■ ftM«;

^^■■v

■■faHnl m

BRITISH ZOOLOGY.

CLASS II. Bill J) S •

DIV. II. WATER FOMrL

I* a :sr d o zst-

Pnnted for Eeiij.AVliito,
MDCCLXXVI.

fli.f/JL

BRITISH ZOOLOGY.

/

VOL. II.

CASS II. DIVI'SION II.

WATER-FOWL.

W I T H AN

APPENDIX.

ARRINGTON:
PRINTEl BY WILLIAM EYRES>
-OR BESJAMWwHITI, AT HORACE'S HEAD,
FI, EE;STREET, LONDON.

'DCCLXXVI,

PLATES

T O

BRITISH ZOOLOGY.

V O L. II. OCTAVO.

Pates.

IX. T?RONTISPIECE,
J? to face the Title

Tame Swan,

L>J. Common Heron

- Page 422

LXK, White Heron

- 427

LXIIi. Curlew

- 429

LXR. Whimbrel

- *43°

LX\. Red Shank 7
Woodcock j

- 433

LXVI. Cinereous Godwit ■

- 442

LXVII.Red Godwit

- 443

LXVIII. Jack Snipe? r

>NIPE 3

. 448

LXIX. Iuff 7
IeeveS

- 457

LXX. Cambet

- 465

Vol. II.

E e

LXX1

2

•

PLATES.

Plates.
LXXI.

LXXII.

LXXIII.

LXXIV.
LXXV.

LXXVI.

LXXVII.

LXXVIII.

LXXIX.

LXXX.

LXXXI.

LXXXII.

LXXXIII.

LXXXIV.

LXXXV.

LXXXVI.

LXXXVII.

}
'I

\

REBE 7
REBE3

Purr

Sandpiper

Red Sandpipe

Golden Plove

SanderlingI

Dotterel 3

Oyster-Catcher

Water-Rail

Crake Gallinule

Red and Grey Scollop-toed

Sandpiper

Common Gallinule

Coot

Dusky Grebe

Tippet G

Black-chin Grebe

Eared Grebe

Avoset

Great Auk

Little Auk

Razor Bill

Lesser Guillemot

Spotted Guillemo

Imber

Northern Diver

Red-throated Diver

Black-throated Div

Winter Gull

Black-toed Gull

Arctic Gulls

Page 470

- 474
J

- 47/

i

i

i

500

504
5°7

509

520

i

PLATES.

Plates.
LXXXVIII. Herring Gull 7

Wagel S ' P*&53S

LXXXIX. KlTTIWAKE 7

Common Gull I ^

XC. Great and Lesser Terns 545
XCI. Stormy Petrel?

Fulmar 3 54°

XCII. M. and F. Goosander - $$5
XCIII. M. and F. Red-breasted?

Goosander - -J 55

XCIV. Bean Goose 1

White-fronted Wild f 5J5

Goose - - J

XCV. Eider Duck and Drake - 581

XCVI. M. and F. Velvet Duck - 5%$

XCVII. Wild Ducks - -591

CCVIII. Long-tailed Duck ?

White-throated Duck 3 ^

XCIX. Ferruginous Duck -1

Long-tailed Duck, a i 601
Variety - . J

C. Scaup Duck 1

Bimaculated Duckj
CI. Garganey 7 ^

Female GarcaneyS
*Il. Shag - « 610

CIL Gannet - - 612

APPENDIX,

PLATES

APPENDIX.

Plates.

N° I. ROUCH-LEGGED FALCON

Page

623

II. Roller -

-

614

III. Nutcracker

-

62/

IV. M. and F. Oriole -

-

6z>

V. Rose-coloured Ouzel

-

67

VI. Crane

-

69

VII. Egret

- .

h

VIII. Little Bittern

-

6;3

IX. Spoonbill

-

64

Competitions for Two Piping Bullfinches

oS

DIVISION II.

WATER-FOWLS,

Vol. II. F f

The COMMON HRRON

.\r." /-,■;.

Div.IL water fowls.

Sect. I. WITH CLOVEN FEET.
II. WITH FINNED FEET.
III. WITH WEBBED FEET.

BILL long, ftrong and pointed.

NOSTRILS linear.

TONGUE pointed.

TOES connected as far as the firft joint by a

ftrong membrane.

XXVIIf.
HERON,

M

ALE,

Heron cendre. Belon. av. 182. Garza cinerizia grofla. Zinan.

Alia ardea. Gejner av. 219. 113.

Ardea cinerea major. Aldr. Le Heron hupe. Brijfon av.

a<u. iii. 157. Scopoli, No. v. 296. tab. 35.

1 T 7 • Reyger. Frijch II. 199.

Common Heron, or Heron- Blauer Rager. Kram. 346.

fliaw. Wil. orn. 277. Ardea major. Lin. fyfi. 236.

Ardea cinerea major feu pel- Hager. Faun.Suec.jp. $9.

la. Raii/yn.av. 98. The Heron. Br, Zool. 116.

tab.

173. Com-
mon.

Female.

Ardea Pella five cinerea. Gef- Hegre. Cimbris Skid-Heire
ner&o. 211. Skredheire. Brunnich, 156.

Ardea cinerea tertia. Aldr. Le Heron. Brijfon a<v. v. 292.
a-u. III. 159. Wil orn. tab. 34,

279. & Raiifyn. av. 98. Reyger' Frifch, If. 198.

Ardea cinerea. Lin.Jyft.236. Brit. Zool. 116.

ZW/j- et Norvegis Heyre v.

THIS bird is remarkably light in proporti-
on to its bulk, fcarce weighing three
pounds and a half: the length is three
F f 2 feet

422 COMMON HERON. Class II.

feet two inches ; the breadth five feet four inches.
The body is very fmall, and always lean ; and the
fkin fcarce thicker than what is called gold-beater's
fkirc. It mult be capable of bearing a long abfti-
nence, as its food, which is fifh and frogs, cannot
be readily got at all times. It commits great de-
valuation in our ponds •, but being unprovided
with webs to fvvim, nature has furnifned it with
very long legs to wade after its prey. It perches
and builds in trees, and fometimes in high cliffs over
the fea, commonly in company with many others,
like rooks. At Creffi Hall near Gojberton in Lin-
cohjhire I have counted above eighty nefts in one
tree. It makes its neft of (licks, lines it with
wool •, and lays five or fix large eggs of a pale
green color. During incubation, the male pafTes
much of its time perched by the female. They
defert their nefts during winter, excepting in Febru-
ary^ when they relbrt to repair them. It was for-
merly in this country a bird of game, heron-hawk-
ing being fo favourite a diverfion of our anceftors,
that laws were enacted for the prefervation of the
fpecies, and the perfon who destroyed their eggs
was liable to a penalty of twenty fliillings, for each
offence. Not to know the Hawk from the Heron-
Jhaw was an old proverb *, taken originally from
this diverfion ; but in courfe of time ferved to ex-

* In after times this proverb was abfurdly corrupted to,
He does not know a hawk from a hand-faw,

prefs

Class II. COMMON HERON. 423

prefs great ignorance in any fcience. This bird was
formerly much elteemed as a food ; made a fa-
vourite dim at great tables, and was valued at
the fame rate as a Pheafant. It is faid to be very
long lived ; by Mr. Key/Ier's account it may exceed
fixty years * : and by a recent inftance of one that
was taken in Holland by a hawk belonging to the
fladtholder, its longevity is again confirmed, the
bird having a filver plate fattened to one kg, with
an infcription, importing it had been before (truck
by the elector of Cologne's hawks in 1735.

The male is a moil elegant bird : the weight a-
bout three pounds and a half, the length, three feet
three; the breadth, five feet four; the bill fix
inches long, very ftrong and pointed : the edges
thin and rough ; the color dufky above, yellow be- .
neath; noftrils linear-, the irides of a deep yellow ;
orbits and fpace between them and the bill covered
with a bare greenifh /kin.

The forehead and crown white, the hind part of
the head adorned with a loofe pendent creft of long
black feathers waving with the wind ; the upper
part of the neck is of a pure white, and the co-
verts of the wings of a light grey; the back clad
only with down, covered with the fcapulars ; the
fore part of the neck white fpotted with a double
row of black: the feathers are white, long, narrow,

* KeyJleSs Travels, I. 70.

F f 3 unweb-

424 B 1 T T E B N. Class 11.

unwebbed, failing looie over the bread •, the (ca-
pillars of the fame texture, grey itreaked with white.
The ridge of the wing white, primaries and baf-
tard wing black ; along the fides beneath the wings
is a bed of black feathers, very long, foft and ele-
gant •, in old times ufed as egrets for the hair, or
ornaments to the caps of Knights of the garter -,
the bread, belly, and thighs white: the laft darned
with yellow. The tail confifts of twelve fhort ci-
nereous feathers : the legs are of a dirty green :
the toes long, the claws fhort, the inner edge of the
middle claw finely ferrated.
Female The head of the female is grey: it wants the long

creft, having only a fhort plume of dufky feathers:
the feathers above the breaft fhort ; the fcapulars
grey and webbed : the fides grey. This has hi-
therto been fuppofed to be a diftincl: fpecies from
the former ^ but later obfervations prove them to
be the fame.

174. Bit- Le Butor. Belon av. 192. Garza bionda, odi color d'oro.

tern. Brrind, Rordump. Gefner Zinan. 112. Scopoli, No.

an). 215. 125.

The Myredromble. Turner. Rohrtrummel, Mofskuh.

Trombone, Terrabufo. Aldr. Kram. 34S.

a<v> III. 164. Rohrdommel- Frifcbyll. 205.

Bittour, Bittern, or Mire- Ardea flellaris. Lin.fyjl. 239.

drum. Wil orn. 282. Rordrum. Faun. Suec. fp.

Raii fyn. a<v. 1 00. 164.

Botaurus, le Butor. Briffon Danis Rordrum. Brunnicb,

a<v. V. 444. tab. 37. 155*

Br. Z00L 117. tab. A. I.

THE bittern is a very retired bird, conceal-
ing- itfelf in the midft of reeds and rufhes in

marfhy

Class II. BITTERN.

marfhy places. It is with great difficulty provoked
to flight, and when on wing has fo dull and flag-
ging a pace, as to acquire among the Greeks the
title of ov@" * or the lazy. It has two kinds of
notes ; the one croaking, when it is difturbed :
the other bellowing, which it commences in the
fpring and ends in autumn. Mr. Willughby fays,
that in the latter feafon it foars into the air with a
fpiral afcent to a great height, making at the fame
time a Angular noife. From the firfl obfervation,
we believe this to be the fpecies of heron that Virgil
alludes to among the birds that forbode a tempeft,

In ficco ludunt fulicas, notafque paludes
Defgrit, at^ue altam fupra volat Ardea nubem f .

For the antients mention three kinds J ; the
LeucGti) or white heron ; the Pellos, fuppofed to
be the common fort ^ and the Afierias^ or bittern ;
which feems to have acquired that name from this
circumflance of its afpiring flight, as it were at-
tempting, at certain feafons, the very ftars; though
at other times its motion was fo dull, as to merit
the epithet of lazy.

Some commentators have fuppofed this to have
been the Taurus of Pliny -, but as he has exprefsly
declared that to be a fmall bird, remarkable for

* Arift. hiji. an. 1 05 6.

f Georg. I. 363.

J Arijl. hijl. an. 1006. PHn. lib.. X. C 60.

Ff4 imitating

4*5

426 B I T T E R N. Class II.

imitating the lowing of oxen, we muft deny the ex-
planation ; and wait for the difcovery of the Ro-
wan naturalilt's animal from fome of the literati
of Arks, in which neighbourhood Pliny fays the
Descrip. bird was found *. In fizeit is inferior to the heron :
the bill is weaker, and only four inches long : the
upper mandible a little arched ; the edges of the
lower jagged : the rictus or gape is fo wide, that
the eyes feem placed in the bill : the irides are next
the pupil yellow ; above the yellow incline to ha-
zel : the ears are large and open. The crown of
the head is black ; the feathers on the hind part
form a fort of fhort pendent creft : at each corner
of the mouth is a black fpot: the plumage of this
bird is of very pale dull yellow, fpotted, barred,
orftriped with black : the baftard wing, the great-
er coverts of the wing?, and the quil-feathers are of
a bright ferruginous color, regularly marked with
black bars : the lower belly is of a whitifh yellow :
the tail is very fhort, and confifts of only ten fea-
thers. The feathers on the bread are very long,
and hang loofe : the legs are of a pale green. All
the claws are long and (lender : the inner fide of
the middle claw finely ferrated to hold its prey the
better ; its hind claw is remarkably long, and be-
ing a fuppofed prefervative for the teeth, is fome-
times fet in filver and ufed as a tooth-pick. Befides
this common fpecies, Mr. Edwards mentions a

* Lib., x. c. 42c

final]

ti . :lxii

Tbe AVI LIT E HERON ,

jvrus

7<

'

J m

J\J\ays.

427

Class II. WHITE HERON.

fmall one of the fize of a lapwing, fhot near
Shrew/bury, He adds no more than that the crown
of the head was black : as this anfvvers the defcrip-
tion of a kind frequent in Switzerland and Au-
ftria*, we imagine it to be a ftrayed bird from
thofe parts.

It builds its neft with the leaves of water plants
on feme dry clump among the reeds, and lays five
or fix eggs, of a cinereous green color. This
bird and the heron are very apt to ftrike at the
fowler's' eyes, when only maimed. The food of the
bittern is chiefly frogs ; not that it rejects fifh, for
fmall trouts have been met with in their ftomachs.
In the reign of Zfcary VIII. it was held in much
efteem at our tables ; and valued at one milling.
Its flefh has much the flavour of a hare ; and no-
thing of the fifhinefs of that of the heron.

Le Heron blanc. Belon a<v. Ardea Candida, le Heron 175. Whit
A ,191' Wane. Brijfon av.M '. 428.

ardea alba. Gefner av. 213. GroiTer weiffer Rager. Kram.
Jfurner' 346. Scopoli, No. 126.

Vil. cm. 279. Ardea alba. Lin. fy/l. 230.

tan fyn. av. g$. Faun. Sutc. fp. 166."

Br. Zool. 117.

T

HIS bird has not fallen within our obferva-
tibnj therefore we mud give Mr. JVilhighbfs

* Kramer Blench, anim, Auftria, 348.

account

4*8 WHITE HERON. Class II.

account of it. The length to the end of the feet is
fifty-three inches and a half, to that of the tail
only forty; the breadth fixty inches; the weight
forty ounces.

The bill is yellowifh ; the naked fkin between
that and the eyes green ; the edges of the eye-lids,
and the irides, are of a pale yellow ; the legs are
black ; the inner edge of the middle claw ferrated :
the whole plumage is of a fnowy whitenefs. This
bird is very common in many parts of Europe ;
"Turner fays, that in his time this fpecies bred
(though rarely) in the fame places with the com-
mon fort : but we believe it to be feldom found
with us at prefent, any more than the fmall fpecies
of crefted white heron mentioned by Leland^ un-
der the name of Egritte, in one of the bills of fare
in the magnificent feafts of our anceftors *.

* Leland's colletfanea, Vol. 6. L' Aigrette. Brijfon a<v,
V- 43 '•

bi:

pi. Lxiir

7WJ76

' f7h

C i'HLE"WT,

Class IL

CURLEW.

429

BILL long, (lender, incurvated.
NOSTRILS linear, placed near the bafe.
TONGUE ihort, fharp pointed.
TOES connected as far as the firft joint by a
llrong membrane.

XXIX.
CURLEW,

Le Ccrlieu. Belon av. 204.
Arquata, five numenius. Gef-

ner a<v. 221.
Arcafe Torquato. Aldr. av.

III. 169.
Wil, cm. 294.
Rail fyn. av. 103.
Le Courly. Brijjbn av. V.

3"-

GoifTer,Brach-icknepf. Kram,

350. Frifch, II. 229.
Scolopax arquata. Lin. fyjl.

242.
Faun. Suec. /p. 168.
Dams Heel-fpove. Regn. Spa-

aer. Regn. Spove. Brunnicb9

158.
Br. Zoo/. 118.

176. Cur-

LEW.

THESE birds frequent our fea coafts and
marfhes in the winter time in large flocks,
walking on the open fands ; feeding on iriells,
frogs, crabs, and other marine infects : in fummer
they retire to the mountanous and unfrequented
parts of the country, where they pair and breed.
Their eggs are of a pale olive color, marked with
irregular but diftincl: fpots of pale brown. Their
flefh. is very rank and fifhy, notwithstanding an
old Englijlj proverb in its favour.

Curlews differ much in weight and fize; fome Descrip,
weighing thirty-feven ounces, others not twenty-
two : the length of the largeft to the tip of the

tail

43°

WHIMB.REL Class II.

tail twenty-five inches ; the breadth three feet five
inches -, the bill is ieven inches long : the head,
neck, and coverts of the wings are of a pale
brown ; the middle of each feather black ; the
breaft and belly white, marked with narrow ob-
long black lines : the back is white, fpotted with
a few black ft'rokes : the quil-feathers are black,
but the inner webs fpotted with white : the tail
white, tinged with red and beautifully barred with
black •, the legs are long, ftrong, and of a bluifn
grey color : the bottoms of the toes fiat and broad,
to enable it to walk on the foft mud, in fearch of

food.

177. Whim-

B R E L .

Phsopus altera, vel arquata Kleiner GoiiTer. Kram. 350.

minor. Gefner em, 499-
Tarangolo, Girardello. Aldr

a<v. Ill, 180.
Wil. orn. 294.
Rail fyn. a-v. 103.
Eckju, a<u. 307.
Scolopax Phceopus. Lin.fyfi.

243'. Scopo!:, No. 132.
Windfpole, Spof. Faun. Suec

/p. 169."

Kleine Art Brachvogel or Re-
gen vogel. Frifch) II. 225.

Le petit Courly, ou le Cour-
lieu. Numenius minor.
Brijfon av. V. 317.- iab>
27.

Dafiis Mell u m- Spove.
<veg. Smaae Spue. Br.

Br. Zcol. 119.

Nor-
159.

THE whimbrel is much lefs frequent on our
fhores than the curlew ; but its haunts,
food, and general appearance are much the fame.
It is obferved to vifit the neighbourhood of
Spalding (where it is called the Curlew knot) in vaft

flocks

pi. Lxrvr.

JIT 1

II

WHIMBREL,

Class II, W H I M B R E L

43

flocks in April, but continues there no longer than
May ; nor is it feen there any other time of year :
it feems at that leafon to be on its paiTage to its
breeding place, which I fufpect to be among the
Highlands of Scotland.

The fpecific difference is the fize; this never ex-
ceeding the weight of twelve ounces. The bill is Descrip.
two inches three quarters long; dnfky above, red
below : the feathers on the head and neck are
brown tinged with red, marked in the middle with
an oblong black fpot : the cheeks of a paler color :
the upper part of the back, the coverts of the
wings, the fcapulars, and the farther!: quil-feathers,
are of the fame color with the neck, but the black
fpots fpread out tranfverfely on each web: the -
quil-feathers duiky ; their fhafts white ; and their
exterior webs marked with large femicircular
white fpots. The bread, belly, and lower part
of the back are white : the coverts of the tail, and
the tail itfelf, are of a very pale whitifh brown,
eroded with black bars. The legs and feet are of
a dull green, and formed like thofe of the curlew.

I received one from Invercauld, mot on the
Grampian Hills, whofe length was fixteen inches ;
the bill two : the head round, black on the top,
divided length-ways by a white line : chin white :
cheeks, neck, bread, and upper part of the belly
whitifh brown, marked with dreaks of black point-
ing down, with narrow dreaks on the neck; broad
Qn the belly : lower belly and vent white : back

and

432

W H I M B R £ L. Class II.

and coverts of the wings dufky : the fides of each
feather fpotted with reddifh white : lower part of
the back white : rump white barred with black :
tail barred with dufky and white: quil-feathers
black, with large white fpots on the inner webs ;
the fecondaries on both webs : leg;s black.

BII

}', . i.XY.

RKDSHANK.

/.-." im

Class II.

WOODCOCK.

433

BILL, long, flender, weak and ftrait.
NOSTRILS linear, lodged in a furrow.
TONGUE pointed, flender.
TOES divided, or very flightly connected, back
toe very fmall.

XXX. SNIPE

La BeccafTe. Be/on av. 272.
Rufticola, feu Perdix ruitica

major (GrofTer fchnepff).

Gefner av. 501.
Aldr. av. III. 182.
Wil. orn. 289.
Raii Jyn. av. 104.
La Beccafle. Brijfon av. V.

292.
Beccaccia, Acceggia. Zinan.

101.
SchnifFa. Scopoli, No. 134.

Wald fchnepf. Kram. 351.
Frifcb, II. 226. foem. 227.

Scolopax rufticola. Lin. JyjJ,
243.

Morkulla. Faun. Suec. fp.
170.

Norvegis BIom-Rokke, Rutte,
quibufdam Krog-quift. Da-
m's Holt Sneppe. Brun-
nich, 1 64.

Br. Zool. 119.

Fauna Scotica. No. 142.

78. Wood-
cock.

THESE birds during fummer are inhabitants
of the Alps *, of Norway \ Sweden^ Polijh
PruJ/ia, the march of Brandenburg f , and the nor-
thern parts of Europe : they all retire from thofe
countries the beginning of winter, as foon as the
frofts commence; which force them into milder
climates, where the ground is open, and adapted
to their manner of feeding. The time of their

* Wil. orn. 290.
f Frifch, II. 226.

appear-

434

WOODCOCK. Class II.

appearance and difappearance in Sweden ; coin-
cides mod exactly with that of their arrival in,
and their retreat from Great Britain *. They live
on worms and infects, which they fearch for with
their long bills in foft ground and moiil woods.
Woodcocks generally arrive here in flocks, taking
advantage of the night, or a mid : they foon fepa-
rate ; but before they return to their native
haunts, pair. They feed and fly by night •, be-
o-'mnins: their flight in the evening, and return the
fame way, or through the fame glades to their
day retreat. They leave England the latter end of
February, or beginning of March-, not but they
have been known to continue here accidentally.
In Cafe-wood, about two miles from Tunbridge, a
few breed almofl annually: the young having
been fhot there the beginning of Auguft, and were
as healthy and vigorous as they are with us in the
winter, but not fo well tailed : a female with egg
was (hot in that neighbourhood in April-, the egg

* M. de Geer's and Dr. Walleriush letters to myfelf. M. de
Geer exprefies himfelf thus ; La Becajfe (Scolopax rufiicola)
part d'ici vers V automne, Je ne fcais pas au jujle dans quel
mots. On la trowve ici ajjez en attendance dans Pete. Elle a
coutume au foleil coucbant de faire fa <volee en cerde ou tcujours en
rond en Pair revenant toujour* dans le me me endroit a plujieurs
reprifes, et c*eft alors qifon peut ta tirer a coup de fujil. En hi-ver
on ne <voit aucune, elle partent alors toutes.

M. Wallcrius gave me this account of them. Scolopaces rufii-
coltf penes nos nidificant. Sed autumnali tempore abeunt, ac <ver-
nali redeunt,

was

Class II. WOODCOCK. 4?5

was the fize of that of a pigeon. They are re-
markably tame during incubation; a perfon who
difcovered one on its neft, has often flood over,
and even ftroaked it: notwithstanding which it
hatched the young ; and in due time difappeared
with them.

Thefe birds appear in Scotland firft on the eaft-
ern coafts, and make their progrefs from Eaft to
Weft. They do not arrive in Breadalbane, a cen-
tral part of the kingdom till. the beginning or mid-
dle of November : and the coafts of Nether Lorn9
or of Rofffljire, till December or January : are very
rare in the more remote Hebrides, or in the Orknies.
A few ftragglers now and then arrive there. They
are equally fcarce in Cathnefs. I do not recollect
that any have been difcovered to have bred m
North Britain.

Their autumnal and vernal appearances on the
coaft of Suffolk have bzm moil accurately marked
by Sir John Cullum, Bar1, who favoured me with
the following curious account.

From fome old and experienced fportfmen, who
live on the coafl, I collected the following particu-
lars. They come over fparingly in the firft Week
of October, the greater numbers not arriving til!
the months of November and December, and always
after fun-fet. It is the wind and not the moon that:
determines the time of their arrival : and it is pro-
bable that this fhould be the cafe, as they come hi-
ther in queft of food, which fails then in the

Vol, II, G g places

43$ W O O D C O C K. Class II.

places they leave. If the wind has favoured their
flight, their flay on the coaft, where they drop, is
very fhort, if any : but if they have been forced
to ftruggle with an adverfe gale (fuch as a fhip can
hardly make way with) they take a day's reft, to
recover their fatigue : and fo greatly has their
flrength been exhaufted, that they have been taken
by hand in Southwald ftreets. They arrive not gre-
garious, but feparate and difperfed. When the
Red wing appears on the coaft in autumn, it is
certain the Woodcocks are at hand ; when they
Royfton Crow, they are come. Between the twelfth
and twenty- fifth of March they flock towards the
coaft to be ready for their departure : the firft law
of nature bringing them to us, in autumn •, the
fecond carrying them from us in fpring. If the
wind be propitious, they are gone immediately y
but if contrary, they are detained in the neigh-
boring woods, or among the ling and furze on
the coaft. It is in this crifis that the fportfman
finds extraordinary diverfion : the whole country
around echoes with the difcharge of guns ; even
feventeen brace have been killed by one perfon
in a day : but if they are kept any time on the dry
heaths, they become fo lean, that they are a prey
hardly worth purfuing, at left eating. The inftant
a fair wind fprings up, they feize the opportunity,
and where the fportfman has feen hundreds one day,
he will not find a Angle bird the next. As this
extraordinary diverfion depends on the winds, it

muft

T I O N 5 ,

Class II. WOODCOCK. 437

mull necefTarily be precarious •, and it according-
ly fometimes happens, that the fportfmen on the
coaft, for fome years together know not precifely
the time of the JVoodcocks departure. They have
the fame harbingers (the Red wings) in fpring,
as in autumn.

In the fame manner we know they quit France^ Migra-
Germany and Italy -, making the northern and cold
fituations their general fummer rendezvous. They
vifit Burgundy the latter end of October, but con-
tinue there only four or five weeks -, it being a dry
country they are forced away for wantoffuftenance
by the firft frofts. In the winter they are found in
vaft plenty as far fouth as Smyrna and Aleppo *, and
in the fame feaibn in Barbary\, where the Afri-
cans call them, the afs of the partridge : and we
have been told, that fome have appeared as far
fouth as ALgypt, which are the remoteft migrations
we can trace them to on that fide theeaftern world;
on the other fide, they are found very common in
Japan\. The birds that refort into the countries
of the Levant, probably come from the defarts
of Siberia cr Tartary §, or the cold mountains of
Armenia.

Our fpecies of woodcock is unknown in North

* RnJfeVs bifi. Aleppo. 64.

-f- Sba-jj's travels , 253.

J Kampfer's hi/l. Japan. I. 1 29.

§ Bell's travels, I. 198.

G g 2 America ;

43* WOODCOCK. Class II.

America •, but a kind is found there that has the
general appearance of it ; but is icarce half the
fize, and wants the bars on the bread and belly.
Descrip. The weight of the woodcock is ufually about
twelve ounces: the length near fourteen inches:
the breadth twenty-fix : the bill is three inches
long, dufky towards the end, reddifh at the bafe:
tongue flender, long, (harp, and hard at the point:
the eyes large, and placed near the top of the head,
that they may not be injured when the bi/d thrufts
its bill into the ground : from the bill to the eyes
is a black line: the forehead is a reddifh afh-color:
the crown of the head, the hind part of the neck,
the back, the coverts of the wings, and the fca-
pulars are prettily barred with a ferruginous red,
black and grey -, but on the head the black pre-
dominates : the quii-feathers are dufky, indented
with red marks.

The chin is of a pale yellow : the whole nnder-
fide of the body is of a dirty white, marked with
numerous tranfverfe lines of a dufky color. The
tail con fills of twelve feathers, dufky, or black on
the one web, and marked with red on the other :
the tips above are afh- colored, below white; which,
when {hooting on the ground was in vogue, was the
fign the fowler difcovered the birds by. The legs
and toes are livid-, the latter divided almoft to their
very origin, having only a very fmall web between
the middle and interior toes •, as are thofe of the
two fpecies of fnipes found in England.

Gocjwlt

Class II. G O D W I T. 439

Godwit, Yarwhelp, or Yar- Limofa grifea major. La 179. God*
wip. Wil. cm. 290. grande. wit,

Raiifyn. av. 105. Barge grife. Briffbn au. V.

Scolopax aegocephala. Lin* 272. Tab. 24. y%\ 2.

j/^. 246. 2?r. Zoo/. 120. Tab,

THIS fpecies weighs twelve ounces and a half; Descrip,
the length is fixteen inches ; the breadth
twenty-feven ; the bill is four inches long, turns
np a little, black at the end, the reft a pale pur-
ple: from the bill to the eye is a broad white flroke:
the feathers of the head, neck, and back, are of a
light reddifh brown, marked in the middle with a
dulky fpot : the belly and vent feathers white : the
tail regularly barred with black and white.

The fix flrft quil-feathers are black ; their in-
terior ed^es of a reddifh brown : the legs in fome
are dufky, in others of a greyifh blue; which per-
haps may be owing to different ages : the exterior
toe is connected as far as the firlt joint of the
middle toe, with a ftrong ferrated membrane. The
male is diftinguifhed from the female by fome black
lines on the bread and throat ; which in the female
are wanting.

Thefe birds are taken in the fens, in the fame
feafon, and in the fame manner with the ruffs and
reeves, and when fattened are efteemed a great de-
licacy, and fell for half a crown, or five fhillings
G g 3 a piece.

440

G O D W I T. Clas3II.

a piece. A ftale of the fame fpecies is placed in
the net. They appear in fmall flocks on our coaft
in September^ and continue with us the whole win-
ter ; they walk on the open fands like the curlew ;
and feed on infects.

M. Briffon has figured this bird very accurately,
but has given it the fynonym of our green/hanks.
Turner fufpects this bird to have been the attagen
or at t ages of the antients. Arijiophanes names it
in an addrefs to the birds that inhabit the fens ;
therefore fome commentators conclude it to be a
water- fowl; though in a line or two after he fpeaks
of thofe that frequent the beautiful meadows of
Marathon. He then defcribes the bird in very
finking terms, under the title of the attagas, the
lira1 with painted wings % and in another place he
ftyles it the /potted attagas *. This alone would
be inefficient to prove what fpecies the poet intend-
ed; we mud therefore have recourfe to Athenaus^
who is particular in his defcription of the attagas,
and evinces it to be of the partridge tribe.

He fays it is lefs than that bird ; that the back
is fpotted with different colors, fome of a pot co-
lor, but more red ; that by reafon of the fhortnefs
of the wings and heavinefs of the body, it is taken

* "Of VIS T£ rfl£g07T0ilU*®m

array at.

Arrays xr&- wa§ vfjuv much®- ksk^jetcu,

Av. 249. 762.

eafily

Class II. G O D W I T. 441

eafily by the fowlers. That it rolls in the duft, brings
many young, and feeds on feeds.

We are forry to own our fmall acquaintance with
the zoology of Attica, confidering the various op-
portunities our countrymen have had of informing
themfelves of it. We therefore cannot pronounce,
that the attagas ftill exifts on the plains of Mara-
thon-, but we difcover it in Samos, an ifland of Ionia9
a country celebrated by the antients for produ-
cing the fined kinds :

Inter fapores fertur alitum primus
lonicarum guftus attagenarum,

Is the opinion of Martial*-, and Horace 'f, and
Pliny £, both fpeak of it with applaufe. bourne-
fort § has given us the figure of the bird ltfelf,
which he found in the marjhes of Samos, whofe
painted and fpotted plumage exactly anfwers the
defcriptions of Ariftophanes and Athen^us. It is of
the partridge genus, and known to the Italians
by the name of Francolino. Thofe who wiih to fee
it in its proper colors, and to be fatisfied how well
they agree with the defcriptions of the antients,
need only confult the 246th plate of the works of
our ingenious friend the late Mr. Edwards.

* zpig. Lib. xrn. Ep. 61.

f Epod. II.

% Lib. X. c. 48.

§ Voy. Vol. I. 311. 4/0. ed.

S4 THIS

442 REDGODWIT. Class. II.

REOUS.

1S0. Cine- / ■ \ HIS fpecies was mot near Spalding, and
X the defcription communicated to me by the
Rev. Doctor Buckworth.

The bill was two inches and a half long. The
head, neck, and back variegated with afh- color and
white : the tail (lightly barred with cinereous.
The throat and bread white : the laft marked
with a few am-colored fpots. The legs long,
flender, and afh-colored.

This was about the fize of my Green- Jhanks : ap-
proaches it nearly in colors : but the bill was fo
much thicker, as to form a fpecific diftinction.

I Si. Red. Scolopax Lapponica. Lin.fyji. Faun. Suec. fp. 174.
246. Br. Zoo/, add. plates.

Descrip, ? a ^HE red godwit is fuperior in fize to the
I common kind : the bill is three inches three-
quarters long -, not quite ftrait, but a little reflected
upwards ; the lower half black, the upper yellow :
the head, neck, breafr, fides, fcapulars, and up-
per part of the back, are of a bright ferrugi-
nous color: the head marked with oblong dufky
lines : the neck is plain : the breaft, fides, fcapu-
lars, and back varied with tranfverfe black bars,

and

I'J . LXVI

CEKEREOUS C^ODWIT

jvrifi

RED GO I) WIT.

Class II. REDGODWIT. 443

and the edges of the feathers with a pale cinereous
brown : the middle of the belly is white, marked
fparingly with fimilar fpots.

The lefler coverts of the wings are of a light
brown : the greater tipt with white : the fhafts and
lower interior webs of the greater quil-feathers are
white : the exterior webs and upper part of the in-
terior black : the upper half of the fecondary fea-
thers are of the fame color ; the lower half white :
the coverts, and the lower part of the feathers of
the tail are white ; the upper part black ; the
white gradually leffening from the outmoft fea-
thers on each fide : the legs are black, and four
inches long : and the thighs above the knees are
naked for the fpace of an inch and three-quarters.

Thefe birds vary in their colors, fome that we
have feen being very (lightly marked with red, or
only marbled with it on the bread : but the re-
flected form of the bill is ever fufficient to deter-
mine the fpecies. This is not a very common fpe-
cies in England; we have known it to have been
fhot near Hull; and have once met with it in a
poulterer's mop in London. Mr. Edwards has fi-
gured a bird from Hudfotfs Bay, that feems related
to this ; but the difference in the colors of the
tail, forbids our placing it among the fynonyms.
And Linnaus omitting a defcripnon of that part,
in his Fauna Suecica^ obliges us to queftion whe-
ther it be the fame with the above.

I :,

444 LESSER GODWIT. Class II.

1S1. Lesser. La Barge. Bclon a<v. 205. Fedoanoftrafecunda, the Stone
The fecond fort of God wit, Plover Rati fya. am, 105.

the 7 'ot anus of Aldrov and ; Limofa, la Barge. Brijjon av.
called at Venice, Vetola. V. 262.

Wil. orn. 293. Br. Zool. 120.

M

R. i?^y (for we are not acquainted with
Descrip. X VX this fpecies) defcribes it thus. Its weight is
nine ounces ; the length to the tail feventeen inches ;
to the toes twenty-one -, its breadth twenty-eight :
the bill like that of the former: the chin white,
tinged with red : the neck afh-colored ; the head of
a deep afh-color, whitifh about the eye; the back
of a uniform brownnefs, not fpotted like that of
the preceding : the rump encompaffed with a white
ring : the two middle feathers of the tail black :
the outmoft, efpecially on the outfide web, white
almoft to the tips ; in the reft the white part grew
lefs and lefs to the middlemoft.

Befides thefe, Mr. Willughby mentions a third
fpecies, called in Cornwal the Stone Curlew -, but
defcribes it no farther than faying it has a fhorter
and flenderer bill than the preceding.

Limofa;

Class II. GREEN SHANK. 445

Limofa, et glottis. Gej'ncr am. Seolopax glottis. Lin.fyft, 245. 183. Green

519, 520. Glut. Faun. Suec. fp. 171. Shank.

Piviero. Aldr. av. III. 207. Pivier Maggiore. Zinan. 102.

Greater Plover oi ' Aldrwand. Norvegis Hoeft-Fugl. 167.
WiL orn. 298. Brunnich.

Raiifyn. av. 106. Br. Zool. 121.

Tfchoket. Scopoli, No. 157.

THESE birds are not fo common as the for-
mer : appearing on our "coafts and wet
grounds in the winter time in fmall flocks. The Descrif.
length to the end of the tail is fourteen inches, to
that of the toes twenty ; its breadth twenty-five.
The bill is two inches and a half long : the upper
mandible black, flrait, and very (lender ; the lower
reflects a little upwards : the head and upper part
of the neck are afh-colored, marked with fmall
dufky lines pointing down : over each eye palTes
a white line : the coverts of the wings, the fcapu-
lars, and upper part of the back are of a brown-
ifh afh-color : the quil-feathers dufky, but the in-
ner webs fpeckled with white: the bread, belly,
thighs, and lower part of the back are white : the
tail white, marked with undulated dufky bars :
the inner coverts of the wings finely crofTed with
double and treble rows of a dufky color.

It is a bird of an elegant fhape, and fmall weight
in proportion to its dimenfions, weighing only fix
ounces.

The

44<>

RED SHANK. Class II.

The legs are very long and (lender, bare above
two inches higher than the knees. The exterior
toe is united to the middle toe, as far as the fe-
cond joint, by a ftrong membrane which borders
their fides to the very end.

Thefe birds are the Chevaliers aux pieds verds of
the French ; as the fpotted redfhanks are the Cheva-
liers aux pieds rouges.

184. Red
Shank.

Gailinula erythropus. Gefner Sc. Totanus. Faun, Suec. /p.

a-v. 504. 167.

Totanus. Aldr. av. III. 171. Rothfufsicr Kram. 353.

Redfhank, or Pool-fnipe. Kleiner grau-und-weifbunter

Wil. cm. 299. Sandlceuffer ? Frifch, II.

Raiijyn. av. 107. 240.

Totanus, le Chevalier. BriJJon Hcemantopus , magnitudine

av. V. 188. Tab. \J-fig. 1. inter Vanellum et Galli-

Scolopax Caiidris. Lin. fyji. naginem minorem media.

245. Ray'' 3 itin. 247.

Br. Zool. 124.

THIS fpecies is found on mod of our (hores :
in the winter time it conceals itfelf in the
gutters ; and is generally found fingle, or at moft
in pair.
Descrip. It weighs. five ounces and a half : the length
is twelve inches : the breadth twenty-one: the bill
near two inches long, red at the bafe, black to-
wards the point. The head, hind part of the neck,
and fcapulars, are of a dufky afh-color, obfcurely
fpotted with black : the back is white, fprinkled

with

Class II. CAMBRIDGE. 4j7

with black fpots : the tail elegantly barred with
black and white : the cheeks, under fide of the
neck, and upper part of the breaft are white,
ftreaked downward with dufky lines : the belly
white : the exterior webs of the quil-feathers are
dufky : the legs long, and of a fine bright orange
color : the outmoft toe connected to the middle toe
by a fmall membrane ; the inmoft by another ftill
fmaller.

It breeds in the fens, and marfhes ; and flies
round its neft when diflurbed, making a noife like
a lapwing. It lays four eggs, whitifti tinged with
olive, marked with irregular fpots of black chiefly
on the thicker end.

BRIDGE,

I DISCOVERED this in the colleaion of the 185. Cam
Rev. Mr. Green, fhot near Cambridge.
It is lamer than the common redfhank. The
head, upper part of the neck, and the back are of
a cinereous brown : the leiTer coverts of the wings
brown edged with dull white, and barred with
black : the primaries dufky, whitifli on their inner
fides : fecondaries barred with dufky and white :
under fide of neck and breafl of a dirty white : bel-
ly and vent white : tail barred with cinereous and
black : le°;s of an orange red.

U

448 COMMON SNIPE, Class II.

186. Spotted Le chevalier rouge. Bclonav. The other Totano. Wil.tr**
Redshank. 207. 299.

Aldr. av. III. 171. Le Chevalier rouge. Brijfon

a<v. V. 192.

THIS fpecies we found in the collection of Tay-
lor White, Efq. In fize it is equal to the green-
fhank : the head is of a pale afh-coior, marked
with oblong ftreaks of black : the back duiky,
varied with triangular fpots of white : the coverts
of the wings afh-colored, fpotted in the fame man-
manner : the quil-feathers dufky -, breaft, belly, and
and thighs white, the firft thinly fpotted with black :
the middle feathers of the tail are afh-colored \ the
fide feathers are whitifh, barred with black : the
legs very long, and of a bright red.

187. Com- La Becaffine ou Becafieau. Scolopax gallinago. Lin.fyjt.

mon Sn. Belon a<v. 215. 244.

Gallinago, feu rufticola mi- Horigjok. Faun. Suec./p. 173.

nor. Gefner a<v. 503. Capella cceleftis. Klein av.

Aldr. a-v. ill. 184. 100.

The Snipe, or Snite. Wil. IJlandis Myr Snippe. Norvegis

orn. 290. Trold Ruke. Cimbris qui-

Raiifyn. av. 1 05. bufd. HofTegioeg. Danis

La Beccafline. Brijfon av. V. Dobbelt Sneppe , Steen

298. Tab. 26. Jig. 1. Sneppe. Br. 160.

PLzzarda, Pizzardella. Zinan. Br. Zool. 121.

1 01. Kofitza. Scopoli, No. 138.
Moofs fchnepf. Kram. 352.

Fri/cb, II. 229.

I

N the winter time fnipes are very frequent in all
our marfhy and wet grounds, where they lie

concealed

VL.1.X.VUL.

A': /v;

Class II. C O M M O N S N I P E. 449

concealed in the rufhes, &c. In the fummer they
difperfe to different parts, and are found in the
mid ft of our higheft mountains, as well as our
low moors : their neft is made of dried grafs ; they
lay four eggs of a dirty olive color, marked with
dufky fpots ; their young are fo often found in
England^ that we doubt whether they ever entirely
leave this ifland. When they are difturbed much,
particularly in the breeding feafon, they foar to a
vaft height, making a Angular bleating noife; and
when they defcend, dart down with vaft rapidity :
it is alfo amufing to obferve the cock (while his
mate fits on her eggs) poife himfelf on his wings,
making fometimes a whiftling and fometimes a
drumming noife. Their food is the fame with that
of the woodcock ; their flight very irregular and
fwift, and attended with a ihrill fcream. They are
mod univerfal birds, found in every quarter of the
globe, and in all climates.

This fpecies weighs four ounces ; the length, to Descri?.
the end of the tail, is near twelve inches : the
breadth about fourteen: the bill is three inches long,
of a dufky color, flat at the end, and often rough
like fhagrin above and below. The head is di-
vided lengthways with two black lines, and three
of red, one of the laftpaffing over the middle of the
head, and one above each eye : between the bill
and the eyes is a dufky line: the chin is white : the
neck is varied with brown and red.

The fcapulars are beautifully ftriped lengthways

with

450 G R E A T S N I P E. Class II.

with black and yellow: thcquil-feathers are dufky,
but the edge of the fir 11 is white, as are the tips
of the fecondaiy feathers : the quil-feathers next
the back arc barred with black and pale red : the
brcaft and belly are white: the coverts of the tail
are long, and almoft cover it: they are of a reddifh
brown color. The tail confifts of fourteen feathers ;
black on their lower part, then crofitd with a
broad bar of deep orange, another narrow one of
black ; and the ends white, or pale orange. The
vent feathers a dull yellow ; the legs pale green :
the toes divided to their origin.

I8SSn?*e*AT T^HIS fc0™ is rarely found ifl England. A
fine fpecimen, (hot in Lancajhire, is pre-
ferved in the Mufeum of Afoton Lever^ Efq.

The weight eight ounces. The head divided
lengthways by a teftaceous line, bounded on each
fide by another of black : above and beneath each
eye is another : neck and bread of a yellowifb"
white, finely marked with femicircular lines of
black : belly, with cordated fpots : fides undulated
with black.

Back, coverts of wings, and fcapulars teftace-
ous, fpotted with black and edged with white.
Primaries dufky. Tail ruft-colored, barred with
black. Legs black?

GiJ,

Class II. JACK SNIPE.

45*

Gid, Jackfnipe, and Jud-

cock. Wil. cm. 291.
Raii fyn. av. 105.
La petite Beccaffine. Brijfon
V. 303. tab. 26. fig. 2.
okerl. Sccpoli, No. 139.
Pizzardirta. Zinan. 101.

av

Scolopax gallinula. Z*». _$/?.

244.
ZWj Roer-Sneppe. Brunnicb,

163.
Haar-Schnepfe , Pudel-Sch-

nepfc, Kleinfte Schnepfe.

Frifch, II. 231.
Br. Zcol. 121

189. Jack.
Snipe,

THE haunts and food of this fpecies are the
fame with thofe of the former ; it alio feeds
on fmall fnails : it is much lefs frequent among us,
and very difficult to be found, lying fo clofc as to
hazard being trod on before it will rife: the flight
is never diftant, and its motion is more flu^ifh
than that of the larger kind.

Its weight is lefs than two ounces, inferior by Descrip,
half to that of the fnipe ; for which reafon the
French call them deux pour un, we the half fnipe.
The dimenfions bear not the fame proportion ;
the length of the fnipe being twelve inches ; this
eight and a half: the bill an inch and a half long :
crown of the head black, tinged with ruft color :
over each eye is a yellow ftroke ; the neck varied
with white, brown, and pale red. The fcapular
feathers narrow, very long, brown, bordered with
yellow. The rump a gioffy bluifh purple: the
Vol. II. H h belly

452 J A C K S N I P E. Class II.

belly and vent white -, the greater quil-feathers duf-
ky : the tail brown, edged with tawny •> confiding
of twelve pointed feathers : the legs are of a cine-
reous green.

BILL

Class II. LAPWING.

453

BILL ftraight, {lender, not an inch and half long. XXXr.
NOSTRILS imall. pVper*

TONGUE flender.

TOES divided ; generally the two outmoft con-
ne&ed at the bottom by a fmall membrane.

Le Vanneau, Dixhuit, Pape- Rati fyn. a-v. no. 190. Lap-

chieu. Belona-u. 209. Kiwik. Krai*. 353. Frifcb9 wing.

Zweiel. Gefmtr 0*0.76$. II. 213.

Pavonzino. Aldr. a<v. III. Tringa vanellus. Lin. fyft.
202. 2+8.

Pavoncella. Olina, 21. Wipa, Kowipa, BheduuFami.

Lapwing, baftard Plover, or Suec. fp. 176

Pewit. Wil. cm. 307. Danis Vibe, Kivit. Brunnicb,

1 70.

Vanellus, le Vanneau. Brif-
fimav. V. 94. tab. 8. fig. 1. Br. 'Zed. 122. ^/o//, No. 14

npHIS elegant fpecies inhabits moil of the heaths
and marfhy grounds of this ifland. It lays
four eggs, making a flight nefl with a few bents.
The eggs have an olive call, and are fpotted with
black. It is worthy of notice, that among water
fowl, congenerous birds lay the fame number of
eggs; for example, all of this tribe, alfo of the plo-

This genus, the Tringa of Linnaus, wanting an Englijh
name, we have given it that of the Sandpipers ; moil of
the fpecies being converiant about fhcres ; and their note
whittling or piping.

H h 2 vers,

454

LAPWING. Class II.

vers, lay four a-piece; the puffin genus only one;
and the duck ' tribe, in general, are numerous
layers, producing from eight to twenty.

The young as foon as hatched, run like chickens :
the parents fhew remarkable folicitude for them,
flying with great anxiety and clamour near them,
ftriking at either men or dogs that approach, and
often flutter along the ground like a v/ounded bird,
to a confiderable diftance from their neft, to elude
their puriuers-, and to aid the deceit, become more
clamorous when moft remote from it : the eggs are
held in great efteem for their delicacy ; and are fold
by the London poulterers for three millings the
dozen. In winter, lapwings join in vail flocks^
but at that feafon are very wild : their flefh is very
oood, their food being infects and worms. Du-
ring Oclober and November, they are taken in the
fens in nets, in the fame manner that Ruffs are,
but are not preferved for fattening, being killed
as foon as caught.
De3crip, Their weight is about eight ounces : the length

thirteen inches and a half: the breadth two feet and
a half. The bill is black, and little more than an
inch long: the crown of the head of a mining black-
nefs: the creft of the fame color, confiding of
about twenty (lender unwebbed feathers of unequal
lengths, the longeft are four inches : the cheeks
and fides of the neck are white ^ but beneath each
eye is a black line : the throat and fore part of
the neck are black : the plumage on the hind part

mixed

Class II. LAPWING. 455

mixed with white, afh-color and red: the back
and fcapulars are of a moft elegant glofTy green ;
and the latter finely varied with purple : the lefTer
covert feathers of the wings are of a refplendent
black blue and green: the greater quil-feathers
black, but the ends of the four firft are marked
with a white fpot : the upper half of the lefTer quil-
feathers are black, the lower white : thofe next
the body of the fame colors with the fcapulars :
the breaft and belly are white : the vent-feathers and
the coverts of the tail orange color : the tail con-
Ms of twelve feathers ; the outmoft on each fide is
white, marked on the upper end of the inner web
with a dufky fpot ; the upper half of all the others
are black, tipt with a dirty white ; their lower half
of a pure white : the legs are red: the irides hazel.

The female is rather lefs than the male.

Merret, in his Pinax, p. 182. fays, that there is
in Cornwal a. bird related to this ; but lefs than a
thrum, having blue feathers, and a long creft.

H h 3 Le

45&

GREY SANDPIPER. Class II.

191. Grey. Le'pluvier gris. Bclon a<v.

262.
Pivicr montano. Aldr.av. III.

207.
Wil. orn. 309.
Rait J'yn. av. III.

Vanellus grifeus, le Vanneau
gris. BriJJon av. v. 1 00.
tab. g. Jig. 1.

Piviero montano. Zinan. 102.

Bomholmis Floyte-Tytcn,
Dolken, Brunnich, 176.

Tringa fquatarola. Lin. fyjl. Br. XcoL 122. Scopoli, Nc.

252. 145.

Faun, Suec. fp. 186.

Descrip. TT weighs feven ounces : the length to the tip of
JL the tail is twelve inches : the breadth twenty-
four : the bill black, about an inch long, flrong
and thick: the head, back, and coverts of the
wings black, edged with greenifh afh-color, and
fome white : cheeks and throat white, marked with
oblong dufky fpots: the belly and thighs white:
the exterior webs of the quil-feathers black : the
lower part of the interior webs of the four firft
white : the rump white : the tail marked with tranf-
verfe bars of black and white : the legs of a dirty-
green : the back toe very fmall.

Thefe appear in fmall flocks in the winter time,
but are not very common : their flefh is very de-
licate.

Avis

I • . \ I \

u E »: v E

RUFF

JW1<?2

Class II. RUFF. 457

Avis pugnax. Aldr. arv. III. mer. BriJJhn av. v. 240. J92« Ruff.

167. tab. 22.

Wil. orn. 302. , Dam's Bruufhane. Bru7inich9

Raiijyn. a<v. 1 07. 168.

Krofsier. Kram. 352. Streitfchnepfe, Rampfhaehn-

Tringa pugnax. Lin.fyfi. 247. lein. Frifch, II. 232, 235.

Brufhane. Faun. Suec.'fp. 175. Br. Zool. 123. Scopoli, No.

Le Combattant, ou Paon de 140.

THE males, or Ruffs, affume fuch variety of
colors in feveral parts of their plumage,
that it is fcarce pofiible to fee two alike j but the
great length of the feathers on the neck, that gives
name to them, at once diftinguifhes thefe from all
other birds. On the back of their necks is a fino;u- Descrip.
lar tuft of feathers fpreading wide on both fides.
Thefe, and the former, in fome are black; in
others white, yellow, or ferruginous ; but this tuft
and the ruffs frequently differ in colors in the fame
bird. The feathers that bear an uniformity of color-
ing through each individual of this fex, are the
coverts of the wings, which are brown inclining to
afh-color : the feathers on the. bread, which are
often black or dufky : the four exterior feathers
of the tail, which are of a cinereous brown •, and
the four middle, which are barred with black and
brown : the bill is black towards the end ; red at
the bafe. The legs in all, are yellow. In moulting
they lofe the character of the long neck-feathers,
H h 4 nor

45* RUFF. Class II.

nor do they recover it till after their return to the
fens the fpring following. It is then they regain
that ornament, and at the fame time a fet of fmall
pear fhaped yellow pimples break out in great
numbers on their face above the bill.

The Stags or male birds of the firft year want
thefe marks, and have fometimes been miftaken
for a new fpecies of tfringa -, but they may be
eafily known by the colors of the coverts of the
wings, and the middle feathers of the tail.

The older the birds are, the more numerous
the pimples, and the fuller and longer the ruffs.

The length of the male to the tip of the tail
is one foot, the breadth two ; of the Reeve ten in-
ches, the breadth nineteen: the weight of the former
when juft taken is feven ounces and a half; of the
latter only four.

The Reeves never change their colors, which
are pale brown : the back fpotted with black, (light-
ly edged with white : the tail brown •, the middle
feathers fpotted with black : the bread and belly
white : the legs of a pale-dull yellow.

Thefe birds appear in the fens in the earlieft
fpring, and difappear about Michaelmas,, The
Reeves lay four eo-gs in a tuft of srafs, the firft
week in May; and fit about a month. The eggs
are white, marked with large rufly fpots. Fowlers
avoid in general the taking of the females, not
only becaufe they are fmaller than the males ; but
that they may be left to breed.

Soon

Class II. R U F F. 459

Soon after their arrival, the male3 begin to bill,
that is to collect on fome dry bank near a fplafh of
water, in expectation of the females, who refort to
them.

Each male keeps poffcffion of a fmall piece of
ground, which it runs round till the grafs is worn
quite away, and nothing but a naked circle is left.
When a female lights, the ruffs immediately fall
to fighting. I find a vulgar error, that ruffs mud
be fed in the dark leaft they mould deftroy each
other by fighting on admiflion of light. The truth
is, every bird takes its ftand in the room as it
would in the open fen. If another invades its circle,
an attack is made, and a battle enfues. They
make ufe of the fame action in fighting as a cock,
place their bills to the ground and fpread their
ruffs. I have fet a whole room full a fighting by
making them move their ftations; and after quitting
the place, by peeping through a crevice, feen them
refume their circles and grow pacific.

When a fowler difcovers one of thofe bills, he
places his net over night, which is of the fame kind
as thofe that are called clap or day nets, only it is
generally fingle, and is about fourteen yards long
and four broad.

The fowler reforts to his (land at day break,
at the diftance of one, tv/o, three, or four hun-
dred yards from the nets, according to the time of
the feafon ; for the later it is, the fhyer the birds
grow. He then makes his firfl: pull, taking fuch

birds

46o R U F F; Class II.

birds that he finds within reach : after that he
places his ftuft birds or dales to entice thofe that are
continually traverfing the fen. An old fowler told
me, he once caught forty-four birds at the fird
hawl, and in all fix dozen that morning. When
the dales are fet, feldom more than two or three
are taken at a time. A fowler will take forty
<5r fifty dozens in a feafon.

Thefe birds are found in LincolnJhire* the IJle
of Ely > and in the eaft riding of Tor •kjbire* -, where
they are taken in nets, and fattened for the table,
with bread and milk, hempfeed, and fometimes
boiled wheat •, but if expedition is required, fugar
is added, which will make them in a fortnight's
time a lump of fat : they then fell for two millings
or half a crown a piece. Judgement is required
in taking the proper time for killing them, when
they are at the higheft pitch of fatnefs, for if that
is neglected, the birds are apt to fall away. The
method of killing them is by cutting off their
head with a pair of fcifTars : the quantity of blood
that ifiues is very great, considering the fize of
the bird. They are drefTed like the woodcock,
with their intedines ; and, when killed at the criti-
cal time, fay the Epicures^ are reckoned the mod
delicious of all morfels.

* They vifit a place called Martin-Mere in Lancajhire, the
latter end of March or beginning of April, but do not continue
there above three weeks.

WiU

Class II. KNOT. 461

Wil. orn. 302. IJlanJis Sidlingar-Kall. Nor- 193. Knot,

Raii fy w* av. 108. <vegis FiaerePift. Fia;r-Kurv,

Edvj. av. 276. Fiasr-Muus. Bombolmis

Le Canut. Brijfon a<v. V. Rytteren.

258. Brunnichy Tringa maritima.

Tringa canutus. Lin. fyft. 182.

251. Br. Zool. 123.
Faun. Suec. /p. 183.

^T^HE fpecimens that we had opportunity of ex-
"*• amining, differ a little in colors, both from
Mr. JVillugbbfs defcription, and from Mr. Ed-
wards's figure : the forehead, chin, and lower part Descrip.
of the neck in ours were brown, inclining to afh
color : the back and fcapulars deep brown, edged
with afh color : the coverts of the wings with
white, the edges of the lower order deeply fo, form-
ing a white bar : the breait, fides, and belly
white j the two fir ft ftreaked with brown : the co-
verts of the tail marked with white and dufky
fpots alternately : the tail afh colored, the outmoft
feather on each fide white : the legs were of a blu-
ifh greyj and the toes, as a fpecial mark, divid-
ed to the very bottom: the weight four ounces
and a half.

