4- *rf I **k. /< BR1TI SH ZOOIiO&X . CliASS III. REPTILES IV. FISH jvr. Printed for Beirj. "White, MDCCLXXVI. BRITISH ZOOLOGY. t VOL. Ill Class III. REPTILES. IV. F I S H. WARRINGTON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM EYRES, FOR BENJAMIN WHITE, AT HORACE'S HEAP, FLEET-STREET, LONDON. MDCCLXXVI, PLATES T O BRITISH ZOOLOGY, VOL. III. OCTAVO. Plates^ RO NT IS PIECE, Roach, to face the Title I. Coriaceous Tortoise - Page 7 C II. Brown Lizard? Scaly Lizard J III. Warty Lizard - — 23 IV. Viper - *1 Blind Worm > - -26 Ringed Snake J V. Explanation of Technical Terms 46 VI. Blunt-headed Cachalot - - 61 VII. Teeth of Cetaceous Fish - 62 VIII. Lam pries - - 7 6 IX. Skate - - - 82 X. Electric Ray - . - 89 XL Thornback - "93 XII. Thornback-Underside - ^3 * XII. Angel Shark - 98 XIII. Basking Shark - - 101 XIV. Long-tailed Shark - no XV. Greater and Lesser Spotted Sharks XVI. Smooth Shark - II6 Vol. III. a XVIL PL A T E S. Plates. XVII. Beaumaris Shark - Page n8 XVIII. Common Angler - I20 XIX. Oblong DiodonI Short Diodon /* - 124 Sturgeon J XX. Globe Diodon _ 132 XXI. Lump Sucker 7 Unctuous Sucker S - *33 XXII. Bimaculated Suckef } - 137 Jura Sucker XXIII. Pipe Fish - 13B XXIV. Wolf Fish I51 XXV. Morris 7 Launce > - i56 XXVI. Sword Fish - 160 XXVII. Dragonet - 164 XXVIII. Dragonet 7 Common Weever S - 167 XXIX. Greater Weever _ 171 XXX. Poor i Bib S - 184 XXXI. Forked Hake ) Coal Fish * . 186 XXXII. Trifurcated Hake - 196 XXXIII. Five-bearded Cod } - 201 Three-bearded Cod XXXIV. Torsk - 203 XXXV. Gattorugine 1 Crested Blenny r - 206 Spotted Blenny -J XXXVL PLATES. Plates. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL, XLI. XLII. XLIII. XLIV. XLV. XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII. XLIX. L. LL LII LIII. LIV, LV LVI Smooth Blenny - Page Viviparous Blenny? Spotted Goby S Black Goby Armed Bullhead -i River B jllhead J Father Lasher - Smear Dab / Doree i Lunulated Gilt HeadI Opah j Toothed Gilt Head Ballan Striped Wrasse - Gibbous Wrasse - 1 Trimaculated Wrasse) Comber Wrasse Antient Wrasse GOLDSINNY Perch - "> Sea Perch \ Basse Sticklebacks - Scad - 7 Mackrel 3 Tunny Striped Surmullet , Grey Gurnard - . Piper . Sapphirine Gurnard 2o3 211 - 213 - 2l6 - 2l8 - 221 - 223 - 243 - 246 - 249 - 25O ■\ 25I 254 257 26l 264 266 274 276 279 280 LVH. PLATES. Plates. LVII. Red Gurnard 7 Streaked Gurnard $ Page *Sl LVIII. Salmon 7 Loche S LIX. Samlet Trout LX. Charr - ^ joe LXL Grayling 7 Smelt £ ^ LXII. Gwiniad - - 316 ! - 282 - 297 } - LXIIL Pike Sea Pike LXIV. Saury LXV. Argentine Atherine LXVI. Mullet Parr LXVII. Flying Fish Anchovy LXVIII. Pilchard Herring LXIX. White Bait Shad LXX. Carp Bream LXXI. Bareel • - 357 LXXII. Crusian 7 Ruo { ' " ^ LXXIII. Chub ? Bleak i ' " *6i 1 " 32° - 3*5 - 327 - 329 - 333 • 335 - 348 " 353 CLASS III. REPTILES. All the works of the L^rd are good, and he will give every needful thing in due feafon. So that a man cannot fay tuis is worfe than that, for in time they fhall all be well approved. ECCLESIASTICUS XXXIX. ^ 34. Vol. III. B REPTILES WE are now to confider the clafs of Reptiles, which are, for the moil part, objects of deteftation ; but however the opinion of the world may be, if a writer undertakes a general hiftory of animals, he mud include them : they form at left one link in the chain of beings, and may therefore be viewed with a degree of pleafure by a philofophic eye. But notwithftanding the prejudice againft this clafs is almoft univerfal, is it founded on reafon ? In fome it may be owned that the outward form is difagreeable, while the noxious qualities of others are juftly productive of terror : but are we on that account to reject them ? The more fatal they are, the more deeply we fhould enquire into their effects, that we may be capable of relieving thofe who are fufferers, and fecure ethers from the fame misfortune. But if we duly weigh their noxious qualities, we mall, with our moral poet, find £ All partial evil univerfal good. " B 2 The 4- REPTILES. The teeth of wild beafts, and of ferpents, are not only created as inftruments of vengeance, but are falutary in leffening the numbers of thofe ani- mals which are highly ufeful in the degree, and only hurtful in their excefs ; but if therr bad qua- lities are ferviceable, we are more indebted to their good ones than we chufe to acknowlege. But many of the animals that form this clafs are of immediate benefit to mankind. The Turtle, or Sea-Tortoife, fupplies the torrid zone with a wholefome and delicious food, as the epicures of our own country can atteft. Frogs are a food in feveral parts, as Lizards and Serpents are in others. The medicinal virtues of the Viper are partly exploded by the moderns, but time, the over- thrower of fyftems, as well as empires, may reftore it to the rank it held with the antients. The La- eerta Scincus is, however, yet efteemed in the Eaft for its falubrious qualities, and even Toads have contributed to the eafe of patients in the moil in- veterate of all difeafes. Had I followed Linnaus^ and included the Car- tilaginous Fifti in this clafs, there would have been ample room for panegyric, for it is very doubtful whether any are pernicious*, but the ufe of many, either as food or for mechanical pur- pofes, were never queftioned. But if the external figure of the reptile tribe is difgufting, they have one general beauty, an apt configuration of parts for their way of life, nor arc REPTILES. are they deftitute of their peculiar graces : the fine difpofition of plates in the fhell of the Tortoife, with the elegant fymmetry of their colors, muft ftrike even common obfervers, while the eye of the defpifed Toad has a luftre denied to more pleafing forms. The frolicfome agility of Lizards enlivens the dried banks in hot climates ; and the great affection which ibme of them ihew to man- kind, mould farther engage our regard and attention. The wreathing of the fnake, with the vivid die of its fkin, are certainly graceful, tho' from the dread of fome particular fpecies which are venem- ous, we have acquired an antipathy for the whole. The antients, who confidered the Serpent as an emblem of health, could afibciate pleafing ideas with this animal. We therefore find it an orna- ment at every entertainment, and in every fcene of mirth, both in painting and in fculpture. Virgil adopted this notion, and has accordingly defcribed it with every beauty both of form and color, Adytis cum lubricus anguis ab mis Sept em ingens gyros, feptena volumina traxit -> Amplexus placide tumulum, lapfufque per aras : Ccerultea cm terga nota^ maculofus et auro Squamam incendebat fulgor -, ceu nubibus arms Milk trahit varios adverfo file color es. V. 84. B 3 From 6 REPTILES. From the deep tomb, with many a mining fold, An azure ferpent rofe, in fcales that flam'd with gold : Like heaven's bright bow his varying beauties fhone That draws a thoufand colors from the fun : Pleas'd round the altars and the tomb to wind, His glittering length of volumes trails behind. Pitt. But if after all fome lively writer mould pur- fue the Naturalifts with more wit than argument, and more humor than good-nature, it mould be endured with patience. Ridicule is, however, not the teft of truth, tho' when joined to fatyr, it fel- dom fails of feducing the many who would rather laugh than think. Should this prove the cafe in the prefent inftance, let the author be allowed to fkreen himfelf from cenfure, by faying he writes not to the many, but the few ; to thofe alone who tan examine the parts with a view to the whole % and who fcorn to defpife even the moft deformed, or the moft minute work of an all-wife Creator. GENERA. I. TORTOISE. H. FRO G. III. LIZARD. IV. SERPENT. El I COHIATEOITS TORTOISE III. REPTILES. Body covered either with a fhell or ftrono; hide, L ' 7 to ' TORTOISE. divided by futures.; four fin-like feet ; a fhort tail. Teitudo coriacea five Mercu- ticis, tefta coriacea, cauda i. Coriace- rii. Rondel. 450? Gefner angulis feptem exaratis. ous. pifc. 946 ? Lin. fyfi. 350. Teitudo coriacea ? Teftudo Turtle. Borlafe Cornwall, pedibus pinniformibus mu- 285. Plate 27. THIS fpecies is common to the Medi- terranean, and to our fouthern feas, and is not, as far as we know, dis- covered in any other. Two were taken on the coaft of Cornwall in the mackrel nets, of a vail: fize, a little after Mid/urn- mer 1756; the largeft weighed eight hundred pounds, the ierTer near feven hundred. A third, of equal weight with the firft, was caught on the B 4 coaft CORIACEOUS TORTOISE. Class III. coaft of Dorfetjhire^ and depofited in the Leverian Mufeum. The length of the body is four feet ten inches y of the head nine inches and a half j of the neck three; or of the whole five feet twelve. The upper jaw bifurcated at the end : the extremity of the lower fharp, clafping into the fork of the up- per. The noftrils fmall and round. The breadth of the body in the largeft part is three feet. The length of the fore fins two feet feven : of the hind thirteen inches and a half: are fmooth, grow pointed to the extremity, and are deftitute of toes. Thefe fins are (tufted : perhaps the bones might have been taken out ; for in the figure given by Rondeletius, which agrees in all other refpecls with this fpecies, there is appearance of toes, and even nails. - The body is covered with a ftrong hide, ex- actly reiembling black leather, deftitute of fcales, but marked with the appearance. The back is di- vided into five longitudinal fiutings or grooves, with as many fharp but fmooth rifings. This fpecies is faid to be extremely fat : . but the fiefh coarfe and bad *, according to the report made by writers who had opportunity of tailing them in the Mediterranean fea. I am informed that the Carthifians will eat no other than this fpecies. * Ronddetius, Bojfuet, Body Class III. COMMON FROG Body naked. H. PR Of Four legs, the feet divided into toes. No tail. U«t^x®". Arift. Hiji. an. Waffer Frofche. Meyer an. I. 2. Common, Lib. IV. c. 9.' Fab. 52- La Grenoille. Belon poij/bns, Rana temporaria- R. dorfo ,g# planiufculo fubangulato. Rana fiuviorum. Rondel. 21 7. Lin.fyft. 357. Ranaaquaticainnoxia. G^/w*/* Groda, Fro, Klafla. F«o»* 2««^. e. 46. ^^//7 $*»• No- 102. g0-# Rana. Gronov. Zoopb. No. Rana aquatica. Raiifyn. quad. 02. 447- SO common and well-known an animal re- quires no defcription ; but fome of its pro- perties are fo fingular, that we cannot pafs them unnoticed. Its fpring or power of taking large leaps is re- markably great, and it is the befl fwimmer of all four-footed animals. Nature hath finely adapted its parts for thofe ends, the fore members of the body being very lightly made, the hind legs and thighs very long, and furnifhed .with very itrong mufcles. While in a tadpole ftate, it is entirely a water animal \ the work of generation is performed in that element, as may be feen in every pond during fpring 1 TION. SO COMMON FROG. Class HE fpring; when the female remains opprefled by the male for a number of days. ^^ERA" The work of propagation is extremely fingular, it being certain that the frog has not a penis intrans ; there appears a ftrong analogy in this cafe between a certain clafs of the vegetable kingdom and thofe animals ; for it is well known, that when the female frog depofits its fpawn, the male inftan- taneouily impregnates it with what we may call a farina fcecundans^ in the fame manner as the male Palm tree conveys fructification to the flow- ers of the female, which would othei'wife be bar- ren*. As foon as the frogs are releafed from their tad- pole (late, they immediately take to land •, and if the weather has been hot, and there fall any re- freftiing mowers, you may fee the ground for a confiderable fpace perfectly blackened by myriads of thefe animalcules, feeking for fome fecure lurk- ing places. Some philofophers -f- not giving them- felves time to examine into this phenomenon, ima- gined them to have been generated in the clouds, and fhowered on the earth ; but had they, like our Derham%> but traced them to the next pool, they would have found a better folution of the difficulty. As frogs adhere clofely to the backs of their own fpecies, fo we know they will do the fame by fifh : Walton § mentions a ftrange ftory of their deftroy- * Shaw's Travels, 224. HaJJelquiJl Trav. Engl. Ed. 416. f Rondtletius, 216. War mil Muf. 327. X Ray1* Wifdom Great. 316. % Complete Angler, 161. ing Class III. COMMON FROG. n ing pike ; but that they will injure, if not entirely kill carp, is a fact indifputable, from the following relation : a very few years ago, on fifliing a pond belonging to Mr. P/V, of Encomb^ DorfetJhire9 great numbers of the carp were found each with a frog mounted on it, the hind legs clinging to the back, the fore legs fixed in the corner of eacli eye of the fifh, which were thirs and greatly waited, teized by carrying fo difagreeable a load. Thefe frogs we imagine to have been males difappointed of a mate. The croaking of frogs is well known, and from that in fenny countries they are diftinguifhed by ludicrous titles, thus they are (tiled Dutch Nightin- gales and B oft on IVaites ; even the Stygian frogs have not efcaped notice, for Ariftophanes hath gone farther, and formed a chorus of them. AlfAVcilJt xgyvuv TSHVCC ' Brekekex, coax, coax, Brekekex, coax, coax, The offspring of the pools and fountains. Yet there is a time of year when they be- Per iodic as come mute, neither croaking nor opening their mouths for a whole month : this happens in the hot feafon, and that is in many places known * Comedy of the Frogs, to IZ COMMON FROG. Class III. to the country people by the name of the Paddock Moon, I am informed that for that period, their months are fo clofed, that no force (without kil- ling the animal) will be capable of opening them. Morton* endeavours to find a reafon for their filence, but tho' his facts are true, he is unfortu- nate in his philofophy. Frogs are certainly endued (as he well obferv^d) with a power of living a good while under water without refpiration, which is owing to their lungs being compofed of a feries of bladders: but he miftakes the nature of air, when he affirms that they receive a quantity of cool air, and dare not open their mouths for a month, from a dread of admitting a warmer into their lungs. It is hardly necefTary to fay, that in what- ever ftate the air was received, it would affirftilate itfelf to the external atmofphere in a fhort time. We muft leave the fa£t to be accounted for by farther experiments. But from what we do know, we may partly vindicate 'Tbeophraftus, and other antients, about the filence of the frogs at Seriphus. That philofopher affirms it, but afcribes it to the coldnefs of the waters in that ifland : Now when Monfieur tfournefort was there, the waters were lukewarm, and the frogs had recovered their voices f. Is it not probable that Theophrajlus might be at Seriphus at that feafon when the frogs were mute, and having never obferved it elfewhere, * Hijl, Northampt. 441. f Tourneforfs voj, I. 142. might Class III. EDIBLE FROG. 13 might conclude their filence to be general as to the time, but particular as to the place. JElzan*, who quotes Theophraftus for the lad paflage, afcribes the fame filence to, the frogs of the lake Pier us in Tbejfaly, and about Cyrene in Africa : but he is fo uncertain a writer, that we cannot affirm whether the fpecies of the African frogs is the fame with ours. Thefe, as well as other reptiles, feed but a Food. fmall fpace of the year. The food of this genus is flies, infects, and fnails. Toads are faid to feed alfo on bees, and to do great injury to thofe ufeful infects. During winter frogs and toads remain in a tor- pid date : the laft of which will dig into the earth, and cover themfelves with almoft the fame agility as the mole. Rana gibbofa. Gefner pifc. R. corpore angulato, dorfo 3* Edible, 809. tranfverfe gib bo, abdomine Rana efculenta. Lin. fyfi. marginato. Ibid* 357. Faun. Suec. No. 279. >T*HIS differs from the former in having a •*• high protuberance in the middle of the back, forming a very fharp angle. Its colors are allc* more vivid, and its marks more diftinctj the ground * MiM) lib, HI, cb, 35, 37. color 14 TO A D. Class III. color being a pale or yellowifh green, marked with rows of black fpots from the head to the rump. This and, we think, the former, are eaten. We have feen in the markets at Paris whole ham- pers full, which the venders were preparing for the table, by fkinning and cutting off the fore- parts, die loins and legs only being kept. Our flrong diflike to thefe reptils, prevented a clofe ex- amination into the fpecies. Toad. 3>£w@r. Arifi. Hiji. an. lib. Bufo rubetaruai. Klein quad. ix. c. I. 40. 122. Bufo Virg. Georg. I. 184. Rana Bufo. R. corpore Rubeta. Plin. lib. VIII. c, ventricofo, verrucofo lurido 31. fufcoque. Lin. fyfi. 354. Rubeta. fc. Phrynum. Gefner Parida, TaiTa. Faun. J'uec. pifc. 807. Rondel, 222. No. 275. Bufo five Rtibeta. Rati fyn. Gronov. Zooph. No. 64. quad. 252. '"JpHE mod deformed and hideous of all ani- •*> mals; the body broad, the back flat, and covered with a pimply dufky hide \ the belly large, fwagging, and fwelling out; the legs fhort, and its pace labored and crawling : its retreat gloomy and filthy : in fhort, its general appearance is fuch as to ftrike one with difguft and horror \ yet we have been told by thofe who have refolution to view it with attention, that its eyes are fine : to this it feems Class III. TOAD. 15 ieems that Shake/pear alludes, when he makes his Juliet remark, Some fay the lark and loathed .toad change eyes. As if they would have been better bellowed on fo charming a fongfter than on this raucous reptile. But the hideous appearance of the toad is fuch as to make this one advantageous feature over- looked, and to have rendered it in all ages an object of horor, and the origin of moft tremendous inven- tions. JElian * makes its venom fo potent, that Bafilijk-Wk^ it conveyed death by its very look and breath ; but Juvenal is content with making the Roman ladies, who were weary of their hufbands, form a potion from its intrails -f, in order to get rid of the good man. Occurrit Matrona potens, quae molle Calenum Porrettura viro mifcet fitiente rubetara. Sat. I. 68. To quench the hufband's parching thirft, is brought By the great Dame, a moft deceitful draught ; In rich Calenian wine fhe does infufe, (To eafe his pains) the toad's envenom'd juice. This .opinion begat others of a more dreadful nature ; for in after-times fuperftition gave it pre- ternatural powers, and made it a principal ingre- dient in the incantations of nocturnal hags : * Htji, an, lib. ix. c. II. -f Sat, v\. 658, Vide Milan Uifl% an, lib, xvii. c. 12. and 15. Toa4 *6 T O A t). Class III. Toad that under the cold ftone, Days and nights has, thirty-one, Svvelter'd venom fleeping got, Boil thou, firfi i'th' charmed pot. We know by the poet that this charm was in- tended for a defign of the firft confideration, that of raifing the dead from their repofe, and bringing before the eyes of Macbeth a hateful fecond-fight of the profperity of Banquets line. This fhews the mighty powers attributed to this animal by the dealers in the magic art; but the powers our poet indues it with, are far fuperior to thofe that Gefner afcribes to it : Shake/pear's witches ufed it to difturb the dead •, Gefner's^ only to dill the living, Ut vim coeundi mfallor, in viris toller ent *. Toad- We may add here another fuperftition in refpect. to this animal : it was believed by fome old writers to have a ftone in its head, fraught with great virtues medical and magical: it was diftinguifhed by the name of the Reptile, and called the Toad- Stone, Bufonites, Crapaudine, Krottenftein f ; but all its fancied powers vanifhed on the difcovery of its being nothing but the foflil tooth of the fea-wolf, or of fome flat-toothed fifh, not unfrequent in our ifland, as well as feveral other countries \ but we may well excufe this tale, fince Shake/pear has ex- traded from it a fimile of uncommon beauty : * Hiji. quad, o-vip. J 2, f Boet. de Boot, de Lap, et Gem, 301. 303. Sweet STONE, Class III. TOAD. 17 Sv/eet are the ufes of adverfity, Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, Wears yet a precious jewel in his head. But thefe fables have been long exploded : we fhall now return to the notion of its being a poi- ibnous animal, and deliver, as our opinion, that its excefiive deformity, joined to the faculty it has of emitting a juice from its pimples, and a dufky liquid from its hind parts, is the foundation of the report. That it has any noxious qualities we have been unable to bring proofs in the fmallefl: degree fa- tisfactory, though we have heard many ftrange re- lations on that point. On the contrary, we know feveral of our friends who have taken them in their naked hands, and held them long without receiving the left injury: It is alio well known that quacks have eaten them, Not Poison. and have befides fqueezed their juices into a glafs, and drank them with impunity. We may fay alfo, that thefe reptiles are a com- mon food to many animals ; to buzzards, owls, Norfolk plovers, ducks, and fnakes, who would not touch them were they in any degree noxious. So far from having venomous qualities, they have of late been confidered as if they had beneficent ones. We wifh, for the benefit of mankind, that we could make a favorable report of the many at- tempts of late to cure the moft terrible of difeafes Vol. III. C the ous. TION. TOAD. Class III. the cancer, by the application of live toads ; but, alas, they feem only to have rendered a horrible complaint more loathfome. My enquiries on this fubjecl:, and fome further particulars relating to the hiftory of this animal, may be found in the Ap- pendix. In a word, we may confider the toad as an animal that has neither good nor harm in. it ; that being a defencelefs creature, nature had furnifhed it, inftead of arms, with a mod difgufting defor- mity, that ftrikes into almoft every being capable of annoying it, a ftrong repugnancy to meddle with fo hideous and threatening an appearance. Genera- The time of their propagation is very early in the fpring : at that feafon the females are feen crawling about opprefTed by the males, who con- tinue on them for fome hours, and adhere fo faft as to tear the very fkin from the parts they (tick to. They fpawn like frogs -, but what is fingular, the male affords the female obftetrical aid, in a manner that will be defcribed in the Appendix. To conclude this account with the marvellous, this animal is faid to have often been found in the mid ft of folid rocks, and even in the centre of growing trees, impriibned in a fmall hollow, to which there was not the lead adit or entrance * : how the animal breathed, or how it fubfifted (fup- pofing the pofiibility of its confinement) is paft * Plot's Hifi. Staff. 247. our Class III. NATTER JACK. 19 our comprehenfion. Plofs * folution of this phe- nomenon is far from fatisfactory •, yet as we have the great Bacon's f authority for the face, we do not entirely deny our affent to it. RanaRubeta? Lin. fyfl. 355. obtufo fubtus punftato. 5- Natter Faun. Suec. No. 101. Ibid. JACK- R. corpore verrucofo, ano THIS fpecies frequents dry and fandy places: it is found on Putney Common, and alfo near Revejby Abby, LincGlnJIoire, where it is called the Natter Jack. It never leaps, neither does it crawl with the flow pace of a toad, but its motion is liker to running. Several are found commonly- together, and, like others of the genus, they ap- pear in the evenings. The upper part of the body is of a dirty yel- low, clouded with brown, and covered with po- rous pimples, of unequal fizes : on the back is a yellow line. The upper fide of the body is of a paler hue, marked with black fpots, which are rather rough. On the fore feet are four divided toes -9 on the hind five, a little webbed. The length of the body is two inches and a quar- * P. 249. f Nat. Hiji. Cent. vi. Exp. 570. C 2 ter; 2C G R E A T F R O G. Class III. ter ; the breadth, one and a quarter : the length of the fore legs one inch one-fixth ; of the hind legs, two inches. We are indebted to Jofeph Banks, Efq; for this account. 6. Great. TNHABITS the woods near Loch Ran/a, in the A Ifle of Arran. Is double the fize of the common frog: the body fquare : belly great : legs fhort : four toes on the fore-feet, four and a thumb to the hind ; the fecond outmoft toe the longeft. The color above, is a dirty olive, marked with great warty fpots; the head alone plain. The color beneath whitifh. It leaped flowly. Slender 1^ Class III. SCALY LIZARD. zx Slender naked body : four legs : Divided toes on each : Very long tail. III. LIZARD. Lacertus terreftris lutea fqua- mofa anglica. Rail fyn. quad. 264. Plott's Hifi. Staff. 252. tab. 22. Lacerta agilis ? L. cauda ver- ticillata longiufcula fquamis acutis,collarifubtus fquamis conftru&o. Lin, Jyft. 363. Odla, Fyrfot. Faun. Suec. 7. Scaly. No. 284. Lacerta, Gronov. Zoopb. No. 60. Little Brown Lizard. Edw. 225. Padzher pou. Borlafe Corn- wall, 284. tab. 28. THOSE we have feen differ in color, but agree in all other refpecls with the fpecies defcribed by Doclor Plot. Their length from the nofe to the hind-legs was three inches * from thence to the end of the tail three and three quar- ters. Along the back was a black lift ; each fide of that a brown one : then fucceeded a narrow ftripe, fpotted alternately yellow and brown ; beneath that a broad black one; thofe ended a little beyond the hind-legs. The belly was yellow, and the fcales large but even. The fcales on the back fmall ; on the tail the ends projected : thofe on the latter were varied with black and brown. C3 The 2 SCALY LIZARD. Class III. The legs and feet were dufky ; on each foot were five toes, furnifhed with claws. This fpecies is extremely nimble : in hot weather it bafks on the fides of dry banks, or of old trees ; but on being obferved immediately retreats to its hole. The food of this fpecies, as of all the other Englijh lizards, is infects : they themfelves of birds of prey. Each of our lizards are perfectly harm- lefs ; yet their form is what ftrikes one with dif- guit, and has occafioned great obfcurity in their hillory. Othfr Related to this fpecies is the Guernfey lizard, which we are informed has been propagated in England from fome originally brought from that ifland. We have alfo heard of a green lizard frequent near Farnham^ which probably may be of that kind : but the mod uncommon fpecies we ever met with any account of, is that which was killed near F/ofcot^ in the parifh of Swinford, Worcefter- Jhire, in 1741, which was two feet fix inches long, and four inches in girth. The fore-legs were pla- ced eight inches from the head ; the hind-legs five inches beyond thofe: the legs two inches long: the feet divided into four toes, each furnifhed with a fharp claw. Another was killed at Penbury, in the fame county. Whether thefe are not of exotic defcent, and whether the breed continues, is what we are at prefent uninformed of. Lacertus 3H^. I M -:-.: Class III. WARTY LIZARD. t$ Lacertus aquaticus. Gefner Lin. fyft. 370. S. Wart^ quad. o Glain Neidr, as the Welch call it, or the Adder '-Gem, as the Roman philofopher does, but feem not to have fo exalt- ed an opinion of its powers, ufing it only to afiift children in cutting their teeth, or to cure the chin- cough, or to drive away an ague. * Ma/on's Caraftacus. The perfon fpeafcing is a Druid. We Class III SNAKE, We have fome of thefe beads in our cabinet: they are made of glafs, and of a very rich blue co- lor -, fome are plain, others ftreaked : we fay no- thing of the figure, as the annexed plate will con- vey a ftronger idea of it than words. 33 EwSjj/j. Arijl. Hijl. an. I. c. I. Natrix torquata, Gefner Ser- peni. 63. Natrix torquata. Rati Jyn. quad, 334. Anguis vulgaris fufcus collo flaveicente, ventre albis ma- culis diftin&us. Pet. Muf. 13. Rince&> XVII. No. 101. Coluber natrix. Lin.fyft. 380* Tomt-Orm, Snok, Ring-Orm. Faun. Suec. No. 288. C. natrix fcutis abdom. 