire and in Wales. The weight of the female, according to Mr. Willughby (for we never had opportunity of weighing it) is. ten ounces: the length fourteen inches and a half: the breadth three feet four Pe inches : 203 65. Lowe EaReED. DeEscrip. 204 SHORT EARED OWL. Crass Ih” inches: the irides are of a bright yellow: the bill black: the circle of feathers furrounding the eyes is white tipt with reddifh and dufky fpots, and the part next the bill black: the breaft and belly: are of a dull yellow, marked with flender brown ftrokes pointing downwards: the thighs and vent. feathers of the fame color, but unfpotted. The back and coverts of the wings are varied with deep brown and yellow: the quil feathers of the fame color, but near the ends, of the outmoft is a broad bar of red: the tail is marked with dufky and reddifh bars, but beneath appears afh colored: the horns or ears are about an inch long, and confift of fix feathers variegated with yellow and black: the feet are feathered down to the claws. 66. SHoRT Br. Zool, 71. Tab. B. 3. and B. 4, Fig. 2. EARED. 7 ‘HE horns of this fpecies are very fmall, and each confifts of only a fingle feather; thefe it can raife or deprefs at pleafure,; and in a dead bird they are with difficulty difcovered. This kind is fcarcer than the former; both are folitary birds, avoiding inhabited places. Thefe fpecies may be called long winged owls; the wings when clofed reaching beyond the end of the tail; where- as in the common kinds, they fall fhort of it. | This SHORT EARED OWL Crass I. SHORT EARED OWL: This.is a bird of paffage, and has been obferved to vifit Lincolnjbire the beginning of Ofeber, and to retire early in the fpring; fo probably, as it erforms its migrations with the woodcock, its Be ccs retreat is Norway. During day it lies hid in long old grafs; when difturbed, it fel- dom flies far, but will light and fit looking at 205 one, at which time the horns may be feen very | diftinctly. It has not been obferved to perch on trees, like other owls : it will alfo fly in fearch of prey in cloudy hazy weather.. Farmers are fond of feeing thefe birds in their fields, as they clear them from mice. It is found, frequently on the hill of Hoy in the Orkuies, where it flies about and preys by day like a hawk. I have alfo received this fpecies from Lancafbire, which is a hilly and wooded country: and my friends have alfo fent it from New England and New- foundland. The length of the fhort eared owl is fourteen DEScrRIP. inches: extent three feet: the head is fmall and — hawk-like: the bill is dufky: weight fourteen ounces: the circle of feathers that immediately furrounds the eyes is black: the larger circle white, terminated with tawny and black: the fea- thers on the head, back, and coverts of the wings are brown edged with pale dull yellow: the breaft and belly are of the fame color, marked with a few long narrow ftreaks of brown pointing down- | ae wards ; lies | WHITE OWL Crass, ab. t+ .* | hia a me P. wards: the thighs, legs and toes, are covered — with plain yellow feathers; the quill-feathers — are dufky, barred with red: the tail is of avery — deep brown, adorned on each fide the fhaft of the four middle feathers with a yellow circle which contains a brown fpot: the tip of the tail is white. . The other Exropean horn owl, the little horn owl, Scops or Petit Duc of M. de Buffon, 1. 353, is un- known in Great Britain. OWLS WITH SMOOTH HEADS. 67. WHITE. Belon av. 143 *. Le petit Chat-huant. Brifoxz Aluco minor. J4/dr. av. I. av. I. 503. | 272s Allocco. Zinan. gg. Common barn, white, or Strix flammea. Liz. ff. 133. church Owl, Howlet, Faun. Suec. 73. madge Howlet, Gillihow- Br. Zool 71. plate B. Ph ter. Wil. orn. 104. Enl. 474. Raii {ym av. 25. L’Effraie. Hif. d’Ois. I. 366, Perl-Eule. Fri/ch. I. 97. i» FiTS fpecies is almoft domettic : inhabiting ‘ for the greateft part of the year, barns, - * This refers only to the igure, for his defcription means ® the Goat/ucker. haylofts, * aac) WER © IE! OW 'L: haylofts, and other outhoufes; and is as ufeful in clearing thofe places from mice, as the conge- nial cat: towards twilight it quits its perch, and takes a regular circuit round the fields, fkimming alone the ground in queft of field mice, and then returns to its ufual refidence: in the breeding fea- fon it takes to the eaves of churches, holes in lofty buildings, or hollows of trees. During the time the youge are in the neft, the male and fe- male alternately fally out in queft of food, make their circuit, beat the fields with the regularity of a {paniel, and drop inftantly on their prey in the erafs. They very feldom ftay out above five mi- nutes; return with their prey in their claws; but as it is neceffary to fhift it into their bill, they always alight for that purpofe on the roof, before they attempt to enter their neft. This fpecies I believe does not hoot; but fnores and hiffes in a violent manner; and while it flies along, will often {cream moft tremendoufly. Its only food is mice: as the young of thefe birds keep their neft for a great length of time, and are fed even long after they can fly, many hundreds of mice will {carcely fuffice to fupply them with food. Owls caft up the bones, fur or feathers of their prey in form of fmall pellets, after they have de- voured it, in the fame manner as hawks do. A gentleman, on orubbing up an old pollard afh that had been the habitation of owls for many generati- ons, found at the bottorh many bufhels of this re- | igs jected 207 208 Giver. 68. Tawny OwL. TAWNY OWL. jected fluff. Some owls will, when they are fatis- fied, like dogs, hide the remainder of their meat. The elegant plumage of this bird makes amends for the uncouthnefs of its form: a circle of foft white feathers furround the eyes. The upper part of the body, the coverts and fecondary feathers of the wings are of a fine pale yellow: on each fide the fhafts are two grey and two white fpots placed alternate: the exterior fides of the quil feathers are yellow; the interior white, marked on each fide with four black {pots: the lower fide of the body is wholly white: the interior fides of the feathers of the tail are white; the exterior marked with fome obfcure dufky bars: the legs are feathered to the feet: the feet are covered with fhort hairs: the edge of the middle claw is ferrated.' The ufual weight of this {pecies is eleven ounces: its length fourteen inches: its breadth three feet. Ulula. Gefner av. ee 4) 7. Strix. 41LG7. Strix ftridula. Lin. fpf. 133. av. I, Z Crass If. 5° Common brown or ivy Owl. Wil. orn. 102. Rai fyn. av. 25. Le Chat huant. Brifor av. Skrik uggla. Faux. Suec. 77. Strix Orientalis. Hafelguift itin. 252), Nacht Eule, Gemeine. Kram. 324. I. 500. Hift. d’Oys. Braune-Eule, or Stock-Eule? I... 362: Fri/ch, I. 96. Strige. Zizan, 100. Scopo- Nat Ugle. Brunnich, 18. li, No. 12 Br. Zocl. 72. plate B. 3. Pl. Enl. A 437: HIS is the Strix of Aldrovandus, what we call the Screech Owl; to which the folly of fu- perftition — ee Crass If. PAWN Y ‘OWL: perftition had given the power of prefaging death by its cries. The antients believed that it fucked the blood of young children; a faét not incredible, for Haffelquift* defcribes a fpecies found in Syria, which frequently in the evening flies in at the win- dows, and deftroys the helplefs infant. Noéte volant puerofque petunt nutricis egentés, Et vitiant cuneis corpora rapta fuis. Carpere dicuntur lactentia vifcera roftris, Et plenum poto fanguine guttur habent. Eft illis ftrigibus nomen, fed nominis hujus Caufa quod horrenda ftridere nodte folent. Ovid. Faft. VI. 135. The female of this fpecies weighs nineteen oun- ces: the length is fourteen inches: the breadth two feet eight inches: the irides are dufky: the ears in this, as in all owls, very large; and their fenfe of hearing very exquifite. The color of this kind is fufficient to diftinguifh it from every other : that of the back, head, coverts of the wings, and on the {capular feathers, being a fine tawny red, elegantly {potted and powdered with black or dufky {pots of various fizes : on the coverts of the wings, and on the fcapulars, are feveral large white fpots: the coverts of the tail are tawny, and quite free from any marks: the tail is varioufly blotched, barred and fpotted with pale red and black; in © Lit, 7255: the 209 DESCRIP. ZIO 6g. BRown. cer DESCRIP. BROWN OWL, Goaee the two middle feathers the red predominates: the breaft and belly are yellowifh, mixed with white, and marked with narrow black ftrokes pointing downwards: the legs are covered with feathers down to the toes. | ’ This is a hardier fpecies than the former; and the young will feed on any dead thing, whereas thofe of the white owl muft have a conftant fupply of frefh meat. The grey Owl. Wil. ern. 103. Faun. Suec. 78. Raii fyn. av. 26. Ugle. Brunnich, 19. La Hulote. Brifén av. J. 507. Graue Eule? Frifch, I. 4. * Strix Ulula. Lin. ff. 133. Br. Zool. 72. Plate B. 1. S the names this and the precedent fpecies bear do by no means fuit their colors, we have taken the liberty of changing them to others _ more congruous. Both thefe kinds agree entirely in their marks; and diffre only in the colors: in this the head, wings and back are of a deep brown, fpotted with black in the fame manner as the for- mer: the coverts of the wings and the fcapulars are adorned with fimilar white fpots: the exterior edges of the four firft quil feathers in both are ferrated: the breaft in this is of a very pale ath color mixed with tawny, and marked with oblong jagged fpots: the feet too are feathered down to tne very = 1. XXET. WO”. BROWN OWL. Cin ei) BY i a wu —* Saks cy TOSS ee -- wa 2 a a We Crass I]. HY EE O Mil. very claws : the circle round the face is afh-colored, fpotted with brown, Both thefe fpecies inhabit woods, where they re- fide the whole day; in the night they are very clamorous ; and when they hoot, their throats. are inflated to the fize of an hen’s egg. In the duik they approach our dwellings; and will frequent- ly enter pigeon houfes, and make great havoke in them. They deftroy numbers of little leverets, as appears by the legs frequently found in their nefts. They alfo kill abundance of moles, and fkin them with as much dexterity as a cook does a rab- bet. Thefe breed in hollow trees, or ruined edi- fices; lav four eges of an elliptic form, and of a whitifh color. La Cheveche.. Belen av. 140. Cheveche. Brifonz av. I. Noéttua. Ge/ner av. 620. 514. Little Owl. Wil. orn. 105. Strix pafferina, Lin. fy/?. 133. Raii fyn. av. 26. La Civetta. Ofiza, 65. Scopolt, Edw. 228. No. 17. Tichiavitl. Kram. 324. Krak-Ugle. Brunnich, 20. Faun. Suec. 79. Kleinfte Kautzlein. Frifch, La petite Chouette, ou Ia I. 100. Br, Zool, 73. plate B. 5. "aes elegant {pecies is very rare in England; it is fometimes-found in Yorkfbire, Flintfbire, and alfo near London: in fize it fcarcely exceeds a thrufh, though the fullnefs of its plumage makes iC 70. Wanner. DEscRIP. B12 LITTLE! OWL. Cleats it appear larger: the irides are of a licht yellow : the bill of a paper color: the feathers that en- circle the face are white tipt with black: the head brown, fpottéd with white: the back, and — coverts of the wings of a deep olive brown; the latter fpotted with white: on the breaft is a mix- ture of white and brown: the belly is white, marked with a few brown fpots: the tail of the fame color with the back: in each feather barred | with white: in each adorned with circular white fpots, placed oppofite one another on both fides the fhaft: the lees and feet are covered with feathers down to the claws. The Italians made ufe of this owl to decoy {mall birds to the limed twig: the methed of which is exhibited in Olina’s uccelliera, p. 65. Mr. Steuart, the admirable author of the Anti- guities of Athens, informed me that this fpecies of owl was very common in /tica; that they were birds of pafiage, and appeared there the beginning of April in great numbers; that they bred there; and that they retired at the fame time as the Storks, whofe arrival they a little preceded. I Fk ain ay mC j s ORDER @ x r Cd > PAs GREAT FEMALE SHRIKE. = SS USS S SSN ANN Lit Zed) | CLS, ) > } Yi iff yy, Wh Wy) } \) 4h \% ¥ i { wh NW yk WW Ny ii Y ( { —s = XN ze Crass II GREAT ep eb hae St iy ak B pope sigh 293 Strong bill, ftrait at the bafe, and hooked at the III. SHRIKE. end. Each fide of the upper mandible marked with one notch. Outmoft toe clofely joined to the middlemoft as far as the firft joint. Le grande Pie eriefche. Beloz av. 126. Lanius cinereus. Ge/ner av. Skiike, nyn murder Yurzeri. Lanius cinereus, Collurio ma- jor. Aldr av. I. 199. Caftrica, Ragaftola. Oliva, 41. Greater Butcher Bird, or Mat- tagefs; in the North of England, Wierangle. Wil. orn. 87. Raii fyn. av. 18. Speralfter, Grigelalfter, Neun- todter. Kram. 364. Butcher Bird, Murdering Bird or Skreek. Mer. Pinax, 170. Cat. Carol. app. 36. \ Night Jar. Mort. Northampt. 246 ie Beenotlle erife. Brifon av. Il. 141. Hit. a’ Oys, I. 296. Piha 22. fF, 0. Lanius excubitor. Lin. /f. 135. Warhigel: Faun. Suec. 80. Danifb 'Torn-Skade. Norvegis Klavert. Br. 21. 22. Br. Zooli73. plate C.. Pl. Exl. 445- Velch Skrakoper. _Scopolz, No. 18. Berg-Aelfter (Mountain Mag- pie) or groffer Neuntocdter. Frifch, VT. 59. q “NHIS bird weighs three ounces: its length is ten inches: its breadth fourteen: its bill is black, one inch long, and hooked at the end; the upper mandible furnifhed with a fharp procefs: the noftrils are oval, covered with black briftles point- ing downwards: the mufcles that move the bill are Emery 71. GREAT. SIZE. 214 GREAT SHRIKE. .Ctass If very thick and ftrong; which makes the head very large. This apparatus is quite requifite in a fpe- _Mawners. cies whofe method of killing its prey is fo fingular, and whofe manner of devouring it is not lefs extra- ordinary: fmall birds it will feize by the throat, and ftrangle*; which probably is the reafon the Germans call this bird Wurchangel +, or the fuffo-. cating angel. It feeds on {mall birds, young neft- lings, beetles and caterpillars. When it has killed the prey, it fixes them on fome thorn, and when thus {pitted pulls them to pieces with its bill: on this account the Germans call it Thornirder and Thornfreker. We have feen them, when confined in a cage, treat their food in much the fame man— ner, fticking it againft the wires before they would devour it. Mr. Edwards very juftly imagines that as nature has not given thefe birds ftreneth fuffici- ent to tear their prey to pieces with their feet, as the hawks do, they are obliged to have recourfe to this artifice. It makes its neft with heath and mofs, lining it with wool and goflamer; and lays fix eges, of a dull olive green, fpotted at the thickeft end with black. DescriP. The crown of the head, the back, and the co-* verts that lie immediately on the joints of the wings are afh-colored ; the reft of the coverts black : the quil feathers are black, marked in their middle * Edw. Gi. Il. 233. + Wil. orn. 87. with a Crass II. RED-BACKED SHRIKE. with a broad white bar; and except the four firft feathers, and the fame number of thofe next the body, are tipt with white: the tail confifts of twelve feathers of unequal lengths, the middle being the longeft ; the two middiemoft are black, the next on each fide tipt with white, and in the reft the white gradually increafes to the outmoft, where that color has either entire poffeffion, or there remains only a fpot of black: the cheeks are white, but croffed from the bill to the hind part of the head with a broad black ftroke : the throat, breaft and belly are of a dirty white: the legs are black. The female is of the fame color with the male, the breaft and belly excepted, which are — marked tranfverfely with numerous femicircular brown lines. La petite Pie griefche grife. Belon av. 128. Lanius tertius. A/dé. av. I. L’Ecorcheur. Brifon av. Il. Poa Pl, fal, 33,4, 2. Hefind: Oye, ii ep ek 3 : Weert Leffer Butcher Bird, called in Lanius collurio. Liz. ff. 136. Yorkfbire Fluther. Wil. orn. 88. /p. 2. the male. 89. Sp. 3. the female. Raii fyn. av. 18. Danifh Tornfkade. Hantvark. Br. 23. Mort. Northampt. 424. Norv. Faun. Suec. 81. Tab. If. f. 81. Dorngreul, Dornheher. Kram. 363. Bufferola, Ferlotta rofla. Zz- nan, Ol. Br. Zool. 74. plate C. 1. Mali Skrakoper. Scoot, No. ig. HIE male weighs two ounces; the female two ounces two drams, The length of the former 215 Ate CHEEKS. 72. RED- BACKED, DescrRiP. 216 RED-BACKED SHRIKE. Crass IL. former is feven inches and a half; the breadth ele- ven inches. ‘The irides are hazel; the bill refem- bles that of the preceding fpecies: the head and ~ lower part of the back are of a fine light grey: acrofs the eyes from the bill runs a broad black firoke: the upper part of the back, and coverts of the wings, are of a bright ferruginous color; the breaft, belly and fides are of an elegant blof- “fom color; the two middle feathers of the tail are longeft, and entirely black; the lower part of the others white, and the exterior webs of the outmoft feather on each fide wholly fo. In the female the ftroke acrofs the eyes is of a reddifh brown: the head of a dull ruft color mix- ed with grey: the breaft, belly and fides of a dirty white, marked with femicircular dufky lines: the tail is of a deep brown; the outward feather on each fide excepted, whofe exterior webs are white. Thefe birds build their nefts in low bufhes, and lay fix eggs of a white color, but encircled at the Reeer end witha ring of brownifh red. Lanius Crass II. Lanius minor primus. av. I. 200. Another fort of Butcher Bird. Wil. orn. 89. fp. 4. The Wood-chat. av. 19. /p. 6. Br. Zool. 74. plate C. 2. Dorngreul mit rother platten. Aldr. Raii fyn. WOOD-CHAT. La Pie griefche rouffe. Brion av. Il. 147. Hit. d’ Oys. Pizor. PY BRIM aetZ. Buferola, Ferlotta bianca. Zinan. 89. Kleiner Neuntoedter. Fri/ch, 61. Kram. 363. N fize it feems equal to the preceding: the bill is horn colored: the feathers that furround the bafe are whitifh; above is a black line drawn crofs the eyes, and then downwards each fide the neck : the head and hind part of the neck are of a bright bay: the upper part of the back dufky: the co- verts of the tail grey: the fcapulars white: the co- verts of the wings dufky: the quil feathers black, marked towards the bottom with a white fpot: the throat, breaft and belly of a yellowifh white. The two middle feathers appear by the drawing to be entirely black: the exterior edges and ‘tips of the reft white: the legs black. The female differs: the upper part of head, neck and body are reddifh, ftriated tranfverfely with brown: the lower parts of the body are of a dirty white, rayed with brown: the tail is of a reddifh brown, marked near the end with dufky, and tipt with red. WY ox, 1. Strait Q 217 73. Woop- Cuart. DEscriP. FEMALE. 218 IV. CROW. The Raven. DESCRIP. ? RA’ VY. EC NV eee Strait ftrong BILL: NOSTRILS covered with briftles reflected down. Outmoft TOE clofely connected to the middle toe as far as the firft joint. Le Corbeau. Belu av. 279. Velch oru. Scopeli, No. 35. Corvus. Gefner av. 334. Corvus corax. Liz. /yf?. 155. Corvo, Corbo. Ald. av. I. Korp. Faun. Suec. 85. 343- Danifh Raun. Norv. Korp. Wil. orn. 121. sy gale Raii fyn. av. 39. Rab. Kram. 333. Frifch, I. Le Corbeau. Brifon av. I. 8. 6 2. Br. Zool. 75. Hift. d’ Oys. iT, 38 HIS fpecies weighs three pounds: its length is two feet two inches: its breadth four feet: the bill is ftrong and thick ; and the upper mandi- ble convex. The color of the whole bird is black, finely gloffed with a rich blue; the belly excepted, which is dufky. Ravens build in trees, and lay five or fix eggs of a pale green color marked with fmall brownifh {pots. They frequent in numbers the neighbor- hood of great towns; and are held in the fame fort of veneration as the vultures are in Egypt*, * Haffelquift itin. 23. and P1 XXXIV a ty A sy \ x A\ i QA AP ay | . “ reli Ot CrassIl. CARRION CROW. and for the fame reafon ; for devouring the carcafes and filth, that would otherwife prove a nufance. A vulgar refpect is alfo paid to the raven, as being the bird appointed by Heaven to feed the prophet Eiijab, when he fled from the rage of Abab*. The raven is avery docil bird, may be taught to fpeak, and fetch and carry. Inclear wea- ther they fly in pairs a great height, making a deep loud noife, different from the common croak- ing. Their fcent is remarkably good; and their life prolonged to a great fpace. The quils of ravens fell for twelve fhillings the hundred, being of great ufe in tuning the lower notes of a harpfichord, when the wires are fet at 4 confiderable diftance from the fticks. La Corneille. Belo av. 281. La Corbine. Hi. d’Oys. III, Cornix (Krae). Ge/ner av. 45. 320. La Corneille. Brifon av. 12. Cornice, Cornacchio. 4/dr. Corvus corone. Liz. fy. 155. av. I. 369. Faun. Suec. 86. Wl. orm. 122. - Krage. Br. 30. Raii fyn, av. 39. Br. Zool. 75. Oru. Scopoli, No. 36. HE crow in the form of its body acrees with the raven; alfo in its food, which is— TAY, Manes Bz: Q2 carrion 219 be, Cas RIONs a CARRION CROW. Crass Il carrion and other filth. It. will alfo eat grain and infects; and like the raven will pick out the eyes of young lambs when juft dropped: for which rea- fon it was formerly diftinguifhed from the rook, which feeds entirely on grain and infects, by the name of the gor or gorecrow; thus Ben Fobnfon in his Fox, a I. fcene 2. Vulture, kite, Raven and gor-crow, all my birds of prey. Virgil fays that its croaking foreboded rain: Tum Cornix plena pluviam vocat improba voce. It was alfo thought a bird of bad omen, efpecially if it happened to be feen on the left hand: Sepe finiftra cava predixit ab ilice Cornix. England breeds more birds of this tribe than any ~ other country in Europe. In the twenty-fourth of Henry VII. they were grown fo numerous, and thought fo prejudicial to the farmer, as to be confidered an evil worthy parlementary redrefs: an act was pafied for their deftruction, in which rooks and choughs were included. Every hamlet was to provide crow nets for ten years; and all the inha- bitants were obliged at certain times to affemble during that fpace, to confult the propereft method of extirpating them. | Though the crow abounds in our country, yetin | Sweden Crass IL. Ri) OW | Ki Sweden it is fo rare, that Linneus mentions it only as a bird that he once knew killed there. It lays the fame number of eggs as the raven, and of the fame color: immediately after deferting their young, they go in pairs. Both thefe birds are often found white, or pied; an accident that befals black birds more frequently than any o- thers: I have alfo feen one entirely of a pale brown color, not only in its plumage, but even in its bill and feet. The crow weighs about twen- ty ounces. Its length eighteen inches: its breadth two feet two inches. La Graye, Grolle ou Freux. La Corneille Moiffoneufe. Belon av. 233. Cornix frugivora Gefner av. 332. Aldr. av. I. 373. Wil. orn. 123. Raii fyn. av. 39. Corvus frugilegus, 156 Hifi. d’ Oys. UI. 55. (Roeck). Lin. fpf. Le Freux, ou la Frayonne. Briffon av. XI. 16. Roka. Faun. Suec. 87. Spermologus, feu frugilega. Caii opufc. 100. Schwartze krau, Schwartze krahe. Kram. 333. Frifch, I. 64. Br. Zool. 76. | 4 Rook is the Corvus of Virgil, no other {pecies of this kind being gregarious. FE paftu decedens agmine magno Corvorum increpuit denfis exercitus alis. A very natural defcription of the evening return of thefe birds to their nefts. Q3 This 221 76. Rook. 222 RI5O07 3 Olk Crass If. This bird differs not greatly in its form from the carrion crow: the fize of the rook is fu- perior; but the colors in each are the fame, the plumage of both being gloffed with a rich purple. But what diftinguifhes the rook from the crow is - the bill; the noftrils, chin, and fides of that and the mouth being in old birds white and bared of feathers, by often thrufting the bill into the ground in fearch of the eruce of the Dor-beetle*; the rook then, inftead of being profcribed, fhould be treated as the farmer’s friend; as it clears his ground from caterpillars, that do incredible damage by eat- ing the roots of the corn. Rooks are fociable birds, living in vaft flocks: crows go only in pairs. They begin to build their nefts in March; one bringing materials, while the other watches the neft, left it fhould be plundered by its brethren: they lay the fame number of eggs as the crow, and of the fame color, but lefs. After the breeding feafon rooks forfake their neft-trees, and for fome time go and rooft elfewhere, but return to them in Auguft: in Ofober they repair their nefts +. * Scarabeus melolantha. Liz. fi. 351. Rofl, Il. Fab. 1. Lif. Goed, 265. + Calendar of Flora. La ee. Woop ED CROW. 223° La Corneille emantelée. Behn. av. Il. 19. Hef. d’ Ois. 77, Hoopape au. 285. III. 61. Cornix varia, Marina, Hy- Mulacchia cinerizia, Monac- berna, (Nabelfrae.) Ge/ner chia. Zzzan. 