Thefe birds, when fattened, are preferred by
fome to the ruffs themfelves. They are taken in
great numbers on the coafts of Lincolnjhire^ in
nets fuch as employed in taking ruffs $ with two or

three

46* ASH COLORED SANDPIPER. Class II.

three dozens of dales of wood painted like the
birds, placed within : fourteen dozens have been
taken at once. Their feafon is from the begin-
ning of Auguft to that of November. They difap-
pear with the firft frofls. Camden * fays they de-
rive their name from king Canute, Knute, or Knout,
as he is fometimes called •, probably becauie they
were a favorite dim with that monarch. We know
that he kept the feaft of the purification of the
Virgin Mary with great pomp and magnificence at
Ely, and this being one of the fen birds, it is not
unlikely but he met with it there f. Shakefpear
in his Othello, fpeaking of Roderigo (if Mr. Theo-
bald's reading isjuft) makes the Knot an emblem
of a dupe :

«' I have rubb'd this young Knot almofl to the fenfe ;
«' And he grows angry." Othello.

194. Ash Tringa cinerca. Brunnicb, Braun und Weisibunter Sand-
Colored. ov7iith. 53. IceurTeff ? Frifch, II. 237.

Br. Zffol. 124.

Descrip. >TpHIS fpecies weighs five ounces: the length is

•*■ ten inches : the breadth nineteen : the head

is of a brownifh afh color, fpotted with black : the

* Camden Brit. 97 1.

f Dugdale on embanking^ 185.

whole

Class II. SPOTTED SANDPIPER.

whole neck am color, marked with duiky oblong
ftreaks : the back and coverts of the wings ele-
gantly varied with concentric femicircles of airi
color, black and white : the coverts of the tail
barred with black and white: the tail afh colored,
edged with white: the bread and belly of a pure
white: the legs of a greenilh black : the toes bor-
dered with a narrow membrane, finely fcolloped.

Thefe birds appear on the fhores of Flintjhir^ in
the winter time, in large flocks.

463

THIS fpecies is in the collection of Mr. Ttmjtal, *95-
is of the fize of a jack-fnipe. The bill is
black : the head, upper part of the neck, and
back, are of a pale brown, fpotted with black
coverts of the wings duiky, edged with dirty white
under fide of the neck white, ftreaked with black
the belly white : tail cinereous : legs black.
Bought in the London market.

Browk,

TED.

Spotted Tringa. Edv>. av. Tringa macularia. Linvfyjl. 196. Spot*

277. t 249-

Turdus aquaticus, la Grive Br. Zcol. 124,
d'Eau. Brijjbnav. V. 255.

>TpHIS bird is common to Europe and America •,

-* according to Mr. Edwards's figure, it is lets

than the preceding.

The

464. BLACK SANDPIPER. Class IT.

Descrip. The bill is of the fame colors with that of the
red fhank : the head, upper part of the neck, the
back and coverts of the wings, are brown, in-
clining to olive, and marked with triangular black?
fpots : above each eye is a white line : the greater
quil-feathers are wholly black, the leffer tipt with
white : the middle feathers of the tail are brown :
the fide feathers white, marked with dulky lines :
the whole under fide, from neck to tail, is white,
marked with dusky fpots : the female has none
of thefe fpots, except on the throat : the legs of
a dusky flelh color. Mr. Edwards imagines thefe
to be birds of paffage; the bird he toke his de-
fcription from was fhot in EJJex.

197. Black. T\/FR» Bolton favored us with a defcription of this

"*■ fpecies fhot in Lincoln/hire.
Descrip. It was the fize of a thrum : the beak fhort,

blunt at the point and dusky : the noftrils black :
the irides yellow : the head fmall and flatted at
top : the color white, mod elegantly fpotted with
grey : the neck, moulders, and back mottled in
the fame manner, but darker, being tinged with
brown ; in fome lights thefe parts appeared of a
perfect black and glofly : the wings were long :
the quil-feathers black, crofTed near their bafe
with a white line : the throat, bread, and belly
white, with faint brown and black fpots of a

longifh

I'l I. XX.

G A M B E T

Class II. TURNSTONE.

longifh form, irregularly difperfed; but on the
belly become larger and more round ; the tail
fhort, entirely white, except the two middle fea-
thers, which are black : the legs long and (lender,
and of a reddifh brown color.

Tringa Gambetta. Lin. fyfi. Totanus ruber. Brijon, V.

248. Faun. Suec. No. 177. 192. Scopoli, No. 142.

Gambetta. Wil. orn. 300. Tringa varieguta. Brunnicb,

Raiifyn.a<v. 117. Aldr*a<vt No. 18 1.

:98. Gam-
bet.

'TpHIS fpecies is of the fize of the Green-Jhank :
■* the head, back, and bread cinereous brown,
fpotted with dull yellow : the coverts of the wings,
fcapulars, cinereous, edged with yellow: the pri-
maries dusky : the fhaft of the firft feather white :
belly white : tail dusky, bordered with yellow :
legs yellow.

This fpecies has been fhot on the coafl of Lin-
cohjhire.

Turnftone, or Sea Dottrel.

Wil. orn. 311.
Cat. Carol, f. 72.
Morinellus Marinus. Rait

fyn. a<v. 112.

La Coulon-chaud, Arenaria. 199. Turn-

Brijfon a<v. V. 132. STONE.

Tringa Morinellus. Lin. Jyfl.

249.
Br. Zool. 125.

>TpHIS fpecies is about the fize of a thrum : the
* bill is an inch in length, a little prominent

on

466 TURNSTONE. Class II.

on the top; is very (trong; black at the tip, and
at the bale whitifri : the forehead and throat are
afh colored : the head, whole neck and coverts of
the wings are of a deep brown, edged with a pale
reddifh brown : the fcapular feathers are of the
fame color, very long, and cover the back : that
and the rump are white -, the laft marked with a
large triangular black fpot : the tail confilts of
twelve feathers, their lower half is white, the up-
per black, and the tips white : the quil-feathers
are duiky, but from the third or fourth the bot-
toms are white, which continually increafes, till
from about the nineteenth the feathers are entirely
of that color : the legs are fnort and of an orange
color.

Thefe birds take their name from their method
of fearching for food, by turning up fmall Hones
with their flrong bills to get at the infects that
lurk under them. The bird we toke our defcrip-
tion from was (hot in Shropshire. Mr. Ray ob-
ferved them flying three or four in company on the
coafts of Cornwal and Merioneth/hire : and Sir Tho-
mas Brown of Norwich difcovered them on the
coaft of Norfolk ; communicating the picture of
one to Mr. Ray, with the name of Morinellus ma-
rinus. or fea dottrel.

Tringa

Class II. H E B R I D A L. 467

Tjinga interpres. Ltn. fyfi. Edw. 141. 200 Hejjri-

248. Faun. Suec. No. 178. Arenaria, Le Coulon-chaud. pal.

Turnitone from Hud/an's Bay. Britfbn, V. 132.

^TpHIS fpecles is often fhot in the north of
Scotland, and its iflands j alfo in North
America.

Is of the fize of a thrufh : forehead, throat,
and belly white : bread black : neck furrounded
with a black collar ; from thence another bounds
the fides of the neck, and pafTes over the forehead :
head and lower part of the neck behind white ;
the firft ftreaked with dufky lines : back ferru-
ginous, mixed with black : coverts of the tail white,
crofted with a black bar : tail black, tipt with
white : coverts of the wings cinereous brown -, the
lower order edged with white : primaries and fe-
condaries black ; the ends of the lad white : ter-
tials ferruginous and black : legs rather fhort,
and of a full orange.

Vol. II. I i Cindm.

46S

GREEN SANDPIPER. Class II.

!0I. GlBBN. Cinclus. Bitot: av. 216.

Gallirueaquaticac fccunda fpe-

cies dc nov. adjcft. Gef-

ner a-v. 511.
Giarolo, Gearoncello. Aldr.

a-v. III. 185.
The Tringa of Aldr ov and.

Wil. on. 300.
Rait fyn. a<v. 108.
Tringaochropus. Ltn.fyft. 251.
Wcifpunotirto Sandlreuffer .

Frifch, II. 239.

Faun. Succ. fp. 180.

Lc Beccaflbau ou Cul-blanc,
Tringa. BriJJon aw. V.
177. tab. 16. fig. 1.

Z)^;//j Horfe-Gioeg. IJlan-
dis Hroflagaukr. Norvegis
Skodde Foil , Skod-de-
Fugl. Jordgeed. Makkre-
Gouk, Roes Jouke. Bmn-
nich, 183.

Br, Zool. 125.

*T"*HIS beautiful fpecies is not very common in
Descrii\ A tnefe kingdoms. The head and hind part of
the neck are of a brownifh am color, flreaked with
white; the under part mottled with brown and
white : the back, fcapulars, and coverts of the wings
are of a dufky green, glofTy and refplendent as fiik,
and elegantly marked with fmall white fpots : the
leffer quil-feathers of the fame colors : the under
fides of the wings are black, marked with nume-
rous white lines, pointing obliquely from the edges
of the feather to the fhaft, reprefenting the letter
V: the rump is white-, the tail of the fame color:
the nrft feather plain, the fecond marked near the
end with one black fpot, the third and fourth with
two, the fifth with three, and the fixth with four.

Except in pairing time, it is a folitary bird : it
is never found near the fea •, but frequents rivers,
lakes, and other frefh waters. In France it is

highly

Class II. ABERDEEN SANDPIPER. 469

highly efteemed for its delicate tafte ; and is taken
with limed twigs placed near its haunts.

Mr. Fleifcber favored us with a bird from Den-
mark, which, in all refpedts, refembled this, ex-
cept that the fpots were of a pale ruft color.
Linnaeus defcribes it under the title of ^rima lit-

o

torea, Faun. Suec. fp. 185. but we believe it does
not differ fpecifically from that above defcribed.

Tringa Icelandica. Lin. fyft. Randbriflangcr. Brunnich, 202. Red,

inter addenda. No. 180.

Tringa ferruginea IJlandis

T) IRDS" of this fpecies have appeared in great
JJ flocks on the coaft of Effex, on the eftate of
Col. Schutz.

Crown of the head fpotted with black and fer-
ruginous. The lower fide of the neck, the bread,
and belly of a full ferruginous color : back mark-
ed with black and ruft color : coverts of the wings
aih color : legs black : bill ftrong, an inch and a
half long : the whole length of the bird ten inches.

La Maubeche tachetee. Brifon V. 229? 203. Aber

D£EIS'

^TpHIS was communicated by the late Doclor
A David Skene of Aberdeen.

I i 2 Bill

47o COMMON SANDPIPER. ClassII.

Bill (lender and black : head, back, letter co-
verts of the wings, and the (capillars, of a dull fer-
ruginous color, fpotted with black : the greater co-
verts tipt with white : quil- feathers dufky, edged
on the exterior fide with white : bread reddifh
brown, mixed with dufky : belly and vent white :
tail cinereous •, two middle feathers longer than the
reft : lees black ; fize of the former.

204.C0M- Gallinula hypoleucos (Fyf- Guinetta, la Guignette. Brif-

mon. terlin). Ge/ncr a<v. 509. Jon av. V. 183. tab. 16.

Alir. a». 111. 182. fig. 1.

MIL orn. 301. Nor-vegis der lille Myrftik-

Raii fyn. av. 108. kel. Bornbolmis Virlen.

Sandlaufrerl. Kram. 353. Brunnich, 1 74.

Tringa hypoleucos. Lin.Jyft. Br. Zool. 125.

250. ' Martin's Scopoli, No. 143.
Snappa, Strandfittare. Faun.
Suec. fp. 182.

THIS fpecies agrees with the former in its man-
ners and haunts \ but is more common : its
note is louder and more piping than others of this
Descrip. genus. Its weight is about two ounces : the head
is brown, ftreaked with downward black lines ; the
neck an obfcure afh color : the back and coverts
of the wings brown, mixed with a glofiy green,
elegantly marked with tranfverfe dufky lines : over
each eye is a white ftroke : the breaft and belly are
of a pure white; the quil- feathers are brown, the
firft entirely fo, the nine next marked on the inner

web

PL.IJCXT

PURR

JV.° 2( >/>'

SATSTDPIPER

2Vf 21 '-/

An

Class II. DUNLIN.

web with a white fpot : the middle feathers of the
tail brown ; edges fpotted with black and pale red :
the exterior tipt and barred with white : the legs
of a dull pale green.

W1l.orn.20s. Danis Domfneppe, Ryle. 20c. Dun
Raiifyn. a<v. 109. Brunnicb, 167, & 173.' LIN.

Tntiga alpina. Lin./yfi. 249. Kieinfte Schnepfe, or Kleinfte
Faun. Suec. fp. 181. Sandlceuffer. Frifch, II.

La Beccafline d'Angleterre. 241.

Brijfonau. V. 309. Br. Zed. 126. tab. fig. 2.

'**TpsHIS fpecies is at once diftinguifhed from the Descrip.

others by the fingularity of its colors. The
back, head, and upper part of the neck are fer-
ruginous, marked with large black fpots : the low-
er part of the neck white, marked with more
dufky flreaks : the coverts of the wings afh color :
the belly white, marked with* large black fpots, or
with a black crefcent pointing towards the thighs :
the tail afh colored, the two middle feathers the
darkeft : legs black : toes divided to their origin.
In fize it is fuperior to that of a lark. Thefe birds
are found on our fea coafts -, but may be reckoned
among the more rare kinds. They lay four egpjs
of a dirty white color, blotched with brown round
the thicker end, and marked with a few fmall fpots
of the fame color on the fmaller end. I received the
eggs from Denmark ; but as I have mot thefe birds
in May, and again in Augujl, on the ihores of
I i 3 Flintjlrire,

472 P U R R E. Class II.

Flint/hire, fuppofe they breed with us ; but I never
difcovered their neft. They are common on the
Yorkjhire coafts, and eftcemed a great delicacy.

206. Pur re. L'Allouette de Mer. Be/on Stint, in SuJJex the Ox-eye.

a-v. 21 }. Raii fyn. az>. HO.

Cinclus five Motacilla Mari- N. Com. Petr. IV. 428.

tima, Lyfsklicker. Ge/ncr L'Allouette de Mer, Cinclus.

av. 616. Briffbn a-v. V. 211. tab, 19.

Giarolo. Aldr. a<v. III. 1S8. fig. I.

The Stint. Wil. orn. 305. Tringa cinclus. Lin. fiyfi. 251.

Br. Zool, 126.

Descrit. /TpHIS bird weighs about an ounce and a half:
A length feven inches and a half: extent fourteen
inches : the head and hind part of the neck are afh
colored, marked with dufky lines : a white ftroke
divides the bill and eyes : the chin white : under-
fide of the neck mottled with brown : the back is
of a brownifh afh color: the bread and belly
white : the coverts of the wings and tail a dark
brown, edged with light afh color or white : the
greater coverts dufky, tipt with white : the upper
part of the quil-feathers dusky, the lower white :
the two middle feathers of the tail dusky, the reft
of a pale afh color, edged with white : the legs of
a dusky green -, the toes divided to their origin.
The bill an inch and a half long, (lender and black ;
i rides dusky.

Thele birds come in prodigious flocks on our

fea

Class. II. LITTLE SANDPIPER. 473

fea coafts during the winter : in their flight they
perform their evolutions with great regularity -, ap-
pearing like a white, or a dusky cloud, as they turn
their backs or their breads towards you. They
leave our fhores in fpring, and retire to fome un-
known place to breed.

They were formerly a well known difh at our ta-
bles ; known bv the name of Stints.

rip HIS is the led* of the genus, fcarcely equal- 207. Little

•*■ ling a hedge fparrow in fize. The head,
upper fide of the neck, the back, and coverts of
the wings brown, edged with black and pale ruf-
ty brown. Bread and belly white.

The greater coverts dusky, tipt with white: the
primaries and fecondaries of the fame colors. The
tail dusky. Legs black.

This fpecimen was communicated to me by the
Rev. Mr. Green, of Trinity College, Cambridge',
and was mot near that place in September. It is
common to North America and Europe,

I i 4 BILL

474 GOLDEN PLOVER. Class II,

XXXII. BILL ftrait, no longer than the head.

PLOVER. NOSTRILS linear.

TONGUE

TOES, wants the hind toe.

to8. Goldek. Le Pluvier Guillemot. Belon Dalekarlis Akerhona, Lappis

a<v. 260 Hutti. Faun. Suec.fp. 190.

Pluvialis. Gefner av. 714. Pluvialis aurea,le Pluvier dore.

Pivier. Aldr. av. III. 206. Bfijprn av. V. 43. Tab. 4.

Wil. orn. 308. Jig. 1.

Raiifyn.av. in. Piviero verde. Zinan. 102.

Brachhennl. Kram. 354. Norvegis Akerloe, Cimbris

Rechter Brachvogel. Frifcb, Brok-Fugl. Brttmiich, 1&7.

II. 217. Br. Zool. 128.

Charadrius Pluvialis. Lin*

fyft> 254-

THIS elegant fpecies is often found on our
moors and heaths, in the winter time, in
Descrip. fmall flocks. Its weight is nine ounces : its length
eleven inches : its breadth twenty-four : the bill is
fhort and black : the feathers on the head, back,
snd coverts of the wings are black, beautifully
fpotted. on each fide with light yellowifh green :
the breaft brown, marked with green im oblong
ftrokes: the belly white; the middle feathers of
the tail barred with black and yellowifh green :
the reft with black and brown : the legs black.
We have obferved fome variety in thefe birds, but
cannot determine whether it is owing to age orfex:

we

LXXJI.

A\- 'It :

RED SAND -PIPER.

GOLDEN PLOVER

Class. II. G O L D E N P L O V E R. 475

we have feen fome with black bellies, others with a
mixture of black and white; others with bluilh legs,
and fome with a fmall claw in the place of the hind
toe.

They lay four eggs, fliarply pointed at the leffer
end, of a dirty white color, and irregularly mark-
ed, efpecially at the thicker end, with black blotch-
es and fpots. It breeds on feveral of our unfre-
quented mountains ; and is very common on thofe
of the ifle of Rum, and others of the loftier He-
brides. They make a fhrill whittling noife : and
may be inticed within mot by a fkilful imitator of
the note,

This lpecies, on account of its fpots, has been
fuppofed to have been the Partialis of Arifiotle: but
his account of the bird makes no mention of that
diftinction : perhaps he thought that the name im-
plied it. The Romans feem to have been unac-
quainted with the plover : for the name never once
occurs in any of their writings. We derive it from
the French Pluvier, pource qu'on k prend mieux en
temps pluvieux qu'en nulle autre faifm*.

Melon Oyfeaux. 260.

u

f76 LONG LEGGED PLOVER. Class II.

zoo. Long Le grand Chevalier 4'Jta- Sibb. Scot. 19. Tab. 11. 13.

Legged. ^e- Be/on Porir. dyOy~ L' EchafTc. BriJ/onav.V. 33,

featix, 53. Tab. $. fig. 1.

Aldr. av. 111. 176. Charadrius himantopus. Lin.

Ge/ner ai>. 54.6. fyft. 255. Scopoli, No. 148.

Himantopus. //7/. 0/7/. 297. Br, Zool. 128. «^/. plates.

Rati Jyn. av. 106.

np HIS is the mofi fingular of the Britijh birds.
-*■ The legs are of a length, and weaknefs great-
ly difproportioned to the body, which is inferior
in fize to that of the green plover: this, added to
the defect of the back toe, muft render its paces
Descrip. aukward and infirm. The naked part of the thigh
is three inches and a half long-, the legs four and a
half: thefe, and the feet are of a blood red: the
bill is black, above two inches long. The length
from its tip to the end of the tail is thirteen inches :
the breadth from tip to tip of the wing twenty-
nine inches : the forehead, and whole under fide
of the body are white : the crown of the head,
back, and wings black : on the hind part of the
neck are a few black fpots : the tail is of a greyifh.
white: the wings when clofed extend far beyond it.
Thefe birds are extremely rare in thefe iflands : Sir
Robert Sibbald records a brace that were fhot in
Scotland: another was fhot a few years ago on Stan-
ton-Har court common near Oxford^ and we have feen

them

pi.jLxxra.

2V? 2ti

SANDKIU.INO.

210

Class II.

DOTTREL.

them often in the cabinets of the curious at Paris,
taken on the French coafts.

477

Morinellus avis anglica. Gef-

nerafv, 615.

Wil. orn. 309.

Rail Jyn. a<v. III.

Camden. Brit. I, 570.

Pluvialis minor, five mori-
nellus, le petit Pluvier,
ou le Guignard. BriJJbn
av. V. 54.. Tab. 4. fig. 2.

Chnradrius morinellus. Lin.
fyft- 254-

Lappis Lahul. Faun. Suec.jp,
188.

Caii optifc. 96.

Cimbris Pomerants Fugl. Nor-
<vegis Bold Tioet. Mindrc
Akerloe. Brunnicb, 185.

Br. Zoo I. 129.

210. Dot-

TREL.

THE female dottrel, according to Mr. Willugh-
by, weighs more than four ounces ; the male
above half an ounce lefs. The length of the female
ten inches; the breadth nineteen and a half: the
male not fo large. The bill black, flender, de-
prefTed in the middle, and not an inch long : the
forehead, top and back of the head black, the
former fpotted with white; a broad white ftroke
that pre ffes over the eyes, furrounds the whole:
the cheeks and throat are white : the neck of a
cinereous olive color: the middle of the feathers of
the back, and coverts of the wings and tail olive ;
but their edges of a dull deep yellow : the quil-
feathers are brown, with brown Ihafts ; but the ex-
terior fide and the fhaft of the firft feather is
white. The tail confifts of twelve feathers of a
brown olive color, barred near their ends with

black,

Descrip

478 DOTTREL. Class II.

black, and tipped with white. The bread and
fides are of a dull orange color ; but immediately
above that is a line of white, bounded above with
a very narrow one of black. The belly (in the
male) is black : thighs and vent -feathers white :
legs yellowifh green : toes dufky.
Female. The colors of the female in general are duller:

the white over the eye is lefs •, and the crown of
the head is mottled with brown and white. The
white line crofs the bread is wanting. The belly
is mixed with black and white.
Place. Thefe birds are found in Cambridge/hire, Lincoln-

Jhire, and Derbyjhire : on Lincoln-heath, and on the
moors of Derbyjhire they are migratory, appear-
ing there in fmall flocks of eight or ten only in
the latter end of April, and day there all May and
part of June, during which time they are very fat,
and much edeemed for their delicate flavor. In
the months of April and September they are taken
on the Wiltjhire and Berk/hire downs : they are alfo
found in the beginning of the former month on
the fea fide at Meales in Lancajhire, and continue
there about three weeks, attending the barly fal-
lows : from thence they remove northward to a
place called Leyton Haws, and day there about a
fortnight -, but where they breed, or where they
refide during winter, we have not been able to
difcover. They are reckoned very foolilh birds,
fo that a dull fellow is proverbially called a Dottrel.
They were alfo believed to mimick the action of

the

Glass II.

RINGED.

479

the fowler ; to ftretch out a wing when he ftretch-
ed out an arm, &;c. continuing their imitation, re-
gardlefs of the net that was fpreading for them.

To this method of taking them, Michael Drayton
alludes in his panegyrical verfes on Coryate's Crudi-
ties :

Mofi worthy man with thee it is even thus,
As men take Dottrels, fo haft thou ta'en us ;
Which as a man his arme or leg doth fet,
So this fond bird will likewife counterfeit.

At prefent, fportfmen watch the arrival of the
Dottrels, and moot them ; the other method hav-
ing been long difufed.

Charadrius five hiaticula.

Aldr. av. III. 207.
Wil, orn. 310.
Rati fyn. a<v. 112.
Griefshennl. Kram. 354.
Charadrius hiaticula. Lin.fyft.

253. Scopoli, No. .147.
Strandpipare, Grylle, Trulls,

Lappis Pago. Faun, Suec.

jp.iS7.
PI uvialis torquata minor, le 211. Ringed

petit Pluvier a collier.

Brijfon av, V. 63. Tab.

5. fig. 2,
Bornholmis Prcefte - Krave ,

Sand-Vrifter. Brwuiich,

184. Frifch, II. 214.

Sea Lark. Br. Zoo/. II. 383.

I

T weighs near two ounces. The length is fe-
ven inches and a half \ the breadth fixteen :
the bill is half an inch long •, the upper half orange
e^lor \ the lower black \ from it to the eyes is a

black

Descrip,

4«°

SANDERLING.

Class II.

black line \ the cheeks are of the fame color ; the
forehead white, bounded by a black band that
paftes over from eye to eye •, the crown of the head
is of a fine light brown ; the upper part of the
neck is incircled with a white collar; the lower part
with a black one; the back and coverts of the
wings of a light brown ; the bread and belly
white ; the tail brown, tipt with a darker (hade ;
the legs yellow.

Thefe birds frequent our mores in the fummer,
but are not numerous. They lay four eggs of a
dull whitifh color, fparingiy fprinkled with black :
at approach of winter they difappear.

212. Sand- Sandcrling, or Curwillet.
erling. Wil. orn. 303.

Raiijyn. av. 109.
Towillee. Borlafe hiji. Com-

"j.'aL 247.
Calidris grifea minor, la pe-

tite Maubeche grife. Briffbn
a<v. V. 236. Tab. 20.
fig. 2.

Charadrius Caladris. Lin.fyft.

255.
Br. Zool. 129. add. plates.

Descrip,

WE have received this fpecies out of Lan-
cajhire ; but it is found in greater plenty
on the Cornifn fhores, where they fly in flocks. The
fanderling weighs little more than one ounce three
quarters. Its length is eight inches ; extent fifteen.
Its body is of a more (lender form than others of
the genus. The bill is an inch long, weak and
black. The head, and hind part of the neck are

afh-

Class II. SANDERLING, 48

afh-colored, marked with oblong black ftreaks;
the back and fcapulars are of a brovvnifh crrey,
edged with dirty white ; the coverts of the wings,
and upper parts of the quil-feathers dufky : the
whole under fide of the body is white ; in fome
flightly clouded with brown. The tail confifts of
twelve fliarp pointed feathers of a deep afti color;
the legs are black.

BILL

4S2

OYSTER CATCHER. Class II.

XXXIII.

OYSTER

CATCHER.

BILL long, comprefled, the end cuneated.
NOSTRILS iinear.

TONGUE, a third the length of the bill.
TOES, only three.

213. Pied. La Pie, BecafTe de mer. Be-

Ion av. 203.
Haematopus. Gefner a<v. 548.
Aldr. aro. III. 1 76.
Wil. orn. 297.
Raiifyn. a-v. 1 05.
L'Hutrier, Pie de rner. Brif-

fon a<v. V. 38. tab. I. fig- I.
The Oyfter Catcher. Cat.

Carol. I. 85. Hoematopus

oftralegus. Lin. fyft. 257.
Marfpitt, Strandfkjura, Faun,

Suec. jp. 192.

Pica marina. Can opufc. 62.

N. Com. Petr. IV. 425.

Tirma, or Trilichan. Mar-
tin's -z>oy. St. Kilda. 35.

IJlandis mas Tialldur, fcemina
Tilldra. Feroenfibus Kiel-
der. Norvegi sTicld v. Kield,
Glib, Strand-Skiure. Danis
Strand- Skade . Brunnicb,
189.

Br. Zool. 127.

SEA Pies are very common on mod of our
coafts -, feeding on marine infects, oyfters, lim-
pets, &c. Their bills, which are comprefled fide-
ways, and end obtufely, are very fit inftruments to
infmuate between the limpet and the rock thofe
fhells adhere to ; which they do with great dexte-
rity to get at the fifh. On the coaft of France,
where the tides recede fo far as to leave the beds of
oyfters bare, thefe birds feed on them ; forcing the
(hells open with their bills. They keep infummer
time in pairs, laying their eggs on the bare ground:

they

TlXXLV

JVP 215,

OYSTER- CATCHER.

Class IT. OYSTER CATCHER. AH

they lay four of a whitifh brown hue, thinly
fpotted and ftriped with black : when any one
approaches their young, they make a loud and
fhrill noife. In winter they afTemble in vaft flocks,
and are very wild.

Weight fixteen ounces ; length feven teen inches. Descrip,
Bill three inches, compreffed, obtufe at the end,
of a rich orange color : irides crimfon : edges of
the eye-lids orange ; beneath the lower a white fpot.
Head, neck, fcapulars, and coverts of the wings a
fine black ; in fome the neck marked with white :
wings duiky, with a broad tranfverfe band of
white: the back, bread, belly, and thighs white:
tail Ihort, confifts of twelve feathers ; the lower
half white ; the end black : legs thick and flrong ;
of a dirty flefh color : middle toe connected to the
exterior toe as far as the firft joint by a ftrong mem-
brane : the claws dufky, Ihort and fiat.

Vol. II. K k BILL

4*4

HAIL

Class l\

XXXIV.
RAIL.

BILL flender, a little comprefTcd, and (lightly

incurvated.
NOSTRILS fmall.
TONGUE rough at the end,
TAIL very fhort.

J4. Water. Le Rafie noir. Belon a<v. 112.
Gallina cinerea (aftihunlin).

Gefner a<v. 515.
Ralla aquatica. Aldr. av.

III. 179.
Water-rail, Bilcock, or Brook

Ouzel. Wil. orn. 314.
Rali fyn. a<v. 113.
Wafler hennl Kram. 348.

Rail us aquaticus. Lin. fyfL

262.
Faun. Suec.fp. 195.
Rallus aquaticus, le Rafie

d'Eau. BriJfonan}.\^\.tab.

12. fig. 2 . Scopoli, No 1 5 5n

Ncrvegis Vand-Rixe. Feroen-

Jibus Jord-Koene. Brunnich)

193-
Br. Zool. 130.

De scrip.

THE water rail is a bird of a long flender
body, with fhort concave wings. It delights
lefs in flying than running; which it does very fwiftly
along the edges of brooks covered with bufhes : as
it runs, every now and then flirts up its tail; and in
flying hangs down its legs : actions it has in com-
mon with the water hen.

Its weight is four ounces and a half. The length
to the end of the tail twelve inches : the breadth,
fixteen. The bill is flender, flightly incurvated,
one inch three quarters long : the upper mandible
black, edged with red^ the lower orange colored:

the

Mi . rxx\\

JW<414.

WATER- RAIL.

CRAKE aALliI^UIiE .

2P? 21/) •;

Glass II. R A I L. 4*5

the irides red : the head, hind part of the neck,
the back, and coverts of the wings and tail are
black, edged with an olive brown; the bafe of the
wing is white; the quil-feathers and fecondaries
dufky : the throat, bread, and upper part of the
belly are afh-colored : the fides under the wings as
far as the rump finely varied with black and white
bars. The tail is very friort, confifts of twelve
black feathers ; the ends of the two middle tipt with
ruft-color; the feathers immediately beneath the tail
white. The legs are placed far behind, and* are
of a du/ky flefh color. The toes very long, and
divided to their very origin; though the feet are not
webbed, it takes the water ; will fwim on it with
much eafe ; but oftener is obferved to run along
the fur face.

This bird is properly fui generis, agreeing with no
other, fo forms a feparate tribe. M. Brijfon and
Linnaeus place it with the land Rail, and Mr.
Ray with the water hens, which have their peculiar
characters, fo very diftinct from the Rail, as to
conftitute another genus, as may be obferved in the
generical table preceding this clafs.

K k 2 BILL

486

SPOTTED GALLINULE. Class II.

xxxv.

GALLI-
NULE.

BILL thick at the bafe Hoping to the point, the
upper mandible reaching far up the forehead,
callous.

WINGS fhort and concave.

BODY comprefied.

TOES long, divided to the origin.

215. Spot-
ted.

Gallinula ochra (Wynker-
nell). Gefner. av. 5 13.

Porcellana, Porzana, Grug-
netto. Aldr. av. III. 181.

Grinetta. Wil. orn.fp. 8. p.

3*5-

Raiijyn. a<v. \\$. fp. 7.

Rallus aquat. minor, five
Maruetta, le petit Rafle
d'Eau, ou la Marouette.

Brijfon civ. V. 155. tab. 13.

As,-1-

Couchouan ou Marouette.

Argenv. Lithol. ^33. tab. 25,
Kleines gefprenkeltes WafTer-

huhn. Frifcb, II. 211.
Rallus porzana. Lin, fyft.

262.
Br. Zool. 130.

THIS fpecies is not very frequent in Great Bri-
tain* and is laid to be migratory. Inhabits
the fides of fmall ftreams, concealing itfelf among
Descrip. the bufhes. Its length is nine inches ; its breadth
fifteen : its weight four ounces five drachms.
The head is brown, fpotted with black ; the neck
a deep olive, fpotted with white ; from the bill be-
yond the eyes is a broad grey bar : the feathers of
the back are black next their ihafts, then olive co-
lored, and edged with white: thefcapulars are olive,

finely

Class II. CRAKE GALLINULE.

finely marked with two fmail white fpots on each
web : the legs of a yellowifh green.

437

Le Rafle rouge ou de Genet.

Belon av. 212.
Ortygometra, Crex. Gefner

a~u. 361, 362.
Alar, a<v. III. 179.
Rail, or Daker Hen. Wil.

orn. 170. Phil. Tranf. II.

853-

Rait fyn. a<v. 58.
Corn-crek. Sib. Scot. 16.
Corn-craker. Martin's Weft.

IJles, 71.
Rallus geniftarum, le Rafle

de Genet, ou Roi desCail-

les. BriJJon av. V. 159. 216. Crake,

Tab. 13. ftg- 2.
Wachtel-konig. Kram. 349.
Rallus Crex. Lin. fyft. 261.
Angfnarpa, Korknarr, Sey-

dreifwer. Faun. Suec. fp.

194.
Dams & Nor-v. Vagtel-Konge.

Aker-Rixe. Skov-Snarre,

Norvegis quibufdajji Ager-

hoene. Brunnich, 192.
Br. Zool. 131.
Roftz. ScopoJi, No. 154.

*"inHIS fpecies has been fuppofed by ibme to
**■ be the fame with the Water rail, and that it
differs only by a change of color at a certain
Teafon of the year : this error is owing to inatten-
tion to their characters and nature, both which
differ entirely. The bill of this fpecies is fhort,
flrong, and thick ; formed exactly like that of the
water hen, and makes a generical diftinction. It
never frequents watery places, but is always found
among corn, grafs, broom, or furze. It quits this
kingdom before winter ± but the water rail endures
our fharpeft feafons. They agree in their aver-
fion to flight; and the legs, which are remarkably
long for the fize of the bird, hang down whilft

K k 3 they

488 CRAKE GALLINULE Class II.

they are on the wing •, they truft their fafety to their
fwiftnefs of foot, and feldom are fprung a fecond
time t>ut with great difficulty. The land rail lays
from twelve to twenty eggs, of a dull white color,
marked with a few yellow fpots; notwithstanding
this, they are not very numerous in this kingdom.
Their note is fingular, refembling the word Crex
often repeated They are in greateft plenty in
Anglefea, where they appear about the twentieth
of April, fuppofed to pafs over from Ireland, where
they abound : at their firft arrival it is common to
jfhoot feven or eight in a morning. They are found
in mod of the Hebrides, and the Orknies. On their
arrival they are very lean, weighing only fix ounces ;
but before they leave this ifland, grow fo fat as to
weigh above eight.
De&crip. The feathers on the crown of the head, hind

part of the neck, and the back, are black, edged
with bay color : the coverts of the wings of the
fame color -y but not fpotted : the tail is fhort, and
of a deep bay : the belly white : the legs afh-colqrecL

La

Class -II. COMMON GALLINULE.

4*9

La Poulette d'eau. Belon av.

211.

'Ein wafTerhen. Gefner av.
501.

Chloropus major noftra. Aldr.
av. III. 177.

Common Water-hen, or Moor-
hen. Wil. orn. 312.

Raii fyn. &V. 112.

Gallinula, la Poule d'eau.
Brijfon av. VI. 3. Tab. 1.

Gallinella aquatlca, Pcrza-

none. Zinan. 109.
WafTerhen nl. Kram, 358.
Rothblsffige Kieine Waffer-

huhn. Frifcb, II. 2.09.
Fdica chloropus. Lin. fyjl.

258.
Brunnicby 191. Scopoli, No.

5r. Z00/. 131*

217. Coi

MON.

THE male of this fpecies weighs about fifteen
ounces. Its length to the end of the *tail De scrip,
fourteen inches: the breadth twenty-two. The
crown of the head, hind part of the neck, the
back, and coverts of the wings are of a fine, but
very deep olive green. Under fide of the body cine-*
reous: the chin and belly mottled with whiter
quil-feathers and tail dufky : exterior fide of the
£rft primary feather, and the ridge of the wings
white: vent black: feathers juft beneath the tail
white : legs dufky green. The colors of the plu-
mage in the female, are much lefs brilliant than that
of the male : in Hze it is alfo inferior. Mr. WiU
lughby in his defcription takes no notice of the
beautiful olive glofs of the plumage of thefe birds ;
nor that the bill affumes a fuller and brighter red
in the courting feafon.

It gets its food on grafTy banks, and borders ntrar
K k 4 tetk

490 COMMON GALLINULE. Class II.

frefli waters, and in the very waters, if they be
weedy. It builds upon low trees and flirubs by the
water fide ; breeding twice or thrice in the fum-
mer ; and when the young are grown up, drives
Eggs. them away to fhift for themfelves. They lay feven
eggs of a dirty white color, thinly fpotted with ruft
color. It ft r ikes with its bill like a hen ; and in
the fpring has a flirill call. In flying it hangs
down its legs : in running often flirts up its tail,
and fhews the white feathers. We may obferve,
that the bottoms of its toes are fo very flat and
broad (to enable it to fwim) that it feems the bird
that connects the cloven-footed aquatics with the
next tribe -, the fin toed.

Sect,

PI. LXXVI.

A"/>Z/X St 210

RED.AND GREY ..SCOLLOP TOED SAND-PIPER,

Class II. GREY PHALAROPE. 491

Sect. II. FIN-FOOTED
BIRDS.

BILL (Irak and (lender. XXXVI.

NOSTRILS minute. ToPE^

BODY and LEGS like the Sandpiper.
TOES furnifhed with fcalloped membranes.

Grey Coot footed Tringa, Tringa Lobata. Lin.fyjl, 249. 218. Grey,

Emu. a~o. 308. Faun. Suec. fp. 179.

Phil. Tranf. Vol. 50. Bninnich, 171.

Le Phalarope. Brijfon av. Br. Zoo/. 126.

VI. 12.

THIS is about the fize of the common Purre, Descrip
weighing one ounce. The bill black, not
quite an inch long, flatted on the top, and chan-
neled on each fide ; and the noftrils are placed in
the channels : the eyes are placed remarkably high
in the head : the forehead white : the crown of the
head covered with a patch of a dufky hue, fpot-
ted with white and a pale reddifh brown ; the red:
of the head, and whole under part of the neck and
body are white : the upper part of the neck of a
light grey : the back and rump a deep dove color,
marked with dufky fpots : the edges of the fca-

pulars

49t RE£> PHALAROPE. Class IL

pulars are dull yellow: the coverts dufky, the low-
er or larger tipt and edged with wh;te : the eight
lirfl: quil- feathers dufky ; the ihafts white ♦, the low-
er part of the interior fide white : the fmaller quil-
feathers are tipt with whioei the wings clofed,
reach beyond the tail : the feathers on the back are
either wholly grey or black, edged on each fide
with a pale red : the tail dufky, edged with afh-
color : the legs are of a lead color : the toes ex-
tremely fingular, being edged with fcolloped mem-
branes iike the coot: four fcollops on the exterior
toe, two on the middle, and the fame on the in-
terior ; each finely ferrated on their edges.

This bird was mot in TorkJhire> and communi-
cated to us by Mr. Edwards.

19. Red. Mr. Jobnfonh fmall cloven Larus fidipes alter noilras.
footed Gull. WiL orn. 355. Raiijyn. a<v. 132.
Ray's colle&ion of Englijb Edav. a<v. 143.

words, &c. p. 92. Tringa hyperborea. Lin.Jyft.

249.

THIS ipecies was (hot on the banks of a frefh
water pool on the ifle of Stronfa^ May 1769.
It is of the fize of the Purre. The bill is an
inch long, black, very (lender, and (trait almoft to
the end which bends downwards : the crown of the
head, the hind part of the neck and the coverts of
£he wings are of a deep lead color -, the back and

fcapulars

Class II. RED PHALAROPE. 495

fcapulars the fame, ftriped with dirty yellow: the
quil-feathers dusky; the fhafts white: crofs the
greater coverts is a ftripe of white : the chin and
throat white : the under part and fides of the neck
bright ferruginous : the bread dark, cinereous :
belly white : coverts of the tail barred with black
and white; tail iriort, cinereous: legs and feet
black.

Mr. Ray faw this fpecies at Brignal in York/hire :
Mr. Edwards received the fame kind from North
America^ being common to the North of Europe
and America,

Short

494

COOT. Class II.

XXXVII. Short thick BILL, with a callus extending up the
COOT- forehead.

NOSTRILS narrow and pervious.

TOES furnifhed with broad fcalloped membranes.

220. Com- £a Poulle d'eau. Belon a-v. Rchr-hennl, Blasfl. Kram.

MON. l8l. 357.

Fulica recentiorum. Gefner WeifblaeiTige grofle Waffer-

a-v. 390. huhn. Frifch, II. 208.

Follega, Follata, Fulca. Aldr. Fulica atra. Lin.fyft. 257.

a-z>. III. 39, 42. Blas-klacka. Faun. Suec. fp.
Wil. orn. 319. 193.

Rati fyn. av. 116. Danis Vand-Hoene, Bles-
La Foulque, oil Morrelle. Hoene. Brunnicb, 190.

Brijfon a<v. VI. 23. tab. 2. Br. Zool. 132.

fig. 1. Lifka. Scopoli, No. 149.
Folaga, o Polon. Zinan. 108.

Descrip. '"'I ^HESE birds weigh from twenty-four to twen-
ty-eight ounces. Their belly is afh-colored ;
and on the ridge of each wing is a line of white :
every part befides is of a deep black : the legs are
of a yellowifh greeo : above the knee is a yellow
ipot.

Coots frequent lakes and dill rivers : they make
their neft among the rufhes, with grafs, reeds, &c.
floating on the water, fo as to rife and fall with it.
They lay five or fix large eggs, of a dirty whi-
tifh hue, fprinkled over with minute deep ruft co-
lor fpotsj and we have been credibly informed that

they

LXXVIl.

jynaf.

j&V MO

Class II. G R E A T C O O T. 495

they will fometimes lay fourteen and more. The
young when juft hatched are very deformed, and
the head mixed with a red coarfe down. In win-
ter they often repair to the fea : we have feen the
channel near Southampton covered with them : they
are often brought to that market, where they are
expofed to fale, without their feathers, and fcalded
like pigs. We once faw at Spalding^ in Lincoln-
jhire, a coot (hot near that place that was white,
except a few of the feathers in the w7ings, and a-
bout the head.

Fulica aterrima. Lin. 258. La grand foulque ou la 22 1 ♦ Great.

Scopoli, No. 150. Macroule. BriJ/bn av.VI.

Greater Coot. Wil. orn. 320. 28.
Belon 182.

THIS fpecies differs from the preceding only
in its fuperior fize -y and the exquifite black-
nefs of the plumage.

Difcovered in Lancajhire and in Scotland.

BILL

496 TIPPET GREBE. Class I!.

XXXVIII. BILL (Irons, ftrait, (harp pointed.
GREBE *. — A „

TAIL, none.

LEGS flat, thin, and ferrated behind with a

double row of notches.

222. Tippet. Colymbus major. Ccfner av, Raii fyn. a-v. 125.

^g* Colymbus, la Grebe. BriJJon
Aldr. OV. III. 104. a-v. VI. 34. tab. 3. fig. I.

Greater Loon, or Arsfoot. Colymbus urinator Lin.fyfi.

WiL orn. 339. 223 Scopoli, No. 102.

Greater Dobchick. Ed-vj.av. Br. Zool. 133.

360. fig. 2.

THIS differs from the great crefted Grebe in
being rather lefs, and wanting the creft and
ruff. The fides of the neck are ftriped downwards
from the head with narrow lines of black and
white : in other refpects the colors and marks agree
with that bird.

This fpecies has been (hot on Rofteme Mere in
Chejbire; is rather fcarce in England, but is com-
mon in the winter time on the lake of Geneva.
They appear there in flocks of ten or twelve : and
are killed for the fake of their beautiful (kins.

* The Grebes and Divers are placed in the fame genus,'
i. e. of Colymbi, by Mr. Ray and Linnseus ; but the difference
of the feet, forbade our judicious friend, M. Briffont from
continuing them together ; whofe example we have followed.

The

XVJJL.

&P-286.

DI'SKY ORKBE.

JV? 222.

Class II. GREAT CRESTED GREBE.

The under fide of them being dreft with the fea-
thers on, are made into muffs and tippets -, each
bird fells for about fourteen (hilling*

497

Grand Plongeon de riviere.

Belon a<v. 178.
Ducchel. Gejher a<v. 138.
Aldr. a<v. III. 104.
Avis pugnax 8va. Aldr. 169.
Greater crefted and horned

Doucker. Wil. orn. 340.
Afh-colored Loon of Dr.

Brown, ibid. Rail fyn. a<v.

T24.
Piatt's hift. Staff, ziq. tab. 22.
The Cargoofe. Charhton ex.

107.
Pet. Gaz. I. tab. 43. fig. 12.
Colymbus criflatus. Lin. Jyjl.

222. Scopoli,
Fatai. Suec. fp.

N

0. 99.

ICI.

La Grebe hupee. Brijfon av,
VI. 38. tab. 4. et Colym-
bus cornutus. 45. tab. 5,.
fig. 1.

Srnergo, Fifolo marino. Zinau.
107.

Danis Topped og Halfkraved
Dykker , Topped Hav
Skicsre. Bruqnidi, 135.

GehoernterScehahn, Noerike,
Frifch, II. 183.

Br. ZaoL 132.

2*23. Grea-
Crested^.

^T^HIS fpecies weighs two pounds and a half. I>i

-** Its length is twenty-one inches : the breadth
thirty : the bill is two inches one-fourth long •, red
at the bafe ; black at the point : between the bill
and the eyes is a ftripe of black naked fkin : the
irides are of a fine pale red : the tongue is a third-
part fhorter than the bill, (lender, hard at the end,
and a little divided : on the head is a large dufky
creft, feparated in the middle. The cheeks and
throat are furrounded with a long pendent ruff,
of a bright tawny color, edged with black : the
chin is white : from the bill to the eye h a black

line,

SCRIP,

493

GREAT CRESTED GREBE. Class II.

line, and above that a white one : the hind part of
the neck, and the back are of a footy hue : the
rump, for it wants a tail, is covered with long foft

down.

The covert feathers on the fecond and third joints
of the wins, and the under coverts are white : all
the other wing feathers, except the fecondaries, are
dufky, thofe being white : the bread and belly are
of a rnoft beautiful filvery white, glofiy as iattin,
and equal in elegance to thofe of the Grebe of Ge-
neva -, and are applied to the fame ufes : the plu-
mage under the wings is dufky, blended with tawny :
the outfide of the legs, and the bottom of the feet
are dufky : the infide of the legs, and the toes
of a pale green.

Thefe birds frequent the Meres of Shropjhire and
CheJJnre, where they breed ; and in the great Eqft
Fen in Lincoln/hire, where they are called Gaunts.
Their fkins are made into tippets, which are
fold at as high a price as thofe that come from Ge-
neva,

This fpecies lays four eggs, white, and of the
fize of thofe of a pigeon-, the neft is formed of the
roots of bugbane, ftalks of water lilly, pond weed
and water violet, floating independent among the
reeds and flags •, the water penetrates it, and the
bird fits and hatches the eggs in that wet conditi-
on ; the neft is fometimes blown from among the
flags into the middle of the water : in thefe cir-
cumftances, the fable* of the Halcyon's neft, its

fluclivaga

Class II. GREAT CRESTED GREBE. 499

fiuRivaga domus, as Statins exprelTes it, may in
fome meafure be vindicated.

Fluttivagam fie fsepe domum, madidofque penates
Halcyone deferta gemit ; cum pignora faevus
Aufler, et algentes rapuit Thetis invida nidos.

Thebaid, lib. IX. 360.

It is a careful nurfe of its young, being obferved
to feed them moll: affiduouQy, commonly with
fmall ells •, and when the infant brood are tired,
will carry them either on its back or under its
wings. This bird preys on fifh, and is almoft per-
petually diving : k does not mew much more than
the head above water, and is very difficult to be
(hot, as it darts down on the appearance of the left
danger. It is never feen on land; and though
difturbed ever fo often, will not fly farther than
the end of the lake. Its (kin is out of feafon about
February -, loiing then its bright color : and in the
breeding time its bread is almoft bare. The flelh
of this bird is exceffively rank : but the fat is of
great virtue in rheumatic pains, cramps and paraly-
tic contractions.

Vol. II. L 1 E"«*

5oo EAREDGREBE. Class II.

224. Eared. Eared dobchick. Ed-w. av. Norvegis Sav-Orre, Soe-Orre.

96. Jig. 2. Bornholmis Soe-Hoene. If-

La Grebe a Oreilles. BriJ/bn landis Flauefkitt. Brunnicb,

av. VI. 5.).. 136.

Colymbus auritus. Lin. Jyji. Br. Zool. 133.

223. Scopoli, No. 100.

Descr

IP# '"T-VHE length of this fpecies to the rump is one
foot •, the extent twenty-two inches : the bill
black, flender and very (lightly recurvated : the i-
rides crimfon : the head and neck are black •, the
throat fpotted with white : the whole upper fide
of a blackifh brown, except the ridge of the wing
about the firft joint, and the fecondary feathers,
which are white: the bread, belly, and inner
coverts of the wings are white : the fubaxillary fea-
thers, and fome on the fide of the rump, furrugi-
nous : behind the eyes, on each fide, is a tuft of
long loofe ruft colored feathers, hanging back-
wards : the legs of a duiky green.

Thefe birds inhabit the fens near Spalding, where
they breed. I have feen both male and female, but
could not obferve any external difference. They
make their neft not unlike that of the crefted grebe ;
and lay four or five fmall white eggs.

The

n.i,xxix.

Ar-j-jj

BLACK CHiN GREBE.

EARED GREBE

M>&24.

Class II. LITTLE GREBL 501

The black and white Dob- Br. Zool. 133. 225. Dusky,

chick. Ed-zu av. 96. fig. 1. Colymbus nigricans? Scopoli,

Colymbus minor, la petite No. 101.
Grebe. Brijfon av. VI. 56.

'TpHE length from the bill to the rump eleven Descrif,

"** inches : the extent of wings twenty : the bill
was little more than an inch long. The crown of
the head, and whole upper fide of the body dufky :
the inner coverts, the ridge of the wing, and the
middle quil-feathers were white-, the reft of the
wing dufky : a bare fkin of a fine red color joined
the bill to the eye : the whole underfide from the
bread to the rump was a filvery white : on the
thighs were a few black fpots. In fome birds the
whole neck was afh colored : fo probably they
might have been young birds, or different in fex.
Inhabits the Fens of Lincoln/hire.

Le Caftagneux, ou Zoucet. * Raii fyn. av. 125. 226. Little,

Belon av. 177. Colymbus fluviatilis, la Grebe

Mergulus fluviatilis (Due- de Riviere, ou le Caitag-

chelin, Arfsfufs). Gefner neux. Brijfon av. VI. 59.

av. 141. Colymbus auritus. Lin. fyji.

Trapazorola arzauolo, Piom- 223.

bin. Aldr. a<v. III. 105. Kleiner Seehahn, or Noerike.

Didapper, Dipper, Dobch- Frifch, II. 184.

ick, fmall Doucker, Loon, Faun. Suec. fp. 152.

or Arsfoot. Wil orn. 340. Br. Zocl. 134.

'T~AHE weight of this fpeciesis from fix to kven Descrip,
** ounces. The length to the rump ten inches :
L 1 2 to

502 LITTLE GREBE. Class II.

to the end of the toes thirteen : the breadth fix-
teen. The head is thick fet with feathers, thofe
on the cheeks, in old birds, are of a bright bay :
the top of the head, and whole upper fide of the
body, the neck and bread, are of a deep brown,
tinged with red : the greater quil-feathers dufky :
the interior webs of the lefier white: the belly is afh
colored, mixed with a filvery white, and fome red :
the legs of a dirty green.

The wings of this fpecies, as of all the other,
are fmall, and the legs placed far behind : fo that
they walk with great difficulty, and very feldom
fly. They truft their fafety to diving •, which they
do with great fwiftnefs, and continue long under
water. Their food is fifh, and water plants. This
Nest. bird is found in rivers, and other frefh waters. It
forms its neft near their banks, in the water •, but
without any fattening, fo that it rifes and falls as
that does. To make its neft it collects an amazing
quantity of grafs, water-plants, &c. It lays five
or fix white eggs ; and always covers them when
it quits the neft. It fhould feem wonderful how
they are hatched, as the water rifes through the
neft, and keeps them wet ; but the natural warmth
of the bird bringing on a fermentation in the vege-
tables, which are full a foot thick, makes a hot
bed fit for the purpofe.

GR.

Class II. BLACK CHIN. 5e3

GR. with a black chin.^Fore part of the neck 227. Black
ferruginous : hind part mixed with dufky. Chi*.
Belly cinereous and filver intermixed. Rather
larger than the laft.

Inhabits Tzree, one of the Hebrides,

L I 3 Section

504

A V O S E T.

Class II.

Section III. WEB-FOOTED BIRDS.

XXXIX. BILL long, (lender, very thin, deprefTed, bending
AVOSET. upwards.

NOSTRILS narrow, pervious. TONGUE fhort.
LEGS very long. FEET palmated. Back toe
very fmall.

228. Scoop- Recurviroftra. Gefner av. Avofetta, L'Avocette. BriJJbn

inc. 231. av. VI. 538. Tab. 47.

Avofetta, Beccoitorto, Bcc- fig. 2.

coroella, Spinzago d'acqua. Krumbfchnabl. Kram. 348.

Aldr. a~j. III. 114. Recurviroftra Avofetta. Lin*

Wll. orn. 321. Jyjl. 256. Scopoliy No. 129.

Rail fyn. au. 117. Skarflacka, Alfit. Faun. Suec,

The Scooper. Charlton ex. Jf>. 191.

102. Danis Klyde, Loufugl, Fork-

The crooked Bill. Dale's bifi. eert Regnfpove. Br. 188.

Harwich, 402. Br. Z00L 134.
Phtt'sbift. Staff. 231.

AN Avofet that we (hot weighed thirteen
ounces. Its length to the end of the tail was
eighteen inches, to that of the toes twenty-two :
the breadth thirty. This bird may at once be
diftinguifhed from all others, by the fingular form
of its bill ; which is three inches and a half long,
(lender, compreffed very thin, flexible, and of a
fubftance like whalebone \ and contrary to the bills

of

PL.LXXX

zr?H<i#.

^ITOSET

Class II. A V O S E T. 505

of other birds, is turned up for near half its length.
The noftrils are narrow and pervious : the tongue
fhort : the head very round : that, and half the
hind part of the neck black ; but above and be-
neath each eye is a fmall white fpot : the cheeks,
and whole under fide of the body from chin to tail
is of a pure white : the back, exterior fcapular fea-
thers, the coverts on the ridge of the wings, and
fome of the lefTer quil-feathers, are of the fame co-
lor ; the other coverts, and the exterior fides and
ends of the greater quil-feathers, are black : the
tail confifts of twelve white feathers : the legs are
very long, of a fine pale blue color, and naked
far above the knees : the webs duiky, and deeply-
indented : the back toe extremely fmall.

Thefe birds are frequent in the winter on the
fhores of this kingdom: in Gloucefterjhire, at the
Severn's Mouth -, and fometimes on the lakes of
Shropjhire. We have feen them in considerable
numbers in the breeding feafon near Fojfdike Wajh
in Lincoln/hire. Like the lapwing when difturbed
they flew over our heads, carrying their necks and
long legs quite extended, and made a fhrill noile
(Twit) twice repeated, during the whole time.
The country people, for this reafon, call them
Telpers-, and fometimes diftinguifh them by the
name of Picarini. They feed on worms and infects
that they fcoop with their bills out of the fand •,
their fearch after food is frequently to be difcerned
LI4 on

506 A V O S E T. Class II.

on our fhores by alternate femicircular marks in
the fand, which mew their progrefs. They lay
two eggs about the fize of thofe of a pigeon,
white tinged with green, and marked with large
black fpots.

BILL

m '

Class II,

GREAT AUK.

507

BILL ftrong, thick, comprefifed.

