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BULLETING

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OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

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1869.

SALEM, MASS.
ESSEX INSTITUTE PRESS.
1870.

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CONTENTS.

Prospectus, : : : ‘ 1
An Early Voyage beyond ‘the Cape of Good Howe: nae : ¢
Nicaragua, ‘ 7
Col. Leslie’s Bepantien = Ganioi in 1175 on the out Briggs
Wharf, . = ‘ ; : : ; ; : 5 Fi - 10
On Guano Deposits, : : : : ? : ee |
Memoir of George W. Watwiestock : ; : i : wv HTS
Memoir of John Cassin, a j : ; ‘ : oe utd
Regular Meeting, Monday, January ae : F ; : . 16
Regular Meeting, Monday, January 18, ; 16
Letters announced, ° aia ig 17, 33, 65, 94, 107, 127, 143,
Additions to the Library, as . 18, 33, 66, 94, 108, 144, 155
Additions to the Museums of the Institute and the Peabody Acad-
emy of Science, . . : ; é - . 19, 35, 71,128, 159
Deficiences in Library, . ; ; ; : ' : ; a ea
Indian Relics, ; ; x y - F : 7 ae a) |
Essex Institute Press, . , ; ‘ Sh Pete : . s sae
Union Building, - 2 ‘ : . 24
Sketch of the Life of the late Higeace anne : : F 25, 41
Regular Meeting, Monday, February 1, ; ‘ A : . 8i
Notices of the Monstrosities of the Trout, 31.
Regular Meeting, Monday, February 15, : 32

Notice of a paper on “ Vertigo inhabiting Polynesia, with Descriptions
of New Species, by Harper Pease,” 32.— Notice of Meeting of Ameri-
can Association for the Advancement of Science, in Salem, August

18, 188), 32.
Duplicates in Library, . é : . 85
First Houses in Salem, by W. P. iipham; ‘ : “37, 53, 129, 146 '
ane Becane; Monday, March 1, _. ; ae DO
Phippen’s remarks on the “ Old Planters,” Salem, 51.
mégaie Meeting, Monday, March 15, . -. oo we

J.G. Waters’ Reminiscences of the Fire Clubs i in Salem, 52.

‘Leslie’s Expedition to Salem in 1775. Communication from Mrs.

Jared Sparks in relation thereto, A 57
Notice of a singular Erratic in Lynn, ico Ee the name of Pha-
eton Rock. By C.M. Tracy, . ‘ ; a oe
Regul Meeting, Monday, April 5, 64
C.W.Upham’s Address on the Colonial Records of Massachusetts, 64
sts A optas 1 Monday, April 19, __.. : é - F a |

W. Upham’s Memoir of D. P. King, 64
(iii)

iv CONTENTS.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 3, :

R. S. Rantoul’s Historical Reminiscences connected with the Salem
Custom House, 81.

Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 12, . A ; A 5 ‘4
Report of Secretary, 81.—Report of Superintendent, 83.— Report of
Librarian, 84.— Report of Treasurer, 85. Officers elected, 87.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 17, f ° é . :

Field Meeting at Wakefield, Thursday, June,10, . Z as hae
Notice of the Excursions, 88.— Historical Sketch of Naturalists’ Field
Clubs, 89.— Putnam’s Notices of Zodlogical Specimens found, 90.—
Morse on the Mollusks, 89.— Eaton’s Historical Sketch of the Town,

89.— Allen’s and Loring’s remarks, 93.

Field Meeting at Wenham, Friday, July 18, . : : 1 é
Notice of Excursions, 97. — Loring’s Historical Reminiscences, 98.—
Morse on the Glacier System, 99.— Putnam on Fishes, 99.—Dall on
a 99— Remarks by Allen W. Dodge, N. Paine, and W. B.
Trask, 99.

Field Meeting at Middleton, Thursday, Aug. 5, _. : 3 ,

Notice of the Excursions, 100.—President’s Historical notice, 100.—

Morse’s Remarks on Paper Making, 102.— Putnam on Reptiles, 102. —
Remarks by. F. Bocher, E. W. Buswell, and G. A. Pollard, 103.

Field Meeting at Rockport, Thursday, August 26, : . :
Notice of the Excursions, 103.—President’s remarks on Field Meet-
ings, 104.— Loring’s Historical Sketches, 104.— Morse on the Objects
of Field Meetings, 105.—J. W. Foster, the Geology of the East and
West Contrasted, 106.—T.S. Hunt, Geological Description of New
England Granite Formation, 106.— B. Pierce, Early Reminiscen-

ces, 107.

Notice of the Temperance Organizations in Salem, by David R.
Peabody. : ‘ : : : : : . . :

Fire Clubs in Salem, ‘ Z 6 A , ; ;

Field Meeting at Lynn, Thursday, Sept. 28, ; ; : A
Notice of the Excursions, 121.— Remarks on Dungeon Rock, by A.C.
Goodell, jr., 8S. D. Poole, and Jacob Batchelder, 121, 122.—F. W. Put-
nam, on Shellheaps in Rocks Pasture, 122.— Jacob Batchelder’s Sketch
of the Old Lynn Academy, 124.—C. M. Tracy on the Disappearance
of the Old and Favorite Flowers from the Gardens and the Introduc-
tion of New Varieties, 125.— Tracy’s Remarks upon the Local Antiq-
uities, 126.—Miss Grace Anna Lewis upon the Fluids Contained
in the Bulbs of Feathers of Living Birds, 126.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 5, . : 4 2 p
Regular Meeting, Monday, November 1, .

S. Lincoln, Donation of a Pew Door, First Church in Aingham, 137. —
A.S. Packard, jr., Notice of the Occurrence of the Walrus in Labrador,
&c., 137.—F.W. Putnam and A. 8. Packard, Jr., on the Polar and
other Species of Bears, 138.
Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, November 10, ; :
@. W. Upham’s Resol ms on the Death of Geo. Peabody, 139.
Quarterly Meeting, adj., Monday, November 15, . 3 : 2
Resolves in relation to the Essex Institute Musical Library Associa-
tion, 140.— Programme 1st Musical Entertainment, 140.— Programme
2nd Musical Entertainment, 141. —E. Bicknell, on Eozoon Cana-
dense, 141,— A, Hyatt’s remarks on Mr. Bicknell’s Paper, 142.—W.D.
Northend’s Notice of some Old Papers of Gen. Titcomb of Newbury-
port, 142.
Third Musical Entertainment, 2 : : A F ,

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 20, 2 ¢ ‘ *
Letter from Thomas Spencer of Bransby, near Lincoln, Eng., giving
an Account of two Visits to Scrooby, the Home of the Pilgrims,-150.

Fourth Musical Entertainment, ;

81
81
88
88

97

100

103

113
119
121

137
137

139
140

148
150

154

a

BULLETIN

OF THE

Moo Ds LINS TIO De.

Vou. I. Satem, Mass., January, 1869. ‘No, 3.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

PROSPECTUS.

Tue Buiietin of the Essex Institute is amido Gs
give to the public, such portions of communications |
made to the Essex Institute at its semi-monthly and
other public meetings, as are of popular interest.

A brief summary of all the proceedings* at each |
meeting will be given, which will contain the fiéles
of all written or oral communications rendered, and the
names of their authors.

Such “papers as are somewhat dryly historical, or
rigidly scientific, will be reserved for publication in.
another form.

A small space in each number will be used to an-
‘nounce the recent correspondence, and donations to
the Library and Museum, and to state deficiences ex-

*The Quarterly, hitherto published under the title of ‘‘ Proceedings
of the Essex Institute,” will be discontinued with the number which
completes the records to January Ist, 1869.

2

isting in the collections of the Institute, and the
methods in which its friends may best aid in render-
ing them more complete. There will also be inserted
a list of some of the duplicate volumes, pamphlets,
newspapers, etc., in the library which will be offered
for exchange or sale.

It is confidently expected that the variety and inter-
esting character of the communications this volume
will contain, will make it a favorite with the public,
while its low price will bring it within the means of
all.

It will be issued at the close of each month in its
present form, and in sheets of not less than sixteen
pages with occasional supplements.

THE OLD PLANTER’S HOUSE.

[See Historical Collections of Essex Institute, Vol. II, p. 39.]

"s

AN EARLY VOYAGE BEYOND THE CAPE OF
GOOD HOPE.

“THERE WAS A SHIP QUOTH HE.”

Yet in this case not a myth, but a veritable ship,
henceforth to be recorded among many others whose
names are an honor to Salem.

This ship was one* of the first to sail from an Ameri-

can Port for commercial purposes to the Indian Ocean.
- For an authentic account of this voyage we are in-
debted to Mr. Jonathan Tucker of Salem, whose grand-
father was master of, and whose father was one of the
crew of the vessel. Family traditions, confirmed by the
ship’s papers left by his grandfather, had amply qualified
him to give the narrative to which we listened. __

About the close of the year 1786, what was then
considered an adventurous voyage, around and beyond
the Cape of Good Hope was projected by Elias Hasket
Derby, Esq. For a vessel he took a Bark of 240 tons
burden. She had been captured from the British during
the revolutionary war at a time when she had on board a
company of Light Horse troops, therefore, when subse-
quently purchased by Mr. Derby he named her “Light
Horse.”

For captain, if was not unnatural that he should select
Capt. John Tucker of Salem. He had been a successful
-eqmmander of privateers, and had as tradition says, cap-

*The jirst vessel to leave an American port for the extreme east
was the ship ‘“‘Grand Turk,” Ebenezer West, Master. She cleared from
Salem for Canton in January 3, 1786, but her voyage was not a declared
success, until four months after the commencement of the voyage here
recorded.

4

tured the “Light Horse.” He had also proved a success-
ful merchant, as well as an energetic shipmaster, and had
early retired from a seafaring life. He was at this time
forty-four years of age and combined in himself so hap-
pily the qualifications for such an expedition, that Mr.
Derby did not spare the most earnest solicitations to se-
cure his coéperation, which was at last obtained, Mr.
Derby stipulating to pay the unusually large compensa-
tion of three thousand dollars.

The crew provided, numbered in all fifteen men, among
whose names are found those of many, who afterwards
became highly estimable and prominent citizens of Salem.
Most generous provision was made for their health and
comfort. The list of ship’s stores comprise more than one
hundred items. The outfit of a large adventure, at the
present day, would not exceed the quantity and variety
that this exhibits.

It is interesting to notice the exports which comprised
her cargo. They were notably for the most part the mis-
cellaneous products of a new country, comprising :—
Beef, pork, butter, tobacco, fish, tar, pitch, turpentine,
oars, cheese, mackerel, flour, hams, lumber, masts, iron,
iron hoops, sperm candles, rum, cordage, tallow candles,
lard.

She carried also the following foreign products :—
Geneva gin, claret wine, loaf sugar and olive oil. An
exchange of these artjéles was sanguinely expected to
yield a profit of cent. per cent. The whole value of the
cargo was £5,947, 4s. 8d.

From the date of this voyage, it will be perceived that
we had as yet no national government; therefore, a pro-
tective sanction, serving as an introduction to foreign
countries and their governments, was given by the Goy-
ernor of Massachusetts in the following form :—

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

[L. S.]
To all who shall see these Presents, Greeting.

It is hereby made known that leave and permission has been given
by the Naval Officer to Capt. John Tucker, Master and Commander of
the Bark called the Light Horse, now lying at Salem, within this
Commonwealth, to depart from thence and proceed with his vessel
and cargo on a voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, the Isle of France
and Batavia, and that the said Bark belongs to Elias Hasket Derby,
Esq., a merchant of character and high reputation, a subject of the
Commonwealth, being one of the thirteen United States of America.

Now, in order that the said Master may prosper in his lawful affairs,
it is earnestly requested and recommended to all who may see these
Presents at whatever, port or place said Master with his vessel and
cargo may arrive; that they would please to receive him, the said Mas-
ter with goodness, afford him all such aid and assistance as he may
need, and to treat him in a becoming manner, permitting him upon pay-
ing expenses in passing and repassing, to pass, navigate and frequent
the ports, passes and territories, wherever he may be, to the egd that
he may transact his business, where and in what manner he shall
judge proper. He keeping, and causing to be kept by his crew on
board, the Marine Ordinances and Regulations of the place where he
is trading.

Given under my hand, and the Seal of the Commonwealth of Massa-
chusetts, the twenty-second day of January, A. D., 1787, and in the
eleventh year of the Independence of the United States of America.

; JAMES BOWDOIN.
By his Excellency’s command.
JOHN AveERY, Jun., Secretary.

At,this time the Custom House and the Light Houses
were controlled by the State, as the following ore of a
document will show :

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, }
Naval Office, Port of Salem, Jan. 23, 1787.

’ Received of John Tucker, Master of the Bark Light Horse, burthen
two hundred and forty tons, the sum of forty shillings and sixpence,
being the. amount of the duty on said Bark, required by a law of this
Commonwealth for the support and maintenance of Light Houses on
the sea coast thereof. JOS. HILLER,

Naval Officer.

6

The Bark “Light Horse” set sail, on the 27th of Jan.
1787. Her deck was loaded with lumber. Nine days
out they encountered a heavy gale, and a “very boister-
ous sea,” that carried away part of their deck load, dashed
in her ports, and started a leak. The pumps were suffi-
cient to keep the leak under control.

They were troubled with ice, and after a long passage
of fifteen weeks, arrived at the Cape of Good Hope. The
Captain wrote his first letter from Table Bay, dated May
15, 1787, giving a circumstantial account of his passage,
and of the sale of a portion of his cargo. From the Cape
of Good Hope, they sailed for the Isle of France, where
they arrived after a passage of thirty days. Here the.
cargo was sold, and the products of this sale used to pur-
chase a return lading. Mr. Derby, soon after the “Light
Horse,” had sent out the Bark “Three Sisters,” Ichabod
Nichols, Master, with a cargo valued at £4129, 7s. 1d.
On arriving at the Isle of France, both her cargo and the
vessel herself were sold, the latter for $6,000. The
money thus procured was also used to obtain a complete
return lading for the “Light Horse.” The cargo procured
consisted principally of bourbon coffee, but also com-
prised India goods, such as bags, cotton, pepper, salt-
petre, china-ware, bandanna handkerchiefs, calico, cotton
handkerchiefs, cotton goods, etc.

The passage home was safely, but laboriously made.
On arriving off our coast» by reason of severe weather,
and much ice, they were forced to put into Portsmouth.
Here the illness of Capt. Tucker was so great that Capt.
Nichols of the “Three Sisters,” who had returned with
them, brought the vessel from Portsmouth to Salem.
Arriving Jan. 27, 1787, just one year from the time of
their departure.

The voyage proved fatal to Capt. John Tucker, who

se

7

contracted the climate fever at the Isle of France and |
died from its effects, March 31st, 1787, two months after
his return.

Other vessels soon followed in the track of the “Light
Horse.” From the original papers in the hands of Mr.
Tucker, it is found that no less than eight vessels from
Salem, had doubled the Cape of Good Hope, between
Jan. 1787 and 1789, and were the van of the squadrons
which have followed since to the remotest East.

In these days of large ships it may seem that these
vessels were of very moderate tonnage. They ranged
only from 140 to.300 tons burthen. A second “Grand
Turk,” built by Mr. Derby a few years later, called the
Great Ship, did not exceed 500 tons burthen. Thus
regarded, these adventures seem small. On the other
hand, if we estimate these early voyages by the Yaith,
ability and energy required, at that time, for their pro-
jection and successful execution, they must rank with the
most notable enterprises of the present day.

————OoC

NICARAGUA.

Nicaragua, although offering a rich field to naturalists,
long remained comparatively unexplored. ;

This work is now being prosecuted very faithfully and
successfully by Mr. J. A. MecNiel, under the auspices ‘of
the Peabody Academy of Science. He is an indefatiga-
ble collector of objects of Natural History and Archeo-
logy, and a close observer of the habits and customs of the
people.

Leaving Salem in May, 1868, he spent several months
among the Nicaraguans, and returned in the following
November, bringing back an extensive collection.

8

At a recent meeting of the Essex Institute, just previ-
ous to entering again upon his explorations, Mr. McN iel,
in a brief address, gave an entertaining account of what
he had seen, substantially as follows :

It is easy to reach and to travel in Nicaragua, but it is
a very unpleasant country to live in. This is owing to
the absence of the most ordinary comforts of civilized
life, and the uncleanly habits of the natives. The people
are strikingly peculiar. They lack less an aptitude, than
an inclination to learn. They show but little ambition or
foresight. A full meal of “tortilla” (or little cakes of
corn) produces perfect content, and indifference to the
future.

Their process for preparing corn to be made into cakes,
is especially interesting, explaining, as it does, the former
use of certain Indian implements found in New England.
The corn is parboiled in a solution of wood ashes until its
cuticle can be removed by rubbing. Its hull is then
rubbed off, whereupon the kernel, softened and hulled, is
placed upon a flat stone to be mashed. To do this they
use a long, irregularly cylindrical stone, somewhat taper-
ing at the ends, and somewhat flattened upon one side
by the attrition produced in the mashing process. They
hold this masher by the ends, and by half rolling, halt
rubbing, and at the same time compressing the corn, they
reduce it to a fine pulps» This pulp they mould with their
hands into small calees, to be baked on pans over ovens
made in the earth.

Recently a severe storm washed away a portion of the
coast of Punta Icaca, in Rialejo Bay, and brought to light —
a nearly fiat stone, with three legs and with a knob at
one end shaped to resemble the head of a tortoise.
With the stone pan was a stone masher, like those now
used; similar to those which have been found often

9

in our vicinity and generally regarded as stone pestles.
The place where these implements were discovered has not
. been inhabited within the recollection of the present gen-
eration.. These relics* are therefore undoubtedly quite
ancient, and are valuable as furnishing an explanation of
some of the relics of the aborigines of North America,
as already alluded to.

Some coarse but strong and durable fabrics, made from
vegetable fibre, and some elegant carvings upon hard-
shells, of some kind of fruit, show that this people have
considerable ingenuity, but they lack the disposition to rise
by it above a certain level. A few Americans and other
foreigners have taken up their residence in Nicaragua.
They have carried with them the customs of civilization ;
but.the natives show great aversion to adopting any in-
provements suggested, however obvious the advantage to
be gained, or however easy it may be made for them to
change to better methods. To illustrate this Mr. McNeil
told the following story :

Some American residents wishing to greatly pleaee
some friendly Nicaraguans living near by, procured from
New York at great expense, as a present for them, a
cooking stove of the most approved model. It was
thought that this would be welcomed as a marvellous im- .
provement upon the little fire of sticks, by which the
Nicaraguans did all their cooking. The present was
received with expressions of much pleasure, and forth-_
with tested. The first experience was repellant. Smoke
poured forth from every seam, the fire smouldered, and
the kettles refused to heat. But this difficulty was obvia-
ted when at the suggestion of their more experienced
American friends, they transferred the fire from the oven
to its proper place. For a time they used the new cook-

* They are now deposited in the cabinets of the Peabody Academy.
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. 2

10

ing apparatus, but gradually neglected it, soon rejected
it as an inconvenient and useless thing, and returned to
their fire of sticks.

Their religion appears to be a mixture of Roman Ca-
tholicism and Sun worship, yet the true character of their
faith must be determined by giving to it a closer study.
One of their curious religious customs is a system of
proxy, by which the women do religious service for the
men, and the priests for the women.

We hope that before many months, when Mr. McNeil
shall have returned again, he may enable us to communi-
cate a more extended account of this country, its people,
and its productions. |

COL. LESLIES’ EXPEDITION.
CANNON IN 1775, ON THE NORTH BRIDGE WHARF.

The laughable defeat of Col. Leslie with the sixty-
fourth British Regiment, at the North Bridge, on Sun-
day, Feb. 26, 1775, has been made to appear still more
ridiculous, and quite Quixotic from information fur-
nished by Mr. Gideon Tucker, and communicated by his
nephew, Mr. Jonathan Tucker, both of Salem. Mr.
Gideon Tucker died in 1861, aged eighty-three years,
but previous to his death made a written statement, from
which it appears that shese cannon were not public mili-
tary stores, but private property, owned by various per-
sons, and had been stored upon the wharf as useless in a
time of general peace.

The following is his statement :

‘‘Being with my father at his wharf in North Salem, when I was six
or seven years old, then in 1784 or thereabouts, from which wharf
privateers were fitted out in the Revolution, and where prizes were

a

11

landed, he pointed out to me where the cannon were piled, in front of
the old store, upon the wharf, that was recently burnt.

These cannon had been accumulating for some time. They were
owned by various persons; had been in use on board merchant vessels,
and landed from them; a general peace making them then unneces-
sary.

When the alarm came that Leslie was marching that way to seize

them, they were dragged away by the farmers, in a general turnout,
suspended under their ox-cart axles, and under the direction of Col.
Mason, of the Salem Militia, were landed on the upper part of his
land, now the head of School Street. From him Mason street has its
name.
. A written memorandum from Gideon Tucker is here copied, dated
September, 1858. ‘‘ While Col. Leslie was detained by the raising of
the draw of the bridge, the cannon were removed to Mason’s field,
where Geo. H. Devereux’s house now stands, and there I saw them
several years. I judge, from the best of my recollection, the number
might have been twelve or fifteen. They remained there several
years, up to 1793, or longer, and then gradually disappeared.

In the trouble with France at that time merchant vessels saile@ with
armament, and with Letters of Marque, and these cannon were taken
for that purpose. None of them were used in the war of the Revolu-
tion. The place where they lay was a thicket of bushes and trees, and
with boys, I have often played over and about them, until they were
removed.” :

Our venerable citizen, Ebenezer Symonds, now living, testifies to
having seen them there in his very youthful days.

—<=»“———

ON GUANO DEPOSITS.

Prof. A. M. Edwards, of New York, made some remarks calling
attention to a course of investigation he had been pursuing for several
years, by means of which he had become acquainted with many facts
of extreme importance in severai branches of science, more particu-
larly Geology, Agriculture and Chemistry. After having spent some
years in the examination of Guanos, both chemically and by means of
the microscope, he had turned his attention to the so-called, ‘‘Infuso-
rial deposits ” which are found to occur in various parts of the world,
but more particularly on the Pacific shores of the North American
continent, and in Japan and Peru. After becoming connected with the
State Geological Survey of California, carried on under the direction
and control of Prof. J. D. Whitney, he had been enabled to extend his
field of research considerably, on account of being entrusted with the
examination of the specimens collected during its prosecution. A full

12

consideration of this subject will appear in some future volume of the
Survey Report, therefore the present notice is merely intended to call
the attention of scientific observers to the matter and to solicit aid in
its farther prosecution.

Among the specimens thus examined, are some of the rocks or
shales, making up the great mass of the mountains of the Coast Range,
which extend down the Pacific shore, from Washington Territory to
the borders of Lower California. These shales are of a light cream
color, for the most part, and are mainly made up of the siliceous
remains of Diatomacee and Polycistina; the first being minute plants,
and the last animals. Many of these are identical with those found
living at the present time in the waters of that coast. Exuding
through, and invariably present with these shales, is the Petroleum or
Bitumen of California, from which fact they had been named by the
Survey, ‘‘Bitumenous shales.” Off this coast, and lying generally
parallel to it, are several islands generally bearing upon their summits |
layers of guano of more or less value commercially. This coast, it
must be noted, is in continual motion from the contiguousness of
‘volcanoes of greater or less activity, which are found in the Sierra
Nevadas and their spurs; so much so that it is slowly rising. The
- Survey have identified at least three ancient lines of rise or coast,
and another one is seen in the islands which represent the peaks of a
future Coast Range.

If the facts which accompany the occurrence of the marine Infuso-
rial deposits of other parts of the globe, be examined, they are found
to be the same as occur in California; that is to say, there is found
Bitumen of some kind, and adjacent thereto islands upon which
guano exists. Thus at Payta, in Peru, Dr. C. F. Winslow had found
an Infusorial deposit almost identical with the Californian one; near
by was Bitumen, and off the coast the well known Guano islands
of Galapagos, Chincha, Lobos and others. The rocks of the Chincha
Islands, which immediately underlie the guano, had been shown
to be volcanic, and in fact, of recent eruption. So again, at Netanai
in Japan, Mr. Raphael Pumpelly had found a marine Infusorial deposit
of the same character, Bitugaen and active volcanoes. In the north-
ern part of Africa, in Algeria, the same phenomena occur, and in the
Carribean sea are found the Infusorial deposits of the islands of
Trinidad and Barbadoes, the great Pitch-lake of the first and the
Bitumenous springs of the last island, while guano islands are com-
mon, and active volcanoes not uncommon. ,

From these facts as well as others of no less importance, derived
from the chemical and microscopical characters developed, he had
come to the conclusion that guano was not the result of the accumula-
tion of bird droppings upon the islands, but the deposit of the remains

13

of dead animal and vegetable matter at the bottom of the ocean,
which, as the coast rose, had been so lifted as to appear upon the
crests of the islands formed, and from the chemical change which it
had undergone during its submergence, and thereafter, had become the
substance known as guano. If, however, such a collection of organic
remains were acted upon by pressure and heat derived from volcanic
sources at the time of, or previous to, its upheaval, the result would
be a removal of most of the organic material, and its conversion into ,
Hydro-carbons, such as are found in the Bitumen, while the inorganic
portions would remain agglomerated together in the form of a more
or less porous shale, mainly made’ up of the siliceous lorica of such
organisms as were common in the waters of the sea in which it was
formed.

He pointed out the fact, that the valuable deposits of guano which
are found upon the Pacific coast of South America, are rapidly dis-
‘appearing, and-before very long it will become necessary to look in a
new direction for a supply of this now indispensable material. He
was convinced that the sea-bottom would hereafter be the storehouse
from which such a want will be supplied. He had, in this eonnec-
tion, been greatly pleased to meet with one account, written by a
gentleman who had spent some time at the Chincha Islands, connected
with the guano trade, and who had a record of an island which had
risen from the bottom of the sea in that locality, during one of the
volcanic disturbances so common there, upon the summit of which
was found guano. He also called attention to the fact, that although
it served very well the purposes of a fertilizer, yet the accumulation
of recent bird droppings of that coast, as well as of our own and of the
European, is not guano, and in South America is not known under the
same name, but has a peculiar appellation applied to it by the inhabi-
tants.

It was his intention to follow up these investigations as fully as lay
in his power, and he called upon scientific observers and collectors, to
assist him by means of specimens of guanos, sea-bottoms, alge,
anchor muds, and similar material, as the vast scientific and commer-
cial importance of the subject warranted him, he considered, in so
doing.

Oe 4

GEORGE W. FAHNESTOCK.

Our acquaintance with Mr. F. commenced last summer, when he
spent a day in Salem, visiting the several objects of interest. His
pleasing manners, gentlemanly address, and deep interest in insti-
tutions for general culture, made a very favorable impression, and
resulted in a very pleasant and profitable correspondence and inter-

14

change. At that time speaking of his collection of pamphlets, he
remarked that he did not know for what purpose he was making this
collection, but presumed that it would ultimately be placed in some
public institution. Little did he know how soon an awful catastrophe
awaited him. He was a passenger on board the steamboat United
States, bound from Cincinnati to Louisville, when she collided with
the steamboat America, near the hour of midnight, on the 4th of
December, 1868, about midway between the two above named places,
and was among the victims of that terrible disaster.

Mr. F., son of B. A Fahnestock, was born in Chambersburg, Frank-
lin county, Pa., in the year 1823; and received a liberal education at
Washington College, Pa. After graduation he continued his studies,
and in early youth acquired a knowledge of many branches of Natural
Science, particularly of mineralogy and botany. Notwithstanding his
connection with a very extensive drug business in Philadelphia, he
continued his studies with unabated zeal and great success. While
possessing a deservedly high reputation as a successful man of busi- .
ness, he acquired a still wider reputation as a devotee to the natural
- sciences, and an antiquarian.

His collection of rare old books and pamphlets was very large and
valuable. He seemed to take pleasure in exciting an interest in
similar pursuits in the minds of others, and in aiding them. Espe-
cially did he do this for the various historical societies of the country.
With many of the latter he was brought into connection through his
gifts or exchanges. The friends which he made in this way will learn
of his melancholy end with deep regret. To the Pennsylvania Histori-
cal Society he bequeathed all his present collection of pamphlets,
numbering some 70,000. Many of these are very rare and will be of
great value in throwing light upon obscure matters of history.

He was a sincere, humble and modest christian, and was attached
to the Presbyterian church. He was in full sympathy with the benevo-
lent enterprises of the day, and sustained them liberally with his
means. He was blessed with wealth, and his great desire was to use
his means in doing good. Without doubt, if his life had been spared,
he would have continued spéadfast in this purpose, and employed his
large fortune, present and prospective, in promoting the glory of God
on earth.

The death of: such a man must— cut off as he was in the meridian
of life —be regarded as a loss to the community and to the church.
He has, however, embalmed his memory in the hearts of a wide circle
of friends, and shed a lustre upon his name that will not soon fade
away.

For many of the facts contained in this notice, we are indebted to
an article in the Reformed Church Messenger for Wednesday, Decem-
ber 23, 1868.

"s

15

JOHN CASSIN.*

During the past three years American Ornithology has lost from its
ranks, three of its most distinguished patrons and votaries, who have
died in the very prime of their lives, and in the midst of their
active usefulness. Thomas B. Wilson, M. D., of Philadelphia, whose
munificence not only enriched the Museum of the Academy with the
renowned Massen collection of birds, but added to it by constant
contributions, until it became the largest in the world, and accom-
panied these princely gifts by one even more valuable, the most per-
fect ornithological library anywhere to be found. Henry Bryant, M.
D., of Boston, to whom the Natural History Society of that city is
indebted for an ornithological collection only second in numbers to
that of Philadelphia, an active, enthusiastic student alike in the
closet and the field; and now John Cassin, of Philadelphia, who, more
than any other writer’ during the last quarter of a century has con-
tributed, by his investigations and his publications, to advance and
increase our knowledge, both of American and Foreign Ornithology.
He died in Philadelphia on the 10th of January, aged fifty-six years
and four months. : .

Mr. Cassin was born in Chester, Pa., in 1813, and became a c¥tizen
of Philadelphia in 1834. During the thirty-four years he has resided
in that city, he has been an active member of the Academy of Natural
Science, and no one has been more constant or more fruitful, both in
his studies and in his contributions to his favorite science. Besides
some sixty papers published in the Journal, or in the Proceedings of
that Society, all of them of first-class importance, he has, from time
to time, given to the world more elaborate publications. In 1856 he
published an octavo volume, giving illustrations and descriptions of
fifty species of birds unknown to Audubon. The ornithology of
Wilkes’ expedition was committed, for revision, to Mr. Cassin’s charge,
and by him published in a most creditable manner. The ornithology
of the expedition to Japan, the ornithology of Lieut. Gilliss’ expe-
dition to Chili, and the rapaces and grallatoxes in the ornithology of the
Pacific Railroad Explorations were also written by Mr. Cassin.

In 1846, about twelve years after his first residence in Philadelphia,
Dr. Wilson commenced his noble contributions to the Museum and to
the library of the Academy of that city. The result, ‘‘ was a collection
of twenty-five thousand specimens of birds, and a library contain-
ing,” says Mr. Cassin, ‘‘very nearly every book relating to this branch
of natural science.” With such unequalled opportunities, a man of
Mr. Cassin’s rare application, devotion and zeal, could not but be-
come a complete master of his science. No one on this continent

*Communicated by Thomas M. Brewer, M. D., of Boston.

16

equalled him in his familiarity with the old world forms, and his
death leaves our country with no one to fill the void thus created
in this field.

In American ornithology, in the forms of southern, central and
insular America, Prof. Baird of Washington, and Mr. George N. Law-
rence of New York, were Mr. Cassin’s co-laborers, and those fields
are still ably represented. With the types of the other hemisphere
Mr. Cassin was as familiar as with those of our own, and he has con-
tributed largely to their elucidation and description.

In the death of Mr. Cassin, the world of Science sustains a double
loss, not only that of the gifted naturalist, but also the appreciative
and intelligent head of an important engraving establishment, where .
scientific publications found in him invaluable assistance.

In the private relations of life he was upright, cordial and sincere,
firm in his friendship, kind and courteous in his dealings, and the open
and avowed opponent of all that was base or unjust. He never
shrank from the avowal of his opinions, or from maintaining them
when assailed, yet never engaged in personal controversy.

It was the desire of his heart that ‘‘ Naturalists of all climes should
work out their mission in harmony and fellowship,” and to no one more
than Mr. Cassin himself, belongs the high encomium he bestowed
upon Gustav Hartlaub of Bremen, ‘‘ would that all like him cultivated
and understood, as well as science, kindness, friendship and justice.”

—<»“<S

ORDER OF MEETINGS.

Regular meeting held January 4th, the President in the chair.

Records read. Donations to the Cabinets and the Library announced.

Communications presented by Mr. Jonathan Tucker, concerning
early voyages beyond the Cape of Good Hope, vide page 3. Also
concerning the Cannon at the North Bridge, Salem, 1775, vide page 10.

Narrative by James A. McNiel, of life and experiences in Nicaragua,
vide page 7. Candidates for election as Corresponding Members,
were announced.

Regular meeting held January 18th, the President in the chair.

Records read and correspondence announced. Donations to the
Cabinets and the Library announced.

The President announced the death of George W. Fahnestock, vide
page 13. Also the death of John Cassin, vide page 15. F.W. Putnam
eulogized Mr. Cassin.

The President read a paper on the Union Building, in Salem, vide
next number.

F. W. Putnam exhibited and described a living Pisuti.

Mr. Putnam also exhibited and explained two specimens of Indian
Carving, vide next number.

“s

Li

Professor A. M. Edwards of New York, spoke concerning the con-
nection of Guano deposits with Infusorial shales, and Bitumen, vide
page 11.

‘The thanks of the Institute were voted to Mr. Edwards for his
address.

Thomas Spencer of England, Ferdinand J. Dreer of Philadelphia, I.
P. Langworth of Chelsea, J. J. Howard of London, and James A.
McNiel of Grand Rapids, Mich., were elected Corresponding Members.
Candidates for election as Resident Members, were announced.

—=>>_

LETTERS ANNOUNCED. ~*

Batchelder, Jacob, Lynn, Jan. 8; Boardman, Samuel L., Augusta, Me., Nov. 30;
Brigham, W. T., Boston, Dec. 18; Chipman, Rev. R. M., East Granby, Conn, Dec.
15; Cobb, W, H.. Wellsboro, Tioga Co., Pa., Dec. 16; Dix, D. L., Washington, D.
C., June 10; Dumas, V., Boston, Dec. 21; Eaton, Lilley, Wakefield, Dec. 29; Geer,
Elihu, Hartford, Conn., De¢. 31; Goodell, A. C., jr., Salem, Jan. 6; Gould, B. A.,
Cambridge, Dec. 16; Howard, J. J., Dartmouth Row, Blackheath, Kent, England,
Dec. 11; Hubbard, Sara A., Kalamazoo, Mich., Sept. 21; Jackson, Rev. S. C., Bos-
ton, Dec. 30, and Jan. 4; Johnson, W. C., Newburyport, Dec. 24; Kinrock, Gusta-
vus, Iowa City, Dec 25; Lacklau, R. M., London, England, March 3; Lincecum.
_ Geo. W., Long Point, Dec. 14; Lyman, Arthur T., Boston, Jan. 12; McAlisten J ohn
A., Philadelphia, Jan. 2; Naturborschendé Gesellschaft, Frieburg, March 3; Nor-
ton, Edward, Farmington, Sept. 4; Porter, Horace P., Wayland, Allegan County,
Mich., Dec. 31; Riley, Charles V., St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 21; Robinson, Ernest, New
Haven, Dec. 31; Royal Institution, London, Nov. 29; Societé Royale des Sciences,
a Upsal, Sept. 15; Spofford, Jeremiah, Groveland, Dec. 22; Tomkin, John, New
York, Dec. 21; Turnbull, W. P., Philadelphia, Jan. 5; Verrill, A. E., New Haven,
Conn., Nov. 18, and Dec. 20; Watt, David A. P., Montreal, May 4; Yeomans, W. H.
Columbia, Conn., Jan. 1.

——<9#«

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
BY DONATION.

AGASSIZ, L., Cambridge. Contributions to the Fauna of the Gulf Stream at
great depths, 8vo, pamphlet.

BATCHELDER, JACOB, Lynn. Lynn Directory for 1863, 1 vol. 12mo; ditto for
1865, 1 vol. 8vo. Catalogue of Lynn Free Public Library, 1 vol. 8vo.

BROOKS, CHARLES T., Newport, R.I. Carriers Addresses, Newport, 1869.

BurLerR, B. F., M. ©. Speech in U. S. Congress on National Currency, Jan.
1869, 8vo, pamphlet.

CHASE, THOMAS, Haverford College. Catalogue of officers and students for
1868-9, 12mo pamphlet.

COLE, Mrs.N.D. Files of Salem Gazette for 1868, 1 vol. folio.

EATON, LILLEY of Wakefield. Inaugural exercises at Wakefield, on the occa-
sion of the assumption of the new name, July 4, 1868, 8vo, pamphlet.

‘GREEN, SAMUEL A., Boston. 48 Pamphlets.

HOLDEN, N. J. Various papers and pamphlets relating to the campaign of 1868

Hoop, MARY W. Massachusetts Gazette for Dec. 26, 1786.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. 3

‘

18

HouGH, FRANKLIN B., of Lowville, N. Y. Biographical notice of Dr. C. M.
Crandall, 8vo, pamph., Albany, 1868.

LANGWORTHY, Rev. I. P., of Chelsea. Walton’s Vermont Register, 1852. Min-
utes of Fifty-ninth Annual Meeting of General Association of New Hampshire, 8vo,
pamphlet. Minutes of Sixty-sixth Annual Meeting of Genera] Association of Con-
gregational Church, of Mass., 8vo, pamphlet.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for December, 1868,

Low, N. J. Boston Post, from July 1868, to January 1869, 1 vol. folio.

MILLS, Rey. R. C. Minutes of the Salem Baptist Association; 12 numbers.

PERLEY, JONATHAN. By-Laws of Starr King Lodge of A., F. and A. Masons,
12mo, pamph., Salem, 1868.

POPE, HENRY E. Second Annual Report of Crown Hill Cemetery, 8vo, pamph.,
Indianapolis, 1866. Also several papers.

ROBBINS, Rey. C., Boston. Correspondence relating to the Invention of the
Jacquard Brussels Carpet Power Loom, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1868.

ROBERTS, DAVID. Boston Directory, for 1863, 1 vol., 8vo.

Ropryson, E. P., Saugus. Abstract of Census of Mass., 1 vol. 8vo, Boston,
1867. Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, and Twenty-fifth Registration Reports of
Massachusetts, 8 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1866, 1867 and 1868.

ROPES, WILLIAM L., Andover, Mass. Catalogue of Andover Theological Semi- .
nary, 1868-9, 8vo, pamphlet.

SILSBEE, NATHANIEL, Boston. Harvard College, Treasurer’s statement, 1868,

- 8vo, pamphlet.

STICKNEY, M. A. Saco and Biddeford Directory, for 1849, 12mo, pamphlet.
Newburyport Directory for 1849, 12mo, pamphlet. Portsmouth Directory for 1851,
1 vol. 16mo.

SUMNER, CHARLES, U. S. Senator. Sherman’s Speech in U. S. Senate, Jan. 6,
1869, 8vo, pamphlet.

THAYER, Rey. C. T., Boston. Address at dedication of Lancaster Memorial
Hall, Jan., 1868, 8vo, pamphlet.

UpHAM, CHARLES W. Year Book and Almanac of Canada for 1869, 8vo, pamph.

U. S. Conc. LisprAry. Librarian’s Annual Report for 1868, 8yo, pamph.

U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT. Report of the Secretary of Treasury on the
state of the Finances, 1867 and 1868, 2 vols. 8vo.

WATERS, J. LINTON, Chicago, Ill. Directories of Chicago for 1862, 1864, 1865,
1865-6, 1864-5, 1867, 6 vols. 8vo. Thirteenth and fourteenth Reports of Schools of
Chicago. Elliot?’s Western Fruit Book, 1 vol. 12mo, New York, 1869. Adjutant
General’s Annual Report of Dlinois, 1863, 1 vol. 8vo. 33 Pamphlets.

WEST, W.S. Eight miscellaneous pamphlets.

BY EXCHANGE.

BOsTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. Ryifletin for Noy., 1868. Sixteenth Annual Report of
Trustees, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1868.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Proceedings, vol. XJ, sigs. 11 and 12.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Memoirs, vol. 1. pt. 2d, 4to, pamphlet.

KONGLIGA VETENSKAPS—SOCIETETEN, UPSALA. Nova acta Regiae Societatis,
Scientiarum Upsaliensis, ser. ter., vol. VI, Fasc 1, 11, 1866, 1868, 4to.

LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE HISTORIC SOCIETY. Address to the members of,
by J. Mayer, F. 8. A., 8vo, pamph., Liverpool, 1868.

MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Twenty-four numbers of its publications.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. New England Historical
and Genealogical Register for January, 1869. Address of Hon. M. P. Wilder at
Annual Meeting, Jan. 6, 1869, 8yo, pamphlet.

19

“New JERSEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings, 2d ser., vol. 1, No. 2, 1868, 8vo

pamphlet.
PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette, Dec. 15, Jan. 1. American Ento-
mologist, Jan. —. Canadian Journal, Dec. —. Christian World Jan.—. Essex

Banner, Dec. 25, Jan. 1, 8, 15. Gardener’s Monthly, Jan. —. Gloucester Tele-
graph, Dec. 23, 25, 30; Jan. 2, 6, 9, 13. Haverhill Gazette, Dec. 25; Jan. 1, 8, 15.
_ Land and Water, Nov. 7, 14,21. Lawrence American, Dec. 25; Jan. 1, 8,15. Lynn
Reporter, Dec. 23, 26, 30; Jan. 2, 6, 9,13, 16. Medical and Surgical Reporter, Dec.
19, 26; Jan.2,9. Naturalist’s Note Book, Dec. —. Peabody Press, Dec. 23, 30;
Jan. 6, 13. Silliman’s Journal of Science, Jan. —. Triibner’s American and
Oriental Literary Record. Vermont Historical Gazetteer. Bibliotheque Univer-
selle et Révue Suisse, Archives des Sciences, Physiques et Naturelles, Tome
XXXII, Oct. and Nov., 1868, 8vo. =

—<—»«—

ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUMS OF THE INSTITUTE AND
THE PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

JONATHAN TUCKER, Salem. Two Cases of Chinese Insects.
Prof. A. E. VERRILL, Yale College, New Haven, Conn. Sagitta sp., from East-
port. :
‘ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D.C. <A collection of thirty-three pack-
ages of Infusorial earths from various localities.
EzRA L. Wooppury, Salem. A specimen of ‘‘Common Brown Bat,” talagn in
Salem. :
Col. A. HARATzZTHY, Corinto, Nicaragua. A pair of elaborately carved, ancient
wooden Stirrups, from Corinto. en
Don. J. J. and Capt. F. B. DeShon, Polvyon. An ancient ‘‘ Rapier,” bearing the
stamp of the maker, Lisbon, 1621.
Capt. A. T. DouauLAss. A living specimen of the “‘'Pisuti,” or Coati, from Cen-
tral America.
Capt. GEO. F. EMMONS, Sloop of War Ossipee, U.S. N. Specimen of Gorgonia,
from Punta Arenas, Gulf of Nicoya.
JAMES L. WARD, Salem. A specimen of Loon (Colymbus torquatus) and one of
Guillemot (Lomvia Svarbag , Coues), from the vicinity of Salem.
Dr. T. GARLICK, Cleveland, Ohio. Antlers of the Caribou, from twenty miles
north of Sault St. Marie, Lake Superior.
Prof. H. W. RAVENELL, Aiken, S.C. A collection of 194 species of Fungi, from
South Carolina.
E. BICKNELL, Salem. Specimens of Garnet, from Ragged Island, Casco Bay.
WILLIAM STONE, Ipswich. An Indian Pestle, found near Eagle Hill, Ipswich.
G. E. EMERY. An Indian Idol, or Medicine, found in an excavation during the
grading of the Northern Railroad of New Hampshire, about twenty years ago in
North Boscawen, Merrimack County, on territory occupied by the Pennacook
Indians. Also Green Jasper and Asbestos, from Lynn, and Insects and portion of
the backbone of a Skate.

<9»

DEFICIENCIES IN THE LIBRARY.

It is intended to publish from time to time, lists of deficiencies in the library;
hoping that those friends of the Institute who may notice the same, will be induced
to aid in completing the sets. Any number or volume, not designated (within
brackets) under any title, will be acceptable.

20

DEFICIENCIES IN ALMANACS.

THE CLERGYMAN’S ALMANAC, Boston [1809-1822].

UNITARIAN REGISTER, Boston [1846-1858].

UNITARIAN CONGREGATIONAL YEAR Bock [1856-1858, 1867].

ALMANAC AND BAPTIST REGISTER, Philadelphia [1841-1852].

AMERICAN BAPTIST ALMANAC, Philadelphia [1860].

THOMAS (R. B.) FARMER’S ALMANAC, Boston [1793-1863].

METHODIST ALMANAC, New York [1858, 1860, 1861].”

GEORGE’S (DANIEL) CAMBRIDGE ALMANAC or ESSEX CALENDAR, Salem and
Newburyport [1776, 1778-1781, 1783, 1784].

RUSSELL’S (E. ) AMERICAN ALMANAC, Danvers and Boston [1780-1782].

CARLTON’s (OSGOOD) ALMANAC, Boston [1790-1797].

BICKERSTAFF’S BOSTON ALMANAC [1768, 1769, 1773-1775, 1777-1779, 1784-1788, 1791,
1792, 1795].

WEBSTER’S CALENDAR, or THE ALBANY ALMANAC [1829, 1832, 1847-1866, 1868].

NEW ENGLAND FARMER’S ALMANAC, by Dudley Leavitt, Exeter and Concord,
N. H. [1819-1821, 1823, 1826-1827, 1830-1867].

UNIVERSALIST’S REGISTER, COMPANION and ALMANAC, Utica, N. Y., Boston,
[1839-1842, 1849, 1852, 1855, 1857-1866].

WHIG ALMANAC, New York [1844-1853, 1855].

TRIBUNE ALMANAC, New York [1857, 1859-1866].

Low’s (NATHANIEL) ALMANAC, Boston [1770, 1772-1821, 1824, 1825, 1827].

CHURCHMAN’S ALMANAC, New York [1830, 1834, 1837].

THE CHURCH ALMANAC, New York [1841, 1843, 1846, 1848-1862, 1864, 1866, 1867].

THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL ALMANAC, New York [1860, 1862, 1863, 1864].

SworD’s POCKET ALMANAC, New York [1831, 1839].

THOMAS’ (ISAIAH) ALMANAC, Worcester [1788-1791, 1793, 1796-1808, 1811-1816,
1818-1822].

SPOFFORD (THOMAS) ALANAC; Haverhill, Exeter, Boston [1817-1824, 1826,
1829, 1831-1838, 1841, 1842, 1844, 1846].

DEFICIENCIES IN DIRECTORIES.

LEWISTON AND AUBURN DIRECTORY, by Stanwood [1860, 1864.]

PORTLAND DIRECTORY, by S. Colman [1831]; A. Shirley, [1834]; REFERENCE
Book AND DIRECTORY, by Becket [1846, 1847-8, 1850-1, 1852-3, 1856-7, 1858-9, 1863-
4]; ALMANAC AND REGISTER, by C. A. Dockham [1860].

SACO AND BIDDEFORD BUSINESS DIRECTORY [1849, 1856-7].

CONCORD, N. H., DIRECTORY, by Hoag and Atwood, [1830]; D. Watson, [1856] ;
DOovER, N. H. DIRECTORY, by Stevens [1833]; by J. S. Hayes [1859-60].

MANCHESTER, N. H., ALMANAC AND GENERAL BUSINESS DIRECTORY [1850] ;
DIRECTORY [1854, 1858, 1860, 1g64, 1866].

Nasuua, N. H., DIRECTORY,by Greenough [1864-5].

PORTSMOUTH, N. H., DIRECTORY, by Penhallow [1821]; by Brewster [1851]; by
Greenough [1854].

BURLINGTON, Vt. DIRECTORY, by Hart [1865-6, 1866-7, 1867-8].

Boston, MASS., DIRECTORY, by John West [1796]; by E. Cotton [1805, 1807, 1810,
1813, 1816, 1818]; by Frost and Stimpson [1822, 1826, 1827]; by Hunt and Stimpson,
[1828]; by Charles Stimpson, jr. [1829, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838,
1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845. 1846]; by George Adams [1846-9, 1847-8, 1848-9,
1849-50, 1850-1, 1851-2, 1852-3, 1853-4, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857]; by Adams, Sampson &
Co. [1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1867].

sf

BULLETIN

OF THE

mS Be A ea i og Hh a Bs Bg ele

Vou. I. Satem, Mass., Fespruary, 1869. ING: 2.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

INDIAN RELICS.

Mr. F. W. Putnam‘ exhibited two rare specimeits* of
Indian carving, both wrought from steatite. The largest
is about two inches, and the smaller about three-fourths
of an inch in length. One was found in an excavation
made about twenty years ago, during the grading of
the N. R. R. of N. H., in North Boscawen, Merrimack
County, on territory occupied by the Pentacooks. It was
presented to the Museum of the Peabody Academy of
Science, by Mr. G. E. Emery of Lynn. The other was
found in Cayuga and has long been in the possession of
the listitute, and was presented by Mr. C. L. Allen. It
is a simple mask of soapstone, with holes bored through
its edge to permit its being attached to a string. Both
have decided Indian features, perhaps more noticeable in
the smaller specimen. Similar carvings, wherever found,
have been almost invariably cut from the same material.
They are supposed to be Indian idols or “ Medicine.”

In this connection the following statement, transcribed

* At the Institute meeting, Jan. 18th.
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. 3

22

from a Kansas paper published some months ago, and sent
by Mr. Emery, is interesting.

‘* About the 10th of July the Kiowas had a battle with the Utes, in
which the Chief, Heap-of-Bears, and seven other Kiowa braves were
killed. Heap-of-Bears had on his person the Medicine of the Kiowas,
which was captured by the Utes, who still retain it. This Medicine
consists of an image about eighteen inches in length, carved to
represent a human face, and covered with the down and feathers of
the Eagle and other birds, and swathed in wrappers of different mate-
rials of value. Although I have been conversant with Indian habits
and customs for a long time, I was surprised to find the value these
people attach to this Medicine. They begged and implored Col.
Murphy to recover it for them, and promised to pay the Utes as many
horses as they wanted, and also to make a permanent and lasting
peace, not only with the Utes, but also to refrain from farther depre-
dations on the Texas border, if this image should be restored. Col.
Murphy promised to endeavor to recover it, but I think his success in
the matter will be doubtful, as the Utes also attach great importance
to their capture, believing that while they retain it, the Kiowas will be
powerless to do them harm.”

ESSEX INSTITUTE PRESS.

To facilitate the printing of the publications a stand of
type was obtained and placed in the lower western ante-
room of Plummer Hall. Mr. William S. West was
employed in January, 1866, to devote the time to com-
position, not otherwise required in the care of the
building—the presswork being done elsewhere. An
enlargement of this plan soon became a great desidera-
tum; more type was heeded; also a press and other
materials requisite for a printing office. These were
obtained from funds contributed by a few friends, and
hence was established the.“ Essex Institute Press,” which,
in the October following, commenced operations in the
“Union Building,” corner of Essex and Union streets,
Salem. This building was erected and is now owned by

ad 23
the “Salem Union Street Corporation,” a brief account of ©
which, with a few historical reminiscences, are contained
in the following article.

In September, 1867, the Press was removed to the
Central Building, on Central street, its present location.
The associations that cluster around this locality are
numerous, and a recital of them may, at some future
time, be deemed of sufficient importance to be presented
- to the readers of the Buntetin. The office is now fully
equipped with type, and the various materials requisite in
‘a first-class book printing establishment, with the excep-
tion of the Presses which are inadequate for the work
‘required, consequently a portion of the presswork is done
elsewhere. The great desideratum is a large Press and
steam power to operate the same, and we trust that all
friends of the institutions in this place, for the prombtion
of science and useful knowledge, will aid in the accom-
plishment of this result.

Great credit is due to Mr. John O’Donnell, the fore-
man, and to the compositors and pressmen in the office,
for the fine appearance of everything that emanates there-
from, which will bear comparison with the work of similar
establishments.

The following books are now being printed at the office :

The 6th vol. of the Proceedings and Communications of the Essex
Institube, 8vo; the 10th vol. of the Historical Cdllections of the Essex
Institute, 8vo; the 1st vol. of the Bulletin of the Essex Institute,
8vo (issued monthly); the 1st vol. of the Memoirs of the Peabody
Academy of Science, large 8vo; the 3d vol. of the American Natu-
ralist, 8vo (issued monthly); the Guide to the Study_ of Insects, by
Dr. Packard, 8vo (issued in parts, six parts now out); the Ist
Annual Report of the Peabody Academy of Science, 8vo; the’ 17th
vol. of the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science (Chicago Meeting); the Genealogy of the Stickney
Family, by Matthew A. Stickney, 8vo; the Record of American Ento-
mology for the year 1868, 12mo; Several other works are also in
waiting.

24 :

UNION BUILDING.

A meeting of subscribers to the building to be erected on Union
street, was held on Tuesday evening, May 31, 1808; votes were passed
to purchase of Mr. John Watson, his land and buildings on the western
side of Union street, for the sum of five thousand dollars, and also to
apply to the Legislature for an Act of Incorporation. The act having
passed the two branches of the Legislature, received the approval of
the Governor, June 10, 1808. The meeting for accepting the Act and
for organization was held June 17, 1808. The Act of Incorporation
limited the number of shares to one hundred, and the capital to
$40,000.

The By-laws direct that the stock be divided into forty shares;
that the annual meeting be held on the second Tuesday in June. The
following officers were chosen : —

Directors, — Benjamin Pickman, President ; Gamaliel Hodges, Samuel
Archer, 3d, Thomas M. Woodbridge, Robert Stone, jr. Clerk, —John
Moriarty. Treasurer, — James C. King.

- Gamaliel Hodges, Thomas M. Woodbridge and W. B. Parker, were
appointed the superintending committee of construction.

The Union Building at its erection, had two shops on Essex street
and one on Union street, also three tenements for dwellings, on Union
street. The eastern shop on Essex street was soon occupied by
Thomas M. Vinson, for the sale of Dry Goods. Mr. V. came to Salem
a few years previous and taught a school in the Vestry of the South
Church, on Cambridge street. He entered the army in 1812; was
Major of the 34th Regiment in 1813, and Lieutenant-Colonel in 1814, and
when the army was reduced in 1815, received an honorable discharge.
He then accepted an appointment in the Custom House, Boston, which
he held many years. He was a respectable man and a good officer.

Goodhue & Warner, both from Ipswich, had a grocery in the south-
ern shop, on Union street. They soon removed to Franklin Building.
William Stearns occupied the eastern shop in the autumn of 1816, and
for several subsequent years as a drug and grocery store. During his
occupancy that and the southérn store were united.

The Merchants Bank was*instituted in 1811, and on the 29th of
August of that year, leased the western store for their banking room,
for a period of twenty years, and continued until the removal to
Bowker’s Building. The first officers were Benjamin W. Crownin-
shield, President ; John Saunders, Cashier; John White Treadwell,
Principal Clerk ; Joseph Story, Joseph Winn, Jonathan Neal, James
Devereux, Stephen White, John Dodge, jr., Joseph Ropes and Robert
Stone, jr., Directors. The Essex and Salem, the only banks then in
Salem, were under the control of the Federalists, and party spirit

“s

25

interrupted business and social relations. ‘The Republicans com-
plained that they did not receive suitable accommodations at these
two banks, and they accordingly obtained the charter of the Merchants,
whose officers, and most if not all of its stockholders, were of the
Republican party.

The site of this building was a part of the estate owned by the
Elder John Browne, one of the early settlers. After his death it came
into the possession of his son James, then his daughter Hannah, wife
of William Pickering, then to her daughter Elizabeth, wife of Abraham
Watson, then to her son John Watson, who in 1808, sold to the present
owners. It was preoccupied by three buildings, two of which were
very ancient. An old house in a very decayed condition was, on Essex
street, tenanted by several families. In the rear was an old building
which had been used for many years as a school-room, by Master John
Watson, an eminent and successful teacher in his day, and a very
worthy man. He was a son of Deacon Abraham and . Elizabeth
(Pickering) Watson, and he lived in the house on the eastern corner
of Essex and Union streets. His mother was a daughter of Capt.
William ‘Pickering, who commanded the ‘Province Galley” for
the protection of the fishermen from the depredations of the ‘french
in 1707. His father was from Cambridge, but came in early life to
Salem. His wife was Abigail, daughter of Capt. John and Abigail
(Blaney) White. She died August 19, 1806, aged 54. He died October
31, 1813, aged 67.

He was succeeded in the school by Master Pennel, an Englishman,
who came here from Boston. His family occupied a tenement in the
old house above mentioned. South of the school-house was a more
modern wooden building, used by a Mr. Baker, from Ipswich, for the
manufacture and sale of hats.

For many of the above facts we are indebted to the kindness of W.
B. Parker, Esq., who is an officer of the corporation and the keeper of
its records; and to Hon. B. F. Browne, who has done a good service
in the ‘preservation of materials for our local history, by his valuable
contributions to the publications of the Essex Institute, and to the
newspapers of this city. “

A SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF THE LATE HORACE MANN.
2 BY A FRIEND AND ASSOCIATE.

Biographical sketches of our late departed friends sometimes sound
like solemn mockeries. When in rising, ripening youth, a man of
promise is cut down unexpectedly to the majority of his friends, the

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. 4

26

mind refuses to accept as final, an end so unhoped for. It is hard to
believe that the column starting from a broad base, and promising to
tower into higher and purer regions, is suddenly snapped in mid air,
leaving us only the incomplete shaft, an emblem at once of past great-
ness and of unrealized hopes.

We are too apt to take as the measure of a life, perfect in its details
and symmetrical in its proportions, days instead of deeds; to regard
lengthened existence as a substitute for a genuine, fruitful one.

A sketch of the character and labor of the late Horace Mann
will suffice to show that the popular estimate is false, for here we
see a man who in early life had developed a character of singular
simplicity and purity, and who had distinguished himself in the con-
test between knowledge and ignorance. The departure of such men
leaves a vague longing after something expected, yet undone. A
deeper thought, however, convinces us that the loss is simply one of
quantity, not quality; that years would have brought, as only years
could bring, the fruition of all our hopes. Such lives show no failures.
They only point to past success and conquests about to be entered
‘upon.

In truth, then, —

‘“*Tf we drop our tears,
Who loved him as few men were ever loved,
We mourn no blighted hope, nor broken plan

With him whose life stands rounded and approved
In the full growth and stature of a man.”

Horace, the eldest son of Horace and Mary Mann, was born in Bos-
ton, on the 25th of February, 1844. To him was denied the excessive
vitality, so characteristic of boyish life, that leads its possessor into
vigorous bodily exercise. For such sports he seemed to have but little
relish. His nervous, sensitive temperament, inclined him rather to
the more quiet enjoyment of intellectual life. Rude boys were too
much for him, and he fled from their presence. Even at the earliest
age, quiet, thoughtful boys older than himself, were his chosen com-
panions. Some of the maladies incident to childhood affected him
more seriously than they dogitost children, and intensified the morbid
action of his nerves. Though very fond of his younger brothers, he
once, when a child, wished that he could die, and when pressed for
the reason, he at last unwillingly confessed that it was ‘‘ because the
boys made so much noise.” Ever after, suffering for a whole year
from the effects of a cold taken during the mumps, a heavy footfall
had been painful to him. This alarming sensitiveness, of course,
enlisted the greatest sympathy, and every arrangement was made to
defend him against the robust play of stronger children. He also
resolved, very early in his childhood, when his sympathies even for

27

animals were too keen for comfort, never to care much for any one,

for then he should not suffer. But that resolution was not easily kept,
and he did love and consequently suffer. He made idols very early,
and never quite lost the tendency to do so, but he never liked to hear
another express the same disappointment he felt. The idols acquired
a certain sacredness in his eyes from the very fact of the idealization.

His father, who was born with the same sensitiveness, frequently
said of him that it would require all the prosperity the world could
give to make it worth while for him to have been born. To one so
constituted, the joy in the universe which made his happiness was
the most fitting compensation. Perhaps to this weakness of body,
we may in part attribute that all-absorbing interest in study, the final
development of which, in after years, explained his rapid mental
advance, and now entitles his name to a place on the list of our botani-
cal celebrities. But his early education was not so much a lessoning

_ from books, as by handling the objects of nature and learning her laws
from the lips of his father. He was not sent to school till he was
twelve years old, with the exception of a few months when seven.
He was then sent to the Model Department of the West Newton
Normal School, because his natural love of order and routin® made
the home lessons harassing at a time when his mother’s cares pre-
vented the regularity of attention he craved.

The discipline of the school was excellent, neither too lax nor too
stringent, and he was very happy in it for a time. The feature of it
that interested him chiefly, was the daily lesson in Mineralogy, for this
fed the taste already acquired for the study of nature— Conchology
and Botany having been made interesting to him at home. His enthu-
siasm about the stones he collected was so great that a kind friend
sent him a barrel of Russian minerals. Never did king feel so rich.
They were examined, named and labelled in the childish handwriting
and spelling, and carefully preserved all his life. A sandstone, from
Ehren breitstein, was labelled Ehren’s Broad Stone, and this is a good
sample‘of his method of learning by ideas rather than by words. He
had not a good verbal memory, and could never get rote lessons, but
he never forgot anything he learned by the aid of eyesight and ideas.

His father was clearly of the opinion that the study of nature isa
better discipline for the mind than the study of heathen mythology,
and it was a great gratification to the son, in after life, to find this
very expression in his father’s writings. To the boy no new item of
knowledge or youthful discovery was satisfactory till he had ‘talked
about it with papa.” He would watch at the door of the study, for
intervals of leisure, from company and from literary labors, to seize
the opportunity for these delightful talks. His father was also in the
habit of taking his children to mills and factories, to show them

28

processes and machinery. Horace learnt very early a simple method
of drawing from nature, by a system that did not involve scientific
explanations, and when he was eight or nine years old, he would try
to describe machines to his mother by drawing them. He afterwards
showed a talent for drawing figures, and might have excelled in that
accomplishment, if he could have found time from more absorbing
occupations for it. $

Early exercises and sports in geometry made him practically familiar
with that branch of mathematics, which was always easy to him, and
he was a good arithmetician and algebraist when quite young. His

@first lessons in geography were from that edition of Woodbridge’s
Atlas that has figures of animals and plants in their respective locali-
ties, and from an encyclopedic work on the subject, illustrated on
every page with fine wood-cuts. He excelled in drawing maps, and
from his habit of poring over pictures, and from oral instruction upon
geography and history combined, the lines of maps were never
unmeaning lines to him. He was particularly charmed with Geethe’s
mountain, on which the vegetation of different latitudes is paralleled
by different altitudes. When he became a botanist the geographical
distribution of plants was very interesting to him, and he was always
in the habit of reading with a map by his side.

When in Washington for two Winters he enjoyed the freedom of the
Patent Office, and became familiar with the objects obtained on Wilkes’
Exploring Expedition, and also with Mr. Titian Peele’s collection of the
Fauna of the District of Columbia. The model machine rooms were
also very attractive to him, and all that could be then seen of the
Smithsonian Institution, at that time in its infancy. ‘

His boyish desire for travel was to see the scenery of the world,
rather than of man’s achievements or their ruins, and he used to make
himself quite unhappy with the fear that cultivation and railroads
would go everywhere before he should be old enough to see his own
country in all its wildness.

French was taught him in his childhood by living speech, and he
studied both Latin and German by a colloquial, rather than by a gram-
matical method, when quite young, but his knowledge of those
languages was not extensive. His philological powers, however,
were well exercised by these early studies, so that he had a good
command of his own language. He had no taste for the classics ;
there were too many interesting books to read, and things to do, to
waste time upon them, as he thought. The love of nature, which dates
back into his early childhood, from the time when he felt the quiet
enjoyment of the new world, on the flowery banks of Concord river,
sitting in his basket carriage, and the contemplative rambles of later
life, in the same vicinity, leave on an observer the impression of a

“

29

child set apart to minister in the temple of nature. He registered his
future vocation when in maturer years he said, ‘‘out of botany all to
me is blank.” With more propriety he might have said, out of natwre
all to me is blank. Exclusive attention to. one branch of natural
science was out of the question. His broad, catholic tendencies
could tolerate no such divorce of one kingdom from another. Uncon-
sciously to himself, the unity in all was a potent element in leading
him to devote himself to science. The harmony everywhere evinced
was suited to a nature so thoughtful as his. The passionate ardor
with which he pursued this idea, thereby becoming acquainted with
the divine plan, lightened to him many labors of details involved in his
mode of investigation.

One of his characteristics was that he could not do anything well
but in his own way, and he had a strong will to bring that way about.
If he set his heart upon anything he was unhappy till he could attain
his wish, and very persistent in his pursuit of it. Perhaps the great-
est trial of his childish life was the ungratified desire for a pistol, and
subsequently for a gun, the possession of which had to be deferred
till he came to years of discretion. In early childhood he was shocked
and made unhappy for a long time by finding out that men used gins
against one another. The knowledge came-on the same occasion that
revealed to bim the shooting of birds, sufficiently distressing ‘in itself, ©
for he loved birds as well as flowers, which he did not like to pull to
pieces even to learn the mysteries of their structure. Probably the
desire for the fire-arm grew first out of a sense of danger. The whole
subject of war was discussed by degrees, and he was led to feel that
there were some things dearer and nobler than life, and that men were
driven by the injustice and encroachments of each other to defend
themselves in this fearful way. But the whole subject of ‘*man’s
inhumanity to man,” was a painful one to so sensitive a child, who had
known only love and kindness, and the ‘‘gun-man” was a sad subject.
often recurred to. He was not a timid child, however, and always
showed personal courage and pluck when the defenceless were assailed.
He was evidently meant to dwell in « robust body, for he may be said.
to have had a robust soul. Nothing stirred him so powerfully as
narratives of bold enterprise. Preternaturally sensitive children are
apt to become selfish, but he always showed conscience and considera-
tion about his own wants. It troubled him that the articles he wished
' for to gratifiy his taste for the study of science were so expensive,
but his parents tried to make him feel that they wished him to have
everything that would conduce to his improvement, and when in after
years he came into possession of his little patrimony, which he did
virtually long before he was of age, his mother told him that it. had
been laid by for him at much personal sacrifice, that he might not

30

suffer for means of education, as his father had. done, and gave him
full liberty to furnish himself with all the books and apparatus he
needed, and rarely interfered even with advice to restrain him, for he
conscientiously devoted it to his education. We are assured by those
who know him most intimately, that when he came into legal posses-
sion he was ever ready to share it with others for the same purpose.
In his maturer days we find him urging a friend to accept a lucrative
position, and even using his influence to obtain it’for him, though at
the same time by that very act he was depriving himself of the place,
at once honorable and paying. Again he asked the same friend to take
as a gift, some hundreds of species of plants, and does it in the follow-
ing language: ‘‘I have two or three packages of plants laid aside for
you which I wish to send on soon, not from any kind feeling but
because I wish to have them out of the way.” Even mere statements
of disinterested friendship are sufficiently rare to make them valuable ;
acts of a similar character come but once in a great while, and we
always acknowledge a refreshing sensation on seeing them.

It is a source of regret to his friends, that habitual modesty, or
rather a painful under estimate of his own worth, often cut him off
from a sympathy that must have been gratifying to him if he had
known of its existence. It was given to few persons to know how
deep down in his nature were rooted the purest sentiments of
humanity. . They were not kept on the surface for public exhibition.
He was seldom demonstrative, and the mass of mankind would never
have dreamed that beneath his reserve was an exquisite tenderness
which would not allow the infliction of pain on the meanest creature.

A long tried domestic friend, who has known him as people can only
be known in their own family, hearing that a sketch was to be written
of him by some one, came to his mother and said, —

‘“‘Tt ought to be told of Mr. Horace how kind and good he always
was to the poor—how much thoughtfulness he had for them, and for
everybody that had work to do—and how patiently and uncomplain-
ingly he bore his illness.” ‘To this devoted friend, who shared his
love of all natural objects, he always showed any interesting or novel
specimen, and called her, to see the hidden glories of the microscopic
world. Such a tribute as this is worth recording.

There is something of conscious purity in one who, through all the
varying conditions of life, remains steadfast in his chosen plan, and in
the darkest hours still sees beyond the cloud eternal goodness and —
justice smiling on him. Bad men or persons of negative goodness
can never look thus hopefully on the future.

He wrote to his mother from the Hawaiian Islands that he hoped
she kept her promise not to be anxious about him, that he was well
and enjoying every moment, adding, ‘“‘and if anything should happen

ees Oe ae ee a a eae

a. ele

—_—

‘

31 :

to me there is the whole delightful future.” The quiet trust of our
friend meant,
“ And so beside the silent sea
I wait the muffled oar;
No harm from Him can come to me
On ocean or on shore.

I know not where His islands lift
Their fronded palms in air,
I only know I cannot drift
Beyond his love and eare.”
[ To be concluded.]

—<=>»*—S>—

ORDER OF MEETINGS.

Regular semi-monthly, meeting held Feb. Ist. President in the
chair. Records were read. Recent Correspondence and Donations
were announced.

The President read an interesting paper prepared by David R. Pea-
body, upon the temperance organizations in the city of Salem, formed
since 1841, vide next number. * ‘v

Voted, —That the thanks of the Institute be given to Mr. Peabody
for his valuable paper, and that it be referred to the Committee on
Publication.

The President presented a manuscript memoir of Horace Mann, jr.,
from a friend and associate, vide page 25.

Voted,—To refer this also to the Committee on Publication, and
that the thanks of the Institute be tendered to the writer.

Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited several specimens of trout, about two
weeks old, which had been placed in his charge for the purpose of
having them drawn for a paper in the Naturalist, by Dr. A. Coolidge
of Boston. These specimens were all monstrosities, and presented
the following characteristics :— One had a second head and anterior
part of the»sbody growing out from its side, while another had two
heads and was double throughout its anterior portion, but with a per-
fect and single tail portion. Other specimens exhibited a singular. ‘
curvature of the spine which had prevented the fish, when alive, from
swimming except inacircle. Dr. Coolidge has noted the fact that in
all the several double headed monsters of trout that he has had alive

‘that it was the left head that governed the motions of the fish, the

right bead in every case holding an inferior position. Mr. Putnam
gave a farther account of the anatomy of these singular specimens,
from information furnished him by Dr. Coolidge, which was followed
by a discussion of such malformations as illustrative of the principle
of germination, during which Dr. A. H. Johnson noticed the latest

: 32

theory of the cause of monstrosities, and Mr. A. Hyatt gave an
account of the development of certain species of Polyzoa, illustrating
the same with drawings, showing the principle of propagation by
budding among the lower animals.

Mr. Putnam also read extracts from a communication received from
Mr. Dexter, of West Barnstable, Mass., giving an account of the fish
farm where the monstrosities mentioned were raised. At Mr. Dexter's
place they had been very successful in raising trout and salmon. This
paper contains a very full description of a fish farm with its breeding
house and ponds for the fishes of different ages, and will be printed in
full in the May or June number of the Naturalist.

Regular semi-monthly meeting, Feb. 15th. President in the chair.
The Records were read. Recent Correspondence and Donations were
announced.

Edward S. Morse presented a paper from Mr. Harper Pease of
Honolulu, Sandwich Islands, entitled ‘‘ Vertigo inhabiting Polynesia,
with descriptions of new species.” He enumerates six species as
having been described from this region, and describes seven new
species. He adds in a letter, that he has ‘‘ discovered that they are
distributed all over Polynesia, even on the Atolls, not elevated over
five or six feet above the sea.”

"Mr. Morse then discussed the generic characters of this group, and
described some of the characteristics of our native species of vertigo.

The President mentioned that the local committee of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science —the meeting to be held
in Salem, commencing on Wednesday, Aug. 18, 1869—had been
organized, and gave an interesting sketch of the Institution, with a
few reminiscences of some of those who were the active participants
of the earlier meetings. A

A number of geologists, who had been employed in the State Sur-
veys, had felt the necessity of stated meetings for the interchange ot
opinions and observations, and conceived that great benefit would
result therefrom in the prosecution of their investigations. In re-
sponse to a circular issued by the members of the New York Survey,
eighteen gentlemen met on the 2d of April, 1840, at the Rooms of the
Franklin Institute, in Phladelphia, organized an association under the
name of ‘‘The Association of American Geologists,” and continued in
session two days. At the third meeting in Boston, commencing on
Monday, April 5, 1842, a Constitution and By-laws were adopted, and
the objects of the association enlarged so as to embrace the collat- —
eral branches of the Natural Sciences, and the name was changed to
“The Association of American Geologists and Naturalists.”

At the meeting in September, 1847, another important step was
taken, and the sphere of operations enlarged so as to embrace, hence-

a

33

forth, the advancement of all the departments of positive knowledge,
and the promotion of intercourse between those who are zealous for
their cultivation. In the reorganization the name adopted was ‘‘The
American Association for the Advancement of Science.” The meet-
ings have been held annually (except during the years 1861 to 1865,
inclusive) in different cities of the Union, and have contributed large-
ly to the progress of American Science.

Candidates for membership were proposed.

Adjourned. 2

LETTERS ANNOUNCED.

Akhurst, J., Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 25; Aldrich, T. H., Troy, N. Y., Jan. 19, 23;
Allen, B. R., Marblehead, Feb. 4; Almy, James F., Salem, Jan. 29; American
Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Feb. 5; Atkinson, F. P., Cambridge, Feb. 10;
Boardman, Samuel L., Augusta, Me., Feb. 5; Boston Public Library, Boston, Jan.
23; Brown, W. B., Marblehead, Feb. 1; Dall, W. H., Washington, D. C., Jan. 20;
Deane, R., Cambridge, Feb. 4; Dreer, F. J., Philadelphia, Feb. 5; Elder, J. G.,
Lewiston, Me., Feb. 8; Fellows, R. J., New Haven, Conn., Feb. 13; Freiburg, Die
Naturforshendé Gesellschaft, Oct. 18,1868; Goodwin, W. F., Richmond, Va., Jana12,
28; Harvard College, Corporation of, Cambridge, Jan. 19; Hazeltine, Amos, jr.,
Haverhill, Jan. 29; How, Moses, Haverhill, Jan. 28; Howard, Charles D., Peabody,
Jan. 25; Jenks, E. H., Pawtucket, R. I., Nov. 30, 1868; Kennedy, George G., Rox-
bury, Feb. 5; Langworthy, I. P., Boston, Feb. 5; London, Society of Antiquaries,
Nov. 23, 1868; London Zo6logical Society, Nov.16, 1868; Lugduno-Batave, Bibliotheca
Universitatis, Sept. 14, 1868; Lynn Public Library, Feb. 2; Maine Historical
Society, Brunswick, Jan. —; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Jan.
19; Mead, Theodore L., New York, Jan. 19; Newhall, Josiah, Lynnfield, Feb. 5;
New York Lyceum of Natural History, New York, Jan. 25; Nurnberg, Die Natur-
historische, Gesellschaft, Oct. 1, 1868; Owen, Richard, Bloomington, Ind., Jan. 23,
Feb. 10; Park, Frank, Indianapolis, Ind., Jan. 16; Peabody Institute, Baltimore,
Md., Jan. 30; Perkins, Henry C., Newburyport, Jan, 28; Poole, Stephen D., Lynn,
Jan. 20, Feb. 3; Putnam, Moses W., Haverhill, Jan. 29; Quebec Literary and
Historical Society, Quebec, Jan. 21; Reakirt, John, Philadelphia, Jan.5; Runkle,
J. D., Boston, Jan. 26; Sampson, Davenport & Co., Boston, Feb. 3; Thornton, J.
Wingate, Boston, Mch. 15; Uhler, P. R., Baltimore, Md., Jan. 27> Veatch, Charles,
Keytesville, Mv., Feb.6; Verrill, A. E., New Haven, Conn., Jan. 16, Feb.2; Waters,
J. Linton, Chicago, Ill., Jan. 15; Warren, G. K., St. Paul, Minn., Dec. 18, 1868.

—<>+$»« > —

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

BY DONATION.

BUTLER, B. F., M.C. Sherman’s Speech in U. S. Senate, Jan. 6, 1869, on “‘ Char-
tering of Railroad Companies,” 8vo. pamph; Shank’s Speech in U.S. House of
Representatives, Jan. 7, 1869, on ‘‘ Recognition of Crete, 8vo. pamph.; Logan’s
Speech in U. S. House of Representatives, Jan. 8, 1869, on ‘‘ Tenure of Office,” =
pamph.; Cary’s Speech in U. S. House of Representatives, Jan. 5, 1869, Svo,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. 5

34

pamph.; Monthly Report of Dep’t of Agriculture, for Nov. and Dec., 1868, 8vo,
pamph.; Boutwell’s Speech in U. S. House of Representatives, Jan. 23, 1869;
Sumner’s Speech in U. S. Senate, Feb. 5, 1869; Daily Globe Supplement, Feb. 12,
1869.

GoopwWIn, WM. F., U. S. Army. Correspondence between Gilmer and McCul-
lock, 8vo. pamph., Richmond, 1869.

Hyatt, ALPHEUS. Report on the Mineral resources of U. S. A., 1 vol. 8vo,
Washington, 1868; Report on the Commercial Relations of the U. S. with Foreign
Nations, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1868, .

Iowa STATE UNIVERSITY. Catalogue for 1867-8, 8vo, pamph.

LEE, JoHN C. Commercial Bulletin for January.

LoRING, GEORGE B. Files of Boston Post for 1868.

MUNSELL, JOEL, Albany, N. Y. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

PARKER, GEORGE A. Thesaurus Lingue Sanctx, Sive Lexicon Hebraicum,
Authore Sancte Pagnino, 1 vol. folio, Lugduni, 1577.

PEABODY, JOHN P. The Hoop Skirt, 9 Nos., Salem, 1868 and 1869.

SMITH, A. AUGUSTUS. Boston Directory for 1864, 1 vol. 8vo.

STATEN, Mrs. D. F. Anti-Popery, by J. Rogers, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1846; Les
Ruines de Pompei, 12mo, Naples, 1858; Songs of Zion, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston; Good-
rich’s History, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1848; Beeklard’s Physiology, 1 vol. 18mo, New
York, 1842; Pamphlets, 10.

STonE, BENJ. W. Seventh and eighth Annual Reports of the Commissioners of
Public Charities and Correction, 2 vols. 8vo., New York, 1867, and Albany, 1868;
Manual for the use of N. Y. Legislature, 1867 and 1868, 2 vols. 12mo, Albany, 1867,
1868.

STonE, E. M., of Providence, R. I. Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the
Ministry at large, 8vo, pamph., Providence, 1869.

SUMNER, CHARLES, U. 8S. Senate. Morton’s Speech in U. S. Senate, Dec. 16,
1868, on *‘ the resumption of specie payments”; Monthly Report of Dep’t of Agri-
culture, Nov. and Dec., 1868, 8vo, pamph.

BY EXCHANGE.

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings, No. 80, 8vo, pamph.

Boston PUBLIC LIBRARY. Bulletin for January, 8vo, pamph.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Proceedings, vol. xii, sigs. 13, 14.

FREIBURG, GESELLSCHAFT FUR BEFORDERUNG DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN.
Bericht uber die verhandlungen, Band v, Helt 1, 8vo, Freiburg, 1868.

Iowa STATE HISTORICAL Society. Annals of Iowa, for Jan., 1869, 8vo, pamph.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Fourth Annual Catalogue of
Officers and Students, for 1868-69, 8vo, pamph.

NEW YORK HISTORICAL Society. ‘Historic Progress and Democracy,” an
Address by J. L. Motley, Die. 16, 1868, 8vo, pamph.

NURNBERG, NATURHISTORISCHE GESELLSCHAFT. Abhandkungen der, Band iii,
Halfte 1, 11, and Band iv, 8 pamphlets, 8vo.

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings for Sept. and
Oct., 1868, 8vo, pamph. :

PUBLISHERS. American Journal of Conchology, vol. 4, pt. 4; American Literary
Gazette, Jan. 15, Feb. 1; Book Buyer, Jan. 15; Canadian Naturalist, Jan. — ; Chris-
tian World, Feb. — ; Cosmos, Feb. 13; Essex Banner, Jan. 22, 29, Feb. 5, 12;
Gardener’s Monthly, Feb. — ; Gloucester Telegraph, Jan. 20, 23, 27, 30, Feb. 3, 6, 10,
13; Hardwick’s Science Gossip, Jan. 1, Feb. 1; Haverhill Gazette, Jan. 22, 29, Feb.
5, 12; Land and Water, Nov. 28, Dec. 12, 19, 26, Jan. 2,9; Lynn Reporter, Jan. 20,
23,97, 30, Feb. 3, 6, 10, 13; Medical and Surgical Reporter, Jan. 16, 23, 30, Feb. 6;

=

ne ee ey ae

35

Nation, Jan. 21, Feb. 11; Naturalist’s Note Book, Feb. — ; Peabody Press, Jan. 20,
27, Feb. 3; Salem Observer, Jan. 23, 30, Feb. 6, 138; Triibner’s American and Ori-
ental Literary Record Jan. 15; Western Bookseller, Feb. 1.

——S

ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUMS OF THE INSTITUTE AND
THE PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

WILLIS G. BURNHAM, Essex. <A beautifully made Stone Axe, found in Essex.

Brown E. SHAW, Salem. <A framed Photograph of the Hairy Family of Ava,
Burma, and one of a Group of Andamanese, Natives of the Andaman Islands, Bay
of Bengal.

JOHN R. MANSFIELD, Salem. Malformed Egg of Common Fowl.

- A FRIEND, Salem. Four steel spurs used by the Malays for arming fighting cocks.

T. S. BRiGHAM, Salem. Two specimens of Snow Buntings (Plectrophanes
nivalis) and two Lesser Red-poll Linnet (#giothus linarius), from Salem.

H. B. GRIFFIN, Salem. Egg case containing embryo of Skate, from Rockport.

J. G. WILLIS, Salem. Embryo of Porpoise, and a young Flying Fish, taken on
the passage from New York to Zanzibar.

' Rey. A. B. KENDIG, Davenport, Iowa. A collection of shells from the vicinity
of Davenport.

L. T. LEE. U.S. Coast Survey. Twenty-seven specimens of Algx, from Tor-
tugas, Fla.

SAMUEL KILLAM, Boxford. Carcasses of three Foxes, three specimens of sn¥w
Bunting (P..nivalis), and one Snipe (Scolopax gallinago), all from the vicinity of
Boxford.

PORTLAND SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Three specimens of Liparis sp.,
found among Eel-grass in Portland Harbor; collected by C. B. Fuller.

CHARLES G. ATKINS, Augusta, Me. Living specimens of Young emi and
Eggs of Salmo fontinalis, from Grand River, Me.

JOHN H. SEARS, Danvers. A Stone Hatchet from Danvers, Carbonate of Lime
from the same place, and Casts of Fossil Shells from Iowa. Three specimens of
Woodpecker (Picus villosus), shot at Boxford.

J. C. JOHNSON, Newburyport. Head of Symnus brevipinna, taken off New-
buryport. -

W. S. Coog, Salem. Minerals from Mt. Washington.

SAMUEL KILLAM, Boxford. Specimen of Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola Canadensis),
shot at Boxford. :

CHARLES FISHER, Salem. Specimens of Gold, Silver, Copper and Lead ores,
from California and Nevada.

ROBERT UPTON, Salem, Partial skeleton of Lomvia sp. é

Capt. H. D. Hany, U.S. R.M. Specimen of Squilla from Cape Fear River, N. C. '

WILLIAM GROVER, Salem. Four specimens of Leda thracieformis, from the
stomachs of Sand dabs, taken in the vicinity of Salem.

3S

DUPLICATES.

Lists of this kind, which from time to time will be printed, show what we have
to offer in conducting exchanges, or for sale. .

ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY. Oration on the life and character of Lafayette, Dec. 31,
1834, 8v0, pamph,, Washington, 1835. 50 cts.

ALLEN, M. O. History of Wenham, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1860: $1.25.

BOSTON ALMANAC, twenty-three vols., from 1839 to1862, wanting only 1860, $5.00.

36

FARMER’S ALMANAC, from 1795 to 1864, wanting only 1797, 1800, 1801, 1805, 1806 ;
in all sixty-five numbers; good order. $12.00.

CHRISTIAN ALMANAC, 1821 to 1861, wanting 1835, 1837, 1838, 1843, 1855, 1856, 1857,
1858.

ISAIAH THOMAS’ ALMANAC, from 1790 to 1821, wanting 1791-3-4-5, 1809-10, 1811-
12-14-15-16-17-19.

UNITARIAN ANNUAL REGISTER, 1846 to 1858, wanting 1848.

AMERICAN ANTI-SLAVERY ALMANAC, from 1836 to 1843, wanting 1841, 1842.

BELKNAP, JEREMY. The History of New Hampshire, 3 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1792.
$9.00.

BRAZER, JOHN. Discourse at the interment of Dr. E. A. Holyoke, 8vo, pamph.,
Salem, 1829. 35 cts. Sermon on anniversary of ordination, Nov. 19, 1837, 8vo,
pamph., Salem, 1837. 35 cts. Discourse on the life and character of Hon. L. Salton- ©
stall, 8vo, pamph., Salem, 1845. 35 cts. Discourse on the death of Hon. Benjamin
Pickman, 8vo, pamph., Salem, 1843. 35 cts. ;

Brices, G. W. Eulogy on Abraham Lincoln, June 1, 1865, 8vo., pamph, Salem,
1865. 35 cts. Address on the Birth-day of Washington, Feb. 22, 1862, 8vo, pamph.,
Salem, 1862. 35 cts.

BROMFIELD, JOHN, Reminiscences of (not published), 1 vol. 8vo, Salem, 1852.

BURLINGAME, ANSON. Oration at Salem, July 4, 1854, 8vo, pamph, Salem, 1854.
35 cts.

CLAPP, DEXTER. Discourse on the death of Rev. James Flint, 8yo, pamph.,
Salem, 1855. 35 cts.

COFFIN, JOSHUA. The Toppans of Toppan’s Lane, 8vo, pamph., Newburyport,
1862. 30 cts.

EMERSON, BRown. Sermon on the thirty-eighth anniversary of ordination, 8vo,
pamph., Salem, 1843. 30 cts.

EVERETT, EDWARD. Eulogy on the life and character of J. Q. Adams, 8vo,
pamph., Boston, 1848. 50 cts. Address in commemoration of Adams and Jeffer-
son, 8v0, pamph., Boston, 1826. 50 cts.

FELT, J. B. Annals of Salem, 2d edition, 2 vols. 12mo, Salem, 1845-9. $5.00.

Who is the first Governor of Massachusetts, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1848. 30 cts.

History of Ipswich, Essex and Hamilton, 1 vol. 8vo, Cambridge, 1834. $3.00.

' Memoir or defence of Hugh Peters, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1851. 50 cts.

FLINT, JAMES. Discourse on the death of Rev. John Brazer, 8vo, pamph.,
Salem, 1846. 30 cts. e

GAGE, THOMAS. History of Rowley, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1840. $5.00.”

GAY, EBENEZER. “The Old Man’s Calendar” Discourse, Aug. 26, 1783, 8vo,
pamph., Salem, 1822. 25 cts.

GREENOUGH, N. W. Oration at Boston, July 4, 1849, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1849.
25 cts.

Lewis, A. and idee saad . R. History of Lynn, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1865.
$4.00. ;

MILLS, ROBERT C. An Historical Discourse on the fiftieth anniversary of the
First Baptist Church, Salem, Mass., Dec. 24, 1854, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1855. 50 cts.

NEAL, DANIEL. The History of the Puritans, 5 vols. 8vo, Portsmouth, 1816, full
bound in sheep. $15.00. ‘

New England Historical and Genealogical Register, vols. 1 to 16,16 vols. 8vo, Bos-
ton, 1847, &c., bound in cloth, gilt. $40.00.

NEWHALL, JAMES R. The Essex Memorial, 1 vol. 12mo, Salem, 1836. $1.25.

OSGOOD, GEORGE. Historical Sketch of North Danvers, 8vo, pamph., Salem,
1855. 25 cts. ?

REED, J. W. History of the Reed Family in Europe and America, 1 vol. 8vo,
Boston, 1861. $3.00.

j
.

BULLETIN

OF THE

25 SS idee, IN SS LEO TE.

Vou. I. Satem, Mass., Marcu, 1869. No. 3.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. :

FIRST HOUSES IN SALEM.

- >».
BY W. P. UPHAM. .”
.

THE earliest permanent settlement within the limits of
the’ Colony of Massachusetts Bay was made in 1626, at.
Salem, then called, by the Indians, Naumkeag, by:a smal
company of persons, among whom were John Woodbury,
John Balch, Peter Palfrey, William Trask, Thomas Gard-
ner, Richard Norman, William Allen and Walter Knight,
some of them with their families, and all under the super-
intendence of Roger Conant, the first Goyernor of the ~~
infant colony. A very full and valuable account of this ~~
company of Old Planters, as they were called, written by
Mr. George D. Phippen, will be found in the first volume
of our Historical Collections, page 97. J. W. Thornton,

_ Esq., has given us a new and most interesting insight into

their previous history as a company, and the nature of

the government under which they were associated, in his

“Landing at Cape Ann.”