170. Squamis caudas, 60. Ibid, THE fnake is the largeft of the Englijh fef- pents, fometimes exceeding four feet in length : the neck is flender -, the middle of the Vol. III. D bodv 34 SNAKE. Class III. body thickeft; the back and fides covered with fmall fcales, the belly with oblong, narrow, tranf- verfe plates. The firft Linnaus diftinguifhes by the name of fquama, the laft he calls fcuta> and from them forms his genera of ferpents. Thofe that have bothfquam^e and fcuta he calls Colubri\ thofe that have only fquama^ Angues. The viper and fnake are comprehended in the firft genus, the blind- worm under the fecond -, but we chufe (to avoid multiplying our genera) to take in the few ferpents we have by a fingle genus, their marks being too evident to be confounded. Descrip, The color of the back and fides of the fnake are dufky or brown ; the middle of the back marked with two rows of fmall black fpots run- ning from head to tail ; and from them are multi- tudes of lines of fpots croiTing the fides •, the plates on the belly are duiky, the fcales on the fides of a bluilli white. On each fide the neck is a fpot of pale yellow, and the bafe of each is a triangular black fpot, one angle of which points towards the tail. The teeth are fmall and ferrated, lying each fide the jaw in two rows. This fpecies is perfectly inoffenfive ; it frequents, and lodges itfelf among bullies in moift places, and will readily take the water, fwimming very well. It preys on frogs, infects, worm?, and mice, ; and, considering the fmallnefs of the neck, it is a- mazing how large an animal it wall fwallow. i * The Class III. BLIND- WO R M. 35 The fnake is oviparous: it lays its eggs in Eggs. dung-hills, and in hot-beds, whofe heat, aided by that of the fun, promotes the exclufion of the young. During winter it lies torpid in banks of hedges, and under old trees. Anguis Eryx. Lin. fyfi. 392. 14. Aber- A new Snake. Tour in Scot/. 1769. App. deen. LENGTH fifteen inches. Tongue broad and forked. Noftrils fmall, round, and placed near the tip of the nofe. Eyes lodged in oblong fiflures above the angle of the mouth. Belly of a bluifh lead color, marked with fmall white fpots irregularly difpoled. The reft of the body of a greyifli brown, with three longitudinal dufky lines, one extending from the head along the back to the point of the tail; the others broader, and extending the whole length of the fides. It had no fcuta ; but was entirely covered with fmall fcales ; largeft on the upper part of the head. Inhabits Aberdeen/hire. Communicated to me by the late Doctor David Skene. D 2 The 36 BLIND-WORM, Class III. 15. Blind- The Blind-worm, or flow- Long Cripple. Borlafe Cornw. WORM. worm, Ca •cilia Typhline 284. tat. 28. Gratis. Raii fyn. quad. Anguis fragilis. Lin. fyjl. 289. Grezv's Muf. 48. 392. Caecilia anglica cinerea fqua- Ormfla, Koppar-Orm. Faun, mis parvis mollibus, com- Suec. 289. padtis. Pet. Muf. xvii. No. A. fragilis fquamis abdomi- 102. nis caudseque, 135. Ibid. Descrip. rir^HE ufual length of this fpecies is eleven -L inches : the irides are red -9 the head fmall ♦, the neck flill more flender; from that part the body grows fuddenly, and continues of an equal bulk to the tail, which ends quite blunt. The color of the back is cinereous, marked with very fmall lines compofed of minute black fpecks ; the fides are of a reddifh caft ; the belly dufky, both marked like the back. The tongue is broad and forky -, the teeth mi- nute, but numerous ; the fcales fmall. The motion of this ferpent is flow, from which, and from the fmallnefs of the eyes, are derived its names. Like Others of the genus, they lie torpid during winter, and are fometimes found in vaft numbers twitted together. Like the former it is quite innocent. Doctor Borlafe mentions a variety of this ferpent with a pointed tail -, and adds, that he was informed that a man loll his life by the bite of one in Oxford/hire. We Class III. BLIND-WORM. We are inclined to think that his informant mif- took the black or dufky viper for this kind ; for, excepting the viper, we never could learn that there was any fort of poifonous ferpent in thefe kingdoms. In Sweden is a fmall reddifh ferpent, called there Afpingi the Coluber Cherfea of Linnaeus, whofe bite is faid to be mortal. Is it poflible that this could be the fpecies which has hitherto efcaped the no- tice of our naturalifts ? I the rather fufpect it, as I have been informed, that there is a fmall fnake that lurks in the low grounds of Galloway y which bites and often proves fatal to the inhabitants. 37 D 3 CLASS CLASS IV. FISH Oh Beus ! ampla tu + I S H. Div. I. CETACEOUS FISH. NO gills ; an orifice on the top of the head, thro' which they breathe, and eject water •, a flat or horizontal tail ; exemplified in the explana- tory plate, fig. i. by the Beaked Whale, bor- rowed from Bale's Hijl. Harw. 411. Tab. 14. GENERA. I. WHALE. II. CACHALOT. III. DOLPHIN. Div. II. CARTILAGINOUS FISH. BREATHING thro' certain apertures, gene- rally placed on each fide the neck, but in fome inftances beneath, in fome above, and from one to feven in number on each part, except in the Pipe Fish, which has only one. The mufcles fupported by cartilages, inftead of bones. Explan. PL fig. 2. the Picked Dog Fish. a. The lateral apertures. IV. LAM- 42 H. IV. LAMPREY. V. SKATE. VI. SHARK. VII. FISHING FROG viii. STURGEON. IX. SUN FISH. X. LUMP FISH. XI. PIPE FISH. D i v. III. BONY FISH. THIS divifion includes thofe whofe mufcles are fupported by bones or fpines, which breathe thro' gills covered or guarded by thin bony plates, open on the fide, and dilatable by means of a certain row of bones on their lower part each feparated by a thin web, which bones are called the Radii Branchiojlegi, or the Gillcovering Rays. The tails of all the fifti that form this divifi- on, are placed in a fituation perpendicular to the body, and this is an invariable character. The later Idthyologifts have attempted to make the number of the branchioftegous rays a character of the genera ; but I found (yet too late in fome inftances, where I yielded an implicit faith) that •their rule was very fallible, and had induced me into error j but as I borrowed other definitions, it is to be hoped the explanation of the genera will be intelligible. I fhould be very difmgenu- ou s, F IS H. ous, if I did not own my obligations in this re- fpect to the works of Artedi, Dr. Gronovius, and Linn^us. It is from the laft I have copied the great fe&ions of the Bony Fish into Apodal, Jugular, Thoracic, Abdominal*. He founds this fyftem on a comparifon of the ventral fins to the feet of land animals or reptiles ; and either from the want of them, or their particu- lar fituation in refpedt to the other fins, eftablifhes his fections. In order to render them perfectly intelligible, it is neceiTary to refer to thofe feveral organs of movement, and fome other parts, in a perfect fifh, or one taken out of the three laft fections. The Hadock. Expl. PI. fig. 4. a. The pectoral fins. b. ventral fins. c. anal fins. d. caudal fin, or the tail. e. e. e. dorfal fins. /. bony plates that cover the gills. g. branchioftegous rays, and their mem- branes. h. lateral, or fide line. * Vide Syft. Nat. 422. Sect. 43 44 H. S e c t. I. APODAL. THE mod imperfect, wanting the ventral fins ; illuft rated by the Conger, fig. 3, This alfo exprefTes the union of the dorfal and anal fins with the tail, as is found in fome few fifh. Xlf. EEL. XIIL WOLF FISH. XIV. LAUNCE. XV. MORRIS. XVI. SWORD FISH. S e c t. II. JUGULAR. T HE ventral fins #, placed before the pecto- ral fins a, as in the Hadock, fig* 4. XVII. DRAGONET. XVIII. W E E V E R. XIX. CODFISH. XX. B L E N N Y. Sect. H. Sect. III. THORACIC. THE ventral fins *, placed beneath the pecto- ral fins b9 as in the Father Lasher, fig- 5- XXI. GOBY. XXII. BULL-HEAD. XXIII. DOREE. XXIV. FLOUNDER. XXV. GILT-HEAD. XXVI. WRASSE. XXVII. PERCH. XXVIII. STICKLEBACK. XXIX. M A C K R E L. XXX. SURMULLET. XXXI. GURNARD. 45 Sect. 46 F I S H. S e c t. IV. ABDOMINAL. THE ventral fins placed behind the pero- ral fins, as in the Minow, fig. 6. XXXII. LOCHE. XXXIII. SALMON. XXXIV. PIKE. XXXV. ARGENTINE. XXXVI. ATHERINE. XXXVII. MULLET. XXXVIII. FLYING FISH. XXXIX. HERRING. XL, CARP. Div Class IV. CETACEOUS FISH. 47 D 1 v. I. CETACEOUS FISH. NATURE on this tribe hath beftowed an internal ftru&ure in all reipecls agreeing with that of quadrupeds ; and in a few other the external parts in both are fimilar. Cetaceous Fifh, like land animals, breathe by means of lungs, being deftitute of gills. This obliges them to rife frequently to the furface of the water to refpire, to deep on the furface, as. well as to perform feveral other functions. They have the power of uttering founds, fuch as bellowing and making other noifes, a faculty denied to genuine rim *, Like land animals they have warm blood, are furnifhed with organs of generation, copulate, bring forth, and fuckle their young, (hewing a ftrong at- tachment to them. Their bodies beneath the fkin are entirely fur- rounded with a thick layer of fat (blubber) ana- logous to the lard on hogs. The number of their fins never exceeds three3 * Pontop, Hifi. Nor. 114. BalcEna major, Jaminas cor- neas in fuperiore maxiilas habens, fiftula donata, bi- pinnis. Sib. Pkalan. 28. Balsena vulgaris edentula, dor- io non pinnato. Rail fyit. pifc. 6. Baixna. Rondel. Wil.ltlh. 35. The Whale. Martin's Spitz- berg. 130. Crantz's Green/. I. 107. La Baleine ordinaire. BriJJbn Get. 218. Balscha fiitula in medio capite, dorfb caudum verfus, acu- minata. Arted. Jyn. 106. Sp. ro6. Balama myfticetus. Lin. fyji. 105. Gronlands Walfifk. Faun. Suec. No. 49. Balasna. Grono-v. Zoopb. 29. Size. THIS fpecies is the largefi: of all animals : it is even at prefent ibmetimes found in the northern feas ninety feet in length ; but formerly they were taken of a much greater fize, when the captures were, lefs frequent, and the fifh had time to grow. Such is their bulk within the arftic cir- cle, but in thofe of the torrid zone, where they are unmolefled, whales are {till feen one hundred and fixty feet long *. The * Adanforfs HIS fpecies is diftinguifhed from the common ■*- whale by a fin on the back, placed very low and near the tail. The length is equal to that of the common Descrip. kind, but much more (lender. It is furnifhed with whale-bone in the upper jaw, mixed with hairs, but fhort and knotty, and of little value. The blubber alfo on the body of this kind is very in- confiderable j thefe circumftances, added to its ex- treme ;fiercenefs and agility, which renders the capture very dangerous, caufe the rimers to neglect it. The natives of Greenland though hold it in great efteem, as it affords a quantity of flefh, which to their palate is very agreeable, The 5& ROUND-LIPPED WHALE. Class IV. The lips are brown, and like a twilled rope: the fpout hole is as it were fplit in the top of its head, through which it blows water with much more violence, and to a greater height, than the common whale. The rimers are not very fond of feeing it, for on its appearance the others retire out of thofe leas. Some writers conjecture this fpecies to have been the •** and thus defcribed by Dale and Marten. The length was fourteen feet, the circumference feven and an half; the body very thick, the fore- head high, the nofe deprefTed, and of the fame thicknefs its whole length, not unlike the beak of a bird : in the mouth were no teeth. The eyes large, the eyelids fmall, and placed a little above the line of the mouth. The fpout hole was on the top of the head femi circular, with, the corners pointed towards the tail. The pectoral fins were feven teen inches long. The 66 BEAKED WHALE. Class IV. The back fin was placed rather nearer the tail than the head, and was a foot long: the breadth of the tail was three feet two inches. Thefe fifh fometimes grow to the length of twenty feet ; they make but little noife in blowing, are very tame, come very near the fhips, and will accompany them for a great way. Belon defcribes and figures a fifh very much re- fembling, if not the fame with this : he fays k furnifhed whale- bone, Dont les Dames font au- jourdhuy leurs buftes et arrondijfent leurs verdugades*9 by which it appears, that the commodity was but newly known at that time in France. He adds, that the tongue was very good eating, and both that and the flefh ufed to be faked for provifion. * Belon de lanat. l2c. des PoiJ/bns, 1 555, p. 6, by which it appears that the French were acquainted with that article 3t left forty years before we were. Cetaceous % Class IV. BLUNT-HEADED CACHALOT. 61 Cetaceous Fifh, with teeth in the lower jaws only. H. CACHA- 1 LOT. Trumpa. Purchafs's Pzlgrimes Its. BriJJbn Cet. zig. 21. Blunt. III. 471. The Parmacitty Whale, cr headed. Balana major in infcriore Pot Wal Fifh. Dale Har- tantum maxilla dentata den- 'vjich, 413. tibus arcuatis falciformibus, Phyfeter microps. Lin. fyjl. pinnam five fpinam in dorfo 107. Arted. fyn. 104. habens. Sib. Phalian. 13. Cafhalot, Catodon, or Pot tabs A. 1. Raii Jyn. pifc. Fifh. Crantz, Greenl. I, 15. 112. Le cachalot a dents en faucil- AFISH of this kind was cad afhore on CramonX I/le, near Edinburgh, December 2 2d, 1769; its length was fifty-four f^t9 the greateft: circum- Size, ference, which was juft beyond the eyes, thirty : the upper jaw was five feet longer than the lower, whofe length was ten feet. The head was of a mod enormous fize, very Descrhs thick, and above one-third the fize of the fifh :' the end of the upper jaw was quite blunt, and near nine feet high : the fpout hole was placed near the end of it. The teeth were placed in the lower jaw, twenty- Teeth. three on each fide, all pointing outwards ; in the upper jaw, oppofite to them, were an equal num- ber of cavities, in which the ends of the teeth lodged when the mouth was clofed. The tooth, figured 6% BLUNT-HEADED CACHALOT. Class IV. figured in plate iii. No. 2. was eight inches long, the greater! circumference the fame. It is hollow within fide for the depth of three inches, and the mouth of the cavity very wide : it is thickeft at the bottom, and grows very fmall at the point, bending very much ; but in fome the flexure is more than in others. Thefe, as well as the teeth of all other whales we have obferved, are very hard, and cut like ivory. The eyes very fmall, and remote from the nofe. The pectoral fins placed near the corners of the mouth, and were only three feet long: it had no other fin, only a large protuberance on the mid- dle of the back. The tail a little forked, and fourteen feet from tip to tip. The penis {even feet and a half long. The figure, plate ii. we borrowed from a print in the LX. vol. of the Ph. Tr. p. where there is a very good account of this fpecies by Mr. James Robert/on, furgeon. This is one of the fpecies which yield what is Spermaceti improperly called fperma ceti •, that fubftance being found lodged in the head of the fifh that form this genus, which the French call Cachalot^ a name we have adopted, having no general term for it in our tongue. Linn&us informs us, that this fpecies purfues and terrifies the PorpefTes to fuch a degree as often to drive them on fhore. Belasna PL.TE. TEETH OF CETACEOUS FISH. JSro 23 jyp 21 ^'.'2,4^. 2VF22. m™* Class IV. ROUND-HEADED CACHALOT. 6S Balaena minor in inferiore maxilla tan turn dentata fine fpina aut pinna in dorfo. Sib. Pbalain. 9. Rati fyn. pifc. 15. X-e petit Cachalot. Brijfon Cef. 228. Phyfeter Catodon. Lin. jyji. 107. Catodon filtula in roftro. Arted. Jynon. 108. 22. Round- HEADE9. *T^ HIS fpecies was taken on one of the Orkney **" Ifles, a hundred and two of different flzes being caft afhore at one time, the largeft twenty- four feet in length. The head was round, the opening of the mouth fmall : Sibhald fays it had no fpout hole, but only noftrils. We rather think, that the former being placed at the extremity of the nofe was miftaken by him for the latter. The teeth we have in our cabinet of this fpecies (plate iii. No. 4.) are an inch and three-quarters long, and in the largeft part, of the thicknefs of one's thumb. The top is quite flat, and marked with concentric lines •, the bottom is more {lender than the top, and pierced with a fmall orifice. The back fin was wanting ♦, inftead was a rough fpace. Betas 64 HIGH-FINNED CACHALOT. Class IV. 23. High- Balasna macrocephala tripin- nentes. Sib. Phalain. 18. fiNNED. nis, quae in mandibula in- Raiifyn.pifc. 16. ■ , feriore dentes habet minus Le Cachalot a dents plattes. inflexos et in planum deii- Brijfon Cet* 230. O NE of this fpecies was cafl: on the Orkney Ifles in 1687. The fpout hole was placed in front, and on the middle of the back was a high fin, which Sibbald compares to the mizen maft of a fhip. The head abounded with fperma ceti of the beft fort. Teeth. The teeth of this kind are very (lightly bent; that which we have figured, plate iii. No, 1. is feven inches three-quarters in length ; the greateft circumference nine : it is much comprefTed on the fides ; the point rather blunt than flat -, the bot- tom thin, having a very narrow but long orifice, or flit, hollowed to the depth of five inches and a quarter, and the tooth was immerfed in the jaw as far as that hollow. Cetaceous Class IV. DOLPHIN. 55 Cetaceous Fifli, with teeth in both jaws. nr. DOLPHIN, AfiXpk 4™ft- Hi/, an. lib. VI. c. 12. AsAp/v. JElian lib. I. c. 18. Delphinus Plinii, lib. IX. £. 8. Le Daulphin, ou oye de mer, Belon Poijf. 7. Delphinus. Rondel. 459. Gef- iter pifc. 319. Caii opufc. 113- Delphinus Antiquorum. Wil. Iclh. 28. Rail fyn. pifc. 12. Delphinus corpore Longo fub- teretf, roftro longo acuto. Arted. fyn. 105. Le Dauphin. Brijbn Cet. 233. Delphinus Delphis. Lin. Jyft. 108. Dolphin. Borlafe Cornwall, 264. /«£. 27. Cranio GreenL I. 115. - 24. Dol- phin. TTISTORIANS and philofophers feem to JL A have contended who fhould invent moft fa- bles concerning this fifh. It was coniecrated to the Gods, was celebrated in the earlier! time for its foifdnefs of the human race, was honored with the title of the Sacred Fijb*, and diftinguilhed by thofe of Boy -loving, and Pbilantbropift. It gave rife to a long train of inventions, proofs of the cre- dulity and ignorance of the times. Ariftotle fleers the cleared of all the antients from thefe fables, and gives in general fo faithful a natural hiftory of this animal, as^ evinces the fupe- rior judgment of that great philolbpher, in compa- rifon to thofe who fucceeded him. But the elder Vol. III. * Atbenceus, 281 F Pliny, £4 DOLPHIN. Class IV. Pliny, JElian, and others, feem to preferve no bounds in their belief of the tales related of this fifh's attachment to mankind. Pliny*- the younger, (apologizing for what he is going to -fay) tells the flory of the enamoured dol- phin of Hippo in a mod beautiful manner. It is too long to be tranfcribed, and would be injur- ed by an abridgement -, therefore we refer the read- er to the original, or to Mr. Melmoth\ elegant tranflation. Scarce an accident could happen at fea but the dolphin offered himfelf to convey to ihore the un- fortunate. Avion, the mufician, when flung into the ocean by the pyrates, is received and faved by this benevolent filh. Inde (fide majus) tergo Delphina recurvo, Se memorant oneri fuppofuiffe novo. Ule fedens citharamque tenens, pretiumque vehendi Cantat, et sequoreas carmine mulcet aquas. Ovid. Fajiiy lib. ii. it^. But (pall belief) a Dolphin's arched back, Preferved Jrion from his deftined wrack ; Secure he fits, and with harmonious iirains* Requites his bearer for his friendly pains. We are at a lofs to account for the origin of thofe fables, fince it does not appear that the dol- phin fhews a greater attachment to mankind than * Epift. lib. ix, ep, 33* the Class IV. D O L ? H I N. 67 the red of the cetaceous tribe. We know that at prefent the appearance of this fifh, and the porpefte, are far from being efteemed favorable omens by the feamen ; for their boundings, fprings and frolics in the water, are held to be fure figns of an approaching gale. It is from their leaps out of that element that they aflame a temporary form that is not natural to them, but which the old painters and fculp- tors have almoft always given them. A dolphin is fcarce ever exhibited by the antients in a ftrait iliape, but almoft always incurvated : fuch are thofe on the coin of Alexander the Greats which is preferved by Belon, as well as on feveral other pieces of antiquity. The poets defcribe them much in the fame manner, and it is not impro- bable but that the one had borrowed from the other : Tumidumque pando tranfilit dorfo mare Tyrrhenus omni pifcis exfultat freto, Agitatque gyros. Senec. Frag. Again. 450. Upon the fvvelling waves the dolphins fhew Their bending backs, then fwiftly darting go, And in a thoufand wreaths their bodies throw. The natural fhape of the dolphin is almoft ftrait, De*cm», the back being very (lightly incurvated, and the body flender : the nofe is long, narrow, and point- F 2 ed 6S DOLPHIN. Class IV. ed, not much unlike the beak of fome birds, for which reafon the French call it L9 oye de mer. Teeth. It has in all forty-two teeth, twenty-one in the upper jaw, and nineteen in the lower, a little a- bove * an inch long, conic at their upper end, fliarp pointed*, bending a little in. They are placed at fmall diftances from each other, fo that when the mouth is fhut, the teeth of both jaws lock into one another : a fingle one is figured plate iii. No. 5- The fpout hole is placed in the middle of the head. The back fin is high, triangular, and placed rather nearer to the tail than to the head ; the pecto- ral fins fituated low. The tail is femilunar. The fkin is frnooth, the color -of the back and fides dufky -, the belly whitifh. It fwims with great fwiftnefs : its prey is fifh. It was formerly reckoned a great delicacy : Doctor Caius fays, that one which was taken in his time, was thought a prefent v/orthy the Duke of Norfolk, who diftributed part of it among his friends. It was roafted and dreffed with porpefle fauce, made of crumbs of fine white bread, mixed with vinegar and fugar. This fpecies of dolphin muft not be confound- ed with that to which feamen give the name, the * Plate Iii. fig. 5. latter Class IV. PORPESSE. latter being quite another kind of fifh, the Cory- phtena, Hippuris of Linnaus^ p. 446. and the Do- rado of the PGrtuguefe, defcribed by Wilfaghty* p. 213. 69 Quxaiva. Arifi. hijt. an. Lib. Le Marfouin. Briffbn Cet. VI. c. 12. Turfio Flinii, 234. Lib. IX. c. 9. Le Marfouin. Belon. Turfio. Rondel. 474. Gefncr pifc. 711. Porpeffe. Wil. lah. 31. Rail fyn.pifc. 13. Cramps Greenl. I. 114. Kolben's HiJ}. Cape, II. 200. Delphinus corpore fere coni- formi, dorfo lato, roftro fu- bacuto. Arted. fynon. 104. Delphinus Phocxna. Lin. jyji. 108. Marfwin, Tumblare. Faun* Suec. No. ci. 25. PoR« FESSE. THESE fifh are found in vail multitudes in all parts of the fea that wafh thefe iflands, but in greater!: numbers at the time when fifh of paflage appear, fuch as mackrel, herrings, and falmon, which they purfue up the bays with the fame eagernels as a pack of dogs does a hare. In fome places they almoft darken the fea as they rife above water to take breath : but porpeffes not only feek for prey near the fnrface, but often defcend to the bottom in fearch _of fand eels, and fea worms, which they root out of the fand with their nofes in the fame manner as hogs do in the fields for their food. Their bodies are very thick towards the head, F 3 but Descrip. 76 PORPESSE. Class IV. but grows (lender towards the tail, forming the figure of a cone. The nofe projects a little, is much (liorter than that of the dolphin, and is furnifhed with very ftrong mufcles, which enables it the readier to turn up the fand. Teeth. jn eacn jaw are forty-eight teeth, fmall, fharp pointed, and a little moveable : like thofe of the dolphin, they are fo placed as that the teeth of one jaw locks into thofe of the other when clofed. The tongue is flat, pectinated at the edges, and fattened down to the bottom of the mouth. The eyes fmall •> the fpout hole on the top of the head. On the back is one fin placed rather below the middle ^ on the bread are two fins. The tail fe- milunar. The color of the porpefife is generally black, and the belly whitifh, not but they fometimes vary ; for in the river St* Laurence there is a white kind ; and Doctor Borlafe^ in his voyage to the Scitty ifles, obferved a fmall fpecies of cetaceous fifh, which he calls thornbacks^ from their broad and fharp fin on the back, fome of thele were brown, fome quite white, others fpotted : but whether they were only a variety of this fifh, or whether they were fmall grampufes, which are alfo fpotted, we cannot determine. Fat. The porpefife is remarkable for the vaft quanr tity of the fat or lard that furrounds the body, which Class IV. P O R P E S S E. ft which yields a great quantity of excellent oil : from this lard, or from their rooting like fvvine, they are called in many places fea hogs ; the Germans call them meerfchwein •, the Swedes, marfuin \ and the Englijb, porpejfe, from the Italian, porco pefce. It would be curious to trace the revolutions of fafhion in the article of eatables ; what epicure firft rejected the Sea-Gull and Heron -, and what deli- cate (lomach firil naufeated the greafy flefri of the PorpeJTe. This latter was once a royal dim, even fo late as the reign of Henry VIII. and from its magnitude muft have held a very refpeclable ftation at the table ; for in a houfhold book of that prince, extracts of which are publilhed in the third volume of the Archaelogia, it is ordered that if a PorpefTe lhouid be too big for a horfe-load, allowance fhould be made to the purveyor. I find that this fifh continued in vogue even in the reign of Eliza- ieth, for Doctor Cains * on mentioning a Dolphin (that was taken at Shoreham, and brought to Thomas Duke of Norfolk, who divided, and fent it as a pre- fent to his friends) fays, that it eat belt with Porpejje fauce, which was made of vinegar, crums of fine bread, and fugar. v * Opuftula, 1 1 & F jl Orca 7* GRAMPUS. Class IV. 26. Gram- Orca Plinii, Lib. IX. c. 6. dentata. Sib. Phalan. 7, 8. pus. L'oudre ou grand marfouin. Wil. Iclh. 40. Rati Jyn. Belon, 13. pi/}. 15. Orca. Rondel. 483. Gefner L'Epaulard. Brijfon Cet. 236. ///£. 635. Leper, Springer. Delphinus orca. Lin.Jyfi. 108. Scbonevelde, 53. Lopare, Delphinus roftro fur- Butfkopf. Marten's Sphzbcrg. fum repando, dentibus la- 124. tis ferratis. Arted. Jyn. 106. Bafena minor utraque maxilla THIS fpecies is found from the length of fif- teen feet to that of twenty-five. It is re- markably thick in proportion to its length, one of eighteen feet being in the thicker!: place ten feec diameter. With reafon then did Pliny call this an immenfe heap of flefb, armed with dreadful teeth *. It is extremely voracious, and will not even fpare the porpefTe, a congenerous fifh. It is laid to be a great enemy to the whale, and that it will fallen on it like a dog on a bull, till the animal roars with pain. The nofe is flat, and turns up at the end. Teeth. There are thirty teeth in each jaw; thofe before are blunt, round, and (lender ; the farther! (harp and thick : between each is a fpace adapted to re- ceive the teeth of the oppofite jaw when the mouth is clofed. * Cujus imago nulla reprefentatione exprimi poffit alia, quam carnxs immenfe dentibus irucuientis. Lib. IX, c. 6. The Class IV. GRAMPUS. 