NOSTRILS linear; placed near the edge of the

mandible.
TONGUE almoft as long as the bill.
TOES, no back toe.

XL. AUK.

Goirfugel. Clujii exot. 367.

Penguin. Wormii, 300.

Wil. orn. 323.

Rait fyn. a<v. 119.

Edixj. av. 147.

Martin's <voy. St. Kilda. 27.

Avis, Gare dicta. Sib. Scot.

III. 22.
Alca major, le grand Pingoin.

Brijon a<v. VI. 85. Tab. 7.

Eforokitfot *. Crantz'sGreenL 229. Great.

I, 82.
Alca impennis. Lin.fyft. 210.
Faun. Suec. /p. 140.
IJlandis Gyr-v Geyrfugl. Nor-

vegis Fiaert, Anglemaage,

Penguin, Brillefugl. Brim-

nichy 105.
Br. Zool. 136.

ACCORDING to Mr. Martin, this bird breeds
on the ifle of St. Kilda ; appearing there the
beginning of May, and retiring the middle of
June. It lays one egg, which is fix inches long,
of a white color ; fome are irregularly marked with
purplifh lines eroding each other, others blotched
with black and ferruginous about the thicker end :
if the egg is taken away, it will noc lay another

• Or little wing;.

that

5o5 G R E A T A U K. Class II.

that feafon. A late writer* informs us, that it
does not vifit that ifland annually, but fometimes
keeps away for feveral years together ; and adds,
that it lays its egg clofe to the fea-mark -> being
incapable, by reafon of the fhortnefs of its wings,
to mount higher.

The length of this bird, to the end of its toes,
is three feet ; the bill, to the corner of the mouth,
four inches and a quarter : part of the upper man-
dible is covered with fhort, black, velvet like
feathers ; it is very ftrong, comprefTed and mark-
ed with feveral furrows that tally both above and
below : between the eyes and the bill on each fide
is a large white fpot : the reft of the head, the neck,
back, tail and wings, are of a glofiy black : the
tips of the lefTer quil-feathers white : the whole un-
der fide of the body white : the legs black. The
wings of this bird are fo fmall, as to be ufelefs
for flight : the length, from the tip of the longed
quil-feathers to the firft joint, being only four inch-
es and a quarter.

This bird is obferved by feamen never to wan-
der beyond foundings j and according to its appear-
ance they direct their meafures, being then afTured
that land is not very remote. Thus the modern
failors pay refped to auguries, in the fame manner

• Macaulaf shift. St. Kilda* p. 156.

as

i i .v.XIl

JVo %9Q{

LITTLE AUK.

RAZOR BILL

JV? 'Z3C

Class II. RAZOR BILL. 509

as Ariftophanes tells us thofe of Greece did above
two thouland years ago.

Hzozod Tig aei TW ofnSuv (juz'ST£UO/j.cvj) 'ssi^i ts axS,
N;/v« fxri 7rhnt xeipw erai, wn ttXeT, xsftos ejercu.

Aves. 597.

From birds, in failing men instructions take,
Now lye in port ; now fail and profit make.

Razor-bill, Auk, Murre. Alca torda. Lin.fyjl. 210. 230. Razor-

7/7/. orn. 325. Tord, Tordmule. Faun. Suec. bill.

Raii fyn. av. 119. fp. 139.

The Falk. Martin's <voy. St. iW^fg-z"jKlub-Alke,Klympe.

Kilda. ii> ' Ijlandis Aulka, Klumbr,

The Marrot. Sib. hijt. Fife, Klumburnevia. Groenlandis

48. Awarfuk. Danis Alke.

Edw. az>. 358. fig. 2. Brunnichy 1 00.

Alca, le Pingoin. BriJJbn av. Br. Zoo/. 136. Scopoli, No.

VI. 89. Tab. 8. fig. I. 94.

THESE fpecies weigh twenty-two ounces and Descrif,
a half. The length about eighteen inches :
the breadth twenty-feven. The bill is two inches
long, arched, very ftrong and fharp at the edges ;
the color black : the upper mandible is marked
with four tranfverfe grooves •, the lower with three -,
the wideft of which is white, and erodes each man-
dible. The infide of the mouth is of a fine pale
yellow : from the eye to the bill is a line of white :
the head, throat, and whole upper fide of the
body are black ; the wings of the fame color, ex-
cept

5io RAZORBILL. Class II.

ccpt the tips of the leffer quil-feathers, which are
white : the tail confifts of twelve black feathers,
and is fharp pointed : the whole under fide of the
body is white : the legs black.
Place. Thefe birds, in company with the Guillemot,

appear in our feas the beginning of February \ but
do not fettle on their breeding places till they be-
gin to lay, about the beginning of May, They
inhabit the ledges of the hig;heft rocks that im-
pend over the lea, where they form a grotefque
appearance •, fitting clofe together, and in rows one
above the other. They properly lay but one egg
a piece, of an extraordinary fize for the bulk of
the bird, being three inches long : it is either white,
or of a pale fea green, irregularly fpotted with
black : if this egg is deftroyed, both the auk and
guillemot will lay another ; if that is taken, then
a third : they make no neft, depofiting their egg
on the bare rock : and though fuch multitudes lay
contiguous, by a wonderful inftincl: each diftin-
guifhes its own. What is alfo matter of great amaze-
ment, they fix their egg on the fmooth rock, with
fo exact a balance, as to fecure it from rolling off;
yet fhould it be removed, and then attempted to be
replaced by the human hand, it is extremely diffi-
cult, if not impoflible to find its former equili-
brium.

The eggs are food to the inhabitants of the coafts
they frequent ; which they get with great hazard ;
being lowered frQm above by ropes, trufting to

the

Class II. BLACK BILLED AUK. 511

the ftrength of their companions, whofe footing is
often fo n n (table that they are forced down the
precipice, and perifh together.

Alca minor, le petit pingoin. Alca unifulcata. Brunnicb, 231. Black
Briffbn av. VI. 92. Tab. 8. 102. Billed.

fig. 2. Br. Zool. 137.

Alca Pica. Lin.fyji. 210.

THIS weighs only eighteen ounces : the length D esc rip.
fifteen inches and a half: the breadth twenty-
live inches. The bill is of the fame form with the
Auk's, but is entirely black. The cheeks, chin,
and throat are white \ in all other refpects it agrees
with the former fpecies : we can only obferve, that
this was mot in the winter, when the common fort
have quitted the coafts.

When this bird was killed, it was obferved to
have about the neck abundance of lice, refembling
thofe that infeft the human kind, only they were
fpotted with yellow.

The Alca Balthica of Brunnkb, No. 1 15, a vari-
ety in all refpeds like the common kind, only the
under fide of the neck white, is fometimes found
on our coafts,

Puphimis

5i2

PUFFIN.

Class II.

232. Puffin. Puphinus anglicus. Gefner
ay. 725.
Pica marina. Aldr. a<v. III.

92.
Purlin, Coulterneb, &c. Wil.

orn. 325.
Rati fy n. a<v. I 20.
Ednjj. a<v. 358. fig. I.
The Bowger. Martin's <voy.

St. Kilda. 34.
Fratercula, le Macareux. Brif-
fon a<v. VI. 81. Tab. 6.
fig- «-

Caii op life. 97.

Anas arttica. Clujii Exot.

104.
Alca arttica. Lin, fyft. 211.
Faun. Suec. fp. 141.
JJlandis & Norveg. Lunde,

bujus pu Hi Lund Toller.

Danis Jflandfk Papegoye.

Brunnich, 103.
See-Papagey, or See-Taucher.

Frifchy II. 192.
Br. Zool. 135.

Descrip-

Bjll.

Nostrils.

r-g-^

IS bird weighs about twelve ounces : its
gth is twelve inches : the breadth from
tip to tip of the wings extended, twenty-one inch-
es : the bill is fhort, broad at the bafe, comprefTed
on the fides, and running up to a ridge, triangular
and ending in a fharp point: the bafe of the upper
mandible is ftrengthened with a white narrow pro-
minent rim full of very minute holes : the bill is of
two colors, the part next the head of a bluifh grey,
the lower part red : in the former is one tranfverfe
groove or furrow, in the latter three : the fize of
the bills of thefe birds vary: thofe of Prieftholm IJIe
are one inch and three quarters long ; and the bafe
of the upper mandible one inch broad : but in the
birds from the IJIe of Man thefe proportions are
much lefs.
The noftrils are very long and narrow 5 com-
mence

Class II. PUFFIN.

5'3

mence at the above-mentioned rim, terminate at
the firft groove, and run parallel with the lower
edge of the bill.

The hides are grey, and the edges of the eye-lids Eyes,
of a fine crimfon: on the upper eye-lid is a fingular
callous fubilance, grey, and of a triangular form :
on the lower is another of an oblong form : the
crown of the head, whole upper part of the body, Head,
tail, and covert feathers of the wings are black ;
but in fome the feathers of the back are tinged
with brown : the quil- feathers are of a dufky
hue.

The cheeks are white, and fo full of feathers as
to make the head appear very large and almoft
round : the chin o*f the fame color ; bounded on
each fide by a broad bed of grey : from the cor-
ner of each eye is a fmall feparation of the fea-
thers terminating at the back of the head. The
neck is encircled with a broad collar of black :
but the whole lower part of the body as far as is
under water is white, which is a circumftance in
common with mod of this genus.

Tail black, compofed of fixteen feathers : legs
fmall, of an orange color, and placed fo far behind
as to difqualify it from (landing, except quite ere<ft :
refting not only on the foot, but the whole length of
the leg : this circumftance attends every one of the
genus, but not remarked by any naturalift, except
WormhiSy who has figured the Penguin^ a bird of
this genus, with great propriety : this makes the

rife

5*4

PUFFIN. Class II.

rife of the Puffin from the ground very difficult,
and it meets with many falls before it gets on wing -,
but when that is efFe&ed, few birds fly longer or
itronger.
Place. Thefe birds frequent the coafts of feveral parts

of Great Britain and Ireland-, but no place in
oreater numbers than Prieftholm IJle*, where their
flocks may be compared to fwarms of bees for mul-
titude. Thefe are birds of paflfage-, refort there
annually about- the fifth or tenth of April, quit the
place (almoft to a bird) and return twice or thrice
before they fettle to burrow and prepare for ova-
tion and incubation. They begin to burrow the
flrftweek in May, but fome few fa ve themfelves
that trouble, and diflodge the rabbets from their
holes, and take pofleffion of them till their return
from the ifle. Thofe which form their own bur-
rows, are at that time fo intent on the work as to
fuffer themfelves to be taken by the hand. This
talk falls chiefly to the fhare of the males, for on
difleclion ten out of twelve proved of that fex.
The males alfo aflift in incubation ; for on direc-
tion ftveral males were found fitting.

The firft young are hatched the beginning of
July, the old ones (hew vaft affection towards them;
and feem totally infenfible of danger on the breed-
ing feafon. If a parent is taken at that time, and
fufpended by the wings it will in a fort of deipair

* Off the coaft of Anglcfea.

treat

Class II. P U F F I N. 515

treat itfelf mod cruelly by biting every part it can
reach ; and the moment it is loofed, will never
offer to efcape, but indantly refort to its unfled-
ged young : but this affection ceafes at the dated
time of migration, which is, mod punctually about
the eleventh of Auguft, when they leave fuch young
as cannot fly, to the mercy of the Peregrine Falcon,
who watches the mouths of the houfe for the ap-
pearance of the little deferted purlins which forced
by hunger are compelled to leave their burrows.
The Revd. Mr. Hugh Davies, of Beaumaris, to
whom I am indebted for much of this account, in-
formed me that on the twenty-third of Auguft, fo
entire was the migration, that neither Puffin, Ra-
zor-Bill, Guillemot, or Tern was to be feen there.

I mud add, that they lay only one egg, which
differ much in form ; fome have one end very a-
cute \ others have both extremely obtufe \ all are
white.

Their flefh is exceflive rank, as they feed on fea
weeds and filh, efpecially Sprats : but when pick-
led and preferved with lpices, are admired by thofe
who love high eating. Dr. Caius tells us, that in
his days the church allowed them in lent, indead
of fifh : he alfo acquaints us, that they were taken
by means of ferrets, as we do rabbits : at prefent
they are either dug out, or drawn from their bur-
rows by a hooked dick : they bite extremely hard,
and keep fuch fad hold on whatfoever they faden,
as not to be eafily difengaged. Their none, when

Vol. II. M m taken

5*6 P U F F I % Class II.

taken, is very difagreeable ^ being like the efforts
of a dumb perfon to fpeak.
Note of Sea The notes of all the fea birds are extremely

JrOWL. . '

harlh or inharmonious : we have often reded un-
der the rocks attentive to the various founds above
our heads, which, mixed with the folernn roar of
the waves i welling into and retiring from the vaft
caverns beneath, have produced a fine effect The
(harp voice of the fea gulls, the frequent chatter
of the guillemots, the loud note of the auks, the
Icream of the herons, together with the hoarfe,
deep, periodical croak of the corvorants, which
ierves as a bafe to the reft ; has often furnifhed
us with a concert, which, joined with the wild fce-
nery that furrounded us, afforded, in a high de-
gree, that fpecies of pleafure which arifes from the
novelty, and we may fay gloomy grandeur of the
entertainment.

The winter refidence of this genus, and that of
the guillemot, is but imperfectly known : it is pro-
bable they live at fea, in fome more temperate
climate, remote from land -y forming thofe multi-
tudes of birds that navigators obferve in many parts
of the ocean : they are always found there at cer-
tain feafons, retiring only at breeding time: repair-
ing to the northern latitudes ; and during that pe-
riod are found as near the Pole as navigators have .
penetrated.

During winter Razor-bills and Puffins frequent
the coaft of Andalufia^ but do not breed there.

Roses'

Class II.

LITTLE AUK

517

Rotges Martin's Spitzberg. 85.

Little black and white Diver.
Wil. orn. 343.

Mergulus Melanoleucos rof-
tro acato brcvi. Rail fyn.
civ. 125.

Ed-iv. a-v. 91.

Uria minor, le petit Guille-
mot. BriJJon aw. VI. 73.

Alca alle. Lin. fyjl. 211.

Faun, Succ. fp. 142.

IJIandis Halkioen, Havdirdell.
Norvegis Soe Konge, Soe-
ren Jakob, Perdrikker, Per-
fuper, Boefiser, Borrefiasr,
Hys Thomas. Feroenfibus
Fulkop. Groenlandis Akpa-
liarfok. Brunnicb, 1 06.

Gunner tab. 6.

Br, Zool. 137.

233. Little.

<npHE bird our defefiption was made from was
■*■ taken in Lancafbire ; its bulk was not fupe-
rior to that of a blackbird. The bill convex,
fliort, thick, and ftrong; its color black. That
of the crown of the head, the hind part of the neck,
the back, and the tail black ; the wings the fame
color ; but the tips of the lefTer quil-feathers white :
the inner coverts of the wings grey: the cheeks,
throat, and whole under fide of the body white :
the fcapular feathers black and white : the legs and
feet covered with dirty greenifh white fcales ; the
webs black.

Mr. Edwards has figured a bird that varies very
little from this : and has added another, which he
imagines differs only in fex : in that, the head and
neck are wholly black ; and the inner coverts of the

M m 2

Descrip.

wings

5iS LITTLE AUK, Class II.

wings barred with a dirty white. We met with the
laft in the cabinet of Doclor David Skene at Aber-
deen •, it was fhot on the coaft north of Slains in the
fpring of the year.

BILL,

Class II. FOOLISH GUILLEMOT.

5*9

BIT. .L flender, ftrong, pointed. The upper man-
dible (lightly bending towards the end. Bafe
covered with foft (hort feathers.

NOSTRILS lodged in a hollow near the bafe.

TONGUE (lender, almoft the length of the bill.

TOES, no back toe.

XU.

GUILLE-
MOT.

Guillem, Guillemot, Skour,
Kiddaw, Sea-hen. Wil. cm.

324-
Raii fyn. an). 120.
The Lavy. Martin's <voy. St.

Kilda, 32.
Edy. a-u. 359. fig. 1-
Uria, le Guillemot. Brijfon

a<v. VI 70. Tab. 6. fig. I.
Lommia. N. Com. Petr. IV.

414.

Colymbus Troile. Lin. fyfi. 234.Fooli-3£

220.
Faun. Suec. fp. 149.
IJlandis & Nowegis Lomvie,

Langivie, Lomrifvie, Stor-

fugl. Bnmnich, 10S.
Sea-Taube, or Groenlandif-

cher Taucher. Frifcb9 1L

185.
Br.ZaoL 138.

THIS fpecies weighs twenty-four ounces :
the length feventeen inches : the breadth
twenty-feven and a half: the bill is three inches
long ; black, (trait, and (harp pointed : near the
end of the lower mandible is a fmall procefs ;
the infide of the mouth yellow : the feathers on the
upper part of the bill are fhort, and foft like vel-
vet ; from the eye to the hind part of the head is a
fmall divifion of the feathers. The head, neck,
back, wings, and tail are of a deep moufe color ;
M m 3 the

Desc-rsp ,

520 LESSER GUILLEMOT. Class IL

the tips of the leifer quil-feathers white : the
whole under part of the body is of a pure white :
the fides under the wings marked with dufky lines.
Immediately above the thighs are fome long fea-
thers that curl over them. The legs duiky.

Thefe birds are found in amazing numbers on
the high cliffs on feveral of our coafts, and ap-
pear at the fame time as the auk. They are very
fimple birds > for notwithfbanding they are fhot at,
' and fee their companions killed by them, they
will not quit the rock. Like the auk, they lay on-
E q o. ly one egg, which is very large ; fome are of 3
fine pale blue, others white, fpotted, or moll: ele-
gantly ftreaked with lines crofling each other in
ail directions. The Rev. Mr. Low of Birfa af-
fures me, that they continue about the Orknies the
whole winter.

235. Lesser. Uria Svarbag. Ringuia. Brunnich, No. no.

Ifiandis Stutnefur, Svartbakur. Scopoli, No. 103.
Br. Zool. 138.

Descrip. rip HE weight is nineteen ounces: the length fix-
-*• teen inches : the breadth twenty-fix. The
bill two inches and a half long, fhaped like the
Guillemot's, but weaker. The top of the head,
the whole upper part of the body, wings and tail
are of a darker color than the former : the cheeks,

throat,

h.lxxxui.

jvp ms.

LESSER GUILLEMOT.

SPOTTED GUILLEMOT

^V7' 2S6.

Class II. BLACK GUILLEMOT.

throat, and all the lower fide of the body are
white : from the corner of the eye is a dufky ftroke,
pointing to the hind part of the head: the tips
of the fecondary feathers white: the legs are black:
the tail very fhort, and confifts of twelve feathers.

Thefe birds frequent the Welch coafts in the
winter time; but that very rarely: where they breed
is unknown to us ; having never obferved them
on the rocks among the congenerous birds. Thefe
and the black-billed Auks haunt the Firth of Forth
during winter in flocks innumerable, in purfuit of
fprats. They are called there Morrots : they all
retire before fpring.

521

Greenland-dove, or Sea-
turtle. Vrih orn. 326.

Rail Jyn. a<v. 121.

Ray's itin. 183, 192.

Feifle. Gunner, tab. 4.

Turtur maritimus infula?
Bafs. Sib. hiji. Fife, 46.

The Scraber. Martin's <uoy.
St. Kilda. 32.

Cajour, Pynan. N. Com. Petr.
IV. 418.

Uria minor nigra, le petit

Guillemot noir. Brijfonav, 236. Black.

VI. 76.
Colymbus Grylle. Lin. fyfl.

220.
Faun. Suec fp^ 148.
IJlandis Teifta. Norvegis Tei-

fte. Groen/andis Sarpak.

Brunnich, 113.
Groenlandifche Taube.

Frifch, II. 185.
Br. Zool. 138.

ATpHE length of this fpecies is fourteen inch- Descrip.
-*• es : the breadth twenty-two : the bill is an
inch and a half long -, flrait, (lender, and black :
the infide of the mouth red: on each wing is a

M m4

large

BLACK GUILLEMOT. Class II.

large bed of white, which in young birds is fpot-
ted : the tips of the lefier quil- feathers, and the
inner coverts of the wings are white : except
thefe, the whole plumage is black. In winter it
is faid to change to white : and a variety fpot-
ted with black and white* is not uncommon in
Scotland. The tail con fills of twelve feathers :
the legs are red.

Thefe birds are found on the Bafs ijle in Scot-
land; in the ijle of St Hilda \ and, as Mr. Ray ima-
gines, in the Farn (/lands off the coaft of Nor-
thumberland ; we have alio feen it on the rocks
of Llandidno in Caernarvon/hire. Except at breed-
ing time, it keeps always at fea -, and is very diffi-
cult to be mot, diving at the flam of the pan.
The Welch call this bird Cafgan Longwr, or the fai-
lor's hatred, from a notion that its appearance
forebodes a ftorm. It vifits St. Kilda's in March :
makes its neft far under ground ; and lays a grey
egg ; or, as Steller fays, whitifh fpotted with ruft,
and fpeckled with afh color.

* The fpotted Greenland Dove of Mr. Edwards, plate 50*

BILL

PI I.XXXIV.

&y Mi

I M B B K

Class II. NORTHERN DIVER.

5*3

PILL ftrong, ftrair, pointed. Upper mandible

longed ; edges of each bending in.
NOSTRILS linear.

TONGUE pointed, long, ferrated near the bafe.
LEGS thin and flat.
TOES, exterior the longeft : back toe joined to

the interior by a fmall membrane.
TAIL fhort, confiding of twenty feathers.

XLII.
DIVER.

Clufius's. Wil. orn. 342.
Raii fyn. a<v. J25.
Mergus maximus Farrenfis,
five Ardlicus. Clufii exot,

102.
Colymbus maximus ftellatus

noftras. Sib. hifi. Scot. 20.

Tab. 15.
Le grand Plongeon tachete.

griffon av. VI. 120. Tab. 237. North-

11. fig. 1. ERN*

Colymbus glacialis. Lin.fyfi.

221.
Norvegis Brufen. Groenlan-

dis Tiulik. Brunnich, orn.

134.
Groffe Haib-Ente, Meer-

Ncering. Frifch, II. 185. A.
Br. Zool. 139.

THE length of this fpecies is three feet five Desci
inches: its breadth four feet eight: the bill
to the corners of the mouth four inches long;
black and ftrongly made. The head and neck
are of a deep black : the hind part of the latter is
marked with a large femilunar white band: imme-
diately under the throat is another •, both marked
with black oblong ftrokes pointing down: the low-
er part of the neck is of a deep black, glofTed

with

524 I M B E R. Class IL

with a rich purple : the whole under fide of the
body is white : the fides of the bread marked with
black lines: the back, coverts of the wings, and fca-
pulars, are black, marked with white fpots : thofe
on the fcapulars are very large, and of a fquare
ihape ; two at the end of each feather.

The tail is very fhort, and almoft concealed
by the coverts, which are dufky fpotted with
white : the lep-s are black. Thefe birds inhabit
the northern parts of this ifland, live chiefly at
fea, and feed on fifh : we do not know whether
they breed with us, as they do in Norway -, which
has many birds in common with Scotland. In the
laft it is called Mur-buachaill^ or the Herd/man of
the fea, from its being fo much in that element.

£38. Imber. Colymbus immer. Lin. fyft. Ember Goofe. Sibbald Scot.

222. 21. Wallace Orkney, 16.

Gefner's greater Doucker. Wil. Debes Feroe IJles, 138. Pon-

orn. 342. Raii fyn. au. toppidan, II. 80.

126. No. 8. Fluder. Gef- Le grand Plongeon. BriJJbn0

ner av. 140. VI. 105. Tab. X.
Jmmer. Brunnicb, No. 129.

THIS fpecies inhabits the feas about the Ork-
nies-y but in fevere winters vifits the fouthern
parts of Great Britain. It lives as much at fea as the
former •, fo that credulity believed that it never
quitted the water, and that it hatched its young in

a hole

Class II. SPECKLED DIVER. 525

a hole formed by nature under the wing for that
end.

It is fuperior in fize to a goofe. The head
dufky : the back, coverts of the wings, and tail
clouded with lighter and darker fhades of the fame.
Primaries and tail black : under fide of the neck
fpotted with dufky : the bread and belly filvery :
legs black.

The fkins of the birds of this genus are uncom-
monly tough •, and in the northern countries have
been ufed as leather.

Greateft fpeckled Diver, or Le petit Plongeon. Brijfon 239. Speck-

Loon. WiL cm. 341. a<v. VI. 108. Tab. 10. fig. 2. led.

Raiijyn. av. 125. Mergus Stellatus, Danis Soe-
Colymbus caudatus Aellatus. Kane. Brunnich, 130.

N. Com. Petr. IV. 424. Br. Zool. 139.

r I'^HIS fpecies weighs two pounds and a half: its Descrip,

-*■ length twenty-feven inches : its breadth three
feet nine. The bill three inches long, and turns
a little upwards ; the mandibles, when clofed at
the points, do not touch at the fides. The head
is of a dufky grey, marked with numerous white
fpots : the hind part of the neck an uniform grey :
the whole upper part of the body, and greater co-
verts of the wings dufky, fpeckled with white: the
lefler coverts dufky, and plain. The tail confifts
of about twenty black feathers -, in fome tipt with

white.

526 RED THROATED DIVER. Class II.

white. The cheeks and whole under fide of the
body of a fine glofTy white : and the feathers, as
in all this genus, which refides almoft perpetually
on the water, are executively thick, and clofe fet :
the legs are dufky.

Thefe birds frequent our feas, lakes and rivers
in the winter. On the Thames they are called fprat
loons, for they attend that fii"h during its continu-
ance in the river. They are fubjecl to vary in the
difpofition and form of their fpots and colors :
fome having their necks furrounded with a ipeckled
ring : in fome the fpots are round, in others oblong.

240. Red Ed-w. av- 97. Briffbn av. VI. III. Tab. II.

THROATED- Gunner. Tab. 2. f. 2. fig. 1.

Colymbus feptentrionalis . IJiandis & Norvegis Loom v.

Lin. jyft. 220. Lumme , Da?iis Lomm ,

Le Plongeon a gorge rouge. Brunnich, 132.

T

Br. Zoo I. 140.

HIS fpecies breeds in the northern parts of
Scotland, on the borders of the lakes : but
migrates fouthward during winter. It lays two
eggs. The fexes do not differ in colors ; and are
a diftincl kind from the black throated, the Lumme
of the Norwegians. Its fhape is more elegant than
that of the others. The weight is three pounds :
Descrip. the length, to the tail end, two feet; to that of
the toes, two feet four inches : the breadth three

feec

Tl.lZXXV.

jst? %4o.

RED THROATED DIVER

RLACIC THROATED DIVER. JVP 24J..

Class II. BLACK THROATED DIVER. 527

feet five inches. The head fmall and taper : the
bill (trait, and lefs ftrong : the fize about a fourth
lefs than the preceding. The head and chin are
of a fine uniform grey : the hind part of the neck
marked with dufky and white lines, pointing down-
wards : the throat is of a dull red : the whole up-
per part of the body, tail and wings of a deep grey
almoft dufky •, but the coverts of the wings, and
the back, are marked with a few white fpots :
the under fide of the body white : the legs dufky.

Lumme. Worm. Muf. Brun- Colymbus arclicus. Lin. Jyft. 241. Black

tticb, No, 133. 221. Faun. Suec. No. throated.

Northern Doucker. Wil. orn. Speckled Diver. Ediv, 146.
343. Raii fyn. av. 12$.

A SPECIES fomewhat larger than the laft.
Bill black : front black : hind part of the
head and neck cinereous : fides of the neck mark-
ed with black and white lines pointing downwards :
fore part of a glofiy variable black, purple and'
green.

Back, fcapulars, and coverts of wings black,
marked (the two firfl with fquare) the laft with
round fpots of white : quil feathers dufky : breaft
and belly white. Tail fhort and black : legs partly
dufky, partly reddifh.

BILL

528 BLACK BACKED GULL. Class II,

G% J1 1 ^^L ftrong, ftrait, bending near the end •, an an-
gular prominency on the lower mandible.
NOSTRILS linear.
TONGUE a little cloven.
BODY light, winizs large.
LEG and back toe fmall, naked above knee,

242. Black Wil. cm. 344. Faun. Suec.fp. 155.

backed. Raiifyn.av.iz-j. Danis Blaae maage, Norvegi'f
Le Goiland noir. BriJJbn a<v. Svartbag, Havmaafe. Brun-

VI. 158. " nich9 145.

Larus marinus. Lin. fyft. zz$. Br. Zoo/. 140.

Descrip. *TpHE weight of this fpecies is near five pounds :
the length twenty-nine inches : the breadth
five feet nine. The bill is very ftrong and thick,
and almoft four inches long ; the color a pale
yellow ; but the lower mandible is marked with a
red fpot, with a black one in the middle. The
irides yellow : the edges of the eye-lids orange co-
lor: the head, neck, whole under fide, tail and
lower part of the back, are white : the upper part
of the back, and wings, are black: the quil-
feathers tipt with white : the legs of a pale flefh
color.

This kind inhabits our coafts in fmall numbers;
and breeds in the higheft cliffs. It feeds not only
on fifh : but like the Raven, very greedily devours

carrion;

Class II,

SKUA GULL

5*9

carrion. Its egg is very blunt at each end ; of a
dufky olive color, quite black at the greater end >
and the reft of it thinly marked with dufky fpots.

I have feen on the coaft of Anglefea, a bird that
agrees in all refpects with this except in fize, in
wanting the black fpot on the bill, and in the
color of the legs, which in this are of a bright yel-
low : the extent of wings is only fourjeet five:
the length only twenty-two inches : the weight one
pound and a half. This fpecies, or perhaps va-
riety (for I dare not affert which) rambles far
from the fea, and has been fhot at Buljlrode, in
Middle/ex.

Our Catarc.cia, I fuppofe the SkuaHoirei. Clujli Exot. 36S, 243. Skua,

Cornijh Gannet. Wil. or'n. 369.

348. Larus Catara&es. Li?i. fyji.

Rail fyn. osj. 128. 226.

Cataraftes. Sibb. Scot. tab. Skua. Brunnicb, ornith. 33.

14. Fero€7ifibus Skue. IJlandii

Sea Eagle. Sibb. bifl. Fife. Skumr. Aror-^^/V Kav-Oern.

46. Brunnichy 125.

Le Stercoraire raye. Brijfon Brown and ferruginous Gull,

a-v. VI. 152. Br. Z00L 140.
Pofitopp. Nor™. II. 96.

>TpHE length of this Angular Gull is two feet: Descri?

the extent four feet and a half: the weight
three pounds : the bill two inches one fourth long,
very much hooked at the end, and very fharp:
the upper mandible covered more than half way

with-*

SIQ S K U A G U L L; Class II.

with a black cere or fkin as in the hawk kind : the
noftrils placed near the bend, and are pervious.

The feathers on the head, neck, back, fcapulars
and coverts of the wings are of a deep brown,
marked with ruft color, (brightefl in the male).
The fhafts of the primaries are white : the end and
exterior fide of the firft is deep brown ; the ends
only of the reft brown : the lower parts on both
fides being white*, the fecondaries marked in like
manner ; forming a great bar of white. The breaft,
belly and vent ferruginous, tinged with afh color.
The tail when fpread is circular, of a deep brown,
white at the root ; and with fhafts of the fame
color.

The legs are covered with great black fcales :
the talons black, flrong and crooked \ the interior
remarkably ib.
History. This bird inhabits Norway, the Ferroe ifles,

Shetland, and the noted rock Foula, a little weft of
them. It is alfo a native of the South fea. It is
the mod formidable Gull, its prey being not on-
ly fifh, but what is wonderful in a web-footed bird,
all the lefTer fort of water fowl, fuch as teal, &c.
Mr. Schroter, a Surgeon in the Ferroe ifles, relates
that it like wife preys on ducks, poultry, and even
young lambs *. It has all the fiercenefs of the
eagle in defending its young ; when the inhabitants
of thofe iflands vifit the neft, it attacks them with

* Hoier fa CIus. eWt, 369. Brunnhh7 35.

great

Class II. SKUA GULL.

great force, fo that they hold a knife erect over
their heads, on which the Skua will transfix itfclf in
its fall on the invaders.

The Rev. Mr. Lozv, minifter of Birfa, in Ork-
ney, from whom an accurate hiftory of thofe
iilands, and of Shetland may be expected, con-
firmed to me part of the above. On approaching
the quarters of thefe birds, they attacked him and
his company with mod violent blows; and intimi-
dated a bold dog of Mr. Low's in fuch a manner,
as to drive him for protection to his mafter. The
natives are often very rudely treated by them,,
while they are attending their iheep on the hills •,
and are obliged to guard their heads by holding
up their (licks, on which the birds often kill them-
felves. In Foula it is a privileged bird, becaufe it
defends the flocks from the eagle, which it beats
and purfues with great fury \ fo that even that ra-
pacious bird feldom venturer, near its quarters.
The natives of Foula on this account lay a fine on
any perlbn who deftroys one : they deny that it
ever injures their flocks or poultry, but imagine it
preys on the dung of the Arctic, and other larger
gulls, which it perfecutes till they mute for fear.

Mr. Ray and Mr. Smith * iuppofe this to be the
Cornijh Gannet\ but in our account of that bird
we fhall fliew that it is a different fpecies. Mr.
Macaulyf mentions a gull that makes great ha-

* Hifi. Kerry.
f Hijl. St. Kilda. p. 158.

Vol. II. N n voice

532 BLACK TOED GULL. Class IL

voke among the eggs and fea fowl of St. Kilda ; it
is there called Tuliac: his defcription fuits that of
the herring Gulh but we fufpecl: he confounds thefe
two kinds, and has transferred the manners of
this fpecies to the latter.

Linnmis involves two fpecies in the article Larus
Cataratla ; this, and the arffic bird of Mr. Ed-
wards, birds of very different characters. M. Brif-
fo?i does not feem perfectly acquainted with this
bird ; for the fynonym of the Skua, given by him
to his fifth gull (our brown and white gull) be-
longs to this fpecies ; and his print of the Stereo-
raireraye, p. 152./^ 13. torn. VI. to which he
has given the fynonym of Mr. Edwards's ar&ic
bird, feems to be the very fame which we have
here defcribed.

244. Black Cepphus. Aldr. a-v. III. $S. The Cepphus. PhiLTranfatl
toed. mi. orn. 351. Vol.52. 135.

Raiifyn. av. 129. Catharafta Cepphus, Strand-

hoeg. Brunnicb, ornitb. 1 26,

Dkscrjp.

THIS fpecies weighs eleven ounces: its length
is fifteen inches: its breadth thirty-nine : the
bill is one inch and a half long, the upper part co-
vered with a brown cere : the noflrils like thofe
of the former ; the end black and crooked. The
feathers of the forehead come pretty low on the
bill : the head and neck are of a dirty white : the

hind.

PL. L XXXVI .

I .

winter GULL.

Class II. ARCTIC GULL 533

hind part .of the latter plain, the reft marked with
oblong dufky fpots.

The breaft and belly are white, crofTed with
numerous dufky and yellow ifh lines : the feathers
on the fides and the vent, are barred tranfverfely
with black and white : the back, fcapulars, co-
verts of the wings and tail, are black, beautifully
edged with white or pale ruft color: the fhafts and
tips of the quil-feathers are white: the exterior web,
and upper half of the interior web black, but the
lower part of the latter white : the tail confifts of
twelve black feathers tipt with white; the two mid-
dle of which, are near an inch longer than the
others : the fhafts are white ; and the exterior webs
of the outmoft feather is fpotted with ruft color.
The legs are of a bluifh lead color : the lower part
of the toes and webs black.

A bird of this kind was taken near Oxford, and
communicated to the Royal Society by Dr. Lyfons
of Gloucefter.

The Struntj agger, or Dung- Larus Parafiticus. Lin. fyft* 245. Arctic

hunter. Marten's Spitz- 226.

berg 87. SwartlafTe , Labben , Elof.
The Arctic Bird. Edw. av. Faun Suec. fp. 6.

148. 149. Brunnicb, 127.

T

HESE birds are very common in the Hebri-
des* I faw numbers in Jura, Hay and Rum9
N n 2 where

534 ARCTIC GULL. Class II.

where they breed in the heath-, if difturbed they fly
about like the lapwing, but foon alight. They are
alio found in the Orknies, where they appear in May,
and retire in Auguft, It is alfo found on the coaft
of Yorkftire, where it is known by the name of
Fcajlr. All writers that mention it agree, that it
has the property of purfuing the lefTer gulls fo
long, that they mute for fear, and that it catches
up and devours their excrement before they drop
irieo the water; from which the name. Linn^us
wittily calls it the Paraftte, alluding to its fordid
life.
Descrip. The length of this fpecies is twenty-one inches:
the bill is dufky, about an inch and a half long,
pretty much hooked at the enc], but the flrait
part is covered with a fort of cere. The noftrils
are narrow, and placed near the end, like the for-
Male. mer. In the male, the crown of the head is black:
the back, wings, and tail dufky ; but the lower
part of the inner webs of the quil-feathers white :
the hind part of the neck, and whole underfide of
the body white : the tail confifts of twelve feathers,
the two middlemoft near four inches longer than
the others : the legs black, fmall, and fcaly.
Female. The female is entirely brown; but of a much
paler color below than above : the feathers in the
middle of the tail only two inches longer than the
others. The fpecimen from which Mr. Edwards
toke the figure of his female Arftic bird, had loft

thofe

Class II; HERRING GULL. 5S5

thofe long feathers, fo he has omitted them in
the print.

Linnaeus has feparated this from its mate, his
Larus parafiticus^ and made it a fynonym to his L.
Qatar aftes, a bird as different from this as any other
of the whole genus.

Burgermeitfer Martin's Spitz- Larus fufcus. Lin. Jyft. 125. ~4-6- Hen-

berg. 84. Faun. Suec. fp^ 154. rinc.

Herring Gull. Wil. err.. 345. Danis Silde-Maage. Iflanais

Larus cinereus maximus. Raii Veyclebjalla. Brunnicb, 142.

fyn. a-j. 127. Grcfie Staff Moeur. Frifcb,

Le Goiland gris. BriJJon a--v> II. 218.

VI. 162. Br. Zool. 141.

>*TpHIS gull weighs upwards of thirty ounces: the Descrip.
•** length twenty-three inches \ its breadth fifty-
two, The bill yellow, and the lower mandible
marked with an orange colored fpot : the irides
ftraw color: the edges of the eye-lids red: the head,
neck, and tail white : the back, and coverts of the
wings afh colored : the upper part of the five firfl
quil-feathers are black, marked with a white fpot
near their end: the legs of a pale flefh color. Thefe
birds breed on the ledges of rocks that hang over
the fea : they make a large neft of dead grais, and
lay three eggs of a dirty white, fpotted with black.
The young are afh colored, fpotted with brown;
they do not come to their, proper color the. firfl year:
this is common to other gulls >, which has greatly

N n 3 multipl

£3e> \V A G E L. Class II.

multiplied the fpecies among authors, who are in-
attentive to thefe particulars. This gull is a great
devourer of fifh, efpecially of that from which it
takes its name : it is a conftant attendent on the
nets, and fo bold as to feize its prey before the fifh-
ermens faces.

IS

(A.) Great grey Gull, the Cor- Larus Naevius. Lin. fyjl. 225

247. Wag EL. njfh Wagel. Wil orn. 349. Danis Graae-Maage. IJlandi.

Raii Jyn. au. 130. Kablabrinkar. Brunnich,

Le Goiland varie, ou le Gri- 150.

fard. BriJJon a-v. VI. 167. Brown and White Gull. Br.

tab. 15. Z00L II. 422.

Pescrip. rx^HESE birds vary much in their fize; one
X we examined weighed three pounds kvm
ounces : the length was two feet two inches : the
breadth five feet fix : others again did not weigh
two pounds and a half: the irides are dufky : the
bill black, and near three inches long. The whole
plumage of the head and body, above and below,
is a mixture of white, afh color, and brown:
the laft color occupies the middle of each fea-
ther; and in fome birds is pale, in others dark :
the quil-feathers black : the lower part of the tail
is mottled with black and white •, towards the end
is a brown black bar, and the tips are white : the
legs are of a dirty white.

Some have fuppofed this to be the young of the

preceding

Class II. WINTER GULL ^j

preceding fpecies, which (as well as the reft of
the gull tribe) fcarce ever attains its true colors till
after the firft year : but it mud be obferved, that
the firft colors of the irides, of the quil-feathers, and
of the tail, are in all birds permanent ; thefe, as we
have remarked, differ in each of thefe gulls fo
greatly, as ever to preferve unerring notes of dif-
tinclion.

This fpecies is likewife called by fome the Dung
Hunter ; for the fame reafon as the laft is ftyled fo.

Winter Mew, or Coddy Mod- Gavia Hyberna, le Mouette 248. Win.

dy. Wil. orn. 350. d'hiver. BriJJbn av. VI. ter.

Rati fyn. a<v. 130. 189.

Br, Z00L 142.

^HpHIS weighs from fourteen to feventeen oun- Descrip.

A ces : the length eighteen inches ; the breadth
three feet nine. The irides are hazel : the bill two
inches long, but the flendereft of any gull: it is
black at the tip, whitifh towards the bafe. The
crown of the head, and hind part, and fides of the
neck, are white, marked with oblong dufky fpots ;
the forehead, throat, middle of the breaft, belly,
and rump, are white ; the back and fcapulars are
of a pale grey •, the laft fpotted with brown ; the
coverts of the wings are of a pale brown, edged
N n 4 with

Sjj COMMON GULL. Class II.

with white-, the firfl quil-feather is black-, the fuc-
ceeding are" tipt with white: the tail is white, crof-
fed near the end with a black bar j the legs of a
dirty bluifh white.

This kind frequents, during winter, the moid:
meadows in the inland parts of England, remote
from the fea. The gelatinous fubflance, known
by the name of Star Shot, or Star Getty, owes its
orimn to this bird, or fome of the kind; being no-
thing but the half digelled remains of earth-worms,
on which thefe birds feed, and often difcharge
from their ftomachs* .

]Jnnatt5% p. 224. makes this fpecies fynonymous
with the Larus tridatlylus or Tarrock-, but as we
have had opportunity of examining feveral of
each fpecies, and find in all thofe ftrong diftinc-
tions remarked in our defcriptions, we mud decline
affenting to the opinion of that eminent naturalift.

tifl Com- Galedor, Crocala, Galetra. La Mouette cendree. Briffbn

MOW, Aldr- a'~J' 1IL 34- «*■ VL *75- iah- l6-flS- "•

Common Sea Mall. Wil. cm. Gabbiano ffiinore. Zinan. 1 15.

j^j. Larus canus. Lin. fyjl. 224.

Common Sea Mall, or Mew.. Br. Z00L 142. Scofcli, No.
Rait jyn. ay. 127. 1 04.

THIS is the moil numerous of the genus. It
breeds on the ledges of the cliffs that im-

* yid<2 Mortens Nat, E'tjl\ Ncrthamft. p, 353.

pend

M . I AXA'JX

KIT T 1 W A K I ;

C O M MO X G TJ L L

jr? '24-g.

Glass Ii. KITTIWAKE. 539

pend over the fea : in winter they are found in vaft

flocks on all our fhores. They differ a little in Descrip.

fize; one we examined weighed twelve ounces and

a half: its length was feventeen inches : its breadth

thirty-fix: the bill yellow: the head, neck, tail, and

whole under fide of the body, a pure white : the

back, and coverts of the wings, a pale grey : near

the end of the greater quil-feathers was a black

fpot : the legs a dull white, tinged with green.

Lams Rifla. Lin* fyjl. 224. en. Brunnicb, No. 140. 2:o. Kitti-

Ritfa IJlandisy incolis Chrifti- Kittiwakc. SibbaLVs hiji. wake.

anfoe, Lille Solvet, Rotter- Scot/, 20.

'HT* HE length of this fpecies is fourteen inches :
-*• the extent three feet two. When arrived at
full age, the head, neck, belly, and tail are of a
fnowy whitenefs ; behind each ear is fometimes a
dufky fpot : the back and wings grey : the exterior
edge of the firft quil-feather, and tips of the four or
rive next, are black : the bill yellow, tinged with
green ; infide of the mouth orange : legs duiky,
with only a knob inftead of the back toe.

It inhabits the romantic cliffs of Flamborougb-
bead (where it is called Petrel) the Bafs TJle* the vaft
rocks near the Caftle of Shins* in the county of
Aberdeen* and Prieftholm Ifle.

The young of thefe birds are a favorite dim

in,

54<* TARROCK: Class II.

in North Britain, being ferved up roafted, a little
before dinner, in order to provoke the appetite;
but, from their rank tafte and fmell, feem much
more likely to produce a contrary effect.

251. Tar-

La Mouette cendree. Brifon Larus trida&ylus. Lin. fyfl.

rock.

a<v. 169. 224.

Gavia cinerea alia. Aldr. dv. Faun. Suec. IS7-JP-

III. 35. La Mouette cendree tachetee.

Wil. orn. 346. Brijfon a<u. VI. 185. tab.

Rail fyn. a<v. 128. " 17. Jig. 2.

Br. Zoo/. 142.

Descrip. rjl HE length is fourteen inches-, the breadth
5 three feet : the weight only feven ounces.
The bill is black, fhort, thick, andftrong-, the head
large : the color of that, the throat, neck, and
whole under fide are white : near each ear, and
under the throat, is a black fpot : on the hind part
of the neck is a black crefcent, the horns pointing
to the throat.

The back and fcapulars are of a bluifhgrey: the
lefler coverts of the wings dufky, edged with grey •,
the larger next to them of the fame color-, the reft
grey : the exterior fides, and ends of the four firft
quil-feathers are black : the tips of the two next
black j all the reft wholly white : the ten middle
feathers of the tail white, tipt with black ; the two
outmoft quite white: the legs of a dufky aih color.

In

Class II. BLACK HEAD GULL.

In lieu of the back toe.# it has only a fmall pro-
tuberance.

This fpecies breeds on Priefthohne Ijle, alfo a-
mong the former in Scotland. I muft retract my
opinion of its being the young of that fpecies.

541

Cepphus Tumeri. Gefner a-v.

249-.
Larus cinereus tertius. Aldr.

a-v. III. 3^.
Pewit, or Black Cap, Sea

Crow, Mire Crow. Wil.

orn. 347.
Rail Jyn. a<v. 128. itin. 217.
Pewit. Phtt't hift. Staff. 231.

Puit. Fuller's Brit. Worthies.

318.
la Mouette rieufe a pattes

rouges. Briffbn a*v.V\. ig6.
Gabbiano cinerizio col roftro,

e col li piedi roffi. Zinan.

Larus ridibundus. Lin. fyjl.

225.
Br. Zool. 143.

252. Black:
Head.

TT^HESE birds breed in vaft numbers in the
A iflands of certain pools in the county of Staf-
ford-, and, as Dr. Fuller tells us, in another on the
EJfex mores ; alfo in the Fens of Lincoln/hire. They
are birds of paftage ^ refort there in the fpring ; and
after the breeding feafon difperfe to the fea coafts :
they make their neft on the ground, with rufhes,
dead grafs, and the like ; and lay three eggs of a
dirty olive color, marked with black. The young
were formerly highly efteemed, and numbers were
annually taken and fattened for the table. Plott
gives a marvellous account of their attachment to
the lord of the foil they inhabit; infomuch, that

on

542 BLACK HEAD GULL. Class II.

on his death, they never fail to (hi ft their quarters
for a certain time.

Whitelock^ in his annate, mentions a piece of
ground near Port/mouth, which produced to the
owner forty pounds a year by the fale of Pewits^
or this fpecies of gull. Theft are the See-gulles that
in old times were admitted to the noblemens ta-
bles*.

The notes of thefe gulls diftinguifh them from
Descrip. any others ; being like a hoarfe laugh. Their weight
is about ten ounces : their length fifteen inches >
their breadth thirty-feven : their irides are of a
bright hazel : the edges of the eye-lids of a fine
fcarlet ; and on each, above and below, is a fpot
of white feathers. Their bills and legs are of a
fanguine red : the heads and throats black or
dufky : the neck, and all the under fide of the bo-
dy, and the tail, a pure white : back and wings afh
colored : tip, and exterior edge of the firft quil- fea-
ther black ; the reft of that feather white ; the
next to that tipt with black, and marked with the
fame on the inner web.

A Variety. -^a Grande Mouette blanche. WiL om. 348. Rati Jyn. av.
Belon. 170. Larus canus. Scopcli, No. 104..

T

HIS was taken in a trap near my houfe, Ja-
nuary 25th, 1772, and feemed only a varie-

* Vide Appendix.

Class II. BROWN GULL, 543

ty of the former. It differed in having the edges of
the eye-lids covered with white foft feathers. The
forepart of the head white-; the fpace round the
eyes dufky : from the corner of each eye is a broad
dufky bar, furrounding the hind part of the head ;
behind that is another reaching from ear to ear :
the ends, interior and exterior edges of the three
firft quil-feathers black ; the ends and interior fides
only of the two next black, but the fhafts and
middle part white ; the tips of the two next white ;
beneath a black bar : the reft, as well as the fecon-
daries, afh color.

In all other refpecls it refembled the common
pewit gull. The fat was of a deep orange color.

The brown Tern. Wil. cm. Sterna nigra. Lin. fyjl. zzj. 253. Brown.

352. Faun. Suec.fp. 159.

Sterna fufca. Raii fyn. av. Br. ZogL 143.

131,

"j^yrR. Ray has left us the following obfcure ac-

1 x count of this bird; communicated to him by

Mr. Johnfon^ a York/hire gentleman. " The whole Descrip.

" under fide is white ; the upper brown : the

" wings partly brown, partly afh color : the head

" black : the tail not forked : thefe birds fly in

" companies."

From

544 BROWN GULL Class II.

From the defcription, we fufpedl this bird to be
the young of the greater Tern^ that had not yet at-
tained its proper colors, nor the long feathers of
the tail, which it does not acquire till mature age.

BILL

Fl.XC

uV<; '2.55

OREA.T A: MSSKB TERNS

JV?£54.

Class II. GREAT TERN.

S45

BILL ftrait, (lender, pointed.
NOSTRILS linear.
TONGUE (lender and Jharp.
WINGS very long.
TAIL forked.
TOES, a fmall back toe.

XLIV.
TERN*.

Sterna (Stim, Spyrer, Schnir-

ring) Ge/ner a-v. 586.
Aldr. a<v. III. 35.
The Sea Swallow. Wil. cm.

Rail Jyn. anj. 131.

Sterna major, la grande Hi-

rondelle de mer. Brijfon au.

VI. 203. tab. 19. fig. i.
Sterna hirundo. Lin.fyfi. 227.
Tarna. Faun, Suec. Jp. 159.

TheKirmew. Marten's Spiiz- 254. Great.

berg. 92.
IJlandis Kria. Ncrvegis Tenne,

Tende, Tendelobe, Sand-

Tolle, Sand-Tserrne. Danis

Tserne. Bornholmis Kirre,

Krop-Kirre. Brunnick, 151.
Grauer fifcher. Kram. 345.
Schwartzplattige Schwalben

Moewe. Frifch, II. 219.
Br. Zool. 144.
Makauka. Scopoli, No. 3.

THIS kind weighs four ounces, one-quarter : Descrip,
the length is fourteen inches *, the breadth
thirty : the bill and feet are of a fine crimfon ;
the former tipt with black, ftrait, (lender, and fharp
pointed : ' the crown, and hind part of the head,
black : the throat, and whole under fide of the

* A name thefe birds are known by in the North of Eng*
land ; and which we fubflkute inilead of the old compound
one of Sea Swallow ; which was givea them QA account of
.their forked tails.

body*

546 L E S S E R T E R N. Class IL

body, white : the upper part, and the coverts of
the wings, a fine pale grey : the tail confifts of
twelve feathers ; the exterior edges of the three
outmoft are grey, the reft white : the exterior, on
each fide, is two inches longer than the others :
in flying, the bird frequently clofes them together,
lb as to make them appear one (lender feather.

Thefe birds frequent the fea mores, banks of
lakes and rivers : they feed on fmaii fifh, and water
infecls -, hovering over the water, and fuddenly dart-
ing into it, catch up their prey. They breed
among fmall tufts of ruihes ; and lay three or four
eggs, of a dull olive color, fpotted with black.
AH the birds of this genus are very clamorous.

15 5. Lesser. Lams pifcator (Fifcherlin, La petite Hirondellc de mer.

Fel.) Gefner a-o. 587. fig. Brijfon av. VI. 206. tab.

538. 19- fig' 2-

Aldr. a<v. III. 3$. Larus Minuta. Lin.fyft. 228,

Leffer Sea Swallow. Wil. orn. Haetting Taerne, Brunnicb,

353

IC2.

RaiYjjn. av. 131. Br. Zool. 144.

Descri-p; r^HE wreight is only two ounces five grains:
-*- the length eight inches and a half ; the breadth
nineteen and a half. The bill is yellow, tipt with
black : the forehead and cheeks white : from the
eyes to the bill is a black line: the top of the head,
and hind part black : the bread, and under fide of
the body cloathed with feathers fo clofely let toge

ther

Class II. BLACK TERN.

ther, and of fuch an exquifite rich glofs, and fo
fine a white, that no fatin can be compared to it :
the back and wings of a pale grey : the tail fhort,
lefs forked than that of the former, and white : the
legs yellow : the i rides dufky.

Thefe two fpecies are very delicate, and feem un-
able to bear the inclemency of the weather on our
fhores * during winter : for we obferve they quit
their breeding places at the approach of it -, and
do not return till fpring.

The manners, haunts, and food of this are the
fame with thofe of the former ; but thefe are far left
numerous.

547

Larus niger (-Meyvogelin) Gef- L'Epouvantaii. BnJJbh #*,. 256. Black,

iter a<u. 588.^. 5!
Aldr. a<v. II F. 35.
The Scare Crow. Wd. cm.

553-
Our black cloven-footed Gull.

Idem. 354.
Rati fyn. av. 1 3 1. Idem. 132.

No. 6.

VI. 211. tab. 20. Jig. 1.
Sterna fiiUpes. Lin.fyjl. 228.
Sialandis Glitter. Brunnich,

153-

Kleinote Moewe. Frifcht II,

220.
Br. Zool. 145.

npHIS is of a middle fize, between the firft and Bescrif,

■* fecond fpecies. The ufual length is ten

inches; the breadth twenty-four; the weight two

ounces and a half. The head. neck, bread, and

Vol. II.

* tiorth Wales,

Go

belly,

54* BL-ACKTERN. Class II.

belly, as far as the vent, are black; beyond is
white: the male has a white fpot under its chin:
the back and wings are of a deep afli color : the
tail is fhort and forked ; the exterior feather on each
fide is white ; the others a(h colored : the legs and
feet of a dufky red. Mr. Ray calls this a cloven-
footed gull ; as the webs are deprefTed in the mid-
dle, and form a crefcent. Thefe birds frequent
frefh waters; breed on their banks, and lay three
fmall eggs of a deep olive color, much fpotted with
black.

They are found during fpring and fummer in
vaft numbers in the Fens of Lincoln/hire-, make
an incefTant noife, and feed as well on flies as water
infects and fmall fifli.

Birds of this fpecies are feen very remote from
land. Kalm faw flocks of hundreds in the Atlantic
ocean, midway between England and America ; and
a later voyager allured me he faw one 240
leagues from the Lizard^ in the fame ocean.

BILL

STORMY PETREL.

FULMAR.

iZI " J Jr.

Class II.

P E T R E I

BILL ft I nd.

NOSTRILS . tubular.

LEG i above the knees.

BACK TOE none : inftead, a fharp SPUR pc

dow:

ar.

.:.-.

■ r . Defer
Fulmer.

lefl

'• 3^

Procellaria cinerea,

le

Pe-

trel cendre. J

*?<y.

• 5--. "I-
P/. .

-•

Hiv-Hei:. , :zb. 1.

. Brunmcb

:. Malle-
moke V _3r*'«-

, 1 18.
Br. Zc.l. 1 •;.

XLV-

PETREL,

- 0 : -

1 1 . K .

np HIS fpecies inhabits the ifle 01 ;;.
A makes its appearance there in _Y. ; ; . \ .

s the whole . except and

'er; it laj'S a large, white, and very brittle
egg; and the young are hatched the miiile of
June. Xo bird is of fuch ufe to the iila
this : the Fulmar iupplies them with oil :
lamps, down for their beds, a delicacy for their
tables, a balm for their wounds, and a medicine for
their diftempers. The Fulmar is alio a certain prog-
nofticator of the change of the wind -, if it co

O o 2 to

55o FULMAR. Class II.

to land, no weft wind is expected for fome time •,
and the contrary when it returns and keeps the fea.