’ It seems that Conant had already explored this neck of

land called Naumkeag, before finally concluding to remove
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. 5*

38

here ; and they were thus prepared to take advantage ‘of
the best locations for their dwellings. We should there-
fore naturally expect to find that they at once availed
themselves of the good building ground, excellent and
numerous springs of water and convenient harborage,
which the central portion of the town affords. Whether
this was actually the case, or whether the opinion is cor-
rect which has recently prevailed, that the first settle-
ment was in the vicinity of Collins Cove, and near the
Salem end of Beverly Bridge, we cannot at present decide
with certainty. The facts of record, however, so far as
they have yet been investigated, as well as the descrip-
tions by contemporaneous writers, do not confirm the
latter opinion, but on the contrary seem to lead to the
conclusion that the first houses built in Salem, were in
what is to-day the most céntral part of the city. Some
of these facts will appear in the course of this article.
After the arrival of Gov. Endicott, in 1628, the town
seems to have been regularly laid out in house-lots, in
compliance with the order to that effect by the Company
in London. We propose here to show, so far as we have
been able to ascertain, the situation of some of these
house-lots, and to give the names of their first known
occupants. For our authority for the facts stated, we
must refer generally to the various town and county
records, from which they have been almost wholly de-
rived. To secure cettainty, we have traced the history
of many of these house-lots down to the present time ;
and in many instances, in order to establish a single
point, it has been necessary to bring together a great
amount of facts, all of which we are obliged to omit here.
In this inquiry we have found great assistance from the
lists of Commoner’s rights, in the Commoner’s Records of
the year 1714, when every person owning land on which —

39

a house had stood before the year 1661, had a right there-
for in the Town Commons.

Washington street was originally laid out four rods
wide from river to river; undoubtedly for the purpose of
connecting the two primitive highways, which ran by the
rivers’ side, at the point where they approach nearest
‘together. The Fort was enclosed between this street on
the east, and North street and Summer streets, which were
parallel to it, on the west. Essex street was probably at
first only a way to the meeting house, and did not ex-
tend farther west than Washington street. This would
account for the fact that the lines of Essex street, east and
west of Washington street, do not agree, as they in all
probability would have done if the street had been origi-
_ nally continued across.:. And this fact is still more netice-
able when we remember that the house which formerly
occupied the site of the Stearns Block, on the corner of
these streets, stood out as far south as the curb-stone of
the present sidewalk. That part of Essex street, west
of Washington street, was called in 1670, “Mr. Batter’s
lane.”

The four meeting houses of the First Church have all
occupied the same spot; the first was built in 1634, and
the “unfinished building of one story,” which had been
previously used for worship, was no doubt in the same
vicinity. The dwelling house of Rev. Francis Higgin-
son, who died here in 1630, was on ground now covered.
by the Asiatic Building, and faced towards the South
river. That of Rev. Samuel Skelton, who died in 1634,
was near where the Police Station now is, on Front street,
and was called in 1643, “an old house,” being then in the
possession of William Brown. Wie

The Fort above referred to was near the western corner
of Sewall and Lynde streets, on what was the highest

40

land in that part of the town. Samuel Sharpe, who was
sent over in 1629, by the Company in London, to take
charge of military affairs, lived where the “Hunt house”
lately stood, on the northern corner of Lynde and -Wash-
ington streets. His land, consisting of about three acres,
running back to North street, was known as “Sharpe’s
field.” The house, with about half an acre of land adjoin-
ing, was conveyed by his son Nathaniel Sharpe, in 1684,
to John Price, who, in 1698, conveyed the same land, the
house having probably been taken down or removed, to
Lewis Hunt, who, in 1701, built the house which was taken
down a few years ago. North of the Sharpe homestead
was about an acre of land, owned in 1656 by the widow
Eleanor Robinson. North of that and extending from
where the Court House is, to the North river, was a
homestead of two acres, conveyed in 1656, by Thomas
Wilkes, a shipwright, to Thomas Hale of Newbury.
Next south of Mr. Sharpe’s house was-a house and one
acre of land bought by Henry Cooke of Edmond Thomp-
son, in 1645, and afterwards owned by Rev. Nicholas
Noyes; the house stood just south of the residence of the
late Robert Brookhouse. Next south was the house and
one acre of land of Robert Adams, conveyed in 1649 to
Edward Norris, and next south, on the corner, lived
Edmond Batter, a leading man among the early inhabi-
tants. On the opposite corner, where the Horse Railroad
Office now is, was @*house belonging to Hugh Peters,
Pastor of the Church from 1636 to 1641, which was sold
to Benjamin Felton in 1659. South and west of this was
the homestead of Ralph Fogg, the first town clerk, after- —
wards owned by John Hathorne. South of that was a
small house occupied, for a time, by the Lady Deborah
Moody, and next south was the homéstead of Hugh
Peters, afterwards occupied by John Corwin. On the

4]

corner of Norman street, lived Dr. George Emory, here

as early as 1637. These house-lots on the west side of

Washington street originally extended through to North

and Summer streets, the houses being at the eastern end.
[To [be continued.]

—<»«>—

A SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF “THE LATE HORACE MANN.

“BY A FRIEND AND ASSOCIATE.

[Concluded from p. 31.]

To return to his boyhood. The next branch of natural science that
interested him was chemistry, and this interest lasted for many years.
He was not satisfied with other people’s conclusions, but must make
his own experiments. He was naturally cautious, and was allowed,
under partial protest, to venture upon them himself; but some acci-
dents occurred. He made some gunpowder on one occasion, and
thought he had failed to make it explosive, but his parents were
routed early one Fourth of July morning, by his flying into their
chamber with his face and hands flashed with gunpowder. He had
leaned too closely over his fuse, hardly expecting the desired result.
He bore the pains of the event most patiently, thinking only of the
probability of being forbidden any farther experiments, but the lesson
was left to work its own result of caution.

He and his brother built themselves a furnace of fire-brick in the
cellar, where they also had a miniature laboratory, and with the aid of
a pair of blacksmith’s bellows which they persuaded their father to
buy for them, imitated as well as they could the labors of a neighbor-
ing foundry, where they had spent most of their leisure time for
several months.

Two successive professors of chemistry took great interest in
Horace at this time, and allowed him to assist them in their experi-
ments before the College classes. He had not then entered the Pre-
paratory School of Antioch College, but he studied the same text-
books that the classes used, and the Professors often wished the young
men knew as much upon the subject as the boy. One of them, Dr.
Henry Warrener, has since remarked, that at fourteen ‘‘ he was familiar
with all the leading principles of chemistry, and that his knowledge
was remarkable for its accuracy.”

He suffered, when he was sent to school (at twelve years of age),
from want of quickness of speech and of mere verbal memory, and
was sometimes removed for home study when undue pressure occurred,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. 6

42

or any want of perfection in the performance of lessons was distress-
ing to him, and his nerves needed the ease and relief of unstimulated
study.

When, at this age, Horace and his brothers were violently seized
by the measles, to reconcile them to their confinement and to save
their eyes their mother read to them, and among other books the
narrative of Dr. Kane’s Arctic Expedition. This work was then excit-
ing a perfect hero-worship in favor of its author. To the younger
brothers the tale of danger and exposure came as a glorious romantic
adventure, and in their childish emulation of Dr. Kane, chairs were
turned into sledges, the floor into an ice-field, and they played alter-
nately the parts of dogs and sailors. But to Horace, who usually
entered with spirit into such dramatic play, it was the labor of sci-
entific men for scientific truth, as well as the desperate effort of
seekers for the long-lost, and subsequently a terrible struggle for
life, home and happiness. So intense was his appreciation of the
cost at which science and humanity were thus enriched that his
_ brothers’ play seemed to him sacrilegious levity, and after enduring
it in sorrowful silence for a time he said to his mother, ‘‘I wonder
that you can let them do so,—I should as soon think of playing Jesus
Christ!”

This remark was made in no lack of reverence. It was simply a
measure of his sympathy with distress and self-sacrifice. He never
lost his interest in this exploration, but followed it up through all
subsequent narratives, and traced out the various attempts upon maps
of his own drawing. It also inspired him with a strong desire to be.
an explorer. :

Horace had been sent to visit some friends at the East, as a means
of benefiting his health after a college year of rather too hard appli-
cation, and was absent on the distressing occasion of his father’s last
painful illness and death. When he returned to his mother she put
herself and younger children, boy as he was, into his hands with the
expression that he must now take care of them all. He accepted the
duty with such convulsive energy of manner, that she afterwards
regretted throwing such a acSponsibility upon him. He was never after
the gay, happy boy, but prematurely a man in character and feeling.

When his friend, Dr. Warrener, came to Cambridge, in 1860, to
study Zodlogy and Comparative Anatomy, Horace, who was then
living in Concord, begged very hard to join him. When urged to
defer it, he plead the possibility that Professors Agassiz and Wyman
might not live till he left College, for which he was then prepar-
ing, and finally, with the concurrence of his tutor, who said the boy’s
mind was so intent upon his favorite pursuits that it might be best
to indulge the strong tendency; for the moment the dull grammar

“

43

was closed, out poured the interesting items and enquiries about
Chemistry and Zodlogy, which absorbed all his interest, and he was
allowed to go. He thought he should be willing to return to Col-
lege preparations, and his excessive labors in the Museum (for
Prof. Agassiz was then arranging it, and his pupils worked with
great enthusiasm to aid him) induced his mother to take him
away at the end of the year, with the hopes of his doing so. He
tried the Greek, with an interesting and able teacher, but his heart
was not in it. After listening to all the arguments that could be
adduced on the other side, to which he gave respectful considera-
tion, in spite of his strong protest, he was allowed three months
to deliberate, unmolested, between Harvard College, the Lawrence
Scientific School, and West Point. Mr. R. W. Emerson, who took
much kind interest in him, and who generally councils the College
course, said, ‘“‘If the boy has a vocation thank God for it and let him
follow his genius.” Mr. Thoreau, with whom he had become inti-
mate on a journey to the West, told him ‘‘no teachers ever did him
any good in College.” The result of the deliberation was what might
have been expected, and he rejoicingly pursued the Scientific path.
- In this decision he could have found many supporters among théyqnost
advanced thinkers of the age.

His powers of observation became more keen than ever under the
training, and he undoubtedly studied with some feverish anxiety, in
order to justify his course. The field widened as he proceeded. It
had been his taste and inclination, rather than any conscious process
of reasoning, that had determined his course, but he grew more and
more confident that he could study better alone, and with a purpose,
than in classes, where the mastery of subjects was impossible, and
with only a vague expectation of future good. His enthusiasm and
exhaustive application became almost too intense for his bodily
strength. He worked at Zoology in his leisure hours, in his own way,
which was to reduce all animal life to its lowest terms—skeletons!
And this’ gave him some out-of-door recreation.

He excelled in anatomical preparations, and a large collection of
alcoholic specimens attest his industry; some hundreds of these
finally found their way to the Cambridge Museum, and many of the
reptiles he collected went abroad to other Museums. The Museum
ditch at Cambridge was supplied by himself and brothers with
turtles, frogs, snakes, etc. His mother, by whom these details are
furnished, writes: ‘‘The reign of snakes was a reign of terror to the
uninitiated, especially when on one occasion six or seven goodly sized
ones escaped from the place of their confinement in the house and
were not to be found for many days.” These details of early life serve
to show that ‘‘the boy was father to the man.”

At

The course of study led him at last to Botany, to which he gave
himself wholly at the time as was his wont with every scientific pur-
‘suit. Prof. Agassiz’s friendship and direction had enlisted his inter-
‘est in Zodlogy, as a science. Dr. Gray now extended the friendly
hand. Soon discerning merit, the last named gentleman took him
under his especial training. From this time —Eureka! the line of
work was found. The success of the labor proves the justness of the.
final decision. He learned to love the science, not only for itself but

for the great teacher.

It was by Dr. Gray’s advice that he visited the Hawaiian Islands, in
company with Mr. Wm. T. Brigham. The expedition was not only
fruitful to himself, but to his favorite science, for such it became,
although he ever regarded it as but one limb-of that study of Geology
which was to tear the secrets of time from the bosom of the earth.

Of this expedition let his companion, Mr. Brigham, tell.

‘““When Dr. Asa Gray was told I was soon to visit the Hawaiian
Islands he asked me to collect the very peculiar flora of that group,
and suggested the propriety of asking Horace Mann to accompany me.
It was a short notice, but his friends advised him to go, and he joined
me in California. From that time, for more than a year, we were con-
stant companions, and many a long ride, many a weary walk did we
share. For more than six months we kept house together in Hono-
lulu, and from the first day to the last he was the same modest, retir-
ing, hard-working, unselfish, conscientious man. Thoroughly alive to
all the beauties and wonders of nature there surrounding him he often
wrote home that he enjoyed every moment; and often, indeed, have I
seen him in perfect ecstasy over the discovery of some new plant
after a hard climb up some island precipice.”

‘‘As the result of our Hawaiian explorations, five new genera were
added to the flora, one of which was dedicated to him under the name
of HESPEROMANNIA, and has been engraved for the next part of our
Memoirs (Boston Society of Natural History) while of new species
of flowering plants no less than seventy-one, or more than eleven per
cent. of the entire Phenogamous Hawaiian Flora were discovered.
His published works, besides a number of reviews in the American
Naturalist (one of which Was written a short time before his death),
' were:— On some Hawaiian Crania and Bones. —Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. x, p, 229. On the present condition of Kilauea and Mauna
Loa.—Ibid, vol. x, p. 229. Denudation on the Hawaiian Islands. —
Ibid, vol. x, p. 232. Revision of the Genus Schiedea and some of the
Rtutacee.—Ibid, vol. x, p. 309. Description of the Crater of Halea-
kala.— Ibid, vol. xi, p. 112. Enumeration of Hawaiian Plants. — Proc.
Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences, vol. vii, p. 148. Flora of the Hawaiian
Islands. — Proc. Essex Institute, vol. v. The last has not been com-

ee ee

45

pleted, and a number of other valuable and interesting memoirs remain
unfinished.”

As among his publications, we will still add a Catalogue of the Phen-
ogamous Plants of the United States, east of the Mississippi; and of the
Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of North America, north of Mexico. This
was published during the summer of 1868, and was a work much
needed to facilitate exchanges among botanists.

During February, 1864, before leaving California for the Sandwich
Islands, he and Mr. Brigham went together to Virginia City, in
Nevada, and also to the Geysers, collecting such plants as came in
the way, Horace collecting with much delight the splendid lichens of
California.

Mr. Mann left the Hawaiian Islands for San Francisco, en route for
Cambridge, May, 1865. He and Mr. Brigham had planned a voyage to
Micronesia, but at the last moment the captain refused to allow them
to trade with the natives for corals, to the extent that they desired,
and the project fell through.

_ This expedition to the Hawaiian Islands proved of great advantage
to his health. He had begun to loose ground by too intense applica-
tion, but the constant life in the open air in a delicious climate, and*his
perfect dietetic habits, reinstated him completely. To use his father’s
words; ‘‘he always ate to the glory of God.” : ‘

With these facts before us we need hardly ask how one so young
and so delicate by nature succeeded in accomplishing so much work
and in doing it so well. It often happens that one element of charac-
ter gives the key to all others and explains the result of a life-work.
In the case of our departed friend this one element was thoroughness
—a constant. seeking after the depths.

As a student he was accustomed to read and re-read the same book

or articles over and over again, until, when at last it was laid aside,

he was perfect master of it. Hence the accuracy of his knowledge.
As an investigator his tenacity of purpose was equal f his desire to
avoid errdr by crude observation or hasty generalization. This one
feature was enough to have stamped him as no ordinary character;
for in this age of fierce struggle for mental supremacy there are few
who can resist the temptation to rush into print with at most, but the
probability of being completely and absolutely right. This morbid
desire for reputation tends rather to make its possessor notorious,

’ and inflicts on the world legions of scientific errors. No such charge

can be laid against the researches of Mr. Mann. He was scrupulously
careful and painstaking in his observations.

This is, perhaps, the proper place to ask what order of mind did he
evince? Was he one of those daring geniuses that come by intuition
to great truths, and fling their opinions forth to the criticisms of the

46

world, with a defiant ‘‘I think thus and so,” but deign to offer no
reason for what they feel assured will eventually be accepted; or was
he less a genius, and more a logical reasoner, arriving at his own con-
clusions only after patient investigation, and then always able to
assign a reason for his belief? Personal friendship may in a measure
disqualify the writer for passing judgment, but the latter of these two
views is perhaps the more correct one. If he did dazzle us less fre-
quently, there was, in a corresponding degree, a certainty that he
would rarely lead us astray. Genius seldom improves much by age.
Its first flight may be its loftiest. The philosophic mind grows, and
comes, in time, to reach an elevation high as that gained by genius,
perhaps, and does it by a method infinitely more sure. His capacity
for development was large, and his efforts to reach the fullest growth
unceasing, hence it is but fair to register the belief that the highest
botanical interests of the country would never have suffered in his
hands. All advances made were substantial and likely to need but
little subsequent change or qualification.

It is the testimony of those who saw most of him in his latter days
that they were often surprised by his knowledge of topics which
came more directly into their paths of study than his own. As the
bodily frame wore out the expansion of his mind became more rapid,
and his ideas clearer; the very expression of his face was noted as
more brilliant than ever before. His plans of future study were laid
out upon a broader scale than ever, comprising more historical re-
search, for which he had a growing taste, and more metaphysical read-
ing.

In reference to these latter pursuits he realized anew the loss he
had sustained in his father, who would have taken such a profound
interest in the farther unfolding of the mind to which he had first in-
troduced the wonders and glories of the universe.

Mr. Mann’s intimate friends were chiefly persons older than himself.
One of these, who has taken much interest in his botanical pur-
suits, and has given him many facilities of research, remarked of him,
that ‘he was singularly impersonal—that he never seemed to think
of Horace Mann.” Inde®d his modesty was such that he probably did
not estimate himself at anything approaching his own value. His
eye was ever on the standard that receded before him, and he never
measured himself by results achieved.

Sincerity was naturally another trait of such a character. It often
expressed itself bluntly, when in opposition to what he felt to be a
want of it.

In his impatience at the inaccurate statements so often made by idle
talkers, he was once heard to wish that no one could ever speak unless
they had something to communicate which they knew perfectly and

47

could swear to. It was suggested that society would be rather dull
in the present state of knowledge; but he still preferred the silence
to the conjecture. When asked a question himself, he invariably said
**T don’t know,” unless he had either examined the subject himself or
felt unquestionable reliance upon the authority he quoted. He was,
therefore, far from loquacious, but once launched upon a subject that
he understood he was a most agreeable and entertaining companion.

We should not convey an accurate impression of the balance of his
character without recording that with all his gravity he had a keen
sense of the ludicrous, and no one enjoyed true wit with a greater
relish. It would elicit a smile in his weariest hours, and a well
executed caricature would throw him into convulsions of laughter.
He was also keenly susceptible to music, and a good judge of it. He
once made some proficiency upon the piano, but it required too much
time out of his busy life to be followed up to the degree of perfec-
tion that alone would have satisfied him.

In 1867, after several years of study in botany, he received from
Harvard University his degree of Bachelor of Science. The examina-

tion was no mere form, but was thorough and searching; and rest¥ed

in a high grade being specified on his diploma.

The gentlemen present, and conducting the examination, were Dr.
Torrey of New York, Profs. Gray and Agassiz of Cambridge —a fit trio -
to welcome to the field of authorized, original investigation, one who
had already given so many promises of future distinction. May they
long live to regret the untimely fate of our late friend; to direct
others in his path; and to farther enrich the science they have so well
loved.

We are nof left to guess at the estimate placed upon him by com-
petent judges. He was appointed, in the spring of 1868, to deliver a
course of lectures in the rooms of the Boston Society of Natural
History. This privilege was accorded only to decided merit, and
although it was his first public attempt he evidently spoke out of
amine; for all his lectures but the first were extempore. Dr. Gray
left him in charge of his herbarium, of the botanic garden, and of his‘
College classes, and started for a prolonged trip to Europe, doubtless
feeling assured that nothing would go wrong during his absence. He
might well have wished that when the time came for his résigning the

. chair to a younger person, Mr. Mann would succeed him. He could

not have found a successor more worthy, but let us hope that the need
will long be postponed.

Excessive labor at length told seriously on his delicate constitution.
Nothing could make him swerve from his allegiance to his friend
and preceptor, Dr. Gray. And in anxiety to aid the latter in prepar-
ing for his protracted visit to Europe he concealed how weak and

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. Th

48

worn out he was. His last letter to Dr. Gray was the first expression
he had made to any one of the bitter disappointment with which he
surrendered all the responsibilities he had assumed, and the fine pros-
pects before him. His letter was full of devotion to the duties of the
college and to science, which even the nervous irritability and inex-
pressible agony of body could not make him forget. He gave an
intimation of this distress to his physician at that time, when he said
‘¢you can have no idea what self-control I exercise.” And indeed he
never for a moment forgot the claims of others. His delicacy of
organization found no indulgence with himself. He was always ready
to bear his part of care or toil, and never spared himself till, in the
very last weeks, when every sensation was a pain, he one day gently
requested that, unless it was necessary to consult him, he might not
hear of anything painful or even inconvenient.

The college duties were only given up when assured by the authori-
ties that his inability to conduct them longer should make no change
in the furlough of Dr. Gray. This respite from labor, under good
medical treatment, brought a temporary change for the better. Hope
revived but only to be dashed to the ground. An unfortunate expo-
sure to cold caused indirectly a return of the hemorrhage, from
which he never rallied. The nervous symptoms from which he had
long suffered were intensified in proportion as he sank. Debility
brought accelerated motion of the heart, and loss of lung tissue
caused shortness of breath. Sleep never came now but after the use
of sedatives or hypnotics; except on the last day, when he remarked
that he thought he could sleep. Pain then left him, and in the calm
immediately preceding his death he expressed a sense of great relief.
This was the final ray of light and hope that broke through the clouds
of his sunset* a fitful gleam, just one, to illumine the flight to higher
fields of study. Quietly and unexpectedly he had gone—before even
the watching friends were conscious of a struggle. He died Novem-
ber the eleventh, 1868, '

The post-mortem examination revealed the unexpected fact that one
lung was entirely gone, and that disease had made sad inroads on the
other. Had any vicious #abits been engrafted upon his life he must
have succumbed long before he did. The conditions of existence to
him were virtue and strict temperance in all things; and he gave his
body the full benefit of a rigid morality.

He was transparent in his goodness, genuine in his friendship, and ~
useful in his short day! Should we not rather be grateful that he was
given at all than repine that he was taken so soon? For one who
needed little chastening a score of years was a long confinement to
earth. What had his past given us reason to hope for had his life
been spared? Rather, what in the way of true nobility and good sci-'

4

vw

49

entific fruits, to be earned by honest devotion to study, did it not give
us reason to expect? The question suggests its own answer. Cer-
tainly he would have done much towards encouraging scientific pur-
suits in the rising generation, and in gaining for American Botanical
investigation a more general acknowledgment abroad. Already a host
of our young Naturalists are forcing the admiration of other nations,
and among the foremost of that host was Horace Mann. As a writer
he was clear and concise; points of the utmost importance to a scien-
tist.

When Mr. Mann’s death was announced to the Essex Institute, that ;
body at once passed the following resolutions : ¢

“‘ Resolved, That the members of the Essex Institute most deeply
sympathize with the family and friends of their late associate, Horace
Mann, whose sudden death not only casts a deep sorrow on the hearts
of those near and dear to him, but also into the scientific bodies with
which he was connected’; and deprives his loved science of Botany of
one of its most devoted and conscientious investigators, and of one,
who, had he been permitted, would from his purity and depth of
thought, undoubtedly make one of the leading botanists of his gener-
ation.

Resolved, That Dr. A. S. Packard* be requested to prepare a memoir

of Mr. Horace Mann, to be published in the ‘“ Proceedings of the EsSex

Institute.” :

Resolved, That the Secretary be requested to transmit a copy of
these resolutions to the family of our late associate, and to tender to .
them. our condolence and sympathy in this bereavement.”

These resolutions were accompanied with eloquent and touching
recitals of the services Mr. Mann had rendered the Natural Sciences,
and with mention of his rare and promising talents, by the President,
Dr. Wheatland, Mr. F. W. Putnam, Mr. Alpheus Hyatt, Dr. G. B.
Loring and others.

For years he had been Curator of the botanical department of the
Boston Society of Natural History, and in the discharge of his duty
there, it is needless to say, he left a good reputation. It has already:
been said,that ‘‘his advice in the council was always Sensible.” The
evening of the day on which he died, the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences elected him a member by an unanimous vote. There can
be no doubt but that this tribute to his moral worth and scientific
attainments would have been grateful to him: It came too late. He
had already passed to a sphere where it is pleasant to thimk he will be

. no more interrupted in his contemplation of Creator and creation.

Is anything lacking in the son’s character to make us feel that he
did not realize the father’s ideal, so forcibly expressed in many of his
written words? As for instance; in speaking of the choice of a life-
work by a high-toned man.

*This sketch was prepared by another fellow student, at his own earnest re-
quest.

50 -

In selecting his vocation for a livelihood he abjures every occupa-
tion, and every profession, however lucrative they may be, or how-
ever honorable they may be falsely deemed, if, with his own weal,
they do not also promote the common weal; and he views the idea with
a deep religious abhorence, that anything can advance the well-being
of himself which involves the ill-being of others. However meagre
his stock in trade, if he engages in business he will not seek to enlarge
it by entering Conscience and Honor in his books, under the head of
Merchandise.”

Again, ‘‘seek frivolous and elusive pleasures if you will; expand
your immortal energies upon ignoble and fallacious joys; but know
their end is intellectual imbecility, and the perishing of every good
that can ennoble or emparadise the heart! Obey if you will, the law
of the baser passions—appetite, pride, selfishness —but know, they
will scourge you into realms where the air is hot with fiery-tongued
scorpions, that will sting and torment your: soul into unutterable
agonies! But study and obey the sublime laws on which the frame of
nature was constructed; study and obey the sublimer laws on which
the soul of man was formed, and the fulness of the power and the
wisdom and the blessedness with which God has filled and lighted up
this resplendent universe, shall all be yours.” ,

Over all our hopes and affection for our friend the grave has now
closed, leaving us only the ever-growing sense of what we have lost
in his removal. It is sad thus to miss the familiar face and the
friendly grasp, but to mitigate that sadness we have the knowledge
that no long life ever comprised more joy in the universe than his
short one; that none but the purest motives actuated his conduct in
life; that no unjust act ever dishonored his own or his father’s fair
name. It is surely no disparagement to the young botanists who re-
main to say that among them there is not one who, in all respects,
can fill the vacancy thus created. Science and humanity have both
lost in his death, but the future is full of happiness for him who so
lived and labored, loving and trusting God and man.

<>$#*
P

ORDER OF MEETINGS.

Regular semimonthly meeting, March 1st. President in the chair.
The Records were read and the recent Correspondence and Donations
announced.

Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited a cap presented by Mr. W. N. Eaton,
wrought by the natives of Aspinwall, California, from the leaf of the
palm tree; also some shells (Leda, Cardium and Pecten) taken from
the stomachs of Flounders. Mr. Putnam stated that we are obliged to .

‘s

51

look to these animals for some species of shells which live at too
great a depth to be often otherwise secured.

Mr. W. P. Upham read a paper giving a description of the original
house-lots in the central part of Salem, and the names of their first
occupants, so far as known. This paper is commenced on the first
page of the present number. :

Mr. Geo. D. Phippen followed and gave a graphic description of that
early period in our history, particularly of the arrival of Endicott,
Higginson and: Winthrop, which occurred in the summer time.
The pleasing impressions that the country gave them as they ap-
proached the land, are recorded by them with much enthusiasm.
They write of ‘‘the gay woods and trees” that skirted the shores,
covered the islands, and filled the air with a delicious aroma peculiarly
grateful to the weary voyagers, and of the satisfaction they exper-
ienced when, upon landing, they first plucked the small fruits and
numerous flowers that decked the ‘‘hills and dales” of Naumkeag.

Mr. P. took occasion also to speak in the highest terms of the zeal
and abundantly rewarded investigations of Mr. Upham, which had re-
moved, he thought, all doubt as to the first location of the Old Plant-
ers; and he was glad of the opportunity to adopt the views of Mr.
Upham, that the Old Planters ‘occupied that portion of our territory
which has ever remained the nucleus and central body of the town. By
reference to an article entitled the ‘‘Old Planters of Salem, which —
appeared in vol. 1, of ‘* The Historical Collections of the Essex Insti-
tute,” although that article for the most part agreed with others in
locating the Old Planters at the peninsula lying between the North
River and Collins Cove, which is known as the ‘‘ Old Planters Marsh,”
yet at the 15th line of page 103, and in the concluding paragraphs of
page 197, it would appear that he himself had hinted that it was highly
probable that some future investigator would be rewarded by securing
such proofs as Mr. Upham had adduced. ‘‘The Old Planters Marsh,”
though owned and appropriated by them, it now seems, furnishes no
evidence that they ever built thereon. The absence of cottages there,
in the record of the Cottage Rights to the public lands, forbids that
assumption. For strong statements in favor of the Collins Cove’
locality, see Rantoul in vol. vii, 3d ser., p. 254, of the Massachusetts
Historical Collections ; and Bentley in vol. 5, Ist ser., p. 218.

Mr. James Kimball made some interesting statements which he had
‘ gleaned from the perusal of the old records in the Court house.

Mr. Upham spoke of a recent visit to the rooms of the American
Antiquarian Society at Worcester, and gave an account of some of the
old Curwen and Bentley papers that are deposited in the library of that
Institution. Many of them are very interesting, and from a careful
examination, valuable materials for our history might be gleaned.

52

Mr. U. alluded with very strong expressions of gratitude to Mr. S. F.
Haven, the accomplished and learned librarian, and his assistant, Mr.
E. M. Barton, for their kind and polite attentions in furnishing every
facility for the prosecution of his investigations. Several other mem-
bers of the Institute have previously had occasion to consult the
manuscripts and other documents in that library and have always
experienced the same politeness and urbanity.

Lemuel B. Hatch was elected a resident member.

Adjourned.

Regular semimonthly meeting, March 15th. President in the chair.
Mr. F. W. Putnam was appointed Secretary pro tem. The reading
of the Records was dispensed with. The recent Correspondence and
Donations were announced. ;

The President read a communication concerning Fire Clubs that
have been organized in Salem since 1744. Vide next number.

Judge Waters followed and mentioned several reminiscences of the
olden times in relation to this subject, and presented the records of
the Relief Fire Club, which was associated June 24, 1803, and was
dissolved Sept. 14, 1860, when it was voted that the balance of the
funds, after paying the debts, be given to the Seaman’s Widow and
Orphan Association of Salem. This club included many of our leading
citizens among its members.

An interesting letter was read from the late Judge Story, resigning
his membership on his removal to Cambridge to enter upon the duties
of Professor in the Dane Law School.

Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited some specimens of Fossils from the
Postpliocene of Ashley River, near Charleston, S.C. This deposit has
recently attracted the notice of agriculturists and others from its
immense beds of superphosphates, large quantities of which have
been shipped for its fertilizing properties.

These specimens consist of vertebrae and ribs of Manatus; also
several large sharks’ teeth, probably of the genus Carcharias, and
smaller specimens of the teeth of a species of Lamna.

The Institute is indebted to Mr. Wm. R. Cloutman, through whose
kindness these specimens have been added to the Museum.

Mr. A. C. Goodell presented from Mr. S. P. Watson, a collection of
minerals from Grafton, N. H.

The first number of the ‘‘ Memoirs of the Peabody Academy of Sci-
ence,” which had been presented to the Institute, was exhibited by |
Mr. F. W. Putnam.

A general discussion on printing ensued, participated in by Messrs.
Hyatt, Waters, Goodell and Putnam.

Elizabeth Wheatland was elected a resident member.

Adjourned.

fo

BULLETIN

_ OF THE

AS eS Ee ety) de IN fee eee bd: ie

Vou. I, Satem, Mass., Aprit, 1869. RING A
One Dollar a Year in Advance, 10 Cents a Single Copy.

FIRST HOUSES IN SALEM. ‘v

—

BY W. P. UPHAM.

[Continued from page 41.]

Souts of Norman street, and east of Summer street, was
a house and nine acres of land, bounded east on the South
River, conveyed in 1651, by Thos. Ruck to John Ruck,
afterwards known as Ruck’s Village. After the Mills on
the South River were built in 1664, an extensive business,
connected with shipbuilding, grew up in the neighborhood »
of Creek*street, then a cove called Sweet’s Cove, from
John Sweet, who was the original owner and occupant of ,
the lot next north of the cove. South of Sweet’s Cove,
and forming the southern portion of the nine acres above
mentioned, was a lot of four acres which had belonged to
Rev. Samuel Skelton, and was laid out to him in 1630.
Next south of this, and extending along the South River
(now the Mill Pond) to land of Wm. Hathorne, which
was west of where Hathorne street is now, was the
“Broadfield,” originally owned by Governor Endicott,

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. q*

54

and by him conveyed to Emanuel Downing, who sold it
to John Pickering.

What is now Broad street, together with the ground
south of it, which has been used as a cemetery since May
17, 1655, was called the Town Common, and for the first
few years, before the Town Bridge in Boston street was
built, appears to have been the only means of exit from
the town. A broad road thus led from Summer street
to the Town Pasture, then common land, and there
branched out in one direction round the west side of the ~
South River, to Marblehead, and in the other passing near
where the house of Mr. Horace Ware is, and around the
west side of Norman’s Rocks, and coming out on Boston
street, above where the town bridge was afterwards
built (which was where the Engine House stands, near
Goodhue street), thus avoiding the creek, which was then
quite large, but has since almost wholly disappeared.
Persons now living can remember when the low land to
the north of Norman’s Rocks was filled with water at high
tide, and a very considerable stream ran under the town
bridge. Goodhue street is, perhaps, a remnant of this
old way, and the part of it on the other side of Boston
street can still be traced.

West of the Broadfield was a farm of sixty acres owned
by Wm. Hathorne, and after his decease by his son John
Hathorne, which bouyded north and west on the highway,
now Broad street, West and south-west on the way lead-
ing to Marblehead, south on the Castle Hill farm, after-
wards owned by Benj. Lynde, and east on the South
River, now the Mill Pond, and on the Broadfield. On-
part of this farm was a little brook called Frost Fish
Brook, described in the record as “coming forth betweene
the twoe hills,” on the east of which lived Richard Wa- _
ters, gunsmith, as early as 1636, and near it was a.

oa

a)

» house-lot granted to John Abby, Jan. 2, 1637.* It
appears by the Commoners Records that there were three
houses on this farm before the year 1661, and that Wm.
Hathorne’s house was still standing in 1714, being then
owned by his son Col. John Hathorne. ~

“Brick-kiln lane” led south from the western end of
Essex street to the northerly gate of the Town Pasture ;
and west of it extending to Norman’s Rocks was the
“brick-kiln field,” about six acres, conveyed by the heirs
of Thomas Trusler, in 1656, to Wm. Flint. Richard Nor-
man, who probably gave the name to Norman’s Rocks,
lived on the southern part of it, and John Barber on the
northern part of it, before 1661. This was, perhaps, the
same brick-kiln mentioned by Francis Higginson in 1629.
We find it referred to frequently in the early records.

The northern part of Brick-kiln lane is now merged
in the Turnpike ; the southern part still remains leading ©
from. the western end of Warren street to the Pasture
Gate. On the east side of this lane, bounding south by
Broad street and east by Flint street, was the homestead
of Richard Adams, conveyed by him to Lieut. John
Pickering in 1679, and described as containing four or
five acres, “being at the western end of the town over
against Maj. Hathorne’s: and is bounded with the street .
southerly, and a lane or street easterly, and a highway,
or common land partly, westerly, and the land formerly
of Wm. Flint, now the land of Edward and Thomas—
Flint, northerly.” In 1646 the agents of Townsend
Bishop conveyed to Richard Adams “one ould house
‘with one acre of land within the common field, and
about an acre and an half of land next to the common
inclosed by itself.” They also at the same time conveyed
to Ralph Fogg “the new messuage or dwelling house of

*See Town Record, Jan. 2, 1636-7, and April 23, 1688.
T**

56

the said Mr. Townsend Bishop standing -by the Rocks
near Capt. Hathorne’s house in Salem.” It seems prob-
able that Richard Adams came into possession of the lat-
ter house also, though we cannot find any deed of it;
and, from the description, we think that it may have been
the same as that which was recently burned and taken
down on the north-west side of the upper end of Broad
street. When this house was taken down it was found to
be lined with brick between the wall and plastering, and to
bear other marks of great age. This estate was divided
in 1694 between Benjamin and William, sons of John
Pickering, Benjamin taking the western part of the house
and land, and William the eastern part. In the Com-
moners Record is entered for Benjamin Pickering “a cot-
tage right near the Brick-kiln on Adams’ land.” This was
probably for the “ould house” of Townsend Bishop
mentioned above. William Pickering also has two rights
entered for “ Adams’ house.”

On the east side of Flint street, was the homestead of
Wm. Flint, which consisted of one acre, bounded north
by land of John: Reeves, east on Cotta’s lot, so called,
and south on Broad street, and was bought by him of
Thomas James, by deed recorded in 1652. After the
death of Wm. Flint it was owned and occupied by his
son Thomas Flint. Next east was “Cotta’s lot,” about
five acres, extending from Broad street to Essex street,
and owned before 1664, by Thomas Spooner, whose
widow, Elizabeth, left it to her son-in-law, John Ruck.
John Ruck conveyed half of it to Benjamin Gerrish, in
1681, and the other half to Thomas Maule, in 1687. |
Gerrish conveyed his part to Maule, in 1683. On the
north-western corner of the lot, near where the Rey. Dr.
Emerson now lives, was built the first Quaker meeting-
house, the land being given by Thomas Maule for that.

se

57

purpose. The name Cotta’s lot, originated from Robert
Cotta, who was the first owner. There were two houses on
it-before 1661. Next east was a lot of three acres, which
Michael Shaflin conveyed,-in 1684, to Robert Kitchen
“as the son and heir of John Kitchen” in consideration
of “£15 by me received of John Kitchen in the year
1638.” - John Kitchen had been in possession of this lot
for many years, probably from the year 1638, and lived
on it at one time, but afterwards removed to the other
side of Essex street, where he built the house that was
taken down about twenty years ago, on the western cor-
ner of Beckford street. March 6, 1654, the town granted
to John Kitchen sufficient land “to make a sellar neare
unto goodman Trusler’s fence over against the house of
the said John Kitchen.”.,Thomas Trusler’s homestead»yas
on the opposite side of Essex street, and was afterwards
owned by Thomas Robbins, who in 1679 conveyed to
Robert Kitchen, as son and heir of John Kitchen, a
quarter of an acre, bounded east by Beckford street, and
south by Essex street. This, as well as the deed by
Michael Shaflin, was undoubtedly to supply the loss or
want of a‘previous deed to John Kitchen.

[Zo be Continued.]

~
—>>_>—

LESLIE’S EXPEDITION TO SALEM, 1775. \
The following communication from Mrs. Sparks, is a

valuable and interesting contribution to this portion of
_ our local history.

[Copied by Jared Sparks, in the Public Offices of London, 1828. |
Boston, March 4, 1776.
Gace to Dartmoutru. —“I have the honor to transmit
to your Lordship a paper of intelligence of the machina-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. 8

58

tions and projects of this people. The authority should
be good, but I must wait till some more favorable oppor-
tunity to inform you whence I derived this intelligence.”

“The circumstance of the eight pieces at Salem led us
into a mistake, for supposing them to be brass guns
brought from Holland, or some of the foreign isles,
which report had also given reasons to suspect, a detach-
ment of four hundred men, under Lieut. Col. Leslie, was
sent privately off by water to seize them. The places
they were said to be concealed in were strictly searched,
but no artillery could be found, and we have since dis-
covered that there had been only some old ship’s guns,
which had been carried away from Salem some time ago.
The people assembled in great numbers, with threats and
abuse, but the Colonel pursued his orders and returned to
Marblehead, where he had first disembarked his detach-
ment.”

(J.S.) The intelligence alluded to above was procured
by some spy in the employment of Gen. Gage. From the
nature of his communications it is quite certain, also, that
the same person was a member of the Provincial Con-
gress. He gives a very minute account of the secret pro-
ceedings of the Congress, and even the doings of the com-
mittees appointed for specific objects, such as procuring
army ammunitions, and other stores. In short he details
particulars of the correspondence between some members
of the Congress, and "Dr. Franklin and Arthur Lee, in
England. This intelligence was sent to Gen. Gage, from
time to time, and was forwarded by him to the minister,
and it is now on the files. It would seem impossible that —
any person, who was not a member of Congress, could
have procured the facts contained in his communications.

“There are eight field pieces in an old store or barn
near the landing place at Salem; they are to be removed

oft

59

in a few days; the seizing of these would greatly discon-
cert their schemes.”

This proved erroneous. Gen. Gage expected to find
some cannon, which he believed had been imported from
Holland. Sir Joseph Yorke, the British minister in Hol-
land, had written a letter to his government indicating his
suspicions that arms were shipped from that country to
America. A copy of this letter had been forwarded to
Gen. Gage, who from other causes entertained similar
suspicions. Indeed, after receiving the copy of Sir
Joseph York’s letter, cruisers were sent out to watch for
a Rhode Island vessel returning from Holland, which it
was supposed had arms on board.

—————S
. »

NOTICE OF A SINGULAR ERRATIC IN LYN N, MASS.,
KNOWN BY THE NAME OF “ PHAETON ROCK.”

BY C. M. TRACY.

A prominent object among the operations of the Ex-
ploring Circle of Lynn has always been the investigation
of the phenomena of the local drift, particularly as
exemplified in the numerous erratic rocks and boulders
with which this region so abounds. In an exploration
of this kind, Mr. Jos. M. Rowell, Geological Member
of the Circle, was so fortunate as to discover, in the
northeasterly part of the township, the very remarkable
block which makes the subject of this article. “It lies on
' the southerly slope of a ridge which forms a kind of out-
lier on the southwest side of the fine eminence known as
“Orne’s” or “Prospect” Hill, in the adjoining town of
Peabody. The neighborhood is singularly full of loose
rocks; blocks of many tons in weight are to be seen in

60

almost any direction, many of them perched on the top
of high, precipitous ledges, in positions apparently the
most insecure, or again, scattered over the barren slopes
in such numbers as almost to prevent the carrying away
of the meagre growth of pine, which is almost all these
hills afford of vegetation. But unless I greatly err, the
geologist and the casual stroller will be alike apt to forget
all they have seen of this kind in the vicinity, when stand-
ing for the first time beside this most unique and wonder-
ful memorial of the glacial age.

Its position, topographically, is about one fourth of a
mile from the northwesterly shore of “Brown’s Pond,”
and from ten to twenty rods, as is understood, from the
boundary line between Lynn and Peabody here indicated
by a stone-wall. Approached from the north-east it
offers such an appearance, that with a little help, of a
very pardonable imagination, Mr. Rowell easily likened
it to an antique chariot, perhaps that of Sol himself;
and by a natural transition of ideas, gave it the name of
“Phaeton Rock,” by which it is called in his paper de-
scribing it, filed in the Registry of the Circle, June 20,
1856. On the western side, however, a different view is
afforded, and it looks more like a piece of mammoth
artillery.

Those who, not having visited the place, desire more
full ideas of its aspect, must imagine a solid precipice of
sienite, from ten to fifteen feet high on its almost vertical
face, fronting the south, and nearly flat on the top. A
given space upon this flat top is tolerably level, the side
toward the west being a few inches higher; and on this .
space are arranged four sub-globular stones, three in
almost a straight line along the higher western side, and
about two feet apart. ‘These are almost alike in size, be-
ing about eighteen inches in diameter. A fourth stone, |

‘s

61

two feet or rather more in diameter, lies three or four feet
eastward of these three, nearly opposite the southernmost
one. All these stones have enough of irregularity to pre-
vent rolling, though no long axes can be specially noted
in either of them. The different magnitudes are so well
accommodated to the gentle slope of the underlying rock
that the tops of all come very nearly to one level; and
the whole system approaches the edge of the precipice
within some two or three feet. They are all of light gray
sienite, much like the ledge.

Balanced, with the utmost delicacy, on these four sup-
porters lies a great block of sienite also, of a shape like
half a pear. The under side, very straight and flat, sits
truly on the stones below it; and the whole length of the
mass being some fifteen, feet, the narrower and thinner
end, which points southward, projects forward ove the
edge of the precipice some jive or six feet. ‘The mean
vertical thickness of the block is not far from seven feet,
but the irregular convexity of the top makes this thick-
ness very variable. The eastern edge is throughout quite
thin, comparatively, the western is thick and the centre of
gravity is evidently well towards this side. Yet so per-
fectly is everything disposed that the stability of the
whole seems fully secured, and it would no doubt require
a great force to disturb it, or throw it down the steep over
which it so daringly reposes. The whole horizontal girth
of the great block is forty feet, and a very careful esti-
mate made by the Circle places its weight at thirty-six
tons. And so playfully does it seem poised upon its
‘ pebble-like bases that one can hardly help a first thought,
that here has been a piece of huge but idle labor of man
—a work like Stonehenge or the Dwarfie Stone of Hoy —
and yet such a notion vanishes straightway on a closer
examination. There are no vestiges here of any ancient

62

builders, no Druids nor Skalds, piling rocks like these,
with engineering fit to baffle a Brunel. This is all pure
nature. This massive block was doubtless left resting
here on its four certain props at the same time, whenever
that may have been, when its brother blocks were torn
from their parent beds and tossed at random in a thousand
spots, as we see them all around. And since that tre-
mendous period, it may have been before the human era,
this block has lain secure and strong, on a foundation that
looks as if it might yield to the first tempest.

The geological records of the world are nowise poor in
rocking stones and remarkable boulders. The mother
country has many very curious ones. The Buckstone in
Gloucestershire, and the Cheese Ring in Cornwall, are
familiar to all tourists through England. Likewise,
Hitchcock has told us of notable instances in our own
state; a double one in Barre, another, vaster still, in
Taunton, and others nearer home. But Phaeton Rock is
something different from all these, something perfectly
unique and instructive. It is as though Nature—in the
midst of all that prodigious process, by which huge
masses were hurled hither and thither with Titanic force,
and granite and porphyry were ground down to clay and
sand—had paused to play, in childlike simplicity, with
these five stones, piling them as an infant’s block-house,
and leaving them to make us wonder, ages after, at the
grand stability and.werfection of the rare toy she had
constructed. .

In Sithney Parish, Cornwall, lay once the celebrated
“Logan Stone.” Says an old writer, “it was so nicely -
poised on another stone that a little child could move
it, and all travellers who passed this way desired to see
it. But Shrubsall, Cromwell’s Governor of Pendenis,
with much ado caused it to be undermined, to the great

63

grief of the country.” Lewis, in his history of Lynn,
records several such instances of wanton destruction of
these things. Certainly, then, we can hardly hope for
much longer safety for this so tempting a trap for idle
folly, save in the hands of some known protector of these
aids to knowledge.

It is hardly necessary to attempt here any speculations
as to the process by which this stone came to be where it
now is. Indeed, this is an inquiry more pertinent for the
geological professor than for the mere topographer. Yet
there are considerations of a purely mechanical sort that
will not fail to arise in the mind of any reflecting person,
when contemplating such a work of nature; and really
the dynamics of the drift period seem throughout to lean
more to the mechanical, than the chemical side. li, is
hardly possible to suppose Phaeton Rock to have been
ever moved more than once—ever raised from its first:
landing-place, while the smaller stones were driven under
it—but we must, I think, conclude that all were borne
along together with an unmeasured bulk of other like
material, till in the slackened velocity of the current, the
heavy block settled through the silt and gravel, catching
its four inferiors just when and where we see them, while
the lighter stuff passed on, and is now covering the south-
easterndedges. But this alone will not, probably, account
for a tithe of the phenomena to be seen in the connection.
The questions of distribution, longer or shorter transit,
duplicate and cross currents, and a dozen others, come. in
to complicate and confuse, till the study of the drift rises
' to the grade of a first-class problem in science. It be-
comes me to leave the inquiry here, with the reiterated
wish, that this monument, more rarely designed and
sculptured than the Obelisks of Luxor, or the chiselled
Stone of Sweno, might be made a choice specimen in the

64

well-guarded cabinet of Old Essex, long: kept to tell its
ancient story to the humbly inquiring mind that comes
seeking to know more and more of the History and Mys-
tery of the Earth.

—<=*>

ORDER OF MEETINGS.

Regular meeting held April 5th, the President in the chair.

The record of the last meeting was read. Donations to Cabinet
and to the Library, and the recent correspondence were announced.

The President read a letter from Mrs. Jaged Sparks of Cambridge,
containing a copy of a letter found by Mr. Sparks at England, which
revealed the information which led to the expedition of Col. Leslie to
capture cannon at the North Bridge in 1775 (vide page 57).

Hon. Charles W. Upham delivered an eloquent and instructive
address on the Colonial Records of Massachusetts under the first
charter. At its conclusion Judge Joseph G. Waters enthusiastically
commended the sentiments embodied in the lecture, especially noti-
cing the Orator’s defence of the New England Fathers against the
- ridicule to which they had been subjected for their use of the Old
Testament Scriptures as authority in their political government.

Mr. Waters offered the following resolution : —

That the thanks of the Institute be presented to Mr. Upham for his
very beautiful and instructive lecture.

This was unanimously adopted. This lecture was recently deliv-
ered before the Lowell Institute of Boston, and may now be found
among their publications.

The following persons were elected resident members: Walter K.
Bigelow, George A. Fisher, George W. Peirson, George O. Harris,
James Harris, all of Salem. Adjourned.

Regular meeting held April 19th, the President in the chair.

Owing to the absence of the Secretary the reading of the records
was dispensed with. The gecent correspondence and donations to the
Cabinets and the Library were announced.

Hon. Charles W. Upham delivered a lecture upon the life and char-
acter of Daniel P. King, of Danvers, which was listened to with great
interest and delight.

The following resolve was passed :—

Resolved, That the thanks of the Institute be given to Mr. Upham
for his address, and that he be requested to furnish the Committee on
Publication a copy for publication in the Historical Collections of
this Society.

Adjourned.

65

LETTERS ANNOUNCED.
(March and April.) .

Adair, D. L., Hawesville, Ky., Jan. 29; Allen, G. N., Oberlin, June 10; Appleton
& Co., New York, Feb. 16; Basel, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Oct. 30, Nov. 11;
Bergen, Norway, the Museum, Oct. 10; Boardman, S. L., Augusta, Me., Mch. 27;
Boston Public Library, Mch. 1, 23, 25, Ap.2; Buck, Stewart M., Van Buren Fur-
nace, Va., Ap, 12; Buffalo Historical Society, Mch. 23; Challen, Howard, Phila-
delphia, Feb. —, Mch. 1, Ap. 1; Chicago Academy of Science, Ap. 5; Christiania
L’Universite Royale de Norvege, Nov. —; Cloutman, W. R., Charleston, S. C., Feb.
18; Cook, Henry, Boston, Mch. 23; Conant, W. P., Dalkoff, St. Charles Co., Mo.,
Ap. 6; Connecticut Historical Society, Ap. 5; Cope, Edward D., Philadelphia,
Penn., Feb. 22, Mch. 6; Dall, Wm. H., Washington, D. C., Feb. 12; Dartmouth Col-
lege, Trustees of, Hanover, N. H., Mch. 26; Davenport, M. G., Chester, Penn., Mch.
5; Dawson, Henry B., Morrisania, N. Y., Mch. 24, Ap. 1, 12; Dyer, John F., Provi-
dence, R. I., Feb. 20; Dresden, Neue Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, Nov. 4; Edinburgh
Royal Society, Dec. 19; Freiburg, Die Gesellschaft fiir Beforderung der Natur-
wissenschaften, Oct. 20; Geneve, Institute National Genevois, Nov. 14; Gilman,
Henry, Detroit, Feb. 28; Goldthwaite & Day, Salem, Feb. 17; Hoy, P. R., Racine,
Mch. 1; Hanaford, Mrs. P. A., Reading, Mch. —; Harris, George O., Salem, Ap.
17; Harvard College, Corporation of, Mch. 19; Holbrook, M. L., New York, Reb.
11; Howard, J. J., London, Eng., Feb. 15; Howell, Robert, Nichols, Tioga*Co.,
N. Y., Mch. 16; Iowa State Historical Society, Feb; 11; Jillson, 8.,.Hudson, Feb. -
22; King, D. Webster, Boston, Ap. 17, Mch. 1; Langworthy, I. P., Boston; Mch.1, 4;
Laws, John W., Portsmouth, N. H., Feb. 19, Ap. 15; Lewis, E. A., Batavia, N. Y., |
Mch. 26; Lincoln, Solomon, Boston, Ap. 3,9; Lincecum, George W., Long Point,
Texas, Oct. 18; London, Anthropological Society, Jan. 20; Loring, George B.,
Salem, Feb. 25; Maine Historical Society, Mch. 23; Mann, Mary, Cambridge, Feb.
24, Mch. 16, 18, Ap. 4, 14; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Mch. 23; Mary-
land Historical Society, Ap. 7; Miller, James, New York, Feb. 18, 19; Minot, C. S.,
Boston, Feb. 15; Minnesota, Historical Society, Ap.7; Moravian Historical Society,
Nazareth, Penn., Ap. 1; Nauman, Charles F., Lancaster, Feb. 23; New England
Historic-Genealogical Society, Boston, Mch. 22; New Jersey State Geological Sur-
vey, New Brunswick, N. J., Mch. 23; New York Lyceum of Natural History, Mch.
22, Ap. 12; New York State Library, Jan. 23; Nichols & Noyes, Bosten, Mch. 22;
Noyes, Edward A., Portland, Me., Feb. 27, 29; Peabody, George, London, Dec. —;
Peabody, Jehn P., Salem, Mch. 1; Pennsylvania Historical Society, Ap. 10, 16;
Poole, Herman, Ithaca, Mch, 4, 27; Portland Society of Natural History, Mch. 22,
Ap. 1; Reshore, F. H., Dowagani, Mich., Mch. 6; Robinson, John, Salem, Ap. 19;,
Ropes, John C., Boston, Mch. 22; Rothrock, J. T., McVeytown, Pa., Mch. 16; Sever
& Co., Boston, Feb. 11; Smith, W. A., Worcester, Mch. 22; Smithsonian Institu-
tion, Washington, D. C., Dec. 2, Feb. 11; Spofford, Jeremiah, Groveland, Feb. 15;
Stearns, W. A., Amherst, Feb. 17; Steiger, E., New York, Feb. 10; Stone, E. M.,
. Providence, R. f., Feb. 13; Strecker, Herman, Reading, Pa., Jan. 19; U. S. Depart-
ment of Education, Washington, Mch. 12; U. 8. Surgeon General’s Office, Mch. 30;
U. S. Department of the Interior, Mch. 18, 19; Verrill, A. E., New Haven, Conn.,
Feb. 23; Ward, Raymond L., Sumter, 8. C., Jan. 18; White, W. O., Keene, N. H.,
Mch. 23; White, Henry, New Haven, Conn., Mch. 26; Wilson, John, Cambridge,
Ap. 5; Wood, N. H., Portland, Me., Mch. 5; White, Charles A., lowa City, Iowa,
Feb.9; Wurzburg, Physicalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft, Oct. 24; Yale College,
Corporation of, Mch. 23.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. 7

66

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
(March and April.)

BY DONATION.

BARLOW, JOHN, Salem. Record of the Massachusetts Volunteers, 1861~’65, 1 vol.
4to, Boston, 1868. Fifth Annual Report of the Board of State Charities, 1 vol. 8vo,
Boston, 1869. y

BOWDOIN COLLEGE. Catalogue of the Officers and Students, Second Term, 1868-
69, 8vo, pamph., Brunswick, 1869.

BROOKS, HENRY M. Friend’s Review, Advertisement sheet, 39 Numbers. Salem
Directory for 1864, 1 vol. 12mo, Salem, 1864. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 20.

Brown, F. H.,M.D. Some observations on the Fauna of Madeira, 8vo, pamph.

BUTLER, Hon. BENJ. F., M.C. Speech of Hon. Samuel Hooper in U. 8. House
of Representatives, Feb. 5, 1869, 8vo, pamph., Washington, 1869. Speech of Hon:
G. W. Julian in U. S. House of Representatives, Feb. 5, 1869, 8v0, pamph. Report
subjected to the House of Representatives, June, 1868, by Mr. Morrell, 8vo, pamph.,
Washington, 1868. Internal Tax Laws, 8vo, pamph. . Report of the Special Com-
missioner of the Revenue, for the year 1868, 8yo, pamph. Treaty with Russia, 8vo,
pamph. Commercial Relations of the U. S. with Foreign Nations, 1 vol. 8vo,
Washington, 1868. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the year 1867,
1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1868. Report of the Commissioner of the General Land
Office, for the year 1867, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1867. Civil Service of the U,
S., 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1868. Message and, Documents, Navy Department,
1868~69, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1868. Official Army Register, for 1868, 12mo,
pamph. Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office for the year 1867,
abridgement,.1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1867. Speech of Hon. W. Williams in U.S.
House of Representatives, Feb. 4, 1869, 8vo, pamph. Speech of Hon. G. W. Sco-
field in U. 8. House of Representatives, Jan. 27, 1869, 8vo0, pamph. Monthly Re-
port of the Department of Agriculture for January and February, 1869, 8vo,
pamph., Washington, 1869. Speech of Hon. B. F. Butler in U. S. House of Repre-
sentatives, April 1, 1869, on ‘“‘ Reconstruction of Mississippi,” 8vo.

CANFIELD, THOMAS H., Burlington, Vt. Policy of Extending Government Aid
to Additional Railroads to the Pacific, by Guaranteeing Interest on the Bonds, 8vo,
pamph., Washington, 1869.

CHASE, GEORGE B. <A Genealogical Memoir of the Chase Family of Chesham,
Bucks, in England, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1869,

CLARK. W.S., Amherst. Sixth Annual Report of the Trustees of Massachusetts
Agricultural College, Jan., 1869, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1869.

CLEVELAND, WILLIAM C, Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Cornell
University, for 1868-69, 8vo, pamph., Ithaca, 1869.

COGSWELL, WILLIAM. Pubji¢ Documents for the City of Salem for 1868, 1 vol.
8vo, Salem, 1869. 4

Cook, WM. 8S. A Vocabulary, with Colloquial Phrases of the Canton Dialect,
1 vol. 8vo, Canton, 1854.

CROCKETT, WM. D., Boston. Catalogue of Officers and Students of Bow-
doin College for 1848, 1845, 2 pamphs., 8vo. Triennial Catalogue of Dartmouth
College for 1848, 1846, 2 pamphs., 8vo. Catalogue of Officers and Students of Dart-
mouth College for 1843-4, 1845-6, 2 pamphs., 8vo. Catalogue of Officers and Mem-
bers of the Peucinian Society, Bowdoin College, 1843, 8vo, pamph. Messages of
Gov. A. H. Bullock to the House of Representatives, May 14, 1867, to Jan. 17, 1868.

DREER, FERDINAND J., of Philadelphia. Fifteenth Annual Report of W. J.
Mullen, Prison Agent, Jan. 1, 1869, 8vo, pamph., Philadelphia.

se

67

FELT, CHARLES W., Salem. Pamphlets, 4.

FELT, JOHN. Several Manuscript Papers.

Foster, ISAAC P. Miscellaneous Pamphlets, 10.

GOODWIN, Capt. W. F., U. S. A., Richmond, Va. The Central Water Line from
the Ohio River to the Virginia Capes, 2d ed., 8vo, pamph., Richmond, 1869.

GREEN, SAMUEL A., Boston. Nicholson’s Operative Mechanic, and British
Machinist, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1826. Inaugural Address of N. B. Shurtleff, Mayor of
Boston, to the City Council, Jan. 4, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1869. Annual Report of
the Adj. Gen. of the Commonwealth of Mass., for year ending Dec. 31, 1868, 1 vol.
8vo, Boston, 1869. The Campaner Thal, &c., by Jean Paul, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston,
1864. U.S. Army and Navy Journal, and Gazette of the Regular and Volunteer
Forces, vol. 1, 1863-4, 1 vol. 4to, N. Y. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 150. Annual Re-
port of the School Committee of Boston, 1868, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1869. Seventh
Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Insurance Department, State of New
York, 1 vol. 8vo, Albany, 1866. International General Average Report, 1 vol. 8vo,
N. Y., 1866.

HARRIS, ALDEN, Beverly. The Whole Duty of Man, 1 vol. folio, London, 1695.

Ives, HENRY P. Catalogue of Games and Home Amusements, 1868-69, 8vo,
pamph., Springfield. <

KETCHUM, F. A. Ketchum & Crawford’s St. Paul City Directory for 1869, 1 vol.
8vo.

KIMBALL, JAMES. Massachusetts Register and Directory, 1867, 1 vol. 8vo, Bos-
ton. Municipal Register of Newburyport for 1855, 1 vol. 12mo, Newburyport, 1855.
_ LANGWORTHY, I. P., Boston. Lectures on Theology by Rev. B. Tyler, 1 vol®vo,
Boston, 1859. Memoir of John Codman, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1853. Presbyterian
Historical Almanac, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1864. Minutes of the General Assembly of
Presbyterian Church, for 1855, 756, 1864, ’65, 4 pamphs., 8vo. Miscellaneous pamph-
lets, 18.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for February and March.

LINCOLN, SOLOMON, Jr., Salem. Miscellaneous pamphlets, College Catalogues,
ete., 30. >

Lorp, N. J. Boston Post, for Jan., Feb., Meh., 1869. Fol.

MACK, WILLIAM. Congressional Directory for the 3d Session, 40th Congress of
the U.S. A., 8vo, pamph., Washington, 1869.

NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Geology of New Jersey, by authority of
the Legislature, 1 vol. 8vo, and Maps, 1 vol. 4to, Newark, 1868.

PALFRAY, CHARLES W. New England Farmer, 26 numbers; American Journal
of Horticulture, 24 numbers; Monthly Report of the Department ofAgriculture,
from Noy. 1867 to Jan. 1869, 11 pamphs. 8vo; Miscellaneous Pamphlets, 17. ;

PEABODYWACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Memoirs, vol. 1, No. 1, 8vo, Salem, 1869.

PEASE, GEORGE W. The Heretic Detector, vol. v, 1 vol. 8vo, Middleburg, O.,
1841. Elements of Musical Composition, 1 vol, 12mo, Boston, 1844. Herndon’s Val-,
ley of the Amazon Maps, pt. 1, 1 vol. 8vo. Fourth Report of the Agriculture of
Mass., 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1841. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 254.

_ PERKINS, GEORGE A., Elements of Euclid, 1 vol. 12mo., London, 1720. Euclid’s
Elements of Geometry, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1745. Playfair’s Euclid, l-vol. 8vo, New
. York, 1819. Simpson’s Trigonometer, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1810. Payne’s Trigonom-
eter, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1772. Keith on the Globes, 1 vol. 8vo, N. Y., 1819. Calcu-
lus, 1 vol. 8vo, Cambridge, 1824. Analytic Geometry, 1 vol. 8vo, Cambridge, 1820.
Farrar’s Mechanics, 1 vol. 8vo, Cambridge, 1825. Fischer’s Natural Philosophy, 1
yol. 8vo, Boston, 1827. Day’s Trigonometry, 1 vol. 8vo, New Haven, 1815. Elec,
tricity, Magnetism, etc., 1 vol. 8vo, Cambridge, 1826. Treatise on Optics, 1 vol. 8vo-
Cambridge, 1826. Arnott?s Elements of Physics, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1829. Playfair’s
Philosophy Dissertations, 3 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1817. Adam/’s Electricity, 1 vol.

2 68
8vo, London, 1784. Ferguson’s Astronomy, 1 vol. 12mo, Philadelphia, 1808. En-
field’s Philosophy, 1 vol. 4to, London, 1785. Smellie’s Philosophy, 1 vol. 8vo,
Philadelphia, 1791. Essay on the World, 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1701. Combe on
Constitution of Man, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1828. Brazer’s Essay on Divine Influ-
ence, 1 vol. 16mo, Boston, 1835. Fordyce’s Sermon, 1 vol. 16mo, London, 1766,
Edwards’ on Religious Affections, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1768. Lud Kusteru’s, 1
vol. 12mo, London, 1773. Dilworth’s Guide to the English Tongue, 1 vol.
16mo, Boston, 1778. Carey’s Latin Prosody, 1 vol. 12mo, London, 1818. Turner’s
Accidence, 1 vol. 16mo, London, 1762. Syntax and Prosody, 1 vol. 12mo, Salem,
1783. Greek Grammar, 1 vol. 16mo, London, 1793. Smith’s Class-book of Anat-
omy, 1 vol. 8yo, Boston, 1837. National Orator, 1 vol. 8vo, N. Y., 1829. Differ-
ential and Integral Calculus, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1847. Night Thoughts, 1 vol.
12mo, London, 1760. Rise and Progress of Religion, 1 vol. 12mo, 1772. American
School Reader, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston. ‘ Jay’s Inquiries, 1 vol. 12mo. New York, 1835.
Liber Primus, 1 vol. 12mo, Newburyport, 1815. Elements of Morality, 1 vol. 12mo,
Baltimore, 1811. Sentimental Journal, 1 vol. 12mo, London, 1769. Hobbes de Cive,
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-more, 1821. Dodd’s Reflections, 2 vols. 12mo, London, 1773, 1793. Doctrine of the
Passions, 1 vol. 16mo, Elizabethtown, 1795. Gillie’s Historical Collections, 2 vols.
8vo, Glasgow, 1754. Case of Dartmouth College, 1 vol. 8vo, Portsmouth, n. d.
Fair and Impartial Testimony, 1 vol. 12mo, Glasgow, 1765. Gray’s Memoria Tech.
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Some Poems, 1 vol. 16mo,n.d. Siege of Corinth, 1 vol. 18mo, N. Y., 1816. Vision
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French Guide, 1 vol. 12mo, London, 1763. Geography Anatomized, 1 vol. 8vo, Lon-
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Memoirs of Mrs. Ramsay, 1 vol. 16mo, Charlestown, 1812. - Life of Gardiner, 1 vol.
12mo, Boston, 1792. Radcliffe’s Life, 1 vol. 12mo, London, 1716. Southey’s Life of
Nelson, 1 vol. 16mo, Boston, 1814. Age of Louis XIV, 2 vols. 12mo, London, 1753.
Bernhardi Varenf, 1 vol. 12mo, 1681. Philip the Second, 1 vol. 8vo, N. Y., 1818.
Philip the Third, 1 vol. 8vo, N. Y., 1818. Robertson’s History of Charles V., 3 vols.
8vo, 1770. Moore’s France, 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1793. Moore’s Italy, 2 vols. 8vo,
London, 1790. Moore on French Revolution, 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1795. Millot’s
General History, 5 vols. 8vog#alem, 1796. History of Mexico, 3 vols. 8vo, Phila.,
1817. Flint’s Travels, 1. vol. 8vo} Boston, 1826. Mass. Register for 1852, 753, 754, 756,
4 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1852, etc. Mass State Record, 2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1849 and
1851. Insane and Idiots, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1855. Annual Reports of Education
from 1863 to 1868, 6 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1863. Compendium U. 8. Census,.1 vol. 8vo,
Washington, 1854. Spurzheim on Education, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1832. Principles
of Politeness, 1 vol. 12mo, Phila., 1792. Merchants’ and Bankers’ Almanac, 1854, 1
vol. 8vo, N. Y., 1854. Monthly Review, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1810. Naval Magazine,
1 vol. 8vo, N. Y., 1836. Naval Magazine, 6 Nos., 1837. Lessons in Elocution, 1 vol.
12mo, Worcester, 1808. Universal Magazine, 3 vols., 8vo, London, n.d. Mnemo-
nika, 1 vol. 16mo, Baltimore, 1812. Hymns and Psalms, etc., 8vo, Cambridge, 1825.
Memoirs of American Academy, vols. 1, 2, 3, 4to, Boston, 1785. Priestley’s Op-

se

69

ticks, 1 vol. 4to, London, 1772. Commonwealth of Oceana, 1 vol. 8yo, London,
1656. Resuscitatis, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1657. The Examiner for 1832, 1 vol. folio.
Collection of Discourses, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1664.

POOLE, Wo. F., Boston. Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft by W. F. Poole,
8yo pamph., Boston 1869.

PROSSER, W. F., M.C. Report of Surveys across the Continent i in 1867-68, by W.
J. Palmer, 1 vol. shel Phila., 1869.

PuTNAM, F.W. Catalogue of the University of Virginia, 45th Session, 1868-69,
8vo, pamph., Baltimore, 1869.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Catalogue of the Orthoptera of N. A. described
previous to 1867; prepared by 8S. Scudder, 8vo, pamph., Washington, 1868.

SMITH, W: C.,M.C. Speech of Hon. William Windom in U. 8S. House of Repre-
sentatives, Jan. 5, 1869, 8vo, pamph., Washington, 1869. Report of E. F. Johnson
to the Board of Directors of the Northern Pacific Railroad Co., Nov., 1867, 8vo,
pamph., Hartford, 1867.

STANWOOD, EBEN R., Essex. Miscellaneous pamphlets and papers, 6.

STICKNEY, MATTHEW A. Seventeenth Annual Report of the New York Juvenile
Asylum, to the Legislature of the State, 8vo, pamph., N. Y., 1869.

SUMNER, Hon. CHARLES. ‘Report of the Goismniasioner of Agriculture for the
year 1867, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1868. Congressional Directory for the 3d Session
of the 40th Congress of the U.S. A., 8vo, Washington, 1869. Report of the Special
Commissioner of the Revenue for 1868, 8vo, pamph. Speech of Hon. John Sher-
man in U.S. Senate, Jan. 27, 1869, 8vo, pamph., Washington, 1869. Speech of
Hon. Charles Sumner in U. 8. Senate, Feb. 5, 1869, 8vo, pamph., Washington, 169.
Monthly Report of the Department of Agriculture for January and February, 1869,
8vo, pamph., Washington, 1869. Congressional Directory for Ist SeSriOn, 41st Con-
gress of U.S. A., 8vo, pamph., Washington, 1869.

TUCKER, JONATHAN. Joseph II. and his Court, 4 vols. 8vo, Mobile, 1864. Rules ~
and Regulations of the State Fair of Louisiana, 8vo, pamph., New Orleans, 1869.
Moline Plow Works, 8vo, pamph., Chicago, 1867. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 21.

UPHAM, J. BAXTER, Boston. The Great Organ in the Boston Music Hall, 12mo,
pamph., Boston, 1866. Report of the Committee on Music, 1868, 8vo, pamph.

VALENTINE, Mrs. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 36

WAR DEPARTMENT, SURGEON GENERAL’S OFFICE. Catalogue of the Surgical
Section of the U. 8S. Army Medical Museum, 1 vol. 4to, Washington, 1866.

WASHBURN & Co. Amateur Cultivator’s Guide, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1869.

WATERS, JOSEPH G. Manuscript Papers and Account saiaem of the Salem Re-
lief Fire Club. » ;

WATERS, J. LINTON, Chicago. Speeches of E. W. Evans and J. L. King, in the
Wilkinson fDribune Libel Suit, 8vo, pamph., Chicago, 1869. The Chicago Tribune,
8vo, pamph. Third Annual Report of the Dircctors of the Union Stockyards and
Transit Company, to the Stockholders, Jan. 15, 1869, 8vo, pamph., Chicago, 1869,,
The Health-Lift, 8vo, pamph. American Gold Quotations, 18mo, New York, 1869,
South Side Park, Circulars for Voters. Illinois Central Railroad Company, Report
to Directors, pamph. The North-western Liquid Fluid Company, 8vo, pamph.,
Chicago, 1868. Sixth Annual Report of the President and Directors 6f the Chicago
. and Alton Railroad Company, 8vo, pamph., Chicago, 1869.

WEBSTER, Prof. N. B., Vineland, N. J. Charter and Constitution of Ottawa
Natural History Society, Canada, 5 pamphlets.

WINTHROP, ROBERT C., Boston. Introductory Lecture to the Course on the
Early History of Massachusetts, at Lowell Institute, Jan. 5, 1869, 8vo, Boston, 1869.

BY EXCHANGE.

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. Proceedings at the Annual Meeting in Wor-
cester, Oct. 21, 1868, 8vo, Worcester, 1869.

70

ARCHIV FUR ANTHROPOLOGIE. Zeitschrift fiir Naturgeschichte und Urges-
chichte des Menschen. Dritter Band. 4to, Braunschweig, 1868.

BASEL NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT. Verhandlungen der Naturfors-
chenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 8vo, 1868.

BIBLIOTHEQUE UNIVERSELLE ET REVUE SUISSE. Archives des Sciences Phys-
ques et Naturelles. Nouvelle Periode. Tome xxxiii, xxxiv, 8vo, Geneve, 1868, 769.

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. Boston Directory for 1789, 12mo0, Boston, 1789, re-
print. R. B. Thomas’ Farmer’s Almanac for 1864,~5, 6, ’7. Whig Almanac for
1854. Year Book of Unitarian Congregational Churches for 1868. Webster’s Cal-
endar, or the Albany Almanac for 1869. Bulletin of the Boston Public Library for
March, 1869, Svo, pamph.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Proceedings, vol. xii, sigs. 15, 16, 17,
18, 8vo, pamph. Memoirs, vol. 1, pt. 4,4to. Entomological Correspondence, 1 vol.
8vo, Boston, 1869.

CINCINNATI PUBLIC LIBRARY. Rules, By-laws and other Items, with Annual
Reports, 1868, 8vo, pamph.

INSTITUT HISTORIQUE DE FRANCE. L’Investigateur, Journal de l’Nov., Dec.,
1868, 8vo, Paris, 1868.

KONGELIGE NORSKE UNIVERSITETS. Meteorologiske Iagttagelser i, det sydlige
norge, Aarg, 1863, 1864, 1865, og. 1866. Oblong 4to, Christiania, 1867. Forhandlinger
i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania, Aar, 1867, 8vo, Christiania, 1868. Registre til
Christiania Videnskabsselskabs Forhandlinger, 1858-1867, 8vo, Christiania, 1868.
Det Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitets Aarsbereting for Aaret, 1867, 8vo
Christiania, 1868; Untersuchungen uber den Magnetismus der Erde, 1 vol. 4to,
Christiania, 1819; Index Scholarum in Universitate Regia Fredericiana, small 4to,
pamph., Christiania, 1868.

MEMOIRS POUR SERVIR A LA CONNAISANCE DES CRINOIDES VIVANTS. Par M.
Sars. 4to, 1868.

MAINE HisroRICAL Sociery. Collections, Second Series, vol. i, 8vo, Portland,
1869.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Transactions for 1868, 8vo, pamph.
Boston, 1869.

MONTREAL NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist for
June and December, 1868, vol. 3, nos. 5, 6, 8v0, pamph., Montreal.

NEW BEDFORD PUBLIC LIBRARY, TRUSTEES OF. Seventeenth Annual Report of
the Trustees of the Free Public Library of the City of New Bedford, 8vo, pamph.,
New Bedford, 1869.

NEw ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. The New England Genea-
logical and Historical Register for April, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1869.

NEW JERSEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings, vol. 1, No. 3, Second Series,
8vo, pamph., 1869.

NEW YORK LYCEUM OF NATURAL History. Annals vol. ix, Nos. 1-4, 8vo,
pamph., New York, 1868. =)

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Journal, New Series, vol. vi,
Pt. ILI, 4to, pamph., Philadelphia, 1869.

PORTLAND SOCIETY OF NATURAL HIsToRY. Proceedings, vol. 1, pt. 2, 8vo,
pamph., Portland, 1869.

PUBLISHERS. American Builder, March. American Literary Gazette, Feb. 15,
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Ap. Cosmos, Mch.27. Educational Gazette, March. Essex Banner, Feb. 19, 26,
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graph, Feb. 17, 20, 24, 27, Mch. 3, 6, 10, 13, 17, 20, 24, 27, 31, Ap. 3, 7,10, 14,17. Hard-
wick’s Science-Gossip, Dec. 1, Mch.1, Ap.1. Haverhill Gazette, Feb. 19, 26, Mch.
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71

Mch. 5, 12, 19, 26, Ap. 2, 9,16. Lynn Reporter, Feb. 17, 20, 24, 27, Mch. 3, 6, 10,13, 17,
20, 24, 27, 31, Ap. 3, 7, 10, 14, 172 Medical and Surgical Reporter, Feb. 13, 20, 27,
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SOCIETE VAUDOISE DES SCIENCES NATURELLES. Bulletin de la Société Vau-
doise des Sciences Naturelles, Vol. ix, Nos. 54, 59, 8vo, Lausanne, 1866-8.

VEREIN FUR ERDKUNDE UND VERWANDTE WISSENSCHAFTEN. Notizblatt des
Vereins fur Erdkunde und Verwandte Wissenschaften zu Darmstadt und des
Mittelrhtinischen Geologischen Vereins; Nebst Mittheilungen aus der Grossh
Hessischen Centralstelle fiir die Landesstatistik; Herausgegeben von L. Ewald;
Des Notizblatts des Vereins fiir Erdkunde, Folge iii, Heft vi, 8vo, Darmstadt, 1867.

ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUMS OF THE INSTITUTE AND
THE PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

(March and April.)

WILLIS G. BURNHAM, Essex. Earth containing Iron from Essex. .

8. CaRLIN. Specimen of a Domestic Cat, 13 years old.

Wo. R. CLOUTMAN, Charleston, 8.C. Post Pliocene fossils from the Ashley River
deposit, 8. C.

S. B. DANFORTH, Newburyport. An Albino Woodchuck taken in Merhaes

H. Davis, Money Creek, Min. A box of Minerals, a bottle Leuciscii and two
Gopher Skins from that locality.

Mrs. DAvIs, Gloucester. A collection of Pressed Algz from that vicinity.

HORACE EATON. Native Cap from Aspinwall. Rattles of the California Rattle-
snake, and specimens of the Sequoia and California Redwood.

CHARLES FISHER. Specimens of Gold Ores, Copper Pyrites.

S. P. FOWLER, Danvers. Specimen of Picus pubescens from Danvers. ¢

HENRY R. GARDNER, Salem. A specimen of Euplectella speciosa from the
Island of Zebu.

WILLIAM GARDNER, Salem. A Young Canary.

H. GILLMAN, Detroit, Mich. A collection of Insects from Lake Superior.

ALONZO GOLDSMITH. Young Python and three specimens of Gelassimus from
Sierra Leone. Young Flying Fish, and a Parasitic Crustacean from the mouth of a
Flying Fish; both taken in latitude 22 or23 N., longitude 40 W.

JOHN GOULD, Ipswich. Small Weasel Bien during the change of pelage in|
Essex.

E. L. GREENE, Col. Two specimens of Ophioglossus reticulatum from Albion,
Wis., Oct. 5, 1866. ss

WILLIAM GROVER. Twenty-nine specimens of Leda thraciformis, and two of

’ Telina sp. from stomachs of Platessa sp.

Capt. HENRY D. HALL, U.S.R. M. Specimen of Squilla sp., from Cape Fear
River, N. C.

J.P. HASKELL, Marblehead. One Scomberesox Storerii and several specimens
of Bolina from the Grand Banks.

ROBERT HOWELL, Nichols, Tioga Co., N. Y. A Collection of Fossils from the
Chemung Group.

A. HyaTT. Specimens of Reed used in smoking the Mummies found in the
Mammoth Cave, Ky. A collection of Fossils from the vicinity of Annapolis, Md., ©

72

and a few from the Red Sandstone near Greenfield, A collection of Reptiles, In-
sects, Crustaceans and Mollusks, in Alcohol, from various localities, and Plants
from Anticosta, Cambridge, and Norway, Me. Also twelve Copper Coins from
various countries.

A. H. JoHNsON. Three Canadian Copper Coins, and one Copper Token,

SAMUEL KILLAM, Boxford. Specimens of Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola Canaden-
sis).

H. F. Kine, A Cigar Case made by the natives of Java, from the quills of Pavo
spicefer,

CHARLES LAWRENCE, Danvers. An unfinished Stone Arrowhead found at Dan-
vers.

WILLIAM LorRD. Eighteen specimens, three species, of Coral, from the Sand-
wich Islands; and seven species of Land and Marine Gasteropods.

PHILIP MCDONALD. Two specimens of Gorgonia from South America.

FRANK MCGILL. Twelve specimens of Marine Shells from Zanzibar. Fourteen
specimens of Marine Shells from West Indies. Also, under jaw of a Porpoise and
Tooth of a Whale.

E. 8. Morse. A specimen of Camphor Wood.

S. A. NELSON, Georgetown, Mass. Two skulls of Domestic Cats, Carapace and
Sternum of Glyptemys insculpta. Partial Skeleton of Chelydra serpentina. Four
Nests of Chimney Swallow.

CHARLES H. NorRIS. An Alcoholic specimen of Goliathus from Acara, West

Coast of Africa, collected by John J. Coker.

H. K. OLIVER, Sample of Bread made by the Navajo Indians from Blue Corn.

-A. 8. PACKARD, Jr. Musk Rat (young) from South Salem.

J. PERLEY. Scolopendra sp., from Sulphur Springs, Fla.

J. H. PooLE, Peabody, Malformed Pig, born April, 8, 1869. :

CHARLES PUTNAM. A piece of High Rock, Saratoga.

A. Ray, Topsfield. Living Specimen of Triton violacea from Topsfield.

JOHN H. SEARS, Danvers. Two specimens of Picus villosus, shot at Wenham.

WILLIAM H. SILSBEE. Cocoons of Telia polyphemus from vicinity of Beverly,
An Implement from the Pacific Islands.

LOVELL SMITH, Boston. Minerals from various localities,

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D. C. Forty-three Bird Skins from
Costa Rica and other localities.

GEORGE SPALDING,.Newburyport. Fotal Porpoise and a Whale Louse,

R. E. C. STEARNS, San Francisco, Cal. Six specimens of Marine Shells from
Tampa Bay, Florida. Eight specimens of Marine Shells from Mounds near Rocky
Point, Tampa Bay. One specimen of Sponge. Cones and Leaves of Pinus teda
and P. palustris from Florida. Specimens of Fossil Coral, etc., from Ballast Point,
Tampa Bay. Three specimens of Cassidula corona from a Mound near Rocky
Point, Florida. One Purpura ostrina, Fossil from Monterey, California. One
Chlorostoma sp. a.

8.S.Symonps. Rattle from a Snake killed on Valance Plantation, Parish As-
sumption, Louisiana.

ROBERT UPTON. Partial skeleton of Lomvia sp.

C. A. WALKER, Chelsea. One Plectrophanes nivalis. Two Agiothus linarius. -
one Melospiza palustris; all from the vicinity of Chelsea, Mass.

GEO. P. WATSON, Specimens of Mica, Tourmaline, Garnet, Quartz, etc., from
Grafton, N. H.

JOHN WILLIAMS, Salem. Specimen of Brown Bat taken in Salem.

By PurcHasz. A specimen of Ling, from Lake Winnipiseogee, taken at Alton
Bay. ;

e

BULLETIN

OF THE

EE ee AOE te, EN EE

VoL. I. SaLem, Mass., May, June, 1869. Nos. 5, 6.

One Dollar a Year in Advance.

FIRST HOUSES IN SALEM.

BY W. P. UPHAM.”

: [Continued from page 57.)

Ir thus appears that the lot above mentioned was owned
by Michael Shaflin before 1638; and the price which
John Kitchen paid for it, indicates that there was a
dwelling house on it at that time; but it had disappeared
in 1684.. It was long known as the “ Kitchen field,” and
extended from the east side of Hamilton street westerly |
_ two hundred and seventy-five feet, and southerly from
Essex stieet to Chestnut street. After the death of
Robert Kitchen it was owned by his son Edward Kitchen, '
who left it by will, in 1766, to Edward Kitchen Turner.

East of the Kitchen field was a lot of about the same
dimensions, originally owned by Thomas Antrum. It
extended easterly to a line ahout one hundred and twenty
feet west of Cambridge street, and southerly to Chestnut
street. East of this, and extending one hundred and |
twenty feet east of Cambridge street, was another lot

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. 10 .

74

originally owned by Richard Graves; and between that
and Summer street was an acre of land, with a dwelling
house on it, conveyed by the heirs of Philip Veren, in
1655, to Wm. Lord, and by him to Wm. Lord, Jr.,
in 1658.

South of the last two lots (those of Richard Graves
and Philip Veren) and extending on Broad street from .
Summer street to a line one hundred and twenty feet
west of Cambridge street, was the homestead of Francis
Lawes, which, together with the Richard Graves lot
- which he also owned, making in all about five acres, he

left by will, in 1666, to his son-in-law, John Neal, and his
wife, and after their death to their son Jonathan Neal.
Part of this estate has been retained in the same family
to the present time. Francis Lawes lived on the east cor-
ner of Cambridge and Broad streets, and the hill where
the burying ground now is was in the earlier years called
“Lawes Hill.” In 1721, Samuel Gaskill, aged eighty
years, testified “that the dwelling house upon the hill by
ye Almshouse in Salem, where Jonathan Neal now
dwells, built by Francis Laws, was standing there before
ye year 1660.” The Almshouse was where the Normal
School building is now. Jonathan Neal left his home-
stead, by will, in 1732, to his sons Jonathan and David,
and in the division, in 1753, the dwelling house was
assigned to Jonathan. In a deed by him in 1774, he
mentions ‘‘my old &6use,” as being on the eastern corner
of Cambridge street ; and in the inventory of his estate,
in 1795, is mentioned the dwelling house, now standing,
on the west corner, and also “an old dwelling house” on -
the east corner of Cambridge and Broad streets. This
last was no doubt the one referred to in the above deposi-
tion.

Francis Lawes also owned the Antrum lot, above men-

75

tioned, and left it to his grandson, Joseph Neal, deseri-
bing it as “ part of that ground I bought of Mr. Edmond
Batter and was formerly Thomas Antrums, and _ is
bounded north with the. street, east with the land of
mine formerly the land of Richard Graves, south with
the land of John and Jonathan Pickering, and west with
the land of John Kitchen.” In 1681 Thomas Maule
bought of Joseph Neal the eastern portion of the Antrum
lot, and also of Jonathan Neal a small portion of the
Graves lot, and built the house in which he afterwards
lived, and which was taken down a few years ago. Mr.
James B. Curwen, who lives on the same site, has the
original deeds in his possession.

Jonathan Neale also conveyed a house lot, in 1680, to
Benjamin Marston, who built thereon the house now
standing on the western corner of Cambridge street,
which. street was then first laid out as a private way be-
tween that house lot and another which he conveyed to
Samuel Wakefield. Wakefield sold his house in 1684,
to John Bullock, Innkeeper, and in 1706 it was conveyed
to Richard Pike. Another house lot, next east, was
conveyed by Neal, in 1680, to Samuel Shattuck, Jr., hat-
maker and dyer, who built there the house now standing,
part of which is owned and occupied by Mrs. Mary C..
Stowers. This was the house to which Bridget Bishop
came to’get some lace dyed, when the effect Shattuck
thought her visits had upon his child, aroused his suspi-'
cions that she was a witch, and caused him to testify
against her at her trial in 1692. é

The house of William Lord, who owned the acre of
land at the corner of Essex and Summer streets, was
where Mr. Jonathan Peirce now lives. The southern
part of his land, near the northern corner of Chestnut
and Summer streets, was used by John Mason, from 1661

76

to 1687, for making bricks, and afterwards by Isaac
Stearns for the same purpose; and west of that as far as
to Cambridge street, was another “ brick place” owned by
Thomas Maule, and afterwards Samuel Woodwell.

South of the “ Kitchen field” and the Antrum lot, and
fronting on Broad street from the land of Francis Lawes
to Cotta’s lot, above described, which was about two
hundred feet west of Pickering street, was the homestead
of John Pickering, of about five acres. ‘The first house

in which he lived when he bought the Broadfield of |.

Emanuel Downing, in 1643, was near the site of the
present dwelling now occupied by John Pickering, Esq.,
his descendant in the seventh generation. This house,
now standing, is one of the most interesting relics of the
past we have in the city, both from its having been
always occupied by the same family, and on account of
its well authenticated antiquity. The following is taken
from an account of this house in a memorandum book,
and was written by Col. Timothy Pickering, Dec. 3,
1828. After referring to another house which his eldest
sister Sarah (Pickering) Clark, who died Nov. 21, 1826,
in her 97th year, remembered as standing at a small
distance eastward of the present house, Col. Pickering
writes :

‘“‘T well remember that when I went to the woman’s school, being
then only six years old, my father raised the roof of the northern side
of the present house, and so made room for three chambers to accom-
modate his family, havi then nine children. The roof, according to
the fashion of the time, running down on the northern side, so as to
leave but one upright story. The windows were glazed with small
panes, some diamond-shaped, and the others small oblongs. These
were all set in leaden strips, formed thin, with grooves (by a machine ©
made for the purpose) for the reception of the glass, on which: the
lead was easily pressed close down. Where the leads crossed they
were soldered together; and I perfectly remember seeing the glazier,

Moore by name, setting glass in the old windows, in the manner here
described.

a!

77

fi remember hearing my father say, that when he made the altera-
tions and repairs above mentioned, the eastern end of the house was
one hundred years old, and the western end eighty years old. Conse-
quently the eastern end is now (Dec. 3, 1828) 177 years old. For Iam
83, and was but six years old-in July, 1751, the year in which the
alterations and repairs took place.

I also remember hearing my father say, that, supposing the sills of
the house must be decayed, he had provided new white oak timber to
replace them ; but that the carpenter, when he had ripped off the
weather-boards, found the sills sound, of swamp white oak; and the
carpenter told him that they would last longer than any new sills he
could provide; and the same sills remain to this day.

At the southern side of broadfield, a little eastward of the salt
marsh, were many logs projecting beyond the low bank — manifestly
the remains of a wharf,* erected when what is now the Mill Pond of
the South Mills was a continuance of the South River.”