73 The fpout hole is in the top of the neck. In refpecl to the number and fite of the fins, it agrees with the dolphin. The color of the back is black, but on each Color. fhoulder is a large white fpot, the fides marbled with black and white, the belly of a fnowy white- - nefs. Thefe fometimes appear on our coafts, but are Place. found in much greater numbers off the North Cape in Norway 1 whence they are called the North Capers, Thefe and all other whales are obferved to fwim againft the wind, and to be much disturb- ed, and tumble about with unufual violence at the approach of a ftorm. Linnaeus and Artedi fay, that this fpecies is fur- nifhed with broad ferrated teeth, which as far as we have obferved, is peculiar to the Jhark tribe. We therefore fufpect that thofe naturalifts have had recourfe to Rondektius* and copied his erro- neous account of the teeth: Sir Robert Sibbald^ who had opportunity of examining and figuring the teeth of this fifh, and from whom we take than part of our defcription, giving a very different ac- count of them. It will be but juftice to fay, that no one of our countrymen ever did fo much towards forming a general natural hiftory of this kingdom as Sir Robert Sibbald: he fketched out a fine outline of the Zoology of Scotland^ which comprehends the great- eft part of the Englljh animals, and, we are told, had 74. GRAMPUS. Class IV. had actually filled up a confiderable part of it : he publifhed a particular hiftory of the county of Fife, and has left us a mod excellent hiftory of the whales which frequent the coaft of Scotland. Wc acknowledge ourfelves much indebted to him for information in refpe£t to many of thofe fifh, few of which frequent the fouthern feas of thefe king- doms, and thofe that are accidentally call afhore on our coafts, are generally cut up by the country people, before an opportunity can be had of exa- mining them. Div. Class IV. CARTILAGINOUS FISH. 75 Div.IL CARTILAGINOUS FISH. JnrSHIS title is given to all nfh whofe mufcles JL are fupported by cartilages inftead of bones, and comprehends the fame genera of fifh to which Linnaeus has given the name of amphibia nantes : but the word amphibia, ought properly to be con- fined to fuch animals who inhabit both elements, and can live without any inconvenience for a con- fiderable fpace, either in land or under water -, fuch as tortoifes, frogs, and feveral fpecies of li- zards-, and among the quadrupeds, hippopotami, feals, &c. &c. This definition therefore excludes all that form this divifion. Many of the cartilaginous nfh are viviparous, being excluded from an egg, which is hatched within them. The egg confiftsofa white and a yolk, and is lodged in a cafe, formed of a thick tough fubftance, not unlike foftened horn: fuch are the eggs of the Ray and Shark kinds. Some again differ in this refpetft, and are ovi- parous ; fuch is the Sturgeon, and others. They breathe either through certain apertures beneath, as in the Rays \ on their fides as in the Sharks, &c. or on the top of the head, as in the Pipe~fijh; for they have not covers to their gills like the bony fifh. Slender y6 LAMPREY. Class IV. IV. Slender Eel-ihaped body. LAMPREY. IcA Seven apertures on each fide ; One on the top of the head. No pectoral or ventral fins. 27. Sea. La Lamproye de mer. Belon, Petromyzon maculofusordini- 66. bus dentium circiter viginti. Lampetra. Rondel. 398. Arted. fynon. 90. Lampreda. Gcfncr. Parallp. Petromyzon marinus. P. ore 22. Fife 590. intus papillofo, pinna dor- Lamprey, or Lamprey Eel. fali pofteriori a cauda dif- Wil. I Sib. 105. tin&a. Lhi.fyfi. 394. Faun. Lampetra. Rail fyn, pifc» 35. Suec, No. 292. L AMPREYS are found at certain feafons of the year in feveral of our rivers, hut \h& Severn is the moft noted for them *, They are fea fifh, but like falmon, quit the fait waters, and afcend Placi. the latter end of the winter, or beginning of fpring, and after a (lay of a few months return again to the ocean, a very few excepted. The bed feafon for them is in the months of March, April, and May -9 for they are more firm when juft arrived out of the fait water than they are afterwards, being ob- ferved to be much wafted, and very flabby at the approach of hot weather. * They are alfo found in the moft confiderable of the Scotch and Irijb rivers. They m > 0 V* ■: "», '"I CiASsIV. LAMPREY. They are taken in nets along with falmon and fhad, and fometimes in weels laid in the bottom of the river. It has been an old cuftom for the city of Glou- cefter, annually, to prefent his majefty with a lam- prey pye, covered with a large raifed cruft. As the gift is made at Chriftmas, it is with great diffi- culty the corporation can procure any frefh Jam- preys at that time, though they give a guinea a-piece for them, fo early in the feafon. They are reckoned a great delicacy, either when potted or ftewed, but are a furfeiting food, as one of our monarchs fatally experienced, Henry the Firft's death being occafioned by a too plentiful meal of thefe fifh. It appears that notwithstanding this accident, they continued in high efteem -9 for Henry the Fourth granted protections to fuch mips as brought over lampreys for the table of his royal confort*. His fucceflbr iflues out a warrant to William of Nantes^ for fupplying him and his army with lampreys, wherefoever they happen to march f. Directions are afterwards given that they mould be taken between the mouth of the Seyne and Harfleur. Lampreys are fometimes found fo large as to weigh four or five pounds. The mouth is round and placed rather obliquely below the end of the nofe : the edges are jagged, # Rymer, VIII. 429. f Idem. IX. 544. which 77 78 LAMPREY. Class IV. which enables them to adhere the more ftrongly to the ftones, as their cuflom is, and which they do fo firmly as not to be drawn off without fome diffi- culty. We have heard of one weighing three pounds, which was taken out of the EJk% adhering to a (lone of twelve pounds weight, fufpended at its mouth, from which it was forced with no fmall pains. There are in the mouth twenty rows of fmall teeth, difpofed in circular orders, and placed far within. The color is dufky, irregularly marked with dir- ty yellow, which gives the fifh a difagreeable look. Not the We believe that the ancients were unacquainted with this fifh ; fo far is certain, that which Doclor Arbuthnot^ and other learned men, render the word lamprey, is a fpecies unknown in our feas, being the murana of Ovid, Pliny, and others, for which we want an Englijh name. This fifh, the Lupus (our BafTe) and the Myxo* (a fpecies of mullet) formed that pride of Roman banquets, the Tripa- tinam f , fo called according to Arbuthnot, from their being ferved up in a machine with three bot- toms. * Perhaps the fpecies called by Rondehtius* Muge% and Maxon. de Pifc. P. 295. f Atque ut luxu quoque aliqua contingat auttoritas figlinis, Tripati?iam, inquit Fenejlella^ appellabatur, fumma casnarum lautitia, una erat Muranarum, altera Luporum, tertia Myxonis pifcis. Plinii Hift. Nat. lib. XXXV. c. 12. The Class IV. LESSER LAMPREY. 79 The words Lampetra and Petromyzon, are but of modern date, invented from the nature of the fifri \ the firft a Lambendo petras, the other from niTfofc and Mucraco, becaufe they are fuppofed to lick, or fuck the rocks. La Lamproye d'eaue doulce. Petromyzon fluviatilis. Lin, 28. Lessir, Belon, 6j. fyfi. 394. Lampredae alterum genus. Nein-oga, natting. Faun. Gefner pifc. 597. Suec. No. 290. Petromyzon Lampetra medium genus. pinna dorfali poileriori an- WiU Icth. 106. Raiijyn. gulata. Ibid. pifc. 35. Gronov. Zoopb. No. 159-. Neunaugen. Kram, 282. THIS fpecies fometimes grows to the length of Bescrsf, ten inches. The mouth is formed like that of the prece- ding. On the upper part is a large bifurcated tooth ; on each fide are three rows of very minute one's : on the lower part are feven teeth, the exte- rior of which on each fide is the largeft. The irides are yellow. As in all the other fpe- cies, between the eyes, on the top of the head, is a fmall orifice of great ufe to clear its mouth of the water that remains on adhering to the Hones, for through that orifice it ejects the water in the fame manner as cetaceous fifh. On the lower part of the back is a narrow fin, beneath that rifes another, which at the beginning is go PRIDE/ Class IV. is high and angular, then grows narrow, furrounds the tail, and ends near the anus. Color. The color of the back is brown or dufky, and fometimes mixed with blue ; the whole under fide iil very. Thefe are found in the 'Thames , Severn, and Dee, are potted with the larger kind, and are by fome preferred to it, as being milder tailed. Vaft quantities are taken about Mortlake, and fold to the Butch for bait for their cod fiihery. Above 450,000 have been fold in a feafon at forty mil- lings per thoufand. Of late, about 100,000 have been fent to Harwich for the fame purpofe. It is faid that the Butch have the fecret of preierving them till the Turbot fifhery. Pride. Une Civelle, un Lamproyon. pifc 35. Belon, 6y. Petromyzon branchialis. Lin. Lampetra parva et fluviatiiis. fyfi. 394. Rondel, pifc. fl. 202. Lin-ahl. Faun. Suec. No. 291. Lampreda minima. Gefaer Petromyzon pinna dorfali pof- pifc. 598. teriori lineari, labio oris Pride. Plot, Oxf. 182. Plate latere poflico lobato. Ibid, X. Uhlen. Kram. 384. Lampern, or Pride of the IJis. Grono the greateft breadth twelve inches. I could not inform myfelf of the weight of this ; but that of one, that meafured four feet in length, and two and a half in breadth, was fifty-three pounds, avoirdupoife. The tail was fix inches long ; was pretty thick and round : the caudal fin broad and abrupt. The head and body, which were indiftincl:, were nearly round ; about two inches thick in the mid- dle, attenuating to extreme thinnefs on the edges : below the body, the ventral fins formed on each fide a quarter of a circle. The two dorfal fins were placed on the trunk of the tail. The eyes were fmall, placed near each other: behind each was a round fpiracle, with fix fmall cutaneous rags on their inner circumference. Mouth Class IV. T H O R N B A C K. 93 Mouth fmall: teeth minute, fpicular. Five openings to the gills, as in others of this genus. The fkin every where fmooth : cinereous brown above; white beneath. ** With blunt Teeth, La Raye bouclee. Bekn 70. Raia clavata. Lin.JyJf. 297. 37* Thors- Raia clavata. Rondel. 353. Gronov. Zoopb. No. 154. back. Gefner pifc. 795. R. aculeata dentibus tubercu- Steinroch. Sbone dorla- L' Efguillats. Belon, 61. libus fpinofis, corpore tere- Galeusacanthias.^WJ. 373. tiufculo. Ibid. Gefnerpifc. 607. % Pinna anl nulIa» corpore Sperhaye, Dornhundt. 'Scho- fubrotundo. Arud. fynon. nevelde, 29. 94* Galeus acanthias five fpinax. Hai- Faun- Suef- No- 29S« Wil. lab. 56. Gronov. Zooph. 149. Name. fT^HE picked dog fifth takes its name from a « X ftrong and Iharp fpine placed juft before each of Class IV. BASKING SHARK. lot of the back fins, diftinguifhing it at once from the reft of the Britifh fharks. The nofe is long, and extends greatly beyond the Descrip. mouth, but is blunt at the end. The teeth are difpofed in two rows, are fmall and fharp, and bend from the middle of each jaw towards the corners of the mouth. The firft back fin is placed nearer the head than the tail •, the other is fituated very near the latter. The tail is finned for a confiderable fpace be- neath, and the upper part is much the longeft. The back is of a brownifh am color \ the belly white. It grows to the weight of about twenty pounds. This fpecies fwarms on the coafts of Scotland* where it is taken, fplit and dried : and is a food among the common people. It forms a fort of in- ternal commerce, being carried on women's backs, fourteen or fixteen miles up the country, and fold ; or exchanged for neceflaries. ** With the anal fin. S qu a lu s maximus. Sodden- Gunner Act. Nidros. III. 41. Bask INS. tibus caninis, pinna dor- 33. Tab. II. fali anteriore majore. Syft. Sun-fifh. Smith's hift. Corky nat. 400. II. 292. Hift. Waterford, Brugden. Squalus maximus. 271. T HIS fpecies has been long known to the inhabitants of the fouth and weft of Ireland H 3 and io* BASKING SHARK. Class IV. and Scotland, and thofe of Caernarvon/hire and Anglefea ; but having never been confidered in any other than a commercial view, has till this time remained undeicribed by any Englijh writer ; and what is worfe, miftaken for and confounded with the luna of Rondeletius, the fame that our Englijh writers call the fun-ffh. The Irifh and Welch give it the fame name, from its lying as if to fun itfelf on the furface of the wa* ter; and for the fame reafon we have taken the liberty of tailing it the bajking Jhark. It was long taken for a fpecies of whale, till we pointed out the branchial orifices on the fides, and the per- pendicular fite of the tail. Thefe are migratory fifh, or at left it is but in a certain number of years that they are feen in multi- tudes on the Welch feas, though in mod fummers a tingle and perhaps ftrayed fifh appears. They inhabit the Northern feas, even as high as the arclic circle. They vifited the bays of Caernarvon/hire and Anglefea in vaft fhoals, in the fummers of 1756% and a few fucceeding years, continuing there only the hot months, for they quitted the coaft about Michaelmas, as if cold weather was difagreeable to them. They appear in the Firth of Clyde •, and among * Some old people fay they recoiled!: the fame fort offifli vifiting thefe feas in vaft numbers about forty years ago. the Class IV. BASKING SHARK. 103 the Hebrides in the month of June, in fmall droves of feven or eight ; but oftener in pairs. They continue in thofe feas, till the latter end of Jufy9 when they difappear. They had nothing of the fierce and voracious na- ture of the (hark kind, and were fo tame as to fuf- fer themfelves to be ftroked : they generally lay mo- tionlefs on the furface, commonly on their bellies, but fometimes, like tired fwimmers, on their backs. Their food feemed to confift entirely of fea Foou. plants, no remains of fifh being ever difcovered in the ftomachs of numbers that were cut up, except fome green ftuff, the half digefted parts of algay and the like. Linnaus fays, it feeds on medufa. . At certain times they were feen fporting on the waves, and leaping with vaft agility feveral feet out of the water. They fwim very deliberately, with the dorfal fins above water. Their length was from three to twelve yards* and fometimes even longer. Their form was rather (lender, like others of the ftiark kind. The upper jaw was much longer than the lower, and blunt at the end. The mouth placed beneath, and each jaw furnifhed with numbers of fmall teeth : thofe before were much bent, thofe more remote in the jaws were conic and fharp pointed. On the fides of the neck were five, large tranf- verfe apertures to the gills. On the back were two fins \ the firft very large, H 4 not; 104 BASKING SHARK. Class IV. not dire&ly in the middle, but rather nearer the head ; the other fmall, and fituated near the tail. On the lower part were five others -, viz. two pectoral fins; two ventral fins, placed juft beneath the hind fin of the back ; and a fmall anal fin. Near thefe, the male had two genitals, as in other {harks *, and between thefe fins was fituated the pudendum of the female. The tail was very large, and the upper part remarkably longer than the lower. The color of the upper part of the body was a deep leaden ; the belly white. The ikin was rough, like fhagreen, but lefs fo on the belly than the back. Within fide the mouth, towards the throat, was a very fhort fort of whalebone. Liver, The liver was of a great fize, but that of the female was the largefi: ; fome weighed above a O i l. thoufand pounds, and yielded a great quantity of pure and fweet oil, fit for lamps, and alfo much ufed by the people who took them, to cure brui- ksy burns, and rheumatic complaints. A large fifh has afforded to the captors a profit of twenty pounds. They were viviparous, a young one a- bout a foot in length being found in the belly of a fifh of this kind. The meafurements of one, I found dead on the fhore of Jj)ch Ranza in the ifie of Arran^ were as follow. The whole length twenty feven feet, four inches : firft dorfal fin, three feet -9 fecond, one ClassIV. BASKING SHARK. 105 one foot ; pectoral fin, four feet ; ventral, two feet : the upper lobe of the tail, five feet -, the lower, three. They will permit a boat to follow them, with- out accelerating their motion, till it comes almoft within contact ; when a harpooneer ftrikes his wea- pon into them, as near to the gills as pofilble. But they are often fo infenfible, as not to move till the united ftrength of two men have forced in the harpoon deeper. As foon as they perceive them- felves wounded, they fling up their tail and plunge headlong to the bottom ; and frequently coil the rope round them in their agonies, attempting to difengage the harpoon from them by rolling on the ground, for it is often found greatly bent. As foon as they difcover that their efforts are in vain, they fwim away with amazing rapidity, and with fuch violence, that there has been an inftance of a veffel of feventy tons having been towed away againft a frefh. gale. They fometimes run oft with two hundred fathoms of line, and with two har- poons in them *, and will employ the fifhers for twelve, and fometimes twenty four hours before they are fubdued. When killed, they are either hawled on more, or if at a difrance from land, to the veffel's fide. The liver (the only ufeful part) is taken out, and melted into, oil in kettles pro- vided for that purpofe. A large fifh will yield eight barrels of oil ; and two of worthlefs fedement. The fifhers obferved on them a fort of leech of a reddifh I06 WHITE SHARK. Class IV. a reddifh color, and about two feet long, but which fell off when the fifti was brought to the furface of the water, and left a white mark on the fkin. 42. White, hun'ia*. Arifi. Hiji. an. Lib. V. c. 5. IX. c. 37. Aa(/.vv. Oppian Halieut, I. 370. V. 36. Kaqxctfias Kvav. At ben. Lib. VII. p. 310. Lamia ? Plinii, Lib. IX. c. 24. Le chien carcharien ou Perlz fifch de Norvege. Belo?iy 52, S7. Lamia. Tiburo. Rondel. 489, 39°- Canis Carcharias. Gefner pifc. 173- White Shark. Wil. Iah. 47. Raiijyn. pifc. 18. Squalus carcharias. Sq. dorfo piano dentibus ferratis, Lin.fyfi. 400. Arted. Jynon. 89. Grono No. 143. Size. THIS grows to a very great bulk, Gillius fays, to the weight of four thoufand pounds ; and that in the belly of one was found a human corps entire, which is far from incredible, confidering their vaft greedinefs after human flefh. They are the dread of the failors in all hot cli- mates, where they conftantly attend the fnips iri expectation of what may drop overboard; a man that has that misfortune perifhes without redempti- on : they have been feen to dart at him, like gud- geons to a worm. A matter of a Guinea fhip in- formed me, that a rage of fuicide prevailed among his new bought flaves, from a notion the unhap- py creatures had, that after death they fhould be reftored Class IV. WHITE SHARK, 107 reftored again to their families, friends, and conn- try. To convince them at left that they mould not re-animate their bodies, he ordered one of their corpfes to be tied by the heels to a rope, and lowered into the fea, and though it was drawn up again as faft as the united force of the crew could be exerted, yet in that fhort fpace the fharks had devoured every part but the feet, which were fecu- red at the end of the cord. Swimmers very often perifh by them ; fome- times they lofe an arm or leg, and fometimes are bit quite afunder, ferving but for two morfels for this ravenous animal : a melancholy tale of this kind is related in a Weft India ballad, preferved in Doctor Percy's Reliques of ancient Englijh Poetry *1 The mouth of this fifh is furnifhed with (fome- times) a fixfold row of teeth, flat, triangular, exceedingly fharp at their edges, and finely fer- rated. We have one that is rather more than an inch and an half long. Grew f fays, that thofe in the jaws of a mark two yards in length, are not half an inch, fo that the fifh to which mine belong- ed muft have been fix yards long, provided the teeth and body keep pace in their growth J. This dreadful apparatus, when the Mm is in a ? Vol I. 331. f Rarities y 91. \ Fcflil teeth of this fifh are very frequent in Malta, Tome of which are four inches long. ftate ,oS WHITE SHARK. Class IV. ftate of repofe, lie quite flat in the mouth, but when he feizes his prey, he has power of erecting them, by the help of a fet of mufcles that join them to the jaw. The mouth is placed far beneath, for which reafon thefe, as well as the reft of the kind, are faid to be obliged to turn on their backs to feize their prey, which is an obfervation as antient as the days of Pliny *. The eyes are large •, the back broad, flat, and fhorter than that of other fharks. The tail is of a femilunar form, but the upper part is longer than the lower. It has vaft ftrength in the tail, and can ftrike with great force, fo that the fail- ors inftantly cut it off with an axe as foon as they draw one on board. The pectoral fins are very large, which enables it to fwim with great fwiftnefs. The color of the whole body and fins is a light afh. The antients were acquainted with this fifli ; and Oppian gives a long and entertaining account of its capture. Their flefh is fometimes eaten, but is ef- teemed both coarfe and rank. * Omnia autem carnwora funt talia et fupina vefcantur. lib. IX. c. 24. Th of which the tail alone was more than fix, the >\ • ftsi a -.-,■• Class IV. TOPE. ui the upper lobe extending greatly beyond the lower, almoft in a (trait line. The body was round and fhort : the nofe fhort but fharp pointed i the eyes large, and placed im- mediately over the corners of the mouth, which was fmall, and not very diftant from the end of the nofe. The teeth are triangular, and fmall for the fize of the fifh, and placed in three rows. The back afh color : the belly white : the fkin univerfally fmooth. The antients ftyled this fifh A^tteI, and Vulpes^ from its fuppofed cunning. They believed, that when it had the misfortune to have taken a bait, it fwallowed the hook till it got at the cord, which it bit off, and fo efcaped. They are fometimes taken in our feas, and have been imagined to be the fifh called the ^Threjher, from its attacking and beating the Grampus with its long tail, whenever that fpecies of whale rifes to the furface to breathe. Ki/av? Ariji. Hift. an. Lib. The Tope. Wil. lab. 51. 45. Tope, VI. c. II. Rail fyn, pifc. 20. Canicula ? Plinii Lib. IX. c. Squalus naribus ori vicinis ; 46. foramittibus exiguis ad o- Le chien ds mer, ou Cani- culos. Arted. fynon. 97. cule. Belon, 65. Squalus galeus. Lin.Jyji. 399. Canis galeus. Rondel. 377. Grono•*»/ Vol. LIU. 170. THIS is a fpecies at prefent unknown to us, ex- cept by defcription. It is, fays Doctor Bcrlafe, of a longer form than the common kind : the head more bony, rough, and aculeated. It had no finlike appendages round the head, but on each fide the thinner part of the body, beginning beneath the dorfal fin, and reach- ing within two inches of the tail, was a feries of them, each three quarters of an inch in length. At the end of the pectoral fins were fpines an inch and three quarters in length ; at the end of the tail others three quarters of an inch long. One 124 STURGEON. Class IV, VIIL STUR- One narrow aperture on each fide. GEON. , The mouth placed far below, tubular and without teeth. The body long, and often angular. 53. Stur- geon. Ovktko;. Athen. Lib. VIII. 315. A'tiJii7rn of a rich deep blue color. It has the pectoral, but wants the ven- tral fins. The dorfal is placed low on the back -9 the anal is oppofite : the tail almoft even divided by an angular projection in the middle : tail and fins brown. The belly and fides are white, friagreened or wrinkled ; and befet with innumerable fmall lharp fpines, adhering to the fkin by four procefies. Thick n.:xxx 2f? &] LUMP SUOKEE III JP?S4 Class IV. LUMP SUCKER. 133 Thick body, arched back. X. Ventral fins united. . SUCKER- Four branchioftegous rays. Lumpus anglorum. Gefner 87. Gronov. Zooph. No. 57 • Lump. Paralip. 25. 197. Seehaefs, HafFpodde. Scbo- Cyclopterus Lumpus. C. cor- nevelde. 41. pore fquamis offeis angula- Lump, or Sea-Owl, Scotis to. Lin, fyfi. 414. Cock paddle. Wil. Ictb. Sjurygg-fifk, Stenbir, Quabb- 208. Raiijyn.pifc. Jj. fu. Faun, Suec. No. 320. Cyclopterus. Arted. Jymn. T HIS (insular filh encreafes to the weight of feven pounds, and the length of nineteen inches : the lhape of the body is like that of the bream, deep and very thick, and it fwims edge- ways. The back is fharp and elevated, the belly flat. The irides are of a cherry color ; lips, mouth, Descrip, and tongue, of a deeper red: the jaws lined with innumerable fmall teeth •, the tongue very thick ; along the ridge of the back is a row of large bony tubercles \ from above the eye to with- in a fmall fpace of the tail is another row ; beneath that a third, commencing at the gills ; and on each fide the belly a fourth row, confiding of five tu- bercles like the other : the whole fkin is rough, with fmall tubercles. K 3 Qn i34 LUMP SUCKER. Class IV. On the upper part of the back is a thick ridge improperly called a fin, being deftitute of fpines ; beneath that is the dorfal fin, of a brownifh hue, reaching within an inch of the tail : on the belly, juft oppofite, is another of the fame form-. The belly is of a bright crimfon color : the pectoral fins are large and broad, almoft uniting at their bafe. Beneath thefe is the part by which it adheres to the rocks, &c. It confifts of an oval aperture, fur- rounded with a flefhy mufcular and obtufe foft fubftance, edged with fmall threaded appendages, which concur as fo many clafpers : tail and vent fins purple. By means of this part it adheres with vaft force to any thing it pleafes. As a proof of its tena- city we have known, that on flinging a fifh of this fpecies juft caught, into a pail t)f water, it fixed itfelf fo firmly to the bottom, that on taking the fiih by the tail, the whole pail by that means was lifted, though it held fome gallons, and that with- out removing the fifh from its hold. Thefe fifh refort in multitudes during fpring to the coaft of Sutherland, near the Ord of Caith- nefs. The feals which fwarm beneath, prey great- ly on them, leaving the fkins ; numbers of which thus emptied float at that feafon afhore. It is eafy to diftinguifh the place where feals are devouring this or any unctuous fifh, by a fmoothnefs of the water immediately above the fpot : this fact is now eftablifhedj it being a tried property of oil to ftil} Class IV. UNCTUOUS SUCKER. ijj ftill the agitation of the waves, and render them fmooth *. Great numbers of thefe filh are found in the Greenland feas during the months of April and May, when they refort near the fhore to fpawn. Their roe is remarkably large, which the Greenlanders boil to a pulp, and eat. They are extremely fat, which recommends them the more to the natives* who admire all oily food : they call them Nipifets, or Cat-fijh, and take quantities of them during the feafon -f. This fifli is fometimes eaten in England, being ftewed like carp, but is both flabby and infipid. Liparis? Rondel. 272. Gefner Cyclopterus Liparis C. cor- r 8. Uwc- pifc. 483. pore nudo, pinnis dorfali tuous^ Liparis noflras Dunelm et Ebo- anali caudalique unitis. Lin. rac. Sea Snail. Wil Icth. fyji. 414. App. 17. Rati fyn. pifc. 74. Cyclogafler. Gronov. Zoopl\ Pet. Gaz. tab. 51. fig. 5. No.. 198. Liparis. Arted. fynon. 177. ^TpHIS fifh takes the name of fea fnail from the -^ foft and unctuous texture of its body, reiem- bling that of the land fnail. It is almoft transpa- rent, and foon dilTolves and melts away. It is found in the fea near the mouths of great rivers. We have feen it in January full of fpawn, * Philof. Tranf. 1774. p. 445. f Crant^s Hill. Greenland z I. 96. K 4 The J36 UNCTUOUS SUCKER. Class IV. Descrip. The length is five inches : the color when frefh taken a pale brown, fometimes finely (creaked with a darker ; the fliape of the body round, but near the tail comprefTed Tideways: the belly is white and very protuberant. The head is large, thick, and round. There are no teeth in the mouth, butthejaws are very rough : the tongue very large : the eyes very fmall. The orifice to the gills is very fmall. It has fix branchioftegous rays. The pectoral fins are very broad, thin, and tranfparent, and almofi unite under the throat. The fir ft ray next the throat is very long, extends far beyond the reft, and is as fine as a hair. Over the bafe of each is a fort of operculum, or lid, ending in a point : this is capable of being raifed or deprefTed at pleafure. Behind the head begins the dorfal fin, which extends quite to the end of the tail : the ventral fin begins at the anus, and unites with the other at the tail. Beneath the throat is a round deprefiion of a whitifh color, like the impreftion of a feal, fur- rounded with twelve fmall pale yellow tubera, by which it is probable it adheres to the ftones like the' other fpecies. Lefler BIMAC FLATTED SUCKER. 