70. aU. 332. Corvus cornix. Liz. fy/?. 156. Cornix cinerea, Aldr. av. I. Kraka, Faun. Suec. fp. 83. 379+ Grave Kran, Kranveitl. Xram. Raii fyn. avs 39- i ae , Martin's Weft. Ifles, 376. Graue-Kroshe (grey - Cow), Hooded Crow, Sid. Scot. 15. Nebel-Kroche (mit Crow). Pl. Enl. 76. Frifch,l. 65+ ka Corneille mantelée. Brifon Br. Zool. 76. plate D. i. Urana. Scopoti, No. 37. HE bill of this fpecies agrees in fhape with that of the rook, to which it bears great fimilitude in. its manners, flying in flocks, and feed- ing on infects. In England it is a bird of pailage ; it vifits us in the beginning of wimter, and leaves us. with the woodcocks. They are found in the inland as well as maritime parts of our country; in the latter they feed. on crabs and fhelfifh. It is very common in Scotland: in many parts of the Highlands, and in all the Hebrides, Orknies, and Shetlands, is the only fpecies of genuine crow ; the Carrion and the Rook being unknown there. — It breeds and continues in thofe parts, the whole year round. Perhaps thofe that inhabit the nor- | thern parts of Europe, are they which migrate here. In the Highlands they build indifferently in all Q 4 kinds 224. Descrip. } '“HOODED CROW. CLassiR kinds of trees: lay fix eggs: have a fhriller note than the common crows, are much more mif- chievous, pick out the eyes of lambs, and even of horfes when engaged in bogs: are therefore in many places profcribed, and rewards given for killing them. For want of other food, they will eat cran-berries and other mountain berries. Belon, Gefner, and Aldrovand, agree that this is a bird of paffage in their refpective countries: that it reforts in the breeding feafon to high moun- tains, and defcends into the plains on the ap- proach of winter. It breeds alfo in the fouthern parts of Germany, on the banks of the Danube*. The weight of this fpecies is twenty-two ounces ; the length twenty-two inches; the breadth twenty- three. The head, under fide of the neck, and wings are black, gloffed over with a fine blue: the breaft, belly, back, and upper part of the neck, are of a pale afh color: the irides hazel: the legs black, and weaker than thofe of the Rook. The bottom of the toes are very broad and flat, to enable them to walk without finking on marfhy and muddy grounds, where they are con- verfant. * Kram. 333. Gist The materials which Aviftotle fays it was compofed of, are not entirely of his own invention. Who- ever has feen the neft of the kinefifher, will obferve — it ftrewed with the bones and fcales of fith; the fragments of the food of the owner and its young : and thofe who deny that it is a bird that frequents the fea, muft not confine their ideas to our northern fhores; but reflect, that birds that inhabit a fhel- tered place in the more rigorous latitudes, may endure expofed ones ina milder clime. Ari/fotle made his obfervations in the eaft: and allows, that the alcyon fometimes afcended rivers *; pof- fibly to breed: for we learn from Zinanni, that in his foft climate, J¢aly, it breeds in May, in banks of ftreams that are near the fea; and having brought up the firft hatch, returns to the fame place to lay a fecond time. On the foundation laid by the philofopher, fuc- ceeding writers formed other tales extremely abfurd ; and the poets, indulging the powers of imagination, dreffed the ftory in all the robes of romance. This neft was a floating one; Incubat halcyone pendentibus zquore nidist. © 4 it was therefore neceffary to place it in a tranquil fea, and to fupply the bird with charms to allay the tiducendo il fine di detto foro a fogeia di batello, tutto co- perto di fcaglie di pefci, che reftano vagamente intrecciate ; ma forfe non fono cosi difpofte ad arte, bensi per accidente. * AvaSatver de re emi tes movaues Hitt. an. 1050, + Ovid Met, lib. xi, Voz. II, S fury 249 250 KINGFISHER. Crass IE ~ fury of a turbulent element during the time of its incubation ; for it had, at that feafon, power over — the feas and the winds. 2 ~ xX ? y X’ Ganvoves copereivtt Ta nYuaTa, Thy TESAAGTTAY, oT eer ania ape sy 6 = 7 oe OY TE YOIOY, TOY T EVPOYV, OF ETH ATH Dune Hive y ~ 7 / A/nuvives, yaauualis Nueniot tal te wanisa Ogviday épinadev. Theocrit. Idyl. wi. 1. 57. May Halcyous fmooth the waves, and calm the feas, And the rough fouth-eaft fink into a breeze; Halcyons of all the birds that haunt the main, Moft lov’d and honor’d by the Nereid train. Fawkes. Thefe birds were equally favourites with Thetis as with the Nereids ; Dilettz Thetidi Halcyones. Virg. Georg. I. 399- As if to their influence thefe deities owed a repofe in the midit of the ftorms of winter, and by their means were fecured from thofe winds that difturb their fubmarine retreats, and agitated even the plants at the bottom of the ocean. Such are the accounts given by the Roman and Sicilian poets. Ariftotle and Pliny tell us, that this bird is moft common in the feas of Sicily: that it fat only a few days, and thofe in the depth of winter ; and during that period the mariner might fail in full fecurity ; Crass. KINGFISHER; fecurity; for which reafon they were ftiled, Halcy- on days*. Perque dies placidos hiberno tempore feptem Incubat Halcyone pendentibus zquore nidis : ‘Tum via tuta maris: ventos cuftodit, et arcet fEolus egreffu. Ovid. Met. lib. XI. Alcyone comprefs’d, Seven days fits brooding on her watery neft A wintry queen ; her fire at length is kind, Calms every ftorm and hufhes every wind. Dryden. In after times, thefe words expreffed any feafon of profperity : thefe were the Halcyon days of the poets; the brief tranquillity; the /eptem placidi dies of human life. The poets alfo made it a bird of fong: Virgil feems to place it in the fame rank with the Linuet : Littoraque Halcyonem refonant, & Acanthida dumi. Georg. Ill. 338. And Sihus Italicus celebrates its mufic, and its float- ing nett: Cum fonat Halcyone cantu, nidofque natantes Immota geftat fopitis Auctibus unda, Lib. XIV. 275. But we fufpect that thefe writers have transfer- red to our fpecies, the harmony that belongs to * Arift. bift. an. 541. Plin. lib. x. c..32. lib. xvili. c..24- Arnuoveras nuegon Of the former; and dics halcyonides of the latter. $2 the Q5E 252 KINGFISHER. Crass ff¥,. the vocal alcedo of the philofopher, xai 4 atv @Sévyeran, nokilavera ext tay dovanwv*, which was vocal and perched upon reeds. Ariftotle fays, it is the left of the two, but that both of them ,have a cyanean back +. Belon \abors to prove the vocal alcedo to be the rouffercle, or the greater reed fparrowt, a bird found in France and fome other parts of Europe, and of a very fine note: it is true that it is con- verfant among reeds, like the bird defcribed by Ariftotle ; but as its colors are very plain, and that {triking character of the fine blue back is wanting, we cannot affent to the opinion of Belon; but ra- ther imagine it to be one of the loft birds of the antients. Thofe who think we have faid too much on this fubje&t, fhould confider how incumbent it is on every lover of fcience, to attempt placing the Ia- bors of the antients in a juft light: to clear their works from thofe errors, that owe their origin to the darknefs of the times; and to evince, that ma- ny of their accounts are ftri€tly true; many found- ed on truth; and others contain a mixture of fable and reality, which certainly merit the trouble of fe- paration. It is much to be lamented that travel- * Fiift. an. 392. + Na&roy xvaveov, the color of the cyanus, or lapis lazul. t Le Roufferolle, Belon av. 221. Le Roucherolle, Briffon ] av. Il. 218. Greater reed fparrow, Wil, ore. 143. Turdus arundinaceus, Liz. ft, /p. 296. lers Giaseatl. EEN GEIS HE R. lers, either on claffic or any other ground, have not been more affiduous in noting the zoology of thofe countries, which the antients have celebrated for their productions: for, from thofe who have attended to that branch of natural knowledge, we have been able to develope the meaning of the old naturalifts ; and fettle with precifion fome few of the animals of the antients. Italy, a country crowded with travellers of all nations, hath not furnifhed a fingle writer on claffi- cal zoology. The Ea has been more fortunate: Belon, the firft voyager who made remarks in na-. tural hiftory during his travels, mentions many of the animals of the places he vifited, and may be very ufeful to afcertain thofe of Ariftotle, efpeci- ally as he has given their modern Greek names. Our countryman, Dr. Rufel, enumerates thofe of Syria. Dr. Haffelquift has made fome additions to the ornithology of Evypt: but all thefe fall fhort of the merits of that moft learned and inquifitive traveller, Dr. Shaw; who with unparalleled learn- ing and ingenuity, has left behind him the moft fatistactory, and the moft beautiful comments on the animals of the antients, particularly thofe men- tioned in HOLY writ, or what relates to the Zgyp- tian mythology: fuch as do honor to our country, and we flatter ourfelves will prove incentives to other travellers, to complete what muft prove fu- perior to any one genius, be it ever fo great : from fuch we may be fupplied with the means of illuf- | 5S 3 trating 253 KINGFISHER. Crass Il. trating the works of the antient naturalifts; whilft commentators, after loading whole pages with un- — enlightening learning, leave us as much in the dark, ~ as the age their authors wrote in. Strait Crass II. Strait triangular BILL. Pe Cf Fi AE eC EE. 255 IX. NUT- Short TONGUE, horny at the end, and jagged, HATCH. Le grand Grimpereau, le Torchepot. Belon av. 304. -Picus cinereus, feu Sitta. Ge/- ner av. 711. Ziolo. Aldr. av. I. 417. The Nuthatch, or Nut-job- ber. Wil. orn. 142. Raii fyn. av. 47. The Woodcracker. Plott’s hiff. Ox. 175 Sitta Europza. Lin. fy. 177. av. III. 588. ¢ab. 29. fig. 3. Picchio grigio, Raparino. Zz- nan. 74 Notwacka, Notpacka. Faun. Suec. fp. 104. Danifo Speett-meile. Nat-Bake. Br. 42. Klener, Nuffzhacker. Kram. 62. ie Teche! rife got Br. Zool. 81. plate H. Norv. Le Torchepot, Sitta. Brifon Barlefs. Scopoli, No. 57. HE nuthatch weighs near an ounce; its length is near five inches three-quarters ; breadth nine inches; the bill is ftrong and ftrait, about three quarters of an inch long; the upper mandible black, the lower white: the irides hazel ; the crown of the head, back, and coverts of the wings are of a fine bluifh grey: a black ftroke paffes over the eye from the mouth: the cheeks and chin are white: the breaft and belly of a dull o- range color; the quil feathers dufky; the wings underneath are marked with two {pots, one white at the root of the exterior quils; the other black at the joint of the baftard wing; the tail confifts of twelve feathers; the two middle are grey: the two S 4 exterior 89. Nur- HATCH Descrip. 2 56 NU THATCH, = CrassIl. exterior feathers tipt with gtey, then fucceeds a tranf- verfe white fpor; beneath that the reft is black; | the legs are of a pale yellow; the back toe very ftrong, and the claws large. This bird runs up and down the bodies of trees, like the woodpecker tribe; and feeds not only on < infects, but nuts, of which it lays up a confidera- ble provifion in the hollows of trees: it is a pret- ty fight, fays Mr. Willughby, to fee her fetch a nut out of her hoard, place it faft in a chink, and then ftanding above it with its head downwards, ftrikine it with all its force, breaks the fhell, and catch- es up the kernel: it breeds in the hollows of trees; if the entrance to its neft be too large, it ftops up part of it with clay, leaving only room enough for admiffion : in autumn it begins to make a chatter- ing noife, being filent for the greateft part of the year. Doéor Plott tells us, that this bird, by put- ting its bill into a. crack in the bough of a tree, can make fuch a violent found as if it was rending afunder, fo that the noiie may be heard at left twelve {core yards. Slender | CREEPER. a yp) Wy ) 4 Crass II. BO .O 18° O 6 EB Slender incurvated BILL. Very fhorr TONGUE. Ten feathers in the TAIL, 257 yD HOOPOE, La Huppe. Belon av. 293. Upupaepops, Lin. /yf. 183. 90. Hooror, Upupa. Gefner av. 776, > Pate Pop. fauz. Suec. Aldr. av. Il. 314. ) (pc MO. Bubbola. Okza, 36. Rex Chacus Potocke Trav. fr. The Hoop, or Hoopoe.. Wil. 209. orn. 145. Her-fugl. Bruznich, 43. Raii fyn. av. 48. Widhopf. Kram. 337. The Dung Bird. Charlton ex, Upupa; arquata ftercoraria ; 98. tab. 99. haha gallus lutofus. Klein Stem. » Plage Mog 1,77.» eave. tab. 25. Edw. 345. Br. Zool. 33. plate L. Pl. enl. 52.~ 7 Smerda kaura. Sropoli, No. La Hupe ov Puput. Brifon 62. av. Ill: 455. tab. 43. | HIS bird may be readily diftinguifhed from all others that vifit thefe iflands. by its beau- tiful creft, which it can ereét or deprefs at pleafure : it weighs three ounces : its length is twelve inches: its breadth nineteen: the bill is black, two inches and a half long, flender, and incurvated: the tongue triangular, fmall, and placed low in the mouth: the irides are hazel: the creft confifts of a double row of feathers; the higheft about two inches long: the tips are black, their lower part of a pale orange color: the neck is of a pale reddifh brown: the breaft and belly white; bur in young | birds Descrip, 258 HG: © PO) FA Crass II, birds marked with narrow dufky lines pointing down: the leffer coverts of the wings are of a light brown: the back, fcapulars and wings croffed with broad bars of white and black : the rump 1s white: the tail confifts of only ten feathers, white marked with black, in form of a crefcent, the horns pointing towards the end of the feathers. The legs are fhort and black: the exterior toe is clofely united at the bottom to the middle toe. According to Linneus it takes its name from its note*, which has a found fimilar to the word; or it may be derived from the French huppe, or crefted: it breeds in hollow trees, and lays two afh-colored eggs: it feeds on infects which it picks out of ordure of all kinds: the antients believed that it made its neft of human excrement; fo far is certain, that its hole is exceffively foetid from the tainted food it brings to its young. The coun- try people in Sweden look on the appearance of this bird as a prefage of war; Facies armata videtur, and formerly the vulgar in our country efteemed it a forerunner of fome calamity. It vifits thefe ifl- ands frequently ; but not at ftated feafons, neither does it breed with us. It is found in many parts of Europe, in Egypt, and even as remote as Ceylon. The Turks call it Tir Chaous or the meffenger bird, * Faun. Suec. 2d edit. 37. from Gest HH O07 Pt Ou FE. 259 from the refemblance its creft has to the plumes worn by the Chaous or Turkifh couriers. Ovid fays that Tereus was changed into this bird : Vertitur in volucrem, cui ftant in vertice crifte, Prominet immodicum pro longa cufpide roftrum : Nomen £fops volucri. Metam. lib. vi. 1. 672. Tereus, through grief, and hafte to be reveng’d, Shares the like fate and to a bird is chang’d. Fix’d on his head the crefted plumes appear, Long is his beak and fharpen’d as a {pear. Croxall Very 260 XI, CREEPER. gt. CREEP- ER, DeEscRIP. C RSE EOPTEDRG - Cuass II. : Very flender BILL, very much incurvated. Twelve feathers in the TAIL. Le petit Grimpereau. Beloz Le a ee: Briffon Il. av. cane Cofner AU. 251. a cosh app. 37. fldr. av. I. 424. Certhia familiaris. Liz. /y/. Wil. orn. ie TSAp ee Raii fyn. av. Krypare. Faun. Suec. fp. 106. The Oxeye Cae Charl- 'Trze-Pikke v. Lie-Helten. ton ex. 93- Br. p. 12. Scopoli, No. 59. Picchio piccolo. Zinman. 75. | Grau-Specht. Fri/ch, I. 39. Baumlaufterl. Kram. 337. Br. Zool. 82. plate K. HE creeper weighs only five drams: and next to the crefted wren is the left of the Britifo birds: the manner it has of ruffling its fea- thers, and their length give it a much larger ap- pearance than is real. The length of this bird is five inches and a half: the breadth feven and a half; the bill is hooked like a fickle: the irides hazel: the legs flender: the toes and claws very long, to enable it to creep up and down the bodies of trees in fearch of infects, which are its food: it breeds in hollow trees; and Jays fometimes twenty egos: the head and upper part of the neck are brown, ftreaked with black: the rump is tawny: the co- verts of the wings are variegated with brown and black: the quil-feathers dufky, tipt with white, and — epatsikh CY RVEOCE 4P.1E R? and edged and barred with tawny marks: the breaft and belly are of a filvery white: the tail is very long, and confifts of twelve ftiff feathers; notwithftanding Mr. Willughby and other ornitholo- gifts give it but ten: they are of a tawny hue, and the interior ends of each flope off to a point. ORDER 261 262 AQt. GROUS. . Wocpn. iS GRO 20'S: Bierce arched BILL. Crass TI. Oxper Ill. GALLINACEOUS,. Outmoft, and inner TOES conneéted to the firft © joint of the middle toe by a {mall mem- brane, * With legs feathered to the feet: eye-brows. ** With naked legs. Le Coc de bois ou Faifan bruyant. Belon av. 249. Urogallus major (the Male). Gefner av. 490. Grygallus py male). 4 Gallo cadena Urogallus five Tetrao. Aldr. av. II. 29. Gallo alpeftre, Tetrax Neme- fiani (fem.) Aldr. av. I. (the Fe- me fylveftris. Girald. To- pogr. Hibern. 706. Cock of the Mountain, or Wood. Wil. orn. 172. Raii fyn. av. ft PI. Enl, 73.7 Capricalca. sie Scot, 16. tab. 14, 18. + Sawedifo edition. broad fcarlet Le cocque de Bruyeres. Brifon av. |. 182. Hift. d’ Oys. en! pe Ft Tetrao urogallus. Lin. /jft. 273. Kjader. Faun. Suec. Jp. 2006 Pontop. Ul. 101. Tjader-hona. Haffelquift itin. T 571. Klein Stem. tab. 27. Mas Norvegis 'Tiur, Teer, Toedder. Foemina Norv. Roey. Bruunich, 194. Aurhan. Kram. 356. Auerhahn. Frifch, I. 108. Br. Zool. 84. plates M. M*. Pl. Bale 7a Devi peteln. Scopoli, No. 169- 1075 This bird was fhot in the ifle of Milo, on a palm tree. Belon tells us, it is often found in Crete; OZ/. p. 11. The Englifh tranflator of Hafelquift gives a falle name to the bird, calling it the Black Game. THIS wood GROUS. Vell owe fore. 2 Crass II. Gi OW. "S, HIS fpecies is found in no other part of TT Great Britain than the Highlands of Scot- land, North of Inverne/s; and is very rare even in thofe parts. It is there known by the name of Capercalze, Auer-calze, and in the old law books Caperkally: che lat fignifying the horfe of the _ woods; this fpecies being, in comparifon of others of the genus, pre-eminently large*. We believe that the breed is extinét in Jre/and, where it was formerly found. Giraldus Cambrenfis+ defcribes it under the title of Peacock of the wood, from the rich green. that fhines on the breaft of the male. Boethius + alfo mentions it under the name of Capercalze; and true- ly defcribes its food, the extreme fhoots of the pine. He afterwards gives an exact defcription of the Slack cock, but gives it the name of the cock of the wood, a name now confined to this fpecies. Bifhop Le/s/y|| is a third of our hiftorians who makes mention of this bird along with two others of the genus, the black cock and common egrous 5 but the Ptarmigan is overlooked by them. None of thefe writers were converfant in the ftudy of natural hiftory, therefore are very excufable for their inaccuracy. * For the fame reafon the Germans call it 4ur-han, or the Urus or wild ox cock. + Topogr. Hibern. 706. t Defcr. Regni Scotia. 7. || Scotia Defer, 24. te: 264 DESCRIP. G Ro f° B Crass If. It inhabits wooded and mountanous countries ; in particular, forefts of pines, birch trees and ju- nipers; feeding on the tops of the former, and ber- | ries of the iatter; the farft infedts often the flefh with fuch a tafte, as to render it fcarcely eatable. In the fpring it calls the females to its haunts with ~ a loud and fhrill voice; and is at that time fo ve- ry inattentive to its fafety, as to be very eafily fhot. It ftands perched on a tree, and defcends to the females on their firft appearance. ‘They lay from eight to fixteen eges ; eight at the firft, and more as they advance in age *. Thefe birds are common to Scandinavia, Ger- many, France, and feveral parts of the Abs. In our country I have feen one fpecimen at Invernefs, a male, killed in the woods of Mr. Chi/olme, North of that place. : The length of the male is two feet eight inch- es; the breadth three feet ten: its weight fome- times fourteen pounds. ‘The female is much lefs, the length being only twenty-fix inches; the breadth’ forty. The fexes differ alfo greatly in colors. The bill of the male is of a pale yellow: the nof- rils are covered with dufky feathers: the head, neck and back are elegantly marked, flender lines of grey and black running tranfverfely. The fea- thers on the hind part of the head are long, and beneath the throat is a large tuft of long feathers. * Schwenckfelt Aviarium Silefe. 372. The Pi. XLII. Crass II. Gpak O° Uy °s: _ The upper part of the breaft is of a rich gloffy ereen ; the reft of the breaft and the belly black, mixed with fome white feathers: the fides are mark- ed like the neck: the coverts_of the wings crofled with undulated lines of black and reddifh brown: the exterior webs of the greater quil feathers are black: at the fetting on of the wings in both fexes is a white {pot; the inner coverts are of the fame color: the tail confifts of eighteen feathers, the middle of which is the longeft; are black, marked en each fide with a few white fpots: the vent fea- thers black mixed with white. The legs -very ftrong, covered with brown feathers: the edges of the toes pectinated. The female differs greatly from the male: the bill is dufky : the throat red: the head, neck and back are marked with tranfverfe bars of red and black: the breaft has fome white fpots on it, and the lower part is of a plain orange color: the belly barred with pale orange and black; the tips of the fea- thers white. The feathers of the back and fcapu- lars black, the edges mottled with black and pale reddifh brown; the fcapulars tipt with white. The inner webs of the quil feathers dufky: the exterior mottled with dufky and pale brown. The tail is of a deep ruft color barred with black, tipt with white, and confifts of fixteen feathers. Gefner, as Mr. Willughby* has long fince ob- * Wil, orn. 173. Gefner av. 49% 495. wou, I. saad ferved, 265 266 93. BLACK. ManneERS, BLACK COCK. CtassIl ferved, deceived by the very different plumage of the male and female of this kind, has formed of them two fpecies. Urogallus minor (the Male). Gefner av. 493. Grygallus minor (the Female). 496. Fafan negro, Fafiano alpeitre, Urogallus five Tetrao mi- nor Gallus Scoticus fylvef- ris. Aldr. av. Il. 32. 160. Raii fyn. ae. 530. Heath-cock, black Game, or Grous. Wil. orn. 173. Tetrao tetrix. Liz. fpf. 274. Orre. Faun. Suec. Jp. 102. Le Cogq-de-bruyeres a queue fourchue. Briffon av. I. 186. Hift.. d’ Oys. Il. 210. Cimbris mas Urhane, femina Urhoene. Norvegis Orrfugl. Brunnich, 196. Berkhan, Schildhan. 356: Birckhahn. Fri/ch, I. 109. Br. Zool. 85. tab. M. 1. 