Col. Pickering’s father was Deacon Timothy Pickering,
who was born in 1703, and to whom Jonathan, a son of
the first John, conveyed, in 1727, his portion of Yhe
homestead land, being the eastern part, and consisting of
an acre and a half, together with the dwelling house on it
in which he then lived. This house was no doubt the one
remembered by Col. Pickering’s sister, Sarah. Deacon
Timothy Pickering had five years before inherited the
western part of the homestead, including the house now
standing, from his father John, who was a grandson of
the first John. There can be no doubt, therefore, that his
statement of the age of the house was correct; according
to which the eastern half of the house is now two hun-
dred and eighteen years, and the western part one hun-
dred and ninety-eight years, old. This is also confirmed
hy the records, particularly the Commoners record, which
- shows that John Pickering was, in 1714, allowed two
rights “for his father’s house ;” that is, the house in which
his father had lived (the one now standing) was built
before 1661. It also appears from the same record, that

*See Essex Inst. Coll., Vol. VIII, p. 22.

78

Jonathan Pickering’s house (which stood to the east of
the present house) was the same “which one Deacon
built before 1661.” The first. John Pickering died in
1657, and his widow Elizabeth married John Deacon.
The oldest son John, remained in the house which his
father had built in 1651, while his mother and the
younger son Jonathan, removed to the new house which
John Deacon built on that part of the homestead which
was set off to Jonathan. The mother died in 1662;
and in 1671, the two brothers made a final settlement
of the estate between them, at which time, according to
Deacon Pickering, the western part of the present house
was built. In regard to the original house in which
John Pickering lived previous to 1651, we have the fol-
lowing evidence given in a deposition by his grandson,
showing that it was sold in 1663 or 1664, and removed to
another place. On the Commoners Record for 1714, is
entered one right to John Pickering “for his grandfather’s
house,” which shows that another house had stood on his
land which had belonged to his grandfather and was built
before 1661. The following explains what became of it,
and is also interesting as showing at what an early period
houses were moved.

‘“‘The testimonie of John Pickering of full age saith, to his cer-
tain knowledge the little house that was William Beenses* was his
father’s Cottage Right, that is allowed to me. He further saith that
in the year 1663 or 1664, my father sold it to William Beens and it
was removed to that placg With oxen. JOHN PICKERING.”

Opposite the Pickering house and south of Broad
street (which at first included the present Cemetery and
a strip of land west of it), was the “Broadfield” consist-
ing of twenty acres and extending from the Hathorne

* William Beans lived where now is the corner of Boston street and
the Turnpike.

fa!

79

farm, the line of which corresponded nearly with Phelps
Court, east and south to the South River, now the Mill
Pond. This was at one time called the “Governor's
field.” * It. was sold by Gov. Endicott to Emanuel
Downing before 1640, as appears by a deed of mortgage
on the Suffolk Records, dated June 8, 1640, and ac-
knowledged Dec. 20, 1644, by Emanuel Downing of
“his mansion houset at Salem with four acres more or
less thereto adjoining, and twenty acres more purchased
of. Mr. Endicott, lying upon the South River.” John
Pickering subsequently came into possession of the
Broadfield by virtue’ of a deed of Indenture, now in the
possession of John Pickering, Esq., of which the follow-
ing is a literal copy :

‘This indenture made the‘llth day of February anno 1642 Wit-
nesseth that Lucey Downinge the wife of Emanuel Downinge of
Salem in New Englande Esq. & Edmund Batter of Salem, gent: for &
in consideration of the summe of twenty two pounds haue bargained ©
& sould & by these presents doe bargain & sell to John Pickerring of
Salem aforesaid carpenter all that parcell of grounde lying before the
now dwelling house of the sd. Jno. Pickerringe late in the occupation
of Jno. Endicott Esq. with all the appurtenances thereto belonging,
abutting on the East & South on the river commonly called the South -
river & on the West on the land of William Hawthorne & on the North
vpon the towne common. ‘To haue & to houlde to him, his heirs &
assignes forever. In consideration whereof the said Jno. Pickerring
doth couenant to pay to the said Lucey & Edmund or either of them
the aforeSaide sume of twenty two pownds in manner and forme fol-
lowinge. That is to say nine pownds of her debts to such persons as:
she hath appointed & eight pownds in bacon at vid the pound & corne
at such rates as they are sould commonly by Capt: Traske the 2d
week in Aprill next whereof xx1 bushells is to be of Indian the rest
pease and wheate and the other five powndes in such comodities as
‘ her occasions require excepting money & corne. Prouided that if the
aforesaid Jno. Pickering shal not duly performe the several payments
according to agreement that then it shall be lawfull for the said Lucey’

* See Essex Inst. Coll., Vol. VIII, p. 23.
+ Afterwards Gov. Bradstreet’s.

80

& Edmund or either of them to reénter and enjoy the said premises as
before notwithstanding this agreement or any thinge therein con-
tained: In witness whereof the parties aboue-said have hereunto set
their hands & seales interchangably the day and yeare aboue written.
Sealed & deliuered in the presence
of vs Sam: SHarPeE. WILLM HaTHORNE
Lucire DowNINGE [Seal.]
; EpMonp Barrer [Seal.]
This Indenture is endorsed as follows : —_Mra. Down-
ings and Mr. Batters Sale of the Broadfield unto Carpen-
ter John Pickering — 1642 —
On a separate paper is the following confirmation by
Emanuel Downing:
‘*T doe freely agree to the sale of the ffeild in Salem made by wife

to Goodm: Pickering witness my hand this 10th of the 12 moneth 1648.
Em: DOWNINGE.

(Endorsed.) This Febr: 10th 1643 Emmanuel Downinge Esq. his
Confirmation of his wife Lucies Sale of the Broadfield unto Carpen-
ter John Pickering.”

These papers have always remained in possession of
the family and were not recorded till 1785. The expres-
sion “late in the occupation of Jno. Endicott Esq.,” has
been thought to apply to the dwelling house of John
Pickering,* but it seems most probable that it referred to
the “parcell of grounde” which it appears by other evi-
dence had belonged to Gov. Endicott.

The westerly half of the Broadfield, being that part
lying between Phelps court and Winthrop street, consist-
ing of ten acres, came, in some way, into the possession
of William Lord, Sen. ., who, in 1668, conveyed it to
Nicholas Manning; and it finally, in 1756, came into the
possession of Joseph Hathorne, and thus became merged .
in the Hathorne farm, except one acre and a half on the
eastern side. Hathorne street was laid out, as a private

* See Essex Inst. Hist. Coll., Vol. I, p. 40.

‘sf

81

way, through this portion of the original Broadfield in
1807. In 1808 the Town conveyed to the abutting own-
ers a strip of land which until then had formed part of
Broad street, lying on the north side of the Broadfield
from Winthrop street, where it had the same breadth as
the burying ground, extending two hundred feet west
of Hathorne street where it came to a point. Winthrop
street was not laid out till 1842; and up to that time the
Broadfield, except the western part above described, re-
mained unbroken in the Pickering family, with the excep-
tion only that, from 1720 to 1781, five acres on the east
side of Winthrop street were owned by Samuel Browne,
to whom was allowed, in 1722, “a cottage right in the
broadfield” for Edward Adams’ house, built before 1661.

[To be continued.] .
: »

—<—>» > —
ORDER OF MEETINGS.

Regular meeting held May 3, the President in the chair. The Records
of the last meeting were read. Donations to the Cabinets and to the
Library, and the correspondence were announced.

Robert S. Rantoul, Esq., read a paper* containing historical remi-
niscences connected with the Salem Custom House, commencing with
a brief but vivid recital of the early and noble commercial history of
Salem. The speaker proceeded to give short biographical sketches
of former Collectors at this port. It was voted that the thanks of.
the Institute be presented to Mr. Rantoul, for the fidelity with which
he has investigated his subject, and for the able and interesting man-
ner in which he has presented it to our minds.

Alfred Osgood of Newburyport was elected Resident Member.

Annual meeting held Wednesday, May 12, the President in the chair. ,
Records of last meeting read.

The annual reports of several of the officers were read and ac-

' cepted.

THE SECRETARY, in his report, made the following statements. The
present number of Resident and Corresponding Members was 805.
The following have deceased during the year. Joseph Andrews, died

* Printed in the Historical Collections of the Essex Institute, vol. x.

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. Tr)

82

at Boston, Feb. 8, 1869, aged 60 years. Charles W. Brewster, died
at Portsmouth, N. H., Aug. 4, 1868, aged 66. J. Vincent Browne, died
at Salem, Aug. 29, 1868, aged 66. Henry P. Herrick, died at Beverly,
Mch. 31, 1869, aged 58. Warren M. Jacobs, died at Peabody, July 8,
1868, aged 60. Joseph S. Leavitt, died at Salem, Aug. 17, 1868, aged
‘71. Charles Mansfield, d. at Salem, Oct. 22, 1868, aged 67. J. V.
Scripture, died at Lincoln, Aug. 9, 1868, aged 29. Short biographical
notices will be prepared for the Historical Collections.

No lectures have been delivered under the direction of the Insti-
tute during the past year, outside of its regular meetings, unless the
eloquent address of Hon. Charles W. Upham, delivered at a special
meeting, upon the life and character of the former President, Francis
Peabody, may be so regarded. The correspondence of the Institute
has been very voluminous. The number and character of its letters
indicate that the Institute is continually attracting the cordial interest
of naturalists and antiquarians, not only in our own country but in
Europe.

The annual publications are three in number, viz: The HisrorRicaL
COLLECTIONS, the NATURALIST’S DIRECTORY, and the BULLETIN.

The Historical Collections has commenced a new series with Vol.
9, and discarding the small quarto form, now appears as an octavo.

The Naturalist’s Directory meets with great favor, and measures
have been taken to secure its prompt correction as the lapse of time
may require.

The BULLETIN is intended to replace the Proceedings hitherto pub-
lished and to give to the public a portion of the communications made
at the meetings. A brief summary of all the proceedings at each
meeting will be given, including the recent correspondence, and
donations to the library and museum; deficiencies existing in the
collections will be stated, and the methods by which its friends may
best aid in rendering them more complete. The more extended his-
torical and scientific papers, especially those that require to be fully
illustrated, will be reserved for publication in another form. The sci-
entific communications will probably be assumed by the Trustees of
the Peabody Academy of Science, and printed under their auspices, in

- the Memoirs of the Academy.

From the foregoing statements it will be seen that the Institute
maintains a steady and healthful growth. Some may regard the onis- —
sion of a course of lectures and social entertainments, such as are
mentioned in the report of the previous year, as an indication of de-
clining zeal. On the contrary, those who are acquainted with the
present circumstances of the Institute know that these omissions
have been made necessary by the sudden introduction of new meas-
ures for advancing the objects of the Institute, which have called for
the undivided attention and unremitting labors of our more prominent

add

83
and active members. The removal of the Natural History Collection
of the Essex Institute to the Museum of the Peabody Academy of
Science, and its re-arrangement there; the re-occupation of the cabi-
nets in Plummer Hall, by transferring to them the valuable historical
collections of the Institute, and the classification and arrangement
of the antiquities, have involved a large amount of pains-taking toil.
This, although less conspicuous to the public eye, is, nevertheless,
quite as satisfactory an evidence of vigorous life. ’

But among other reasons which have had weight to lead the lecture
committee to decide against a course of lectures has been the expense
which necessarily attends such meetings. It is believed by many of.
our number, that if the means could be obtained to heat and light the
lower room in Plummer Hall, a prolonged series of lectures could be
maintained which should be comparatively inexpensive to the public,
instructive, popular, and’a source of income to the Institute. It is
also believed, that to make the semi-monthly meetings attractive, they
should be held elsewhere than in the narrow room to which they are
now confined. It is hoped that before another winter, the small sum
required to provide a furnace, suitable gas fixtures, and seats, wyill
have been obtained, so that we may invite our friends to rooms more
attractive to an audience, certainly more inspiring to a lecturer.
Three lectures have been delivered at the regular meetings; two from .
Hon. Charles W. Upham, and one from Robert Rantoul, Esq. Owing
to these and other addresses or written communications, the semi-
monthly meetings have abounded in interesting instruction. —

Of the Field Meetings it is hardly necessary to add that the five held
during the past year afforded great pleasure and much valuable in-
formation to-a large number of members and their friends who at-
tended them. The spirit in which the citizens of the places visited
have rectived the Institute and participated in its deliberations,
shows how wisely chosen is this method of arousing and maintaining -
public interest in natural science and local history.

Contributions brought to the cabinets of the Institute have been as
numerous as heretofore. ‘

The SUPERINTENDENT of the Museum stated that the various
changes which had taken place during the past two years, and the
transfer of the Natural History Collections to the charge of the Trus-
tees of the Peabody Academy of Science, would necessarily make his
report quite brief.

At the last annual meeting the majority of the specimens compris-
ing the scientific portion of the Museum, were reported as having
been transferred to the Academy, and we have now the pleasure of
stating that the Museum of the Academy, embracing the larger part of
the collections of the East India Marine Society, and the scientific

84

portion of the Institute collection, with such specimens as have been
received by the Academy, was opened to the public on Wednesday
May 5th.

The rules of the Academy provide that its Museum shall be open to
the members of the Essex Institute and the East India Marine Society
on Tuesdays, from 10 A. M. to 5 P. M., and to the public, at the same
hours, on Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays. Monday
of each week being strictly kept as a closed day.

The members of the Institute will be undoubtedly gratified with the
appearance of the new Museum, which owes so much to their past
labors, and thankful that the change has been so harmoniously and
satisfactorily accomplished. ;

The removal of so large a portion of our former Museum, and the
deposit with the Institute of a large number of specimens of an his-
torical and antiquarian character, by the Trustees of the Academy,
renders it very important that active measures should be taken by the
Curators of the Historical Department in re-arranging the collection
under their charge.

Attention is also called to the large collection of medals, coins, and
paper money in the possession of the Institute, and a similar one
held by the Academy from the East India Marine Society. Neither of
the collections are on exhibition, and if some arrangement could be
made by the Academy and the Institute, by which the specimens could
be arranged and exhibited together, a most valuable and instructive
collection would be the result.

During the past year a large number of donations have been re-
ceived by the Institute, and after having been announced at the meet-
ings, those belonging to the Natural History Department have been
transferred to the charge of the Academy.

The LiprariAn has the honor to report, that from one hundred and
ninety donors, sixty-three different learned societies, and thirty-six
publishers, there have been received as donations and exchanges, the
following, of which a more detailed list accompanies this report.

Bevigitsen aa cee Sy a ok Ge eee an ee pe 906
BOUNGRVOLURICH heer an cee ena tee oe ae heehee Ga 940
(TINANACS sore tt emer a aie a atc she he iirc ot la nate bert Nc ise 50
IRRINDOICES oat ote wee ren Eten oad ah io te nae ow ae ee SOLS:
5,210 -

The exchanges this year have been especially valuable; of these,
forty or more are from different foreign societies and publishers, to
which may be added one hundred and forty-one different papers and
serials received in exchange for the ‘American Naturalist,” and at
present deposited in the Reading Room.

“s

. 85

All the work of removing the books to the new library hall, as well
as the cataloguing, has been done under the direction of the President.
The ample space appropriated for the department of newspapers,
documents, miscellaneous pamphlets, and manuscripts, will admit i
an arrangement that will greatly facilitate reference and consultation.

The Curaror in charge of the Herbarium reports that on the 17th
of March, 1868, he began the work of examining and re-arranging the
specimens of plants in the possession of the Institute.

Attention was first given to the plants of Essex County. Selected
Essex specimens were mounted on fine white herbarium paper, in the
manner adopted by the Boston and Cambridge Institutions.

The work on Essex plants now stands as follows. The whole are
sorted and mounted; about two-thirds of them have the Academy label
on them. The Polypetalous orders, being the first forty-eight fami-
lies, from the Crowfoots to the Cornels, are finished and wrapped,
ready for the shelves. These are also entered in the first, or num-
bered catalogue, which is kept up regularly as the sheets are labeled.
This finished portion includes one hundred and sixty-two sheets.
The part not labeled takes in the lowest orders, from the grasses and
carices, downwards. . .

In the autumn of 1868, attention was given to the dry specimens in
the Marine Hall, such as cones, and other fruits, seeds, woods, etc.
These were very numerous, and were not arranged until after many |
weeks’ labor.

A full examination of all foreign specimens was made. This part
of the work was largely extended by the receipt of a very consider-
able collection from Professor D. 8S. Sheldon, of Iowa.

Every plant known to be in possession of the Institute has been -
thus examined, and left, if not correctly arranged, at least in safe and
good condition.

The TREASURER presented the following statement of the financial.
condition for the year ending May, 1869.

GENERAL ACCOUNT

Debits.
Atheneum; Rent, half Fuel, etc. . F - ~_+ $429 50
Publications, $1619 39; Salaries, $672; Gas, "97 60 é 2298 99
Repairs and fixtures, $275 02; Sundries, $66 58 . : ‘ 841 60
Lectures and Social Meeting, close of previous year b 432 17
Historical Department ; - : ‘ : , : 24 12

Balance Account . : . 3 : ss : 5 95 30

$3621 68

86

Credits.

Dividends of Webster Bank, $40; Social Meeting, $250 50 $290 50
Peabody Academy of Science on account, $250; Atheneum

for Janitor, $75 . * : ‘ : 325 00
’ Sale of Publications, $1359 29; Pedsacatie hes: $1, 046—~—=«w - 2405 29
Books, $100; Sundries, $43 99 . ‘ 7 : : , 143 99
From Natural History . : ; ers : : . 167 00
Balance Account . : ; : A : . : A 289 90
$3621 68
NaTuRAL HISTORY AND HORTICULTURE.

Debits.
Shells, part payment. ‘ F : : : F ; $25 00
To General Account . F ‘ : A . A 3 167 00
$192 00

Credits.
Dividends, — Lowell Bleachery . ‘ . $180 00
3 Portland, Saco and Bovanouih Rallroad : 12 00
$192 00

HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.

Debits.
Binding, $71 62; Pamphlets, $5 00. - ; 3 Fi $76 62

Credits.
Dividends, — Naumkeag Bank . ‘: . : . : $24 00
Michigan Central Railroad . ‘ : 5 28 50
From General Account : : - ‘ A ; : 24 12
$76 62

The various reports were approved and-accepted.

The amendment of the*Constitution, proposed at the two prece-
ding Quarterly Meetings, was discussed, and on motion of Mr. James
Upton, seconded by Honorable J. G. Waters, it was unanimously
voted to adopt the same by substituting the word ‘‘three” for the -
word “two” before the word ‘‘dollars” in Art. VII. of the Constitu-
tion.

The nominating committee made their report which was unani-
mously accepted, and the following board of officers were elected for
the ensuing year.

‘s

87

President. é
HENRY WHEATLAND.

' Vice Presidents.

Of Natural History—S. P. Fowirer. Of Horticulture—Wm. Surron.
Of History— ABNER C. GOODELL, JR.

Recording and Home Secretary.
A. H. JOHNSON.

Foreign Secretary.
A’ Ss PACKARD, «J Ra .

Treasurer.
HENRY WHEATLAND.

Librarian.
W. P. UPHAM.

Superintendent of the Museum.
Fs Wis, ck ENA

Curators of Historical Departinent. ».

w. P. Upham, Henry M. Brooks, M. A. Stickney, John Robinson,
R. S. Rantoul, W. S. Messervy, James A. Gillis, Francis H. Lee.

Curators of Natural History Department.

H. F. King, G. A. Perkins, C. M. Tracy, Caleb Cooke, Edwin. Bick-
nell, E. S. Morse,. Alpheus Hyatt, Benjamin Webb, jr.

Curators of Department of Horticulture.

John M. Ives,.J. S. Cabot, R. S. Rogers, G. B. Loring, John Bertram,
S. A. Merrill, Wm. Maloon, Andrew Lackey, G. F. Brown, C. H. Hig-
bee, John F. Allen, Francis Putnam, Wm. Mack, B. A. West, G. D.
Glover.

Lecture Committee.

James Kimball, A. C. Goodell, jr., Wm. C. Endicott, George Perkins, .

Gi'D. pereens E. S. Morse.

« Finance Conmittee.

J. C. Lee, R. S. Rogers, G. D. Phippen, James Upton, S. Endicott |
Peabody, Robert Brookhouse.

Field Meeting Committee.

G. B. Loring, Samuel P. Fowler, C. M. Tracy, E. N. Walton, Charles
Davis, A. W. Dodge, James T. Hewes.

Library Committee.
J.G. Waters, Alpheus Crosby, Francis H. Lee, R. S. Rantoul, W. P.
Upham.
Publication Committee.
A. C. Goodell, jr., William P. Upham, F. W. Putnam, C. M. Tracy,
R. 8. Rantoul, A. S. Packard, jr., E. S. Morse, Alpheus Hyatt.

88

Rev. Daniel Dorchester of Salem, Michael H: Reynolds, and Wm.
Litchman of Marblehead, were elected Resident Members.

Regular meeting held Monday, May 17.— President in the Chair.

D. Webster King of Boston, and Rev. George Batchelor of Salem,
were elected Resident Members.

Field meeting at Wakefield, Thursday, June 10, 1869.— The first
Field Meeting the present season, was held in the pleasant town of
Wakefield; the natural scenery is fine, the several ponds affording
a most attractive feature, while the hills and valleys and plains form
an agreeable variety to the landscape. Lake Quannapowit, whose
southern shore is near the centre of the town, is about a mile long
and half as wide, and its waters float many pleasure boats in great
demand by lovers of fishing and sailing, and on its shores are —
many groves and beautiful residences. Smith’s Pond in the south
part of the town is of smaller dimensions, but possesses many inter-
esting features. Cowdrey’s Hill and Hart’s Hill are among the highest
elevations in the town, from which extensive and lovely views are
obtained. The day proved auspicious, and a large number of mem-
bers and friends were in attendance; the major portion left Salem at
10 A. M., while the others assembled from the various cities and
towns in the immediate vicinity. On the arrival of the train from Sa-
lem at the Water street crossing, the company left the cars, and were
cordially welcomed by Edward Mansfield, Esq,, in behalf of the peo-
ple of Wakefield. An invitation from Cyrus Wakefield, Esq., to visit
his Rattan Factory was accepted, and to most of the company it was
a novel sight, exciting astonishment at the magnitude of the estab-
lishment, and admiration at the ingenious machinery and skilful oper-
atives, and more than all at the exquisite beauty of the carpetings,
chairs, baskets, canes, and many other useful and ornamental articles
which are there manufactured exclusively of rattan. By the polite
attention of Messrs. Trow and Carter, the various processes were
explained to the visitors, by which the raw material is converted into
the beautifully finished articles. The matting has the appearance of
the finest Coir, while the baskets, chairs and settees, are of every de-
sirable shape, and somg,6f them of most beautiful finish; children’s
carriages, cradles, cribs, @tc., etc., of great beauty; walking sticks of
various patterns and colors; and innumerable articles, which most
people had supposed to be made of other materials, were found
among the every day products of this establishment, every part of -
the rattan being utilized to the fullest extent.

The party then proceeded to the Town Hall, and there forming into
smaller groups, departed on different explorations, as inclination dic-
tated, —the naturalists to Lake Quannapowit in quest of specimens;
the antiquarian to the old records and other objects of historical

f

89

interest; the lovers of the picturesque to the neighboring eminences,
to enjoy the beautiful scenery and extensive views, whilst those ofa
more practical turn visited the Iron Works, which employ about two
hundred workmen; and some of the other manufacturing establish-
ments. Many of the leading citizens furnished carriages, boats, and

their personal services in adding interest to the occasion. At 1
o’clock the entire party assembled for the collation, and found that
the townspeople had added liberally to the refreshments which the
visitors had brought.

The meeting for the literary exercises of the occasion, was organ-
ized at 2 P.M. The records of the last meeting were read, and the
donations and correspondence were announced by the respective
officers.

The PRESIDENT gave a brief résumé of these social gatherings under
the auspices of the Institute, and stated that the first Field Meeting
was held in Danvers, in June, 1849; since that time there had been
meetings held in forty-six different places in thirty of the thirty-four
towns or cities of Essex county; and two outside the limits besides
the present meeting.

. Naturalist’s Field Clubs have.existed for several years in Englanl,
and no season passes without adding to the already numerous list.
Some embrace among their objects ‘‘ antiquities,” in others these de-
partments are kept distinct, and are pursued under separate organiza-
tions. The general plan is the same in all, though in the modification
of the details there is some diversity. The enquiry, ‘‘ cui bono,” may
be best answered in the words of some of their most zealous pro-
moters.

Sir William Jardine, Bart., President of the Dumfriesshire and Gallo-
way Natural History and Antiquarian Society, thus states the object
of the society :—‘‘ To secure a more frequent interchange of thought
and opinion among those who cultivate natural history and antiqui-

ties; to elicit and diffuse a taste for such studies, where it is un- ©

formed; and to afford means and opportunities for promoting it.”
The Rey. Leonard Jenyns, President of the Bath Natural History

and Antiquarian Field Club says:—‘‘There are two especial objects '

which a club such as ours has, or ought to have in view; one is the
thorough investigation of the neighborhood in which it carries on its
researches, as regards its natural history and antiquities ; the other,
‘the bringing together men of the same pursuits, with the addition of
those who, without following up any particular branch of science
themselves, may yet enjoy the society of those who do, or who may
like to join the club for the sake of the excursions, the health and
exercise they afford, and the pleasure of rambling over new ground.”
Leo Grindon, Esq., Secretary of the Manchester Field Naturalist’s

Essex INst. BULLETIN. 12

90

Society says: —‘* The great aim of the society‘is to call forth and
encourage latent taste for: natural history.” The President of the
Liverpool Naturalist’s Field Club says:—‘‘Large numbers join our
excursions who are not particularly interested in any branch of natu-
ral science, and this is just what the chief object of our club renders
a desirable circumstance. The busy appearance of our workers, who
often come in when tea is half over, flushed with exercise and ani-
mated with success, is a suggestive lesson to others who may be found
waiting at the door of our meeting room half an hour or even an.
hour before the appointed time; a lesson on the difference of the
amount of pleasure afforded by a, walk with a special object and a
walk without one.”

It is gratifying to observe that an interest in these field excursions
has been awakened in this country; the Worcester Natural History
Society has held several during the past two or three years, and con-
template their continuance the present season. Last week the Natural
History Section of the Pittsfield Young Men’s Association, held a very
' successful meeting at Stockbridge, and several of the members of the
Institute were present and took part in the proceedings.

Mr. F. W. Putnam of Salem was introduced and gave an account
of his researches in the department of zodlogy, exhibiting specimens
of two species of turtles found in the pond—the Painted and the
Musk — and described their peculiarities, as he also did of the Pick-
eral, the Perch, the Shiner, and several other species of fishes found
in the town. He also exhibited a cluster of fish eggs, the species of
which he had not yet identified. He gave an interesting account of
the May-fly, which at this season is very abundant in many places.
Mr. Putnam next alluded to a fine group of stone and copper imple-
ments which had been collected in Wakefield by Mr. James H. Carter
and brought to the hall for inspection, some of which he had kindly
donated to the Museum. He called special attention to the copper
implement as being of the greatest interest and rarity; as but very
few copper implements had been found in Massachusetts. The speaker
remarked that within a few years increased attention had been given
to the study of Archeology, and spoke of its importance in contribu-
ting to our knowledge of the different races of people that had in-
habited this continent prior to the advent of the European.

Mr. E. S. Morss spoke of the different mollusks or shells found in
ponds and brooks during the day and now exhibited to the meeting, .
happily illustrating his remarks on the blackboard. He traced the
development of animals through their various stages of growth, the
common frog being selected as the representative.

Hon. Littey Eaton of Wakefield was next called upon. He extend-
ed words of welcome, congratulation and gratification, to the friends.

‘se

91

from Essex County, and stated some excellent reasons why a Visit to
Wakefield, although beyond the limits of that County, was peculiarly
appropriate; one, its contiguity, bordering on said County and adjoin-
ing two of her towns, with many of whose inhabitants we have daily
extensive and intimate business and social relations; another, it was
once a part of Essex County, and the Indian deed of its territory
stands recorded in the Essex Registry.

He then mentioned several historical incidents respecting the past
and the present of Wakefield, of which the following may be specified.
The first settlement was made around these ponds, by the removal of
several persons from Lynn, about the year 1639, and was called Lynn
Village, until its incorporation in 1644, when it was named Reading,
and annexed to the County of Middlesex; as the settlements extended
to other parts of the township and were organized into parishes or
precincts, this place was. called the First Parish of Reading, and was
thus designated until 1812, when it was incorporated into a separate
town under the name of ‘‘ South Reading;” this name was changed
in 1868, to ‘‘ Wakefield,” in honor of one of its most munificent citi-
zens. Not only were the earliest settlers all from Lynn, but many
subsequent were either from Lynn or from other towns in the Coulty
of Essex.

Peter Palfrey an early settler and distinguished citizen of Salem, |
removed hither before 1652, probably on account of a daughter having
married Benjamin Smith of this town, who lived near the present
station of the Salem Branch Railroad, and near the pond, that, from
his family, was called ‘‘Smith’s Pond.” Smith and his wife (whose
name was Jehoaden) were probably cultivators of fruit, for we find
that two excellent varieties of apple long famous in this vicinity, and
still among the best, were named, one for him, ‘‘ The Ben,” sometimes
known lately as the ‘‘ Eustis apple,” from our venerable pomologist
who has introduced them to fame, and the other for her, ‘‘ The Jehoa- .
den.” One of the early blacksmiths, Robert Ken, came from Salem
and built his shop upon the common, near a small pond that was long
called ‘* Ken’s Pond,” which is now filled up. Rev. Richard Boun was |
a native of Newbury, and the ancestor of the Saltonstalls. The chair-
man of our Committee of Reception this day, Edward Mansfield, is
a native of the County of Essex. This list might be greatly ex-
tended, if time would permit. We may mention in this connection
‘that our town has made some returns for these early accessions, by
sending back to Essex, from our successive generations, many valu-
able citizens, thus: — Rev. Elias Smith, the minister of Middleton,
who was settled there in 1759, and was the ancestor of the Peabodys
of Salem; William Poole of Danvers, the leather dresser, and ances-
tor of the respectable Poole family in Danvers and Peabody; Rev.

92

Samuel Batchelder, formerly minister of Haverhill, and others; the
venerable Rev. Dr. Brown Emerson, now living at Salem, was of
Wakefield descent, his grandfather, of the same name, having long
been an eminent citizen of this place. Many other useful and promi-
nent persons, including one or more among our visitors this day, have
gone from this place to become inhabitants of Essex.

Another consideration in favor of visits like the present, is the inti-
mate connection of this town with the County of Essex by means of
railroad facilities. We are thus directly connected by three different
lines of railroad, with at least four of the. principal cities and many
of the large towns of Essex, and indirectly with many other places in
the County, so that our people, in their pursuits and interests, are
becoming homogeneous with those of that County.

It is therefore not only suitable, but very pleasant, that a delega-
tion from the heart of our mother County should pay this friendly

visit to their suburbs. It is true we have nothing striking or wonder-
ful to exhibit; no lofty mountains, majestic rivers or beautiful cas-
cades; no quarries of marble or granite; no mines of coal, of silver
or gold; no Pirate’s Den or Devil’s Rock or Dishful, or other wonder-
ful curiosities ; no famous battle or siege has rendered our territory .
historic, but the ashes of a hundred braves who fought for liberty in
the war for independence, have made yonder cemetery sacred. Some
of them were talented officers, and became subsequently influential
and valuable citizens. We have some characteristics as a town, de-
serving of notice, and will refer to only one or two of them. Our
town, like the ancient Mt. Zion, is beautiful for natural situation and
scenery. Its centre, an undulating plain, with lovely lakes at each
end,

‘““ Where people oft do wander o’er
Their grassy banks and pebbled shore ;”

on either side are swelling hills, from which may be seen in the dis-
tance, in one direction the deep blue sea, and in another the lofty
summits of the mountains in New Hampshire; its soil is fertile, with
an agreeable diversity of shady woodland and flowery meads all
around its borders; fey*inland towns in the State exceeding it in

the beauty of its matural Scenery.

The central and convenient location is fortunate. It was said by
Johnson the ancient Woburn historian, who wrote in 1651, that
“Reading hath her foundation in the very centre of the country.” .
She holds a similar position in reference to population and business,
being surrounded with cities and populous towns, at convenient dis-
tances; for within a radius of some twelve or fifteen miles, are eight
cities, many large towns, and nearly half a million of inhabitants.
With these cities and towns she is connected by unusual railroad ac-

'f

93

commodations. Art has added little to nature; we have few imposing
public buildings or palatial residences, although the foundation of a
spacious and beautiful building for municipal purposes has been laid.
We have respectable church edifices, in which talent and learning
minister; convenient school houses, where good schools are liberally
supported and ably superintended; a public library of three or four
thousand volumes; a flourishing agricultural and horticultural society,
and various other social, industrial and moral associations. We have
by estimation a population of above four thousand, and do an annual
industrial business of more than $2,000,000. Our numbers, resources
and improvements, are increasing. ; .

DANIEL ALLEN, Esq., of Wakefield, in response to a call from the
chair, expressed his gratification at the visit of the Institute to the
town, and eloquently spoke of the great perfection of the works of
nature in comparison with man’s handiwork. He spoke of the im-
portance of these meetings as promotive not only of social feeling,
* but also of a higher degree of general culture and refinement.

Dr. Gro. B. Lorine of Salem, gave some interesting reminiscences
of the town as he remembered it, drawing a fine contrast between the
schools of former days and those we find in Wakefield at the preSgnt
time; and in other departments than that of education, he said, cor-
responding progress had been made.

Remarks were also made by Hon. P. H. SwEETSER, Rev. Dr. CHICK- -
ERING and Rev. Mr. BLiss of Wakefield, and Mr. E. N. WALTON of
Salem.

On motion by Dr. A. H. JouNSON, a vote of thanks was unani-
mously given to Messrs. Cyrus Wakefield, Edward Mansfield, J. D.
Mansfield (President of the Wakefield Horticultural Society), Wm
Martin, Thomas Emerson, Eugene Emerson, Greeley Merrill, James
Eustis, L. B. Evans, James F. Woodward, Richard Brittan, Stanley
Dearborn, A. Bond, E. 8. Upham, Deadman & Perkins, John G. Aborn,
John White, S. Kingman, William H. Hutchinson, G. H. Sweetser,
E. G. Mansfield, Daniel Allen, C. W. Eaton, H. A. Mansfield, J. H.
Carter, W. G. Skinner, Mrs. Wakefield, Mrs. Hutchinson, the Misses
Allen, and other ladies and gentlemen of Wakefield, for their kind’
. attentions to the Institute during the day.

The meeting adjourned. On the way to the depot many of the
members visited the elegant grounds of Mr. Wakefield, where noth-
‘ ing seems wanting which refined taste could suggest or wealth pro-
cure to render them attractive.

The Salem delegation reached home about six o’clock, having
highly enjoyed the first Field Meeting of the year.

94

.

LETTERS ANNOUNCED.
(May and June.)

Adams, J. F. A., Pittsfield, May 15, 27, June 7; Batchelder, Jacob, Lynn, Apr.
28; Batcheller, J. B., Haverhill, May 3; Berlin, Die Gesellschaft Naturforschender
Freunde, Jan. 18; Boardman, Samuel L., Augusta, Me., May 8, 19; Bordeaux,
Société Linnéenne, Mch. 12,17; Bryant, B. 8:, Boston, Apr. 1; Caller, James M.,
Apr. 23; Chever, 8. A., Melrose, May 29; Clarke, S. A., & Co., Pittsburg, Pa., Apr.
27; Conant, W. P., Dalhoff, Mo., May 6; Dorchester, D., June 4; Drake, 8S. G.,
Boston, Apr. 22; Edinburgh, Royal Society, Jan. 7; Emery, G. E., Lynn, May-24;
Felt, Charles W., Manchester, Eng., May 4; Gale, James, Haverhill, May 17;
Goodell, A. C., May 7; Gottingen, Die Konigliche Gesellshaft der Wissenschaften,
Jan.; Hall, B. H., Troy, N. Y., Apr. 28, May 10; Hewes, J. T., May 17; Jones, John
P., Keytesville, Mo., May 24; King, D. Webster, Boston, Apr. 21, May 25; Kjoben-
haven, Botaniske Forening, Sept. 21; Lackey, A., Haverhill, Apr. 29; Lincoln,
Solomon, Boston, Apr. 26, 30; May 1; Loring, Francis W., Boston, June 1, 6; Lor-
ing, George B., May 15, 23; Maine Historical Society, Apr.; Manchester Literary
and Philosophical Society, Nov. 11, 1868; Mann, Mary, Cambridge, May 26; Mann-
heimer, Verein fur Naturhunde, Noy., 1868; New Bedford City Library, Apr. 26; °
Newhall, James R. Lynn, May 5; Newman, Edward, London, Mch. 10; Noyes,
E. A., Portland, Me., Apr. 29; Osgood, Alfred, Newburyport, May 28; Paine,
Nathaniel, Worcester, May 17; Palmer Charles, Ipswich Apr. 24; Pearson, Jona.,
Schenectady, N. Y., May 20; Peele, J. W., Boston, Apr. 20; Peirson, G. H., April
10; Pennsylvania Historical Society, Apr. 22; Pingree, T. P., Pittsfield, May 15, 24;
Prairie Farmer, Chicago, Ill., May 5; Putnam, F. W., May 5; Rogers, Richard S.,
May 22; Slafter, Edmund F., Boston, Apr. 29; Smithsonian Institution, Washing-
ton, D. C., Apr. 3; Steiger, E., New York, Apr. 29; Stroud, G. D., Philadelphia,
Penn., Apr.; Sullivan, E. R., Zanesville, O., May 4; Stickney, M. A., May 17;
Stone, Benj. W., New York, May 5; Taunton Museum, Jan. 14; Tuckerman, J.
Francis, May 24; Veatch, Charles, Keytesville, Mo., May 21; Verrill, A. E., New
Haven, Conn., May 20; Warren,:S. D., Boston, May 24; Woods, Henri N., Rock-
port, May 8. ;

—<»>—

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
(May and June.)
BY DONATION.
»

ALLEN, J. FISKE. Boston Cultivator, 4vols. folio. Miscellaneous Pamphlets, 25.

BACHELDER, J. H. Massachusetts Legislative Documents for 1866, 1867, House
4 vols., Senate 4 vols. 8vo.

BOSTON, City OF. Boston City Documents, 3 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1869.

BUTLER, BENJ. F., M. C. Congressional Globe, 40th Congress, 2d session, 5 vols.
4to, Washington, 1868. Supplement to Congressional Globe, 40th Cong., 2d Sess.,
Trial of the President, 1 vol. 4to, Washington, 1868. Report of the Commissioner
of Internal Revenue, 1 yol. 8vo, Washington, 1868. Report of the Secretary of the
Treasury, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1868. Commerce and Navigation of the U. 8S.
for 1867. 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1868. Message and Documents, Navy Depart-
ment, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1868. Message and Documents, Post Office De-
partment, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1868. Civil Service of the U. S., 1 vol. 8vo,

95

Washington, 1868. Memorial Address on Life and Character of Thaddeus Stevens,
1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1868. Act and Resolutions of U.S. of America, 1 vol. 8vo,
Washington, 1868. Official Army Register for 1868, 12mo, pamph. Congressional
Directory for the 40th Cong., 3d Sess. of U. 8S. of A., 8vo, pamph., Washington,
1869. Report on New York Election Frauds, 8vo, pamph., Washington, 1869. Mr.
Maynard’s Bill, read before U. S. House of Reps., Apr. 1, 1869, 8vo pamph.

CLEAVELAND, NEHEMIAH. The Nurse, a Poem, by Roscoe, 1 vol. 4to, Liverpool,
1798. Buttmann’s Grammar, 1 vol. 8vo, Andover, 1839. Mainwaring Classics, 1
vol. 8vo, London, 1737. Miscellaneous, 1 vol. 8vo. Military Journal from 1775 to
1783, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1828. View of Maine, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1816. Massachu-
setts Magazine, 1792, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston. Agricultural Papers, 1 vol. 12mo, Salem,
1796. Electra of Sophocles, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1837. Education del Bello Sexo,
lvol.12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 33. 9

CLEVELAND, H. W.S. The Public Grounds of Chicago, 8vo, pamph., Chicago,
1869.

COLE, Mrs. NANCY D. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 18.

CONGRESS LIBRARY, Washington, D.C. Catalogue of Books added to the Con-
gress Library from Dec. 1, 1867 to Dec. 1, 1868, 1 vol. 4t0, Washington, 1869. ;

DAVIS, CHARLES, of Beverly. R.B. Thomas’ Farmers’ Almanacs, 50 numbers.

DREER, J. FERDINAND, Philadelphia. Grand National Celebration of the Fiftieth
Anniversary of American Odd Fellowship, at Academy of Music, Phila., Apr. 26,
1869, 8vyo, pamph., Phila.

EMERY, SAMUEL. Duffie’s Sermons, 2 vols. 8vo, New York, 1829. Trial of
Friends at Steubenville, O.,1 vol. 8vyo, Phila., 1829. Practical Philosophy, 1 Vol.
8vo, Lansingburgh, 1805. Exposition of the Book of Job, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1664.
The Unsearchable Riches of Christ, 1 vol. 8vo, The Evangelist yet Evangelizing,
1 vol. 8vo, Dublin. Warden’s Letters, 1 vol. 12mo, Phila., 1817. New Testament, 1
vol. 8vo, Boston, 1809. Poems, Moral, Sentimental, and Satirical, 1 vol. 8vo, Bos-
ton. War, 1 vol. 12mo, New Bedford, 1814. A Friendly Dialogue, 1 vol. 12mo, New-
buryport, 1784. The Week’s Preparation of the Sacrament, 1 vol. 12mo. Miscella-
neous pamphlets, 41.

GOODRICH, JOHN Z., of Pittsfield. Proceedings at the Centennial Commemora-
tion of the Organization of the Berkshire Association, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1864.

GOODRICH, Mrs. J. Z., of Pittsfield. History of Stockbridge, by Miss E. F.
Jones, 1 vol. 12mo, Springfield, 1854.

Goopwin, W. F. Leavitt’s Farmers’ Almanac, for 1867, 1869, 2 pamph., 8vo,
Concord.

GREEN, SAMUEL A., Boston. New York Insurance Reports for 1864, 1866, 1868, -
4 vols. 8vo, Albany, 1864, etc. Miscellaneous pamphlels, 24.

HOWARD, CHARLES D., Peabody. Seventeenth Annual Report of the Trustees
of the Peabody Institute, 8vo, pamph., Peabody.

JONES, JOHN P. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8.

LEA, Isaac, LL. D. Observations on the Genus Unio, 4to, pamph., Phila.

LEE, FRANCIS H. Massachusetts Register and U. S. Calendar for 1827, 1 vol.
16mo, Boston. 2 IS

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for April, May and June, 1869.

LINCOLN, SOLOMON. Boston Directory for 1866, 1868, 2 vols. 8vo, Boston.

MACK, WILLIAM. Report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue for 1867,
1868, 2 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1867, 1868. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 9.

MASSACHUSETTS STATE DEPARTMENT. Massachusetts Public Documents for
1866, Nos. 1-37, 4 vols, 8vo, Boston, 1867. Massachusetts Public Documents, for
1867, Nos. 1-38, 4 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1868. Acts and Resolves of the State of Massa-
chusetts 1861, 1864, 1866, 1867, 5 vols. 8vo; Fourth Annual Report of the Board
of State Charities,.1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1868. Twenty-sixth Registration Report, 1

96

_ vol. 8vo, Boston, 1869. Bank Commissioners Reports for 1860, 1865, 1866, 1867. 1868,

5 pamph., 8vo. :

MCCLEARY, SAMUEL F. Boston Municipal Register, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1869.

NEWMAN, EDWARD. The Entomologist, vol. 3, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1866, 1867.
The Entomologist, vol. 4, 13 Nos., 8vo, London. The Zéologist, vol. 3,12 Nos., 8vo,
London.

NICHOLS, Miss LyprA. The Port Folio, vols. 3, 4,2 vols. 8vo, and 12 Nos. Mis-
cellaneous pamphlets, 7.

PALFRAY, CHARLES W. Charter of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in New:
England, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1759.

POORE, ALFRED. Annual Reports of the Towns of Groveland and Haverhill
for 1869, 4 pamphs., 8vo.

QUARITCH, BERNARD. Catalogue of Works on Geography, Travels, etc., 8vo,
pamph., London, 1869. Catalogue of Second Hand Books, 8vo, pamph., London,
1869. :
SLAFTER, EDMUND F. The Assassination Plot in New York in 1776, 8vo, Bos-
ton, 1869. ;

SOUTHER, HENRY, of Philadelphia. Pennsylvania Archives, 12 vols. 8vo, Phila-
delphia, 1852. Colonial Records, 16 vols. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1852.

STONE, BENJ. W.. New York Directory for 1864, 1 vol. 8vo, New York. Phila-
delphia Directory for 1868, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1868. Boston Almanac and
Directory for 1868, 1 vol. 12mo. ;

SUMNER, CHARLES, U. S. Senate. Speech of Hon. H.B. Anthony in U. S. Sen-
ate, Apr. 8, 1869, 8vo, Washington, 1869. Speech of Hon. C. Sumner in U. S. Sen-
ate, Apr. 13, 1869, 8vo, pamph., Washington, 1869. Speech of Hon. Z. Chandler in
U.S. Senate, Apr. 19, 1869, 8vo, pamph.

TREASURY DEPARTMENT, Washington, D. C. Mineral Resources of the States
and Territories West of the Rocky Mountains, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1869.

Waters, J. LINTON, Chicago. Chicago Live Stock Reporter for March, 1869.
New Louisiana for April, 1869.

WATERS, THOMAS S. Massachusetts Legislative Documents for 1868, 3 vols.
8vo.

WORCESTER, F. Missionary Herald, 11 vols., 182 Nos. Home Missionary, 7
vols., 84 Nos. Hours at Home, 12 Nos. African Repository, 15 Nos. Theological
Eclectic, 19 Nos. Church Reviews, 3 Nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 49.

YOUNG MEN’sS ASSOCIATION, Buffalo. Thirty-third Annual Report of the Ex-
ecutive Committee, 8vo, pamph., Buffalo.

BY EXCHANGE.

AMERICAN SOCIAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION. Journal containing the Transac-
tions of the Association for June, 1869, 8vo, pamph., N. Y.

Boston SOCIETY OF NAT L History. Proceedings, vol. xii, sigs. 22, 23, 24,
25, 8vo, pamph., 1869.

BOWDOIN COLLEGE. The Bugle for June, 8vo, pamph., Lewiston, 1869.

DER ZOOLOGISCHE GARTEN. Zeitschrift fiir Beobachtung, Pflege und Zucht

der Thiere. Herausgegeben von Dr. F. C. Noll, Jahrg. ix. Nos. 7 to 12 incl., 6 Nos., .

8vo, Frankfurt, A. M., 1868.

ENTOMOLOGISCHEN VEREIN STETTIN. Entomologische Zeitung. Herausgege-
ben von dem entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin, 8vo, Stettin, 1868.

GEOLOGICAL AND POLYTECHNIC SOCIETY OF THE WEST RIDING OF YORK-
SHIRE, Proceedings of the, 1868, 8yo, pamph., 1869.

GESELLSCHAFT NATURFORSCHENDER FREUNDE. Stizungs-Berichte der Gesell-

BULLETIN

HSSHX INSTITUTE.

Vou. I. Satem, Mass., Jury, Avuaust, 1869. Nos. 7, 8.

Oné Dollar a Year in Advance.

ORDER OF MEETINGS.

—oe—— *e
Field Meeting at Wenham, Friday, July 18; 1869. The meeting this
day was largely attended, representatives from many Essex towns, |
and also from outside the County limits being present. As the early
train reached Wenham, Messrs. James Bartlett, Rufus A. Dodge, and
William B. Morgan were in waiting with carriages, which, with one
or two others, were placed at the disposal of the party during the day.
Wenham, as in days of yore, is a pleasant town; it was called by
John Dunton,-in 1686, ‘‘a delicious paradise.” ‘‘I would choose it,”
he writes, ‘‘ above all other towns in America to dwell in. The lofty
trees on each side are a sufficient shelter from the winds; and the
warm sun so kindly ripens both the fruits and flowers as if the spring, -
the summer, and the autumn had agreed together to thrust winter out
of doors.” ~
The forenoon was spent in rambles about the town in search of the ,
various interesting localities. The beautiful Wenham pond, so famous
for its ice, and probably the only one of our charming little lakes,
that has an European reputation, was visited by many—avho sailed
over its surface of some three hundred and twenty acres, and fished
in its bright and cooling waters, where pickerel and other fish abound.
The excellent. apparatus for supplying Salem with water, attracted
great attention, and many a commendation was spoken relative to
these works, and the efficiency of those having them in charge. On
a small hill that stood on the site of some ice houses near this pond,

; Essex Inst. BULLETIN. 13

Fa

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98

since removed, was the place where the noted Hugh Peters, minister
of Salem, preached the first sermon, this fine sheet of water being
before him. The text selected for the occasion, was from John iii: 23.
‘¢In Enon, near to Salem, because there was much water there,” and
there has been much water there ever since.

The naturalists repaired to Pleasant Pond, and strolling on its banks
found much of interest, and collected many specimens in botany and
zoology. The extensive swampy land in this section of the town,
lying contiguous to Danvers and Topsfield, has long been a favorite
resort of the naturalist. The associations that cluster around these
scenes are many and pleasant. Hither, in days long past, Cutler,
Nichols, Oakes, Pickering, and others, would come for many of their
choicest treasures.

Wenham was formerly a part of Salem, and the early settlers called
the village ‘‘Enon.” When the place was incorporated in 1643, it
assumed its present name. The records were kindly shown to those
who were interested in these subjects, and contained much valuable
information respecting the town. In front of the Town House is
placed the old stone guide-post, with its several compartments, which
informs the traveller that it is, or was, 17 1-2 miles to N. (Newbury-
port), 20 1-2 to B. (Boston), 6 1-2 to I. (Ipswich), 9 1-2 to S. (Salem).
It bears date 1710. The distance to Salem, if not to the other places,
is now somewhat shortened. The old burial ground, about half a mile
distant from the Town Hall, contains many interesting inscriptions.
The oldest legible that was observed was that of ‘‘Sarah Fairfield,
wife to Walter Fairfield, who died Dec. 18, 1710, in the 71st year of
her age.” The names of ‘‘Skipper Balch,” 1714, ‘‘ Freeborn Balch,”
1729, also were noticed; and the name of Cue, a name not given in_
the elaborate Genealogical Dictionary of Hon. James Savage, appears
in this connection: ‘‘ Mrs. Elizabeth Cue, who died Feb. 15, 1726, in
the 74th year of her age;” ‘‘Robert Cue, who died Sept. 26, 1795,
aged 96.” Elizabeth Cue was admitted to Wenham Church, April 24,
1698, Anna Cue in 1702, and Mary Cue 14, 4, 1719.

At one o’clock the various parties reassembled in the Town Hall to
partake of the collations” At half-past two the meeting was called to
order by the President.

The records of the preceding meeting were read and the corres-
pondence and donations were announced.

The PRESIDENT made a few introductory remarks, alluding to the °
Field Meeting held in this place some eleven years since, and recalling
some of the reminiscences of that occasion and several of the changes
that have occurred during this interval.

Dr. GrorGE B. Lorine being called upon, alluded to some of the
characteristics of Wenham, and gave some interesting reminiscences

"F

99

of its early history. He referred to a recent field meeting held at
Stockbridge, under the auspices of the Natural History Section of the
Pittsfield Young Men’s Association, and stated that comparing the
earliest dates of that town and of Wenham, he noticed that in former
days it required something like a century for civilization to travel
inland a distance of about a hundred and fifty miles; while now it re-
quires only about a week to traverse a thousand miles.

Mr. E. S. Morse spoke principally of the Glacier system as illus-
trated by the various boulders found in the vicinity, and the marks
and scatches upon our rocks.

Mr. F. W. Putnam spoke on the classification of the several varie-
ties of fresh-water fishes in the ponds, and pointed out the various
methods that have been adopted by different naturalists. He called
attention to the meeting of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, to be held at Salem during the next month.

Mr. WiLi1AM H. Dat, who was recently attached to the Russian
Telegraph Company through Alaska, gave an interesting account of
the resources of that section, and said that the generally received im-
pression of the severity of the climate there, was entirely erroneous ;
that at Sitka the climate was no more rigid than in this vicinity. In
reply to a question by Mr. A. W. Dodge, he said, he considered the ac-
count of that territory given by Mr. Sumner, as oh asd ge the
most accurate that had been published.

Hon. A. W. DopGs of Hamilton, made some remarks on the power
imparted by knowledge, and said he was looking for rapid scientific
progress in the future.

Mr. NaTHANieL Parne, President of the Worcester Lyceum and
Natural History Society, expressed his gratification at being present
at an Essex Institute Field Meeting, which he had highly enjoyed, and
he hoped to meet representatives of the Essex Society at some of the
meetings of the Worcester organization.

Mr. Witu1aM B. Trask of Dorchester, and Rev. Mr. JOYSLIN also
made interesting remarks of an historical character.

Some valuable donations of ancient documents were made to the
Institute collections by Mr. SamMuEL Porter, Chairman of the Select-
men. A handsomely mounted cane was exhibited, which bears the
inscription, ‘‘J. Perkins, 1652,” and which has remained in-the Per-
kins family, located in the western part of Wenham.

The following resolution was unanimously adopted:

Resolved, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be presented to
the Selectmen of the town of Wenham, for the use of the Town Hall
to hold this meeting; also to Messrs. James Bartleté, William B. Mor-
gan, Samuel Porter, Rufus A. Dodge, Wellington Poole, Nathaniel
Gould and others of Wenham; Mr. Taylor of Boston; Mr. Henry W.
Peabody of Salem; Messrs. Robinson, Whitman and Burbeck of Wen-
ham, for kind attentions during the day. .

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100

Messrs. Byron Groce of Peabody, and Charles A. Beckford of Salem,
were duly elected resident members.*

Field Meeting at Middleton, Thursday, August 5, 1869. A Field
Meeting was held this day at the Middleton Paper Mills, on the
Salem and Lowell Railroad, a portion of these premises, by the
kindness of the proprietors, Messrs. Stephen O. and Charles Crane,
being placed at the disposal of the visitors.

On reaching the station, the company immediately entered the
capacious drying room of the mill, which was the place of rendezvous.
Here were deposited the baskets and other articles that were not
immediately wanted, or that might prove cumbersome in the excur-
sions about the neighborhood. The weather in the early part of the
day was warm but cloudy, and this portion of the time was pleasantly
spent in scientific and social rambles among the many delightful groves
with which this secluded and eminently rural place abounds, or on
he banks of the river and pond and other inviting localities. Nu-
merous botanical and zodlogical specimens were obtained, but few of
any great rarity.

At two o’clock p.m. the baskets were emptied and every one present
partook of a substantial luncheon which proved a welcome feature of
‘the day’s proceedings.

At three o’clock the meeting was called to order by the President.
The records of the preceding meeting were read. The correspon-
dence and donations to the Library and Museum were announced.

The PRESIDENT, in introducing the literary exercises of the occa-
sion, remarked that this place presents much of interest to the nat-
uralist and to the lovers of the picturesque: its romantic dells, its
beautiful groves, its rich meadows redolent with flowers of every hue,
the river and the ponds with their peculiar flora and fauna, and the
old mill with the simple and rural bridge across the never failing
stream, are objects that always impart much beauty to the landscape.

The student of history cannot fail also to find many historical asso-
ciations worthy of record; its history goes back to an early period.
A recital of a few incidents may not be inappropriate and perhaps may
not be devoid of interétt. We are now assembled in the south-west-
ern corner of Middleton, about two miles from the village and about
one-quarter of a mile, more or less, from Peabody on the one side, and
Lynnfield and North Reading on one of the others; and within the
limits of Salem, as it once was, and near the ancient north-western
boundary, though at a considerable distance from the nearest bounds
as at present located.

In 1636 it was @etermined that Salem bounds should extend from

the meeting house six miles into the country, and this ‘‘six miles

line” was afterwards ascertained to run from a point about one-fourth

101.
‘of a mile above, or west of ‘“‘ Upton’s Mills,” and so on the same ra-
dius easterly across Ipswich River to Wenham.

March 13, 1638-9, the bounds between Lynn and Salem were to run
from the sea to Humphrey’s pond, and thence to six great Pine trees
marked, called by the six men that laid out the bounds, ‘‘six men’s
bounds,” and thence on the same line ‘‘so far as our bounds shall
reach into the country.” Two of the six men were Roger Conant
and John Woodbury ‘‘the old planters.” At this time all beyond
seems to have been an almost boundless wilderness. In later records

this was called ‘‘seven men’s bounds.” The bounds above named .

were located about forty rods south of the road from Lynnfield to
Salem, and about a mile south of this place. In 1697 this road was
called ‘Boston Path,” and again in 1738 ‘old Path.”

The highway across the river near the mills was laid out in 17388
from Reading line near the widow Phelps’ through land of Nathaniel
Phelps and Capt. Thomas Flint, and Samuel Flint ‘‘to the river be-
tween two brooks,” then across the river to the land of John Buxton
and Benjamin Russell and so to the former way.

The perambulation line between Reading and Salem from 16730
1715 began at ‘‘a small white oak on the south side of Ipswich River,
near to John Phelps’ house, which is the bound between Lynn and
Salem.” In 1715 it began at the white oak by the river above ‘“ Up-
ton’s Mills.”

The first settlers; soon after their arrival, received grants of land,
and cleared the same for farming purposes; the eligible sites on the
several streams were improved for the erection of the saw, corn, or
the fulling mill, these being essential for the convenience of the peo-
ple.

In 1709, and probably some years before, there was a mill in this
place called ‘‘ Upton’s Mill,” and was owned by John Upton and John
Buxton. In 1724 John Buxton conveyed to Ezekiel Upton a right to
erect a fulling mill near the same place. It was owned in whole or
part afterwards by John Flint and others.

On an old plan of lands in this vicinity, in the handwriting of Hon.
Benjamin Lynde, jr., about 1750, this mill is designated as ‘‘ Buxton’s
Mill.” In the deed of conveyance of this property from John Flint to
Francis Peabody of Salem, Feb. 25, 1832, it is mentioned ‘‘long known
as Flint’s Mills.” Mr. Peabody immediately commenced the erection
of buildings and the putting in of machinery for the manufacture of
book and printing paper of the very best quality. In December, 1843,
he sold the property to Zenas Crane, Luther Crane and Benjamin F.
Martin, who continued the making of paper of various kinds. About
ten years since, Mr. Stephen O. Crane took charge of the works and
has continued the manufacture of paper, principally green curtain
paper and the colored paper for handbills and posters.

102

The paper used by W. H. Prescott in the printing of the first
edition of his history of Ferdinand and Isabella was made expressly
for the work at this place, and was considered a very superior article.
Here, as elsewhere in this county, on the old homesteads and cultivat-
ing the ancestral acres, reside several of the descendants of the origi-
nal grantees, though many have migrated at successive periods and
became identified with the places of their adoption as persons of in-
fluence and distinction in their respective occupations.

The raised turf and the simple slab which we noticed frequently
in this section indicate the place where

“The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.”

Mr. E. S. Morss, being called, mentioned that he devoted some time
during the forenoon in examining the machinery in the mill (though
at present owing to repairs not in operation), and presuming that
some allusion to the process of manufacture might be appropriate,
gave an account of the manufacture of paper, illustrating by black-
board drawings the various operations through which rags or other
materials pass. The various machines employed in this manufacture
were also drawn and their operations explained. He said that fre-
quently documents of great value had been found in the paper sent to
the mills to be ground up, and sometimes coins and paper money had
been found in the pockets of old garments in the ‘‘paper rags.”
Our own people often destroy old cloths which might be of use in the
paper manufactory, and hence the beggars of the old world were
brought in to supply the deficiency. Italy did a large export business
in this department. It not unfrequently happened that these im-
ported rags were infected by disease; small pox had been thus com-
municated, and the operatives were obliged to use the greatest pre-
caution.

Mr. F. W. PuTNaM announced that since the last meeting about
twenty additions had been made to the Museum of the Institute,
among which was a collection of African snakes from Sierra Leone,
presented by Lieut. John B. Upton. He then gave a brief description
of several fishes and other common specimens in zoédlogy collected
during the forenoon, explaining the distinguishing characteristics of
the scaly and the smooth reptiles, the former retaining the same form
from birth to old age, and the latter going through a series of trans-
formations; the batrachians breathing by means of gills in their.
earlier stages. Frogs and toads have their tongues attached forward
and reaching back, this construction being specially adapted to catch-
ing flies and insects for food. The Rattlesnake is the only poisonous
reptile found in this county, and has poisonous fangs in the rear of the
upper teeth, which if removed will form anew, hence some semi-
domesticated rattlesnakes had become dangerous after the fangs had

103

once been taken out, and lives had thus been lost by bites from these
reptiles kept for exhibition. He also alluded to the pickerel and
described the difference existing in species found in various localities.
He also explained the formation of galls on the willow and other trees,
by the insect depositing its eggs in an incision in the bark. A cater-
pillar of peculiar construction was described as being the larva of the
saw-fly.

M. FERDINAND BocuErR, Professor in the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, spoke of the beneficial combination of science and
literature, giving some amusing illustrations of what he called the
scientific and unscientific methods of teaching languages. Language
he claimed was an important element of history, and the peculiarities
of language threw much light upon history. Facts should be the
foundation of theories, and not the deductions from them.

Mr. E. W. BuSWELL, Treasurer and Corresponding Secretary of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, spoke of Field Meetings as an
important auxiliary in carrying forward the peculiar work of such or-
ganizations as the Essex Institute. ,

_ Rev. G. A. PoLLarD, late of the Erzroom Mission, alluded to theyze-
mark of Prof. Bocher relative to history being learned from languages,
and gave some striking illustrations that had come under his own ob-

servation. He also gave an interesting account of the people with .

whom-he formerly labored, allifding to the commonly received belief of
their origin, tracing back as far as a grandson of the patriarch Noah.
The following resolution, proposed by Mr. E. N. Watton of Salem,
was unanimously adopted.
Resolved, That the thanks of the Institute are due to Messrs. James

Flint, S. O. arid C. Crane, Abiel and Charles H. Hayward and others,
for their successful efforts to render the meeting interesting.

After a pleasant visit to the excellent farm of Mr. Flint (a brother

of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture) the company took -

the cars for home, well pleased with the exercises of the day.
Field Meeting at Rockport, Thursday, August, 26, 1869. The meet-

ing at the Pavilion Grounds, Pigeon Cove, Rockport, this day, was :

attended by a large number of the members of the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science, which closed its sessions in
Salem on the day preceding. The greater part of the company was
accommodated on an extra train which left Salem at nine o’clock

in the forenoon, although the morning and noon trains brought a con-:

siderable accession. The great interest that had been awakened by
the recent meetings of the Association induced an unprecedented
number of persons to join in the excursion, and thus somewhat de-
ranged the plans of the citizens of Rockport, who were not prepared
to receive so large a delegation.

104

Leaving the Railroad Station at Rockport, the party proceeded to
the grounds selected for the meeting, about two miles distant, passing
through the village of Pigeon Cove, and along the New Atlantic
Avenue, recently built by Mr. E. B. Phillips; this avenue leaves the
main road near the school house, and winds along in full view of the
ocean, to the Pine Groves at Halibut Point; it is quite level, and
graded up with coarse gravel, forming one of the finest drives upon
the Cape, and will doubtless, at no distant day, be occupied by dwelling
houses, and summer resorts. At this point—a rocky promontory
overlooking the open sea and agreeably shaded by scrub oaks—a com-
modious marquee had been put up, which was the headquarters for
the day, and in which the luncheon baskets were soon deposited, and
the company separated into small parties for exploration, as inclina-
tion dictated. Some made explorations into the interior in pursuit of
specimens, while others rambled along the shore, or visited the
quarries to obtain geological specimens. A little further on, rising
above another grove on an eminence, is a rude observatory, from the
top of which an extensive view is obtained. ~ Still further on, are all
the attractions of a broken seashore, with shelving rocks and dashing
waves. The promontory commands an uninterrupted prospect of the
broad Atlantic, studded with passing sails; the distant fishing fleet
clustered together in the offing; Portsmouth, Rye, the Isles of Shoals
far to the north, and the nearer shores of Essex, and Newburyport,
in the same direction; Rockport, the white light of Cape Ann, and
the chimney like night beacons on Thatcher’s Island.

The most prominent features of the town were the frequent
quarries of granite, in most of which numbers of men and teams of
oxen were busily engaged in transporting stone to the coast, for the
purpose of forming breakwaters, in order to afford safe harborage for
vessels.

At one o’clock the scattered forces were called in, and after partak-
ing of the repast, the meeting was called to order by the President.
The Secretary being absent, Mr. N. A. HorTON was requested to
act as Secretary for the day. Records were read; correspondence
and donations announce®.

The PRESIDENT gave a brief sketch of the locality, and traced the
origin and growth of the Field Meetings; he also alluded to the objects
of interest passed on the journey from Salem to Rockport, including _
in his remarks the discovery of the Magnolia in the woods of Glouces-
ter.

Dr. G. B. Lorna, as chairman of the field committee, addressed
the audience, and remarked that he had great pleasure in reminding
the eminent men of science, then present, that they stood on the great
historic spot of Massachusetts, and almost the historic spot of the

105

United States. Old Essex County! what had it not done for theology,
art, science and the great business of life!

He then adverted in earnest and eloquent terms to the many men
of mark and eminence born in Essex County, specially mentioning
Peters, Stewart, Woods, Timothy Pickering, Rufus Choate, Jonathan
Jackson, Pickman, Peabody, Hawthorne, Prescott, and others. It
was these men who had given Essex her distinction, and it was these
men whom the present generation were striving to follow, although
with unequal steps. Their influence, however, still lived and stirred
the rising generation. Essex County, too, had established, for the
first time, the plan of Field Meetings. Let not scientific men smile; let
them rather come down from their high pedestal of science, and open
their treasures of learning to the people, so that science might be-
come practical as well as theoretical, and thus elevate the people,
improve the art of living, and perfect the system of government. It
was the union of the practical with the scientific which really educated
mankind and made the man of science useful. In regard to farming
he would say that agriculture in Massachusetts would never be devel-
oped to its proper standard until science shed its light upon it. ci-
entific men should not argue, as he had noticed in one of the finest
papers read at the late meeting, that the reduction of science to prac-
tice was what no scientific man could bear. Rather let scientific men, .
if they dare do it, put their facts before the people, and let the people
sitin judgment on them. Then science would render its full and per-
fect service to mankind, and the people would then follow their great
scientific leaders. For this Institute and for its self-sacrificing presi-
dent, he claimed all the honors which science could bestow, for in
them science had been joined to the popular heart. He concluded
with an allusion to Professor Peirce, who was a son of Essex, and
who, as the great American mathematician, had rendered his name
and country illustrious.

Mr. Epwarp S. Morse of Salem, followed in a statement of the
peculiarities of the locality of the meeting, and of what living speci-
mens could there be found. He said that one of the main objects of
collecting specimens was to elucidate the principles of classification.
It seemed to him that if the church three hundred years ago had been
as honest as science is to-day, the world would not be so blinded with
. superstition as it is. Science, by basing its deductions on facts and
on the nature of things, and by making predictions which came true,
had removed many of the dogmas of ignorance and superstition. He
denounced the practice of apologizing for the study of science, by say-
ing that it would pay, and enable us to raise better crops, etc. That
was merely a bread and butter argument. Science and nature should
be studied for the sake of truth. He then alluded to the importance

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. 14

106

of chemically and geologically examining aerolites with a view to
determine whether other worlds were inhabited. Aerolites, which
were fragments of bodies passing through space, or portions of
planets, were of two kinds,—one metallic, and the other sandstone.
Imagine the immense importance of finding in these aerolites a par-
ticle of a scale or any other traces of organic life? So regular and
interdependent were the laws of nature, that such a discovery, if
really made, would determine the question as to whether other worlds
were inhabited.

Colonel J. W. Foster of Chicago, next addressed the meeting. In
a lucid and able speech, he contrasted the geology of the east and the
west, and described the geological features and characteristics of the
United States, taking the valley of the Mississippi as the starting
place of observation. After further alluding to these points, he said
that although Massachusetts was the first State that was geologically
surveyed, yet it was to be regretted that it was still almost a blank
in geological science. They knew little of those rocks in Massachu-
setts which had been so long subjected to igneous agency. He
thought, however, that in a few years a solution of all difficulties
would be effected. .

Probably they would find that in the igneous rocks of Nahant they
had the Devonian shales of the West. Sir William Logan, and a
corps of able assistants, were about to investigate these matters.

Professor T. Srerry Hunt of Canada, gave a geological descrip-
tion and history of the New England granite formation. The investi-
gation of the last twenty years had gone very far to destroy the
commonly received notion that granite was the foundation of all

“other rocks. They were beginning to learn that instead of the

granites being the substrata of the globe, they were rather secondary
and derived rocks,— that they were once great beds of gravel or
sandstone which had subsequently become crystallized. After speak-
ing of the probable age of New England granites, Professor Hunt said
that in walking along the shore at Rockport, he could see that the
granites were distinctly stratified with alternations of sandstone at
different periods. This @€arly showed their sedimentary origin, and
probably identified them as being the same as the granites north and
south, and thus enabled them to class them among the Devonian
rocks. Perhaps ten thousand or fifteen thousand feet beneath them
might be beds holding fossils of the Silurian type,—the same beds,
perhaps, as those cropping out at Braintree. As compared with the
rocks at Braintree, the granites probably were of very recent origin.
From careful analysis it was ascertained that the Rockport granite
contained traces of living organisms. He would mention that with
reference to aerolites, chemists had found in them traces which by

107

them were regarded as certain evidence of the remains of organic
life.

Professor BENJAMIN Perrce, Superintendent of the U. S. Coast
Survey, of Cambridge, was introduced as a native of Salem, and he
made a speech full of love for his early home, and recounted many
reminiscences of his youthful days, that revived in the minds of his
old townfolks and former playmates of both sexes, pleasant memories
of the years that have passed. He deservedly complimented Profes-
sor Agassiz, whose absence was regretted, by saying that his heart
was in his work, which was the secret of his great success. He
believed that whatever a man did that was worth doing, he did it not
so much from his head as from his heart. Many men of great intel-
lect failed because they lacked heart. Without heart there was a want
of faith, and then great thoughts often refused to enter in.

He then paid a tribute to the memories of Dr. Bowditch, Prescott,
Page and Pickman. He had great pleasure in laying the last results of
his labors at the feet of his maternal city—Salem. He had that day
signed a paper for the establishment of a light in Salem harbor, which
had been first surveyed by Dr, Bowditch. ~~.

Rev. Z. A. Mudge of Marblehead, and Professor F. Bocher of iy che
ham, were duly elected resident members. ;

Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be presented to Mr.
E. B. Phillips for the use of the grounds, to Mr. George Babson for

the use of the tent and for other attentions, and to the Superintend-
ent and Officers of the Eastern Railroad Corporation, for courtesies.

—<—» > —

LETTERS ANNOUNCED.
(July and August.)

Allen, George N., Oberlin, O., June 10; American Philosophical Society, Phila.,
Pa., June 26; Baker, C. Alice, Cambridge, July 13; Bocher, Ferdinand, Wenham,
Aug. 12; Boston Public Library, July 16,23; Boston Society of Natural History,
July 24; Bruxelles Academie Royale, July 8; Bumstead, F. J., New York, June 13;
Butterfield, W. Webster, Indianapolis, Ind., July 28; Challen, Howard, Phila., Pa.,
July 19, Aug. 24; Cheney, T. Apoleon, Watkins, N. Y., July 12; Chever, S. A.,
Melrose, June 16; Chipman, R. Manning, East Granby, Conn., June 22, Aug. 2;
Crane, C. H., Washington, D. C., July 29; Danzig, Die Naturforschende Gesell-
schaft, Nov. 30; Dodge, A. W., July 19, 29; Fellowes, R. S., New Haven, Conn.,
* Aug. 23; Gregory, James J. H., Marblehead, Aug. 12; Hanaford, Mrs. P. A.,
Hingham, July; Huntington, D. B., Salt Lake City, Utah, Aug. 10; Ives, Robert
H., June 26; Johnson, Mrs. Lucy P., July; Joslin, Ellen L., Leominster, Aug. 1;
Lackey, A., Haverhill, June 10; Lesley, J. P., Phila., Pa., June 26; Lockyer, J.
Norman, London, Eng., Aug.2; Loring, F. W., Boston, July 14; Liinenburg, Der
Naturwissenschaftliche Verein, Feb. 23; Mann, Mary, Cambridge, June 9, 15;
Mudge, Z. A., Marblehead, Aug. 11; Miinchen, Das Bibliothekariat, May 6; Na-
tion, New York, July 1; New England Historic-Genealogical Society, Boston, Aug.

108

13; Nott, Eliphalet, Portland, Me., July 6; Osgood, Charles, Jr., Lynn, June 24;
Paine, Nathaniel, Worcester, July 10, 27; Prescott, J., Boston, July 7,8; Rothrock,
J. T., Centre Co., Pa., June 16, Aug. 5; Sheldon & Co., New York, June 12; Snell-
ing, S. G., Boston, July 10; Stone, Benj. W., July 29; Stone, William, Providence,
R. I., Aug. 4; Warren, S. D., Boston, July 24; Wiggin, J. K., Boston, Aug. 9;
Williams, H. L., Rockport, Aug. 25; Winsor, J., Boston, July 8, 16, 23; Zaba, N
F., Boston, Aug. 24.

—— SO

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
(July and August.)
BY DONATION.

ALLEN, J. FISKE. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for year 1867, 1
vol. 8vo, Washington, 1868.

AMERICAN CONGREGATIONAL ASSOCIATION. Sixteenth Annual Report of the
Directors. S8vo pamph., Boston, 1869.

BARLOW, JOHN. Legislative Documents of Massachusetts, 18 numbers.

BROWN, FRANCIS H., of Boston. Roll of Students of Harvard University who
served in the Army or Navy of the United States during the War of the Rebellion,
8vo pamph., Cambridge, 1869.

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. Eleventh Annual
Report. 1 vol. 8vo., New York, 1869.

CHASE, GEORGE C. Friends’ Review, 8 Nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 10.

CHENEY, T. APOLEON, of Watkins, N. Y. Historical Sketch of the Chemung
Valley, etc., by T. A. Cheney, 8vo,pamph., Watkins, 1868.

FOLGER, WILLIAM C., of Nantucket. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

Foote, CALEB. Files of several County Papers for April, May, and June,
1869.

Frost, Mrs. L. A. Armory Square Hospital Gazette, Washington, D. C., several
copies for 1864. Manuscript Journal of D. O. Allen kept on the passage from
Bombay to Ceylon, 1835.

GOULD, JOHN H., of Baltimore, Md. Swick’s St. Joseph Tyinssesiey for 1867-68,
1 vol. 8vo, St. Joseph, Mo., 1867. Logan’s Indianapolis City Directory for 1867-68, 1
vol. 8vo, 1867. American Review for October, 1812, 8vo pamph., Phila. Select
Reviews of Literature, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1812. Owen on the Sacrament, 1 vol.
16mo, Edinburgh, 1774.

GREEN, SAMUEL A., of Boston. Boston Directory for 1868, 1 vol. 8vo. Miscel-
laneous pamphlets, 150.

HOSFORD, ORAMEL. Thirts-Second Annual Report of the Superintendent of
Public Instruction of the State of Michigan for 1868, 1 vol. 8vo, Lansing, 1868.

HOTCHKISS, SUSAN V. Programmes of Yale College Commencement, etc.

HUGUET-LATOUR, L. A. Report of Delegates appointed to Negotiate for the
Acquisition of Rupert’s Land and the North-west Territory, 8vo pamph., Ottawa,
1869.

HUNTINGTON, D. B. Salt Lake City Directory and Business Guide for 1869, 1
vol. 8vo.
, JOHNSON, SAMUEL. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 86

LEAKIN, GEORGE A., of Baltimore. The Periodic Law, 1 vol. 18mo, New York,
1868,

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for June and July, 1869.

LoRD, N. J.° Boston Post for April, May, June, 1869.

109

MACKINTIRE, E. A. Didone, Tragediadi M. Lodovico Dolce, al dos in Vinegia,
1547, 12mo.

NICHOLS, CHARLES F. Wanostrocht’s French Gonunineaee vol. 8vo, Phila. Row-
botham’s German Grammar, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1824. Treatise on Mensuration
and Appendix, 2 vols. 12mo, Dublin, 1837. Elements of Book-keeping and Key, 2
vols. 12mo, Dublin, 1837. Elements of Geometry, 1 vol. 12mo, Dublin, 1836. Ex-
position of the Church Catechism, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1836. Youth’s Scripture
Question Book, 1 vol. 16mo, Boston. Questions for the Use of Bible Classes, 1 vol.
16mo, Boston, 1858. Children’s Magazine, 2 Nos.

PINEL, Mrs. P. P. Corbett’s Annual Register, 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1802-3.
Corbett’s Political Register, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1810.

PITTSFIELD YOUNG MEN’S ASSOCIATION. Third Annual Report, Constitution,
etc., 8vo pamph., Pittsfield, 1869. e

ROBINSON, JOHN. Christian Examiner, vols. 1-5, 1824-29; vols. 42-69, 1847-60; 33
vols. 8v0, Boston, 6 Nos., 1861. Christian Disciple, 9 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1813, etc. °
Life of Washington, 5 vole, 8vo, Phila., 1804. Benecke on Indemnity, 1 vol. 8vo,
London, 1824. Morse’s Universal Geography, 2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1793. Kelly’s
Elements of Book-keeping, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1803. Diplomacy of the U. S.,2 vols.
8vo, Boston, 1828. Livermore on Agents and Factors, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1811.
Memoirs of Joseph Fouché, 1 vol. 8vo,n.d. A Year in Spaln, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston,
1829. Deism Revealed, 2 vols. 12mo, London, 1751. Customs of Great Britain and
Ireland, 1 vol. 12mo, Liverpool, 1829-30. Common School Speller, 1 vol. 12mo,
Claremont, N. H., 1852. Saints’ Everlasting Rest, 1 vol. 12mo, Andover, 1824. Rise

-and Progress, 1 vol. 12mo, Andover, 1831. Subscriber’s Names to the Histowy of
the Life of Washington, 1 vol. 4to, Phila., 1807. Monthly Journal, 10 Nos. Tadies’
Magazine for 1832, 12 Nos. ‘Misoeliancous pamphlets, 16.

RUSSELL, WILLIAM C. Cornell University Register, 1868-9, 12mo pamph.,
Ithaca, 1869.

SEWALL, SAMUEL E. Melrose Memorial. The Annals of Melrose, County of
Middlesex, Mass., in the Great Rebellion of 1861-65, by E. H. Goss, 1 vol. sm. 4to,
Boston, 1868.

STEARNS, R. E. C., of San Francisco, Cal. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 6.

STONE, JOHN O. Third Annual Report of the Metropolitan Board of Health of
the State of New York, 1 vol. 8vo, Albany, 1868.

SUMNER, CHARLES, U.S.S. Speech in the Executive Session of the Senate, Apr.
13, 1869, on “ Our Claims on England,” 8yo pamph., Washington, 1869.

SURGEON GENERAL U. S. ARMY, Washington, D.C. Report on Excisions of the
Head of the Femur for Gunshot Injury, 4to pamph., Washington, 1869.

WALTON, E.N. Minutes of the Twenty-second Session of the Sabbath School
Convention»of the Salem Baptist Association, June 1, 1869, 8vo pamph., Boston,
1869. Report of the Board of Police of Chicago for the year ending March 1, 1868,
8vo pamph. Address of J. P. Folsom, at Lowell, 8yo pamph., 1869. Auditor’s
Thirty-third Annual Report of Receipts and Expenditures of the City of Lowell,
8vo pamph., Lowell, 1869.

WAR DEPARTMENT, Washington, D.C. Seventh Semi-Annual Report on School
for Freedmen, Jan. 1, 1869, 8vo pamph., Washington, 1869. Catalogue of Howard
University for 1868, 1869, 8vo pamph., Washington, 1869.

WATERS, E. STANLEY, of Kanawha, Va. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 22. Busi-
ness Cards, 31.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago. Parks in the West Division of the City of
Chicago, 8vo pamph., 1869. Eleventh Annual Statement of the Trade and Com-
merce of Chicago for the year ending March 3, 1869, 8vo pamph. Sixth Annual
Report of the Board of Public Works, 8vo pamph., Chicago, 1868. Report of the
Board of Police in the Fire Department, 8vo pamph., Chicago, 1869. Constitution
By-laws and Rules of the Chicago Club, 12mo pamph., Chicago, 1869.

110

WHEILDON, W. W., of Charlestown. Memoir of Solomon Willard, Architect
and Superintendent of the Bunker Hill Monument, 1 vol. 8vo, Charlestown, 1865.

WHITELY, JOHN, of Shirley Village. Christ’s First and Second Appearing, by
Shakers, 1 vol. 8vo, Albany, 1856. Shakers and Shakerism, by F. W. Evans, 1 vol.
12mo, New York, 1859. Kentucky Revival, 1 vol. 12mo, New York, 1846. Tests of
Divine Inspiration, by F. W. Evans, 12mo pamph., New Lebanon, 1853.

WIGGIN, JOHN K., of Boston. Catalogue of Books, Historical and Genealogical
for sale by W. P. Lunt, 8vo pamph., Boston. 1869.

BY EXCHANGE.

ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES, BELLES-LETTRES, ET ARTS de Bordeaux. Actes de
1’Académie Impériale des Sciences, Belles-Letters, et Arts de Bordeaux, 3e Série,
30e Année, 1868, 8vo, pamph., Paris. Prix décernés par l’Académie, 8vo pamph.,
Bordeaux, 1869. . ;

ACADEMIE ROYALE DES SCIENCES, DES LETRES, ET DES BEAUX-ARTS DE
BELGIQUE. Bulletins de Académie Royale de Belgique, 2me, Sér., Tome 25, 26.
37me Année, 1868, 8yo pamph., Bruxelles, 1868. Annuaire de, 1869, 12mo pamph.,
Bruxelles, 1869.

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. Proceedings of American Antiquarian So-
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AMERICAN NUMISMATIC AND ARCHZXOLOGICAL SOCIETY. American Journal
of Numismatics for May, June, July, 1869, 8vo pamph., New York.

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, Philadelphia. Proceedings of the Ameri-
can Philosophical Society, held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge,
vol, ix, No. 81, 8vo pamph., January, 1869.

AMHERST COLLEGE. Obituary Record of Graduates of Amherst College for the
Academical year ending July 8, 1869, 8v0 pamph., Amherst, 1869. Catalogus Sena-
tus Academici in Collegio Amherstiensi, for 1869, 8vo pamph., Amherstiz, 1869.

ANTIOCH COLLEGE. Catalogue of the Officers and Students for 1868-9, 8vo,
pamph., Yellow Springs, O., 1869.

BIBLIOTHEQUE UNIVERSELLE ET REVUE SUISSE. Archives des Sciences Phys-
iques et Naturelles, Tome XXXIV, Nos. 135, 136, 2 pamphlets, 8vo, Geneve, 1869.

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. Reports of Committee, 1st Session, 28th Congress,
vol. 2, 3,2 vols. 8vo. Executive Documents, Ist Session, 28th Congress, vols. 5, 6,2
vols. 8vo. House Journal, Ist Session, 28th Congress, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Docu-
ments, 2d Session, 28th Congress, vols. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9,11, 7 vols.8vo. Executive
Documents, 2d Session, 28th Congress, 5 vols. 8vo. Reports of Committee, 2d Ses-
sion, 28th Congress, 1 vol. 8vo. House Journal, 2d Session, 28th Congress, 1 vol.
8vo. House Journal, 1st Session, 29th Congress, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Journal, 2d
Session, 29th Congress, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Documents, 2d Session, 29th Congress,
3 vols. 8vo. House Miscellaneous, Ist Session, 30th Congress, 1 vol.8vo. Reports
of Committee, 1st Session, 30th_Congress, 4 vols. 8vo. Executive Documents, lst
Session, 30 Congress, 3 vols. 8%. Executive Documents, 2d Session, 30th Congress,
vols. 1, 2, 3, 5,4 vols. 8vo. House Miscellaneous, 2d Session, 30 Congress, 1 vol.
8vo. House Journal, 2d Session, 30th Congress, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Documents
2d Session, 30th Congress, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Documents, Ist Session, 31st Con-
gress, 2 vols. 8vo. Senate Documents, Special Session, 32d Congress, 1851, vols. 1,
3,2 vols. 8vo. Bulletin of the Boston Public Library for June, 1869, 8vo pamph.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Proceedings, vol. xii, sigs. 26, 27,
8vo pamph.

CINCINNATI PUBLIC LIBRARY. Annual Reports, with Rules, By-Laws, and
other Items, 8vo, pamph., 1869.

Ciry LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, Springfield. Annual Report for the year ending
May 1, 1869, 8vo pamph., Springfield, 1869.

‘s

111

GESELLSCHAFT NATURFORSCHENDER FREUNDE. Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesell-
schaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. Jahrg 1868, 4to pamph., Berlin, 1869.

HAVERFORD COLLEGE. Report of the Managers, 8vo, pamph., Philadelphia, 1869.

ILLINOIS INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY. First Annual Report of the Board of Trus-
tees from their Organization, March 12, 1867, 8vo pamph., Springfield, 1868.

INSTITUT HISTORIQUE de France. L’Investigateur Journal de l’, 8vo pamph.,
Paris, 1869.

IowA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Annals of Iowa for April, 1869, 8vo pamph.,
Davenport.

KAISERLICH-KONIGLICHEN ZOOLOGISCHE BOTANISCHE GESELLSCHAFT. Ver-
handlungen der Kaiserlich Kéniglichen Zoologische Botanischen Gesellschaft in
Wien, Band ‘xviii. Heft. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8vo, Wien, 1868. Die Vegetations Verhaltnisse
von Croatien, von Dr. August Milreich, 8vo pamph., Wien, 1868. Die Zoophyten
und Echinodermen des Adriatischen Meeres von Prof. Cam. Heller, 8vo pamph.,
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KONGELIGE DANSKE VIDENSKABERNES SELSKAB. Oversigt over det Kongelige
Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider i
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Heinrich August von Vogel, 8vo pamph., Miinchen, 1868. Ueber die Theorien der
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Heft, 3,4. 1868, I Heft, 1,2, 3,4. IL, Heft, 1, 2, 3,4, 8vo pamphlets.

_ LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY of Liverpool. Proceedings during,the
Fifty-fifth, Fifty-sixth, and Fifty-seventh Sessions, 1865-1868, 3 pamphlets 8vyo Lon-
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MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings for 1867-1869, 1- vol. 8vo,
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Gesellschaft in Danzig, 1863, 1865, 1866, 1868, 8vo pamphs.

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Nova SCOTIAN INSTITUTE OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Halifax,N.S. Proceedings
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1868, 8vo pamph., Giessen.

112

«

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Journal de Conchyliologie comprenant l’Etude des Mollusques vivants et Fossils,
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College Courant, June 26. Cosmos, May 22, 29, June 19, 26, July 3, 10, 17, 24, 31.
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von Apr. 4, 1868, 8vo, Mannheim, 1868.

YALE COLLEGE. Obituary Record of Graduates deceased during the Academi-
cal year ending July, 1869, 8vo, pamph. Some Statements by the Executive Com-
mittee of the Society of the Alumni, 8vo pamph.

BULLETIN

OF THE

HSSHX INSTITUTE.

Von. 1. Satrem, Mass., SerTeMBER, 1869. No. 9.
One Dollar a Year in Advance.

NOTICE OF THE TEMPERANCE ORGANI-
ZATIONS IN SALEM.

.

»

BY DAVID R. PEABODY.

In the accompanying paper it is the intention of the |
writer to give a brief history of the several temperance
organizations which have appeared in this city, commenc-
ing with the Washingtonian movement.

On the 5th of April, 1840, six persons inaugurated, in
the city of Baltimore, the Washington Temperance Soci-
ety. These men were from among those who were daily |
in the habitual use of intoxicating liquors to excess. —
To whatever may be attributed the motive which induced
them to break loose from the fetters of intemperance |
which so long had bound them, certain it is they were the
progenitors of one of the greatest moral movements of
the age; and the enthusiasm with which this was greeted,
in a short time extended to nearly every atte town and
village in the land.

The Washington Total Abstinence Society of this city
was organized on the 9th of June, 1841, in a small hall
on the lower floor, in Mechanic Hall building. Subse-

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. 15

114

quently it moved to a hall in Washington street, known
as Washington Hall. While here, the hall was kept
open daily for the use of its members; weekly evening
meetings were held and hundreds came forward and
signed the pledge. It continued in a vigorous existence
for three or four years, when the interest began to abate,
and in 1847 it may be said to have died out.

In connection with this organization was the Martha
- Washington Society, which held its meetings Wednesday
afternoons of each week, m the hall of the W. T. A.
Society ; but this organization did not exist so long as
the other society.

In the latter part of the year 1843, there was organized
a society known as the Young Men’s Temperance Society.
This was upon the same general principles as the Wash-
ingtonian Society. Their meetings were held in the
lower hall, in Mechanic Hall building, but subsequently
they removed to rooms in the Bowker building. This
society continued about one or two years.

Growing out of the Washingtonian movement, from a
desire for some more permanent organization, were
brought into existence those organizations known as
secret temperance societies.

The Order of the Sons of Temperance was organized
in the city of New York, Sept. 16th, 1842. On the 23d
of February, 1844, Henfield Division, No. 2, of this city,
was instituted; and+it is the only institution of so long
standing, which has withstood the vicissitudes of the day.
As a temperance organization, it always has been an ener-
getic, working association. -Salem Division was an off-
shoot from Henfield, and was organized in 1846, and con-
tinued about two years. Young Men’s Division was
organized in 1859. This division surrendered its charter
in 1865.