4rp JURA STICKER . Class IV. J U R A S U C K E R. itf LefTer Sucking Fifh. Borlafe Lepadogafter. Le Barbier ou 59. Jura. Nat. Hiji. Corneal, 269. Porteecuelle. Gouan pifc. Tab. xxv. Jig. 28. 177. Tab. 1. Jig. 6, 7. rr^HIS fpecies is found in CornwaL I alfo dif- ■*• covered it in the Sound of Jura. Its length is about four inches. The Ikin without fcales, flippery, and of a duiky color. The body taper. The nofe grows (lenderer from the head, and ends round. The teeth fmall. Before each eye is a fmall fi-. lament. Behind the eyes are two femilunar marks. In the middle of the back an oval mark form- ed by fmall dots, of a whitifti color. The dorfai fin lies near the tail, and confifts of eleven rays ; the anal is placed oppofite, and has nine rays. The tail is rounded. The ventral have four rays, are joined by an intervening membrane with an oval deprefllon in the middle. Beyond that is a- nother ftrong membrane with a fimilar depreffion. By means of thefe inftruments it adheres to (tones or rocks. Nofc i*8 XONGER PIPE. Class IV. XI. Nofe long and tubular. PIPE " No orifice to the gills : The breathing aperture on the hind part of the head. No ventral fins. The body covered with a ftrong cruft. 60. Longer. Acqs Arifiotdis cauda fer- gulo, pinna cauda? carens ? pentina. Sib. Scot. 24. Tab. Artcd. Spec, 3. 19. Syngnathus barbarus. S. pin- Typhle altera. Ge/ker fife. nis caudse anique nullis, 1025. corpore fexangulato ? Lin. Syngnathus cotpore quadran- fyji. 417. THIS fpecies, defcribed by Sir Robert Sib- bald, was two feet in length ; that we ex- amined only Oxteen inches. The nofe was an inch long, comprefTed tideways, and the end of the lower mandible turned up : the aperture of the mouth was very fmall. The irides were red; behind each eye was a deep brown line. The body, in the thickeft part, was about equaj to a fwan's quil, hexangular from the end of the dorfal fin -9 from thence to the tail quadrangular. The belly was (lightly carinated, and marked along she middle with a dufky line. Under the tail com- mencing at the anus is a fulcus or groove, fix inches Si & H Class IV. LONGER PIPE. 139 inches and a half long, covered by tv/o longitudi- nal valves which concealed a multitude of young fifh. On crufhing this part, hundreds may be o.bferved to crawl out. The general color of the fifh was an olive brown : the fides marked with numbers of bluifh lines point- ing from the back to the belly, which, in dried fifh, feemed like the figns of fo many joints. Thofe in a frefli fubject ceafed beyond the vent; all beyond that was fpotted with brown. The dorfal fin was narrow and thin, confiding of forty rays, was two inches long, and placed ra- ther nearer to the head than the tail. The vent was feven inches from the tip of the nofe -, the body to that orifice was of an equal thicknefs, but from thence tapered to a very fmall point, having no mark of a fin. The pectoral fins had twelve rays ; the anal three. When this fifh and the next fpecies are dried, they appear covered with numbers of angular crufls, finely radiated from their centre. As we waat a generical name in our language for this genus, we call it the Pipe Fifi, from its, (lender bodv. L?Oruei}l ,4o SHORTER PIPE. Class IV. &. Shorter. L' Orueul marin. Belon, 4.4.6. heptagono, cauda pinnata. Acus fecunda fpecies, five, Arted. fynon. 2. acus Ariflotelis. Rondel. 229. Syngnathus acus. S. pinnis Typhle. Gefner fife. 1025. caudae ani pectoralibufque Trummeter, Meherfchlange. radiatis, corpore feptem- Schone and the Cornijh^ the fea adder. D 1 v. J4* E E Lc Class IV. Div. III. BONY FISH. S e c t. I. APODAL. XII. Body long, fiender, and flippery. Noftrils tubular. Back, ventral, and tail fins, united. Aperture to the gills fmall, and placed behind the pectoral fins. Ten branchioftegous rays. 53. Common. Ey%^ ^ fJ.^ ^ ^ The Eel# mL pifi% Raii IV. c. 11. VI. 14. 16. fyn.pifc. 37. Oppian Halieut. I. 516. IV. Murama unicolor maxilla in- 45-°- feriore longiore. Arttd. fyn. Angtiilla Plinii Lib, IX. c . 2 1 . 39. L'Anguille. Belon, 291. Obf. Murama anguilla. Lin. fyjl. 55' 426. Grotiov. Zaoph. No. Anguilla. Rondel, fwv. 198. 166. Gefner pifc. 40. Ahl. /V*«*. &^r. N0< 3QI> Ael. Schonevelde, 14. Aal. jKtvww. 387. THE eel is a very lingular iilh in feveral things that relate to its natural hiftory, and in ibme refpe&s borders on the nature of the reptile tribe. It is known to quit its element, and during night to wander along the meadows, not only for change Class IV. E E M3 change of habitation, but alfo for the fake of prey, feeding on the fnails it finds in its paflage. During winter it beds itfelf deep in the mud, and continues in a (late of reft like the ferpent kind. It is very impatient of cold, and will ea- gerly take fhelter in a whifp of ftraw flung into a pond in fevere weather, which has fometimes been praclifed as a method of taking them. Albertus* goes fo far as to fay, that he has known eels to fhelter in a hay- rick, yet all perifhed through ex- cefs of cold. It has been obferved, that in the river Nynej^ there ;s a variety of fmall eel, with a leffer head and narrower mouth than the common kind, that it is found in cluflers in the bottom of the river, and is called the Bed- eel : thefe are fometimes roufed up by violent floods, and are never found at that time with meat in their flomachs. This bears fuch an analogy with the cluttering of biindworms in their quief- cent (late, that we cannot but confider it as a fur<- ther proof of a partial agreement in the nature of the two genera. The ancients adopted a moft wild opinion about Gekbra* the generation of thefe fifli, believing them to be either created from the mud, or that the fcrapings * Gefncr pifc. 45. f Morton's Hijl, Northampt. 419. Pliny obfervesr that the eels of the lake Benacus coiled: together in the fame manner in the month of Odober, poffibly to retreat from the winter's eold, Lib, ix* c. zz, Of TION* 144 EEL. Class IV. of their bodies which they left on the ftones, -- were animated and became young eels. Some mo- derns gave into thefe opinions, and into others" that were equally extravagant. They could not account for the appearance of thefe flfh in ponds that never were flocked with them, and that were even fo remote as to make their being met with in fuch places a phenomenon that they could not folve. But there is much reafon to believe, that many waters are fupplied with thefe fifh by the aquatic fowl of prey, in the fame manner as vegetation is fpread by many of the land birds, either by being dropped as they carry them to feed their young, or by palling quick thro' their bodies, as is the cafe with herons ; and fuch may be occafion of the appearance of thefe fifh in places where they were never feen before. As to their immediate genera- Vivipa- tion, it has been fufficiently proved to be effe&ed in the ordinary courfe of nature, and that they are viviparous. They are extremely voracious, and very deftruc- tive to the fry of fill). No lifh lives fo long out of water as the eel : it is extremely tenacious of life, as its parts will move a confiderable time after they are flayed and cut in- to pieces. Descrip. The eel is placed by Linnaus in the genus of Murana^ his firft of the apodal fifh, or fuch which want the ventral fins. The eyes are placed not remote from the end of the Class IV. E E L. J45 the nofe : the irides are tinged with red : the un- der jaw is longer than the upper: the teeth are fmall, (harp, and numerous : beneath each eye is a minute orifice : at the end of the nofe two o- thers, fmall and tubular. The fifh is furniflied with a pair of pectoral fins, rounded at their ends. Another narrow fin on the back, uniting with that of the tail y and the anal fin joins it in the fame manner beneath. Behind the pectoral fins is the orifice to the gills, which are concealed in the fkin. Eels vary much in their colors, from a footy hue Silver to a light olive green -, and thofe which are called filver eels, have their bellies white, and a remark- able clearnefs throughout. Befides thefe there is another variety of this fifh known in the Thames by the name of Grigs, and Grigs about Oxford by that of Grigs or Gluts. Thefe are fcarce ever {ten near Oxford in the winter, but appear in fpring, and bite readily at the hook, which common eels in that neighbourhood will not. They have a larger head, a blunter nofe, thicker fkin, and lefs fat than the common fort ; neither are they fo much efteemed, nor do they often ex- ceed three or four pounds in weight. Common eels grow to a large fize, fometimes fo great as to weigh fifteen or twenty pounds, but that is extremely rare. As to inftances brought by Dale and others, of thefe fifh encreafing to a fuperior magnitude, we have much reafon to fufped Vol. III. I. them 146 EEL. Class IV. them to have been congers, fince the enormous fifh they defcribe, have all been taken at the mouths of the Thames or Medway, The eel is the mod univerfal of fifh, yet is fcarce ever found in the Danube, tho' it is very common in the lakes and rivers of Upper Aufiria. The Romans held this fifh very cheap, probably from its likenefs to a fnake. Vos anguilla manet longae cognatacolubrx*, Vernula riparum pinguis torrente cloaca. For you, is kept a fink-fed fnake-like eel. On the contrary, the luxurious Sybarites were fo fond of thefe fifh, as to exempt from every kind of tribute the perfons who fold them f. * Juvenal. Sat. v. 10 3. f Athenaus. Lib. xii. t. C21. 17 A,\* Kcyyfoi. Class IV. CONGER. '47 Kfrfyfoc. Arift. Hijl. an. lib. I. &c. Toyypog Oppian Halieut. I. 113. 521. Conger. O-vidii Halieut. 115. Plinii lib. IX. c. 16. 20. Le Congre. Belon 159. Conger. Rondel. 394. Gefner pifc. 290. The Conger, or Conger Eel. Wil Icth. III. Rail fyn. °4* Conger, f*F- 37- Murasnafupremo margine pin- nae dorfalis nigro. Arted. fynon. 40. Murasna Conger. M. roftio tentaculis duobus, linea la- terali ex pundtis albida. Lin. Jyft. 426. >*TpHE conger grows to a vaft fize. Doctor Size* ■*; Bcrlafe, to whom we are obliged for feveral informations relating to this fpecies, aftures us, that they are fometimes taken near Mounts-Bay of one hundred pounds weight *. . They differ from the common eel in the follow- Descrip. ing particulars : i. Their color in general is more dark. 2. Their eyes much larger in proportion. 3. The irides of a bright filvery color. 4. The lower jaw is rather fhorter than the upper. 5. The fide line is broad, whitilh, and marked with a row of fmall fpots ; Mr. Ray fays a double row, but we did not obferve it in the fifli we examined. 6. The edges of the dorfal and anal fins are black. 7. They have more bones than the common eel, * We have heard of fome taken near Scarborough that were ten feet and a half long, and eighteen inches in circumference in the thickeit part. L 2 efpecially 143 CONGER. Class IV. especially along the back quite to the head. 8. They grow to a much larger fize. As to the diftinftion that Mr. Ray, and other writers, make of the fmall beards at the end of the nofe, we think it not to be depended on, being fometimes found in both kinds, and fometimes entirely wanting. We believe they generate like the frefh-water fpecies : innumerable quantities, of what are fup- pofed to be their fry, come up the Severn about the month of April, preceding the Shads, which it is conjectured migrate into that river to feed on them : Eeverj* they are called Elvers. They quite fwarm during their feafon, and are taken in a kind of fieve made of hair-cloth, fixed to a long pole ; the fifher- man (landing on the edge of the water during the tide, puts in his net as far as he can reach, and drawing it out again takes multitudes at every fweep, and will take as many during one tide as will fill a bufhel. They are drefled, and reckoned very delicate. Congers are extremely voracious, preying on other fifh, and on crabs at the time they have loft their ihell, and are in a foft ftate. They and eels in general are alfo particularly fond of carcaflfes of any kind, being frequently found lodged in fuch that are accidentally taken up. Thefe ififh. are an article of commerce in Corn- wall; numbers are taken on that coaft, and ex- ported to Spain and Portugal^ particularly to Bar- celona* Class IV. CONGER. 149 celona. The quantities that were fent from Mount's- Bay for five years, were as follow : Cwt. qr. Ih 1756 46 0 13 1757 164 0 21 1758 164 I 3 *759 213 0 3 1760 7* 3 0 Some are taken by a fingle hook and line, but Capture* (becaufe that way is tedious, and does not anfwer the expence of time and labour) they are chiefly caught by Butters, which are flrong lines five hun- dred feet long, with fixty hooks, each eight feet afunder, baited with pilchards or mackrel: the Butters are funk to the ground by a (tone fattened to them : fometimes fuch a number of thefe are tied together as to reach a mile. We have been told that the fifhermen are very fearful of a large conger, lead it fhould endanger their legs by clinging round them ; they therefore kill them as foon as pofllble by ftriking them on the navel. They are afterwards cured in this manner: they C*i are flit, and hung on a frame till they dry, hav- ing a confiderable quantity of fat, which it is ne- ceifary fhould exude before they are fit for ufe. It is remarkable that a conger of a hundred weight will wafte by drying to twenty-four pounds -, the h 3 P€0Ple «-5° CONGER. Class IV. people therefore prefer the fmalleft, pofnbly be- caufe they are fooneft cured. During the procefs there is a confiderable flench ; and it is laid that in the fifbing villages the poultry are fed with the maggots that drop from the fifh. The Portuguefe and Spaniards ufe thofe dried congers after they have been ground into a powder, to thicken and give a reliiri to their foups. We think they are fold for about forty (billings the quintal, which weighs one hundred and twenty-fix pounds. A fifhery of congers would be of great advan- tage to the inhabitants of the Hebrides. Perhaps they would at firit undertake it with repugnancy, from their abfurd averiion to the eel kind. Blunt $ * si Class IV. WOLF FISH. 151 Blunt head : lone; body. XIII. WOLF One dorfal fin reaching almoft from the head to FISH. the tail. Fore teeth conic and large. Grinders flat and round. Seven branchioftegous rays. Anarrhicas. Gefner Paralip. 4. Lupus marinus Caii cpu/c. Lupus marinus noftras, quern incolte Wolff. Scbcne-velde, 45. Tab. 5. Cat-Fiih. Sib. Scot. III. 25. Tab. 16. Wolf Fifh, Sea Wolf, or Woof. Wil. lab. 1 30. Rail fyn.pifc. 40. Steen-bider. Pontop. Norway, II. 151. Kigutihk i. e. dentatus. Crantz's Greenl. I. 96. Anarhichas. Arted. fynon. 39. Anarhichas Lupus. Lin.fyji. 43°- Zee Wolf. Gronov. Muf. No. 44. Zooph. No. 400. 6$. Rave- nous. THIS fifh. feems to be confined to the northern parts of the globe. We find it in the feas of Greenland, in thofe of Iceland * and Norway, on the coafts of Scotland, and of York- Jhire, and laftly, in that part of the German ocean, which wafhes the fhores of Holland, the moft fouthern of its haunts we can with any certainty mention. Place, * Where it is called Steinbeijfer. Scbonevelde, 45. L4 it i$2 WOLF FIS H. Glass IV. It is a mod ravenous and fierce fifh, and when taken fattens on any thing within its reach : the fimermen dreading its bite, endeavor as foon as poftible to beat out its fore teeth, and then kill it by (hiking it behind the head. Schonevelde relates, that its bite is fo hard that it will feize on an an- chor, and leave the marks of its teeth in it -, and the Danifh and German names of Steenbider and Steinbeijfer, exprefs the fenfe of its great flrength, as if it was capable of crufhing even (tones with its jaws. Fooc It feeds almoft entirely on cruftaceous animals, and (hell fi(h, fuch as crabs, lobfters, prawns, mufcles, fcollops, large whelks, &c. thefe it grinds to pieces with its teeth, and fwallows with the iefTer fheils. It does not appear they are di.ftblved in the (lomach, but are voided with the foeces, for which purpofe the aperture of the anus is wider than in other fifa of the fame fize. It is full of roe in February, March, and April, and fpawns in May and June. This fiih has fo difagreeable and horrid an ap- pearance, that nobody at Scarborough except the fimermen will eat it, and they prefer it to holibut. They always before dreffing take off the head and (kin. Sizs. xhe fea wolf grows to a large fize: thofe on the York/hire coaft are fometimes found of the length of four fctty and, according to Doctor Gronovius, have been taken near Shetland kven feet long, and even Class IV. WOLF FISH, even more. That which we examined was three feet two inches and an half from the tip of the nofe to the end of the tail : the length of the head was eight inches, from the gills to the vent, ten ; from thence to the tip of the tail, twenty and one half The circumference of the head was feventeen inches, at the moulders twenty, but near the tail Only four and a half. Its weight was twenty pounds and a quarter. The "head is a little flatted on the top : the nofe blunt ; the nofrrils very fmall ; the eyes fmall, and placed near the end of the nofe. Irides pale yellow. The teeth are very remarkable, and finely a- Teeth, dapLed to its way of life, The fore teeth are flrong, conical, diverging a little from each other, (land far out of the jaws, and are commonly fix above, and the fame below, though fometimes there are only five in each jaw : theie are fupporred within* fide by a row of lelfer teeth, which makes the num- ber in the upper jaw feventeen or eighteen, in the lower eleven or twelve. The fides of the under jaw are convex inward?, which greatly adds to their flrength, and at the fame time allows room for the large mufcles with which the head of this fiiTi is furnifhed. The denies molar es, or grinding teeth of the under jaw, are higher on the outer than the inner edges, which inclines their furfaces inward : they join to the Hi ,54 WOLF FISH, Class IV. the canine teeth in that jaw, but in the upper are feparate from them. In the centre are two rows of flat ftrong teeth, fixed on an oblong bafis upon the bones of the pa- late and nofe. Bufonites. Thefe and the other grinding teeth are often found foffil, and in that ftate called Bufonites? or Toad-ftones : they were formerly much efteemed for their imaginary virtues, and were fet in gold, and worn as rings. The two bones that form the under jaw are united before by a loofe cartilage, which mecha- nifm admitting of a motion from fide to fide, mod evidently contributes to the defign of the whole, viz. a facility of breaking, grinding, and commi- nuting its teftaceous and cruftaceous food. At the entrance of the gullet, above and below, are two echinated bones : thefe are very fmall, being the lefs necefiary, as the food is in a great meafure comminuted in the mouth by aid of the grinders. The body is long, and a little comprefifed fide- ways ; the fkin fmooth and flippery : it wants the lateral line. The pectoral fins confift of eighteen rays, are five inches long, and feven and a quarter broad. The dorfal fin extends from the hind part of the head almoft to the tail ; the rays in the frefh fifii are not vifible. The anal fin extends as far as the dorfal fin. The Class IV. W O L F F I S H. 155 The tail is round at its end, and confifts of thir- teen rays. The fides, back, and fins, are of a livid lead Color. color ; the two firft marked downwards with irre- gular obfcure dufky lines : thefe in different fifh have different appearances. The young are of a greenifh cad, refembling the fea wrack, which they refide amongft for fome time after their birth. We think ourfelves much indebted to Mr. Travis, Surgeon, at Scarborough, for his ingenious remarks on this nfh, as well as on feveral others that frequent that coaft, being a gentleman much /killed in icthyology, and extremely liberal in com- municating his knowlege. Head 56 L A U N C E. Class IV. XIV. Head (lender. LAUNCE. Body long and fquare. Upper lip doubled in. Dorfal and anal fin reaching almoft to the tail. Seven branchioftegous rays. 66* Sand. Ammodytes pifcis, ut nos Sand Eels, or Launces. Rati vocavimus pro anglico San- fyn. pifc. 38, 165. dilz. Gefner paralip. 3. Ammodytes. Arted, fynon 29. Tobian, vel Tobias Sandtfpir- Ammodytes Tobianus. Lin. ing. Schone-velde, 76. fyfi. 430. Ammodytes Gefneri, Wil. Ictb* Tobis. Faun. Suec. 302. Gro- 113. #oT*HIS new fpecies was communicated to me gated I ■* by the Reverend Mr. Hugh Davies of Beau- maris, and was taken near that place. Its length was twelve inches : the color a deep brown ; excepting the folding of the lips, which were fnow white, giving it a flrange appearance. The head deprelTed and very broad : eyes large : irides yellowifh : mouth very wide, with irregular rows of incurvated teeth. In the roof of the mouth a femilunar congeries of teeth. No tongue. From the fetting on of the pectoral fins the body was CQmprefTed, but remarkably fo, as it approach- ed the tail, growing very (lender near that part. On the beginning of the back was a /ulcus, in which was the rudiment of a firft dorfal fin ; the fecond reached almofl to the tail, and the anal cor- refponded. Above the pectoral fins, on each fide, was a row of tubercles from which commenced the lateral line, which was (midway) incurvated. The ventral fins were trifurcated : the tail rounded. In a prone fituation this fifh made a ftrange ap- pearance,, fo is reprefented in that as well as another attitude^ Ling - J:^:-1 Class IV. LIN 197 Ling, Lingfifche. Belon, 130. Jy*kp\fc. 56. 85. L-iti Suec. No. 313. Ling. Wil. Icth. 175. Rail THE ling takes 4ts name from its length, being corrupted from the word long, k abounds about the Stilly Ifles, on the coafts of Scar- borough^ and thofe of Scotland and Ireland, and forms a confiderable article of commerce * In the Fork/hire feas they are in perfection from the beginning of February to the beginning of May, and fome till the end of that month. Ir June they fpawn, depofiting their eggs in the foft opzy ground of the mouth of the Tees : at that time the males feparate from the females, and refort to fome rocky ground near Flamborough Head, where the fifhermen take great numbers without ever finding any of the female or roed fifti among them. While a ling is in feafon its liver is very white, °;l-< and abounds with a fine flavored oil ; but as foon * This branch of trads-was cpnfiderable fo long ago as fhe reign of Edward III. an act for regulating the price of Lob9 Ling> tnd Qod9 being made in his 31ft year. O 3 as t98 LIN G. Class IV, as the fifh goes out of feafon, the liver becomes red as that of a bullock, and affords no oil. The fame happens to the cod and other fifh in a certain degree, but not fo remarkably as in the ling. When the fifh is in perfection, a very large quan- tity of oil may be melted out of the liver by a flow fire, but if a* violent fudden heat be ufed for that purpofe, they yield very little. This oil, which nature hoards up in the cellular membranes of filhes, returns into their blood, and fupports them in the engendring feafon, when they purfue the bu- finefs of generation with fo much eagernefs as to neglect their food. Vaft quantities of ling are faked for exportation, as well as for home confumption. When it is cut or fplit for curing, it mutt meafure twenty-fix inches or upwards from the moulder to the tail ; if lefs than that it is not reckoned a fizeable fifh, v and confequently not entitled to the bounty on ex- portation -, fuch are called Drizzles^ and are in feafon all fummer. Descrip. The ufual fize of a ling is from three to four feet -, but we have heard of one that was ^ven feet long. The body is very flender ; the head flat; the upper jaw the longeft-, the teeth in that jaw fmall and very numerous ; in the lower, few, flender, and fharp : on the chin is a fmall beard. The firfl dorfal fin is fmall, placed near the head, and confifts of fifteen rays : the fecond is very long, reaching Class IV. BURBOT. reaching almoft to the tail, and confifts of fixty- five rays : the pectoral fins have fifteen radiated rays -, the ventral fins fix ; the anal fixty-two : the tail is rounded at the end. Thefe fifh vary in color, fome being of an olive hue on the fides and back, others cinereous •, the belly white. The ventral fins white: the dorfal and anal edged with white. The tail marked near the end with a tranfverfe black bar, and tipt with white. 199 Strinfias, ou BotatrilTa. Belon, 300. Lota. RcndeL fiu-vlat. 165. Gefner pifc. 599. Quappen, Elff-quappen, Ti- der-quappen, Trufchen ? Scbonevelde, 49. Burbot, or Bird-bolt. Plot Staff. 241. Tab. 22. fig. 4. Muftela fluviatilis noitratibus Eel-pout. Wil. Ictb. 125. &6. Burbot, Raii fyn. pijc. 6j. Aal-rutte, Rutte. Kram. 388. Gadus dorfo dipterygio, ore cirrato, maxillis asqualibus. Arted. fynon. 38. Gadus Lota, Lin. fyjl. 440. Grono. 162 , t Eller Torjky p. 272. tab. I. fig, 19. and when dried, Klip-jijk. The 204 TORS K. Class IV. The figure agrees with that Mr. Low favoured mc with. The Torjk, or as it is called in the Shetlands, "Tujk and Brifmak is a northern fifti ; and as yet undifcovered lower than about the Orknies^ and even there it is rather fcarce. In the feas about Shetland^ it fwarms, and forms (barrelled or dried) a confiderable article of commerce. The length of the fpecimen, Mr. Low defcribed for me, was twenty inches, the greateft depth four and a half. The head final], the upper jaw a little longer than the lower : both jaws furnifhed with multitudes of fmall teeth : on the chin was a fmall fingle beard : from the head to the dorfal fin was a deep furrow. The dorfal fin began within fix inches from the tip of the nofe, and extended almoft to the tail. The pectoral, fins fmall, and rounded *, the ven- tral fhort, thick and fleihy, ending in four cirrhu The belly from the throat grows very promi- nent: the anal fin was long, and reached almoft clofe to the tail, which is fmall and circular. The number of rays could not be counted with accuracy by reafon of their foftnefs, and the thicknefs of the fkin : the fide line fcarcely difcernible. The color of the head dufky : the back and fides yellow : belly white : edges of the dorfal, anal, and caudal fins white ; the other parts dufky : the pecto- ral fins brown. 1 flatter myfelf, that in a fmall time, the pub- li? Class IV. T O R S K. 205 lie will receive from Mr. Low, a fuller account of this important fifh, in a comprehenfive hiftory of the idands of Orkney, and Shetland, Head 2o6 CRESTED B LENNY. ClassIV. PTFNNY* **eac* k*Unt at thC Cn^' ^^ Vet^ ^ee^' Body fmooth and flippery. Teeth (lender. Body comprefTed Tideways. Ventral fins confiding generally of only two united rays. One dorlal fin. Six branchioflegous rays. * With a crefted head. 90. Crested. Adonis, ou exocetus. Belcn, fyn. pifi. 73. 219. Blennius crifta capitis tranf- Galerita. Rondel. 204. Gef- veria cutacea. Arted. fynon. ner pifc. 14, 17, 18. 44. ^ Alauda criftata, five Galeri- Blennius Galerita. Lin. Jyft. ta. JVil. Icth. 134. Raii 441. THIS fpecies is found, though not frequently, on our rocky fhores, and is commonly about four or five inches long. On the head is a fmall creft-like fin, which it * There being no EngUJh name for this genus, Blenny is given it, derived from the word Blennius, the generical term ufed by Artedius, who forms it from Btivva mucus, it being of a flimy nature. caa PL jst?$i. GAT TOBXTGUSTE CRE S TED BLEN'STY Jfpgo. ^^^^JfM^m^^¥WM^ SPOT TED BLE K"NY. JV?