2. LY, Fal, 172, (593. : Gallo sforcello Ltakis. Scopoli, No. 169. Kram. HESE birds, like the former, are fond of wooded and mountanous fituations; they feed on bilberries, and other mountain fruits; and in the winter on the tops of the heath. They are often found in woods; this and the preceding fpecies perching like the pheafant: in the fummer they frequently defcend from the hills to feed on corn: they never pair; but in the fpring the male gets upon fome eminence, crows and claps his wings *; on which fignal all the females within * The ruffed heathcock of America, a bird of this genus, does the fame. Edzw. G/. p. 80. The cock of the wood a- grees too in this exultation during the amorous feafon ; at which time the peafants in the 4/ps, dire€ted by the found, have an opportunity of killing them. | hearing SN ie 4H}} 4, ——= ——= FES Az ay BLACK COCK. ial see % a — “ Gis) BaALACC-K 42C-O°C-K. hearing refort to him: the hen lays feldom more than fix or feven eggs. The young males quit their : mother in the beginning of winter; and keep in flocks of feven or eight till fpring; during that time they inhabit the woods: they are very quar- relfome, and will ficht together like game cocks ; and at that time are fo inattentive to their own fafety, that it has often happened that two or three have been killed at one fhot. An old black cock weighs near four pounds: its length is one foot ten inches; its breadth two feet nine: the bill dufky: the plumage of the whole body black, gloffed over the neck and rump with a fhining blue. The coverts of the wings are of a dufky brown: the four firft quil feathers are black, the next white at the bottom; the lower half of the fecondary feathers white, and the tips are of the fame color: the inner coverts of the wings white: the thighs and legs are covered with dark brown feathers; on the former are fome white fpots: the toes refemble thofe of the former fpecies. The tail confifts of fixteen black feathers, and is much forked; the exterior feathers bend oreatly outwards, and their ends feem as if cut off. The feathers un- der the tail and inner coverts of the wings are of a pure white. | The female weighs only two pounds: its length is one foot fix inches; its breadth two feet fix. The head and neck are marked with alternate bars of dull red and black: the breaft with dufky, black ae 2 and 267 DESCRIP. FEMALE. 268 MiIxeEpD BREED. BLACK -COtCK: Gia and white; but the laft predominates. The back, coverts of the wings and tail are of the fame colors as the neck, but the red is deeper: the inner webs of the quil feathers are mottled with black and white: the inner coverts of the wings are white; and in both fexes form a white fpot on the fhoulder. The tail is. flightly forked; it confifts of eighteen feathers variegated with red and black. The fea- thers under the tail are white, marked with a few bars of black and orange. This bird hatches its young late in the fummer. It lays from fix to eight egos, of a dull yellowifh white color, marked with numbers of very fmall ferruginous fpecks; and towards the fmaller end with fome blotches of the fame hue. Befides the common fpecies of black cock, M. Briffon mentions a variety found in Scotland, under the name of /e cog de bruyere piqueté, or {potted black cock. It differs from the common fort in being fpotted on the neck, breaft, wings and thighs with red. This I fuppofe to have been a {purious breed between this and the former fpecies, as the Tetrao Hybridus of Linneus is. 1 could not learn that this mixed race was found at prefent in North Britain, perhaps becaufe the cock of the wood is now become fo very rare. It is alfo found in Swe- den, and defcribed by Linneus in his Faun. Suec. — fp. 201. by the title of Tetrao caudéd bifurcd fubtus — albo punéata, in Swedifo, Racklehane or Roflare: the legs of this and the preceding kind are feathered : only AN EK WY SER s ve ~S be \ ty “= AN F.GROUS . v29q94 7 PTARMIGAN. VE fee © RABID) CC. OUCLK. only to the feet: they both inhabit woods in the winter ; therefore nature hath not given them the fame kind protection againft the cold, as fhe has the grous and ptarmigan, who muft undergo all the rigor of the feafon beneath the fhow, or on the bare ground. Gallina campeftris. Gzrald. La Gelinote Hupée. Briffon topogr. Hibern. 706. M.'s 200s, HA Ops, Red Game, Gorcock, or Eh. 262. Moor-cock, W7l. orn. 177. La Gelinote d’Ecoffe, Bonafa Lagopus altera Plinii. Raiz Scotica. Idem 199. tab. 22. Syn. av. 54. fea. fief. 2’Oys. Tl. aan Moor-cock, or Moor-fowl. Sid. Br. Zool. 85. plate M. 3. _ Scot. 16. HE male weighs about nineteen ounces. The leneth is fifteen inches and a half: the breadth twenty-fix. The bill is black: the noftrils covered with red and black feathers: the irides hazel colored. At the bafe of the lower mandible, on each fide, is a white fpot: the throat is red. The plumage on the head and neck ‘is of a light tawny red; each feather is marked with feveral tranfverfe bars of black. _ The back and fcapular feathers are of a deeper red, and on the middle of each feather is a large black fpot: the breaft and belly are of a dull pur- plifh brown, croffed with numerous narrow dufky lines: the quil feathers are dufky: the tail confifts Ba - eek 269 94. RED. DESCRIP. 270 RXE)DS € OYClKi Cia of fixteen feathers of an equal length, all of them (except the four middlemoft) are black, and the middle feathers are barred with red: the thighs are of a pale red, barred obfcurely with black, the leos and feet cloathed to the very claws with thick foft white feathers*; the claws are whitifh, very broad and ftrone. The female weighs only fifteen ounces. The colors in general are duller than thofe of the male: the breaft and belly are fpotted with white: and the tips of fome of the coverts of the wings are of the fame color. The red naked part that lies above the eyes is lefs prominent than in the male, and the ‘edges not fo deeply fringed. We believe this fpecies to be peculiar to the Britifo ands; not having met with any account of it, except in the writings of our countrymen Mr. Ray and Willughby, and in M. Briffon under the name of Bonafa Scotica; the fame writer de- {cribes it again by the title of Attagen, but his references are either to authors who have copied our naturalifts, or to fuch who mean quite ano- ther kind. Mr. Ray feems to think his bird, the other Lagopus of Pliny +, or the Francolino of the * The feet in the figure given by M. Brifon are engraven naked, or bare of feathers. T'he fpecimen probably came to that gentleman in that condition: his defcription in other re- {peéts is very accurate. + Eft et alia nomine eodem, a coturnicibus magnitudine tantum differens, croceo tinétu cibis gratifiima. lib. x. c. 48. 4 modern CrassIl PTARMIGAN. modern Jialians: but the account left us by Pliny feems too brief and uncertain to determine at this time what fpecies he intended; and that the Fran- colina is not the fame with our grous, is evident from the figure of it exhibited by our accurate friend Mr. Edwards *. Thefe birds pair in the fpring, and lay from fix to ten eggs: the young brood or packs follow the hen the whole fummer; in the winter they join in flocks of forty or fifty, and become remarkably fhy and wild: they always keep on the tops of the hills, are fcarce ever found on the fides, and ne- ver defcend into the vallies; their food is the moun- tain berries, and the tops of heath, La perdris blanche. Belonav. White Game, erroneoufly 259. called the white Partridge, Lagopus. Gefner av. 575. Wil. orn. 176. Perdrix alba feu Lagopus, The Ptarmigan. $70. Scot. 16. Perdice alpeftre. Aldr. Pl. Enl.129. Hift. d’ Oys. i. av. II. 66. 264. Lagopus. Phiiz lib. x. c. 48. Tetrao Lagopus. Liz. /y/. 274. Snoripa. Faun. Suec. fp. 203. La Gelinote blanche. Briffou av. I. 216. | Raii fyn. av. 55. 4 Norv. Rype. Mas Ilands, 2971 95. Prarmt- GAN. Riupkarre, Fem. Riupa. ° Brunnich 199- Schneehuhn. Frifch, I. 110. Schneehun. Kram. 356. Br. Zool. 86 plates M. 4. 5. . Scopoli, No. 118. HIS bird ts well defcribed by Mr. Willugh- by, under the name of the white game. * Plates 246, 14 M. Briffoz 272 DESCRIP. POT. AOR MUG AUN. Crag M. Briffon™ joins it with the white partridge of Mr. Edwards, plate 72. I have received both fpecies at the fame time from Norway, and am convinced that they are not the fame. — Thefe two birds differ greatly, the former being above twice the fize of the Ptarmigan; and the co- lor of its fummer plumage quite different; that of Mr. Edwards bird being marked with large {pots of white, and dull orange; that of the Prar- migan is of a pale brown or afh-color, elegantly crofied or motled with fmall dufky fpots, and mi- nute bars: the head and neck with broad bars of black, ruft-color, and white: the wings are white, but the fhafts of the greater quil-feathers black: the belly white. In the male, the grey color predominates, except on the head and neck where there is a great mixture of red, with bars of white: but the whole plumage in this fex is extremely elegant. The females and young birds have a ereat deal of ruft-color in them: both agree in - their winter drefs, being intirely white, except as follows: in the male a black line occurs between the bill and the eyes; the fhaft of the feven firft quil feathers are black: the tail of the Ptarmigan confifts of fixteen feathers; the two middle of which are afh-colored, motled with black, and tipt with — white; the two next black flightly marked with white at their ends, the reft wholly black ; the fea- * Tom. I. p. 216. thers CiasI. PTARMIGAN. thers incumbent on the tail white, and almoft entire- ly cover it. The length of thefe birds is near fifteen inches; the extent twenty three: the weight nineteen ounces. Ptarmigans are found in thefe kingdoms only on the fummits of the higheft hills of the highlands of Scotland and of the Hebrides; and a few ftill inha- bit the lofty hills near Ke/wick in Cumberland. They live amidft the rocks perching on the grey ftones, the general color of the ftrata in thofe ex- alted fituations: they are very filly birds, fo tame as to bear driving like poultry; and if provoked to rife take very fhort flights, taking a {mall circuit like pigeons: they tafte fo like a grous as to be {carcely diftinguifhed; like the grous they keep in {mall packs; but never like thofe birds take fhelter in the heath ; but beneath loofe ftones. Thefe birds are called by Phny, Lagopi, their feet being cloathed with feathers to the claws, as the hare’s are with fur: the nails are long, broad and . hollow: the firft circumftance guards them from the rigor of the winter ; the latter enables them to form a lodge under the fnow, where they lie in heaps to protect them from the cold: the feet’ of the grous are cloathed in the fame manner, but thofe of the two firft fpecies here defcribed, which perch upon trees, are naked, the legs only being feathered, not being in want of fuch a protection. In Scotland they inhabit from the hill of Benlo- — mona 273 274 P.A.R>OT R I DiGIEZ ° Cisse mond to the naked mountain of Scaroben in Cath- nefs, the ifle of Arran, many of the Hebrides, 3 and the Orknies. 96. PaRT- RIDGE. Descrip. ** With naked legs. La Perdris grife ou Gouache. La Perdrix grife. Briffon av. Belon av. 257. I. 219. Perdix (Waldhun) Gefner av. PIQEnl. 27. Hift. d’Oys. I. 669. 401. Perdix minor five cinerea. Starna. Zinan. 30. Aldr. av. Il. 66. Agerhoene. Br. 201. Wil. orn. 166. Rebhun. Kram. 357- Rati fyn. av. 57. Rebhuhn. Frifch, 1. 114. Tetrao Perdrix. Lin. fy. 276. Br. Zool. 86. plate M. Rapphona. Faun. Suec. /p. Serebitza heat No. 175. 205. HE male partridge weighs near fifteen oun- ces; the female near two ounces lefs: the Jeneth to the end of the tail thirteen inches; the breadth twenty. The bill is whitifh: the crown of the head is brown {potted with reddifh white: behind each eye is a naked red fkin. The chin, cheeks and forehead of a deep orange color, but in the females much paler than in the other fex. The neck and breaft are prettily marked with narrow undulated lines of afh-color and black ; and in the hind part of the neck is a ftrong mixture of ruft color: on the breaft of the male is a broad Geresie. Pasa R TR DY DUG EF: _a broad mark in form of a horfe-fhoe, of a deep orange hue; in the female it is lefs diftinct. Fach feather on the back 1s finely marked with feveral femicircular lines of reddifh brown and black: the fcapulars with a narrow white line along their fhafts, and with black and cinereous undula- ted lines on the webs; whofe fides are marked with a large fpot of ruft color. The greater quil-feathers are dufky, fpotted on each web with pale red: it has eighteen feathers in the tail; the fix outmoft on each fide are of a bright ruft color tipt with white; the others marked tranfverfely with irreeular lines of pale reddifh brown and black: the lees are of a whitifh caft. The nature of this bird is fo well known, that it’ will be unneceffary to detain the readers with any account of it: all writers agree, that its paffion for venery exceeds that of any bird of the genus; fhould the reader’s curiofity be excited to feea more particular account, we beg leave to refer them to thofe authors who have recorded this part of its natural hiftory *. The Briti/h name of this bird is Kor-idr, a word now obfolete; that now in ufe is Pertrifen, bor- rowed from the Normans. Sadr is the generic name for the tribe. * Pliny \ib. 10. ¢. 23. Wil. orn. 168. Edw. preface to Glean- ings, part 2. Le 3) SALACIOUS. 296 aU AL a as. Crass II. 97- Quart. La Caille. Belon av. 263. Quaglia. Zinan. 36. Gefner av. 334. Tetrao coturnix. Liz. fpf. Coturnix Latinorum. 4/dr. av. 278. pe. Le G9. Wachtel. Faun. Suec. /p. 206. Wil. orn. 169. Vagtel. Brunnich, 202. Raii fyx. av. 58. Wachtel. Kram. 357. Frifch, La Caille. Briffon av. I. 247. Cee e Hift. a’Oys. Il. 449. Br. Zool. 87. plate M. 6. Perpelitza Scopoli, No. 176. Descrip. HE length of the quail is feven inches and a half; the breadth fourteen: the bill is of a dufky color: the feathers of the head are black, edged with rufty brown: the crown of the head divided by a whitifh yellow line, beginning at the bill and running along the hind part of the neck to the back: above each eye is another line of the fame color: the chin and throat of a dirty white: the cheeks fpotted with brown and white: the breaft is of a pale yellowifh red fpotted with biack: the fcapular feathers and thofe on the back are marked in their middles with a long pale yel- low line, and on their fides with ferruginous and black bars: the coverts of the wings are reddifh brown, elegantly barred with paler lines bounded on each fide with black. The exterior fide of the firft quil feathers is white, of the others dufky fpotted with red: the tail confifts of twelve fhort feathers barred with black and very pale brown- ifh red: the legs are of a pale hue. . | Quails | Crass II. OW AW L. Quails are found in moft parts of Great-Bri- tain; but not in any quantity: they are birds of paffage: fome entirely quitting our ifland, others fhifting their quarters. A gentleman, to whom this work lies under great obligations for his fre- quent affiftance, has affured us, that thefe birds migrate out of the neighbouring inland countries, into the hundreds of Effex, in Oéfober, and continue there all the winter: if froft or fnow drive them _ out of the ftubble fields and marfhes, they retreat to the fea-fide,; fhelter themfelves among the weeds, and live upon what they can pick up from the age, &c. between high and low water mark. Our friend remarks, that the time of their appearance in Effex, coincides with that of their leaving the inland counties; the fame obfervation has been made in Hamp/bire. Thefe birds are much lefs prolific than the par- tridge, feldom laying more than fix or feven whitifh egos, marked with ragged ruft colored fpots: yet Mr. Holland of Conway, once found a neft with twelve eggs, eleven of which were hatched: they are very eafily taken, and may be enticed any where by a call. They are birds of great fpirit; infomuch that quail fighting among the Athenians was as great an entertainment as cock fighting is in this country: it is at this time a fafhionable diverfion in China, and large {ums are betted there on the event*. The * Be so rae Uh a7 1, bodies oat 278 PE ACO’C-K3 &c. Giasee bodies of thefe birds are extremely hot; the Chinefe > on that account hold them in their hands in cold PEACOCKS. weather in order to warm themfelves*. Chaude comme une Caille, is a common proverb. The antients never eat this bird, fuppofing them to have been unwholefome, as they were faid to feed on Hellebore. To the birds of this genus we fhould add the whole tribe of domeftic land fowl, fuch as Peacocks, Pheafants, é&c. but thefe cannot clame even an Ez- ropean origin. India gave us Peacocks; and we are affured+ they are ftill found in the wild ftate, in vaft flocks, in the iflands of Ceylon and Fava. So beautiful a bird could not long be permitted to be a ftranger in the more diftant parts; for fo early as the days of Solomon}, we find among the articles imported in his Tarfbifh navies, Apes and Peacocks. A mo- narch fo converfant in all branches of natural hif- tory, who {poke of trees, from the cedar of Libanon, even unto the hyffop that fpringeth out of the wall: who {poke alfo of beafis and of fowl, would certain- ly not neglect furnifhing his officers with inftruc- tions for collecting every curiofity in the countries they voyaged to, which gave him a knowledge that * Ofbeck’s Voyage. I. 269. + Knox’s hift. of Ceylon. 28. 1 Kings, I. 10. the GiassIR .PALOANL TRY, '&ce. diftinguifhed him from all the princes of his time. élian* relates, that they were brought into Greece from fome barbarous country; and that they were held in fuch hich efteem, that a male and female were valued at Athens at 1000 drachme, or 321. 5s. 10d. Their next ftep might be to Samos; where they were preferved about the temple of Fumo, being the birds facred to the goddefs +: and Gellius in his noées Attice, c. 16. commends the excéllen- cy of the Samian peacocks. It is therefore probable that they were brought here originally for the purpofes of fuperftition, and afterwards cultivated for the ufes of luxury. We are alfo told, when Alexander was in India t, he found vaft numbers of wild ones on the banks of the Ayarotis, and was fo {truck with their beauty, as to appoint a fevere punifhment on any perfon that killed them. Peacocks’ crefts, in antient times, were among the ornaments of the Kings of Exgland. LErnald de Aclent fined to King Fobn in a hundred and forty palfries, with fackbuts, lorains, gilt fpurs and peacocks’ crefts, fuch as would be for his credit. Maddox Antiq. Exch .1. 273. Our common poultry came originally from Per- fia and India. Ariftophanes || calls the cock segouds tons, the Perfian bird; and tells us, it enjoyed * Lilian de nat. an. lib. vy. 21. t+ Atheneus. lib. xiv. p. 655. t Q. Curtius. lib, ix. || Aves, kin. 483. that “49 PouLTRY. 280 GUINEA HEN, &c. Crass II. that kingdom before Darius and Megabyzus: at this time we know that thefe birds are found in a ftate of nature in the ifles of Tinian*, and others ~ of the Jzdian ocean; and that in their wild condition PHEASANTS. GuiINEA Hews. their plumage is black and yellow, and their combs and wattles purple and yellow +. They were _early introduced into the weftern parts of the world; and have been very long naturalized in this country; long before the arrival of the Romans in this ifland, Czfar informing us, they were one of the forbidden foods of the old Britains. Thefe were in all pro- bability imported here by the Phenicians, who traded to Britain, about five hundred years before Chrift. For all other domeftic fowls, turkies, seefe, and ducks excepted, we feem to be indebted to our conquerors, the Romans. The wild fowl were all our own from the period they could be fuppofed to have reached us after the great event of the flood. Pheafants were firft brought into Europe from the banks of the Phafs, a river of Colchis. Argiva primim fum tranfportata carina, Ante mihi notum nil, nifi Phafs erat. Martial. lib. xiii. ep. 72. Guinea hens, the Meleagrides or Galline numidica * Dampier’s voy. 1. 392. Lord Axfon’s voy. 309. + For this information we are indebted to governor Loten. of Crass II. GUINEA HEN, &c. _of the antients, came originally from 4frica*, We are much furprized how Be/on and other learned or- nithologifts could poffibly imagine them to have been the fame with our Turkies; fince the defcrip- tions of the meleagri left us by Atheneus and other antient writers, agree fo exactly with the Guinea hen, as to take away (as we fhould imagine) all power of miftake. Arheneus (after Clytus Milefius, a dif- ciple of Ariftotle) defcribes their nature, form and colors: he tells us, ‘“* They want natural affection “towards their young; that their head is naked, “* and that on the top of it is a hard round body *‘ like a peg or nail; that from the cheeks hangs a “red piece of flefh hike a beard; thatit has no wat- “ tles like the common poultry; that the feathers “ are black fpotted with white; that they have no “ ~ e : / Kar viv ores exeive "Exisonas nomic F. * ¢ As foon as the commandant of Damiata heard that Or- « rilo was dead, he let loofe a pigeon, under whofe wing he “had tied a letter; this fled to Cairo, from whence a fecond “was difpatched to another place, as is ufual; fo that ina ‘very few hours, all Zgys¢ was acquainted with the death ‘of Orril’ Ariofto, canto 15. + Anacreon, ode 9. sis megiregay. Tam Crass II. COMMON PIGEON. I am now J4zacreon’s flave, And to me entrufted have All the o’erflowings of his heart To Bathyllus to impart $ Fach foft line, with nimble wing, To the lovely boy I bring. Taurofthenes alfo, by means of a pigeon he had decked with purple, fent advice to his father, who lived in the ifle of gina, of his victory in the Olympic games, on the very day he had obtain- ed it*. And, at the fiege of Modena, Hirtius without, and Brutus within the walls, kept, by the help of pigeons, a conftant correfpondence ; baffling every ftratagem of the befieger Antony +, to intercept their couriers. In the times of the Crufades, there are many more inftances of thefe birds of peace being employed in the fervice of war : Fonville relates one during the crufade of Saint Louis t , and Tafo another, during the fiege of Fe- rufalem \\. The nature of pigeons is to be gregarious ; to lay only two eggs; to breed many times in the year §; * Zlian var. hift. lib. 1X. 2. Play, Ue. X. c.. 24. fays, that fwallows have been made ufe of for the fame purpofe. + Pliny, lib. X. c. 37. Exclames, Quid vallum et vigil obfidio atque etiam retia amne pretenta profuere Antonio, per calum cunte nuncio ? : t Fonville, 638. app. 35. || Yafo, Book XVIII. § So quick is their produce, that the author of the Occonomy of nature obferves, that in the fpace of four years, 14,760 may come from a fingle pair. Svilling fleet’s tradés, 75. to 295 296 102. Rrnc. DESCRIP. RING DOVE. CrAssie. to bill in their courthhip ; for the male and female — to fit by turns, and alfo to feed their young; to caft their provifion out of their craw into the young ones’ mouths; to drink, not like other birds by fip- ping, but by continual draughts hke quadrupeds ; and to have notes mournful, or plaintive. Le Ramier. Belon av. 307. Raii fyn. av. 62. Phaffa. Belon obf. 13. Columba palumbus. Liz. fj jit Palumbus. Ge/uer av. 310. Spe 2825 Palumbus major five torquatus. Ringdufwa, Siutut. Fauz. Aldr. ao, IV. 227. Suec. fp. 208. Colombaccio. Ola, 54. Wildtaube, — Ringltaube, Ring-dove, Queeft, or Cufhat. Kram. 359. Wil. orn. x8 ce Ringel- Taube. frifch, 1. he Pigeon Ramier. Briffon av. 138. i 80. Hift. d’ Oys. Ul. 531. Dan. Ringel-due. Ee ducisey Griunik. Scopoli, No. 178. Skude. Brunnich, 204. Br. Zool. 89. pre O. HIS fpecies forms its neft of a few dry fticks in the boughs of trees: attempts have been made to domefticate them, by hatching their eocs under the common pigeon in dove houfes ; but as foon as they could fly, they always took ~ to their proper haunts. In the beginning of the winter they afiemble in great flocks, and leave off cooing; which they begin in March, when they pair. The ring dove is the largeft pigeon we have; and may be at once diftinguifhed from all others by the fize. Its weight is about twenty ounces; © feet: TUR TL EF ounces: its leneth eighteen inches; its breadth thirty. The head, back, and coverts of the wings are of a bluifh ath color: the lower fide of the neck and the breaft are of a purplifh red, dafhed with afh color: on the hind part of the neck is a femicircular line of white; above and beneath that the feathers are clofly, and of changeable colors as oppofed to the light. The belly is of a dirty white: the greater quil feathers are dufky the reft afh colored: underneath the baftard wing is a white ftroke pointing downwards. La Turtrelle. Belox av. 309. Wilde Turtel taube. Kram. Turtur. Ge/ner av. 316. oes Turtur. Aldr. av. ll. 235. Turtel-Taube. Frifch, I. 140. Tortora. Ona, 34. Le Tourterelle. Briffon av. The Turtle-dove. Wil. orz. I. 92. Scopok, No. 181. 