"s

115

Phillips Division was organized Feb. 15th, 1859, and
Abraham Lincoln Division Feb. 3d, 1866; they are both
now in existence. These two divisions admit ladies as
members.

Connected with the Sons of Temperance, it would,
perhaps, be proper to notice the Daughters of Temper-
ance, although these organizations have not been in exist-
ence for several years, owing to the admission of ladies
into other temperance organizations; yet in their day
they were a useful auxiliary in the temperance cause.
The Independent Diyision, and the Zephyr Union Daugh-
ters of Temperance, were early organized, and contained
during their existence, many true and faithful workers in
the cause of temperance ; some of whom have transferred
their labors to other organizations, where they assist *to
give them life and energy.

In 1859 an organization was formed called the Social .
Council. This organization was intended to unite more
fully the efforts of the Sons and Daughters of 'Temper-
ance in a united organization, requiring membership in
them to secure membership in this. Subsequently it be-
came independent, and admitted members without these
restrictions. After an existence of about two years it
was disbanded.

In 1855 members of the Sons of Temperance in New
York being desirous to cement stronger the bonds of,
friendship, organized the Temple of Honor. This was
intended to be connected with the Sons of Temperance,

., requiring membership in that order to secure member-

ship in this; but after several years of unsuccessful
attempt to have it an acknowledged branch of the Sons
of Temperance it came out an independent order. This
organization is different from all others, inasmuch as it
may really be called a secret organization, as it has de-

116

grees, grips, signs, etc. It is not intended as a reforma-
tory organization but to cement in a bond of brother-
hood those who desire to pledge themselves to a life of
temperance. Under this organization, Essex Temple was
instituted April 6, ‘1856. It retained its organization
for six or seven years, and then surrendered its charter.
Subsequently, after a year or two, it recalled it, but again
in a few months surrendered it. No organization of this
kind again existed until Nov. 23, 1866, when Meteoric
Temple of Honor was instituted. This organization is
now in existence.

In 1848, members of the Henfield Division desiring to
do something for the rising generation, an organization
was formed known as the Cadets of Temperance. This
association admitted youths between the ages of twelve
and eighteen, and in addition to the temperance pledge
there was an anti-tobacco pledge. Quite a large num-
ber of youths were connected with this organization,
which remained in existence about three years.

At the time of the organization of the Sons of Temper-
ance there was another order, which, during its exist-
ence, held a prominent position as a temperance organiza-
tion, known as the Independent Order of Rechabites.
This order was established in this city, in the year 1844,
by instituting Naumkeag Tent. This tent grew so rap-
idly it was found advisable, in a short time, to open a
second tent, which was called Ocean Tent. There was
also a tent of the Daughters of Rechab, which worked
as an auxiliary to the brothers. This organization was .
very vigorous in its growth, and did a great amount of |
good while in existence. After a few years it lost its
influence, and finally died in five or six years.

The advent in this country of that apostle of temper- |

ance, Father Matthew, brought into the temperance ref-

117

ormation a class of persons whom no other means had
reached. By the efforts of Henfield Division he was
introduced into this city in the year 1848. Among the
results of his mission here was the organization of the
Father Matthew Temperance Society. This society held
weekly meetings, on alternate months, in the chapels of
the St. Mary’s and St. James churches, and embraced at
times a very large number of members. It continued in
existence until about 1863 when it was disbanded.

In 1851 there was an organization called the Temper-
ance Watchmen. The object more particularly of this
association was the enforcement of the prohibitory law.
Some of the members were prominent in the attempt in
this city, to the early enforcement of the law. After a
year or two of existence it disbanded. .

On the 19th of Oct., 1857, was organized the Nouns
Men’s Catholic Paciperksios Society. This association |
exereises a salutary influence among its many friends.
They have a large library, and their rooms are open even-
ings for the benefit of its members.

Peter Sinclair, a native of Scotland, came to this coun-
try on a temperance mission, more particularly among
children; among whom he organized societies called
Bands of Hope. Under the auspices of Henfield Divis-.
ion he lectured in Mechanic Hall on the afternoon of the
23d of February, 1858, to a crowded hall of children.
The result of this lecture was the organization of Bands
of Hope in every Sabbath School in the city. This, like
many other organizations, after a lapse of two or three
‘ years was dissolved.

In the western states the temperance men wishing an
organization which would unite more fully the influence
of men and women in the temperance cause, and beliey-
ing that an organization where all could be admitted on
equal terms would meet with beneficial result, organized

118

on this basis the Order of Good Templars. On Febru-
ary 5th, 1862, Minnehaha Lodge was instituted; and on
the 23d of March, 1866, Siloam Lodge was instituted in
this city. This is a separate organization from all others,
but there are members who are connected not only with
this but also with the Sons of Temperance and Temple
of Honor.

In January, 1867, an organization was instituted in this
city called the Young Men’s Temperance Volunteers,
which name was subsequently changed to the Band of
Hope. The primary object of this organization is “the
temperance education of the children and youth of this
country.” This organization is under the charge of a
board of directors. Each of the organizations of Sons
of Temperance, Good Templars, and Temple of Honor
appointing three, and they also contribute something to-
wards its maintenance. Its meetings are held weekly,
and are made quite entertaining and instructive.

At the present time (February Ist) there are in opera-
tion in this city the following temperance organizations :

“SONS OF TEMPERANCE.
Henfield Division, numbering 240 members.
Phillips Division, numbering 120 members.
Abraham Lincoln Division, numbering 76 members.

GOOD TEMPLARS.
s ‘
Minnehaha Lodgé},numbering 146 members.
Siloam Lodge, numbering 97 members.

TEMPLE OF HONOR.

Meteoric Temple, numbering 60 members.

Young Men’s Catholic Temperance Society, numbering
150 members. . ,

Band of Hope, numbering 150 members.

119

~The whole amount of benefit which has been derived,
during the past twenty-seven years, by the existence of
these several temperance organizations it is difficult to
determine. Certain it is that there are many who have
been reformed, which, had it not been for these or some
similar organization, instead of reforming and leading a
life of temperance, would have filled a drunkard’s grave.
Some have adhered to the pledge for a longer or shorter
period of time, and then fallen. Yet for these, the time
they were connected, with these organizations, was so
much of a life of happiness not to themselves alone but
to all with whom they were connected, that it will always
remain like the oasis in the desert, bright spots in their
desert life.

<M

FIRE CLUBS.

Associations bearing this name have existed in Salem ~
since 1744. Many important advantages result there-
from, affording relief and security to the persons and
property of each other, when in danger by fire and promo-
ting harmony and good fellowship among the members.
The organizations of all were similar, each member was
required to have two substantial leather buckets, usually
twelve inches in length and cight in diameter, painted
with the device and name of the club. In one of the
buckets was kept a bag made of Raven’s duck, four feet
long, two feet three inches broad, marked with the
owner’s name; also a bed key. Most of the clubs had
. ladders —some two—each thirty-four feet long, kept in
different places for their use; some had four. The meet-
ings were held quarterly, one of which was the annual,
for the choice of officers, etc. Members were required
to repair to the house of any of their associates who may

120

~

have any property in danger from fire, and assist in the
preservation of the same, and take their buckets with
them, to be used in passing water from the cistern to the
engines. The introduction of hose, improvements in the
structure of fire engines, and more latterly an abundant
supply of water by means of hydrants, etc., have super-
seded many of the old modes then in use, and greatly
remodelled the system of management at fires.

The number of members were limited, some having
only twenty-five, some sixty, and others between the
above named numbers.

The following facts have been obtained respecting the
organization of the following clubs. Many of these have
been disbanded; some were of short duration, whilst
others continued for many years. The number of mem-
bers were changed in some, and modifications in the By-
laws to conform with the attending circumstances.

airy . Gaeninaen. of Mages.
OldwHine Clubs. were oe se SMCh se, 1744 ea ee ers 28
Union Mire:-Claby i.e a0 sas “Sept: 185-1770, % 62 6 ee ce XS ee 80
Social Mire Clg 3 .%. . Oct. 21,1774. . « as 2 2186
Number Five Fire Club, .. . Dec. .-8, 1788,.-.. 2°. 2 10 wo BB
Social Wire: Club,: oe: «2 + -NOV.. 10;-1798; Sv t'so + kD
Amity Fire Club, ... . DTS Gee alactevnieh ws
ineHef Hire Club.) 9.4 .:. June 24,1808; 235 476 Se es) BB
Washington Fire Club, . . Oct. 10,1803. . ..
Adroit Hire Clubs). ie! <1 Rab. 19, TROG.., « ge, at ed ck
Active: Hire Club, ... 2.) 2». eb.» 20,1806,. < oit...2 4. 5. 60
Hamilton Fire Club, . #”, Dec. —, 1809, . .. .. . 40
Enterprise Fire Club, . . . Dec. By ASION es. Ane oth,
Union and Amity Fire Club, Mch. 12,1812, . . .. . . 86
Volant Hire Club, cs. cn2 .646f Appi esq 1816). ce ce 40
Adroit Fire Claby )\.ss'2355 ofeeiwned +, 0B81,. 0 ta
Naumkeag Fire Club,. . . Aug, —,1832, . ." . . . 60
Boston Street Fire Club..ii. fig Bales: winds. ta
Sons of Temperance Fire Club. . , , .

Alert Social Hire Clab;. a)... shires giles pac OS
Seeial Hire: Club: 30 .7ecrd petges fe lles sree

121

Field Meeting at Lynn, Thursday, Sept. 23, 1869. The last Field
Meeting for the season was attended at Lynn by a pleasant though
not very large company of ladies and gentlemen from the neighbor-
ing towns, who at about 10, a. M., arrived from various points and
rendezvoused at the Boston street Methodist Church. Some uncer-
tainties of weather had kept back a portion of those who intended
to be present, but the day, as it proved, was wholly clear and unex-
ceptionable; in fact, one of the pleasantest of the season.

Soon after arrival the company were distributed into excursion
parties and set off in diverse directions. A full list of noteworthy
localities had been prepared and circulated, by the aid of which
some turned their attention to the old shell-beds located in Rocks
Pasture; others struck out for Breed’s Pond and similarly attractive
waters; while others gratified themselves by a stroll on the nearer
hills, or a walk through ‘the fine gardens of some of the citizens of
the vicinity. But the greater part of the company, availing them-
selves of the carriages in waiting, took passage for Dungeon Rock,
and spent some hours among the rustic beauties of that sylvan local-
ity. The Marbles, father and son, have been blasting the rock since
1852, and have succeeded in making a circuitous cave downwards,
about one hundred and fifty feet in length and from eight to ten feet
in width and height, ‘‘ under direction of the spirits.” ; ;

~The new City Hall was also visited. This is one of the finest, if
not the finest, in the State, outside of Boston, for municipal pur-
poses; the arrangements for the accommodation of the different
boards and the several officers are admirable. Convenient and suita-
ble rooms are also provided for the Public Library, which, under the
management of the present accomplished librarian, Mr. Jacob Batch-
elder, is in a good condition, and the numerous and valuable addi-
tions will ere long place it among the first-class libraries.

This building is conveniently located on Park square, at the junc-.
tion of North Common, Market and Essex streets. It is built in the
Italian Renaissant style, which, from the great variety of outline that
it admits of, and the multiplicity of parts required, is one admirably,
suited to the wants and uses of a great public building. The ex-
terior walls are of pressed brick, with the basement, entablatures,
and other architectural details, of Connecticut brown freestone. The
. corner stone was laid November 28, 1865, and the. dedication took
place November 30, 1867, with appropriate ceremonies.

The Western Barying Ground, opposite the Lynn Hotel, and the old
records in the City Hall, afforded much material for the student in
local history.

This part of Lynn was early settled. The place of meeting is on
the old Boston road (now called Boston street), over which our fath-

Esiex Inst. BULLETIN. 16

. 122

ers travelled many years before the present more convenient avenues
to the metropolis were opened. Several of the houses observed this
day were built during the seventeenth and the first half of the
eighteenth centuries, with the old oaken frames common at that
period. They appear strong and substantial, and without doubt will
outlast many of those of a more recent construction. These old
buildings are always pleasant to behold, the reminders of those early
days when our fathers first settled this territory and laid the foun-
dation upon which has been reared the present structure of society
with the various institutions and surroundings.

Between one and two, Pp. M., the excursionists having returned to
headquarters, found an agreeable repast prepared by the ladies in
one of the rooms in the basement of the church, which was enjoyed
by all with much satisfaction.

At half-past two, Pp. M., the formal meeting was called to order in
the vestry, the President in the chair.

In the absence of the Secretary, Mr. F. W. PurNam was requested
to act as Secretary for the day.

The records of the preceding meeting were read and the corres-

pondence and donations announced.
' Among the letters was one from Miss Saran K. Hayes of Haver-
hill, accompanying a large and valuable collection of shells, princi-
pally fluviatile species from the western states, bequeathed by the late
JOHN BartLett of Haverhill, who made the collection while a resi-
dent in Columbus, Ohio, for many years.

Mr. A. C. GOODELL jr., of Salem, was called upon, and devoted his
remarks principally to the story which attaches to Dungeon Rock,
expressing grave doubts whether any pirate’s cave ever existed there,
and whether such a man as Thomas Veal ever lived. There were no
records extant, no evidence to confirm the tradition which attaches to
that locality. He had no faith in the stories of buried treasure there
or elsewhere. As to the ‘‘ ancient weapons” found in the rock, there
was undoubted evidence that they were of modern origin, and placed
there by practical jokers. In reply to a question asked by Mr. S. C.
Bancroft of Peabody, ee said that his own examinations had con-
vinced him that Mr. Marble was blasting into solid rock, and there
was nothing to lead to the conclusion that a cave had ever existed
there. Formerly there was a slight opening, and the rock had evi-
dently fallen down somewhat, but a cave sufficient for the conceal-—
ment of any number of men, was almost an impogsibility. He drew
from these facts a lesson showing the importance of basing all sci-
entific investigation upon facts. These should first be secured, and the
rest is easy. There is no other way to avoid error and difficulty.

Mr, S. D. Poo. of Lynn, gave an interesting account of Dungeon

‘#

123

Rock as he remembered it many years ago. There was once quite
an excavation into the rock, so that a man could crawl in nearly
out of sight. On the 4th of July, 1834, a party of men from Saugus,
he believed, placed twenty-five. pounds of powder in this excavation,
stopped up its mouth, set a train and fired the powder. The explo-
sion materially changed the appearance of the rock, and opened a
fissure four feet wide, which was only one foot before. A bushel of
snakes, it was said, was blown out at the time, and the scene was
quite exciting. The Hutchinsons once made an attempt to dig for
treasure there, but soon desisted. The later operations have not.
been altogether a delusion, as the prosecutor has made a good liv-
ing out of it.

Mr. Jacos BaTcHELDER of Lynn, told of an excitement created
many years ago, by some parties from Lynnfield who went to Dun-
geon Rock to search for treasure. It was reported that a chest had
been found there which contained thirty thousand dollars in coin.
One lady said she had seen another lady who heard that another lady
had seen the chest, which was all covered with rust, in the wagon.
But it turned out that she had only seen a wagon that looked,as
though it had a rusty box in it. One young man, however, report®d
that he had got the money, and on the strength of it he cut quite
a dash for a time, with a horse and carriage and other extravagan-
ces. When, however, he failed to pay his bills, his credit suffered
and the humbug was exposed. Mr. B. said he had no great faith in
the stories about Dungeon Rock, but he should regret to lose the
romance that lingers around that and kindred localities on that ac-
count. Perhaps these old legends should not be dissipated too
rudely, for much that we call history rests on no better basis.

Mr. F. W. Putnam of Salem, made some interesting statements re-
lating to the exploration of the shellheaps at Eagle Island in Ipswich
and on Plum Island. He further recounted the works of the party who |
had been digging in Rocks Pasture. In this somewhat extensive
bed of shells and mould, covering an area of one-fourth of an acre,
a few inches in thickness, just beneath the sod, they had found to-day
the shells of the quahaug, common clam, great clam, cockle and scal-
lop; also bits of charcoal and burnt stone. Two stone arrowheads
had turned up, with an implement of sharpened bone, like a bodkin.
Some fragments of pottery were found, also many bones, mostly
those of the red deer, but some perhaps of the moose, and others of
birds. A tooth of a small cetacean was found. Mr. P. further dis-
cussed the discoveries made in these explorations, in their bearing
on the age of prehistoric man.

Dr. J. M. Nyx of Lynn, expressed his satisfaction at the course of
this and other meetings of the kind. He thought their influence on

124

the young, particularly in exciting the power of observation and in
encouraging the practice of drawing, must be of great benefit in the
community.

Mr. JaAcoB BATCHELDER of Lynn, in response to an enquiry, gave
the following brief history of the old Lynn Academy :

THE OLp LyNN ACADEMY, an institution associated with so many
agreeable reminiscences of our citizens well advanced in years, had
its origin in the desire of several public spirited individuals, to fur-
nish a course of instruction in the branches not taught in the com-
mon schools. They made the estimates of the amount required to
carry out their design, formed a stock company, purchased a lot of
land on the street south of the common, erected and furnished a
building with a tower and bell, after the usual pattern of the New
England Academy, fixed the price of tuition with a small sum added
for rent, and offered the premises to a teacher willing to test the
experiment.

The school was opened in 1805, under the superintendence of
Mr. William Ballard, who entered on his labors with enthusiasm,
which, in six months was so much abated, that he yielded his office
to Mr. Francis Moore, who was, however, scarcely more successful;
for at the end of one year he met and welcomed to his vacant chair,
‘“‘the coming man,” in the person of Mr. Hosea Hildreth, afterwards
the pastor of a parish in Gloucester. Determined to sustain his bark
amid the eddies and currents of an ebbing tide, Mr. Hildreth had
recourse to a political life preserver; and on the 4th of July, 1806,
delivered an oration to the Federalists in the first Congregational
meeting house, followed by a dinner in the hall of the Academy;
while the Democrats engaged in similar recreation at the hotel.
This expedient was so far successful as to carry him safely through
the year.

His successor, Mr. Abiel Chandler, restored the six months’ regimé
and was relieved by Mr. Abner Loring, who next, year gave way to
Mr. Samuel Newell, whose feeble health constrained him, at the close
of the year 1808, to relinquish a profitless and exacting pursuit; a
decision doubtless prom@tive of his own usefulness and fame, for he
subsequently engaged with ardor in the cause of foreign missions,
and, with his wife, the celebrated Harriet Newell, has left a glorious
record of faithful devotion to his chosen work,

This rotation of teachers continued, often with many months’ vaca-
tion, until the year 1835, when he who now addresses you succeeded
one who had just finished the normal term of six months — and, with
varying fortunes, witnessed the rising and the falling tides till the
year 1849, when the establishment of the public high school closed the
scene of struggle and toil and varying fortunes of the Lynn Academy.

125

The land on which the building stood has become a part of the
garden of David Taylor, Esq.; the apparatus and library have been
sold or distributed; the building has been removed to Main street,
opposite the Lynn Hotel; the pine desks, somewhat elaborately
carved, were used by the carpenter for purposes, in which planing
was dispensed with; the chairs, with understandings impaired by hard
study, were sold or stored; the eagle which surmounted the little
tower is in possession of Trevett M. Rhodes, Esq., and the bell is re-
served as an heirloom of the graduates of the institution.

Notwithstanding the disadvantages of its mode of organization,
many excellent scholars were in that school prepared for college and
for the higher pursuits in life, and all who have been in any manner
identified with its interests, regret the necessity of its extinction.

The Cuair, in speaking of his visit to a garden in this place alluded
to the great change in horticultural tastes within a few years past.
Plants and flowers that were great favorites thirty years ago, are now
hard to find. He mentioned that a few weeks since he wished to ob-
tain a specimen of the curled leaved mallows, Malva crinita, which
was once common in the gardens, but his research was fruitless after
having made extensive enquiries of the gardeners and those who are
interested in these subjects.

C. M. Tracy of Lynn, being called upon, said that some remarks
just made by the chair had struck him as highly appropriate to the
occasion. The chair had spoken of the disappearance of the old and
favorite flowers from the gardens, and this was matter of remark to
all gardeners and of regret to most. It was highly doubtful whether
many of the flowers now fashionable and sold for high prices, ought
really to take higher rank for beauty than the older sorts they have
displaced. The old white rose, sometimes called the New England
rose, has never found a successful rival, and is still sought after by
discriminating florists, though now comparatively rare. Who does

-not remember the gorgeous poppies that used to adorn the gardens
with their short-lived splendors? We have not replaced them with
anything better. Then there were morning-glories, the only climber
we had almost, the best, surely, and so good that it cannot be wholly
given up, though not half as well attended to as it deserves. The
ragged-ladies, and bachelor’s-buttons, and honesties, used to make a
heauty and variety in the front yards of the country that we see
nothing of to-day, whatever be the effort to make good the loss with
verbenas, petunias, and costly pinks. The hollyhocks were once the
monarchs of the flower-bed, and ruled most royally. They are still
grown, it is true, but grown for prizes at shows, and we do not see
them making glad the surroundings of home as we once did. If we
read in the old books on this subject, as in Gerard’s and the like, we

126

shall find unstinted praise of the amaranth or prince’s feather with its
lovely variegated leaves. Now this old favorite is of the easiest
growth, and from one or two specimens he had happened to see—
rather poor ones —he would put it against any of the foliage-plants
of the present time for beauty, whatever they might be. Thirty or
thirty-five years ago the dahlia came in and supplanted many better
flowers, but now it has met a just requital, and few will grow a plant
that has so many practical difficulties about its culture. —

Mr. Tracy added some observations on the foliage of the autumnal

forests in New England, so striking to the eyes of tourists and so
much a riddle to the man of science. No other country is said to
exhibit it; and it has been attributed to the action of early frosts,
though this is probably an error. A better explanation is that our:
peculiar climate induces a kind of ripening in the leaves, akin to
what usually appears on the surface of fruits, producing a like dis-
play of colors. In giving glory to our woods it cannot be compared
to anything else; but it is but a fleeting splendor beyond preser-
vation, even in specimens well selected and treated with the utmost
care.
_ Mr. Tracy added some remarks upon the local antiquities of the
immediate vicinity ; referred to the dwelling house occupied by Mr.
Joseph Moulton, which, he said, was erected in 1666. Also to the
construction of the canal which conveys the waters of Strawberry
Brook to the mills of Messrs. Berry & Son, and which was probably
one of the first canals constructed in this country.

Mr. F. W. PuTNAM gave an account of a recent observation of
much interest, made by Miss GRAcE ANNA Lewis of Kimberton, Ches-
ter County, Penn., upon the fluids contained in the bulbs of feathers
of living birds, and read the following extracts from letters received
from Miss Lewis :—

‘cA few days since, while examining the feather capsule of a young
dove, just fresh from the bird, I was both surprised and delighted to
find my glass slide covered with the most exquisitely delicate and
beautiful crystals, of at least from thirty to forty different variations.
I have long believed t the animal kingdom repeats the primary
forms of both the miiteral and vegetable, viz: the crystal and the
cell, but I do not know that this phenomenon can be considered in the
light of proof, since I do not know whether they were poured and
ready formed from the ruptured capsule, or whether from some un-
known cause, the crystallization took place under my hand. I tried.
sugar, salt, the white of egg, milk, potato water, and finally I pro-
cured another capsule from the living bird. Only in the latter, did I
find a repetition of the crystals. Did anybody ever see such crystals
as these in the fluid of a feather capsule before?” * * * * * * *

‘In examining the adult plumage of our common barn-door fowl, and .
the domestic turkey, I wished to free the cells from their enveloping
membranous covering, and for this purpose rubbed very fine cuttings

127

of bulbs in water, and placed them under the microscope. I had an
excellent view of the cells floating freely in the water, but becoming
wearied of looking, I left the microscope for a few minutes. On my
return the glass was covered with crystals, larger, less varied and
less beautiful than those I found in the fluid from the feather capsule
of the nestling dove. Some which appeared ‘on the glass on the after-
noon of the 30th of August, from the feather of a turkey, are still
well defined, though the majority of them have lost their outline.
They remained in their full beauty over twenty-four hours, and now I
think I can obtain photographs of them. I have copied a few from
the many and enclose them to you. Iam now well convinced that
they are due to the effect of crystallization under the microscope, and
that they are formed of the floating cells, arranged in such a wonder:

ful variety of figures, but nearly all resolvable to a definite number of
linesz? v 45 ¥*i5 %ii%) Foo OF aR OR RR

Mr. S. C. Banorort offered the following resolution, which was
unanimously adopted :

Resolved, That the thanks of the Institute be presented to the trus-
tees of the Fifth Methodist Church, for the free use of their vestry ;
and also to the following named persons, for various services per-
formed and favors granted to promote the pleasure and interest of
this occasion, viz: — William N. Mansfield, James M. Tarbox, E. W.
Lothrop, Nelson A. Newhall, J. B. Ireson, Charles Osgood, jr., James
M. Nye, and Misses Ireson, Haven, Kimball, Lindsey and other ladies.

The Institute then adjourned, and the company separated, express-
ing general satisfaction in the day’s proceedings. It was gratifying to
observe among the audience several of the veteran citizens of Lynn,
of whom may_be specified Messrs. Joseph Moulton, Richard Tufts and
Benj. Mudge, who plainly showed their relish of the enquiring spirit
that ruled the day. °

LETTERS ANNOUNCED.

Baird, S. F.)astport, Me., Sept. 12; Baker, C. Alice, Cambridge, Mass., Sept.
20; Béchsnan, Prof., Bremen, Sept. 1; Challen, Howard, Philadelphia, Penn.,
Aug. 24; Chapman, James R., Beverly, Mass., Aug. 26; Chipman, R. Manning,
East Granby, Conn., Sept. 15; Doggett, Kate N., Chicago, Ill., Aug.; Fellowes, R.
S., New Haven, Conn., Aug. 23; Flagg, M. H., Hallowell, Me., Sept. 7; Hays, Sarah
V., Haverhill, Mass., Sept.3; Huntington, D.B., Aug.10; Johnson, Lucy P., Salem,
Mass., Aug.; Joslin, Ellen L., Leominster, Aug. 1; L’Academie Royale des Sci-
ences, Lisbonne, Mch. 27; Lockyer, J. Morman, London, Eng., Aug. 12; Mudge,
Z. A., Marblehead, Mass., Aug. 11; Naturforscher Verein, Riga, May 17; Natur-
historicher Verein, Bonn, Apr. 15; Société Impériale des Naturalistes, Mascon,
Apr. 2; Tracy, C. M.;Lynn, Mass., Sept. 11, 16, 18; Verrill, A. E., Norway, Sept. 4,
14; Whipple, John A., Boston, Mass., Sept. 4; Zaba, N. F., Boston, Mass., Aug. 24,

128

ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUMS OF THE INSTITUTE AND
THE PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

(May to September.)

Miss ANNIE AGGE, Salem. Peacock Moth from Salem.

I. WATSON ANDREW, Salem. Specimen of Monohamus tittillater taken in
Salem.

JOHN L. ANDREWS, Melrose. A small slab containing fossils from West Moun-
tains, Scoharie, N. Y., and a specimen of Arragonite, from Howe’s Cave.

Miss CAROLINE E. BEmIs, Chicopee. Reptiles, Insects, Crustaceans, Radiates
and Mollusks — alcoholic and dry —and part of an Indian skeleton and skin of a
Florida Jay, from St. Augustine, Florida.

JACOB and BERNHARD CONRAD. A young Civet Cat, and a Parrot from India.

E. BICKNELL. Ascaris sp., from a Pig.

W. W. BUTTERFIELD, Indianapolis, Ind. Ferns from that vicinity.

J. ELLIOT CABOT, West Beach. A specimen of Petromyzon sp, taken clinging
to a Mackerel.

J. P. CHANDLER. A curious growth of Fungus from Colebrook, N. H.

WESLEY CLARK, Panama. Crustacean from Pear] Island, Bay of Panama, taken
in 15 fathoms.

W. H. DALL, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. One Gobioid, from ?;
four specimens, three species Coral, from Japan; one specimen of Sertularian
from Isanatsky Pass, Alaska. One specimen of Nullipora from Japan.

Mrs. B. DE GERSDOFF. Mosses and Lichens from Savoy, Switzerland.

JOHN W. DRAPER, Dorchester, Mass. Fossils from Mammoth Vein Coal Mine,
Penn. :

Mrs. IDA EISENSTUCK, Chinandega, Nic. A necklace made by stringing the
flowers of the Samara.

THOMAS FARNSWORTH, Salem. Insects from Salem.

Mr. Fis, Cape Cod. Tree Toad from Cape Cod.

AARON GOLDSMITH, Salem. Five kittens, born June, 1869, said to be the pro-
duct of a dog and cat.

JAMES L.. GREEN. Six Gulls eggs from Brown Cow, near Jewell’s Island, Casco
Bay.

Messrs. E. & J. GRIFFEN, Salem. A Gray Parrot from West Coast of Africa;
a short club from the Fejee Islands. _

JAMES GROVER, Salem. Dragon fly, 4chna sp., from Salem.

ARCHIBALD HALEY. Portions of an Indian skeleton, from South Salem.

C. H. HIGBEE, Salem. Living specimens of Echinosterum Pensylvanicum and
Nanemys guttata, from New Jersey.

CHARLES HOWARD. Replies, Insects and Spiders, from near Fort Richardson,
Texas.

JAMES KIMBALL. Two specimens of Mactra solidissima; one specimen of
Solen ensis and several specimens of Mytilus edulis, from Coney Island, New
York. :

NATHANIEL KINSMAN, Salem. <A Seal shot at Plum Island, July 25, 1869.

Mrs. LEFAVOUR, Beverly. A Brazilian Copper Coin.

L. T. LEE, U. 8. Steamer Bibb. Two barrels of Coral, from Florida.

PHILIP MCDONALD, Salem. A Portuguese Copper Coin of the value of twenty
vintines. ;

[To be continued.]

“s

BULLETIN

PU SEN Pe) det Noe oe ke

Vor. 1. Sarem, Mass., Oct., Nov., 1869. Nos. 10, 11.

One Dollar a Year in Advance.

FIRST HOUSES IN SALEM.

BY W. P. UPHAM. .

)

[ Continued Jrom page 81.]

Cotta’s lot (see p. 56) bounded southerly on Broad
street, extending from a point two hundred feet west of
Pickering street, westerly two hundred and seventy feet
to what was then the homestead of Wm. Flint, and so
through to Essex street, where it extended from the
eastern side of the estate now owned by Jos. 8. Cabot,
Esq., westerly to the homestead of Rev. Dr. Emerson.
As already stated there were two houses on this lot in
the very early years of the settlement, but they had dis-
appeared in 1677. The first Quaker meeting house was ,
built on the north-west corner of it by Thomas Maule in
1688. When the second meeting house was built on the
north side of Essex street, in 1718, the old house was
‘turned into a dwelling house, and in 1788, was sold to
Robert Wallis. It stood on a small piece of land next
east of Dr. Emerson’s house. The next house built on
Cotta’s lot was by Richard Oakes in 1711, where the
house next but one east of Dr. Emerson’s now stands.

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. 17

130

The-old house, now standing- between that and the house
of Mr. Cabot, was built by Jeffry Lang in 1740 (Essex
Inst. Hist. Coll. Vol. 6, p. 257). The Cabot house was
built about the year 1744, the land having been sold that
year to Francis and Joseph Cabot.

Between Cotta’s lot and Flint street, and north of Wm.
Flint’s homestead (see p. 56), was a lot of about four
acres on which John Reeves lived before 1661. One-
half acre of this on the east side, with a dwelling house
on it, was given by John Reeves to his daughter Eliza-
beth and her son John Richards. Elizabeth, daughter of
John Richards and wife of Thomas Hooper, of Medfield,
sold the same to John Dynn, in 1708. In 1713 it came
into possession of his mother Elizabeth Derby,* widow of
Roger Derby, and after her death in 1740, was owned by
her son-in-law, Joshua Hicks, and was conveyed to James
Ford, schoolmaster, in 1764, and to Rev. Daniel Hop-
kins, father-in-law of Dr. Emerson, in 1788. James
Ford built the house now occupied by Dr. Emerson.
The house of John Reeves was on the corner of Essex
and Flint streets, and was left by him to his daughter
Mary, wife of Ephraim Kempton.

West of Flint street, and north of the land of Richard
Adams (see p. 55), was a lot of seven acres extending
west to “Brick-kiln lane,” now the Turnpike. It was
owned by Wm. Flint in 1659, and appears to have been
originally two houte lots, the western one owned and oc-
cupied by Henry Kenny, and the eastern one by Thomas
Gouldthwait.. Their houses had disappeared in 1672.

Between “Brick-kiln lane” and Norman’s Rocks, was
the “ Brick-kiln field,” which, in the deed to Wm. Flint
in 1656, is described as extending north “to the land of

* Wm. Dynn married Elizabeth Haskett, June 6, 1684, and had two sons, John
and William. His widow became the second wife of Roger Derby.

“s

131

John Alderman and Lawrence Southwick.” In 1694:the
executors of the will of Lawrence Southwick conveyed
about three acres of land on the northerly side of the
Brick-kiln, to Wm. Pinson, whose wife Rebecca was
niece and heiress of Thomas Robbins to whom the land
had been sold long before, but the deed “did not appear
on record.” This lot was bounded west by Norman’s
Rocks and the common land, and extended- north to the
Town Bridge (see p. 54), and included the “pond” or
salt marsh made by the flowing in of the creek under the
bridge. In 1699.it came into the possession of John
Beckford and his wife Rebecca, who was the only child
of Wm. Pinson, and they divided it in 1757 between
their sons John, George and Benjamin, Beckford.

The Town Bridge was first built probably about 1648,
the first mention of it on our records being an order, Oct.
11,1640, that “Philip Verin, or any other, shall make
the fence that leadeth to the bridge of [off] one side from
the bridge to the highway that is by Richard Norman’s
house,* and that the towne will pay him.” It was first
built of timber, and in 1644 an agreement was made by
the town with John Pickering to keep it in repair for six-
teen years; but in 1646 it was taken down and a cause-
way built instead.

Next east of the bridge and north-east of Boston street
were two houses, owned in 1659 by Giles Corey, the |
resolute martyr of witchcraft times. The western one,
which stood eight rods north-west from the north éorner
of Boston and. Federal streets, was his own homestead ;
the other, which stood four rods north-west from the north
corner of Boston and Fowler streets, had been the home- ~
stead of John Alderman, who had left it by will to Ezra
and Nathaniel Clapp of Dorchester. They gave a deed

*This highway was probably Brick-kiln lane, see p. 55.

132

of it in 1663 to Giles Corey, who had been “several
years in possession,” describing it as “one dwelling house’
and two acres of land,” “bounded with the land of Robert
Buffum, east, and the land of said Giles Corey, west,
abutting upon the North River north and the street
south.”

We find upon a careful examination of the deeds ot
land in that vicinity that this two acre lot, which belonged
originally to John Alderman, extended across Boston
street, the eastern line of it beginning at a point on the
North River about fifteen rods east of the Town Bridge,
and running nearly ‘south, crossing Boston street near the
corner of Fowler street, so that a triangular piece of land
was afterwards made by this line on the west, the Brick-
kiln, or a continuation of Essex street on the south, and
Boston street on the northeast. This triangular piece of
land, which came to a sharp point near the present cor-
ner of May street and Boston street, was owned very
early. by William Beans and his wife Sarah, who was a
daughter of Robert Buffum, and, no doubt, it originally
belonged to the homestead .of Robert Buffum, being cut
off from it when Boston street was laid out. That part
of the Alderman homestead which was south of Boston
street, about one acre, was sold by Giles Corey to Edward
Flint in 1682, and was between the Southwick lot on the
west and the triangular piece of land above described on
the east, and exteriding south to the Brick-kiln field. In
1659 Giles Corey conveyed to John Norton that part of
the Alderman homestead north of Boston street, together
with his own house and land ‘adjoining, describing the
' premises as “two dwelling houses in Salem, one of them
being the now dwelling house of the said Giles Corey,
and is the corner house next the bridge, and the other
being the house wherein Mr. Alderman formerly dwelt,

%y

133

and near adjoining unto the said dwelling house of the said
Giles Corey” with one acre and a half of land “altogether
within fence near unto ;the bridge.” John ‘Norton con-
veyed to Jeremiah Meacham, in 1670, the same, except
the Alderman house, which with about twenty poles of
land on which it stood, a little to the north-west of Fowler
street, appears to have been previously sold to Robert
Wilson. In 1680 Jeremiah Meacham conveyed to his
daughter Bethia, wife of George Hacker, “fourteen poles
of land (on which said George Hacker has lately built a
small dwelling house), lying at the townes end near the
bridge or causeway, without the fortification, and bounded
on the North River with a highway north-west, by my
land north-east and south-east and on the highway or
street south-west.” In the division of Meacham’s, estate
in 1696 this was increased to half an acre, and in 1731,
it came into the possession of Isaac Hacker, who in 1719 |
had bought a piece of land next south-east with a house
on it; which latter house was perhaps the same now
standing on the corner of Federal street, in which Jere-—
miah Hacker afterwards lived.

The history of the Buffum estate which was next east
is particularly interesting as it furnishes the only clue we
have as to the time when Boston street was first laid out..
The honiestead of Robert Buffum, who died in 1669, con-
sisted of about four acres next east of the Alderman lot,
and extending from the North River to Essex street, and
probably, as we have shown, including the. triangular

piece of land.south of Boston street where his son-in-law,

Wm. Beans lived. This homestead came into possession
of his sons, Joshua and Caleb Buffum. On the Common-
ers Record is entered for Caleb Buffum “two common
rights for his house and for his father’s cottage right in
the same place ;” also for Joshua Buffum “two rights for

134

his house, and for old Moulton’s, in the same place.”
This, as we have already explained, shows that Robert
Buffum had lived, before 1661, on the same site upon
which his son Caleb afterwards lived, and also that “old
Moulton,” that is Robert Moulton, lived, before 1661,
where Joshua Buffum afterwards lived. Joshua lived in
a house which was taken down in 1807, about five rods
south-east of the corner of Fowler and Boston streets;
Caleb’s house was a few rods farther east, and about
eight rods west of Buffum’s Corner.

This Robert Moulton was the same mentioned in the
letter to Gov. Endicott from the Company in London,
Apr. 17, 1629, “We have sent six shipwrights, of whom
Robert Molton is chief.” He appears to have lived in
Charlestown, in 1634 and 1635, but returned to Salem,
and was one of the Selectmen, and also one of the three
Deputies to the Gen. Court in 1637. He died at an ad-
vanced age in 1655, and in his will left his farm, which
was where Brookdale* is now, to his grandson Robert
Moulton. He also gave to “Goodwife Buffum 20s,” and
“to Joshua Buffum 10s.” His inventory mentions “his
farm 35£—his houses and ground in the town 10£.” In
what manner his house came into the possession of Robert
Buffum, and afterwards Joshua Buffum, we have not been
able to ascertain. In another letter to Endicott, May 28,
1629, “our barke that is already built in the Country” is
mentioned, This was the first vessel built in the Colony,
and was perhaps built under the superintendence of Robert
Moulton, at the head of the North River, where the above
evidence shows that he lived... This would have beena ~
very convenient place for the purpose, and in fact, was
afterwards for many years used for shipbuilding. Its

*The brook which runs through Brookdale was called “‘ Moulton’s Brook,” in .
1649. .

135

proximity to the common lands, which were then no
doubt covered with woods, may have led-to the selection
of this place for a shipyard, on account of the facility for
bringing the timber to the water side.

The following order of the town, Nov. 29, 1642, is the
only evidence’ we can find of the first laying out of Bos-
ton street: “Its ordered that the highway by the bridge
shall be laid out through the lots of goodman Moulton,
&e., not round about.”

Next east of the Buffum estate was a house-lot of about
an acre upon which Henry Reynolds lived in 16553; it
was one hundred and seventy feet wide on Essex street,
beginning at a point one hundred feet east of Buffum’s
corner, and extending back two hundred and forty feet.
Henry Reynolds sold it to John Pickering, jr., in 1689 ;
Timothy Pickering sold the eastern half with the house
to Henry Williams in 1739. The old house, which was _
taken down about twenty-five years ago, stood where the
dwelling house of Thomas Nichols, jr., now stands, next
west of Fowler street.

Next east of the Reynolds lot was an acre of land
which the heirs of Philip Veren conveyed to Wm. Lord
in 1655, and he to his son in 1658, who in 1664 conveyed
it to Edward Flint. Edward Flint, in 1679, conveyed the.
western quarter part of it to Ann, wife of Anthony Need-
ham, who, in 1696, conveyed it to Caleb Buffum, and he,
in 1718, gave it to the Society of Friends, they having,
as the deed says, “built and finished” on the front part
of it “a House for the Public Worship of God, and the
‘other halfe of the said ground the Donor hereby freely
gives to the Society aforesaid for a burying place.” The
Quaker meeting house stood on the front part of this lot
for more than a century, and then was sold to Samuel
Brown and removed to his land where the Lynnfield road
crosses the old Ipswich road-in Peabody.

136

North of the two lots last described was the homestead
of William Bacon, about three acres, where he lived in
1640. He also owned an acre of land between the Veren
lot, just described, and Dean street, on which Roger
Morey had a house before 1644, and north of which was
another acre of land which Elizabeth Spooner conveyed
to Edward Flint in 1668, and which was probably the
homestead of Robert, or John Pease in 1644. The house
of William Bacon appears to have stood on the bank of
the North River about two hundred feet-west of Dean
street. He left his house and one acre to his son Isaac,
and the other three acres to his wife Rebecea. In her
will, in 1655, she gave the house and acre adjoining, or
the use of it, to her “brother Robert Buffum” and the
three acres to “my cossen Ann Potter, and my cossen
Richard Cherleraft.” Ann Potter* married Anthony
Needham, who, in 1679, conveyed the three acres to Ed-
ward Flint. Robert Buffum also, it seems, conveyed to
Edward Flint, in 1667, the acre on which Bacon’s house
had stood, in exchange for another acre adjoining his own
homestead. Thus Edward Flint became possessed finally
of about five acres on the west side of Dean street, which
he left, in 1711, to his son Benjamin, among whose heirs
it was divided in 1734. Edward Flint’s house was on
the western corner of Essex and Dean streets. In 1721
Benjamin Flint was,allowed three “rights” for “Mory,
Pease and Bacon’s cottage rights on his father’s home-

stead.”
[To be continued.}

* It appears by several depositions, recorded in the Registry of Deeds in 1695,
book 10, fol. 186-9, that Wm. Bacon was livying-in Dublin in 1639, and came here soon
after, and that his wife Rebecca was a daughter of “‘ Thomas Potter, Esq. who had
been Mayor of the City of Coventry” in Warwickshire, England, and that her
brother, Humphrey Potter, who was the father of Ann Potter, afterwards the wife
of Anthony Needham, was the only son of said Thomas, and ‘ was slain in that |
great and general massacre that had been in Ireland;” and that thereupon Ann
Potter’s aunt, Mrs. Rebecca Bacon, sent to Ireland for her to come and live with
her in Salem.

137

ORDER OF MEETINGS.

Regular Meeting, Monday, October 5,.1869. The President in the
chair. ’

Daniel Staniford, Kate Nourse, and Edward Maloon of Salem;
Benjamin C. Raymond of Beverly; Stephen D. Pool of Lynn; J. F.
Le Baron of Ipswich; C. Alice Baker and Susan M. Lane of Cam-
bridge, were elected members.

Regular Meeting, Monday, November 1, 1869. The first of the series
of evening meetings. The President in the chair. - Records of the
preceding meeting were read. Correspondence and donations to the
library and museum announced. In the absence of the Secretary, Mr.
F. W. Putnam was requested to act.

The PRESIDENT mentioned that one of the donations to the Histori-
cal department was a Pew Door from the meeting house of the First
Parish in Hingham, presented by Hon. Sotomon Lincoxn of that
town. The First church in Hingham was formed in 1635, and is said
to be the twelfth in Massachusetts proper. Rev. Peter Hobart of
Hingham, England, was the first minister. The present building wes
erected during the ministry of the Rev. John Norton, and was opened
for public worship, Jan. 8, 1681-2. Additions were made in 1730 and
in 1755, without materially altering its external appearance. In 1755
pews were introduced—previously benches or forms were used.
‘“‘This door,” writes Mr. Lincoln, ‘‘belonged to the pew which was
owned by my grandfather, William Lincoln of Hingham, and his
brother Enoch Lincoln, and which was owned and occupied by their
descendants down to the time when the old pews were removed to
enable the Parish to make the repairs which became necessary for
the preservation of the ancient house. Enoch Lincoln was the father
of Levi Lincoln, Att’y Gen’l of the U. S., and grandfather of Gov.
Levi Lincoln of this State, and of Gov. Enoch Lincoln of Maine. All —
three men oecupied the pew when they visited Hingham.

It occurred to me that a relic of our old meeting house might ap-
propriately be deposited under the frame of the first meeting house ‘
in Salem.”

Mr. James KIMBALL made a few remarks on the church architecture
of the olden times. F
' The presentation of skulls of the Walrus and Polar Bear, by Capt.
J. W. PERKINS, called forth some appropriate remarks from Messrs.
A.8. Packard and F. W.'Putnam.

Dr. PACKARD gave an account of the occurrence of the Walrus on
the coast of Labrador, stating that during the 17th century, in the
times of the early voyagers Cartier and Charlevoix, the walrus was
abundant on the Magdalen Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. 18

138

that Canadian and American fishermen had aided, a little over a cen-
tury ago, in its extermination on those islands, where its bones and
tusks still occur. According to tradition, it also inhabited some of
the harbors of Cape Breton Island, one of these harbors being called
Sea Cow Bay, and he was informed by a fisherman that its bones
may now be found abundantly on an islet near Cape Sable, Nova
Scotia, from fifteen to twenty feet above the sea. The walrus late in
the Glacial Period, lived on the coast of Maine, as he had seen a por-
tion of a tusk in the possession of a lady in Gardiner, Maine, near
whose house Sir Charles Lyell discovered it in a clay bank, associated
with the teeth of the bison.

On the coast of Labrador the last walrus seen or heard of in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, was killed at St. Augustine, thirty years ago.
Several were seen at Square Island, on the Atlantic coast of Labra-
dor, from fifteen to twenty years ago, and he had seen the head of a
young individual found floating dead in the drift ice off Belle Isle,
having probably fallen a victim to the harpoons of whalers in the Arc-
tic Ocean, and floated down the great Polar current. For a period of
at least fifty years, probably, the walrus has not bred south of Hud-
‘son’s Straits.

Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited the skulls of several species of bears,
including a young polar, a large grisly, the common brown bear of
Asia, and the black bear of America, and compared the skulls with
that of the large polar bear presented by Capt. Perkins, pointing out
the characteristics as exhibited by the series of skulls, and calling
attention to the great confusion existing in regard to the species and
the diversified opinions of naturalists regarding them. He also ex-
‘hibited a molar tooth of a bear found in the shellheap at Goose Island,
and stated that it was impossible to say with certainty to which
species the tooth should be referred, though it was the last molar, a
tooth that had been considered as the most characteristic of the vari-
ous species. From its association it was probably that of a black
bear, yet it more closely resembled the corresponding tooth in the
skull of the Asiatic sp@timen on the table than any other, while the
size of the tooth would indicate that it had belonged to a polar bear.

Dr. PackarD remarked that the white bear occurred more com-
monly on the coast of Labrador than the walrus, and that remains
of it might be looked for in the Indian shellheaps of New England,
which it may have visited in early times, and as bones of it had been
reported as having been found in the Quaternary strata of Ireland,
its distribution on our north-eastern coast was of considerable inter-
est. The Labrador settlers call it the “‘“water bear,” and it not un-
frequently appears on the coast, brought down on the drift ice from
more northern latitudes. At Square Island, a locality situated be-

139

tween Belle Isle and Domino harbor, two cubs were captured and
taken to St. John’s, Newfoundland. At Domino harbor a bear was
shot in the spring of 1863, and the skin obtained by the well known
artist, Mr. William Bradford, with whom the speaker sailed. An
intelligent hunter told the speaker that the white, or ‘ water” bear
was not unfrequently seen fifty miles south of Hopedale. One was
killed there in the winter of 1863, and in the previous autumn their
tracks were.‘‘ abundant.” They were very shy and could not be seen
in the day time. The last Polar bear seen on the Straits of Belle
Isle, near the mouth of the Esquimaux River, was shot about twenty
years ago.

F. W. Putnam called attention to the collection of fishes and other
specimens from China and Siam, presented by Capt. HurcHinson, and
spoke of the singular shape of the fins of the goldfish, brought about
by the continuation of domestic breeds.

Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, November 10, 1869. The PRESIDENT
in the chair.

Records of the preceding meeting were read.

A letter was read from Dr. A. H. Johnson, tendering his resignatigh
of the office of Home and Recording Secretary, owing to. Pe ne
absence from the country.

Voted, That the Institute accepts, with much regret, the resigna-
tion of Dr. Johnson, and tenders to him its sincere thanks for his faith-
ful and acceptable services, and the hope that health and prosperity
will attend him and his family during their absence from this city.

Voted, That F. W. Putnam be requested to act as Secretary until
the vacancy be filled.

Hon. CHartes W. Upnam addressed the chair as follows:

Mr. President, — Within a few days an event has occurred which
has made a deep impression, the world over. I do not propose, in
reference to it, to indulge in any remarks of my own. ‘The voice of
individual feéling is not to be heard, until that of public bodies — As-
sociations of Science and Philanthropy, Institutions of Learning,
Municipal Communities, States and Governments —has been uttered.
It is a circumstance not inappropriate, that this regular quarterly
meeting of ours, gives to the Essex Institute the opportunity of
being the first to express the sentiments of grateful and solemn
appreciation of a memory and example, that will be cherished and
honored everywhere through all time. I beg leave to offer the fol-
lowing Resolves : —

Resolved, That the Essex fastened participates profoundly in
the sensibility with which the intelligence of the death of GrorGE
PrEaBOpy is received on both sides of the Atlantic.

Resolved, That, by his munificent endowment of the Peabody Acad-
emy of Science in this city, he has provided for the perpetual preser-

140

vation and enlargement of the Scientific Collections and Departments
of the Essex Institute. ,

Resolved, That long absence, and the engagements of a vast bus-
iness, connecting him with operations embracing the commercial and
financial centres of civilization, did not lead him to forget the place
of his birth and home of bis childhood and youth, this its neighbor-
ing city, or his ancestral county. The memorials of his generous and
affectionate interest in them will endure forever.

Resolved, That, by noble and comprehensive benefactions to Uni-
versities, Colleges and Academies, and to institutiohs for the diffusion
of knowledge, and the relief, welfare and advancement of mankind,
in the Old World as well as the New, without restriction to race or
country, he has secured a perpetual remembrance everywhere, in
grateful hearts, as the PHILANTHROPIST OF THE AGE.

Prof. A. Crospy made some appropriate remarks in seconding the
adoption of the above Resolutions. '

The Resolutions were then adopted unanimously, the “members
rising.

Voted, That the Curators of the Historical Department be requested
to report at an adjournment of this meeting, such arrangements as

they may deem advisable relative to the.receiving on deposit the
books and other property of the Essex Institute Musical Association.

F. LeBoulanger of Salem, was elected a resident member.

H. W. Hollenbush of Reading, Penn., was elected a corresponding
member.

Voted, To adjourn to meet on Monday next, at 7.30, P. M.

Adjournment of Quarterly Meeting, Monday, November 15,1869. The
PRESIDENT in the chair.

Records of the preceding meeting were read.

The Curators of the Historical Department submitted the following
Resolution, which on motion of. Hon. J. G. WaTrrs, seconded by W.
P. UPHAM, was adopted:

Whereas, Preliminary measures have been taken to form a Musical
Association * in connectign with the Essex Institute; therefore,
*

—.

*The association numbers about three hundred members, and has in its library
several hundred volumes; also a piano made by Decker & Brothers, New York.
Two musical entertainments have been given:

First—MoOnpDAY, October 11, 1869.

PROGRAMME.
1. ‘*PIANO DUETT— Wedding March.” ‘ - * . Mendelssohn,
2. PART SONG— Male chorus *‘ Integer vitae, sae e . ; Fleming.
8. SOPRANO ARIA—“ Hear ye Israel” Elijah. . ° ° . Mendelssohn.
4, BASS SONG—‘ Two Grenadiers.” . ° Schuman,
5. PIANO SOLO—‘* Fantasias” cope 78. Nos. 5 and 6). ‘ . Heller,
6, Part SONGS—a. ‘Two Ros Werner.

b. “Bright Sword of Baherty poo t yo ld pos wae

141

- Resolved, That the Curators of the Historical Department be au-
thorized to allow the Association aforesaid to use the rooms for all
purposes that are not inconsistent with the provisions of Miss Plum-
mer’s will, under their diregtion ;

Provided, That the property of said Musical Association shall be
permanently deposited with the Essex Institute, and in case of disso-
lution shall become the property of the Institute, and also that the
Association shall have an organization approved by the Curators.*

The PRESIDENT called attention to the desirableness of an enlarge-
ment of powers under the charter, and on motion of Hon. J. G. Wa-
TERS, it was f

Voted, That the Directors be authorized to make application to the
Legislature for such an amendment of the charter of the Essex Insti-
tute as they may deem advisable.

The business of the regular meeting was taken up. - Donations: to
the library and to the museum, and the correspondence announced.

Mr. E. BICcKNELL exhibited specimens of Hozoon Canadense from
‘the Serpentine quarry in Newbury, Mass., which he had recently dis-
covered. Specimens of serpentine from the ‘‘ Devil’s Den,” in New-
bury were sent to Mr. Bicknell last spring, by Dr. H. C. Perkinseof
Newburyport, but they did not give any indication of Eozoon. Other
specimens from that locality have since been brought by Dr. Perkins,
which: gave reason to expect that the Eozoon would be found.

During the session of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, at Salem, in August last, Dr. T. Sterry Hunt of
Montreal, visited various localities in the neighborhood, and gave as

7. PIANO DUETT— Waltz “Leinates Klange.” . . . . Labitesky,
8. SOPRANO SONG —*“ Bid me Discourse.” ° ° ° - Bishop.
9. Bass SonG— ‘“ Good Night.” 2 . . . * LE. C. Cheever.
10. SOPRANO SOoNG—“ Waiting.” “ . . ° . . Millard.
Second—MONDAY, October 26, 1869.
PROGRAMME.
1, PART SonGs — a. “On a Lake.” 5 . ° ° Mendelssohn.
6. * The Lark.” ; :
2. QUARTETTE — a. ‘* Cradle Song. 2 - * ioe ° A, S. Sullivan.
6. ** Take Care.” . Bartholomew,
8. CONTRALTO ARIA (From St. Paul) —‘“ But the Lora is Mindful.” Mendelssohn.
4. PIANO SOLO —‘“ Andante and Rondo i dae ace : - _Mendeissohn.
5. SOPRANO SONG—“ The First Vivlet.” . FI : Mendelssohn,
6. TrIo—* Ave Maria.” ; . B. Owens,
7. Part SONGS FOR MALE CHorvs—a. “Love ly Night. es s Chwatal.
6. “Evening Song.” . » Bank.
8. PIANO SOoLO—“Tarantelle.” . 4 ‘ ° S. Bb. Mills,
9. QUARTETTE—‘‘Chorus of Angels,” from Eli. . . . Costa.
10. SOPRANO SONG—‘“ Oh wert Thou in the cold blast.” “ ° Franz.
ll. PlANO DUETT—“ Three Marches.” fs ° . . a Gade,
12, CONTRALTO SONG — ‘The Wanderer.” . ° Schubert.
13, QUINTETTE— From Martha, “ A che a voi perdone. hae C » Flotow.

*The Association as now organized has the approval of the Curators of the
Historical Department, who have made the necessary arrangements for the fulfil-
ment of the conditions proposed. é

142

his opinion that the rocks in this region belonged to the ‘‘ Lauren-
tian System,” in which the Eozoon is found, and that Eozoon might be
found in this region. He also visited the ‘‘ Devil’s Den,” but was not
successful in finding any specimens of Eozoon. On the 5th of Novem-
ber, Mr. Bicknell visited, in company with Mr. Osgood of Newbury-
port, the ‘‘ Devil’s Den,” and also a quarry about half a mile from it.
In the last mentioned place he succeeded in finding portions of the
rock which gave good promise of the Eozoon. On returning to Salem
with the specimens, and etching them with acids, he determined
them to contain the Eozoon; plainly showing the characteristic tube
system, but not in so good a state of preservation as the Canadian
specimens which he had seen. The Newbury specimens contain large
quantities of asbestus and sulphuret of iron, and the shell layers
of the Eozoon appear to have been largely replaced by asbestus. In
the earlier specimens of serpentine examined by Mr. Bicknell, al-
though no positive evidence was shown by microscopical examina-
tion as compared with the Canadian specimens, yet the similarity of
appearance by polarized light, determined him to visit the locality
in person as he felt satisfied that it would be found there.

-Mr. Hyatr remarked that this discovery had now a significance
which was of the utmost importance to the progress of geology in
this county. The rocks of this county had been hypothetically re-
ferred to the lowest known series of Laurentian strata, but this is
the first instance in which any positive evidence has been produced
of their actual age.

The recent visit of- Dr. T. Sterry Hunt has awakened a new interest
in our local geology, and from his late paper at the last meeting of
the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and his
proposed visit here next spring, we may hope for the most important
results.

Hon. W. D. NortTHEND gave an interesting account of some old
papers belonging to the late Maj. Gen. Titcomb of Newburyport,
and presented the same to the Institute. These papers gave consid-
erable information on thgife and character of Gen. Titcomb, especi-
ally in regard to the various offices which he held both of a military
and civil character.

On motion of Hon. J. G. WaTrERs it was

Voted, That the thanks of the Institute be presented to Mr, North-
end for his valuable contribution, and that he be requested to prepare
a memoir of Gen. Titcomb for publication in the Historical Collec-
tions.

Mr. W. P. UpHam expressed the hope that Mr. Northend would
comply with the request, and made some remarks upon the import-

~~“

1,

143

ant part that Gen. Titcomb took in the Raxolationauy War, and that
a memoir was due to him.

Third Musical Entertainment, Friday, November 26, 1869.

PROGRAMME.
1. Prano Duett — “Bolero,” : c A $ . Leybach.
2. Part Sones — a. ‘Oh fly with me,” z : . Mendelssohn.
—b. ‘A cold frost came,” . 2 s «6
—c. ‘* Over her grave,” : : i “

3. Sone — ‘‘Lascia chia pianga,” s : é . Handel.
4, Prano SoLo — ‘‘Concert Stuck,” . A : . Weber.
5. Song — “How fair thou art,” . . . . ). Wetdt.
6. Part Sones — (for male chorus),
—a. ‘*Maiden’s Lament,” . : . Schaeffer.
— b. ‘Banish, oh maiden,” : : . Loreno.

7. Sona — “La Serenade,” . ‘ Schubert.
8. Prano Durerr— Surprise Symphony — nants 2 Rayan.
— Menuetto — Finale, = .

9. ioxe= “Oh welcome fair wood,” . . . . Franz. *
10. Part Sones — (for male chorus), : ;
—da. ‘*The sun is gone,” . ° . Hertz.
—b. ‘*Where wouldI be,” . : . Zollner.
11. AMERICAN NATIONAL HyMN, . ; : |. Keller.

LETTERS ANNOUNCED.
(November.)

Baker, C. Alice, Cambridge, Oct. 11; Bennett, James, Leominster, Sept. 17; But-
terfield, N. Webster, Indianapolis, Ind., July 28; Goodale, G. L., Bowdoin College,
Oct. 19; Hamlin, A. C., Bangor, Me., Oct. 23; Hough, Franklin B., Washington,.
D. C., Sept. 3, Oct. 26; Johnson, A. H., Salem, Oct. 8; King, D. Webster, Boston,
Oct. 9, 11; Lane, Susan M., Cambridge, Oct. 11; Le Baron, J. F., Boston, Oct. 95
Lincoln, Solomon, Boston, Oct. 13; Maynard, C. J., Newtonville, Oct. 7; Morris,
John G., Baltimore, Md., Oct., 11; Nichols, James R., Haverhill, Sept. 28; Nourse,

* Katy E., Salem, Oct. 20; Poole, Stephen D., Lynn, Oct.9; Salisbury, Stephen, Wor-

cester, Oct. 8; Shepard, Henry F., Boston, Oct. 16; Smith, Sidney I., New Haven,
Conn., Sept. 23; Stephens, W. Hudson, Lowville, N. Y., Sept. 26, Oct. 6; Tracy, C.
M., Lynn, Oct. 9; Verrill, A. E., New Haven, Conn., Oct.4; Waters, J. Linton, Chi-
cago, Ill., Sept. 21; Wiggin, J. K., Boston, Oct. 2; Augsburg-Naturhistorischer
Verein, Aug. 4; Bamberg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, 24; Danzig, Naturfor-
schende Gesellschaft, July 28; New York Lyceum of Natural History, Oct. 4; New
York Mercantile Library Association, Oct. 1; Savannah, Georgia Historical So-
ciety, Oct. 21; Stockholm, L’ Academie Royal Suidoise des Sciences, July, August.

144

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
(September and October).

BY DONATION.

BENNETT, JAMES, of Leominster, Mass. Annual Reports of the School Com-
mittee of the Town of Leominster for the years 1866-69, 2 vols. and 1 pamphlet, 8vo,
Fitchburg, 1866, etc.

Brown, T. B., of Chicago.. Report of the Board of Police in the Fire and Police
Departments, to the Common Council of the City of Chicago, for year ending Mch.
31, 1869, 2 pamphlets, 8vo.

BUTLER, BENJ. F., M.C. Report of the Commissioner of Education, for the year
1867-68, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1868.

FELLOWS, R.S., of New Haven, Conn. Richard Saunders’ Almanack for 1760, ;
12mo pamph., Phila. "

FROTHINGHAM, RICHARD, of Charlestown. Life and Times of Joseph Warren,
by R. Frothingham, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1865.

HouGH, FRANKLIN B., of Lowville, N. Y. The Industrial Chemist, 15 Nos., 1862
and 1863. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 36.

JOHNSON, SAMUEL, of Salem. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 513.

LEE, JOHN C., of Salem. Commercial Bulletin for August, 1869.

LINCOLN, SOLOMOK, of Boston. Catalogus Universitatis Br unensis, 1869, 8vo
pamph., Providentiae, 1869.

* NASON, HENRY B., of Troy, N. Y. Annual Register of the Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, 1869, 8vo pamph., Troy.

PuTNAM, Mrs. EBEN, of Salem. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 22.

QUINT, Rev. A. H.,of New Bedford. Minutes of the Sixty-seventh Annual Meet-
ing of the General Assoc. of Cong. Churches of Mass., 1869, 8vo pamph., Boston.

SCUDDER, SAm’L H., of Boston. Entomological Notes II; from the Proceedings
of the Boston Society of Natural History, 8vo pamph.

WARD, MAry A., of Salem. Nathanael Ames’ Almanack for 1741 and 1763, 2
pamphlets 12mo, Boston. N. Low’s Almanack for 1772, 12mo pamph., Boston.

WATERS, E. STANLEY, Chicago. The American Balser for May, 1869. Literary.
Bulletin, 7 Nos.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago. Report of the Chicago and North Western
Railway Company, for the year ending May 31, 1869, 8vo pamph., N. Y., 1869.

BY EXCHANGE.

AMERICAN NUMISMATIC ARCHAZOLOGICAL SOCIETY. American Journal of
Numismatics and the punted August, 1869, 8vo pamph., New York.

Iowa STATE HISTORICAL Society. The Annals of Iowa, published quarterly,
for July, 1869, 8vo pamph., Davenport.

TIDSSKRIFT for POPULAERE FREMSTILLINGER AF NATURVIDENSKABEN ud-
givet af C. Fogh og C. F. Liitken, 5 Nos., 8yo pamph., Kj6benhayen, 1868, 1869.

NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden
Gesellschatt in Basel, 8vo pamph., Basel, 1869.

NATURFORSCHENDER VEREIN. Correspondenzblatt des Naturforscher-Vereins
zu Riga, Vol. XVII, 8vo.

NATURWISSENCHAFTLICHE GESELLSCHAFT. Bericht iiber die Thatigkeit der St.
Gallischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft wahréad des Vereinsjahres, 1867-
68, St. Gallen, 1868, 8vo pamph.

BULLETIN

OF THE

a0 Soo Chan Se a

Vor. 1: Satem, Mass., DecemBErR, 1869. | No. 12:
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

FIRST HOUSES IN SALEM. =

BY W. P. UPHAM.

[ Concluded Srom page 136.}

On the east side of Dean street was a lot of seven
acres, the eastern boundary of which was parallel with
Beckford street, and ran from a point on Essex street
about seventy feet west of Munroe street to the North
River. This was owned before 1664, by Thos. Spooner ;

and he and Thomas Gardner, Sen., and Samuel Shattuck, -

Sen., had houses there as early as 1640. John Simp-

son built a house in 1672, on the south-east corner of

this land, which, in 1772, was conveyed by Jane Ropes
to John Higginson, and by Joseph: Sewall to Miss Caro-
line Plummer in 1846. i

Next east of this was a two acre house-lot, nine rods
wide, where Richard Bishop lived before 1660, his house
being near the river. On the south-west corner of this lot
Roger Derby built a house, and lived there till his death,
in 1698. The site of his house was about three rods

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. 19

146

west of Munroe street, where the house of Mrs. Wallis
stood which was recently removed, and it now forms
part of Capt. Bertram’s estate.

Between Richard Bishop’s land and Beckford street,
Thomas Trusler owned four acres, in 1653. This appears
to have been originally two house-lots, each nine rods
in width, one of which was owned by William Bound,
whose house was near the river. Thomas Trusler’s
house was on the west side of the north end of Beck-
ford street. His widow left it to her son Edward Phelps,
who, in 1657, conveyed it, with three acres and a half of
land adjoining, to Thomas Robbins, from whom it de-~
scended to his niece Rebecca, wife of William Pinson,
who afterwards married Joseph Bubier of Marblehead,
and conveyed the same homestead to Rebecca, wife of
John Beckford, and only child of William Pinson. They
conveyed the house, and a small part of the land adjoin-
ing, to their son John Beckford, in 1739, and it remained
in that family for many years. Between Thomas Robins
land and Essex street there were four dwelling houses
before 1680. On the corner was the “ Kitchen House”
(see p. 57) which was probably built m 1664; and next
west a house where George Dean lived in 1674; and
west of that one which Thomas Maule built in 1674,
and west of this another which John Kitchen sold to
Richard Croad, in 1664.

East of Beckford street were three house-lots running
from the river to Essex street, and each seven rods in
width, the first owned before 1661, by Thomas Cole, and
the next by Samuel Belknap, both of whose houses were
near the river. The third from Beckford street was the
homestead of Allen Kenniston as early as 1640. His ©
widow married Philip Cromwell, who sold it to William
Hirst in 1680. Dr. George B. Loring now lives on the

147

same estate. East of this, Hilliard Veren owned three-
quarters of an acre, in 1665; and next to that were two
other house-lots, each seven rods in width, and both
owned by Philip Veren, in 1662, who lived where Mrs.
S. F. Orne now lives, opposite Cambridge street. On
the southeast corner of this land, where the entrance to
the North Church is, Richard Sibley built a house in
1662. The rest was conveyed to Mary, widow of Nathan-
iel Veren, who became the wife of Thomas Putnam, and
conveyed the eastern half to his son Thomas Putnam, and
the western half to his son Joseph, the father of Gen.
Israel Putnam. Thomas’ part came into the possession
of Benjamin Gerrish in 1713, and remained in that family
for many years. Joseph’s part was sold by him in 1718,
to Mrs. Mary Lindall, a daughter of Mary Veren; who
also bought the land to the west that had been owned by
Hilliard Veren; and the whole was conveyed by the heirs
of Samuel Barnard to Nathaniel Ropes, in 1768. On
the West side of North street was the homestead of
Roger Williams in 1635-6, of which we shall give a more
extended account hereafter. All these lots ran through
from Essex street to the river.

The house-lots, between North and Summer streets on
the west and Washington street on the east, all of which —
ran from east to west, have been already described. We
will only add that on the eastern corner of Essex and |
North streets, on land which was conveyed, in 1670, by
Edmond Batter to his brother-in-law Hilliard Veren,
Sen., was built a house which Timothy Hicks conveyed
to Deliverance Parkman, in 1673, and which was taken
down about twenty years ago. On the south side, from
Summer street to Washington street, there were four
houses before 1661, in what was called “Fogg’s Row;”
but we do not know who occupied them.

148

East of Washington street and next the North River
the earliest houses were those of Reuben Guppy, John
Smith, Wm. Comins and John Symonds. South of that
was the homestead of Gov. Endicott (see Essex Inst.
Proceedings, Vol. V, p. 131). Where Dr. Cate lives now
was the house of Thomas Oliver, whose wife, Mary,
was a noted character in the earliest Colonial history.
Thomas Oliver’s second wife, Bridget, who afterwards

married Edward Bishop, was the first victim of the

Witcheraft delusion of 1692.

On the north corner of Essex and Washington streets
lived Walter Price; and next east lived John Woodbury*
one of the Old Planters. He died in 1641, leaving a
widow, Ann, as appears by: our County Court records,
who, in 1660, conveyed the house to Capt. George Cor-
win. It stood just east of Browne’s Block. Next east
of this, where Hon. Richard S. Rogers lives, was a house
and half acre of land, in which lived Thomas Weeks be-
fore 1655. For reasons which will be stated hereafter,
we believe that this was originally the house of Roger

Conant, who, as he himself said, erected the first house

in Salem.

Where the Mansion House lately stood, was the Ship
Tavern, kept for many years by John Gedney. And be-
tween that and St. Peter street, was the homestead of
Peter Palfrey, another of the Old Planters. After his
removal to Reading; about ‘the year 1648, this estate
came into the possession of Wm. Browne.

From St. Peter street to the Common, and between

Essex street and Brown street was all, in 1640, the
homestead of Emanuel Downing. His house was after-

wards the home of Joseph Gardner who married his ~

* Wrongly conjectured in a former article (Hist. Coll. Vol. 8, p. 253) to be Nicho-
las Woodbury, whose Will, dated 1685, we find is on the Suffolk Records.

nie

149

daughter, Ann; and she afterwards married Gov. Brad-
street. .

North of Brown street were house-lots extending to
the river, and occupied before 1660, by Christopher
Waller, Joseph Miles, Isaac Page and Rev. Edward
Norris. East of where Williams street is, lived George
Williams, who left his homestead in 1654, to his eldest
son, John Williams. Between that and Winter street,
was the homestead of Thomas Watson. He gave his
estate, in 1668 and in 1672, to Jacob Pudeator, whose
wife, Ann, was executed as a witch in 1692.

The Common, until 1660, extended south to Essex
street, and also included the land between Winter street
and Pleasant street. On the east side of Pleasant street
the earliest houses were those of Thomas Rootes, who8e
house was on the north side of the cove at the east end of
Forrester street ; and Josiah Rootes, Edward Giles, Phile-
mon Dickenson and John Borne, who lived in the vicinity
of where Pickman street is now, their houses having dis-
appeared in 1655, when John Gedney owned the land,
afterwards known as the Gedney Pasture. *

For an account of the ‘square between Washington
street and Central street, see Hist. Coll. Vol. 8, p. 250.

Where the Charter street Cemetery is now was the |

ancient, and probably the first, burying place. Near it
John Horne had a windmill in 1637. Among the earliest
houses between Central and Elm streets, may be men-
tioned those of John Holgrave (Downing Block), Henry
‘Bartholomew (Pickman house and E. I. Marine Hall),

* We propose, in an appendix, to give an account of the first houses on the neck
of land through which Bridge street runs, and of the Planters Marsh, so called;
and will only remark here, that the interest which the Old Planters had in the land
there, does not appear to have been as a place of residence, but simply to have
arisen from a very early use of it, in common, on account of the great importance
to them of the salt marsh. We also intend to give a further account of the houses

. of Roger Conant and Roger Williams.

“150

and Wm. Hathorne (west corner of Liberty street). On
the west corner of Elm street lived Wm. Allen, one of
the Old Planters. East of Elm street was the homestead
and wharf of Elder John Brown.

From there to the Neck, the house-lots were mostly
occupied by merchants, seamen, pa oh and others
connected with maritime affairs.

oo
ORDER OF MEETINGS.

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 20, 1869. The President in the
Chair. :

Records of preceding meeting were read. Correspondence and
donations were announced.

Mr. JOHN ROBINSON was elected Home and Recording Secretary for
the remainder of the year, and until another shall be chosen in his
Stead.

A letter from Dr. F. B. Houen, contained a fall account of his
opinion in regard to ‘‘ the Onondaga giant,” which he considered was
undoubtedly a deception.

Mr. Atepueus Hyatt gave an account of this deception, which he
received from a friend who had made extensive enquiries in relation
thereto.

The PRESIDENT ead a letter from Mr. THOMAS pela tig a former
resident in this city, and an officer of the Natural History Society at
the time of its organization and for several years afterwards, giving
an account of two visits to Scrooby, the'Home of the Pilgrims; one
about ninteeen years since, the other in October last. He remarked
that this letter comes at an opportune time, within a day or two of
the anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, in 1620,
a day memorable in gar annals, and one which is appropriately
noticed by the children of New England wherever located. He gave
a brief history of Scrooby, alluding to Elder Brewster and some of
his companions — their removal to Holland, and finally coming to New
England, and the founders of a coleny which has had so much influ-
ence in the organization of this government.

To the President of the Essex Institute, Salem, Massachusetts, U. WS.

My pEAR Dr. WHEATLAND: —I beg to acknowledge the receipt of |
your very kind letter, and the certificate constituting me a corres-
ponding member of the Essex Institute. It has given me much
pleasure to find myself once more associated with friends that I

151

loved, friends whose kindness to me made my life happy and pleas-
ant during my sojourn in Salem.

I hope I shall be forgiven for not replying more promptly, but I
wished to supply an item of information to the Historical depart-
ment of the Institute, but poor health for many months prevented
me from making the necessary journey. I wished to give a brief
report on the present condition of Scrooby and Austerfield, the
English homes of Brewster and Bradford.

About nineteen years ago I made a pilgrimage to Scrooby and
Austerfield. On entering Scrooby village my eye hastily wandered
over the scene it presented, and I looked eagerly for objects that must
have been familiar to the pilgrim fathers. I wanted.a common point,
where the past and the present—the pilgrim and myself—might shake
hands. While in this mood my eye settled upon Scrooby Church;
it was the object I wanted; it was the link in the chain that I was
looking for. Ah! there it stood in its gray old age, just as the pil-
grim fathers left it, and I was not long in recognizing in its tapering
spire the type of the many spires that adorned the landscape of New
England some fifty years ago; many of which I endured the pain of
seeing thrown down to give place to steeples and turrets, as I thought,
less emblematic of a christian country. On entering the church I
could well imagine that little or no alteration had taken place from
the time of the Elder Brewster, and I paced its aisles with a liyely
interest, every step I took being in the footprints of a pilg®im
father.

On strolling into the village I enquired for the site of Scrooby
Manor, which was soon pointed out to me, and, what was of deeper |
interest, the manor farm-house. My informant was an old man, who
was hedging and ditching. He was very intelligent and very commu-
nicative for one of his class, and soon gave me to understand that cer-
tain portions of the original manor were incorporated bodily into the
manor farm-house, which he had just pointed out. This information
awakened a new interest, for I had just read in Mr. Hunter’s valua-
ble pamphlet- that no portion of it (the old manor) ts now standing.
I was soon knocking at the door of the manor farm-house, and on
hastily explaining the motive of my call I was received with a genial
cordiality by its.well-bred inhabitants. On putting the question
plainly, ‘‘ does any entire portion of the old: manor make a part of.
this present building?” I was told that such was really the fact.
And then,.with as much modesty as I could command, I requested to
be shown that particular portion, and was politely shown into an
upper room called the ‘‘manor chamber.” It was then a family sleep-
ing room and handsomely furnished. On closely inspecting the walls
I discovered that peculiar recess, the Piscina, which is always found
in old Roman Catholic Chapels. On the landing at the entrance to
the manor chamber there was a small latticed window with stone
» mullions. and transom, that I could well imagine as belonging to the
ancient manor. Immediately before this latticed window there stood
a mulberry tree, said to have been planted by Cardinal Woolsey. It
was a living thing upon which the pilgrim fathers must have gazed
many and many a time, and peradventure eaten of its fruit. I have
seen the old oaks in Sherwood forest —some of them dating from
the days of King John, and I have paid some attention to the dura-
tion of hedges, and I can readily believe that the Scrooby aecrapa td
tree was planted by Woolsey, or as far back as his day.

152

From Scrooby I walked to Austerfield, and, very like, by the same
bye-paths that young Bradford trod when he stole over to Scrooby to
worship with his co-religionists at.the manor. The old church of
Austerfield is very small, not calculated to hold more than from one
hundred to one hundred and fifty people, but yet its walls are three
feet thick. It has stood for many centuries, and for anything I saw
it may stand for many more. As I gazed at its massive construction
I could not help thinking, “truly the men of Austerfield built for
posterity ;” and young Bradford catching the inspiration of his native
village laid his foundations broad and deep in another hemisphere,
and in a more magnificent manner, built for posterity. I should
think, from appearances, that the village of Austerfield was much the
same as when Bradford left it. The register of his baptism is in the
keeping of the clergyman who resides at Bawtry. One item ot

interest I gathered from the parish clerk, an old man. One of the:

bells in the tiny tower of the church, was the veritable bell — the
Curfew — that tolled out the harsh tones of the Norman conquests.
Here ended my first pilgrimage. :

The result was the discovery of a portion of the manor of Scrooby
—the cradle of the Anglo-Norman* Republic — the precious spot
where the infant Giant of the West drew its first struggling breath.

On the 4th day of the present month, October, 1869, I sat out on
my second pilgrimage to Scrooby and Austerfield. It was a fine
autumnal day—a day of the English Indian summer— called by
Shakspeare, ‘St. Martin’s little summer.” The phenomenon of a
few fine days —a sort of blessing added to the summer—is common,
I am inclined to believe, all over the northern hemisphere. As a
farmer by profession and practice I regard it as a kind provision of
nature, enabling the husbandman to prepare his land and sow his
seed wheat for the next year’s harvest. On the present occasion, I
took my own conveyance anda man to drive me. Before I reached
the village of Scrooby, the well known spire of the old church pre-
senteditself. On alighting at the church I found all right outwardly
—just as the pilgrim fathers left it — but within a great change had
taken place. About five years ago the body of the church was com-
pletely renovated, and reseated. It was no longer the church that
the pilgrims knew, but the people of the present day have a more
commodious place of worship, and that circumstance stifles all re-
grets. Among the many changes that nineteen years has brought
about none was so great as the intense interest that had sprung
up in the interval. Scrooby Church had become the Mecca of New
England people. On mygfirst visit I only found one individual that
was at all aware of the’American interest attached to Scrooby, and
that individual was Lord Galway, whom I accidentally met at Bawtry
station. Now all this apparent indifference is changed. Mine host
at the Bawtry hotel, his men in the stable, parish clerk and sexton,

all that I met were alive to the American interest that had-gathered -

round Scrooby and Austerfield.. Some of the people told me that the
Americans would have restored Scrooby Church if the parishioners
would have allowed a simple restoration. During the time of its
actual repair many Americans visited the spot and bought up frag-
ments of the old church. One rejected door stone and the old font

*] prefer to write Anglo-Norman, because J think it is the Norman element of our

population that migrates and stirs new regions with its restless activity.

153

were given by Lord Houghton, the patron of the church, to some
Chicago Pilgrims, and taken by them to that far away city.

On visiting the manor farm-house, I found that great changes had
taken place. Two sets of tenants had passed away to another world.
The house is all but deserted; the only inhabitants are a laborer and
his family. The manor chamber is there, but it looked mean without
its furniture. The small recess in the wall that I call the Piscina, is
there, and on the opposite wall, immediately before it, a larger recess
was pointed out to me, with the remark, ‘‘ Here once a pulpit stood.”
But I thought— more likely a cross. The small latticed window, with
its stone mullions, is there, on the landing, looking down upon Cardi-
nal Woolsey’s mulberry tree, which, by the way, is fresh, green, and
vigorous, and has this past summer borne a large crop of berries. On
this occasion I was shown into what is called the manor room; but
in this I saw no evidences of antiquity, save the thickness of the
walls, and these formed the basement of the manor chamber. The
inner wail of this chamber is obscured by a coating of modern plas-
ter; but in passing into the next chamber we see the wall in its
original state, and the indications of a large window, now and for
many years filled up with masonry.

For myself, on a retrospect of the whole, I could not resist the im-
pression that I received nineteen years ago, and that was, that a con-
siderable portion of the old manor was left standing at the time of
the final dissolution; and that portion, with large additions, made &p
the present manor farm-house. The manor chamber was very like a
private chapel, such as we often found in old manor houses, and in
those of a religious character.

-I am aware that Mr. Bartlett, a later pilgrim than Hunter, in speak-
ing of the old manor, says, ‘‘ Not a wreck of this sumptuous building
now remains.” He also tells of some fragments of richly carved oak,
as propping up the roof of acow-shed. Appended to the manor farm
house there is a suit of modern farm buildings, and in the construction
of these the old oak of the old manor is largely employed. I saw one
baulk in a stable, from fifteen to twenty feet long, richly carved and
every way worthy of the reception room or the banquet halls. There
are more, I was told, and collectively they would convey a better
idea of Scrooby’s manorial magnificence than anything that remains.

From Scrooby, I drove on this occasion to Austerfield, and lost the.
luscious thought that I was treading in the footsteps of young Brad-
ford. Evetything in Austertield village looked much as it did nine-
teen years ago. The old parish clerk was dead and gone but he
was succeeded by his son who only wanted a few more years to,
make him as rich and ripe as his father. Nothing new had occurred.
The church was reseated and repaired in 1835. The chancel, how-
ever, does not appear to have received the least touch of modern
improvement. The communion rails are doubtless the same as Wil-
* liam Bradford looked down upon in his youth, and before which his
grandfather and grandmother stood when they were married, and,
possibly, generations before them. The chancel of our parish
churches is repaired by the patron of the church, while the body or
nave of the church is improved by the parishioners; and these par-
ties often act independently of each other. They have evidently
done so at Austerfield. On questioning the clerk about the curfew
bell, he could give no better authority than that of his father, who
had received the tradition from a former parish clerk.

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. 20

”

154

In conclusion, I will beg permission to observe that the chancel
of Austerfield Church is much out of repair, and some alteration
will, very like, take place before long. And the same may be said
of the manor farm-house at Scrcoby. It looks, just now, as if the
landlord must either pull it down or thoroughly repair it. In either
case —in any action at Scrooby or Austerfield —some relics precious
to the sons of the Pilgrims might be secured.

When the proper season arrives, I will, if health and life permit,
send thee, Mr. President of the Essex Institute, a small bundle of
cuttings, by post, from Woolsey’s mulberry tree. The mulberry
grows from cuttings.

In the event of any member of the Essex Institute visiting Scrooby,
I would observe that there is a lady, a Mrs. Smith, a widow of one
of the late tenants of the manor farm-house, now residing at Baw-
try, who can give all the information that can be obtained respecting
the incorporation of portions of the old manor into the now stand-
ing manor farm-house. Bawtry lies midway between Scrooby and
Austerfield.

With kind regards to all the members of the Institute, and partic-
ularly to those who have so kindly remembered me after an absence
of thirty years, I am, Mr. President, very respectfully, your friend
and. coadjutor,

THOMAS SPENCER.

P. S. I shall send Mr. Hunter’s Historical Tract by present post,
and beg its acceptance by the Institute.

BRANSBY, near Lincoln, England, }
October 28, 1869.

After the reading of Mr. Spencer’s letter, Mr. GrorGrE D. PHIPPEN
commenced a series of remarks on the plants mentioned in the Bible.
On motion of Hon. J. G. WATERS, it was

Voted, That Mr. Phippen be requested to continue his remarks on
this subject at the next meeting of the Institute.

ourth Musical Entertainment, Wednesday, December 22, 1869.

PROGRAMME.
1. Prano Duettr— ‘“‘ Waltz, Leinate’s = ea y . Labitzky.
2. Sona—Soprano, ‘‘Ave Maria,” . - Schubert.
3. Duretr — “*When I“know that thou met near me,” Abt.
4. Sone — Tenor, ‘None ever,” . r - - Mattet.
5. Parr Sona—Since first I saw your face, Ry ase . L.Ford,1609.
6. Sona— Soprano, “Salve Maria,” . . . . Mercadante.
7. Sona—Soprano, ‘‘ Slumber Song,” : « » Kucken.
8. Prano SoLto— ‘La Scintilla,” . - ; . Gottschalk.
9. Song—Soprano, ‘‘Il Marinaro,” . : > - Campana.
10. Trrio—**Te sol quest anima,” . x , . Verdi.
11. Prano Durrr—‘*Trauer Marsch,” . . «. «. Mendelssohn.
12. Part Sona—‘* Annie Lee,” . 3 5 7 . J. Barnby.

a)

155

LETTERS ANNOUNCED,

Allis, Solon W., Boston, Nov. 18; Bancroft & Co., San Francisco, Cal., Nov. 26;
Boardman, Samuel L., Augusta, Me., Nov. 16; Boulanger, F. Le, Nov. 19; Chat-
-field, Charles C., New Haven, Conn., Dec. 16; Cutting, Hiram A., Lunenburgh, Vt.,
Dec. 7; Dalrymple, E. A., Baltimore, Md., Dec. 2; Hamlin, A. C., Bangor, Me.,
Nov. 29; Hough, F. B., Washington, D. C., Noy. 16, 22; Howell, Robert, Nichols,
Tioga Co., N. Y., June 14; King, D. Webster, Boston, Dec. 8; Lee, Wm. Raymond,
qe Noy. 17; Lewis, Winslow, Boston, Nov. 25; Moore, George H., New York,

ov. 18; Shepard, Henry F., Boston, Nov. 20; Spencer, Thomas, Bransby, near
Lincoln, England, Oct. 28; Stephens, W. Hudson, Lowville, N. Y., Dec. 1; Chi-
cago, Franklin Society, Nov. 15; Georgia Historical Society, Sivannah, Nov. 13, 27;
Quebec Literary and Historical Society, Dec. 6; Manchester Literary and Philo-
sophical Society, Aug. 2; Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., June 29;
Zurich, Die Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Sept. 30.

—<““—

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
BY DONATION.

* a

ABBOT, T. C., of Lansing, Mich. Seventh Annual Report of the State Boare of
Agriculture of Miohice: for 1863, 1 vol. 8vo, Lansing.

ANDREWS, SAMUEL P., of Salem. List of Shareholders in the National Banks in
the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1 vol. 4to, Boston, 1869. fe
ATWOOD, E. S., of Salem. Paris Universal Exhibition, 1867, 8vo pamph., Lon-

don. Specimen copies of several French papers.

BARLOW, JOHN, of Salem. Legislative Documents for 1869, House and Senate,
6 vols. 8vo. ,

BOARDMAN, SAMUEL L., of Augusta, Me. Bewick’s History of Quadrupeds, 1
vol. 8vo, Newcastle, 1824. Agriculture of Maine, 1865-68, 4 vols. 8vo, Augusta.
Portland Business Directory, 1868, 1 vol. 8vo.

BROOKS, CHARLES T., of Newport, R. I. Pentecost, by S. L. Little, 1 vol. 12mo,
Newport, 1869. Miaseliancons pamphlets, 35

BUREAU OF REFUGEES, Washington, D. C. Eighth Semi-Annual Report on
Schools for Freedmen, 8vo pamph., Washington, 1869. Report of Gen. O. O. How-
ard to the Secretary of War, 8vo pamph., Washington, 1869.

BUTLER, BENJ. F., M.C. Report of the Department of Agriculture for 1869, 8vo
pamphlet, Washington. Review of the Report of the Special Commissioner of the
Revenue, 8vo pamph., Philadelphia, 1869. Report from the Joint Select Committee
on Retrenchment, 1 vol. 8vo0, Washington, 1868.

CHAMBERLAIN, Mrs. JAMES, of Salem. A Voyage Around the World, 1 vol. 8vo,
London, 1767. ft

CHAPMAN, JOHN, of Salem. Two Modern Greek Child’s Papers, 1869.

CROSBY, ALPHEUS, of Salem. New Hampshire Register for 1810, 1816, 1832, 3
pamphlets 16mo, Concord.

DALRYMPLE, E. A, of Baltimore, Md. Baltimore Directories, 1833 to 1866, 14
vols. 8vo. :

DE REFFYE, M. VERCHERE. Les Armes D’Alise. Notice avec Photographies et
Gravures sur Bois, 8vo pamph., Paris, 1864.

FABENS, B. H., of Salem. Records of the Proceedings of a General Court Mar-
tial holden at Salem, Sept. 28, 1812, 8vo pamph., Cambridge.

156

Gossip, WILLIAM, of Halifax, N. S. The Antiquity of Man in America, 8vo
pamph., Halifax, 1869.

GREEN, SAMUEL A., of Boston. Cotton Culture, 1 vol. 8yo, Boston, 1869. Pro-
ceedings of the Commercial Convention, 1 vol. 8vo, Detroit, 1865. Proceedings at
the First Meeting of the National Board of Trade of Philadelphia, 1 vol. 8vo, Bos-
ton, 1868. Fifteenth Annual Report of the Boston Board:of Trade, 1 vol. 8vo, Bos-
ton, 1869. Report of the School Committee of the City of Boston, 1867, 1 vol. 8vo.
Farewell Address by Rev. J. H. Fairchild, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1868. Miscellane-
ous pamphlets, 97..