&3. Aja/UM Class IV. G A T T O R U G I N. 207 can erect or deprefs at pleafure. On the top of the head, between the eyes, is a triangular lump point- ing backwards, and red about its edges. The fkin at the corner of the upper jaw is loofe, and projects. From the hind part of the head, almoft to the tail, extends the dorfal fin : the ventral fin is fmall : the vent is placed under the ends of the pectoral fins. The body is fmooth and flippery : the color brown, and fpotted. Scorpioides. Rondel. 204. oculos, pinna ani officulo- 91. Gatto- Gefner pifc. 847. rum viginti trium. Arted. rugin. Gattorugine Venetiis. Wil. fynon. 44. Icth. 132. Raii fyn. pifc. 72. Blennius Gattorugine. Lin. Blennius pinnulis duabus ad fyjl. 442. THIS curious kind was difcovered to be a Bri- Place, tijh fifh on the Anglefea coaft. Its length was feven inches and an half: the body Descrif. was fmooth, and comprefTed on the fides : the belly a little prominent : the vent fituated as in the pre- ceding fifh. The teeth (lender, almoft fetaceous, and very clofe fet : between the eyes was a fmall hollow, and above each, juft on the fummit, was a narrow loofe membrane, trifurcated at the top, which dif- tinguifhes this from all other fpecies. The 2o3 SMOOTH BLENNY. Class IV. The pe&oral fins broad and rounded, confiding of fourteen rays, which extend beyond the webs, making the edges appear fcalloped. The ventral fins like thofe of others of the genus : the dorfal fin confided of fourteen ftrong fpiny rays, and nineteen fofc rays; the lad of which were higher than the fpiny rays. The anal fin had twenty-one rays : the ends in every fin extending beyond their webs. The tail was rounded at the end, and confided of twelve rays, divided towards their extremities. This fi(h in general was of a dufky hue, mark- ed acrofs with wavy lines : the belly of a light afh color. The lower part of the pectoral fins, and the ends of the. ventral fins, of an orange color. ** With a fmooth head. az Smooth. ^a ^erce e*Pece de Exoce- />, Smooth Shan. Mr. Jago tus? Belon, 219. apud Rail fyn. pifc. 164. Alauda non criftata. Rondel. fig. 10. 205, Gefner pifc. 18. Blennius maxilla fuperiore Mulgranoc, & Bulcard CW- lorigiore, capite fummo nubia. Wil. Icth. 133. Rail acuminata. Arled.fynon. 45. fyn. pifc. 73. Blennius Pholis. Lin.fyfi 443. Cataphra&us lsevis Comubien- Groncv. Zooph. No. 259. ^lace. TX7^ difcovered this fpecies in plenty lying under the ftones among the tang on the rocky ClassIV. SMOOTH BLENNY. ?.e9 rocky coafts of Anglefea^ at the lower water-mark. It was very active and vivacious, and would by the help of its ventral fins creep up between the ftones with great facility. It bit extremely hard, and would hang at ones finger for a confiderable time. It was very tenacious of life, and would live for near a day out of water. It feeds on lliells arid fmall crabs, whofe remains we found in its ftomach. The length in general was five inches : the head Bzscrs?* large, and doping fuddenly to the mouth : the irides red. ' The teeth flender, very fharp, and clofe feti there were twenty-four in the upper, and nineteen in the lower jaw. The pectoral fins .broad and rounded, confiding of thirteen rays : the ventral fins of only two thick rays, feparated near their ends. The dorfal fin confided of thirty-two foft rays, and reached from the hind part of the head almoft to the tail. The vent was in the middle of the body: the anal fin extended almoft to the tail, and confided of nineteen rays, tipt with white. The tail rounded at the end, and compofed of twelve branched rays. The color varied, fome were quite black, but generally they were of a deep olive, prettily mar- bled with a deeper color -, others fpotted with whites Vol. III. P - the 2IO SPOTTED BLENNY. Class IV. the laft often difpofed in rows above and beneath the lateral line. 93. Spotted. Gunnellus Comubienjlum, non- nullis Butter-fijhy q. d. Li- paris. Wil. l£lh. 115. Rati fyn.pifc 144.^ Blennius maculis circiter de- cern nigris limbo albicante utrinque ad pinnam dorfa- lem. Arted.fynon. 45. Blennius Gunnellus. B. pinna dorfali ocellis X nigris. Lin. fyft. 443. Faun. Suec. No. 318. Seb. Muf. III. p. 91. Tab. 30. fig.6. ^ ' Pholis maculis annulatis ad pinnam dorfalem, pinnis ventralibus obfoletis. Gro- no>> -1 w Class IV. VIVIPAROUS BLENNY. 211 which reach the lower half of the dorfal fin ; they are black, half encircled with white. The vent is in the middle of the body j the anal fin extends from it almoft to the tail. The tail is rounded, and of a yellow color. The back and fides are of a deep olive: the belly whitifh. Muftela marina vivipara, Acl- . quappe, Ael-puet, Ael- moder. Scho/ievelde, 50. Tab. 4. Guffer, Eelpout. Sib. Scot. III. 25. Muftela vivipara Scbone-ueldii. Wil lah. 122. Rati fyn. fife. 69. Blennius capite dorfoque fufco flavefcente lituris nigris, pin- na ani flava. Arted.fynon. 45. Blennius viviparus, B. ore 94. Vivipa* tentaculis duobus. Lin.fyft. Rous. 443- Tanglake. Faun. Suec. No. 317. Muf. Ad. Fr. I. 69. Tab. 32. Enchelyopus corpore lituris variegato; pinna dorfi ad caudam finuata. Gronov* Zoopk. No. 265. nCHONEFELDE firft difcovered this fpecies; , Sir Robert Sibbald afterwards found it on the Scotch coafts *9 and Linnxus has defcribed it in his account of his Swedijh Majefty's Mufeum. They are viviparous, bringing forth two or three hundred young at a time. Their feafon of partu- rition is a little after the depth of winter. Before Midfummer they quit the bays and mores, and re- tire into the deep, where they are commonly tak- P 2 en. -i2 VIVIPAROUS BLENNY. Class IV. en. They are a very coarfe fifti, and eat only by the poor. They are common in the mouth of the river EJk) at Whitby ', Torkjhire-, where they are taken frequently from off the bridge. They fometimes grow to the length of a foot. Their form (lender : their fkin fmooth and frippe- ry. The teeth very minute and fharp : the upper lip thin and fkinny. The dorfal fin commences juft behind the head, and joins with that of the tail; but near the tail, the reft are lhort, fo as to form the appearance of a divifion. The pectoral fins rounded : the ventral confift of only four fhort rays : the anal extends far, and unites with the tail. The tail round. The dorfal fin, back, and fides are of a yellowifh brown, flained with dufky fpots and lines. The end of the tongue, the chin, throat, and anal fin of a fine yellow. The back-bone is green, as that of a fea-needle. Sec t. 85 Glass IV. BLACK GOBY. 213 Sect. III. THORACIC FISH. Eyes placed near each other. XXI. T7 u w a GOBY*. rour branchioitegous rays, Ventral fins united. Gobio niger. Rondel, 200. pinna dorfi fecunda oflicu- 95* Black, Ge/ner pifc. 395. lorum quatuordecim. Ar- Schwartzer Goeb. Schone- ted.fynon. 46. 67. tab, 6. Scorpaenae Belonii fimilis Cor- nub. Father-lafher. Wil. Jcth. 158. Rati Jyn. pifc. 145. Scorpius Virginian us. Idem. 142. Wil. Ictb, App, 25. Cottus fcorpius. C. capite fpinis pluribus, maxilla fu- periore paulo longiore. Lin, fyjl, 452.^ Rot-iimpa, Skrabba; Skialry- ta. Faun. Suec. No. 323. Ulke. Crantz. Greenl. I. 95. Gronov. Zoopb. No. 268. Sea Scorpion. Edw. 284. THIS fifh is not uncommon on the rocky coafts of this ifland : it lurks under (tones, and will take a bait. Descrip. It does not grow to a large fize, feldom exceed- ing (as far as we have feen in the, fpecimens that are taken on our fhores) eight or nine inches. The Class IV. FATUER-LASHER. 219 The head is very large, and has a mod formi- dable appearance, being armed with vaft fpines, which it can oppofe to any enemy that attacks it, by fwelling out its cheeks and gill covers to a large iize. Et capitis duro nociturus Scorpios iSlu. The hurtful Scorpion wounding with its head. The nofe, and fpace contiguous to the eyes, are Spines, furniflied with fhort fharp fpines: the covers of the gills are terminated by exceeding long ones, which are both (Irong and very fharp pointed. The mouth is large: the jaws covered with rows of very fmall teeth : the roof of the mouth is fur- niiried with a triangular fpot of minute teeth. The back is more elevated than that of others of this genus : the belly prominent : the fide-line rough, the reft of the body very fmooth, and grows (lender towards the tail. • The flrft dorfal fin confifts of eight fpiny rays ; the fecond of eleven high foft rays : the pectoral fins are large, and have fixteen ; the ventral three ; the anal eight: the tail is rounded at the end, and is compofed of twelve bifurcated rays. The color of the body is brown, or dufky and white marbled, and fometimes is found alio ftained with red : the fins and tail are tranfparent, fome- times clouded, but the rays barred regularly with brown: the belly is of a filvery white. This kind is very frequent in the Newfoundland American, feas, 220 FATHER-LASHER. Class IV. feas, where it is called Scolping : it is alfo as com- mon on the coaft of Greenland in deep water near more. It is a principal food of the natives, and the foup made of it is faid to be agreeable as yvell as wholefome. Body PL.TTTYT. 51tEAR DAB. Jrp-iot DOR EE JV?300. Class IV. D O R E E 221 Body very deep, and comprefTed fideways. Very long filaments iffuingfrom the firft dorfal fin. DOREE, Seven branchioftegous rays. Xa^Jthq. Athen. lib.VU. 328. Zeus ventre acnleato, cauda 100. Dores, Oppian Halieut. I. 133. in extremo circinato. Arted. Faber? Ovid Halieut. no. fynon. 78. Zeus idem Faber Gadibus. Zeus Faber. Z. cauda rotun- Plin. lib. IX. c. 18. data, lateribus mediis ocello La Doree. Belon, 146.^ fufco, pinnis analibus dua- Faber five Gallus marinus. bus. Lin. fyfi. 454. Gro- Rondel. 328. Gejher pifc. 369. no No. 247. Pleurone&es oculis a dextris, Size. rr^HIS is the largeft of the genus; fome have X been taken in our feas weighing from one to three hundred pounds; but much larger are found in thofe of Newfoundland, Greenland, and Iceland, where they are taken with a hook and line in very deep water. They are part of the food of the Greenlanders*, who cut them into large flips, and dry them in the fun. They are common in the London markets, where they are expofed to fale cut into large pieces, They are very coarfe eating, excepting the part * Crantz. Hift. GreenU I. 98. which Class IV. H O L I B U T. 217 which adheres to the fide fins, which is extreme- ly fat and delicious, but furfeiting. They are the moft voracious of all flat fifh. The lad year there were two inftances of their fwal- lowing the lead weight at the end of a line, with which the feamen were founding the bottom from on board a ftiip, one off Flamborough Head> the other going into Tinmoutb Haven : the latter was taken, the other difengaged itfelf. The holibut, in refpect to its length, is the nar- Descrip. roweft of any of this genus except the fole. It is perfectly fmooth, and free from fpines ei- ther above or below. The color of the upper part is dufky •, beneath of a pure white. We do not count the rays of the fins in this genus, not only becaufe they are fo numerous, but becaufe nature hath given to each fpecies characters fuffi- cient to diftinguifh them by. Thefe flat fifh fwim fideways ; for which reafon Linnaeus hath ftyled them Pkitronefiss. Q - Pteteffa ?28 P L A I S E, Class IV, 303. Plajse. Plateffa? Aufonii Epiji, ad. Theon. 62, he Quarlet. Belon, 139. Quadratulus. Rondel, 318* Ge/ner pifc. 66$, Scholle, Pladife. Schonevelde, 61, Pleurone&es oculis et tuber- culis fex a dextra capitis, lateribus glabris, fpina ad anum. Arted. Jynon. 30. Pleurone&es Plateffa. Lin, fyfi. 456. Grono-v, Zooph, No, 246. Plaife. Wil, Ictb, 96. Raii Skalla, Rodfputta. Faun, Suec. Jyn. pifc, 31. No. 328. THESE fifh are very common on moft of our coafts, and fometimes taken of the weight of fifteen pounds; but they feldom reach that fize, one of eight or nine pounds being reckoned a large fifh. The beft and largefl: are taken off Rye, on the coaft of Sufex, and alfo off the Butch coafts. They ipawn on the beginning of February, They are very flat, and much more fquare than the preceding. Behind the left eye is a row of fix tu- bercles, that reaches to the commencement of the lateral line. The upper part of the body and fins is of a clear brown, marked with large bright orange- colored fpots : the belly is white. U Class IV. FLOUNDER. 229 Le Flez. Belon, 141. nulis lupine ad radices pin- 104. Floun- PafTeris tertia fpecics. Rondel, narum, dentibus obtufis. der. 319. Gefner pifc. 666, 670. Arted.fynon. 31. Struff-butte Schonevelde, 6z. Plueronecles Flefus. Lin* Flounder, Fluke, or But. fyft. 457. Groxo-v. Zooph. ml. Icth. 980. Rail fyn. No. 248. pifc. 32. Flundra, Slatt-fkadda. Faun* Pleurone&es oculis a dextris, Suec. No. 327, linea lateral! afpera, fpi- THE flounder inhabits every part of the Britijh fea, and even frequents our rivers at a great diftance from the fait waters ; and for this reafon fome writers call it the Paffer fluviatilis. It never grows large in our rivers, but is reckoned fweeter than thofe that live in the fea. It is inferior in fize to the plaife, for we never heard of any that weigh- ed more than fix pounds. It may very eafily be diftinguimed from the Descrip* plaife, or any other fifh of this genus, by a row of fharp fmall fpines that furround its upper fides, and are placed juft at the junction of the fins with the body. Another row marks the fide-line, and runs half way down the back. The color of the upper part of the body is a pale brown, fometimes marked with a few obfcure fpots of dirty yellow . the belly is white. We have. met with a variety of this fifh with the eyes and lateral line on the left fide. Linnaeus makes a diftinft fpecies of it under the name of QJ Pleuro- «3o S M E A R-D A B- Class IV. Pleuroneftes PaJJer, p. 459 •, but fince it differs in no other refpect from the common kind, we agree with Doctor Gronovius in not feparating them. 10^. Dab. La Limande. Belon, 142. anum, dentibus obtufis. Paffer afper, five fquamofus. Arted. fynon. 33. Rondel. 319. Gefnerpifc. 665. Pleuronettes Limanda. Pi. o- Dab. Wil. Jet/?. 79. Raii fyn. culisdextris, fquamis cilia- pifc. 32. tis, fpinulis ad radicem pin- ! [Pleurone&es oculis a dextra, narum dorli, anique. Lin. fquamis afperis, fpina ad fyft. 457. rp] OHE dab is found with the other fpecies, but is lefs common. It is in bed feafon during February \ March, and April : they fpawn in May and June, and become flabby and watery the reft of fummer. They are fuperior in goodnefs to the plaife and flounder, but far inferior in fize. Descrip. It is generally of an uniform brown color on the upper fide, tho' fometimes clouded with a darker. The fcales are fmall and rough, which is a character of this fpecies. The lateral line is extremely in- curvated at the beginning, then goes quite ftrait to the tail. The lower part of the body is white. 106. Smear- Rhombus lams Cornubienjis maculis nigris, a Kit. Mr. Dab. Jago. Raii Jyn. pifc, 162. jig. I. WE found one of this fpecies at a fifh mon- ger's in London, where it is known by the name of the Smear-dak It Class IV. SO L E. It was a foot and a half long, and eleven inches broad between fin and fin on the wideft part. The head appeared very fmall, as the dorfal fin began very near its mouth, and extended very near to the tail. It confifted of fcventy nine rays. The eyes were pretty near each other. The mouth full of fmall teeth. The lateral line was much incurvated for the firft two inches from its origin, then continued ftrait to the tail. The back was covered with fmall fmooth fcales, was of a light brown color, fpotted obfeurely with yellow. The belly white, and marked with five large dufky fpots. It was a fifh of goodnefs equal to the common dab. *3* J5ay*a£ PERCH. JVP J24. A SEA PERCH, JTP126. 4^nfjitlu I Class IV, PERCH. 355 rous fpecies. Our perch was much efteemed by the Romans : „ Nee te delict as men/arum Perca, Jilebo Amnigenos inter pi fees dignande marinis, Ausonius. It is not lefs admired at prefent as a firm and de- licate fifh; and the Dutch are particularly fond of it when made into a dim called Water Souchy. It is a gregarious fifh, and loves deep holes and gentle ftreams. It is a mod voracious fifh, and eager biter : if the angler meets with a fhoal of them, he is fure of taking every one. It is a common notion that the pike will not attack this fifh, being fearful of the fpiny fins which the perch erects on the approach of the former. This may be true in refpecl: to large fifh ; but it is well known the fmall ones are the mofl tempting bait that can be laid for the pike. The perch is a fifh very tenacious of life : we have known them carried near fixty miles in dry ftraw, and yet furvive the journey. Thefe fifh feldom grow to a large fize : we once Size. heard of one that was taken in the Serpentine river, Hyde-Park, that weighed nine pounds, but that it is very uncommon. The body is deep : the fcales very rough: the Descrip. back much arched : fide-line near the back. The irides golden : the teeth fmall, difpofed in the jaws and on the roof of the mouth: the edges of 2s6 PERCH. Class l\\ of the covers of the gills ferrated: on the lower end of the largeft is a (harp fpine; The firft dorfal fin con fids of fourteen flrong fpiny rays : the fecond of fixteen foft ones : the pectoral fins are tranfparent, and confifl of fourteen rays ; the ventral of fix ; the anal of eleven. The tail is a little forked. Color. The colors are beautiful : the back and part of the fides being of a deep green, marked with five broad black bars pointing downwards : the belly is white, tinged with red : the ventral fins of a rich fcarlet ; the anal fins and tail of the fame color, but rather paler. Crooked In a lake called Llyn Raithlyn, in Merioneth/hire^ Perch. js a yery fingUiar variety of perch: the back is quite hunched, and the lower part of the back bone, next the tail, ftrangely di (tor ted : in color, and in other refpecls, it refembles the common kind, which are as numerous in the lake as thefe deformed fifh. They are not peculiar to this water, for Linnaeus takes notice of a fimilar variety found at Fablun, in his own country. I have alfo heard that it is to be met with in the Thames near Mar- low. Aatyai Glass IV. BASSE, 257 Aa£?a|? Arift. Hijl. an. lib. Rati fyn. fife. 83. 125. IV. c. 10. &c. Perca radiis pinnae dorfalis fe- Lupus ? Ovid. Halieut. 1 12. cundas tredecim, ani qua- Le Bar, le Loup. Belon, 113. tuordecim. Arted. fyhon. 69. Lupus. Rondel. 268. Gefner Perca Labrax. Lin. fyft. 482. ///?. 506. Gronoi6(ji,£go$. Ariji. Hiji. an. Lib. VI. c. 17. IX. c. 2. Jthe- naus, Lib. III. 121. Mil. 32 1. Oppian Halieut.l. 142. Scomber. 0 rag 0TNNIX2 (moma&Tcu *0?.t^ 0 ygmEug. Do you not hear ? then, rue your Goat-herd's fate, For, from the rock where Olpis doth defcry The numerous Thunny, I will plunge and die. The very fame ftation, in all probability, is at this time made ufe of, as there are very confider- able thunny fifheries on the coaft of Sicily y as well as feveral other parts of the Mediterranean^ , where they are cured, and make a great article of pro- vifion in the adjacent kingdoms. They are caught * Strabo Lib. V. 156. f Oppian Halieut. III. 638. This perfon anfwers to what the Cornijb call a Huer, who watches the arrival of the pil- chards. X Many of them are the fame that were ufed by the antients, as we learn from Oppian and others. in 263 TUNNY. Class IV.. in nets, and amazing quantities are taken, for they come in vaft fhoals, keeping along the fhores. They frequent our coafts, but not in fhoals like the Tunnies of the Mediterranean. They are not uncommon in the Lochs on the weftern coaft of Scotland -, where they come in purfuit of herrings ; and, often during night, ftrike into the nets, and do confiderable damage. When the fifhermen draw them up in the morning, the Tunny rifes at the fame time towards the furface, ready to catch the fifh that drop out. On perceiving it, a ftrong hook baited with a herring, and fattened to a rope, is inftantly flung out, which the Tunny feldom fails to take. As foon as hooked, it lofes all fpi- rit ; and after a very little reflflance, fubmits to its fate. It is dragged to the fhore and cut up, either to be fold frefh to people who carry it to the country markets, or is preferved faked in large calks. The pieces, when frefh, look exactly like raw beef; but when boiled turn pale, and have fome- thing of the flavor of falmon. One, which was taken when I was at Invera- ray in 1769, and was weighed for my information, weighed .<\6o pounds. The fi(h, I examined, was feven feet ten inches long ; the greateft circumference five feet feven ; the left near the tail one foot fix. The body was round and thick, and grew fuddenly very flender pvvards the tail \ and near that part was angular, The Class IV. S C A D. 269 The hides were of a pale green : the teeth very mi- nute. The firfb dorfal fin confided of thirteen ftrong fpines •, which, when deprefied, were fo concealed in a deep (lit in the back, as to be quite invifible till very clofely infpected. Immediately behind this fin was another, tall and falciform : almoft oppofite to it, was the anal fin, of the fame form. The fpurious fins were of a rich yellow color : of thefe there were eleven above, and ten below. The tail was in form of a crefcent \ and two feet feven inches between tip and tip. The ikin on the back was fmooth, very thick, and black. On the belly the fcales were vifible. The color of the fides and belly filvery, tinged with casrulean and pale purple : near the tail mar- bled with grey. They are known on the coaft of Scotland by the name of Mackrelfture : Mackrel, from being of that genus ; and fture, from the Dani/h, ftor^ great. Sauro. Salvia?!. 79. Ictb. zqo. Raiijyn. pifc. gz. j,^# Scad Un Sou, Macreau baftard. Scomber linea laterali acule- Belon, 186. ata, pinna ani oiljculorum Trachurus. Rondel. 233. 30. Arted. fynon. 50. Lacertus Bellonii. Gefner pife. Scomber Trachurus. Sc. pin- 467. nis unitis, fpina dorfali re- Mufeken, Stocker. Scbone- cumbente, linea laterali lo- 75. ricata. Lin.fyft. 494. Gro- Scad, Horfe-mackrell. WiL no-v. Zoopb. No. 308. T HAT which we examined was llxteen inches long : the nofe (harp \ the eyes very large ; the 270 S C A D. Class IV. the irides filvery : the lower jaw a little longer than the upper : the edges of the jaws were rough, but without teeth. On the upper part of the covers of the gills was a large black fpot. The fcales were large and very thin : the low- er half of the body quadrangular, and marked each fide with a row of thick ftrong fcales, pro- minent in the middle, extending to the tail The firft dorfal fin confided of eight firong fpines : the fecond lay juft behind it, and con- fided of thirty-four foft rays, and reached almoft to the tail. The pectoral fins narrow and long, and compofed of twenty rays : the ventral of fix branched rays. The vent was in the middle of the belly ; the anal fin extended from it to the tail, which was greatly forked. The head and upper part of the body varied with green and blue : the belly filvery. This fifh was taken in the month of Ottober ; was very firm and well tailed, having the flavor of mackrel. Head Class IV. RED SURMULLET, 271 Head compreffed, flecD, and covered with fcales. XXX. _ . \. n r SURMUI^ 1 wo branchioltegous rays. LET. Body covered with large fcales, eafily dropping off. TfrAv > Arijl. Hift. an. Lib. 11. Oppian Halieut. I. 590. Tf/y^v; Zapguv. Athenausy Lib. VII. 325. Mulius. Ovid Halieut. 123. Plinii Lib. IX. c. 17. Triglia. Salvian. 235. Le Rouget barbe, Surmurlet. Belon, 170. Mulius barbatus. Rondel 290. Gefner pifc. 565. Petermanneken , Goldeken. Schone-velde, 47 . Mulius Bellonii. Wil. Icth. 285. Raii fyn. pifc. 90. TrigJa capite glabro, cirris geminis in maxillainferiore. Arted.fynon. 71. Mulius cirris geminis, corpore rubro. Lin.fyft. 495. Gro- 7iov. Zoopb. No. 286. *35 Red. THIS fifh was highly efteemed by the Romans, and bore an exceeding high price. The capricious epicures of Horace's* days, valued it in proportion to its fize ; not that the larger were more delicious, but that they were more difficult to be got. The price that was given for one in the time of Juvenal, and Pliny ^ is a ftriking evidence of the luxury and extravagance of the age : Mullum/IvY mil/ibus emit JE quant em fane paribus fejiertia libris f. * Sat. Lib. II. / II. 33. f Juvenal Sat. IV. 48 1, $s. o.d. The 272 RED SURMULLET. Class IV. The lavifh flave Six thoufand pieces for a Mullet gave, A feiterce for each pound. Dryden, But Afinius Celer *, a man of confular dignity, / gave a (till more nnconfcionable fum, for he did not fcruple bellowing eight thoufand nummi, or lixty-four pounds eleven millings and eight-pence, for a fifti of fo fmall a fize as the mullet-, for ao, cording to Horace^ a Mullus trilibris^ or one of three pounds, was a great rarity -, fo that Juvenal's fpark muft have had a great bargain in comparifon of what Celer had. But Seneca fays that it was not worth a farthing, except it died in the very hand of your gueft : that fuch was the luxury of the times, that there were (lews even in the eating rooms, fo that the fifh could at once be brought from under the table, and placed on it: that they put the mullets in tranfparent vafes, that they might be entertained with the various changes of its rich color while it lay expiring f. Apicius^ a wonderful genius * Plin. Lib. IX. c. 17. f In cubili natant pifces ; ei fub ipfa ?nenfa capitur, qui Jlatim transferitur in me?ifam : parum HIS ipecies was communicated to us by Mr. *** Pitfield of Exeter : its weight was two pounds and an half \ its length was fourteen inches j the thickeli circumference eleven. It appears on the coaft of Devonjhire in May, and retires about No* member. The head fteep : the nofe blunt : the body thick : the mouth fmall : the lower jaw furnifhed with very fmall teeth: in the roof of the mouth is a rough hard fpace : at the entrance of the gullet above is a fingle bone, and beneath are a pair, each with echinated furfaces, that help to comminute the food before it pafTes down. From the chin hung two beards, two inches and a half long. The eyes large : the irides purple : the head atid covers of the gills very fcaly. The firft dorfal fin was lodged in a deep fur- row, and confided of fix ftrong, but flexible rays; the fecond of eight ; the pectoral fins of fixteen \ the ventral of fix branched rays -9 the anal of fe- ven : the tail is much forked. The * Class IV. STRIPED SURMULLET. 275 The body very thick, and covered with large fcales ; beneath them the color was a molt beau- tiful rofy red * ; the changes of which, under the thin fcales, gave that entertainment to the Roman epicures as above mentioned : the fcales on the back and fides were of a dirty orange; thofe on the nofe a bright yellow : the tail a reddifh yellow. The fides .were marked lengthways with two lines of a light yellow color : thefe, with the red color of the dorfal fins, and the number of their rays, Mr. Ray makes the character of the Cornijh Surmullet : thefe are notes fo liable to vary by acci- dent, that till we receive further information from the inhabitants of our wejiern coafts, where thefe iim are found, we (hall remain doubtful whether we have done right in feparating this from the former, efpecially as DoElor Gronovius has pronoun- ced them to be only varieties. * This color is mod vivid during fummer. T 2 Nofe *j6 GREY GURNARD. Class IV. XXXI. GURNARD, Nofe Hoping. Head covered with flrong bony plates. Seven branchioftegous rays. Three (lender appendages at the bafe of the pectoral fins. 37. Grey. Gurnatus feu Gurnardus gri- feus, the Grey Gurnard. WiL Icth. 279. Rail fyn. fife. 88. Trigla vario roftro diacantho, aculeis geminis ad utrum- que oculura. Arted. fynon, Trigla Gurnardus, Tr. digitis ternis dorfo maculis nigris rubrifque. Lin* fyfi. 497. Grono'v. Zooph. No. 283. '"TpHE nofe pretty long, and Hoping: the end ■*■ bifurcated, and each fide armed with three fhort fpines. The eyes very large •, above each were two fliort fpines : the forehead and ^covers of the gills fil- very \ the laft finely radiated. The teeth fmall, placed in the lower and upper jaws, in the roof of the mouth, and bale of the tongue. Noftrils minute, and placed on the fides of the nofe. On the extremity of the gill covers was a ftrong, tharp, and long fpine : beneath that, juft above the pectoral fins, another. The f 9 st Class IV. GREY GURNARD. ijy The firft dorfal fin confided of eight fpiny rays ; the fides of the three firft tuberculated. The ftcond dorfal fin of nineteen foft rays : both fins lodged in a groove, rough on each fide, but not ferrated. The pectoral fins do not extend as far as the anal fins, are tranfpa-rent, and fupported by ten rays, bifurcated from their middle : the three beards at their bafe as ufual. The ventral fins had fix rays, the firft fpiny, and the morteft of all. The anal fin nineteen, each foft. The tail bifurcated. The lateral line very prominent, ftrongly ferrat- ed, and of a filvery color.