183. Br. Zool. 8g. plate O. 1. Raii /yn. av. 61. Hift. d’ Oys. Il. 545. 'HIS fpecies is found in Buckinghamfhire, Gloucefterfbire, Shropfbire, and in the Weft of England. They are very fhy and retired birds, breeding in thick woods, generally of oak: we believe that they refide in Buckinghamfbire during the breeding feafon, migrating into the other coun- tries in autumn. The length is twelve inches and a half, its breadth twenty-one: the weight four ounces, The irides VoL.i, - x are 207 DESCRIP. . 298 TUR FF LL! ES “Cole are of a fine yellow: a beautifull crimfon circle en- compafles the eye lids. The chin and forehead are whitifh: the top of the head afh colored mixed with olive: on each fide of the neck is a fpot of black feathers prettily tipt with white: the back ath co- lored, bordered with olive brown: the {capulars and coverts of a reddifh brown fpotted with black: the quil feathers of a dufky brown, the tips and outward edges of a yellowifh brown: the breaft of a light purplifh red, having the verge of each feather yellow: the belly white: the fides and in- ner coverts of the wings bluifh. The tail is three inches and a half long; the two middlemoft fea- thers are of a dufky brown; the others black, with white tips: the end and exterior fide of the outmoft feathers wholly white. ORDER _V? ti ‘ ] My Yi Hye 1% 4 Crass II. Si TV AA RY E: wae Vi PA Soe A Lee Strait BILL; depreffed: the NOSTRILS fur- rounded with a prominent rim. L’Eftourneau. Belon av. 321. Sturnus. Ge/ner av. 746, Aldr. av. Il. 284. Stare, or Starling. Wl. orz. 196. | Raii fyn. av. 67. L’Etourneau. Briffon av. Il. Il, 439... Hiif?. d’Oys. 176. Sanfonet. P/. Enl. 75. Starl. Scopoli, No. 189. Storno. Zinan. 69. Olina, 18. Sturnus vulgaris. Liz. fpf. 290. _ Stare. Faun. Succ. fp. 213. Haffelquift, Itin. 284. Danis & Norvegis, Ster. Br. 229. Staar. Frifch, Ul. 217. Starl. Kram. 362. Br. Zool. 93. plate P. 2. f. 1. HE, Stare breeds in hollow trees, eaves of houfes, towers, ruins, cliffs, and often in high rocks over the fea, fuch as thofe of the Jie. of Wight... It lays four or five egos, of a pale greenifh afh color; and makes its neft of ftraw, {mall fibres of roots, and the like. In winter, ftares affemble in vaft flocks: they collect in myriads in the fens of Lincolufoire, and do great damage to the fen men, by roofting on the reeds, and X 2 breaking 299 XV. STARE, 104, STARE. z00 Dzscrip. SE ALOR Ee Crass IT. breaking them down by their weight; for reeds are the thatch of the country, and are harvefted with great care. Thefe birds feed on worms, and infects; and it is faid that they will get into pigeon houfes, for the fake of fucking the eggs. Their flefh is fo bitter, as to be fcarce eatable. They are very docil, and may be taught to fpeak. The weight of the male of this fpecies is about three ounces; that of the female rather lefs. The leneth is eight inches three quarters: the breadth _ fourteen inches. Bill, in old birds, yellow. The whole plumage is black, very refplendent with changeable blue, purple, and copper: each feather marked with a pale yellow fpot. The leffer co- verts are edged with yellow, and flightly gloffed with green. The quil feathers and tail dufky: the former edged with yellow on the exterior fide ; the laft with dirty white. The legs of a reddifh brown. Strait: Cease |=6OMe TiS: Sc’ L. Strait BILL, a little bending at the point, with a fmali notch near the end of the upper mandible. Outmoft TOE adhering as. far as the firft joint to the middle toe. | La Grive ou Siferre. Belon av. La Draine. Hift. d’ Oys. TIL. 324. 295. } Turdus vifcivorus, Gefaer av. La groffe grive, Turdus ma- jor. Brijon av. Il. 200. 7 Hy PHS 73. Scopoli, No. 193. Tordo. Oliza, 25. Biork-Traft. Faun. Suec. fp. Miffel-bird, or Shrite. W/. 216. orn. 187. Bs bbb carseat! Brun- Raii fyn. av. 64. nich, 231. : Miffcltoe-thruh, or Shreitch. Zariker, Miftler, Zerrer. Charlton ex. 89. _ Kram. 361. Turdus vifcivorus. Lin. fy if Miftel-Droffel, or Schnarre. 2gl. Frifch, 1.25. Tordo vifcada, Zicchio, Zi- Br. Zool. go. plate P. f. 1. nan. 39. FilS is the largeft of the genus, and weighs near five ounces. Its length ts eleven inch- es: its breadth fixteen and a half. The bill is fhorter and thicker than that of other thrufhes 3. dufky, except the bafe of the lower mandible, which is yellow. The rides hazel. Head, back, and leffer coverts of the wings are of a deep olive brown. The lower part of the X 2 back got XVI. THRUSH. 105. MissEL. g02 Mi 8.255 ES ao Cuiass Hl. back tinged with yellow. The loweft order of leffer coverts, and the great coverts brown: the firft tipt with white; the laft both tipt and edged — with the fame color. The quil feathers, and fe- condaries dufky ; but the lower part of the inner webs white. The inner coverts of the wings white. Tail brown; the three outmoft feathers tipt with white. Cheeks and throat mottled with brown and white: breaft and belly whitifh yellow, marked with large fpots of black: the legs yellow. Thefe birds build their nefts in bufhes, or on the fide of fome tree, generally an afh, and Jay four or five eggs: their note of anger or fear is very harfh, between a chatter and fkreek ; from whence fome of its Engl/h names; its fong though is very fine, which it begins, fitting on the fummit of a high tree, very ear- ly in the fpring, often with the new year, in blowing fhowery weather, which makes the in- habitants of Hampfhire to call it the Storm-cock. It feeds on infects, holly and miffeltoe berries, which are the food of all the thrufh kind: in fevere fhowy weather, when there is a failure of their ufual diet, they are obferved to fcratch out of the banks of hedges, the root of Arum, or the cuckoo pint: this is remarkably warm and pungent, and a provifion fuitable to the feafon. This bird migrates into Burgundy in the months of Ofober and November: in Great- Britain, con- tinues the whole year, The Wel call this bird | Pen Rast .Mait), S SE). L. Pen y Ikwyn, or the matter of the coppice, as it will drive all the leffer fpecies of thrufhes from it. The antients believed that the maffeltoe (the bafis of bird-lime) could not be propagated but by the ber- ries that had paft through the body of this bird; and on that is founded the proverb of Turdus malum Sibi cacat. Oe It may be obferved, that this is the largett bird, Britifh or foreign (within our knowledge) that fings or has any melody in its note: the notes of all fuperior being either fcreaming, croaking, chat- tering, 8&c. the pigeon kind excepted, whofe flow plaintive continued monotone has fomething {weet-_ ly foothing in it. YZhompfon (the naturalift’s poet) in the concert he has formed among the feathered tribe, allows the imperfection of voice in the larger birds, yet introduces them as ufeful as the bafe in chorus, notwithftanding it is unpleafing by itfelf. The jay, the rook, the daw, And each harfh pipe (difcordant heard alone) Aid the full concert: while the ftock-dove breaths A melancholy murmur fhro’ the whole*. yf * Seafons. Spring. 1. 606, X 4 La 304 FIELDFARE. CrassIl. 106. Frztp- LaLitorne. Belz av. 328. Dan. Dobbelt Kramsfugi. FARE. Turdus pilaris. Ge/ner av. 753. Cimbris. Snarrer. Norve- Aldr. av. WL 274. gis, Graae Troft, Fieid-. Wil. orn. 188. ‘Troft, Nordenvinds Pibe, Raii fyn. av. 64. Bornholmis, Simmeren. Br. La Litorne, ou Tour delle... 292.) Briffoa av. Il. 214. Hif?. Kranabets voor Kranabeter. d’ Oys. Tl. 301. ; Kram. Lin. [yft. 291. Wacholder-Droffel, Juniper Kramsfogel, fnofkata. Faun. Thrufh), or Ziemer. Suec. No. 215 Frifch, I. 26. Brinauka. Scopoli, No. 194. Br. Zool. go. plate P. 2. f. 1. HIS bird paffes the fummer in the northern . parts of Europe; alfo in lower Auftria*. It breeds in the largeft trees+; feeds on berries of all kinds, and is very fond of thofe of the juni- per. Fieldfares vifit our iflands in great flocks a- bout Michaelmas, and leave us the latter end of February, or the beginning of March. We fafpect that the birds that migrate here, come from Nor- way, &c. forced by the exceffive rigor of the feafon in thofe cold regions; as we find that they winter as well as breed in Pruffia, dufiriat, and the mo- derate climates. Thefe birds and the Redwings were the Turd of the Romans, which they fattened with crums of * Kramer elench. 361. + Faun. Suec. fp. 78. I Klein hiff. av. 178. figs meassie. 2 EE EE DEA RE, fies and bread mixed together. Varro informs us that they were birds of paffage, coming in au- tumn, and departing in the fpring. They muft have been taken in great numbers, for they were kept by thoufands together in their fattening avia- ries *. They do not arrive in France till the be- sinning of December. Thefe birds weigh generally about four ounces ; their length is ten inches, theif breadth feventeen, The head is afh-colored inclining to olive, and {potted with black, the back and greater coverts of the wings of a fine deep chefnut; the rump afh-colored: the tail is black: the lower parts of the two middlemoft feathers, and the interior up- per fides of the outmoft feathers excepted; the firft being afh-colored, the latter white. The iegs re black; the talons very ftrong. = ey, ibs TE 4 2.6% 305 DeEsceip. 107. THROS- TLE. DeEscrIP. FHROSTLE. eae La petite Grive. Belom av. Faun. Suec. fp. 217. 226. Turdus in altiflimis. Kez Turdus minor alter. Gefner fiem. av. tab. 13. av. 762. Weindrefchl, Weiffdrofchl, - Alar, av. Wl. 275. - Sommer-drofchl. Kram. Storno. Ofza, 18. 361. Mavis, Throftle, or Song Sing-Droffel, or Weiff-droffel. Thrufh. Wil. orz. 188. Frifch, 1. 27. Raii fyn. av. 64. Cimbris & Bornholmis, Viin- La petite Grive, Turdus mi- droffel. Norvegis, Tale nor. Brifor av. Il. 205. Traft. Br. 236. Hift. d’ Oys. Il. 280. Br. Zool. 91. plate P. f. 2. Turdus muficus. Liz. fpf. Drafich. Scopoli, No. 195- 292. ‘HE weight of this fpecies is three ounces: the length nine inches: the breadth thir-- teen and a half. In colors it fo nearly refembles the miffel thrufh, that no other remark need be added, but that it is leffer, and that the inner co- verts of the wings are yellow. The throftle is the fineft of our finging birds, not only for the {weetnefs and variety of its notes, but for long continuance of its harmony ; for it obliges us with its fong for near three parts of the year. Like the miffel bird, it delivers its mufic from the top of fome high tree; but to form its neft de- fcends to fome low bufh or thicket: the neft is made of earth, mofs, and ftraws, and the infide is curioufly plaiftered with clay. It lays five or fix eggs, Gael) BoE BD WON! &, egos, of a pale bluifh green, marked with dufky {pots. In France thefe birds are migratory : in Burgan- dy, they appear juft before vintage, in order to feed on the ripe grapes, are therefore called there la Grive de vigne. Le Mauvis. Belon av. 327. Scopol?, No. 196. Turdus minor. Ge/ner av. Pl. Enl. 51. 761, Turdus iliacus. Liz. fy. 292. T.. Illas feu Tylas. Aldr. av. Klera, Kladra, Tall-Tratt. Ti 275 Faun, Suec. fp. 218. Redwing, Swinepipe, or Wind Rothdrofchl, Walddrofchl, Threfh. Wil. orn. 189. Winterdrofchl. Kraaz. 361. Raii fyn. av. 54. Wein-Droffel. Roth-Droffel. Le Mauvis. Brifou av. U. Frifch, 1. 28. Ban. tay. 20. fie i. Hot. Br. Zool. ot. platew ts 2. a’ Oys. Til. 309. WAHESE birds appear in Great-Britain a few days before the fieldfare; they come in yaft flocks, and from the fame countries as the latter. With us they have only a difagreeable piping note; but in Sweden during the {pring fing very finely, perching on the top of fome tree a- mong the forefts of maples. They build their nefts in hedges, and lay fix bluifh green eggs fpotted with black *. They have a very near refemblance to the throf- * Faun. Suec. Jp. 218. tle; 307 108. Rep- WING. DESCRIP. 308 109. Brackx- BIRD. _ BLACKBIRD. Crass IL tle; but are lefs, only weighing two ounces and a quarter: their colors are much the fame; only the fides under the wings and the inner coverts in this are of a reddifh orange; in the throftle yel- low: above each eye is a line of yeilowith white, beginning at the bill and paffing towards the hind part of the head. The vent feathers are white. Befides thefe three forts of throftles, the author of the epitome of the art of bufbandry*, mentions a fourth kind under the name of the heath throfle, which he commends as far fuperior to the others in its fong: he fays it is the left of any, and may be known by its dark breatt; that it builds its neft by fome heath-fide, is very fcarce, and will fing nine months in the year. Le Merle noir. Belox av. 320. Kohl-Traft. Faun. Suec. fp. Merula. Ge/ner av. 602. 220. Aldr. av. U1. 276. Dan. & Norvegis Solfort. Br. Merlo. Zinan. 39. Okina, 29. 234. Vil. orn. 190. Amiel, Amarl. Kram. 360. Raii fyn. av. 65. Schwartze Amfel. Fri/cA, I. La Merle. Brifon av, Il. 227. 29. Hift. a’ Oys. Ill. 330. Br. Zool. 92. Pl. Enl. 2. Kofs. Scopal, No. 197. Turdus merula. Liz. fpf. 295: : ‘HIS bird is of avery retired and folitary na- ture: frequents hedges and thickets, in © By J. B. gent. third edit. 1685.- which 8 fe > 4 LV? 709 BLACKBIRD. ay Sal M Maccii BOL AC K BI Rup. which it builds earlier than any other bird: the neft is formed of mofs, dead grafs, fibres, 8c. lined or plaiftered with clay, and that again covered with hay or fmall ftraw. It lays four or five eggs of a bluifh green color, marked with irregular dufky fpots. The note of the male is extremely fine, but too loud for any place except the woods: it begins to fing early in the fpring, continues its mufic part of the fummer, defifts in the moulting feafon; but refumes it for fome time in Septem- ber, and the firft winter months. The color of the male, when it has attained its full age, is of a fine deep black, and the bill of a bright yellow: the edges of the eye-lids yellow. When young the bill is dufky, and the plumage of a rufty black, fo that they are not to be diftin- guifhed from the females; but at the age of one year they attain their proper color. ak DEscRIP..- i10. Rinec- OuzEL. DEscripP. RING-OUZEL. Le Merle ou Collier. Belon au. 318. Merula torquata. Ge/ner av. 607. Merlo alpeftre. Aldr. av. H, 282. Wil. orn. 194. Rock or Mountain-Ouzel, 195. Mwyyalchen y graig. Camden Brit. 795. Le Merle a plaftron blanc. Hift..d’Oys. Ui. 340. Crass II. Morton Northampt. 425. Le Merle a Collier. Brifon av. H. 2950 Turdus torquatus. Liz. fpf. 296. * Faun. Suec. fp. 221. Scopoli, No. 198. Dan. Ringéroffel. Norvegis Ring Trott. Br. 237. Ringlamfel. Kram. 360. Ringel-Amfel. Fri/ch, I. 30. Br. Zool. 92. plate P. 1. f. 1. Raii yn. av. 65. HESE birds are fuperior in fize to the black bird: their length is eleven inches; their breadth feventeen. The bill in fome is wholly black, in others the upper half is yellow: on each fide the mouth are a few briftles: the head and whole upper part of the body are dufky, edged with pale brown: the quil-feathers, and the tail are black. The coverts of the wings, the upper part of the breaft, and the belly are dufky, flightly edged with afh-color. The middle of the breaft is adorned with a white crefcent, the horns of which point to the hind part of the neck. In fome birds this is of 2 pure white, in others of a dirty hue. In the females and in young birds this mark is wanting, which gave occafion to fome natura- lifts to form two fpecies of them. | The Ring-Ouzel inhabits the Highland hills, the north of Eygland, and the mountains of Wakes. They Cass IE. RING-OUZEL. They are alfo found to breed in Dartmoor, in Devonfbire, in banks on the fides of ftreams. I have feen them in the fame fituation in Wales, very clamorous when difturbed. They are obferved by the Rev. Mr. White, of Selborn, near Alton, Hants, to vifit his neigh- bourhood regularly twice a year, in flocks of twenty or thirty, about the middle of April, and again about Michaelmas. They make it only a refting place in their way to fome other country; in their {pring migration they only ftay a week, in their autumnal a fortnight. They feed there on haws, and for want of them on yew berries. On difiecti- on, the females were found full of the {mall rudi- ments of eggs, which prove them to be later breed- ers than any others of this genus, which generally have fledged young about that time. The places of their retreat is not known’: thofe that breed in Wales and Scotland never quitting thofe countries. In the laft they breed in the hills, but defcend to the lower parts to feed on the berries of the moun- tain afh. : They migrate in France at the latter feafon: and appear in {mall flocks about Montbhard, in Bur- gundy, in the beginning of Oéoder, but feldom . {tay above two or three weeks. Notwithftanding this, they are faid, to breed in So/ogue and the forett of Orleans. Merula 311 312 WATER-OUZEL. Crass Il. irr. Water- Merula aquatica. Ge/zer av. Povodni Kofs.: Scopoli, No. 223. OuZEL. NeEsT. DeEscrRiP. 608. Le Merle d’eau. Brifén av. v. Lerlichirollo. 114, Ping. 318 PINE GROSBEAK. CrassII. I imagine they breed there, for I faw them Auguft sth. They feed on the feeds of the pine. Lin- neus fays, they fing in the night. It is near twice the fize of the bulfinch. The bill ftrong, dufky, forked at the end; lefs thick than that of the common bulfinch: head, back, neck, and breaft of a rich crimfon: the bottoms of the feathers afh-color; the middle of thofe on the back and head black : the lower belly and vent afh-color: the leffer coverts of the wings dufky, edged with orange; the next with a broad ftripe of white: the loweft order of greater coverts with another; exterior edges of the fame color: the quil-feathers and tail dudky; their exterior edges of a dirty white: legs black: length nine inches and a half. There feems an agreement in colors, as well as food, between this fpecies and the crofs-bill; one that I faw in Scotland, and believe to be the female, was (like the female crofs-bill) of a dirty green; the tail and quil-feathers duiky. GuassH. CROSS-BILLED. 319 Loxia. Gefner av. 591. Loxia curviroftra. Lin. fpf. 11 5. Cross- fldr. av. I. 426. 299. BILLED. Shell-apple, or Crofs-bill. Korflnaff, | Kinlgelrifvare. : Wil. orn. 248. Faun. Suec. fp. 224. Sco- Raii fyn. av. 86. poli, No. 200. Charlton ex. 77. Krumbfchnabl, Kreutzvogel. Ldw. av. 303. Kram. 46s. Cat. Carol. app. Kreutz-Schnabel. Fri/ch,I. it. Le Bec-croife. Braff av. II. Norveg. Kors-Nzb. Kors- fagl. : 329. tab. 17. fig. 3. Br. 238. Br. Zool. 106. plate U. fi 2. “HERE are two varieties of this bird: Mr. & Edwards has very accurately figured the leffer, which we have feen frequently : the other is very rare. We received a male and female out of Shropfbire, which were fuperior in fize to the former, the bill remarkably thick and fhort, more encusvated than that of the common kind, and the ends more blunt. Thefe birds, like the former, are inconftant vi- fitants of this ifland: in Germany and Switzerland * they inhabit the pine forefts, and breed in thofe trees fo early as the months of January and Febru- ary. They feed on the feeds of the cones of pines and firs; and are very dexterous in f{caling them, for which purpofe the crofs ftruéture of the lower mandible of theirsbill is admirably adapted; they feed alfo on hemp feed, and the pips or kernels * Gefuer 59: Kramer Elench. 365. V4 of 116. BuL- FINCH. BULL FIN CH Geer of apples, and are faid to divide an apple with one ftroke of the bill to get at the contents. Linneus* fays, that the upper mandible of this bird is move- able; but on examination we could not difcover its ftructure to differ from that of others of the genus. It is an undoubted fact, that thefe birds change their colors; or rather the fhades of their colors: that is, the males which are red, vary at certain feafons to deep red, to orange, or to a fort of a yellow: the females which are green, alter to dif- ferent varieties of the fame color. | Le Pivoine. Belon av. 359. Pl. enl, 145. Afprocolos, off. 13. Monachino, Sufolotto. Zizaz. Rubicilla, jive pyrrhula. Ge/- 58. mer AV. 733- Loxia pyrrhula. Liz. f/?. 300. Aldr. av. UU. 326. Domherre. Faun. Suec. fp. Ciufolotto. Olina, 40. 225. Bulfinch, Alp, or Nope. Wi/. Gumpl. Kram. 365. Gimpl. orn. 247. Scopoli, No. 202. Raii. fyn. av. 86. Danis & Norvegis Dom-pape, Blutfinck, Fri/ch, I. 2. quibufdam Dow=terre. Br. Le Bouvreuil. Brifin av. Ul. 240. 308. Br. Zool. 106. plate U. f. 3.4. HE wild note of this bird is not in the left mufical; but when tamed it becomes re- markably docil, and may be taught any tune after a pipe, or to whiftle any notes §in the jufteft man- ner: it feldom forgets what it has learned; and * Faun. Suec. fp. 224. will iscsi, Rowe EAN CoH! will become fo tame as to come at call, perch on its mafter’s fhoulders, and (at command) go through a difficult mufical leffon. They may be taught to fpeak, and fome thus inftruéted are annually brought to London from Germany. The male is diftinguifhed from the female by the fuperior blacknefs of its crown, and by the rich crimfon that adorns the cheeks, breaft, belly, and _ throat of the male; thofe of the female being of a dirty color: the bill is black, fhort, and very thick: the head large: the hind part of the neck and the back are grey: the coverts of the wings are black; the lower croffed with a white line: the guil-feathers dufky, but part of their inner webs white: the coverts of the tail and vent feathers white: the tail black. In the {pring thefe birds frequent our gardens, and are very deftructive to ‘our fruit-trees, by eating the tender buds. They breed about the . . t latter end of May, or beginning of Fume, and are feldom feen at that time near houfes, as they chufe fome very retired place to breed in. ‘Thefe birds are fometimes wholly black; I have heard of a male bulfinch which had changed its colors after it had been taken in full feather, and with all its fine teints. The firft year it began to affume a dull hue, “blackening every year, till in the fourth it attained the deepeft degree of that color. This was communicated to me by the Reverend Mr. White of Selborne. Mr. Morton, in his Hiftory of Northampton- DEscRIP. 327 117. GREEN. DESCRIP. Nest. GREEN GROSBEAK. Crass Il, Northamptonfbire* gives another inftance of fuch a change, with this addition, that the year follow- ing, after moulting, the bird recovered its native colors. Bulfinches fed entirely on hemp- feed are apteft to undergo this change. Belox av. 365. Verdone, Verdero, Antone. Affarandos, obf. 13. Zinan. 63. Chloris. Gefner av. 258. Loxia chloris. Liz. /y/?. 304. Aldr. av. Il. 371. Swenfka. Faun. Suec. fp. 226. Olina, 26. Svenfke. Br. 242. Wil. orn. 246. Grunling. Kram. 368. Rait fyn. av. 85. Grininc (Greenfinch) Frifch Le Verdier. Briffon av. II. 1 ee Br. Zool, 107. 190. Grindling. Scopoli, No. 206. HE head and back of this bird are of a yellowifh green; the edges of the feathers are grey; the rump more yellow: the breaft of the fame color; the lower belly white: the edges of the outmoft quil-feathers are yellow, the next oreen, the fartheft grey: ‘the tail is a little forked: the two middle feathers are wholly dufky: the ex- terior webs of the four outmoft feathers on both fides the tail are yellow. The colors in the female are much lefs vivid than in the male. Thefe birds are very common in this iland: they make their neft in hedges; the outfide is * Page 437. compofed CiassIi GREEN GROSBEAK. compofed of hay or ftubble, the middle part of mofs, the infide of feathers, wool, and hair. Du- ring breeding-time, that bird which is not engaged in incubation, or nutrition, has a pretty way of fporting on wing over the bufh. They lay five or fix egos of a pale green color, marked with blood colored {pots. Their native note has nothing mufical in it; but a late writer on finging-birds fays, they may be taught to pipe or whiftle in imitation of other birds. | thee This bird is fo eafily tamed, that it frequently eats out of one’s hand five minutes after it is ta- ken, if you have an opportunity of carrying it into the dark , the bird fhould be then put upon your finger, which it does not attempt to move from (as being in darknefs it does not know where to fly) you then introduce the finger of your other hand under its breaft, which, making it inconvenient to -ftay upon the firft finger on which it was. before placed, it climbs upon the fecond, where it like- wife continues, and for the fame reafon. When this hath been nine or ten times repeated, and the bird ftroked and careffed, it finds that you do not mean to do it any harm; and if the light is let in by degrees, it will very frequently eat any bruif- ed feed out of your hand, and afterwards continue tame. BEL 323 324 XIX. BUNTING. DEscRIP. B U N TI1+ON G.. Crass Il. BILL ftrong and conic, the fides of each man- dible bending inwards: in the roof of the up- per, a hard knob, of ufe to break and commi- nute hard feeds. Le Proyer, Prier, ou Pruyer. Belon av. 266. Emberiza aiba. 654. Aldr. av. V1. 