The whole genus of Petrels have a peculiar fa-
culty of fpouting from their bills, to a confider-
able diftance, a large quantity of pure oil-, which
they do by way of defence, into the face of any
that attempts to take them : fo that they are, for
the fake of this panaccca, feized by furprize ; as
this oil is fubfervient to the above-mentioned medi-
cal ufes. Martin tells us, it has been ufed in Lon-
don and Edinburgh with fuccefs, in Rheumatic cafes.
Descrip. The fize of this bird is rather fuperior to that
of the common gull : the bill very ftrong, much
hooked at the end, and of a yellow color. The
noftrils are compofed of two large tubes, lodged
in one fheath : the head, neck, whole under fide of
the body, and tail, are white ; the back, and co-
verts of the wings am colored : the quil feathers
dufky : the legs yellowim. In lieu of a back toe,
it has only a fort of fpur, or fharp (trait nail. Thefe
birds feed on the blubber or fat of whales, &c.
which, being foon convertible into oil, fupplies
them conftantly with means of defence, as well
as provifion for their young, which they caft up in-
to their mouths. They are likewife faid to feed on
forrel, which they ufe to qualify the undtious diet
they live on.

Frederick Martens, who had opportunity of feeing
vaft numbers of thefe birds at Spitzbergen, obferves,
that they are very bold, and refort after the whale

fifhers

Class II. SHEA R-W A T E R. 55e

fifhers in great flocks, and that when a whale is ta-
ken, will, in fpiteof all endeavours, light on it and
pick out large lumps of fat, even when the animal
is alive. That the whales are often difcovered at fea
by the multitudes of Mallemuckes flying ; and that
when one. of the former are wounded, prodigious
multitudes immediately follow its bloody track.
He adds, that it is a mod gluttonous bird, eating
till it is forced to difgorge its food.

Avis Diomedea, Artenna. Procellaria Puffinus. Lin.fyfi. -rg Shear
. .Al*r-a^ IXI- 36. 213. ^w*™.

Manks Puffin, ml. orn. 333. Puffinus, le Puffin. Bri£b„

Raiifiyn. av. 134.. a<a. VI, 131. tab. iztfi<r.

Shearwater. Idem. 133. 1. is a variety of it.

Wil.orn. ^. Feroenfibus Skrabe. Norvegis

Patines de oviedo. Rail fyn. Skraap, PulJus. Feroenfibus

&v. 191- Liere. Brunnich, 119.

Edw. av. 359. Manks Petrel, Br. Zoo/. 146,

THE length of this fpecies is fifteen inches; Descr
the breadth thirty-one: the weight {cveii^
teen ounces: the bill is an inch and three-quar-
ters long; noftrils tubular, but not very promi-
nent : the head, and whole upper fide of the body,
wings, tail, and thighs, are of a footy blacknefs ;
the under fide from chin to tail, and inner coverts
of the wings, white : the legs weak, and com-
preiTed fidewajs ; dufky behind,, whitifh before.
Thefe birds are found in the Calf of Man: and
O03 as

BR,

IF,

552 SHEA R-W A T E R Class II.

as Mr. Ray fuppofes in the Scitty-ijles : they refort
to the former in February; take a fhort poifeffion
of the rabbet burrows, and then diiappear till April:
they lay one egg, white and blunt at each end ;
and the young are fie to be taken the beginning of
Augitfi; when great numbers are killed by the per-
ion who farms theifle: they are faked and barel-
led ; and when they are boiled, are eaten with po-
tatoes. During the day they keep at fea, fifhing ;
and towards evening return to their young \ whom
they feed, by difcharging the contents of their
ftomachs into their mouths •, which by that time is
turned into oil : by reafon of the backward fituation
of their legs they fit quite erect:. They quit the
ifle the latter end of Aiigv.ft, or beginning of Sep-
tember \ and, from accounts lately received from
navigators, we have reafon to imagine, that like
the ftcrm-fincb, they are difperfed over the whole
Atlantic ocean.

This fpecies inhabits alio the Orkney ides, where
it makes its neft in holes on the earth near the
(helves of the rocks and headlands 5 it is called
there the Lyre; and is much valued there, both on
account of its being a food, and for its feathers.
The inhabitants take and fait them in Augitft for
winter provifions, when they boil them with cab-
bage. They alfo take the old ones in March • but
they are then poor, and not fo well tailed as the
young: they appear firft in thofe iflands in Fe-
bruary,

The

ClassII. STORMY PETREL.

553

The Storm-finck. Clufii exot.

368.
Wil. orn. 395.

Small Petrel. EJ-w. anj. 90.
Borlafe's Corn-jjal. 24.J. tab.

29.
The Gourder. Smith's hift.

Kerry. 186.
Affilag. Martin's <voy. St.

Kilda. 34.
Sib, hifi. Fife. 48.
Procellaria, le Petrel. BriJ/bn

av.Vl. 140. tab. it,, jig. 1. 259. Stormy
Procellaria pelagica. Lin.fyft.

212. Scopoli, No. 95.
Stromwaders vogel. Faun.

Suec. fp. 143.
Norvegis Soren Peder. St.

Peders Fugl, Veften-vinds

Are Sonden-vinds Fugl,

Uveyrs Fugl : nonnullis,

Hare. Feroenjtbus Strunkvit.

Brun. 117.
Little Petrel. Br. Zool. 146.

npHIS bird is about the bulk of the houfe fwal-
low : the length fix inches ; the extent of
wings thirteen. The whole bird is black, except
the coverts of the tail and vent-feathers, which
are white : the bill is hooked at the end : the nof-
trils tubular : the legs (lender, and long. It has
the fame faculty of fpouting oil from its bill as the
other fpecies : and Mr. Brunnicb tells us, that the
inhabitants of the Ferroe if.es make this bird ferve
the purpofes of a candle, by drawing a wick
through the mouth and rump, which being lighted,
the flame is fed by the fat and oil of the body. Ex-
cept in breeding time it is always at fea ; and is
feen all over the vaft Atlantic ocean, at the greateft
diftance from land ; often following the veiTels in
great flocks, to pick up any thing that falls from
on board : for trial fake chopped ftraw has been

Descrip.

004

flunp:

554 STORMY PETREL. Class II.

flung over, which they would (land on with expand-
ed winors ; but were never obferved to fettle on, or
fwim in the water: it prefages bad weather, and cau-
tions the feamen of the approach of a tempeft, by
collecting under the ftern of the fhips : it braves
the utmoft fury of the ftorm, fometimes fkimming
with incredible velocity along the hollows of the
waves, fometimes on the fummits : Cluftus makes
it the Camilla of the fea.

Vel mare per medium fluttu fufpenfa tumenti

Ferret iter, celeres nee tingeret asquore plantas. Virgil.

She fwept the Teas, and as me fkim'd along,

Her flying feet unbath'd on billows hung. Dryden.

Thefe birds are the Cypfelli of Pliny, which he
places among the Apodes of Ariftotle -, not becaufe
they wanted feet, but were KaxoWa *, or had
bad, or ufelefs ones •, an attribute he gives to thefe
fpecies, on a fuppofition they were almoft always
on the wing. Hardouin, a critick quite unfkilled
in natural hiftory, imagines them to be martins, the
Cypfelli of Ariftotle f : but a little attention to the
text of each of thofe antient naturalilts, is fuffici-
ent to evince that they are very different birds; the
latter very accurately defcribes the characters of
that fpecies of fwallow : while Pliny exprefTes the
very manner of life of our Petrel.

* Jnft. \~.
f P. 1067.

" Nidiflcant

Class II. STORMY PETREL. 555

" Nidificant in fcopulis, has funt qua? toto man
cernuntnr : nee unquam tam longo naves, tamque
continuo curfu recedunt a terra, ut non circumvo-
litenc eas Apodes.53 Lib. x. c. 39.

In Augufi 1772, I found them on the rocks
called MacdonaWs "Table, off the north end of the
JJle ofSkie; fo conjecture they breed there. They
lurked under the loofe ftones, bun betrayed them-
felves by their twittering notfe.

BILL

556 GOOSANDER. Class II,

XLVI. BILL (lender, furniflied at the end with a crooked

MESRERAN" nai1' EdSes of each mandible foarply ferrated.
NOSTRILS near the middle of the mandible.

Small, iub-ovated.
TONGUE flender.
FEET, exterior toe longer than the middle.

260. Goos- Mergus cirrhatus (fam .) Gef- See-Rache. Frifcb, II. 190,

akder. ner aw. 134. Merganfer 191.

(Merrach) 135. Mergus merganfer. Lin.fyji.

Aldr. av. III. 113. 20S.

Goofander. Wil orn. 335. Wrakfogel, Kjorkfogel, Ard,

Dun diver, or Sparling-fowl. Skraka. Faun Suec.fp.135.

Hid. Pekfok. Crantz's Green/. I. 80.

Rail fyn. av. 134. IJlandis Skior-And. Danis

Merganfer, V Harle. Briffon Skallefluger. Brunnich, 92,

av. VI. 231. Tab. 22. & 93.

Meer-rache. Kram. 343. Br. Zocl. 147.

THESE birds frequent our rivers, and other
frefh %aters, efpecially in hard winters;
they are great divers, and live on fifh. They are
never feen in the fouthern parts of Great Britain
during fummer ; when they retire far north to
breed ; for in that feafon they have been mot in
the Hebrides. They are uncommonly rank, and
fcarcely eatable.
Descrip. The male weighs four pounds: its length is
two feet four inches -, the breadth three feet two.

The

PI . xcu.

JVP 2tf{>,

^^ M.^rT. (iOOSANDBR

Class II. GOOSANDER. 55y

The bill is three inches long, narrow, and finely Male.
toothed, or ferrated : the color of that, and the
irides, is red.

The head is large, and the feathers on the hind
part long and loofe : the color black, finely glori-
ed with green : the upper part of the neck the
fame : the lower part, and under fide of the body
of a fine pale yellow : the upper part of the back,
and inner fcapulars are black : the lower part of
the back, and the tail are am colored : the tail
confifts of eighteen feathers : the greater quil-
feathers are black, the leffer white, fome of which
are edged with black : the coverts at the fetting
on of the wing are black -, the reft white : the legs
of a deep orange color.

The dun Diver, or female, is lefs than the male : Dun Diver.
the head, and upper part of the neck are ferrugi-
nous \ the throat white : the feathers on the hind
part are long, and form a pendent crefl: the
back, the coverts of the wings, and the tail are of a
deep afh color : the greater quil feathers are black,
the leffer white : the bread, and middle of the
belly are white, tinged with yellow.

We believe that Belon * defcribes this fex under
the title of Bieure oyfeau, and afTerts, that it builds
ks neft on rocks and in trees like the Corvorant.

* Belon av. 163.

Anas

558 RED BREASTED MERGANSER. Class II.

261- Red Anas Longiroitra. Gefner av, Braun kopfiger Tilger,
breasted. 1 33. Aldr.av. III. 113. Taucher. Kram. 343.

The Serula. Wil. orn. 336. Mergus ferrator. Lin, fyjl.
Raii fyn. av. 135. 20S.

LcfTcr toothed Diver. Mor- Pracka. Faun, Suec. fp. 136.

ton's Northampt. 429. Danis Fifk-And. Brunnich%
L' Harle hupe. Brijfon a-v. 96.

VI. 237. Br, Zool. 147.

Descrip. flHHIS fpecies weighs two pounds : the length
•*- is one foot nine inches ; the breadth two fttt
feven : the bill is three inches long; the lower man-
dible red -, the upper dufky : the irides a purplifh
red : head and throat a fine changeable black and
green : on the firft a long pendent creft of the
fame color : upper part of the neck, of the breaft,
and the whole belly white : lower part of the breaft
ferruginous, fpotted with black : upper part of the
back black : near the fettins; on of the wings fome
white feathers, edged and tipt with black : the
exterior fcapulars black ; the interior white : lower
part of the back, the coverts of the tail, and fear
thers on the fides under the wings and over the
thighs grey, elegantly marked with ziczag lines of
black: coverts on the ridge of the wings dufky j
then fucceeds a broad bar of white: the greater
coverts half black, half white : the fecondaries next
the quil feathers marked in the fame manner ; the
reft white, edged on one fide with black : the quil

feathers

Pi . XCI1I .

Ar?2#l

M.£rF. RED-BREASTED GOOSANDER

..y/x><

Class II. S M E W. 559

feathers du/ky. Tail fhort and brown : legs oran etc
colored.

The head and upper part of the neck of the
female of a deep ruft color : the creft fhort : throat
white : fore part of the neck and bread marbled
with deep afh color : belly white : great quil-fea-
thers dufky : lower half of the neareft fecondaries
black ; the upper white ; the reft dufky : back,
fcapulars, and tail afh colored. The upper half
of the firft fecondary feathers white; the lower
half black : the others dufky.

Thefe birds breed in the northern parts of Great
Britain ; we have fc^n them and their young on
Loch Mari in the county of Rofs, and in the ifle of
Hay.

LaPiette. Be/on av. 171. Lepetitharlehupeou lePiettc. 262. Smew.

Mergus rhenanus. Gejner av. BriJJbn tvo. VI. 243. Tab.

,,31' 24. fig. 1. & 2.

Aldr.av. III. in. Kram. 344.

White Nun. mil. mm. 337. Kreutz-Ente (Crofs-Duck)

Lough Diver. 338. Frifch, II. 172.

Rati fyn. av. 135. Cimbris Hviid Side. Evunnich,

Mergus albellus. Lin. fyfl. 97.

_, 209- Br. '7.00I. 148. Scopoli, No. 89.
Faun. Suec. fp. 137,

ITS weight is thirty-four ounces: the length Descrip.
eighteen inches ; the breadth twenty-fix. The
bill is near two inches long, and of a lead color :

the

56o RED HEADED SM E^W. Class II.

the head is adorned with a long creft, white above,

black beneath : from a little beyond the eye to the

bill, is a large oval black fpot, glofied with green •,

the head, neck, and whole under fide of the body

are of a pure white ; on the lower part of the neck

are two femilunar black lines pointing forward : the

inner fcapulars, the back, the coverts on the ridge

of the wing, and the greater quil-feathers are black ;

the middle rows of coverts are white ; the next

black, tipt with white ♦, the leffer quil feathers the

fame •, the fcapulars next the wings white : the tail

deep am color : the legs a bluifh grey.

The female, or lough diver, is lefs than the
male. The marks in the wings are the fame in
both fexes : the back, the fcapulars, and the tail
are dufky : the head, and hind part of the neck
ferruginous : chin, and fore part of the neck white :
the bread: clouded with grey : the belly white :
the legs dufky.

261 Red The Weefel Coot. Aid. av. Faun. Suec. fp. 138.

headed. I. A 84. Tab. 88. L' Harle etoile. Brijfon at*.

Mergus minutus. Lin, Jyji. VI. 252.

209. Br. Zool. 148.

Descrip. rpHIS bird weighs fifteen ounces : the length

-*■ is one foot four inches ; the breadth one foot

eleven inches : the bill is of a lead color : the head

is

Class II. RED HEADED SMEW. 56,

is (lightly crefted, and of a ruft color : from be-
yond the eyes to the bill is an oval black fpot :
the cheeks and throat are white : the hind part of
the neck is of a deep grey ; the fore part clouded
with a lighteY : the belly white: the back and
tail are of a dufky afh color : the legs of a pale
afh color : the wings have exactly the fame marks
and colors with the fmew ; and as the fpaces be-
tween the eyes and bill are marked with a fimilar
fpot in both, if authors did not agree to make the
lough diver the female of that bird, we mould fup-
pofe this to be it.

BILL

s6z WILD SWAN. Class II.

XLVII. BILL ftrong, flat, or depreffcd, and commonly
DUCK. furnimed at the end with a nail. Edges divided
into fharp lamella*
NOSTRILS lmall and oval.
TONGUE broad, edges near the bafe fringed.
FEET j middle toe the longed.

264. Wild Gefner a<v. 373. Sch wane. iW 338.

Swan. Wild Swan, Elk, or Hooper. Anas Cygnus ferus. Lm.fjft.

Wil. orn. 356. 194.

Raiifyn. av. 136. Swan. Faun. Suec. fp. 107. ^

Edvo. a<v. 150. Dams Vild Svane. Cimbris

Le Cygne fauvage. Briffbn Snabel- Svane. Brunnicb,

a<v. VI. 292. Tab. 28. 94.

Labod. Scopoli, No. 66. Br.Zool. 1^. add. plates.

THE wild fwan frequents our coafls in hard
winters in large flocks, but as far as we can
inform ourfelves does not breed in Great Britain.
Martin * acquaints us, that fwans come in Ocloher
in great numbers to Lingey, one of the Weft em IJles\
and continue there till March, when they retire
more northward to breed. A few continue in
Mainland, one of the Orknies, and breed in the lit-
tle illes of the frefh water lochs •, but the multitude
retires at approach of fpring. On that account,
fwans are there the country man's almanack : on

* Defer. Weft. IJIes, 71.

their

Class II, W I L D S W A N. $63

their quitting the ifland, they prefage good wea-
ther ; on their arrival, they announce bad. Thefe,
as well as moil other water fowl, prefer for the
purpofe of incubation thole places that are left:
frequented by mankind : accordingly we find that
the lakes and forefts of the diftant Lapland are rilled
during fummer with myriads of water fowl, and
there fwans, geefe, the cluck tribe, goofanders,
divers, &c. pafs that feafon ; but in autumn return
to us, and to other more hofpitable mores *.

This fpecies is lefs than the tame fwan : length Descrip.
five feet to the end of the feet -, to that of the tail
four feet ten inches : extent of wing feven feet
three inches : weight from thirteen to fixteen
pounds. The lower part of the bill is black ; the
bafe of it, and the fpace between that and the eyes,
is covered with a naked yellow fkin ; the eyelids
are bare and yellow : the whole plumage in old
birds is of a pure white \ the down is very foft and
thick: tlie legs black. The cry of this kind is
very loud, and may be heard at a great diitance,
from which it is fometimes called the Hooper.

* Flora Lapponica, 273. Oewvres de M. de Maupertuis.
Tom. III. p. 141, 175. According to the obfervation of
that illuftrious writer, the Lapland lakes are rilled with the
larva of the Knat (culex pipicns. Lin.fyjl. 602.) or fome
other infect, that depofites its eggjs in the water ; which being
an agreeable food to water fowl, is another caufe of their
rcfort to thofe deferts.

Vol. II. P p Le

564 T A M E S W A N. Class II,

165. Tame Le Cygne. Be/on av, 151. Le Cygne. Brijfonav. VI. 288.

Swan. Ge/nerav. 371. Anas Cygnus manfuetus. Lift.

Cygno, Ciiano. Aldr, a-v. Jyfl. 194.

III. 1. Swan. Faun. Suec. fp. IQJ.

7/7/. or*. 355. Schwan. Frifch, II. 152.

Raiijyn.a'v. 136. £>rt«/'.r Tarn Svane. Brunnicb,

Edtv. a'v. 1 $0. 4.1..

Plott's hijt. Staff. 22S. Br.'Zool. 149. add. plates.

Descrip. rip HIS is the largeft of the i?n7//7j birds. It
X is diftinguiihed externally from the wild fwan ;
firfi:, by its fize, being much larger : fecondly, by
the bill, which in this is red, and the tip and fides
black, and the fkin between the eyes and bill is of
the fame color. Over the bale of the upper man-
dible projects a black callous knob : the whole
plumage in old birds is white ± in young ones
afh colored till the fecoi.d year : the legs duiky :
but Dr. Plott mentions a variety found on the Trent
near Hugely, with red legs. The fwan lays (evtn
or eight eggs, and is h • r two months in hatch-
ing : it feeds on water p ts, infects and fhells.
No bird perhaps makes fo nulegant a figure out
of the water, or has the command of fuch beautiful
attitudes in that element as the fwan : aimoft every
poet has taken notice of it, but none with that
juftice of defcription, and in fo picturefque a
manner, as our Mil! en.

The

Class II. TAME SWA N. 565

The fvvan with arched neck
Between her white wings mantling, proudly rows
Her Hate with oary feet. Par. Loft, B. VII.

But we cannot help thinking that he had here an
eye to that beautiful pafTage in Silius Italicus on
the fame fubjeel:, though the Englifo poet has great-
ly improved on it.

Ilaud fecus Eridani ilagnis, ripave Cayftri

Innatat albus olor, pronoque immobile corpus

Dat fluvio, et pedibus tacitas eremigat undas. Lib. XIV.

In former times it was ferved up at every great
feafl:, when the elegance of the table was meafured
by the fize and quantity of the good cheer.
Cygnets are to this day fattened at Norwich about
Chriftnias, and are fold for a guinea a piece.

Swans were formerly held in fuch great efteem
in England^ that by an act of Edward IV. c. 6.
" no one that poffeiTed a freehold of lefs clear
yearly value than five marks, was permitted to
keep any, other than the fen of our fovereign lord the
king." And by the eleventh of Henry VII. c. 17.
the punifhment for taking their eggs was imprifon-
ment for a year and a day, and a fine at the king's
will. Though at prefent they are not fo highly
valued as a delicacy, yet great numbers are. pre-
ferved for their beauty ; we fee multitudes on the
Thames and Trent, but no where greater numbers
than on the fait water inlet of the fea, near Ab-
botfbury in Dorfetfhire.

*P p 2 k Thefe

$66 T A M E S W A N. Class II.

Thefe birds were by the ancients confecrated tp
Apollo and the Mufes ;

Mou<ra$ $Ef<x7TEUEt. Enrip. fyhig. in Tanr. lin. 1 1 04.

And CaUimachiiSj in his hymn upon the ifland of
Delos, is dill more particular :

• K.uxvoi 3e Seou (jle"K7tovIe; wmoi

Mwcviov vraKTuXcv EKvy^aaavro Kittovtes
JLGdopaKis TTEfi AyXov, ZTtweav $t *0%£W
Mcucrauv c^vxS-sj, aci^crarai tteteyivxv.
EvSev 0 Traig Toacra^E KugY) Evzovaaro %o$a',
T^TEfQV) oaaani xmvoi ett codivEcrcnv aziaav :
Oydbcv hk et asvrav, 0 o'ek^ev.

— When from Pafiolus* golden banks

Apollo's tuneful fongfters, fnovvy fwans

Steering their flight, feven times their circling Courfe

Wheel round the ifland, caroling mean time

Soft melody, the favourites of the Nine,

Thus ufhering to birth with dulcet founds

The God of harmony, and hence fev'n firings

Hereafter to his golden lyre he gave,

Por ere the eighth foft concert was begun

He fprung to birth. Bod's Callbnachus, p. \\$.

Upon this idea of their being peculiarly confecrated
to Apollo and the Mufes, (the deities of harmony)
feems to have been ingrafted, the notion the an-
tien:s had of fwans being; endowed with a mufical
voice. Tho' this might be one reafon ' for the fa-
ble j yet, to us there appears another (till ftronger,

which

Class II. TAME SWAN. B6j

which arofe from the Pythagorean doctrine of the
tranfrnigration of the foul into the bodies of ani-
mals; from the belief, that the body of the fwan
was allotted for the manfion of departed poets.
Thus Plato makes his prophet fay, duv (aev yap J,oX*v

£?V TW 7T0TE OptpECO; y£V0(4EVW KVKVH (3lGV Mp8fJLEVVIv *# U] faw

the foul of Orpheus prefer the life of a fwan."

After the antients had thus furnifhed thefe birds
with fuch agreeable inmates, it is not to be doubted
but they would attribute to them the fame powers
of harmony, that poets poffefied, previous to their
tranfrnigration : but the vulgar not diftinguifhing
between the fweetnefs of numbers, and that of
voice, ignorantly believed that to be real, which
philofophers and poets only meant metaphorically.
In time a fwan became a common trope for a
Bard ; Horace calls Pindar Dircaum Cygmim, and
in one ode even fuppofes himfelf changed into a
fivan ; Virgil fpeaks of his poetical brethren in the
fame manner,

Fare, tuum nomen

Cantantes fublime ferent ad fydera cygni. Eclog. IX.

when he fpeaks of them figuratively, he afcribes to
them melody, or the power of mufick ; but when
he talks of them as birds, he lays afide fiction, and
like a true naturalift gives them their real note,

Pant fonitum rauci^tx ftagna loquacia cygni. JEneid, Lib. X. I.

•

De Republ. Lih% X. fuh fine.

P p 3 Thus

56S T A M E S W A N. Class II.

Thus he, as well as Pliny*, in fact, gave no
credit to the mufick of fwans. Ariftotk fpeaks of
it only by heariay-f, but, when once an error is
ftarted, it is not furprizing that it is adopted,
efpecially by poets, geniufes of all others of the
mod unbounded imaginations. For this reafon
poets were faid to animate fwans, from the notion
that they flew higher than any other birds, and
Hefiod diftinguifhes them by the epithet of *mm
atp<MroTai£ t " the lofty flying fwans" ; Thus Ho-
race, whilft he humbly compares himfelf to a bee,
contenting itfelf with the creeping thyme, fends
his Dircaum Cygnum into the clouds

Multa Directum levat aura cygnum,

Tcndit, Amor.!, queries in altos

Nubium traclus. Ode. II. Lib. 4.

but when he finds himfelf (truck with a true poeti-
cal fpirit, he at once aifumes the form of this ft-
vourite bird,

Non ufitata nee tcnui feror

Penna, biformis per liquidum aethera

Vates :

> et album mutor in alitem. Ode. XX. Lib. 2#

And doubtlefs he was on the wing in his firfh ode,

Sublimi feriam fydera vertice.

* Lib. X. c. 33.
f Hiji. an. 1045.
X Scut. Here. 1. 316.

Befides

Class II. TAME SWAN. 569

Befides thefe opinions, the antients held another
flill more Angular, imagining that the fwan fore-
told its own end : to explain this we muft confider -
the twofold character of the poet, Fates and Poeta,
which the fable of the tranfmigration continue to
the bird, or they might be fuppofed to derive
that faculty from Apollo * their patron deity, the
god of prophecy and divination.

As to their being fuppofed to fing more fweetly
at the approach of death, the cau-ie is beautifully
explained by Plato, who attributes that unufual me-
lody, to the fame fort of Ecftafy that good men are
fometimes faid to enjoy at that awful hour, fore-
feeing the joys that are preparing for them on

putting off mortality, Mavlutu ts eiiTi, km TT^oEi^orEg ra ev
Ada ayc&x, alfc&i te, km Tspvrovrcu EjcEivyv tw vjAEgav diaQsgovTcog

n, tv ra 7r§o<r$Ev x$ow -}-. " They become prophetic,
and forefeeing the happineis which they mall enjoy
in another irate, are in greater ecitafy than they have
before experienced".

This notion, tho' accounted for by Plato, feems
to have been a popular one long before his time,
for Mfchylus alludes to it in his Agamemnon -, Cly-
temneftra fpeaking of Cajfandra* fays,

— — — 7] 3e T01, HVKV8 $IK°,1V9

Toy urccTov fxs^ocaa, §<xvmtiuov yoov,
KaW

— She like the fwan
Expiring, dies in melody.

* Platanis Phado* Ed. Cantab. 1683. p. 124.
f Ibid.

P p 4 Grey

57o GREY LAG GOOSE. Class II.

:66. Grey Grey Lag, the Fen-Goofe of Raiifyn. a-v. 136.

Lag. Lifter. Ph. Tronf. abr. II. Gofs (the tame). Scopoli, No.

852. 69.

Descrip. rTT^HIS is our largeft fpecies ; the heavieft
JL weigh ten pounds : the length is two feet
nine; the extent five feet.

The bill is large and elevated ; of a flefh cotor,
tinged with yellow: the nail white: the head and
neck cinereous, mixed with ochraceous yellow : the
the hind part of the neck very pale; and at the
bafe of a yellowim brown.

Breaft and belly whitifh, clouded with grey or
afh color : back grey : leffer coverts of the wings
almoft white ; the middle row, deep cinereous
flightly edged with white : the primaries grey,
tipt with black, and edged with white : fecondaries
entirely black j grey only at their bafe: the fcapu-
iars of a deep afh color, edged with white.

The coverts of the tail, and the vent feathers of
a pure white : the middle feathers of the tail duf-
ky, tipt with white; the exterior feathers almoft
wholly white. The legs of a fjefh color.
History. This fpecies refides in the fens the whole year:
breeds there, and hatches about eight or nine
young which are often taken, eafily made tame,
and eiteemed moll excellent meat, fuperior to the

do-

Class II. G R E Y L A G G O O S E. 571

domeftic goofe. The old geefe which are flior, are
plucked and ibid in the market as fine tame ones ;
and readily bought, the purchafer being deceived
by the fize, but their fleih is coarfe. Towards
winter they collect in great flocks, but in all fea-
ibns live and feed in the fens.

The Grey Lag is the origin of the domeftic goofe ;
it is the only fpecies that the Britons could take
young, and familiarize : the other two never breed
here, and migrate during iummer. The mallard
comes within the fame defcription, and is the fpe-
cies to which we owe our tame breed of ducks :
both preferve fome of the marks of their wild ftate ;
the goofe the whitenels of the coverts of the tail
and vent-feathers ; the drake its curled feathers.
The goofe in other colors fports lefs in the tame
kind than the other.

Tame geefe are of vaft longevity. Mr. IVillugh- Tame Goose
by gives an example of one that attained eighty
years.

Tame geefe are keep in vad multitudes in the
fens of Lincoln/hire % a fmgle perfon will keep a
thoufand old geefe, each of which will rear feven ->
fo that towards the end of the feafon he will be-
come mailer of eight thoufand. I beg leave to re-
peat here part of the hiftory of their ceconorny
from my tour in Scotland, in order to complete my
account.

During the breeding feafon thele birds are lodg-
ed in the fame houfes with the inhabitants, and

ever*

57*

GREY LAG GOOSE. Class II.

even in their very bed-chambers : in every apart-
ment are three rows of coarfr wicker pens, pla-
ced one above another ; each bird has its feparate
lodge divided from the other, which it keeps pof-
feflion of during the time of fitting. A peribn,
called a Gozzard, i. e. Goofe-berd, attends the flock,
and twice a day drives the whole to water; then
brings them back to their habitations, helping
thofe that live in the upper ftories to their nefts,
without ever mifplacing a fingle bird.
Featheis. The geefe are plucked five times in the year:
the firit plucking is at Lady-Day, for feathers and
quils, and the fame is renewed, for feathers only,
four times more between that and Michaelmas.
The old geefe fubmit quietly to the operation, but
the young ones are very noify and unruly. I once
faw this performed, and obferved, that goflins of
fix weeks old were not fpared ; for their tails
were plucked, as I was told, to habituate them
early to what they were to come to. If the feafon
proves cold, numbers of the geefe die by this
barbarous cuftom. At the time, about ten pluck-
ers are employed, each with a coarfe apron up to
his chin.

Vaft numbers of geefe are driven annually to
London to fupply the markets, among them all
the fuperannuated geefe and ganders (called here
Cagmags) which, by a long courfe of plucking,
prove uncommonly tough and dry.

The feathers are a confiderable article of com-
merce ;

Class it. GREYLAG GOOSE. 573

merce; thofe from Somerfetjhire are efteemed the
belt ; and thofe from Ireland the worft.

It will not here be foreign to the fubjecb to
give fome account of the feathers that other birds
and other countries fupply our IJland with, which
was communicated to us by an intelligent per-
fon in the feather trade. *

Eider down is imported from Denmark, the
ducks that fupply it being inhabitants of Hudfotfs-
Bay, Greenland, Iceland and Norway ; our own id-
ands weft of Scotland breed numbers of thefe birds,
and might turn out a profitable branch of trade to
the poor inhabitants. Eudfori 's-Bay alfo furnifhes
a very fine feather, fnppofed to be of the goofe
kind. >

The down of the fwan is brought from Dant-
■zick. The fame place alfo fends us great quantity
of the feathers of the cock and hen. The Lon-
don poulterers fell a great quantity of the feathers
of thofe birds, and of ducks and turkies; thofe
of ducks being a weaker feather, are inferior to
thofe of the goofe; turkey's feathers are the worft
of any.

The beft method of curing feathers is to lay them
in a room in an expofure to the fun, and when
dried to put them in bags, and beat them well
with poles to get the dirt off.

We have often been furprized that no expe-
riments had been made on the feathers of the Auk
tribe, as fuch numbers refort to our rocks anni^

ally,

574

GREY LAG GOOSE. Class If.

ally, and promife, from the appearance of their plu-
mage, to furnilli a warm and fofc feather; but we
have lately been informed, that ibme unfuccefsful
trials have been made at Glafgow: a gentleman who
had made a voyage to the weftern ides, and
brought fome of the feathers home with a laudable
defign of promoting the trade of our own country,
attempted to render them lit for ufe, firft by bak-
ing, then by boiling them ; but their flench was
fo offenfive, that the Glafgow people could not be
prevaled on to leave off their correfpondence with
Dantzhk. The difagreeable fmell of thefe feathers
mud be owing to the quantity of oil that all water
fowls ufe from the glandules of their rump to pre-
ferve and fmooth their feathers ; and as fea birds
mud expend more of this unction than other water
fowl, being almoft perpetually on that element,
and as their food is entirely fifh, that oil mud re-
ceive a great ranknefs, and communicate it to the
plumage, fo as to render it abfolutely unfit for
ufe.

VOVQ

Class II. BEAN GOOSE.

575

L'Oye privee, L'Oye Sau-
vage. Belon av, 156. 158.
Gefner cm. 142. 1 58.
Aldr. anj. III. 42. 67; P/W.

y>. 11. 852.

Tame Goofe, common wild

Goofe. Wil. orn. 358. fp.

I, 2.
Raii fyn. a<v. 136. //. 3, 4.
L'Oye dcmeftique, L'Oye

Sauvage. Brjffon az\ VI.

262, 265.
Oca domeiUca, Salvatica,

Baletta. Zinan. 104.

Gus dikava. Rufs. N. Com,

Petr. IV. 418.
Wild ganfs, Einheimifche

ganfs. Kram. 338. Frifcb,

II. 155, 157.

Anas anfer maniuetus — ferus.

Lin.fyft. 197.
Gas — will gas. Faun. Suec.

fp. 114.
Crantz?s Grcenl. I. 80.
Danis Tarn Gaas. Brunnich*
55- , '

Br. Zocl. ice

267. Beak
Goose.

^pHE length of this fpecies is two feet feven Descrs?*

•*■ inches : the extent four feet eleven : the
weight fix pounds and a half. The bill which
is the chief fpecific diftincYion between this and the
former is fmall, much compreflfed near the end,
whitifh and fometimes pale red in the middle ; and
black at the bafe and nail : head and neck are
cinereous brown, tinged with ferruginous ; breafc
and belly dirty white, clouded with cinereous: fides
and fcapulars dark afh color, edged with white: the
back of a plain alii color: coverts of the tail white:
lefifer coverts of the wings light grey, nearly
white •, the middle deeper tipt with white : prima-
ries and fecondaries grey, tipt with black : feet and
legs faffron color: claws black.

This fpecies arrives in Lincoln/hire in autumn, History,

and

576 WHITE FRONTED GOOSE. Class II.

and is called there the bean goofe, from the likenefs
of the nail of the bill to a horfe bean. They always
light on corn fields, and feed much on the green
wheat.

They never breed in the fens ^ but all difappear
in May, They retreat to the fequeftred wilds of the
north of Europe: in their migration they fly a great
height, cackling as they go. They preferve a great
regularity in their motions, fometimes forming a
firait line, at others a fill me the fhape of a wedge,
which facilitates their progrefs -, for they cut the
air the readier in that form than if they flew pell-
rnell.

268. White The laughing Goofe. Edvo. Briffon an. VI. 269.

Fronted. aqj% ,J3< Polnifche Ganfs. Kram. 339.

Anas erythropus ffam.J: Danis Vild Gaas. Brunnich,

Lin fyji. 197. 53.

Fiadlgas. Faun Suec/p. 116. Br. ZcoL 150.
L ' Oye fauvage du nord.

Descrip. / a * HE weight of this kind is about five pounds
JL and a half: the length two feet four: the
extent four feet fix: the bill elevated, of a pale yel-
low color, with a white nail. The forehead white :
head and neck of the fame color with thole of the
former: the coverts cf the wing-, the primaries
and fecondaries darker : in the tail the afh color
predominates: it is like the two preceding, fur-
rounded

Class II. B E R N A C L E. 57y

rounded with a white ring. The bread and belly
of a dirty white, marked with great ipots of black :
the legs yellow : the nails whitifh.

Thefe vifit the fens and other parts of England History.
during winter, in fmall flocks : they keep always
in marfhy places, and never frequent the corn
lands. They difappear in the earlieft fpring, and
none are feen after the middle of March. Linnaeus
makes this goofe the female of the Bemacle-, but we
think his opinion not well founded.

Doctor Lifter adds two other fpecies to the lift
of Englijh geefe ; one he calls the great Black Goofe
or Whilk ; the other the fmall Spanijb Goofe, which
he fays is of the fame color with the common goofe;
but is no larger than the Brents but each fpecies has
hitherto eluded our moft diligent enquiry.

I muft conclude this fubjecl: with obferving that
the goofe was one of the forbidden foods of the
Britons in the time of C<zfar.

L'Oye nonnctte ou Cravant. La Bernache. Brijjon av. VI. 269. Ber-

Be/on av. 158. 3 00. kacle

Brenta, vel Bernicla. Gefner Anas Erythropus (mas), Lin.

av. 109. no. fyft. 197.

Aldr. aw. III. 73. Phil.Tr. Fisellgas. Faun. Suec.fp. 116.

II.853. Schottische Gans. Frifc£,lh

Bernacle, or Clakis. Wil. am. 189.

Raiifyn. av. 137. Anfer brendinus. Caii opufc.

Sibb. hiji. Scot. 21. 87.

Gerard's Herbal. I $87. Crantz's Greenl. I. 80.

Br. Zool. 150.

T

HIS bird weighs about five pounds; the Descrif.
length is two feet one inch; the breadth four

feet

578 B E R N A C L E. Class IF.

feet five inches; the bill is black, and only one inch
three-eights long; the head is fmall •, the fore-
head and cheeks white*, from the bill to the eyes is
a black line •, the hind part of the head, the whole
neck, and upper part of the breafr and back are
of a deep black; the whole underfide of the bo-
dy, and coverts of the tail are white ; the back,
fcapnlars and coverts of the wings, are beautifully
barred with grey, black, and white ; the tail i^
black, the legs of the fame color, and fmall.

Thefe birds appear in vaft flocks during winter,
on the north weft coafts of this kingdom : are ve-
ry (hy and wild ; but on being taken, grow as fa-
miliar as our tame geefe in a few days ; in Febru-
ary they quit our fhores, and retire as far as Lap-
landy Greenland and even Spitzbergen to breed *.

They live to a great age: the Rev. Doctor Bicck-
-worth of Spalding had one which was kept in the
family above two and thirty years ; but was blind
during the two laft : what its age was when firft
taken was unknown.

Thefe are the birds that about two hundred years
ago were believed to be generated out of wood, or
rather a fpecies of fhell that is often found flicking
to the bottoms of mips, or fragments of them ;
and were called Free-geefe f. Thefe were alfo

* Amce?i. Acad. VI. 585. Barents njoy. 19.

f The fhell here meant is thelepas anatifera. Li-a.fjft. 663.
Jrgcn-uille Conch, tab. 7. the animal that inhabits it is furniihed
with a feathered beard ; which, in a credulous age, was be-
lieved to be part of the young bird.

thought

Class II. BRENTGOOSE. $79

thought by fome writers to have been the Chena-
lopeces of Pliny : they mould have faid Chenerotes -y
for thofe were the birds that naturalift faid were
found in Britain ; but as he has fcarce left us any
defcription of them •, it is difficult to fay which fpe-
cies he intended. I mould imagine it to be the
following; the Brent -goof e^ which is far inferior in
fize to the wild goofe, and very delicate food *: in
both refpects fuiting his account of the Cheneros.

Les Canes de Mer. Belon av. Belgis Rotgan?, Calmarienfibus 270. Bre?;t,

166. Prutgas. Faun. Suec.fp. 115.

Aldr. av. III. 73. Chnbris Ray-v Rad-Gaas.

Wil. cm. 360. Norvegis Raat-v. Raatne*

Raiifyn. av. 1 37. Gaas. item Goul-v. Gagl.

Bernacle. Nat. hifi. Ireland. Brminichy 52.

192. Baum-Gans. Frifch, II. 156.

Brenta, le Cravant. Briffbnav. Br. Zool. 151.

VI. 304. tab. 31. Branta Bernich. Scopoli, No.

Anas Bemicla. Lin.fyji. 198. 84.

THIS is inferior in fize to the former: the bill Descrip
is one inch and an half long ; the color of
that, the head, neck, and upper part of the bread
is black ; on each fide the flendereft part of the
neck is a white fpot -, the lower part of the bread,
the fcapulars, and coverts of the wings are afh co-
lored, clouded with a deeper made -, the feathers

* Anferini generis funt Cbenakpcces : et quibus lautiores
epulas non ~vovit Britannia Chenerotes, fere anfere minores.
Lib, x. c. 22.

Vol. IL Q^q above

5$o BRENT GOOSE. Class II.

above and below the tail are white ; the tail and
quil-feathers black •, the legs black.

Theie birds frequent our coafts in the winter:
in Ireland they are called Bernacles, and appear in
great quantities in Auguft, and leave it in March.
They feed on a fort of long grafs growing in the
water; preferring the root and fome part above
it, which they dive for, bite off and leave the up-
per part to drive on more. They abound near
Londonderry, Bel/aft, and Wexford-, and are taken
in flight time in nets placed a-crofs the rivers ; and
are much efteemed for their delicacy. The Rat or
Roadgoofe, of Mr. Willughby*, agrees in fo many
refpe&s with this kind, that we fufpect it only to
be a young bird not come to full feathers : the on-
ly difference confiding in the feathers next the bill,
and on the throat and bread being brown. We
have the greater reafon to imagine it to be fo as Mr.
Brunnich informs us that the Danijb and Norwegian
names for this bird are Radgaas and Raatgaas,
which agree with thofe given it by Mr. Willughby.
Mr. Willughby, Mr. Ray, and M. Brijfon very pro.
perly defcribe the Bernacle and Brent as different
fpecies, but Linnxus makes thefe fynonymous, and
defcribes the true Bernacle as the female of the white
fronted wild goofe. Vide Faun. Suec. 116.

Page 361.

(6

EIDER D.U C K. Class IK

after that, fhe will dill lay •, but the drakes muft
kipply the down, as her flock is now exhaufted -9
but if her eggs are taken a third time, fhe wholly
deferts the place.

When I vifited the Farn tfies*, I found the
ducks fitting, and toke fome of the nefts, the bafe
of which were formed of fea plants, and covered
with the down. After feparating it carefully from
the plants, it weighed only three quarters of an
ounce, yet was fo elaftic as to fill a larger fpace
than the crown of the greateft hat. Thefe birds are
not numerous on the ifles ; and it was obferved
that the drakes kept on thofe mod remote from
the fitting places. The ducks continue on their
nefts till you come almoft clofe to them, and when
they rife are very flow fliers* The number of eggs
in each neft were from three to five, warmly bed-
ded in the down ; of a pale olive color, and very
large> glofTy and fmooth.
Dfocrit. This kind is double the fize of the common
duck : its bill is black ; the feathers of the fore-
head and cheeks advance Far into the bafe, fo as
to form two very fharp angles : the forehead is of
a full velvet black : from the bill to the hind
part of the head is a broad black bar, paffing a-
crofs the eyes on each fide : on the hind part of the
neck, juft beneath the ends of thefe bars, is a
broad pea-green mark, that looks like a ftain :

* July 15 th. 1769,

ehe

A'

Class II. VELVET DUCK.

the crown of the head, the cheeks, the neck,
back, fcapulars and coverts of the wings are white;
the lower part of the bread, the belly, tail, and
quil feathers are black ; the legs are green.

The female is of a reddifh brown, barred tranf-
verfely with black ; but the head and upper part
of the neck are marked with dufky ftreaks point-
ing downward; the primary feathers are black;
the greater or laft row of coverts of the wings,
and the lefler row of quil feathers tipt with white :
the tail is dufky ; the belly of a deep brown, mark-
ed obfcurely with black. One I weighed was
three pounds and a half.

5$3

Female.

Anas nigra, roftro nigro rubro Faun. Suec. /p. 109.

etluteo. Aldr. av. III. 97. Gunner. Tab. V.
The black Duck. WH orn.

363.
Raizjyn. a<v. 141.
Dale's hiji. Harwich, 405.
Turpan. N. Com. Petr. IV.

420

272. Velvet,

Incolis Chrijiianfoe Svccrte .
Nornjegis Soe-Orre, Hav-
Orre v. Sav-Orre, quibuf-
dam Sorte. Brunnich, 48.

Nordifche fchwartze Ente.
Frifcb, II. 165. SupL

La grande Macreufe. Brijfon Br. Z00L 152. Scopoli, NoP

a<v. VI. 423. 6S,

Anas fufca. Lin.fyjl. 190.

THE male of this fpecies is larger than the
tame duck. The bill is broad and fhort, Descrip.
yellow on the fides, black in the middle, and the
hook red : the head, and part of the neck is black
tinged with green : behind each ear is a white

0.9 i fPoti

584 SCOTER. Class II.

fpot; and in each wing is a white feather; all
the reft of the plumage is of a fine black, and of
the loft and delicate appearance of velvet : the
legs and feet are red -, the webs black. The female
is entirely of a deep brown color ; the marks be-
hind each ear and on the wings excepted : the bill
is of the fame colors with that of the male-, but
wants the protuberance at the bafe of it, which
Limicfus gives the male*.

273. Scoter. Black Diver, or Scoter. //7/. La Macreufe. Brijfon av. VI.

cm. 366. 420. Tab. 38. fig. 2.

Raiifyn.arv. 141. Anas nigra. Lin.fyfi. 196.

La Macreufe. Ray* 5 Letters, Faun Suec. fp. no.

161. Br. Zoo/. 153.
Dale^s hijl. Harwich, 405.

Descrip. f" "^HIS fpecies weighs two pounds nine ounces:
1 the length is twenty-two inches ; the breadth
thirty-four : the middle of the bill is of a fine yel-
low, the reft is black : both male and female want
the hook at the end •, but on the bafe of the bill of
the former is a large knob, divided by a fiflure in
the middle. The tail confifts of fixteen fharp point-
ed feathers, of which the middle are the longer!.
The color of the whole plumage is black, that of
the head and neck glofTed over with purple : the
legs are black.

* Faun. Suec. lafi edit, 39.

This

Class II. T U F T E D D U C K. 585

This bird is allowed in the Romijh church to be
eaten in Lent, and 'is the macreufe of the French.
It is a great diver, faid to live almoft conftantly at
fea, and to be taken in nets placed under water.

Un petit Plongeon efpece de Kram, 341. 274. Tufted

Canard. Belon a<v. 175. Anas fuligula. Lin.fyft. 207.

Straufs endt. Gefner am. 107. Wigge. Faun. Suec. Jp. 132.

Querquedula Criftata. Aldr. Nor-vegis Trol-And. Brunmcb,
a<v. III. 91. 90.

Wil. orn. 365. Reiger-Ente, Straufs - Ente.

Raiifyn.aw. 142. Frifcb, l\. 171.

Le petit Morillon. Brijfon Br. Zool. 153. ScopoIi,No. 78.
av. VI. 411. Tab. 2j.fg. 1.

THIS fcarcely weighs two pounds : the length Descrip.
is fifteen inches and a half: the bill is broad,
of a bluifh grey, the hook black : the hides of a
fine yellow. The head is adorned with a thick,
but fliort pendent creft. The belly, and under
coverts of the wings are of a pure white : the
quil feathers dufky on their exterior fides and ends ;
part of their interior webs white ; the fecondaries
white tipt with black. The reft of the plumage is
black, varied about the head with purple : the tail
is very fhort, and confifts of fourteen feathers : the
legs of a bluifh grey ; the webs black. The
female wants the creft.

When young, this fex is of a deep brown ; and
the fides of the head next the bill of a pale yel-

Q^q 4 low:

5S6 SCAUP DUCK. Class If.

low : but it preferves the other marks of the old
duck. In this date it has be<in defcribed in the
Ornith. boreal 91, under the title of anas latirofira.

•i"" * Scaup. Bollenten. Gefner a<v. 120. Jin av. VI. 416.

Scaup Duck. Wil. cm. 365. Danisl'olfk Edelmand, Brun-

Raiifyn av. 1 42. nich, 50, 51.

Anas marila. Lin. Jyft. 196. Schwartze v/ildc Entc. Trifch,

Faun. Suec. fp. ill. II. 193.

Le petit Morillon raye. Brif- Br, Z00L 153. add. plates.

Dsscrif. rr^HIS we defcribed from fome ftuft fkins very
■*■ well preferved *. It feemed lefs than the com-
mon duck. The bill was broad, flat, and of a
greyifh blue color : the head and neck black glof-
fed with green : the bread black : the back, the
coverts of the wings, and the fcapulars finely mark-
ed with numerous narrow tranfverfe bars of black
and grey : the greater quil feathers are dufky :
the lefTer white, tipt with black: the belly is white:
the tail and feathers, both above and below, are
black ; the thighs barred with dufky and white
ftrokes : the legs dufky.

Mr. Willughby acquaints us, that thefe birds
take their name from feeding on fcaup, or bro-
ken fhell fifh : they differ infinitely in colors ; fo

* When this happens, we have recourfe to Mr. Willughby
for the weight and meafurements, whenever he hath noted
*hem.

that

Class II. GOLDEN EYE. 587

that in a flock of forty or fifty there are not two

alike.

Clangula. Gefner av, 119. Knippa, Dopping. Faun. Suec. 276. Golden

Aldr. a-v. III. 94. Jp. 1 22. Eye*

Wil. orn. 368. Norvegis Ring-Oye, Hviin-

Raiifyn. a<v. 1 42. And v. Quiin-And, Lund-

Le Garrot. BriJJhn av. VI. And. Incolis ChriJlianfoe>

416. Tab. 37. fig. 2. Bruus-Kop v.Blanke-Kniv.

Schwartzkopfige Enten-Tau- i?/\ 70, 71.

cher. Frifeb^lh 183,184. Br. Zoo/. 154. add. plates*

Eifs Ente. Kram. 341. Scopoli, No. 71.
Anas clangula. Lin. Jyft* 201 •

/T^HIS fpecies weighs two pounds: the length is. Descrip,
-*- nineteen inches; the breadth thirty-one. The Male.
bill is black, fhort, and broad at the bafe: the head
is large, of a deep black glofTed with green : at
each corner of the mouth is a large white fpot; for
which reafon the Italians call it Quaff occhii, or
four eyes : the irides are of a bright yellow : the
upper part of the neck is of the fame color with
that of the head : the bread and whole under fide
of the body are white.

The fcapulars black and white : the back, tail*
and the coverts on the ridge of the wing?, black :
the fourteen firft quil feathers, and the four laft
are black -, the feven middlemoft while, as are
the coverts immediately above them: the legs of an
orange color,

The

588 M O R I L L O N. Class II.

Female, The head of the female* is of a deep brown,

tinged with red : the neck grey : bread and belly-
white: coverts and fcapulars dufky and afh colored:
middle quil feathers white; the others, together
with the tail, black : the legs dufky. Thefe birds
frequent frefh water, as well as the fea ; being
found on the Shropfloire meres during winter.

277. Moril- Le Morillon. Belon, 165. #7/. 201. Scopoli, No. 72.

LOH. one. 368. Raiifyn. av. 144. Grey headed Duck. Br. Z00L

Anas glaucion ? Lin. fyft. Ed. 2d. II. 471.

>T^HIS fpecies is rather lefs than the laft. The
A bill of a yellowifh brown : the irides gold
color : the head of a dufky ruft color : round the
upper part of the neck is a collar of white ; be-
neath that a broader of grey. The back and co-
verts duiky, with a few white lines : the greater
coverts dufky, with a few great fpots of white :
the primaries black : the fecondaries white. Bread
and belly white : tail dufky : the fides above the
thighs black : the legs yellow.

This was bought in the London market. I am
doubtfull of the fex. Confult Brijfon, VI. 406. tab.
XXXVI.

* The fmaller red headed Duck. Wil orn. 369. Raii fyn.
*v. 143.

Mr.

Class IT. S H I E L D R A K E.

Mr. Cockfield, of Stratford in Effex, favored me
with an account of two birds of this fpecies, mot
near the fame time. Both agreed in colors ; but
one weighed twenty* fix ounces, the other only

nineteen.

589

La Tadorne. Belon a-v, 172.
Anas maritima. Ge/ncr av,

803, 804.
Vulpanfer Tadorne. Aldr. av.

III. 71. 97.
Shieldrake, or burrough Duck.

Wil. orn. 363.
Rail fyn. av. 140.
Anas tadorna. Lin.fyft, 195.
Jugas. Faun, Suec. Jp, 113,
La Tadorne. Brifibn av, VI.

344. tab, 33. fig. 2,

PL enl. 53.

Bergander Turneri. Chenalo-
pex Plinii.

Dam's Brand-Gaas , Grav -
Gaas. Norvegis Ring-Gaas,
Fager-Gaas, Ur Gaas, Rod-
belte. Feroenfibus Hav- Sim-
mer. IJIandis Avekong. Br,

47-
Kracht-Ente. Frifch, II. 1 66.
Br. Zoo I. 154.

278. Shiel-
drake.

THE male of this elegant fpecies weighs two
pounds ten ounces : the length is two fcQt \
the breadth three and a half. The bill is of a
bright red, and at the bafe fwells into a knob,
which is mod confpjcuous in the fpring : the head
and upper part of the neck is of a fine blackifh
green ; the lower part of the neck white : the
bread, and upper part of the back is furrounded
with a broad band of bright orange bay : the co-
verts of the wings, and the middle of the back are
white; theneareft fcapulars black, the others white;
the greater quil feathers are black ; the exterior

webs

Descrip.

59o SHIELDRAKE, Class II.

webs of the next are a fine green, and thofe of
the three fucceeding orange; the coverts of the tail
are white ; the tail itfelf of the fame color, and ex-
cept the two outmoft feathers tipt with black ; the
belly v/hite, divided lengthways by a black line •
the legs of a pale flefh color.

Thefe birds inhabit the fea coafts, and breed in
rabbet holes. When a perfon attempts to take
their young, the old birds fhew great addrefs in
diverting his attention from the brood ; they will
fly along the ground as if wounded, till the for-
mer are got into a place of fecurity, and then return
and colled them together. From this inftin&ive
cunning, Turner, with good reafon, imagines them
to be the chenalopex *, or fox-goofe of the antients :
the natives of the Orknies to this day call them the
flygoofe, from an attribute of that quadruped. They
lay fifteen or fixteen eggs, white, and of a roundifh
lhape. In winter they colled: in great flocks,
Their flefh is very rank and bad.

* Plinii, Lib. X. c, 22*

le#

Class II.

MALLARD.

59 *

Les Canards et les Canes.

Be/on av. \6o.
Anas fera torquata minor.
Anas domeltica. Gcfncr av.

113, 96.
^/•. «*>. III. S3? 85.
Common wild Duck and

Mallard. Common tame

Duck. Wil. cm. 371, 380.
Raii jyn. a<v. 145, 150.
Le Canard domeftique, le

Canard fauvage. Briffon

a<v. VI 308, 318.
Einheimifche ent. Stock ent.

Kram, 341.

Anitra, Anitra falvatica, Ci-

fone. Zinan. 105, 106.
Anas boichas. Anas domef-

tica. Lin. fyft. 205.
Gras-and , Blanacke. Faun.

Succ. fp. 131.
Fera, Nor<vegis Blaaehals v.

Grres-And, aliis Stok-And.

Dam's Vild-And. Brun-

7iicb, 8j.
DomeiUca, Dams Tam-And.

ibid. 88.
Wilde Ente. Frifch, II. 158.

fcemina. 159.
Br. Zool. 155.
Ratza. ScopcUy No. yj. ,

279. Mal-
lard.

THE mallard ufually weighs two pounds and
an half: the length is twenty-three inches;
the breadth thirty-five : the bill is of a yellowifh
green : the head and neck are of a deep and fhining
green : more than half round the lower part of the
neck is an incomplete circle of white : the upper
part of the bread is of a purplifh red ; and the be-
ginning of the back of the fame color : the breaft
and belly of a pale grey, marked with tranfverfe
fpeckled lines of a dufky hue.

The fcapulars white, elegantly barred with
brown: the fpot on the wing is of a rich purple:
the tail confifts of twenty-four feathers. What dif-
tinguifhes the male of this fpecies from all others
are the four middle feathers, which are black and

ftrongly

Descrxp.

592 MALLARD. Class II.

ftrongly curled upwards; but the females want
this mark. Their plumage is of a pale reddifh
brown, fpotted with black. The legs are of a faf-
fron color.

The common tame fpecies of ducks take their
origin from thefe, and may be traced to it by
unerring characters. The drakes, howfoever they
vary in colors, always retain the curled feathers of
the tail : and both faces the form of the bill of
the wild kind. Nature fports in the colors of all
domeftic animals 5 and for a wife and ufeful end ;
that mankind may the more readily diftinguifh
and clame their refpective property. Wild ducks
pair in the fpring, and breed in all marfhy grounds,
and lay from ten to fixteen eggs. They abound in
Lincolnjhire^ the great magazine of wild fowl in
this kingdom; where prodigious numbers are taken
annually in the decoys.