' HOUGH, FRANKLIN B., of Washington, D.C. A Series of Tables of the Several
Branches of American Manufacture, 4to pamph., 1810. Miscellaneous pamphlets,
28.

HOWARD, SANFORD. Report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture -

of the Sate of Michigan for 1868, 1 vol. 8vo, Lansing.

HYATT, ALPHEUS, of Salem. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 81.

JOHNSON, AMOS H., of Salem. Manual of Homeopathic Practice, 1 vol. 8vo,
Phila., 1859.

KNOWLAND, RICHARDSON, of Marblehead. The Boston News Letter, No. 1,
April 17, 1704.

LAWRENCE, CHARLES, of Danvers. Cultivator and Country Gentleman, 22 vols.
American Agriculturist, 3 vols. New England Farmer, 3 vols. Colman’s European
Agriculture, 2 vols. Weekly Messenger, 1 vol. Horticultural Register, 3 vols.
Magazine of Horticulture, 4 vols.

_Lwa, Isaac, of Philadelphia, Pa. Index to vol. xii, and Supplementary Index
to vols. i. to Xi, of Observations on the Genus Unio, vol. ii, 4to pamph., Philadel-
phia, 1869. :

LEE, JOHN C., of Salem. Commercial Bulletin for 1869.

LEWIS, WINSLOW, of Boston. Addresses of W. Lewis, M.D., before the New
England Historic-Genealogical Society, 3 pamphlets 8vo, Boston, 1865.

Lynn, Ciry oF. History of the City Hall of Lynn, 1 vol. 8vo, Lynn, 1869.

MILLER, E. F., of Salem. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8.

MOORE, GEORGE H., of New York. Documents relating to the Colonial History

of the State of New York, 1 vol. 4to, Albany, 1861. Smith’s History of New York, ©

2 vols. 8vo, 1829. Collections of the New York Historical Society, 1 vol. 8vo, New
York, 1826.

Mors, BE. S.,of Salem. Worcester’s Elements of Geography, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston,
1827. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 9. ;

MoRTILLET, M. G. DE. Essai @’une Classification des Cavernes et des Stations
sous abri fondée sur les Produits de L’Industrie Humaine, 8vo pamph.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WOOL MANUFACTURERS. Bulletin for October,
1869, 8vo pamph., Boston.

NICHOLS, DANFORTH B. logue of Howard University for 1868-9, 8vo pamph.

OSGOOD, JOSEPH B. F., of Salem. Pennsylvania Packet, 1783 to 1790, 8 vols.
folio. Georgia Historical Collections, 1 vol. 8vo, Savannah, 1840. Dictionary of
English and Latin Idioms, 1 vol. 12mo, London, 1712. Gentleman’s Magazine, 1
vol. 8vo, London, 1768. Miscellaneous volumes, 29. Serials, 280. Pamphlets, 204.

POWERS, STEPHEN A., of Salem. An Old Document, in Congress, July 4, 1776,
a Declaration by the Representatives of U. S. A., signed by John Hancock.

PREBLE, G. H., of Charlestown. Martha Preble Oxford and her descendants
to 1869, 8vo pamph. ,

PROCTOR, GEORGE H. Gloucester and Rockport Directory for 1869, 1 vol. 8vo.

PUTNAM, Mrs. EBEN, of Salem. Three 8vyo pamphiets.

ROBERTS, S.R. Catalogue and Synonymy of the Genera, Species, and Varieties
of Recent Mollusca, Part 4, 8vo pamph., Philadelphia, 1869.

<—

157

. SECRETARY OF STATE, Boston, Mass. Public Documents-of Massachusetts for
1868, 4 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1839. '

SIBLEY, JOHN L., of Cambridge. Catalogue of the Officers and Students of
Harvard University for 1869-70, 12mo pamph., Cambridge.

STATEN, Mrs. K. L., of Salem. Church Psalmody, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1852. Ro-
maine’s Discourses, 1 vol. 8vv, Edinburgh, 1788. Also nine 8vo vols.

STEVENS, WILLIAM H., of Lowyville, N. Y. Boonville, Lowville, Potsdam and
Carthage Directories for 1867-68, 4 vols. 12mo, Watertown.

STONE, HENRY, of Nashville, Tenn. Water Power of Maine, 1 vol. 8vo. -Min-
eralogy of Nova Scotia, 1 vol. 8vo, Halifax, 1869. Report of Commissioners of
Hydrographic Survey, 1 vol. 8vo, Augusta, 1868. International Commercial Con-
vention, 1 vol. 8vo, Portland, 1868. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 16.

TUCKER, JONATHAN, of Salem. Report of the Secretary of the Iowa State Agri-
cultural Society for 1868, 1 vol. 8vo, Des Moines, 1869. 2 pamphlets, 8vo.

VEATCH, CHARLES, of Keytesville, Mo. Edwards’ St. Louis Directory for 1864,
1 vol. 8vo. Williams’ Cincinnati Directory for 1855, 1 vol. 8vo. Edwards’ Report
of St. Louis Agriculture, 1 vol..8vo. ‘

WALTON, EBEN N., of Salem. New England Farmer, 23 Nos. Journal of the
Grand Division of the Sons of Temperance, 23 Nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

WARD, JAMES C., of Salem. Physico-Theology, by W. Derham, 1 vol. 8vo,
London, 1727. Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves, 1 vol.12mo, 1782. England
and Wales, 3 vols. 12mo, London, 1769. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago. Charter of the Chicago Stock Exchange, sw
pamph., 1869.

WHITELY, JOHN, of Shirley Village. Autobiography of a Shaker, and Revela-
tion of the Apocalypse, 8yo pamph.

WHITMORE, W. H., of Boston. <A Brief Genealogy of the Usher Family, 8vo
pamph., Boston, 1869.

_ YALE COLLEGE. Catalogue of Officers and Students, 1869-70, 8vo pamph., New
Haven, 1858.

BY EXCHANGE.

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Philadelphia. Proceedings, May, June, July,
1869, 8vo pamph.

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. Proceedings, vol. vii, pages
345-508, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1868.

AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Transactions, vol. 2, No.3, October, 1869,
. 8vo pamph., Philadelphia.

BIBLIOTHEQUE UNIVERSELLE ET REVUE SuISSE. Archives des Sciences
Physiques at Naturelles. Nouvelle Période, 3 pamphlets, 8vo, Geneve, 1869.

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. Bulletin for October, 1869.

Boston SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Proccedings at Annual Meeting,
May 5, 1859, 8vo pamph. Conditions and Doings of B. S. N. H., 8vo pamph., 1869.
Proceedings, Vol. xiii, sigs. 4-9, Svo pamph., 1869. Address at Centennial Anni-
versary of the birth of A. Von Humboldt, by L. Agassiz, 8vo pamph., 1869.

‘ BOWDOIN COLLEGE. Catalogue of the Officers and Students, First Term, 1869-
°70, 8vo pamph., Brunswick, 1869. The Bugle for November, 1869.

CROSSE ET FISCHER. Journal de Conchyliologie, Tome, ix, No. 3, 8vo pamph.,
Paris, 1859.

ENTOMOLOGISCHER VEREIN zu Stettin. Entomologische Zeitung, Herausge-
geben von dem entomologischen Vereine zu Stettin, 8vo pamph., Stettin, 1869.

GEORGIA HISTORICAL Socinry. Stevens’ History of Georgia, 2 vols. 8vo, New
York, 1847. Historical Sketch, Chatham Artillery, 1 vol. 8vyo, Albany, 1867. Sketch
of Tomo-Chi-Chi, 1 vol. 8yo, Albany, 1868. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8.

158

HARVARD COLLEGE. Annual Report of the President and Treasurer of Har-
vard College for 1868-769, 8vo pamph., Cambridge.

Iowa STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Annals of Iowa for October, 1869, 8vo
pamph. :

KONGLIGA SVENSKA VETENSKAPS AKADEMIEN. Hemiptera Africana descripsit
Carolus Stal, 8vo pamph., Holmiz, 1864. Kongliga Vetenskaps}Akademiens.. Kon-
gliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 1864-1867, 4 vols. 4to. Ofver-
sigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps Akademiens Forhandlingar, 1865-1868. Lefnadsteck-
ningar Ofver K. Sv. and A. Led. Sketch of the Geology of Spitzbergen, 8vo
pamph., Stockholm, 1867. Die Thierarten des Aristoteles, 8vo pamph., Stockholm,
1863. Conspectum Avium Picinarum, 8vo pamph., Stockholmiz.

KONGELIGE DANSKE VIDENSKABERNES SELSKAB. Oversigt over det Kgl.
Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider i
Aaret, 1867-1869, 8vo pamphlets, Kj6benhayn. Botanisk Tidsskrift udgivet af den
Botaniske Forening i Kj6benhavn, 8vo pamph., 1869. :

LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY of Quebec. Transactions, 1867-1869, Svo
pamph., Quebec, 1869. Manuscripts relating to the Early History of Canada, 12mo
pamph., Quebec, 1866.

LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY of Manchester. Memoirs, vol. 3,
third series, 1 vol. 8vo, London, 1868. Proceedings, vols. 5, 6, 7, 1866-68, 8vo,
Manchester.

MICHIGAN STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Catalogue of the Officers and
Students, 8vo pamph., Lansing, 1869.

Monson ACADEMY. Catalogue of the Trustees, Instructors and Students, 8vo
pamph., Springfield, 1869. “

NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT in Bern. Mittheilungen der Naturforschen-
den Gesellschaft in Bern, aus dem Jahre, 1868, 8vo.

NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT in Danzig. Schriften der Naturforschenden
Gesellschaft in Danzig, Neue Folge, 8vo pamph., 1869. .
NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT in Zurich. Vierteljahrsschrift der Natur-

forschenden Gesellschaft, 8 Nos., 8vo pamph., Zurich, 1867-’68.

NATURFORSCHENDER VEREIN zu Bamberg. Fiinfter, Sechster, Siebenter, Ach-
ter Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Bamberg, 8vo pamphlets, 1860-
1868.

NATURHISTORISCHEN VEREINS zu Augsburg. Zwanzigster Bericht des Natur-
historischen Vereins zu Augsburg Veroffentliche in Jahre, 1869.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. The New England His-
torical and Genealogical Register for January, 1870, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1870.

NEW JERSEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings, Second Series, vol. i, 1867-
769, 8vo pamph., Newark, 1869.

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Journal, vol. iv, Part 4, 4to
pamph., 1889.

PUBLISHERS. American Fenrnal of Numismatics. American Literary Gazette.
Book Buyer. Canadian Journal. Canadian Naturalist.. Christian World. Col-
lege Review. Cosmos. Essex Banner. Free Trader. Gardener’s Monthly. Glou-
cester Telegraph. Guardian of Health. Hardwicke’s Science Gossip. Haverhill
Gazette. Historical Magazine. Hoop Skirt. Land and Water. Lawrence Ameri- °
can. L’Investigateur. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Monthly
Record. Nation, Naturalist’s Note Book. Nature. Pavilion. Peabody Press.
Printer. Sailor’s Magazine and Seamen’s Friend. Silliman’s Journal. Sotheran’s
Catalogue. Trade Circular.

RHODE ISLAND HISTORICAL Society. . Address of Samuel G. Arnold before
the Rhode Island Historical Society, June 1, 1869, 8vo pamph., Providence.

RoYAL PHysicaL Society of Edinburgh. Proceedings, 1854-1866, 8yo pamph.

159

SOCIETE IMPERIALE D’AGRICULTURE, HISTOIRE NATURELLE ET ARTS UTILES
de Lyon. Annales der Sciences ERYPAARER,: et Naturelles, d’Agriculture et d’In-
dustrie, Tome xi, 1867, 8vo, Lyon.

VEREIN FUR ERDKUNDE UND VERWANDTE WISSENSCHAFTEN. Notizblatt des
Vereins fur Erdkunde und verwandte Wissenschaften zu Darmstadt und des mit-
telrheinischen geologischen Vereins, 8vo pamph., Darmstadt, 1868. Versuch einer
Statistik des Grossherzogthums Hessen auf Grundlage der Bodenbeschaffenheit,
8vo pamph., Darmstadt, 1868,

VERMONT STATE LIBRARY. Vermont Legislative Documents, 1 vol. 8vo, Mont-
pelier, 1869. Eleventh Registration Report, 1 vol. Svo, Rutland, 1869. Directory
for the use of the General Assembly, 1 vol. 12mo, Montpelier, 1869.

ZOOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT. Der Zoologische Garten. Zeitschrift fiir Beo-
bachtung, Pflege und Zucht der Thiere. Herausgegeben von’Dr. F. C. Noll, vol.
x, Nos. 1-6, 8yo pamphlets, Frankfiirt, a.-M., 1869.

<>»

ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUMS OF THE INSTITUTE AND
THE PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

LUKE BEMIS. Eleven specimens of Mica, infiltrated with magnetic iron, from
New Castle Co., Pa.; and a specimen of Astacus, from Glenn Mills, Pa.

HBP Wh BURBANK, Lowell: Four Stone Arrowheads, from the vicinity of that place.

BENJAMIN F. BUTLER, M. C. A specimen of Clay, from the Artesian Well at
Fortress Monroe, taken at the depth of 734 feet; this is part of the same stratum
through which the boring has gone, since it passed the 280th foot. Also a sketch of
the well,.showing the various strata through which it passed, drawn on a scale of
one inch to ten feet.

Dr. DANIEL CLARK FLINT, Mich. Living specimens of ‘Ae ptainestes spinifer,
from Lake Michigan.

JAMES Dow, Beverly Farms. A large Flint Pebble, dug out of a gravel pit at
Beverly Farms.

Mary K. HARAN, Kingston, R.I. Specimen of Danais Erippus, from that place.

J.HOLMAN. A collection of Insects, from the northern line of Upper California.

FRED KEHEW, Salem. <A Club from the Fejee Islands ?

Mrs. LucY JANE LEFAVOUR, Danversport. A fine specimen of Gray Squirrel
frem that place,

J. WARREN LUSCOMB, Salem. <A pair of Banian shoes, richly worked with raw
silk, from Caleutta.

Mrs. MARY MANN, Cambridge. A collectior, of Plants, from Algeria; from the
Herbarium of the late Horace Mann.

ALONZO MASON, Beverly. A Gray Parrot from West Coast of Africa?

D. F. MEADY. Model of a fast-boat from Singapore.

Mrs. SAMUEL Moopy, Newburyport. Slab containing fossils, from Mt. Auburn,
Cincinnati.
‘ J. A. Moorg, Gloucester. Egg Cases containing young shells of Pyrula, from
Trent River, N. C.

JOSEPH Moore, Richmond, Ind, <A specimen of Golden Crowned Wren,
Regulus satrapa, from that place.

F. A. MoRRILL. Chicken Snake, taken i in the vicinity of Salem.

Wo. NELSON, Agent of Panama Railroad at Panama. A Stone Axe and a Neck-
iace consisting of twelve stone beads and a pendant, from Chiriqui, C. A.

S. A. NELSON, Georgetown. Snakes, from Georgetown.

160

F. W. NICHOLS. Specimen of Aischna grandis, from Salem. .

H. K. Oniver. Hair from the head of an Egyptian mummy, said to have been
embalmed 6,000 years.

J. M. Parsons. Living specimen, of Pecten tenuicostata, from George’s Bank.

O. PHILLIPS, Peabody. Condylura cristata, killed in Peabody. .

N. PHIPPEN, Salem. Four specimens of Lead Ore, from the Plymouth Mine,
Plymouth Co., Vt.

J. PIERCE. Sample of Gould’s Alkaline Phosphate.

Miss H. J. PRINCE, Beverly. Specimens of Venus gemma (Gemma gemma)
from Beverly Beach.

- GEO. G. PUTNAM. Specimen’Telia polyphemus from Salem.
CHARLES Riva, Wenham. A specimen of Triton violaceus, from Wenham.
JOHN H. SEARS, Danvers. Flying Squirrel, from Danvers.

_§. V. SHREVE. An Earthen Water Jar, from China.

F. SHIRLEY. Embryonic Musk Rats, taken about May 3. )

Wo. H. SILSBEE. Galls made by various Insects, from the vicinity of Salem.
Flowers of Sarracenia purpurea of a bright lemon color, found in Beverly woods.
Chrysalids, from the vicinity of Beverly.

A.A. SMITH. <A chicken having three legs.

J. ALDEN SMITH. A collection of Minerals and Ores, from various localities.

R. E. C. STEARNS, San Francisco, Cal. Reptiles, Fishes, Crustaceans, Mollusks
and Radiates, from Tampa Bay, Fla. Leptogorgia virgulata, from Long Key,

Gulf of Mexico.
SOLOMON STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass. <A collection of Reptiles, from Sunder-
_land, and Springfield, Mass.

J.H.STERNBURG, Panama. A collection of Reptiles, Fishes, Insects and Crus-
taceans, from Panama.

Major WM. STONE, U.S. A. <A collection of Insects, from Alken, Ga., and other
localities, and Fossils, from Lowell, Ky.

Mr. STorY, Beverly. Specimens of Corydalis, from Beverly woods.

Dr. F. SYDELL, Chinandega, Nic. A highly polished Stone Chisel found on his
Plantation in Chinandega, and two living specimens of “ Povon,” male and fonule,
from Nicaragua.

WALDO THOMPSON, Branipacdit! Eggs of Buccinum undatum, from King’s
Beach, Swampscott.

J ONATHAN TUCKER. An Earthen Water Jar, from enya and a pair of An-
tlers of the Red Deer.

JOSEPH TUCKER, St. Louis, Mo. Sixteen pieces of Wampum, from the “ Gréat
Mound” in the City of St.Louis. — ;

JOHN B. UPTON, Sierra Leone, Africa. Five specimens of Snakes from Sierra

. Leone. :

LEWIS VERY. Telia Polyphemus, from Salem.

A.F.WatcotT. Two a Instruments, from Siam.

C. A. WALKER, Chelsea. A Stone Gouge dug up at No. 100 Chestnut Street,
Chelsea. Two Skins of the Crossbill, from Chelsea.

JAMES L. WARD. Loon killed in Collins’ Cove, Salem.

D. P. WATERS, Salem. A specimen of Larus Smithsonianus, Herring Gull;
killed in the vicinity of Salem.

B. WEBB, jr. Coleopterous Insect from a case of Gin ‘from Holland.

Mrs. WILLIAM 8S. WEST. Eggs of Robin and Canary.

JOHN G. WILLIS. A Spear from the East Coast of Africa.

A FRIEND in Wakefield. Stone Arrowhead from Wakefield.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME II.

1870.

SALEM, MASS.
ESSEX INSTITUTE PRESS.
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CONTENTS:

An Ahatract of tories ai the Plants of Sie oe Geo.
D. Phippen, : :

Regular Meeting, oud sandaey 3;
Fifth Musical Entertainment, Wednesday, January 5,

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 17,
de paper for the Isle of Shoals,. 12. — Letter from Dudley re

Tyng, 13

Letters Announced, 10, 21, 40, 45, 61, 63, 66, 68, 87, 106, 118, 158, 165,
170.
Additions to Library, 10, 21, 40, 46, 61, 63, 67, 68, 88, 107, 118, 159, a
103
Additions to the Museum, ; . - 11,240;,47,761,.90, 109, 119, U7
Deficiencies in the Libraries, ; : : ‘ eo Pela 28
Hybrid Grapes, by Charles H. Higbee, Li
Regular Meeting, Monday, February 7, ‘ : ; ee
Resolutions on the death of Charles Davis, 22.— Notes on the History

of Horticulture in Salem, 22.

Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, February 9, 7
Regular Meeting, Monday, February 21, 26
The Indians of California, by E. E. Chever, 28. _Notice of : an old Revo-

lutionary musket, 32.

First Houses in Salem, by W. P. Upham, : : : . 88, 49
Regular Meeting, Monday, March7, . . . . . . 40°
Notice ef a portrait of Wm. Orne, 43.—Packard’s account of a trip to

Florida, 44.
Regular Meeting, Monday, March 21, 45

Upham’s account of original laying out of Salem, 47 _—Atwood’s remar ks
on some of our marketable fishes, 48. —Putnam’s communication in
relation to Capt. Hall’s third expedition to the Arctic regions, 48.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 4, oe
; An act to amend the charter of the Essex Institute, 62.

Regular Meeting, Thursday, April 21,

Vocabulary of Familiar Words teed by the Indians of iach ans
by Edward E. Chever, : : : : E 2 ;

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 4,

Annual Meeting, Wednesday, May 11,
Reports of Recording Secretary, 69. — Treasurer, 72. "— Superintendent
of Museum, 73.—Lib "guar? 74.—Curator of Manuscripts, 75.—Amend-
ments to By- Laws, 76.— Officers elected, 77.
(iii)

10

1V CONTENTS.

Social Meeting, Tuesday, May 24,
Opening remarks Le the President, 78.— Remarks of A.C. Goodell, 79;
of George a he

* Music, 80.
Wetice of Acts and Resolves of thé Province of Massachusetts
Bay, wR B ¥ 7 ; 4 . : ;

Notice of a Genealogical Meteor of the Stickney ‘arse
Notice of Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects,

Field Meeting at Bradford, Thursday, June 16, ..

: Notice of the excursion, '86. —F. W. Putnam’s remarks on. zoological
specimens. collected, 91.— A. Hyatt’s remarks on Eozo6n in Essex
County, 93.—A. 8. Packard’s account of the Currant Saw Fly, 93.—
Speci cation of items from the old Records of the Town, 96.—G. D
. Phippen’s notice of the Flora, 104.—Account.of Bradford ny,
105.

Dark Lane, with allusions to other localities of Wild Plants in
Salem, by George D. Phippen, ‘

Field. Meeting at Swampscott, Wodngedue: J aid 21,
oe Sao of t the excursion, 106.—F. W. Putnam, notice ‘of Fishes, 110.—
E. S. Morse on some of the common forms of life ~ the sea shore,
ti Ay Hyatt’s remarks on the Geology, 111.—C. F. Winslow, on
et pea of geology, 112.—W. P. Upham on the ancient topog-
raphy, 116

Giles Corey and Goodwife Corey, a ballad of 1692,
Adjourned Meeting , Friday; July 22,

Field Meeting at. West Peabody, Thursday, staiahd 4,

Notice of the excursion, 117.—G. D. Phippen’s Notice of the “Flora,
120.—J. H. Emerton, on some par 3 ot the Spiders, 120.—E. S,
Morse, on the Grasshoppers, 120.— W. P. Upham, on the Historical
associations of the place (farm of Giles Boe» 121.—W. F. Poole’s
remarks on the same subject, 123. —W. P. Upham’s reply, 127.

Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, August 10, 2 boats ’
Notes and Queries on Salem Harbor, ..

Excursion to Plymouth, Thursday, September 1, 1870. :
Notice of the excursion, 136, 148. — Albert Mason’s address of welcome,
187.— Reply of the President of the Institute, 139.—G. B. Loring’s
address, 140.— Thomas Russell’s remarks, 143.

Old Channels of Trade, by Robert S. Rantoul,
Regular Meeting, Monday, September 5,

Notice of the death of A. Huntington, President of Institute, 1861-65,
154.— Resolutions to the memory of Mr. Huntington adopted, 155.

Field Meeting at Methuel, Thursday, September 15, F
Notice of the excursion, 156. — Remarks of F. W. Putnam, 161. Rie: M.

Williams, 161.— E. S. Morse, 161.—T. G. Grassie, 162.—C. M. Tracy,
on Sarracenia and ‘Fungi, 162.
Regular Meeting, Monday, October 3, . — . ‘ ; , ‘
Regular Meeting, Monday, N ovember (Cs ‘ : . ‘
Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, November 95 é Re
Regular Meeting, Monday, December 5, " :

J. Kimball, on ancient topography of Salem, 169.

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 19,
F.Y. Putnam on Hemiramphus, and on abnormal ‘growth of incisor
teeth of woodchuck, 171.—W. Maynard’s lecture on tanning, 172.

ippen} 79; of ©. M. Tracy, 80. — Programme of *

97
106

118
117
117

127
129
136

145
154

156

BULLETIN

OF THE

Bese HS EN STiITy TE.

Vou. 2. Satem, Mass., January, 1870. No. 1.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

AN ABSTRACT OF REMARKS UPON THE
PLANTS OF SCRIPTURE. :

BY GEORGE D. PHIPPEN.

Tue lectures, of which this was a condensation, were
prepared for an entirely different purpose than presenta-
tion before a scientific association. There is much greater
obscurity in our version regarding these plants, than would
be the case were a new one now made which should in-
clude a better knowledge of the productions of Pales-
tine and the neighboring countries, than was then pos-
_ sessed. The copiousness of allusions to the vegetable
kingdom, throughout the Hebrew Scriptures, impresses
with an interest, amounting to astonishment, all those
whose attention has been called to the subject.

A large portion of the rich and glowing passages, from
both the greater and lesser prophets, that have chimed
their measured cadences into our ears from earliest child-
hood, are of this class, examples of which are here cited.
So marked is this quality of Hebrew poetry, as seen in
the Bible, that it was declared, by a learned man of the
last century, to be botanical poetry, and who states that

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. 1

ae

upwards of two hundred and fifty botanical terms can be
found therein.

The glory of Lebanon, the excellency of Sharon, and
the waving forests of Carmel have lent their aid to illus-
trate sacred themes.

The Lord is described as riding upon the wind, but his
more gentle going is heard in the tops of the mulberry
trees. The righteous shall cast his roots as Lebanon —
they shall flourish like the palm tree—they shall sit
under their own vine and fig tree. The thorn shall give
place to the fir tree, and the myrtle grow instead of the
briar —and all the trees of the fields shall clap their
hands. |

The New Testament is not so rich in metaphor. The
lily of the field, the grain of: mustard seed, the wild and
-good olive tree, the seed sown in weakness but raised in
power, are familiar examples.

The remarkable range of temperature of the land of
Palestine, from the snow-clad summits of Lebanon and
Hermon, to the coast plains and to the deep and almost
tropical valley of the Jordan, is productive of a more
varied vegetation than can be found anywhere within the
same territory upon the surface of the earth. On her
heights are to be found natives of the colder zones, while
in the Jordan valley grow plants not to be found nearer
than India. |

The mountains#Abound in oaks, cedars and pines;
while the palm, the fig and citron find a congenial home
in the plains or lower declivities. Our familiar garden
bulbs flourish along the water courses, and numerous spe-
cies of Legumes and Labiates render the sandy regions
less desolate. 4

Its anciently terraced and artificially watered hills were’
capable of a luxurious cultivation, and though now com-

3

paratively desolate, once supported a numerous popu-
lation.

The region of ancient Jericho with its palms —-the
enchanting valley of Sechem — the gardens of Engedi—
fig and olive groves and vineyards in great numbers,
altogether impress us with its former wonderful fertility.

Immense grain fields and gardens of cucumbers and
melons, each with its hut or lodge for the abode of a
watchman, who remained during the ripening season to
guard the fruit, were numerous and in some parts are
still to be seen. Isaiah compares Zion “as desolate as
a lodge in a garden of cucumbers.”.

The plants represented might be divided into plants
ornamental; plants used for perfume or incense; fruits,
grains, woods, &c. *e

Of ornamental plants, the Ross, strange as it may ap-
pear, is not found in the Scriptures. The two solitary
cases, in Isaiah and the Song of Solomon, where our ver-
sion has the word Rose are thought to indicate a bulbous
plant —an Amaryllis or Narcissus. The Rose of Sharon
is therefore supposed to be the Narcissus Tazzeta, a plant
that freely abounds in the wilds of Sharon. The Rose of
the Apochrapha is supposed to refer to a shrub, extremely
common around the Sea of Gallilee and the water courses
of that country generally, that is the Mertwm Olean-
der, well known and cultivated among us.

Our native Apocynee are of the same order with it, and
all of them, though so beautiful, are more or less poison-
ous ; indeed most milky-sapped plants should be regarded
with suspicion. The sap of the Oleander is most viru-
lently poisonous, and has even caused death. The pow-
dered wood is sometimes used as a rat exterminator.

The Lity is the ornamental plant of Scripture; its
flowers adorned, in relief, the brim of the Moulton

4

sea; and furnished Solomon in his wonderful song with
one of its choicest images. The Lily of the Old Testa-
ment differs from that of the New. The Hebrew word
“Shusan” (hence our name Susan) is thought to mean
the Nelumbium Speciosum, a species of the Lotus, sacred
and venerated by the Egyptian, Hindoo and Chinese. It
is a water plant and once common in the rivers of Egypt
and Syria. It is the most beautiful of all the Nymphea,
examples of which we have in our native water lilies and
the famous Victoria Regia. The Lily of the New Testa-
ment, the Greek “ Krina,” is now understood to be the
Lilium Chalcedonicum, a scarlet martagon, and not the
Crown Imperial, as formerly supposed, which latter is a
Persian plant, and never common in Palestine. The im-
ported bulbs of this Lily [once compared to the scarlet
robes of Solomon], can occasionally be purchased at the

seed stores in Boston.

** Camphire with Spikenard.”
“My beloved, is unto me a cluster of
Camphire in the vineyard’s of Engedi.”

The plant thus rendered Camphire, is believed to be
the Henna plant of Egypt and Palestine, the Lawsonia
‘inermis, a most beautiful and deliciously fragrant shrub,
whose flowers have been used both in ancient and mod-
ern times as an article of luxury and adornment. It
belongs to the Loosestrife family, types of which we
have in our cultivaged and native Lythrums.

The Baum or GiLEap and that rendered Myrru, are
the exuded sap from two species of Balsamodendron, i. e.
the B. Gileadense and B. Myrrha, belonging to the order
Amyridace, the plants of which abound in balsamic
juices and yield frankincense, olybanum, balsam copaiba
and other fragrant resins and gums. ‘This order belongs.
exclusively to tropical India, Africa and America. It
has some alliance to the Orange tribe, but differing

5

greatly in its dry nut-like fruits. The Balm of Gilead
is believed to be one of the earliest articles of commerce
known, even as far back as the time of the patriarch Ja-
cob, as the Midianite merchantmen, to whom Joseph was
sold, were then on their way to Gilead to complete their
camel loads with a choice supply of that costly balsam
for the Egyptian market. It often sold for twice its
weight in silver. It was cultivated only in the King’s
garden in Judea, the revenue from which pelehged exclu-
sively to the Crown.

Strabo speaks of it.. Titus carried some of it to Rome.
Pompey exhibited one of the trees in a triumphal entry.
When Alexander visited Judea, one teaspoonful per day
and seven gallons per year was the entire product.

FRANKINCENSE, so ofteri mentioned in Scripture, is ¥
gum from a tree of this same order with the last. It has
been used from the remotest times by the Hebrews and
Egyptians in their sacrifices. Jt exudes from the straight
trunk of the Boswellia-serrata, a lofty tree, native of the
mountains of Central India. Frankincense is still used
as incense in Catholic churches, and somewhat as a med-
icine. |

The Lienator, Agquilaria Agallochum, or Eagle-wood,
is found only in Asia. It grows sometimes to the height —
of one htindred and twenty feet. The heart-wood is
loaded with aromatic properties, and is one of the most .
grateful of perfumes. It has been held more precious
than gold. “All thy garments shall smell of. myrrh,
aloes and cassia.”

This was one of the drugs, one hundred pounds of
which Nichodemus brought after the Crucifixion, in which,
with the linen clothes, wds wrapped the body of our
Lord; it was therefore a very costly preparation. We
have no plant of more approximate affinity than our

6

hedge buckthorn. The aloe of the apothecaries is an
entirely different article, and obtained from a plant of
the lily tribe.

SPIKENARD, of the Valerian family has a most rare and
agreeable perfume. Our garden Heliotrope and the Cen-
tranthus are of this order. Several of them yield a fra-
grance which intoxicates the cat tribe, and that from
one of them is said to be sufficiently powerful to throw
even man into convulsions.

The Wardostachys Jatamansi, of the mountains of upper
India, seems conclusively proved by Sir William Jones
and Dr. Royle, to be the plant which furnished the <‘ Ala-
bastar box of Spikenard very precious,” with which Mary
anointed the feet of Jesus, and which Judas declared
might have been sold for three hundred pieces of silver ;
which price, among other unguents, is given by Pliny,
who remarking on the extravagance of such preparations,
says, “ We have known the very soles of the feet sprink-
led therewith.” He also intimates the form of the ala-
bastar ointment boxes.

‘‘Spikenard and Saffron, Calamus and Cinnamon.—S. of 8.

SAFFRON is the yellow Stigma of the Crocus sativus,
or fall Crocus, belonging to the well known Iris family,
very common in cultivation among us. Saffron was and
still is used as a perfume, spice, confection, dye and
medicine. Its collection required great patience, four
thousand flowers yielding but one ounce, and the entire
product of an acre for the season averaged but about
ten or twelve pounds. It was formerly extensively cul-
tivated at Welden in Essex, England, which hence has
_ borne the name of Saffron-Welden. |

A totally different plant, the Carthamus tinctoria, once —
familiar under the name of Saffron in our gardens, has
been successfully used to adulterate the true Saffron.

7

Calamus aromaticus “the Sweet cane from a far coun-
try,” is allied to our sweet vernal grass.

Cassia and Cinnamon, well known spices, were in the
time of Ezekiel common articles of trade with the mer-
chants of Tyre. They belong to a family of which our
Sassafras and Laurus benzoin are examples. Camphor of

commerce is from a tree of the same tribe. |

| The Hyssop and Mustard of Scriptures, -around which
many inquiries cluster, are not so satisfactorily identified
by modern investigation as would seem reasonable to ex-
pect. The former is, declared by the best authorities to
be the Capparis Egyptica, or Caper plant, and not the
officinal herb, Hyssop ; the latter, the Salvadora Persica,
a tree-like plant, sufficiently large for birds generally to
lodge in its branches. Some still adhere to the common
Mustard as that alluded to on two occasions by our Sa-
viour. The uses of Mustard were well understood and
described by Pliny, who was nearly cotemporary.

The Frurrs were identified and described. Among
them the Patm tribe, a family acknowledged by botan- .
ists to be the princes of the vegetable kingdom, and to
which, in Scripture, the righteous are most fitly com-
pared. “They shall flourish like the Palm tree; they
shall bring forth fruit in old age.” The whole Palm tribe ~
are of immense importance to the countries in which
they grow. The Date Palm yields, year by year, an even .
crop of perhaps three or four hundred pounds, and that
for a century together, scarcely ever materially failing.

The Appx of Scripture is, without doubt, the Citron,
Citrus medica. “ A.word fitly spoken is like apples of
gold in pictures of silver,” might be rendered, “like
golden citrons in silver baSkets,” in allusion to a custom
of the Jews of presenting that fruit in this manner at
their sacred feasts.

8

‘

The Fic, Sycamorr-rig and Muiperry, of the Mo-
rads, a family peculiar for the manner in which their
fruits are formed, being an aggregation of calices consol-
idated into round, succulent theadia: Fhe manner of the
flowering of the fig, inside of the fruit, but having all
the requisite organs of true flowers, was satisfactorily ex-
plained. .

_ The Ottve and Vine are among the most signal of the
bountiful gifts of Providence, and would in their history
and economy exhaust volumes, yielding as they do such
indispensable products, as fruits, wine, oil, molasses, &c.

The AtMoNnD and POMEGRANATE, with the numerous
texts in which they are mentioned, received a share of
attention and were found full of interest and instruc-
tion.

_ The Caros-TreEE, Ceratonia siliqua, with its sweet pods
or husks, furnished food for the poor; but the copious
crops of the tree were generally fed out to mules, asses
aud swine. No doubt this fruit is referred to in the par-
able of the prodigal son, upon which he was obliged to
feed, “the husks that the swine did eat.”

CucumBERs and MEtons are invested with great histor-
ical interest on account of the extent of their ancient cul-
tivation and the great place they filled in the diet of the
ancient Hebrews aad Egyptians.

The Liyrex of Jacob and Esau; the Papyrus, from
which paper was made, and which is alluded to in the
- epistles of John; the Zysyphus, the plant from which the
‘¢Crown of Thorns” was probably made, have each an
interest peculiarly their own.

The Timper TreEEs. of the country, and such as were
used in the building of Solomon’s temple, received a
passing notice.

Jonan’s GourpD, Exisan’s JUNIPER, the mythical Ap-

9

PLES of Sopom, and the Rosr of JERICHO, received sev-
erally their share of explanation.

_ The foregoing plants were illustrated by colored repre-
sentations, which served to fix their identification in the
‘mind, and added greatly to the interest of the subject.

REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, JANUARY 3, 1870.

The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

Mr. GrorGeE D. PHIPrEeN occupied the hour with an account of the
Plants mentioned in Scripture, identifying them with those known at
the present day, and showing the affinities to our familiar native and
cultivated species. [Printed on page 1.]

Hon J. G. Waters made some remarks expressive of his great
interest in what had been said _by Mr. Phippen, and moved that the
thanks of the Institute be presénted to him for his interesting and
instructive communication. Unanimously adopted.

Charles A. Farnum of Salem, and George E. Emery of Lynn, were
elected: members, and Mrs. Eleanor Forrester Condit of Newark,
N. J., a corresponding member.

FIFTH MUSICAL ENTERTAINMENT, WEDNESDAY, JAN. 5, 1870.

1. DuETT— PIANO AND VIOLIN.

Selections from ‘‘ Semiramide.” ' De Beriot & Facounier.

2. Trio—‘‘ Ave Verum.” - Kreutzer.
3. Sonas—Baritone. a. Ss Rotaiane,' y : Franz.
b. ‘‘A Red Red Rose,” Schuman.
4. Part SONGs. a. “The Curfew,” . : HI. Smart.
. b. “Waiting for the May,” HI. Hiles.
5. Sona—Soprano, ‘‘Bid me to live,” Hatton.
6. QUARTETTE— “‘ A te o cara,” ‘from Puritani,” Bellini.
7. SymMpHONY No. 7— PIANO AND VIOLIN, Beethoven.
, Allegretto — Presto.
8. Durtt—‘*Da che tornaste,” . f 3 Donizetti.
9. Sona—Soprano, ‘Across there at the window, fs Mohring.
10. MALE QuARTETTE—da@. “‘Spring Night,” . ° Fischer.
b. **Slumber Soft,” . . Mohring.
11. Durerr— “‘ What makes the Spring,” Aft.
12. Donizetti.

SESTETTE— ‘‘ Chi mi frena,” from Lucia,” :

_ Essex Inst. BULLETIN. 2

10

REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, JANUARY 17, 1870.

The President in the chair.’ Records of preceding meeting read.
The Secretary reported the following correspondence. :

J.¥F. A. Adams, Pittsfield, Jan. 12; Jacob Batchelder, Lynn, Jan. 16; John A.
Battis, Salem, Jan. 13; T. Apoleon Cheney, Watkins, N. Y., Jan. 6; George E.
Emery, Lynn, Jan. 15; G. L. Goodale, Brunswick, Me., Jan. 12; A. C. Hamlin,
Bangor, Me., Dec. 21, 24; P. A. Hanaford, Reading, Jan. 12; Leeds Philosophical
and Literary Society, Aug. 21, 1869; Mannheimer Verein fur Naturkunde, August,
1869; Museum, Bergen, Norway, Noy. 18, 1869; Russell and Erwin Manufacturing |
Co., New York, Dec. 20, 1869; South African Museum, Cape Town, Dec.; Société
de Physique and d’Histoire Naturelle de Genéve, Sept. 8, 1869; W. Hudson Ste-
phens, Lowville, N. Y., Jan. 14; C. M. Tracy, Lynn, Jan. 12; Charles Vose, Boston,
Jan. 5; J.K. Wiggin, Boston, Nov. 30, 1869; George D. Wildes, Riverdale, N. Y.,’
Jan. 13; John Wilson & Son, Cambridge, Jan. 7.

The Librarian announced the following additions.

By Donation.

BEMIS, LUKE, of Boston. Pennant’s Arctic Zoology, 4 vols. 4to, London, 1792.

BUTLER, BENJ. F., M.C. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1868, 1
vol. 8vo. Monthly Report of the Departnfent of Agriculture for Nov. and Dec.,
1869, 8vo pamph. c

COLUMBIAN ASSOCIATES. Portland Transcript for 1868, 1869. New York Mer-
cury for 1869.

GARFIELD, J: A., M.C. Report of the Librarian of Congress for 1869, 8vo pamph.

GREEN, SAMUEL A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 14.

GROVESNOR, DANIEL P. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 29.

KIMBALL, JAMES. Jewett’s Lectures and Writings on Temperance, 1 vol. 12mo.
Boston, 1849. The Trojan Sketch Book, 1 vol. 12mo, Troy, 1846.

LANGWORTBY, I. P., of Boston. Reports of British and Foreign Bible Society,
13 pamphlets, 8vo London, 1814, ete. Reports of American Tract Society, 10
pamphlets, 8vo, Boston, 1856, etc. Bible Society Records, 61 numbers. Miscella-
neous pamphlets, 59.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for December, 1869.

LINCOLN, SOLOMON, of Hingham... Transactions of the Hingham Agricultural
and Horticultural Society for the year 1869.

PALFRAY, CHARLES W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 30.

RICHARDSON, E. S. L., of Oswego, Ill. The Chicago Tribune, 7 numbers.

STONE, BENJ. W. Josep, . Ramsey against the Erie Railway Company and
others, 8vo pamph., New York, 1869. ;

VERKILL, A. E., of New Haven. Conn. Synopsis of the Polyps and Corals of
the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, 8vo pamph., 1869.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago, Ill. Parks in the West Division of the City of
Chicago. Second Annual Report of Chicago Relief and Aid Society. Peregrine:
Pickle and Polinto’s Christmas Papers, 8 pamphlets, 8vo, Chicago, 1869.

By Exchange.

ACADEMIA DELLA SCIENZE DELL’ INSTITUTO DI BOLOGNA. Universalita dei
mezzi di previdenza, difesa, e salvezza per le Calamité degli Incendi. Opera Pre-
miata in Concorso dalla Accademia della Scienze dell Instituto di Bologna. Scritta
da Francisco del Giudice, Royal 8vo, Bologna, 1848.

11

‘BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL History. Proceedings, vol. xiii, sig. 10, 11.

LEEDS PHILOSOPHICAL AND LITERARY SOCIETY. Forty-ninth Report of the
Council at the Close of the Session, 1868-9. ‘

MASSACHUSETTS CHARITABLE MECHANIC ASSOCIATION. Eleventh Exhibition
at Faneuil and Quincy Halls, Boston, September and October, 1869.

NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN GESELLSCHAFT ZU CHEMNITZ. Erster Bericht der
naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Chemnitz, 1859-1868, 2 pamphlets, 8vo,
Chemnitz, 1865, 1868.

NEW YORK HISTORICAL Society. Historic Progress and American Democ-
racy; an address by J. L. Motley, 8vo pamph., New York, 1869.

NEW YORK LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. Annals for December, 1869.

.. PUBLISHERS. American Journal of Numismatics. American Literary Gazette.
American Publisher and Bookseller. Book Buyer. Canadian Naturalist. Chris-
tian World. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gardener’s Monthly. Glouces-
ter Telegraph. Hardwick’s Science Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Journal de Con-
chyliologie. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter. Medical

‘and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Peabody Press. ;

SOCIETE DE PHYSIQUE ET D’HISTOIRE NATURELLE DE GENEVE. Mémoires de
la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Geneve. Tomes, xix, xx, 1868-69,
4to.

VEREIN FUR NATURKUNDE ZU MANNHEIM. Funfunddreissigster Jahresbericht
des Mannheimer Vereins fur Naturkunde. Erstattet in der General-Versammlung
vom 20 February, 1869. ; _

The Superintendent announced the Donations to the Museums of
the Institute and Academy.

Prof. F. H. BRADLEY. Fossils of the Clintons, from Indiana.

EDWARD E. CHEVER. Fossil wood, from near Colorado (the place is known as
* the Petrified Trees).

Wo. S. Cook, Salem. Chinese Copper Coin of the new Hong Kong currency;
value one mill,

Dr. EASTMAN, Washington, D.C. Larva of a Wood Boring Beetle, from a de-
cayed Chestnut stump near that place.

J.P. LEAVITT, Beverly. A Water Jar, from Palermo.

B. W. PatcH, Hamilton. Stone Axe and Arrowhead, from Hamilton.

HENRY W. PEABODY, Salem. Musk Deer, from Java.

L. H. P., Portsmouth, N. H. Two dried plants, from San Francisco, Cal.

J.L. RUSSELL, Salem. Hottentots Figs (Fruit of the Mesembryanthemum aci
mifolium).

The PRESIDENT stated that Mr. Charles Davis of Beverly, an asso-
ciate member, died very suddenly at his residence, on Friday last,.
and that several officers and members of the Institute had attended
the funeral this afternoon.

The deceased having always taken a deep interest in the objects of
the Institute, and having been for several years an active member, and
one of its officers, it is highly profer that suitable notice should be
taken of this sad and melancholy event.

On motion of Mr. James K1MBALL, a committee of three, colle welhig
of Messrs. W. P. Upham, James Kimballand R. R. Endicott, was ap-

12

pointed to prepare appropriate resolutions, and to recommend such
farther action as may be required.

Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited a fish, Hemirhamphus longirostris, taken
off Nantucket. This specimen was captured by Mr. Augustus Welcome
of Nantucket, and given to Francis Gardner, Esq. of Boston, by
whom it was presented to the Museum. It possesses great interest,
being the first specimen of this species, heretofore known, beyond
the limits of the Indian Ocean.

Mr. W. P. UpHam exhibited a map of the ‘‘ Common Lands of Sa-
lem in 1720,” which was found in the Old Lynde House, corner of
Liberty and Essex streets, Salem (taken down in 1836), and presented
to the Institute by Mr. Robert Peele. He spoke at some length on.
this subject. Several others also made remarks. :

Mr. W. P. Upuam also exhibited an original subscription paper,
accompanied by a letter from Dudley Atkins Tyng, soliciting aid to
educate and improve the condition of the inhabitants of the Isles of
Shoals, after their sufferings caused by the Revolution. An added
value is given to these papers, by the very interesting article on the
Isles of Shoals, that has recently appeared in the Atlantic Monthly.

Subscription Paper for the Isle of Shoals.

Boston, Sept. 17, 1801.

The people on the Isles of Shoals, having by the humane exertions
of Dudley Atkins Tyng, Esq. and others, been recovered from a state
of the most deplorable ignorance, vice and wretchedness, and the
Society for propagating the Gospel having employed Mr. Josiah Ste-
vens as a missionary and schoolmaster upon these islands, for whom
and his successors in office it is absolutely necessary to erect a small
dwelling house which will cost about one thousand dollars:

_ The subscribers, desirous of promoting the cause of virtue, reli-
gion and humanity, and commiserating the unhappy people on the
Isles. of Shoals, especially their children, do agree to pay the sums
annexed to their names for the purpose of building a dwelling house
for the use of the minister or missionary residing on the Isles of
Shoals forever.

Mr. Tyng’s letter acceffipanies this subscription paper. The money
to be paid to the treasurer of the Society for propagating the Gospel
to be appropriated to the object.

{SIGNED BY]

William Phillips, Jr., Samuel Salisbury, Stephen Higginson, Stephen
Higginson Jr., K: Boott, S. K. Jones, N. Lee, William Pratt, Francis
Amory, Gard. Greene, Adam Babcock, Jona. Davis, N. Frazier, Benja-
min Bussey, Jr., Samuel G. Perkins, James Perkins, Joseph Coolidge,
S. Salisbury, Jr., I. P. Davis, Samuel Parkman, Thomas C. Amory,
John Amory, T. H. Perkins, S. P. Gardner, P. C. Brooks.

[Whole amount subscribed, $706.]

Mr. Tyng will collect the remaining sum at Newburyport.

13

Letter from Dudley A. Tyng.

NEWBURYPORT, Sept. 1, 1801.

_ My Dear Srr:—You are not ignorant of the interest I have taken
in the reformation and civilizing of the people inhabiting the Isles
of Shoals. It is impossible by words to convey any idea of the ex-
treme poverty, ignorance and vice these people had sunk into. The
islands had been deserted by all who had means to leave them. No
one cared for the instruction or comfort of those that remained. ‘The
children were growing up without one virtuous or religious senti-
ment. Drunkenness, profanity and idleness overwhelmed the whole
community. The liberality of well disposed persons furnished means
for erecting a commodious stone house, to serve them as a school
house and as a place of worship. It also serves, by means. of a tower
on its top, as a very useful beacon for vessels arriving on the coast.

The Society for propagating the Gospel have employed the Rev.
Josiah Stevens since April last, as a missionary, to teach the children
and to lead in the exercises of the Sabbath. His piety, patience, mild-
ness and industry, have already wrought wonders. Children who did
not know their letters, now read intelligibly in their Bibles, and those
who never held a pen before, now write a legible joining-hand. Clean-
liness and’ decorum have kept .pace with their improvement in their
school exercises. They are delighted with their new state, and their
ambition is kindled. Their language has, in a good measure, lost its
profaneness, and there is a consoling prospect of their recovery to
ane and virtuous habits, should attention be still continued to
them. °
» You need not to be told how great satisfaction I derive from this
state of things, nor how much anxiety I feel for its continuance and
improvement.

Mr. Stevens is precisely the man to be desired for this situation.
He perceives it himself, and this has reconciled him to the idea of
continuing in it, notwithstanding his extreme disgust from the dirt
and vice of the people amongst whom he is placed, on condition only
that a small house can be provided for his accommodation. He has
hitherto resided on another island than that on which the meeting
house is, and where almost all the people live. The passage across is -
always inconvenient, and at some seasons hazardous. There is a pub-
lic lot near the meeting house, on which such a house could be built.
Less than $1000 would complete it. Charity never found a more in-
viting or a more promising object. Say, then, if such a sum cannot '
be raised from the wealth, the piety and the benevolence of those
with whom you associate. You may assure them that in a very short
time, they shall receive accounts of the improved condition of these
wretched people, which shall-make their hearts thrill with pleasure.

: Your affectionate servant, Dup.Lry A. TYNG.

John O’Donnell and Charles Av Shepherd, both of Salem, were
elected resident members. esate

14

DEFICIENCIES IN THE THE LIBRARY.

It'is intended to publish from time to time, lists of deficiencies in the library;
hoping that those friends of the Institute who may notice the same, will be induced
to aid in completing the sets. Any number or volume, not designated (within
brackets) under any title, will be acceptable.

DEFICIENCIES IN ALMANACS.

THE CLERGYMAN’S ALMANAC, Boston [1809-1822].

UNITARIAN REGISTER, Boston [1846-1858].

UNITARIAN CONGREGATIONAL YEAR BOOK [1856-1858, 1867].

ALMANAC AND BAPTIST REGISTER, Philadelphia [1841-1852].
_ AMERICAN BAPTIST ALMANAC, Philadelphia [1860].

THOMAS’ (R. B.) FARMER’S ALMANAC, Boston [1793-1863].

METHODIST ALMANAC, New York [1858, 1860, 1861].

GEORGE’S (DANIEL) CAMBRIDGE ALMANAC or ESSEX CALENDAR, Salem and
Newburyport [1776, 1778-1781, 1783, 1784]. af

RUSSELL’S (E.) AMERICAN ALMANAC, Danvers and Boston [1780-1782].

CARLTON’S (OSGOOD) ALMANAC, Boston [1790-1797] .

BICKERSTAFF’S BOSTON ALMANAC [1768, 1769, 1773-1775, 1777-1779, 1784-1788, 1791,
1792, 1795]. :

WEBSTER’S CALENDAR, or THE ALBANY ALMANAC [1829, 1832, 1847-1866, 1868].
_ NEW ENGLAND FARMER’S ALMANAC, by Dudley Leavitt, Exeter and Concord,
N. H. [1819-1821, 1823, 1826-1827, 1830-1867].

UNIVERSALIST’S REGISTER, COMPANION and ALMANAC, Utica, N Y., Boston
[1839-1842, 1849, 1852, 1855, 1857-1866].

WHIG ALMANAC, New York [1844-1853, 1855].

TRIBUNE ALMANAC, New York [1857, 1859-1866].

Low’s (NATHANIEL) ALMANAC, Boston [1770, 1772-1821, 1824, 1825, 1827].

CHURCHMAN’S ALMANAC, New York [1830, 1834. 1837].

THE CHURCH ALMANAC, New York [1841, 1843, 1846, 1848-1862, 1864, 1866, 1867].

THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL ALMANAC, New York [1860, 1862, 1863, 1864].

Sworpb’s POCKET ALMANAC, New York [1831, 1839].

THOMAS’ (ISAIAH) ALMANAC, Worcester [1788-1791, 1793, 1796-1808, 1811-1816,
1818-1822].

SPOFFORD (THOMAS) ALMANAC, Haverhill, Exeter, Boston [1817-1824, 1826, 1829,
1831-1838, 1841, 1842, 1844, 1846].

DEFICIENCIES IN DIRECTORIES.

BANGOR, by S. 8. Smith (1348, 1848, 1855, 1859]; by Symonds, Chase & Co. [1869].

LEWISTON AND AUBURN DIRECTORY, by Stanwood [1860, 1864].

PORTLAND DIRECTORY, by S. Colman [1831]; A. Shirley [1834]; REFERENCE
Book AND DrRrEcrTorY, by Becket [1846, 1847-8, 1850-1, 1852-3, 1856-7, 1858-9, 1863-
4, 1866-7]; ALMANAC AND REGISTER, by C. A. Dockham [1860].

SACO AND BIDDEFORD BUSINESS DIRECTORY [1849, 1856-7].

ConcorD, N. H., DrRECTORY, by Hoag and Atwood [1830]; D. Watson [1856]; .

DovER, N. H., DrrecToRY, by Stevens [1833]; by J. S. Hayes [1859-60].

MANCHESTER, N. H., ALMANAC AND GENERAL BUSINESS DIRECTORY [1850];
DIRECTORY [1854, 1858, 1860, 1864, 1866, 1869].

NASHUA, N. H., DIRECTORY, by Greenough [1864-5].

PORTSMOUTH, N. H., DrRECTORY, by Penhallow [1821]; by Brewster [1851]; by
Greenough [1864].

15

BURLINGTON, Vt., DIRECTORY, by Hart [1865-6, 1866-7, 1867-8].

Boston, MASS., DIRECTORY, by John West [1796]; by E. Cotton [1805, 1807, 1810,
1812, 1816, 1818]; by Frost and Stimpson [1822, 1826, 1827]; by Hunt and Stimpson
[1828); by Charles Stimpson, jr. [1829, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838,
1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846]; by George Adams [1846-7, 1847-8, 1848-9,
1849-50, 1850-1, 1851-2, 1852-3, 1853-4, 1854-5, 1856, 1857]; by Adams, Sampson &
Co. [1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868]; by Damrell and
Moore [1857]; by Dean Dudley [1863-4]. OF ENVIRONS, by G. Adams [1848, 1849].

BRISTOL CouNTY, MASS., ALMANAC, by G. Adams [1852].

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., DIRECTORY, by G. Adams [1847]; by J. Ford [1848, 1849, 1850,
1851, 1853, 1854, 1856]; by J. D. Baldwin [1859] ;- by D. Dudley [1865-6, 1866-7].

CHARLESTOWN, MASS., DIRECTORY, by A. Quimby [1834]; -by, Fletcher [1848]; by
Adams, Sampson & Co. [1860, 1862, 1864, 1866].

CHELSEA, MASS., DIRECTORY, by John Dent [1852, 1858, 1860].

Essex COUNTY, Mass. , DIRECTORY, by Briggs, & Co. [1866, 1868-70} 5 by C. A.
and J. F. Wood [1870].

FALL RIVER, MASS., DIRECTORY, by George Adams [1853, 1855, 1857] ; by Adams,
Sampson & Co. | 1859, 1864, 1869].

FITCHBURG, MASS., ALMANAC AND DIRECTORY, by Shepley and Wallace [1857].

GLOUCESTER AND Rockrorr, MASS., DIRECTORY [1869].

HAVERHILL AND BRADFORD, MASS., DIRECTORY, by A. K. Hill [1860-61].

LAWRENCE, MASS., DIRECTORY, by W. Filmer [1848, 1851, 1853-4]; by G. Adams
[1857]; by Adams, Sampson & Co. 1859, 1864]; by Sampson, Davenport & fo:
[1866, 1868-9]:

LOWELL, MASS., DIRECTORY, by B. Floyd [1832, 1836]; by G. Adams [1851, 1853] ;
by ‘Adams, Sampson & Co. [1858, 1861]; by S. A. McPhetres [1864-5]; Sampson,
Davenport & Co. [1866]. .

Lynn, MAss., DIRECTORY, by C. F. Lummus [1832]; by B. F. Roberts [1841]; by
A. Lewis (1851); by George Adams [1854, 1856, 1858]; by T. Herbert [1808] ; by
Adams, Sampson & Co. [1860, 1863, 1865, 1867].

NEW BEDFORD, MASS., DIRECTORY, by H. H. Crapo [1836, 1849, 1852] ; by Dudley
and Greenough [1867-8].

NEWBURYPORT, MASS., DIRECTORY, by Wooster Smith [1849, 1850]; by John E.
Tilton [1851]; by-George ‘Adama [1852]; by Dockham and Brown [1853]; by C. N.
Haskell [1858, 1860]; by Sampson, Davenport & Co. [1866].

NEWTON, MASS., DIRECTORY, by ©. C. Drew [1868].

NORTHAMPTON, MASS., BUSINESS DIRECTORY, by Trumbull and Grere [1850-1].

PLYMOUTH CounTY, Mass., DIRECTORY, by S. B. Pratt & Co. [1867].

PLYMOUTH, MASS., DrRECTORY [1851].

ROXBURY, «MASS., DIRECTORY, by G. Adams [1848, 1854, 1856]; by Sampson,
* Davenport & Co [1860, 1862].

SALEM, MASS., by H. Whipple [1837, pes 1846]; by G. Adams [1850, 1851, 1853,
1855, 1857, 1859, 1861, 1864, 1866, 1869].

SPRINGFIELD, MASs., DIRECTORY, by Valentine W. Skiff [1848]; by J. M. New-
comb [1858-9]; by S. Bowles & Co [1860-1, 1862-3, 1854-5].

TAUNTON, MASS., DIRECTORY, by-G. Adams [1857]; by Adams, Sampson & Co.
[1859, 1861, 1864, 1869].

WORCESTER, MASS., ALMANAC AND DIRECTORY, by H. J. Howland [1844, 1845,
1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861,
1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869].

PUBLICATIONS

ESSEX INSTITUTE, AND PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

SALEM, MASS., 1870.

PROCEEDINGS of the Essex Institute. 8vo:—
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proceedings of the meetings of the Institute, the records of additions to the library
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etc. The Naturalist’s Directory is also issued under the same cover with vols.
IV and V. Vol. VI. now printing, will close the series.]

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BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSHX INSTITUTE.

Von, 2, Satem, Mass., Frepruary, 1870. Nord
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

HYBRID GRAPES.

BY CHARLES H. HIGBEE. .
e

TuereE are three species of the grape indigenous to
New England, viz.:— Vitis Labrusca (Northern Fox
Grape) ; Vitis estivalis (Summer grape) ; and Vitis cor-
difolia (Winter Grape) ; as classified by Gray. Prob-
ably they have not changed much, if any, in their pecu-
liar characteristics for centuries, or since that unknown
distant time when species were first so constituted.
Although these species have innumerable varieties, that
have slight differences of fruit, foliage or habit, yet the
great points of semblance are always preserved, and
any one familiar with these points, can easily tell to which ,
species any specimen belongs. By the laws of nature
they are maintained, and any change from her~ standard
she looks upon with aversion. ‘The whole life and en-
ergy of a plant is devoted to reproducing its kind, and
it gives to its offspring the ,predisposition for its own
qualities. hsp

Until lately the wild kinds have been somewhat culti-
vated, and almost every garden, twenty years since, con-

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. 3

18

tained one or more. The kind usually grown was the
Labrusca, and is familiarly known by every one. - It has
a peculiar flavor, that is pleasant in the early stages of
its ripening ; but at maturity, is strong and disagreeable
to most persons. ‘This strong flavor is called by the
fruit growers “foxy,” and by others “grapey.” The La-
brusca bears the most palatable fruit of the three named
species.

At the present time, we rarely find the native kinds
in cultivation, but they can be found along our country
road-sides, pastures and swamps. The varieties of the
V. vinifera (European Grape), have been frequently
tried in various places in this country, have not flour-
ished and likewise have been discarded. But a race of
good grapes has appeared, one by one, beginning with
‘the Isabella, which was first circulated in 1818.

With all the plants and animals that man has domesti-
cated, he has developed those qualities and parts most
necessary to his wants and desires, and he can do this
by selection, and giving to the subject all the conditions
that make it flourish. When the wild grapes were do-
mesticated, a change began, and having induced a vine to
take one step forward in its fruit, according to the theory
of Darwin, by sowing the seed, selecting the most im-
proved seedling and continuing the process, at last, we
would have a perfect grape, excellent in every particular.
This process is wry slow. The experiments of Mr.
George Haskell, of Ipswich, are very interesting on this
point, and from them we learn how very slow is the pro-
cess of improving by selection. He has raised thousands
of seedlings of the wild grape in an open field, where
they could not have any influence from other kinds, and
raised several generations without any perceptible im-
provement.

19

It is very reasonable to suppose that the fine grapes of
the Old World, and the Muscats, Black Hamburgs of
our graperies, have attained to their present standard by
this method, and it must have taken ages. No doubt
from the earliest time they have constantly progressed.
A quicker way of improving our native kinds, than by
“successive selection,” and one that I think has been the
means of producing most of the various sorts now grown,
is, by hybridizing, and in this way at once adding the
accumulated excellence of the foreign kinds to our own.

To Edward S. Rogers of Salem, belongs the credit of
first artificially hybridizing the grape. The idea first sug-
gested itself to him in 1848, but was not acted upon
until the spring of 1851. He crossed several varieties
of pears, and hybridized. ‘the V. Labrusca with V. Vin
ifera.*

The vine taken was that of the kind called Mammoth
Globe (a variety of the V. Labrusca), which he bought
of a person from Lowell, in 1846. It stood at the end
of his garden, bordering on Federal street, and may be
seen now climbing over an old pear tree. The pollen
was taken from some Black Hamburg .and Sweetwater
vines that were growing in the same garden. These
were obtained of Samuel G. Perkins of Brookline, in
1834, and>were grown for several years in the open air,
and had borne several fine crops. The mildew began ,
to trouble them, and in 1844 Mr. Rogers built the grape-
house over them for their protection.

On account of the smallness of the grape flowers and
the peculiarity of the corolla in opening at the base and
remaining united at the top, forming a cap, which often

*T hereby make a distinction between a cross and a hybrid. The first is the off-
spring of two varieties of the same species, while \the latter is from the union of
two separate species.

20

fertilizes as it expands, the grape was supposed beyond
the reach of any interference in regard to its reproduc-
tion. These did not prove to be obstacles to Mr. Rogers.
His account of his work is found in the Articulturist,
Vol. 8, Nos. 2 and 3, pp. 86 and 119. I will not repeat
it here. .

At first he was laughed at ¢or the attempt, and our
most learned horticulturists and botanists declared it to
be an absurdity. But by the time the young hybrids
began to fruit, he had several believers. In 1856, the
vines that had grown in the original place, fruited; the
rest the following year. This year he recrossed the.
hybrids with the V. Vinifera, bringing vines bearing
fruit, nearly identical with the foreign kinds. The fruit
of No. 4 of the first lot crossed with the Muscat, has the
peculiar flavor of the Muscat.

It seems very remarkable that so large a number of
fine grapes have appeared within the last fifteen years,
and particularly within the last twenty. And as shown
by the experiments of Mr. Haskell, and by the laws of
reproduction, as far as they are known, it seems that the
cultivated kinds«are not simply improved seedlings, but are
natural hybrids. Then, too, we do not find the gradually
ascending scale of excellence that might be expected, if
they came by progression. Between the wild Labrusca
and the Isabella, Catawba, &c., there is a very wide differ-
ence. The seedling-of these kinds all tend back towards
the original, and are much inferior to their parents, who
have been elated by a favorable alliance. Again, the hy-
brids of Mr. Rogers’ raising, resemble the “improved
seedlings.” No. 15 is frequently compared with the Ca-
tawba. Now all the attempts to cross the “improved
seedlings” has resulted in producing grapes, so near the _
foreign kinds, as to be nearly or entirely worthless for

21

open air culture in our climate, and closely resembling
them in every particular. This was the same with Mr.
Rogers’ second crosses, as he calls them.

The introduction and dissemination of the European
grapes has brought together the two species, and the
result is, that every year we hear of a new grape spring-
ing up in'some old garden. There has always been an
uncertainty as to the origin of the common varieties, and
I can find nothing in diate history that conflicts oe the
views herein given.

REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, FEBRUARY 7, 1870.

The President in the chair. . Records of preceding meeting read.
The Secretary announced the following correspondence. ,

Academia delle Scienze, Bologna, May 15, 1869; C. M. Barton, Worcester, Jan. 19,

21; W. 'T. Brigham, Boston, Jan. 20, 24; A. C. Hamlin, Bangor, Me., Feb. 1, 2;
Ferdinand D. Ilsley, Newark, N. J., Jan. 31; Linnean Society, London, Sept. 25,
1869; N. H. Morrison, Baltimore, Md., Jan. 19; E. Steiger, New York, Jan. 10.

The Librarian reported the foltowing additions to the Library. .

By Donation.

>

ANDOVER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. Catalogue of the Officers and Students for
1869-70, 8vo pamph.

BUTLER, BENJ. F., M.C. Speech of Hon. H. L. Dawes in U. 8. H. R., on Econ-
omy of Public Expenditures. Speeches of Hon. B. F. Butler in the U. 8. H.R., on
- Public Expenditures of Grant’s Administration.

Currs, MARY P.S. Life and Times of Hon. William Jarvis, of Weathersfield,
Vt., 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1869. ,

HARVARD UNIVERSITY. Medical Department. . Highty-seventh Medical Course,
8vo pamph., Boston, 1870.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for January, 1870.

SUMNER, CHARLES, U. S. Sen. see of Hon. Charles Sumner in U. S. Sen. ”

_Jan. 12, 1870, 8vo pamph.

TRUAIR & SMITH, of Syracuse. Syracuse and Onondaga Directories for 1868,
1870, 2 vols. 8vo.

' WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago. The Weekly Mississippi Valley Review and
St. Louis Journal of Commerce, Jan., 1870, 4t0 pamph. Fifteenth Ann. Rep. of
Board of Education, of Chicago, 8vo pamph., 1869. Illinois Central Directory for
1869, 1 vol. 8vo.

Woop, C. A. & J.F. Directory of Essex County for 1870, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1870.

WOODWARD, R., of Worcester. Worcester Directory for 1866, 1867, 1868, 3 vols.
8vo.

22

By Exchange.

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. Proceedings at the Annual Meeting. Oct.
21 1869, 8vo pamph. :

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL Sociery, Philadelphia. Proceedings, Vol., xi, No,
82, 8vo pamph.

ARCHIV FUR ANTHROPOLOGIE. Zeitschrift fur Naturgeschichte -und Urges-
chichte des Menschen, 4to pamph., Braunschweig, 1869.

BIBLIOTHEQUE UNIVERSELLE ET REVUE SUISSE. Archives des Sciences Phy-
siques et Naturelles, Nov. 15, 1869, 8vo pamph., Genéve.

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. Seventeenth Annual Report of the Trustees, 1869,
8vo pamph.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HIsToRY. Proceedings, Vol. xiii, sig. 12.

MORAVIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Transactions 1857 - 1869, 3 pamphlets 8vo»
Bethlehem.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SocrEeTy. Address of the Hon. M.

P. Wilder, at the Annual Meeting, Jan. 5, 1870, 8vo pamph.

PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. Book Buyer. Christian World.
College Review. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gloucester Telegraph.
Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Lawrence American. L’Investigateur.
Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody
Press. Sailors’ Magazine and Seaman’s Friend. Silliman’s Journal.

VERMONT STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings, 8vo pamph., Montpelier,
1868. Oration by W. W. Grout, Nov. 4, 1869, 8vo pamph., Rutland, 1869. Address
before Vermont State Agr. Society at Burlington, Sept. 16, 1869, 8yo pamph.

Mr. W. P. Upnam, in behalf of the committee previously appointed,
reported the following resolutions, which were unanimously accepted.

Resolved, That in the recent and sudden death of Charles Davis,
Esq., of Beverly, the Essex Institute recognizes the loss of one of its
most efficient members. His earnest devotion to its interests, his
constant attendance at its meetings, the important aid he has often
rendered by obtaining new members, and in other ways, and finally
the liberal bequest by which he has laid a new foundation for the pro-
motion of its objects, will cause his memory to be held in grateful
and affectionate regard by this society. His constant and never fail-
ing fidelity was a marked feature of his life, as a member and officer
of this and other societies; and his thoroughly honest and ingenu-
ous character and genial disposition made him an agreeable associate
and companion.

Resolved, That Robert_S. Rantoul, Esq., be requested to prepare a
memoir of Mr. Davis, e read at some future meeting of the So-
ciety, and published in itS Collections.

Resolved, That these Resolutions be entered upon our Records, and
that a copy be sent to the family of the deceased.

The PresmDENT alluded briefly to the history of horticulture in .

Salem, and expressed the hope that some person, ere long, would un-
dertake the investigation of this subject and present the results at a
future meeting.
Pear trees of great age in several gardens indicate that our ances-
tors, at an early period, were not unmindful of fruit culture.
George Heusler, a native of Landau, in the Province of Alsace, Ger-

—_

23

many, may be considered as the first professional gardener in this
vicinity. He came from Amsterdam to this country in 1780, bringing
professional diplomas and recommendations. Soon after his arrival
he commenced his horticultural pursuits in the employment of John
Tracy of Newburyport, where he married. In 1790 he removed with
his family to Salem, and continued the same avocation on the farm of
E. Haskett Derby, in Danvers (now Peabody), and in many of the
gardens of Salem, Danvers, and other towns of the county, until
nearly the time of his decease, which occurred April: 3, 1817, at the
age of 66 years. He was highly esteemed as an intelligent, upright,
kind hearted and religious man; and to him our people are indebted
for the introduction of many valuable fruits, and for largely develop-
ing a taste for an occupation which has, from that time to the DEBE
received much attention. |

Ezekiel Hersey Derby was the third son of E. Haskett Derby, above
mentioned, a name distinguished in the commercial annals of Salem
as pioneers in the trade to the East Indies, which has contributed so
largely to the wealth of this place, and opened a new field to the ever
ready enterprise of its citizens: He was a graduate of Harvard, i
1791, and not having the family love of adventure on the ocean,
marked out a new path for himself on land, in the pursuits of agricul-
ture. Inheriting an ample fortune, he took possession of the family
estate in South Salem, and about the year 1802, began to trans-
form it, under his improving hand, into a delightful residence; the
extensive garden and grounds, with the ponds, green-houses, borders
of flowers, shrubbery, orchards and belts of forest trees, many of
choice imported varieties, soon became one of the most agreeable
features in our landscape, and will be pleasantly remembered long
after the waves of an increasing population have destroyed every ves-
tige. Here he passed the greater part of his active years in advancing
his favorite studies and the objects of the Massachusetts Society for
the Promotien of Agriculture, having been one of the founders and
for many years a trustee. In our own County of Essex, his name
holds a permanent and honorable place.

He died October 31, 1852, aged fourscore years less one day.*

The Salem Gazette of Friday, July 13, 1810, contains an interesting
account of the opening of a flower of the Night Blooming Cereus
(Cereus grandifiora) in the garden of E. H. Derby, on the Monday
evening previous, and that several of thé citizens were gratified with
a sight of this rare, beautiful and magnificent flower, undoubtedly its
first appearance in Salem. The next flowering of this plant which we

* See obituary notice in Salem Gazette, Tuesday, Nov. 2, 1852.— Genealogy of
Derby Family in Essex Institute Historical Collections, Vol. iii, page 287.

24

have on record, is in the garden of J. F. Allen, in July, 1888. This
specimen is now in a good state of preservation in the Museum.

On Thursday evening, June 25, 1840, Francis Putnam exhibited
three flowers at the rooms of the Essex County Natural History So-
ciety. Since that time, every year several have expanded in the
houses of Messrs. F. Putnam, C. Hoffman, and perhaps others.

Robert Manning* commenced his Pomological Garden in North Sa-
jem, in 1823. At the time of his death, it was unrivalled in the va-
riety of fruits then cultivated, containing nearly one thousand varieties
of pears, besides of apples, peaches, plums, cherries, some hundreds
more; no precise number having been obtained; probably, including
all kinds of fruits, not far from two thousand varieties. His principal
object in the formation of this garden was rather to collect together
the several varieties in order to identification, to test their qualities
and to correct the nomenclature which had been in confusion, than to
grow fine specimens or to originate new varieties; these did not much
occupy his attention, although several varieties, particularly of cher-
ries, are his seedlings and bear his name. He died October 10, 1842,
aged 58, in the midst of his labors and usefulness. He was an enthu-
siastic and most accurate and discriminating pomologist, and so very
familiar with the names and habits of the trees and the qualities of
fruits, that he could readily identify at sight even the most rare kinds.
He was one of the original members of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society,t and a regular attendant, with liberal contributions
almost always labelled, at its earlier exhibitions. He was a man of
great simplicity of character and liberality of disposition, freely im-
parting to others information which cost him much study and re-
search. His labors in the cause of pomological science by the intro-

* Robert Manning was born at Salem, July 19, 1784; m. Dec. 20, 1824, Rebecca
Dodge Burnham of Ipswich. His principal business in life, aside from his horti-
cultural pursuits, was that of a stage agent; in this occupation several members
of his family were largely interested. His sister Elizabeth was the mother of
Nathaniel Hawthorne, who had such a brilliant and successful literary career; b.
at Salem, July 4, 1804; gr. Bowdoin College, 1825; died at Plymouth, N. H., ona
journey for his health, Mayet, 1864. His father, Richard Manning, b. at Ipswich,
May 29, 1755; m. Miriam Lord, May 30,1776, and soon after removed to Salem; a
blacksmith, stagekeeper. and landholder; d. at Newbury while on a journey, April
19, 1813. His grandfather, John Manning, b, March 16, 1703, was the son of Thomas,
pb. in ‘England, Feb..11, 1664; admitted an inhabitant of Ipswich, Feb. 10, 1684-5;
and d. May 14, 1737. Thomas Manning was the son of Richard Manning, who was
baptized at St. Patrick’s Parish, Dartmoor, England, in 1622; married Anstice Cal-
ley, and had seven children. The father died inEngland. The mother came over
(a widow) with the children, who settled principally in Salem.

+ See a series of articles on ‘‘Reminiscences of Massachusetts Horticultural So- °
ciety,” now being printed in Tilton’s Journal of Horticulture, from the pen of John
B. Russell, an original member.

25

duction into general use the best of varieties of fruits, fairly entitle
him to be ranked among the public benefactors.

His example seemed to inspire others and to awaken a new interest
in this pursuit. The neighborhood soon became famous for its gar-
dens, in which his may be considered as the centre, around which the
others crystallized and took form. 9

The operations in the garden were not suspended in consequence
of his death, but were continued many years afterwards; the mantle
having seemed to fall naturally upon his eldest son, Robert Manning,
who inherited the horticultural zeal and tastes of the father; and,
having such a prestige, and such an accumulation of experience,
was enabled, though a young man, to advance greatly horticultural
knowledge and to take a high rank among the horticulturists of the
country. :

John C. Lee commenced operations in the spring of 1831; John M.
Ives in 1836, on the estate now owned by George F. Brown; Charles
F. Putnam and brothers in 1841; Pickering Dodge, Francis Peabody,
James Upton and others in succession. From these gardens many
valuable and important contributions to the horticultural exhibitions
in years past were received. Besides the culture of fruit trees,
Messrs. Eben and Francis Putnam were successful in the cultivation
of the rose, and of this flower no less than five or six hundred vari-
eties bloomed in the month of June, constituting one of the chief
attractions of the city some twenty and twenty-five years since. At
the same period, and for many years before and since, the garden of
Joseph S. Cabot was conspicuous for the magnificent display of tulips,
comprising some six or seven hundred varieties, and for a large col-
lection of choice herbaceous plants which kept a succession of
blooms during the season.

On the 28th of July, 1853, flowered in the green-house of J. Fiske
Allen on Chestnut street, a plant of the Victoria Regia, the great
water lily of the Amazon, the seed having been obtained of Caleb
Cope of Philadelphia, and planted in the early part of the December
previous. The following season, 1854, Mr. Allen enlarged his house
and tank, and flowered several plants of this lily —the seed of some
were obtained from England and planted in March previous, the
others from the American plant. The climate in this house being
. so modified by the surroundings that it was admirably fitted for the
growth of other tropical plants; and Mr. Allen arranged a collection
of fine orchids, amaryllis, calla, nelumbium and other species of lilies
which grew well and produced beautiful flowers, and thus adding
greatly to the attraction of this structure, which was for several
weeks thronged with many visitors to witness the first blooming of
the Victoria in the New England States. Mr. Allen has published the

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. 4

26
results of his observations on this plant in a beautiful folio volume,
finely illustrated by W. Sharpe, from specimens grown at Salem.

In 1843, Mr. Allen commenced the erection of his graperies on
Dean street, which soon were greatly extended, so as to embrace sev-
eral hundred feet of glass, and in which were grown about three
hundred varieties of grapes, including several valuable seedlings;
also peaches, cherries, and other fruits.

Charles Hoffman, William F. Gardner, William Dean, Richard West,
Richard S. Rogers, William D. Pickman, and others, erected houses
for the cultivation of flowers or the grape.

The Natural History Society, soon after its organization in De-
cember, 1833, opened its rooms for exhibitions of fruits and flowers.
The first was held at the rooms on Essex street opposite Central
street, on Friday, July 11, 1834, and was very creditable to our florists,
many beautiful and some rare plants and flowers having been shown.
The contributors were Stephen Driver, Jr., J. S. Cabot, Charles Law-
rence, John M. Ives, Thomas Spencer, Mrs. G. 8. Johonnot, the Misses
Ashton and John Bertram. These exhibitions were continued on every
Friday during the season, and among the contributors, besides those
previously mentioned, were the names of Francis Putnam, George D:
Phippen, Benjamin Creamer, W. F. Gardner, John C. Lee, N. Silsbee,
Jr., B. H. Ives, E. H. Derby, Mrs. J. D. Treadwell, Robert Manning,
William Dean, W. P. Richardson, and others. The success attending
these first efforts, induced a continuance the following and successive
seasons, with greater or less frequency, as circumstances would per-
mit, until that of 1866, when from unavoidable reasons they were
omitted, and since that time none have been held. May they be re-
sumed the coming season with increased interest, and the horticultu-
ral department again take its former high position among the doings
of the Institute.

In every exhibition special attention had been directed to have
properly arranged a collection of the native plants of the county,
then in flower, particularly those that are rare and curious, and are
only found in the most imaccessible localities, thus affording all an
opportunity to observe that portion of our flora not usually noticed
in the ordinary walks.

The exhibitions, humble and unpretending in their origin, gradually
increased in interest and attracted much attention, and undoubtedly
have been the means of developing a more general and extensive
taste for horticultural pursuits in this community. At the earlier ex-
hibitions the contributions were small, afterwards gradually became
more extensive, and at the one in September, 1850, one hundred and
ninety-one individuals contributed two thousand dishes or baskets of |
fruit, consisting of six hundred and sixty-nine varieties.

27

In reviewing the several lists of contributions, a gradual change is
perceptible by the introduction of new and the disappearance of old
familiar species and varieties. The dahlia, once so conspicuous and
exciting so much interest among cultivators, who numbered the vari-
eties by hundreds, no longer holds that sway in the floral world. The
plums, among our fruits, are scarcely seen, some twenty-five years
since so fine and luscious in flavor, so attractive in appearance and in
great variety. 3

The opening of communication with China and Japan have intro-
duced, mainly through Mr. Fortune, the botanist; many beautiful
shrubs and other plants, which add largely to the attractions of our
gardens and lawns. An interesting and very valuable paper could be
written on this subject, giving an account of the garden and its flow-
ers during the first years of the exhibitions, and contrasting the same
with those of the present day.

Having briefly noticed a few incidents in the history of horticul-
ture in Salem, a theme so prolific in interesting materials, I now in-
troduce to you our associate member, Mr. CHarRLes H. H1iGBEE, who
will give some account of the experiments of Mr. Edward S. Rog®rs
of this city, in the hybridization of the grape, which have resulted in
the introduction of several choice and fine new varieties. It is a
cause. of gratulation that we have among us those who are now ac- —
tively engaged in advancing this science, which in the past has en-
rolled so many names distinguished for their zeal, learning and gen-
eral culture.

The remainder of the even‘'ng was occupied in the reading of an
interesting paper by Mr. CuarEs H. HIGBEE, on the ‘“‘ Hybridization
of Grapes,” referring especially to the method adopted by Mr. Edward
S. Rogers of Salem. (See an abstract of this paper on page 17.)

A discussion followed the reading of this paper, which was partici-
pated in by several members.

QUARTERLY MEETING, WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY, 9, 1870.

The PresipEenT in the chair. Records#f preceding meeting read.

Nathaniel Ropes of Cincinnati, and Frank A. Fielden of Salem,
were elected members.

The Secretary mentioned that Mr. Rantoul had given a favorable
answer to the request of the Institute to read the memoir of the late
Charles Davis, provided that he could have sufficient time.to prepare
the same.

28

REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 1870.

The President introduced Mr. Epwarp E. CurEver of Chicago, IIl.,
a native of Salem, who gave an interesting account of the Indians of
California, an abstract of which is here annexed.

The Indians of California.*

THE name “ Digger,” which Fremont gave to the Indians that he
found on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, has been applied by
the readers of Fremont’s work to all the Indians in California.t

The name was really applicable to those whom he first met with,
but not to the Indians living on the other side of the mountains, who
spoke a different language and were more provident than those living ;
on the great plains east of the Rocky Mountains.

The Indians of California, in 1849, were the more interesting to the
ethnologist from the manner in which that country had been settled.
The Jesuits, it is true, had been in Lower California for many years,
and had established mission schools there, and a few Europeans had
a short time before .made scattered settlements in the Sacramento
Valley, but the whole country was so remote from our frontiers, and in-
closed by the intervening barriers of the Rocky Mountains and the
snows of the Sierra Nevada Range, that it had been but little changed
from its first discovery by the whites. Many Indian tribes were liv-
ing in a perfect state of nature as the elk, deer or antelope that fur-
nished them food. The children had their ears bored when quite
young and small sticks inserted; these were exchanged from time to
time for larger sticks, until a bone ornament, made from one of the
larger bones of a pelican’s wings carved in rude style, and decorated
at the end with crimson feathers, could be worn permanently. This
bone was about five or six inches long and larger in size than my lit-
tle finger. The back hair of the men was fastened up in a net, and
this was made fast by a pin of hard wood pushed through both hair
and net, the large end of the pin being ornamented with crimson
feathers, obtained from the head of a species of woodpecker, and
sometimes also with the tail feathers of an eagle. The women used
no nets for their hair, nor wore feathers as ornaments, excepting in
the end of the bones used by both sexes for the ears, which I have
already described.

An Indian could no more remember when he learned to swim than
when he first stood on his,feet. When the children were disposed to
be good natured the girl petted them as kindly as our children tend
dolls, but if they were cross, in spite of their caresses, they threw
cold water in their faces until their tempers cooled. The girls fully

*Itis but justice to our author to state that his familiarity with the language of
the tribes during five years of friendly personal intercourse has given him a rare
opportunity of forming a correct judgment of what these Indians really were be-
fore they were demoralized by contact with the whites. The author’s remarks will
be found published in full in the American Naturalist for May, 1870, with several
illustrations.— EDs.

+ The Indian tribes of the section I am describing, called themselves respectively, _
Sesum, Hocktem, Vubum, Hololipi, Willem, Tankum, and inhabited the valley of
northern California, between the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range.

29

equalled the boys in swimming or diving, and also used the paddle

with skill sometimes even beating the boys in their canoe or foot
races. Their winter quarters are dry and warm, but are rarely free
from smoke, which the Indians do not seem to regard’as an incon-
venience. The outside is covered with earth and at least a half of
the hut is below the surface of the ground. The inside shows strong
posts supporting an arched roof made of poles bound with grape-
vines, and these covered with reeds and coarse grass secured by
cords. A small hole in the roof serves as a chimney, and a low door,
usually on the south side, is kept open excepting in stormy weather.
A raised platform of poles and reeds holds the skins and blankets
used for bedding. The hunting and fishing were done wholly by men,
and some of the fishing was done at night when the women were
sleeping at home. Much of the drudgery came to the women and
seemingly with their consent. They said that a hunter. needed a
keen eye,.atirm hand and a fleet foot; if he became stiff from hard
work or lost his skill, his wife must suffer with him in his misfor-
tunes, and it was best for each to do what each could do best.

An Indian to be judged fairly must be regarded as an Indian. Cus-
tom with them, as with civilized people, is law, and many of their
customs have probably been transmitted with but little change from
remote ages, Their religion is probably little changed from that of
an earlier age. A Good Spirit is invoked to provide food and give
prosperity, and evil spirits are to be propitiated. The oldest chief
prays at certain seasons, morning and evening, outside of the council
' lodge, and sings in a monotone a few sentences only. This is not
in words taken from their language, but is supposed to be intelligible
to the’ Great Spirit. When special prayers are made for success in
fishing or hunting the request is made in plain Indian. Although he
prays constantly for success, he uses wonderful craft and skill to en-
sure it.

To illustrate the ease with which an Indian can proyide food for
himself, I saw one come to the bank of Feather River one afternoon
and start a fire. Turning over the sod and searching under the logs
and stones he found some grubs. Pulling up some light dry reeds of
the last year’s growth he plucked a few hairs from his own head and
tied the grubs to the bottom of the reeds, surrounding the bait with

a circle of loops. These reeds were now stuck lightly in the mud and -

shallow water near the edge of the river, and he squatted and
watched the tops of his reeds. Not a sound broke the quiet of the
place now; the Indian was as motionless as the trees that shaded
him. Presently one of the reeds trembled at the top and the Indian
quietly placed his thumb and finger on the reed and with a light toss
a tish was thrown on the grass. The reed was then put back, another
reed shook and two fish were thrown out; then still another and the
fellow was soon cooking his dinner.

The Indians hunt for one kind of ganfe only at a time, and each
kind at a time that they can be taken most advantageously, When I
saw every kind of game represented together at the Indian encamp-
ment in Bierstadt’s painting of the Yosemite, I knew the camp had
been introduced for effect, from the evident ignorance or disregard
for the habits of the Indians.

It would consume too much space to describe all their implements,
and many of them do not differ materially from those that were used
by Indians in this section; among them were awls of bone, thread

30

of deer sinews, and cord which they used for their nets, bird traps,
nud blankets; this cord was spun from the inner fibre of a species
of milk-weed. Their cooking utensils were made from the roots of a
coarse grass. These roots grew near the surface of the ground, and
in sandy soil can be pulled up in long pieces. The pulpy outside skin
is removed and the inside is a woody fibre, extremely tough when
green, and durable when made into articles for daily use. The Indian
women Split these roots into thin strips and keep them in water when
they are making baskets and take out one at a time, as needed. The
water basket is first started from a centre at the bottom, and is added
to stitch by stitch, without a skeleton frame to indicate the intended
size. A loose strip of grass root is added constantly as a new layer
to the last rim,.and this is sewed on with another strip of the same
fibre to the finished work beneath, a bone awl being used to bore
holes through the basket portion. The water baskets were durable
and would hold hot water.* Water was made to boil in them by.
dropping in stones heated previously. The women skilfully used two
sticks in handling hot stones or coals as we would tongs.

In bread making the women pounded the acorns between two
stones, a hollowed one serving for a mortar, until it was reduced to a
powder as fine as our corn meal. They removed some of the bitter-
ness of the meal by scraping hollows in the sand and leaching it, by
causing water to percolate slowly through it. To prepare it for cook-
ing the dough was wrapped in green leaves and these balls were cov-
ered with hot stones. It comes out dark colored and not appetizing,
but it is nutritious and was eaten with gratitude by Fremont’s men in
1844. Fish and meat were sometimes cooked in this way. A salmon
rolled in grape leaves and surrounded with hot stones, the whole cov-
ered with dry earth or ashes over night and taken out hot for break-
fast, does not need a hunter’s appetite for its appreciation.

Marriage among the California Indians was similar to that of other
tribes in other parts of the country. Presents of sufficient value were
given by the men to the girl’s parents, and the bride might be given
away without her knowledge or consent. They were naturally cheer-
ful and attached to each other, and although polygamy was permitted,
I knew only one chief who had two wives. These seemed to agree,
although Waketo said of his family that it had ‘‘too much tongue.”
. In earlier days dancing among them was confined to ceremonies of
different kinds. In some of these the women joined, forming them-
selves into a circle; but as only one step was used in a solemn way,
accompanied by a half turning of the body, a stranger might be in
doubt whether it was rejoicing or mourning. Within this circle the
men danced with great activity, leaping across a fire burning in the
centre, and yelling an@ Singing whilst the women continued their
solemn dancing, singing a low monotonous chant.

The Indians were inveterate gamblers and parties from one tribe
would visit another for several days at a time and play day and night.
The game was a Sort of an ‘odd and even,” as played by white chil-
dren, the parties guessing as to the number and position of the sticks
used in the game. The playing was accompanied by singing and
beads were principally used for stakes.

In the treatment of diseases the Indians succeeded in a certain class
of them, but failed altogether in others. The pain from a sprain or

* A shallow basket ef their work, which has been in the Museum for several
years, now holds cold water as perfectly as when if was made.

ov

+}.