264. Strillozzo. Okza, 44. Wil. orn. 267. Raiz fyn. av. 93. Le Proyer,- Cynchramus. Briffon av. Ul. 292. Pl. Enl. 30. Gefner av. . Petrone, Capparone, Stardac- chio. Zinan. 63. Emberiza Miliaria. Lin. /j/. 308. Faun. Suec. fp. 228. Korn Larkor. Liz. it. fan. 292. tab. 4. Cimbris Korn-Lerke. Norveg. Knotter. Brunnich 247. Graue Ammer. Frifch, I. 6. Brafler. Kram. 372. Br. Zool. t11. plate W. f. 7. HE bill of this bird, and the other fpecies of this genus, is fingularly conftruéted ; the fides of the upper mandible form a fharp an- gle, bending inwards towards the lower; and in the roof of the former is a hard knob, adapted to bruife corn or other hard feeds. The throat, breaft, fides, and belly are of a yellowifh white: the head and upper part of the body of a pale brown, tinged with olive; each of _ which (except the belly) are marked with oblong black fpots; towards the rump the fpots grow faint- er. The quil-feathers are dufky, their exterior edges a Py AAS, rae ie 1 by, ip % y) N TING c YELLOW HAMMER. SNOW-B -terwoven. Crass II. YELLOW BUNTING. edges of a pale yellow. The tail is a little forked, of a dufky hue, edged with white; the legs are of a pale yellow. This bird refides with us the whole year, and during winter collects in flocks. Belon av. 366. Emberiza flava. Ge/uer av. ks ie Cia pagglia riccia, Lutez alterum genus. A/dr. av. mr 372. Wil. orn. 268. Yellow Hammer, Raii /yz. PE Bao. Lo) Sternardt. Scopolz, No. 209. Emberiza citrinella. Liz. /yf. 399: : Groning, Golfpink. Fauz, Suec. Jp. 230. Ammering, Goldammering. Kram.370. Frifch, I. 5. “AU. 93. Le Bruant. Brifon av. Ills 258. HIS fpecies makes a large flat neft on the sround, near or under a buth or hedge; the materials are mois, dried roots, and horfe hair in- It lays fix eges of a white color, vein- ed with a dark purple: is one of our commoneft y birds, and in winter frequents our farm yards with _ other fmall birds. The bill is of a dufky hue: the crown of the head is of a pleafant pale yellow; in fome almoft plain, in others fpotted with brown: the hind part of _ the neck is tinged with green: the chin and throat aa ke ‘ are yellow: the breaft is marked with an orange ted: the belly yellow: the lefler coverts of the _ wings are green; the others dufky, edged with ruft color: 325 119. YEL- LOW, NEST. DEscRIP. 226 REED BUNTING. CrassI color: the back of the fame colors: the rump of a rufty red: the quil-feathers dufky, their exterior. fides edged with yellowifh green: the tail is a lit- tle forked; the middle feathers are brown; the two middlemoft edged on both fides with ereen; the others on their exterior fides only: the inte- tior fides of the two outmoft feathers are marked obliquely near their ends with white. 120. Reep. Scheeniclus. Ge/ner av. 573; tulanus arundinaceus. Brifon 652. av. Ill. 274. Wil. orn. 269. . ae ae Lin. fy fp. Reed Sparrow. Rati fyn. av. 95. Saf feos Faun. Suec. fp. 231+ The Nettle-monger. Morton Rohrammering, Meerfpatz. Northampt. 428. Kram. 371. Ror-Spurv. SBruznich 251. Rohrammer (Reed-hammer) L’Ortulan de Rofeaux, Hor- Frifch, 1. 7. br. Zool. 112. plate W. HE reed iparrow inhabits marfhy places, moft commonly among reeds; from which Nest. jt takes its name. Its neft is worthy notice for the artful contrivance of it, being faftened to: four reeds, and fufpended by them like a hammock, about three feet above the water; the cavity of the neft is deep, but narrow, and the materials are rufhes, fine bents and hairs. It lays four or five eggs, of a bluifh white, marked with irregular pur- plith veins, efpecially on the larger end. Itis a bird much admired for its fong, es like the. Sc ingale it fings in the night. In Crass. TAWNY BUNTING. 329 In the male, the head, chin, and throat are Descrip. black: the tongue livid: at each corner of the mouth commences a white ring, which encircles the head. At approach of winter the head changes to hoary, but on the return of fpring refumes its priftine jettynefs. The whole under fide of the body is white. The back, coverts of the wings, and the fcapular feathers are black, deeply bor- dered with red. The two middle feathers of the tail are of the fame colors; the three next black. The exterior web, and part of the interior of the outmoft feather is white. The head of the female is ruft-coloured, {potted with black; it wants the white ring round the neck: but in moft other re- fpects refembles the male. { Great pied Mountain Finch, nus nivalis. Brifon av. IT, 121.Tawny. or Brambling. Wil. orz. 285. 255. Schnee-ammer (Snow-ham- Raii. fyn. av. 88. mer). Prifch. a) 6. L’Ortolan de Neige, Hortula~- Br. Zool. 112. plate f. 6. © HIE, weight of this bird is rather more than Descrie. an ounce: the length is fix inches three quarters: the breadth twelve inches three quarters. The bill is very fhort; yellow, except the point, which is black. ‘The crown of the head is of a tawny color, darkeft near the forehead: the whole neck is of the fame color, but paler: the throat | almoft TAWNY BUNTING. Cuass Il. almoft white: the upper part of the breaft is of a dull yellow ; the breaft and whole under part of — the body white, dafhed with a yellowifh tinge. ~ The back and fcapular feathers are black, edged with a pale reddifh brown: the rump and covert feathers of the tail are white on their lower half; on their upper, yellow. The tail confifts of twelve feathers, and is a little forked: the three exterior feathers are white : the two outmoft marked with a dufky fpot on the exterior fide; the third is marked with the fame color on both fides the tip: the reft of the tail fea- thers are entirely dufky. The wings, when clofed, reach about the middle of the tail: the color, of as much of the fix firft quil-feathers as ap- pears in view, is dufky, flightly tipt with a red- difh white: their lower part on both fides white : in the feven fucceeding feathers the dufky color eradually gives place to the white; which in the feventh of thefe pofiefies the whole feather, except a {mall fpot on the exterior upper fide of each; the two next are wholly white: the reft of the quil-feathers and the fcapular feathers are black, edged with a pale red: the baftard wing, and the outmoft fecondary feathers are of the fame color _ with the quil-feathers: the reft of them, together with the coverts, are entirely white, forming one large bed of white. The legs, feet and claws are ~ black: the hind toe is very long, like that of a Jark, but not fo ftrait. | Thefe Crass. SNOW BUNTING. Thefe birds are fometimes found in different parts of England, but are not common. I am unacquainted with their breeding places, or their hiftory : are fometimes found white, and then mif- taken for white larks. Emberiza nivalis. Lin. fy. Avis ignota a Piperino miffa. 308. : _ Gefner av. 798. Snofparf. Faun. Suec. No. Scopolt, No. 214. 227. Snow-bird, Edw. 126. Egede Le Pincon de neige ou la Greenl. 64. Marten’s Spitz- niverolle. Briffon, Ill. 162. bergen, 73. Cimbris, {neekok, vinter fugl. Forfter in Ph. Tr. vol. LXIE. Norvegis. Sneefugl, Fialfter. P:_403. Brunnich, 245. HE weight of this fpecies is one outice and a quarter: the bill and legs black: the forehead and crown white, with fome mixture of black on the hind part of the head: the back of a full black, the rump white: the baftard wing and ends of the greater coverts black, the others white: the quil-feathers black, their bafe white: the fecondaries white, with a black-fpot on their inner webs. © The. middle feathers of their tail black ; ‘the three outmoft white, with a dufky_ fpot near their ends: from chin to tail of a pure” _ white. Thefe birds are called in Scotland, Snow-flakes, from their appearance in hard weather and in deep Vou. I. A fnows. 329 122. SNOW. 330 SNOW BUNTING. CrassIl. fnows. They arrive in that feafon among the Cheviot hills, and in the Highlands in amazing flocks. A few breed in the laft on the fummit of the higheft hills in the fame places with the Ptar- migans ; but the greateft numbers migrate from the extreme north. They appear in the Shetland iflands, then in the Orkuies, and multitudes of them often fall, wearied with their flight, on vefiels in the Pentland Firth. Their appearance is a certain fore-runner of hard weather, and ftorms of fnow, being driven by the cold from their common re- treats. Their progrefs fouthward is probably thus ; Spitzbergen and Greenland, Hudfon’s Bay, the Lap- land Alps, Scandinavia, Iceland, the Ferroe ifles, Shetland, Orknies, Scotland, and the Cheviot hills. They vifit at that feafon all parts of the northern hemilphere, Prufia, Auftria, and Siberia* They arrive lean and return fat. In Aufiria they are caught and fed with millet, and like the Oriolan, crow exceffively fat. In their flights, they keep very clofe to each other, mingle moft confufedly together; and fling themielves collectively into the form of a ball, at which inftant the fowler makes great havoke amiong them. * Kraw. Auftria, 372. Bell’s Travels, I. 198. Leffler Crass II. MOUNTAIN BUNTING. ao" Leffer Mountain-finch, or Morton Northampt. 423. tab. 123. Moun- Brambling. Wil. orn. 255. 13. fig. 3. Br. Zool. 113. TAIN. E are obliged to borrow the following de- Descrir. {cription from the account of Mr. Fobufon tranfmitted to Mr. Ray; having never feen the bird. Mr. Ray fufpeéted that it was only a variety of the former, but Mr. Morton, having frequent Opportunity of examining this fpecies, proves it to be a diftin@ kind. According to Mr. Fohbn/on, its billis fhort, thick, and ftrong; black at the point, the reft yellow. The forehead is of a dark cheftnut; the hind part of the head and cheeks of a lighter; the hind part of the neck, and the back are afh-colored; the latter more {potted with black; the throat is white: the breaft and belly waved with flame color; at the fetting on of the wing grey; the five firft feathers are of a blackifh brown, the reft white with the point of each dafhed with brown: the three out- moft feathers of the tail are white; the reft dark brown; the feet black; the hind claw as long again as any of the reft. The breaft of the female is of a darker color than that of the male. The fpecies, by the above-mentioned writer’s account, is found in Yorkfhire and Northamptonfbire. Z. 2 BILL 237 G:.OL DF IWNVC Hy Ciassdh XX. FINCH. BILL esfely conic, leur towards the end, 124. GoLp- FINCH. 5 f .DESERIP. and ol pointed. \ — a Belon av. 353. Cardellino. Zénan. 508 \s Carduelis. Ge/zer av. 242. Fringillacarduelis. Lin. fpf. Aldr. av. WU. 3409. 318. Cardelli. Ofza, 10. Stightza. Fawn See pp pas Goldfinch, or Thiftlefinch. Stiglitz. Br. 257- Scopolz, Wil. orn. 256. No. 255 Reii fir. av. 89. Stiglitz. Kram. 365. Diftel- Le Chardonneret.. Briffon av. finck. Frifch, I. 1. TY, 53: Br. Zool. 108. plate V. f. 1. BE Bala ae hs “MHIS is the moft beautifull of our hard bil led fmall birds; whether we confider its colors, the elegance of its form, or the mufic of its note. The bill is white, tipt with black, the bafe is f{urrounded with a ring of rich fearlet feathers: from the corners of the mouth to the eyes is a black line: the cheeks are white: the top of the head is .black.; and the white on the cheeks is bounded-almoft to the forepart of the neck with black: the hind part of the head is white: the back, rump, and breaft, are of a fine pale tawny ~ brown, lighteft on the two laft: the belly is white: the covert feathers of the wings, in the male, are black: the quil-feathers black, marked in. their middle with a beautifull yellow; the tips white: ee the Cuass II. GOP tT UN © FF. the tail is black, but moft of the feathers marked near their ends with a white fpot: the legs are white. The female is di finouithed get the male by thefe notes ; ‘the feathers at the end of the bill in the former are brown; in the male black: the lefler coverts of the wings are brown: and the black and yeliow in the wings of the female are lefs bril- liant. The young bird, before it moults, is orey on the head; and hence, it is termed by. the bird- catchers a grey pate. There is another variety of goldfinch, which is, perhaps, not caken above once in two or three years, which is called by the Lowdon bird-catchers a cheverel, from the manner in which it concludes its jerk: when this fort is taken, it fells at a very high price: it is diftinguifhed from the common fort by a white ftreak, or by two, and fometimes three white fpots under the throat.- Their note is very fweet, and they are much efteemed on that account, as well as for their oreat docility. Towards winter they affemble in flocks, ‘and feed on feeds of different kinds, particular- - ly thofe of the thiftle. It is fond of orchards; and frequently builds in an apple or pear tree: its neft is very elegantly formed of fine mofs, liver- worts, and bents on the outfide; lined firft with wool and hair, and then with the goflin or cotton of the fallow. It lays five white egos, marked vith deep purple {pots on the upper end. Z 3 This 333 334 GOLD FtN C-h. One This bird feems to have been the xguoquites* of Afifiotle; being the only one that we know of, that could be diftinguifhed by a golden fillet round its head, feeding on the feeds of prickly plants. The very ingenious tranflator + of Virgil’s eclogues and georgics, gives the name of this bird to the acalanthis or acanthis: Littoraque alcyonen refonant, acanthida dumi. In our account of the Halcyon of the antients, p- 191 of the former edition, we followed his opi- nion; but having fince met with a paflage in Arifiotle that clearly proves that acanthis could not be ufed in that fenfe, we beg, that, till we can dif- cover what it really is, the word may be rendered innet; fince it is impoffible the philofopher could diftinguifh a bird of fuch ftriking and brilliant colors as the goldfinch, by the epithet xaxoxec0s, or bad colored; and as he celebrates his acanthis for a fine note, Qavny ev TOL Aryupay exect z. both charac- ters will fuit the linnet, being a bird as remark- able for the fweetnefs of its note, as for the plainefs of its plumage. * Which he places among the axayvSopaya. Scaliger reads the word gucouite:c, which has no meaning ; neither does the _ ritic fupport his alteration with any reafons, Ai. an. 887. + Dr. Martyn. t if. an. 1055. Le Crassll. CHAFFIN CH. | Te Pinfon. Belon av. 371. ~—~PU en. 54. f. 1. Fringilla. Ge/ner av. 337+ Fringillaccelebs. Liz. /y/?. 318. Aldr. av. Il. 356. Fincke, Bofincke. Faun. Suec. Okina 31- Sp» 232. Wil, orn. 253. Buchfinck (Beachfinch) Frz/ch, Raii fyn. av. 88. A Detey | Fringuello. Zizan. 61. Finke. Kram. 367. Le Pingon. Briffon av. 148. Bofinke. Br. 253. Schinkovitz. Scopok, No. 217. Br. Zool. 108. plate V.f. 2. 3. aes {pecies entertains us agreeably with its fone very early in the year; but towards the latter end of fummer affumes a chirping note: both fexes continue with us the whole year. What is very fingular in Sweden, the females quit that country in September, migrating in flocks into Hol- land, \eaving their mates behind; in the fpring they return.* In Hampfbire Mr. White has ob- ferved fomething of this kind, att flocks of females with fcarcely any males among them. Their neft is almoft as elegantly conftruéted as that of the goldfinch, and of much the fame materials, only the infide has the addition of fome large fea- thers. They lay four or five eggs, of a dull white color, tinged and {potted with deep purple. The bill is of a pale blue, the tip black: the feathers on the forehead black: the crown of the head, the hind part and the fides of the neck are * Anan. acad. UU. 42. 1V. 595. Z 4 of 335 125. CHAE-— FINCH, Descrie. 336 CHAFFINCH. CrassIh of a bluith grey: the fpace above the eyes, the cheeks, throat, and forepart of the neck, are red: the fides and belly white, tinged with red: the up-. per part of the back of a deep tawny color; the lower part and rump green: the coverts on the © very ridge of the wing black and grey; beneath them is a large white fpot: the baftard wing and firft greater coverts black, the reft tipt with white: the quil-feathers black; their exterior fides edaed with pale yellow: their inner and outward webs white on their lower part, fo as to form.a third white line acrofs the wing: the tail is black, ex- cept the outmoft feather, which is marked obliquely with a white line from top to bottom; and the - next which has a white fpot on the end of the inner web: the legs are dufky: the colors of the emale are very dull: it entirely wants the red on the breaft and other parts: the head and upper part of the body are of a dirty green: the belly — dnd breaft of a dirty white: the wings and tail marked much like thofe of the male. 3 Le €rassll BRAMBLING. Le Montain. Belon av. 372. Fringilla montifringilla. Liz. Montifringilla montana. Ge/- ss /p/?. 318. ner av. 388. Pinofch, A hole No. ae Aldr. av. Il. 358. Norquint. Faun. Suec. fp. 233. Fringuellomontanina. Ofza Queker, - Bofinkens Hore- $2. Unge, Akerlan. Brunnich Bramble, or Brambling. Wi/, 255. orn. 254. Nicowitz, Mecker, Piencken. Mountain-finch. Raz fyn. av. . Kram. 367. 88. . Bergfinck (Mountainauch) Le Pingon Wardennes. Brif- Frifch, I. 3. fon av. Kil. 155. | Bro Fai 1k plate Voi, Pl, el. 545 fDi HIS bird is not very common in thefe iflands. It is fuperior in fize to the chaffinch: the top of the head is of a glofly black, flightly edged with a yellowifh-brown: the feathers of the back are of the fame colors, but the edges more deeply bordered with brown: the chin, throat, and breaft are of an orange color: the leffer coverts of the wings of the fame color; but thofe incumbent on the quil-feathers barred with black, tipt with orange; the inner coverts at the bafe of the wings are of a fine yellow: the quil-feathers are dufky ; but their exterior fides edged with yellow; the tail a little forked: the exterior web of the outmoft fea- ther is white, the others black, except the two mid- dle, which are edged and tipt with ath color. Le 337 126. Bram- BLING. DescriuPe 338 2 Plc a i ¥ : : Pal - Pe R to : . aes, a pe es \$ FALE R © 3 eee 327. Spar- Le Moineau, Paiffe, ou Mo- Pi. eal. 6. £1. 55. f. 1. ROW. DEscRIP. iffon. Belon av. 361. + Fringilla domeftica. Lin. fpf. Paffer. Gefner av. 643. 323. Aldr. av. 1. 246. Tatting, Grafparf. Faun. Suec. Paffera noftrale. Ofna, 42. Jpi 242d | . The Houfe-fparrow. Wil. Danis Graae-Spurre. Norveg. orn. 249. Huus-Kald. Br. 264. Raii fyn. av. 86. Hauffpatz. Kram. 369. Le Moineau franc. Brifoz av. Br. Zool. 11. 300. I. 72. HE bill of the male is black: the crown of the head is grey: under each eye is a black fpot; above the corner of each is a broad bright bay mark, which furrounds the hind part of the head. ‘The cheeks are white: the chin and under fide of the neck are black; the latter edged with white : the belly of a dirty white: the leffer coverts of the wings are of a bright bay: the laft row black, tipt with white: the great coverts black, outwardly edged with red; the quil-feathers the fame: the back fpotted with red and black: tail » dufky. The lower mandible of the bill of the female is white: beyond each eye is a line of white: the head and whole upper part are brown, only on the back’ are a few black fpots: the black and white marks on the wings are obfcure; the lower fide of the body is a dirty white. Sparrows are proverbially falacious: they breed early Res NP? 127, 4 M.&F. SPARROWS. SSS Le 128 TREE SPARROW. Tt thg, Z San ion / d 7 ~ Pt. LE Lez SEDGE BIRD. LLP —e } /, d Grass lk, - TREE “SPAR R OM early in the fpring, make their nefts under the eaves of houfes, in holes of walls, and very often in the nefts of the martin, after expelling the own- er. Linnzus tells us (a tale from Albertus Mag- nus.) that this infule does not pafs unrevenged; the injured martin affembles its companions, who afift in plaiftering up the entrance with dirt; then fly away, twittering in triumph, and leave the invader to perifh miferably. They will often breed in plumb-trees and apple-. trees, in old rooks’s nefts, and in the forks of boughs beneath them. Pafferinus. Gefner av. 656. _ Paffere Montano. Zivan. Si. Aldr. av. Ul. 261. Fringilla montana. Lin. fy/. Olina, 48. 324. Wil. orn. 252. Faun. Suec. fp. 243. Scopol, Raii fyn. av. 87. No, 221. Edw. av. 269. Skov-Spurre. Bruunich, 267. - Le Moineau de Montagne, Feldfpatz, Rohrfpatz. Kram. Paffer montanus. Brifox goal rijch, J av. Ill, 79. Br Zool.-109. - Grabetz. Scopolz, No. 220. HIS fpecies is inferior in fize to the com- mon fparrow. The bill is thick and black: the crown of the head; hind part of the neck; and the leffer coverts of the wings, of a bright bay: the two firft plain; the laft {potted with black: the chin black; the cheeks and fides of the head white, marked with a great black fpot beneath 339 128. TREE SPARROW. SOS aS KT NT ae beneath each ear: the breaft and belly of a dirty white. Juft above the ereater coverts is a row of — feathers black edged with white; the oreater co- verts are black edged with ruft color: quil-fea- thers dufky, edged with pale red: lower part of the back of an olive brown: tail brown: legs ftraw color. a ie yh. . Thefe birds are very common in Lincolufhire ; are converfant amone trees, and collect like the 129. SISKiN. DESCRIP. common kind in great flocks. 3 Belon av. 354. Acanthis, {pinus, ligurinus. Gefner av. I. Aldr. av. VW. 352. Lucarino. Ofize, 17. Wil. orn. 261. Raii fyn. av. Ql. Le Serin. 65. Brifin av, Ul. Fringilla fpinus. Lin. fpf. 9225 Sifka, Gronfifka. Faun. Suec. _ SP» 237- a Sifgen. Brunxich, 261. Zeilel, Zeiferl. Kram. 366. Frifch, I. 2. Scopok, No. 212. Br. Zool. 109. plate V. ‘HE head of the male is black: the neck. and back green; but the fhafts on the lat- ter are black: the rump is of a greenifh yellow: the throat and breaft the fame: the belly white: _ the vent-feathers yellowifh, marked with oblong dufky fpots in their middle: the pinion quil is dufky edged with green: the outward webs of the nine next quil-feathers are green; the green part is widened by degrees in every feather, till in the laft st takes up half the length: from the tenth almoft the SISKIN, M. & NW? 12G° TWITE, M&F. W292 Peet SE IAS MK VEN. the lower half of each feather is yellow, the upper- black: the exterior coverts of the wings are black : the two middle feathers of the tail are black; the reft above half way are of a moft lovely yellow, with black tips. ‘The colors of the female are pa-‘\__ ler: her throat and fides are white fpotted with brown; the head and back are of a greenifh ath color, marked alfo with brown. Mr. Willughby tells us, that this is a fong bird: that in Suffew it is called the darlzy-bird, becaufe it comes to them in darley-feed time. We are inform- ed. that it vifits thefe iflands at very uncertain times, like the erofbeak, &c. It is to be met with in the bird fhops in London, and being rather a {carce bird, fells at a higher price than the merit of its fone deferves : it is known there by the name of the Aberdavine. The bird catchers have a notion of its coming out of Rufia. Dr. Kramer * informs us, that this bird conceals its neft with great art; though there are infinite numbers of young birds in the woods on the banks of the Danube, that feem juft to have taken flight, yet no one could difcover Lt, * Kramer elench, 366, Below 344 342 LYON ON EI EE Crass II. 330.Linnet, Belon av. 356. _ Raii fyn. av. 90. Linaria, Henfling, Schofzling, Fanello. Zzzan. 61. | Flacklin. Ge/zer av. 590. La Linotte. Brifin av. Il. Haenfling. Frifch, I. 9. 