Decoys. A decoy is generally made where there is a large

pond furrounded with wood, and beyond that a
marfhy and uncultivated country : if the piece of
water is not thus furrounded, it will be attended
with the noife and other accidents, which may be
expected to fright the wild fowl from a quiet
haunt, where they mean to deep (during the day-
time) in fecurity.

If thefe noifes or difturbances are wilful, it hath
been held, that an aftion will lye againfl the dis-
turber.

As foon as the evening fets in, the decoy rifes

(as

Class IL MALLARD.

(as they term it) and the wild fowl feed during
the night. If the evening is (till, the noife of
their wings, during their flight, is heard at a very-
great diftance, and is a pleafing, though rather
melancholy found. This rifing of the decoy in the
evening, is in Somerfetfiire called redding.

The decoy ducks are fed with hempleed, which
is flung over the fkreens in fmall quantities, to
bring them forwards into the pipes, and to allure
the wild fowl to follow, as this feed is fo light as
to float. +

There are feveral pipes (as they are called)
which lead up a narrow ditch, that clofes at laft
with a funnel net. Over thefe pipes (which grow
narrower from the firft entrance) is a continued
arch of netting, fufpended on hoops. It is necelTary
to have a pipe or ditch for almoft every wind that
can blow, as upon this circumftance it depends
which pipe the wild fowl will take to •, and the
decoy-man always keeps on the leeward fide of the
ducks, to prevent his effluvia reaching their faga-
cious noftrils. All along each pipe, at certain in-
tervals, are placed fkreens made of reeds, which
are fo fituated, that it is impoffible the wild fowl
fhould fee the decoy-man, before they have paffedl
on towards the end of the pipe, where the purfe-neE
is placed. The inducement to the wild fowl to
go up one of thefe pipes is, becaufe the decoy-
ducks, trained to this, lead the way, either after
hearing the whittle of the decoy-man, or enticed

by

59i-

£94

MALLARD. Class II.

by the hempfeed ; the latter will dive under water,
whilft the wild fowl fly on, and are taken in the
purfe.

It often happens, however, that the wild fowl
are in fuch a (late of fleepinefs and dozing, that
they will not follow the decoy-ducks. Ufe is then
generally made of a dog, who is taught his leffon :
he pafTes backwards and forwards between the reed
fkreens (in which are little holes, both for the
decoy-man to fee, and for the little dog to pafs
through) this attracts the eye of the wild fowl,
who not chufing to be interrupted, advance towards
this fmall and contemptible animal, that they may
drive him away. The dog, all this time, by di-
rection of the decoy-man, plays among the fkreens
of reeds, nearer and nearer to the purfe-net •, till at
lafi, perhaps, the decoy-man appears behind a
fkreen, and the wild fowl not daring to pafs by
him in return, nor being able to efcape upwards
on account of the net-covering, rum on into the
purfe-net. Sometimes the dog will not attract their
attention, if a red handkerchief, or fomething very
lingular, is not put about him.

The general feafon for catching fowl in decoys,
is from the latter end of Oftober till February \ the
taking of them earlier is prohibited by an act 10.
George II. c. 32. which forbids it from June 1, to
Ofiober 1, under the penalty of five millings for
each bird deftroyed within that fpace.

The Lincolnjhire decoys are commonly fet at a

certain

Class II. MALLARD. 595

certain annual rent, from five pounds to twenty-
pounds a year: and we have heard of one in So-
merfetjbire that pays thirty. The former contri-
bute principally to fupply the markets of London.
Amazing numbers of ducks, wigeons, and teal are
taken : by an account fent us of the number
caught, a few winters pad, in one feaibn, and in
only ten decoys, in the neighborhood of JVainpM^
it appeared to amount to thirty-one thoufand two
hundred, in which is included feveral other fpecies
of ducks •, it is alio to be obferved, that in the a-
bove particular, wigeon and teal are reckoned
but as one, and confequently fell but at half the
price of the ducks. This quantity makes them fo
cheap on the fpot, that we have been allured feve-
ral decay-men would be glad to contract for years
to deliver their ducks at B oft on for ten-pence the
couple. The account of the numbers here men-
tioned, relates only to thofe that were fent to the
Capital.

It was cuftomary formerly to have in the fens an
annual driving of the young ducks before they took
wing. Numbers of people affembled, who beat
a vaft tract, and forced the birds into a net pla-
ced at the fpot where the fport was to terminate.
A hundred and fifty dozens have been taken at
once : but this practice being fuppofed to be de-
trimental, has been abolifhed by act of parlement.

Vol. II. R r Anas

596

SHOVELER,

Class If,

280. Shovel- Anas latiroftra (em Breit-
£R. fchnabel.) Gefner a<v. 120.

Aldr. av. HI. 94.
//'"//. cm. 370.
Rati fyn. av. 143.
Phafianus marinus. Charlton

ex. 1 05 .
Blue-wing Shoveler (f<cm.)

Cat. Carol. I. 96.
Le Souchct. BriJJon aw. VI.

329. 7*£. 32 /£. 1.
Schauffl-ente,Loffl-ente.Ar^«.

342-

Anas clypeata. Lin.fyjl. 20c,
/'aKff. Suec. fp 119.
Kertlutock*. Krantz'sGreenl.

I. 80.
Z)/2«?V Krop-And, Norvegis

Stok-And. Cimbris Leffel-

And. Brunnicb, 67. 68.
Schield-Ente, Loeffel-Ente.

Fri/cb, II. 161, 162. fasm,

163.
j?r. Zoo/. 155. Scopoli, No,

70.

Descrip,

THIS weighs twenty-two ounces: its length
twenty-one inches. The bill is black, three
inches long, fpreads near the end to a great breadth,
is furnifhed with a fmall hook, and the edges of
each mandible are pectinated, or fupplied with
thin laminas, that lock into each other when the
mouth is clofed. The irides are of a bright yel-
low: the head and upper part of the neck of a
blackifh green : the lower part of the neck, the
bread, and the fcapulars are white: the back brown:
the coverts of the wings of a fine Iky blue ^ thofe
next the quil feathers tipt with white : the greater
quil feathers are dufky ; the exterior webs of thofe
in the middle, are of a gloffy green. The tail con-
fifts of fourteen feathers ; the outmoft are white ;

*'• e. Broad bill.

thofe

Class II. RED BREASTED SHOVELER. 597

thofe in the middle black, edged with white : the
belly is of a bay color : the vent feathers black :
the legs red. The female has the fame marks in
the wings as the male, but the colors are lefs
bright : the reft of the plumage refembles that of
the common wild duck.

w

E are indebted to Mr. Bolton for the defcrip- 28i. Red

tion of this bird, who informed us that it JREASTED

Shoveler,
was fometimes taken in the decoys in Lincoln/hire.

It is the fize of a common duck. The bill Descrip.

large, broad, ferrated at the fides, and entirely of

a brownifh yellow color: the head large: eyesfmall:

irides yellow: the bread and throat of a reddilh

brown, the latter paler, but both quite free from

any fpots. The back is brown, growing paler

towards the fides. The tips and pinions of the

wings grey : the quil- feathers brown ; the reft of

a greyifh brown : the fpeculum or fpot purple,

edged with white : in the female, the fpot is blue,

and all the other colors are fainter. The tail is

fhort and white : the vent feathers of a bright

brown, fpotted with darker : the legs fhort and

ilender : the feet fmall, of a reddifh brown color,

R r z Anas

69*

PINTAIL DUCK. Class II.

\z. Fix- Anas caudacuta (cin fpitz-
T ,\ 1 1. . fchwan tz) Ge/ner a-v. 121.

a v. ill. 97.
Sea Pheafant, or Cracker.

Wih orn. 376.
Le Canard a longue queue.
Brijfon a-v. VI. 369. tab. 34.
Schwalbenfcheif. Kram. 340.

Raiijjn. av. 147.

Anas acuta. Lin. fyji. 101.

Aler, Ahlvogel. /a#/;. Suec.

fp. 126.
Fafan-Ente. Frifcb, II. 160.
Brunnich in append.
Aglek. Crantz's Greenl. I. 80.
^r. ZcW. 156. Scopoli, No. 73,

DrscRir. >~jp HE form of this fpecies is (lender, and the
•* neck long : its weight twenty-four ounces :
its length twenty-eight inches ; its breadth one yard
two inches. The bill is black in the middle, blue on
the fides : the head is ferruginous, tinged behind
the ears with purple; from beneath the ears com-
mences a white line, which runs fome way down
the neck •, this line is bounded by black : the hind
part of the neck, the back, and fides are elegantly
marked with white and dufky waved lines : the
fore part of the neck, and belly are white.

The fcapulars flriped with black and white : the
coverts of the wings afh colored ; the lowed tipt
with dull orange : the middle quil-feathers barred
on their outmoft webs with green, black and
white : the exterior feathers of the tail are afh co-
lored: the two middle black, and three inches
longer than the others : the feet of a lead color.
The female is of a light brown color, fpotted with
black. Mr. Hartlib> in the appendix to his Lega-

i \rvin

JV? 2S8\\

LONO TAILED I>TCK.

Class II. LONG TAILED DUCK. 599

cy, tells us that thefe birds are found in great abun-
dance in Connaugbt in Ireland, in the month of Fe-
bruary only ; and that they are much efteemed for
their delicacy.

WiL orn. 364. Nor-vegis Ungle, Angeltaffce 283. Long
Raiifyn av. 145. v. Troefoerer. Feroenfibus tailed.

Long tailed Duck. Echv. av. Oedel. Ijlandis Ha-Ella v.

J 80. Ha- Old. Incolis Cbrifti an/be

Le Canard a longue queue GadiiTen, Klaefhahn Dyk-

d'Mande. Brtffbn av. VI. ker. Brunnicb, 75, 76.

379. Br. Zool. 156. Scopoii, No.
Anas glacialis. Lin.JyJi. 203. 74.

THIS is inferior in fize to the former. The bill Descrj?,
is fhort, black at the tip and bafe, orange co-
lored in the middle ; the cheeks are of a pale brown :
the hind part of the head, and the neck both before
and behind are white ; the fides of the upper part
of the neck are marked with a large dufky bar,
pointing downwards \ the bread and back are of a
deep chocolate color ; the fcapulars are white,
long, narrow, and fharp pointed. The coverts
of the wings, and greater quil feathers dufky ;
the lefler of a reddifh brown : the belly white :
the four middle feathers of the tail are black; and
two of them near four inches longer than the o-
thers, which are white: the legs dufky. Thefe
birds breed in the mod northern parts of the world,
and only vifit our coafts in the fevered winters.

R r 3 La

6oo V O C H A R D. Class II.

j8a.Pochard. La Cane a telle roufle. Belon Anas ferina. Lin.fyft. 203.

tfV< 1--. Faun. Suec. /p. IZJ?

Anas fera fufca, vel media Penelope, le Millouin. Brijfon

(cin wiltc grauwe entc, au. VJ. 384. tab. ZS-fg- »•

Roient.) G0CT a<v. 116. D^/j Brun-Nakke. Nor<ve-

. ,-;,. 111. 93. £*J Rod-Nakke. Brunnicb,

Poker, Pochard, or red head- 80.

ed Wigeon. WiU orn. 367. Br. Zool. 156.
Raii fyn. a<v. 1 43.

Descrip. TTS weight is about one pound twelve ounces :
A its length nineteen inches ; its breadth two feet
and a half. The bill is of a deep lead color: the
head and neck are of a bright bay color : the bread
and part of the back where it joins the neck, are
black : the coverts of the wings, the fcapulars, back
and fides under the wings are of a pale grey,
elegantly marked with narrow lines of black : the
quil feathers duiky : the belly afh colored and
brown : the tail confifts of twelve fhort feathers, of
a deep grey color : the legs lead colored : the
irides of a bright yellow, tinged with red.

Female. The head of the female is of a pale reddifh

brown : the bread is rather of a deeper color :
the coverts of the wings a plain afh color : the
back marked like that of the male : the belly afh
colored. Thele birds frequent frefh water as well as
the iea-, and being very delicate eating, are much
fought for in the . London markets, where they are
known by the name of Dm birds.

Anas

Class II. W I G E O N. 601

Anas rufa roftro pedibufque cinereis. Faun, Suec, fp. 47. 285. Ferru-

C1NOUS.

npHE defcription of this fpecies was fen t to us Descrip,
-*- by Mr. Bolton. The weight was twenty oun-
ces : the bill is long and flatted, rounded a little
at the bafe, ferrated along the edges of each man-
dible, and furnifhed with a nail at the end of the
upper. The color a pale blue. The head, neck,
and whole upper part of the bird is of an agreea-
ble reddifh brown : the throat, bread and belly of
the fame color, but paler : the legs of a pale blue ;
but the webs of the feet black.

This fpecies, he informed us, was killed in Lin-
colnjhire. We do not find it mentioned by any wri-
ter, except Linnaeus, who toke his defcription from
Rudbeck's paintings \ and adds, that it is found,
though rarely, in the Swedijh rivers,

Anas fiftularis (ein Pfeifente) Anas fiftularis, le Canard fif- 286. Wig eon

Gefner a<v 121. fleur. Briffon a<v. VI. 391.

Penelope. Aldr. av. III. 92. tab. 35. fig. 2.

Wigeon, or Whewer. Wil. Ei/Tent mit vveiiTer platten.

orn. 375. Kram. 342.

Rati fyrt. av. 146. Dam's Bles-And. Brunnich,

Anas penelops. Lin. fyjl. 72.

202. Br. Zool. 157. add. plates.

Wriand. Faun. Suec. ft. 124.

^y>HE wigeon weighs near twenty-three oun- Descrip.
s twenty inches ; the breadth
R r 4 two

I

•*• ces : the length is twenty inches ; the breadth

6oz BIMACULATED DUCK. Class II.

two feet three. The bill is lead colored ; the end
of ic black; the head, and upper part of the neck
is of a bright light bay •, the forehead paler, in fome
almoft white : the plumage of the back, and fides
under the wings are elegantly marked with nar-
row, black and white undulated lines : the breafr.
is of a purplifli hue, which fometimes though rare-
ly is marked with round black fpots : the belly
white : the vent feathers black. In fome birds the
coverts of the wings are aimoft wholly white ; in
others of a pale brown, edged with white : the
greater quil feathers are duiky ; the outmoft webs
of the middle feathers of a fine green, the tips
black ; the lad are elegantly ftriped with black
and white. The two middle feathers of the tail
are longer than the others, black and fharp point-
Female. cd; the reft am colored: the legs dufky. The
head of the female is of a rufty brown, fpotted
with black ; the back is of a deep brown, edged
with a paler : the tips of the letter quil feathers
white : the belly white.

HpHE length is twenty inches; extent twentv-

■LATtD. c ill*.

nve and a half. Bill a deep lead color : nail

black.

Crown, brown changeable with green, ending
in a Ureal of brown at the hind part of the head,
with a fmall creft. Between the bill and the eye,

and

c

2PP 276

S TAU P DUCK

BTMACTLATED DXTCK •

1VP 2 &

Class II. G A D W A L L.

and behind each ear, a ferruginous fpot. The
firft round : the lift oblong and large. Throat of
a fine deep purple. The reft of the head of a
bright green, continued in ftreaks down the neck.
Bread a light ferruginous brown, fpotted with
black: hind part of the neck, and back, dark brown
waved with black.

Coverts of the wings afti colored : lower coverts
ftreaked with ruft color: fcapulars cinereous : quil
feathers brownifti cinereous. Secondaries of a fine
green, ending in a (hade of black, and edged with
white.

Coverts of the tail a deep changeable green.
Twelve feathers in the tail: two middlemoft black;
the others brown edged with white. Belly dufky,
finely granulated. Legs final, and yellow. Webs
dufky.

Taken in a decoy near in 177 1.

Communicated to me by Poore> Efq.

603

Anas ftrepera (ein Leiner).

Gefner a-v. 121.
Aldr. a<v. III. 97.
Gadwall, or Gray. WiL cm.

374-
Raii fyn. a<v. 145.
Le Chipeau. Briffbn mi, VI.

339; tab. 33. fig. 1.

Anas ftrepera. Lin. Jyfi. 200#
Faun. Suec. fp. 12 1.
Cimbris Knarre-Gaas. Brun-

nicby 9 1 .
Br. Zool. 157.
Grave mittel-ente . Frifcb,

II. 168.

288. Gad

WALL.

npHIS fpecies is rather inferior in fize to the Descri

wigeon,

The bill is two inches long, black,

and

6o4 G A R G A N E Y. Class IL

and fiat; the head, and upper part of the neck, are
of a rcddilh brown, fpotted with black ; the lower
part, the bread, the upper part of the back, and
the fcapulars, are beautifully marked with black
and white lines ; the belly is of a dirty white ;
the rump above and below is black ; the tail afli
colored, edged with white; the coverts on the ridge
of the wing are of a pale reddifh brown ; thofe
beneath are of purplifh red, the lowed of a deep
black: the greater quil-feathers are duilcv : the
inner web of three of the lefTer quil-feathers are
white; which forms a confpicuous fpot; the legs
are orange colored. The bread of the female is
of a reddifh brown, fpotted with black : the back
of the fame color ; and though it has the fame
marks on the wings, they are far inferior in bright-
nefs to thofe of the male.

?9 Garga- LaSarcelle Belona-v. 175. Krickantl. Kram. w.

K£Y' Qi'erquedula vana. Gejhcr Anas Querquedula. Lin. fv/i

a<v. 107. 203> ? "J '

Scavolo, Cercevolo, Garga- Faun. Suec. fp i28

nello. JUr. av. III. 89, 90. Kriech-Ente. Frifeb, II. I76

Querquedula prima Aldr. Saur-And. Br unmet 81

Ranfjnw 148*. Sr. Zool 158. Sertoli, No.

La Sarceile. Brijfgn av. VI. 7$.
427. tab. 39.

^jpHE length of this fpecies is feventeen in-
ches ; the extent twenty-eight. The bill is

of

* Mr. Ray, in his^*. av. 147. defcribes a duck under the
name of Pbafias 5 in Yorkjbirt it is called the widgeon: he

fays,

Descrip,

i»i. cr,

JW 28y.

GARGAKEY.

FEMALE GARGA^EY.

X:

Class II. G A R G A N E Y. 605

of a deep lead color ; the crown of the head is
dufky, marked with oblong ftreaks •, on the chin
is a large black fpot •, from the corner of each
eye is a long white line, that points to the back of
the neck : the cheeks, the upper part of the neck,
are of a pale purple, marked with minute oblong
lines of white, pointing downwards ; the bread is
of a light brown, marked with femicircular bars
of black: the belly is white; the lower part and
vent varied with fpecks, the bars of a dufky hue ;
the coverts of the wings are grey ; but the low-
eft are tipt with white; the firfl quil-feathers are
afh colored ; the exterior webs of thofe in the mid-
dle green ; the fcapulars are long and narrow, and
elegantly ftriped with white, am color, and black •,
the tail dufky : the legs lead color.

The female has an obfcure white mark over the Female.
eye-, the reft of the plumage is of a brownifh a(h
color, not unlike the hen teal, but the wing wants
the green fpot, which fufficiently diftinguifhes thefe
birds.

In many places thefe birds are called the Simmer
Teal

fays, the head and neck are brown, fpotted with triangu-
lar black marks : the body, wings, and tail dufky, edged
with a paler color : in the wings is a double line of white :
belly white : bill and legs blue. We fufpecl it to be a young
bird of this fpecies, but wait for further information before
we can determine it.

Querquedula.

Co6

TEAL,

Class II.

290.

TtAL,

De

SCRIF

Qucrqucilula. Ge/ker av. 106. Anas Crc a. Lin. Jy/I. 204.
Garganei. Aid,-, av. HI. 90. Arta, Kraecka. Faun. Suec.

Jl'il. cm. 377.

Raii fyn. av, 147.

La petite Sarcelle. BriJJon av.

V 1. 436. /#/>. 40. fig. 1.
Rothantl, Pfeiffantl. Krarn.

Splcgcl-Entlein. Frifib, II.
174.

.#• 129.
Cimbris Atteling-And. Nor-

vegis Heftelort-And. Davis

Communiter Krik-And.

Brunnich, 82, 83
Br. Zool. 158. add, plates.

'T^HE Teal weighs about twelve ounces : the
•* length is fourteen inches ; the breadth twen-
ty-three: the weight of a drake twelve ounces ; of
a duck nine : the bill black : the head, and up-
per part of the neck are of a deep bay : from, the
bill to the hind part of the head is a broad bar of
gloffy changeable green, bounded on the lower
fide by a narrow white line : the lower part of the
neck, the beginning of the back, and the fides un-
der the wings, are elegantly marked with waved
lines of black and white.

The bread and belly are of a dirty white ; the
firft beautifully fpotted with black : the vent black :
the tail fharp pointed, and dufky : the coverts of
the wings brown : the greater quil-feathers dufky ;
the exterior webs of the lefler marked with a glofTy
green fpot ; above that another of black, and the
tips white: the irides whitifh; the legs dufky.
The female is of a brownifh afh color, fpotted

with

Class II. TEA L. 6o?

with black > and has a green fpot on the wing
like the male.

By the defciption Mr. Willughby has left of Summer
the Summer Teal, p. 378. we fufpecl that it differs Teal.
not in the fpecies from the common kind, only in
fex. Linnaeus hath placed it among the birds of
his country * ; but leaves a blank in the place of
its refidence -, and hath evidently copied Mr. Wil-
lughby\ imperfect defcription of it : and to con-
firm our fufpicion that he has followed the error
of our countryman -, we obfervecl that a bird fent
us from the Baltic fea, under the title of anas cir-
cia, the .Summer Teal of Linnaus, was no other
than the female of our teal,

* Fauna Suscica, fp> 130.

BILL

6o8

CORVORANT.

Class II.

XLVIII.
C O R V O-
RANT*.

BILL ftrong, ftrait; end either hooked or Hoping.
NOSTRILS, either totally wanting, or fmall, and

placed in a longitudinal furrow.
FACE naked.

GULLET naked, capable of great diftenfion.
TOES, all four webbed.

291. Corvo- Mergus Plinii lib. x. c. 33.

Le Cormorant. Belon a<v. 161.
Corvus aquaticus, Carbo a-

quaticus. 136.
phalacrocorax. Gefner awi

683. 350.
Jldr. aw. III. 108.
The Cormorant. Wil. orn.

329.
Rait jyn. av. 122.
Pelecanus Carbo. Lin, fyft. Br. Zool. 159

216, 98.

A*". Com. Peir. IV. 423.
Le Cormoran. Brzfon a<v.

VI. 511. tab. 45. The

Male.
Norvegis Skarv, Strand-Ravn.

Danis Aalekrage. IJlandis

Skarfur. Brunnich. 1 20,

Scharb, or See-Rabe. Frifcb,
II. 187.

Scopoli, No.

Descrip. ~Y HAVE weighed a bird of this fpecies that
JL exceeded feven pounds : the length three feet
four : the extent four feet two : the bill dufky,
five inches long, deftitute ofnoftrils; the bafe of
the lower mandible is covered with a naked yel-
lowifh (kin, that extends under the chin, and forms
a fort of pouch : a loofe fkin of the fame color

* The learned Dr. Kay, or Caius, derives the word Cor*
vorant, from Corvus Gorans, from whence corruptly our word
Cormorant. Caii opufc. 99.

reaches

Class II. CORVORANT. 609

reaches from the upper mandible round the eyes,
and angles of the mouth : the head and neck are
of a footy blacknefs; but under the chin of the
male the feathers are white: and the head in that
fex is adorned with a fhort loofe pendent cred; in
fome the creft and hind part of the head are
ftreaked with white. The coverts of the wings,
the fcapulars, and the back, are of a deep green,
edged with black, and gloffcd with blue : the quil-
feathers and tail dufky : the lad confifts of four-
teen feathers : the bread and belly black : in the
midft of the laft is often a bed of white : on the
thighs of the male is a tuft of white feathers:
the legs are fhort, drong, and black ; the middle
claw ferrated on the infide : the irides are of a
light afh color.

Thefe birds occupy the higheft parts of the
cliffs that impend over the fea : they make their Nest.
nefts of fticks, fea tang, grafs, &c. and lay fix or E g Q %
feven white eggs of an obiong form. In winter
they difperfe along the fhores, and vifit the frefli
waters, where they make great havoke among the
filh. They are remarkably voracious, having a
mod fudden digedion, promoted by the infinite
quantity of fmall worms that fill their inteftines.
The corvorant has the ranked and mod difasreea-
ble fmell of any bird, even when alive. Its form
is difagreeable ; its voice hoarfe and croaking, and
its qualities bafe. No wonder then that Milton
fhould make Satan perfonate this bird, to furvey

undelighte-d

6io

SHAG.

Class II,

WldeUgbted the beauties of Paradife : arid// devi*
fing death on the tree of life *

Theie birds have been trained to nfli like falcons
to fowl. JVhitclock tells us, that he had a call of
them manned like hawks, and which would come
to hand. He took much pleafure in them, and re-
lates, that the belt he had was one prefented him by
Mr. Wood, Majier of the Corvorants to Charles I.
Ic is well known that the Chinefe make great ufe of
thefe birds, or a congenerous fort, in fiftiing •, and
that not for amufement, but profit f.

292. Shac. Corvns aquaticus minor. AUr.
erv. 111. 109.
The Shag, called in the
North of England the Crane.
It'll, cm. 330.
Corvus aquaticus minor.
Craculus palmipcs didlus.
Raii fyn. av. 123.

Le petit Cormoran. Brijpm

av. VI. 516.
Pelecanus graculus. Lin. fyjl.

217.
Phalacrocorax criftatus. Aor-

<vegis Top Skarv. Brunnicb

ornith. 123.
Br. Zool. 159.

^pHE fling is much inferior in fize to the corvo-
Descrip. jL rant . the length is twenty-feven inches j the
breadth three feet fix: the weight three pounds
three quarters. The bill is four inches long, and
more (lender than that of the preceding : the head
is adorned with a creft two inches long, pointing

* Paradife Lojl, Book IV. 1. 194, &C
f Duhaldi I, 316.

back-

2>

Class II. SHAG. 611

backward : the whole plumage of the upper part of
this bird is of a fine and very mining green, the
edges of the feathers a purplilh black ; but the
lower part of the back, the head, and neck,
wholly green : the belly is dufky : the tail con-
fifts of only twelve feathers, of a dufky hue,
tinged with green 5 the legs are black, and like thofe
of the corvorant. During my voyage among the
Hebrides, I faw feveral birds of this fpecies mot :
they agreed in all refpedts, but in being deftitute
of a creft •, whether they were females, a variety,
or diftincSc fpecies, rriuft be left to future natu-
ralifts to determine.

Both thefe kinds agree in their manners, and
breed in the fame places: and, what is very ftrange
in webbed footed birds, will perch and build in
trees : both {mm with their head quite erec~t, and
are very difficult to be fhot ; for, like the Grebes ,
and Divers, as foon as they fee the flam of the gun,
pop under water, and never rife but at a confidera-
ble diftance.

We are indebted for this bird to the late Mr.
William Morris of Holyhead, with whom we had a
conftant correfpondence for feveral years, receiv-
ing from that worthy man and intelligent natu-
ralift, regular and faithful accounts of the vari-
ous animals frequenting that vaft promontory.

Vol. II. S f Anfer

6l2

G A N N E T.

Class II,

593. Gan- Anfer Bajfanus five Scoticus.
net. Gt/kerav, 163.

Mr. a<v. 68.
Sllla. Hoieri Cluf. ex. 367.
He a or Boeth. 6.
Soland Goofe. //'//. orn. 328.
Raii jyn az\ 122.
Itin. 191. 269. 2-9.
<S7M. £//?. &•<?/. 20. /#£. 9.
«S7/;<£. /,//?. Fife. 45. 47.
Jacn van Gent. Martin's Spitz-
bcrg. <)7.

Solan Goofe. Martin's <voy,

St. Kilda. 27.
Defcript. Weft. JJles. 281.
Macaulfs bift. St. Kilda. 133,
Sula Bafiana, le Fou de Baf-

fan. BriJJon a>v. VI. 503.

tab. 44.
Pelecanus Bafianus. Lin. fyft.

217.
Aorvegis Sule, Hav-Sul. 2?/7/«-

«/V£, 124.
Br. Zoo/. 160.

Descrip. npHIS fpecies weighs feven pounds : the length
* is three feet one inch; the breadth fix feet
two inches. The bill is fix inches long, {trait al-
moft to the point, where it inclines down ^ and
the fides are irregularly jagged, that it may hold
its prey with more fecurity : about an inch from
the bafe of the upper mandible is a fliarp pro-
cefs pointing forward ; it has no noftrils -, but in
their place a long furrow, that reaches almoft to
the end of the bill : the whole is of a dirty white,
tinged with am color. The tongue is very final],
and placed low in the mouth : a naked fldn of a
fine blue furrounds the eyes, which are of a pale
yellow, and are full of vivacity : this bird is re-
markable for the quicknefs of its fight: Martin
tells us that Solan is derived from an Irijh word
expreflive of that quality. '

From

pi. cm.

GAN^E T

Class II. G A N N E T. 613

From the corner of the mouth is a narrow flip of
black bare fkin, that extends to the hind part of
the head : beneath the chin is another, that like
the pouch of the Pelecan, is dilatable, and of fize
fufficient to contain five or fix entire herrings ;
which, in the breeding fealbn, it carries at once to
its mate or young.

The neck is very long : the body flat, and very
full of feathers : the crown of the head, and a fmall
fpace on the hind part of the neck is buff co-
lored : the reft of the plumage is white : the baftard
wing and greater quil-feather excepted, which are
black ; the legs and toes are black ; but the fore
part of both are marked with a ftripe of fine pea
green. The tail confifts of twelve fharp pointed
feathers, the middle of which is the longed.

The young birds, during the firft year, differ You jig.
greatly in color from the. old ones* being of a
duiky hue, fpeckled with- numerous triangular
white fpots-, and at that time refemble in colors
the fpeckled Diver. Each bird, if left undifturb- Egg.
cd, would only lay one egg in the year ; but if
that be taken away, they will lay another -, if that
is aifo taken, then a third; but never more that
feafon. A wife provifion of nature, to prevent the
extinction of the fpecies by accidents, and to fup-
ply food for the inhabitants of the places where
they breed -, their egg is white, and rather lefs than
that of the common goofe : the neft is large, and Nest,
formed of any thing the bird finds floating on the

S f 2 water,

6i4 G A N N E T. Class II.

water, fuch as graft, fea plants, fhavings, &c.
Thefe birds frequent the Ifle of Ailfa, in the Firth
of Clyde -, the rocks adjacent to St. Kilda, the Stack
of Souh fiery, near the Orkneys ; the Skelig IJles, off
the coaits of Kerry, Ireland*, and the Bafs IJle, in
the FfWA of Edinburgh : the multitudes that in-
habit thefe places are prodigious. Dr. Harvey's
elegant account of the latter, will ferve to give fome
idea of the numbers of thefe, and of the other
birds that annually migrate to that little fpot.

" There is a fmall (/land, called by the Scotch,
" Bafs I (land, not more than a mile in circumfe-
" rence ; the furface is almoft wholly covered du-
" ring the months of 'May and June with nefts, eggs,
11 aid young birds; fo that it is fcarcely pojfible to
" walk without treading on them : and the flocks of
" birds in flight are fo prodigious, as to darken the
" air like clouds-, and their noife is fuch, that you can-
" not, without difficulty, hear your next neighbour's
" voice. If you look down upon the fea, from the
"top of the precipice, you will fee it on every fide
" covered with infinite numbers of birds of different
" kinds, fwimming and hunting for their prey : if in,
"failing round the ijland you furvey the hanging cliffs,
"you may fee in every cragg or fiffure of the broken

* This information we owe to that worthy prelate, the late
Dr. Poccck, Bifhop of Meath ; who had vifited the Skeligu
Mr. Smith, in his liiitories of Cork and Kerry, confounds
tills bird with the Gull defcribed by Mr. Willughby ; from
whom he has evidently borrowed the whole defcription.

^ " rocks,

Class II. G A N N E T. 615

"rocks, innumerable birds of various forts and fixes,
u more than the fiars of heaven when viewed in a
" ferene night : if from afar you fee the diftant
"flocks, either flying to or from the ifland, you would
" imagine them to be a vafl fwarm of bees*."

Nor do the rocks of St. Kilda feem to be lefs fre-
quented by thefe birds ; for Martin allures us, that
the inhabitants of that fmall iiland confume an-
nually no lefs than 22,600 young birds of this
fpecies, befides an amazing quantity of their eggs;
thefe being their principal fupport throughout the
year ; they preferve both eggs and fowls in fmall
pyramidal ftone buildings, covering them with turf
allies, to preferve them from moifture. This is a
dear bought food, earned at the hazard of their
lives, either by climbing the moft difficult and

* Eft infula par-va, Scoti Baffe ?iominant, baud amplius milk
paffuum circuitu amplitudo ejus clauditur. Hujus infula f up er fi-
des, men/thus Maio iff Junio nidis o-vis pullifque propemodum to-
la inftrata eft, adeo ut <vix, pro: eorum copia pede?n liberie ponere
liceat : tantaque fuper-jolantium turba, ut nubium inftar, folem
caelumque auferant : tantvfque cvociferantium clangor iff ftrepitus,
ut prop} alloquentes <vix audias. Si fiibjeclum mare hide, tan-
quam ex edita turri iff altijjimo pr&cipitio defpexeris, ide?n quo-
quo versum, infinitis diverforum generum a-vibus nataniibus pr&-
d&que inhiantibus, opertum njideas. Si circumnavigando immi-
7ientem clivum fufpicere libuerit ; -videas in ftngulis prtsrupti loci
crepidinibus iff recejjibus, avium cujujlibet generis iff magnitudi-
nis, ordines innumerabiles, plures fane quam nocle, fereno carlo,
ftell& ccnfpiciuntur . Si aduolantes auolantefque eminits adfpexeris,
apu?n profeclo ingens cxamen credas. De generat. Animal. Ex
ercit. 11.

S f 3 narrow

6i6 G A N N E T. Class II.

narrow paths, where (to appearance) they can bare-
ly cling, and that too, at an amazing height over
the raging fea : or elie being lowered down from
above, they collecl: their annual provifion, thus
hanging in midway air; placing their whole de-
pendance on the uncertain footing of one perfon
who holds the rope, by which they are fufpended
at the top of the precipice. The young birds are
a favorite dim with the North Britons in general :
during the feafon they are conftantly brought from
the Bafs IJle to Edinburgh, fold at 20 d. a piece,
are roafted, and ferved up a little before dinner as
a whet.

The Gannets are birds of paffage. Their firft ap-
pearance in thofe iflands is in March ; their conti-
nuance there till Auguft or September, according as
the inhabitants take or leave their firft egg; but in
general, the time of breeding, and that of their de-
parture, feems to coincide with the arrival of the
herring, and the migration of that fifh (which is
their principal food) out of thofe feas. It is pro-
bable that thefe birds attend the herring and pilch-
ard during their whole circuit round the Britijh
iflands ; the appearance of the former being al-
ways efteemed by the fifhermen as a fure prefage
of the approach of the latter. It migrates in queft
of food as far fouth as the mouth of the Tagus,
being frequently feen off Lijbon during the month
of December, plunging for Sardina, fifli refembling,
if not the fame with our Pilchard,

I have

Class II. GANNET. 617

I have in the month of Auguft obferved in Cathnefs
their northern migrations : I have feen them pafling
the whole day in flocks, from five to fifteen in each :
in calm weather they fly high •, in ftorms they fly
low and near the more; but never crofs over the
land, even when a bay with promontories inter-
venes, but follow, at an equal diftance, the courfe
of the bay, and regularly double every cape. I
have feen many of the parties make a fort of halt
for the fake of fifhing : they foared to a van; height,
then darting headlong into the fea, made the wa-
ter foam and fpring up with the violence of their
defcent; after which they purfued their route. I
enquired whether they ever were obferved to re-
turn fouthward in the fpring, but was anfwered in
the negative; fo it appears that they annually en-
circle the whole ifland.

They are well known on mod of our coafts Name.
but not by the name of the Soland-Goofe. In Corn-
wal and in Ireland they are called Cannets ; by
the Weljh Gan, The excellent Mr. Ray fuppofed
the Cornijh Gannet to be a fpecies of large Gull ;
a very excufeable miftake, for during his fix months
refidence in Cornwall he never had an opportunity
of feeing that bird, except flying ; and in the air
it has the appearance of a gull. On that fuppofition
he gave our Skua, p. 417. the title of Qatar acta,
a name borrowed from Arijlotk*, and which ad-
mirably expreffes the rapid defcent of this bird on

* Page 1045.

S f 4 its

6l8 G A N N E T. Class II.

its prey. Mr. Moyk firft detected this miftake* ;
and the Rev. Doctor William Borlafc, by prefenting
us with a flue fpecimen of this bird, confirms the
opinion of Mr. Moyk; at the lame time he favored
us with fo accurate an account of fome part of the
natural hirtory of this bird, that we mail ufe the li-
berty he indulged us with, of adding in to this de-
fcription.

" The Gamut comes on the coafts of Cornwal
" in the latter end of fummer, or beginning of au-
" tumn; hovering over the fhoals of pilchards that
" come down to us through St. George's Channel
" from the northern feas. The Gannet feldom
" comes near the land, but is conflant to its prey,
'S a fure fign to the timer men that the pilchards are
" on the coafts j and when the pilchards retire, ge-
" nerally about the end of November^ the Gannets
66 are feen no more. The bird now fent was killed
" at Chandoui\ near Mount/bay, Sept. 30, 1762, af-
" ter a long ftruggle with a water fpaniel, alTifted
*' by the boatmen ; for it was ftrong and pugna-
" cious. The perfon who took it oblerved that it
" had a tranfparent membrane under the eye-lid,
" with which it covered at pleafure the whole eye,
" without obfeuring the fight or (hutting the eye-
" lid -, a gracious provifion for the fecurity of the
" eyes of fo weighty a creature, whofe method of
" taking its prey is by darting headlong on it

* Movk*s Works, I, 424.

*c from

Class II. G A N N E T. 619

" from a height of a hundred and fifty feet or more
" into the water. About four years ago, one of
" thefe birds flying over Penzance, (a thing that
" rarely happens) and feeing fome pilchards lying
" on a fir-plank, in a cellar ufed for curing fifli,
" darted itfelf down with fuch violence, that it
" flruck its bill quite through the board (about
" an inch and a quarter thick) and broke its neck."

Thefe birds are fornetimes taken at fea by a
deception of the like kind. The nftiermen fallen
a pilchard to a board, and leave it floating ; which
inviting bait decoys the unwary Gannet to its own
deftrudtion.

In the Cataracla of Juba * may be found many
characters of this bird : he fays, that the bill is
toothed : that its eyes are fiery ; and that its color
is white : and in the very, name is expreflfed its
furious defcent on its prey. The reft of his ac-
counts favors of fable.

We are uncertain whether the Gannet breeds in
any other parts of Europe befides our own iflands ;
except (as Mr, Ray fufpecls, the Sula, defcribed in
Clujius's Exotics, which breeds in the Ferroe IJles)
be the fame bird. In America there are two fpecies
of birds of this genus, that bear a great refem-
blance to it in their general form and their man-
ner of preying. Mr. Catejby has given the figure
of the head of one, which he calls the Greater

* PUnih lib. x. c. 44.

Booby ;

6zo G A N N E T. Class II.

Booby •, his defcription fuits that of the young Gan-
nett but the angle on the lower mandible made
us formerly fufpect that it was not the fame bird ;
but from fome late informations we have been fa-
vored with, we find it is common to both coun-
tries, and during fummer frequents North America.
Like the Penguin, it informs navigators of the ap-
proach of foundings, who on fight of it drop the
plummet. Linnaus claffes our bird with the Pete-
can -, in the tenth edition of his fyftem, he con-
founds it with the bird defcribed by Sir Hans
Shane, hift. Jam. vol. I. p. 31. preface, whofe
colors differ from the Gannet in each ftage of life :
but in his laft edition he very properly feparates
them. We continue it in the fame clafs, under the
generical name of Corvorants, as more familiar to
the Englifh ear than that of Pelecan.

APPENDIX.

APPENDIX,

ROUGH LE(il) FALCON

-1/'/' - '

APPENDIX.

Birds now extinct in Great Britain,
or fuch as wander here accidentally.

LAND BIRDS.

I. ROUGH LEG'D FALCON.

THIS fpecies is a native of Denmark^ but was
fhot in and is preferved in the Le-

verian Mufeum.

Its length is two feet two inches: that of the
wing, when clofed, eighteen inches : the bill
dufky ; the cere yellow : the head, neck, and bread
of a yellowifh white, marked in fome parts with
oblong brown ftrokes : the belly of a deep brown :
thighs and legs of a pale yellow, marked with
brown: the fcapulars blotched with brown and
yellowifh white : coverts of the wings brown,
edged with ruft: ends of the primaries deep
brown ; the lower parts white : the extreme half
of the tail brown, tipt with dirty white : that next
to the body white. Legs covered with feathers as
low as the feet : the feet yellow.

II. ROLLER.

624 APPENDIX.

II. ' R O L L E R.

Roller. WiU on. 13 j. Spranfk Kraka, Blakraka, Al*

Garrulus argent or at ep^fis. Raii lekraka. Faun. Suec.fp. 94.

Jyn. at', 41. Ed-iv. 109.

Galgulus, lc Rollier. Brijfon The Shagarag. Shavfs Tra-

av. Ii. 64 /rt£. 5. i*&. 252.

Coracias Garrula. Lin. fyjl. Ellekrage. Bnn:nichy 35.

159. Birk-Heker; Blaue-Racke.

Frifch, I. 57.

(~\F thefe birds we have heard of only two being
feen at large in our ifland •, one was mot near
Heljl on- bridge, Cornwall and an account of it trans-
mitted to us by the Reverend Doctor William Bor-
lafe. They are frequent in mod parts of Europe,
and we have received them from Denmark.

In fize it is equal to a jay. The bill is black,
Female. ftra5t> and hooked at the point; the bafe befet:
with bridles : the fpace about the eyes is bare and
naked : behind each ear is alfo another bare fpot,
or protuberance : the head, neck, bread, and belly
are of a light bluifh green : the back, and fea-
thers of the wings next to it, are of a reddifli
brown : the coverts on the ridge of the wings are
of a rich blue ; beneath them of a pale green : the
upper part and tips of the quil-feathers are dufky ;
the lower parts of a fine deep blue -, the rump is of
the fame color : the tail confids of twelve feathers,
of which the outmod on each fide are confiderably

longer

The ROLLER.

• IppfJt

Iff

Jfll >\Q

II,.. NlTrilAl'KI'.R

J>M,y(( >,

APPENDIX.

longer than the reft ; are of a light blue, and tipt
with black, beneath that a fpot of deep blue; as
is the cafe with fuch part of the quil-feathers that
are black above : the other feathers of the tail are
of a dull green : the legs fhort, and of a dirty-
yellow.

It is remarkable for making a chattering noife,
from which it is by fome called Garrulus.

625

III. NUTCRACKER,

Caryocata&es. Wth cm. 132.
Rati fyn. a<v 42.
Nucifraga , le CafTe - noix .
Brijfon av. II. 59. tab. 5.
Corvus Caryocatattes. Lin.

fyfi> 157.

Notvvecka, Notkraka. Fcmn,

Suec. fp. 19.
Tannen-Heher (Pine -Jay)

Frifchy 1. 56.
Eihu. 240.
Danis Noddekrige. Nor-vegis

Not-kraake. Brunnicb, 34.

'TpHE fpecimen we toke our defcription from,
-*■ is the only one we ever heard was mot in
thefe kingdoms ; is was killed near Moftyn^ Flint'
Jhire, Oftober 5, 1753.

It was fomewhat lefs than the jackdaw: the
bill ftrait, ftrong, and black : the color of the
whole head and neck, bread and body, was a rufty
brown : the crown of the head and the rump were
plain : the other parts marked with triangular
white fpots : the wings blaik : the coverts fpotte4

in

Descrif<

6z6 A P P E N D I X.

in the fame manner as the body : the tail rounded
at the end, black tipt with white : the vent-feathers
white : the legs dufky.

This bird is alio found in moft parts of Europe.
We received a fpecimen from Denmark, by means
of Mr. Brimnich, author of the Ornithologia Borealis,
a gentleman to whofe friendfhip we owe a nu-
merous collection of the curiofuies of his country.

It feeds on nuts, from whence the name.

History.

IV. The ORIOLE.

Oriolus Galbula. Lin. fyjl. The Witwal. Wil. cm. 198.

160. Faun. Suec No. 95. Rati fyn. av. 6$.

Scopoli, No. 45. Kramer, 360. Le Loriot. Brijfon II. 320.

Oriolus. Gefneraw. 713. Aldr. Golden Thrufh. Edzv. 185.
a<v. I. 418.

'npHIS beautiful bird is common in feveral parts
"* of Europe \ where it inhabits the woods, and
hangs its neft very artificially between the /lender
branches on the fummits of antient oaks. Its note
is loud, and refembles its name. I have heard of
only one being mot in Great Britain^ and that in
South Wales.
Descrip. It is of the fize of a thrufh : the head and whole
body of the male is of a rich yellow : the bill red ;

from

THE ORIOLE M.^r.

Th, RO.SK COLORKD UVZBL.

. j^:rv:

^Psd&f.ee fa

APPENDIX. 6zy

from that to the eye a black line : the wings black,
marked with a bar of yellow : the ends of the fea-
thers of the fame color : the two middle feathers
of the tail black ; the red black, with the ends
of a fine yellow : the legs dufky.

The body of the female is of a dull green : the
wings dufky : the tail of a dirty green : the ends of
the exterior feathers whitifh.

V. The ROSE COLORED OUSEL.

Merula rofea. Rati fyn. av. BriJ/bn av. II. 250.

6j. Aldr. av. II/283. Turdus rofeus. Lin. fyftl 294.

Wil. orn. 194. Faun. Suec.fp. 219.

Le Merle Couleur de Rofe. Edw. 20.

M

R. Edwards difcovered this beautiful bird
twice in our ifland, near London^ at Norwood,
and another time in Norfolk. The figure of this
and the preceding, were copied, by permiflion,
from his beautiful and accurate defigns, which we
gratefully acknowledge, as well as every other
affiftance from our worthy friend-, whofe pencil
has done as much honor to our country, as the
integrity of his heart, and communicative difpofi-
tion, has procured him efteemfroma numerous and
refpe&able acquaintance.

The fize of this bird appears by the print to be Dbsc*ip
Vol. II. T t equal

6:S APPENDIX.

equal to that of a (tare. The bill at the point is
black, at the bale a dirty flefh color : the head
is adorned with a creft hanging backwards. The
head, creft, neck, wing?, and tail are black, glofied
with a changeable blue, purple and green : the
bread, belly, back, and leifer coverts of the wings,
are of a role color, mixed with a few fpots of
black : the legs of a dirty orange color.

This bird is found in 1 , Italy, and Syria,

About . it is called the locuft bird, poflibly

from its food ; and appears there only in fummer*.
In Italy it is- ftyled the fea-ftare; and as Aldro-
\lv.s fays, frequents heaps of dung f. And Mr.
EkmarckX informs us, that it reticles in Lapland, ne-
ver paffing beyond the limits of that frozen region.
We have mentioned very oppofue climes, but be-
lieve it to be a fcarce bird in all, at left in Europe,

■ RujfeV shift. Alcp. 70. Tanermitr% 146.

t .-; . if. 283.

J Migr. av, Aman. acad. IV. 594.

WATER

The CRAKE

'#"

J) **Tn***jCvna j->~»i<

A P P E N' D I X. €?c3

WATER FOWL.

VI. The C R A N E.

Le Grue. Belon av. 187. tab. 33.

Grus. Gefner atf, 528. Kranich. Kram. 345.

A Crane. Turner. Kranich. Frifcb, II. 194.

Gru, Grua. Aldr. av. III. Ardea Grus Lin. fyft. 234,

132. Trana. Faun. Suec. Jp. 161,,

Wil. orn. 274. Danis Trane. Brunnicb.

Raii fyn. av. 95. Br. Zool. 118.
La Grue. Brijjbn a<v. V. 374.

THIS fpecies was placed, in the folio edition
of the Zoology, among the Britijh birds, on
the authority of Mr. Ray ; who informs us, that in
his time, they were found during the winter in
large flocks in Lincoln/hire and Cambridge/hire : but
on the irricleft enquiry we learn, that at prefent the
inhabitants of thofe counties are fcarcely acquaint-
ed with them •, we therefore conclude, that thefe
birds have forfaken our ifland. A fingle bird
was killed near Cambridge about three years ago?
and is the only inftance I ever knew of the crane
being feen in this ifland in our time. They were for-
merly in high efteem at our tables, for the delicacy
of their flem ; for they feed only on grain, herbs,
or infects *, fo have nothing of the ranknefs of the
pifcivorous birds of this genus.

T t 2 It

6 so A P P ' E N D I X.

Descrip. Its weight is about ten pounds -, the length fix
feet ; the bill of a darkifh green, four inches long ;
and a little deprefied on the top of the upper man-
dible : the top of the head covered with black
briitles ; the back of the head bald and red, be-
neath which is an afh colored fpot : from the eyes,
of each fide, is a broad white line the whole
length of the neck : the fore part as far as the
bread: is black : the quil-feathers are black : the
tail alb colored, tipt with black : all the reft of
the plumage is afn colored. The legs are black.

No author, except Gefner, takes notice of a large
tuft of feathers that fpring out of one pinion on
each wing : they are unwebbed, and finely curled at
the ends, which the birds have power to erect or
deprefs •, when deprefTed they hang over and cover
the tail. Gefner tells us, that thefe feathers ufed in
his time to be fet in gold, and worn as ornaments in
caps. Though this fpecies feems to have forfaken
thefe iflands at prefent, yet it was formerly a native,
as we find in Willughby, p. 52. that there was a
penalty of twenty-pence for deftroying an egg of
this bird ; and burner relates, that he has very of-
ten feen their young in our marfhes. MarJIgli*
fays, that the crane lays two eggs like thofe of a
goofe, but of a bluifh color.

• HiJ}% Danub* V. p. 8.

VII. The

I he BORBT.

ir/ fm

«"C/IRPUll|V/ />

yi4a?^(t^

APPENDIX. 63i

VII. The EGRET.

LefTer White Heron. Wil. Dwarf Heron. Barbot, 29.

orn. 280. L'Aigrette. Briffbn a~j. V.
Ardea Garzetta. Lin. fyji. 431.

237. Kleiner Weifler Rager. Kram.
Ardea Alba minor. Rail fyn. 345.
a<v. 99.

VJ7E once received out of Angkfea, the feathers
of a bird fhot there, which we fufpecl: to
be the Egret ; this is the only inftance perhaps
of its being found in our country. That formerly
this bird was very frequent here, appears by fome
of the old bills of fare: in the famous feaft of
Archbimop Neville we find no lefs tr^an a thoufand
Afterides*) Egrets or EgrJtes, as it is differently
fpelt. Perhaps the efteem they were in as a deli-
cacy during thofe days, occafioned their extirpati-
on in our iflands ; abroad they are dill common,
efpecially in the fouthern parts of Europe^ where
they appear in flocks.

The Egret is a mofc elegant bird •, it weighs a- Descry?.
bout one pound ; the length is twenty-four inches,
to the end of the legs thirty-two : the bill is flender
and black : the fpace about the eyes naked and

* Godwin de Praful. Angl. com, Leland's Colleft.

T t 3 green :

&3* A- P P E N D I X.

green : the irides of a pale yellow : the head adorn-
ed with a beautiful creft, compofed of fome fhort,
and of two long feathers, hanging backward ; thefe
are upwards of four inches in * length i the whole
plumage is of a refplendent whltenefs : the feathers
on the breaft, and the icapulars, are very delicate,
long, (lender, and unwebbed, hanging in the light-
ed and loofeit manner : the le^s are of a dark <*reen
almoft black : the icapuiars and the cred were
formerly much elteemed as ornaments for caps
and head-pieces ; fo that aigrette and egret came to
fignify any ornament to a cap, though originally
the word was derived from ajgre, a caufe de V
aigreur de fa voix *.

We never met with this bird or the crane in Eng-
land, but formed our defcriptions from fpecimens in
the elegant cabinet of Doctor Mauduit in Paris.

Belon a<v. 1^5,

VIII. The

The lilTTLK BITTKRN

APPENDIX.

6 33

VIII. The LITTLE BITTERN.

Ardeola (le Blongios) Brif- Moofs-kuh.) Kram. 348.

/on a<v. V. 497. tab. 40. Boonk or long Neck. S&axv's

Jig. I. Trawls y 255.

Ardea vertice dorfoque ni- Ard#a Minuta. Lin. fyft. 240.

gris, collo antice et alarum Kleiner Rohrdommel. Frijcb,

te&ricibus lutefcentibus . II. 206. 207.

(Stauden Ragerl , Kleine Ed--w. av. 275.

THIS fpecies was fhot as it perched on one of
the trees in the Quarry or public' walks in
Shrew/bury, on the banks of the Severn ; it is fre-
quent in many other parts of Europe, but the only
one we ever heard of in England.

The length to the tip of the tail was fifteen inch-
es, to the end of the toe twenty. The bill to the
corners of the mouth two inches and a half long,
dufky at the point; the fides yellow; the edge jag-
ged : the bulk of the body not larger than that of
a fieldfare.

The top of the head, the back, and tail were
black, gloried with an obfcure green : the neck is
very long, the forepart of which, the breaft and
thighs, were of a buff color : the belly and vent-fea-
thers white : the hind-part of the neck bare of fea-
thers, but covered with thofe growing on the fide
T t 4 of

Descrjp,

6h APPENDIX.

of it: on the fetting on of the wing is a large
chefnut fpot : the leffer coverts of a yellowifh buff;
the larger coverts whitifh : the web of that next the
back half buff and half black : the quil-feathers
black : the legs and toes dufky -, and what is fingu-
lar in a bird of this genus, the feathers grow down
to the knees : the infide of- the middle claw is fer-
rated.

For this defcription, and the drawing, we are
indebted to Mr. Plymley.

IX. The SPOON-BILL.

Pelecanus feu Platea. Ge/ner Rait fyn. an). 102.

a-v. 666. Platalea Leucorodia. Lin.jyft*

Albardeola. Aldr. av. III. 231 Faun. Suec. No. 160.

160. BriJJon V. 352.

Spoon-bill. Wil. orn. 288. Loffel-gans. Scopoli, No. 115.

A

FLOCK of thefe birds migrated into the

D*

marfhes near Yarmouth ', in Norfolk^ in Aprils
1774. Thefe birds inhabit the continent of Eu-
rope, In Mr. Ray's time, they bred annually in a
wood at Sevenhuys, not remote from Leyden : but
the wood is now deftroyed ; and thefe birds, with
feveral others that formerly frequented the coun-
try, are at pfefent become very rare.

Mr,

S P O O 1ST B I L L.

jtyp.lX.

APPENDIX. 635

Mr. Jofeph Spar/hall of Yarmouth favored mc
with the following very accurate defcription :

The length from the end of the beak to the extre-
mity of the middle toe forty inches : breadth of the
wings, extended, fifty-two inches : bill, length of
the upper mandible feven inches ; of the lower fix
three-fourths ditto : breadth of the fpoon, near the
point, two inches ; ditto of the nether mandible
one inch feven-eighths: breadth of both, in the
narrowed parr, near the middle, three-fourths of
an inch : a bright orange colored fpot, about the
breadth of a fixpence, juft above the point of the
upper mandible, which is a little hooked, or bent
downward at its extremity. At the angles of the
bill, on each cheek, a fpot of a bright orange co-
lor : the ikin between the fides of the lower man-
dible, and extending about three inches down-
ward on the throat or neck, covered with very
fine down, almoft imperceptible, which, with the
fkin on that part, are of a very bright orange co-
lor : irides of the eyes a bright flame color, very
lively and vivid : the whole bill (except the above
fpot) of a fine mining black : its upper furface
elegantly waved with dotted protuberances : a de-
prened line extending from the noftrils (which are
three-eights of an inch long, and fituate half an
inch below the upper part of the bill) is conti-
nued round it about one eighth of an inch from
its edge : its fubftance has fomething of the appear-
ance of whale bone, thin, light, and elaftic. Infide

of

636

APPENDIX.

of the mouth a dark afti color, almoft black : the
tongue (remarkably Angular) being very fhort,
heart fhaped, and when drawn back, ferving as a
valve to dole the entrance of the throat, which it
ferns to do effc&ually ; when pulled forward has
the appearance of a triangular button : the ears, or
auditory apertures large, and placed an inch be-
hind the angles of the mouth. Plumage of the
whole body, wings, and tail white : on the back-
part of the head a beautiful ere 11 of white fea-
thers, hanging pendent behind the neck ^ their
length about five inches 5 which, in the living fub-
ject, gives it a very beautiful appearance.

Weight of the fowl, three days after killed, was
three pounds and a half.