“’

31

rheumatism would be drawn to the surface by burning the skin with
fire. I can testify to a curefrom this remedy. For headaches they
pressed their hands on the head of the sufferer and sometimes cured
it by gentle pressure. For other diseases they tried steam baths, es-
pecially for colds. When any internal disorder defied their treatment
they immediately begged medicine from the whites.

In burying the dead a circular hole was dug and the body placed
in it, in a sitting posture, with the head resting on the knees. If a
man his nets were rolled about him and his weapons by his side. If
& woman, her blanket enclosed her body, and a conical shaped basket,
such as they carry burdens in, was put into the grave alee; with the
peak upwards.

The language of the California Indians is composed of gutteral
sounds, difficult to separate into words when spoken rapidly and hard
to pronounce or remember. The counting is done, as with all primi-
tive people I have met, by decimals. Children in reckoning call off
the fingers and toes of both hands and feet as twenty, when wishing
to express alarge number. In counting ten the following words are
used: Weekum, - Paynay, Sarpun, Tchuyum, Marctem, Suckanay, Pen-
imbom, Penceum, Peleum, Marchocom. If eleven is to be expressed
it is Mar chocum, Weekum or Ten one; Marchocum, Paynay, ten two,
and so on to twenty which is Midequekum. The general term for man is
Miadim, and for woman Killem, and for a child Collem. A boy is Mi-
adim collem and a girl Killem collem. Although this seems to indi-
cate a poverty of distinctive terms, yet when ‘it is found that evePy
animal, bird, insect and plant has its own name, it will be seen that
there is no want of materials to supply a stranger with words for
book making, if his tastes lead him in that direction.

After many years passed with these Indians, and having every op-
portunity to study their customs and character, I entertain pleasant
recollections of their friendship which was never broken, and feel
sadly when I realize that the improvements of the white men have
been at the sacrifice of Indian homes and almost of the race itself.

It has been customary to attribute certain general qualities to
whole tribes of Indians, and this has been done to those of whom I
have written. I can only say, that no two Indians of my acquaint-
ance were alike, and their mode of life would gi lone develop indi-
viduality of character.

The charges of lying and stealing, as urged against them, have
some foundation in fact, although the Indian” might make some such
defence as bur soldiers made to the accusation of theft of honey and
chickens while marching through the South during our war. They
did not steal, they took what they wanted and expected to live on the
enemy. No Indian can steal from his tribe, however, without losing
his character, and their desire to have position in the tribe makes
both men and women as careful of their reputations as those of civ-
ilized life.

Indian cunning even has not proved equal to the duplicity of the
white man. You may have heard of the Indian who offered his
beaver skins for sale to a trader in olden times in one of our Puritan
villages, when the trader was on his way to church. The trader
would not purchase then, but in a whisper stated a price. When the
church was dismissed the Indian followed the trader home and de-
manded payment for his skins, but was forced to accept a less price
than was first named. The Indian took the money but told an ac-

32

quaintance that he had discovered the use of the big meeting at the
church, — ‘‘it. was to lower the price of beaver skins.”

As a white man I take the side of the pioneer in defence of his fam-
ily, but I wish the Indians could have been spared much of the degra-
dation brought upon them by bad white men that must eventually end
in complete subjection, or extermination.

On motion of Mr. Hyarr a vote of thanks was passed for the very
interesting paper, and referred to the publication committee.

Mr. Rosert PEELE presented a musket, an interesting relic, with
the following statement :—‘‘ Muskets of this pattern were formerly
used by the non-commissioned officers of the English army, in addi-
tion to side arms; the breach is made more crooked than the com-
mon musket or the King’s-arm, and is formed to fit the back of the
soldier, where it was carried bya strap. This musket was brought to
this country by an officer of the English army during the French war
of 1755-6. The militia connected with the regular troops were drafted
by the Governor’s orders, from the several towns. Among those
from Charlestown was a Mr. Graves, who, during the campaign,
formed the acquaintance of one of the non-commissioned officers of
regular troops, and from him obtained this piece, which he brought to
Charlestown on his return and soon after sold it to his brother-in-law,
Nathaniel Chamberlain, then living in Charlestown. Mr. Chamber-
lain, was a bricklayer by trade, came to Salem in 1773, and died about
1837, over ninety years of age. On his first removal to Salem he
lived in the house of my grandfather, Robert Peele, and during that
year sold to him this musket, which has been in the family to the
present time, ninety-seyen years. It had no bayonet when first owned
by my grandfather; to meet the requirements of the militia law one
was fitted. During the Revolutionary war my grandfather carried it
to Lexington under Col. Timothy Pickering; to Rhode Island under
Captain Flagg, and on all oécasions required by law. My father,
(Robert Peele, Jr.) in discharging the duties of a citizen soldier
under the laws of the State; and by myself during the war of 1812
and 1813, in the discharge of guard duty on Salem Neck, and other
occasions when requir It is in good condition although somewhat
antiquated, having a flint lock. At your request, Mr. President, I
have named all the facts known to me in the history of the above
named musket, and would mention that they were often cited by my.
father, and that Mr. Chamberlain, who first brought it to Salem, had
several times, in my presence, made the same statement.”

Mr. Cates Cooke stated that Mr. Luther Clapp of Salem, had shot
on the 12th of February (1870), a female of the Lynx rufus (Bay —
Lynx) in the woods of Essex. Length of head and body twenty-nine
inches; weight seventeen pounds.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ih tee sets? ly bw mT Ee Ee...

Vou. 2. SatemM, Mass., Marcu, 1870. No. 3.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

FIRST HOUSES IN SALEM.

BY W. P. UPHAM. *

[Continued From Vol.1, p- 150.]
APPENDIX.

THE only place in Salem which is associated, by name,
with the Old Planters of 1626, is the large open field on
the right of the northerly end of Bridge street, which
was for many years known as the “Planters Marsh.”
This has naturally led some to suppose that the first
settlement of Salem, in 1626,.was in that vicinity. We
fail, however, to find anything in published accounts, or
in the records, to support such a belief, except in the
following statements by Rev. Dr. Bentley, and by Hon. :
Robert Rantoul, Sen.

Bentley, in his Description of Salem (Mass. Hist.
.Coll. Vol. 6, p. 233), says:—‘“Salem, considered as
within its present bounds, was first settled upon North
River. Shallop Cove (now Collins Cove), open to Bey-
erly harbour, was then much employed.” Again, p. 231,
“When Francis Higginson arrived, in 1629, there were
only six houses, besides that of, Gov. Endicott, and these

Essex INst. BULLETIN. II 5

34

were not on the land now called Salem.” He also says
(p. 228), “The first fort was on Beverly side, and erected
by Conant’s men, before Endicott arrived. It was called
Darbie or Derby fort.” -This latter statement, that Darby
fort was on Beverly side, and was built by Conant before
Endicott’s arrival, explains why he thought the first
houses were not where Salem is now; and proves that in
this part of his history he must have relied upon false
tradition or incorrect information, for there is abundant
evidence which shows conclusively that Darby fort* was
on Marblehead side; and the depositions of Richard
Brackenbury and Humphrey Woodbury, in 1681, made
for the purpose of proving an early possession of the
land on Beverly side, in opposition to Mason’s claim,
show us that when the Old Planters removed from Cape
Ann (Gloucester), they came “to the neck of land since
called Salem,” and built. their first houses there; and that
they took possession of the land on Cape Ann side (Bev-
erly), sometime after the arrival of Endicott. (See
Thornton’s Cape Ann, Appendix).

In the Account of Beverly by Mr. Rantoul (Mass.
Hist. Coll. 3 Ser. Vol. 7, p. 254), he states that “Roger
Conant, John Balch, John Woodbury and Peter Pal-
frey, first settled, in 1626, on the neck of land be-
tween Collins Cove on the south, and the North River on
the north, in Salem.” “Their first houses were near to
the margin of ‘the river, and their lots running from the
river, across the neck to Collins cove.” No authority is
given for this statement, and it is most likely that it rests"
upon some tradition derived from the name “Planters
Marsh.” We have carefully traced the history of the
house-lots on the neck of land above described, and |

* Thomas Oliver, in 1658, conveyed to John Bradstreet ten acres ‘‘on Marblehead
Neck, butting upon Forrest River, and having in the south end an old Indian Fort.”

35 |

though we can show who owned and occupied them back
to a very early date, we find no evidence that any of
them were ever owned by the Old Planters.

Let us now see whether any of the descriptions by the
early writers will throw any light upon this question.

In “New England’s Plantation,” written by Rev. Fran-
cis Higginson, tai printed at London in 1630 (see Force’s
Tracta; Walk 1), the writer describes the soil as being
sandy “all about our Plantation at Salem, for so our
Towne is now named, Psal. 76, 2.” “When we came
first to Neihum-kek, we found about halfe a score houses
and a faire house newly built for the Governour. We-
found also abundance of corn planted by them very good
and well likeing.”

In Wm. Wood’s “New England Prospect,” p. 50; “we
find, “Four miles north-east from Saugus lies Salem,
which stands on the middle of a neck of land very pleas-
antly, having a South River on the one side, and a North
River on the other side; upon this neck where most of
the houses stand, is very bad and sandy ground, yet for
seven years together it hath brought forth exceeding good
corn, it being fished but every three years; in some
places is very good ground, and good timber, and divers
springs. hard by the sea side.”

Wm. Wood left New England, Aug. 15th, 1633, there-
fore corn had been planted on the sandy neck of land in
1626. His description would seem to apply to the central
portion of the present city. :

In “Planter’s Plea,” London, “1630 (Force’s Tracts,
Vol. 2), we find it stated that the first planters removed
from Cape Ann (Gloucester) “to Nahum-keike, about
foure or five leagues distant to the south-west from Cape
Anne.”

In the “History of New England” (Mass. Hist. Coll. 2

36

Ser. Vol. 5, p. 102), written by Wm. Hubbard, who was
well acquainted with Roger Conant, he says, “After they
had made another short trial there (Cape Ann), of about
a year’s continuance, they removed a third time a little
lower towards the bottom of the bay, being invited by
the accommodations which they either saw, or hoped to
find on the other side of the creek near by, called Naum-
keag, which afforded a considerable quantity of planting
land near adjoining thereto. Here they took up their
station upon a pleasant and fruitful neck of land, invi-
roned with an arm of the sea on each side, in either of
which vessels and ships of good burthen might safely
anchor. In this place (soon after by a minister that
came with a company of honest planters) called Salem,
from that in Psal. Ixxvi, 2, was laid the first foundation
on which the next Colonies were built.” He also says
that Roger Conant had previously examined this place,
“secretly conceiving in his mind, that in following times
(as since is fallen out) it might prove a receptacle for
such as upon the account of religion would be willing to
begin a foreign plantation in this part of the world, of
which he gave some intimation to his friends in England.”

As Collins Cove is almost dry at low tide, it would be
impossible for “ships of good burthen to safely anchor”
there. Indeed it seems to us quite evident that the neck
of land which these early writers refer to, must mean
that upon which the Main part of the town now stands,
between the North River and the South River.

We propose now to show who were the occupants of
the land near what is now Bridge street, at the earliest
date to which we have been able to trace its history.

Where the Gas Works are now, was called Neal’s
Point; the Cove south of it was called Waller’s Cove, and
that to the north of it Massey’s Cove.

37

On the north-west side of Bridge street, and south-
west of Skerry street, was the homestead of Francis
Skerry, and adjoining it on the north-east, was the home-
stead of Jeffry Massey, both of whom were for many
years prominent in town affairs. Between that and Rob-
bins Lane, which was where the school house is now, was
a two-acre lot on which lived Richard Brackenbury, be-
fore he removed to Beverly, which was before the year
1640.

On the land north-east of Robbins Lane, lived at about
the year 1640, James Smith, Michael Sallows, Thomas
Read, John Tucker, Thomas Robins and George Ropes ;
and near them also Francis Nurse, Wm. Bennett, [W.m. |
Waller, Thomas Edwards, and George Wathen. At the
point just east of the Salem end of Beverly Bridge‘was
the Ferry landing place, and there lived John Stone, who,
in 1636, was appointed to keep the ferry from that point
across to Cape Ann side, as Beverly was then called,
John Massey, who kept the Ferry after 1686, lived on
the same site.

On the south-east side of Bridge street, and extending
from where Pickman street is, nearly to Barton street,
was the Ship Tavern Pasture, so-called, which was owned
by John Gedney, who kept the Ship Tavern where the
Mansion House lately stood. It consisted of twelve
acres, six of which he bought of George Emory, before
1649, and two of Richard Graves, in 1650, and the other
four of Margaret Rix, in 1655. This land was conveyed
by the heirs of John Gedney to Deliverance Parkman, in
1698, and by the widow of his grandson, George Curwen,
to Benjamin Pickman, in 1749. Deliverance Parkman, in
1714, was allowed four rights “for Josiah Rootes, Edward
Giles, [Philemon] Dickenson and John Borne’s cottage
rights in the Great Pasture, formerly Mr. Gedney’s.”

38

Where Barton street is now was a lot of four acres
conveyed by Robert Goodell to Francis Skerry, in 1653.
Francis Skerry left it to Henry Lunt, who conveyed it to
John Higginson, jr., in 1695. John Gardner conveyed
it to Lydia Barton, in 1811. By the depositions of
Nathaniel Felton and John Massey, recorded in our Reg-
istry, B. 11, L. 254, it appears that this was originally
two two-acre lots, on which lived oo Goodell and
Peter Woolfe.

Next north-east of this, and including where Osgood’s
wharf is, was a lot of three and a half. acres, which was
owned by Jeffry Massey, in 1653, and on which Capt.
Thomas Lothrop had previously lived, as appears by the
depositions of Samuel Ebourne, Nathaniel Felton and
John Massey (See Registry, B. 21, L. 251). John
Massey conveyed it to Philip Cromwell, in 1680. The
heirs of John Cromwell sold it to Benjamin Gerrish, in
1700, and his heirs to Samuel Carlton, in 1736.

Next north-east was a lot of about four acres, which
extended nearly to where Osgood street is now. ‘This
was owned by Gervais Garford, and is one of the few lots
in Salem which we can trace back to the original grant.
The town granted to him and his daughter, Mrs. Ann
Turland, Dec. 7, 1635, each “a two-acre lot upon the
north side of [Burley’s] Cove,” “both abutting upon
Michael Sallowes and#James Smyth’s lots, provided they
botli build upon them and soe be ready to sell his
house in the towne.” This language would seem to in-
dicate that the locality was at that time considered as
being “out of town.” The lots of Sallowes and Smith
were, as already stated, on the other side of the ferry
lane, and north-east of Robbins lane. Garford sold his
lot, with three acres of marsh adjoining, to Henry Bar-
tholomew, in 1650, and he assigned it to John Browne, in

39

1653, who gave it to his sons, John Browne and James
Browne, in 1675. In 1654 the town also granted to John
Browne “all that land enclosed as well medow as upland
which was latelie in the possession of Mr. Garford,” and
it remained in his family for many years, and was con-
veyed to Samuel Carlton, in 1734. Gervais Garford was
living on this land in 1640.

Welt north-east was another lot of three acres, owned
and occupied very early by [Joseph] Young, and which
was afterwards owned by John Robinson, who conveyed
it, in 1694, to Bartholomew Browne, whose administrator
conveyed’ it, together with a part of the Garford lot, to
James Lindall, in 1720, and Timothy Lindall conveyed
it to Benjamin Pickman-in 1758. 8

Next was a three-acre lot owned in 1658 by Daniel
Rumball, and conveyed by his son-in-law, Wm. Curtice,
to Samuel Browne, in 1710, it being described in the
deed as “the Potter’s field,” and bounded south by ‘Pot-
ter’s lane leading down to Planters Marsh.” ‘This lane
can still be traced, running along near the south side of
where the old Ropewalk was. It was leased by the town
to Francis Skerry, in 1680, and was sold in 1740, to
Wm. Browne. The name of this field has given rise to
the impression that it was originally used as a burial
place ; and from this, probably, has originated the tradi-
tion that the Lady Arbella Johnson was buried there,
the remains of a monument even, it is thought, having
been found near there.* But thig shows how little reli-
' ance can be placed upon mere tradition, unsupported by
other evidence; for it seems quite clear, from the facts
which we shall now state, that this name, “the Potter’s
field,” was derived from the occupation of the person who
first lived there.

[To be continued.]

* See Felt, Vol. 2, p. 446, also 1st edition, p. 522.

40

REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, MARCH 7, 1870.

The President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.
The Secretary reported the following correspondence.

J. ¥F. A. Andrews, Pittsfield, Mass., Jan. 27, Feb. 5, 7; Bowdoin College, Bruns-
wick, Me., Feb. 5, 24; British Archeological Association, London, Nov. 20, 1869;
Buffalo Hist..Soc., Buffalo, Feb. 7, 23; Mrs. E. F. Condit, Newark, N. J., Feb. 16;
B. A. Gould, Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 15, 18; A. C. Hamlin, Bangor, Me., Feb. 6,
11; P. A. Hanaford, Reading, Mass., Feb. 15; E. V. Jameson, Salisbury, Mass.,
Feb. 15; Iowa State Hist. Soc., Iowa City, Feb. 15; D. W. King, Boston, Feb. 12;
Konigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenchaften, Leipzig, Aug. 13, 1869; Konigliche
Sachsische Gesellschaft der Wissenchaften, Leipzig, Aug. 13, 1869; Maryland -
Acad. Science, Baltimore, Dec. 16, 1869; Moravian Hist. Soc., Nazareth, Pa., Feb.
12; Naturg. Gesellsch. of Bazel, Sept. 11, 1869; Natur. Verein du Bremen, Aug.
29, 1869; New England Hist. and Gen. Soc., Boston, Feb. 7, 22; Oberhessische
Gesellschaft, Giessen, Sept. 2, 1869; Public Tineary of Boston, Feb. 8; Soc. Royale
des Sciences, Christiania, Dec. 15, 1869; Soc. Royale du Zoologie, Amsterdam,
May 31, 1869; W. Hudson Stephens, Copenhagen, N. Y., Feb. 13; J. H. Stickney,
Baltimore, Feb. 7, 10; Universite Royale de Norvege, Christiania, Nov. 29, 1869;
Universite Lugduno-Batave, July 22, 1869; Yale College, New Haven, Feb. 7.
American Entomologist, St. Louis, Feb. 24; W. V. Andrews, New York, Dec. 20
and 17; Jacob Batchelder, Lynn, Feb. 25; Chicago Hist. Society, Chicago, March 3;
City Library, Lowell, Jan. 21; Department of Interior, Washington, Feb. 22; Chas.
Hamilton, New York, Feb. 24; Hist. Phil. Society of Ohio, Cincinnati, Feb, 24;
Ferd. I. Ilsley, Newark, Feb. 22; New York Hist. Society, N. Y., Feb. 23; New York
State Library, Albany, Jan. 20; Mass. Institute of Technology, Boston, Feb. 22; A.
E. Verrill, New Hoven s Conn., Feb. 24; William Wood, E. Windsor Hill, Conn.,
Feb. 22.

The Superintendent reported the following Donations to the Mu-
seums of the Institute and the Academy.

Lieut. ASA T. ABBOTT, U.S. A. Two species of Fish from Tortugas.

M. A. ALLEN, Key West. Coral from Tortugas.

Rey. C. J.S. BETHUNE, Credit, Canada. Sixteen Indian Relics from vicinity of
Credit; four specimens of Fossils from the same place.

ELAM BURNHAM, Hamilton, sGos-hawk from Hamilton.

Epw. E. CHEVER, Chicago. »sIf'wo Stone Arrowheads from Twin Lake, Colo-
rado; Fossil Wood, from Colorado.

THOMAS CLEMENS, Key West, Fla. Coral from Tortugas.

JOHN L. COCHRANE, Peabody. Hawk from Peabody.

Miss CAROLINE FOLLANSBEE. Minerals of the Hot Springs of California;
Paper made from the Red Wood of California; two Japanese Coins.

THOMAS GERAGHTY, Key West, Fla. Collection of Coral from Tortugas.

JOHN GOULD, Ipswich. Two Stone Arrowheads and a very small Stone Sinker
found at Ipswich.

Col. CHAS. HAMILTON, U.S. A. Ganateosink, from Tortugas, Fla.

ROBERT HOWELL, Nichols, N.Y. A collection of Indian Relics from the vicinity
of that place.

CHARLES LAWRENCE, Danvers. Stone Arrowheads from that place.

41

A. 8. PACKARD, Jr., Salem. A collection of Reptiles, Fishes, Mollusks, Articu-
lates, Radiates, etc., from Key West and Tortugas, Fla. .

Lieut. ALBERT S. PIKE, U.S. A. Crustacea from Tortugas.

W.T. PHILLIPS, Marblehead. A fine specimen of Solemyia borealis, and other
Mollusks and Crustaceans, from Marblehead.

JOHN B. ROWELL, Tortugas. Shell of Green Turtle, Shells and Hermit-Crabs,
from Tortugas.

THEODORE SAMPSON. A collection of Plants collected in the vicinity of Hong
Kong, in 1868-9.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. A collection of European and British Shells, con-
taining three hundred and forty-four species.

Dr. 8S. A. SrorROw, U. S.A. Several specimens of Gorin a from Tortugas.

W.STROBEL, Baltimore. Two specimens Nerite pleloronta from Key West, Fla.

CHARLES VEACH. Alcoholic Mollusca from Chariton, Miss.

._Miss M. G. WHEATLAND, Salem. Specimen of Radiates from the Isles of Shoals.

The Librarian reported the following additions to the Library.

By Donation.

BETHUNE, CHARLES J. Canada Directory for 1857-58, 1 vol. 8vo. Toronto Cen:
tral Directory for 1856, 1 vol. 8vo. .

BUTLER, BENJ. F., M. C. Monthly Report of the ‘Department of Agriculture
for January, 1870, See pamph. Speech of Hon. Z. Chandler, in U. S. Senate, on
* Pope’s Campaign,” 8vo pamph.

DREER, FERDINAND J., of Philadelphia. Centennial Celebration by the Annin
Family, at the Old Stone House in Somerset Co., N. J., 1 vol. 8vo, Philadelphia.

GOODELL, ABNER C., Jr. Bangor, Lawrence, Manchester, Fall River, and
Taunton Directories for 1869, 5 vols. 8vo.

HAMMOND, CHARLES, of Monson. Jubilee Discourse at the Celebration of the
Semi-Centennial Anniversary of the Linophilian Society in Monson Academy, by
C. C. Carpenter, 8vo pamph., 1869.

LINCOLN, SOLOMON, Jr. Early Settlers of Hingham, New England, 4to pamph.,
Boston, 1865.

LORING & ATKINSON. Cotton Culture and the South Considered with Refer-
ence to Emigration, 12mo pamph., Boston, 1869.

NOBLE, EDWARD H. Views selected from the Malta Penny Magazine, Vol. I,
4to pamph, 1845.

PAINE, NATHANIEL, of Worcester. Worcester Directory for 1869, 1 vol. 8vo.

PERLEY, JONATHAN. Essex County Directory for 1866, 1869-70, 2 vols. 8vo.

PRENDHOMME, M. ALF., de Borre. Description d’une Nouvelle espéce Ameri,
caine du Genre Caiman, Alligator, 8vo pamph. Description d’une espece Ameri-
caine de la Famille des Elodites, 8vo pamph. =

. SALEM WATER WORKS. Account of the Proceedings upon the Transfer of the
Salem Water Works to the City Authorities, 1 vol. 8vo, Salem, 1869.

STONE EDWIN M., of Providence, R. I. Twenty-eighth Annual Report of the
Ministry at Large, 8vo pamph., Providence, 1870.

SUMNER, CHARLES, U.S. Sen. Report of the Commissioners of Agriculture for
1868, 1 vol. 8vo. Message and Documents, 1868-69, 1 vol. 8vo. Speech of Hon. C.
Sumner in U. S. Senate, on “ Financial Reconstruction and Specie Payments,” 8vo
pamph.

UpHAM. J. BAXTER, of Boston. Dedication of a Soldiers’ Monument at Clare-
mont, N. H., Oct. 19, 1869, 8v0 pamph. 7

Essex INST. BULLETIN. rm 6

42
WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago. Report of the Superintendent of Public In-
struction of Illinois, 1865-1868, 2 vols. 8vo.. Treasurer’s Report, Illinois, 1867, 1 vol.
8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 10. History of the Chicago River Tunnel, 8vo
pamph. Twelfth Annual Report of the Trade and Commerce of Chicago, for 1869,
8vo pamph.
WILLIAMS, WILLIAM O., Dartmouth College. The Aigis, 1867, 8vo pamph.

By Exchange.

AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SocIETY. Transactions, Vol. 2, No. 4, Svo pamph.,
Philadelphia.

BERGENSKE MusEuM. Astrand om Bredde og Laengda, 4to pamph., 1864.
Beretning om den Internationale Fiskeriudstilling, 1865, 1 vol. 4to. Catalog. over
de til den internationale Fiskeriudstilling, 12mo pamph. Baars Les Peches dela
Norwége, 8vo pamph., Paris, 1867. Koren med Danielssen’s Pectinibranchiernes
Udviklingshistorie, med Supplement, 8vo pamphs., 1851. Danielssen’s Syphilisa-
tionen, 8vo pamph. Danielssen’s Zoologisk Reise, 8vo pamph.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Proceedings for Feb., 1869, Vol. as
sig. 13, 8vo pamph.

BUFFALO HisTORICAL SOCIETY. Buffalo Directory for 1867, 1868, 2 vols. 8vo.

BIDRAGEN TOT DE DIERKUNDE. Uitgegeven door het menopiagna Natura Artis
Magistra, te Amsterdam, 1869, 4to pamph.

DORCHESTER ANTIQUARIAN AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Taxable Valuation
_of the Town of Dorchester, 1869, 1 vol. 8yo. Sermon by Rey. James H. Means at
Dorchester, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1870.

KONGELIGE NORSKE UNIVERSITET. Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers- Sels-
kabs Skrifter, 1865, 1868, 2 pamphlets 8vo, Throndhjem. Norsk Meteorologisk
Aarbog, 1867-1868, Christiania. Le Glacier de Bovum en Juillet, 1868, 4to pamph.
En Anatomisk Beskrivelse af de paa Over-og Underextremiteterne forekommende
Bursze Mucose, 4to pamph., 1869. Index Scholarum, 1869, 4to pamph. La Nor-
vege Litteraire, 1868, 8vo pamph. Beretning om Lungegaardshospitalets, Virk-
somhed, 1865-1867, 8vo pamph. Frederiks Universitets, 1868, 8vo pamph. Forhand-
linger i Videnskabs-Selskabet, 8vo pamph. Thomas Saga Erkibyskups, 8vo pamph.,
1969. Danielssen Om Spedalskhedens Therapie.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ‘Transactions for the year 1869, 8vo
pamph.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Fifth Annual Catalogue of the
Officers and Students, 1869-70, 8vo pamph.

MICHIGAN STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Address before the Board of
Agriculture, Faculty and Students, by G. Willard, at Lansing, August 25, 1869, 8vo
pamph. cs

PEABODY INSTITUTE, Béitimore, Md. Report of Adj, General of Maryland,
1869, 8vo pamph. Address of the President of Peabody Institute to the Board of
Trustees, Feb. 12, 1870, 8vo pamph.

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings for August to
December, 1869, 8vo pamph. ' i

NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHE GESELLSCHAFT. Sitzungs-Bericht der naturwis-
senschaftlichen Gesellschaft Isis in Dresden, 8vo pamph., 1869.

NEW BEDFORD PUBLIC LIBRARY. Eighteenth Annual Report of tite Trustees,
8vo pamph.

SOCIETE DES SCIENCES NATURELLE de Neuchatel. Bulletin. Tome viii, 8v0
pamph.

PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. American Journal of Numismatics.
Book Buyer. Bowdoin Scientific Review. Christian World. Cosmos. Eclectic.

43

Essex Banner. Gardener’s Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette.
Historical Magazine. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Lynn Reporter.
Mason’s Monthly Coin and Stamp Collector’s Magazine. Medical and Surgical
Reporter. Nation. Naturalist’s Note Book. Nature. Pavilion. Peabody Press.
Quaritch’s Catalogue. Sailors’ Magazine and Seamen’s Friend.

The PRESIDENT called attention to a portrait of William Orne of
Salem (a reversionary gift from the late President of the Institute,
D. A. White).. This portrait was given by Judge White, some years
since, to Mrs. Theresa Norris, wife of Charles Norris of Exeter,
and daughter of Dr. Joseph and Theresa (Emery) Orne of Salem, on
condition that it should ultimately come into the possession of the In-
stitute. This lady died at Exeter, N. H., January 1, 1870, at the age of
eighty-seven years; and the portrait has accordingly been sent to the
place of destination, and is ‘a valuable contribution to the collection
of historical portraits.

William Orne was a successful and distinguished merchant of Salem
during the close of the last and the beginning of the present century,
and was eminent for his integrity aud attention to business. His
numerous virtues, his liberal hospitality, his thousand acts of charity,*
his ardent attachment to his family and friends, secured to him the
affection and veneration of his family and the esteem and respect of ©
his fellow citizens. :

His contemporaries were William Gray, E. Hasket Derby, George
Crowninshield, Joseph Peabody, and others, who were the merchant
princes of that day, when Salem commerce was in the ascendancy.

He-was born Feb. 4, 1751, and died Oct. 14, 1815. His wife was
Abigail, daughter of Nathaniel Ropes; she died May 20, 1813. Their
children were William Putnam, died unmarried. George died in
infancy. Eliza married, lst, William Wetmore, Esq.; 2d, Hon. D. A.
White; and had a son, Rev. W. O. White, who is a settled clergyman
in Keene, N..H. Samuel lived in Springfield, died leaving issue.
Charles Henry died in 1814, without issue. Joseph died Sept. 1, 1818;
married Sarah F. Ropes, who is now living in the old homestead on
Essex street.

The name of Orne has been a familiar one in our annals from the
earliest settlement. In the records of the First Church the first bap-
tism recorded was Recompense, dau. of Johu Horn, bapt. 25, 10, 1636 ©
(name variously spelt). “This John Orne died at an advanced age, in
1684. He probably came to Salem in 1630, in the fleet with Win-
throp, but may have been here earlier; a freeman 18 May, 1651; ‘‘ was
deacon,” and Bentley says, ‘‘in 1680 required the assistance of a col-
league, as he had been in that office above fifty years.” His second
son, Symonds, was the ancestor of the Marblehead family, of whom
was Hon. Col. Azor Orne, who was a leading and prominent citizen

A+

and died June 6, 1796. Jonathan H. Orne of Marblehead, who has
taken an active part in the temperance movement; is also of this
family.

His third son, Joseph Orne, married Anna Tomson, and had Jo-
seph, who died without issue. Timothy married Lois Pickering;
Anna the wife of John Cabot. Josiah married Sarah Ingersoll; and
Mary, wife of Joseph Grafton.

Timothy was the father of Timothy, who died July 14, 1767, a dis-
tinguished and successful merchant.

Josiah Orne was the father of Jonathan Orne, who died January 2,
1774, aged 51, and grandfather of Dr. Joseph Orne, who deceased in
1786 (a good physician and a man distinguished for his attainments in
literature and science), and of William Orne, the subject of the present
notice. ,

Remarks were then made by the Secretary, Mr. JOHN ROBINSON,
upon some manuscript books that had been given to the Institute by
Mr. William A. Lander, and jottings were read from them. They
were a diary, principally of maritime events that occurred in and
_ about Salem during the war of 1812-15, and consequently contain a
large amount of valuable, as well as entertaining, details of our his-
tory during that time.

Dr. PacKARD gave an account of a recent trip to Key West and the
Tortugas, Florida, describing in general terms the marine fauna,
comparing it with that of New England and the Arctic Ocean. He
alluded to the poisonous nature of corals, especially of the madre-
pores, stating that his hands after handling them for a few hours
became very sore, much swollen, with considerable local fever; this
state of things lasting for several days. The application of glycer-
ine was made with good results. The living coral should be gath-
ered with the hands protected by gloves or mittens, or anointed with
glycerine or grease. The poisoning was caused by the poisonous
microscopic darts contained within the lasso cells of the coral polyps.
The ‘‘ Pepper Coral,” ‘Or Millepora, was still more distressing in its
poisonous qualities and should never be handled unless the hands are
thoroughly protected.

He also described the effects on marine life of an intensely cold
period on Dec. 24, 25, 1856, when the thermometer went as low as 44°,
very unusual for the latitude of Key West. As described to him by
several gentlemen at Key West, multitudes of fish were killed and
cast ashore. On Dec. 25, 1868, there was another frost, ice was found :
and quantities of fish was strewn along the beaches. He compared
such a wide spread desolation among the marine animals of the

45

Florida reefs, during such a period of intense cold for a tropical cli-
mate (where the mean of winter temperature is 60°), to the death of
fishes and other marine animals by local earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions, and thought a much greater devastation was wrought by
the former cause. :

He was accompanied by Prof. H. H. Goodell of the State Agricultu-
ral College, and with his aid had made very large collections, especi-
ally of crustaceans, worms, and corals. While at Ft. J efferson they had
enjoyed the hospitality of Colonel Charles Hamilton, during the war
in command of the Florida coast, who had done much for the success
of the trip; to Colonel Gibson, U. S. A., Commandant of the Fort, and
to many of the officers and men they were much indebted for various
specimens and the use of boats and aid in dredging, &c. While at
Key West they were under constant obligations to M. A. Allen, Esq.;
for aid in furtherance of their explorations; so that a large and valu-
able collection was made in departments in which the Museum of the
Peabody Academy had been hitherto sadly deficient. ‘

Dr. Packard’s remarks elicited several interesting queries, after®
which, Mr. C. H. Hiacprr being called upon-by the Chair, alluded
briefly to the subject of horticulture, and suggested the propriety of
taking into consideration the expediency of having the rooms opened
at stated intervals for the exhibition of fruits, flowers, and vegeta-
bles, as was the practice some years since, during the coming season,
and the necessity of making early arrangements for the same, if
deemed advisable. Many new varieties, especially of flowers, have
been recently introduced into our gardens, and with a corresponding
effort displays can be made that would compare favorably if not sur-
passing those of former years. The horticultural department, the past
few years, has been in a quiescent condition; he perceived an awaken-
ing interest in its behalf and hoped that exhibitions now contemplated
would be held at least monthly during the season, commencing with
that of the rose and strawberry in the latter part of June. He then
exhibited some crocuses, and a coliseum ivy growing in combination
self-watering pots, and described the construction of these pots which
were invented by Benj. W. Putnam of Jamaica Plains, and are well
adapted for growing bulbous and other plants that require much
water.

—<—>»* > —

REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, MARCH 21, 1870.
The President in the chair.

The Secretary reported the following correspondence. .

Acad. Wissenschaften, Munchen, Feb. 18; Charles H. Bell, Exeter, N. H., March
8; W.B. Brown, Marblehead, March 18; Boston Public Library, Boston, March 10;

44

and died June 6, 1796. Jonathan H. Orne of Marblehead, who has
taken an active part in the temperance movement; is also of this
family.

His third son, Joseph Orne, married Anna Tomson, and had Jo-
seph, who died without issue. Timothy married Lois Pickering;
Anna the wife of John Cabot. Josiah married Sarah Ingersoll; and
Mary, wife of Joseph Grafton.

Timothy was the father of Timothy, who died July 14, 1767, a dis-
tinguished and successful merchant.

Josiah Orne was the father of Jonathan Orne, who died January 2,
1774, aged 51, and grandfather of Dr. Joseph Orne, who deceased in
1786 (a good physician and a man distinguished for his attainments in
literature and science), and of William Orne, the subject of the present
notice. ,

Remarks were then made by the Secretary, Mr. JoHN ROBINSON,
upon some manuscript books that had been given to the Institute by
Mr. William A. Lander, and jottings were read from them. They
“were a diary, principally of maritime events that occurred in and
about Salem during the war of 1812-15, and consequently contain a
large amount of valuable, as well as entertaining, details of our his-
tory during that time.

Dr. PacKARD gave an account of a recent trip to Key West and the
Tortugas, Florida, describing in general terms the marine fauna,
comparing it with that of New England and the Arctic Ocean. He
alluded to the poisonous nature of corals, especially of the madre-
pores, stating that his hands after handling them for a few hours
became very sore, much swollen, with considerable local fever; this
state of things lasting for several days. The application of glycer-
ine was made with good results. The living coral should be gath-
ered with the hands protected by gloves or mittens, or anointed with
glycerine or grease. “he poisoning was caused by the poisonous
microscopic darts contained within the lasso cells of the coral polyps.
The ‘‘ Pepper Coral,” or Millepora, was still more distressing in its

poisonous qualities and should never be handled unless the hands are.

thoroughly protected.

He also described the effects on marine life of an intensely cold
period on Dec. 24, 25, 1856, when the thermometer went as low as 44°,
very unusual for the latitude of Key West. As described to him by
several gentlemen at Key West, multitudes of fish were killed and
cast ashore. On Dec. 25, 1868, there was another frost, ice was found
and quantities of fish was strewn along the beaches. He compared
such a wide spread desolation among the marine animals of the

ca

* 4 tl
-" a
y

‘al ad

“y

45

Florida reefs, during such a period of intense cold for a tropical cli-
mate (where the mean of winter temperature is 60°), to the death of
fishes and other marine animals by local earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions, and thought a much greater devastation was wrought by
the former cause.

He was accompanied by Prof. H. i. Goodell of the State Agricultu-
ral College, and with his aid had made very large collections, especi-
ally of crustaceans, worms, and corals. While at Ft. Jefferson they had
enjoyed the hospitality of Colonel Charles Hamilton, during the war
in command of the Florida coast, who had done much for the success
of the trip; to Colonel Gibson, U. 8S. A., Commandant of the Fort, and
to many of the officers and men they were much indebted for various
specimens and the use of boats and aid in dredging, &. While at
Key West they were under constant obligations to M. A. Allen, Esq., ‘
for aid in furtherance of their explorations; so that a large and valu-
able collection was made in departments in which the Museum of the
Peabody Academy had been hitherto sadly deficient. .

Dr. Packard’s remarks elicited several interesting queries, after
which, Mr. C. H. HiGBEE being called upon by the Chair, alluded
briefly to the subject of horticulture, and suggested the propriety of
taking into consideration the expediency of having the rooms opened
at stated intervals for the exhibition of fruits, flowers, and vegeta-
bles, as was the practice some years since, during the coming season,
and the necessity of making early arrangements for the same, if
deemed advisable. Many new varieties, especially of flowers, have

‘been recently introduced into our gardens, and with a corresponding

effort displays can be made that would compare favorably if not sur-
passing those of former years. The horticultural department, the past
few years, hds been in a quiescent condition; he perceived an awaken-
ing interest in its behalf and hoped that exhibitions now contemplated
would be held at least monthly during the season, commencing with
that of the rose and strawberry in the latter part of June. He then
exhibited some crocuses, and a coliseum ivy growing in combination
self-watering pots, and described the construction of these pots which
were invented by Benj. W. Putnam of Jamaica Plains, and are well
adapted for growing bulbous and other plants that require much

water.
—<=»“>

REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, MARCH 21, 1870.
The President in the chair.

The Secretary reported the following correspondence.

Acad. Wissenschaften, Munchen, Feb. 18; Charles H. Bell, Exeter, N. H., March
8; W. B. Brown, Marblehead, March 18; Boston Public Library, Boston, March 10;

48

Hon. N. E. Arwoop of Provincetown, a member of the State Sen-
ate, was present, and by invitation from the Chair presented some
remarks on the habits of several of our marketable fishes, with
especial reference to their respective abundance or scarcity in our
markets.

He stated that in reference to the petitions sent to the Legislature
remonstrating against the over-fishing in our bays, he did not agree
with the facts set forth by them, and that in his opinion the different
species of fishes decrease and increase without regard to the methods
practised for their capture, citing as instances.the haddock which
had steadily increased, and the halibut which had decreased. In the
case of the haddock he considered it probable that the troll took not
only the haddock but a great number of fish which fed upon their
spawn, thereby giving the haddock greater chances to increase. He
also spoke of the change in the habits of some of our fishes and the
methods of capturing them. In regard to the mackerel, the former
method used in catching them was by dragging hooks on lines twenty
fathoms long and constantly raising and lowering them; now they
‘are caught at the surface with bait, large quantities of which are
strewn alongside to attract them. Formerly all the cod on the Banks
of Newfoundland were caught on board of the vessels while lying at
anchor, each man using two lines; when the fish were abundant all
the men would fish, but usually not more than half of the crew; at
times, when no fish could be taken, all the lines but one would be
drawn in, and they would begin to be taken abundantly; but let two
or more begin to drop their lines, and not an individual would be
taken; while, should all the lines but one be again taken in the cap-
tures would once more be frequent. This suggested the idea of car-
rying small boats with them so that each man could fish apart from
the others, and in this they met with perfect success.

Votes of thanks were passed to Messrs. Upham and Atwood for
their interesting communications.

Charles H. Miller of Salem, was elected a resident member.

Mr. F. W. Putnam read a communication in relation to Capt. C. F.
Hall’s third expedition to the Arctic Regions, expressing the opinion -
that the proposed voyage and sledge journeys, if undertaken upon
a proper and extended basis, would prove of vast importance in
obtaining the solution of sevaral scientific problems and establishing
beyond doubt many important points relating to the geography of °
these regions ;— and concluding with a series of resolutions; which
were adopted.

BULLETIN

OF THE

etter? ee. IN eo ee

Vou. 2. Satem, Mass.; Aprit, 1870. No. 4.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

FIRST HOUSES IN SALEM.

BY W. P: UPHAM.

APPENDIX.
[ Concluded from page 39.]

WE learn from the Commoners Records that the origi-
nal occupants of “the Potter’s field,” were William Vin-
cent (or Vinson) and the widow Isabel Babson, both of
whom removed about the year 1642, to Gloucester. This
William Vincent is said by Babson, in his History of
Gloucester, to have been “a pot-maker,” or potter. We
also find, in the “Waste Book” of the County Court
Records, that Mr. William Pester of Salem, was pre-:
sented for certain misdemeanors “at the Potter’s house,”
Jan. 31, 1641. Mr. Pester acknowledged that he was
: “at the Potter’s house,” and says in defence, “I was invited
by Pride and wife; and John Stone and his wife, and was.
at Stone’s house, from whence we were fetched to ye Pot-
ter’s.” [John] Pride testifies that Pester “was invited by
“Vincen.” “Goody Hardy.” also testifies that “ Wm. Vin-
cen and [Hardy] weare gone out of the house,” and that
“this was about the second day of November, miscalled

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. II 7

50

Alhollantyde.” Joseph Young also was a witness in this
case. Thus the locality where this affair occurred is iden-
tified as being the “Potter’s field,” where Wm. Vincent,
the potter, lived, by the names of the persons mentioned
as concerned in it. John Stone was the next neighbor,
and lived at the ferry. Joseph Young lived on the other
side of “the Potter’s lane,” and “Goody Hardy,” was per-

haps living with, or near, the next neighbor, Gervais |

Garford, for she afterwards purchased of him a house
and land in Beverly.

The traces of Vincent’s potter’s oven may have re-
mained there for a long time, and have been mistaken for
the ruins of a brick monument. This is all that the rec-
ords tell us as to the first occupants of house-lots in that
vicinity. .

We now come to the Planters Marsh itself, which con-
sisted of about twenty-five acres, being low ground, part
upland and part marsh, and was bounded by the ferry
lane (now Bridge street) on the west, and by the river,
or cove, on the east, and extending from “the Potter’s
field” on the south, nearly to where the bridge is now.
Seven acres of this was conveyed by Peter Palfrey to his
son-in-law, Samuel Pickman, and by him to Wm. Browne,
in 1662. This appeaxs, as nearly as we can judge from
the imperfect description in the deeds, to have been on
the westerly side of the field. The easterly part of the
field, next the water, seems to have been divided into |
three parts of about six acres each, the northern one
owned by John Woodbury, and afterwards by George
Emery, and the middle one by John Balch, and after-
wards by Walter Price; the southern one was owned by
Francis Skerry, and perhaps had been purchased by him
of Roger Conant, The whole field came finally into the
possession of Wm, Burnett Brown, who, in 1766, con-

51

veyed it, together with “the Potter’s field,” to Dudley
Woodbridge. No claim was ever made for any cottage
right as appurtenant to this field, as there undoubtedly
would have been if there had been any house on it before
1661.

In a lawsuit, in 1680, concerning thé six acres in
Planters Marsh, which had been owned by John Balch,
“lying betwixt Francis Skerry on the south side and Mr.
George Emery on the north side,” Capt. Wm. Dixie,
aged seventy years, testifies that “above forty years past
of my own knowledge, John Balch, Sen., had in his pos-
session about five or six acres of land in ye marsh called
ye planter’s marsh, near the north ferry in Salem.” Fr&n-
cis Skerry, aged about seventy-four years, testifies that
thirty-five years before, it was known to be John Balch’s ; -
and Humphrey Woodbury, aged about seventy years,
testifies that “about fifty years past, of my knowledge,
John Balch, Sen., had an interest in ye marsh called ye
ould planter’s marsh, near ye north ferry in Salem, with
ye other old planters.” It is a significant fact that among
all the papers in this suit there is nothing to indicate that
any of the Old Planters ever lived near there.

It seéms that the town claimed certain rights in the
Planters Marsh. An order was passed, Nov: 26, 1638,
' “that the meadow that is in commori amongst some of
our brethren, Mr. Conant and others, shall be fenced in
. the first day of April, and left common again the last of
September every year.” In the Index of the Book of
Grants is wriiten by Jeffry Massey “ould planter’s marshe
for fencing and opening is in the old booke anno 1638.”
April 15, 1639, there was “granted for the year to Mr.
Fisk and Mr. Fogg the hay grass of the salt marsh
meadow at the side of the Old Planter’s fields.” In 1653
the town granted to George Emery “the herbage of that

52

parcel of land which was John Woodbury’s in the old
planter’s marsh, and all right of commonage the town
might have claimed, to him and his heirs forever ;”
and, in 1658, to Wm. Hathorne “the town’s right and
privileges in the planter’s marsh,” and he gave a deed of
release to Francis Skerry in 1659, and to Walter Price in
1666. This interest which the town disposed of, may
have been acquired when that peaceful settlement of con-
flicting rights was made between Endicott and Conant,
a anes gave the name of Salem to the town.

We have thus brought together all that we have been
able to learn as to the early history of this locality; and
we think these facts all tend to show that the Old
Planters did not build their first houses there, but, proba-
bly before the arrival of Endicott, had made use, in com-
mon, of the marsh land there, as a convenient place for
readily obtaining salt hay, at that time of great import-
ance to them; the town reserving the right to use it also’
for that purpose, at certain seasons of the year. At
about the time when Roger Conant removed to Beverly,
they seem to have divided it among themselves, subject
to the rights of the town. .We are inclined to think that
the land in that vicinity was not appropriated for house-
lots till after Beverly,and Ipswich were settled ; that is,
about the year 1634,*or 1635.

The manner in which the house-lots in the central part
of the town were originally laid out, seems to indicate
that the earliest settlement was made in the vicinity of
Elm street and Washington street upon the South River.
Between these streets the lots were small, irregular, and
not in conformity with the plan upon which the rest of
the town was laid out. ast of there, all along the South
River to the Neck, house-lots were laid out running back
from the river; and along the North River, west of

53

North street were larger house-lots, also running back
from that river. Essex street was probably a way that
came gradually into use along the ends of these lots;
and, as they were all of the same depth from the river,
this street acquired, and has retained the same curves that
the rivers originally had.

Between Elm street and Central street was the ancient
burying ground; and on the corner of Elm and Essex
streets lived Wm. Allen, one of the old Planters. |

We do not think, however, that the Old Planters all
lived close together, for we find Wm. Traske locating
himself at the head of the North River, Richard Norman
at the foot of the rocky hill since called by his name ;
Thomas Gardner near Dean street, and John Woodbury,
Roger Conant and Peter Palfrey on the north side of 7
Essex, and between Washington and St. Peter streets.

If we may indulge in conjecture as to the place of the
first landing, all the probabilities seem to point to the cove
which then existed at the foot of Elm street. Nothing
could have been more inviting to those early colonists,
after leaving the bleak and rocky Cape Ann, than this
inlet of. the sea, protected from the main harbor by Jeg-
gles Island, and beautiful as it must then have appeared
surrounded by pine groves and gently sloping shores,
plentifully provided with “divers good springs hard by
the sea side.” :

Gov. Winthrop, describing his arrival here in 1630,
says, June 12th, we “came to an anchor a little within
the islands.” June 14th, “in the morning we weighed
anchor, and the wind being against us, and the channel
so narrow as we could not well turn in, we warped in
our ship and came to an anchor in the inward harbour.”
And in a sketch which he made at the time of the shore,
while Collins Cove and Winter Island are hardly distin-
guishable, the South River is fully delineated.

54

RoGerR Conant’s House.

It would be a very interesting item of local history if
we could know where the house of Roger Conant stood,
for, according to his own statement, it was the first house
erected in Salem. The town records mention, in 1639,
“Mr. Conant’s house at Cat Cove.” This was probably
only a small house used for fishing purposes, to which
pursuit, the Neck and Winter Island were devoted during
the first century, lots being first granted there in 1636;
and many of the more wealthy inhabitants had besides
their houses in town a “fishing house” at the Neck or
Island.

The only other reference to a house belonging to Roger
Conant, in Salem, is a vote of the town Aug. 215.1637;
that “Mr. Conant’s house situated next unto Mr. John
Fisk, with half acre of ground,” should be bought for
the benefit of Wm. Plase, a blacksmith, and it seems to
have been intended that it should belong to his heirs, or
assigns, after his decease. The purchase appears to have
been completed, for receipts for the sum of 10£ 16s, 8d.,
paid to Roger Conant soon after, are entered on the
record. Wm. Plase died April 15, 1646, and his estate
was settled by Thomas Weeks, who presented to the
town a claim for expenses and for care of the deceased
during his sickness. It is possible, if not probable, that
the house bought of Roger Conant for Wm. Plase came |
into the possession of Thomas Weeks in accordance with
the agreement of the town.

We find that Thomas Weeks owned, before 1655, a
house and half an acre of land on the north side of Essex
street, opposite where the Market, or Derby square, is
now. The site is at present occupied by the dwelling
house of Hon. Richard S. Rogers. Here, we believe,

55

stood the house of Roger Conant, built in 1626; and
this belief is confirmed by the evidence that two others
of the Old Planters, John Woodbury and Peter Pal-
frey, lived close by; and also by the probability that the
house, which is mentioned as next adjoining, where
John Fisk lived, who was then acting as minister of
the church, would be in the vicinity of the meeting
house.

THE Hovusr’ or Rocer Wiis, 1635.

On the western corner of North and Essex streets
stands the old house well known as the Witch House.
We have already given-in a former article (Historigal
Collections Vol. VIII, p. 257) the history of this house
so far as it was then known, showing that it was originally |
owned by Roger Williams, in 1635-6, and afterwards by
Captain Richard Davenport, whose administrators sold
it to Jonathan Corwin, in 1675, and that it was
then thoroughly repaired by him, and was again altered
in 1746, a new roof being built and the back part of
the house raised to two stories and the porch taken
away.

Since’.that article was written we have obtained,
through the kindness of Mr. E. M. Barton, Assistant.
Librarian of the Antiquarian Society- of Worcester, a
complete copy of the original contract between Jonathan
Corwin and Daniel Andrew, in 1675, as to the repairs to
- be made upon this house, which we here present.

‘Articles and Covenants made, agreed upon, and confirmed be-
tween Mr. Jonathan Corwin, of Salem, merchant, and Daniel An-
drews of , of the other part concerning a parcell of worke as
followeth, viz.: Imprimis, the said parcell of worke is to be bestowed
in filling, plaistering and finishing a certaine dwelling house bought
by the said owner of Capt. Nath’ll Davenport of Boston, and is
situate in Salem aforesaid, towards the west end of the towne be-

56

tweene the houses of Rich. Sibley to the west and Deliverance Park-
man on the east; and is to be performed according to these following
directions, viz.

1. The said Daniel Andrewes is to dig and build a cellar as large as
the easterly room of said house will afford (and in the said room ac-
cording to the breadthe and lengthe of it) not exceeding six foot in
height; and to underpin the porch and the remaining part of the
house not exceeding three foot in height; also to underpin the kitchen
on the north side of the house, not exceeding one foot; the said
kitchen being 20 foot long and 18 foot wide; and to make steps with
stones into the cellar in two places belonging to the cellar, together
with stone steps up into the porch. 2. For the chimneys he is. to take
down the chimneys which are now standing, and to take and make
up of the bricks that are now in the chimneys, and the stones that are
in the leanto cellar that now is, and to rebuild the said chimneys with
five fire places, viz., two below and two in the chambers and one in
the garret; also to build one chimney in the kitchen, with ovens and
a furnace, not exceeding five feet above the top of the house. 3. He
is to set the jambs of the two chamber chimneys and of the eastern-
most room below with Dutch tiles, the said owner finding the tiles;
also to lay all the hearths belonging to the said house and to point
the cellar and underpinning of sd. house and so much of the 3 hearths
as are to be laid with Dutch tiles, the said owner is to find them. 4.
As for lathing and plaistering he is to lath and siele the 4 rooms of the
house betwixt the joists overhead and to plaister the sides of the
house with a coat of lime and haire upon the clay; also to fill the
gable ends of the house with bricks and to plaister them with clay.
5. To lath and plaister the partitions of the house with clay and lime,
and to fill, lath, and plaister with bricks and clay the porch and porch
chamber and to plaister them with lime and hair besides; and to siele
and lath them overhead with lime; also to fill lath and plaister the
kitchen up to the wall pla#e on every side. 6. The said Daniel Andrews
is to find lime, bricks, clay, stone, haire, together with labourers and
workmen to help him, and generally all materials for the effecting and
carrying out of the aforesaid worke, excepte laths and nailes. 7.
The whole work before mentioned is to be done finished and per-
formed att or before the last day of August next following, provided
the said Daniel or any that worke with him, be not lett or hindered
for want of the carpenter worke. 8. Lastly, in consideration of all
the aforesaid worke, so finished and accomplished as is aforesaid,
the aforesaid owner is to pay or cause to be paid unto the said worke-
man, the summe of fifty pounds in money current in New England,
to be paid at or before the finishing of the said worke. And for the
true performance of the premises, we bind ourselves each to other,

57

our heyres, executors and administrators, firmly by these pres-
ents, as witnesse our hands, this nineteenth day of February, Anno
Domini 1674-5.
JONATHAN CORWIN.
DANIEL ANDREWE.”

Thus it appears that this house was so old in 1675 that
the chimneys had to be taken down and new ones built.
Previous to that time it seems not to have had any plas-
tering or ceilings, the “sides of the house” only being
filled with brick and covered or “daubed” with clay.

A picture of this house, as it was before the second
alteration was made in 1746, is in the possession of thé
Institute. It shows the underpinning “not exceeding
three feet in height,” and the porch with the stone steps
up into it. The side gables were perhaps an addition at
some intermediate period.

By the favor of Dr. G. P. Farrington, who now owns
the house, and Mr. W. T. Servey who occupies the upper
part of it, we have been enabled to obtain the following
minutes of the present appearance of the interior. The
western side of the house still retains, behind the plaster-
ing, the bricks with which it was originally filled, covered
over with clay. The original rooms measure nearly |
as follows: eastern room below 21% by 18 feet; room
over it 214 by 20 feet; western room below 163 by 18
feet ; room over it 164 by 20 feet. The chimney is about
12 by 8 feet. In each of the eastern rooms three, and

in the western rooms two, stout hewn timbers of solid
oak cross the ceiling. The line of the old roof is now
plainly visible on the eastern face of the chimney in the
garret, and shows that. the pitch of the roof was very
steep. The only part of the outside of the house which
retains its original appearance is the western part of the
front towards Essex street with its projecting upper
story.

Essex INST. BULLETIN. Il 8

58

The evidence that this was the house of Roger Wil-
liams will be seen in the article referred to at the begin-
ning of this notice; but since that was written we have
found two additional items of proof. In a deed of land
on the east side of North street, in 1671, from the heirs
of Samuel Sharpe to John Turner, North street is de-
scribed as “formerly called Williamses Lane.” After
Jonathan Corwin bought the house, the same street
was called “ Corwin’s Lane,” or as the name was after-
wards spelt, “Curwen’s Lane.” Again it appears upon
the County Court Records that, in 1650, the Grand J ury
presented as being defective the “way between Roger
Morey and Mr. Williams his house that was.” Roger
Morey, lived on the western corner of Essex and Dean
streets.

It may be well here to peeks recapitulate the history
of this house. In a letter written from Providence in
1670, by Roger Williams to Major Mason (Mass. Hist.
Coll., Vol. 1, p. 276), he says “when I was unkindly
and unchristianly, as I believe, driven from my house and
land and wife and children (in the midst of a New Eng-
land winter, now about 35 years past) at Salem, that ever
honoured Governour Mr. Winthrop privately wrote to me
to steer my course to the Nahigonset Bay and Indians
for many high and heavenly and ppchike ends, incourag-
ing me from the freenes of the place from any English
ee or patents. I took his prudent motion as an hint
and voice from God, and waving all other thoughts and
motions, I steered my course* from Salem (though in
winter snow which I feel yet) unto these parts, wherein
I may say Pentel, that is I have seene the face of God.”

He also wrote in a letter to Gov. Winthrop, in 1638,

*The compass which he used to ‘steer his course” through the pathless wilder-
ness, is still preserved at Providence.

59

that he had “made over his house” at Salem, to Thomas
Mayhew, and afterwards John Jolliffe, as security for a
debt to Matthew Craddock. The proof that this house
we have described was the one he referred to, is as fol-
lows. First, the town records, in 1640, mention a house
in this same locality as the house of Mr. Williams. The
title (Mr.) shows this must have meant Roger Williams.
Secondly, that part of Essex street is mentioned in the
Court records, in 1650, as “the way between Roger
Morey and Mr. Williams his house that was.” Thirdly,,
North street was described, in 1671, as “formerly called
Williamses Lane.” Fourthly, the deeds of land next
west in 1662 and 1665, show that this was then owned
by Capt. Richard Davenport; and it was conveyed, in
1675, by the administrators of his estate to Jonathan
Corwin, being described in the deed as “formerly belong-
ing to Capt. Richard Davenport ;” and by the same deed
was also conveyed a ten-acre-lot in the Northfield, and
this ten-acre-lot is described in a deed of adjoining land,
in 1650, as “Mr. Williams’ lot.” This, by the way,
shows conclusively that the statement that this house was
built by Capt. George Corwin, in 1642, and given by |
him to his son, Jonathan Corwin, must be a mistake. We
have not been able to find in the records any evidence |
that Capt. George Corwin ever lived there or had any in-
terest in that estate. -

Finally, in 1714, when every one who owned a house
which was built before 1660, was allowed by a law of the
eoleny what was called a “Cottage right,” and also a

‘right for 1702,” by virtue of a town vote that year al-
lowing a right for every house then standing, each of
these rights was allowed to “Jonathan Corwin, Esq., for
his house and Mr. Williams Cottage right.”

The following is the law of the Colony passed May 30,

60

1660. “It is ordered, that hereafter no cottage or dwel-
ling place shall be admitted to the privilege of common-
age for wood, timber, and herbage, or any other the
privileges that lie in common in any town or peculiar,
but such as already are in being or hereafter shall be
erected by the consent of the town.”

These facts bring us to a conclusion that hardly admits
of a doubt, that this house, which has so long been an
object of attraction for visitors from all parts of the
world, on account of its connection with the Witchcraft
tragedy of 1692, and as the residence of one of the
judges, must now acquire an added interest as having
been once the home of Roger Williams.

- Here theif, within these very walls, lived, two hundred
and thirty-five years ago, that remarkable and truly heroic
man, who in his devotion to the principle of free con-
science, and liberty of religious belief untrammelled
by civil power, penetrated in midwinter the depths of an
unknown wilderness, to seek a new home: a home which
he could only find among savages, whose respect for the
benevolence and truthfulness of his character made them
then and ever afterwards his constant friends. From this
spacious and pleasant mansion he fled through the deep
snows of a New England forest, leaving his wife and
young children to the care of Providence, whose silent
“voice,” speaking through the conscience, was his only
support and guide. The State which he founded may |
ever look back with a just pride upon the history of Roger
Williams.

eS ee ee eee ae

ye ee

61

REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, APRIL 4, 1870.

The President in the chair.

In the absence of the Secretary, Mr. Charles H. Higbee was re-
quested to act. Records of preceding meeting were read.

The following correspondence was announced.

J. ¥F.A. Adams, Pittsfield, Mass., March 1; Hon. B. F. Butler, Washington, D. C.,.
March 25; Henry J. Cross, Salem, March 19; Det Kongelige Danske, Copenhagen,

Dec. 31; E. Deyrolle fils, Paris, Jan. 27; Wm. Gossip, Institute Nat. Science,
Halifax, March 26; E. E. Chever, Chicago, March 12; B. A. Gould, Cambridge,

Feb. 18, March 21, 24 and 29; J. C. Holmes, Detroit, March 23; Public Library, Bos-

ton, March 24; J. F. LeBaron, Boston, March 24; Mary Mann, Cambridge, March
4, 21 and 26; Charles H. Miller, Salem, March 26; Moravian Hist. Society, Nazareth,
Pa., March 21; H. Roundy, Beverly, March 31; Henry F. Shepard, Boston, March
24; Smithsonian Institute, Washington, March 18; C. M. Tracy, Lynn, March 31;
Wm. H. Woods, Rockport, March 25; T. Spencer, Lincoln, Eng., March 9.

' The Librarian Reported the’ following additions.

By Donation.

BAKER, NATHANIEL B. Reports of N. B. Baker, Adjutant and Inspector Gen-
eral and A.Q.M.G. of the State of Iowa, to Hon. S. Merrill, 8vo pamph., Des
Moines, 1870.

BUTLER, BENJ. F., M.C. Speeches of Hon. B. F. Butler in U. S. House-of Rep-
resentatives, March, 1870, on ‘‘ Admission of Georgia,” 8vo pamph.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for March, 1870.

LEWIS, WINSLOW. America, Past, Present, and Retrospective; a Lecture by E.
R. Humphreys, 1 vol. 12mo, Newport, 1869.

STONE, B. W. Catalogue of the University of Virginia, 1869-70, 8vo pamph.

TREASURY DEPARTMENT, Washington, D. C. Report of the Secretary of the
Treasury on the State of the Finances for 1869, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1869.

WATERS, E. STANLEY, of Chicago. Diocese of Illinois. Journal of the Thirty-
Second Annual Convention, 1869, 8vo pamph.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago. Report to the Directors of the Illinois Central
Railroad Company for 1869, 4to pamph.

By Exchange.

PUBLISHERS. American Journal of Numismatics. American Literary Gazette.
Book Buyer. Christian World. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gardener’s

‘Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhlll Gazette. Land and Water. Law-

rence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter.
Nation. Nature. Pavilion. Peabody Press. Sotheran’s Catalogue.

The Superintendent reported the following donations to the
Museums of the Institute and the Academy.
JOSHUA P. HASKELL, Marblehead. Twenty-three unfinished Arrowheads in all

stages, from Marblehead. x
CHARLES HOWARD, Salem. A piece of “ What-cheer” Rock, from Providence.
RoBERT HOWELL, Nichols, Tioga Co.,N. Y. A box of Indian Relics, from Tioga

Coz. NSY:

62

G. M. Miter, U.S. A. Reptiles, from Fort Reynolds, Colorado Terr.

E. S. Morse, Salem. Arrowhead, from Swampscott Beach.

R. L. NEwcomps, Salem. Specimens of Cedar and Canary Birds.

— PuILuirs, Marblehead. Mollusks and Crustaceans from Marblehead.
B. A. WES’, Salem. Skull of a four-horned Ram, from Africa.

The Cuarr presented for consideration the following act recently
passed by the Legislature, to amend the Charter of the Institute,
which, after some explanatory discussion, was unanimously adopted
on motion of A. C. Goodell, Jr.

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

In the Year One Thousand Light Hundred and Seventy.

AN AIC Tt

TO AMEND THE CHARTER OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in General
Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:

SEcTION 1. The Essex Institute shall have for its objects the ad-
vancement of the arts, literature and science, in addition to the
objects for which the Essex Historical Society and the Essex County
Natural History Society were incorporated.

SEcTION 2. The third section of chapter five of the acts of the year
eighteen hundred and forty-eight, is hereby repealed.

SECTION 3. This act shall take effect upon its acceptance by said
Essex Institute, at a meeting duly held for that purpose.

HOusE OF REPRESENTATIVES, February 11, 1870.

Passed to be enacted. HARVEY JEWELL, Speaker.
In SENATE, February 12, 1870.

Passed to be enacted. | H. H. COOLIDGE, President.

February 12,1870. | Approved: WILLIAM CLAFLIN.

SECRETARY’S DEPARTMENT, Boston, March 20, 1870.
A true copy. Attest: OLIVER WARNER,
' Secretary of the Commonwealth.

A committee consisting of W. P. Upham, W. Neilson, C. H. Hig-
bee, F. W. Putnam and Caleb Cooke, was appointed to report at the:
annual meeting such amendments to the by-laws as may be required
to conform to the amendatory act of incorporation, now accepted;
also to report a list of officers to be presented as candidates for elec-
tion at the same meeting.

Lincoln F. Brigham of Salem, was elected a resident member.

63

REGULAR MEETING, THURSDAY, APRIL 21, 1870.

Adjourned from Monday evening, April 18.
President in the chair.

Records of preceding meeting read.
The.following correspondence was announced :

N. E. Atwood, Boston, April 20; Howard Challen, Philadelphia, Penn., April 11;
A. C. Hamlin, Bangor, Me., Dec. 21; S. Henshaw, Boston, April 18; George J.
Laighton, New York, Dec. 20; F. H. Lee, Boston, April 9, 14; Lyceum of Natural
History, New York, April 11; Sarah A. Lynde, Stoneham, April 18; Maine Histor-
ical Society, Brunswick, Me.; E. Mayard, Cape Town, Dec. 9; Moravian His-
torical Society, Nazareth, Penn., April 11; New England Historic-Genealogical
Society, Boston, April 6; Pennsylvania Historical Society, Philadelphia, Penn.,
April 8; Public Library, Boston, April 9; Charles Reed, Montpelier, Vt., April
16; Rhode Island Historical Society, Providence, R.I., April 7; A. A. Scott, Sau-
gus Centre, April 19; Henry F. Shepard, Boston, April 18; George D. Smith,
Boston, March 15.

The LipraRIAN, in reporting the following additions, spoke of the
generous exchanges that had been received from George H. Moore,
Esq., Librarian of the New York Historical Society, which had en-
abled him to nearly complete the Laws and Resolves of Massachu-
setts from 1775 to the present time, the series of laws being now
complete with the exception of eight leaves, and these, he trusted,
would soon be received. He also alluded to other valuable exchanges
and donations to the Library.

By Donation.

BARNARD, J. M. The New Guide to the City of York, 1 vol, 8vo. Black’s Pic-
turesque Tourist of Scotland, 1 vol. 12mo, Edinburgh, 1841. Statistical Almanac,
1843, 1 vol. 18mo. Handbook for Switzerland, 1 vol. 16mo, 1811. Versailles et sou
Musée Historique, 1 vol. 16mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8.

BENNETT, JAMES. Annual Report of the School Committee of Leominster,
1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo.

BUTLER, BENJ. F., M.C. Monthly Report of the Department of Agriculture for
February, 1870. Speeches of Hon. J. 8. Witcher and Hon. B. C. Cook, in U.S. H.
R., March, 1870, on ‘‘ The Tariff.” Speech of Hon. W. Lawrence, in U.S. H.R.,
April, 1870, on ‘‘ National Debt, Taxation, Currency, Labor.” Speech ef Hon. J.
A. Logan, in U.S. H. R., March, 1870, ‘“‘In Answer to Letter of General W. T.
Sherman.”

GOODELL, ABNER C., Jr. New Bedford, Cambridge, Portland, Charlestown,
Lowell, Providence City and Rhode Island Business Directories, 7 vols. 8vo.

GREEN, SAMUEL A., of Boston. Barnaby Rudge, 15 numbers. Taxable Valua-
tion of Dorchester, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Lacroix Elementary Treatise on Arithmetic,
1 vol. 8vo, London, 1823. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 121.

HOLMES, JOHN C. Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Organization of the First
Congregational Church of Detroit, Mich., 8vo pamph., 1870.

Hoyt, ALBERT H. Report on Cheap Railway Transportation between Boston
and Lake Ontario, 8vo pamph., 1870.

HUGUET-LATOUR, L. A. Report of the State of the Militia of the Dominion of
Canada for 1868, 8vo pamph., Ottawa, 1869.

64

t

JAMES, THOMAS P. Journal of a Botanical Excursion in Pennsylvania and
New York, 1807, 12mo pamph., Philadelphia, 1869.

LEAVITT, JOSEPH H. Journal and Documents of the Valuation Committee,
1860, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston. Morse’s American Gazetteer, 1 vol. 8vo, Charlestown,
1804. Henry of Guise, 2 vols. 8vo, New York, 1839. Olmstead’s School Philoso-
phy, 1 vol. 12mo, New Haven, 1844. Julia, 1 vol. 12mo, London, 1790. English and
Swedish Dictionary, 1 vol. 16mo, Leipsic. A large collection of school books.

MCKENZIE, S.S. Report of the Receipts and Expenditures of Topsfield, 1857-
1870, 14 pamphlets, 8vo.

STICKNEY, MATTHEW A. Genealogy of the Stickney Family, 1 vol. 8vo, Sa-
lem, 1869. ;

STONE, HENRY O. Library of Practical Medicine, 3 vols. 8vo, 1861-8. The Ex- °
cision of Joints, by R. M. Hodges, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1861. Medical Communica-
tions of Massachusetts Medical Society, 4 pamphlets, 8vo, Boston, 1867-9.

SUMNER, CHARLES, U.S.Sen. Monthly Report of the Department of Agricul-
ture from Nov., 1869, to Feb., 1870, 3 pamphlets, 8vo. Speech of Hon. H. R. Revels,
in U. S. Sen., March, 1870, on ‘‘ Admission of Georgia,” 8vo pamph.

WALTON, EBEN N. City Documents of Salem for 1869-70, 8vo pamph., Salem,
1870.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chigago. Military History of Oscar Malmborg, 8vo
pamph., Washington, 1870. The Land Owner for April, 1870, 4to pamph. Chicago
Tribune’s Annual Review of the Trade aud Commerce of Chicago for 1869, 8vo
pamph. :
By Exchange.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Procéedings, vol. xiii, sig. 15.

IOWA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Seventh Biennial Report of the Board of
Curators for 1869, 8vo pamph., Des Moines, 1870.

LONG ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Sixth Annual Report of the Board of Di-
rectors, 8vo pamph., Brooklyn, 1869.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. The New England Histor-
ical and Genealogical Register for April, 1870.

NEW JERSEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings, vol. ii, No.1, Second Series,
8vo pamph., 1870.

NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Annotated Constitution, S. N. Y., 1846, 1 vol.
Ato, Albany, 1867. Revision Documents, 1867-68, 1 vol. 8vo, Albany, 1868. Collec-
tions of the New York Historical Society, 1868-69, 2 vols, 8vo, New York. Pro-
ceedings and Debates, 5 vols, 8yo, Albany, 1868. Convention Documents, 5 vols.
8vo, Albany, 1868. Journal#f the Convention, S. N. Y.,1 vol. 8vo, Albany, 1867.
Laws and Resolves, 1775-1787. “Pamphlets, 8.

PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Correspondence between William Penn
and James Logan, 1 vol. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1870.

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings, Dec., 1869, 8vo
pamph., Philadelphia, 1869.

PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. Book Buyer. Cosmos. Essex Ban-
ner. Fireside Favorite. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Journal of
the Quekett Microscopical Club. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Re-
porter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Sa-
lem Observer.

BULLETIN

OF THE

Bees Sa soo eee IN fe ee ee

Vou. 2. SaLem, Mass., May, 1870. No. 5.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

VOCABULARY OF FAMILIAR WORDS USED BY
THE INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA.

BY EDWARD E. CHEVER.

Tue following vocabulary contains some of the familiar
words, with their signification, in use among the Indians
of California, which Mr. Chever was able to recall after
the lapse of several years from the time of his residence
among them.

No-to-um, -North; Co-win-ne, South; Pue-ne, East ;
Tawi-de, West; Tocom, red; Cok-ok-om, white; Cat- —
cat-im, black; Cit-cit-im, blue; Pocom, head; Il-lim,
hair; Hin-nim, eye; Sumim, nose; Tcha-wam, mouth; .
Ma-cher-wim, chin; Mu-sim, cheek ; Bo-ném, ear; Yim-
mim, arm; Piem, foot; Pit-ti-ta-tim, heel; Nan-nam,
breast ; Kus-kus-se, strong; Ha-na-na, handsome ; Win-
nem, good; Was-sun, bad; Pit-tu, mean ; Nim, large ;
Ne-de-qiin, very large; Tehid-i-ku, small; Te-hid-i-ku-
wit-te, very small; Ween, none ;:Hip-pe-ne, high; Hon-
dé, low; Lam-de, far; Lam-de-qin, very far ; Him-pi-e-
de, outside; Ah-e, five ; Su-kim, smoke; Mi-me, water ;
Mim-de, river or pond; Hol-chim, grass ; Utim, acorn ;
Mi-te, bread ; Holtim, sturgeon ; Mi-em, salmon ; Petch-u,

Essex INstT. BULLETIN. rr 9

66

perch ; Lack-lack-em, goose ; Shik-ku, dog ; Tin-cim, cat ;
Mia-dim, man; Killem, woman; Collem, child; Hol-
pam, village; Hodis-pam, people; Ya-wom, run; Yo-
wis-se, swim; Ha-to-to, fight; Wa-not-te, kill; Hen-
nop, yell; Sed-dem, blood; Ki-tim, meat; Dém, ante-
lope; Ich-al-im, dry; Ta-dis-se, rain; Baa, salt; Om,
stone; Ich-on hungry; Isco-nim, old; Eppin, afraid ;
Ho-ne-ea, angry ; Ich-tu, sick; Wa-no, die; Tue, sleep;
Cub-bu, alone; Neh, me; Min, you; Ha-e-wa-na, yes;
Doh, no; Yal-lem, talk; Wise, stop; Ho-mar, be still;
Ba-e-dim, now; Top-pe, bring; Meh, give; Hia-leen,
much; Ha-kup-pe, bitter; Suy-en, sour; As-sa-ke-ma-a-
na, know; A-ke, time; Ish-ke-teen, live ; Upin-ke-teen,
come; Echén, go; Echo-i-ni-ne, going; Echo-i-dean,
gone; Ha-méd-de, where ; Hi-mo-i-na-ne Echon, where
are you going; Ha-awk-we-teen, after; Him-ma, before ;
Hed-em, here; Hod-dm, there; Pdk-dm, sun; Pok-om
puene, sunrise (Akim-hom-Pokomto-do), noon; Pok-
om-ti-e-ne, sundown; Po, night; Mi-kawda, friend; Pa-
cil-tim, pay; Mi-e-di, deaf; Hes-e-a-ni, what; Tchi-
e-de, other; Yim-me-d-na, full; We-dem-pow, wonder-
ful; Epte-ka, frightful; Moon, shoot; Ta-wal-im, work ;
La-wi-e-kina, tired; Be-nik-men-te, wish; H6n-bono,
forget ; Do-se, bite ; Na-ha-ha, break; Mip, hold; Ich-tu-
te, pain; Pik-e-le,*hot ; Cow-im, earth; A-li-we, coun-
try; Hi-kim, chief; Heum, house; Lo-le, blanket ;
Tchim, wood; Tak-kan-im, white man; Hed-em-a-ke,
to-day ; Kia-ai-no, yesterday ; Li-i-da, to-morrow. .

—>~>—

REGULAR MEETING, WEDNESDAY, MAY 4, 1870.
The President in the chair. The records of preceding meeting read.

The SECRETARY announced the following correspondence :

From J. 8. Armstrong, Cleveland, Ohio, April 25; H. F. Bassett, Waterbury,
Conn., April 20; Boston Public Library, April 21; Boston Society Nat. History,

67

April 21; E. A. Brigham, Lewiston, Me., April 20; Cambridge Museum Comp.
Zoology, April 20; G. L. Chandler, Salem, April 29; E. D. Cope, Philadelphia,
April 26; H. B. Dawson, Morrisania, New York, April 11; J. W. Foster, Chicago,
Iil., April 27; Dr. S. Green, Easton, Pa., April 21; W. J. Hays, New York, April 19;
R. C. Ingraham, New Bedford, April 20; Iowa State Hist. Society, April 23; J.
Kidder, Philadelphia, April 20; A. Lackey, Haverhill, April 21; Isaac Lea, Phila-
delphia, April 22; Marburg, Gesellschaft zu Befirderung, Jan.; Massachusetts
Hist. Society, April 20; Geo. Metzger, Circleville, Ohio, April 25; E. Michener, Ber-
lin, Conn., April 21; New York Genealogical and Biographiéal Society, April 21;
New York Hist. Society, April 30; New York Lyceum of Natural History, April 25;
Peabody Institute, Baltimore, April 28; C. T. Robinson, New York. April 20; Frank
Springer, Burlington, Iowa, April 21; C. Stodder, Boston, April 22; U. 8. Dep’t
Interior, April 29.

The LipraRIAN announced the following additions :
By Donation.

ATWOOD, E.S. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 38.

BUTLER, BENJ. F., M. C. Bennett’s Speech in U.S. H. R., April 1, 1870, on ‘‘ Na-
tional Defence of the Lakes.” Cox’ s Speech in U. S. H. R., March 28, 1870, Sn
‘The Tariff.”

CoLe, Mrs. NANCY D. Account Books, 2 vols. folio. nedstan Lectures. on Natu-
ral Philosophy, 4 vols, 8vo, London, 1794. Johnson’s Dictionary, 1 vol. 8vo, Lon-
don, 1792. Also, 22 volumes and 63 pamphlets.

COLE, THOMAS, Estate of. Annals of Scientific Discovery, 3 vols. 8vo. Hum-
boldt’s Cosmos, 2 vols. 8vo. Dammii Novum Lexicon Graecum, 2 vols. 8vo. Mil-
lers’s Foot Prints of Creation, 1 vol. 8vo. Also, seventeen volumes of valuable
scientitic works.

Cook, GEORGE H. Annual Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for
1869, 8vo0 pamph., Trenton, 1870.

CURWEN, GEORGE R. Church Almanacs, 1865-1869, 12mo pamph., New York.
Memorial of Rev. H. W. Ducachet. D. D., 8vo pamph., Philadelphia, 1867.

DABNEY, Miss E. P. Scriptural Interpreter, 21 Nos. Monthly Journal of Amer-
ican Unitarian Association, 51 Nos.

Hog, R. & Co. The American Enterprise, folio pamph.

HUNTINGTON, GEORGE C. Annual Report of the Secretary to the Governor of
the State of Ohio for 1869, 8vo pamph., Columbus, 1870.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for April, 1870.

Moore, W.H. Minutes of the General Association 6f Connecticut, at the An-
nual Meetings, June, 1867-9, 8vo pamphlets, Hartford.

ROBINSON, JOHN. Boon, Catalogue of Books aud pamphlets, 1 vol. 8vo, New

York. 1870. Pamphlets, 3. =
* SALEM, CrTy OF. Salem City Documents, 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo, Salem, 1870.

STICKNEY, Miss HANNAH. Flavel’s Works, 2 vols. folio, London, 1701. Life and
Character of J. Edwards, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1765. New England Annals, 1 vol.
16mo, Boston, 1736. Also, 9 volumes and 3 pamphlets.

SUMNER, CHARLES, U.S. Sen. Commercial Relations, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington,
1869. Report of Sup’t of U. S. Coast Survey, 1 vol. 4to, Washington, 1869. Acts
and Resolutions of the U.S. Congress, 8vo pamph., Washington, 1869. Sherman’s
Speech in U. S. S., Feb. 28, 1870, on ** Funding Bill.”
_ WATERS, H. F. Address on the Life and Character of J. Sherwin, by R. (O73
Waterston, Feb. 16, 1870, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1870.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 4,

WILLSON, E. B. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 293.

68

By Exchange.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL Hi1sToRY. Proceedings, Vol. xviii, sig. 16, April,
1870, 8vo pamph.

BOTANISKE FORENING i Kj6benhavn. Botanisk Tidsskrift udgivet af Den Bot-
aniske, Forening i Kj6benhavn, 2 pamphs, 8vo, 1869.

BOwWDOIN COLLEGE. Catalogue of the Officers and Students, 1869-70, 8vo
pamph., Brunswick, 1870.

GESELLSCHAFT ZUR BEFORDERUNG DER GESAMMTEN NATURWISSENCHAFTEN
zu Marburg, Schriften der, Heft 3, 4, 5, 4to pamphlets, 1869. Beobachtungen ueber
Lernzocera, Perniculus und Lernea, von Dr. C. Claus, 4to pamph., 1868. Sit-
zungsberichte, 1866-68, 8vo, Marburg.

INSTITUT NATIONAL Genevois. Memoires, 1866-68, 4to pamphlets, Geneve. Bul-
letin, Nos. 23-27, 30-34, 8vo pamphlets, 1864-69.

KONIGLICH BAIERISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENCHAFTEN zu Munchen. Sitz-
ungsbericht der, 1869, 7 pamphlets, 8vo. Ueber die Entwicklung der Agrikultur-
chemié, von August Vogel, 4to pamph, 1869. Denkschrift auf Carl Friedr. Phil.
von Martius von C. F. Meissner, 4to pamph., 1869. :

KONGELIGE DANSKE VIDENSKABERNES SELSKAB. Oversight over det Kongelige
Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs og dets Medlemmers Arbeider i Aaret, 1868, 1869,
8vo pamph., Kjébenhavn.

KONGELIGE NORDISKE OLDSKRIFT SELSKAB. Memoires de la Société Royale des
Antiquaries du Nord, 1866, 1867, 1868, 8vo, pamphlets, Copenhague.

PEABODY INSTITUTE, Baltimore. Md. Discourse on the Life and Character of
George Peabody, by 8S. T. Wallis, 8vo pamph., Baltimore, 1870.

YOUNG MEN’s ASSOCIATION of Buffalo, N.Y. Thirty-fourth Annual Report of
the Executive Committee, 8vo pamph., Buffalo, 1870.

PUBLISHERS. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gloucester Telegraph. Haver-
hill Gazette. Lawrence American. L’Investigateur. Little Giant. Lynn
Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nature. New York Genealogical and
Biographical Record. Salem Observer. Sotheran’s Catalogue. Trade Circular.

——<=_—*—~<>

ANNUAL MEETING, WEDNESDAY, MAY 11, 1870.
President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

The SEcRETARY annouiiced the following correspondence :

E. W. Buswell, Boston, May 5, 7; E. E. Chever, Chicago, Ill., March 12; Codman
& Shurtleff, Boston, May 6; J. B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, May 7; New
England Historic-Genealogical Society, Boston, May 6; Ohio Historical and Philo-
sophical Society, Cincinnati, May 2; George Henry Preble, Charlestown, May 5;
Stephen Salisbury, Jr., Worcester, May 5; T. A. Tellkampf, New York, April 21;
U.S. Dep’t Interior, Washington, April 29.

The LIBRARIAN announced the following additions :

By Donation.

BUTLER, BENJ. F., M. C. Morton, Pool, and Warner’s Speeches in U. 8. S.,
April 14, 15, 19, 1870, on “ Admission of Georgia,” 8vo pamphlets.

HART, CHARLES H. Tribute to the Memory of Hon. W. Wallis, LL. D., 8vo
pamph., Philadelphia, 1870.

69

SUMNER, CHARLES, U.S.S. Presentation of the Statue of Maj. Gen. Greene by
the State of Rhode Island, with Remarks in U. S. S., Jan. 20, 1870, 8vo pamph.

UPHAM, WILLIAM P. Railroad Returns, 1867, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston. 1868. Miscel-
laneous pamphlets, 13.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago. Seventh Annual Report of the Chicago and
Alton Railroad Co. for 1869, 8vo pamph., Chicago, 1870.

WILLSON, E. B. Eighth Census, 1860, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington, 1862. Christian
Examiner for March, 1869. Rebellion Record, 1860-64, 8vo pamphlets, New York.

UNITED STATES DEP’T OF INTERIOR. Documents 39th Congress, 4 vols; Docu-
ments of 40th Congress, 43 vols.

By Exchange.

ENTOMOLOGISCHEN VEREINE zu Stettin. Entomologische Zeitung. Herausge-
geben von dem, 8vo pamph., 1869.

PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. Canadian Journal. Cosmos. Essex
Banner. Gardener’s Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Land
and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and
Surgical Reporter. Nation. Salem Observer.

The reports of the Recording Secretary, Treasurer, Librarian, Xnd
Superintendent of Museum were severally read and accepted.

The RECORDING SECRETARY reports that his short incumbancy
of the office would entitle him only to little credit for progress, and
also would be an excuse for any inaccurate statements, having had
no personal knowledge and relying mainly upon the records.

Since the last annual meeting thirty persons had been elected to
membership, and twelve of our associates have been removed by
death, viz.: Francis Boardman, died at Salem, January 25, 1870, aged
84. Joshua Safford, died at Salem, May 18, 1869, aged 84. Joseph
Barlow Felt, died at Salem, Sept. 5, 1869, aged 79. Joseph Adams, -
died at Salem, Oct. 5, 1869, aged 75. Stephen Osborne, died at Salem,
Dec. 1, 1869, aged 65. Nathaniel James Lord, died at Salem, June 18,
1869, aged 64. Charles Davis, died at Beverly, Jan. 14, 1870, aged 63.,
John P. Phelps, died at Salem, April 16, 1870, aged 59. John B.
Shepard, died at Salem, Dec. 3, 1869, aged 52. Willard L. Bowdoin,
died at New Braintree, on a visit to his friends, April 27, 1870, aged
. 50. Brown E. Shaw, died at Salem, Jan. 17, 1870, aged 33. Robert
W. Reeves, died at Salem, Oct. 16, 1869, aged 27, from the effects of
a painful accident at Lynn a few months previous. Obituary notices of
the above will be prepared for the Historical Collections.

By the will of the late Charles Davis of Beverly, this Society is
entitled to receive a legacy of $5000, to constitute a fund, the income
arising thereform to be appropriated for the general objects of the
Society.

The Correspondence has been, as usual, large, arising mainly from
membership and exchanges.

70

The Publications consisting of the BULLETIN, Historical CoL-
LECTIONS, and the closing volume of the PROCEEDINGS, have been
issued from time to time during the year. The’ publication of vol-
ume six of the Proceedings has been delayed, owing to unavoidable
causes, but it is believed that it will be completed during the present
year, and that in future the BULLETIN and Historical Collections, form-
ing the current publications of the Institute, will be issued with regu-
larity. By arecent vote the BULLETIN, which is issued in monthly
parts, is furnished free to all members who have paid the assessments
for the current year.

Meetings. —Twenty-three have been held during the year. Five of
of them were field meetings, held respectively at Wakefield, Wenham
Middleton (Paper Mills), Rockport, and Lynn. The remaining eigh-
teen, were, with few exceptions, evening meetings, at which were
presented papers of value relating either to history, natural history,
or horticulture.

Lectures. — A course of seven lectures has just closed. First Lec-
ture by W. T. BricgHam, Esq., of Boston, Wednesday, Feb. 9, on
‘““The volcanoes of the Hawaiian‘Islands.” Long residence on these
islands and frequent visits to the several craters afforded ample op-
portunities to glean a vast amount of information. Second, Tuesday,
Feb. 15, by Dr. A. C. HAMLIN, of Bangor, Me., on ‘‘ American Gems,”
illustrated by colored diagrams and an extensive series of the gems
set as a necklace, tiara, brooch and ear-dops. Most of the gems
prized by the ancients and moderns, are found in North America, and
a large number within the limits of the United States—these were
described—as emerald, beryl, turquoise, opals, diamonds, sapphires,
tourmalines, etc. Precious stones are confined to no latitude but are
found from the equator to the snows of Siberia and the glaciers of the
Alps, though they are the brightest under the tropical sun. Third,
by R. S. RANTOUL, of the Institute, Tuesday, March 1, ‘‘on the vari-
ous modes. of travelling “before the introduction of railroads.” He
gave an historical sketch of the Eastern Stage Company, and other
lines of stages in this vicinity that were established for the accommo-
dation of the public; also brief notices of those most interested in
these different companies, and protrayed in graphic language the
scenes and incidents of stage life. Fourth, Tuesday, March 15, by E.S.
Morss, of the Institute, ““how animals grow,” was described in a
lucid manner and finely illustrated by drawings on the blackboard.
Fifth, Tuesday, March 29, A. Hyatt, of the Institute, gave an ac-
count of the different theories with regard to the origin of life and the
origin of species ; differing in his own views to a greater or less extent
from all previous authors, he brought forth facts to show the deficien-
ces of the received opinions. Sixth, Tuesday, April 12, Capt, HENRY

71

Rounpy, of Beverly, lectured upon China and the Chinese; his infor-
mation was obtained from personal observation and long study, having
passed more than twenty years among that people. Seventh, Tuesday,
April 26, a poem by Rev. Jonrs Vrry, of Salem, ‘“ Settlement of Salem
by the Puritans,” was a happy selection, affording full scope for thought
and reflection, and abounding in materials which are full of interest.
His topics were the varied scenes which the early pioneers witnessed
—the leaving of the mother country for opinion sake—the voyage
across the Atlantic, the arrival on these shores, the laying out of the
settlement, the erection of dwellings, the gradual modification of
public affairs to conform ‘to the growth of the people and the wants
of the times.