131. Aldr. av. Il. 359. Pl eal. 53. Hoe Wil. orn. 258. Br. Zool. 110. Descrip. — bill of this fpecies is dufky, but in the ~~ fpring affumes a bluifh caft: the feathers’ on the head are black edged with afh color: the fides of the neck deep afh color: the throat marked in the middle with a brown line; bounded on each fide with a-white one: the back black bordered with reddifh brown: the bottom of the breaft is of a fine blood red, which heighthens in color as the fpring advances: the belly white: the vent feathers yellowifh : the fides under the wings fpotted with brown: the quil-feathers are dufky; the lower part of the nine firft white: the coverts incumbent on them black; the others of a reddifh brown; the loweft order tipt with a paler color: the tail is a little forked, of a brown color, edged with white; the two middle feathers excepted, which are bor- Gered with dull red. The females.and young birds want the red fpot on the breaft; in lieu of that, their breafts are marked with fhort ftreaks of brown pointing downwards: the females have alfo lefs white in their wings. Thefe GREATER AND LESSER RED POLLS. Pi. p r eee ie STRIPE? : : it cH a a AECL CA hry Crass II. RED HEADED LINNET. Thefe birds are much efteemed for their fone: they feed on feeds of different kinds, which’ they peel before they eat: the feed of the Znum or flax is their favorite food; from whence the name of the linnet tribe. . They breed among furze and white thorn: the outfide of their neft is made with mofs and bents; and lined with wool and hair. They lay five whitifh egos, fpotted like thofe of the goldfinch. Linaria rubra. Gefner av. 591. Fanello marino. A/dr. av. II. Hampling. Faun. Suec. fp. 240. 360. Torn-Irifk. Brunnich, 263. Wil. orn. 260. Hauefferl, Hampfling. Kram. Raii fyn. av. gi. 368 La grande Linotte des vignes. Briffon av. Ul. 135. Fringilla cannabina. Liz. fy/. 322. Scopoli, No. 219. Blat Hinfling (Bloody Lin- net). Frfch;-f. o. Br. Zool. 110. HIS bird is lefs than the former: on the | forehead is a blood colored fpot; the reft of the head and the neck are of an afh color: the breaft is tinged with a fine rofe color: the back, fcapular feathers, and coverts of the wings, are of a bright reddifh brown: the firft quil-feather is en- tirely black ; the exterior and interior edges of the eight following are white, which forms a bar of that color on the wing, even when clofed: the fides are yellow; the middle of the belly white : Hae the SAS 131. Rep HEADED LINNET. DESCRIP. 344 132. Less RED HEADED LINNET. DescrRIP. LESS RED HEADED LINNET. CiassIf. the tail, like that of the former, is forked, of a dufky color, edged on both fides with white, which is broadeft on the inner webs. The head - of the female is afh color, {potted with black: the back and fcapulars are of adull brownifh red: and the breaft and fides of a dirty yellow, ftreaked with dufky lines. It is a common fraud in the bird fhops in London, when a male bird is diftinguifhed from the female by a red breaft, as in the cafe of this bird, to ftain or paint the feathers, fo that the deceit is not eafily difcovered, without at left clofe infpection. Thefe birds are frequent on our fea-coafts; and are often taken in flight time near London: it is 2 familiar bird; and is chearful in five minutes after it is caught. © Wil. orn. 260. Grafikka. Faun. Suec. fp. 24%. Raii fyn. av. gi. Grafel, Meerzeifel, ‘T'fchot- La petite Linotte des vignes. fcherl. Kram. 369. “( Briffon av. (1. 138. Rothplattige Staenfling. Frit Piven asi. €. 2. I-10. i Fringilla linaria. Liz. fpf. Br. Zool. 111. 222, os is the left of the linnets, being fcarce ‘half the fize of the preceding. Its bill is dufky, but the bafe of the lower mandible yellow : the forehead ornamented with a rich fhining fpot of ’- a purplifh red: the breaft is of the fame color, but Crass I. LESS RED HEADED LINNET. but not fo bright; yet in the breafts of fome we have found the red wanting: the belly is. white: the back dufky, edged with reddifh brown: the fides in fome yellowifh, in others afh color, but both marked with narrow dufky lines: the quil- feathers, and thofe of the tail, are dufky, border- ed with dirty white: the coverts dufky, edged with white, fo as to form two tranfverfe lines of that color. The fpot on the forehead of the female is of a faffron color. The lees are dufky. We have feen the neft of this fpecies on an alder ftump near a brook, between two or three feet from the ground: it was made on the outfide with dried ftalks of erafs and other plants, and here and there a little wool, the lining was hair and a few feathers: the bird was /tiing on four eggs of a pale bluifh green, thickly fprinkled near the blunt end with {mall reddifh fpots. The bird was fo tena- cious of her neft, as to fuffer us to take her off with our hand, and we found that after we had, re- leafed her fhe would not forfake it. This feems to be the fpecies known Pott Lone - don under the name of ffone redpoll: is gregarious. Vou, I. Aa Le 345 346 EW: lh Ty ok, Crass Ek. 3 33- Twite. Le Picaveret? Belox av. 358. baret. Brifon av. Ill. 142, Descrip. Wil. orz. 261. 145. Raii fyn. av. 9h. Linaria fera faxatilis. Kein, Linaria montana. Linaria mi- _— 422. av. 93. nima. Br. Zool, ttt. La petite Linotte, ou le Ca- 2 fain is an inhabitant of the hilly parts of our country, as Mr. Willughby informs us. He fays it is twice the fize of the laft fpecies: that the color of the head and back is the fame with that of the common linnet: that the feathers on the throat and breaft are black edged with white: the rump is of a rich fcarlet or orange tawny color. The edges of the middle quil-feathers are white, as are the tips of thofe of the fecond row: the two middle feathers of the tail are of a uniform dufky color; the others edged with white. This fpecies is taken in the flight feafon near Loudon with the linnets ; it is there called a Twite. The birds we examined differed in fome particulars from Mr. Wii- lughby’s defcription. In fize they are rather inferior to the common linnet, and of a more taper make: their bills fhort and entirely yellow: above and below each eye is a pale brown fpot: the edges of the greater coverts of the wings white; in other refpects both agree. The female wants the red mark on the rump. ) | Thefe CrassIl. CANARY BIRD. Thefe birds take their name from their note, which has no mufic in it: it is a familiar bird, and more eafily tamed than the common Janet. We believe it breeds only in the Northern parts of our ifland. 4 : Here it may not be improper, to mention the Ca- nary bird*, which is of the finch tribe. Jt was ori- ginally peculiar to thofe ifles, to which it owes its name; the fame that were known to the antients by the addition of the fortunate. The happy tem- perament of the air, the fpontaneous productions of the ground in the varieties of fruits; the fprightly and chearful difpofition of the inhabi- tants}; and the harmony arifing from the num- ber of the birds found there}, procured them that romantic diftinGtion. Though the antients celebrate the ifle of Canaria for the multitude of birds, they. have not mentioned any in particular. It is pro- * Wil. orn. 262. Raii fyn. av. gt. Vide Serin des Cana- ries. Briffon av. III. 184. Fringilla Canaria. Lin. ff. 321. + Fortunate infule abundant fua fponte genitis, et Jubinde aliis fuper aliis innafcentibus nihil Jolicitos alunt; beatius quam alia urbes exculta. Mela de fit. orb. WN. 17. He then relates the vaft flow of mirth among this happy people, by a figura- tive fort of expreffion, that alludes to their tempering difcre- tion with their jollity, and never fuffering it to exceed the bounds of prudence. ‘This he delivers under the notion of two fountains found among them, alterum qui guftavere rifu Jolvuntur in mortem ; ita affe@is remedium eft ex altero bibere. I Omnes copia pomorum, et avium omnes generis abundant, &c, Plan. lib. VI. C. 32. A.a2z bable 347 CANARY Brrp. 548 CANARY BIRD. Crass II. | bable then, that our fpecies was not introduced into Europe till after the fecond difcovery of thefe ifles, which was between the thirteenth and four- teenth centuries. We are uncertain when it firft made its appearance in this quarter of the globe. Belon, who wrote in 1555, is filent in refpe€t to thefe birds: Ge/ner* is the firft who mentions them ; and Aldrovand+ fpeaks of them as rarities; that they were very dear on account of the difficulty at- tending the bringing them from fo diftant a coun- try, and that they were purchafed by people of rank alone. Olmat fays, that in his time there was a degenerate fort found on the ifle of Elba, off the coaft of Italy, which came there originally by means of a fhip bound from the Cazaries to Leg- horn, and was wrecked on that ifland. We once faw fome fmall birds brought directly from the Ca- nary Iflands, that we fufpe&t to be the genuine fort; they were of a dull green color, but as they did not fing, we fuppofed them to be hens. Thefe birds will produce with the goldfinch and linnet, and the. offspring is called a mule-bird, becaufe, like that animal, it proves barren. * Gefner av. 240. 4+ Aldr, av. I. 355. t Okna uccel. 7. Crass IIL, CANARY BIRD. 349 They are ftill found * on the fame fpot to which we were firft indebted for the production of fuch charming fongfters; but they are now be- come fo numerous in our country, that we are un- der no neceffity of croffing the ocean for them. * Glas’s hi. Canary Iles, 199. Aa2 BILL 350 FL YSCATCHER. Crass IT. XXI. FLY- BILL flatted at the bafe; almoft triangular: notch- CATCHER. ed near the end of the upper mandible, and befet with briftles. BS), TOES divided to their origin. 134. Spot- Stoparola. Ald. av. Il. 324. Raii fyn. av. 77. TED. A {mall bird without aname, Le Gobe-mouche, Mufcicapa. like the Stopparola of Aldro- wand. Wil. orn. 217. Zinan. Af. The Cobweb. thampt. 426, Morton Nor- HE fiy-catcher is a Briffon av. Ul. 357, tab. 35- Ea. Mufcicapa grifola. Liz. /y/. 328. Br. Zool. 99. plate P. z. f. 4. bird of paffage, appears in the fpring, breeds with us, and retires in Auguft. It builds its neft on the fides of trees, towards the middle: Morton fays in the corners of walls where {piders weave their webs. We have feen them followed by four or five young, but never faw their eggs. When the young can fly the old ones withdraw with them into thick woods, where they frolick among the top branch- es; dropping from the boughs frequently quite perpendicular on the flies that {port beneath, and rife again in the fame direction. It will alfo take its {tand on the top of fome ftake or poft, from whence it fprings forth on its prey, returning ftill to the fame fland for many times together. They | | feed Crass Tl. PIED FLY-CATCHER. feed alfo on cherries, of which they feem very fond. The head is large, of a brownifh hue {potted ob- feurely with black: the back of a moufe color: the wings and tail dufky; the interior edges of the quil-feathers edged with pale yellow: the breaft and belly white; the fhafts of the feathers on the former dufky; the throat and fides under the wings are dafhed with red: the bill is very broad at the bafe, is ridged in the middle, and round the bafe are feveral fhort briftles: the infide of the mouth is yellow: the legs and feet fhort and black. Atri capilla five ficedula. Meerfchwartz plufle. Kra- Aldr. av. Il. 331. mer Auft. 377+ Cold finch. Wil. orn. 236. Cold-finch. Br. Zool. Raii fyn. av. 77. Edw. Muftcicapa atricapilla. Lizz. 30. Freche, 1. 22. Sft. 326. Faun, Suec. No. Le Traquet d’ Angleterre. 256. Jab. 1. Rubetra anglicana. Bri/- : Jon, Ul. 436. Loe is leffer than a hedge fparrow. The bili and legs black: the forehead white: head, cheeks, and back black: the coverts of the tail {potted with white: coverts of the wings dufky, traverfed with white bar: quil feathers dufky: the exterior fides of the fecondaries white; the inte- rior dufky: the middle feathers of the tail black ; , Aa4 | the 35t DESCRIP. 135. PLEDe Mate. 352 FEMALE. PIED FLY-CATCHER. Crass II, the exterior marked with white: the whole un- der fide of the body white. Bere 3 The female wants the white fpot on the fore- head: the whole head, and upper part of the body -duiky brown: the white in the wings lefs confpi- . cuous: the under fide of the body of a dirty white. Found in different parts of Exgland: but is a tare {pecies. Weak a Geass tb 8 eK Xo 1} A Re Weak BILL, ftrait, bending towards the point. NOSTRILS covered with feathers or briftles. TOES divided to their origin. BACK TOE armed with a long and ftrait claw. \ L? Alouette. Belz av. 269. Allodola, Panterana. Zinan. Chamochilada. OJZ/ 12. cise Alauda fine crifta. Ge/nerav. Alaudaarvenfis. Lin. fy/?. 287. 738. Larka. Faun. Suec. fp. 209. Aldr. av. Il. 369. Alauda ae i Klein ftem Lodola. Ola, 12. Tab. 15. Common Field Lark, or Re ee Br. 221. Sky Lark. Wil. orn. 203. Feldlerche. Kram. 362. Frifch, - Raii fyn. av. 69. fH. 1” Alouette. Briffon av. Il. Br. Zool, ‘93... plate S. 2... £7. 335: Lauditza. Scopol, No. 184. HE length of this fpecies is feven inches. one-fourth: the breadth twelve and a half: the weight one ounce and a half: the tongue broad and cloven: the bill fender: the upper mandible dufky, the lower yellow: above the eyes is a yellow fpot: the crown of the head a reddifh brown {potted with deep black: the hind part of the head afh-color: chin white. It has the faculty of erecting the feathers of the head. The feathers on the back, and coverts of the wings dufky edged with reddifh brown, which is paler on the latter: the quil-feathers dufky: the exterior web edged 353 XXII. LARK. 136. Sky. DEscrip, 354 SKY Le A® BR K.*> Grae edged with white, that of the others with reddifh brown: the upper part of the breaft yellow fpotted with black : the lower part of the body of a pale yellow: the exterior web, and half of the inte- rior web next to the fhaft of the firft feather of the tail are white ; of the fecond only the exterior web; the reft of thofe feathers dufky; the others are dufky edged with red; thofe in the middle deep- ly fo, the reft very flightly: the legs dufky: foles of the feet yellow: the hind claw very long and {trait. This and the wood lark are the only birds that fing as they fly; this raifing its note as it foars, and lowering it till it quite dies away as it defcends. It will often foar to fuch a height, that we are charmed with the mufic when we lofe fight of the fonefter ; it alfo begins its fong before the earli- eft dawn. Milton, in his Allegro, moft beautifully expreffes thefe circumftances: and Bp. Newton ob- ferves, that the beautifull fcene that Alton ex- hibits of rural chearfulnefs, at the fame time gives us a fine picture of the regularity of his life,: and the innocency of his own mind; thus he de- {cribes himfelf as in a fituation To hear the lark begin his flight, And finging flartle the dull night, From his watch tower in the kkies, Till the dappled dawn doth rife. It meee. Ss EY. LAY RK: Xt continues its harmony feveral months, begin- ning early in the fpring, on pairing. In the win- ter they affemble in vaft flocks, grow very fat, and are taken in great numbers for our tables. They build their neft on the ground, beneath fome clod; forming it of hay, dry fibres, &c, and lay four or five eggs. The place thefe birds are taken in the sreateft quantity, is the neighbourhood of Dunffadle: the feafon begins about the fourteenth of September, and ends the twenty-fifth of February; and during that fpace, about 4000 dozen are caught, which fupply the markets of the metropolis. Thofe caught in the day are taken in clap-nets of fiveteen yards length, and two and a half in breadth; and are enticed within their reach by means of bits of look- ing-glafs, fixed in a piece of wood, and placed in the middle of the nets, which are put in a quick whirling motion, by a ftring the larker com- mands; he alfo makes ufe of a decoy lark. Thefe nets are ufed only till the fourteenth of November, for the larks will not dare, or frolick in the air except in fine funny weather; and of courfe can- not be inviegied into the {nare. When the wea- ther grows gloomy, the larker changes his engine, and makes ufe of a trammel net twenty-feven or -twenty-eight feet long, and five broad; which is put on two poles eighteen feet long, and carried by men under each arm, who pafs over the fields and quarter the ground as a fetting dog; when they ee] 356 137. Woop, WO O0-D:LAR K Crag they hear or feel a lark hit the net, they ep it down, and fo the birds are taken. Tottavilla. Ona, 27. Faun. Suec. fp. 211. Wil. orn. 204- Ludllerche, Waldlerche Raii fyn. av. 69. Kram. 362. L’ Alouette de Bois ou le Danis Skov-Lerke, Cimbris Cujelier. Brifon av. Ul. Heede-Leker, Lyng-Lreke. 340. Fab. .20. Jf HOC BrogeR Alauda arborea. Lin. ft. Br. Zool. g4. plate Q_f. 3. 287. Zippa. Scopolz, No. 186. HIS bird is inferior in fize to the fky lark, and is of a fhorter thicker form; the colors are paler, and its note lefs fonorous and lefs vari- ed, though not lefs fweet. Thefe and the follow- ing characters, may ferve at once to diftinguifh it from the common kind: it perches on trees; it whiftles like the black-bird. The crown of the head, and the back, are marked with large black {pots edged with pale reddifh brown: the head is furrounded with a whitifh coronet of feathers, reach- ing from eye to eye: the throat is of yellowifh white, fpotted with black: the breaft is tinged with red: the belly white: the coverts of the wings are brown, edged with white and dull yellow: the quil-feathers dufky ; the exterior edges of the three firft white; of the others yellow, and their tips blunt and white: the firft feather of the wing is fhorter than the fecond; in the common lark it is Game. ei eS TS «Rg ey, is near equal: the tail is black, the outmott fea- ther is tipt with white: the exterior web, and in- ner fide of the interior are alfo white; in the {e- cond feather, the exterior web only: the legs are of a dull yellow; the hind claw very long. The wood lark will fing in the night; and, like the common lark, will fine as it flies. It builds on the sround, and makes its neft on the outfide with mofs, within of dried bents lined with a few hairs. It lays five eges, dufky and blotched with deep © brown, marks darkeift at the thicker end. The males of this and the laft are known from the females by their fuperior fize. But this fpecies is hot near fo numerous as that of the common > kind. La Farloufe, Fallope ou Mattolina, Petragnola, Corri- L’Alouette de pre. Belon era. Zinan. 55. AU, 272. Alauda pratentis. Lin. yf. Aldr. av. Wi. 370. 287. Lodolo di Prato. Oka, 27. Faun. Suec. fp. 210. Wil. orn. 206. Wiefen Lerche (Meadows Raii fyn. av. 69. Lark) Frifch, I. 16. L’Alonette de prez ou. la Englerke. Br. 223. Farloufe. Brifén av. Ill. 343. Br. Zool 94: plates Q. f. 6. ee I. ie 3° RCH bird is found frequently in low marfhy grounds: like other larks it builds its neft a- mong the grafs, and lays five or fix egos, Like the BT 138. FE. 358 DEscrRiP. 139. FIELD. DeEscRIP. FLELD; LA R Ke Gla the woodlark it fits on trees; and has a moft remarkable fine note, finging in all fituations, on trees, on the ground, while it is {porting in the air, and particularly in its defcent. This bird with many others, fuch as the thrufh, blackbird, willow wren, &c. become filent about midfummer, and refume their notes in September : hence the interval is the moft mute of the year’s three vocal feafons, fpring, fummer, and'autumn. Perhaps the birds are induced to fing again as the autumnal tempe- rament refembles the vernal. It is a bird of an ele- gant flender fhape: the length is five inches and a half: the breadth nine inches: the bill is black: the back and head is of a greenifh brown, fpotted with black: the throat and lower part of the belly are white: the breaft yellow, marked with oblong fpots of black: the tail is dufky; the exterior fea- ther is varied by a bar of white, which runs acrofs the end and takes in the whole outmoft web. The claw on the hind toe is very long, the feet yellow- ifh: the fubject ficured in plate P. 1. of the foko edition, is a variety with dufky legs, fhot on the rocks on the coaft of Caernarvonfbire. The Leffer Field Lark. Wil. orn. 207. pe fpecies we received from Mr. Plymly. It is larger than the ¢¢ lark; the head and hind | part Geatedis Ry ED Lis As BSR part of the neck are of a pale brown, fpotted with dufky lines, which on the neck are very faint. The back and rump are of a dirty green; the former marked in the middle of each feather with black, the latter plain. The coverts of the wings dufky, deeply edged with white. . The quil-feathers dufky ; the exterior web of the firft edged with white, of the others with a yellowifh green. The throat is yellow: the breaft of the fame co- lor, marked with large black fpots: the belly and vent-feathers white: on the thighs are a few dusky oblong lines: the tail is dusky: half the exterior and interior web of the outmoft feather is white; the next is marked near the end with a fhort white {tripe pointing downwards. The legs are of a very pale brown; and the claw on the hind toe very fhort for one of the lark kind, which ftrongly dif- tinguifhes it from the #7¢ lark. | 0 Edw. 297. Br. Zool. Wl. 239. Briffon Suppl. 94. MET with this fpecies in the magnificent and elegant Mu/feum of Asuton Lever, Efq; where the lover of Britifh or exotic ornithology, may find delight and inftruéction equally intermixed. This fpecies is equal in fize to the common Jark. A white line crofies each eye, and another paftles beneath. 359 140. Res. TAI. CRrestT- ED, : CRESTED LARK. Crass it beneath. The bill is thick: the chin and throat whitifh: the head, neck, back, and coverts of the wings of a ru{ty brown, fpotted with black: breatt whitifh, with dusky fpots: belly of a dirty white: the middle feather of the tail black edged with brown: the two exterior white : legs of a pale brown. 7 oN fs | This bird is common to the neighbourhood of London, to North America, and to the South of Europe; but with us is rare. Mr. Edwards firft difcovered it: he remarks, that when the wing is eathered up, the third primary feather reaches to the tip of the firft. Alauda criftata minor. 4dr. La petite alouette hupée. av. Il. 371. Brifin av. Ul. 361. Wil. orn. 209. Br. Zool. 95. Raii fyn. av. 69. ie fpecies we find in Mr. Ray’s hiftory of Englifh birds; who fays it is found in York- feire, and gives us only this brief defcription of it, from Aldrovandus: it is like the greater crefted lark, but much lefs, and not fo brown; that it hath a confiderable tuft on its head for the fmallnefs of its body; and that its legs are red. We never faw this kind; but by Mr. Bolton’s lift of York/bire birds, which he favored us with, we are informed it is in plenty in that country. Slender ! i7e “WHITE WAGTAIL. Crass II. WHITE WAGTAIL. Slender BILL, with a fall tooth near the end of the upper mandible. | Lacerated TONGUE. Long TAIL. Belon av. Motacilla abe: 618. Aldr. av. Il. 323. Ballarina, Cutrettola. Olina, 43-- Wil. orn. 237. Raii fyn. av. 75. Gefucr av. Plifka, Paftaritra. Scopoli, 4. Lin, jf Zubin Arla, ae Faun. Suec. pelioie Danis Wie Stert, Favre-Szer. Norvegis Erle, Lin-Erle. Bruanich, 27%. La Lavandiere. Brifon av. Weifs und {chwartze Bach- TIT. 461. itelezes Friforr, Nes2 3. Monachina. Zinan. 51. Graue Bachficlze. Kram. 374. Br. Zool. 104. HIS bird frequents the fides of ponds, and fmall ftreams; and feeds on infe&ts and worms, as do all the reft of this cenus. Mr. ii- lughby juttly obferves, that this fpecies fhifts its quarters in the winter ; moving from the north to the fouth of Lxgland, during that feafon. In {pring and autumn it is a conftant attendant of the plough, for the fake of the worms thrown up by: that inftrument. The head, back, and upper and lower fide of the neck as far ‘as the breaft are black: in fome the chin is white, and the throat marked with a Vor. I. Bb black 361 XXIII. WAGTAIL. 142. WHITE WaGTAIL, 362 143. YEL- Low WacG- TAIL, DESCRIP. YELLOW WAGTAIL. Crass Il black crefcent: the breaft and belly are white: the quil-feathers are dufky: the coverts black tipt and edged with white. The tail is very long, and always in motion. The exterior feather on each fide is white: the lower part of the inner web ex- cepted, which is dufky; the others black: the bill, infide of the mouth, and the legs, are black. The back claw very long. Sufurada. Below obf. IU. Briffon av. VW. 468. Pl. Motacilla flava (Gale Waffar- ent. (28.4. 