The legs black, their length fix inches, and
thighs the fame ; the latter naked about half their
length •, toes connected by a fmall web, extending
to the firft joint on each.

No.

APPENDIX. 637

No. I.
ADDITIONS to the HISTORY

OF THE HORSE.

*TpHE representative of this fpecies is a na- Hors

-*• tive of Yemine, in Arabia F^elix ; the proper-
ty of Lord Grofvencur, taken from a picture in
poffeiTion of his Lordfhip, painted by Mr. Stubbs,
an artift not lefs happy in reprefenting animals in
their ftiiler moments, than when agitated by their
furious psflions \ his matchlefs paintings of horfes
will be lafting monuments of the one, and that of
the lion and panther of the other.

This horfe, by its long refidence among us, may
be faid to be naturalized, therefore we hope to
be excufed for introducing it here, notwithstand-
ing its foreign defcent. From its great beauty
it may be prefumed that it derives its lineage from
Monaki Shaduki, of the pure race of horfes, purer
than milk*.

* Vide the Arabian certificate, in a following note, fof
the meaning of this phrafe.

Arabia

638

APPENDIX.

Arabia produces thefe noble animals in the
higheft perfection-, firft, becaufe they take their
origin from the wild unmixed breeds that formerly
were found in the defcrts *, which had as little
degenerated from their primaeval form and powers
as the lion, tiger, or any other creature which (till
remains in a ftate of nature unchanged by the difci-
plineofman, or harvefted provifion.

The Arabs place their chief delight in this ani-
mal , it is to them f as dear as their family, and
is indeed part of it : men, women, children, mares,
and foals all lie in one common tent, and they
lodge promifcuoufly without fear of injury.

This

* Leo Africanus, who wrote in the time of Leo X. fays,
that in his days great numbers of wild horfes were found in
the Numidian and Arabian Deferts, which were broke for ufe.
He adds, that the trial of their fvviftnefs was made againil
the Lanty or the Of rich; and if they could overtake either of
thofe animals, were valued at a hundred camels. Hift. Africa,

339-

f Asa proof of this, receive the following lamentation of an
Arab, obliged, thro* poverty, to part with his mare : My eyes,
fays he, to the animal, my foul, muf I be fo unfortunate as
to have fold thee to fo many mafers, and not to keep thee myfelf?
I am poor, «y Antelope. Tou know well enough, my honey,
I have brought thee up as my child; 1 'never beat nor chid thee ;
I made as much of thee as ever I could for my life. God pre-
ferve thee my dearejl ; thou art pretty ; thou art lovely ; God de-
fend thee from the looks of the envious. To underiland the flrit
part of this fpeech, it muft be obferved, that it is ufual for

many

APPENDIX. 639

This conftant intercourfe produces a familiarity
that could not otherwife be effected , and creates
a tractability in the horfes that could arife only
from a regular good ufage ; little acts of kindnefe,
and a foothing language, which they are accuf-
tomed to from their mailers : they are quite un-
acquainted with the fpur; the left touch with the
flirrup fets thefe airy courfers in motion ; they fet
off with a fleetnefs that furpaffes that of the
Oftrich * yet they are fo well trained as to flop
in their molt rapid fpeed by the fligheft check of
the rider : there are fometimes inftances of their
being mounted without either bridle or faddle,
when they fhew fuch compliance to their rider's
will, as to be directed in their courfe by the
rneer motion of a fwitch -f .
Paret in obfequium lent<e moderamine virgte,
Verbera funt precept a fug<e> funt verb era frama J.
Several things concur to maintain this perfection
in the horfes of Arabia* fuch as the great care the
Arabs take in preferving the breed genuine, by per-
mitting none but ftallions of the firfl form to have

many Arabs, of the poorer rank, to join in the purchafe of a
horfe, the original owner generally retaining one fhare. This,
as well as moll of the other particulars relating to the Arabian
horfe, are taken from M. D'Arvieux's curious account of
Arabia, p. 167, London, 1732.

* For an account of its fpeed, vide Adanforfs <voj. 85.
■f- Twvernier^ 's Travels, I. 6$,
X Nemefion Cjneg. 267.

accefs

640

APPENDIX.

•accefs to the mares : this is never done but in the
prefence of a vvitnefs, the fecretary of the Emr,
or fome public officer ; he after ts the facl, records
the name of the horfe, mare, and whole pedigree
of each, and thefe atteftations* are carefully pre-
ferve'd, for on thefe depend the future price of the

foal.

The

* The reader is here prefented with an original atten-
tion, fome of which M. D'Jrvieux fays have been preferred
for above 500 years in the public records.

Taken before A BDORR AM AN, KADI
of ACCA.

The Occafion of this prefent Writing or Initrument is that
at Ace a in the Houfe cf Badi legal eftabiifh'd Judge, appear'd
in Court Thomas UsgOte the Engliih Conful and with him
Sheikh Morad Ebn al Hajj Abdollah, Sheikh of the County
of Safad, and the faid Conful defir'd from the aforefaid
Sheikh proof of the Race of the Grey Horfe which he bought
of him, and He afrirm'd to be Monaki Shadiihi *, but he was
not fatisfied with this but defir'd the Teftimony of the
Arabs, who bred the Horfe and knew how he came to Sheikh
Morad ; whereupon there appear'd certain Arabs of Repute
whofe names are undermention'd, who terrified and declar'd
that the Grey Horfe which the Conful formerly bought of
Sheikh Morad, is Monaki Shaduki of the pure Race of Horfes,
purer than Milkf, and that the Beginning of the Affair

* Thefe are the Names of the two Breeds of Arab Horfes, which are reckoned
pure and true, and thofe which are of both thefe Brads by Father and Mother,

the aofi Hoble and free from Bafia'dy,
■f A Proverbial ExpreJJicr;.

was,

are

APPENDIX. 641

The Arabs^ whofe riches are their horfes, take
all imaginable care of them ; they have it not in
their power to give them grais in their hot climate,
except in the fpring; their conftant food is bar-
ley, and that given only in the night, being never
fuffered to eat during the day.

In the day-time they are kept faddled at the
door of the tent, ready for any excurfion their maf-
te.s may make; the Arabs being fond of the chace,
and live by the plundering of travellers. The
horfes are never hurt by any fervile employ, never
injured by heavy burthens, or by long journies,
enjoy a pure dry air, due exercife, great temper-
ance, and great care.

was, that Sheikh Sakh, Sheikh of Ahabal, bought him- of the
Arabs of the Tribe of al Mohammadat, and Sheikh Saleh fold
him to Sheikh Mcrad Ebn cd Hajj Abdollah, Sheikh of Safad,
arid Sheikh Morad fold him to the Conful aforefaid, when thefe
Matters appeared to us, and the Contents were known, the
faid Gentleman defir'd a Certificate thereof, and Teitimo-
ny of the WitnefTes, whereupon we wrote him this Certifi-
cate, for him to keep as a Proof thereof. Dated Friday 28 of '* * 29 January t
the latter Rabi in the Year 1 135. I?22*

WitnefTes,

Sheikh Jumat al Falibciu of the Arabs

of al Mohammadat.
Ali Ebn Taleb al Kaabi.
Ibrahim his Brother.
Mohammed al Adhra Skeikh Alfarifat.
Kbamis al Kaabi,

Every

642

APPENDIX.

Every horfe in Arabia (except thofe which by
way of contempt are called Guidich, or pack horfes)
has a degree of good qualities fuperior to thofe
of any other places •, but it is not to be fuppofed,
but that there are certain parts of that country,
which have attained a higher perfection in the art
of management than the others.

Thus" we find by fome late information *, that
Temine in Arabia Falix, is at prefent in great re-
pute for its breed -, for the jockies of that part have
acquired fuch a fuperior name, as to be able to fell
their three year old horfes for two or three hundred
guineas a-piece, and when they can be prevailed on
to part with a favorite ftaUion, they will not take
lefs for it than fifteen hundred guineas. It is from
this country that the great men in India are fup-
plicd with horfes, for India itfelf is poffeffcd of a
very bad kind ; thefe noble animals being much
negle&ed there, from the conftant ufe of the
Buffalo, not only in tillage, but even in riding.

It may be allowed here to give fome account of
the horfes of other countries, which derive their
origin, or at left receive their improvement from
the" Arabian kind, for wherefoever the Saracens
fpread their victorious arms, they, at the fame
time, introduced their generous race of horfes.

Thofe of Perfta are light, fwift, and very like
thofe of Arabia, but formed very narrow before :

* Wall on horfes, 74.

they

APPENDIX. 643

they are fed with chopped draw, mixed with bar-
lev, and inftead of foiling, are fed with new eared
or green barley for about fourteen or twenty days*.

Ethiopia has with fome writers the credit of
having originally furnifned Arabia with its fine
race of horfes ; but we believe the reverfe, and
that they were introduced into that empire by the
Arabian princes, whofe lineage to this day fills that
throne. The horfes of that country are fpirited and
flrong, and generally of a black color : they are
never ufed in long journies, but only in battle or
in the race, for all fervile work is done by mules :
the Ethiopians never fhoe them, for which reafon,
on palfing through flony places, they difmount, and
ride on mules, and lead their horfes -f- ; fo from this
we may collecl:, that this nation is not lefs attached
to thefe animals than the Arabs.

Aigypt has two breeds of horfes, one its own, the
other Arabian ; the laft are mod efteemed, and are
bought up at a great price, in order to be fent to
Constantinople ; but fuch is the difcouragement,
arifing from the tyranny of the government, that
the owners often wilfully lame a promifing horfe J,
left the Beys mould like it and force it from them.

Barbary owes its fine horfes to the fame flock, but
in general they are far inferior in point of value;
and for the fame reafon as is given in the laft arti-

* Tavernier's Travels, I. 145.
f Ludolph. hi ft, Mthlop. 53.

\ Uni<v, modern bijl. quotted from Maillet and Pocock.

Vol. II. U u cje,

APPENDIX.

cle, the great infecurity of property under the Tur-
hijh government. The breed was once very fa-
mous : M. UArvieux* fays, that when he was
there in 1668, he met with a mare that he thought
worthy of the ftud of his grand Monarque, when
in the height of his glory ; but Doctor Shaw in-
forms us, that at prefent the cafe is entirely alter-
ed f.

Notwithftanding Spain has been celebrated of old
for the fwiftnefs of its horfes, yet it muft have re-
ceived great improvement from thofe brought over
by their conquerors, the Saracens. According to
Oppian Jv the Spanijh breed had no other merit than
that of rleetnefe, but at prefent we know that they
have feveral other fine qualities.

To fum up the account of this generous animal,
we may obferve, that every country that boafts of a
fine race of horfes, is indebted to Arabia, their pri-
maeval feat. No wonder then, that the poetic ge-
nius of the author of the book of Job, who not on-
ly lived on the very fpot, but even at time when the
animal creation (till enjoyed much of its original
perfection, mould be able to compofe that fublime
defcription which has always been the admiration
of every perfon of genuine tafte§.

* D'Arvzeux, 173.
f Sbanv's Travels, 238.
' 1 Cyneg. lib. I. V. 284.

§ Job. ch. XXXIX, v. 19. to 25.

No;

APPENDIX. 645

No. ir.

Of the TAKING of WOLVES, &c.

Ex Autographo penes Dec. et Capit. Exon.

From Bp. Lyttelton's Collections.

*>fOHAN. comes Moreton omnibus hominibus
J et amicis fuis Francis et Anglicis prefentibus
et futuris falutem fciatis nos concef.fe reddidiiTe et
hac cartamea confirmative comit. baron militibus
et omnibus libere tenentibus clericis et laicis in
Bevenefcire libertates fuas forefte quas habuerunc
tempore Henrici Reg. proavi mei tenendas et ha-
bendas illis et heredibus fuis de me et heredibus
meis et nominatim quod habeant arcus et phare-
tras, et fagittas in terris fuis deferendas extra re-
gardum forefte mee, et quod canes fui vel homi-
num fuorum, non fint efpaltati extra regardum
forefte, et quod habeant canes fuos et alias liberta-
tes, ficut melius et liberies illas habuerunt tem-
pore ejufd. Henrici Regis et Reifellos fuos, et quod
capiant Capreolum, Vulpem, Cattum, Lupum,
Leporem, Lutram, ubicunque illam inveniunt ex-
U u 2 tra

6^6 APPENDIX.

tra regardum forefte mee. Et ideo vobis firmiter
precipio, quod nullus eis, de hiis vel aliis liber-
tatibus fuis moleftiam inferat vel gravamen. Hiis
teftibus Will Mar ef call Will comite Sarejbur. Will
com. de Vernon. Steph. Ridell cancellario meo, Will
de Wenn. Hamone de Valoin, Roger o de Novoburgo,
Ingelram de Pincoll Rob. de Moritomari, Waltero
Maltravers. Rad. Morin. Walt, de Cantelu. Gil-
berti Morin et muhis aliis.

Seal appendant, an armed man on horfeback,
and on the reverfe^ a fmall imprefllon from an an-
tique head — the legend broken.

No.

APPENDIX. 047

No. III.

Of the CHOICE of his MAJESTY'S
HAWKS.

TO all thofe to whome this prefent Writingc
fhall come I Sr. Anthony Pell Knight Maif-
ter Faulkner Surveyor and Keeper of his Majef-
ties Hawkes fend greetinge, Whereas I am cre-
dibly informed that divers perfons who doe ufu-
allie bringe Hankes to fell doe commonlye con-
vey them from fhipbord and cuftcme howfe be-
fore fuch tyme as I or my fervants or deputies
have any fight or choife of them for his Majefties
ufe whereby his Highnefs is not nor hath not late-
ly beene furnifhed with the number of Hawkes as
is mod meete, Wherefore theis are in his Majefties
name to will charge and commaund you and every
of you that fhall at any tyme hereafter bringe any
Hawkes to fell, That neither you nor any of you
nor any others for you or by your appointment doe
remove or convey awaye any of your Hawkes
whatfoever from fhipbord or the cuftome houfe un-
till fuch tyme as the bearer hereof my welbeloved
friend William Spence Gent, have his firft choife
U u 3 for

64S APPENDIX.

for his Majefties fervice, And that you and every
one of you do quietly permitt and fufFer the faid
Wm. Spence the bearer hereof to take his choife and
make tryal of fuch of your Hawkes as he fhall
thinke meete with a gorge or two of meat before
fuch tyme as his Majefties price be paide beeinge
as hereafter followeth, viz for a Faulcon twenty fix
fhillings and eight pence, for a TaiTell gentle thir-
teene iliillings and four pence, for a Lanner twen-
ty fix millings and eight pence, for a Lannarett
thirteene iliillings and foure pence, for a Gofhawke
twentie fhillings, for a TalTell of a Gofshawke
thirteene fhillings and foure pence, for a Gerfaul*
kon thirtie fhillings, for a Jerkin thirteen fhillings
and fourepence, hereof fayle you not as you will
anfwere the contrary at your perills. Dated the fix
and twentieth day Januarie Anno Domini 162 1.

This warrant to endure untill the
firft daye of Auguft next comeinge,

No.

APPENDIX. 649

No. IV.
Of the SMALL BIRDS of FLIGHT,

By the Honble. Da.in.es Barrington,

IN the fuburbs of London (and particularly about
Shoreditch) are feveral weavers and other trades-
men, who, during the months of Ofiober and March,
get their livelihood by an ingenious, and we may
fay, a fcientific method of bird-catching, which is
totally unknown in other parts of Great Britain,

The reafon of this trade being confined to fo
frnall a compafs, arifes from there being no confi-
derable fale for finging birds except in the metro-
polis : as the apparatus for this purpofe is alfo
heavy, and at the fame time mud be carried on z
man's back, it prevents the bird-catchers going to
above three or four miles didance.

This method of bird-catching mud have been
long praclifed, as it is brought to a mod fyftema-
tical perfection, and is attended with a very consi-
derable expence.

The nets are a mod ingenious piece of mecha-
nifm, are generally twelve yards and a half long,

U u 4 and

65° A P P E N D I X.

and two yards and a half wide; and no one on bare
infpedtion would imagine that a bird (who is fo
To very quick in all its motions) could be catch-
ed by the nets flapping over each other, till he
becomes eye witnefs of the pullers fcldom failing *

The wild birds fly (as the bird-catchers term it)
chiefly during the month of October, and part of
September and November ; as the flight in March is
much lefs considerable than that of Michaelmafs.
It is to be noted alfo, that the feveral fpecies of
birds of flight do not make their appearance pre-
cifcly at the fame time, during the months of
September i October and November. The Pippet f,
for example, begins to fly about Michaelmafs, and
then the Woodlark, Linnet, Goldfinch, Chaffinch,
Greenfinch, and other birds of flight fucceed -9
all of which are not eafily to be caught, or in any
numbers, at any other time, and more particularly
the Pippet and the Woodlark.

Thcfe birds, during the Michaelmafs and March
flights, are chiefly on the wing from day break
to noon, though there is afterwards a {mzM flight
from two till night; but this however is fo incon-

* Thefe nets are known in moft parts of England by the
hame of Jay-nets or clap-nets ; but all we have feen are far
inferior in their mechanifm to thofe ufed near London.

t A fmall fpecies of Lark, but which is inferior to other
birds of that Genus in point of fong.

fiderable,

APPENDIX. 651

fiderable, that the bird-catchers always take up
their nets at noon.

It may well deferve the attention of the naturalift
whence thefe periodical flights of certain birds can
arife. As the ground however is ploughed during
the months of Oclobcr and March for fowins; the
winter and lent corn, it fhould feem that they are
thus fupplied with a great profufion both of feeds
and infects, which they cannot fo eafily procure at
any other feaibn.

It may not be improper to mention another cir-
cumflance, to be obferved during their flitting,
$&&. that they fly always againlt the wind ; hence,
there is great contention amongft the bird-catchers
who fhall gain that point, if (for example) it is
wefterly, the bird catcher who lays his nets mod
to the eaft, is fare almoft of catching every thing,
provided his call-birds are good : a gentle wind
to the fouth-weft generally produces the bed fport.

The bird-catcher, who is a fubftantial man, and
hath a proper apparatus for this purpofe, general-
ly carries with him five or fix linnets (of which
more are caught than any tinging bird) two gold-
finches , two greenfinches, one woodlark, one redpoll,
a yellowhammer, titlark, and aberdavine, and per-
haps a bullfinch -, thefe are placed at fmall diftances
from the nets in little cages. He hath, befides,
what are called flur-birds^ which are placed with-
in

6$z APPENDIX.

in the nets, are raifed upon the flur*, and gently
let down at the time the wild bird approaches
them. Thefe generally conlift of the linnet, the
goldfinch, and the greenfinch, which are fecured to
the flur by what is called a brace f-, a contrivance
that fecures the birds without doing any injury
to their plumage.

It having been found that there is a fuperiority
between bird and bird, from the one being more in
fang than the other; the bird-catchers contrive
that their call birds mould moult before the ufual
time. They, therefore, in June or July, put them
into a clofe box, under two or three folds of
blankets, and leave their dung in the cage to raife
a greater heat ; in which ftate they continue, be-
ing perhaps examined but once a week to have
freih water. As for food, the air is fo putrid, that
they eat little during the whole ftate of confine-
ment, which lafts about a month. The birds fre-
quently die under the operation J; and hence the
value of a flopped bird rifes greatly.

When

* A moveable perch to which the bird is tied, and which
the bird-catcher can raife at pleafure, by means of a long
ftring fallen ed to it.

f A fort of bandage, formed of a /lender filken ftring that is
fattened round the bird's body, and under the wings, in fo
artful a manner as to hinder the bird from being hurt, let
Sutter ever fo much in the raifing.

| We have been lately informed by an experienced bird-
catcher,

APPENDIX. <%3

When the bird hath thus prematurally moulted,
he is in fong, whilft the wild birds are out of fong,
and his note is louder and more piercing than that
of a wild one •, but it is not only in his note he
receives an alteration, the plumage is equally im-
proved. The black and yellow in the wings of the
goldfinch, for example, become deeper and more vi-
vid, together with a moft beautiful glofs, which
is not to be feep in the wild bird. The bill, which
in the latter is likewife black at the end, in the
flopped bird becomes white and more taper, as do
its leo-s : in Ihort, there is as much difference be-
tween a wild and a flopped bird, as there is between
a horfe which is kept in body cloaths, or at grafs.

When the bird-catcher hath laid his nets, he dif-
pofes of his callbirds at proper intervals. It mud
be owned, that there is a moft malicious joy in
thefe call-birds to bring the wild ones into the fame
ftate of captivity ♦, which may likewife be obferved
with regard to the decoy ducks.

Their fight and hearing infinitely excels that of
the bird catcher. The inftant that the * wild birds
are perceived, notice is given by one to the reft of

catcher, that he purfues a cooler regimen inftopping his birds,
and that he therefore feldom lofes one: but we fufpe& thai;
there is not the fame certainty of making them moult.

* It may be alfo obferved, that the moment they fee a hawk,
they communicate the alarm to each other by a plaintive note;
ncr will they then jerk or call though the wild birds are near,

the

654 APPENDIX.

the call-birds, (as it is by the firft hound that hits
on the fcent, to the red of the pack) after which,
follows the fame fort of tumultuous tecftacy and
joy. The call-birds, while the bird is at a diftance,
do not fing as a bird does in a chamber ; they in-
vite the wild ones by what the bird-catchers call
Jhort jerks, which when the birds are good, may
be heard at a great diftance. The afcendency by
this call or invitation is fo great, that the wild bird
is (lopped in its courfe of flight, and if not already
acquainted with the nets*, lights boldly within
twenty yards of perhaps three or four bird-catchers,
on a fpot which otherwife it would not have taken
the left notice of. Nay, it frequently happens,
that if half a flock only are caught, the remaining
half will immediately afterwards light in the nets,
and fhare the fame fate ; and mould only one
bird efcape, that bird will fufter itfelf to be pulled
at till it ,is caught, fuch a fafcinating power have
the call- birds.

While we are on this fubjeft of the jerking of
birds, we cannot omit mentioning, that the bird-
catchers frequently lay confiderable wagers whofe
call bird can jerk the longeft, as that determines
the fuperiority. They place them oppofite to each
other, by an inch of candle, and the bird who

* A bird, acquainted with the nets, is by the bird-catchers
termed a Jharper, which they endeavour to drive away, as
they can have no fport whilft it continues near them.

jerks

APPENDIX. ess

jerks the ofteneft, before the candle is burnt out,,
wins the wager. We have been informed, that
there have been inftances of a bird's giving a hun-
dred and feventy jerks in a quarter of an hour ;
and we have known a linnet, in fuch a trial, per-
fevere in its emulation till it fwooned from the
perch : thus, as Pliny fays of the nightingale, viffa
morte finit f<epe vitam, fpiritu prius dejiciente quam
cantu *.

It may be here obferved, that birds when near
each other, and in fight, feldom jerk or fing.
They either fight, or ufe mort and wheedling calls;
the jerking of thefe call Mr ds, therefore, face to
face, is a mod extraordinary infiance of contention
for fuperiority in fong.

It may be alfo worthy of obfervation, that the fe-
male of no fpecies of birds ever fings : with birds,
it is the reverfe of what occurs in human kind :
among the feathered tribe, all the cares of life fall
to the lot of the tender fex : theirs is the fatigue
of incubation ; and the principal fhare in nurfing
the helplefs brood : to alleviate thefe fatigues, and
to fupport her under them, nature hath given to
the male the fong, with all the little blandimments
and foothing arts ; thefe he fondly exerts (even af-
ter courtfhip) on fome fpray contiguous to the neft,
during the time. his mate is performing her paren-
tal duties. But that fhe mould be filent, is alfo a-

• Lib, X. c, ZQ.

nother

656 A P P H N D I X.

nother wife provifion of nature, for her fong would
difcover her lieft •, as would a gaudinefs of plu-
mage, which, for the fame reafon, feems to have
been denied her.

To thefe we may add a few particulars that fell
within our notice during our enquiries among the
bird-catchers, fuch as, that they immediately kill
the hens of every fpecies of birds they take, being
incapable of finging, as alfo being inferior in plu-
mage -, the pippets likewife are indifcriminately de-
ftroyed, as the cock does net fing well : they fell
the dead birds for three-pence or four-pence a
dozen.

Thefe fmall birds are fo good, that we are fur-
prized the luxury of the age neglects io delicate
an acquifition to the table. The modern Italians
are fond' of fmall birds, which they eat under the
common name of Beccaficos : and the dear rate a
Roman Tragedian paid for one difh of finging birds*
is well known.

Another particular we learned, in converfation
with a London bird-catcher, was the vaft price that
is fometimes given for a fingle fong bird, which

* Maxime tamen infignis eft in hac memoria, Clodii ^Efopi
tragici hiftrionis patina Jexcentis H. S. taxata; in quo pofuit aves
cantu aliquo, aut humano /ermone, vccales. Plin. lib. x. C.
5 1 . The price of this expenfive difh was about 6843 /. 10/.
according to Arbutknot\ Tables. This feems to have been a
wanton caprice, rather than a tribute to epicurifm. T. P.

had

APPENDIX. 657

had not learned to whittle tunes. The greatefl
fum we heard of, was five guineas for a chaffinch y
that had a particular and uncommon note, under
which it was intended to train others : and we al-
fo heard of five pounds ten (hillings being given
for a call-bird linnet.

A third fingular circumftance, which confirms
an obfervation of Linnaeus, is, that the male chaf-
finches fly by themfelves, and in the flight precede
the females; but this is not peculiar to the chaf-
finches. When the titlarks are caught in the begin-
ning of the feafon, it frequently happens, that
forty are taken and not one female among them :
and probably the fame would be obferved with"
regard to other birds (as has been done with rela-
tion to the wheat-ear) if they were attended to.

An experienced and intelligent bird-catcher in-
formed us, that fuch birds as breed twice a year,
generally have in their flrft brood a majority of
males, and in their fecond, of females, which may
in part account for the above obfervation.

We mutt not omit mention of the bulfinchy
though it does not properly come under the title
of a finging bird, or a bird of fight, as it does not
often move farther than from hedge to hedge ; yer^
as the bird fells well on account of its learning to
whittle tunes, and fome times flies over the fields
where the nets are laid ; the bird-catchers have
often a call- bird to enfnare it, though moft of them
can imitate the call with their mouths. It is re-
markable

65S APPENDIX.

markable with regard to this bird, that the female
anfwers the purpofe of a call-bird as well as the
male, which is not experienced in any other bird
taken by the London bird-catchers.

It may perhaps furprize, that under this article
of finging birds, we have not mentioned the night-
ingale, which is not a bird of flight, in the fenfe the
bird-catchers ufe this term. The nightingale, like
the robin, wren, and many other finging birds,
only moves from hedge to hedge, and does not
take the periodical flights in Otlober and March.
The perfons who catch thefe birds, make ufe of
fmall trap-nets, without call- birds, and are confi-
dered as inferior in dignity to other bird-catchers,
who will not rank with them.

The nightingale being the firft of finging birds,
we fhall here infert a few particulars relating to it,
that were tranfmitted to us fince the defcription
of that bird was printed.

Its arrival is expected, by the trappers in the
neighborhood of London, the firft week in April-, at
the beginning none but cocks are taken, but in
a few days the hens make their appearance, ge-
nerally by themfelves, though fometimes a few
males come along with them.

The latter are diftinguifhed from the females
not only by their fuperior fize, but by a great
fuelling of their vent, which commences on the
firft arrival of the hens.

They

APPENDIX. 659

They do not build till the middle of May, and
generally chufe a quickfet to make their neft in.

If the nightingale is kept in a cage, it often be-
gins to fing about th? latter end of November, and
continues its fong more or lefs till June,

A young Canary bird, linnet, Jkylark, or robin
(who have never heard any other bird) are faid
bed to learn the note of a nightingale.

They are caught in a net-trap ; the bottom of
which is furrounded with an iron ring ; the net it-
felf is rather larger than a cabbage net.

When the trappers hear or fee them, they ftrew
fome frefh mould under the place, and bait the
trap with a meal-worm from the baker's (hop.

.Ten or a dozen nightingales have been thus
caught in a day.

Voi.. II. X x Ko>

GGo, APPENDIX.

No. V.

EXPERIMENTS and OBSERVATI-
ONS on the SINGING of BIRDS,
by the Hon. DAINES BARRING-
TON. In a letter to MATHEW
MATY, M.D. Sec. R. S. 1773.

From the Philosophical Transactions, Vol. LXIII.-

Dear Sir,

AS the experiments and obfervations 1 mean
to lay before the Royal Society relate to
the finging of birds, which is a fubjedt that hath
never before been fcientifically treated of % it may
not be improper to prefix an explanation of fome
uncommon terms, which I mail be obliged to ufe,
as well as others which I have been under a neceffi-
ty of coining.

* Kircber, indeed, in his Mufurgia, hath given us fome
few pa/Tages in the fong of the nightingale, as well as the
call of a quail and cuckow, which he hath engraved in mufical
characters. Thefe inflances, however, only prove that fome
birds have in their fong, notes which correfpond with the in-
tervals of our common fcale of the mufical ottave.

To

APPENDIX. 66 1

To chirp, is the firft found which a young bird
utters, as a cry for food, and is different in all
neftlings, if accurately attended to ; fo that the hear-
er may diftinguifh of what fpecies the birds are,
though the neft may hang out of his fight and reach.

This cry is, as might be expected, very weak
and querulous ; it is dropped entirely as the bird
grows ftronger, nor is afterwards intermixed with
its fong, the chirp of a nightingale (for example)
being hoarfe and difagreeable.

To this definition of the chirp, I muft add, that
it confifts of a fingle found, repeated at very fhort
intervals, and that it is common to neftlings of
both kxQs.

The call of a bird, is that found which it is able
to make, when about a month old -, it is, in mod
inftances (which I happen to recollect) a repeti-
tion of one and the fame note, is retained by the
bird as long as it lives, and is common, generally,,
to both the cock and hen *.

The next ftage in the notes of a bird is term-
ed, by the bird-catchers, recording, which word is

* For want of terms to diftinguifh the notes of birds, Bel-
Ion applies the verb cbantent, or fing, to the goofe and crane,
as well as the nightingale. u Plufieurs oifeaux chant ent la
fluit, comme eft Poye, la giue, & le rofiignol. " Beflon's
Hill, of Birds, p. 5©.

X x z probably

662 APPENDIX.

probably derived from a mufical inftrument, for-
merly ufed in England, called a recorder *.

This attempt in the neftling to fing, may be
compared to the imperfect endeavour in a child to
babble. I have known inftances of birds beginning
to record when they were not a month old.

This firft elTay does not feem to have the lead
rudiments of the future fong; but as the bird
grows older and ftronger, one may begin to per-
ceive what the neftling is aiming at.

Whilft the fcholar is thus endeavouring to form
his fong, when he is once fure of a paflfage, he
commonly raifes his tone, which he drops again
when he is not equal to what he is attempting ; juft
as a finger raifes his voice, when he not only recol-
lects certain parts of a tune with precifion, but
knows that he can execute them.

What the neftling is not thus thoroughly mafter
of, he hurries over, lowering his tone, as if he did
not wifli to be heard, and could not yet fatisfy
himfelf.

I have never happened to meet with a pafTage
in any writer, which feems to relate to this ftage of

* It feems to have been a fpecies of flute, and was
probably ufed to teach young birds to pipe tunes.

Lord Bacon defcribes this inftrument to have been ftrait,
to have had a lefTer and greater bore, both above and below,
to have required very little breath from the blower, and to
have had what he calls a fipple, or {topper. See his fecond
Century of Experiments.

fingino;

APPENDIX.

Unging in a bird, except, perhaps, in the following
lines of Statins:

663

" Nunc volucrum novi

" Queftus, inexpertumque carmen,
" Quod tacita flatuere bruma."

Stat. Sylv. L. IV. Eel. 5.

A young bird commonly continues to record
for ten or eleven months, when he is able to exe-
cute every part of his fong, which afterwards con-
tinues fixed, and is fcarcely ever altered *

When the bird is thus become perfect in his let
fon, he is faid tofing his fong round, or in all its
varieties of paflages, which he connects together,
and executes without a paufe.

I would therefore define a bird's fong to be a
fucceffion of three or more different notes, which
are continued without interruption during the fame
interval with a mufical bar of four crotchets in an
adagio movement, or whilft a pendulum fwings four
leconds.

By the firft requifite in this definition, I mean to

* The bird called a Twite* by the bird-catchers common-
ly flies in company with linnets, yet thefe two fpecies of
birds never learn each other's notes, which always continue
totally different.

# Br. Zoo/. Vol. II. p. 315. 8w. prefent edition, I. p. ^93.

X x 3 exclude

6CH APPENDIX.

exclude the call of a cuckov/, or clucking of a hen *,
as they confid of only two notes •, whilft the fhort
burfts of finging birds, contending with each o-
ther (called jerks by the bird-catchers) are equal-
ly diftinguifhed from what I term fotig, by their
not continuing for four feconds.

As the notes of a cuckow and hen, therefore,
though they exceed what I have defined the call of
a bird to be, do not amount to its fong^ I will,
for this rcafon, take the liberty of terming fuch a
fucceflion of two notes as we hear in thefe birds,
the varied call

Having thus fettled the meaning of certain
words, which 1 mall be obliged to make ufe of, I
mall now proceed to (late fome general principles
with regard to the finging of birds, which feem to
relult from the experiments I have been making
for feveral years, and under a great variety of cir-
cumttances.

Notes in birds are no more innate, than lan-
guage is in man, and depend entirely upon the
matter under which they are bred, as far as their
oro-ans will enable them to imitate the founds which
they have frequent opportunities of hearing.

Mod of the experiments I have made on this

fwhjetft have been tried with cock, linnets, which

xe fledged and nearly able to leave their neft, on

f The common hen, when me lays, repeats the fame
note very often, and concludes with the fixth above, vvhicL
fhc holds for a longer time.

account

APPENDIX. 66$

account not only of this bird's docility, and great
powers of imitation, but becaufe the cock is eafily
diftinguifhed from the hen at that early period, by
the fuperior whitenefs in the wing *.

In many other forts of finging birds the male is
not at the age of three weeks fo certainly known
from the female ; and if the pupil turns out to be
a hen,

" ibi omnis

" EfFufus labor."

The Greek poets made a fongfter of the t£T7<|,
whatever animal that may be, and it is remarkable
that they obferved the female was incapable of ring-
ing as well as hen birds :

E(T £HTIV 01 T£T7<y£$ UK EU$XlflQVS$y

Qv rai$ yuvcufziv a S'otixv (pcovng evi ;
Comicorum Gracorum Sententia?, p. 452. Ed. Steph*

I have indeed known an inftance or two of a
hen's making out fomething- like the fono- of her
fpecies ; but thefe are as rare as the common hen's
being heard to crow.

I rather fufpect alio, that thofe parrots, mag-
pies, &:c. which either do not fpeak at all, or very
little, are hens of thofe kinds.

# The white reaches almoft to the fhaft of the quill fea-
thers, and in the hen does not exceed more than half of that
%ace : it is alfo of a brighter hue.

X X 4 I have

666 APPENDIX.

I have educated nettling linnets under the three
bed Tinging larks, the Jkylark, woodlark, and tit*
Iarky every one of which, in ftead of the linnet's
fong, adhered entirely to that of their refpedtive
inftruclors. .

When the note of the titlark- linnet * was tho-
roughly fixed, I hung the bird in a room with two
common linnet?, for a quarter of a year, which were
full in fongj the titlark- linnet, however, did not
borrow any paflages from the linnet's fong, but
adhered ftedfattly to that of the titlark.

I had fome curiofity to find out whether an
European nettling would equally learn the note of
an African bird : I therefore educated a young lin-
net under a vengolina -f, which imitated its Afri-
can matter fo exactly, without any mixture of the
linnet fong, that it was impottible to diftinguifh the
one from the other.

* I thus call a bird which fings notes he would not have
learned in a wild ftate ; thus by a Jkylark-iinnct, I mean a lin-
net with the fkylark fong ; a nightingale-robin, a robin with
the nightingale fong, &c.

f This bird feems not to have been defcribed by any of the
ornithologies ; it is of the finch tribe, and about the fame fize
with our aberdavine (or filkin). The colors arc grey and
white, and the cock hath a bright yellow fpot upon the rump.
It is a very familiar bird* and fings better than any of thofe
which are not European, except the American mocking bird.
An inftance hath lately happened, in an aviary at Hamfied, of
a wngotinefs breeding with a Canary bird.

This

APPENDIX. 667

- 'This vcngolina-linnet was abiblutely perfect*
without ever uttering a Tingle note by which it
could have been known to be a linnet. In fome
of my other experiments, however, the neftling
linnet retained the call of its own fpecies, or what
the bird-catchers term the linnet's chuckle^ from
fome refemblance to that word when pronounced.

I have before dated, that all my neftling linnets
were three weeks old, when taken from the neft ;
and by that time they frequently learn their own
call from the parent birds, which I have mentioned
to confift of only a fingle note.

To be certain, therefore, that a neftling will not
have even the call of its fpecies, it ihould be taken
from the neft when only a day or two old ; becaufe,
though neftlings cannot fee till the feventh day,
yet they can hear from the inftant they are hatch-
ed, and probably, from that circumftance, attend
to founds, more than they do afterwards, efpecially
as the call of the parents announces the arrival of
their food.

I muft own, that I am not equal myfeJf, nor can
I procure any perfon to take the trouble of breed-
ing up a bird of this age, as the odds againft its
beino; reared are almoft infinite. The warmth in-
deed of incubation may be, in fome meafure, fup-
plied by cotton and fires ; but thefe delicate ani-
mals require, in this ftate, being fed almoft perpe-
tuallyj whilft the nouriiriment they receive Ihould

not

tfoS APPENDIX.

not only be prepared with great attention, but
given in very imall portions at a time.

Though I mud admit, therefore, that I have
never reared myielf a bird of fo tender an age, yet
I have happened to fee both a linnet and a gold-
finch which were taken from their nefts when only
two or three days old.

The firft of thefe belonged to Mr. Matthews,
an apothecary at Kenfengton, which, from a want
of other founds to imitate, almoft articulated the
words pretty boy, as well as fome other fhort fen-
tences : I heard the bird myfelf repeat the words
pretty boy •> and Mr. Matthews affured me, that he
had neither the note or call of any bird whatsoe-
ver.

This talking linnet died laft year, before which,
many people went from London to hear him fpeak.
The goldfinch I have before mentioned, was
reared in the town of Knighton in Radnor/hire,
which I happened to hear, as I was walking by
the houfe where it was kept.

I thought indeed that a wren was Tinging; and I
went into the houfe to inquire after it, as that little
bird feldom lives long in a cage.

The people of the houfe, however, told me, that
they had no bird but a goldfinch, which they con-
ceived to fing its own natural note, as they called
it s upon which I ftaid a confiderable time in the
room, whilft its notes were merely thofe of a
wren, without the lead mixture of goldfinch.

On

APPENDIX. <%

On further inquiries, I found that the bird had
been taken from the neft when only a day or two
old, that it was hung in a window which was
oppofite to a fmall garden, whence the nettling had
undoubtedly acquired the notes of the wren, with-
out having had any opportunity of learning even
the call of the goldfinch.

Thefe facts, which I have dated, feem to prove
very decifively, that birds have not any innate ideas
of the notes which are fuppofed to be peculiar to
each fpecies. But it will poffibly be afked, why,
in a wild date, they adhere fo fteadily to the
fame fong, in fo much, that it is well known, be-
fore the bird is heard, what notes you are to ex-
pect from him.

This, however, arifes entirely from the neftling's
attending only to the inftru&ion of the parent bird,
whilft it difregards the notes of all others, which
may perhaps be finging round him.

Young Canary birds are frequently reared in a
room where there are many other forts ; and yet I
have been informed, that they only learn the fong
of the parent cock.

Every one knows, that the common ho ufe-fp ar-
row, when in a wild ftate, never does any thing
but chirp : this, however, does not arife from wan;
of powers in this bird to imitate others •, but be-
came he only attends to the parental note.

But, to prove this decifively, I took a com-
mon fparrqw from the neft when it was fledged,

anc^

fyo APPENDIX.

and educated him under a linnet: the bird, how-
ever, by accident, heard a goldfinch alfo, and his
fong was, therefore, a mixture of the linnet and
goldfinch.

I have tried feveral experiments, in order to ob-
ferve, from what circumftances birds fix upon any-
particular note when taken from the parents ^ but
cannot fettle this with any fort of precifion, any
more than at what period of their recording they
determine upon the fong to which they will adhere.
I educated a young robin under a very fine night-
ingale ; which, however, began already to be out
of fong, and was perfectly mute in lefs than a fort-
night.

This robin afterwards fung three parts in four
nightingale ; and the reft of his fong was what the
bird-catchers call rubbijhy or no particular note
whatfoever.

I hung this robin nearer to the nightingale than
to any other bird ; from which firft experiment I
conceived, that the fcholar would imitate the ma-
iler which was at the leaft diftance from him.

From feveral other experiments, however, which
I have fince tried, I find it to be very uncertain
what notes the neftlings will moft attend to, and
often their fong is a mixture ; as in the inftance
which I before ftated of the fparrow.

I mud own alfo, that I conceived, from the ex-
periment of educating the robin under a nightin-
gale, that the fcholar would fix upon the note.

which

APPENDIX. 671

which it firft heard when taken from the neft ;
I imagined likewife, that, if the nightingale had
been fully in fong, the inftruclion for a fortnight
would have been fufficient.

I have, however, fince tried the following expe-
riment, which convinces me, fo much depends up-
on circumstances, and perhaps caprice in the fcho-
lar, that no general inference, or rule, can be laid
down with regard to either of thefe fuppofitions.

I educated a nettling robin under a woodlark-
linnet, which was full in fong, and hung very near
to him ibr a month together: after which, the
robin was removed to another houfe, where he
could only hear a /kylark-linnet. The confequence
was, that the nettling did not fing a note of wood-
lark (though I afterwards hung him again juft ar
bove the woodlark-linnet) but adhered entirely to
the fong of the fkylark-linnet.

Having thus ftated the refult of feveral experi-
ments, which were chiefly' intended to determine,
whether birds had any innate ideas of the notes,
or fong, which is fuppofed to be peculiar to each
fpecies, I mall now make fome general obfervations
on their finging ; though perhaps the fubject may-
appear to many a very minute one.

Every poet, indeed, fpeaks with raptures of the
harmony of the groves ; yet thofe even, who have
good mufical ears, feem to pay little attention to it^
but as a pleafing noife.

I am aifo convinced (though it may feem rather

paradoxical

672 APPENDIX.

paradoxical), that the inhabitants of London diftin-
guifh more accurately, and know more on this
head, than of all the other parts of the ifland ta-
ken together.

This ieerns to arife from two caufes.

The firft: is, that we have not more mufical ideas
which are innate, than we have of language ; and
therefore thofe even, who have the happinefs to
have organs which are capable of receiving a gra-
tification from this fixth fenie (as it hath been call-
ed by fome) require, however, the beft inftru&ion.

The orcbeftra of the opera, which is coined to
the metropolis, hath diffufed a'good ftile of playing
over the other bands of the capital, which is, by
degrees, communicated to the fidler and ballad-
finger in the ftreets ; the organs in every church,
as well as thofe of the Savoyards^ contribute like-
wife to this improvement of mufical faculties in the

Londoners.

lf'the finging of the ploughman in the country
is therefore compared with that of the London
blackguard, the fuperiority is infinitely on the fide
of the latter •, and the fame may be obferved in
comparing the voice of a country girl and London
houfe-maid, as it is very uncommon to'hear the for-
mer fing tolerably in tune.

I do not mean by this, to afiert that the inhabi-
tants of the country are not born with as good mu-
fical organs •, but only, that they have not the fame.
opportunities of learning from others, who play

in tune themfelves.

The

APPENDIX. 673

The other reafon for the inhabitants of London
judging better in relation to the fong of birds, ari-
fcs from their hearing each bird fing diftinctly,
either in their own or their neighbours fhops ; as
alfo from a bird continuing much longer in lone
whilft in a cage, than when at liberty ; the cauie
of which I (hall endeavour hereafter to explain.

They who live in the country, on the other
hand, do not hear birds fing in their woods for a-
bove two months in the year, when the confufion
of notes prevents their attending to the fong of any
particular bird ; nor does he continue long enough
in a place, for the hearer to recoiled his notes with
accuracy.

Befides this, birds in the fpring fing very loud
indeed ± but they only give fhort jerks, and fcarce-
ly ever the whole compafs of their fong.

For thefe reafons, I have never happened to
meet with any perfon, who had no^refided in Lon-
don, whofe judgment or opinion on this fubject I
could the lead rely upon; and a flronger proof
of this cannot be given, than that moft people,
who keep Canary birds do not know that they fing
chiefly either the titlark, or nightingale notes *.

Nothing,

* I once faw two of thefe birds which came from the Ca-
nary IJlands ; neither of which had any fong at all ; and I have
been informed, that a ftiip brought a great many of them,
not long fmce, which fung as little.

Moil of thofe Canary birds, which are imported from the

Tirol,

674

APPENDIX.

Nothing, however, can be more marked than
the note of a nightingale called its jug, which
mod of the Canary birds brought from the Tyrol
commonly have, as well as feveral nightingale^?™^,
or particular paffages in the fong of that bird.

I mention this fuperior knowledge in the inhabi-
tants of the capital, becaufe I am convinced, that,
if others are confulted in relation to the finging of
birds, they will only miflead, inftead of giving any
material or ufeful information *

Birds in a wild (late do not commonly fing a-
bove ten weeks in the year •, which is then alfo con-
fined to the cocks of a few fpecies ; I conceive,
that this laft circumftance arifes from the fuperior
ftrength of the mufcles of the larynx-

Tyrol, have been educated by parents, the progenitor of
which was inftru&ed by a nightingale ; our Englijh Canary
birds have commonly more of the titlark note.

The traffick in thefe birds makes a fmall article of com-
merce, as four Tyrokze generally bring over to England fix-
teen hundred every year ; and though they carry them on
their backs one thoufand miles, as well as pay 20 1. duty for
fuch a number, yet, upon the whole, it anfwers to fell thefe
birds at 5 s. a piece.

The chief place for breeding Canary birds is Infpruch and
its environs, from whence they are fent to Cwjiantinople, as
well as every part of Europe.

* As it will not anfwe.r to catch birds with clap-nets
any where but in the neighbourhood of London, moft of the
birds which may be heard in a country town are neftlings,
and confequently cannot fmg the fuppofed natural fong in any
perfection.

I pro-

APPENDIX. 67

I procured a cock nightingale, a cock and hen
blackbird, a cock and hen rook, a cock linnet, as
alfo a cock and hen chaffinch, which that very emi-
nent anatomift, Mr. Hunter^ F. R. S. was fo oblig-
ing as to diiTecl: for me, and begged, that he would
particularly attend to the date of the organs in the
different birds, which might be fnppofed to contri-
bute to finging.

Mr. Hunter found the mufcles of the larynx
to be ftronger in the nightingale than in any other
bird of the fame fize •, and in all thofe inftances
(where he dilTected both cock and hen) that the
fame mufcles were (trongerin the cock.

I fent the cock and hen rook, in order to fee
whether there would be the fame difference in
the cock and hen of a fpecies which did not fing
at all. Mr. Hunter * however, told me, that he
had not attended fo much to their comparative or-
gans of voice, as in the other kinds -, but that, to
the bed of his recollection, there was no difference
at all.

Strength, however, in thefe mufcles, feems not
to be the only requifite •, the birds muft have alfo
great plenty of food, which feems to be proved
fufficiently by birds in a cage finging the great-
eft part of the year *, when the wild ones do not

(as

* Fifli alfo which are fupplied with a conftant fuccefliort
of palatable food, continue in feafoa throughout the greateft
part of the year ; trouts, therefore, when confined in a (lew

Vol. II. Y y ***

676 APPENDIX.

(as I obferved before) continue in fong above ten
weeks.

The food of finging birds confifts of plants,
infects, or feeds, and of the two firft of thefe there
is infinitely the greater!: profufion in the fpring.

As for feeds, which are to be met with only in
the autumn, I think diey cannot well find any great
quantities of them in a country fo cultivated as
England is -, for the feeds in meadows are deftroyed
by mowing -, in paftures, by the bite of the cattle;
and in arable, by the plough, when moll of them
are buried too deep for the bird to reach them *.

I know well that the finging of the cock-bird
in the fpring is attributed by many -f to the motive
only of pleafing its mate during incubation.

They, however, who fuppofe this, mould recol-
lect, that much the greater part of birds do not
fing at all : why fhould their mate therefore be de-
prived of this folace and amufement ?

The bird in a cage, which, perhaps, fings nine
or ten months in a year, cannot do fo from this
inducement ; and, on the contrary, it arifes chiefly
from contending with another bird, or indeed a-
gainft almofl any fort of continued noife.

and fed with minnows, are almoft at all feafons of a good fla-
vour, and are red when drefTed.

* The plough indeed may turn up fome few feeds, which
may Hill be in an eatable (late.

f See, amongft other.1?, M% de Bujfon, in hi* lately-publifh-
cd Ornithology.

Superiority

APPENDIX. 677

Superiority in fong gives to birds a moft amaz-
ing afcendency over each other; as is well known
to the bird-catchers by the fafcinating power of
their call-birds, which they contrive mould moult
prematurely for this purpofe.

But, to mew decifively that the finging of a bird
in the fpring does not ariie from any attention
to its mate, a very experienced catcher of nightin-
gales hath informed me, that fome of thefe birds
have jerked the inftant they were caught. He hath
alfo brought to me a nightingale, which had been
but a few hours in a cage, and which burfl forth in
a roar of fong.

At the fame time this bird is fo fulky on its firn:
confinement, that he muft be crammed for feven or
eight days, as he will other wife not feed himfelf ;
it is alfo neceflfary to tye his wings, to prevent his
killing himfelf againft the top or fides of the cage.

I believe there is no inftance of any bird's fing-
ing which exceeds our black bird in fize ; and pof-
fibly this may arife from the difficulty of its con-
cealing itfelf, if it called the attention of its ene-
mies, not only by bulk, but by the proportionable
loudnefs of its notes *.

I mould rather conceive, it is for the fame rea-
fon that no henbird fings, becaufe this talent would
be ftill more dangerous during incubation j which

* For the fame reafon, moil large birds are wilder lhan the
fmaller ones.

Y y 2 may

67S APPENDIX.

may pofiibly alfo account for the inferiority in
point of plumage.

I mall now confider how far the finging of
birds refembles our known mufical intervals, which
are never marked more minutely than to half
notes •, becaule, though we can form every grada-
tion from half-note to half-note, by drawing the
finger gently over the firing of a violin, or cover-
ing by degrees the hole of a flute ; yet we cannot
produce fuch a minute interval at command,,
when a quarter-note for example might be required.

Ligon, indeed, in his hiftory of Barbadoes, hath
the following paflage : " The next bird is of the
M colour of the fieldfare ; but the head is too large
" for the body -, and for that reafon fhe is called
" a counfellor. She performs that with her voice,
" which no instrument can play, or voice can fing •,
" and that is quarter-notes, her fong being com-
" pofed of them, and every one a note higher than
" another."

Ligofi appears, from other parts of his work, to
have been mufical ; but I fhould doubt much whe-
ther he was quite lure of thefe quarter intervals, fo
as to fpeak of them with precifion.

Some paffages of the fong in a few kinds of birds
correfpond with the intervals of our mufical fcale
(of which the cuckow is a ftriking and known i ri-
ft ance) : much the greater part, however, of fuch
fong is not capable of mufical notations.

This arifes from three caufes : the firft is, that

the

APPENDIX. 679

the rapidity is often fo great, and it is alio fo un-
certain when they may (lop, that we cannot reduce
the pafTages to form a mufical bar, in any time
whatfoever.

The fecond is, that the pitch of mod birds is con-
fiderably higher* than the mod fhrill notes ofthofe
inftruments, which contain even the greateft com-
pafs.

I have before faid, that our ideas of a voice,
or inftrument, being perfectly in tune or not, arife
from comparing it with the mufical intervals to
which we are moft accuftomed.

As the upper and lower parts of every inftru-
ment, however, are butfeldom ufed, we are not fo
well acquainted with the intervals in the higher!
and lowed: octaves, as we are with thofe which are
more central •, and for this reafon the harpfichord-
tuners find it more difficult to tune thefe extreme
parts.

As a bird's pitch, therefore, is higher than that
of an inftrument, we are confequently at a ftil!

* Dr. Wallis. is miflaken in part of what he fuppofes to be
the caufe of ihrillnefs in the voice, " Nam ut tubus, fie tra-
?' chea longior, & ftri&ior, fonum emcit magis acutum."
Grammar, p. 3.

The narrower the pipe is, the more fharp the pitch as he
rightly obferves ; but the length of the tube hath juil the con-
trary effect, becaufe players on the flute always infert a lon^
ger middle-piece, when they want to make the inftrument more
flat,

Y y 3 greater

680 APPENDIX.

greater lofs when we attempt to mark their notes
in mufical characters, which we can fo readily ap-
ply to fuch as we can diftinguifh with precifion.

The third, however, and unfurmountable diffi-
culty is, that the intervals ufed by birds are com-
monly lb minute, that we cannot judge at all of
them from the more grofs intervals into which we
divide our mufical octave.

It mould therefore be recollected, by thofe who
have contended that the Greeks and Romans were
acquainted with fuch more minute intervals of the
octave, that they muft infill the ancients had organs
of fenfation, with which their degenerate pofterity
are totally unprovided.

Though we cannot attain the more delicate and
imperceptible intervals in the fong of birds *, yet
many of them are capable of whittling tunes with
our more grofs intervals, as is well known by the
common inftances of piping bullfinches -f, and Ca-
nary birds.

This, however, arifes from mere imitation of
what they hear when taken early from the neft ;
for if the inftrument from which they learn it is

* There have been inftances indeed of perfons who could
whittle the notes of birds, but thefe are two rare to be argued
from.

f Thefe bullfinches alfo form a fmall article of com-
merce, and are chiefly brought from the neighbourhood of
Cologne.

out

APPENDIX. 68 1

out of tune, they as readily pipe the falfe, as the
true notes of the compofition.

The next point of comparifon to be made be-
tween our muiic and that of birds is, whether they
always fing in the fame pitch.

This, however, I will notprefume to anfwer with
any precifion, for the reafon I have before fug-
gefted \ I fhall, however, without referve, give the ;
bed conjectures I can form on this head.

If a dozen finging birds of different kinds are
heard in the fame room, there is not any difagree-
able diflbnance (which is not properly refolved),
either to my own ear, or to that of others, whofe
judgment on fuch a point I can more rely.

At the fame time, as each bird is finging a dif-
ferent fong, it is extraordinary that what we call
harmony mould not be perpetually violated, as we
experience, in what is commonly called a Butch
concert, when feveral tunes are played together.

The fir ft requifite to make fuch founds agreeable
to the ear is, that all the birds mould fing in the
fame key, which I am induced to believe that they
do, from the following reafons.

I have long attended to the finging of birds, but
if I cannot have recourfe to an inflrument very
foon, I cannot carry the pitch of their notes in
my memory, even for a very fhort time.

I therefore defired a very experienced harpfichord-
tuner (who told me he could recoiled any particular
note which he happened to hear for feveral hours),

Y y 4 to

682 APPENDIX.

to mark down when he returned home what he had
obferved on this head.

I had lately received an account from him of the
following notes in different birds.

F. natural in woodlarks.

A. natural in common cocks.
C. natural in Bantam cocks.

B. flat in a very large cock.

C. falling to A. commonly in the cuckow.

A. in thrufhes.

D. in fome owls.

B. flat in fome others.

Thefe obfervations furnifh five notes, viz. A. B.
flat, C. D. and F. to which I can add a fixth, (viz.
G.) from my own obfervations on a nightingale
which lived three years in a cage. I can alfo con-
firm thefe remarks of the harpfichord-tuner by hav-
ing frequently heard from the fame bird C. and F.

As one mould fpeak of the pitch of thefe notes
with fome precifion, the B. flat of the fpinnet I
tried them by, was perfectly in tune with the
great bell of St. Paul's.

The following notes, therefore, having been ob-
ferved in different birds, viz. A. B. flat, C. D. F.
and G. the E. is only wanting to complete the
fcale •, the fix other notes, however, afford fuffi-
cient data for making fome conjectures, at lead,
with regard to the key in which birds may be fup-
pofed to fing, as thefe intervals can only be found

APPENDIX. 62z

It

in the key of F. with a (harp third, or that of G.
with a flat third.

I mud own, I fhould rather fuppofe it to be the
latter, and for the following reafons.

Lucretius fays (and perhaps the conjecture is not
only ingenious but well founded) that the firft
mufical notes were learned from birds :

" At liquidas avium voces imitarier ore

** Ante fuit multo, quam teevia carmina cantu

*c Concelebrare homines poifent, cantuque juvare."

Now, of all the mufical tones which can be
diftinguimed in birds, thofe of the cuckow have
been mod attended to, which form a flat third,
not only by the obfervations of the harpfichord
tuner I have before mentioned, but likewife by
thofe of Kircber, in his Mufurgia.