* The back, tail, and a fmall fpace beneath the fide line, were of a deep grey, covered with fmall fcales, and in parts fpotted with white and yel- low •, the belly filvery. Thefe fim are ufually taken with the hook in deep water, bite eagerly even at a red rag ; and fometimes are fond of fporting near the furface. They are often found of the length of two feet and a half. T 3 Kcaw I \ 2?8 RED GURNARD. Class IV, 138. Red. KokhuZ ? Arift. Bijl. an. lib. Scboncvelde, yz. IV. c. 9 Oppian Halieut.l. Red Gurnard, or Rotchet. WtL lab. 281. Raii fyn. pifc. 89. Trigla tota rubens, roflro pa- rum bicorni, operculis bran- chiarum flriatis. Arted fy- non. 74, K.cxhv% tqufyc;, Athenaus lib. VII. 309. Pefce capone, Cocco, Orga- no. Sal"TpHIS fpecies is frequently taken on the weftern "** coafts of this kingdom, and efteemed an excellent fifh. It is aifo found off Anglefea. The weight of one which was communicated to us by Mr. Pitfield*^ was three pounds and aft half; the thicker!: circumference thirteen inches, the left, which was next the tail, only three : the length near two feet. The head was very large, and that part of the body next to it very thick : the nofe divided into two broad plates, each terminated with three fpines: on the inner corner of each eye is a ftrong fpine: the bony plates of the head terminate on each fide with another. The covers of the gills are armed with one very iharp and ftrong fpine, and are prettily ftriated : immediately over the pectoral fin is another fpine very large and fharp pointed. * We have been informed, that this fifh is found at all times of the year on the weftern coafts, and is taken in nets, T4 The ■ftlo SAPPH1RINE GURNARD. Class IV, The noftrils very minute : the eyes large. The lower jaw much fhorter than the upper: the teeth in both very minute. The firft dorfal fin confifted of nine Very ftrdng fharp fpines^ the fecond of which is the longeft; the fecond fin begins juft behind the firft, and confifts of eighteen foft rays : the pectoral fins Were long, and had twelve branched rays •, the ventral fins fix, very ftrong and thick : the anal eighteen, the firft fpiny.fc the tail fmall, in proportion to the fize of the fifh, and forked. The back on each fide the dorfal fin. was armed With a fet of ftrong and very large fpines, pointing towards the tail like the teeth of a faw. The fcales were finally but very hard and rough t the lateral line bent a little at its beginning, that went ftrait to the tail, and was almoft fmooth. jloo SAfrfrHi- T-iirundo Aldrov. The Tub- Trigla hirundo. Tr. digitis rine, £&> Cornub. Wil, Icth.zSd. ternis, linea laterali acii* Rati fyn. pifc. 88. leata. Lin. fyft. 497. Trigla capite aculeato, ap* Knorrhane, Knoding, Knot, pendicibus utriftque tribus Smed. Faun, Suec. No. ad pinnas pe&orales. Arted. 340. fynon. 73. T HIS fpecies is of a more flender form than the preceding. The pupil of the eye is green : on the inner Cor^ ner Class IV. STREAKED GURNARD. a$i ner of each are two (mail fpines. But what at once diftinguiflies this from the other fpecies is the breadth and colors of the pectoral .fins, which are very broad and long, of a pale green, mod beau- tifully edged, and fpotted with rich deep blue. The dorfal fins are lodged between two rows of fpines, of a ferrated form: the back is of a greenifh call: : the fide line is rough : the fides are tinged with red ; the belly white. Thefe fifh are found on the coaft of Cornwall. We have alfo taken them off Anglefea. ED, Cuculus lineatusi the Streaked Gurnard. Raiifyn.pifc. 165. I4I-^T^EAK* fg. 11. THIS is one of the Gornifu fifh communicated to Mr. Petvver by Mr. J ago. He fays the head is large, and diftinguifhed with ftellated marks; the eyes great •, the covering of the gills thorny \ the mouth fmall, and without teeth. By* the figure the nofe feems not to be bifurcated. The perioral fins large, and fpotted, beneath them three filaments; the color of the body red: the bel- ly white* marked with many ftreaks, pointing downwards, from the back. Mr. J ago imagines it to be the Mullis hnb tr- ite of Rondektius. Wil. Icth. 27S. Sect* 2 H LOCHE, Class IV. Sect. IV. ABDOMINAL, XXXII. L O C H E. Eyes in the upper part of the head. Aperture to the gills clofed below. Several beards on the end of the upper jaw Body of almoft an equal thicknefs. One dorfal fin. 142. Beard- La Loche franche. Bclon, 321. Cobitis tota glabra maculofa, corpore fubtereti. Arted. fyhon. 2, E», Cobitis barbatula. Rondel, fiwviat, 204 Cobitis fluviatilis barbatula. Cobitis Barbatula. C. cirri Gejher pifc. 404. Smerling, Smerle. Schone- and in Great Britain at Berwick^ and in fpme of the rivers of Scotland. The falmon was known to the Romans, but not to the Greeks t: Pliny fpeaks of it as a fifh found in the rivers of Aquitaine : Aufonius enumerates it ar mong thofe of the Mo/el. Nee te puniceo rutilantem Kennerth^, and Pont aberglafiyn%\ thefe lait feats we have been witnefs to, and feen the efforts of fcores of rifh, fome of which fucceeded, others mifcarried during the time of our (lay. * Scheff. Lap. 139. f Near Dublin. \ On the Ti SALMON. Class IV. don in balkets, nnlefs now and then the veffel is difappointed by contrary winds, of failing imme- diately, in that cafe the fiih is brought alhore again to the coopers offices, and boiled, pickled, and kitted, and fent to the London markets by the fame (hip, and frefh faknon put in the bafkets in lieu of the ftale ones. At the beginning of the fea- P*jce. fon, when a fhip is on the point of failings a freih clean falmon will fell from a milling to eighteen pence a pound, and mod of the time that this part of the trade is carried on, the prices are from five to nine millings per ftone *, the value rifing and falling according to the plenty of fiih, or the pro- fpect of a fair or foul wind. Some fifh are fent in this manner to London the latter end of September? when the weather grows cool, but then the fifh are full of large roes> grow very thin bellied, and are not efleemed either palatable or wholefome. The price of frefh fifh in the month of July^ when they are moft plentiful, has been known to be as low as 8 d. per ftone, but lad year never lefs than i6d. and from that to is. 6d. Season. The feafon for fifhing in the Tweed begins No- vember 30th, but the fiihermen work very little till after Cbriftmas-, it ends on Michaelmas-Day, yet the corporation of Berwick (who are confervators * A ftone of falmon weighs 18 lb. 10 oz. and half, or in other terms, four Hones, or fifty-fix pounds avoirdupoife, is only three Hones, or forty-two pounds, fifh weight at Berwick of Class IV. SALMON. 29 " of the river) indulge the fifhermen with a fortnight pad that time, on account of the change of the ftyle. There are on the river forty-one confiderable fifheries extending upwards, about fourteen miles from the mouth (the others above being of no great value) which are rented for near 5400/. per annum. The expence attending the fervants wages, nets, boats, &c. amount to 5000/. more, which together makes up the fum 10400/. Now in con- fequence the produce muft defray all, and no lefs than twenty times that fum of fifh will efFecl: it, fo that 208000 falmon muft be caught there one year with another. There is a misfortune attending the river Tweedy which is worthy a parlementary remedy -, for there is no law for preferving the fifh in it during the fence months, as there is in the cafe of many other Britifh rivers. This being the boundary be- tween the two kingdoms, part of it belongs to the city of Berwick, and the whole north fide (begin- ning about two miles from the town) is entirely Scotch property. From ibme difagreement between the parties they will not unite for the prefervation of the fifh, fo that in fome fifheries on the north fide they continue killing falmon the whole win- ter, when the death of one fifh is the definition of thoufands *. * I think that this grievance is now removed, Uz The 2$Z SALMON. Class IV. The legiflature began very early to pay attention to this important article: by the 13th Edward I. there is an ac"t which prohibits the capture of the falmon from the Nativity of our Lady to St. Martinis Day, in the waters of the Humber, Owfe, "Trent, Done, Arre> Derwent, Wharf e, Nid, Tore, Swale, and Tees-, and other monarchs in after- times, provided in like manner for the fecurity of the fidi in other rivers. Scotland. Scotland pofTeffes great numbers of fine fimeries on both fides of that kingdom. The Scotch in ear,ly times had mod fevere laws againft the killing of this fifh; for the third offence was made capital, by a law of James IV. Before that, the offender had power to redeem his life *. They were thought in the time of Henry VI. a prefent worthy of a crowned head, for in that reign the Queen of Scot- land (ent to the Dutchefs of Clarence, ten caflcs of fa! ted falmon; which Henry di reeled to pafs duty- free. The falmon are cured in the fame manner as at Berwick, and a great quantity is fent to Lon- don in the fpring ; but after that time the adven- turers begin to barrel and export them to foreign countries : but we believe that commerce is far lefs lucrative than it was in former times, partly owing to the great encreafe of the Newfoundland fifhery, and partly to the general relaxation of the disci- pline of abftinence in the Romijh church. * Region Majejlatem* Stat. Rob. III. c. 7. SAene's A&$. James IV. Pari. VI. Ireland Class IV. SALMON. 293 Ireland (particularly the north) abounds with this Ireland* fifh: the mod confiderable fifhery is at Cramia, on the river Ban, about a mile and an half from Coleraine. When I made the tour of that hofpi- table kingdom in 1754, it was rented by a neigh- boring gentleman for 620/. a year, who allured me that the tenant, his predecefTor, gave 1600/. per ann. and was a much greater gainer by the bargain for the reafons before- mentioned, and on account of the number of poachers who deftroy the filh in the fence months. The mouth of this river faces the north, and is finely ficuated to receive the fifh that roam along the coaft, in fearch of an inlet into fome frefh water, as they do all along that end of the kingdom which oppofes itfelf the northern ocean. We have feen near Ballkaftle, nets placed in the fea at the foot of the promontories that jut into it, which the fal- mon (hike into as they are wandering clofe to fhore, and numbers are taken by that method. In the Ban they fifh with nets eighteen fcore yards long, and are continually drawing night and day the whole feafon, which we think lafts about four months, two fets of fixteen men each alter- nately relieving one another. The bed drawing is when the tide is coming in: we were told that at a (ingle draught there were once eight hundred and forty fifh taken. A few miles higher up the river is a ware, where a confiderable number of fifh that efcape the nets U 3 are 294 SALMON. Class IV. are taken. We were lately informed, that in the year 1760 about 320 tons were taken in the Cr an- na fifhery. The falmon are cured in this manner : they are firft fplit, and rubbed with fine fait ; and after ly- ing in pickle in great tubs, or refervoirs, for fix weeks, are packed up with layers of coarfe brown Spanifh fait in cafks, fix of which make a ton. Thefe are exported to Leghorn and Venice at the price of twelve or thirteen pounds per ton, but formerly from fixteen to twenty-four pounds each. Pcscrip. The falmon is a fifh fo generally known, that a very brief defcription will ferve. The largeft we ever heard of weighed feventy four pounds. The color of the back and fides are grey, fometimes fpotted with black, fometimes plain : the covers of the gills are fubject to the fame variety : the belly filvery : the nofe fharp pointed : the end of jhe under jaw in the males often turns up in form of a hook ; fometimes this curvature is very confi- derable : it is faid that they lofe this hook when they return to the fea. The teeth are lodged in the jaws and on the tongue, and are ilender, but very fharp. The tail is a little forked. The Class IV. G R E Y. 295 The Grey, i. e. cinereous Salmo .eriox. Lig. fyft. 509. 144. Grev, feu Grifeus. Wil. Icth. 193. Gralax. Faun. Suec. No. 346. Raiifyn. pifc. 63. Lachfs-forelJen mit Schwartz- Salmo maculis cinereis, caudae grauen flecken oder punkt- extremo sequali. Arted. fy~ chens. Wulff. Borufs. No. non, 23. 43. WE are uncertain whether this is not a meer variety of the falmon ; but on the autho- rity of Mr. Ray, we defcribe them feparate. He fays it is a very ftrong fifh, that it does not afcend the frefh waters till Anguft, when it rufhes up with great violence, that it is rarely taken, and noc much known. The inhabitants of the North of England and of South Wales feem extremely well affured, that it is a diftincl: fpecies from the falmon. They ap- pear in the EJk in Cumberland from July to Sep- tember, and are then in fpavvn. The lower jaw ■ grows hooked, when they are out of feafon. I was informed they never exceeded thirteen pounds in weight*. The head is larger in proportion than that of the falmon. In the jaws are four rows of teeth : and on the tongue are eight teeth. The back and fides, above the lateral line, of a deep grey, fpotted * I met with a fifh (I fufpetted to be a Grey) taken in the fea near Conivay. It weighed twenty- two pounds, U 4 with z96 S E A T R O U T. Class IV. with number of purplifh fpots. The belly filvery. The tail even at the end. THIS we believe to be the Sewin, or Shewin of South Wales. The defcription above, was com- municated to us by Doctor Roberts of Hereford- Jhire, 145. Sea* Trutta taurina, apud nos in Arted. fynon. 24. Nortbumbria a Bull-trout. Saimo trutta. S. ocellis ni- Charlton ex. pifc. 36. gris, iridibus brunneis, pin- Trutta Salmonata, the Sal- _ na peclorali punctis fex. mon-trout, Bull-trout, or Lin.fyfi.^o^.Grono'v.Zoopb. Scurf. Raii fyn. pifc. 63. No. 367. Wil. lab. 193. Orlax, Boning. Faun. Suec. Salmo latus, maculis rubris No. 347. Jiigrifque, cauda aequali. THIS fpecies migrates like the falmon up feve- ral of our rivers ; fpawns, and returns to the fea. That, which I defcribe, was taken in the Tweed below Berwick^ June 1769. The fhape was more thick than the common trout. The weight three pounds two ounces. The irides filvery : the head thick, fmooth, and duiky, with a glofs of blue and green : the back of the fame color, which grows fainter towards the fide line. The back is plain, but the fides as far as the lateral line marked with large, diftinct, irregu- larly ihaped fpots of black : the lateral line ftrait : the Class IV. TROUT. the fides beneath the line, and the belly are white. Tail broad, and even at the end. The dorfal fin had twelve rays: the pectoral four- teen : the ventral nine : the anal ten. The flefh when bailed is of a pale red, but well flavored. Mr. IVillughbfs account of the Salmon, Bull, or Scurf Trout obfcure. Whether the fame with this ? 297 Salar. Aufonius Mo/el. 88. Salar et varius, Trotta. Sal- Class IV. C H A R R. never tipped with red -, nor is the edge of the anal fin white. Sixthly, The fpots on the body are fewer, and not fo bright. It is alfo marked from the back to the fides with fix or feven large bluifh bars; but this is not a certain character, as the fame is fometimes found in young trouts. Seventhly, The tail of 'the famlet is much more forked than that of the trout. Thefe fifli are very frequent in the rivers of Scot- land, where they are called Pars. They are alfo common in the Wye, where they are known by the name of Skirtings, or Lafprings. 305 L'Omble, ou Humble. Belou, 281. Umbla feu Humble Belonii Gefner pifc. 1005. Umbla minor. Gefner pifc. [013. Salmovix pedalis, pinnis ven- *49* Charr. tralibus rubris, maxilla in- fericre longiore. Afted.fyn. 2K, Salmo alpinus. Lin.fyfi. 510. Groncv. Zoopb. No. 372. Torgoch Wallis. Weftmor- Roding, Lapponibus Raud, landis Red Charre Lacus Faun. Suec. No. 124. Winander mere. Wil. Icth. Charr-fifh. Phil. Tranf 1755. 196. Raiifyn. pifc. 65. 210. >TpHE charr is an inhabitant of the lakes of •*■ the north, and of thofe of the mountanous parts of Europe. It affects clear and pure waters, and is very rarely known to wander into running Vol, III. X ftreams, 3°6 C H A R R. Class IV. ftreams, except into fuch whofe bottom is fimilar to the neighboring lake. It is found in vaft abundance in the cold lakes on the fummits of the Lapland Alps, and is almoft the only fifh that is met with in any plenty in thofe regions ; where it would be wonderful how they fubfifted, had not Providence fupplied thenr with innumerable larva of the Gnat kind*: thefe are food to the Mm, who in their turn are a fup- port to the migratory Laplanders in their fummer voyages to the diftant lakes. In fuch excurfions thofe vacant people find a luxurious and ready repaft in thefe fim, which they drefs and eat without the addition f of fauces; for exercife and temperance render ufelefs the in- ventions of epicurifm. * A pupil of Linnaeus remarks in the fourth volume of the Aman. Acad. p. 156, that the fame infers which are fuch a pell to the rein deer, afford fuftenance to the fifh of the valt lakes and rivers of Lapland. But at the fame time that we wonder at Ltnn, p. 522, edition the fecond, where we give the Lapland waters only one fpecies of water plant ; for on a more careful review of that elaborate performance, the Flora Lappomca, we dis- cover three other fpecies, viz. Scirfus, No. 18, Alopecurus, No. 38, Ranunculus, No. 234; but thofe fo thinly fcattered over the Lapland lakes, as ftill to vindicate our affertion, as to the fcarcenefs of plants in the waters of alpine countries. f Arted. Sp. fife, 52. There Class IV. C H A R R. 3°7 There are but few lakes in our ifland that pro- duce this fifh, and even thofe not in any abundance. It is found in Winander Mere in Wejlmorland -, in Llyn Quellyn, near the foot of Snowdon ; and be- fore the difcovery of the copper-mines, in thofe of Llynberris, but the mineral ftreams have entirely deftroyed the fifli in the laft lakes *. Whether the waters in Ireland afford the charr, we are uncertain, but imagine not, except it has been overlooked by their writers on the natural hiftory of that kingdom. In Scotland it is found in Loch Inch, and other neighboring lakes, and is faid to go into the Spey to fpawn. The largeft and mod beautiful we ever received were taken in Winander Mere, and were commu- nicated to us by the Rev. Mr. Farrijh of Carlijle, with an account of their natural hiftory. He favored me with five fpecimens, two under the name of the Cafe Charr, male and female ; another he called the Gelt Charr, i. e. a charr which had not fpawned the preceding leafon, and on that ac- count is reckoned to be in the greateft perfection. The two others were infcribed, the Red Charr, the Silver or Gilt Charr, the Carpio Lacus Benaci, Raii Jyn. pifc. 66, which laft are in Wefimorland diftingu idied by the epithet red, by reafon of the flefh affuming a higher color than the other when drefied. They are alfo found in certain lakes in Mgrionetbjbire, X 2 On 3o$ C H A R R. Class IV. Varieties. On the clofeft examination, we could not dis- cover any fpecific differences in thefe fpecimens, therefore mud defcribe them as the fame fifh, fub- ject only to a flight variation in their form, here- after to be noted. But there is in another refpect an eflential difference, we mean in their ceconomy, which is in all beings invariable -, the particulars we fhall deliver in the very words of our obliging informant. df the case The Umbla minor, or cafe charr, fpawns about charr. Michaelmas, and chiefly in the river Brathy, which uniting with another called the Rowthay, about a quarter of a mile above the lake, they both fall into it together. The Brathy has a black rocky bottom j the bottom of the Rowthay is a bright fand, and into this the charr are never obferved' to enter. Some of them however fpawn in the lake, but always in fuch parts of it which are ftony, and refemble the channel of the Bralhy. They are fup- pofed to be in the higheft perfection about May, and continue fo all the fummer, yet are rarely caught after April. When they are fpawning in the river they will take a bait, but at no other time, being commonly taken, as well as the other fpecies, in what they call hreafi nets, which are in length about twenty-four fathoms, and about five, where broaden:. Gilt The feafon which the other fpecies fpawns in is from the beginning of January to the end of March. They are never known to afcend the rivers, Class IV. C H A R R. 309 rivers, but always in thofe parts of the lake which are fpringy, where the bottom is fmooth and fandy, and the water warmed. The fimermen judge of this warmth, by obferving that the water feldom freezes in the places where they fpawn, except in intenfe frofts, and then the ice is thinner than in other parts of the lake. They are taken in great- eft plenty from the end of September to the end of November : at other times they are hardly to be met with. This fpecies is much more efteemed for the table than the other, and is very delicate when potted. We mud obferve, that this account of the fpawn- ing feafon of the Wefimorland charrs, agrees very nearly with that of thofe of Wales, the lad appear- ing about a month later, keep moving from fide to fide of the pool, and then retire into the deep water, where they are fometimes but rarely taken. This remarkable circumftanee of the different feafon of fpawning in fifh, apparently the fame (for the red charr of IVinander, is certainly not the Carpio Lacus Benaci) puzzles us greatly, and makes us wifh that the curious, who border on that lake, would pay farther attention to the na- tural hiftory of thefe fifh, and favor us with fome further lights on the fubject.. We {hall now defcribe the varieties bv the names afcribed to them in the north. The length of the red charr to the divifion in its Rei> Char.?., tail, was twelve inches •, its biggeft circumference X 3 almofi: 3io C H A R R. Class IV. almoft feven. The firft dorfal fin five inches and three quarters from the tip of its nofe, and confift- ed of twelve branched rays : the firft of which was fhort, the fifth the longed: : the fat fin was very fmall. Each of the five fifh had double noftrils, and fmall teeth in the jaws, roof of the mouth, and on the tongue. The head, back, dorfal fin, and tail of each, was of a dufky blue ; the fides rather paler, mark- ed with numbers of bright red fpots : the bellies of the Red Cbarr were of a full and rich red ; thofe of the Cafe Cbarr rather paler; from this par- ticular the Wekb call thefe fifh Torgocb, or red belly. The firft rays of the anal and ventral fins of each, were of a pure white; the reft of each fin on the lower part of the body, tinged with red. The lateral line (I rait, dividing the fifh in two equal parts, or nearly fo. The jaws of the Cafe Cbarr are perfectly even ; on the contrary, thole the Red Cbarr were unequal, the upper jaw being the broadeft, and the teeth hung over the lower, as might be perceived on, parTing the finger over them. The branchioftegons rays were, on different fides of the fame fifh, unequal in number, viz. 12,-11, 11,-10, 10-9, except in one, where they were ji,--u. Gelt f he Gelt, or Barren Cbarr, was rather more ****** flender H 3 Class IV. GRAYLING. flender than the others, as being without fpawn. The back of a gloffy duiky blue: the fides filvery, mixed with blue, fpotted with pale red : the fides of the belly were of a pale red, the bottom white. The tails of each bifurcated. The charrs we have feen, brought from Snow- don lakes, were rather fmaller than thofe of Weft- morland, their colors paler. The fuppofed males very much refemble the Gelt Charr\ but that is not a] certain diftinftion of fex, for the Rev. Mr. Farrington *, has told me that the rimer men do not make that diftinction. 311 ®u{AaX\o$ ^Elian. de an. lib. xiv. C. 2 2. Umbra Aufonii Mofella. 90. Thymalus, Thymus. Sal-uian. 81. Belon> 276. Thymus, Umbra fluviatilis. Rondel, fiwv. 187, 172. Gef- * ner pifc. 132. A Grayling, or Umber. Wil. Icth. 187. Rail fyn. pifc. 62. Coregonus maxilla fu- periore longiore, pinna dor- fiofficulorum viginti trium. Arted. fynon. 20. Salmo Thymallus. Lin. fyjl. 512. Gronwv. 'Zjooph. No. 375. Afch. Kram. 390. 150. Gr I N 1 THE grayling haunts clear and rapid dreams, and particularly fuch that flow through mountanous countries. It is found in the rivers of Derby/hire \ in fome of thofe of the north ; in * Who favored the Royal Society with a paper on the Welch charr. Vide Phil, Tranf. 1755. X the 3i2 GRAYLING. Class IV. the Tame near Ludlow, in the Lug, and other dreams near Leominfter; and in the river near Chriftchurch, Hampjhire. It is alfo very common in Lapland-, the inhabitants make ufe of the guts of this fifh inftead of rennet, to make the cheefe which they get from the milk of the rein deer*. It is a voracious fifh, rifes freely to the fly, and will very eagerly take a bait. It is a very fwift fwimmer, and difappears like the- tranfient paffage of a fhadow, from whence we believe is derived the name of Umbra. Effugienfque oculos cehri levis Umbra natatu f . The Umbra fwift efcapes the quickeft eye. Thymalus and Thymus, are names bellowed on it on account of the imaginary fcent, compared by fome to that of thyme ; but we never could per- ceive any particular fmell. Descrip. It is a fifh of an elegant form; lefs deep than that of a trout : the largefl we ever heard of was taken near Ludlow, which was above half a yard long, and weighed four pounds fix ounces, but this was a very rare inftance. The irides are filvery, tinged with yellow: the teeth very minute, feated in the jaws and the roof of the mouth, but none on the tongue : the head is dufky : the covers of the gills of a gloffy green : * Flora Lap. 109. Aman Acad, IV. 159. •{• Aufonii Mofel. 90. the Class IV. S M E L T the back and fides of a fine filvery grey, but when the fifth is juft taken, varied (lightly with blue and gold : the fide-line is ftrait. The fcales large, and the lower edges dufky, forming ftrait rows from head to tail. The firft dorfal fin has twenty-one rays; the three or four firft are the fhorteft, the others almoft of equal lengths •, this fin is fpotted, all the others are plain. The tail is much forked. 31, Epelan demer. Belcn, 282. Eperlanus. Rondel. Jtwviat. 196. Gefner pifc. 362. Spirincus et Stincus. Gefner Paralip. 29. A Spyrling a Sprote. Turner epiji. ad. Gefn. Stindt, et Stinckfifch. Scho- nevelde, 70- A Smelt, Wil. Icth. 202. Rail fyn. pifc. 66. Ofmerus radiis pinnae ani fep- tendecim. Arted. fynon. 