1: fteltz). Gefner av. 618. Motacilla flava. Lin. fpf. 331- Aldr, av. Il. 323. Gelb - briftige Bachfteltze. Wil. orn. 238. Frifch, I. 23. Raii fyn. av. 75. Faun. Suec. fp. 253. Edw. av. 258. The Male. Gulfpink. Brunnich. 273. Codatremola. Zizan. 51. Gelbe Bachftelze. Kram. 374. La Bergeronette du Prin- Scopolt, No. 225. temps, Motacilla verna. Br. Zool. 105. HE male isa bird of great beauty; the breaft, belly, thighs, and vent-feathers, being of a moft vivid and lovely yellow : the throat is marked with fome large black fpots: above the eye isa bright yellow line: beneath that, from the bill crofs the eye is another of a dusky hue; and beneath the eye is a third of the fame color: the head and whole upper part of the body is of an olive green, which brightens in the coverts of the tail; the quil- feathers are dusky > the coverts of the wings olive colored, Geass Ho GIR E Y W’AVG T, AVL) colored, but the lower rows dusky, tipt with yel- lowith white: the two outmoft feathers of the tail half white; the others black, as in the former. The colors of the female are far more obfcure than thofe of the male: it wants alfo thofe black {pots on the throat. It makes its neft on the ground, in corn fields: the outfide is compofed of decayed ftems of plants, and fmall fibrous roots; the infide is lined with hair: it lays five eggs. This fpecies migrates in the North of England, but in Hamp/bire continues the whole year. La Bergerette. Belonav. 351. La Bergeronette jaune, Mota- Motacilla flava alia. Aleusa minima locuftez voce. Piep eg mene Lark). | Locuftella, D. Fobn/on. Frifch. I Raii fyn. av. 70+ Alauda cee Lin. fyft. 288. Ray’s Letters, 108. Br. Zool. 95. plate Q. f. 5. HIS bird was received out of Shropfbire : it is the fame with that Mr. Ray defcribes as having the note of the grafshopper, but louder and: » © ae thriller. “It is a moft artful bird, will fculk in the middle, and thickeft part of the hedge, and will » keep running along for a hundred yards together, nor can it be forced out but with the greateft _ 2 3a difficulty : { ; | : ? | * : = > , + r Wield Bo wT EAL iRy it is from this covert that it emits its Crass Ii. difficulty : note, which it derives its name, as generally to be mif- taken for it. In the height of fummer it chirps the whole night: its fibilous note is obferved to ceafe about the latter end of July. The bill is very flender, of a dufky color: the head, and whole upper part of the body is of a ereenifh brown, fpotted with black: the quil-fea- thers dufky, edged with an olive brown: the tail is very long, compofed of twelve fharp pointed feathers; the two middiemoft are the longeft, the others on each fide grow gradually fhorter. The under fide of the body is of a dull yellowifh white, darkeft about the breaft: the legs are of a dirty white: the hind claw fhorter, and more crooked, than is ufual in the lark kind. ** With party colored Tails. Belon av. 352. Oenanthe. Ge/ner av. 629. Aldr. av. Ml. 332 Wheat-ear , — ~Raiit fyn. av. 75. 2 Baal Nites Lin. Spf» 3 Senfget Faun. Suec. fp. Le “Cal blanc, Vitrec, ou F Eton {mich, White-iail. Wil. orn. 233. Moteux, Vitiflora. Jon av, IIL. 449 Culo bianco, Fornarola, Pe- tragnola. Zizan. 41. Norvegis, Steendolp, Steen Squette, Steengylpe. Brun- nich, 270. Stonichealee Stein{chnap- perl. “Kram. 274: : Bella. Scopoli, No. 230. Br> Zool. 1oz.yplate oe sta lf. Re G Brif- HE wheat-ear begins to vifit us about the middle of March, and continues coming till Cca the which fo much refembles the infect, from 157.WHEAT-= EAR, 384 WHEAT-EAR. Czasell. the beginning of May: we have obferved that the females arrive about a fortnight before the males. They frequent warrens, downs, and the edges of hills, efpecially thofe that are fenced with ftone walls. They breed in the latter, in old rabbet burrows, cliffs, and frequently under old timber: . their neft is large, made of dried grafs, rabbet’s down, a few feathers, and horfe hair: and they lay from fix to eight eggs, of a light blue color. They grow very fat in autumn, and are efteem- ed a delicacy. About Eaffhourn in Suffex they are taken by the fhepherds in great numbers, in fnarés made of horfe hair, placed under a long turf; be- ing very timid birds, the motion of a cloud, or the appearance of a hawk, will drive them for fhelter into thofe traps, and fo they are taken. The num- bers annually enfnared in that diftri€t alone, a- mount to about 1840 dozen, which fell ufually at fix-pence per dozen; and what appears very extra- ordinary, the numbers that return the following year do not appear to be leffened; as we are affured by a very intelligent perfon refident near that place. The reafon that fuch a quantity are ta~ ken in the neighbourhood of La/tbourn is, that it abounds with a certain fy which frequents the ad- jacent hills, for the fake of the wild thyme they are covered with, which is not only a favorite food of that infect, but the plant on which it depofites its eggs! Wheat-ears are much fatter in a rainy feafon than a dry Ciasslk. WHiIN-CH A T. a dry one, for they not only feed on infects, but on earth worms, which come out of the ground in ereater numbers in wet weather than in dry. The head and back of the male are of a light grey, tinged with red: over each eye is a white line ; beneath that is a broad black ftroke, paffing acrofs each eye to the hind part of the head: the rump and lower half of the tail are white; the up- per half black: the under fide of the body is white, tinged with yellow; on the neck it inclines to red: the quil-feathers are black, edged with reddith brown. ‘The colors of the female are more dull: it wants that black ftroke acrofs the eyes, and the bar of white on the tail is narrower. Thefe birds difappear in September, at left from the northern parts of this kingdom; but in Hampfbire many of them continue the whole winter. Le Tarier. Belon av. 361. Motacilla rubetra, Liz. fpf Rubetra. Gefner av. 729. bag . 33 Le grand Traquet, ou le Faun. Succ. fp. 255. Scopoli, Tarier. Brifon av. Ill. No. 237. 432. tab. 24. fig. 1. The Be igs Kram. 37%. Male. Grofler Fliegenfuenger (great Wil. orn. 234- Fly-catcher). Fri/ch, 1,22. Raii fyn. av. 76. Br. Zool. 103. plate 8. 2. f. 3.4. HIS is in the north of England, alfo a bird of paffage: but we are not certain whether if quits this ifland, but are rather inclined to think t . Cm 385 - 158. W sin- CHAT. 386 DESCRIP, #59. STONE- CHATTER. STONE-CHATTER. Crass Il. it only fhifts its quarters: in the fouth it continues the whole year. The head and back are of a pale reddifh Tait regularly fpotted with black: over each eye is a narrow white ftroke, beneath that is a broad bed of black, which extends from the bill to the hind part of the head: the breaft is of a reddifh yel- low: the belly paler: the quil-feathers are brown, edged with a yellowifh brown: the upper part of the wine is marked with two white fpots: the lower part of the tail is white, the two middle fea- thers excepted, which are wholly black: the up- per part of the others are of the fame color. The colors of the female are far lefs agreeable: in lieu of the white and black marks on the cheeks, is one broad pale brown one: and the white on the wings is in far lefs quantity than that of the male. Le Traquet ou Groulard. Ill. 428. tab. 23. figs 1. Belon av. 360. The Male. Rubetra. -d4/dr. av. Il. 325. Pontza. Scopoli, No. 236. Stone-fmich, Stone-chatter, Occhio dibue. Ziman. 52. or Moortitling. Wl. orn. Motacillarubicola. Liz. ff. 235- 2875 Pi he. av. 76. Criftofl. Kram. 375 Le Traquet, Rubetra. Brz/- Br. Zool. 103. plate S. 2. f. Jin av. ae HIS fpecies is common during fummer, in gorfy grounds. In the winter they difperfe into ‘Crass Thy WHIT E-T HR OS T. into marfhes, and'other places; but do not quit: the ifland. It is a reftlefs and noify bird, and _perches frequently on fome bufh, chattering incef- fantly. The head, neck, and throat are black ; but on both fides the latteris a white bar, fo that it appears on firft fight to be encircled with white: the feathers on the back are black edged with tawny: the lower part of the back juft above the rump is white: the end and exterior fide of the two out- moft feathers of the tail are of a pale ruft-color, the reft are black: the breaft is of a deep reddifh yellow; the belly of a lighter hue: the quil-fea-_ thers are dufky edged with dull red; thofe next the body are marked with a white fpot near their bottoms: the coverts of the wings are adorned with another. The head of the female is ferrugi- nous {potted with black; and the colors in gene- ral lefs vivid. In both fexes the legs are black; which alfo is the character of the two preceding fpecies, as well as that next to be defcribed. Wil, orn. 236. Bohra fylvia ? Lin. fypft. Rait fyn. av. 77+ La Mefange cendrée, Parus Kosieten Mefar. Faun. Suec. cinereus. Brifoz av. Ill. fp. 250. 549. Br. Zool. 104. plate S. f. 4. HIS frequents our gardens.in the fummer time; in the winter it leaves us, It builds in 387 Descrip,. 160. WuHiTE- THROAT. 388 DeEscRIP. WHITE-THROAT. Crass HU. in low bufhes near the ground, making its neft externally of the tender ftalks of herbs and dry {traw; the middle part of fine bents and foft grafs, the infide of hair. It lays five egos of a whitifh ereen color, fprinkled with black fpots*. Its note is continually repeated, and often attended with odd gefticulations of the wings: is harfh and dif- pleafing: is a fhy and wild bird, avoiding the haunt of man; feems of a pugnatious difpofition, finging with an erected creft, and in attitudes of defiance. The head of this bird is of a brownith afh color, the throat white: the breaft and belly white tinged with red; (in the female wholly white:) the back inclines to red: the leffer coverts of the wings are of a pale brown; the greater dufky, edged with tawny brown; the quil-feathers dufky, edged with reddifh brown; the tail the fame, except the up- per part of the interior fide and whole exterior fide of the outmoft feather, which are white: the legs are of a yellowifh brown. * Wil. orn. W. WITH 7; mht \ \ iy i Hh yy ; rE == = BLER eS DARTFORD WAR PEIN! - Craccdl; DOA RT FO R-D. 389 W WITH reddifh zrides: eye-lids deep 161. Dart- @ crimfon. A flender bill a little curved *°*?> at the point: whole upper part of the head, neck, and back, of a dufky brown tinged with a dull yellow: throat, under fide of the neck, the breaft and belly deep ferruginous; the middle of the belly white ; quil-feathers dufky edged with white: baftard wing white: exterior fide of the interior feather of the tail white, the reft dufky; and lone in proportion to the fize of the bird: legs yellow. A pair of thefe were fhot on a common near Dariford, in April 1773, and communicated to me by Mr. Latham; they fed on flies, which they {prung on from the furze bufh they fat on, and. then returned to it again. BILL 39° GREAT TITMOUSE. Crass Il, - wf az ~ ~ XXV. TIT- BILL ftrait, fhort, hard, ftrong, tharp- pointed MOUSE. 162. GREAT. DeEscRIP. a little comprefied. NOSTRILS round covered with briftles,. TONGUE as if cut at the end, terminaHiagy with two or three briftles. Nonette ou Mefange. Belon Lin. fyft. 341. av. 376. Talg-oxe. Faun. Suec. fp. 265. Parus major. Ge/ner av. 640. Le groffe Mefange ou la Char- Aldr. av. I. 319. bonniere. Briffen av. It. Spernuzzola, Paruffola. O/- 539: na, 28. PI, Enke 9.1." Great Titmoufe, or Ox-eye. Mutfvit. ‘Brasiich; 287. Wii. orn. 240. Kohlmeife. Kran. 378. Raii fyn. av, 73. Frifch, I. 13. Snitza, Scopoli, No. 242. Br. Zool. 113. plate W. FA. HIS fpecies fometimes vifits our gardens; but chiefly inhabits woods, where it builds in hollow trees, laying about ten eges. This, and the whole tribe feed on infeéts, which they find in the bark of trees; in the fpring they do a great deal of mifchief in the fruit.garden, by picking off the tender buds. Like wood-peckers they are per- petually running up and down the bodies of trees in queft of food. The bird has three chearful notes, which it begins to utter in the month of Fe- bruary. | The head and throat of this fpecies are black ; the cheeks white ; the back green the belly of a yellowith © ‘| : eh yD kee, 2 BLUE ,5 COLE, 4 MARSH TITMOUSE. . LVI. 1 GREAT, LN SI S Acie i, arte bare ‘De eT ey ? Cpacsit BU TERE MOwSE. yellowifh green, divided in the middle by a bed of black, which extends to the vent; the rump is of a bluifh grey. The quil-feathers are dufky, edoed partly with blue, partly with white: the coverts blue; the greater tipt with white. The exterior fides of the outmoft feathers of the tail are white: the exterior fides of the other bluifh: their inte- rior fides dufky : the legs lead color. Toes divided to the origin; andthe back toe of the whole g cenus very large and ftrone. ts Belon av. 369- ; PLC ala pee 2. Parus coeruleus. Ge/ner av. Parozolino, o Fratino. Zzaz. 641. 76. Aldr. av. IY 321. Lin. fyft. 341. Blue Titmoufe, or Nun. Wil. Blamees. Faun. Suec. fp. Orn. ZA2. 267.50) Raii fyn. av. 74. Blaaemeife. Br. 288. La Mefange Bleue.. Brifon Blaumeife. Kram. 379. Frith, av. Kil. borg, Blava {nitza, Blau mandlitz. Br. Zool, 114. a Ngans ale Scopeli, No. 244. aoe bird frequents gardens, and does great injury to fruit trees, by bruifing the young buds in fearch of the infects that lurk under them; it breeds in holes of walls, and lays about twelve or fourteen eggs It is a very beaurifil {pecies, the bill is fhort and dufky: the crown of the head of a fine blue: from the bill to the eyes is a black line: the forehead a9* 163. Bive. DEscrRIP. 392 164. Coxe. Descrip. C OLEM OO U'\S.E: Cia forehead and cheeks are white: the back is of a yellowifh green: the lower fide of the body yellow: the wings and tail blue, the former marked tranf- verfely with a white bar: the legs of a lead color. Quatriefme efpece de Me- moufe) Frifch, I fange. Belon av. 370. La Melange a tefte noe Pa- Parus ater. Ge/ner av. 641. rus atricapillus. Briffon av. Aldr. av. Il. 321. TIl. sot Wil. orn. 241. Cat. Carol. apd. 37. Raii fyn. av. 73. P. ater. | Lis fee ae. Speermiefe, Creuzmeife. Faun. Suec. fp. 268. Scopok, Kram. 379. No. 245. Tannen Mere (Pine Tit- Br. Zool. 114, HE head of the colemoufe is black, marked on the hind part with a white fpot; the back is of a greenifh grey; the rump more green; the tail and wings dufky; the exterior feathers edged with green; the coverts of the wings are of a dufky green; the loweft tipt with white. For a farther account we beg leave to refer to the next defcription. Parus Ciass Il. MARSH Parus paluftris. Gefzer av. 641. Paronzino. A/dr. av. Il. 32. Marfh Titmoufe, or Black- cap. Wil. orn. Raitt fyn. av. 73. Frattino paluftre. Zinan. 77. La Mefange de Marais ou la Nonette cendrée, Brion TITMOUSE. Lin. fyn: 341. Entita, Tomlinge. Faua. Suec. fp. 269. Scopoli, No. 6 246. Afch Meife (Af Titmoufe) Bafch, Bera Hundfmeife. Kram. 379. Norvegis Graae-Meife. Brun- nich. 190. av. Ill. 555. Br. Zool. 114. plate W. f. 3. PR palate bh. 3. oe fpecies is called by Ge/ner the marth tit- moufe; becaufe it frequents wet places. With us they inhabit woods, with the laft kind; and feldom infeft our gardens: early in February it emits two notes, not unlike the whetting of a faw. | | Mr. Willughby obferves, that this bird differs from the former in thefe particulars, 1ft, that it is bigger: ad, that it wants the white {pot on the head: 3d, it has alarger tail: 4th, its under fide is white: sth, it has lefs black under the chin: 6th, 1¢ wants the white fpot on the coverts of the wings. This laft diftinétion does not hold in general, as the fubject figured in the Britifh Zoology had thofe fpots; yet wanted that on the hind part of the head. Belon Vou, I. Dd 393 165. MARS Hs 394 166. Long Belz av. 368. TAILED. DESCRIP. LONG TAILED TITMOUSE. Crass I. La Mefange a longue queue, Parus caudatus. Ge/ner av. Parus longicaudus. Briffox 642. av. Ill. 570. Monticola. Aldr. av. H. 319. Lia. fpf. 342. Wil. orn. 242. ; Alhtita. Fauz. Suec. fp. 83. Raii fyn. av. 74. Belzmeife Pfannenftiel. Kram. Pendolino, Paronzino. Zinaz. 379: a7 Langfchwaentzige Meife. Gaugartza, Scopoli, No. 247. Frifch, I. 14. pe length is five inches and a quarter; the breadth feven inches. The bill is black, very fhort, thick, and very convex, differing great- ly from all others of the titmoufe kind: the bafe is befet with {mall briftles: the irides are of a hazel color. The top of the head, from the bill to the hind part, is white, mixed with a few dark grey feathers; this bed of white is entirely furrounded with a broad ftroke of black, which, rifing on each fide the upper mandible, paffes over each eye, unites at the hind part of the head; and continues along the middle of the back to the rump: the feathers on each fide of this black ftroke are of a purplifh red, as are thofe immediately incumbent on the tail. The covert feathers of the wings are black: the fecondary and quil-feathers are dufky, the largeft of the latter are wholly fo; the leffer and more remote have their exterior fides edged with white. The ; : Crass I. LONG TAILED TITMOUSE. 395 The tail is the longeft in proportion to the bulk of any Briti/b bird, being in length three inches; the form of it is like that of a magpie, confifting of twelve feathers of unequal lengths, the middle- moft the longeft, thofe on each fide growing gradually fhorter ; the exterior fides, and the top of the interior fides of the three outmoft feathers are white; the reft of the tail black. The cheeks and throat are white: the breaft and whole under fide white, with acaftof red. The legs, feet, and claws are black. | It forms its neft with great elegance, of an oval fhape, and about eight inches deep; near the up- per end is a hole for admiifion: the external mate-_ tials are moffes and lichens, curioufly interwoven with wool; within it is lined very warmly witha thick bed of feathers: it lays from ten to feven- teen egos. The young follow the parents the ~whole winter; and from the flimnefs of their bodies, and gfeat length of tail, appear, while flying, like fo many darts cutting the air. ‘They are often feen paffing through our gardens, going progreflively from tree to tree, as if in-their road to fome other place, never making any halt. Ddz Lelt 396 BEARDED TITMOUSE. Crass If, 167. Bearp- Left Butcher Bird. Briffon av. Tl. 567. - ED. | fidw.-av.. 55; Parus biarmicus. Lin, fy. — Bearded Titmoufe. Aldr. av. 342. Br. Zool. 74. plate I. tab. 48. Scopoli, No. 241. (Ci .2. Ia mefange barbue, ou le’ Left Butcher Bird. Br. Zook mouitache, Parus barbatus. Ed. 2d. Ts 365% > 7 ve Signs fpecies ts found in the marfhes near London: we have feen it near Gloucefter; it is alfo frequent among the great tracts of reeds near _ Cowbit in Lincolnfbire, where I fufpect they breed. It is of the fame fhape as the long tailed ‘titmoufe, Dsscarp. but rather larger. The bill is fhort, ftrong, and very convex; of a box color: zrides pale yellow: the head is of a fine grey : on each fide of the bill, beneath the eye, is a long triangular tuft of black feathers: the chin and throat are white: the mid- dle of the breaft flefh colored: the fides and thighs of a pale orange: the hind part of the neck and | the back are of an orange bay: the fecondary fea- thers of the wings are black edged with orange: the quil-feathers dufky on their exterior, white on their interior fides: the leffer quil-feathers tipt with orange. The tail is two inches three quarters long: the two middle feathers of the tail are larg- eft, the others gradually fhorten on each fide; the eutmoft of which are of a deep orange color. The vent-feathers of the male of a pale black: of the female CrassII. BEARDED TITMOUSE. 397 female of a dull orange. The legs are of a deep fhining black. The female wants the black matk on eachcheek, Femaur. and the fine flefh color on the breaft: the crown of the head is of a brownifh ruft color, fpotted with black: the ovtmoft feathers of the tail are black tipt with white. Dd 3 . Short 398 XXVI / SWALLOW. 168. Cuim- NY, : aa CHIMNY SWALLOW, © Crass II. Short ae BILLS. me Very wide MOUTHS. Short weak LEGS. a La petite Hirondelle. elon WHirundo ruftica. Liz. av. 378. é 343- Hirundo domeftica. Gef/ner Ladu-Swala. Faug. Suec. fp. av. 548. 270. . Aldr. av. A. 294. Forftue-Svale, Mark-Svale. Houfe or Chimney Swallow. Brunnich, 289. Wil. orn. 212. Haus-Schwalbe. Frifeh, 1.17. Raij fyn. av. 71. Hautis Schwalbe. Kram. 380. Rondone. Zinan. 47. Br. Zool. 96. L’” Hirondelle de Cheminée. Lauftaza. Scopoli, No. 249. Briffon av, Il. 486. | HIS fpecies appears in Great Britain near twenty days before the martin, or any o- ther of the fwallow tribe. end of September; and for a few days previous to They leave us the latter their departure, they affemble in vaft flocks on’ houfe tops, churches, and even trees, from whence they take their flight. It is now known that fwallows take their winter quarters in Senegal, and — poffibly they may be found along the whole Mo- We are indebred to M. Adanfon* for rocco fhore. this gett who firft obferved them” Lee ' | Ms Vs Voyage to Senegal, p. 121. ey month # Res ee ethed’ a 1. OVI.” ath tty; ‘i WV? 168 SWALLOW. VOT Yj Crass Il. CHIMNY SWALLOW. _ month of Oéoder, after their migration out of Ey- rope, on the fhores of that kingdom: but whether it was this fpecies alone, or all the European kinds, he is filent. The name of chimny fwallow may almott be confined to Great Britain, for in feveral other coun- tries they chufe different places for their nefts. In Sweden, they prefer barns, fo are ftyled there Ladu- Swala, or the barn fwallow: and in the hotter climates, they make their nefits in porches, gate- ways, galleries, and open halls. : The houfe fwallow is diftineuifhed from all others by the fuperior forkinefs of its tail, and by the red fpot on the forehead, and under the chin. The crown of the head, the whole upper part of the body, and the coverts of the wings are black, clofed with a rich purplifh blue, moft refplendent in the male: the breaft and belly white, that of the male tinged with red: the tail black; the two middle feathers plain: the others marked tranf- verfely near their ends with a white fpot. The exterior feathers of the tail are much longer in the male than in the female. Its food is the fame with the others of its kind, viz. infects; for the taking of which in their fwifteft flight, nature hath admirably contrivea their feve- ral parts; their mouths are very wide to take in flies, écc. in their quickeft motion; their wings are long, and adapted for diftant and continual flight; and their tails are forked, to enable them F Dd4 to 399 499 CHIMNEY SWALLOW. Crass IL. to turn the readier in purfuit of their prey. This fpecies, in our country, builds in chimnys, and makes its neft of clay mixed with ftraw, leav- ing the top quite open. It lines the bottom with ~ feathers and graffes: and ufually lays from four to fix egos, white fpeckled with red; but by tak- ing away one of the eggs daily, it will fucceffively lay as far as nineteen, as Doctor Liffer has expe- rienced. It breeds earlier than any other fpecies. The firft brood are obferved to quit the neft the laft week in Fume, or the firft in Fal: the laft brood towards the middle or end of Auguft. The neft being fixed five or fix feet deep within the chimny, it is with difficulty that the young can emerge. They even fometimes fall into the rooms below: but as foon as they fucceed, they perch for a few days on the chimny top, and are there fed by their parents. Their next effay is to reach fome leaflefs bough, where they fit in rows, and receive their food. Soon after-they take to the wing, but ftill want fkill to take their own prey. They hover near the place where their parents are in chafe of fies, attend their motions, meet them, and receive from their mouths the offered fufte- nance. It has a fweet note, which it emits in 4ugufe and September, perching on houfe tops. Le Ciacedh ACTA RT CATNG ¢ Le Martinet. Belon av. 380. Martinet acul blanc. Bri/- Hirundo fylveftris. Ge/nerav. __fon av. UL. 4go. 504. Frifch, I. 17. Hirundo urbica. Liz. fy. 344. Aldr. av. WW. 311. Hus-Swala. Faun. Suec. fp. Martin, Martlet, or Marti- 271. net. Wil. orn. 213. Speyerl. Kram. 380. Raii fyn. av. 71. Danis Bye v. Tagtkiceg-Svale, Rondone minore, e Grafiolo. Langelandis, Rive. Br. 2g0. Zinan. 