I know well that there have been fome late com-
pofitions, which introduce the cuckow notes in
a fharp third ; thefe compofers, however, did not
trouble themfelves with accuracy in imitating
thefe notes, and it anfwered their purpofe fufficient-
ly, if there was a general refemblance.

Another proof of our mufical intervals being ori-
ginally borrowed from the fong of birds, ariles from
mod compofitions being in a flat third, where
mufic is fimple, and conlifls merely of melody.

The oldeft tune I happen to have heard is a

Weltk

684 APPENDIX.

Weljh one, called Morva Rhydland *, which is com-
pofed in a flat third ; and if the mufic of the
"Turks and Chinefe is examined in Du Halde and Dr.
Shaw, half of the airs are alfo in the minor third.

The mufic of two centuries ago is likewife often
in a flat third, though ninety-nine compofitions out
of a hundred are now in the fharp third.

The reafon, however, of this alteration feems
to be very clear : the flat third is plaintive, and
conlequently adapted to Ample movements, fuch
as may be expedted in countries where mufic hath
not been long cultivated.

There is on the other hand a mod (hiking bril-
liancy in the fharp third, which is therefore proper
for the amazing improvements in execution, which
both fingers and players have arrived at within
the laft fifty years.

When Corelli's mufic was firft publifhed, our
ableft violinifts conceived that it was too difficult
to be performed 4 it is now, however, the firft com-
pofition which is attempted by a fcholar. Every
year alfo now produces greater and greater pro-
digies upon other inftruments, in, point of execution.

I have before obferved, that by attending to a
nightingale, as well as a robin which was educated

* Or Rhydland Marjb, where the Weljh received a great
defeat ; Rhydland is in Flintjkire. We find alfo, by the Or-
pheus Britannicus, that even fo late as the time of Puree!,
two parts in three of his compofitions are in the flat third.

under

APPENDIX. 685

under him, I always found that the notes reducible
to our intervals of the octave were preciicly the
fame-, which is another proof that birds fing al-
ways in the fame key.

In this circumftance, they differ much from the
human finger ♦, becaufe they who are not able to
fing from the notes, often begin a long either a-
bove or below the compafs of their voice, which
they are not therefore able to go through with.
As birds, however, form the fame paffages with
the fame notes, at all times, this miftake of the
pitch can never happen in them.

Few fingers again can continue their own part,
whilft the fame paffages are fung by another in a
different key ; or if other paffages are played,
though they may agree both in harmony and time.

As birds however adhere fo ftedfaftly to the fame
precife notes in the fame paffages, though they
never trouble themfelves about what is called time
or harmony in mufic •, it follows that a compofition
may be formed for two piping bulfinches, in two
parts, fo as to conftitute true harmony, though ei-
ther of the birds may happen to begin, or (top,
when they pleafe.

I have therefore procured fuch an ingenious
compofition, by a very able mufician*, which I
fend herewith; and it need fcarcely be obferved,

* Mr. Zeidkr, who plays the violincello at Cevent Garden
theatre.

that

6S6 APPENDIX.

that there cannot pofllbly be much variety in the
part of the fccond bulfinch. See Tab. XI. in the
Philofophical Tranfaflions, Vol. LXIII.

Though feveral birds have great mufical powers,
yet they feem to have no delicacy of fenfations,
as the human finger hath j and therefore the very
bed of them cannot be taught to exceed the in-
fipidity of the upper part of the flute flop of an
organ *, which hath not the modern improvement
of a fwell.

They are eafily impofed upon by that mod im-
perfect of all inftruments, a bird-call, which they
often miftake for the notes of their own fpecies.

I have before obferved, that perhaps no bird
may be faid to fing which is larger than a black
bird, though many of them are taught to fpeak :
the fmaller birds, however, have this power of imi-
tation •, though perhaps thex larger ones have not
organs which may enable them, on the other hand,
to fing.

We have the following inftances of birds being
taught to fpeak, in the time of the Greeks and

* Lord Bacon mentions, that in the inftrument called a
re gall (which was a fpecies of portable organ) there was a nigh-
tingale Hop, in which water was made ufe of to produce the
ltronger imitation of this bird's tone. See Cent. II. exper.
172. Though this initrument, as well as its nightingale Hop,
is now difufed, I have procured an organ pipe to be immerfed
partly in water, which, when blown into, hath produced a
tone very fimilar to that of birds,

Romans

APPENDIX. 6S7

Romans, upon which we never try the fame ex-
periment. Mofckus addreffes nightingales and iwal-
lows which were thus inftru&ed :

ASbvictef, nxacrai ts %E?u3bv£$, ag tsok slspTrzv,

Mofchi Idyl III.

Pliny mentions both a cock, thrufh, and nigh-
tingales, which articulated * :

" Habebant & Ca fares juvenes turdum -f, item
" Iufcinias Grasco atque Latino fermone dociles,
" pneterea meditantes in diem, & aflidue nova lo-
" quentes longiore etiam contextu."

Statius alfo takes notice of fome birds fpeaking,
which we never attempt to teach in this manner :

V Hue do&as ftipentur aves, queis nobile fandi
" Jus natura dedit, plangat Phcebeius ales,
" Auditafque memor penitus demittere voces
" Sturnus, & Aonio verfae certamine pic« ;
" Quique refert jungens iterata vocabula perdix,
** Et quas Biftonio queritur foror orba cubili J."

Stat, Sylv. lib. ii. eel. 4.
As

* Lib. X. c. 21 & 42.
f Ibid. The other turdus belonged to the Rmprefs Jgrippina,

% Amonglt the five birds mentioned in thefe lines of Sta-
tins, there are four which are never taught to fpeak at pre-
fent, viz. the cock, the nightingale, the common, and the
red legged partridge.

68S APPENDIX.

As we find, from thefe citations, that fo many
different forts of birds have learned to fpeak, and

as

As 1 fuppofe, however, that perdix fignifies this laft bird,
and not the common partridge (as it is always tranflated), it
is proper I fhould here give my reafons why I diffent from
others, as alio why I conceive that Jl htmns, in this paflage, is
not zjiarling, but the common partridge.

None of the ancients have defcribed the plumage of the
perdix ; but Arijiotle, Ovid, and Pliny, inform us of what
materials the neft of this bird is compofed, as well as where
it is placed.

Arijiotle fays, that the nefl is fortified with wood*; and
in another chapter f, with thorns and wood ; neither of which
are ufed by the common partridge, which often builds in a
country where they cannot be procured.

On the contrary, M. de Bujfon informs us, that the red leg-
ged partridge, " fe tiennent fur les montagnes qui produifen:
beaucoup de bruyeres, & de brofTailles % .

Ovid, therefore, fpeaking of the perdix, fays,
" ponitque in fepibus ova§,"

where the common partridge is feldom known to build.
Pliny again informs us, " perdices fpina & frutice fie mu-

* EMYikuyafrfAEvat v>^v. Lib- v- c« *• which Stephens ren-
ders making a covering of ivood,

■f Lib. IX. c. 8. The common partridge, however, makes its neft
with hay and ftraw.

% Orn. T. U. p. 433.

§ Ovid. Met. Lib. VIII. I. 258. I mall alfo refer to 1. 237, of the fame
book:

" Garrula ramosa profpexit ab Ilice perdix : "
-3s it is well known that tbe common partridge never perches upon a tree.

" niunt

APPENDIX. 689

as I have fhewn that a fparrow may be taught to
fing the linnet's note, I fcarcely know what fpe-

cies

" niunt receptaculum, ut contra feras abunde valentur * '%
as alfo in the 52c! chapter of his tenth book, that the perdix
lays white eggs, which is not true of the common partridge.

But there are not wanting other proofs of the conjecture I
have here made.

A-'.jhth fpeaking of this fame bird, fays, Tuv {jlev nzftiKuv,

CI KCUOiCcQlfalV, 01 OE TT^l'dTL f .

Now, the word, KxxKaSiCzo-t is clearly formed from the call
of the bird alluded to, which does not at all refemble that of
the common partridge.

Thus alfo the author of the Elegy on the Nightingale,
who is fuppofed by fome to be 0<vid, hath the following
line :

" Caccabat hinc perdix, hinc gratitat improbus anfer."
fo that the call of the bird mull have had fomething very
particular, and have anfwered nearly, to the words Kouuiot&^u
and caccabat,

I find, indeed, that M. de Buffon contends % that the ntzfi£
of Ariftotle does not mean the common partridge, but the
bartavel, with regard to which, I ihall not enter into any
difcuffton, but only obferve, that moll of his references are
inaccurate, and that he entirely miilakes the materials of which
the neft is compofed, according to AriJlotWs fixth book, and
firfl chapter.

But the flrongeft proof that perdix figniiies the red legged
partridge is, that the Italians to this day call this bird pernice,
and the common fort ftarna §.

This alfo now brings me to the proofs, of Jlurnus in this
palTage of Statius fignifying the common partridge, and not tht

* Lib, x. c. a-j. f Lib. IV. c, 9. % Orn. T. II. p, 42s § See Olina.

jiarling,

690

APPENDIX.

cies to fix upon, that may be confidered as in
capable of inch imitations •, for it is very clear,
from feveral experiments before dated, that
the utmoft endeavours will not be wanting in the
bird, if he is endowed with the proper organs.

It can therefore only be fettled by educating a
bird, under proper circumftances, whether he is
thus qualified or not •, for if one was only to de-
termine this point by conje&ure, one mould fuppofe
that a fparrow would not imitate the fong of the
linnet, nor that a nightingale or partridge could be
taught to fpeak.

And here it may not be improper to explain
what I mean by birds learning to imitate the notes
of others, or the human fpeech.

Jiarling, which I muft admit are not fo ftrong as with regard
to the import of the word perdix. If my arguments are
not therefore fo convincing on this head, the number of birds
taught to fpeak by the Romans, and not by us, muft be redu-
ced to three, as the ftarling is frequently learned to talk in
the prefent times.

As I cannot argue from the defcription of the habits of the
Jtkrrius, or the materials of its neft, as in the former inftance,
I muft reft my conjefture (fuch as it is) on the two birds, al-
moft following each other in thefe lines of Statins ; on the
common partridge being called Jiarna to this day by the Ita-
lians, and upon the Romans having had otherwife no name
for our partridge (which is a very common bird in Italy), if
fiUrntts is fuppofed to fignify only a ftarling.

if

APPENDIX. 69i

If the birds differ little in fhape or frze (par-
ticularly of the beak*) the imitation is commonly

fo ftrong, that

Mire

# It Teems very obvious why the form and fize of the beak
may be material ; but I have alio obferved, that the colour
of a bird's bill changes, when in or out of fong ; and I am
informed, that a cock feldom crows much, but when his
comb is red.

When moll of the finch tribe are coming into fong, there
is fuch a gradual change in the colour of their bill ; thus,
thofe of the chaffinch and linnet are then of a very deep blue,
which fades away again, when the bird ceafes to be in fong.
This particular mould be attended to by the ornithologift,
in his defcription ; becaufe, otherwife, he fuppofes the colour
of the bill to be permanent, which is by no means fo.
- This alteration, however, rather feems to be the fymptom
than the caufe of a bird's coming into fong, or otherwife, and
I have never attended to this circumftance in the foft billed
birds fufficiently, to fay whether it holds alfo with regard
to them.

A very intelligent bird-catcher, however, was able to prog-
nofticate, for three winters together, when a nightingale,
which I kept fo long, was coming into fong (though there
was no change in the colour of the bill), by the dung's being
intermixed with large bloody fpots, which before was only
of a dead white.

This fame bird-catcher was alfo very fuccefsful in his
prefcriptions for fick birds, with regard to the ingredients
of which he was indeed very myfterious.

He faid, that as he could not feel their pulfe, the cir.

cumflances which he chiefly attended to were their weight,

as" well as both the confiftence and colour of their dungf

He always frankly faid what he expefted from his prefcrjp,

VoL- & Z % tfons,

%a APPENDIX.

" Mire fagaces fallcret hofpites

" Difcrimen obfeurum." Horat.

for, in fuch inftances, the paflages are not only the
fame, but the tone.

Such was the event of the experiment I have
before mentioned of the linnet educated under a
vengolina.

In my experiment, however, of teaching the
fparrow the notes of the linnet, though the fcholar
imitated the paffages of its matter, yet the tone of
the fparrow had by no means the mellownefs of the
original.

The imitation might therefore be, in fome
meafure, compared to the finging of an opera fong
by a black-guard, when, though the notes may be
precifely the fame, yet the manner and tone would
differ very much.

Thus alfo the linnet, which I heard repeat the
words pretty boy, did not articulate like a parrot,
though, at the fame time, the words might be
clearly diftinguifhed.

The education I have therefore been fpeaking
of will not give new organs of voice to a bird,
and the inftrument itfelf will not vary, though

tions, and that if fuch and fuch changes did not foon take

place, the cafe was defperate. He frequently alfo refufed to

prefcribe, if the bird felt too light in the hand, Or he thought

that there was not fuificient time to bring about an alteration

in the dung.

the

APPENDIX. 693

the notes or pafiages may be altered almoft at
pleafure.

I tried once an experiment, which might indeed
have poflibly made fome ^iteration in the tone of a
bird, from what it might have been when the animal
was at its full growth, by procuring an operator
who caponifed a young blackbird of about fix
weeks old ; as it died, however, foon afterwards,
and I have never repeated the experiment, I can
only conjecture with regard to what might have
been the confequences of it.

Both * Pliny and the London poulterers agree that
a capon does not crow, which I mould conceive
to arife from the mulcles of the larynx never ac-
quiring the proper degree of flrength, which feems
to be requifite to the finging of a bird, from Mr.
Hunter's diiTections.

But it will perhaps be afked, why this operation
mould not improve the notes of a nettling, as much
as it is fuppoied to contribute to the greater per-
fection of the human voice.

To this I anfwer, that caftration by no means
infures any fuch confequence; for the voices of
much the greater part of Italian eunuchs are fo in-
different, that they have no means of procuring
a livelihood but by copying mulic, and this is
one of the reafons why fo few compofuions are

* Lib. X. c. 21.

Z z 2 pubiifhed

0*94 APPENDIX.

publifhed in Italy, as it would ftarve this refufe
of fociety.

But it may be faid, that there hath been a
Farinelli, and a Manzoli, whole voices were fo
diftinguifhedly fuperior.

To this I again anfwer, that the catalogue of
fuch names would be a very fhort one ; and that
we attribute thofe effects to caftration, which fhould
rather be afcribed to the education of thefe fing-
ers.

Caftration commonly leaves the human voice at
the fame pitch as when the operation is performed;
but the eunuch, from that time, is educated with
a view only to his future appearance on the opera
ftage; he therefore manages his voice to greater
advantage, than thole who have not fo early and
conftant inftruction.

Confidering the fize of many ringing birds, it
is rather amazing at what a diftance their notes may
be heard.

I think I may venture to fay, that a nightin-
gale may be very clearly diftinguifhed at more than
half a mile*, if the evening is calm. I have alfo
obferved the breath of a robin (which exerted itfelf )
fo condenfed in a frofty morning, as to be very
vifible. .

* Monf. de Buffon fays, that the quadruped which he terms
the buarine, may be heard at the diitance of a league. Ornith.
Tom, I.

To

APPENDIX. e95

To make the companion, however, with accu-
racy, between the loudnefs of a bird's and the
human voice, a perfon mould be fent to the fpot
from whence the bird is heard ; I fhould rather
conceive that, upon fuch trial, the nightingale
would be diftinguiftied further than the man.

It muft have flruck every one, that, in patting
under a houfe where the winch. ws are fhut, the
iinging of a bird is eafily heard, when, at the fame
time, a converfation cannot be fo, though an
animated one.

Moft people, who have not attended to the notes
of birds, fuppofe that thofe of every fpecies finer
exadly the fame notes and parages, which is by
no means true, though it is admitted that there
is a general refemblance.

Thus the London bird-catchers prefer the fong
of the Kentijh goldfinches, but EJfex chaffinches ; '
and when they fell the bird to thofe who can thus
diftinguim, inform the buyer that it hath fuch a
note, which is very well underftood between
them *

^ * Thefe are the names which they give to fome of the
nightingale's notes : Sweet, Sweet jug, Jug Jweet, Water
bubble, Pipe rattle, Bell pipe, Scrofy, Skeg, Skeg, Skeg, Swat
fwat fwaty, Whitlow whitlow whitlow, from fome diftant
affinity to fuch words.

Z z 3 Some

696 APPENDIX.

Some of the nightingale fanciers alfo prefer a
Surry bird to thofe of Middle/ex *.

Thefe differences in the fong of birds of the fame
fpecies cannot perhaps be compared to any thing
more appofite, than the varieties of provincial
dialects.

The nightingale feems to have been fixed upon,
almoft universally, as the mod capital of finging
birds, which fuperiority it certainly may boldly
challenge : one reafon, however, of this bird's be-
ing more attended to than others is, that it fmgs in
the night f.

* Mr. Henjhaw informs us, that nightingales in Denmark
are not heard till May, and that their notes are not (o fweet
or various as with us. Dr. Birch's Hiflory of the Royal So-
ciety, Vol. III. p. 189. Whilft Mr. Fletcher (who was mini-
ster from Q^ Elizabeth to Rufta) fays, that the nightingales in
that part of the world have a finer note than ours. See
Fletcher's Life, in the Biographia Britannic a.

I never could believe what is commonly afferted, that the
Czar Peter was at a confiderable expence to introduce finging
birds near Peterfturgh ; becaufe it appears, by the Fauna
Suecica, that they have in thofe latitudes moft of the fame
birds with thofe of England.

t The woodlark and reedfparrow fing likewife in the
night ; and from hence, in the neighbourhood of Shrew/-
bury, the latter hath obtained the name of the willow-nigh-
tingale. Nightingales, however, and thefe two other birds,
fing alfo in the day, but are not then diftinguifhed in the ge-
neral concert.

The

APPENDIX. 697

Hence Shakefpeare fays,

" The nightingale, if (he mould fing by day,

" When every goofe is cackling, would be thought

" No better a mufician than the wren."

The fong of this bird hath been jdefcribed, and
expatiated upon, by feveral ' writers, particularly
Pliny and Strada.

As I mud own, however, that I cannot affix any
precife ideas to either of thefe celebrated defcrip-
tions, and as I once kept a very fine bird of this
fort for three years, with very particular attention
to its fong; I mall endeavour to do it the beft juf-
tice I am capable of.

In the firft place, its tone is infinitely more mel-
low than that of any other bird, though, at the
fame time, by a proper exertion of its mufical
powers, it can be exceflively brilliant.

When this bird fang its fong round, in its whole
compafs, I have obferved fixteen different begin-
nings and clofes, at the fame time that the inter-
mediate notes were commonly varied in their fuc-
ceflion with fuch judgment, as. to produce a mod:
pleafing variety.

The bird which approaches nearefl to the excel-
lence of the nightingale, in this reipecl, is the iky
lark; but then the tone is infinitely inferior in
point of mellownefs : moft other finging birds have
not above four or five changes.

The next point of fuperiority in a nightingale
Z Z4 fa

6o8 APPENDIX.

is its continuance of fong, without a paufe, which
1 have obferved ibmetimes not to be lefs than
twenty feconds. Whenever refpiration, Iiowever,
became necefTary, it was taken with as much judg-
ment as by an opera finger.

The ikylark again, in this particular, is only fe-
cond to the nightingale "*.

* I fliall here infert a table, by which the comparative
merit of the Britijb finging birds may be examined, the idea
of which I have borrowed from Monf. de Piles , in his Cours de
Peinturc par Principes. I lhall not be furprized, however,
if, as he fuggefts, many may difagree with me about parti-
cular birds, as he fuppofes they will do with him, concerning
the merits of painters

As I have five columns inftead of the four which M. de
Piles ufes, I make 20 the point of abfolute perfection, inftead
of 16, which is his ftandard.

Nightingale -
Skylark -----

Woodlark - -

Titlark

Linnet -----

Goldfinch - -

Chaffinch - - - _
Greenfinch - - - -
Hedge-fparrow - - -
Aberdavine (or Sifkin)

Redpoll

Thrum - - - - -
Blackbird - - - -
Robin - -

Wren - -

Recd-fparrow - - -
Black-cap, or theNorfoll
Mock nightingale *

Mcllow-
nefs of
tone.

l9

4
18
12
12

4
4
4
6
2
o
4
4
6
o
o

Spright-

Plaintive

Com-

ly notes.

notes.

pafs.

14

19

19

l9

4

18

4

17

12

12

12

12

16

12

16

l9

4

12

12

4

8

4

4

4

0

6

4

4

0

4

4

0

4

4

4

4

4

0

2

16

12

12

12

0

4

4

0

2

12

12

14

Execu-
tion.

* 2>n7, Z50/, p. 5t6z.

19

18

8

12

18

12

8

6

4

4

4

4

2

12

4
2

And

APPENDIX. 699

And here I mud again repeat, that what I
defcribe is from a caged nightingale, becaufe thofe
which we hear in the fpring are fo rank, that they
feldom fing any thing but fhort and loud jerks,
which coniequently cannot be compared to the
notes of a caged bird, as the inftrument is over-
ftrained.

I mud alio here obferve, that my nightingale
was a very capital bird •, for fome of them are fo
vallly inferior, that the bird-fanciers will not keep
them, branding them with the name of French-
men *.

I have m.ide no mention of the bulfinch in this table, which
is commonly confidered as a finging bird ; becaufe its wild
note, without inftruttions, is a moll jarring and difagreeable
noife. '

I have li'kewife omitted * the redftart (which is called by
the French RoJ/Ignol de MurailleJ, as I am not fufficiently
acquainted with its fong, though it is admired by many; I
mould rather conceive, however, with Zinanni, that there is
no very extraordinary merit in the notes.

The London bird-catchers alio fell fometimes the yellow
hammer, twite and brambling f as finging birds ; but none
of thefe will come within my definition of what may be deem-
ed fo.

* One mould fuppofe from this, that the nightingale-catch-
er had heard much of the French mulic ; which is poffibly
the cafe, as fome of them live in Spittal-fields.

* II culo ranzo e un ucello, (per quanto dicono) molto csnoro, ma
io tale non lo ftimo. Delle uova e del nidi, p, 53.

f They call this bird a kate.

But

700

APPENDIX.

But it is not only in tone and variety that the
nightingale excells •, the bird alio fings (if I may fo
exprefs myfelf) with fuperior judgement and tafte.

I have therefore commonly obfcrved, that my
nightingale began foftly like the ancient orators ;
referving its breath to fwell certain notes, which
by this means had a mod aftonifhing effecl:, and
which eludes all verbal defcription.

I have indeed taken down certain paflfages which
may be reduced to our mufical intervals ; but
though by thefe means one may [form an idea of
fome of the notes ufed, yet it is impoflible to give
their comparative durations in point of mufical
time, upon which the whole effect muft depend.

I once procured a very capital player on the flute
to execute the notes which Kircher hath engraved
in his Mufurgia, as being ufed by the nightingale ;
when, from want of not being able to fettle their
refpective lengths, it was impoflible to obferve any
traces almoft of the nightingale's fong.

It may not be improper here to confider, whether
the nightingale may not have a very formidable
competitor in the American mocking-bird * ; though
almoft all travellers agree, that the concert in the

* Turdus Americanus minor canorus. Ray's Sjn. It is calr
led by the Indians, Contlatoll: ; which is faid to fignify four
hundred tongues. Se© alfo Cate/Iy,

European

APPENDIX. 7°i

European woods is fuperior to that of the other
parts of the globe*.

As birds are now annually imported in great
numbers from AJia* Africa-* and "America, I have
frequently attended to their notes, both fingly and
in concert, ' which are certainly not to be compared
to thofe of Eur op.

Thomfcn, the poet, (whofe obfervations in na-
tural hiftory are much to be depended upon) makes
this fuperiority in the European birds to be a fort of
compenfation for their great inferiority in point of
gaudy plumage." Our goldfinch, however, joins to
a very brilliant and pleafing fong, a moft beautiful
variety of colours in its feathers +, as well as a
moft elegant fhape.

It mud be admitted, that foreign birds, when
brought to Europe, are often heard to a great dif-
advantage^ as many of them, from their great
tamenefs, have certainly been brought up by hand,
the confequence qf which I have already dated from
feveral experiments. The foft-billed birds alfo can-
not be well brought over, as the fuccedaneum for

* See Rochefbrt's Hift. des Antilles, T. I. p. 366.- — Ph,.
Tr. Abr. Vol. III. p. 563.— and Catefby.

f I cannot but think, that there would be a demand for
thefe birds in China, as the inhabitants are very fedentary,
and bird cages are commonly reprefented as hanging in their
rooms. I have been informed, by a Tyrclezc, that his bcil
market for Canary birds was Conjlantinopk.

infects

■02 A P P E N D I X.

infects (their common food) is frefh meat, and par-
ticularly the hearts of animals.

I have happened, however, to hear the Ameri-
can mocking-bird in great perfection at Meff.Vogk's
and Scctrs, in Dove-Lane, Eaft cheap.

This bird is believed to be dill living, and hath
been in England thefe fix years. During the fpace
of a minute, he imitated the woodlark, chaffinch,
blackbird, thrum, and fparrow. I was told alfo,
that he would bark like a dog; fo that the bird
feems to have no choice- in his imitations, though
his pipe comes neareft to our nightingale of any
bird I have yet met with.

With regard to the original notes, however, of
this bird, we are ftill at a lofs ; as this can only
be known by thoie who are accurately acquainted
with the fong of the other American birds.

Kalm indeed informs us, that the natural fono-
\s excellent * ; but this traveller feems not to have
been long enough in America to have diftinguifh-
ed what were the genuine notes: with us, mi-
mics do not often fucceed but in imitations.

I have little doubt, however, but that this bird
would be fully equal to the fong of the nightin-
gale in its whole compafs; but then, from the atten-
tion which the mocker pays to any other fort of
difagreeable noifes, thefe capital notes would be
always debafed by a bad mixture.

* Vol. I. p. 219.

We

APPENDIX. 703

We have one mocking bird in England, which
is the fkylark ; as, contrary to a general obferva-
tion I have before made, this bird will catch the note
of any other which hangs near it ; even after the
fkylark note \s fixed. For this reafon, the bird-fan-
ciers often place the fkylark next one which hath
not been long caught, in order, as they term it,
to keep the caged fkylark honeft.

The queftion, indeed, may be afked, why the
.wild fkylark, with thefe powers of imitation, ever
adheres to the parental notes ; but it mud be recol-
lected, that a bird when at liberty is for ever
fhifting its place, and confequently does not hear
the fame notes eternally repeated, as when it hangs
in a cage near another. In a wild frate therefore
the fkylark adheres to the parental notes ; becaufe
the parent cock attends the young ones, and is heard
by them for fo confiderable a time, during which,
they pay no regard to the long of any other bird.

I am aware alfo, that it may be afked, how
birds originajly came by the notes which are pecu-
liar to each fpecies. My anfwer, however, to this
is, that the origin of the notes of birds, together
with its gradual progrefs, is as difficult to be traced,
as that of the different languages in nations.

The lofs of the parent-cock at the critical time
for inftruction hath undoubtedly produced thofe
varieties, which I have before obferved are in the
fong of each fpecies ; becaufe then the nettling hath
either attended to the fong of fome other birds ;

or

704

APPENDIX.

or perhaps invented fome new notes of its own,
which are afterwards perpetuated from generation
to generation, till fimilar accidents produce other
alterations. The organs of fome birds alfo are
probably fo defective, that they cannot imitate pro-
perly the parental notes, as fome men can never
articulate as they fhould do. Such defects in the
parent bird mud again occafion varieties, becaufe
thefe defects will be continued to their defendants,
who (as I before have proved) will only attend to
the parental long. Some of thefe defcendants alfo
may have imperfect organs; which will again
multiply varieties in the fong.

The truth is, as I have already obferved, that
fcarcely any two birds of the fame fpecies have ex-
actly the fame notes, if any are accurately attended
to, though there is a general refemblance.

Thus mod people fee no difference between one
fheep and another, when a large flock is before
them. The fhepherd, however, knows each of
them, and can fwear to them, if they are loft j as
can the Lincoln/hire gofherd to each goofe.

As I now draw towards a conclufion of both my
experiments and obfervations on the finging of
birds -, it may be poffibly aiked, what ufe refults
either from the trouble or expence which they have
coft me -, both of which I admit to have been con-
fiderable.

I will readily own, that no very important ad-
vantages can be derived from them j and yet I mall

not

APPENDIX. 705

not decline fuggefting what little profit they may
poflibly be of, though at beft they mould rather
be confidered as what Lord Bacon terms, experi-
ments of light, than of fruit.

In the firfh place, there is no better method of
investigating the human faculties, than by a com-
parifon with thofeof animals; provided we make it
without a moft ungrateful wifh of lowering our-
felves, in that diftinguifhed fituation in which wc
are placed.

Thus we are referred to the ant for an example
of induftry and forefight, becauie it provides a
magazine of food for the winter, when this animal
is in a (late of torpidity during that feafon ; nor
are we lefs willing to fuppofe the fong of birds to
be fuperior to our own mufical powers.

The notes of many birds are certainly very plea-
fing, but by no means (land in competition either
with the human voice or our word mufical in-
ftruments ; nor only from want of the (inking ef-
fects of harmony in many excellent compofitions*,
but becaufe, even when compared to our fimple
melody, expreflioji is wanting*, without which mu-
fic is fo languid and inanimate.

But to return to the ufes (fuch as they are)
which may arife from attending to the fong of birds,
or from the experiments which I have given an ac-
count of.

* The nightingale, indeed, is perhaps an exception to this

general obfervation.

The

7o6 APPENDIX.

The firft of thefe is too much neglected by the
naturalift ; for, if the bird is not caught, the only
means often by which either the fex or the fpecies
can be determined is the fong. For example, if
Motif. Adanfon had informed us whether the Eu-
ropean fwallows, which he conceived were to be
feen during the winter at Senegal, had the fame
notes with thofe of Europe, it would have been going
one ftep further in proof of the facts which he and
others fo much rely upon.

Thefe experiments, however, may be faid to
be ufeful to all thofe who happen to be pleafed
with finging birds ; becaufe it is clear, that, by
educating a bird under feveral forts, we may often
make fuch a mixture, as to improve the notes
which they would have learned in a wild ftate.

It refults alfo from the experiment of the linnet
being educated under the Vengolina, that we may
introduce the notes of Afia, Africa, and America^
into our own woods -, becaufe, if that linnet had
been fet at liberty *, the neftlings of the next fea-
fon would have adhered to the Vengolina fong,
who would again tranfmit it to their defcendants.

* I know well, that it is commonly fuppofed, if you fet a
caged bird at liberty, it will neither be able to feed itfelf, nor
otherwife live long, on account of its being perfecuted
by the wild ones. There is no foundation, however, for this
notion ; and I take it to arife from its affording an excufe for
continuing to keep thefe birds in confinement.

But

APPENDIX.

But we may not only improve the notes of birds
by a happy mixture, or introduce tbofc which were
never before heard in Great Britain ; we may alfo
improve the inftrument with which the paiTaaei
are executed.

If, for example, any one is particularly fond of
what is called the long of the Canary bird, it
would anfwer well to any fuch perfon, if a nettling
linnet was brought up under a Canary bird, be-
caufe the notes would be the fame, but the inftru-
ment which executes them would be improved.

We learn alio, from thefe experiments, that no-
thing is to be expected from a nettling brought
up by hand, if he does not receive the proper in-
frrudion from the parent cock : much trouble
and fome coft is therefore thrown away by many
peribns in endeavouring to rear nettling nightin-
gales, which, when they are brought up and fed at
a very confiderable expence, have no fong which
is worth attending to.

If a woodlark, or Ikylark, was educated, howe-
ver, under a nightingale, it follows that this charge
(which amounts to a (billing per week *) might be
in a great meafure faved, as well as the trouble
of chopping frefh meat every day.

* Oiina fpeaks of a pafte which is ufed in Italy for nightin-
gales ; but" I cannot find that ivf ver anfwers with us ; per-
haps, they bring their nightingales up bv hand, and fo ac-
euftom them from their earJieft infancy to fuch food.

A a a A night-

107

7o8 APPENDIX.

A nightingale, again, when kept in a cage, does
not live often more than a year or two ; nor does
he fing more than three or four months -, whereas
the fcholar pitched upon may not only be more
vivacious, but will continue in fong nine months
out of the twelve.

I fear, however, that I have already dwelt too
much upon thefe very minute and trifling advan-
tages which may refult from my experiments and
obfervations •, I fhall therefore no longer defer fub-
fcribing myfelf,

Dear Sir,

Your moft faithful,

Humble Servant,

Daines Barrington.

No.

APPENDIX.

No. VI.

Of the MIGRATION of BRITISH
BIRDS.

Quam mult a glomerantur aves ! ubi frlgidus annus
Trans pontum fugat> et terris immittit apricis.

Virgil.

THE migration of birds, is a fubject of fo
curious a nature, that every one who at-
tempts to write the natural hiftory of animals, ought
to look upon it as an eiTential part of his inquiries,
and at the fame time mould endeavour to affig-ri the
caufe why fome birds prefer certain places for their
fummer, others for their winter refidence.

To be qualified for this tafk, it is necelTary
that the inquirer mould confine himfelf to one cer-
tain tract the whole year; "he mould be diligent
in obferving the arrival, and the difappearance
of birds; he lhould commit every obiervation to
paper, and compare them with the remarks of
correfpondents, on the fame fubject, that lie on eve-
ry fide of him. He mould attend likewife to the
weather; and to the plenty or failure of fruits and
A a a 2 berries ;

709

yio

A P P E N D I X.

berries-, as on thefe accidents many curious re-
marks may be founded. He mould cultivate an
acquaintance with the gentlemen of the navy, and
other fea-faring people •, he mould confult their
journals, to difcover what birds light on their (hips,
at what feaibns, in what latitudes, and in what
weather, and from what points •, and thus trace
them in their very courfe.

A comparative view of the writings of thofe who
mould embrace this part of natural hiftory, would
throw great light on the fubject. But it is to be
lamented, that none, except two northern natu-
ralifts, Mr. Klein and Mr. Ekmarck, have profef-
fedly treated on this point. The ibuthern parts
of Europe, which may be fnppofed to receive, du-
ring winter, many of our land birds, have as yet
produced nofaunift to afliit the inquiries of the na-
turalifts, which muft account for the imperfect
knowledge we have of the retreat of many of our
birds.

We muft not omit, however, our acknowledge*
ments to two eminent pens that have treated this
fubje& as far as it related to rural ceconomy -9
and, in fuch a manner, as does honour to their re-
fpeclive countries; we mean Mr. Alex. Mai. Berger
and Mr. Siillingfleet : whom we mould not men-
tion a fecond time*, but to confefs the aid we
here receive from their faithful attention to the fub-
jedt in queftion.

* Vuie Preface.

We

APPENDIX. 711

We wifh that any thing we could fay, would
induce others of our countrymen to follow their
example : they need not fear that the matter is
exhaufted, for every county will furnilh new obfer-
vations ; each of which, when compared, will ferve
to itrengthen and confirm the other. Such an
amufement is worthy of every one, beneath none ;
but would become no order of men better than our
clergy, as they are (or ought to be) the bed
qualified, and the mod ftationary part of the com-
munity •, and, as this is a mixed fpecies of ftudy
(when considered as phyfico- theology) it is there-
fore particularly pertinent to their profefTion. A
mod ingenious friend, whom modelty prevents
from putting his name to a work that renders ob-
fervations of this kind of the utmofl facility, has
pointed out the way, and methodized every remark
that can occur \ the farmer, the fportfman, and the
philofopher, will be led to the choice of materials
proper to be inferted in that ufeful companion, the
Naturalift's Journal*.

From the obfervations of our friends, from thofe
made by ourfeives, and from the lights afforded
us by preceding writers, we mail, in the brief re-
lation we can pretend to give, proceed in a generi-
cal order, and as far as poflible, trace each fpecies
of bird to its retreat,

* Printed for W. Sandly, Fleet-Street, London , ij6y. Price
One Shilling and Six-pence.

A a * 3 A few

712 APPENDIX.

A few words will explain the caufe of their difap-
pearance in thefe northern regions ; a defecl of food
at certain feafons, or the want of a fecure afylum
from the perllcution of man during the time of
ccurtlhip, incubation and nutrition.

Hawks. Eagles, and all the ignoble fpecies of this genus

in Great Britain :9 of the Falcons, we only
know that which is called the Peregrine, which
builds its neft annually in rhe rocks of Llandidno,
Caennrrvonjhire \ and the Gentil, and the Gojhawk
which breed in Scotland.

Owls. We are allured that every fpecies breeds in Eng-

land, except the little Owl, and Jhort eared Owl.
The lait breeds in Scotland, and the Orkney ifles,
but migrates into England at the fame feafon as
the Woodcocks do. Hawks and owls are birds of
prey, and having at all times in this ifland means
of living, are not obliged to quit their quarters.

Shrikes. The Flu/her, or red back Shrike, and the great

S/jrike, breeds with us ; we have not heard of the
other, fo fuipecl that it migrates.

-ROWS

Of this genus, the Hooded Crow migrates re-
gularly with the Woodcock. It inhabits North Bri-
tain the whole year : a few are faid annually to
breed on Dartmoor, in Devon/hire, It breeds aifo
in Sweden and Auftria, in fome of the Swedijh
provinces it only fhifts its quarters, in others it re-
fides

APPENDIX. 7*3

fides throughout the year. I am at a lofs for the
fummer retreat of thofe which vifit us in fuch num-
bers in winter, and quit our country in the fpringi
And for the reafon why a bird, whofe food is fuch
that ic may be found at all feafons in this country,
Ihould leave us.

Difappears early in autumn-, the retreat of this Cuckoo,
and the following bird is quite unknown to us.

Is a bird that leaves us in the winter. If its diet Wryneck
be ants alone, as ftveral affert, the caufe of its mi-
gration is very evident. This bird difappears be-
fore winter, and revifus us in the fpring a little
earlier than the Cuckoo.

Continue with us the w^frole year; their food be- Woodpec
ing the larva of infects, which lodge themfelves at
all times in the bark of trees.

Continues here through all feafons. KING-

FISHER.

Refides in this country the whole year. Nuthatch,

Comes to England but by accident : we once in- hoopoe.
deed heard of a pair that attempted to make their
neft in a meadow at Selborne* Hamp/hire, but were
frighted away by the curiofity of people. It breeds
in Germany*

Never leaves the country. Creeper.

A a a 4 The

P4 APPENDIX.

Grous. The whole tribe, except the Quail, lives here al!

the year round : that bird either leaves us, or clfc
retires towards the fea-coafts *.

Bt/sTARD. Inhabits our downs and their neighborhood all
the year.

IGEONS.

Stare.

Some few of the Ring-doves breed here-, but the
multitude that appears in the winter, is Co difpro-
portioned to what continue here the whole year,
as to make it certain that the greateft part quit the
country in the fprirtg. It is mod probable they
jgo to Sueden to breed, and return from thence id
autumn; as Mr. Ekmark informs us they entirely
quit that country before winter f. Multitudes of
the common Wild Pigeons alfo make the northern
retreat, and vifit us in winter ; not but numbers
breed in the high 'cliffs in all parts of this ifland.
We lufpecl: that the Turtle leaves us in the win-
ter, at left changes its place, removing to the fouth-
fcrn counties.

Breeds here; poffibly feveral remove to other
countries for that purpofe, fince the produce of
thofe that continue here, feems unequal to the
clouds of them that appear in winter. It is not
unlikely that many migrate into Sueden, where
Mr. Berger obferves they return in fpring.

* Fide p. 277, of this work,
f Aman. Acad, IV. 592.

The

APPENDIX. 715

The Fieldfare and the Redwing breed and pafs Thrushes.
their fummers in Norway, and other cold countries ;
their food is berries, which aboanding in our
kingdoms, tempts them here in the winter. Thefe
two and the Roy ft on crow, are the only land birds
that regularly and conftantiy migrate into England,
and do not breed here. The Hawfinch and Crofs-
hill come here at fuch uncertain times, as not to
deferve the name of birds of paffage -, and, on that
account, rather merit a place in the appendix than
in the body of the work.

The Chatterer appears annually about Edinburgh Chatter-
in flocks during winter; and feeds on the berries ER*
of the mountain afh. In South Britain it is an
accidental vifnant.

The Gro/beak and Crofsbill come here but feK Grosbeaks,
dom •, they breed in Auftria. I fufpect that the
Phte Groflieak breeds in the forefts of the Highlands
of Scotland.

All the genus inhabits this kingdom throughout Buntings.
the year, except the greater Brambling, which is
forced here from the north in very fevere feafons.

All continue in fome parts of thefe kingdoms, Finches.
except the Sifkin, which is an irregular vifnant,
faid to come from RuJJia. The Linnets fhift their
quarters, breeding in one part of this ifland, and

remove

7i6 APPENDIX.

remove with their young to others. All finches
feed on the feeds of plants.

Larks, All of thefe feed on infects and worms , yet only

catchers Part °^ tnem 4uit thefe kingdoms , though the rea-

Wac tails, fon of migration is the fame to all. The Nightin-

Warelers. &a*ei Black-cap? Fly-catcher? Willow-wren? Wheat-

car? and White-throat? leave us before winter,

while the fmall and delicate Golden- cr eft ed Wren

braves our fevered frofls. We imagine that the

migrants of this genus continue longed in Great

Britain in the fouthern counties, the winter in thofe

parts being later than in thofe of the north ; Mr.

Stillingfieet having obferved feveral Wheat-ears m

the ifle of Purbeck the 18th of November lad. As

thefe birds are incapable of very didant flights,

we fufpecl: that Spain? or the fouth of France? is

their winter afylum.

Titmice. Never quit this country; they feed on infects
and their larv*.

^WALLOWS,

a'.-, d Goat-

Every fpecies difappears at approach of winter.

WATER FOWL.

OF the vad variety of water fowl that frequent
Britain? it is amazing to reflect how few are

known

APPENDIX. 7*7

known to breed here: the caufe that principally
urges them to leave this country, feems to be not
merely the want of food, but the defire of a fecure
retreat. Our country is too populous for birds fo
fhy and timid as the bulk of thefe are: when great
part of our iftand was a mere wade, a tract of
woods and fen; doubtlefs many fpecies of birds
(which at this time migrate) remained in fecurity
throughout the year. Egrets, a fpecies of Heron,
now icarce known in this iiland, were in former
times in prodigious plenty ; and the Crane, that
has totally forfaken this country, bred familiarly
in our marines : their place of incubation, as well
as of all other cloven footed water fowl (the Heron
excepted) being on the ground, and expofed to
every one : as rural (Economy increafed in this
country, thefe animals were more and more dif-
turbed \ at length, by a feries of alarms, they were
neceilicated to feek, during the fummer, feme lonely •
fafe habitation.

On the contrary, thofe that build or lay in the
almoft inaccefilble rocks that impend over the
Britijb feas, breed there ftill in vafc numbers, haw
ing little to fear from the approach of mankind:
the only difturbance they meet with in general, be-
ing from the defperate attempts of fome few to gee
their eggs.

CLOVEN

71S APPENDIX.

CLOVEN FOOTED WATER
FOWL.

Herons. THE White Heron is an uncommon bird, and

vifits us at uncertain feafons ; the common kind
and the Bittern never leave us.

Curlews. The Curlew breeds fometimes on our mountains;
but, confidering the van: flights that appear in
winter, we imagine the greater part retire to other
countries : the Whimbrel breeds in the Grampian
Hills, in the neighbourhood of Invercauld.

Snipes. The Woodcock breeds in the moid woods of

Sweden, and other cold countries. Sorne Snipes
breed here, but we believe the greater! part retire
elfewhere; as do every other fpecies of this genus.

Sandpipers. The Lapwing continues here the whole year;
the Ruff breeds here, but retires in winter ; the
Redjhank and Sandpiper breed in this country, and
refide here. All the others abfent themfelves during
iummer.

Plovers The long legged Plover and Sanderling vifit us

Oyster- only in winter; the Dottrel appears in fpring and

catcher, in autumn, yet what is very fingular we do not

find it breeds in South Britain. The oyfter-catcher

lives

APPENDIX. 719

lives with us the whole year. The Norfolk Plover
and Sea Lark breed in England. The Green Plover
breeds on the mountains of the North of England,
and on the Grampian Hills.

We muft here remark, that every fpecies of the
venera of Curlews* Woodcocks* Sandpipers and
Plovers** that foriake us in the fpring, retire to
Sweden, Poland, PruJJia, Norway, and Lapland to
breed •, as foon as the young can fly, they return
to us again ; becaufe the fro its which fet in early
in thofe countries totally deprive them of the
means of fubfifting; as the drynefs and hardnefs of
the ground, in general, during our fummer, pre-
vent them from penetrating the earth with their
bills, in fearch of worms, which are the natural
food of thefe birds.

Everv fpecies of thefe two genera continue with Rails ^-b

77 j Galli-

tis the whole year; the Land Rail excepted, which mules.

* Mr. Ekmarck fpeaks thus of the retreat of the whole
tribe of cloven footed water fowl out of his country (S-iveden)
at the approach of winter ; and Mr. Klein gives much the
fame account of thofe of Poland and PruJJia.

Grallce (tanquam conjuratae) unanimiter in fugam fe conji-
ciunt, ne earum unicam quidem inter nos habitantem invenire
poffumus. Aman. Acad. IV. 588.

Scolopaces et GlareoU incredibilibus multitudinibus verno
tempore in Polonia et BoruJJia nidulantur ; appropinquante
autumno turmatim evolant. Klein de av, errat. 187*

is

720 APPENDIX.

is not feen here in winter. It likewife continues
in Ireland only during the fummer months, when
they are very numerous, as Mr. Smith tells us in
the hiftory oi Water ford, p. 336. Great numbers
appear in Anglefea the latter end of May \ it is
fuppofed that they pais over from Ireland, the paf-
fage between the two iflands being but fmall. As
we have inftances of thefe birds lighting on fnips in
the Channel and the Bay of Bifcay, we conjecture
their winter quarters to be in Spain.

PINNED FOOTED WATER
BIRDS.

Phalaro- VISIT us but feldom; their breeding place
is Lapland*, and other arctic regions.

PES

c°ot. Inhabits Great Britain the whole year.

Grebes. The great crefted Grebe, the black and white

Grebe, and little Grebe breed with us, and never
migrate -, the others vifit us accidentally, and
breed in Lapland.

WEB-FOOTED BIRDS.

Avoset. BREED near Fofsdike in Lincoln/hire-, but quit

their quarters, in winter. They are then fhot in

* Aman. Acad. IV. 590.

different

APPENDIX. 721

different parts of the kingdom, which they vifit I
believe not regularly but accidentally.

The zreat Auk or Pinguin fometimes breeds in Auks and

& GUILLE-

67. Kilda. The Auk, the Guillemot and Puffin in- mots.
habit mod of the maritime cliffs of Great Britain,
in amazing numbers, during fummer. The black
Guillemot breeds in the Bafs IJle, and in St. Kilda,
and fometimes in Llandidno rocks. We are at a
lofs for the breeding place of the other fpecies-,
neither can we be very certain of the winter refi-
dence of any of them, excepting of the lejfer Guil-
lemot and black-billed Auk, which, during winter*
vifit in vaft flocks the Frith of Forth.

Thefe chiefly breed in the lakes of Sweden and Diver*.
Lapland, and fome in countries nearer the Pole * ;
but fome of the red throated Divers, the northern
and the imber, may breed in the north of Scotland
and its ifles.

,1 am uncertain where the black toed Gull breeds. Gulls.
The Skua is confined to the Shetland Ifles, the Rock
Foula, and perhaps St. Kilda. The Arclic breeds
in the Orknies and in the Hebrides. The reft of the
tribe breed difperfedly on all the cliffs of Great
Britain. The black headed on our fens and lakes.

* Faun. Suec. No. 150. Grant*. Greenl. I. 82. $3.

Every

m A P P E N D I X.

Tern?. Every fpecies breeds here-, but leaves us in the

winter.

1'etr* Li. The Fulmar breeds in the ifle of St. Kjlda, and
continues there the whole year, except September
and part of October; the Shearwater vi fits the Ifle
of Man in April, breeds there, and leaving it in
Auguftox the beginning of September ; difperfes over
all parts of the Atlantic Ocean. The Stormfinch is
ken at all diftances from land on the fame vaft
watery tract, nor is ever found near fhore except
by fome very rare accident, unlefs in the breed-
ing feafon. We found it on fome little rocky ifles,
off the north of Skie. It alio breeds in St. Kilda.
We alfo fufped that it nefties on the Blafquet ifles
oft Kerry, and that it is the Gourder of Mr. Smith*.

Mergan- This whole genus is mentioned among the birds
that fill the Lapland lakes during fummer. I have
feen the young of the Redbreafted in the north of
Scotland : a few of thefe, and perhaps of the Goofan-
ders may breed there.

Ducks. Of the numerous fpecies that form this genu*,

we know of few that breed here. The Swan and
Goofe, the Shield Buck, the Eider Duck, a few
Shovelers, Garganies, and Teals, and a very (mail
portion of the wild Ducks.

* Smith's bijl. Kerry, 186.

The

APPENDIX. 723

The reft contribute to form that amazing mul-
titude of water fowl, that annually repair from mod
parts of Europe to the woods and lakes of Lapland
and other arttic regions*, there to perform the
functions of incubation and nutrition in full fecu-
rity. They and their young quit their retreat in
September, and difperfe them i elves over Europe.
With us they make their appearance the begin*
rnngot Off ob er \ circulate firft round our fhores, and
when compelled by fevere froft, betake themfelves
to our lakes and rivers. Of the web- footed fowl
there are fome of hardier conftitutions than others ;
thefe endure the ordinary winters of the more
northern countries, but when the cold reigns there
with more than common rigor, repair for fhelter to
thefe kingdoms: this regulates the appearance of
fome of the Diver kind, as alio of the wild Szvans>

* Barents found the Bemacks with their nefts in great num-
bers in Nova Zembla. Collect. <uoy. Dutch Eafi -India Company ',
Svo. 1703. p. 19- Clufius in his Exot. 368. alfo obferves,
that the Dutch difcovered them on the rocks of that country
and in Way gate Straits. They, as well as the other fpecies of
tviU Qeefe, go very far north to breed, as appears from the
hiftories of Greenland and Spitsbergen , by Egede and Crantz.
Thefe birds feem to make Iceland a refting place, as fbr*
rebo-w obferves, few continue there to breed, but only vifit
that iiland in the fpring, and after a ihort itay, retire ftili
further north.

The Swallow tailed Shield Duck breeds in the Icy Sea, and is
forced fouth ward only in the very hard winters. Aman. Acad.
IV. 585.

Vol. II. B b b the

724 APPENDIX.

the Swallow tailed Shield Duck, and the different
lores of Goofanders which then vifit our coafts.

RANTS.

Corvo- The Corvorant and Shag breed on mod of our

high rocks : the Gannet in fome of the Scotch ides,
and on the coaft of Kerry : the two firft continue
on our fhores the whole year. The Gannet difper-
fes itfelf all round the feas of Great-Britain, in
purfuit of the Herring and Pilchard, and even as
far as the Tagus to prey on the Sardina.

But of the numerous fpecies of fowl here enume-
rated, it may be obferved how very few entruft
themfdves to us in the breeding feafon ; and
what a diftant flight they make to perform the
firft great dictate of nature.

There feems to be fcarcely any but what we
have traced to Lapland, a country of lakes, ri-
vers, fwamps and alps *, covered with thick and
gloomy forefts, that afford fhelter during fummer
to thefe fowls, which in winter difperfe over the
greateft part of Europe. In thofe' arttic regions,
by reafon of the thicknefs of the woods, the ground
remains moift and penetrable to the Woodcocks, and
other (lender billed fowl : and for the web-footed
birds f , the waters afford larva innumerable of the

torment-

* Flora Lapponica Le&ori et Proleg.
f A difciple of Linnaeus, fpeaks thus of their food, Lap-
ponia, ubi viftum ex larvis et pupis culicum, altrix" paravit

numinis

APPENDIX. 725

tormenting Knat. The days there are long ; and
the beautiful meteorous nights indulge them with
every opportunity of collecting fo minute a food :
whilft mankind is very fparingly fcattered over that
vaft northern wafte.

Why then mould Linnteus, the great explorer
of thefe rude deferts, be amazed at the myriads of
water fowl that migrated with him out of Lap-
land? Which exceeded in multitudes the army of
Xerxes-, covering, for eight whole days and nights,
the furface of the river Calix*. His partial obier-
vation as a botanift, would confine their food to
the vegetable kingdom, almoft denied to the Lap-
land waters ; inattentive to a more plenteous table
of infect food, which the all bountiful Creator had
fpread for them in the wildernefs f,

numinis munificentia. Amsen. acad. IV. 1. 5. M. de Mau-
pertuis makes the fame obfervation, Ce ruifleau nous con-
duifit a un lac fi rempli de petits grains jaunatres de la grof-
feur du Mil que toute fon eau en etoit teinte. je prh ceo
grains pour la Chryfalide de quelque infe&e, &c. Qewvres dr
M. de Maupertuis, III. II 6.

* Flora Lapponica, 273. Aman. acad. IV. 570,
f It may be remarked, that the lakes of mountanous rocky
countries in general are deflitute of plants : few or none are
feen on thofe of Switzerland ; and Lmnaus makes the fame
obfervation in refpeft to thofe of Lapland ; having, during
his whole tour, difcovered only a fingle fpecimen of a lemna
trifulca, or ivy leaved duck's meat. Flora Lap. No. 470. a few
of the Jcirpus lacujlris, No. 18. or bullruih ; the alopecurus
geniculate, No. 38. or flote foxtail grafs ; and the ranunculus
aquatilis, No. 234. which are all he enumerates in his Prole-
Qomena to that excellent performance.

B b b 2 No.

726

A P P E N D I X.

No. VII.

EXTRACTS from old ENGLISH

WRITERS RELATING to our ANIMALS.

MENTION having been fo frequently made,
in this work, of the old Englifh feafts, and
the fpecies of animals that formed the good cheer;
we tranferibe from Lcland an account of that given
at the infronazation of George Nevell, archbifhop of
Tcrk, in the reign of Edward IV. and of the goodly
provifion made for the fame.
In wheat, 300 quarters.

In ale,
Wyne,
Of ypocrafie
In oxen,
Wylde Bulks,
Muttons, -
Veales, - -
Porkes,
Swannes,
Geefe,
Capons,
Pygges,
Plovers,
Quales,
Of the
rees,
In peacockes,
Mallardes and

300 tunne.
100 tunne.

1

In cranes, -
In kyddes,
In chyckens,
Pigeons, -
Conyes,

pype.

104.

- 6.

1000.
" " " 3°4-

- " 3°4-

- 400.

2000.

1000.

- 2000.

400.

- 100 dozen.

foules called

200 dozen.

104.
teales,
4000,
204.
204.
2000.
4000.
4000.

In bittors, -
Heronfhavves,
FefTauntes, -
Partriges,
Wodcocke.%
Curie wes.

Egrittes,

204.
400.
200.
500.
400.
100.
1000.
Stagges, buck and roes,

500 and mo.
Pafties of venifon colde,

4000.
Parted dyihes of gellies,

1000.
Playne dyfhes of gellies,

3000.
Colde tartes baked, 4000.
Colde cuftardes baked,

3000.
Hot pafties of venifon,

1500.
Hot cuftardes, 2000.
Pykes and breames, 608.
Porpofes and feals, 12.
Spices, fugared delicates,
and wafers plentie.

Befides

APPENDIX. 727

Befides the birds in the above lilt, there are
mentioned, in the particular of the courfes*,
RedJJoanks^ Styntes, Larks and Martynettes roft\
if the lad were the fame with the martin fwallow,
our anceftors were as general devourers of fmall
birds as the Italians are at prefent, to whom none
come amifs.

We muft obferve, that in the order of the
courfes it appears, that only the greateft delicacies
were ferved up, as we may iuppoie, to the table
where the nobility, gentlemen, and gentlewomen
of worjfjip were feated •, and thole ieemed to have
been dreffed with almoft as much art and difguife
as at prefent. They had likewife their defert, or,
as the term was, futteltie -, which was in form of
dolphins or other animals -, and fometimes recourfe
was had to the kalendar to embellifh the table,
and St. Paul, St. Thomas, St. Bunftan, and a
whole multitude of angels^ prcphetes and patri-
arkes -J-, were introduced as futtelties to honor the
day.

As no mention is made amon^ the dimes that
compofed two of the courfes, of the geefe, the
pygges, the veales, and other more fubftantial
food, thofe muft have been allotted to the franklins
and head yeomen in the lower hall: and thole moft
Angular provifions, the porpofes and feales, inde-

* Lelandys collettanca, vi. 2.

f Idem, 23.

Bbtt3

licate

728 APPENDIX.

licare as they may feem at prefer) t, in old times
were admitted to the beft tables : the former, at
left, as we learn from doctor Caius*, who mentions
it not only as a common food, but even defcribes
its fa uce.