These have usually been preceded by the performance of several
pieces of music, vocal and instrumental, by members of the musical
department, a practice as interesting as it is novel, and one which has
added greatly to the pleasantness of the evening. The thanks of the
Institute are due to the several lecturers, and also to those who took
part in the musical exercises, for their kindness in contributing so es-
sentially to the promotion of these objects of the Institute. —

Historical Department. — The last report of the Superintendent of
the Museum mentioned, that no arrangement existed for the coins and
medals and paper currency. These have since received attention.
The coins have been placed in a suitable cabinet and properly classi-
fied, with the exception of the ancient Greek and Roman coins. It is
hoped that, during the present year, a gallery case will be constructed
to contain the more attractive coins and medals. The paper money
has been placed in appropriate volumes, in such a manner that addi-
tions may be easily inserted. This collection has been greatly in-
creased Within the past year.

Natural History Department. —The specimens in this department
being deposited with the trustees of the Peabody Academy of Sci;
ence, renders a notice here unnecessary. ‘The Superintendent of
the Museum will state in his report the condition of the department.

Horticultural Department. — Considerable interest has been recently
awakened in horticulture, and several papers have been read on this
subject at the evening meetings. A desire has also been expressed to
revive the horticultural exhibitions, which in past years attracted so
much attention in this vicinity. This, it is earnestly hoped, will meet
with success. These exhibitions not only advance the cause of hor-
ticulture, but indirectly the general welfare of the Society—a num-
ber of persons are induced thereby to become interested, who would
not otherwise have their attention turned in this direction.

The American Association for the Advancement of Science held in
August last its annual meeting in Salem, under the auspices of the

72

Institute; the City Government of Salem, the Trustees of the Pea-
body Academy of Science and the Salem Board of Trade codépera-
ting. Through the kindness of the County Commissioners and the
proprietors of the Tabernacle Church, ample and convenient accom-
modations were afforded for the various meetings and committees.
The citizens of Salem and vicinity doing everything in their power
to render the visitors a pleasant and satisfactory week.

Musical Society. —In October last a society was formed under the
name of the Essex Institute Musical Library Association, which by
vote of the Institute had certain privileges in the rooms. During
the past season it has given a series of very enjoyable social con-
certs, and has deposited a piano and a collection of musical books.
The Institute has fitted the lower hall as a concert and lecture room,
making one of the most agreeable places for entertainments of this
character in the city.

An amendment to the charter, granted by the Legislature in Feb-
ruary, and accepted at a meeting duly called for the purpose, will
enable the Institute at any time to add to its other departments that
of music, which will allow this new society to be incorporated with
the Institute on a suitable basis.

I cannot close this report without mentioning my predecessor, Dr.
A. H. Johnson, who resigned the office before the close of the year,
with many regrets, on account of a prolonged visit to Europe. His
experience rendered:him most competent to the performance of its
duties, and his great interest in the promotion of the objects of the
Institute renders his loss as a secretary most sensible.

The TREASURER presented the following statement of the financial
condition for the year ending May, 1870.

GENERAL ACCOUNT.

# Debits.
Atheneum; Rent, half Ffel, ete.; : : . . . $442 25
Publications, $1,731 84; Salaries, $672, A Fs : . 2,403 84
Repairs and fixtures, $609 59; Gas, $30 58, . : : - 640 17
Sundries, $61 98; Insurance, $30, . : : 91 98
Express and Postage, $121 70; Deposit in Saviaige Dank $25, 146 70
Historical Department, . : : A - és ; é 51 25
Natural History Department, . : : : - . F 12 70
Balance Account. . : : : : : : - - 289 90
$4,078 79

Credits.

Dividends of Webster Bank, $40; Lectures and Entertain-
ments, $161 56, 3 : é 5 - . A . $201 56

73

Peabody Academy of Science balance of account, $500; Bal-

ance of Subscription A. A. A. S., $634 33, .. ‘ - 1,184 33
Temporary Loan, $600; Athenzeum for Janitor, $75, . + 675 00
Donations, $25; Sundries, $33 27, a é - 58 27
Sale of Publications, $508 40; Aaseuerneute: $1, 341, 2 - 1,849 40
Balance, . 5 F : ‘ ‘ . . ; = 160:.28

é $4,078 79
NaTurRAL History anp HorrTICcULTURE.
Debits.
Binding, $124 25; Pamphlets, $5, é . ‘ : - 129 25
. Credits.
Dividends. — Naumkeag Bank, : : 5 : - $28 00
Michigan Central fealivond, fs é A : 50 00
From General Account, . ; - r - ‘i : : 51 25
‘ a
— $129 25
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT.
Debits.
Binding, $125; Sundries, $4 50, . : : , i - $129 50
Credits. ;
Dividends, — Lowell Bleachery, F ‘ - $80 00
Portland, Saco and Porcamouth Haron? : 36 80
From General Account, . : : . , : : : 12°70

$129 50

The SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MusEvM reports that the duties of ‘hie
office have materially lessened since the deposit of the Natural His-
tory Collection with, and the transference of all donations in this
department to, the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science.
The Historical and Antiquarian portions of the collections have been
usually under the care of the Curators of that department, and the
condition of the same will be embodied in the report of the Secretary.
It is appropriate that a statement be made at the annual meeting
of the condition of the Scientific Collection in the custody of the
Academy; what additions of scientific value have been made, and
what progress in the promotion of the objects of this department has
been accomplished.

As Director of the Peabody Academy, and also as Superintendent
of the Museum, I would report most favorably, both in regard to the
care which has been given to the collections, the present arrange-
ment, and the great benefit thus conferred upon the public.

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. oa 10

74

The Specimens for the most part arranged with those of the East
India Marine Society, and the recent accessions of the Academy, are
being very rapidly brought into final order, by being named, catalogued,
and placed in suitable and safe cases. One feature that was promi-
nent in our former Museum, the formation of a County Collection, has
been continued by the Academy, and there are now quite perfect
series of specimens illustrating the natural history of the County in
all the departments, properly arranged in the western gallery. Every
effort will be made to complete this collection. Thus one of the great
objects of the Institute will undoubtedly be accomplished under the
present arrangement in a very satisfactory manner.

The present advanced state of the Museum of the Academy is in a
great measure due to the principles and labors of the Institute in
former years, and we should, one and all, be grateful that our incipient
plans are now being so well and satisfactorily matured, though under
the care of another institution whose objects are in many respects
identical. A large number of donations have been received during
the year. These have been announced at the regular meetings.

There has been an average daily attendance of two hundred visitors
to the Museum during the year, the largest number admitted on any
two days, was 1158 on Monday, July 5, and 1337 on Thursday (Fast
day), April 7th.

The Museum is open to the public on Tuesdays, Wednesdays,
Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays, from 10 a. M. to 5 P.M., when a
constable, provided by the city, is in attendance.

The LiprariaNn submitted the following report :—
The additions to the Library during the year now closed have been
as follows : —
DONATIONS.

Folios, . . . . . ~ « . 30 Pamphlets and Serials, . 2,951
CURB GON 54) oe ne ae oy A a: 2 -AIISNGOS.. eis ae ia a oo so OO
Octavos,...2 . : s < ~®.-870 —

PUOCEMIMOS 9a cae. bt a ec SOD. LOUBLS Cra Be) oe 8 Ge OLE
Sexdecimos, ... . . . 23 Total bound volumes, . . . 552
Octodecimos,. . 3... -< sos. 6 —

Total of Donations, suas. DOLOGS
Total, . oe @ 2 es. = BOB

EXCHANGES.

Quartos,. . . . . . . . 10 Pamphlets and Serials, . 1,061
Octavos, * © © « « « »« 82 Total of bound volumes, . . 93

PnodeciMas, © se. ew —_
— Total of Exchanges, . . 1,154
Total, * e © « « « « « 938 Totalof Donations, . . 3,563

OUD ies ce ct bree esse ee RG TE

75

Of the total number of Pamphlets and Serials 2,406 were Pamphlets
and 1,606 Serials.

The Donations to the Library for the year have been received from
two hundred and three different individuals and twenty-four different
societies and public bodies.

The Exehanges have been received from one hundred and forty-six
different societies, of which sixty-seven are foreign. societies. Many
of these exchanges are of great value and could not be obtained in
any other way than in return for our own publications.

Besides the additions to the Library, the Editors of the American
Naturalist have received in exchange and placed on deposit, in the
Reading Room of the Institute during the past year, eleven bound
volumes and two hundred and sixty-five serial publications. ‘

By means of exchange, also, our sets of the folio annual edition o
Laws of Massachusetts has been rendered complete from the com-
mencement, in 1775, to the octavo edition of 1806, with the exception
only of eight pages, which we hope soon to receive, and thus complete
our series of Laws of Mass., from 1775 to the present time. These
folio editions of the Laws are extremely rare, and only two other
complete sets are known to exist anywhere. Large additions have
also been made to our series of Massachusetts Resolves and. of the
Journals of the Massachusetts House of Representatives.

W. P. Urnam, Curator of Manuscripts, read the following report
on the present condition of that section of the department of History.
- The character and importance of the various legal papers, charters,
commissions, autographs, records of societies, and other manuscripts
deposited in the Institute, and the duty devolving upon us of properly ~
preserving. them, was fully set forth in a former report (see Annual
Meeting, 1865). During the past year some additions have been
made to our collection, and I am pleased to be able to state that much '
has been accomplished towards bringing this seCtion into a condition
that will be creditable to the Society, and will give confidence to
those who deposit here such perishable records of the past that they

. will be properly cared for and preserved for future use. Being
convinced that, at a moderate expense, our manuscripts could
be arranged in order, and made more secure from accident and injury,
and at the same time more available for antiquarian and historical
research, a few of the friends of the Institute have been called upon,
who have generously responded and furnished the means for carrying
out this object. I wish here to acknowledge the receipt of the aggre-
gate sum of five hundred and five dollars ($505.00) subscribed for this
purpose by the following gentlemen: John Bertram, George Peabody,
Joseph S. Cabot, James Upton, Richard S. Rogers, Henry Gardner,

76

L. B. Harrington, R. Palmer Waters, Chatles A. Ropes, Wm. B.
Howes, Benjamin Stone, Benjamin Cox and Francis Cox.

Of this sum of five hundred and five dollars, fifty dollars and fifty
cents have been expended for blank books and other material, and
one hundred and four dollars and thirty-five cents for labor employed
since Dec. Ist, 1869, leaving a balance of three hundred and fifty dol-
lars and fifteen cents, which it is believed will enable us to accom-
plish during the coming year very much of the work which remains
to be done in this section. Very many of the manuscripts have already
been arranged, and eight large folio books filled with papers classified
and chronologically arranged. The Secretary, Mr. Robinson, has
taken special charge of the collection of commissions which he has
arranged and classified in blank books with great care and skill.

The committee appointed at the meeting held on Monday evening,
April 4, to report at this meeting such amendments to the by-laws as
may be required to conform to the amendatory act of incorporation,
reported the following proposed amendments :

By-Laws, CHAPTER II.— Instead of the section relating to the
Curators, substitute the following:

‘The CuraTorRs shall have the special charge of the arrangement,
cataloguing and labelling of specimens in their respective depart-
ments, and report on the condition and wants of the same at the an-
nual meeting.” ‘

Instead of the section relating to a Lecture Committee, substitute
the following :—

‘*A LECTURE COMMITTEE, who shall arrange for such Lectures,
Gatherings, and Meetings, as may be deemed advisable, and are not
otherwise provided for.”

CHAPTER III. — Instead of the first three paragraphs substitute the
following: _*

“The following shall be the Departments of the Institute :—1.
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY. 2. DEPARTMENT OF NaTURAL HISTORY.
3. DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE. 4. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARTS.”

The above amendments were acted upon separately and unanimously
adopted.

The Committee also recommended the following amendment to the
Constitution :

Instead of ARTICLE I, substitute the following: “ArtictEI. The
objects of the Essex Instrrure are the collection and preservation of
materials for the Civil and Natural History of the County of Essex,
and the advancement of Science, Literature, and the Arts.”

Voted to proceed to the choice of officers.

77

The following were elected for the year ensuing and until others
shall be chosen in their stead.
President.
HENRY WHEATLAND.

; Vice Presidents.
Of History — A.C. GooprLt, Jr. Of Natural History—S. P. Fowurr.
Of Horticulture—Wwn. Sutron. Of the Arts—Gxo. Prabopy.

Recording and Home Secretary.
JOHN ROBINSON.

Foreign Secretary.
A. S. PaACKAR b, Jr.

Treasurer.
HENRY WHEATLAND.

Librarian.
W. Pp. Uren.

Superintendent of the Museum.
Es W. PUTNAM:

Curators of Department of History.

W. P. Upham, H. M. Brooks, M. A. Stickney, John Robinson,
R. S. Rantoul.

Curators of Department of Natural History.

H. F. King, G. A. Perkins, C. M. Tracy, E, 8. Morse, Alpheus Hyatt,
Benjamin Webb, Jr., N. D. C. Hodges.

Curators of Department of Horticulture.

J. S. Cabot, R. S. Rogers, G. B. Loring, John Bertram, S. A. Mer-
rill, Wm. Maloon, G. F. Brown, C. H. Higbee, John F. Allen, Francis ©
Putnam, Wm. Mack, B. A. West, G. D. Glover.

Curators of Department of the Arts.
James A. Gillis, F. H. Lee, D. B. Hagar, peor ee M. Whipple, :

H. F. G. Waters.
Lecture Committee.

James Kimball, A. C. Goodell, Jr., George Perkins, G. D. Phippen,
Wm. Northey, Wm. Neilson.
Finance Committee.
J. C. Lee, R. S. Rogers, James Upton, S. Endicott Peabody, Robert

Brookhouse. ,
Field Meeting Committee.

G. B. Loring, S. P. Fowler, C. M. Tracy, E. N. Walton, A. W. Dodge,
James T. Hewes, Caleb Cooke. |
Library Committee.
J. G. Waters, Alpheus Crosby, W. C. Endicott, W. S. Messervy.
Publication Committee.
A. C. Goodell, Jr., F. W. Putnam, C. M. Tracy, R. S. Rantoul,
H. M. Brooks.

78

SOCIAL MEETING, TUESDAY, MAY 24, 1870.

Tus meeting was held at the request of several members, to wel-
come the advent of spring, the hall being tastefully decorated with
stands and hanging baskets of flowers, and to revive the interest in
the horticultural department which has been for several years in a
quiescent condition. In the early days of the Natural History
Society, when a small cabinet contained the entire collection, and the
library consisted of a few volumes, recourse was had to the exhibi-
tions of fruits and flowers to render the rooms pleasant and attrac-
tive, and for twenty years these were our main reliance to secure the
notice and the patronage of the public. The exhibitions, at first
small and unpretending, soon assumed a proportion that few only
exceeded them in magnitude and none in the beauty and size of
many of the specimens shown. Not only the finest products of the
gardens and greenhouses were arranged upon our tables and stands,
but the native flowers usually received special attention, particularly
those rare and curious floral gems that are only found in the most
secluded and almost inacessible recesses of the woods and forests.
A gradual change is perceptible in the appearance of the exhibitions,
at different periods, by the introduction of new and the disappear-
ance of the old and familiar species and varieties; also a similar
change among the contributors; the early pioneers are now passing
away; another generation is taking their places; may the latter be in-
spired with an increased zeal and enthusiasm, and having such a pres-
tige and such an accumulation of experiences be enabled to advance
still higher the cause of horticultural science.

The PresIDENT, in his opening remarks, gave a brief account of
the exhibitions of fruits and flowers in the early days of the Natural
History Society, and their “influences in awakening an interest not
only in horticulture but in ‘the general objects of the society. The
union of the Essex Historical Society in 1848, and the adoption of
the present name. The new vigor and zeal imparted to historic re-
search by this latter movement, the introduction of field meetings,
the different publications, historical and scientific, and the progress
made in the fulfilment of its plans and objects. The inducement of
Mr. George Peabody, by the success that had attended our efforts in
these directions, to place in the hands of nine trustees the sum of
$140,000 for the promotion of science and useful knowledge in this,
his native county, and to empower his trustees to make such ar-
rangements with the Essex Institute as may be necessary or expe-
dient for carrying into effect the provisions of his trust. The incor-
poration of the trustees in 1868, under the name of ‘‘ The «Trustees

/

79

of the Peabody Academy of Science.” The two institutions working
in a common cause, with organizations entirely different in character.
The Academy, a close corporation of nine members holding funds for
specific purposes, and employing agents to perform duties not incon-
sistent with the Instrument of Trust. The Institute a popular insti-
tution of some hundreds of members. The one supplementing the
other, and the reasons why the two may not continue, as now, to co-
operate harmoniously in the performance of duties committed to
their care, and thus to build up an institution, or a series of in-
stitutions, which will shed a brilliant lustre for a long term of years
throughout our land, and be a beacon light to the investigator in his-
tory, science, art and literature.

‘He mentioned the amendatory act recently passed by the Legisla-
ture and the organization of a new department, that of ‘the arts,”
and expressed the hope that the increasing development of a taste
for music and the other fine arts in this community will soon place it
in an honorable position. Horticulture he. considered the prime
mover in this chain of events, and to her aid the literary and scien-
tific institutions in this place are largely indebted for their present ©
position.

Mr. A. C. GOODELL, Jr., remarked upon the pleasant change in
New England with regard to the observance of May day, this ancient
holiday of motherland. He alluded to the antiquity of the name of
May, some attributing it to Maia the mother of Mercury, others as-
serting that it is of Teutonic origin. The celebration of the day was
distasteful to the Puritans, and he gave a very interesting account of
Thomas Morton of Clifford’s Inn, Gent., and of the famous May day
revels at Ma-re Mount, now Mount Wollaston, in Quincy, which were
celebrated under his direction in 1626, and of the action of the colo-
nial authorities against him, the dispersion of his followers and the
destruction of his plantation, and of the principal known facts of his
subsequent career down to the time of his death in York, Me., in 1646;
and stated that this first May day jubilee was the last_for genera-
tions. The times are greatly changed and, it is to be hoped that May
morning will evermore be held sacred to the celebration of the sun’s
return, the bursting of green buds and the birth of the flowers.

Mr. GrorGeE D. Puirren narrated some of his early reminiscences
of the horticultural exhibitions and of his botanical excursions in
this vicinity at that time; also the changes that had occurred; many
of the old favorite flowers have retired before the waves of an in-
creasing population, and hereafter they will be strangers to their once
familiar grounds. A more extended account of these reminiscences,
especially in relation to Dark Lane (so-called in the olden times) and
its vicinity, will be given in a future number.

80

Mr. C. M. Tracy made some pleasant remarks, referring to the dif-
ferent sciences and arts gathered under and protected by the ample
wings of the Essex Institute. He said that when in his childish days
he pored over the wondrous stories of classic ancient mythology, he
did not dream that he should come to a festival in this ancient city, a
gathering of the Essex Institute, and find present in very action the
gods and heroes of his childhood. A festival in the interest of horti-
culture, a service in honor of Flora and Pomona, and to grace and
adorn it have come down nearly all the deities of Olympus — Juno,
Jupiter and Apollo, Clio, fair muse of history, Euterpe and Terpsi-
chore. Laying emblem and pleasantry aside, he remarked that there
is an alliance that horticulture claims and freely receives. That
in all the works of horticulture, floriculture, and every culture that:
aims to bring from the earth a beauty and an excellence hitherto
unseen, we have the full sympathy and applauding voice of nature.
That the rearing of lovely flowers and delicious fruits is not a turning
away from the normal standard — an artificializing of things and a
forsaking of true beauty and beautiful truth.

He spoke of his love for the wild flowers, and of the many hours he
had spent with them, but he also loved the blossoms of the garden,
and had full faith in the refining, elevating influence that they exert
over those who learn to enjoy them, and he begged to encourage this
worthy undertaking in aid of the arts of culture. It is but the
awakening, the bringing to view of a loveliness that otherwise were
dormant. As ambassador from the outer court of Flora, he brought
this message : — Nature and Art are not opponents but counterparts,
and between them there is only harmony and the sympathy of loveli-
ness, forever and ever.

The following programme of music, under the direction of Mr. E.
C. CHEEVER, was performed by a select choir, assisted by Miss Hartre
M. SarrorpD, and Mr. Grortr M. SuMNER, pianist, and interspersed
with the addresses, added much to the interest and pleasure of the
meeting :

a ‘‘The first Spring day.”

1. CHorRus. ; b “Early Spring.” A - é Mendelssohn.
2. Sona. ‘The Woods.” . a : : 3 : : Franz.
3. Sone. ‘The coming May.” . : 4 F - E. C. Cheever.
4. Prano Soro. ‘‘Friihlingslied.” . : : rs Mendelssohn.
5. CANZONE. ‘‘Amiamo la vita.” : a : F Randegger.
6. Durtr. ‘*What makes the Spring.” . : : : Abt.
7. Guorus, ; a ‘“ Spring.” : r : * Muller.

bacere Shepherds tell me.” ‘ : - Mazzinghi.

~
7 y -
nn ae, Jk Pf
7 f«

BULLETIN

OF THE -

eee Fs. LS Se Se

Vou. 2. Satem, Mass., June, 1870. No. 6.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

ACTS AND RESOLVES OF THE PROVINCE QF
THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY.*

_...THe Essex Institute has lately received from the Com-
monwealth, as a donation to its library, two copies of the
first volume of this most important publication: The
early part taken by this society in urging legislative
action for-the purpose of bringing together for preser-
vation a complete series of the Provincial Laws, very
many of which were then only to be found in a single
private collection, renders proper from us something .
more than a mere passing notice.

This edition, which will be in many respects more.
complete and useful than any which has preceded it, was
authorized by the General Court in 1867, and is in charge
- of Ellis Ames, Esq., and Abner C. Goodell, Jr., Esq.,
commissioners appointed for the purpose, These gentle-
men, as is well known, are eminently qualified for such
an undertaking by their intimate and thorough knowl-
edge of the history of legislation in our State, and by

*The Acts and Resolves, Public and Private, of the Province of the Massachu-
setts Bay: to which are prefixed the Charters of the Province, with historical and
explanatory notes, and appendix. Vol.I. Boston: Wright & Potter: 1869.

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. II 11

82

their experience in publications requiring the utmost
accuracy and faithfulness in the rendering of ancient doc-
uments. We have reason to congratulate the Institute
that one of its Vice Presidents, and always a most active
member, was selected upon this commission, and has had
so large and honorable a share in carrying on this very
important work.

The first volume, now published, contains all the acts
and resolves of the Province, from 1692 to 1714, together
with the Province Charters of 1691 and 1726, accom-
panied by very valuable and important notes, throwing
much new light upon the history of legislation in Massa-
chusetts. The preface also gives a full account of all
previous editions of these statutes, which will be found
of great service to those desiring information on this
subject.

The information obtained from the Public Record Office
at London, as to the disallowance of acts from time to
time by the Privy Council, of itself renders this edition
invaluable. The opinions of the law officers of the
Crown and other leading minds of Great Britain on sub-
jects relating to legislation, commerce and constitutional
rights, are worthy of particular notice as they have never
previously appeared ip»print.

Of the general appearance of this volume now pub-
lished, and the plan of its arrangement, we feel it impos-
sible to speak too highly. The index is all that could be
asked, and the various lists of acts, with the dates of their
passage and expiration or disallowance, &c., will be
found very useful and convenient.

The first proposal for the publication, now so satisfacto-
rily commenced, was by Governor Andrew, who, in his
Address to the Legislature, Jan. 5, 1861, earnestly rec-
ommended the collection and publication of the Statutes

83

from the union of the Colonies of Plymouth and Massa-
chusetts Bay in 1691, to the adoption of the Constitution
in 1780. Hon. N. H. Whiting, Chairman of the Com-
mittee to which this recommendation was referred, made
an elaborate report to the Senate, in which the importance
and necessity of publishing these statutes was very
clearly set forth, many instances being cited from the
decisions of the Supreme Court, showing the influence
these Provincial laws have upon many important ques-
tions.
At a meeting of the Essex Institute, Feb. 23, 1863, a
_ resolution was passed approving the recommendatiop of
the Governor above referred to and. which had been re-
peated by him in his Address of the following year, and
requesting members to join in any proper measure to
carry out the object proposed. A similar resolution was
subsequently voted by the New England Historic-Gene-
alogical Society, and by the Massachusetts Historical
Society. —

In 1865 the Governor again renewed his recommenda-
tion, referring to the resolutions above mentioned, and
the Committee on the Judiciary, to whom the subject was
referred, made a favorable report, in accordance with
which a resolve was passed authorizing the preparation
for publication of a complete copy of these Statutes, in-
cluding all the sessions acts, public and private, tempo-
rary and perpetual, passed by the Provincial Legislature.

In 1867, as already stated, a further resolve was passed
providing for the publication of the material which had
been collected under the first resolve of 1865.

An essential foundation for the accomplishment of this
work was the very full series of Provincial Statutes
which Mr. Ames was over thirty years in collecting,
and which is now the property of the Commonwealth.

84

We notice that the Institute is honorably referred to
by the Commissioners, as furnishing material aid from
its library. This instance, in which our collection has
been rendered useful, should remind us of the importance
of completing all our series of public documents.

——<»* > —

NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS.

Among the recent additions to the library justice com-
pels us to mention two works, both prepared by officers
of the Institute and issued from the Institute Press. The
one a valuable contribution to civil history, the other to
natural history.

Mr. Marruew A. Stickney has published in a finely
printed octavo volume of 526 pages, with illustrations, a
very interesting and full Genealogical Memoir of the
Stickney Family, or a memoir of the descendants of
William and Elizabeth Stickney from 1637 to 1869,
with an appendix which contains brief notices of a few of
the allied families.

This is a beautiful monument, raised with much care
and labor to the memory of the Stickney Family —a
family that has enrolled, during successive generations,
among its members, many honored names, to all of whom
befitting tributes, sedulously prepared, are inserted.

The author, with an ardor which indifference on the
part of others could not repress, has devoted much time
during the lapse of many years, in carefully examining
the various parish, church, town, county and other rec-
ords, conducting a very extensive correspondence with
members of different branches of the family and others
scattered far and wide in almost every section of the
Union and the adjoining Provinces, and, indeed, omitting

85

nothing that would impart any information upon this his
favorite study.

The materials thus collected together are presented in
a lucid and attractive form, with copious indices to facili-
tate reference and the tracing of the pedigree of any
member.

We hail with pleasure every attempt like this to record
the names and to perpetuate the memory of the founders
of the county. May the time be not far distant when
every family will have some printed register of its ances-
try to strengthen the love of kindred for each other and
for their native land. What more beautiful tribute than
that of arranging the genealogy of the paternal and ma-
ternal line oe ancestry for the gratification of those whose
honored names they bear, can one pay to the memory of
the departed.

In preparing this work for publication the author re-
ceived the valuable assistance of his second daughter,
who, in consequence of his impaired health, has per-
formed the duties of amanuensis, proof-reader, and pre-
parer of the Index. Mr. Stickney is entitled to the
thanks of all students in history and genealogy and es-
pecially to the members of this family, for presenting the
results of his labors in so attractive and agreeable a form.

Dr. A. S. Packarp, Jr., has completed his Guide
to the Study of Insects, which was issued in ten parts at
irregular intervals during the past two years, in a beauti-
ful volume of 702 octavo pages with eleven plates and
651 wood-cuts, illustrating in all, 1,238 objects. It is
accompanied by a glossary of entomological terms, a
calendar of the monthly appearance of insects, and a
copious index.

This is the only American Text Book of Entomology,

86

and is designed to teach the beginner the elements of the
science, and to serve as a guide to the more elaborate
treatises and memoirs which the advanced student may
wish to consult. In order to make it of value to farmers
and gardeners, whose needs the writer has kept in view,
concise accounts have been given of insects injurious or
beneficial to vegetation or those otherwise affecting hu-
man interests.

The Guide is already in use in several of our princi-
pal colleges and agricultural schools as a text book or for
reference, and has met with favor from teachers and nat-
uralists. The first edition has been exhausted; the ap-
pearance of a second indicates its just appreciation, the
large number of entomologists in the country, and the
growing sense of the importance of the study of practical
entomology by agriculturists.

FIELD MEETING AT BRADFORD, THURSDAY, June 16, 1870.

The first field meeting, the present season, was held in Bradford, a
beautiful old town lying on the southern bank of the Merrimac River,
and containing numerous fine residences. The attendance was large,
many of the towns in the county being represented.

The members were met*at the station by S. W. Hopkinson, Esq.,
chairman of the committee of arrangements, and other citizens of
Bradford, and conducted to the vestry of the Congregational church,
where a cordial welcome was extended by Dr. WILLIAM COGSWELL;
and, after the announcement of the programme of the day, divided
into parties to visit different localities of interest, the citizens of
Bradford acting as guides and furnishing teams for their accommoda-
tion.

Among the places visited were the old and new cemeteries, the
former, at the site of the first church built in Bradford, being the
burial place of its early ministers and many of the first settlers :—
the town clerk’s office, where several of the party spent much time
in examining the ancient records, and were amply repaid for their
trouble, by the interesting items brought out in their researches;

87

Joel’s woods, where the botanists obtained many choice specimens
of our native flora (Joel, whose name is thus commemorated, was
not a wealthy land owner, but a colored personage, who attended to
such essential duties as devolve upon the village sexton); the Neck,
Head’s Hill, and Cogswell’s Hill, where were obtained fine views of
the windings of the Merrimac, the stirring and busy city of Haver-
hill, and the green meadows and picturesque slopes which rise from
the river banks; the great maple tree at the old ferry, a tree of
wonderful growth, with a trunk of eight feet in diameter; John
Day’s mill in the Boxford limits, where bone fertilizers are prepared ;
and Chadwick’s pond, a’fine sheet of water, half in Bradford and half
in Boxford.

Bradford is a town of about two thousand in population. It has
one church, the present house being the fourth since the estab-
lishment in 1682, in December of which year the Rey. Zachariah
Symmes was settled. Many of the people cross the bridge to attend
Sabbath worship in Haverhill, and the distance is less than many go
in our larger towns and cities. It may not be generally known that
the wholesale shoe business, now so successfully pursued at Haver-
hill, began originally at Bradford. About the year 1792, Messrs.
Dodge and Terry went to Georgetown, D. C., where they sold Brad-
ford-made shoes on commission; and this trade was subsequently
kept up for thirty or forty years.

At 1 p.m. the various parties reassembled to partake of a bountiful
collation arranged under the trees on the common by the spirited and
hospitable citizens; after which they repaired to the New Bradford
Academy, and assembled in the hall of that institution for the after-.
noon exercises.

At 2p.M. the meeting was called to order by the President, who,
in his opening remarks, alluded to the pleasure of visiting this old
town of Bradford, which in the éarly settlement, was included within
the limits of Rowley, and was known as Merrimack, and Rowley vil-
lage on the Merrimack, and in 1672 was incorporated as a distinct
township under the present name. This academy, in whose hall we
now meet, is one of the oldest of this class of institutions, having
been organized in 1803, and is one of the few that has survived the
vicissitudes of the times. It has recently been enabled, by the liber-
ality of its friends, to erect this beautiful and convenient structure.
After noticing some of the incidents in the early history of the Insti-
tute, and specifying a few of its objects and aims, the President called
for the reading of the records of the last meeting by the Secretary.

The Secretary announced the following correspondence :

From Die. Naturforschende Gesellschaft Des Osterlandes, Altenburg, Dec. 26;
Armstrong, J. F., Cleveland, O., May 13; Akklimatisations-Verein, Berlin, Feb. 8;
Die Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin, January 24; Boston Public

88

Library, May 18,21; Boston Society of Natural History, May 16; Bowdoin Col-
lege, May 24; Boyd, W. H., Washington, D. C., May 19, 26, June 3; Brewer, W. H.,
New Haven, May 28; Brooks, H. A., Salem, June. 13; Buffalo Hist. Society, May
19; Brendel, F., Peoria, Ill., May 6; Bushée, James, Worcester, April 25; Chand-
ler, C. F., New York, May 19; Chicago Academy of Science, May 24; Cogswell,
George, Bradford, June 7; Coburn, J., Boston, May 18; Conant, W. P., Caledo-
nia, Mo., May 5; Eastern Railroad, Boston, June 11; Felt, N. H., Salt Lake City,
May; Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Frankfurt, Feb. 9; Die Naturforschende
Gesellschaft, Freiburg, Jan. 10; Gillis, J. A., Salem, May 15; Goldsmith, John
H., Salem, May 10; Museum Comp. Zool., Cambridge, May 12, 21; Haines,
William A., New York, May 13; Hale, M. H., Savannah, Geo., May 17; Hodges. N.
D.C., Salem, May 8; Holmes, J. C., Detroit, May 13,19; Kendig, A. B., Dubuque,
Iowa, April 28; Kingsford, Wm., Lynn, May 8; Lunt, W. P., Boston, June 14;
Mann, S. B., Providence, May 23; Massachusetts Hort. Society, May 19; Merri-
mac Valley Dental Association, May 16; Minnesota Hist. Society, May 23; Neil-.
son, Wm., Salem, May 24; New England Hist. Genealogical Society, May 18; New
York Hist. Society, May 18; New York Liberal Club, May 31; New York Lyceum
Natural Hist., May 23; New York Merc. Lib. Association, April 29; Preble, G. H.,
Charlestown, May 13, 16, 25, 81; Rhode, Island Hist. Society, May; Smithsonian
Institution, April 21; Stickney, M. A., Salem, May 17; U.S. Dep’t of Interior, May
9; Walton, E. N., Salem, May 16; Waters, Henry F., Salem, May 10.

The Librarian after the anouncement of the following additions
to the library, gave brief notices of the Province Laws of Massachu-
setts, Memoirs of the Stickney Family, and Packard’s Guide to the
Study of Insects. [See pages 81-86. ]

By Donation.

ALLEN, J. FISKE. Christian Register, 54 numbers. Boston Cultivator, 52 num-
bers. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 11.

Boston, Ciry OF. Boston City Documents for 1869, 3 vols. 8vo.

BUTLER, BENJ. F., M. C. Congressional Globe, 1868-9, 4 vols. 4to. Memorial
Addresses on W. P. Fessenden, 1 vol.8vo. Message and Documents, 1868-70. War
Department, 4 vols. 8vo.; Interior, 2 vols.; State, 1868-9, 2 vols.; Navy and P. O.,
1869-70, 1 vol. Abridgement, 1868-9, 1 vol. 8yo. Constitution, Manual, Rules, and
Barclay’s Digest, 1868, 1 vol. 89@. Commercial Relations, 1868, 1 vol. 8vo. Causes
of Reduction of American Tonnage, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Commerce and Navigation,
1868, 1 vol. 8vo. Smithsonian Report, 1868, 1 vol. 8vo. Finance Report, 1869, 1 vol.
8vo. New York Election Frauds, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Mineral Resources of the United
States, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. United States Geological Survey of Colorado and New
Mexico, 1 vol. 8vo. Congressional pamphlets, 3.

CHAMBERLAIN, JAMES A. The Douglas Axe Manufacturing Company’s Cata-
logue, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1870. Two pamphlets.

MASSACHUSETTS, STATE OF. Acts and Resolves of the Province of the Massa-
chusetts Bay, 1692-1714, Vol. 1, two copies, 8vo, Boston, 1869.

FELT, N. H., of Salt Lake City. Desert Evening News, 44 numbers. Miscella-
neous pamphlets, 10.

GREEN, SAMUEL A., of Boston. Inaugural Address of the Mayor of Boston,
Jan. 3, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1870. Waterston’s Address on the Life and Char-
acter of T. Sherwin, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1870. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 11.

LE Baron, J. F. Report on a Supply of Water for Lowell, 8vo pamph., 1869.

LEE, FRANCIS H. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 150.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for May, 1870.

_ or

89

LEWIS, WINSLOW, of Boston. Sermon at Ordination of Rev. W. Jenison, May
29, 1728, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1728.

MARVIN, W.T.R. Cotton Mather and Witchcraft, 12mo pamph., Boston, 1870.

MCKENZIE, 8. S., of Topsfield. Remarkables of Dr. Increase Mather, 1 vol.
12mo. Sermon at the Funeral of Rev. A. P. Tenney, March 4, 1867, 8vo pamph.,
Concord, 1867.

O'DONNELL, JOHN. Journal of the Fair, Salem, May, 1870, 6 numbers.

PuTNAM, F. W. Note on the Occurrence of Euleptorhamphus longirostris on
the Coast of Massachusetts, 8vo pamph.

RANTOUL, R. S. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 4. ;

SUMNER, CHARLES, U.S. Senate. Congressional pamphlets, 4. Message and
Documents, 1868-9. War Department, 2 vols. 8vo; Navy, 1 vol. 8vo; Post Office, 1
vol. 8vo; State, 2 vols.8vo; Interior, 1 vol. 8Svo. Memorial Addresses on Wm. Pitt
Fessenden, Dec. 11, 1869, 1 vol. 8v0, Washington, 1870.

UPHAM, WILLIAM P. Fourth Annual Report of the Board of State Charities,
1868, 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Journal, 1st Sess. 8th Cong., 1 vol. 8vo, 1803. New England
Sunday School Hymn Book, 1 vol. 18mo, Hartford, 1830. Miscellaneous pamph-
lets, 38.

UPTON, JAMES. Baptist Missionary Magazine, 4 vols. Our Boys and Girly 5
vols. Our Young Folks, 4 vols. Student and Schoolmate,1 vol. Baptist Memo-
rial and Monthly Chronicle, 1 vol. 8vo. ;

WATERS, H. Fitz. Catalogue of a Collection of Oil Paintings, 2 pamphlets,
small 4to.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 17.

WINTHROP, ROBERT C. Peabody Education Fund, Proceedings of Trustees
at Annual Meeting, Feb. 15, 1870, 8vo pamph.

By Exchange.

AKKLIMATISATIONS-VEREIN IN BERLIN. Zeitschrift fiir Akklimatisation. Or-
gan des Akklimatisations-Vereins in Berlin, 1868, 1869, 8vo pamphlets.

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. Proceedings, Vol. viii, 8vo
pamph.

AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. Fifty-third Annual Report, with Proceed- —
ings of the Annual Meeting, 8vo pamph., Washington, 1870.

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL History. The First Annual Report, Janu-
ary, 1870, 8vo pamph.
AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. Proceedings of the First Annual Ses-

sion, 8vo pamph., New York, 1870.

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings, Vol. xi, No. 83, 8vo pamph.,
1870. zs

BIBLIOTHEQUE UNIVERSELLE ET REVUE SUISSE. Archives des Sciences Phys-
iques et Naturelles, 4 pamphlets, 8vo, Geneve, 1870.

Boston PUBLIC LIBRARY. Bulletin for April, 1870, 8vo pamph. Boston Direc-
tory for 1820, 12mo. :

Die NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT DES OSTERLANDES ZU ALTENBURG.
Mittheilungen aus dem Osterlande, Gemeinschaftlich herausgegeben vom Gew-
erbe-Vereine, non der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft und dem bienenwirtschaft-
lichen Vereine, 8v6 pamph., Altenburg, 1869.

GEORGIA HISTORICAL Socinty. Azilia, a Historical Legend of Georgia, from
1717, 1 vol. 12mo, Savannah, 1870. Tabulated Mortuary Record of Savannah from
Jan., 1854 to Dec., 1869, 8vo pamph.

GESELLSCHAFT FUR BEFORDERUNG DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN. Berichte
iiber die Verhandlungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg iB. Red-

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. of 12

90

igirt vom Prof. Maier unter Mitwirkung von Prof. Ecker und Mueller, 8vo pamph.,
1869.

GESELLSCHAFT NATURFORSCHENDER FREUNDE zu Berlin. Sitzungs-Berichte
im Jahre 1869, 4to pamph.

Iowa STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Annals of Iowa for April, 1870, 8vo
pamph.

KONGELIGE DANSKE VIDENSKABERNES SELSKAB i Kjobenhayn. Questions
mises au concours pour V’annee, 1870, 8vo pamph.

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, Cambridge. Illustrated Catalogue, 8vo
pamph., 1870.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WOOL MANUFACTURERS. Bulletin for April, 1870,
8vo pamph.

NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHE GESELLSCHAFT “ISIS,” in Dresden. Sitzungs-
Berichte, von Carl Bley, Jahrg 1869, 8vo pamph.

NEW YORK MERCANTILE LIBRARY. Supplement to the Catalogue of Books, 1
vol. 8vo, New York, 1869.

NEW YORK STATE LIBRARY. Fifty-second Annual Report of the Trustees, 8vo
pamph., Albany, 1870.

PEABODY INSTITUTE, Peabody. Eighteenth Annual Report of the Trustees, 8vo
pamph., Peabody, 1870.

‘PUBLISHERS. American Bookseller’s Guide. American Journal of Numis-
matics. American Literary Gazette. Book Buyer. Book Table. Christian
World. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gardener’s Monthly. Gloucester
Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Land and Water. Law-
rence American. Lecture Season. Lippincott’s Monthly Bulletin. Literary
World. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation.
Nature. Pavilion. Peabody Press. Quaritch’s Catalogue. Record of Christian
Work. Sailor’s Magazine and Seamen’s Friend. Silliman’s Journal. Sotheran’s
Catalogue. Yarmouth Register.

SENCKENBERGISCHE NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT, Frankfurt A.-M. Ab-
handlungen, herausgegeben von der, 4to pamph., 1869. Berichte uber die yon
Juni, 1868 bis Juni, 1869, 8v0 pamph.

VERMONT STATE LIBRARY. Laws of Vermont, 1869, 1 vol.8vo. Vermont House
Journal, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Vermont Senate Journal, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo.

The SUPERINTENDENT announced the following additions to the
Museums of the Institute and of the Academy.

Dr. C. C. ABBOTT, of Trenton, N.J. Specimens of several species of Fish from
N. J.

FRANK BUTLER, of Salem. Young Lump Fish from the Grand Bank.

W. W. BUTTERFIELD, of Indianapolis, Ind. Small collections of plants from
Indianapolis.

GEORGE CHASE, of Salem. Wild Oats from Mountain View, Santa Clara county,
California.

Mrs. H. M. COLCORD, of Peabody. Triton violaceus from Peabody.

Dr. ELLIOT COUES, Fort Macon, N.C. Collection of Fishes, Worms, Crustaceans
and Mollusks from Fort Macon; also a young turtle from the same place.

JOHN G. FELT, of Salem. Specimen of the wood of apple. tree showing the
ravages of Insects.

WILLIAM GARDNER, of Salem. Attacus Luna (Lunar Moth).

GEORGE D. HERSEY, of Westerly, R. I. ‘Specimen of Boleosoma Olmstedii from
Pawtucket River.

FRANK HOLLAND, of Salem. Young Woodchuck from Salem.

Mrs. MARY MANN, of Cambridge. Plants from the Herbarium of the late
Horace Mann.

91

R. L. NEWCoMB, of Salem. Quartz, Porphyry and Agate Pebbles from Cali-
fornia.

JOHN C. OSGOOD, of Salem. Attacus Luna (Lunar Moth).

. Dr. A. S. PACKARD, Jr., Salem. Crustaceans, Worms, Shells, Insects, etc., from
Fort Macon, N.C.

Dr. GEORGE A. PERKINS, of Salem. A Mandingo Hammock, cloth from the Gold
Coast. . Trumpet made of Antelope’s Horns. Rattle used by Gree-gree men.
Charms worn on the neck and wrists. Samples of Material used for making cloth.
A pod of Acacia sp., from Cape Palmas. Two knives from West Africa.

FRANK SHEPARD, of Salem. Attacus Luna (Lunar Moth).

WILLIAM H. SILSBEE, of Salem. Parasites from the Red-winged Blackbird.

RUSHTON SMITH, of Waverley, New York. Stone arrowhead from Banks of
Delaware River, Pa., and two from Tioga Co., N. Y.

CHARLES F. TULLOCK, of Salem. Telia Polyphemua from Salem.

Mrs. Twist, of Peabody. Triton violaceus from Peabody. ’

B. A. WEST, of Salem. Skull of a four-horned Goat from the interior of West-
ern Africa.

The President then invited Dr. Grorce B. Lorine (Chairman of
the Field Meeting Committee) to the chair, who made a very felici-
tous speech, in which he alluded to the early history of the place, its
beautiful situation, its proverbial prosperity and its high rank intel-
lectually, and narrated incidents in its subsequent career. He re-
marked upon the flourishing condition of the academy, and -paid a
deserved tribute to some of the past teachers and distinguished
graduates.

Dr. GEORGE COGSWELL, of Bradford, was then called upon and ina
brief and congratulatory speech extended a hearty welcome to the
Institute and its friends, and expressed the gratification of the citizens
of the town, and of the teachers and pupils of the academy, in having ©
one of its meetings held in this place.

Mr. F. W. Putnam was called to the stand to report on the various
zoological specimens that had been collected by the party which
visited the pond. He stated that Chadwick’s pond was a sheet of ©
water of considerable extent, and on the side at which it was ap-
proached was quite shallow for some distance from the shore, en-
.abling a person to wade out among the pond grass and “weeds and
observe aquatic life in several phases in a very satisfactory manner.
Here were to be seen several species of Unionide, Planorbis and
Limnea, some moving slowly over the sand, others feeding on the
various minute organisms on the plants. Here also could be seen the
bright and lively little pickerel darting suddenly from under a large
leaf where he had laid in wait for some unfortunate insect to fall from
the grass waving above him, or, desirous of higher game, making a
dart for a minnow or young shiner; or slowly moving about with their
usual restlessness, were the young shiners and dace, with now and
then a banded minnow, a young bream, or a young perch moving

92

rapidly across the scene, while, ever and anon, a giant among them
all, an adult bream would swim slowly through the grass, exhibit-
ing its wavy fins and grace in its changeable course. Here also was.
the paradise of aquatic insects : water beetles were chasing each other
about in their wild dance, now in a circle, one close on the other, then
suddenly off to the right and the left, back again to the centre, then
‘¢all hands round,” and off again: several species of Cadisflies,
slowly crawling along in their artful cases of sticks, of straws, or of
stones; with now and then a large and handsome leech, stretched to —
its utmost length, making all haste possible in its undulating course
to a more congenial spot; or the little red spider, looking like a ruby
in the water, swimming about apparently with some grand object in
view.* While all this and much more was going on under the water,
how full of life was the air immediately over it. There were to be
seen several species of dragonflies darting about after their smaller
relatives, while occasionally one of these ‘‘dragons” would fall a
victim to a higher and more powerful foe to insect life, as a swallow
would dart over the water, sometimes even wetting its feathers in its
eagerness for a dainty bit. On almost every projecting blade of grass
could be seen the dried skins that had protected the dragons and their
friends while pursuing their aquatic life, but now left behind by the
brightly colored and guazy winged creatures whose short aerial lives
were to be spent in sunshine. On many of the blades of grass could
be seen the eggs of some aquatic dipterous insect in the form of large,
dark purple bunches, the weight of which was sufficient to bend the
grass over so that the eggs floated on the water. All this and much
more was taking place and could be seen as we stood up to the top of
our boots in the water; and, I ask, was it not worth wading for and
watching for? In answer to my question I will say, try it once,
and you will be sure to do so again, if you find you have anything in
your head worth calling eyes.

Several specimens were sent to the table for explanation, among
them a large mudturtle (Chelonura serpentina) which from his snap-
pish manner few in the party thought worthy of farther acquaintance,
but after a few remarks on his peculiar structure by Mr. Putnam, and
on suggestion that Chelonura soup was not to be despised, he was
looked upon with toleration. The habits of the dorbug were also
related, and an attempt was made to convince the young ladies of the
Academy, who had evinced their special interest in this question, that
in its present adult form it was a harmless insect, and would not bite,
notwithstanding the peculiar sensation it occasioned in its attempts to
maintain a close acquaintance. A large moth collected by one of the

*Mr. Hyatt collected a female spider with her eggs, which he saw deposited.

93

pupils was stated to be the American silkworm moth, while the large,
green swallow tailed moth, collected by another pupil, was identified
as the Luna moth, one of our finest species of which several speci-
mens had been secured during the day.

In reply to several questions about the currant worm, Mr. Putnam
stated that recently there had been brought to the Museum of the
Peabody Academy six different larvee that were more or less injuri-
ous to the currant. One was believed to be an imported species, and
was: far more destructive than the old currant worm (Abraxas ribe-
aria) which is of the measuring worm family, while the imported
species is the larve of a saw fly. The currant borer he mentioned as
being quite injurious by its destruction of the wood, but all were as
naught when compared with the new pest. Mr. Putnam also called’
attention to the singular pruning of the top twigs of the bushes, and
stated that while this seemed to be the work of some minute cut
worm, he had not yet been able to discover the insect. He thougltt
the pruning was not injurious to the bushes, but was in reality a
natural process of ‘‘ nipping,” and so long as the insect kept to its
present habits we need not feel alarmed at this addition to our stock
of currant bush insects.

Mr. A. Hyarr of the Institute opened his remarks by alluding to
the fact that he had already spoken before the larger part of his pres-
ent audience upon the Surface Geology of this section, and therefore
would speak to-day of a matter of more general interest, the dis-
covery of the Eozo6n in Essex County.

He then gave an account of its structure and the structure of the
other Foraminiferee now living at great depths, forming by their
abundance the floor of the present ocean bottom.

The speaker also remarked how much Dr. T. Sterry Hunt and the
Canadian Geological Survey, had done for the elucidation of the
Geology of the county, and ended by summing up the results of the
discovery of the Eozo6n.

By request, Dr. A. S. PackarD, Jr., has furnished the following ac-
count of the Currant Saw Fly:

This saw fly, which is a net-veined insect, with clear wings, and
belongs to the same group of insects (Hymenoptera) that the bee,
wasp and ichneumon fly do, has proved even more destructive to
currant bushes than the well known looper, geometer, or measuring
worm, which transforms into a yellowish moth (Abraxas ribearia)
found flying about gooseberry and currant bushes in July.

Imported into nurseries at Rochester, INE SYG, during the year 1860,
it spread into Eastern Massachusetts about five years since, I am told
by Mr. F. G. Sanborn, and for two seasons past has been very destruc-
tive in gardens in Essex County.

94

The following account of its habits is quoted from the Guide to

the Study of Insects: —‘‘ There are fifty species of Nematus in this
country, of which the most injurious one, the gooseberry sawfly, has

Fig. 1. been brought from Europe.
1% This is the N. ventricosus of
Klug, which was undoubt-
edly imported into this
country about the year 1860,
spreading mostly from Roch-
ester, N. Y., where there
are extensive nurseries.
Prof. Winchell, who has
studied this insect in Ann
Arbor, Mich., where it has
been very destructive, ob-
served the female on the
16th of June, while depos-
iting her cylindrical, whitish
and transparent eggs, in
regular rows along the un-
der side of the veins of the leaves, at the rate of about one in forty-
five seconds. The embryo escapes from the egg in four days. It
feeds, moults and bur- Fig. 2.
rows into the ground
within a period of eight
days. It remains thir-
teen days in the
ground, being most of
the time in the pupa
state, while the fly lives
nine days. The first ©
brood of worms ap-—
peared May 21st; the
second brood June
25th. Winchell des-
cribes the larva as be-
ing pale-green, with
the head, tail and feet
black, with numerous
black spots regularly
arranged around the
body, from which arise two or more hairs. Figure 1: 1, shows the
eggs deposited along the under side of the midribs of the leaf; 2, the
holes bored by the very young larve; and 8, those eaten by the larger
worms.

95

‘In transporting gooseberry and currant bushes, Walsh recommends
that the roots be carefully cleansed of dirt, so that the cocoons may
not be carried about from one garden to another. The leaves of the
bushes should be examined during the last week of May, and as only
a few leaves are affected at first, these can be detected by the pres-
ence of the eggs and the little round holes in them, and should be
plucked off and burnt. The female saw fly is bright honey-yellow,
with the head black, but yellow
below the insertion of the an-
tennze. The male differs in its
black thorax, and the antennz
are paler reddish than in the
female.”

The dates given above of the
times of appearance of the two
broods will apply to this state.

The natural enemies of this
pest are three ichneumon flies,
one of which is a minute egg-
parasite, Mr. Lintner of New
York, ,stating that among fifty
eggs only four or five hatched
out the currant worm. dl

One of the best remedies, 9
next to hand-picking, is dusting 6
powered white hellebore over
the bushes, by sprinkling it from a muslin bag tied to a stick, as it |
otherwise excites violent sneezing. Used in this small quantity it is
not poisonous. Dr. Mack tells me that he has used a solution of a
pound of copperas to six gallons of water with much success. It .
blackens the leaves, but does not injure them permanently.

By steady and combined effort this terrible pest, together with the
currant looper or geometer, Abraxas ribearia, can be kept under. Birds
and fowl do not apparently feed on this worm, as our feathered

‘friends have their antipathies to certain articles of worm diet, hence
we must fight them with fingers and drugs.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 1, represents a leaf with the eggs (1) of the sawfly laid along the mid ribs,
and the holes (2, 3) made by the young larv2 at different stages of growth. Fig.2
represents the larve still further advanced, with an enlarged view of one of the
segments (b). The male (a) is figured on the third cut, together with the female
(b); the crossed lines representing the actual length of body and spread of wings.
Figs. 2 and 8 are taken from the American Entomologist, Vol. 2, No. 2, where a full
account of this insect may be found,

96

Tux parry-which had devoted the forenoon to an examination of
' the town records made a report of their investigations... The follow-
. ing items from these records were specified. A Record book of ear
marks from 1721 to 1810, quite a curiosity in its way, presenting
many ingenious devices for cropping and, cutting the ears of cattle,
sheep, etc. Thus, — 1723, Ezra Rolfs mark, a crop of neer eare and a
slit in the crop and a nick the under, side of theseare. Jan. 31, 1723-4
Hew Smith’s mark, a half peny the under side of the neer eare. Oct.
“15, 1725, Jona. Kimball’s mark, a swallow’s tale in the neer eare and a -
- half peny under the same eare.
* There are also.in the same book two publications of intention of
marriage, Viz: — eiuccn 4 f '
‘This may certifie whome it mdy consearn that Isaac Hardy and
Esther Barker both of Bradford was published according to Law and
have stood en [tered] fifteen days. Dated in Bradford the 5 of Aprill
[ j. Bradford Aprill the 25, 1727. This may sertifie whome it
may conserne that John Perker of Bradford, and Elizabeth Middleton
of Boxford, ware published and stood posted fiveteen days according

to Law. . Attest
RICHARD BarLEy, Town Clerk.

Town Records, Vol. I, 20, 8, 1668 to March 22, 1742: vol. Ib, 1742
to 1787; Vol. III, 1787 to 1838.

East Parish (now Groveland) Record 1722 to 1813.

Town Treasurer’s Book 1734-1800.

West Parish Records 1738-1852.

Book of Births, Marriages and Deaths 1670-1798.

‘1676 Thos. Kimball was shot by an Indian ye 8d of May, 1676—
and his wife and 5 children, viz: Joannah, Thomas, Joseph, Priscilla
and John were carried captive.” ‘‘The wife and children of Thomas
Kimball that ware taken by ye Indians when he was slain returned
home ye 13th of June, 1056.”

Mr. JAMes H. EMerton, of Salem, spoke of the Insects captured
during the excursion.

Hon. HENRY Carter, of Haverhill, occupied a few. moments in
offering some congratulatory remarks, expressing his pleasure upon
the exercises of the occasion.

E. N. Watton, of Salem, offered the following resolution which was
unanimously adopted.

Resolved, That the grateful thanks of the Essex Institute be ten-
dered to the Local Committee of Arrangements and Reception; the
teachers of the Bradford Academy and the Public Schools, and other
ladies and gentlemen who have contributed to the interest and pleas-

ure of the present meeting.
[To be continued.]

“BULLETIN

i, . :
es _OF THE

«a :
Le ar ; ‘4 :

Bux, Mass., Jury, 1870. No. Avie
a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

ew

> WITH ALLUSIONS TO OTHER

BY GEO. D. PHIPPEN.

plant he needeth of rare vertue, he spareth not to
a pasture, or ditch, the same may be seene and gath-

Essex County Natural History Society, found

lou: tion in sustaining its floral exhibitions, held

=a ie ‘every summer for several years, and at first as often as

at every recurrence of which, one -or more

-. stands were devoted exclusively to the exhibition of wild

flowers. |

va - The ease with which at that time, some thirty-five years

nee, a large collection of native plants could be gath-

including many of the rarer sorts, in the short

space of an afternoon ramble, and that not necessarily

: out of the territory of the city, would, we think, some-

what s surprise a frequenter of the field meetings of the
Essex Inst. BULLETIN. 0 13

98

present day, when contrasted with the paucity sometimes
manifested at collections brought in at some of these
meetings, even when conducted by committees of con-.
siderable size. Since that time much waste and unoccu-
pied land, then quite wild and neglected and seldom
visited by its owners, has been enclosed and built upon;
woods have been cleared, new roads made, or old ones
straightened and widened, and the ancient rude stone
walls, under and around which nestled many a rare plant,
have given place to more modern structures of wall,
fence, or neatly trimmed hedge. :

The custom of laying out extensive suburban resi-
dences has rapidly increased, until at the present day
the fear of trespassing upon private property keeps the
investigations of the botanical student longer in the high-
way, and forces him to travel a far greater distance than
formerly, to find the choicer gifts of flora in her favorite
haunts.

This is, perhaps, more than compensated by the ease
with which distant points are readily gained, and a much
larger circuit surveyed, by availing one’s self of the rapid
conveyance which the radiating lines of railroad now
afford.

We are confident from the botanical experience of
many years in the osunty and other parts of the State,
and of New England, that the territory of Salem was
formerly remarkable for its numerous and peculiar locali-
ties of wild shrubs and plants, which fact has had many
an attestation from strangers who have visited us. Many
plants now justly esteemed rare could then be readily
obtained by an early morning walk before the labors of
the day began.

Some of these localities were as follows: The vicinity
of “Castle Hill,” where flourished fine specimens of the

99

Shad Bush and Cockspur Thorn, two species of yellow
Gerardia, purple Lespedeza, Uvularia, Cow Parsnip and
Alisma Plantago.

Farther on at “Legg’s Hill,” with its neighboring cop-
pices, ponds and runs of water, where among various
forms of ferns, sedges and equisetum could be found the
Sarracenia with its peculiar flowers and more remarkable
leaves ; the Dogtooth Violet, “the yellow bastard Daffodil
with spotted leaves” of the pioneer Josselyn, that rare
tree the Laurus benzoin, Caltha, Lythrum, Eupatorium
perfoliatum, Vicia cracca, Calla, Acorus, Arum, and our
only parasite, Cuscuta, with its golden threads and
- diminutive waxen bells.

“Great Pasture,” a wide and varied territory of rocky
wastes, shady water courses and meadow lands, where
may still be found many of the plants above named, also
Sassafras, species of Sumach, Pyrus, Prunus, and other
trees, Ericaceous shrubs in abundance, as species of Vac-
cinium, Andromeda, Azalea and Kalmia; while Cypripe-
dium, Bloodroot, Bellworts, Medeola and Convallaria, are
a few of the many species to be found in its woods. In
its low grounds two species of Lily, two species of Lobe-
lia and Orchis, Arethusa, Cymbidium, Rhexia, Sea
and others.

“Columbine Hill,” in the Great Pasture, is the same
to-day as when Spencer, long absent but not forgotten,
wrote that its direction from town might be traced by the
scarlet nectaries of the Columbine strewn in the way by
the numerous boys returning on “lecture day,” with hands
well filled with its showy bells.

“Salem Neck” also had its peculiar flora, Cakile, Sta-
tice, Datura, Archangelica, Marsh Pea and Solidago
sempervirens, the noblest of all the golden rods ; also ob-
scure species of the pink tribe and others, without allud-

100

ing to marine plants that grow within the wash of the sea.
A remarkable specimen of the shrubby and rare form of
Rhus Toxicodendron or poison ivy, may still be seen at
Juniper, among rocks jutting over the sea; its usual
form being that of a slender rambling vine.

“North Salem,” however, with its numerous fields and
old stone walls, stretching toward “Danvers” that was,
on the one side, and on the other with points and bays
bordering the sea, in its variety of surface and of soil,
was richer in wild plants than any other section of the
suburbs.

“Cole’s Hole and Barr’s Pasture,” furnished Uvularia,
Arum, and Geum rivale, two Osmundas, and other ferns.

“Paradise,” including Harmony Grove, not then de-
voted to its present sacred use, abounded in Columbines,
Ranunculus and Violets, two species of Geranium, Gen-
ista tinctora of the Puritan dyer’s memory, Silene inflata,
Dianthus armeria, our only American pink, and that per-
haps a strayling from Europe; also many other plants,
and some quite rare. “Orne’s Point, Cold Spring and
vicinity,” before Kernwood was appropriated, had climb-
ing over its old walls, Clematis, Bitter-sweet, Thornless
Smilax, Roxbury waxwork, Native Grapes and other
vines, while scattered over its surface could be found
Comandra, Ceanothus, species of Polygala, Sanicula,
Marsh Pea, Wild Onion, Erigeron Philadelphicum, spe-
cies of Convallaria, Gerardia flava, Gentiana saponaria,
Corydalis glauca, Veratrum viride and Erythronium
Americanum.

But no limited locality of the neighborhood at all com-
pared with that portion of “North Fields” known as
“Dark Lane,” which extended from the corner of what
is now School and Grove streets, to Central street in
Peabody, and which several years since was straightened,

101

and graded into the present wide avenue, known as Tre-
mont street, so that now scarcely a vestige remains of its
former shrubby and umbrageous growth; even its once
expressive name may soon be lost unless perpetuated by
this institution, whose trust it is to guard and preserve
our local history, whether territorial, social, or in what-
ever sense the same may be insignial. So prolific in
shrubs and plants were the borders of this way that it is
not too much to say that a careful description of the dif-
ferent species there found would make a respectable
botanical work, embracing as it did a fair portion of the
flora of New England. . ®

When first remembered by the ‘writer there hung
around its sombre name a vague regret of traditional
derivation, that its deepest shades and choicest recesses,
homes of the rarer floral congeners, had in a degree
already departed; sire and matron of the olden time
told a like story of its shady borders and abundant floral
productions. This narrow lane was formerly undoubt-
edly bordered with trees of native growth, whose inter-
lacing branches once shut out the sun, and suggested the
appropriate name it so long bore. At the time of which
we write the trees had nearly all disappeared, with the
exception of an occasional Locust or Wild Cherry,
while in their stead grew a wide and exuberant hedge of
overhanging shrubbery, which so crowded” upon the
narrow cart-way that with vain regrets we often witnessed
the cropping of its margin by the neighboring farmers, to
save its wasting effect upon loads of hay carted through
from contiguous grounds.

This deep hedge of shrubbery, tangling vines and tall
herbaceous plants, grew on either side for many a rod of
the way, quite up to the single line of cart ruts made in
the centre, extending also in many places as far beyond

102

the stone walls into the adjoining fields, and was com-
posed of different species of Cornels, Viburnums, Spi-
reeas, Sumacs, Prunus, Pyrus, Barberry, Clethra; also
Sweet Briar, and other wild roses, and here and there
festooned with Clematis, Apios, Celastrus, Smilax, Bit-
ter-sweet, Grape, and other vines; while from the damp
and rich soil along the walls, under their shadow and in
more vacant spaces among the shrubbery, grew in rich
profusion many species of both lowly and lofty herbace-_
ous plants, flowering in successive order, from the Hous-
tonias' 4nd Violets of early spring, to the Yarrow and —
other composites that linger to welcome the falling snow.

Some of these shrubs and plants, of which we have
many pressed specimens, gathered there more than thirty
years since, to which are attached descriptive tags of
locality, etc., are given below, together with others that
exist most graphically in the memory, both as to specific
form and exact spot of growth, as though we could re-
turn once more and pluck them again from their ample
stems.

OF SHRUBS AND LOW TREES WERE

Cornus circinata. Rhus glabra.
Cornus stolonifera. Rhus vernix.
Cornus paniculata. a” Myrica cerifera.
Corylus Americana. = Comptonia asplenifolia.
Viburnum Lentago. Andromeda paniculata.
Viburnum dentatum. Andromeda ligustrina.
Viburnum pyrifolium. Alnus serrulata.
Cephalanthus occidentalis. Salix eriocephala.
Clethra alnifolia. Robinia pseudacacia.
Berberis vulgaris. Prunus Virginiana.
Rosa Carolina. Prunus serotina.
Rosa rubiginosa. Crategus Crus-galli.
Rosa lucida. Spirza opulifolia.
Rubus odoratus. Spirea salicifolia.
Rubus strigosus. Spirza tomentosa.
Rubus villosus. Species of Prunus and Pyrus.
OF VINES.
Clematis Virginiana. Solanum dulcamara.
Vitis Labrusca. Smilax rotundifolia.
Celastrus scandens. Rhus Toxicodendron.

Apios tuberosa.

103

OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS OF THE COARSER SORT.

Phytolacca decandra. Ambrosia artemisizfolia.
Leonurus Cardiaca. Asclepias Cornuti.
Nepeta Cattaria. Asclepias pulchra.
Urtica gracilis. Verbascum Thapsus.
Urtica dioica. Erigeron sp. -

Sonchus arvensis. Aster Nove Angliz.
Lactuca elongata. Aster corymbosus.
Nabalus albus. Aster Radula.

Inula Helenium. Aster levis.

Chelone glabra. Aster simplex.
Eupatorium purpureum. Aster longifolius.
Eupatorium perfoliatum. Aster cordifolius.
Verbena hastata. © Diplopappus linariifolius.
Verbena urticifolia. Diplopappus umbellatus.
Cnothera biennis. Solidago bicolor.
Epilobium angustifolium. Solidago cesia.
Epilobium lineare. Solidago stricta.
Baptisia tinctoria. Solidago neglecta.
Rudbeckia laciniata. Solidago odora.
Helianthus divaricatus. ; Solidago Canadensis. e

Tanacetum vulgare. ' Solidago lanceolata.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS OF MORE HUMBLE GROWTH.

Impatiens fulva. Polygonum hydropiperoides.
Galium asprellum. Centaurea nigra.

Galium trifidum. Maruta and Achillea.
Liatris scariosa. Arum triphyllum.
Campanula glomerata. Trillium cernuum.
Lysimachia stricta. Xyris bulbosa.
Lysimachia quadrifolia. Linaria Canadensis.
Convallaria racemosa. Linaria vulgaris.
Uvularia sessilifolia. Pedicularis Canadensis.
Uvularia perfoliata. Osmunda regalis.
Ranunculus sp. Osmunda cinnamomea.
Aquilegia Canadensis. Gentiana Andrewsii.
Hypericum perforatum. Saxifraga vernalis.
Anemone nemorosa. : Thalictrum dioicum.
Anemone Virginiana. Thalictrum anemonoides.
Hypoxis erecta. Lilium Canadense.
Houstonia cerulea. Gerardia flava.

Hepatica triloba. Gerardia purpurea.
Agrimonia Eupatoria. Geum rivale.

Violia rotundifolia. Geranium maculatum.
Viola pubescens. Geranium Robertianum.
Cistus Canadensis. Aralia trifolia. ei
Antennaria margaritacea. Apocynum androsemifolium.
Antennaria plantaginifolia. Polygala sanguines.
Gnaphalium polycephalum. Equisetum arvense.
Polygonum sagittatum. Cuscuta Americana.

Polygonum Persicaria.

Most of these plants grew in great profusion, and not
as scattered specimens. So true was this of the shrubs
and coarser herbaceous plants that on several occasions
entire arbors were built of them in years long past at
autumnal exhibitions of this institution.

Clematis and Apios could be gathered in wreathing
festoons of flowers, and large quantities of the colored

104

fruits, of species of Cornus, Viburnum, Crategus, and
Sambucus in their season, added not a little to the dis-
play. Of the above plants, once so common in Dark
Lane but now lost from the suburbs, or yearly growing
more distant, may be mentioned

Campanula glomerata. : Gentiana Andrewsii,
Centaurea nigra. Geum rivale,

Xyris bulbosa. Sp. of Galium,

Species of Bellworts and of Sp. of Orchis,

Solomon’s seal, Rhus venenata.

Trillium cernuum, Apios tuberosa, and others.

The foregoing list of plants of this remarkable locality,
is very imperfect and could be much increased by men-
tioning the naturalized and more common plants which
were also abundant. If, however, we have maintained
the claim so justly due this noted locality, we shall not
have given these facts in vain, and therefore close this
article by expressing the wish that the more recent disci-
ples and amateurs of this interesting science, would note
down and preserve in durable form, the plants that still
occupy the individual localities that remain to us undis-
turbed, in the suburbs of our city.

FIELD MEETING AT BRADFORD.
oitiaued Srom p. 96.)

TuHeE time having been entirely occupied by the speakers already
mentioned, there was no opportunity for the botanists to present their
collections of rarities, which was much regretted by all. Mr. George
D. Phippen has kindly presented the following report of his fore-
noon’s excursion.

The botanical party, who dispensed with carriages, probably bore
more of the heat and burden of the day than any other of the several
extempore organizations, in their three or four mile tramp of mead-
ow and woodland, finished off by skirting a portion of the banks of
the Merrimac River. Among the forms met with and collected there
seemed to be an unusual absence of Ericaceous plants; no Kalmias,
Vacciniums, Andromedas or Pyrolas were brought in, and but a speci-

105

men or two of the Azalea viscosa; though a few others may have
been passed on the route. Very fine specimens of Pogonia ophioglos-
soides, remarkable for its delicate and peculiar fragrance were col-
lected, also an Orchis or two, alike denizens of the bog.

Numerous blossoms of the starry Hypoxis twinkled low among the
thin shrubbery; interesting to the botanist, but to the superficial ob-
server scarce distinguishable from a Potentilla or Ranunculus, genera
peculiarly abundant at this time. In the low lands where the party,
including several ladies, all damped their feet, were fine plants of Gewm
rivale and Saxifraga Pennsylvanica just passing out of flower; also the
obtrusive Green Hellebore with its large plaited leaves and abundant
green flowers. Toa majority of our party the most novel plant seen
was a brilliant patch of Castilleia coccinea or painted cup, though
not considered uncommon is yet rare in the vicinity of Salem.

The great heat of the day, and the hour high noon, rather deadened
- the usual and peculiar zeal of collectors. The last object of intexest
remembered being the Betula lenta, or, black birch tree, whose
branches overhung the river’s bank. A hasty glance at the grounds
of the residents as we listlessly passed to the shaded seats and wel-
come tables, provided upon the Common, demonstrated a refined
taste. Among the trees and shrubs were noticed the Magnolia tripe-
tala and other rare shrubs and plants.

As there was no opportunity given the botanical party to report,
and as the collected flowers before the meeting closed had become
limp and undistinguishable, we must guess at what they might have
said.

The meeting then took a recess to enable the members and their.
friends to visit the building.

Bradford Academy is the oldest seminary for young ladies in the
State. Founded in 1803, and incorporated in 1804, it has been in oper-
ation ever since. A new building has just been erected for the use
of the school, bringing the boarding and school departments under
the same roof. This new building is delightfully situated in the cen-
tre of an area of about twelve acres of land. The location is elevated
and commands a large extent of country on every side, giving fresh
invigorating air, with unsurpassed beauty of prospect. The health-
fulness of this location has been abundantly proved during the past
years of the school. The structure is in the form of a cross, four
stories high, and is built of brick, with underpinnings and facings of
granite. Corridors run through the building from east to west, a dis-
tance of two hundred and sixteen feet, affording delightful and health-
ful promenades when inclement weather forbids exercise out of doors.
A parlor and two bedrooms constitute a suite of rooms for four pu-

Essex INST. BULLETIN. Il 14

106

pils. These rooms are twelve and eleven feet high, newly furnished,
and receive a full supply of pure air and sunlight. The school halls,
recitation rooms, parlors, rooms for business, bathing rooms and
closets, are all on a most generous scale, whether for convenience,
health or comfort. The entire building is heated by steam, and
lighted by gas. No effort or expense has been spared to make this a
model establishment.

After going over the building the party again met in the Hall and
listened to.some elocutionary exercises conducted in fine style, show-
ing great proficiency on the part of the pupils and efficiency on the
part of the teachers. The meeting then adjourned.

At 5 o’clock the visitors took the train for home, much delighted
with their visit and the hospitable manner in which they were wel-
comed by the citizens of Bradford.

FIELD MEETING AT SWAMPSCOTT, WEDNESDAY,
JULY 21, 1870.

Tue second field meeting, the present season, was held at Swamp-
scott this day.

The morning was not auspicious for a large attendance, the sky
being overcast by clouds, which, however, disappeared as the day
advanced, and the later trains brought a large addition, so that the
afternoon session was fully attended.

After leaving the baskets at the Town Hall, which was the place of
rendezvous for the day, all were quickly dispersed about the town;
some went to the woods, and roamed over the forest hills and dales
in search of wild flowers and rare specimens of plants; others to
the seashore, and sought thé shells and other wonders from the briny
deep. Those who had an eye to the beauties of art took a quiet walk
through the streets and admired the beautiful suburban residences
and neat cottages embowered in ivy and other vines.

At 1 P.M. the various parties returned to the Hall, where the bask-
ets had been stored for the collation. At 3 p.m. the session for dis-
cussion, etc., was held, the President in the chair.

The records of preceding meeting read.

The following correspondence was announced by the Secretary :

From American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, June 19; Aiken, William E. A.,
Baltimore, Md., June 25; Arnold, George, Boston, July 5; Bronson Library,
Waterbury, Conn., June 28; Barton, E. M., Worcester, July 1; Boyd, W. H.,
Washington, D. C., June 12, 16, 27, July 2, 12; Buffalo Historical Society, June 16,

July 11; Challen, Howard, Philadelphia, July 1; Cook, George H., New Bruns-
wick, N. J., June 27; Duncan, M. W., Haverhill, June 27; Greéne, S. A:, Boston,

107

June 23; Harlman, W. H., Louisville, Ky., June 22; Historical and Philosophical
Society, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 21,27; How, Joseph, Methuen, July 8; Isley, F. J.,
Newark, N. J., June 25; Lunt, William P., Boston, July 11; Morris, Robert, Chi-
cago, Illinois, July —; Moravian Historical Society, Bethlehem, June 19; Niven,
James, Saugus, July 8; New England Historic-Genealogical Society, Boston, June
16, July 9; New York Historical Society, New York City, June 16, July 9; Ohio
Mechanics Institute, Cincinnati, O., June 16; Phippen, George D., Salem, June 16;
Public Library, Boston, June 24; Preble, George H., Mare Island, June 21;
Rhode Island Historical Society, Providence, R. I.; Smithsonian Institute, Wash-
ington, D. C., July 20; Thompson, Waldo, Lynn, July 13; Tracy, C. M., Lynn,
July 6, 8, 18; Upham, W. P., Providence, R. I., July 18; Vincent, Frances, Wil-
mington, Delaware, June 28.

The Librarian reported the following additions:

By .- Donation. :

ADDITION TO DIRECTORIES. Washington and Georgetown, 1834-’70, 18 vols.
8vo. Baltimore City, 1 vol. 8vo. Richmond and Fifty Counties of Virginia, 1 vol.
8vo. Cleveland, 8 vols. 8vo. Susquéhanna Railroad, 1 vol. 8vo. Trenton, 2 vo™.
8vo. Columbus, 1 vol. 8vo. Atlanta,1 vol. 12mo. Paterson, 2 vols. 8vo. Boyd’s
Business, 2 vols. 8vo. Jersey City, 3 vols. 8vo. Newark Business, 2 vols. 8vo.
New Jersey State, 1 vol. 8vo. Camden, 1 vol. 8vo. U.S. Druggists, 1 vol. 12mo.
Merchants and Bankers, 1 vol. 8vo. Boston and Albany Railway, 1 vol. 8vo.
Northern Railroad Business, 1 vol. 8vo. New York State Business, 1 vol. 8vo.
New York City, 3 vols.8vo. Poughkeepsie, 2 vols.8vo. Oneida County, 1 vol. 8vo.
Syracuse, 1 vol. 8vo. Auburn, 1 vol. 8vo. Elmira, 1 vol. 8vo. Binghamton, 2 vols.
8vo. Syracuse and Onondaga County, 1 vol. 8vo. Rome, 2 vols. 8vo. Schenec-
tady, 1 vol. 12mo. Saratoga, 1 vol. 8vo. Brooklyn Business, 1 vol. 12mo. Wil-
mington, 2 vols. 8vo. Delaware State, 1 vol. 8vo. Indianapolis, 7 vols. 8vo.
Chicago, 2 vols. 8vo. Milwaukie, 2 vols. 8vo. New Orleans, 3 vols. 8vo. National
Calendar, 2 vols. 12mo. Bridgeport, 1 vol.12mo. Norwich, 1 vol. 8vo. Hartford, 1
vol. 8vo. Philadelphia, 18 vols. 8vo. Philadelphia Business, 1 vol. 8vo. Pitts-
burg and Allegheny, 1 vol. 8vo. Lancaster, 1 vol. 8vo. Harrisburg, 1 vol. 8vo.
Williamsport and Lock Hayen, 1 vol. 8vo. Erie, 1 vol. 8vo. Louisville, 1 vol. 8vo.
Railway Business, 1 vol. 8vo. Kentucky State Gazetteer and Business, 1 vol. 8vo.

BUTLER, BENJAMIN F., M. C. Causes of the Reduction of American Tonnage.
Chandler’s Speech in U. S. S. on ‘“ Proposed Annexation of Winnipeg. Hoar’s .
Speech in U. S. H.R., on “ Universal Education.” Butler’s Speech in U.S. H.R.,
on ‘Independence of Cuba.” Ambler’s Speech in U. S. H. R., on “ Belligerent
Rights of Cuba.” Monthly Report on Agriculture for May and June, 1870. But-
ler’s Address at Woodstock, Conn., on “Suggestions of the Effect of an Imported
‘Laboring Class upon American Institutions.”

BELLEVUE HospiTaL, MEDICAL COLLEGE. Annual Circular and Catalogue,
1870-71.

COGSWELL, GEORGE, of Bradford. A Memorial-of Bradford Academy, 1 vol.

8vo. Boston, 1870. .

CoLE, Mrs. Nancy D. Monthly Journal American Unitarian Association for
June, 1869.

DUNCAN, Mrs. M. W., of Haverhill. In Memoriam, James H. Duncan, 1 vol. 4to,
Cambridge.

FARNUM, JOSEPH. White’s Dental Catalogue, 1867. 1 vol. 8vo.

GAFFIELD, THOMAS, of Boston. Waterston’s address on the Life and Character

of Thomas Sherwin. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston, 1870.
GREEN, SAMUEL A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 28.

108

Howarp, J.J. Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica, April, 1870.

ILSLEY, FERDINAND I., of Newark, N. J. Augusta City Directory, 1 vol. 8vo.
Newark Directories, 5 vols. 8vo. St. Paul Directory, 1 vol. 8vo. New Orleans Di-
rectory, 2 vols. 8vo. Portland, Oregon, Directory, 1 vol. 8vo. Mobile Directory,
3 vols. 8vo. Austin Directory, 1 vol. 8vo. Richmond Directory, 1 vol. 8vo. Mem-
phis Directory, 1 vol. 8vo. New Haven Directory, 1 vol. 8vyo. Virginia City, Gold
Hill, Silver and American City Directory, 1 vol. 8vo.

JAMES, THOMAS P., of Philadelphia. Pr open tinge of American Pomological
Society for 1864 and 1867.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for June, 1870.

MUNSELL, JOEL, of Albany, N. Y. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

PALFRAY, C. W. Anderson’s Memorial Address at Antietam National Cemetery,
May 30, 1870.

Parsons, C. W., of Providence, R, I. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 22

RHODE ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Rhode Island Colonial Recor on 1776-83,
2 vols. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 86.

RHODES, EDWARD S., of Providence, R. I. City Documents, 45 pameinis

SNow, MIss M. P. Porter anven volumes of School Books.

STICKNEY, M. A. Seven Miscellaneous volumes.

. Snow, E. M., of Providence, R.I. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

SUMNER, Hon. CHARLES, U.S.S. Navy Register of the U. S. for 1870. Official
Army Register for 1870. Butler’s Speech in U. 8. H. R. June 3, 1870, on “ Internal
Tax.” Commerce and Navigation, 1868-69, 2 vols. 8vo. Finance Report, 1869, 1 vol ,
8vo. Report on Retrenchment, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Report on Heavy Ordnance, 1869
lvol.8vo. U.S. Geological Survey of Colorado and New Mexico, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo.
Sumner’s Speech in U. S. S. June 10, 1870, on “ Abolition of Franking.” Paris Ex-
pedition. Report on Weights, Measures and Coins, 1867. Scott’s Speech in U.S. 8.
June 22, 23, 1870, on “Income Tax.” Monthly Report of Agriculture for May and
June, 1870. Congressional Directory, 2d Session 41st Congress of U.S. A.

THORNTON, J. WINGATE, of Boston. Sprague’s Discourse Commemorate of Rev.
Wm. Allen, 8vo pamph., Albany, 1868.

TURNER, ALFRED S., of Boston. Boston Municipal Register, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo,
Boston, 1870. Auditor’s Report of Boston and County of Suffolk for 1868-9, 1 vol.
8vo, Boston, 1869.

UPHAM, J. BAXTER, of Boston. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 8 Nos.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 90.

UPTON, JAMES. Harper’s Family Library, Vol. 1-157, 157 vols. 12mo, New York,
1837 - 1842. r

WALTON, E. N. Minutes of the Boston North Baptist Association, 1869. s8yvo
pamph., Boston.

U.S. WAR DEPARTMENT. Letters from the South, relating to the Condition of
the Freedmen, 8vo pamph., 1870.

WATERS, H. Fitz. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 60

WHEATLAND, M.G. Miscellaneous vols. 81. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 286.

WILDER, MARSHALL P., of Dorchester. Sheppard’s Memoir of M. P. Wilder,
pamph. Boston, 1867. Past and Present, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1870.

By Exchange.

ALBANY INSTITUTE. Manual, March, 1870, 8vo pamph.

BIBLIOTHEQUE UNIVERSELLE ET REVUE SUISSE. Archives des Sciences Phys-
iques et Naturelles, No. 149, Mai 15, 1870, 8vo pamph., Geneve, 1870.

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. Bulletin for June, 1870.

FIRE LANDS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The Fire Lands Pioneer for June, 1870.

109

K. K. ZOOLOGISCHE-BOTANISCHE GESELLSCHAFT. Verhandlungen der, Jahrg,
1869, 8vo pamph., Wien, 1869. Commelinacee Indice, Imprimis Archapelagi In-
dici, adjectis nonnullis hisce terris alienis auctore Carolo Hasskall, 8vo pamph.,
Vindobone, 1870.

MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Catalogue of the Private Library of
Thomas Dowse, 8vo pamph., Boston, 1870.

MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Forty-ninth enna aoe of the Board
of Directors, 8vo pamph., New York, 1870.

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. Annual Report of the Trustees, 1869.

NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN VEREINE ZU BREMEN. Alhandlungen her aus
gegeben, 8vo pamph., Bremen, 1870.

NATURWISSENCHAFTLICHER VEREIN FUR SACHSEN UND THURINGEN. Zeit-
schrift fur die gesammten Naturwissenschaften Jaln 'g, 1869, 2 pamphs. 8vo, Berlin.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. The New England Histor-
ical and Genealogical Register, July, 1870.

NEW YORK LYCEUM OF NATURAL HIsToRY. Annals, Vol. ix, sigs. 21, 22.

OHIO MECHANICS’ INSTITUTE. Forty-second Annual Report of Directors.

PEABODY INSTITUTE, Baltimore, Md. Mr. Peabody’s Letter of September, 1869.
Third Annual Report of the Provost, 1870, 8vo pamph. e

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings, January and
April, 1870.

PUBLISHERS. American Journal of Science. American Literary Gazette.
American Naturalist. Book Buyer. Christian World. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex
Banner. Gardner’s Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Histor-
ical Magazine. Journal de Conchyliologie. Lawrence American. L’ Investi-
gateur. Lippincott’s Monthly Bulletin. Land and Water. Little Giant. Lynn
Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Pavillion. Peabody
Press. Semi-Monthly Visitor. Sotheran’s Catalogue. The Tocsin.

SMITHSONIAN_INSTITUTION. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. xvi,
1 vol. 4t0, Washington, 1870. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vols. viii, ix,
2 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1869.

VEREIN ZUR BEFORDERUNG DES GARTENBAUES. Wocherschrift des Vereins
zur Befirderung des Gartenbaues in den KOnigl. Preuss. Staaten fur Gartneri und
Pflanzenkunde, 1869, 52 Nos., 4t0 pamphs.

VEREIN FUR ERDKUNDE UND VERWANDTE WISSENCHAFT. Notizblatt des Ver-
eins fur Erdkunde und verwandte Wissenchaften zu Darmstadt und des mittel-
rheinischen geologischen vereins 8vyo, pamph., 1869.

=-

The Superintendent of the Museum reported the following additions
to the Museums of the Institute and Peabody Academy of Science.

CLEVELAND H.R. Skin of a Toucan, Skulls of Cavea Capybara and Alligators.
Portions of Lower Jaw of Mastodon. Seeds, Nuts, etc. From the vicinity of
Honda, on the Magdalena Rivers, U. 8. A.

COLCoRD, Mrs. H. M., of Peabody. Insects, Galls, etc., from Peabody.

HARRINGTON, C., of Salem. Collection of Nests of Native Birds.

HOLMES, A., of San Francisco, Cal. Bark, Cones, and Seeds of Sequoia gigantea.
Lichens growing on dead wood, and the Nest of Tarantula (Mygale) from California.

JOHNSON, W. C., of Newburyport. White-tailed Remora (Echineis albicauda)
taken at Newburyport.

LEBARON, J. F. Several specimens of Plants from Florida.

MUDGE, 8S. A. Fossil Shells.

NEWcomMB, R. L. A mounted specimen of Larus Smithsonianus rom vicinity
Salem.)

110

Osaoop, J. B. F. Specimen of Sarcodes sanguinea (Snow Plant) from Lake
Tahoe, 6,024 feet above sea-level.

PETERSON, G. W. Young of Limulus polyphemus from Salem.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Collections of Birds’ Eggs from various localities,
principally Arctic.

VALENTINE, Miss MARGARET P. Several pieces of Roman Pavement from
Bransby, England.

WALKER, SAMUEL L. Specimen of Rhombus maculatus from Salem Harbor.

WATERS, W.C., of Boston. Kangaroo from Australia. ;

The President opened the meeting with a few general remarks upon |
the history of the place, mentioning that Swampscott in 1852 had a
separate organization, having been previously a part of Lynn. The
Indian name was Wannasquomskut, signifying at the cliff or rock sum-
mit, and hence modified into Swampscott. He then invited Rev.
James T. Hewes to preside over the discussions of the afternoon—a
vote having first been passed, that when this meeting adjourned it
adjourn to 4 o’clock to-morrow (Thursday) afternoon, in the rooms at
Salem.

Rev. Mr. Hewes was brief in his preliminary remarks, saying that
he came here ‘‘to learn how to see,” and giving utterance, among
other things, to the truthful idea that it is not necessary to go Bway
from home to get recreation, instruction, or pleasure.

Mr. F. W. PuTNAM was requested to report on several fishes which
had been placed on the table. These he stated were specimens of the
Rock Cod and of the Pollock. He said that it was like “ bringing
coals to Newcastle” to come to Swampscott and talk about Codfish,
but still there might be some points in the structure of the fishes now
before him that might prove interesting to the meeting, and he would
therefore call attention to them. -He then gave a general account of
the structure of the family of fishes of which the Cod and Pollock
were members, stating how it differed from the families of which the
Salmon, and Sea Perch, oy*‘ Conners,” were representatives. In this
connection he called attention to the structure and position of the fins
in the several orders of fishes, and their value as characters in distin-
guishing the orders and families. He also spoke of the peculiar modi-
fication of the fins of fishes, some serving as aids to the movements
of the body in swimming. Some fishes swim entirely by their dor-
sal fins, others by the pectorals, while in still others the pectorals and
ventrals were so modified as to be organs of locomotion through the
air or on land. He then called attention to the peculiar structure of
the ventral, by which means a sucking disk or cup was formed, giving
the fish the power of attaching itself with great strength to rocks or
other materials; and to the peculiar structure of the dorsal fin of the
Remora, or Shark sucker, which fin was so modified as to form a suck-
’ ing disk on top of the head, enabling the fish to make itself fast by

111

the top of its head to the under side of sharks, or other large fishes,
or to the bottoms of vessels, etc.

He would take this occasion to record the addition of two species
of fishes to the fauna of Essex County waters. One of these was a
Remora, having the peculiar structure of the head just alluded to.
This species now added to the list of county fishes was the White-
tailed Remora, the Echeneis albicauda of Mitchell. ‘The specimen was
taken at the mouth of the Merrimack River last month, and presented
to the Peabody Academy by W. C. Johnson, Esq., of Newburyport.
The other addition to the county fishes was that of two specimens of
the Spotted Plaice, Pleuronectes maculatus of Mitchell, as given in
Storer’s last report, p. 204. This fish is very common at Cape Cod
and the south, but the two specimens presented to the Academy by
Mr. Samuel L. Walker of Salem, were the first that had been recorded
as taken inside the bay, and having been caught in Salem harbor they
form an interesting addition to the county fauna. e

Mr. Putnam also stated that a gentleman present had placed a bottle
on the table containing the Saw flies developed from the. Current
worm, of which so much was said at the last meeting. These Saw
flies had gone through their transformations in the bottle in nine days.
There was no earth in the bottle and it was an interesting. fact to
know that they could transform without it.

Prof. E. S. Morse described some of the more common forms of
animal life as we find them in our rambles along the shore, showing
the distinctive features of the different species of mollusks, with
great clearness. A bottle of marine worms was exhibited and de-
scribed in this connection, showing the wonderful order and system
which characterizes even these lower animals, and also that common —
animal thé-barnacle, which was formerly included among the mollusca
before their organization was fully understood, and is now placed
among the articulates.