48. Br. Zool. G6. plate Q..£.>"2. Huda urnik. Scopoli, No. 250. Ph Tr. AZFA. Po 19Ge La petite Hirondelle, ou le HE Martin is inferior in ize to the former, and its tail much lefs forked. The head and upper part of the body, except the rump, is black slofied with blue: the breaft, belly and rump are white: the feet are covered with a fhort white down. - This is the fecond of the fwallow kind that appears in our country. It builds under the eaves of houfes, with the fame materials, and in the fame form as the houfe fwallow, only its neft is covered above, having only a fmall hole for admittance. We haye alfo feen this fpecies build againft the fides of high cliffs over the fea. For the time that the young keep the neft, the old one feeds them, adhering by the claws to the outfide: but as foon as they quit it, feeds them flying, by a motion quick and almoft imperceptible to thofe who are not ufed to obferve it. It is a later breed than the preceding by fome days: 401 169. Marr TIN. DeEscRipP, 402 i7o, SAND. Descrip. SAND MARTIN. Crass I. days: but both will lay twice in the feafon; and the latter brood of this fpecies have been obferved to come forth fo iate as the eighteenth of September; yet that year (1766) they entirely quitted our fight by the fifth of Oober; not but they fometimes con- tinue here much later: the martins and red wing . thrufhes having been feen flying in view on the feventh of November. Neftlings have been remark- ed in Hampfhire as late as the 21ft. of OGober, 1772. L’ Hirondelle de rivage. Belox av. 379- Hirundo riparia, feu Drepa- nis. Ge/ner av. 565. Dardanelli. dldr. av. I. 312. Sand Martin, or Shore Bird. Wil. orn. 213. Raii fyn. av. 71. L’ Hirondelle de rivage. Briffon av. Il. 506. Cat. Carol. app. 37. Rondone riparia. Zizan. 49. Hirundo riparia. Liz. /y/t. 344. Strand-fwala, Back fwala. Faun. Suec. /p. 273. Danis Dig-v. Jord-{vale, Soil- bakke. Norveg. Sand Renne. Br. 291. Ufer-Schwalbe (Shore Swal- low) Frifch, I. 18. Geftetten-fchwalbe. Kram. 381. Br. Zool. 97. plate Q. f. 1. HIS is the left of the genus that frequents Great Britain. The head and whole upper part of the body are moufe colored: the throat white, encircled with a moufe colored ring: the belly white: the feet fmooth and black. It builds in holes in fand pits, and in the banks of rivers, penetrating fome feet deep into the bank, boring Crass II. SE SS a a? ees at boring through the foil in a wonderful manner with its feet, claws, and bill. It makes its neft of hay, ftraw, &c. and lines it with feathers: it lays five or fix white eggs. It is the earlieft of the fwal- low tribe in. bringing out its young. o La grande Hirondelle, Mou- Le Martinet. Briffon av. Il, tardier ou grand Martinet. 514. Belon av. 377. Hirundo apus. Lin. fpf. 344. Apus. Gefner av. 166. Ring-fwala. Faun. Suec. /p. Aldr. av. WN. 312. 257 Black Martin, or Swift. W7/. Steen, Kirke-v. Sze-Svale. Orn. 214. Br 262% Rati fynav. 72. Speyer, groffe thurn fchwalbe, Rondone. Zznan. 47. Kram. 380. Scopoli, No. pie Br, Zool. 97. a fpecies is the largeft of our fwallows; but the weight is moft difproportionately {mall to its extent of wing of any bird; the former be- ing fcarce one ounce, the latter eighteen inches. : The length near eight. The feet of this bird are fo {mall, that the action of walking and of rifing from the ground is extremely difficult; fo that nature hath made it full amends, by furnifhing it with ample means for an eafy and continual flight. It is more on the wing than any other fwallows; its flight is more rapid, and that attended with a fhrill fcream. It refts by clinging againft fome wall, or other apt body; from whence Kiein ftyles this fpe- ; cies 403 171. SWIFT. 404 ‘DESCRIP. So wir 7. ~ tee cies Hivundo muraria. It breeds under the eaves_of houfes, in fteeples, and other lofty buildings; makes _ its neft of graffes and feathers; and lays only two” eges, of a white color. It is entirely of a olofly dark footy colot, only the chin is marked with a white {pot: but by being fo conftantly expofed to all weathers, the glofs of the plumage is loft ibefore it retires. I cannot trace them to their win- “ter quarters, unlefs in one inftance of a pair found adhering by their claws and in a torpid ftate, in February 1766, under the roof of Lougnor Chapel, Shropfhire: on being brought to a fire, they re- vived and moved about the room. The feet are of a particular ftructure, all the toes ftanding for- ward ; the left confifts of only one bone; the o- thers of an equal number, viz. two each; in which they differ from thofe of all other birds. This appears in our country about fourteen days later than the fand martin; but differs greatly in the time of its departure, retiring invariably about the tenth of Auguft, being the firft of the genus that leaves us. The fabulous hiftory of the Mawucodiata, or bird of Paradife, is in the hiftory of this fpecies in great meafure verified. It was believed to have no feet, to live upon the celeftial dew, to float perpetually on the /uaian, and to perform all its funétions - in that element. The Swirt actually performs what has been in thefe enlightened times difproved of the former; except Crass Il. SViW). HA ®, except the fmall time it takes in fleeping, and what it devotes to incubation, every other action is done on wing. The materials of its neft it col- lets either as they are carried about by the winds, or picks them up from the furface in its fweeping flight. Its food is undeniably the infects that fill the air. Its drink is taken in tranfient fips from the water’s furface. Even its amorous rites are performed on high. Few perfons who have at- tended to them in a fine fummer’s morning, but muft have feen them make their aerial courfes at a great height, encircling acertain {pace with an ea- fy fteady motion. On a fudden they fall into each other’s embraces, then drop ‘precipitate with a loud fhriek for numbers of yards. This is the criti- cal conjuncture, and to be no more wondered at, than that infeéts (a familiar inftance) fhould dif. charge the fame duty in the fame element. Thefe birds and {wallows are inveterate enemies to hawks. The moment one appears, they attack him immediately: the fwifts foon defift; but the fwallows purfue and perfecute thofe rapacious birds, till they have entirely driven them away. Swifts delight in fultry thundry weather, and feem thence to receive frefh fpirits. They fly in thofe times in {mail parties with particular vio.ence; and as they pafs near fteeples, towers, or any edifices where their mates perform the office of incubation, emit a loud fcream, a fort of ferenade, as Mr. White fuppofes, to their refpective females. To ( 405 406 SW A lL U OW:s. eee To the curious monographics on the fwallow tribe, of that worthy correfpondent, I muft ac- knowlege myfelf indebted for numbers of the re- marks above-mentioned. Or rHE DISAPPEAR AW ee SWALLOWS. ) THERE are three opinions among naturalifts concerning the manner the fwallow tribes difpofe of themfelves after their difappearance from the countries in which they make their fummer refi- dence. Herodotus mentions one fpecies that refides in Egypt the whole year: Pro/per Alpinus* afferts the fame; and Mr. Loten, late governor of Ceylon, affured us, that thofe of Fava never remove. Thefe excepted, every other known kind obferve a periodical migration, or retreat. The fwallows of the cold Norway +, and of North Americat, of the diftant Kamt/chatka §, of the temperate parts of Europe, of Aleppo ||, and of the hot Famaica**, all agree in this one point. * Hirundines duplicis generis ibi obfervantur ; patriz {cili- cet qux nunquam ab gypro difcedentes, ibi perpetuo mo- rantur, atque peregrine, hz funt noftratibus omnino fimiles ; patriz vero toto etiam ventre nigricant. Hit. Zgypt. I. 198. + Pentop. bift. Norw. Il. 98. t Cat. Carol. I. 51. app. 8. § Hift. Kamt/f. 162. | Rafel Alep. 70. ** Phil. Tranf. No. 36. In Chased So We AL Li Of} WS, In cold countries, a defect of infect food on the approach of winter, is a fufficient reafon for thefe birds to quit them: but fince the fame caufe probably does not fubfift in the warm climates, recourfe fhould be had to fome other reafon for their vanifhing. | Of the three opinions, the firft has the utmoft appearance of probability ; which is, that they re- move nearer the fun, where they can find a conti- nuance of their natural diet, and a temperature of air fuiting their conftitutions. That this is the cafe with fome fpecies of European fwallows,. has been proved beyond contradiction (as above cited) by M. Adanfon. We often obferve them collected in flocks innumerable on churches, on rocks, and on trees, previous to their departure hence; and Mr. Collinfon proves their return here in perhaps equal numbers, by two cufious relations of un- doubted credit: the one communicated to him by Mr. Wright, matter of a fhip; the other by the _ late Sir Charles Wager; who both defcribed (to the fame purpofe) what happened to each in their voyages. ** Returning home, fays Sir Charles, in the << {pring of the year, as I came into founding ia our “* channel, a great flock of {wallows came and fet- tled on all my rigging; every rope was covered; they hune on one another like a fwarm of bees; the decks and carving were filled with them. “* They feemed almoft famifhed and fpent, and were “only feathers and bones; but being recruited “< with G6 <4 407 408 SWALLOW S. Crass fl. ¢ with a night’s reft, took their fight in the morn-_ “ing”*, This vaft fatigue, proves. that their journey muft have been very great, confidering the amazing {wiftnels of thefe birds in all probability they had croffed the Atlantic ocean, and were return- ing from the fhores of Senegal, or other parts of Africa; {o that this account from that moft able and honeft feaman, confirms the later information of M. Adanjfon. Mr. White, on Michaelmas day 1768, had the good fortune to have ocular proof of what may reafonably be fuppofed an actual migration of fwal- lows. Travelling that morning very early be- tween his houfe and the coaft, at the beginning of his journey he was environed with a thick fog, but on a large wild heath the mift began to,break, and difcovered to him numberlefs fwallows, cluf- tered on the ftanding bufhes, as if they had rooft- ed there: as foon as the fun burft out, they. were inftantly on wing, and with an eafy and placid flight proceeded towards the fea. After this he faw no more flocks, only now and then a ftrageler +. * Phil. Tranf. Vol. LI. Part 2. p. 459. + In Kalm’s Voyage to America, is a remarkable inftance of the diftant flight of fwallows; for one lighted on the fhip he was in, September 2d. when he had paffied only over two thirds of the Atlantic ocean. His paflage was uncommonly quick, being performed from Deal to Philadelphia in lefs than fix weeks ; and when this accident happened, he was four- teen days fail from Cape Hinlopen. This Pemeede, SW ACL LY OCW": This rendevouz of fwallows about the fame time of year is very common on the willows, in the lit- . tle ifles in the Thames. They feem to aflemble for the fame purpofe as thofe in Hampjfbire, not- withftanding no one yet has been eye witnefs~ of their departure. On the 26th of September latt, two Gentlemen who happened to lie at Maidenhead bridge, furnifhed at left a proof of the multitudes there aflembled: they went by-torch- light to an adjacent ifle, and in lefs than half an hour brought — afhore fifty dozen; for they had nothing more to do than to draw the willow twigs through their hands, the birds never ftirring till they were taken. The northern naturalifts will perhaps fay, that this aflembly met for the purpofe of plunging into their fubaqueous winter quarters ; but was that the cafe, they would never efcape difcovery in a river perpetually fifhed as the Thames, fome of them muft inevitably be brought up in the nets that harafs that water. The fecond notion has great antiquity on its fide. Ariftotle* and Phny-+ give, as their belief, that fwallows do not remove very far from their fummer habitation, but winter in the hollows of rocks, and during that time lofe their feathers. The former part of their opinion has been adopted by feveral ingenious men; and of late, feveral proofs have. been broughe of fome fpecies, at left, * Hiff, an. 935; + Lib. 10. .c. 24, Vor. I. Bic having 409 Alo 1 SW: ASLIL‘O, Wes. Gaaae having been difcovered in a torpid ftate. Mr. Collinjon* favored us with the evidence of three eentlemen, eye-witneffes to numbers of fend mar- tins being drawn out of a cliff on the Rhine, in the month of March 1762 +. Andthe Honorable. Daines Barrington communicated to us the follow- ing faét, on the authority of the late Lord Belhaven, that numbers of {fwallows have been found in old dry walls, and in fandhills near his Lordfhip’s feat in Laff Lothian; not once only, but from: year to year; and that when they were expofed to the warmth of a fire, they revived. We have alfo heard of the fame annual difcoveries near Morpeth in Northumberland, but cannot fpeak of them with the fame affurance as the two former: neither in the two laft inftances are we certain of the par- ticular {pecies f. Other witnefies crowd on us to prove the refi- dence of thofe birds in a torpid ftate during the fe- vere feafon. Firft, In the chalky cliffs of Suffex ; as was feen on the fall of a great fragment fome years ago. Secondly, In a decayed hollow tree that was cut down, near Dolgelli, in Merionethfhire. Thirdly, Ina cliff near Whitby, York/hire; where, * By letter, dated une 14, 1764. + Phil. Tranf. Vol. LIII. p. 101. art. 24. t Kleiz gives an inftance of /wifts being found in a torpid itate, Hiff. av. 204. on ——— Crass Il. Sow Ae bt Ee Ov We. Ss: on digging out a fox, whole bubhels of fwallows were found in a torpid condition. And, Laftly, The Reverend Mr. Conway, of Sychton, Flinifbire, was fo obliging as to communicate the following faét: A few years ago, on looking down an old lead mine in that county, he obferved num- bers of fwallows clinging to the timbers cf the fhaft, feemingly afleep; and on flinging fome sravel on them, they juft moved, but never at- tempted to fly or change their place; this was be- tween Al] Saints and Chriftmas. Thefe are doubtlefs the lurking places of the Jatter hatches, or of thofe young birds, who are incapable of diftant migrations. There they con- tinue infenfible and rigid; but like Ales may fome- times be reanimated by an unfeafonable hot day in the midft of winter: for very near Chriftmas a few appeared on the moulding of a window of Merton College, Oxford, ina remarkably warm nook, which prematurely fet their blood in motion, hav- ing the fame effect as laying them before the fire at the fame time of year. Others have been known to make this premature appearance; but as foon as the cold natural to the feafon returns, they - withdraw again to their former retreats. I fhall conclude with one argument drawn from the very late hatches of two fpecies. On the twenty-third of Ofober 1767, a mar- tin was ieen in Southwark, flying in and out of its neft: and on the twenty-ninth of the fame month, LB gery: four ALE : 412 SW A:LiLTO W'S Giga four or five /wallows were obferved hovering round and fettling on the county hofpital at Oxford. As thefe birds muft have been of a late hatch, it is highly improbable that at fo late a feafon of the year, they would attempt from one of our midland counties, a voyage almoft as far as.the equator to Senegal or Goree: we are therefore confirmed in our notion, that there is only a partial migration of thefe birds; and that the feeble late hatches conceal themieives in this country. The above, are circumftances we cannot but affent to, though feemingly contradictory to the common courfe of nature in regard to other birds. We muft, therefore, divide our belief relating to thefe two fo different opinions, and conclude, that one part of the fwallow tribe migrate, and that others have their winter quarters near home. If it fhould be demanded, why {wallows alone are found in a torpid ftate, and not the other many {pecies of foft billed birds, which likewife difap- pear about the fame time? The following reafon may be affigned: No birds are fo much on the wing as fwallows, none fly with fuch fwiftnefs and rapidity, none are obliged to fuch fudden and various evolutions in their fight, none are at fuch pains to take their~ prey, and we may add, none exert their voice mare incefflantly ; all thefe occafion a vaft expence of ftrength, and of fpirits, and may give fuch a tex- ture to the blood, that other animals cannot experi- ence; ec 8 Wr AO Te 1s Oo WE ence; and fo difpofe, or we may fay, neceffi- tate, this tribe of birds, or part of them, at left, to a repofe more lafting than that of any others. The third notion is, even at firft fight, too a- mazing and unnatural to merit mention, if it was not that fome of the learned have been credulous enough to deliver, for faét, what has the ftrongeft - appearance of impoffibility; we mean the relation of fwallows paffing the winter immerfed under ice, at the bottom of lakes, or lodged beneath the water of the fea at the foot of rocks. The firft who broached this opinion, was Olaus Magnus, Arch- bifhop of Upjal, who very gravely informs us, that thefe birds are often found in cluftered maffes at the bottom. of the northern lakes, mouth to mouth, wing to wing, foot to foot; and that they creep down the reeds in autumn, to their fubaque- ous retreats, That when old fifhermen difcover fuch a mafs, they throw it into the water again; but when young inexperienced ones take it, they will, by thawing the birds at a fire, bring them in- deed to the ufe of their wings, which will conti- nue but a very fhort time, being owing to a pre- - mature and forced revival *. That the good Archbifhop did not want credu- lity, in other inftances, appears from this, that after having ftocked the bottoms of the lakes with. birds, he ftores the clouds with mice, which fome- * Derham’s Phyf. Theol, note 4. p. 349. Pontop. hift. Norw I. 99. ; times 413 414 SW ALL‘OW S. Gram times fall in plentiful fhowers on Norway and the neighboring countries *. | Some of our own countrymen have given credit _ to the fubmerfion of fwallows +; and Kiein patro- nifes the doctrine ftrongly, giving the following hiftory of their manner of retiring, which he re- ceived from fome countrymen and others. They afferted, that fometimes the fwallows affembled in numbers on a reed, till it broke and funk with them to the bottom ; and their immerfion was preluded by a dirge of a quarter of an hour’s length. That others would unite in laying hold of a ftraw with their bills, and fo plunge down in fociety. Others again would form a large mafs, by cling- ing together with their feet, and fo commit them- felves to the deep f. Such are the relations given by thofe that are fond of this opinion, and though delivered with- out exaggeration, muft provoke a f{mile.- They affign not the fmalleft reafon to account for thefe birds being able to endure fo lone a fubmerfion without being fuffocated, or without decaying, in an clement fo unnatural to fo delicate a bird; * Ge/ner Icon. An. 100. t*Derham’s “Phyf. Theol. 340. 349. Hildrop’s Trags, II. 32. t Klin bift. av. 205, 206. Ekmarck migr. av. Amen. acad. IV. 589. when EEE ee = moan. 5 Ww A Tt 4.720. W-8) when we know that the otter*, the corvorant, and the grebes, foon perifh, if caught under ice, or en- tangled in nets: and it is well known, that thofe animals will continue much longer under water than any others to whom nature hath denied that par- ticular ftructure of heart, neceflary for a long refidence beneath that element. | * Though entirely fatisfied in our own mind of the impofi- bilty of thefe relations ; yet, defirous of ftrengthening our opinion with fome better authority, we applied to that able anatomift, Mr. ¥ohn Hunter; who was fo obliging to inform us, that he had diffeéted many fwallows, but found-nothing in them different from other birds as to the organs of refpi- ration. That all thofe animals which he had diffected of the clafs that fleep during winter, fuch as lizards, frogs, &c. _ had a very different conformation as to thofe organs. That all thefe animals, he believes, do breathe in their torpid fate; and, as far as his experience reaches, he knows they do: and that therefore he efteems it a very wild opinion, that terreftrial animals can remain any long time under water without drown- ing. BILL eee 416 XXVIT. GO AT- SUCKER. 172. Noc- TURNAL, GOAT-SUCKER. the bafe. Cass Il. - BILL very fhort, bent at the end, briftles round NOSTRILS tubular, very ae TAIL confifting of ten feathers, not forked. L’ Effraye ou Frefaye. Beloz av. 343. Caprimulgus, Geiffmelcher. Gefner av. 241. Calcobotto. Aldr. av. I. 288. Fern Owl, Goatfucker, Goat Owl). Wil.-orn. 107. Alfo, Churn Owl. Raii fyn. av. . «26, Cat. Carolin. I. 8. Dorhawk, accipiter Cantha- rophagus. Charltonex. 79. Le Tette Chevre ou Cra- paud volant. Briffon av. Il. 470. Tab. 44. Covaterra. Zinanni, 94. Sco- poli, No. 254. ay ee: europeus. Liz, Lp 3 Ror i Nathkarea, Quall- knarren. Faun. Suec. fp. 274" Hirundo cauda zquabili. H. caprimulga. Kleiz av. 81. Nat-Ravn, Nat-Skade, Af- ten-bakke. Brun. 293. Mucken itecker, Nachtrabb. Kram. 381. Br. Zool. ty Tab. R. R.1. T pene hath placed this bird in fhe {wallow tribe, and ftyles it a fwallow with an undi- vided tail. cenus ; It has moft of the characters of that a very fmall bill, wide mouth, fmall legs. It is alfo a bird of paffage; agrees in food with this genus, and the manner of taking it: differs in the time of preying, flying only by night, fo with fome juftice may be called a xoéurnal fwallow. It feeds on moths, knats, dorrs or chaffers; from which Charlton calls it a Dorr-hawk, its food being entirely that fpecies of beetle during the month of July LV? 172 M.& F, GOATSUCKERS. “i Ti LS LHL Ly) ASS el) yp Cisegih) GOA T-SUCKE ®. Fuly, the period of that infects * flicht in this country. This bird makes but a fhort ftay with us: ap- pears the latter end of May; and difappears in the northern parts of our ifland the latter end of 4uguft, but in the fouthern ftays above a month later. Tt inhabits all parts of Great Britain, from Corn- wal to the county of Rofs. Mr. Scopolt feems to credit the report of their fucking the teats of goats, an error delivered down from the days of Ariftotle. Its notes are moft fingular: the loudeft fo much refembles that of a large fpinning wheel, that the Welfo call this bird aderyn y droell, or the wheel bird. It begins its fone moft punctually on the clofe of day, fitting ufually on a bare bough with the head lower than the tail, as expreffed in the upper fiowre in the plate; the lower jaw quivering with the efforts. The noife is fo very violent, as to give a fenfible vibration to any little building it chances to alight on, and emit this fpecies of note. The other is a fharp fqueak, which. it repeats often , this feems a note of love, as it is obferved to reiterate it when in purfuit of the female among the trees. | | It lays its eges on the bare ground; ufually two: they are of a long form, of a whitifh hue, prettily marbled with reddifh brown, * Scarabaeus Melotontha. The MIGRATES. Nores. EcoGs. .T- s 4 i c K BE R. Chass 1 ‘The a of this bird is two ounces ake < half: length ten. inches and a half: extent twenty- } two. ‘Bill: very fhort: the mouth vaft: irides hazel. Plumage a beautiful mixture of black, white, ath-color and ferruginous, difpofed in lines, bs sa and fpots. The male is diftinguifhed from the female by a great oval white fpot near the end of the three firft quil-feathers; and another on the outmoft feathers of the tail: the plumage is alfo more ferruginous. The legs fhort, fcaly and feathered below i knee: the middle toe connected to thofe on each — fide by a fmall membrane, as far as the firft joint:~ the claw of the middle toe thin, broad, ferrated. = END of tHe FIRST VOLUME. we a fae ee a ne = 3 = + } Bf 4 2b.