A tranfcript from that curious publication, The
Regulations of the Houjhold of the fifth Earl of Nor-
thumberland, begun in 1512, will be efteemed a
very proper appendage to a work of this nature.
It will (hew not only the birds then in high vogue
at the great tables of thofc days, but alfo how ca-
pricious a thing is tafte, feveral then of high price
being at prefent baniftied from our tables ; and o-
thers again of uncommon ranknefs much valued by
our anceftors.

Thus Wegions (I give the fpelling of the time)
See pyes, Sholardes, Kyrlewes, Ternes, Cranys, Hea-
ron-feivyS) Bytters, See-gulles and Styntes^ were a-
mong the delicacies for principal feafts, or his
Lordfhip's own mees.

Thofe excellent birds the Teylles were not to be
bought except no other could be got.

Fefauntes, Bytters, Hearon-fewys and Kyrlewes
were valued at the fame price, twelve pence each.

The other birds admitted to his Lordfhip's table
were Bujlardes, Mallardes, IVoodcokes, Wypes^
Quayles, Snypes, Pertryges, Redefhankes, Reys,
facokes, Knottes, Dottrells, Larkys and fma 11 byrdes.

* Caii opufc. 1 1 j.

The

APPENDIX.

The great byrdes, for the Lord's mees, for the
Chambreleyn and Stewardes mees may be, as the
ingenious editor conjectures, Fieldfares, Thrulhes
and the like *.

The eftimation each fpecies was held in may
be known by the following table, to which I have
added the modern name, and the reference to it in
this work.

Page.

Cranys, the Crane, 534,
Hearon-fewys, the Heron, 355,

Mallards, 500,

Teylles, Teal, 513,

Woodcock, 365,

Wypes, Lapwings, 381,

Sea-gulls, Black-headed Gull, 456,

Styntes, Purrs, 397,

Quails, 234,

Snipes, 378,

Partridges, 233,

Red- (hanks, 376,

Bytters, Bitterns, 358,

Pheafants, 238,

Reys, Land Rails f, 410,
* P. 104. 424,

f I imagine the Rcys to be the Land Rail, not the Reeve

the female of the Ruf, for that bird feems not to be in

vogue in thofe days. Old Drayton does not even mention it

in his long catalogue of birds, but fets a high value upon

The Rayle which feldom comes but upon rich men's fpits *.

* Polyolbkn. Canto XXV.

B b b 4 SholardeS)

729

Price.

i6d.
1 2d.

2d.
id.

id. or id.f.

id.
id. or id. i.
6d. a dozen.

2d.
a dozen.

2d.

id.
1 2d.
I2d.

2d.

3d

730 A P P E N D I X.

Page.

Price.

Sbolardes, Shovelers,

5°4>

6d.

Kyrkzvcs, Curlews,

362>

1 2d.

-Peacocks,

236,

i2d.

Sea Pies,

4°5-

Winreons,

509,

id.

Knots,

3*7>

id.

Dotrels,

401,

id.

Bufhrds,

241.

Terns,

459>

4d.

a dozen.

Great birds,

Ditto.

Small birds,

1 2d.

a dozen.

^afks, laid, for two dozens.

No.

APPENDIX.

/j

No. VIII.

A SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT of
the BIRDS of GREAT BRITAIN,

WITH THE NAMES IN THE ANTIENT

BRITISH.

GENUS I.
FALCON.

i- f> OLDEN Eagle,
2. Vjf Black Eagle,

Eryr melyn.

Eryr tinwyn.

g. Sea Eagle,

Mor-Eryr.

4. Cinereous,

Eryr cynffonwyn.

5. Ofprey,

Pyfg Eryr : Gvvalch

y weilgi.

6. Gyrfalcon,

Hebog chwyldro.

7. Peregrine Falcon,

Hebog tramor, Caai-

min.

8. Grey,

Hebog, Gwalch.

•5; Gentil,

Hebog mirain.

10. Lanner,

Hebog gwlanog.

11. Gofhawk,

Hebog Marthin.

12. Kite,

Barcud.

13. Buzzard,

Bod teircaill.

14. Spotted,

Bod mannog.

15. Honey

732

APPENDIX.

15. Honey Buzzard,

16. Moor Buzzard,

17. Hen-Harrier,

18. Ringtail,

19. Keftrel,

20. Hobby,

21. Sparrow Hawk,

22. Merlin,

Bod y mel.
Bod y gwerni.
Barcud glas.
Bod tinwyn.
Cudyll coch.
Hebog yr Hedydd.
Gwepia.
Corwalch, Llymyften

II.

o w

I.

Eagle,

Y Ddylluan fawr,

2.

Long eared,

Dylluan gorniog.

V

Short eared,

Dylluan gluftiog.

4-

White,

Dylluan wen.

5-

Tawny,

Dylluan frech.

6.

Brown,

Aderyn y Cyrph.

7-

Little,

Coeg Ddylluan.

III.

H R I K E,

1. Great,

2. Red backed,

3. Wood chat,

Cigydd mawr.
Cigydd cefn-goch.
Cigydd glas.

IV,

APPENDIX.

733

IV.

c

R O

W.

i. Raven,

Cigfran.

2. Carrion,

Bran dyddyn.

3. Rook,

Ydfran.

4. Hooded,

Bran yr Jwerddon

5. Magpie,

Piogen.

6. Jay,

Screch y Coed.

7. Red legged,

Bran bio; goch.

D O

8. Jackdaw,

Cogfran.

V.
CUCKOO,
1. Cuckoo, Cog.

VI.
WRYNECK,

1. Wryneck,

Gwas y gog, Gwdd-
fdro.

VII.
WOODPECKER.

1. Green,

Cnocell y coed, Delor

y derw.

2. Great

734 A P P E N D 1 X.

2. Great fpotted, Delor fraith.

*3. Middle.
4. Left fpotted, Delor fraith beiaf.

VIII.
KINGFISHER.

I. Kingfiflier, Glas y dorian.

IX.
NUTHATCH.

1. Nuthatch, Delor y enau.

X.
HOOPOE.

1. Hoopoe, Y Goppog.

XI.

CREEPER.
1. Creeper, Y Grepianog.

XII.

APPENDIX. 73;

XII.
G R O U S.

1. Wood,

2. Black,

Ceiliog coed.
Ceiliog du.

3- ^d,

4. Ptarmigan,

5. Partridge,

Ceiliog Mynydd, Jar

fynydd.
Coriar yr Alban.
Coriar, Petrifen.

6. Quail,

Sofliar, Rhine.

XIII.
BUSTARD.

1. Great, Yr araf ehedydd.

2. LefTer, Araf ehedydd Lleiaf.

3. Thick-kneed, Y Glin-braff.

XIV.
PIGEON.

1. Common, Colommen.

2. Ring, Yfguthan.

3. Turtle, Colommen fair, Tur-

tur.

XV.

73*

APPENDIX.

XV.
STARE

i. Stare,

Drydwen, Drydwy.

XVI.
THRUSH.

i. MifTd,

2. Fieldfare,

3. Throttle,

4. Redwing,

5. Blackbird,

6. Ring-ouzel,

7. Water-ouzel,

Trefglen,Pen y Llwyn.
Cafeg y ddryecin.
Aderyn bronfraith.
Soccen yr eira, Y dref-

clen goch.

Mwyalch, Aderyn du.
Mwyalchen y graig.
Mwyalchen y dwfr.

XVII.
CHATTERER,
i. Waxen, Sidan-gynrTon.

XVIII.
GROSBEAK.
1. Haw, Gylfinbraff.

* 2. Pine

APPENDIX.

* 2. Pine.
3. Crofs-billed, Gylfingroes.

4. Bulfinch,

5. Green,

Y Chwybanydd,
Rhawn goch.

Y Gegid, Llinos
werdd.

737

XIX,

BUNTING,

1. Common,

2. Yellow,

3. Reed,

4. Tawny,

5. Snow,

6. Mountain,

Bras y ddruttan, Bras

yryd.
Llinos felen.
Golfan y cyrs.
Golfan rhudd.
Golfan yr eira.
Yr Olfan leiaf.

XX.

F I N

H.

1. Gold,

2. Chaff,

3. Brambling,

4. Sparrow,

Gwas y Sierri.
Afgell arian, Wine.
Bronrhuddyn y my-

nydd.
Aderyn y to, Golfan.
5. Tree

73S

AFT E N D I X.

5. Tree Sparrow,

6. Sifkin,

7. L inner,

8. Red- headed Linnet,

9. Lefs red-headed Linnet, Llinos bengoch leiaf.
10. Twite, Llinos fynydd.

Gol fan y mynydd,

Y Ddreiniog.

Llinos.

Llinos beno-och.

XXI.

F L Y - C A T C H E R.

1. Spotted,

2. Pied,

Y Gwybedog.
Clochder y mynydd,

XXII

ARK.

1. Sky,

Hedydd, Uchedydd.

2. Wood,

Fledydd y coed.

3- Tit,

Cor Hedydd.

/•. Field,

Hedydd y cae.

5. Red,

Hedydd rhudd.

6. Crefted,

Hedydd coppog.

XXIII.

W A

G T A I L.

1. White,

Brith y fyches, Tin

figl y gwys.

2: Yel

Appendix.

2. Yellow,

3- Grey>

Brith y fyches felen.
Brich y fyches lwyd.

^39

XXIV.

WARBLERS,

i. Nightingale,
. 2. Redftart,

3. Redbreaft,

4. Blackcap,

5. Pettychaps,

6. Hedge,

7. Yellow,

* 8. Scotch.
9. Golden-crefted,

10. Wren,

11. Sedge,

12. Grafshopper,

13. Wheatear,

14. Whinchat,

15. Stonechatter,

16. Whitethroat,
*ti. Dartford.

Eos.

Rhonell goch.

YrHobigoch. Bron-

goch.
Penddu'r brwyn.
Y Ffigyfog.
Llwyd y gwrych.
Dryw'r helyg, Sy-
widw.

Yfwigw, Sywigw.
Dryw.

Hedydd yr helyg.
Gwich hedydd.
Tinwyn y cerrig.
Clochder yr eithin.
Clochder y cemg,
Y gwddfgwyn.

Vol. II.

Cc

XXV.

44$

APPENDIX,

XXV,

TITMOUSE.

i. Great.

2. Blue,

3. Cole,

4. Marfh,

5. Longtailed,

6. Bearded.

Y Benloyn fwyaf.

Y Lleian.

Y Benloyn lygliw.
Penloyn y cyrs.

Y Benloyn gynffonhir,

Y Barfog.

XXVI.

SWALLOW.

I.

Chimney,

Gwennol, Gvvenfol

2.

Martin,

Marthin Penbwl.

3-

Sand,

Gennol y glennydd,

4-

Swift,

Marthin du.

XXVII

GOATSUCKER.

1. No&urnal,

Aderyn y droell,
Rhodwr.

XXVIII.

APPENDIX.

74*

XXVIII.

HERON

1. Common,

2. Bittern,

3. White,

Cryr g]as.
Aderyn y bwnn,

Bwmp y Gbrs.
Cryr gwyn.

XXIX.

CURLEW.

1. Curlew,

2. Whimbrel,

Gylfinhir.
Coeg ylflnhir.

XXX,

N I

1. Woodcock,

CyfFylog,

2. Godwit,

Rhoftog.

3. Cinereous,

Rhoftog llwyd.

4. Red,

Rhoftog rhudd.

5. Lefler,

Cwctyn du.

6. Greenfhank,

Coefwerdd.

7. Redihank,

Coefgoch,

8. Cambridge,

9. Spotted,

Coefgoch mannog,

C

c 2 io. Common,

?r~

APPENDIX.

10. Common,
* ii. Great,
12. Jack,

Yihittan, y Fyniar.
Yfnid.

(jiach.

XXXI,

SANDPIPER.

1. Lapwing,

2. Grey,

3. Ruff,

4. Knot,

5. Afh colored,

6. Brown,

7. Spotted,

8. Biack,

• 9. Gambet,
10. Turnftone,

* II. Hebridal,

12. Green,

13. Red,

* 14. Aberdeen,

15. Common,

16. Dunlin,

17. Purre,

* 18. Little,

Cornchwigl.
Cwttyn llwyd.
Yr Ymladdgar.

Y Cnut.

Y Pibydd glas.

Y Pibydd rhudd.

Y Pibydd man nog.

Y Pibydd du rnannog.

Huttan y mor.

Y Pibydd gwyrdd.

Y Pibydd coch.

Pibydd y traeth.
Pibydd rhuddgoch.
Llygad yr ych.

Y Pibydd lleiaf.

XXXII.
LOVE R.

1. Goldea

Cwttyn yr aur.

2. Long

APPENDIX.

2. Long legged, Cwttyn hirgoes.

3. Dottrel, Huttan.

4. Ringed, Mor Hedydd.

5. Sanderling, Llwyd y tywod.

XXXIII.
OYSTER CATCHER.

*. P^, Piogen y mor.

XXXIV.
RAIL.

1. Water, Cwtiar.

XXXV.
G A L L I N U L E.

Itt

&"

i. Spotted, Dwfriar fan nog

2. Crake. Rhegen yr yd

3. Common, Dwfriar.

XXXVI.

P H A L A R O P E.

«• Grey, Pibydd llwyd llydan-

droed.
C c 3 2, Red,

744

APPENDIX.
2. Red, Pibydd coch llydatv

droed.

XXXVIL

i. Common,
2. Great,

Jar ddwfr foel.

Jar ddwfr foel fwyaf.

XXXVIII.
R E B

i. Tippet,

2. Great crefted,

3. Eared,

4. Dufky,

5. Little,

6. BJackchin,

A V

1. Scooping,

Gwyach. Tindroed.
Gwyach gorniog.
Gwyach gluftiog.
Gwyach leiaf.
Harri gwlych dy big.
Gwyach gwddfrhudd.

j, Great,

XXXIX.
O S E T.

Pig mynawd,

XL.

U K.

£arfil mawr.

2. Razor

APPENDIX.

2. Razor-bill, Carfil, Gwalch y pen-

waig.

3. Black-billed, Carfil gylfinddu.

4. Puffin, Pwffingen.

5. Little, Carfil bach.

XLL
GUILLEMOT.

745

1. Foolifh,

Gwilym.

2. LefTer,

Chwilog.

3. Black,

Gwilym du,

XLIL
DIVER.

I.

Northern,

Trochydd mawr,

*2.

Imber,

Trochydd.

3-

Speckled,

Trochydd back.

4-

Red-throated,

Trochydd gwddfgoch

5-

Black-throated,

Trochydd gwddfduc

XLIII.

G U

L L,

1. Black-backed, Gwylan gefn-ddu.

2. Skua, Gwylan frech,

C c 4 3, Black

746

APPENDIX.

3-

Black-toed,

Yr Wylan yfgafn.

4-

Arctic,

Gwylan y Gogledd.

5-

Herring,

Gwylan benwaig.

6.

Wage],

Gwylan riidd a gwyn

7-

Winter,

Gwylan y gweunydd.

8.

Common,

Gwylan lwyd, Hue-
can.

9*

Kittiwake,

10.

Tarrock,

Gwylan gernyw.

ii.

Black-head,

Yr wylan benddu.

12.

Brown,

Yr wylan fecban,

XLIV.

E

R

N,

1. Great,

2. Lefler,

3. Black,

Y for-wennol fwyaf.
Yfcraean.

Y for-wennol leiaf%
Yfcraean ddu.

XLV.

PETREL.

1. Fulmar,

2. Shear- water,

3. Stormy,

Gwylan y graig.
Pwflingen Fanaw.
Cas gan Longwr.

XL VI

A ■ P P E N D I X.

747

XLVI

MERGANSER.

1. Gooiander,

2. Red- breaded,

3. Smew,

4. Red-headed,

Hwyad ddanheddog.
Trochydd danheddog,
Lleian wen.
Lleian ben-goch.

XLVII.

D U

1. Wild Swan,

2. Tame Swan,

*3- Grey Lag'

4. Bean Goofe,

5. White fronted,

6. Bernacle,

7. Brent,

8. Eider,
9: Velvet,

10. Scoter,

11. Tufted,

12. Scaup,

13. Golden eye,

14. Morillon,
15. Shieldrake,

: k.

Alarch gwyllt.
Alarch.
Gwydd.
Elcyfen.
Gwydd wyllt.
Gwyran.
Gwyran fanyw.
Hwyad fwythblu.
Hwyad felfedog.
Y for-Hwyad ddu.
Hwyad goppog.
Llygad arian.
Llygad aur.
Hwyad benllwyd.
Hwyad yr eithin,
Hwyad fruith.

16. Mallard,

748

A P P E

16. Mallard,

N D I X.

Cors Hwyad, Garan
Hwyad, Hydnwy.

17. Shoveler, Hwyad lydanbig.

18. Red breaded Shoveler, Hwyad fron-goch ly-

danbig,

19. Pintail,

Hwyad gynffonfain.

20. Long tailed,

Hwyad gynffon gwen
nol.

21. Pochard,

Hwyad bengoch.

22. Ferruginous,

Hwyad frech.

23. Wigeon,

Chwiw.

*24- Bimaculated,

25. Gadwall,

Y gors Hwyad lwyd.

26. Garganey,

Hwyad addfain.

27. Teal,

Cor Hwyad, Crach
Hwyadc

XL VIII.

COR

V O

RANT.

1. Corvorant,

Mulfran, Morfran.

2. Shag,

Y Fulfran leiaf.

3. Gannet,

Gan, Gans.

APPENDIX.

* 1. Rough legged Falcon,
2. Roller, Y Rholydd,

3. Nutcracker^

APPENDIX.

3. Nutcracker,
•4. Oriole,

5. Rofe colored Ouzel,

6. Crane,

7. Egret,

8. Little Bittern,
* 9. Spoon-bill,

Aderyn y cnau.

Y Fwyalchen felan.

Y Fwyalchen goch..
Garan.

Cryr coppog lleiaf.
Aderyn y bwnn lleiaf.

Y Llydan-big.

749

%* The birds marked * are not in the o&avo edition, 1768-

No.

75o APPENDIX.

No. IX.

CATALOGUE of the EUROPEAN
QUADRUPEDS, BIRDS, and
REPTILES, Extra-Britannic.

SINCE the great ufe of Mr. Ray's Sylloge Jiir-
pium Europ^arum extra Briiannias * has
been fo fully approved by the travelling Botanift,
it is thought a fimilar enumeration of the fpecies
of certain claries of the animal kingdom would be
equally agreeable and ferviceable to the travelling
Zoologift. It comprehends the Extra-Britannic
quadrupeds, birds, and reptiles of Europe^ formed
from the works of the general naturalifts, from
the Fauna of different countries, and from my own
obfervations. The arrangement of the fubjects are
according to the excellent method of our country-
man Mr. Ray, a little altered, or reformed. As
there are not at this inftant Englijh names for mod
of the articles, we have been obliged to fubftitute
thofe ufed by Linnaus and other foreign writers •,
but to gratify the Englijh reader's curiofity, who
may with for fuller accounts of the quadrupeds in
his own language, we refer him in the fecond co-
lumn to our own fynopjis of Quadrupeds \ and in
refpect to the birds, to the Englijh edition of Mr,
Willughby's Ornithology.

* Stirpium Eitropaarum extra Britannia* nafcentium Sylloge,
1 694.

CLASS

APPENDIX,

75'

CLASS I. QUADRUPEDIA.

QJJ ADRUPEDS.

I Bos

Urus
Bubalis

Lin.

99

ibid.

fy». k^/?. Place.
No.

4 Lithuania

5 Italy

II O-vis

Strepficeros
Laticauda

98

3 B. Hungary
Calmuck country

III Capra

Rupicapra
Ibex
Ammon
Tartarica

95

ibid.

97
ibid.

10 Alps, Pyrenees
9 Alps

1 1 Corfica, Sardinia
30 Ukraine

IV Cerqjus

Alces
Tarandus

92
93

35 N. of the Baltic

36 ibid.

V Sus

Aper Sylveftris
11.

102

54 Germany, France,

VI Caa/V

Lupus
Lagopus

5*
59

ill Almoft all the con-
tinent
113 Lapland

f II Felis

Lynx

62

135 Many parts of £«-

rope

vm

75*

A

P P E

N

D

I X.

Lin.

Syn. nojl
No.

Place.

VIII Ur/us

Ar&os

69

138

Many parts of Eu-

Maritimus

7°

139

rope
Nova Zembla

Lufcus, et

7i

MuftelaGulc

>67

I40

N. of the Baltic

IX Viverra

Genetta

65

171

Spain

Zibellina
Perouafea

68
P

156 Lapland
233 Note , Poland

X Lutra

MuftelaLutreola 66

'74

Sweden

XI Cajior

Fiber
Mofchatus

78
79

190
192

N. of Europe
Ruffia

XII Hyfirix

Criftata

7*

*93

Italy

XIII Marmot t

«Mus Marmotta 81

l97

Alps, Poland

Cricetus
Souflik

82

200
201

Germany
S. of Ruffia

Lemmus
Citellus
Zemni

80
80

202
203
204

Lapland
S. of Europe
Poland

XIV &*«r«J

Volans

88

221

Poland

Glis

Mus quercinus

87
84

217
218

S. of Europe
ibid.

xv j&iai

Mus Jaculus

85

223

Calmucks country

XVI Max

Gregarius

in.

84

234

Germany, Sweden

XVII Trkhecbus Rofmarus

49

263

Within the polar

circle

IV.

XVIII Vefpertilio Serotina

288

France

Pipiftrilla
Barballella

289
290
286

ibid,
ibid,
ibid.

CLASS

APPENDIX.

753

C L A S S II. A V E S.

B I R D S,

***>

I. ACCIPITRES.

RAPACIOUS.

Wil.ofn. Place.

I Vultur

Vultur
Percnopterus

BriJf.X. 453 66 Alps, Italy
Raiijyn. io 64 6y Spain, Mi-

norca

II Falco

Leucocephalus
Melanseetos

Lin. 1 24
ibid.

North f
61

Morphno congene
Rufticolus

r Raiijyn. 7
Lin. 1 25

63

Sweden

St. Martini
Iflandicus

Brijf. I. 443
Brunnicb No.

France
Iceland

Vefpertinus
Minutus

Lin. 1 29
J3'

Ingria
Malta

Subfurcatus

fsz6 No. 5

Caflaneus

| J 3^7 — 6

S§ j 3^8 - 7
^329— 12

Auflria

Ferrugineus
Cinereus

ill Stri*

# Scandiaca

Lin. 132

North

Subaurita

Kr. 323 iVo. 3

Auftria

t Countries the other fide the Baltic,

##

Ny&ea

754

APPENDIX.

* * Nyaea
Sylveftris
Funerea

IV Lam us Infauftus

Wil. orn. Place.

Lin. 132 North

Scop. No. 1 3 Carniola

Lin. 1 3 3 North

Lin. 138 197? North?

Major G^/m 581 Brif.ll.146 88 Germany

II.

&.

P I E S.

V Cor-vus Caryocata&es Lin. 157 132 Germany N.

— 158 Alps

Pyrrhocorax

VI Coracias Garralus

VII Oriolus Galbula
VIII Cuculus Glandarius

IX Picus Martius

Tridaclylus
X Merops Apiafler

159 131 Europe

pajftm %.

160 198 ibid.
169 &pain

173 135 Europe

pajfim
ijj Norway

182 147 Ita. S. of Eil*

Ifterocephala BriJ'.lY.^j 148 ibid.
XI Certbia Muraria — 184 Italy

% Thofe with this word refer to all the continent, except
the extreme north, Lapland, Set.

III. GAL*

APPENDIX. 755

III. GALLING.

GALLINACEOUS.

Wil orn. Place.

XII Tetrao * Nemefianus Sco. No. 171 Carniol*

Betulinus No. 172 ibid.

Lagopus Bru. No. 199 Norway

Bonafia Lin. 257 175 Eu™pe

pajpm
**Rufus — 276 167 S.ofEu.

Francolinus — 275 174 ibid.

Alchata — 276167 No. 5 Pyrenees

Grzeca(Perdix) Briff. I. 241 169 S.ofEu.

Montana 224

Tridattyla Skew's tra. 25$ Spain

XIII Otis Tetrax Lin. 264 179 France,

Italy

IV. P A S S E R E S.

SMALL BIRDS.

Wil. orn. Place.

XIV Sturnus Collaris Sco. No. 192 Carniola,

Spain

XV Tardus Arundinaceus Lin. 296 143 Europe

pajjim
Rofeus 294 194 Italy

Saxatilis 294 197

Cyanus 296 191 Italy,

Spain
Cceruleus Belon 192 Alps

Vol. II. Ddd XVI

756

APPENDIX.

1

^7/. 0™. /Y«r«.

XVI Alauda Criflata

Lin.

288

209

Europe
pajjim

Spinoletta

288

209

Italy

Calandra

288

Italy,
Spain

Alpcttrij

299

Poland

Lufitanica

?io<va

Portugal

Crafliroftris

no-va

ibid.

XVII Ember iza Hortulanus

Lin.

3°9

270

S.ofEu.

Cia

310

271

ibid.

Cirlus

3"

269 zivolo ibid.

Barbata

Sco. No.

210

Carniola

Brumalis

No.

2I3

ibid.

XVIII Fringilla Lapponica

Lin.

3i7

North

Lulenfis

3i3

Sweden

Citrinella

320

a6;

S. of Eu.

Serin us

320

26;

ibid.

Petronia

322

267

ibid.

PaiTer Campeftri

sBrrfilll. 82

25iFnquet/to.

Torquatus

85

250 A

'0. 7 ibid.

Stultus

87

249-

- 2 ibid.

Bononienfis

91

250-

- 4 ibid.

Albicilla

92

250-

- 5 ibid.

PalTerculus

93

252-

- 1 3 /&</.

Sclavonicus

24

250-

- 6 Dalma-
tia

Argentoratenfis

146

Stras-

bourg

Grau-fink

Frifch. 3

F. 3

Germa-
ny

XIX Motacilla Schcenobanus

Lin,

329

Italy

Curruca

329

Sweden

Ficedula

Lin.

33°

S.ofEu.
Stapazina

APPENDIX.

mi

PL

7S7

Stapazina

331 Strapazino

233 ibid.

Dumetorum

334

Auftria

Erithacus

335 3tia Alder.

218 Sweden

Suecica

336

North

Curruca minor Bri. III. 374 Borin. XVil

. 2 1 6 Italy

cineraria

376

Italy,

&c.

rufa

3*7

Ger-
many

nsevia

389 Boarina

217 Italy

Ruticilla Gibraltar

407

S.ofEu.

Phcenicurusl

torqua

411

ibid.

RubeculaBononien.

422 Spipola

234 Bologna

Curruca grifea na:v. App. VI. 112

Tithys

Sco. No.

233

Carniola

Zya

—

234

ibid.

Mufcipeta

—

236

ibid.

Lufitanica

nova

Portugal

Hifpanica

no<va

Spain.

XX Parus Criftatus

Lin.

340

242 Ger-
many

Pendulinus

342

Auftria

Ignotus

Brim. p. 73

North

XXI Hirundo Melba

Lin.

345

Spain

Rupeftris

See. No.

167

Spain, &
Carniol2

D d d 2

V. AQUA-

7j8 APPENDIX.

V. AQJJATICJE FISSIPEDES.
CLOVEN FOOTED WATER FOWL.

Wil

. orn.

Plan.

XXII Platalea Leucorodia

Lin.

231

289

Europe

pajjim

XXUUrdea Grus

— _

234

274

Ciconia

235

286

Nigra

ibid.

ibid.

Nycticorax

ibid.

279

Purpurea

236

S.ofEu.

Garzetta

237

280

ibid.

Grifea

239

Minuta

240

Candida minor

Bri. V

■438

280

Torquata

440

282

Botaurus major

455

283

Botaurus minor

453

Botaurus ftriatus

454

Botaurus rufus

458

283

Botaurus naevius

462

.

Cancrophagus

466

281 No

. 9 Italy

Cancroph. caftaneus

468

ibid.

Cancroph, rufus

469

281 — .

'7

Cancroph. nsevius

471

Cancroph. luteu*

5

472

281—:

8 Italy

Viridis Belgica

nova

Holland

Ardea alba

Sto. No

.127

Carniola

XXIV Tantalus Falcinellus

Lin,

241

295

Germany

XXV Numenius Danicus

nevus?

Denmark

PaiTerinus

novus

Holland

XXVI

APPENDIX. 759

Wil. orn. Place.
XXVI Scolopax Fufca Lin. 243

Auftralis Sco. No. 94 Carniola

XXVII Triaga Gambetta Lin. 248

Striata ?
Calidris
Helvetica
Varia

Totanus naevius BriJf.V. zoo
Cinclus torquatus 216

Calidris grifea 233

Calidris naevia 229

Bononienfis major no

Eryjhropus Sco. ffo. 146
Undata Brun. — 183

XX VIII Pratincola Krameria Kramer 3 8 1 L . 345 No. 1 2 Auftria

XXIX Charadrius Alexandrinus Lin. 253
Apricariijs 254

Luteus nevus France

XXX Gallinula Grinetta Wil. em. 31c Italy

Serica ibid. ibid.

Major 3,3

Porphyrio Balearicus novus Minorca

VI. PEDIBUS PINNATIS,

WITH FINNED FEET.
XX,Xl Phalaropus Platyrhynchus BrunnichNo, 172 North

P d d 3 VII.

760

APPENDIX.

VII. PEDIBUS PALMATIS.

WITH WEBBED FEET.

Wil.

orn. Place,

XXXII P bank opt er us Ruber

Lin. 230 320 S. of Fr.

XXXIII Corrira

Longipes

Raii fyn. 118

231 Italy

XXXIV Mergus

Caftor

^Ethiops

Scop. No. 90

Carniola

XXXV Larus

Albus

Scop. No. 106

ibid.

Merulinus

108

ibid.

Bicolor

no

ibid.

XXXVI Sterna

Cinerea

Bri. VI. 220

Naevia

2l6

XXXVllAuas

Niveus (anfer) Bri, IV. 228

North

Mofcoviticus

? 277

360

Spe&abilis

Lin, 195

North

Glaucion

201

367

Hiftrionica

204

North

Mufcaria

Raii fyn, 146

375

Ferroenfis
1

Bri. VI. 466

Ferroc
ifles

Subterranea

Scop. No. 83

Carniola

Cinerea

K.^iNo. 14

Auflria

XXXVlIlPtlecattus

Onocrotalus

Lin, 215

327 Danube*
Po.

CLASS.

APPENDIX.

761

CLASS III. R E P T I L I A.

REPTILES.

P E D A T A

'With Feet.

Place.

Rana Bombina Lin.

355 Sweden

Arborea

357 Rail 'fyn. qua. 23 1 Germany

Lacerta Chameleon Lin.

364 Rail 'fyn. qua. 276 S. of Europe?

Salamandra

371 273 ibid.

Orbicularis

365 264 Naples

Marmorata

368 S. of Europe

Aurata

ibid. ibid.

Umbra?

367 ibid.

Seps

363 ibid.

Chalcides

366 Raiifyn.qua. 272 ibid.

Tejludo Corticata Rondel.

pifc. 445 Mediterranean

Orbicularis Lin.

351 S. of Europe

Graeca

352 Raiijyn.qua.2$i ibid.

Lutaria

ibid. 254 ibid.

** A P O D I A.

Without Feet.

Serpentes Anguis JEfculapii, Plinii lib. xxix. c. 4. Raiifyn. qua. 291

Italy
Coluber Cherfea Lin. 377 Wnljf.BoruJf. 10 Sweden
•Afpis Lin. 378 Strom. Sondm.igi Fr. Norway

Jaculus Wuljf. Boruf. 1 ? PrufTia

V d d 4 INDEX.

N

D

E

X.

A.

ASERDAVINE, ...

Acantbis, what fuppofed to be,
uEfopus, his difh of finging birds,
Agafaus, AgaJJeus, what dogs, -

America, no rats there originally,
Anacreon, mentions the carrier pigeon,
Apodes, of AriJiatUy -

Aric/ioj his account of the carrier pigeon,
Arijlophanes, mentions the ufe failors made of the flight

of birds, -

Afs, -

— not originally a native of Britain^
AJlerias, what bird, - -
Attagas or Attagen, what bird,

Auk, the greater, ox Penguin,

— common or Razor -bill,

black-billed,

little, -

Avoset, - -

Page

341.

334-
656.

63.
116.

294.

554-
294.

509.

*3-
14.

425.
44a.,

509.

511.

5*7-
504.

7^4 INDEX.

B.

Pag<

Badger, - . gr

Barley bird or Sifkin, - . ^o.
Barrincton, the Honourable Dai nes, of the fmall

birds of flight by, ... fi^g,

EfTay on finging birds by, - 660.

Bafs Ifle, number of birds on, - . 614.

Bat, great, - I46.

' long-eared, - - . ,47.

• horfe-fhoe, ... MM,

• common, - I48.

« a tame one, - irQ.

Bears, once found in Britain, - - 77.

Beaver, now extinct, - . 06.
Melon, the firfl traveller who made remarks in natural

hiftory, - . , . 2^#

Bernacle, - *jjt

Bifon Scoticus, - - . 27

Bittern, * 424<

— — • the AJlerias of the antients, - a2z.

< the little, - . 427, 63j.

Black-bird, - -Qg

Black-cap, - . 374<
Black-cock, vide Grous.

' — * fpotted, - . „ 25g#

Blood-hound, its ufe, - , 6t,

Boadicea, her ufe of the hare, - . lQ2t

Boar, wild, once found in England, - r7.
Bots, what, - . „

Brambling, . ^
Brawn, a dim peculiar to England, ,
Brent goofe, -

Britain, its natural advantages, - . Preface,

Bruce, Rdert K, of Scotland faved from a wild bull, 23.

Buck,

12.

57-
579-

I N

7*5

Buck, or fallow-deer,
Bulfincb,
Bulls, wild,
Bunting, common,
. yellow,

. reed,

tawny,
fnow,

its migration,

mountain,

Bustard, great, -

. leffer,

thick-kneed,

Butcher-bird, vide Shrike.

— i — . left, vide bearded Titmouse.

Buzzard, bald, or Ofprey,
m honey,

. common,

i ■ moor,

— — fpotted,

Page

320.

22.

324-
325-
326.

3Z7-
329.

33°-
33i-
284.
2S6.
287.

190.
18S.

192.
189.

Cagmag, what - -

Canary bird,

Capercalze, vide cock of the wood.

Carrier-pigeon, its ufes,

Cat, domeilic,

its value formerly,

odd penalty for Healing the Prince's,

■ wild, •

Catarafta or Skua>

— — - a name applied to the gannet,

57*'
347-

292.
82.
83.

83.

80.

532-
619.

Cattle,

y66 INDEX.

Page

Cattle, wild ftill in Britain, - - 22.

Cavalry, Britijh, refpettable, - - - 4.

• poor ftate of in Queen Elizabeth's time, - 8.

numerous in the time of King Stephen, - ibid*

Cepphus, gull, - - . 532.

Chaffinch, - - - 33? •

Chariots, fcythed, of the Britains, - 4,

Chatterer, waxen, - - 314.

Cheefe, not made by the Britains, - - ig,

Chenalopex, - - - 590»

Chenerotes, - - • $7Q»

Chevy Chace, the flory not improbable, - 43.

Childers, a horfe, his fpeed, - - 2.

Xfu<TOfXiTpt$t of Arijlotle, * - - 334.

Churn owl, - m w , jg#

Cloven footed water fowl, ,. - 42 x.

Coaches, when firfl ufed in England, - - 9.

Cock, common, or poultry, ,. i 27a.

- wild only in India, - - - 280.

- the black or grous, - - 266.

1 of the wood, - 26i*

Coddy moddy gull, - - . -,-

Cornijh chough, ... 22g^

tarrock, -

Comix of Virgil, -'.;■„

Country Gentlemen, the ftudy of natural hiftory recom

mended to, « . . PrefaUt

Coldfinch, or pied Flycatcher, ,. . ~.l%

Colemoufe, . m m mnm

Coot, common, - „ Af^t

494.

Sreat> - - - 495-

Coracles, or leathern boats, - . 9A --

* 24, 25.

CORVORANT, - £og#

■ its voracioufnefs, . _ $0gt

— ■ Satan faid by Milton to have a/Turned the

form of this bird, - Hid.

Crake,

540.
220.

INDEX. 767

Page

Crake, or land rail, ... 487.

Crane, .... 629.

Creeper, - 260.

Crofsbill, - - - 319.

Crow, - 218.

■ ■ carrion, - - - 219.

■ Royjlon, or hooded, - - 223.

— red-legged, - - - 228.
Cuckoo, - 232.

■ '■., why a name of reproach, - 234,
Curlew, ... 429.

ftone, ... 2g7.

Cjpfelli, Plinii, - - - 554.

D.

Decoys, an account of, * - 592.

Deer, fallow, or buck, - - 41, 46.

Didapper, or little grebe, - - 5.01.

Diver, northern, -.-_•. 523.

— Imber, - 524>

— fpeckled, - - - 525,
' red-throated, - - £26,

■ black-throated, - - 527.
Divinity, how far natural hiftory may promote the end of, Pre/ace.

Docking of horfes, an abfurd cuftom, - 11.

Doc, - 59,

— - fetting, - * - 66,

— lap, - 67.
•— — ihepherd's, . . - ibid,
— — Engtijb, in high efteem with the Remans, • 62.
Dormouse, . - - no.
Dottrel, . 477.
Dove, turtle, * .. • ,< • -» 297.

Dove,

?6*

INDEX.

Page

•'Dove, ring, r - - 296-

Greenland, - - S21,

Duck, - 56*'

wild and tame, - - 59 K

£**r, - - " 58j-

■ velvet, - - - 583-

footer, - - * 584*

. ferruginous, - - - 60 1.

morillon, or grey headed, - 588.

i — tufted, - 585.

fcaup, ... 586.

pintail, - 598«

Duck, long tailed, - - 599.

. bimaculated, - 602.

Ducks, wild, vail drivings formerly, - 595.

Dun-bird, the female pochard, - - 600.

Dun-diver, or female goofander, - - 557.

or ferula, - - - 558.

Dunlin, - - - - 471.

E.

Eagle, golden, - - - 161.

ringtail or black, - - 165.

— fea, - - - 167.

Eagles carry away children, - - - 163.

their longevity, - - 164.

Edgar, king, his advice to the clergy, - 45.

did not extirpate wolves out of Wales , - 75 •

Egret, - - - - ' 651.

Eider duck, - - - 581.

"Etefatvfiva -\>a>.i* of Stra6o, - - 145.

Elk,

I N D E

Elk, or wild fwan,
Ember goofe,
Epops of Ovid,
Ermine, -

how taken in Lapland and Siberia,

Erne, or cinereous Eagle,

769

Pag«

562.
524.
259,

89.

90.
!7Q.

F.

Falcon, peregrine,

grey,

gentil,

■ rough-legged,

• fpotted,

Falconry,

Fallow deer, the fpotted,

■ deep brown,

Fallow fmich, or wheat-ear,

Feather trade,

Fern owl,

Ferret, originally of Africa,

will produce with the polecat,

Ferruginous duck,

Fieldfare,

Finch, -

Finfooted Water fowl,

Fitchet,

Flight, fmall birds of

Flycatcher, fpotted,

■ pied,

Fogs, apology for thofe of Britain,
Fortunate IJUs, famous for birds,

17S.
180,
181,
623,
189,
171.
46.

aid,

383.

S73-
416.

C-K

OO.

6oi„
304,

332«
491.

649.

350,

35*.
19.

347-
Fox,

77°

INDEX.

Page

Fox, - - - - 71-

— - will produce with the dog kind, - 72.

— — varieties of, - - - 75*

Frefnoy, his obfervation, - - Preface.

Froijjart, his ftory of a greyhound, - - 64.

Fulmar, its ufes in the ifle of St. Kilda, - 549'

Gadwal or grey, •■•'..- 603.

Gallinule, fpotted, - 486.

1 crake, - 4^7*

489.

common

Gambet, - - - " 465«

Gannet, - - - - 6l2'

its ufes to the inhabitants of St. Kilda, - 615.

Dr. W. Harvey, his elegant account of thefe

birds, - - - 614.

Garganey, - 004.

Geefe, tame, how often plucked, - - 572.

Goat, - - - - 35 •

Welch, the largeft, - - 36-

■ its milk medicinal, - 3%*

Goatsucker, - 4H*

Godwit, .-- 439.

— not the Attagas - - 440.

— cinereous, - 442.

. red, .-- ibid.

— — Cambridge, ... 447.

the lefler, ... 444.

Golden-eye, - - - 587.

Goldfinch, ... - 332.

.... . . ■ ■ not the Acantbis. - - ibid.

Goofander,

Sj6.

575-

INDEX. 771

Page
Goofander, ...

Goofe, wild, ...

bean, - rffj

Grey-lag, - . . 5?0t

origin of the common tame, - 571.

- the brent, ... --q^

the rat or road, - . . <-g0#

1 white-fronted, ... ^5^

Gomawk, - _ _ 2g

Grebe, tippet, . . . 4q6

great crefted, - . . 4Q;r>

its floating neft, . . 4q8#

— of Geneva, our grebe, - . ^SU.

— eafed, - _ . 5O0#

dufky> - - - 501.

> little or dobchick, - . ^-^

its Angular neft, * . r02#

black- chin, -

503.
322.
445.

588.
Grosbeak, haw, - -16

Greenfinch,
Greenfhank,
Gre-houndj
Grey-headed duck,

pine,

- black,

- red,

- white or Ptarmigan,

Gull, black-backed

3i7-

crofs-billed, . . ~x

green, - . . 322%

Grous, wood, _ 2£

266.
269.
271.
519.
520.

Guillemot, fooliih,

— ■ letter,

■' black, - - .

Guinea-hen, - 2go>

528.

Vol, If. E e e Gull,

772

N D E X.

Gull, Skua,

— its fiercenefs,

black-toed,

— arctic,

' herring,

— — wagel,

winter,

common,

Kittiwake,

black-head,

brown,

cloven-footed,

Mr. Jobnfon's,

Gyrfalcon,

Page
529.
530.
532.
S33-
535*
536.

537-
538.

539-
541.

543-
547-

492.

*77-

H..

Halcyon of the ancients,

days, what,

Halitetos, . . ,

Harh, common,
— — — alpine-,

« a food forbidden to the Britains,

Hawfinch,
Hawks, the Welch,

' fubjeft to change their colors,

warrant for the King's, ;

Hedge-hog, vide Urchin.

Hedge- fparrow,

Hen-harrier,

Herbert , Lord, his cenfure of races,

Heron, common,

■ white,

* nefts of, numerous in one tree,

247.

251.

167.

98.

102,
ibid.

316.

201
182.
647.

37&
193.

7-

42!.

427.

A2Z*
Himntoput,

1 N. D E X. 773

Tage

UimantopuSi ... . 4?6*

Hinds, milch, kept by a Countcfs of ' Chejler, . 4S.

Hobby, . , . . 197.

Hoc, .... 54.

■ not an undiflinguiming feeder, . 55.

■ its parts finely adapted to its way of life, . 56.
— ufed as a beaft of draught, . . 57.
Hoofed quadrupeds, domellic, why, . 10.
Hoopoe, . . . 257.

■ believed by the vulgar to portend war, . 258.
Hooper, or wild fwan . , . 562.
Horns foffil, . „ . rI#
Horse, Britijb, . . . lm
• Arabian, . . . 637.

Per/urn, . . . 642.

■ Ethiopian and JEgyptian, . . 643.

« its fwiftnefs, . . . 2,

ftrength, . , . 3.

Spanijb, when iirft introduced, . r.

■ numbers, n.

natural hiftory and ufes, . . ibid.

Hunting, Englijh very fond of, . . 42.
Hufbandry or rural ceconomy, how far indebted to

Zoology, . . . Preface.

Jackdaw, ♦ .

230.

jackfnipe, ...

451.

James I. his paflion for hunting, . . .

47-

6$.

jay, . ....

226.

Imber, . .

524.

E e e 2

Keftrel,

774

N

X,

Keftrel,
Kingfisher,

the Halcyon of the ancients,
the mute Halcyon of Ariftotle,
its nefl

Kite,

art of fleering taken from,

Kittiwake, Gull,,

Knot,

taken in nets,

Page
195.

246.
247.
ibid.
248.
,85.
186.

539-
461.
ibid.

L.

LagopiiSy

altera of Pliny, uncertain what bird,

271-
270,
182.

Lanner, ....

Lanthorns, when invented, . . 25
Lapland, the great rendezvous of water-fowl during

fummer, . . . . 723

Lapwing, . . . . 453

■ taken in nets, . . 454

Lark, fky,
■ wood,

tit,

field,

■ red,
— — ere fled,

— ; Willow,

■ fea,

353-
356.
357-
358.

359-
360.

381.

479-
Lata?:

INDEX.

775

Latax of Ariftotle,
La-jcllan, a fort of Ihrew,
Linnet, . •

■ red-headed,

■ lefs red-headed,

London, quantity of cattle confumed there,

Loon, vide grebe,

Lucan, deicribes the Ctracle,

Lumme,

Page

95-

127.

342.
343-

344-
21.

496.
24.

527.

M.

Magpie,
Mallard,
Martin (beaft)

pine,

1 numerous in North America,

Martin (bird)

black or fwift,

fand,

MaftirF, Britijh, trained for war,

Maftiffs, three overcome a lion,

Mdunde-oille, Sir John, his account of the carrier

Meleagrides, the Guinea hens,

Menagery, royal,

Merganser,

■ red breafled, .

— — — red headed,

Merlin,

Mew, winter, . t

Migration of fwallows,

1 of Britijh birds in general,

Milton, his fine image of the Ikylark,

- elegant dcfcription of the nightingale's

E e e %

225

591

92

94

95
401

4°3

402

69

68

pigeon, 293

280

79

556
558
560

200

537
406
709

354

36/
Milton

fong,

7?6 INDEX.

Page
Milton his beautiful and natural defcription of the

fwan, , ... . 565.

Miflel thrufh, . . . 301.

' the large ft bird that fings, . 303.

Mole, . . . . 128.

Moor-hcn, . . . 489.

Mocic-decr, horns foflile of a fpecies now unknown, 52.

Morfe, fufpeftcd to be Britijh, \ . 144.

Mcuflcn, mufimon, a fort of fheep, . . 32.

Moufe, long tailed field, . . 120.

inert tailed, . . . 123.

common, . . . 122.

harveft, . . . 121.

Male, . . . . ; 16.
errors in breaking, . . ibid.

N.

; ,7, Archbifhop, his great feaft, . 726.

Nightingale, . . . Vo^.

Pliny's, beautiful defcription of its fong, 369.

Norway rat, or brown, . . 115.

Nutcracker, . . . 625.

Nuthatch, . . . 255.

O.

OlSTER CATCHER, . . . 482

Oppitofs defcription of the beagle, , . 63.

Oriole, .... 626.

Orpheus, his foul fai-d to have tran (migrated into the

gody of a fwan, . . . z6~-

» Ofprey,

INDEX. 777

Page

Ofprey, • • • 174«

Otter, .... 92.

. confidered as a fifh by the Carthufians, . 94.

Tea, of Sir R. Sibbald, . . 95.

Q<vid, his account of the bat, . . 150.

— • of the hoopoe . . 259.

Ouzel, ring, or rock, . . . 310.

■ water, . . . 312.

■ rofe colored, . . • 627.
Owl, eagle, • . • 202.

■ long-eared, . . . 203.
— —- fhort-eared, . . . 204.

■ white, . . « 206.

brown, . • . 210.

— —- tawny, . . . 208.

little, . . . 211.

Ox, . . . 18.

Painter, his merit founded on his knowledge of

nature, . . . Preface.

Partialis of Arijhtle, . . % 475.

Parks, numerous in England, . . 44.

Partridge, . ... 274.

- white, or <wbite Grous, . 271.

Pafturage, richnefs of the Britifo and Irijb, . 19.

Peacock, an Indian bird, , . 278.

Penguin, the great auk, . . 507.

Penhebogydd, or chief falconer of the Welch court, 201.

Petrel, . . . 549.

» its faculty of fpouting oil. . 550.

' ftormy, . » . 553.

Pettychaps, % . » 376.

E e e 4 Pewit,

778 INDEX.

t> - Ti&

Pewit, or Lapwing, . . . ,

gull, its former value, - . 54K

Phalarope, grey, - . p 4QK

' rcd> " 492.

Pheaiant, not originally Britijh, - - 2g0.

— fea» - - - 598.

482.

Pie, fea,
Pigeon, common

290.

carrier, its ufes, - f Zgz.

Pintail duck, - rQg#
Plover, golden, - _ _ 4?4#
ringed, . p 4?9>

long-legged, - . 4?6>

Norfolk, 'vide Buftard, - - 287.

Pochard, . . 6oo<
Poetry, can fcarcely exift without the aid of natural

hiflory, - . Preface.

Pole-cat, or Fitchet, - . . go

faid to produce with the ferret, - 90.

Poultry, common, introduced by the Phoenicians, 280.

Procurator Cynegii, what, - _ 53 1

Provifions, what animals ufed as, by the old Englijb, yz6.

Ptarmigan, or white grous, - - 271.

Puffin, --.. SI2.

■ its natural affection, = - rXA

■ - ancient method of taking, - - 515.

Mank$, , . . -^,#

Purre, - . „ . 472,

CL

Quadrupeds, digitated,

59-
hoofed, - - 1,

- - pinnated, - - 136,

r — j — — » winged, - - 146,

Quail,

I N

X,

779

Quail,
Queeft,

Pagfe
276.
296.

R.

Rabbet,

■its vafl: fruitfulnefs,

Races, account of,

Rail, water, -

~— land, or crake,

Rams, great price of,

Rat, black, - •

. brown, or Norway,

. of uncertain origin,

. water, -

catcher, the king's, -

Raven, - -

Razor-bill, or auk, ""•■':"

. great fize of its eg%,

Red-breafl,

, ~ endeared to children by the old fong, the

babes in the wood, - -

Red-game, vide grous,

Redlhank, -

■ — the fpotted, -

Red-ftart, -

Red-wing, -

_ fore-runner of woodcocks,

Reed-bunting,

Ridinger, the engraver, his merit,

Ring-dove, -

Ring-ouzel, -

Ring-tail, or black eagle,

Rock-ouzeJ, - . -

104.
ibid.
6.
484.
487.
30-
i»3-
115.

ibid.
118.
115.
218.
509.
510*
372-

373-

446.
448.

371-
3°7-
436.
326.
Preface.
296.
310.
194.
310.
Roe-

>8o

I N D

X.

Roc-buck, •

Roller,

Rook, the Corpus of Virgil>

Royfton crow,

Ruff and reeve,

how fattened,

Page

49.

624.

221.

223.

457-
460.

Sanderling,

Sand-fwallow, i

Sandpiper,

&ey>

afh-colored,

— brown,

— fpotted,

1 black,

Hebridal,

• green,

red,

■ — Aberdeen,

• — common,

little,

Scarecrow,

Scaup-duck,

Scoter,

Sea-fowl, their harm note,

Sea-lark, or ringed plover,

- pie, or OlSTERCATCHER,
Seal, great,

common

once ufed at great fealts as food,

how taken in Cathnefs,

Serula, » » ' -m

480.
402.

453-

456.

462.
463.
ibid.
465.
467,
468.
469.
ibid.
470.
473-
547.
586.
584.
516.

479-
482.
136.

*17*
141.

142.

558.

Shag,

INDEX. 78*

Page

Shag, - - - 6l°-

Shaw, Rev. Dr. his euloge, - - 253.

Shear water, - - " 55 lm

Sheep, - - - - 27.

. of Hirta or St. Kilda, - - 31.

— — — . trepanning of, - 34*

Shieldrake, - - - 589-

— pofiibly the Chenalopex Plinii, - 590.

Shoveler, - - 596-

. red breailed, - 597'

Shrew, fetid, ... 125.

126.

- water,

Shrike,- great, - 213.

red backed, - - - 215.

Silius It aliens, his fine defcription of the fvvan, - 565.

his account of the Halcyon, - - 251.

Silk-tail, - - - - 3H-

Singing birds, Eflay on, by the Honourable Daines

Barrikgtox, - - - 660.

. -~ their great emulation, - 655.

vaft power of voice, - ibid,

340.

529.

589.

559-
433-

448.

450.

451.

Soland goofe, - - - 612.

Spain, probably the winter refort of fome of our fmall

birds of paffage, - - - 7*6-

Sparrow, - 33^*

tree, - - - 339-

Sparrow hawk, - l9%*

Spoon

Sifkin,

-

Skua,

-

Sly goo

fe, the ihieldrake,

Smew,

-

Snipe,

common,

great,

jack,

7*2 INDEX.

Page

Spoon bill, - 634.

Squirrel, - - - - 107.

Stag, - - - - 41.

— where now found wild, - - 45.
— - Irijhy formerly fmall with great horns, - 46.

, fevere puniihment for killing, - - 58.

Stare, - - 299.

Star mot, or Star gelly, what, - - 538.

Statins t his account of the Halcyon's neft, - 499.

Stint, or purre, - 472.

Stoat, - 89.

■ the ermine, when white, - - 90.

Stone, horfes fubject. to, - - 12.

Stone chatter, ... 386.

Stone curlew, - 287.

Stoparola, - - - - 350.

Storm finch, or petrel, - - 553.

Superfaetation, hares faid to be fubjeft to, - 100.

Swallow, - 398.

— — difappearance of, - - 406.

• found during winter in a torpid ftate, 410.

— •- fea, <vide Tern,

Swan, wild, - : «j6z.

■ tame, - 564.

— puniihment for killing, - - 84.

in high efteem formerly, - - 565.

— facred to Apollo and the Mufes, - - 566.
-— iinging before its death, - - 569.
Suppofed origin of that fable, - - 567.
Swift, - - - - 403.

Tarrock,

HO-
Taurofthencs

I N D

X.

733

Taurofthenes fends advice of his fuccefs in the Olympic

games by a pigeon,
Teal, _ . - -

— fummer, -

Tern, the great, -

leffer,

black,

Theocritus, his account of the Halcyon,

Thorn/on, the naturalift's poet,

Throttle,

Thrush, -

Titlark,

Titmouse, great, -

. , — blue, *'*./*

cole, * - -

_ marfh, -

long- tailed,

— • — bearded, - -

fringe, 'vide fandpipers,

Tufted duck, - - -

Turky, an American bird,

TurnbulU a furname, whence derived,

Turnftofle, -

Turtle, ....

fea, -

Twite,

295.
606.
607.

545-

546.

547-
250.

3°3-
306.
301.

357-
39°-
39i-
392-
393*

394-
396.

585.
2S2.

23-
465.
297.
521.
346.

U.

Velvet duck,

Venifon, falted for ufe,

VirgiVs celebrated fimik of the nightingale,

Vitilia navigia^ what

583.

45-
369.

24.
Urchin,

7*4 I N D E X.

U&CHIK, - - l7,

,* 3 3 •

its great patience under torture, - 136

l&w,

W

yellow,

Warblers,

yellow,
Scotch,

common,

• coot,

Welch names of birds,

Wheat-ear,

Whimbrel,

Whinchat,

White-throat,

2 3-

Wagel CorniJJj, . „ _ ^

Wagtail, white, .... ,6k

362,

srey> • - . 363.

hedge, . . . s?6m

37**

x - - - 379>

. golden-crefted, . . jggr

— fedge> - - - 381.

grafshopper, - . pfct

Dartford, . m ^

JVafiefeu, a great American deer, - . 5~#

Water-ouzel, . . m ^

Water-hen, . ° '

Water-rat, . Q

" — I I n

Webbed- footed water- fowl, - . rrt<*

nr " 5°4#

Weesel, . ■ „ *

* 89*-

95 •■

560.

73*-

383.
43°.
385.

387.
W,Seon> - 601.

Winter

I N D E X. 785

Page

Winter mew, - - - 537*

Wolf, - - - 75-

when extirpated, - ibid.

. not by K. Edgar, - ibid.

writ for the taking wolves, &c. - - 645.

Wolf-moneth, - 77»

Wolf-fhed, .... ibid.

Wood-chat, - - - - 217.

WToodcock, - - - - 435*

. — its migration, - - - 437.

Wrood-lark, - - 356-

Woodpecker, curious ftru&ure of, - - 240.

«_ ... green, - ibid.

_ ~ great fpotted, - 243.

-— > middle, - - 244.

, — left fpotted, - - 245.

Wood-pigeon, or Ring Pigeon, - - 296.

Woollen manufacture, long neglected, - - 28.

■ — its fuccefs here what owing to, 30.
Wool, where the beft, - ibid.
Wren, ----- 380*
Writ of Edward I. for extirpating wolves out of

England > - - - - 76.

. another for taking of wolves, Sec. in Devon-

Jbire, - - - 645.

Wryneck, - - 237.

■ fore-runner of the Cuckoo, • - 238.

Yellow-hammer, or Bunting, • - 325*

Z.

786 INDEX.

Z.

Page
Zoology, claflical, too much negleded by travel-
lers, - - - - 252,

THE END.

4L.