21. Salmo eperlanus. S. capite diaphano, radiis pinnae ani feptendecim. Lin. fyfl. 511. Grono'v. Zooph. No. Nors, Slom. Faun. fuec. No. 35°- ici. Smelt, THE fmelt inhabits the feas of the northern parts of Europe^ and we believe never is found as far fouth as the Mediterranean : the Seine is one of the French rivers which receive it, but whether it is found fouth of that, we have not at prefent authority to fay. If we Can depend on the obfervations of navigators, who generally have too much to think of to attend to the minutiae of na- tural hiftory, thefe fifli are taken in the ftraits of Magellan^ 3*4 S M E L T. Class IV. Magellan*, and of a mod furprifing fize, fome meafuring twenty inches in length, and eight in cir- cumference. They inhabit the feas that warn thefe iflands the whole year, and never go very remote from more, except when they afcend the rivers. It is remark- ed in certain rivers that they appear a long time before they fpawn, being taken in great abundance in Nov ember ) December, and January, in the Thames and Bee, but in others not till February, and in March and April they fpawn ; after which f they all return to the fair water, and are not feen in the rivers till the next feafon. It has been obferved, that they never come into .the Merfey as long as there is any ihow water in the river. Thefe fifh vary greatly in lize, but the largeft we ever heard of was thirteen inches long, and weighed half a pound. They have a very particular fcent, ,from whence is derived one of their Englijh names Smelt, i. e. fmell it. That of Sparling, which is ufed in Wales and the north of England, is taken from the French Eperlan. There is a wonderful difagreement in the opinion of people in refpecl to the fcent of this filh; fome alfert it flavors of the violet-, the Ger* * Narborough's Voy* 123. f In the river Conway, near Llanrivft, and in the Merfey they never continue above three or four weeks. mans Class IV. SMELT. $15 mans, for a very different reafon, diftinguifli it by the elegant title of Stinckfifch *. Smelts are often fold in the ftreets of London fplit and dried. They are called dried Sparlings, and are recommended as a relifli to a glafs of wine in the morning. It is a fifh of a very beautiful form and colour : the head is tranfparent, and the fkin in general fo thin, that with a good microfcope the blood may be obferved to circulate. The irides are filvery : the pupil of a full black : Descrip, the under jaw is the longed : in the front of the upper jaw are four large teeth ; thofe in the fides of both are fmall; in the roof of the mouth are two rows of teeth ; on the tongue two others of large teeth. The firft dorfal fin has eleven rays ; the pectoral fins the fame number ; the#ventral eight -9 the anal fourteen. The fcales are fmall, and readily drop off: the tail confifts of nineteen rays, and is forked. The color of the back is whitifh, with a caft of green, beneath which it is varied with blue, and then fucceeds a beautiful glofs of a filvery hue. * And not without reafon, if we may .depend on Linnaus, who fays there are in the Baltic two varieties, the one, which is called Nors, fcetidijfimus, Jierccris inftar, which in the early fpring, when the peafants corne to buy it, fills all the ftreets of Vpfal with the fmell. He adds, that at this feafon agues reign there. Faun. fuec. /, 125, Without 3i6 G W I N I A D. Class IV. ** Without Teeth. 152. Gwi- Le Lavaret. Belon, 278. 183. Rati fyn. pifc. 61. niad. Lavaretus ; Pifcis Lemani la- Albula csrulea. Scbeucbzer it. cus Bezola vulgo nuncupa- ^/^. H. 481. tus. Alius Pifcis proprius Coregonus maxilla fuperiore Lemani lacus. Rondel, flu- longiore plana, pinna dorfi 7. /rt£. 231. Raii fy?i, pifc* 109. Efox roftro cufpidato graciii fubtereti, et fpithamali. Arted. fynon. 27. Efox Belone. E. roftro utra- que maxilla dentata. Lin. fyji. 517. Grono-v. Zoopb. No. 362. Nabbgjadda, Horngiall. Faun* Suec. No. 156. See-naadel, Sack-nadel. Wulff Borufs. No. 70. THIS fifh which is found in many places, is known by the name of the Sea Needle. It comes in fhoals on our coafts in the beginning of fummer, and precedes the mackrel: it has a re- femblance to it in tafte, but the light green, which (tains the back bone of this fifti when boiled, gives many people a difguft to it. Descrip. The common fea pike, or fea needle, fometimes grows to the length of three feet, or more. The jaws are very long, (lender, and fharp pointed ; the under extends much farther than the upper, and the edges of both are armed with numbers of fhort flender teeth : the infide of the mouth is purple : the tongue fmall : the eyes large : the irides filvery : the noftrils wide and round. The body is (lender : the belly quite fiat, bounded on both fides by a rough line. The Class IV. SAURY PIKE, fij The pectoral fins confift of fourteen rays ; the ventral fin fmall, and placed very remote from the head, confifts of fcven rays, the firft fpiny. The dorfal fin lies on the very lowed part of the back, confifts of fixteen rays ; the firft are high, the others lower as they approach the tail; the anal fin is of the fame form, and placed oppofite to the other ; and has twenty-one rays. The tail is much forked. The colors are extremely beautiful when the fifli is in the water : the back of a fine green, beneath that appears a rich changeable blue and purple : the fides and belly are of a fine filvery hue. Saurus, RondeL pifc. 232. fyn. pifc. 169. 155. Saury, Skipper, Cornubienfium. Rail The Saury. Tour Scotland 1769. THE length is eleven inches : the nofe (lender : the jaws produced like thofe of the fea needle, but of equal length. The upper mandible a little incurvated. Their length one inch. The eyes large; the body anguilliform : but towards the tail grows fuddenly fmaller, and tapers to a very inconfiderable girth. On the lower part of the back is a fmall fin, and between it and the tail fix fpurious like thofe of the mackrel. Cor- refpondent to thefe, below are the anal fin and fix fpurious. The pectoral and ventral fins very fmall : Y 3 the 326 SAURY PIKE. Class IV. the tail much forked. The back dufky : the belly bright and filvery. Great numbers of thefe fifh were thrown afhore on the fands of Leitb9 near Edinburgh, after a great ftorm in November 1768. Rondeletius de- icribes this fpecies among the fifh of the Mediter- ranean ; but fpeaks of it as a rare kind. Teeth XXV JSrefphyraena2 Argentina. Arted. fynon. 17. it6.Sheppy. fecunda fpecies. Rondel, zzj. Argentina Sp by r ana. Lin. Ge/ner pi/c.SS^} fyfi. 518. Gronov. Zooph. Pifciculus Roma, Argentina No. 349 ? diftuSc Wil. Icth. 229. Rail fyn. pifc. 108 ? A LITTLE fifh, which I believe to be of this fpecies, was brought to me in 1769, taken in the fea near Downing. The length was two inches one-fourth: the eyes large; and irides filvery. The lower jaw doped much : the teeth fmall. The body compreffed, and of an equal depth almoft to the anal fin. The tail forked. The back was of a dufky green : the fides and covers of the gills as if plated with filver. The la- teral line was in the middle and quite flrait. On each fide of the belly was a row of circular punctures : above them another, which ceafed near the vent. Mr. Wtllughhy fays, that the outfide of the air bladder of this fifh confifts of a foliaceous filvery fkin, which was made ufe of in the manufacture of artificial pearl, Y 4 The &* A T P E R I N E, Class IV. XXXVI. ATHE- RINE, The upper jaw a little flat. Six branchioftegous rays. A filvery ft ripe along the fidet I57. Athe- Epfetus? Beton, 209. P-ine, E^vjto^, Atherina. Rondel. 215, 216. Boffuet Epig. 66, 67. Ge/ner pi/c. 71, Pifciculus Anguella Venetiis di&us ; forte Hepfetus Ron- deletii, vel Atherina ejuf- 209. dem. Wil. Icth. Raii fyn. pi/c. 79. Atherina. Arted. Jynon. App. 116. Atherina Hepfetus. A. pinna ani radiis fere duodecim. Lin. fyji. 5 1 9. Gronoi y ava§ga %qy& deprehenfi ptena fuit eaqtavo^acrig. Raphani loco utebantnr nonntinquam tnugile pifce, interdum fcorpicne. Caufauboni animadvert, in Athenaeum, lib. I. % Satyr. X. 316 the 53* M U L L E T. Class IV. the diftrefies that the invader of another's bed un- derwent, he mod certainly alludes to this penalty : DifcincJd tunica fugiendum eft, ac pede nudo ; Ne nummi pereant, aut Pyga, aut denique fama** The mullet is an excellent fifh for the table, but at prefent not a fafhionable one. The head is almoft fquare, and is flat on the top : the nofe blunt : lips thick. It has no teeth, only in the upper lip is a fmall roughnefs : between the eyes and the mouth is a hard callus. The pupil of the eye is black, encircled with a fmall filvery line : the upper part of the iris is hazel ; the lower filvery. The form of the body is pretty thick, but the back not greatly elevated. The fcales are large and deciduous. The firft dorfal fin is placed near the middle of the back, and confifts of four ftrong fpines ; the fecond of nine foft branching rays; the pectoral has fixteen, the ventral fix ; the firft a ftrong fpine, the others foft. The tail is much forked. The color of the back is dufky, varied with blue and green : the fides filvery, marked with broad dufky parallel lines, reaching from head to tail : the belly is filvery. * Satyr. II. lib. I. 132.. Head pi. i*xsm. v % FLYTISr(T FLSH. 1 ^ ANCHOVY. Class IV. FLYING FISH. 333 Head covered with fcales. Pectoral fins almoft as long as the body. XXXVIII. FLYING FISH. Hirundo Plinii lib. IX. c. 26. * H%oKono$ kou "A$covi$ ? Athe- n&us lib. VIII. 332. Op- pi an Halieut. I. 157. %E7u3»v i Oppian II. 459. Rondine. Salvian, 186. Hirondelle de mer. Belon, 1 89. Mugil alatus. Rondel. 267. Gefner pifc. 553. Wil. Icth, 1 59. Winc» 233- Exocsetus. Arted. fynon. 18. Exocaetus volitans. E. abdo- mine utrinque carinato. Lin.fyft. 520. Am Gronov. Zooph. No. 348. Sill. Faun. Suec. No. 357. a. Stroioming. Faun. Suec. No- 357. 0. Stromling*. Wulff. Borufs. No. 50. 160. Bri- tish '"TpHE herring was unknown to the antienrs, Name, A notwithftanding the words x*tw$ and poems, are by tranflators rendered Hakcf, the characters given of thofe fifh are common to fuch numbers of different fpecies, as render it impoflible to fay which they intended. Herrings are found from the higheft northern Place. latitudes yet known, as low as the northern coafh of France ; and excepting one inftance brought by * The herring of the Baltic, in all refpe&s is like ours, but fmaller. f Which word, in fpke of all lexicographers, never iignified any thing but the garum or pickle. Fide p. 221. Dod3 TIOICS 336 H E R R I N p. Class IV. Dod*, of a few being once tatyfcn in the Bay of Tangier, are never found more f^utherly. They are met with in vaft fhc>als on the coaft of America, as low as Carolina. In Chef apeak Bay is an annual inundation of tho& fifh, which cover the fhores in fuch quantities as to become a nu- fance-f. We find them again in the feas of Kamtzchatka, and poffibjy they reach Japan -, for Kampfer mentions, in >iis account of the fifh of that country, fome thai: are congenerous. The great winter rendezvous of the herring is within the Arclic circle : there they continue for many months in order to recruit themfelves after the fatigue of fpawning, the feas within that fpace fwarming with infect food, in a degree far greater than ir our warmer latitudes. Micra- This mighty army begins to put itfelf in motion in the fpring ; we diftinguifh this vaft body by that name, for the word herring is derived from the German, Heer, an army, to exprefs their num- bers. They begin to appear off the Shetland ifles in April and May ; thefe are only forerunners of the grand fhoal which comes in June, and their appear- ance is marked by certain figns by the numbers of birds, fuch as gannets, and others which follow to prey on them-: but when the main body ap- proaches, its breadth and its depth is fuch as to * Natural Hzjr. of the Herring, p. Tfl f Catejby Carol II. XXXIII. alter TION. Class IV. HERRING. 337 alter the appearance of the very ocean. It is di- vided into diftinct columns of five or fix miles in length, and three or four in breadth, and they drive the water before them with a kind of rip- pling : fometimes they fink for the fpace of ten or fifteen minutes, then rife again to the furface, and in bright weather reflect a variety of fplendid colors, like a field of the mod precious gems, in which, or rather in a much more valuable 'light, mould this ftupendous gift of Providence be con- fidered by the inhabitants of the Britijh ifles. The firft check this army meets in its march Separa= fouthward, is from the Shetland ifles, which divide it into two parts ; one wing takes to the eaft, the other to the weftern fhores of Great Britain, and fill every bay and creek with their numbers -? others pafs on towards Yarmouth, the great and an- tient mart of herrings ; they then pafs through the Britijh channel, and after that in a manner difap- pear. Thofe which take to the weft, after offering themfelves to the Hebrides, where the great ftati- onary fifhery is, proceed towards the north of Ireland, where they meet with a fecond inter- ruption, and are obliged to make a fecond divifi- on; the one takes to the weftern fide, and is fcarce perceived, being foon loft in the immenfuy of the Atlantic", but the other, which paffes into the Irijh fea, rejoices and feeds the inhabitants of nioft of the coafts that border on it. Thefe brigades, as we may call them, which are Vol. HI. Z thus TIAL IN- STINCT. 338 HERRING. Class IV. thus feparated from the greater columns, are of- ten capricious in their motions, and do not mew an invariable attachment to their haunts. We have had in our time inftances of their entirely quit- ting the coafts of Cardigan/hire^ and vifiting thofe of Caernarvon/hire and Flint/hire, where they conti- nued for a few years, but in the prefent year have quite deferted our fea, and returned to their old feats. The feafon of their appearance among us was very late, never before the latter end of No- vember j their continuance till February. Providen- Were we inclined to confider this partial migra- tion of the herring in a moral light, we might re- flect with veneration and awe on the mighty Pow- er which originally impreiTed on this moft ufeful body of his creatures, the inftinct that directs and points out the courfe, that blefTes and enriches thefe iflands, which caufes them at certain and invaria- ble times to quit the vaft polar deeps, and offer themfelves to our expecting fleets. That benevo- lent Being has never, from the earlieft records, been once known to withdraw this blefllng from the whole, though he often thinks proper to deny it to particulars ; yet this partial failure (for which we fee no natural reafon) mould fill us with the moft exalted and grateful fenfe of his Providence, for imprefiing fo invariable and general inftincl: on thefe nfh towards a fouthward migration, when the whole is to be benefited, and to withdraw it only when a minute part is to fuffer. This Class IV. HERRING. 339 This inftinft was given them, that they might Spawning. remove for the fake of depofiting their fpawn in warmer feas, that would mature and vivify it more affuredly than thofe of the frigid zone. It is not from defect of food that they fet themfelves in mo- tion, for they come to us full of fat, and on their return are almoft univerfally obferved to be lean and miferable. What their food is near the pole, we are not yet informed ; but in our feas they feed Food. much on the Onifcus Marinus, a cruftaceous infect, and fometimes on their own fry. The herring will rife to a fly. Mr. Low of Birfa in the Orknies afTures me, that he has caught many thoufands with a common trout fly, in a deep hole in a rivulet, into which the tide flows. He commonly went at the fall of the tide. They were young fifh, from fix to eight inches in length. They are in full roe the end of June, and con- tinue in perfection till the beginning of winter, when they begin to depofit their fpawn. The young herrings begin to approach the fhores in July and Augufty and are then from half an inch to two inches long : thofe in Torkjhire are called Herring Sile*. Though we have no particular authority Return. for it, yet as very few young herrings are found in our feas during winter, it feems mod certain that they mud return to their parental haunts beneath. * The Suedes and Danes call the old herring 02'//; but the people of Slefnx'Ukf from whence the Anglo-Saxoili came3 call She fry Sjkn, Z a the 340 HERRING. Class IV. the ice, to repair the vafb deftrucYion of their race during fummer, by men, fowl, and fifh. Some of the old herrings continue on our coafts the whole year: the Scarborough fifhermen never put down their nets but they catch a few -, but the numbers that remain are not worth mention in comparifon to the numbers that return. Bescrip. Herrings vary greatly in fize. Mr. Travis com- municated to me the information of an experienced fiiher, who informed him that there is fometimes taken near Tarmouth, a herring diftinguifhed by a black fpot above the nofe , and that he once faw one that was twenty-one inches and an half long. He infilled that it was a different fpecies, and varied as much from the common herring as that does from the pilchard. This we mention in order to incite fome curious perfon on that coaft to a farther enquiry. The eye is very large : the edges of the upper jaw and the tongue are very rough, but the whole mouth is void of teeth : the gill covers are very loofe, and open very wide ; which occafions the almoft inftant death of the herring when taken out of the water, which is well known, even to a proverb. The dorfal fin confifts of about feventeen rays, and is placed beyond the centre of gravity, fo that when the fifti is-iufpended by it, the head imme- diately dips down : the two ventral fins have nine rays;, Class IV. HERRING. 3¥ rays ; the pecloral feventeen \ the anal fourteen : the tail is much forked. The lateral line is not apparent, unlefs the fcales are taken off: the fides are compreffed : the belly fharply carinated, but the ridge quite fmooth, and not in the left ferrated. The fcales are large, thin, and fall off with a flight touch. The color of the back and fides green, varied Color, with blue : the belly filvery. The herring fifhery is of great antiquity : the Fi«*E*r« induflrious Dutch firft engaged ia it about the year 1 1 64: they wei-e in poffeffion of it for feveraj centuries, but at length its value became fo juftly to be known, that it gave rife to molt obflinate and well-difputed wars between the Englijh and them -, but ftill their diligence and fkill gives them a fuperiority over us in that branch of trade. Our great ftations are off the Shetland and Wef- tern JJIes, and off the coaft of Norfolk, in which the Dutch alfo fhare. Yarmouth has long been famous for its herring fair * ; that town is obliged, by its charter, to fend to the fheriffs of Norwich one hundred herrings, to be made into twenty-four pies, by them to be delivered to the lord of the manor of Eaft Carleton, who is to convey them to the * This fair was regulated by an acl, commonly called the Statute of Herrings t in the 31ft year of Edward III. Z 3 kinr 9 342 HERRING. Class IV, king *. The facetious Doctor Fuller f takes notice of the great repute the county qf Norfolk was in for this fifh, and, with his ufual archnefs, calls a red herring, a Norfolk Capon. In 1195, Bunwich in Suffolk accounted to the king for their yearly fee farm rent, £120, 1 mark, and 24000 herrings, 12000 for the monks of Eye7 and 12000 for thofe of Ely. The Dutch are mod extravagantly fond of this n(h when it is pickled. A premium is given to the firft bufs that arrives in Holland with a lading of this their ambrofia^ and a vaft price given for each keg. We have been in the country at that happy minute, and obferved as much joy among the inhabitants on its arrival, as the ^Egyptians fhew on the firft overflowing of the Nile. Flanders had the honor of inventing the art of pickling herrings. One William Beukeleny of Biervlet, near Sluys, hit on this ufef ul expedient : from him was derived the name pickle, which we borrow from the Dutch and German. Beukelen died in 1397. The emperor Charles V. held his memory in fuch veneration for the fervice he did mankind, as to do his tomb the honor of a vifit. It is very fingu- lgr that mod nations give the name of their fa- vorite difh to the facetious attendant on every mountebank. Thus the Dutch call him Pickle * Cambden Britan. I. 458, f Britijh Worthies, 238. Herring; Class IV. PILCHARD. 343 Herring ; the Italians, Macaroni ; the French? , Jean Pottage; the Germans, Hans Wurst*; and we dignify him with the title of Jack Pud- ding. Pilchard . Fuller's Brit . Wor- 223. Rati fyn. pifc. 104. 161. P 1 L - tbies, 194. Clupea J. Arted, fynon. 16. CHARD. Peltzer. Schonevelde, 40. Pilchard, Borlafe Cornwall, The Pilchard. WiL Icth. 272. npHE pilchard appears in vafl: fhoals off the * Cornijh coafts about the middle of July, dis- appearing the beginning of winter, yet fometimes a few return again after Chrifimas. Their winter re- treat is the fame with that of the herring, and their motives for migrating the fame. They affect, du- ring fummer, a warmer latitude, for they are not found in any quantities on any of our coafts except thofe of Cornwall, that is to fay, from Fowey har- bor to the Stilly ifles, between which places the Ihoals keep fhifting for fome weeks. The approach of the pilchard is known by much the fame figns as thofe that indicate the arrival of the herring, Perfons, called in Cornwall Fitters* are placed on the cliffs, to point to the boats fta- tioned off the land the courfe of the fifh. By the ift of James I. c. 23, filhermen are empowered to * That is, Jack Saufage. Z 4 go 344 PILCHARD. Class IV. go on the grounds of others to hue, without being liable to actions of trefpafs, which before occafioned frequent lawfuits. The emoluments that accrue to the inhabitants of that county are great, and are beft expreffed in the words of Doctor W. Borlafe, in his account of the Pilchard fifhery. " It employs a great number of men on the fea, *c training tnem thereby to naval affairs; employs 6t men, women, and children, at land, in falting, ■ c preffing, walhing, and cleaning, in making *6 boats, nets, ropes, cafks, and all the trades de- //.; t l Anchovy. Wil. Icth. 22c. Vn c 2$~ Rmifyn.pi/c. io7._ " * )# Clupea maxilla fuperiore lon- L'Anchoy? Belon, 165. gi0re. Arted./ynon. 17. Encraficholus ? Rondel. 211. Clupea encraficolus. Lin./y/t. Qe/ner pi/c. 63. 523. THE true anchovies are takerf in vaft quanti- ties in the Mediterranean^ and are brought over here pickled. The great fifhery is at Gorgona^ a fmall ifle weft of Leghorn. Mr. Ray dilcovered this fpecies in the eftuary of the 34$ S H A D. Class IV. the Bee above a century ago *. Since that time no notice has been taken of it, till a few were taken near my houfe in 1769. The length of the largeft was fix inches and an half: the body (lender, but thicker in proportion than the herring. The eyes were large : the irides white, with a call: of yellow : the under jaw much fhorter than the tipper: the teeth fmall; a row in each jaw, and another on the middle of the tongue. The tongue doubly ciliated on both fides. The dorfal fin confifted of twelve rays, was tranfparent, and placed nearer the nofe than the tail. The fcales large and deciduous : back green and femipellucid : fides and belly filvery and opake : edge of the belly fmooth : the tail forked. 164. Shad, ®furaa> Arift, Hi/?, an. lib. Shad, or Mother of Herrings. IX. c. 37. Strabo lib. XV. Wil. Icth. 227. Raii fyn. 486. XVIT. 566. Athenteiis, pifc. 105. lib. IV. 131. VII. 328. Clupea apice maxilla fupe- Oppian Halieut. I. 244. riore bifido, maculis nigris Alaufa ? Aufonii Mofella, 128. utrinque. Arted. Jynon. Laccia, chiepa. Safoian, 104. 15. I/Alofe. Belon, 307. Clupea alofa. CI. lateribus Thrifla. Rondel. 220. Gefner nigro maculatis, roftro bi- pifc. 20. £do. Lin.JyJl. 523. Grono in the Witham in Lincoln/hire^ and in the fens in Holdernefs, * Duo Lacus Italije in radtcibus Alpium, Larius et Verb anus appellantur> in quibus pifces omnibus annis Ver- C ilia RUM or.tu exiftunt, fquamis conjpicui crebris at que pra- acutis, clavorum call gar ium effigie : nee amplius quam circa eum men/em, wifuntur. lib. IX. r. 18. Its 3.64 CRUCIAN. Class IV. Its body is extremely deep, like that of the bream, but much thicker. Pes crip. The head is fmall : the irides yellow, varying in fome almoft to rednefs : the noftrils large : the back vaftly arched, and Hoping off fuddenly to the head and tail : the fcales very large : the fide line very (lightly incurvated. The dorfal fin confifts of eleven rays ; the firft very lhort, the fecond very ftrong, and ferrated on each fide. The pectoral fins confift of feven- teen -y the ventral of nine ; the anal of thirteen rays. The back is of an olive color : the fides and belly of a gold color, with certain marks of red ; the ventral and anal fins, and the tail, generally of a deep red : the tail forked. We believe this to be the fame with the Shal- low of the Cam •, which grows to the length of thir- teen inches. It fpawns in April. S7I.Cr.uci- Cyprinus Caraffius. Lin.fyfi. Karaufchen. Meyer an. XI. 58. an. Ruda, et CarufTa. Faun.Suec. Karafs. Gefner pifc. Paralip. N. 364. 16. THIS fpecies is common in many of the fifh ponds about London, and other parts of the fouth of England-, but I believe is not a native fifh. It Class IV, R O A C Ho It is very deep and thick : the back is much arched : the dorfal fin confifts of nineteen rays ; the two firft ftrong and ferrated. The pefloral fins have (each) thirteen rays-, the ventral nine-, the anal kvcn or eight : the lateral line parallel with the belly : the tail almoft even at the end. The color of the fifh in general is a deep yel- low : the meat is coarfe, and little efteemed. 3% La Gardon, Rofchie 2. en Angleterre. Belon, 316. Leucifcus. Rondel, fiwviat. 191. Rutilus five Rubellus fluvia- tilis. Gefner pifc. 820. Rottauge. Schonevelds, 63. Roche. Wil. Icth. 262. Leucifcus prior. Rondel. 260. Raiifyn. pifc. 122, 121, Cyprinus fargus di^lus. Cyp. 172. Roach, iride pinnis ventralibus ac ani plerumque rubentibu?. Arted. fynon. 9, 10. Cyprinus Rutilus. Cyp. pinna ani radiis 12. rubicunda, Lin. fyft. 529. Mort. Faun. Sitec. No. 372. Zert. WulffBorufs. No. 59. Altl. Kram. 395. frOUND as a Roach, is a proverb that appears *-* to be but indifferently founded, that fifn be- ing not more diftinguimed for its vivacity than many others ; yet it is ufed by the French as well as us, who compare people of ftrong health to their Gardon^ our roach. It is a common fifh, found in many of our deep ftill rivers, affe&ing, like the others of this genus, quiet waters. It is gregarious, keeping in large ihoals. We have never fcen them very large. Old 366 D E. Class IV. Old Walton fpeaks of fome that weighed two pounds. In a lift of fifh fold in the London mar- kets, with the greateft weight of each, communi- cated to us by an intelligent fifhmonger, is men- tion of one whofe weight was five pounds. The roach is deep, but thin, and the back is much elevated, and iharply ridged: the fcales large, and fall off very eafily. Side line bends much in the middle towards the belly. 173. Dace. Une vandoife, on Dard. Be* Ion, 313. Leucifci fecunda fpecies. Rondel. 192. Gefnerpifc. 26. Dace, or Dare. , Wil. Icth. 260. Rait Jyn. pifc. 121. Cyprinus decern digitorum, rutilo longior, et angufti- or, pinna ani radiorum de» cem. Arted. fynon. 9. Cyprinus leucifcus. Cyp. pin- na ani radiis 10. dorfali 9. tin. fyfl. 528. Laugele. Meyer's An. II. tab, 97- THIS, like the roach, is gregarious, haunts the fame places, is a great breeder, very lively, and during fummer is very fond of frolick- ing near the furface of the water. This fifh and the roach are coarfe and infipid meat. Its head is fmall : the irides of a pale yellow : the body long and (lender : its length feldom above ten inches, though in the abovementioned lift is an account of one that weighed a pound and an half: the fcales fmaller than thofe of the roach, The Class IV. GRAINING. 367 The back is varied with dufky, with a caft of yellowifli green : the fides and belly filvery : the dorfal fin dufky : the ventral, anal, and caudal fins red, but lefs fo than thofe of the former : the tail is very much forked. The Graining. Fey. fo the Hebrides, u. 174. Grain- ing. >TpHE Graining is found in the Merfey near ■*■ Warrington : has much the refemblance of a dace, but is more flender, and the back ftraiter. The ufual length about feven inches and a half. The depth to the length of this is as one to five, of the dace as one to four. The color of the back is filvery, with a bluifh caft. The eyes, ventral, and anal fins are red, but paler than thofe of the dace. The pectoral fin redder. Capito* 36S HUB. Class IV. 175. Chub. Capito. Au/on. Mo/ella, 85. Squalus, Squaglio. Safoian, 84. Le chevefne, Teftard, Vi- lain. Belon, 315. Cephalus fluviatilis. Ron- del, fiwviat. 1 90. Capito five Cephalus fluvia- tilis. Gefner pi/c. 182. Chub, or Chevin. Wil. Ictk. 255. Rait Jyn. pi/c. 119. Cyprinus oblongus macrolepi- dotus, pinna ani officulorum . undecim. Arted. Jynon, 7. Cyprinus cephalus. Cyp. pinna ani radiis undecim, cauda Integra, corpore fub- cylindrico. Lin. fyft. 527. Gronov. Zooph. No. 339. Alte. Mayer's An. II. tab. 92. Rapen. Wulff Boru/s. No. 56, ViALVIANUS imagines this fifh to have been ^ the Squalus * of the antients, and grounds his opinion on a fuppofed error in a certain pafTage in Columella and Varro^ where he would fubftitute the word Squalus inftead of Scar us : Columella fays no more than that the old Romans payed much attention to their flews, and kept even the fea fifh in frefli water, paying as much refpect to the Mullet and Scarus as thofe of his days did to the Murana and Bafs. That the Scarus was not our Chub, is very evi- dent i not only becaufe the Chub is entirely an in- habitant of frefli waters, but likewife it feems im- probable that the Romans would give themfelves * A cartilaginous fifh, a mark. Vide Plin. lib. IX. c. 24. Ovid alfo ranks his Squalus with the fea fifh. ^"/Squalus, et tenui fuffufus /anguine M u l l u s . Hdlieut, 147. any fc/ ^il' i 1> Class IV. G H U B, 369 any trouble about the word of river fifh, when they neglected the moil delicious kinds 5 all their attention was directed towards thole of the fea: the difficulty of procuring them feems to have been the criterion of their value, as is ever the cafe with effete luxury. The chub is a very coarfe ftfti and full of bones : it frequents the deep holes of rivers, and during fummer commonly lies on the furface, beneath the fhade of fame tree or bufh. It is a very timid fifh, finking to the bottom on the left alarm, even at the palling of a fhadow, but they will foon refume their fituation. It feeds on worms, caterpillars, grafshoppers, beetles, and other coleopterous in- fects that happen to fall into the water \ and it will even feed on cray-fifh. This fifli will rife to a fly. This fifh takes its name from its head, not only in our own, but in other languages : we call it Chub, according to Skinner, from the old Englijh, Cop, a heads the French, Tejiard-, the Italians, Capitone. It does not grow to a large fize •, we have known fome that weighed above five pounds, but Salvianus fpeaks of others that were eight or nine pounds in weight. The body is oblong, rather round, and of a pretty equal thicknefs the greateft part of the way : the fcales are large. The irides filvery ; the cheeks of the fame color : the head and back of a deep dufky green : the Vol. III. B b fides 37° BLEAK. Class IV. fides filvery, but in the fummer yellow : the belly white : the pectoral fins of a pale yellow : the ventral and anal fins red : the tail a little forked, of a brownilh hue, but tinged with blue at the end. 176. Bleak. Alburnus. Aufon. Mofeila, 126. Able ou Ablette. Be/on, 319. Alburnus. Rondel, jluviat. 208. Ge/ner pifc. 23. Albula minor. Witinck, Witek and Blike. Scbone- velde, II. Tab. I. Bleak. Wil. Icth. 263. Rati fyn. pifc. 123. Cyprinus quincuncialis, pinna aniofficulorum viginti. Ar- te d.fynon. 10. Cyprinus alburnus. Lin.fyji. 531. Grotiov, Zooph. No* 336- Loja. Faun. Suec. No. 373. Spitflauben, fchneiderfifchl. Kram. 395. Ukeleyen. WulJBorufs. No, 64. THE taking of thefe, Aujonius lets us know, was the fport of children, Alburn os pr and Mr. Pitfield, of Exeter. Some of thefe accounts were addrefTed to Doctor Milles> Dean of Exeter ; others to the worthy Prelate above-mentioned, to whom I owe thefe and many other agreeable correfpondencies 5 others again to myfelf. Mr. Arfcotfs letters give a very ample hiflory of the nature of the toad : they were both addrefTed to Doctor Milles, and both were the refult of cer- tain queries I propofed, which the former was fo obliging as to give himfelf the trouble of anfwering in a mod fatisfaclory manner. I mail firft take the liberty of citing Mr. ArfcMt\ Jetter of September the 23d, 1768, which mentions fome very curious particulars of this innocent rep- tile, which, for fuch a number of years, found an afylum from the good fenfe of a family which foar- ed above all vulgar prejudices. " It would give me the greater!: pleafure to be ?< able to inform you of any particulars worthy Mr. " Pennant's notice, concerning the toad who lived " fo many years with us, and was fo great a favo- of Chejhire, who worked cures by virtue of her falling fpittle, both came by their art in a manner fu- pernatural, but by faith many were made whole. % give 396 A P P E N D I X. * give to after-times a proof of the belief of the c age, and the fair tryal made of a mod diftaft- * ful remedy in the mod dreadful of complaints.' Glain This reminds me of another Welch word that is Naidr, 30. explanatory of the cuftoms of the antients, mewing their intent in the ufe of the plant Vervaine in their luftrations ; and why it was called by Diofco- rides Hierobotane, or the facred plant, and e- fleemed proper to be hung up in their rooms. The BritiJJo name Cas gan Cythrawl, or the Devil's averfion, may be a modern appellation, but is likewife called T Dderwen fendigaid, the holy oak, which evidently refers to the Druids groves. Pliny informs us, that the Gauls ufed it in their incantations, as the Romans and Greeks did in their luftrations. Terence, in his Andria, fhews us the Verbena was placed on altars before the doors of private houfes in Athens ; and from the fame paffage in Pliny *, we find the Magi were guilty of the mod extravagant fuperflition about this herb. Strange it is that fuch a veneration fhould arife for a plant endued with no perceptible quali- ties •, and ftranger dill it fhould fpread from the fartheft north to the boundaries of India. So ge- neral a confent, however, proves the cuftom arofe before the different nations had loft all communi- cation with each other. * Lib. XXV. cap. 9. Her APPENDIX. Her Grace the Dutchefs Dowager of Port- land did me the honor of communicating the following fpecies. Thus is a new kind of Sucker found near Weymouth, which ought to be placed after No. 59. and may be called the T The body taper. The pectoral fins placed unufually high. It has only one dorsal fin ^ placed low5 or near the tail. The tail is even at the end. The color of the head and body is of a fine pink : of the fins whitiih. On each fide of the engine of adherence on the belly, is a round black fpot. It is figured in Plate XXII. of the natural fize, Another will add a new genus to the Britifi fifh, being of that which Linnaus calls Ophidium. It muft find a place after the Launce, Sand Eel or AmmodyteS) under the trivial name of 297 HE head is flat and tumid on each fide. Bimacu. LATED. Be APB- 39S APPENDIX, Beardless. Ophidium imberbe. Lin. Syft. 431. Faun. Suec. No 319. Ophidium fiavum et imberbe. Schonevelde> 53? Wil. Icth. 113. Rail fyn. fife. 39. THIS was taken at the fame place with the former. I have not at this time had op- portunity of defcribing it, therefore am obliged to refer the reader to the writers above cited for the defcription. No, APPENDIX. m- No. II. Of "the PROLIFICNESS of FISH. Fifti. Weight. Weight of Spawn. Faecundity. Time, oz. dr. grains. 203109. April 4. 3686760. Dec. 23. 1357400. March 14. g6g6o. Oct. 25. 546681. June 18. 28323. April 5. 49304. April 25. 81586. May 2. 38278. March 2i, 100362. June 13. 383252*. May 28. Carp 25- 5- 2571- Codfifli 12540. Flounder 24.' 4. 2200. Herring 5- 10. 480. Mackrel 18. 0. 12234.. Perch 8. 9- 7t5i. Pike 56. 4- 5100I. Roach 10. 6f 361. Smelt 2. 0. I49i. Sole 14. 8. 542i< Tench 40. 0. * Some part of the fpavvn of this fifh was by accident loft, fo that the account here is below the reality. Vide Phil, Tranf* 1767. No. 4oa APPENDIX. No. III. Of the method of making ISINGLASS in ICELAND, from the SOUNDS of COD and LING. THE founds of cod and iing bear general like- nefs to thofe of the Sturgeon kind of Lin- nans and Artedi, and are in general fo well known, as to require no particular defcription. The New- found land and Iceland fifhermen fplit open the filh as foon as taken, and throw the back-bones, with the founds annexed, in a heap-, but previous to putrefaction, the founds are cut out, wafhed from their (limes, and faked for ufe. In cutting out the founds, the parts between the ribs are left be- hind, which are much the beft ; the Iceland fifh- ermen are fo fenfible of this, that they beat the bones upon a block with a thick flick, till the Pockets, as they term them, come out eafily, and thus preferve the found entire. If the founds have been cured with fait, that muft be diffolved by ileeping them in water, before they are prepared for Ifwglafs. The frefh found mult then be laid upon a block of wood, whofe furface is a little elliptical, to the end of which a fmall hair brum is nailed, APPENDIX. nailed, and with a faw-knife, the membranes on each fide of the found muft be fc raped off. The knife is rubbed upon the brum occafionally, to clear its teeth, the pockets are cut open with fcii- fars, and perfectly cleanfed of the mucous matter with a coarfe cloth : the founds are afterwards warned a few minutes in lime-water, in order to abforb their oily principle; and laftly, in clear water. They are then laid upon nets, to dry in the air ; but, if intended to refemble foreign IJin- glafs, the founds of cod will only admit of that called book, but thofe of ling both fhapes. The thicker the founds are, the better the Ifinglafs^ co- lor excepted •, but that is immaterial to the brew- er* who is its chief confumer. 40* Vo*,. HI. D d No. 402 APPENDIX. No. IV. CATALOGUE of the ANIMALS DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME, WITH their BRITISH NAMES. REPTILES. i. CORIACEOUS \-^ Tortoife, Melwioges. 2. Common Frog, Llyffant melyn. g. Edible Frog, Llyffant melyn cefn grwm. 4. Toad, LlyfTant dn, Llyffant daf- adenog. 5. Natter Jack. 6. Great Frog. 7. Scaly Lizard. 8. Warty Lizard, Genau goeg ddafadenog. 9. Brown Lizard, frech. 10. Little Lizard, leiaf. 11. Anguine Lizard, naredig. 12. Viper, Neidr, Neidr du, Gwiber. 13. Snake, Neidr fraith, Neidr y to- menydd. It is to Richard Morris , Efq. that the public is indebted for the Britijb names. 14. Aber- APPENDIX. 14. Aberdeen Snake. 15. Blind- worm, or Slow- worm, Pwl dall. Neidr y defaid. 403 F I H. 16. /^Ommon Whale, 17. \~A Pike -headed Morfil CyfTredin. Whale, Penhwyad. 18. Fin fifh, Barfog. 19. Round-lipped Whale , Trwngrwn. 20. Beaked Whale. 21. Blunt-headed Cachalot. 22. Round-headed, Pengrwn. 23. High-finned, Uchel aden. 24. Dolphin, DohTyn. 25. Porpeffe, Llamhydydd. 26. Grampus, Morfochyn.' 27. Lamprey, Sea, Llyfowen bendol, Llam- prai. 28. Lefler Lamprey, ' Llepftg. 29. Pride. 30. Skate, Cath for, morcath, Rhaicrl 31. Sharp-nofed Ray, Morcath drwynfain. 32. Rough Ray. 33. Fuller Ray. - 34. Shagreen Ray. 2$* Whip Ray. Dd 2 36. Electric 404 APPENDIX. $6. Electric Ray, Swithbyfg. 37. Thornback, Morcath bigog. 38. Sting Ray, Morcath cefn. 39. Angel fifh, Maelgi. 40. Picked Dog fifh, Ci Pegod, Picewd. 41. Bafking Shark. 42. White Shark, Morgi gwin. 43. Blue Shark, Morgi glas, y Sierc. 44. Long-tailed Shark, Llwynog mor. 45. Tope, Ci glas. 46. Spotted Dog fifh, Ci yfgarmes, morgi mawr. 47. LefTer Dog fifh. 48. Smooth Hound, Ci Llyfn. 49. Porbeagle. 50. Beaumaris Shark. 51. Angler, common, MorlyrTant. 52. Long Angler, Morlyffant hir. S$. Sturgeon, Iftwrfion. 54. Oblong Diodon, Heulbyfg. 55. Short Diodon. 56, Globe Diodon. 57. Lump Sucker, Jar-for. 58. Unctuous Sucker, Mor falwen. 59. Jura Sucker. 60. Longer Pipe fifh. 61. Shorter. 62. Little, Mor Neidr. 63- Eel> Llyfowen. 64. Conger, Mor Llyfowen, Cyngyren. 65. Wolf A P P E 66. 67. 68, 69. 70. 7*- 72. 73- 74- 75- 76. 77- 78. 79- 80. 81. 82. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. Wolffifii, Launce, Morris, Sword fifh, Dragonet, gemmeous. Dragonet, fordid. Weever, Great Weever. Common Cod fifh, Hadock,. Whiting Pont, Bib, Poor, Coal fifli, Pollack, Whiting, Hake, Forked Hake. Left Hake. Trifurcated Hake. Ling, Burbot, Three bearded Cod. Five bearded Cod. Torfk. Crefted Blenny. Gattorngine. Smooth Blenny, D N D I X. Morflaidd. Llamrhiaid, Pyfgod by- chain. Morys. 405 Cleddyfbyfo Mor wiber, Pigyn aftrus. Codfyn. Hadoc. Cod lwyd. Deillion. Cwdyn ebiill. Chwetlyn glas. Morlas. Chwitlyn gwyn. Cegdclu, Hones. Llefen, Llefeaan. d3 93, Spotted 4o6 APPENDIX. 93. Spotted Blenny. 94. Viviparous Blenny, gS> Black Goby. 96. Spotted Goby. 9 j. Bull Head, River, 98. Armed Bull Head, 99. Father Lafher. 100. Doree, 101. Opah. 102. Holibut, 103. Plaife, 104. Flounder, 105. Dab, 106. Smear Dab* 107. Sole, 108. Smooth Sole. 109. Turbot, 1 10. Pearl, in. Whiff. U2, Gilt Head, 113. Red Gilt Head, 114. Toothed Gilt Head. 115. Wraffe, antient, j 1 6. Ballan. 117. Bimaculated. 118. Trimaculated* 119. Striped. Pentarw, Bawd y melinydd. Penbwl. Sion dori. Lleden ffreinig* Lleden frech. Lleden 'ddu. Lleden gennog, Lleden dwfr croyw. Tafod yr hydd> Tafod yr ych. Lleden chwith, Torbwt* Perl. Peneuryn, Eurben. Brom y mor. Qwrach. J20. Gibbous* 120. 121. 122. 123. I24. I25. 126. I27. 128. I29. 130. 132. *33- *34- *35- 136. i37- 13S. *39- 140. 141. 142. 144. 145- Perc. Draenog, Gannog. APPENDIX. Gibbous. Goldfinny. Comber. Cook. Perch, common, Baffe, Sea Perch. ■ Ruffe. Black Ruffe. Three fpined Stickle- back, Sil y dom, Pyfgod y gath, Ten fpined, Pigowgbyfg. Fifteen fpined, Silod y mor. Mackrel, common, Macrell. Tunny, Scad. Red Surmullet, Striped Surmullet. Penhaiarn llwyd, Penhai- ernyn. Penhaiarn coch. Pibyd. Sapphirine Gurnard, Yfgyfarnog y mor. Streaked Gurnard. Loche, bearded^ Crothell yr afon. Salmon, Gleifiedyn, Eog, Marah 'Taliefin, Grey, Penllwyd, Adfwlch. Sea Trout, D d 4 146. Trout, 407 Macrell Sopaen. Hyrddyn coch. Grey Gurnard, Red Gurnard, Piper, 4o8 A P P 146. Trout. 147. White Trout. 148. Samlet, 149. Charr, 150. Grayling, tgu Smelt, 152. Gwiniad, 153. Pike, 154. Gar Pike, 155. Saury Pike. 156. Argentine. 157. Atherine. 158. Mullet, 159. Flying Fifh. 160. Herring, 161. Pilchard, 162. Sprat, 163. Anchovy. 164. Shad, 165. Carp, 1 66. Barbel, 167. Tench, 168. Gudgeon,, 169. Bream, 170. Rud, 171. Crucian. 172. Roach, 173. Dace, E N D I X. Brithyll. Brith y gro. Torgoch. Brithyll rheftrog, Qlafgan- gen. Brwyniaid. Gwiniedyn. Penhwyad. Mor nodwydd, Corn big. Hyrddyn, Mingrwn, Pennog, yfgaden. Pennog mair. Coeg Bennog. Herlyn, Herling. Carp, Cerpyn. Barf byfg, y Barfog. Gwrachen, Ifgretten. Crothel. Brem. Rhuddgoch. Rhyfell. Darfen, Goknbyfg. 174. Graining. APPENDIX. 174. Graining. 175. Chub, 176. Bleak, 177. Minow, 178. GoldFifh, Penci, Cochgangen. Gorwynbyfg. Crothel y dom, Bychan byfc 409 APPENDIX. 579. Bimaculated Sucker. 180. BeardleTs Ophidium, INDEX. INDEX. Page ABDOMINAL fifli, I . 46,28*. Adder, fea, - . . 123# Adder, vide Viper, Adder-gems, their fuppofed virtues, - - 32. A^wTrtf of Arijlotle, a fpecies of Shark, - no. Anchovy, - - . 347, Angel-fifh, - - - - 98. » its flercene fs, -m no. Angler, common, - I2o. 1 long? - - - 123. Apicius, the chief of epicures, - - 272. Apodal fiih, - - - ' ' j 44, 142. 'Ape, fea, - >. V - no. Argentine, - 327, Arijiophanesy his chorus of frogs, - - 1 1 , Afinius Celery the vaft price he gave for a Surmullet, 272. AtHerine, - - - 328. B. 412 INDEX. Page Mian, »..'■»*- 246. Barbel, * . . 357. •- . its roe noxious, - ,- - 358. Balking Shark, the largefc fpecies, - - 101. — — migratory, - - 102. . yields great plenty of oil, * 104. BafTe, - . - - - 257. Bib, or Blinds, a kind of Cod filh, - 184. Billets, young Coal filh, - - 187. Birdbolt, - - - ■ 199. Bifcayeners, early engaged in the whale fifhery, - 54. Bleak, - 37°- Blenny, the crefted, - 206. . fmooth, - - - 208. 1 fpotted, - - - 210. . ■ — ■ viviparous, - - - 211. Blind-worm, or Slow-worm, - - 36. .. a harmlefs ferpent, * - ibid. Boat, the five-men, what, - - 235. Bony filh, 42, 142. Botargoy what, - - - 331. Bottle-head, a fort of Wlaale, * - 59. Branlines, midt Samlet. Bream, » ' «* ...* :< ., * 362. ■■ fea, * , * - 242, Bret, * . - - 233* Britijb names, « - •■ 402. Bufonites, what, - * - 16, 154. Bulcard, - - . - * 208. Bull-head, liver, *'.»•>■ 216. _-, armed, ^ - - 217. Bull- INDEX. 413 Page Bull-trout, - . - 296. Burbot, - - - - 4 " 199. Butterfifh, ... 210. But, a name for the Flounder, - ' - 329, Cachalot, genus of Whales producing fperma>ceti, 61. — — — the blunt-headed, - - ibid. — — round-headed, - - 63. — — — high-finned, - - 64. Cancers attempts to cure by the application of toads, 17. Carp, .... 35> its longevity, - - - 354. — very tenacious of life, - - 35c. — - golden, .... 374, Cartilaginous fifh, their characters, - 41, 75. Cetaceous fifti, their characters, » 41,47. Char, - - - - 305* ~— - gilt and red, probably the fame £fh, - 308. Chub, - ' 368. Coal-fifh, - - - 186. Coble, a fort of boat, - - 235. Cod-fish, the common, - - 172. fifh affecting cold climates, - ibid, .— vail filhery off New foundland, - 173. — — — — very prolific, - - 177. — « three bearded, - - 201. > ■ live bearded, - h 202. Conger, how differing from the eel, - 147. — — -- an article of commerce in Cornwall, - 148. Comber, - « * ■ 252. Cook, 414 INDEX. Page Cook, - 253. Crucian, * - - 364, D. Dab, - 230* — fmear, - ibid. Dace, or Dare, - 366. Digby, Sir Kenelm-, lingular experiment of, - 31. Piodon, oblong, ... 129. ., fhort, - • - - - 131. ■■ globe, ... 132. Dog-fifh, the picked, - - 100. , greater, - - - 113. \ lefTer, - - - 115. Dolphin, - - - 65. — . venerated by the ancients, - - 66. — — — - falfely reprefented by painters, - 6j. - a difh at great tables, . » - 62. DOREE, - 221. Dragonet, gemmeous, ... 264. . — the fordid, - - 167. Drizzles, what, - - - 198. E. Eel, common, will quit its element, * 142. impatient of cold, - - - 143. ■ generation of, - - ibid* •— - mod univerfal of fifh, * - 146. ■■ ii * defpifed by the Romans, * -* ibid. Eel* INDEX. 415 Page Eel-pout, - - - 199. ■ viviparous, - - - 211. Eft, vide Lizard, Elvers, - - - - 14S. Father-lamer, - - - 218. Fin-filh, a fpecies of whale, - - 57. Finfcale, vide rud. Fire-flaire, vide fling-ray. Fish, the fourth clafs of animals, - - 39. Fifhir.g-frog, vide angler. Flounder, r 226, or fluke, - - 229. Flying-fifh, - - - 333- Forked beard, greater, - - - 193. lefler, - - - 195, Fox, fea, - - - ll0. Frog, common, - - 9. —— generation of the, - - 10. periodical filence, - - it. edible, 13. — ■■ great, 20, Garum, a fort of pfckle much efteemed byjthe antients, 265. Gattorugin, - - - 207. Gilt-head, lunulated, or gilt-poll, - 240. '■ red, * 242.' ' - toothed, «* 243. Clain 4i 6 IN D E X. Page Chin Neidr, in high efteem with the old Britons, 32. Gloucejier city> prefents the King annually with a lam- prey pye. 77. Goby, the black, - - - 213. ■ fpotted, « * - 215. Goldfifh, - - - 374. Goldfinny, - - - 251. Graining, - 367. Grampus, - - - - 72. Grayling, - - - - 311. Grey, - - - - 295. Grigs, - - - - 145. Groundling, vide Loche. Gudgeon, - - - - 361. •' — fea, ... - 213. Guffer, - - *■ - 211. Gurnard, grey, - 276. — red, ... 278. ■ fapphirine, - * 280, — — — ftreaked, - - - 281. ■ — yellow, vide Dragonet. Gwiniad, - - - - 316. H. Hadock, vaft fhoals of, - faid to be the fifli out of whofe mouth St. Peter took the tribute-money Hake, lefTer, or forked-beard, left, or lefTer forked-beard, trifurca^d. - * 179. 181. 182. 191. m* 1-95 . 196. Henry INDEX. 417 Page- Henry I. killed by a furfeit of lampreys, - 77. Herring, - 335. ■ its migrations, - - 336. fiftiery, ... 34! . Hierobotane, account of that plant, - - 396. Hippo, the dolphin, of, - -. 66. Holibut, its vail fize, - - 226. ■ voracioufnefs, - - 227. Hull, the town of, early in the whale fiftiery, -. 55. I. Icbtbyocolla, or Ifinglafs, - - 127. method of making, - - 400. Jugular fifh, - - 44, 164. King-fifli, - - - - 223, Kit, a fort of dab, - - - . 230, L. Lamprey, - 76. not the murana of the antients, - 78. its vaft tenacioufnefs, - - ibid. the leffer, - - - 79' Lampern, 'vide Pride. Lantern-fifh, or fmooth fole, - - 232. Launce, - J5^' beardlefs, - - - 39s- Vol. III. E e Ling, 418 I N D E X. Page Ling, - - - - 197. a great article of commerce, - - ibid. Lizard, fcaly, * - - 21. warty," - - - 23. ' brown, - - 24. little, - - - - 25. • anguine, - - ibid. < green, - 22. 1 a large k-ind, probably exotic, - ibid. ——— larves of lizards, moflly inhabitants of water, 24. Loche, bearded, - 282. — — - fea, - - - 201. Lump-nfh, or fucker, - - - 133. much admired by the Greenlanders, - 135. M. Mackrel, - 264. ■ horfe, - - -' 269. Mafon, Mr. his fpirited tranflation of Pliny's account of t\\Q vvum anguitium, - - - 32. Miller's thumb, - - r 216. Minow, - 373. Morris, - 158. Mulgranock, ... - 208. Mullet, - - - 329. the punifhment of adulterers, - 331. Murana, not our lamprey, -. - - 78. MutIxyitgc of Ariftotle, our whale, - - 50. Muf cuius of Pliny i the fame, - - 52. Myxine, - - 235. N. I N D E N. 419 Page Natter-jack, a fpecies of toad, » - \g. Newt, vide Lizard. Newfoundland, its bank, - - m 173. North-capers, fide Grampus. O. Ociher, an able navigator in K. Alfred's days, - 54. Opah, - 223. Otter-pike, or letter Weever, - - 171. Ovum anguihum, a druidical bead, - - 32. P. Paddock-mcon, what, *- - - 12. Parrs, or young coal-fifh, - - 187. Pearl, - 23%. Pearls, artificial, what made of, - - 371. Perch, much admired by the antients, - 254. — — - a crooked variety found in Wales, - 256. ■ fea, - - - 258. Phyfeter, or blowing whale, - - 58. Pike, - - - 320. — its longevity, - - - 322. — gar, or fea-needle, - 324. — — faury, - . 325. Pilchard, - - - - 343. • its important fifhery, - - 344. E e 2 Pipe- 420 INDEX. Page Pipe-fish, longer, . 138. " fhorter, - - 140. little, or fea- adder, - - 141. Piper, - 279. Plaife, .... 228. Pliny, his account of the Ovum anguinum, - 31. Pogge, .... 217. Pollack, the whiting, - - 188. Poor, or power, a kind of codfifh, - - 185. Porbeagle, a fpecies of lhark, - - 117. Porpefe> - - - - 69. a royal difh, - - - 71. Pout, a fpecies of codfifh, - - 183. •Pride, - - 80. CL Quin, Mr. the a&or, firft recommended the eating of the Doree in England ', - - 22: R, Ray, 82. — fnarp nofed, S3. rough, 85. fuller, 86. — fhagreen, 87. ■'< ' whip, 88. ~— electric, its numbing quality, 89. — — fting, 95. — - the Trygon of the antients, ibid. — — fables relating to it, ibid. Reptiles, the third clafs of animals, 1, 7« Roach, INDEX. 42t Page Roach, .... 365. Rockling, - - «. 201. Rud, - 363. Ruffe, - 259. ' the black, or black fifh of Mr, Jago, - 260. Salmon, - - - 284. leaps, - - - 286. . fifhery, ... 287. ■ trout, vide bull-trout, Samlet, * 303. Sand-eel, vide LaunCe, Scad, - - - - 269. Schelly, vide Gwiniad. Scombraria, an ifle, why fo called, - - 265. Scorpion, fea, - - - 218. Seneca, his account of the luxury of the Romans in refpeft to fifh, _ _ - 272. Serpent, - - 26. — ringed, or fnake, - - 33. ■ Aberdeen, - - - 35. Shad, .... 348, Shake/pear, his fine comparifon of adverfity to a toad- flone, - - '- 17. Shark, - 98. » picked, - 100. ■ bafking, - 101. — i __- its vaft fize, - - - 103. white, its voracioufne fs, . - - 106. blue, * 109* ■ long-tailed, - - - no. — — fpotted, - - - 113- E c 3 Shark, 422 I N iD E X. Page Shark, lefler.fpotted, . . • 115. fmooth, • . . 116. 1 Beaumares, . . . 118. Skate, . . . . .82. *—- its method of engendering, . . 83. Slaw-worm, a harmlefs ferpent, - . . 36. Smelt, , . - . 313^ Smear-dab, . . . 230. Smooth-man, . . . 208. ggail, fea, . . . . 135. Snake, inoffenlive, , . . 34. Sole, . . . . 231. — — fmooth, . . . 232. Sparling, white, . . . 302. Tub-fifh, .... 280. Tunny, . . . 266. — the fifhery very antient, . . 267- . — taken notice of by Theocritus, .. . . ibid. Turbot, .... 233. fifhery, . . . 234. Twaite, a variety cffhad, . . 351. * U. 424 I N X. XI. Page Ulyffes, faid to have been killed with the fpine of the Trygon, or Sting-ray, « . 95. V. Viper, not prolific, • ■ its teeth, • ■ effects of the bite, and its cure, " ufes, , • — 1 — the black, 26. 27. ibid* 27. W. Weever, . . ' . ■ its ftroke fuppofed to be poifonous, the great, Whale, the common, vail fize, • — . place, — — fifhery, ■ the EngUJh engaged late in it, * pike-headed, » ■ round-lipped, • • beaked, . » Whalebone, what, . • Whiff, a fort of flounder, • White-bait, $ t . i 169. 170. 171. 50. ibid. 55- 54- 53- 56. 58. 59- 5>- 238. Whiting, INDEX. Page Whiting, . . • • 190. Whiting-pout, . . • 183. WThiting-pollack, vide Pollack. Whiftle-fifti, . • * 201. White-horfe, . • • 86. Wolf-fish, . . • 15^ , curious flruclure of its teeth, . 153. Wtrasse, or old wife, . . . 244. . — bimaculated, , . 247. — trimaculated, . . » 248. . ilriped, . . • 249. gibbous, • • * 250. THE END. A. Page 5, line 25, for Ceerulaa read Ccerulea. P. 6, 1. 8, for naturalifts read naturalift. - P. 8, I. 5, for twelve read eleven* P. 15, 1. 9, for horor read horror. Ibid. 1. 14, for intrails read entrails. P. 57, 1. 10, for penni- formi read pinniformi. P. 78, note, for tripatinam read tripatinum. Ibid, for appellabatur, fumma &c. read appellabatur fumma &c. P. 79, 1. 10, for Lampetra read Lampetrae. P. 85, 1. 17, for /hire of read fhire of Rofs. P. 86, 1. 16, for fpiney read fpiny. P. 87, 1. 9, ( and pajfim ) for encreafes read increafes. P. 89, 1. 18, for Kl read Hoci. P. 91, 1. I} for acknow- ledgements read acknowlegements. P. 98, ]. 21, for in read is. P. 105, 1. 29, fur fedement read fediment. P. 114, note, for 130 read 176. P. 329, 1. 16, for 0$fyayOgCT)t@- read ofyxyoftTK©-. P. 131, for Di adon read Diodon. P. 141, 1. 8, for ferpentinum read ferpentinus. P. 185, 1. 18, for nufance read nuifance. P. 204, 1. 1, for favoured read favored. P. 212, 1. 12, for reft read rays. P. 215, 1. 11, and 230, 1. 9, for fappharine read fapphirine. P. 216, 1. 3, for alepedotus read alepidotus. P. 217, 1. 16, for verrucofo read verrucis. Ibid. 1. 17. for bifidis read bifido. P. 239, 1. 3, for on the fide read on the left fide. P. 254, margin, for XXVI read XXVII. P. 273, note*, for p. 222 read 265. P. 276, 1. 10, for vario read varia. P. 281, 1. 24, for Mullis read MuIIus. P. 286, 1. 21, for Aberglajlyn read Aberglafyn. P. 288, 1. 29, for back, fin read back-fin. P. 295, 1. 1, for cinereous read cinereus. P. 329, 1. 12, for radiate read radiata. P. 353,1. 9, for Cyyrinus read Cyprinus. Ibid. 1. jo, for pinna read pinnae. Ibid. 1. 15, for 162 read 245. P. 355, k 18, for this read the. P. 387, 1. 28, forfatidi read fatida. ADDITIONAL ERRATA, Vol. I. P. [xxvi] i. 10, for two read three. Ibid. 1. 12, for three read two. P. 210, 1. 9, for frefh meat read frefh mice. P. 212, 1. 2, /or papw color read paler color. P. 217, 1. 26, a/>i«r middle feathers, add of the tail* P. 231, 1. 7, fl/hr prodigious height, add of the fingle {tones of. P. 311, 1. 14, after difle&ion, add in April. P. 350, 1. 23, yir rife, read rifing. P. 354, 1. ia, after Wood-lark, add and Tit- lark. P. 408, 1. 18, for Handing, read ftunted. P. 411, 1. 19, for nook read noon. Vol. III. ^* 359> !• a4' ./^r Mi* Diaper, read Mofes Browne. CANCELS. Vol. I. E 3 - - Pages $z, 54; M3 - - *57, 158; P 3 - - 205, 206. 0^4 - - - 223> 224-' C c 3 • - 381, 382. Vol. III. M6 - - I7X> *72-' X 8 - - 3I(9> 32°- Z 8 : - 35i» 352- A a « 2 S 353, 354-' In May next will he publijbed, BRITISH ZOOLOGY, CLASS V. By THOMAS PENNANT, Efq; CONTAINING ASOUT NINETY ELEGANT PLATES or T H % Shell and Cruflaceous Animals of Great Britain WITH DESCRIPTIONS. X. & This Work will be published both in Quart* and Octavo. 3 13 6 7 4 o o i6 0 14 14 0 BOOKS of NATURAL HISTORY, Printed for Benjamin White. 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