Mr. Hyatt made some remarks upon the generally accepted views
of the upheaval and subsidence of continents, and mentioned that he
lately found a raised beach on Marblehead Neck, some eight or ten
’ feet above the present limit of high tide. This was a smooth water
worn porphyry cliff. The extreme friability of this porphyry, and its
rapid disintegration, as well as the form. of the neighboring cliffs,
show that the elevation must have been comparatively recent. The
speaker then suggested that Dr. Winslow, who was present, should
explain his views with regard to the subsidence of continents, which
although very different from those commonly received, had been
matured after many years of travel and study, and would undoubtedly
be interesting to the Institute.

Dr. C. F. Wrinstow, of Boston responded to the call of the chair

112

upon a topic by which the attention of the Institute was called by Mr.
Hyatt. This was upon the dynamics of geology, a subject to which
Dr. Winslow, in the course of his extensive travels, had given special
attention. The Dr. stated that his views of the causes of the general
geographical features of the globe, as they at present existed, differed
from the common theories of geology. He was ¢gmpelled by his ob-
servations to believe in sudden swbsidences of vast continental areas
rather than in the slow upheavals of hills, mountain chains and con-
tinents. His attention was specially called to this subject when visit-
ing the island of St. Paul’s, in the Indian ocean. :This is an island
many hundred feet high, constituting an extinct crater, one side of
which has sunk lower than the general subsidence of the land, leaving
a channel.of seventy feet wide, through which the sea. flows with a
_ depth of nine feet.. The depth of water in the crater is two hundred
‘feet, and is the same depth outside the bar, and for several miles on
the south eastern. side.of the island. The ocean also presented a dis-
colored appearance for one-or.two days sail to the south east, indica-
tive of soundings with no very great length of line, That a great
continent once occupied the Indian Ocean is the inference. Continu-
ous observation of the various coasts of continents and great islands,
and the various aspects of declivities and dislocated strata in high
mountainous regions, as of the Atlas, Sierra Nevada, Andes, and Alps,
and appearances even among some of the South Sea Islands, had
slowly but strongly convinced him that the present theory ought to be
carefully examined by geologists, with a view to its correction. He
had presented two memoirs on this subject to the. Boston Society of
Natural History, in years past; and has subsequently found his obser-
vations and opinions sustained by those of DeLuc, a Swiss naturalist,
whose observations upon the appearances of the Jura, led him (about
the middle of the last century) to declare that these mountains re-
sulted from subsidences rather than from upheavals.

This question of subsideme, however, led to other geological con-
siderations of a very important eharacter. It involved the necessity
of vast caverns between the crust and molten nucleus of the planet,
into which the crust, from cycle to cycle, has been rent or plunged.
He had shown these to exist, as might be seen by his memoirs, under
the northern part of the South American continent, under the Gulf of
Mexico and Central America, into which all that area of the planet
might at any moment fall, and the oceans be changed. The planet,
when life first appeared, must have been five hundred miles larger in
all its diameters. This view would comport well with the knowl-
edge recently attained, relative to the consideration of physical force.
It would also extend this knowledge in cosmical directions.

[Zo be concluded.]}

At

.

j
A

“9. f os ’
a) Leake 4 & ]f

BULLETIN

ESSHX INSTITUTE.

VOL: 2: : Satem, Mass., Avueust,,1870.. _ INO MBs
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents.a Single Copy.

¢

_GILES COREY % GOODWYFE COREY... * ©

A BALLAD OF 1692. *

CoME all New England Men,

And hearken unto me,

And I will tell what did befalle

Upon ye Gallows Tree. art

In Salem Village was the place,

As I did heare them saye,

And Goodwyfe Corey was her name
Upon that paynfull daye:

This Goody Corey was a Witch
The people did believe,
Afflicting of the Godly ones
Did make them sadlie Greave.

There were two pyous Matron Dames,
And goodly Maidens Three,

*This ballad was “handed in for preservation” to the Salem Observer, and ap-
peared in the issue of April 13, 1850. It has since been extensively copied in other
publications, and is inserted here as appropriate in connection with the subject of
debate at the Field Meeting at West Peabody. The perfect correspondence with °
the style of that period has caused it to be considered a veritable production of
the Witchcraft times; and a copy of it which appeared some years since in a west-
ern paper, was headed ‘An amusing relic of Puritanism, written during the
Witchcraft Mania in Salem.” It was written by Fitch Poole, Esq., of Peabody.
— EDITORS.

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. II 15

114

That cryed upon this heynous witch,
As you shall quicklie see.

Goodwyfe Bibber she was one,
And Goodwyfe Goodall two,
These were ye sore afflicted ones
By Fyts and Pynchings too:

And those Three Damsels fair,
She worried them full sore,

As all could see upon their Arms
The divers Marks they bore.

And when before the Magistrates
For tryall she did stand, ;
This Wicked Witch did lye to them
While holding up her hand:

«*T pray you all Good Gentlemen
Come listen unto me,
I never harmed those two Goodwyfes
Nor yet these Children Three: ”

“*T call upon my Saviour Lord,”
(Blasphemously she sayd)

‘““As Witness of my Innocence
In this my hour of need.”

The Godly Ministers were shockt

This Witch-prayer ‘for to heare,

And soone did see ye Black Man* there
A Whispering: in her eare.

The Magistrates did saye to her
‘“*Most surely thou doth lye,

Confess thou here thy hellish deeds

Or ill death thou must dye.”

She rent her Cloaths, she tore her Haire,
And lowdly she did crye,
‘* May Christe forgive mine Enimies

When I am called to die.”
‘

This Goodwyfe had a Goodman too,
Giles Corey was his name,

In Salem Gaol they shut him in
With his blasphemous Dame.

* Satan.

— LT eee

SS @ipedifes

kate

115

Giles Corey was a Wizzard strong,
A stubborn wretch was he, ©

And fitt was he to hang on high
Upon ye Locust Tree:

So when before ye Magistrates
For tryall he did come,

He would no true confession make
But was compleatly dumbe.

‘‘Giles Corey,” said ye magistrate,
‘What hast thou hear to pleade

| . : To these who now accuse thy soule
Of crymes and horrid deed.”

Giles Corey —he sayde not a Word.
No single Word spake he: .
*¢ Giles Corey” sayth ye Magistrate,
‘We'll press it out of thee.”

;
' They got them then a good wide Board,
‘They layde it on his Breast,

They loaded it with heavy Stones,

-And hard upon him prest.

‘* More weight,” now sayd this wretched man,
Z ‘More weight,” again he cryed,

And he did no Confession make,

But wickedly he dyed.

Dame Corey lived but six dayes nore,
But six dayes more lived she,

For She was hung at Gallows Hill
Upon ye Locust Tree.

Rejoice all true New-England Men,

Let Grace still more abounde,

Go search ye Land with myght and main,
Till all these Imps be founde:

*

And that will be a glorious Daye,
A goodlie Sight to see,
When you shall hang these Brands of fyre

x
Upon ye Gallows Tree.

—

116

FIELD MEETING AT SWAMPSCOTT, WEDNESDAY,
JULY 20, 1870.

[Cont nued from page 112.)

THE appropriation of the force (radiated in the form of heat, magne-
tism and electricity from a contracting globe, formerly in a state of
general fusion) by matter on the surface, and under the guidance of an
intelligent and creative Providence, would end in the vast accumula-.
tion of organic forms deposited in times past, in the countless strata
of the planet’s crust. Mechanical force was absolutely necessary to
the production, growth, and multiplication of all organisms, whether
plant or animals. On present theories all heat is, and has been,
radiated into space. This has,been going on for infinite cycles, from
all cosmical masses, and still the cold of space is intense. The
lowest estimate makes it more than 150° below zero. Dr. Winslow
thought the Providence of the universal mind could not permit such
waste of the very force which is so necessary for the creation of the
organic objects that cover the land and fill the seas of the globe.

This was the working power of nature, and must be conserved and
never exhausted nor wasted. Space, in accordance with his investi-
gations and reasonings, was a vacuum and not a plenum. All force
radiated from the surface of the globe was employed in the work
going on incessantly in the surface molecules, in order to embellish
the planet and perpetuate the fluctuating changes which occur upon
it. He hoped the investigations of others would be directed toward
this subject, which to naturalists, in an especial manner, was of the
highest importance, as destined to throw light on many phenomena
heretofore obscure.

Mr. Hyatt, who had been referred to as an advocate olf the theory
of upheaval, said he did,mot know that Dr. Winslow’s process of rea-
soning was not quite as satisfactory as that of those who advance the
opposite view, and though he was rather inclined to the latter, he had
in his explanations simply explained a theory that was generally ac-
cepted by geologists as a correct one. Other questions incidental to:
the topics, were raised, which caused Mr. Hewes to suggest that the
orators appeared to differ in geology as well as in theology.

Mr. S. B. Burrrick of Salem, presented a list of twenty-four species
of native plants, which he had found in flower during the forenoon’s °
excursion.

Mr. W. P. Upnam of Salem, was next called upon to give some facts
in reference to the history of the town. He stated that what is now
Swampscott, was originally a grant to John Humphrey, in 1635. In
1641 it was sold by him to Lady Deborah Moody, and occupied by her

a br,

until her removal to Long Island a few years afterwards. It was then
leased to Daniel King, who, in 1651, took a conveyance of the farm,
which consisted of twelve hundred acres, with the buildings. Mr.
Upham read a copy of a letter from the agent of Lady Moody to Mr.
King, in 1649-50, relating to the purchase of the farm then known as
Swampscott — the original still being preserved among the old papers
in the Court House. In this letter was given a list-of articles which
Lady Moody wished Mr. King to send to her in part payment for the
farm. This list was valuable, as showing the needs of the time, in
the way of household furniture and farm utensils, etc.

A vote of thanks was passed to the Selectmen of Swampscott, for
the use of this hall; to Mr. E. R. Mudge, and other citizens, for kind
attentions.

97

ADJOURNED MEETING, FRIDAY, JULY 22, 1870. »
John D. Eaton, Edward C. Cheever, William P. Andrews, J. Lyman
Silsbee, all of Salem, were duly elected members.

—<» > —

FIELD MEETING AT WEST PEABODY, THURSDAY,
AUGUST 4, 1870.

THE meeting was held at the spacious hall in the new school-house ;
thither the excursionists wended their way on alighting from the cars
at the station near the crossing of the Salem and Lowell, and the

Danvers and Georgetown Railroads, under the guidance of several of

the leading citizens who were in attendance. and who extended to

_them acordial welcome. After depositing their baskets the company

divided into parties in search of objects for the gratification of special
tastes. Some were interested in the historical associations connected
with this spot, which is on the original farm of Giles Corey, who was
pressed to death, and whose wife was executed in the witchcraft

‘ prosecutions in 1692; his house was situated about one hundred yards

from the station, on land now owned by Benjamin Taylor. The com-
munity in this vicinity are firmly fixed on their paternal acres, many of
the estates having come dewn to their present owners through a
lineal descent of six generations. Some of the residences are very
ancient; one built about two hundred and thirty years ago was visited
by many who were heartily welcomed by the present proprietor. In
this school district, comprising an area of some three square miles,
there are one hundred and sixteen voters, and this number has not
materially changed during the past one hundred years. The old cus-

118

tom of burying their dead on their own premises here prevails, and
within these three square miles are twenty-three burial places.

The magnificent flora attracted several to the edges of the woods
and ponds, and numerous beautiful specimens were collected. The
animal kingdom also furnished some rare contributions to the findings
of the day. Many ascended an elevated point of land and enjoyed a
widely extended view of the surrounding country and the ocean in
the distance. Some visited the Winona Mills, and were interested in
examining the different varieties of cassimeres, ladies’ cloth, etc.,
there manufactured, and inspecting the various processes through |
which the material passes, from the bafe to the beautiful cloth. The
mills are owned by Messrs. Train & Pollock, who employ about
seventy-five operatives. The motive power is an overshot wheel of
about forty horse power. At 1.30 P. M. the company re-assembled at
the school house, which is a fine building, eligibly situated, with two
large school rooms on the first floor, one department under the charge
of amale principal and the other of a female assistant; and in the
second story is a commodious hall, used not only for school purposes
but also as a lecture and concert room for the neighborhood, and for
religious services on the Sabbath. Here the collation was partaken
and at 3 o’clock the meeting for the reports and speaking was called
to order by the President, who requested Mr. James H. Emerton to act
as Secretary, in the absence of that officer.

The records of thé preceding meeting were read.

The following correspondence was announced : —

Robert Brown, Jr., Cincinnati, July 22; J. C. Holmes, Detroit, July 30; A. H.
Johnson, Bradford, Aug. 2; Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien,
Dec. 28, 1859; Nassuasischeu Verein fiir Naturkunde, Wiesbaden, Dec. 1, 1859; A.
J. Phipps, Boston, Aug. 2; G. H. Preble, San Francisco, Cal., July 18; Royal
Physico-Economical Society at Konigsburg, 9, 4, 1870; C. M. Tracy, Lynn, July 30;
C. A. Walker, Chelsea, July 20.

*
The LipraRIan report@d the following additions to the library :

By Donations.

ANDREWS, EDMUND, of Chicago, Ill. The North America Lakes, considered as
Chronometers of Post Glacial Time, 8vo pamph., Chicago, 1870.

BRONSON LIBRARY, of Waterbury, Conn. First Annual Report, 1870.

CHASE, Miss MARIA, Chinese Repository, 52 numbers. White’s Eulogy on Bow-
ditch, 8vo pamph. °

CONGRESS LIBRARY, Washington, D. C. Catalogue of Books added in 1869, 1
vol. 4to, Washington, 1870.

Cook, WM.S. Massachusetts Business Directory for 1856. Business Directory
of the Principal Southern Cities, 1866-7.

HOLMES, J. C., of Detroit, Mich. Hand Book and Guide Map of the City of
Detroit, 1870.

LEA, ISAAC, of Philadelphia, Pa. A Synopsis of the Family Unionida, 1 vol. 4to.

—

119

LEE, FRANCIS H. Westminster Review, 18 numbers. Edinburgh Review, 17
numbers. London Quarterly Review, 19 numbers.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for July.

MANNING, ROBERY. Boston Directory, 1869, 1 vol. 8yo.

RANTOUL, R.S. Miscellaneous pamphlets 150, and 38 volumes.

ROPES, Rev. WM. L. Triennial Catalogue of the Theological Seminary, An-
dover, 1870.

STICKNEY, M. A. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 6.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago, Ill. Third Annual Report of the Brainerd Free
Dispensary of Chicago for 1870, 8vo pamph. Edward’s Chicago Directory, 1 vol.
8yo, Chicago, 1869. .

YounG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, Worcester. Annual Report, 1870.

By Exchange.

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. Proceedings at Annual Meeting, April 27,
1870.

Boston PUBLIC LIBRARY. Eighteenth Annual Report, 1870.

BOWDOIN COLLEGE. Catalogus.Collegii Bowdoinensis, 1870, 8vo pamph.

KGNIGLICHE PHYSIKALISCH-OEKONOMISCHE GESELLSCHAFT ZU KONIGSBERG.
Schriften 1867, 1868, 4to pamphlets.

NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHE GESELLSCHAFT ISIS, in Dresden. Sitenndes? -Berichte,
von Carl Bley, Jahrg., 1870, 8vo pamph. :

NATURHISTORISCHE VEREIN DER PREUSSISCHEN RHEINLANDE UND WEST-
PHALENS. Verhandlungen des Herausgegeben von Dr. C. J. Andrii. Bogen 1-14, 2
pamphlets, 8vo, Bonn, 1869. :

PUBLISHERS. Book Buyer. Christian World. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex Ban-
ner. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Land and
Water. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter.
Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Pavilion. Peabody Press.
Semi-Monthly Visitor.

Royal Sociery, of London. Proceedings, Vol. xvii, No. 110-113, Vol. xviii, 114-

118, 1869. :
VEREIN FUR NATURKUNDE WIESBADEN. Jahrbiicher des, Jahrg., 21 and 22,
1867-8. .,

YALE COLLEGE. Statements of Yale College in 1870, 8vo0 pamph. Obituary
Record of Graduates of Yale College, 1870. Supplement to the Obituary Record of
Graduates of Yale College, 1850. is

The SUPERINTENDENT announced the following donations : —

FRANK BUTLER, of Salem. Pectens from the Grand Banks, ‘and Ducks’ Eggs.

ROBERT BROOKHOUSE. An Albino Sand Martin from Rowley.

WILLIAM GARDNER of Salem. Eggs of the Canary Bird.

JosHuA P. HASKELL of Marblehead. <A large collection of Insects of Essex
County.

JAMES KIMBALL of Salem. Several Insects from Florida.

ANNIE LANGDELL of Salem. Specimen of Dragon Fly (Aeschnaheros).

Mr. Lewis of Salem. Specimen of Brown Bat.

ROBERT MANNING of Salem. Specimens of Bl

J. A. PAINE of Salem. Specimen of Tomato W

JOSEPH STICKNEY of Salem. Partial Skeleton of the Skate.
_ SAMUEL WALKER of Salem. Smooth-back flounder.

ack Walnuts grown in Salem.
orm (Sphinx quinquemaculatus).

120

The PRESIDENT requested Mr. A. C. GOODELL, jr., to take the chair,
who, with a few words of introduction, in which he alluded to some
of the historical associations of the place, and to the fact that this’
was the first time that a field meeting had been held in this immediate
locality, proceeded to introduce the several speakers.

GEORGE D. PHIPPEN spoke at some length on the importance of the
study of Botany and the use of plants in the great economy of nature.
He then gave particular accounts of many of the plants collected dur-
ing the forenoon’s excursions, of which there were a goodly number, -
both in quantity and variety. Among those which he specified, may

-be enumerated Lobelia cardinalis, the beautiful cardinal flower, which

with its varieties may be easily transplanted into our gardens, and
become one of the most attractive flowers in the parterre ; the several
species of Spirea, the Orchis, Eupatorium, Gerardia, Rhexia, and
others. A specimen of the common teasel used by woollen manufac-
turers was presented, and the question was raised as to the feasible-
ness of its cultivation in this vicinity. Those used at Winona Mills
were brought from a distance. It was stated that Richard Crownin-
shield, Esq., many years ago raised it in considerable quantities in
this town, and supplied several mills.

Mr. Jamus H. Emerton, of Salem, showed some very beautiful and
varied specimens of galls, upon the leaves of the Walnut tree, and
explained the habits of the insect which produces them. He depicted
upon the blackboard some of the forms of the architecture of the
webs of several species of spiders, as that of the Agelena nevia and
Epeira riparia, and in reply to some queries he described their mandi-
bles and the manner of biting. The bite, he said, was poisonous, but
they seldom or never poisoned anybody, for the reason that they have
no jaws of sufficient power to puncture the human skin; he had
handled all sorts of spiders for years, with perfect freedom, and was
never bitten. a

Prof. E. S. Morse spokes of the common grasshoppers, and ex-
plained wherein their growth differed from that of other insects which
undergo a thorough metamorphosis; and why they are plenty in dry,
and scarce in wet seasons. The eggs are deposited in the ground.
In dry weather they all hatch, while continued moisture is fatal to
them. He concluded with some general remarks in advocacy of a
better knowledge of the rudiments of natural history, alluding to
popular errors currently entertained, and which creep into the news-
papers with a singular ignorance of the facts. The poisonous nature
of spiders and snakes then became a topic of debate, participated in
by Messrs. Morse, Emerton, Bancroft, Cooke, Spofford, and others.

At this time the intense lightning and loud peals of thunder, ac-
companying a very heavy shower which had suddenly-come up, inter-

121

fered somewhat with the proceedings of the meeting. In a few
moments, however, quiet was restored, and the Chairman, after giv-
ing some account of the church founded here in 1672, called upon Mr.
W. P. Upham for information as to the history of Giles Corey, upon
whose homestead this meeting was held.

Mr. UpHam stated that though he feared he should not be able to
present much that would be specially interesting, ‘the principal facts
in the history of Giles Corey being probably well known to all pres-
ent, yet, as he had some years ago carefully studied the history of this
region for the purpose of ascertaining the true site of Corey’s dwell-
ing house, he might be able to give some information on this point. ©
In strolling over these fields and pastures to-day he had found pleasure
not only from the contemplation of the quiet and peaceful scenery of
hill and dale, and the alternate views of forest and clearing, so charm-
ing to the eye, but from the associations that cluster round the’ place.
Names are called to mind of men who lived here long ago, me® of
strong character, pioneers in the civilization of that day. To them
these scenes were rendered familiar and dear through long years of
toil and honorable endurance. 3

Our place of meeting to-day is at the very centre of what was once
the homestead farm of Giles Corey, one of the martyrs of the Witch-
craft Delusion of 1692. His first home in Salem was in a house which
was situated near the Town Bridge, as it was called, a little to the
northwest of the corner of Boston and Federal streets. There are
indications that the western part of the town was first settled by a
class of persons specially inclined to differ in religious affairs from
those having the control of the church; possibly this may have first
taken place under the leadership of Roger Williams, who lived, in
1635, in»the house now standing on the west corner of Essex and
North streets. However this may be, investigations recently made,
show that among the families living during the earliest years between
North street and the Town Bridge, were those of Verren, Phelps,
Trusler, Kitchen, Cotta, Reeves, Morey, Pease, Shattuck, Gardner,
Needham, Byshop, Moulton, Buffum, Alderman, Flint and Southwick ;
all of them more or less conspicuous as conscientious opponents of
some of the religious doctrines of their time, and some of them well
known in history as fearless defenders of their own peculiar faith.
Giles Corey’s nearest neighbor, before he removed to this farm, was
Lawrence Southwick, whose daughter has been immortalized by
Whittier for her heroic exhibition of that same spirit of unyielding
devotion which afterwards cost poor Giles Corey his life.

In 1660 Corey purchased of Robert Goodell, fifty acres of land, which
had’ been originally granted to Edward Giles, and also about sixty
‘acres more of-the heirs of John Alderman. In the fall of the prece-

Essex INST. BULLETIN. Il 16

122

ding year he had made a contract by which John Norton was to build
him a house ‘‘ twenty foot in length, fifteene in breadth and eight foot
stud;” and here he lived from that time till his death in 1692. This
farm extended on both sides of the road which passes in front of this
school-house where we hold our meeting. Corey gave it to his sons-
in-law, Wm. Cleeves and John Moulton, who divided it between them.
Cleeves conveyed his share, which was on the west side of the road,
to Nathaniel Hayward, who, in 1702, conveyed the northern part of it
to Wm. Curtice. This is still known as ‘‘the Curtice field,” and the
old well and house-place, just north of the school house, marks the
spot where Curtice lived. That part of the farm on the east side of
the road was conveyed by John Moulton to Humphrey French, in
1695, together with the house in which Giles Corey had lived. French’s:
heirs conveyed it to Nathaniel Gould, and from him it descended to
John Clammons, who, in 1773, conveyed it to Andrew Curtice, who
conveyed it to Jacob Goodale. In 1792 it was conveyed to Samuel
Taylor, who, in 1847, gave it to his son Benjamin Taylor, who now
owns it.

The spot where Corey’s house stood is on the south side of the Sa-
lem and Lowell Railroad, about twenty rods west of the West Pea-
body Junction. All traces of it were removed a few years ago, but
the site is identified both by the record history and by tradition.

The deed by which Giles Corey passed this farm over to his sons-
in-law, Cleeves and Moulton, was probably first drawn up and signed
in the jail at Salem, where he was confined under the accusation of
witchcraft, as it is dated April 24, 1692, and one of the three witnesses
to the deed, which also had the character of a will, was Wm. Doun-
ton, keeper of the prison at Salem. It was finally executed at the
jail at Ipswich, being acknowledged there July 25, 1692, before
‘Thomas Wade, Justice of the Peace.” The property is described as
follows, ‘‘all my land and meadow lying and being in ye bounds of
Salem town,” and ‘all my ‘heat cattle and all other my stock upon the
said farm or elsewhere, as likewise all my houseing.” He speaks of
himself as ‘‘lying under great trouble and affliction through which I
am very weak in body but in perfect memory, knowing not how soon
I may depart this life.”

It is not unlikely that Giles Corey had already made up his mind to
that determination to which he afterwards so firmly adhered, to re-
fuse to plead either ‘ guilty,” or ‘“‘not guilty,” to the indictment for
witchcraft, which had been brought against him. According to the
ancient theory of English law, it was necessary that a person-accused
of a capital felony should voluntarily ‘‘put himself upon the country,”
by pleading to the indictment, before a trial could be had; probably
this was required in order to give a kind of sanction to the subse-

123 .

quent conviction and execution. Where the accused party refused to -
plead, he was placed in close confinement (en la prisone Sort et dure)
with hardly any sustenance there to be kept “till he answered,” ‘as
those who refuse to be at the common law of the land.” Afterwards
the practice of pressing to death by loading with heavy weights, was
introduced as a sort of mercy to the prisoner, shortening the duration
of his torture. As no conviction or judgment cotld be had in such a
case, the forfeiture of property, which would result from a conviction
of a capital felony, was avoided; and numerous cases have occurred
in England where the forfeiture of estates has been thus prevented.
It was generally supposed, during the witchcraft trials of 1692, that
confiscation would follow conviction, and this would probably have
been the case had the delusion maintained its sway long enough for
- such a principle to take effect. .

We may therefore believe that Giles Corey in enduring the pro-
tracted torture of being préssed to death, was actuated not by Mere
obstinacy, which would be wholly unaccountable and incredible, but
by the determination to save his property from forfeiture, that it might
be enjoyed after his death by his faithful sons-in-law, who alone had
befriended him in this great emergency, while others of his family had
deserted him. :

The generous magnanimity and sentiment of gratitude which could
prompt such a design, and the indomitable will and energy of purpose
which could enable him to pass, unshrinking, through the terrible
ordeal which a cruel and barbarous law required, excites our admira-
tion and renders him worthy of being classed with those martyrs of
history who have died in a cause which seemed good to them.

Mr. Upham then referred to Mr. William F. Poole, who was present,
and who he believed, could give some information as to the means
taken to induce Gyles Corey to change his determination not to plead
to the indictment for witchcraft. a

Dr. JEREMIAH SporrorD of Goveland, spoke of some deeds of
meadow land near here by Giles Corey, which had formerly been in
his possession, but had been lost. He also said that fifty years ago
he had heard a fork of the roads near by, spoken of as the place
where Corey was buried.

Mr. Wixtram F. Poor was then called upon by the chairman, with
some complimentary remarks on his historical writings, and an allu-
sion to his article on ‘‘ Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft,” in the
North American Review for April, 1869, as containing views which
were different from those generally accepted in this community.

Mr. Poole remarked that though born and reared in what was then
Salem, but since Danvers, South Danvers, and Peabody, and having
been specially interested in the subject of witchcraft, he had never be-

124

fore visited this spot. In reply to the question propounded, he stated
that measures were taken to cause Giles Corey to relent and plead.
By the courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society he had re-
cently the privilege of examining the manuscript Diary of Judge
Sewall, who was a member of the court that tried the alleged witches.
Judge Sewall made an entry on the 19th of September, 1692, stating
that this day, about noon, Giles Corey was pressed to death at Salem
for standing mute, or refusing to plead “guilty,” or ‘not guilty.”
The Judge further states that much pains was used with him for two
days by the court, one after another, and Capt. Richard Gardner of
Nantucket, who had been his acquaintance, but all in vain.

No other instance of the infliction of this dreadful penalty has ever
occurred in New England. Why did it occur in this case! No law
permitting such a barbarity was ever on a New England statute book.
There was no New England law in force at the time, by which witch-
craft or any other capital crime could be punished. The government
of Massachusetts Bay was in a transition state. The old charter of
the colony had been taken away by the British Crown. For nearly
six years the colony had been under the despotic rule of Sir Edmund
Andros, or a temporary ‘‘ council for the safety of the people.” It was
understood that the repeal of the charter vacated the laws enacted
under it. The witchcraft excitement at Salem Village broke out in
February, 1691-2, and when Sir Wm. Phips, appointed Governor under
the new charter, arrived in Boston in May, 1692, the jails of Salem,
Ipswich and Boston, were filled with persons committed for the crime
of witchcraft, and awaiting trial. Many of them were the heads of
families ; their farm work was neglected, and, according to the custom
of that period they were obliged to pay their own jail fees and ex-.
penses. ;

Gov. Phips arrived on Saturday, the 14th of May. On Monday the
16th, the government was organized. The council sat from day to
day. and proceeded as rapi@ly as possible to appoint justices, sheriffs,
coroners, and other officers for the several counties. On the 27th
of May a special court was appointed for the trial of persons under
arrest ‘‘for all manner of crimes and offences had, made, done or per-
petrated within the counties of Suffolk, Essex, and Middlesex.” Noth-
ing was said in the commission about witchcraft. Under what law
should the court act? There were no laws in force for the punish-
ment of crime. The commission states under what law they were to
act. They were instructed ‘‘to enquire of, hear and determine, for
this time, according to the law and custom of England, and of this
their Majesty’s Province.” As there were no Province laws, the latter
clause of the sentence had then no meaning. A Province code, for
the punishment of capital crimes, was not passed till October 29. The

125

judges therefore went into the trials for witchcraft under the English
statute of James I. Giles Corey was not tried for witchcraft, but
he came to his horrid death under the provisions of another English
statute, for refusing to plead. It was English, and not New Eng-
land barbarity which inflicted this dread penalty. Those judges were
not inhuman men. The diary of Judge Sewall shows that they tried
to save him from this ordeal. We know the personal character of
these judges in other relations. ‘They were under a delusion as to the
phenomena and theory of witchcraft; but they were conscientious and
honest men, and represented the temper and spirit of their times.
Gov. Hutchinson, in an unpublished manuscript which I have recently
found, says he cannot understand why they did not burn their witches,
as was done in England, and as the statute, under which they acted,
required. The public sentiment of that period was not shocked, at
the time, by the penalties inflicted by the Court. Chief Justice
Stoughton, who was the controlling mind in these transactiony re-
ceived every vote for the same position when the Superior Court was
regularly organized, on the 7th of December following. His associ-
ates, Richards, Winthrop, and Sewall, who also sat with him in the
witch trials, were also reélected, together with Danforth, but only by
a majority vote. Their contestants were Hathorne and Gedney, who
were as deeply implicated in the witch trials as they.

But the special court itself, we are told, was an illegal body, and
this is, technically speaking, a correct statement. The new charter
did not give the Governor and Council authority to appoint a special
court to try criminal cases. That power was vested in the General
Court which was to convene on the 8th of June. Why not postpone
the organization of the courts till after the General Court had met.
This would have been the regular, and hence the better proceeding.
The preamble of the judges commission gives reasons, and reads
thus: ‘Upon consideration that there are many criminal offenders
now in custody, some whereof have lain lofg, and many inconven-
iences attending the thronging of the jails at this hot season of the
year, there being no judicatories or courts yet establishéd; ordered,”
&c. These reasons, though technically insufficient, may on the score
of humanity, have had more weight on the minds of the Governor and
Council, than they have on ours to-day. The 27th of May the hot sea-
son of the year! we must consider that the calendar has been
changed, and that the 27th of May, old style, is the same as the 6th of
June in our calendar. Shut up in close, inconvenient and crowded
prisons, and conscious of their own innocence, the wretched prison-
ers doubtless clamored for a speedy trial; and it was charity to grant
them this boon. The organization of the special court, and the ap-
pointees named in the commission, met with general approval. Nota

126

complaint was uttered, and not a breath of suspicion can be found in
any contemporary writing against the character or personal integrity
of any member of the court, and yet their course during the trials
was severely criticised and condemned. The General Court acquiesced
in the early action of the Governor and Council, and for nearly six
months took no measures to organize a regular court of judicature.
It hardly becomes us to lay too much stress on the irregularity per-
taining to the organization of the special court, when there is so much
to condemn in the blind and illegal proceedings at the trial. In this,
again, the judges followed English precedents, the opinion of Sir
Matthew Hale, and of English lawyers, rather than the advice of the
leading clergymen of Boston and the vicinity. But time will not
suffice to discuss this point.

My friend Mr. Upham, has said but little of the life and personal
character of Giles Corey, while he has indulged in terms of eulogy
which befit only a noble character. I have made no special study of
Giles Corey’s life, and hence the little I know of him is that common
information which is open to you all. My impression is that, though
an exemplary citizen and a church member in his latter days, he bore
through life the reputation of anything but a saint. He had the mis-
fortune to be continually in quarrels and disputes with his neighbors.
He was arash and impetuous man. He was once on trial for his life,
for killing one of his farm laborers named Goodell; and though ac-
quitted of that charge he was fined for cruelly beating the man. He
was accused of stealing wood, of setting John Proctor’s house on fire,
and whatever mischief happened -in the neighborhood it was thought
safe to charge it upon Giles Corey. His rash nature may have brought
him under suspicion when he was-innocent. He sometimes turned
upon his accusers, prosecuted them for slander, and recovered dam-
ages. On the whole he must have lived a disturbed and troubled life,
and where there was so mu@h smoke it is safe to conclude there was
some fire. When the bap, uae troubles broke out he was eighty-
one years of age. He believed in punishing witchcraft, attended the
trials, and entered into the spirit of the prosecutions. When his wife
was accused he hedged, and became himself involved. He was ex-
amined by the local magistrates, April 19, and committed to jail. At
this examination he answered all questions, and manifested none of
that resolute silence which five months later cost him his life. There
was a rugged heroism in his manner of meeting death, which is pic-
turesque; but it fails to inspire in me that respect which I feel for the
calm faith and resignation of Martha Corey and Rebecca Nurse. I will
not detain you further by incidents in his life, which must be familiar
to you all.

Mr. S. C. BaNncrorr, thought that what Mr. Poole‘had said gave a

127

different view of the character of Giles Corey, and made it appear
that Mr. Upham’s suggestion as to the motives which actuated him
in refusing to plead could not be the true one. If Corey brought
his misfortunes upon himself why should he deserve sympathy or re-
spect? He believed that some had thought of erecting a monument
to the. memory of Giles Corey, but for his part he would not con-
tribute to such a monument to one who had obstinately defied the
laws. He was inclined to think that Corey died a fool’s death.

-Mr. Upnam replied to this at some length, defending Cofey as one
possessing many good traits, although he had not intended to claim for
him a perfect character in all respects. His eccentricities made -him
often during his life the object of slander, but no serious charge was
brought against him which was not disproved. When he was accused
of setting John Proctor’s house on fire he was proved to be innocent
beyond question, and was acquitted. The fact of his owning and

’ carrying on successfully for more than fifty years, so large and velu-

able a farm as this, is greatly to his credit. But besides this his hav-
ing been admitted to full membership in the old church at Salem when
eighty years of age, and from that time at least, leading a wholly
blameless and religious life, should relieve his character from the
reproach of any former defects that may have existed. It seems very
strange that here, in this enlightened age, and on the very spot where
this victim of a terrible delusion had lived for so many years, the
same calumnies that were made use of at the time by those in power,
to shield themselves against the odium which even then attached to
this cruel proceeding, should be again brought up to blacken his
character. As to the monument to his memory, Mr. Upham said that
he had not known that it had been proposed, but he was rejoiced to
think that here on the very homestead of Giles Corey, the victim of
the barbarism and superstitions of a past age, had arisen a most ap-
propriate monument, the best that could be erected—a beautiful
school house where the mind shall be educated, and an influence be
spread abroad by which men shall be raised above the errors and
delusions of ignorance, and freed from the darkness of superstitious
beliefs.

WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 10, 1870.

A quarterly meeting was held at the rooms this day at 3 P. M.

The President in the chair. Records*of preceding meeting read.

The proposed amendment to the Constitution, reported at the an-
nual meeting, had its second reading.

128

Thomas Flint of Peabody, Francis H. Appleton of Peabody, and
David Pingree of Salem, were elected Resident Members.

<=»

DEFICIENCIES IN THE LIBRARY.

It is intended, from time to time, to publish lists of deficiencies in the Library,
hoping that the friends of the Institute who may notice the same, will be induced
to aid in completing the sets. Any number or volume, not designated (within
brackets) under any title, will be acceptable.

DEFICIENCIES IN DIRECTORIES.
[Continued from page 15.]

PROVIDENCE, by H. H. Brown [1888-9, 1841-2. 1844-5, 1847-8, 1850-1, 1852-3, 1858-4,
1855-6, 1856-7, 1857-8]; by Adams, Sampson & Co. [1861, 1862, 1863, 1865]; by Samp-
son, Davenport & Co. [1866, 1867]; by W. F. Bartlett [1859-60].

BRIDGEPORT, by Andrew Boyd [1865-6].

HARTFORD, by Melzar Gardner [1838, 1839, 1840, 1841]; by Y. N. Bolles [1842, 1844,
1845]; by Elihu Geer [1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852-3, 1853-4, 1854-5, 1855-6,
1856-7, 1857-8, 1858-9, 1859-60, 1860-1, 1861-2, 1862-3, 1863-4, 1864-5, 1865-6, 1867-8]. .

NEW HAVEN, by James M. Patten [1845-6]; by J. H. Benham [1848-9, 1850-1,
1851-2, 1852-3, 1853-4, 1854-5, 1855-6, 1856-7, 1857-8, 1858-9, 1859-60, 1860-1, 1861-2, 1862-3,
1863-4, 1364-5, 1866-7, 1867-8, 1869-70].

NEw LONDON, by Starr & Co [1855-6].

NORWICH, by W. H. Boyd [1857, 1860]; by John W. Stedman [1865].

ALBANY, by Wm. Cummeyer, Jr. [1829-30]; by Edmund B. Child [1832-3, 1833-4,
1834-5, 1835-6]; by L. G. Hoffman [1837-8, 1838-9, 1839-40, 1840-1, 1841-2, 1842-3, 1843-4,
1844-5, 1845-6, 1846-7, 1847-8, 1848-9, 1849-50, 1850-1]; by Hoffman & Munsell [1851-2] ;
by J. Munsell (1852-3, 1853-4, 16, 1855, 1856]; by George Adams [1857, 1858, 1859,
1860, 1861, 1862, 1863].

AUBURN, by W. H. Boyd [1859-60].

BINGHAMPTON, by W. H. Boyd [1859-60]; by A. Boyd [1869-70].

BOONVILLE, by J. C. Kimball [1868].

BROOKLYN, by Henry L. Ogden [1839-40]; by H. R. & W. J. Hearne [1848-9,
1849-50, 1850-1, 1851-2, 1852-8; by W. H. Smith [1854-5, 1855-6, 1856-7];. by Hope &
Henderson [1856-7]; by J. Lain ere 1858-9, 1859-60, 1860-1, 1861-2, 1862-3, 1863-4] ;
by W. H. Boyd [1860].

BUFFALO, by L. P. Crary [1828, 1832, 1835, 1837, 1838]; by Faxon & Graves [1839,
18:0, 1841]; by Horatio N. Walker [1842, 1844]; by Thomas 8. Cutting [1848-9]; by
Jewett, Thomas & Co. [1850-1, 1851-2, 1852, 1853, 1854]; by Thomas Lathrop [1855,
1856]; by E. R. Jewett [1857, 1858, 1859, 1860]; by R. Wheeler & Co. [1861] ; by C.F.
S. Thomas [1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868].

‘
:
:
:

Pte L677.

BULLETIN |

OF THE

Rin Cif an ee i ge A) eH Ted a Sd

‘
2 Vou. 2. SaLem, Mass., SEPTEMBER, 1870. No. 9y
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

NOTES AND QUERIES ON SALEM HARBOR.

Tue harbor of Salem, which has floated so many ships
famous in commercial annals, is deserving of some notice.
A comparison of some of the entrances to the deepest
harbors on the Atlantic coast will show that our own —
occupies a prominent position in the facilities offered for
navigation.

The following table exhibits the depth of water in the
ship channels of various ports, only the deepest being
given. The figures in the columns, in feet and inches,
are the depths at mean low water and mean high water.

SALEM, MASS. 7 }
Northern Ship Channel, between Baker’s and Misery Islands ~ 52 — 61.2

: Goutherm Ship Channel . .°. . 6 6 se ee ts BES BT
Inside of Salem Neck . . - - e+ s+ e+ te et ees 19 — 28.2
PORTLAND, MAINE. |
From Cape Elizabeth to Portland Light . . . . - + + 45—53.9
From Portland Light to Breakwater . . . - - + + + 86—44.9
~ From Breakwater to end of Munjoy Point . . . . . - 30—38.9
From Breakwater to Anchorage ... +--+ +--+ + 16—249
PORTSMOUTH, N. H.
From Whale’s Back to-Fort Constitution . . . . . . 42—50.6
, From Fort Constitution to Narrows ...-.- +--+ + + 51—59.6
Essex INsT. BULLETIN. I 4

:

130

NEW YORK, N. Y.

Gedney’s Channel Sees to a eels soho hace eee Ceol Pe
Sys eOMANNEL me retro re oa eel Gat le cat tec ey Meh wade el te) gio ne
Old South Channel . . «1 1 «© «© «© «© «© © 6 1 ow DL DBS
Main Ship Channel, passing Sandy Hook, toS. W. Spit Buoy 31—35.8
Main Ship Channel, after passing S. W. Spit Buoy on N. E.

Course, one mile up the bay for New York .... .,. 23—27.8

The depth of water inside of Winter Island, in Salem

Harbor, is considerably greater than opposite the Neck.
Taking all things into consideration, such as protection
from the force of the sea by Islands, the Northern shore,
and Naugus Head; freedom from liability to change in
the channels (the bottom being hard and the shores rocky,
without shifting sands); accessibility from and to the
open sea, and all the local advantages of the position,
why is not Salem a desirable place for a naval as well as
a military station? As such it was strongly recom-
mended by Dr. Bentley more than half a century ago.

BOWDITCH’S LEDGE.

This ledge did not derive its name from Dr. Nathaniel
Bowditch, as is generally supposed, but from his great-
grandfather, William, born in 1668, died in 1728. He
was the son of William who was Collector of the port
of Salem under tli,Colonial government — born 1640,
died 1681. The son William was a shipmaster and mer-
chant. About the year 1700 he commanded the vessel

called the Essex Galley, which struck upon this ledge, —

and hence the name Bowditch’s Ledge. The Indian des-
ignation was Tenapoo, and as such it has been known to
the pilots of our day.

A RELIC OF DR. BOWDITCH.

There is preserved in the Salem Custom House a Mani-
fest of the cargo laden on board the Ship Putnam; whereof

ee

131

Nathaniel Bowditch was master, from Sumatra and the
Isle of France, dated December 27, 1803. The ship was
of the burthen of two hundred and sixty-six and forty
ninety-fifths tons; she was the only ship that Dr. Bow-
ditch ever commanded, and this was his last voyage at
sea. The Manifest is entirely in his own handwriting
and is made out with his characteristic neatness and accu-
racy. It also bears the autograph of Col. William R.
Lee, then the Collector.

An interesting incident is related of this voyage, in the
Memoir of Dr. Bowditch, by his son, Nathaniel Ingersoll
Bowditch, viz. : ‘ e

“In his last voyage, Dr. Bowditch arrived off the coast
in mid-winter, and in the height of a violent northeast
snow-storm. He had been unable to get an observation
for a day or two, and felt very anxious and uneasy at the
dangerous situation of the vessel. At the close of the
afternoon of December 25, he came on deck, and took the
whole management of the ship into hisownhands. Feel-
ing very confident where the vessel was, he kept his eyes
directed towards the light on Baker’s Island, at the en- »
trance of. Salem harbor. Fortunately, in the interval
between two gusts of wind, the fall of snow became less |
dense than before, and he thus obtained-a glimpse of the
light of which he was in search. It was seen by but one
other person, and in the next instant all was again impen-
‘etrable darkness. Confirmed, however, in his previous
convictions, he now kept on his course, entered the har-
bor, and finally anchored in safety. [Upon this occasion
he had given his orders with the same decision and pre-
ciseness as if he saw all the objects around, and thus in-
spired the sailors with the confidence which he felt him-
self. One of them, who was twenty years older than his
captain, exclaimed, ‘Our old man goes ahead as if it was

132

noon-day!’] He immediately went on shore, and the
owners were very much alarmed at his sudden appear-
ance on such a tempestuous night, and at first could
hardly be persuaded that he had not been wrecked. And
cordial indeed was the welcome which he received from
one who had been listening to the warfare of the elements
with all the solicitude of a sailor’s wife.”

The Manifest is an interesting and valuable relic, and
should be carefully preserved.

THE ISLANDS.

Baker’s Island was so called as early as 1630, probably
from one Baker, a ship-carpenter, as is supposed. This
and the other islands were long covered with the primi-
tive forests, and complaints were frequent that the woods
_ suffered from depredators. In 1670 the town authorities
issued the following order :

That “ Francis Collinse haue liberty to fell twenty trees
for to build his son, John Brown, a house, and himself a
house, vpon Baker’s Iland, and ther to take what he
wanteth, and is apoynted to take care, that not any cutt
timber or wood without leave of Selectmen.”

In 1673 a committee was empowered to have wood,
illegally cut down thgfe and on Moulton’s Misery, brought
away, and to use suitable means to prevent similar
offences.

Baker’s Island was leased to John Turner, and the -
Miseries to George Curwen, in 1678, for a thousand
years anda day. In 1731 a son of the first lessee pur-
chased the fee of Salem in the premises thus let to him.
The price paid for Baker’s Island was one hundred and
thirty pounds, in bills of credit, at eighteen shillings and
sixpence for an ounce of silver. A like sum was paid
for Misery Islands. In 1783 Baker’s Island was described

133

as of the best soil for grass; great quantities of superior
butter and cheese had been made there from the milk
produced on its fodder; always had a supply of fresh
water, and was “never known to be infested with flies,
musketoes, or other insects to disturb” the cattle. The
Light Houses were erected in 1797, and the lights first
shown January 3, 1798.

The following article by Dr. Bentley, which was pub-
lished in the Essex Register of August 9, 1817, is of in-
terest in this connection : —

“Our Islands are not in the high cultivation they read-
ily admit, and are the only part of our soil which is de-
prived of its former reputation. They.are not so exten-
sive as the Boston Islands, but they are recovering the
share of favor they have lost.

The excellent crop of grass this year, on Cat Island,
has rewarded the labor of our neighbors from Marble-
head, who gathered it.

The provident keeper of the Light House on Baker’s
Island has restored a garden to that spot, and has re-
newed some of the labors which rendered that island |
delightful, while it was the property of Col. Turner and
his heirs, above a century.

The Moulton Misery Isles had as early attention, and —
were an object to the family of Capt. Curwen, the great-
est merchant of Salem. The House, which was demol-
‘ished during the war of the Revolution, has not yet been
restored, but the Islands promise to reward the diligence
of any worthy inhabitant and cultivator.

The romantic scenery of Eagle Island remains the
same, losing only its trees.

Coney Island was purchased by the. family of Sewall,
not long after the former purchases we have mentioned,
and has yielded its harvests in our own time, and been

134

memorable for its festive scenes, and will again invite the
same guests who once blessed it. .

Within the Islands, upon Beverly shore, and above
West Beach, is the farm long possessed by the venerable
Barnard, of Marblehead, whose praise is in all our
churches. Along the shores are to be seen the houses
raised on the same favorite spots which were chosen by
the first planters of Salem, and near the central settle-
ments of Beverly, opposite to the bar from Salem Neck,
once the landing of the first ferry, is to be seen the place
of the palisadoes which were in the rear of Fort Derby,
of which the front is on the sea.”
~ Cat Island (now Lowell Island) was granted, in 1655,
by the General Court, to Gov. Endicott and his heirs. Its
proper designation was Cotta, probably from an early
inhabitant of that name, Robert Cotta, but it is also
called in some documents Catta, subsequently contracted
by the popular phrase to Cat. It was bequeathed in 1684,
by Zerubbabel Endicott, to his daughters, under the
name of Cotta. The grant to the Governor was as
follows : — .

“1655 — May 23. At the request of our present hon-
oured Gouernor, John Endecott, Esquire, the iland called
Catta Island, being out two acors, lying neere to Mar-
ble Head, shall & ereba is graunted to him & his heires
foreuer, provided it be not giuen to any towne or person
already.” .

The Misery Islands were early called Moulton’s Misery,
from a disastrous shipwreck there. They appear under
that name in 1658-9, and probably earlier.

House Island was so called from : a rock on it resem-
bling a building.

In 1660, May 31, the General Court Record reads :

“In answer to ye petition of ye selectmen of Salem,

135

humbly crauing the favor of this Court ‘to graunt them
the propriety of the ilands called the Miserjes and
Baker's Island, the Court judgeth it not meete to graunt
theire request.”

On the 16th of October, of the same year, 1660, how-
ever, the Court acceded as follows : —

“Vpon a motion made in the behalfe of the inhabitants
of Salem, this Court judgeth it meete to graunt to them
certaine islands knowne by the name of the Miserjes &
Baker’s Island, lying in the mouth of theire harbor; pro-
vided, that it shall be lawful for any fishermen to make
vse of them in making, of fish, & whateuer conduceth
thereto, as building houses, speed, &¢c¢., as also wood
& flaking in all ae seasons.’

The sabeeawane SroDOlOrShip can be easily: traced —

from the public records.

THe NAMES

of ledges, shoals and rocks present a curious theme for
study and inquiry. Who, for instance, can state the ori-
gin and significance of the terms Satan, Pope’s Head, the ~
Brimbles, the Endeavors, the Triangles, Kettle Bottom,
Great and Little Haste, Great and Little Aqua Vite,
Cutthroat Ledge, House Ledge, Pilgrim Ledge, and nu-
merous rocks that might be eneaned?

The Haste was Balled Johnson’s Haste before-1697, and
probably from one John Johnson of Salem, who, in 1693, .
prays redress for what he considered oppressive Custom °
House charges, the said petitioner “ having for nigh three
years followed the trade of boating goods” to and from
Boston.

Rising States Ledge was probably so called from a ves-
sel of that name touching upon it, but can any of our old
commercial men tell when and tinder what circumstances ?

136

In the latter part of the last century, and early in the
present there was a ship Rising States, still remembered
by some among us, and the name of the ledge may be in
some way connected with an incident in her history.
There was also a brig of the same name. The ledge was
so called previous to 1806, for Dr. Bowditch thus records
it in his chart of the harbor, published in that year.

There is a rock now called Gray’s rock, but it was for-
merly styled the Gray rock, and Satan was called the
Black rock, as if to designate the color.

Might not many interesting events in our commercial
annals be revealed by endeavoring to trace out the origin
of these terms? Some of them undoubtedly date back
to the earliest settlement of Salem, and have as memor-
able a significance as those of Thacher’s Island, Avery’s
Rock, and Norman’s Woe —the first two recorded in
Mather’s Magnalia, and the last immortalized in Long-
fellow’s Wreek of the Hesperus.

EXCURSION TO PLYMOUTH, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1870.

_ Tue members of the Institute and their friends, numbering about
seven hundred, spent a most delightful day on an excursion to Ply-
mouth in the steamer ‘“ Tyetort,” which was chartered for the occa-
sion. The smoothness of séa, the brightness of sunshine and com-
fort of temperature were all that could be desired. A more auspi-
_ cious day could not have been selected. The boat left Phillips wharf,
Salem, at 8.30 A. M., and after skirting along the shores of Marblehead
and Swampscot struck across the bay in a direct line to Minot’s
Ledge off Cohasset., The breakers were dashing around the light-
house and the white foam was discernible for a considerable distance.
This lighthouse is a firm, substantial, and massive work, and is not
likely to experience the fate of its predecessor, which was destroyed
in the great gale of April 16, 1851, with its inmates. The people at
the light waved their handkerchiefs in recognition of the excursion
party, the steamboat blew its whistle, and the fog bell at the light-

137

house was struck several times in response. This, with music from
the band, constituted the interchange of courtesies usual on such occa-
sions, and the event was, on the whole, one of considerable interest.
From Minot’s Ledge to Plymouth the boat kept near the shore, thus
affording an opportunity to observe its peculiarities as contrasted
with the North Shore. South of Cohasset, few rocks or ledges were
to be seen. Steep sandy bluffs rose to the view with much frequency.
The straggling houses which dotted the hills and slopes. and the vil-
lages which occasionally came into view, were objects of interest and
elicited frequent inquiry as to the names of the different towns, which
are, — Cohasset, Scituate, Marshfield, Duxbury, Kingston, and Ply-
mouth. Duxbury is due west of ‘Provincetown ; the extremity of.
Cape Cod and that town, with Kingston and Plymouth, form the
western shore of Cape Cod Bay. These towns cover considerable
territory, and generally have more than one village. Thus there are
Cohasset and North Cohasset, Scituate and North Scituate, No¥th
Marshfield, East Marshfield and South Marshfield, Duxbury and West
Duxbury, etc. The old lighthouse at Scituate was an object of some
interest, having a very primitive look, while Marshfield attracted
special attention as having been the home of Webster whom Massa-
chusetts loved to honor. ;
The harbor of Plymouth is shallow, and good: pilotage seems

essential. The pilot boats appear to be numerous, and the captain
- secured the services of a pilot from one of them; and the steamer,
in making her way slowly in, once grounded, even with this precau-
tion. She entered by a winding and circuitous course, running close
to a long, low sand bar, which extends a mile apparently, into the bay _
and across the mouth of the harbor, and upon which the attempt has
~ been made to construct a long line of breakwater, which still stands
with varying degrees of permanency. Rounding the headland at the
north of the harbor, which contains the Gurnet lighthouse, the excur-
sionists had a view of Clark’s Island, where the Pilgrims spent their
first Sunday, and of Captain’s Hill, where Captain Miles Standish
lived and died, and where, it is said, vestiges of his house, and the
‘ well dug upon the premises, still remain.

At 2 P. M. the boat reached her destination; the company was met
at the landing by a committee of the selectmen, who conducted them
to Plymouth Rock, where a cordial welcome was tendered by the chair-
man, ALBERT Mason, Esq., as follows :—

Frienps oF THE Essex InstiruTE: —I am happy in behalf of the
oldest town in New England, to extend her greeting to so digting ished
a company, from her next oldest sister.

Two hundred and fifty years ago, Samoset, with the little English

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. II 18

138

which he had learned from fishermen, made, near the spot where we
now stand, the most impressive reception speech which history pre-
serves. While I trust the Pilgrims before me have not that fear of
hostile intent from the natives, which gave to the auditors of Samoset
such peculiar interest in his words of welcome, I should esteem my-
self especially fortunate to have learned enough of the language in
which antiquarians think, to be able to give to you the timely aid in
the purpose of your pilgrimage that his brief words gave to them in
the sublime object of theirs.

As Samoset had need to employ Squanto, who had learned English
in England, to communicate fully his kindly purposes, so to interpret
in detail all the ancient relics of historic interest which we wish to
show you, I shall need to call to my aid the society which has ac-
quired a readier speech by studies in the same school with yourselves
and I know the resident members of the Pilgrim Society will assume
this office with great pleasure. It will suffice for me to give the gen-
eral words of welcome which shall assure you that Plymouth is right
glad to see you; that she has not forgotten the intimate blending of
her early history with that of Salem. Indeed so close were the rela-
tions of the two colonies that history has somewhat confounded the
record of the two, and has not unusually given to Plymouth the
honor which belongs to Salem, of being the first home of the Puritans
in New England, and— pardon me for the reminder — has yet more
commonly charged upon us the particular shortcomings of those ex-
cellent men in which the Independents of Plymouth did not share.

Salem and Plymouth are no longer in their youth, and many changes
have been wrought in each since Roger Williams, the beloved assist-
ant pastor of the church at Salem,.first preached absolute freedom of
conscience, and defined the dividing line of jurisdiction between
church and state so clearly, that he had need to make Plymouth an
asylum for two years. Bothtowns are now what the Boston Adver-
tiser says ‘‘seem like strayelocks of gray hair upon the forehead of
the nation ;” but I say for the older of the two, what I doubt not the
younger will endorse, that the nation itself is yet young, and her old-
est towns are yet in the prime of life, with so much yet to achieve
that two hundred and fifty years are but a preparatory course to what is
before them. The visit of to-day may be gathered from your records
by some industrious historian of centuries hence, and serve an im-
portant purpose in perpetuating the intimacy that should ever be
cherished between the oldest towns of New England.

We thank you for this call, and regret that you cannot prolong it.

I am requested, in behalf of the Pilgrim Society, to invite you to visit
Pilgrim Hall and spend as much time with the relics there as you may
be able. The Rock is here; Cole’s Hill is before you;. Burial Hill just

139
beyond. Our townis open to your study; its every hill and every val-
ley, every pond and every stream has a story that carries the mind
back to the time when your fathers and ours were drawn to each
other by common perils and common hopes. May not the memory of
those perils and the realization of those hopes bring Salem and Ply-
mouth together as pleasantly to-day?
As the family of our fathers’ friends we bid you again a most hearty
welcome.

Dr. HENRY WHEATLAND, President of the Essex Institute, replied
as follows : —

Mr. CHAIRMAN: —In behalf of the members and friends of the
Essex Institute, I tender their sincere thanks for your cordial recep-
tion this day, and for the dpportunity to examine the interesting
memorials of this ancient town, the early -home of the Pilgrims. It
is appropriate that the descendants of the companions of Roger Conant,
who. formed the first permanent settlement on the North Shore of
Massachusetts Bay in 1626; of Governor Endicott and his associates,
who landed in 1628; of Rev. Francis Higginson and his friends, in
1629, and who organized the first church in the colony, should make a
pilgrimage to this sacred spot, and revive the incidents of that early
period in our history. A few months since I received a letter froma
former resident of Salem, now residing near Lincoln, England, giv-
ing a very interesting account of two visits to Scrooby, the first in
1849, the second in 1869; he described the old manor house, and nar-
rated many interesting reminiscences of William Bradford and his
friends iu? the organization of the pilgrim church, which, after a re-
moval to Leyden for a few years, came to America in 1620, and landed
on this spot. ef

The Essex Institute was formed in 1848 by the union of the Essex
Historical and the Essex County Natural History Societies, the former
organized in 1821, the latter in 1833. Objects, to collect and preserve
materials to elucidate the civil and natural history of the County of
Essex, and for the promotion of art, literature and the sciences. A
leading feature is the plan of holding field meetings, which were first
instituted in 1849, and have since been annually held with the excep-
tion of some two or three years — usually about five each season in
the several towns in the county. Four have been held beyond the
limits. This slight sketch may perhaps be desirable to inform you of
our objects and aims. I trust that we may ere long have the pleasure
of receiving a visit from the Pilgrim Society and the citizens of this
town, and again thank you for this reception.

140

Dr. Wheatland introduced Dr. GrtorGE B. LoriInG, who spoke as
follows : —

LapI#s AND GENTLEMEN :— I cannot assume the honorable position
which the President of- our Institution has assigned me, without call-
ing to your minds the associations which gather around a visit of the
historical explorers of Essex County, to the renowned locality where
the Puritans planted their genius on this continent, after vain, and I
think, heaven-thwarted endeavors to plant. it elsewhere. We are
reminded of the early relations which existed between the great men
of Essex and Plymouth. When, in compliance with a promise to
Roger Conant, who, as. early as 1626, was found nursing the infant
- Massachusetts Colony on the headlands of Cape Ann, and who, with’
his companions, has been called ‘the sentinels of Puritanism on the
‘Bay of Massachusetts,” John Endicott, a ‘‘ Puritan of the sternest
mould,” embarked in the Abigail, for the settlement of Naumkeag,
Plymouth was his guiding star, and the God of the Puritan was his
‘‘stay and staff” through all his trial. Disease attacked these first
settlers of Salem, and ‘‘ being destitute of a physician, Dr. Fuller of
Plymouth went to their relief; and in the interview with Mr. Endi-
cott, the religious views of the Pilgrim were discussed, which led to
a correspondence between Mr. Endicott and Governor Bradford, then
personally strangers, and a friendship commenced which lasted till
- death.” Then it was that the Woodburys, and Balches, and Palfreys
of Essex County learned the earnestness and fidelity and power of the
Carvers, and Brewsters, and Winslows, and Aldens, and Standishes
of Plymouth; and now we, in whose veins the blood of both colonies
has commingled, are here to view the sacred relics and tread the
sacred soil of our ancestors. The same sun which lighted their
watery pathway, has shone for us on our journey hither; upon the
bosom of these waters. their humble shallops floated; the soft land
breezes cheer, and the fiere gales vex the voyager, as they did when
the Mayflower and the Abigail bore their precious freights; here is
the same ‘stern and rock bound coast;” here are the islands and the
low line of shore, and here, let us piously and gratefully believe, is
the same defiant spirit, the same earnest faith, the same trust in God
and humanity, which gave the Puritan immortal force, and which have
stood as firm against all attacks, as have these promontories aaa
the assaults of the raging seas.

I have-no time here to discuss the genius, or recite the history of
the Puritans of Plymouth and Naumkeag; but, while as a citizen of
Essex County I can congratulate the men of Plymouth that upon
their name, and not upon ours, has the mantle of immortality fallen, I
’ congratulate the world that the Puritan spirit of our common ances-

141

try still endures, and holds triumphant’sway over the social and civil
institutions of our land. We admire the spirit of adventure which
settled the other American colonies; but we bow before the stern re-
solve which settled Plymouth. We may envy the “ calm and monoto-
nous ease” which Wouter Van Twiller secured for the Dutch colonists
of New York; we may repose for a time in the liberal indifference
which opened the mouth of the Hudson to the flying Swedes, and
Walloons, and Waldenses, and Huguenots, and English, and Holland-
ers, and conyerted the harbor of New York into a refuge and not a
nationality ; we may study with interest the jealousy and suspicion
which created for the Dutch colonies a dislocated unity, and perhaps
sowed the seed, from which a noxious crop of reservations and dis-
tractions has sprung up in our country; but we admire and believe
in that faith in God and a good government, which inspired the Puri-
tan to establish a popular civil system upon a substantial foundation,
and gave us in reality ‘‘a church without a bishop, and ‘a State with-
out a king.” Morally and physically the Puritan grew strong, and it
has been well said of the early colonial period of New York that ‘it
served but indifferently to prepare the (Dutch) colonists for their im- |
pending contentions, with men whose frames and spirits had been
braced by the discipline of those severe trials that befell the first
planters of New England.”

Compared.also with the various other American colonies, how vital
and enduring Plymouth appears! Of their settlements hardly any-
thing remains which would call forth a pilgrimage ; of their govern-
ments no valuable principle has been handed down to us; of their
religious fervor and devotion, we have no record to command our ad-
miration or reverence. Not to Jamestown, not to New York, not to
the Carolinas, do men turn their steps in adoration. Notin this day
can the long repose of the Hollander be broken, and men be taught
that New Amsterdam is a rival of Plymouth in historic greatness, sig-
nificance and renown. History provides its most brilliant pages to
those events which operate as causes, not to those which follow as a
consequence. And so in the annals of popular representative govern-
ment, the compact made on board the Mayflower outshines the Union
of the Dutch colonies, and the blows struck at Concord. and Bunker
Hill, amid trial and disaster, have a significance unknown to the suc-
cessful endeavor at Saratoga, which owes its name and its fame to
the fact that the Puritan of Massachusetts would not submit to oppres-
sion and wrong. : s

While the Puritan believed in civil freedom and individual rights,
he also believed in a definite form of religion and government, to aid
man in resisting temptation and developing his moral nature, and to
aid him also in discharging his civil service wisely and faithfully. In- .

142

fidelity and anarchy had no charms for him. The solemnity and fer-
vor with which he started forth in his career, impatient alike of the.
restraints of England, and of the sluggish materialism of Holland,
have never been equalled either in peace or in war. Casting aside the
temptations of mercantile adventure, he called his poverty-stricken
band about him, and set forth upon an enterprise whose value can
never be measured. The ‘‘tender last farewell” of John Robinson,
filled with a spirit of inquiry and liberality, and warm with religious
faith, inspired at once the thought and sentiment of advancing Chris-
tianity. ‘‘We are now, ere long,” he said, ‘‘ to part asunder; and the
Lord only knoweth whether ever I shall live to see your faces again.
But, whether the Lord hath appointed this or not, I charge you, be-
fore God and his blessed angels, to follow me no further than I have
followed Christ: and if God shall reveal anything to you by any other
instrument of his, be as ready to receive it as ever you were to re-
ceive any truth by my ministry: and I am confident that the Lord
hath more light and truth yet to break forth out of his Holy Word.
* * * Remember, also, your church covenant, especially that part
of it whereby you promise and covenant with God and one another,
to receive whatsoever light and truth shall be made known to you
from his written word. But take heed what you receive for truth,
and examine, compare, and weigh it well with the Scriptures.”. This
was the Puritan’s religion, his inheritance from along line of protest-
ing ancestors, his support, too, in those hours of trial which attended
the severe and solemn service to which he was born.

The Puritan’s civil organization was founded upon the same éle-
ments as his religious — loyalty, faith, self-reliance and the largest
freedom. The compact made on board the Mayflower, the result of
social and civil necessities which had not been provided for by that
government which they had left, but which they still recognized as
their own, is remarkable’ above all things in this — that it was en-
tirely adapted to the occasion, and laid the foundation of the govern-
ment on the consent of the governed. The hard experience of the
Puritans under oppressive and arbitrary rule, had taught them the
value of that civil system which springs from the wisdom of those
who constitute society and the state, and which turns for its support
to the loyal hearts and moral energies of those who made it. How
inferior to this great principle is any mere machinery of power — any
mere superstructure, which is exposed to the storms of popular pas-
sion, and can only supply atemporary necessity. ‘Theories of finance,
and of the relations of the states to the general government, and of
taxation, and of charity and education, may change, but for popular
government, the theory and practice of the Puritans cannot change.
And the instinct of mankind, in all great popular endeavors, turns to

143

this spot for an example of those great virtues which can alone give
stability to the state, and which are as immortal as human aspirations,
and man’s highest desires.

No wonder that the American mind has erected here one of its
great temples of worship. The high purpose and the immortal
thought of the Puritan have imparted to our nationality a greatness,
which shall endure through all decay and change, as the inspiration
of the prophets and wise men of old has outlived the temples and
groves which echoed to their divine words. The great American
poem was written here —the great American anthem was sung on
these shores. The spiritual sublimity which hovers over this spot —
what has it not done to give the American name glory and honor and
power in all the realm of thought; what has it not done to give man-
kind new courage in all heroic effort. Let us then with large and
' liberal hearts thank God for this great inheritance, and find here hat
divine light, which, streaming across our land, warms and irradiates,
and vitalizes all names and events that are dear to the American peo-
ple. Let then Plymouth stand as she has always stood, the central .
figure around which the nobility of our land may cluster. Not as
rivals, but as companions, let the sister colonies be called into her
presence; and her glory shall be theirs also. And let us remember
that history has assigned the Puritan his position, from which he can-
not be dethroned; and that the annals of America and the world could
better spare any other colony than that planted at Plymouth.

Tur Hon. THomas Russevr of Boston was introduced as Judge
Russell, and came forward and said, he would rather be introduced as
Mr. Rus8ell of Plymouth. He then made some brief and very appro-
priate allusions to the localities of historical interest and closed his re-
marks in extending an invitation to all to accompany him on a tour of
inspection; the limited time before the departure of the boat only
permitting a cursory view.

At Plymouth Rock near the landing, a handsome granite monument
is nearly completed; a portion of the rock was removed some years
since; placed in the area in front of Pilgrim Hall, and enclosed within
an iron fence, on which are inscribed the names of the signers of the
compact on board of the Mayflower, Nov. 21, 1620.

Cole’s Hill is near by, where fifty-one of the Pilgrims who died the
first winter were buried, and where the ground was sowed with grain,
that the Indians might not know the number of their dead. A short
distance beyond is Burying Hill, originally called Fort Hill (the first
defensive structure having been erected on its summit), an eminence
rising one hundred and sixty-five feet above the sea, which commands

~ 144
an extensive view embracing the harbor and the shores of the bay for
miles around ; the visitor cannot fail to recall the time when the May-
flower sailed into the harbor, laden with men, women and children,
_ the founders of a mighty empire, and reflect upon the great changes
¥ ‘that have occurred during the lapse of two and one-half centuries.
‘The whole extent of this hill is covered with the symbols of mortality
-—the sepulchres of these venerated fathers. The oldest stone marks

zs of Gov. Bradford and many of his descendants here repose. The

“id Court House contains many old documents and papers of great value

and interest.
Pilgrim Hall, a monumental structure of rough granite, has many

_ old. relies, a library and. some paintings. On entering the Hall, the ©

painting of the “ Landing of the Pilgrims,” presented by Henry Sar-
gent, Esq., of Boston, attracts attention; size, thirteen by sixteen
feet. All the prominent characters in the colony, are represented in
the. ‘costume. of their time, with the friendly Indian, Samoset, in the
‘foreground. | There are also portraits of Edward. Winslow, Josiah
Winslow, Gen, John Winslow, Major General Benjamin Lincoln, Hon.
‘John Trumbull and others. Among the antiquities are noticeable:
a chair which belonged to Gov. Carver; the sword, pewter dish, and
iron pot that once belonged to Miles Standish; the gun-barrel with
‘which King Philip was killed;,deeds bearing the signatures of Miles
‘Standish, Josiah Winslow, Peregrine White, John Alden, and many
others of the old notables; chairs belonging to Elder Brewster and
’ Goy.-William Bradford; the ‘Fuller Cradle,” besides many other
curious and interesting relics.

. This bird’s eye view has awakened a desire to revisit these interest-
ing localities when sufficient time will permit a more extended ex-
amination.

= ;
The Hon. Jacob H. Loild, Collector Russell, Albert Mason, Esq.,

' Charles C. Doten, Esq., and other prominent citizens, were active in.

rendering this visit agreeable and profitable. To these gentlemen
the Institute hereby tenders its sincere thanks. Promptly at the ap-

‘the grave of Edward Gray, and bears the date of 1681. The remains !

pointed. hour the party reémbarked for home, and the ‘‘ Escort” —

again steamed towards Salem, and at 8 P. M. reached Phillips’ wharf,
the sail as pleasant and enorayle as the outward trip had been.

a

i.

4 =

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£0 tut, /§ /87/ -

BULLETIN

OF THE

HSSHX INSTITUTE.

-Voux. 2. Satem, Mass., Ocroprr, 1870. No. 10.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

‘

OLD CHANNELS OF TRADE.

)
From A PAPER READ BEFORE THE Essex InstiTuTE Fes. 4, 1867,
+- Ww

BY ROBERT 8S. RANTOUL.

Poraticat Economy tells us that cost of transportation
is as legitimate an element of value, as is labor expended
in the production of merchandise, or fixed capital in-
vested. Facilities for transportation, therefore, affect
directly and sensibly the cost of all that we use and the
value of all that we have. Thus the coal of Pennsylva-

nia has’ but little worth to the limited population near
enough to reach it without public facilities for transporta-'
tion, “while avery large fraction of what we pay for the
fuel in our grates is paid to the carriers of this exhaust-

- less treasure. In 1817 coal could be had at Pittsburg at

six cents per bushel. Again, wheat is worth about one
dollar and a half per bushel or fifty dollars per ton. To
moye a ton of it on common roads costs fifteen cents per
mile. Three hundred and thirty miles of transportation,
then, will cost as much as the wheat will sell for. But
transportation. by rail is computed at one and one-half
cents per ton, and now wheat may be moved thirty-three

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. II 19

146

hundred miles before the freight equals its marketable
value. Thus the economic limit of transportation is ex-
tended tenfold by the application of steam power, and
Chicago becomes great, while without this ‘means of gar-
nering in the golden harvests of the prairie, she might be
an Indian trading post and little more.

Water has been, in modern times, the great carrier of
products. To the interchange of products by water, the
term “commerce” has been applied, almost exclusively.
For commerce, thus understood, high claims have been
advanced. Commerce has been held to be the civilizer of -
the world. Hovering on her white wings from sea. to
sea, she has been likened to the dove of Peace. She has
been called, too, the dispenser of the world’s wealth—
the arbiter of the destiny of princes. Let us examine
these claims for a moment.

Nothing contributes so much toward keeping alive the
‘unholy fires of prejudice, alienation and hate as geograph-
ical separations among men. Bring human beings to-
gether and they at once perceive—and that, too, by
instinct and without persuasion — that their fellows are
more like themselves and less ill-disposed than they had
fancied them to be. Thus commerce, being the great
carrier of persons, hes been the great pacificator, and rec-
onciler, —and, among human agencies, the master-educa-
tor and civilizer of mankind. But commerce has also
been the dispenser of wealth.

The East has been the historic, as it ‘ag been the
fabled source of the world’s riches. Pactolus of the an-
cient poet enriches, with its golden sands, the India of
the modern statesman, and the glowing “wealth of Ormus
and of Ind” are not more the revel of Milton’s fancy
than the record of the Rothschilds’ ledger. To this result
circumstances of soil and climate conspire with an* ancient

147

civilization, a unique social condition and a population
so redundant as to make labor almost without value, and
life without a higher aspiration than to live.

It has long been a favorite theory with political specu-
lators that the nation which, for the time being, controls
the trade of the East, practically controls the world. Sir
Walter Raleigh reduced this principle to a formula, thus :
“Whosoever commands the sea, commands the trade of
the world, — whosoever commands the trade of the world
commands the riches of the world, and consequently the
world itself.” “He who possesses Constantinople gov-
-erns the world,” said Napoleon I. This theory that the
carrying trade of the East is the key of modern empire,
has had the countenance of Dr. Robertson and other Eng-
lish writers to some extent, and has guided many of the
conspicuous acts of the Bonaparte family in France.
This was the star that lured the first Napoleon into Egypt,
and it has so far influenced the career of Napoleon IIIL.,
that a moment will not be misspent in considering the
form assumed by the theory in the mind of that Emperor.

It will be remembered that Charles Louis Napoleon |
Bonaparte, before his election to the Revolutionary as-
sembly of 1848, and his later election as President of the.
Republic, had made two several armed-attempts upon the
throne of France, each one of them as ill-advised as John
Brown’s raid into Virginia, though I never heard that the
wily Frenchman was ene a madman on account of
them. ‘The first of these took place at Strasbourg, Oct.
30, 1825. And instead of dealing vigorously with it,
the king, not feeling very firm upon his. throne, and
anxious to conciliate the enthusiasm which the name of
the adventurer still roused throughout France, for he was
about to bring back from St. Helena, with pomp, to Paris,
the ashes of the mighty founder of that name, excused in

148

part the foolhardy adventure of the nephew, and sent
him, in an armed vessel, to America. In May, 1838, the
banished Bonaparte left this country for England, but not
before thoroughly acquainting himself with the geogra-
phy and civil polity of the States of America. At Bou-
logne, Aug. 6, 1840, he made his second attempt to seize
the throne, having embarked by steamer from England —
with a written proclamation, a few followers, and a tame
eagle, which was to typify the French Empire in this fee-
ble melodrama. For this act he was incarcerated for life
in the castle at Ham, from which he escaped in disguise
six years later.

It will be seen, then, that the destined Emperor of
the French enjoyed, between 1840 and 1846, six years
of leisure in which to ponder upon his future, —his pre-
conceived ideas of policy and war, and the knowledge he
had obtained of the Western Continent. During this
period he was in constant receipt of communications call-
ing his attention to the brilliant future of the Central
American States, and urging him, upon effecting his es-
cape, to undertake the prosecution of public works, for
connecting, by a ship channel at this point, the Pacific
ocean with the Caribbean Sea. Immediately upon his
flight from Ham in 1846, he put forth over the letters “ L.
N. B.,” a pamphlet now included in his published works,
—in which he shows that certain countries, “situated,” as

he says, “on the high-road of commerce, are destined, |

from their geographical position, to a high prosperity.”
He cites, for examples, Tyre, Carthage, Constantinople,
Venice, Liverpool and London, as exhibiting “the aston-
ishing spectacle of powerful states, springing suddenly
from unwholesome swamps.” Constantinople he de-
scribes as “the central point between Europe, Asia and
Africa, —situated between two seas where she might have

149

fleets and dominion,” and adds, “this is what the city of
Constantine might be, but is not, because, as Montes-
quieu says, God permitted the Turks to exist, possessing
uselessly a great empire.”

Napoleon III. then develops the correlative proposi-
tion, as follows:

“A State exists in the new world as admirably situa-
ted as Constantinople, and as uselessly occupied — Nicar-
agua. As Constantinople is the centre of the old world,
so is the town of Leon of the new; and if the tongue of
land which separates the two lakes from the Pacific were
cut through, she would command, by her central position,
the ehtire coast of North and South America.

“Here is the shortest route for the United States to
China and the East Indies, and for England and Europe —
to New Holland and the South Pacific. * * * * *
England will see with pleasure Central America become
a flourishing and powerful State, which will establish a
balance of: power by creating in Spanish America enter-
prise powerful enough to prevent, by backing Mexico,
any further encroachment from the North.” .

As late as 1858, and probably up to the time when the
French designs upon Mexico began to unfold themselves,
the Imperial mind still clung to the project of a Nicar-'
agua Canal, to bear the name of Napoleon, and to be
commanded at its mouth by French ships of war. Polit-
. jeal as well as physical facts seem to have set their fiat
against the fruition of his dream, and the adventurer
pared his attention, after the failure of his Mexican and
Central American designs, to the completion of the Suez
Canal, by which he hoped to bring the largest Indiamen
into the Mediterranean through the Gulf of Aden and the
Red Sea. Should this plan succeed, and it has, I believe,
the endorsement of the elder Stephenson and every pros-

150

pect in its favor, the wealth of the Indies may resume its
ancient channel for a time, and Napoleon III. may yet
live to see a share of the commerce of the East restored,
by the successor of Charlemagne, to the Latin countries
of Southern Europe. .

Commerce among the ancients was a wholly different
thing from the commerce of the modern world. It was
confined mainly to the shores of the Mediterranean and
rarely ventured beyond the pillars of Hercules. To the.
ports and cities of these shores it drew, to some extent,
the wealth of the interior. To how limited an extent
will be obvious, when we reflect that road-ways for trans-
portation by carriages were unknown except in the immme-
diate environs of the great cities,—and that the pro-
ducts of the country were brought for export to the sea,
and the products of exchange returned, on the backs of
camels, asses, oxen and men. Just so in Arabia
to-day is brought out from the back country to Mocha
that delicious coffee with which our townsman, Capt.
Bertram, regales so many of the breakfast tables of the
Union. |

Of course, under such a system, only articles of small
bulk and great value can be advantageously transported.
The staples of moderfi,commerce were then unheard of.
Neither cotton, tobacco, sugar, coal, nor iron, were then
subjects of freight, and breadstuffs only in limited and
intermittent quantities. Trade was made tributary to the
luxuries rather than the comforts of life, and gold, ivory,
spices, marble for building and the arts, gums, jewels,
silks and ornamental woods outranked in consequence the
staple commodities. Thus Tyre, Carthage, Athens, Cor-
inth, Coreyra, Byzantium. and Rhodes grew great in turn
upon the overland traffic of Asia and Africa which they
carried across Europe, even at last so far as to barter for

151

the furs of Scandinavia and the tin of Britain. Thus
Alexandria, planted by the Conqueror at the mouth of
the Nile, controlled, under the Ptolemies, the trade of
Africa. ° Thus Babylon under Alexander, and Palmyra
under Solomon, both inland cities, but planted in the
highway of Asiatic commerce, rose to the chief place
among nations and again declined under the enervating
influences of wealth and conquest.
The causes of commercial greatness operative among
the ancients, continued to operate during the middle ages,
and produced, in turn, the Italian Republics. Venice,
Genoa, Florence, Pisa,‘held the carrying trade of the
East, until the end of the fifteenth’ century, at which
period they had introduced Public Banking, — Book- .
keeping by double entry,—Bills of Exchange, and a
system of Funded Debt, —and the coins of Venice circu-
lated: from Iceland to Cathay. Two momentous events
signalized the close of the fifteenth century. Spain had
found her way to America in search of a new path to
India,— Portugal had found a new path to India by doub-
ling the African Cape. From this date the Mediterra-.
nean ports sunk in importance, and the vigorous peoples
of northern Europe grasped their share of Eastern traffic,
by following the Portuguese pioneers around the Cape of
Good Hope. During the sixteenth and seventeen cen-
turies the Dutch were carriers for the rest of Europe, and
the English superseded them in the eighteenth. And
now the ambitious formula of Sir Walter Raleigh was by
no means forgotten. In 1787 Sir John Dalrymple, un-
easy that Spain should hold,—still more uneasy lest the
United States might thereafter hold—the Isthmus of
Darien, wrote thus on the subject in a work whose signifi-

cant motto was:
Regique hoc dicite vestro, —

Non illi imperium pelagi!

152

a prototype, it would seem, of that familiar refrain to_
which, at last, Americans can listen with composure:

Rule, Britannia! Rule the waves!
Britons never will be slaves.

The Englishman writes as follows: .

“But if neither Britain singly, nor the maritime ports —
of Europe jointly, will treat with Spain for a passage
across Darien, it requires no great gift of prophecy to
foresee, that the period is not far distant when, in order -
to procure the precious metals at once, the States of
America will seize upon that pass with ease, wresting it
from the feeble violence of Spain. * * * * * Their next
move will be to take possession of the Sandwich Islands,
discovered by the immortal Cook.

“Stationed thus in the middle and on the east and
west sides of the new western world the English-Ameri-
cans will form not only the most potent but the most
singular empire that has ever appeared; because it will
consist in the dominion not of a part of the globe but
of the whole ocean. For, on the one side of the new
continent, from the Sandwich Islands, they may, by
turning a little to the south, run on the trade wind to
the East Indies, or, iy turning less than twenty degrees
north, run on the great west wind, which blows here ten
months out of the twelve every year, to the coast of
Mexico, by which the gold of the East and the silver of
the West will be within their reach.

“From Darien they will sail to China; from China to
India; from India to Chile, and from Chile by the south
land wind, which never varies, to Darien; that is, they
will make the tour of the Indian and Southern seas,
everywhere collecting wealth by trade, in a little more
time than it takes for the voyage from London to Venice.

153

* * * On both sides of the continent, during the wars

of Europe, they will enjoy as neutrals the carrying trade
from Europe to the one side, and from India to the other
side. of the new world; even in peace they may engross
the India trade.” * * * Without recourse to that
violence which Sir John Dalrymple so much appre-
hended, the dreaded Americans will soon have accom-
plished all that he, foresaw. We now enjoy the free
passage of the Isthmus of Darien by rail, and silks from
China as well as the precious metals of Australia and
California have come that way. Recently a treaty has
been concluded securing to us the long coveted ship-canal
through the Isthmus of Darien. ‘We already reap the
benefit of commercial treaties with China and Japan,—of .
friendly relations with Mexico and Spanish America, and
of growing intercourse with all these states in every
department of exchange and trade. Protections were
issued at this port, some years ago, to several Essex
County fishermen, who were on their way to the Sea of
Japan, to establish there with schooners to be built at
San Francisco, that nursery of wealth and enterprise -
which Itas contributed untold millions to our material
prosperity,—the New England Fisheries. Steam whalers
from New England ports are ploughing the icy currents of
the North Pacific. By the timely acquisition of the
Russian Possessions in America, we have done much to
protect ourselves against the jealousy which the pos-
session of so extraordinary a naval station as the Bay of
San Francisco, and the completion of a railroad across
the continent will soon excite. Steam mail communi-
cation is already established upon the Pacific, and we
hardly anticipate events in declaring that the East India
Trade, as known to the Derbys and to the Marine Society
—that mighty impulse which built up the cities of Hol-

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. IL 20

' 154

land and England and America, and Salem among the
number, is dead, and that the products of the East will
hereafter find their way to Europe and America, not by
the Cape of Good Hope, but through other channels.

REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 1870.

Tue President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.

After adopting a plan of arrangements for the annual Horticultural
Exhibition, and the transaction of some other business, the President
announced the death of our Ex-President, the Hon. ASAHEL HUNT-
INGTON, of Salem, which occurred at his sea-side residence in Beverly,
this forenoon, after a brief illness. E

Mr. H: was the second son of the Rev. Asahel Huntington, the
much respected pastor, for many years, of-the church in Topsfield; in
that town the subject of our notice was born, July 23, 1798. He was
descended from the old Puritan stock which settled in Connecticut in
the early period of our history, both on the paternal and the maternal
side. His father was born in Franklin, Conn., where the family re-
sided for several generations and tilled the same acres, and took a
‘prominent position in the church, performing the duties of some of
its most important offices. His mother, Alethea, was the daughter of
Dr. Elisha Lord, a celebrated physician of Abington, Conn., and a
grand-daughter of Rev. Hezekiah Lord, a noted preacher of his time.
Inheriting the traits of character peculiar to these worthies of the
olden times, he became a very useful member of the Tabernacle soci-
ety in this city; to them higloss must be very great.

He was titted for colleg@ at Phillips Academy, Andover, and was a
graduate of Yale College in the class of 1819. He always took a
lively interest in those two institutions, frequently attending the
annual commencements, and ready to codperate in all measures tend-
ing to the extension of their usefulness in every direction.

He commenced his legal studies in Newburyport and completed
them in Salem, being admitted to the bar in March, 1824. He com-
menced practice in this city, and his appearance in the courts has
always been marked by distinguished energy and ability. He held
the offices of County Attorney and of District Attorney for many
years, and, since 1851, has been the Clerk of the Courts for Essex
County.

He was always ready for every good cause, and shrank from no

155

duty imposed upon him by his fellow citizens. As early as 1827 he
was chosen a Representative to the General Court, long served as
School Committee, was a member of the Constitutional Convention
in 1853, Mayor of the city one year, President of the Essex Institute
from 1861 to 1865, and President of the Naumkeag Steam Cotton
Company. He was always an advocate of the Temperance Reform,
and was frequently called upon to take a prominent part in measures
of public policy, political, moral, educational and local, that are
brought to the notice of the people. We shall miss his genial pres-
ence and his hearty greeting in the walks of life; his active habits
and the frequent occasions in which he has been called upon to give
his services have made him generally known to our citizens, and
very widely throughout the county and state. :

After remarks from several members it was

Voted: That Messrs. Allen W. Dodge, Abner C. Goodell, Jr., and
James Kimball be a committee‘to report at an adjournment a series &f
resolutions in respect to the memory of -the deceased, and what
other action it is appropriate to take.

Adjourned to meet on Friday next (Sept 9), at PM.

—<—=>»— —

ADJOURNED MEETING, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 1870.

The President in the chair.

Hon. A. W. DopGE of the Committee on Resolutions, reported the
following, which were adopted after suitable expressions of respect to
the memory of our deceased friend.

Resolvedy That the Essex Institute receives the tidings of the death
of AsaneL HunrINGTON, a former President of this society, with
emotions of grief and surprise. The suddenness of the event, which ©
even if his illness had been of longer duration would have been un-
looked-for because of the general good health and strength of the
deceased, is as impressive as the knowledge of the loss of a member
‘of society so useful, so widely known and respected.

Resolved, That this society acknowledges its indebtedness to the
deceased for the interest he manifested in its success, and for the ser-
vices rendered by him while chief presiding officer; and that as his
fellow citizens, the members of the Institute bear testimony to his
uniform urbanity, his great industry and his devotion to so many
objects conducive to the public good.

Resolved, That the Hon. Otis P. Lord be invited to prepare a
memorial address upon the life and character of the deceased, to be
read at a meeting of the Institute. om t

156

Resolved, That this society express its sympathy for the family of
the deceased in their bereavement, by communicating to them a copy
of these resolutions; and that the same be recorded by the secretary.

ooo

FIELD MEETING AT METHUEN, THURSDAY, SEPT. 15, 1870.

Tne last Field Meeting of the present season was held at Methuen,
this day, and was well attended. An extra train at 9.15 a.m., from
Salem to Lawrence, carried the principal portion, and others went by
the regular 11.35 train. From Lawrence to Methuen the street rail-
way cars were the means of conveyance.

Methuen is.a pleasant and flourishing town on the north bank of
the Merrimack River, and was formerly comprised within the limits
of Haverhill. 1

In 1725, on petition of the inhabitants, an act of incorporation was
passed constituting the west part of Haverhill a distinct township
under the name of Methuen. The name is presumed by some to be
derived from Lord Methven, and is the only town in the United States,
and probably in the world, bearing this name. The origin of this
name, and why it should have been adopted, are interesting subjects
for the local historians to investigate. There is a parish of Methven
in Perthshire, Scotland, in which Methven castle and the estates of the
Lords of Methven are, or were, located. The surface of the township
is undulating, with a pleasing variety of hill and dale. The soil is gen-
erally very good. The Spicket River flows through the town and has
a fall of thirty feet which furnishes a good supply of water power
for manufacturing purposes, and around which has grown up a thriv-
ing and active village. Like many of the flourishing towns of the
Commonwealth, it comm@aced on a small scale, but among the first
things upon which action was taken at the original town meeting
were the interests of religion and education. And the town has al-
ways since been noted for its liberal support of the church and the
school-house. The High School, now under the charge of Mr. H. C.
Hallowell, is maintaining an excellent standing, and the common
schools of the eight districts are doing a good work in educating the
young. There are four churches in the town: Congregational, Rev.
M. G. Grassie, pastor; Baptist, Rev. N. M. Williams; Universalist,
Rey. C. A. Bradley; and Methodist, Rev. James Noyes. One of the
principal industrial interests of the town is the manufacture of hats;
three large factories are devoted to this enterprise, and daily produce
_ from seventy-five to one hundred and twenty-five dozen hats each.
The Methuen Cotton Mill is being considerably enlarged, and is an >

— a <

157

important item in the material prosperity of the town. The addition
when completed will give employment to some hundreds more opera-
tives than the present number. Other productive industries are also
well sustained, and the stranger, on his first visit, will be favorably
impressed’ with the general busy aspect prevailing throughout the
town, whether in passing the extensive and well cultivated farms on
the outskirts, or the workshops and stores in the business centre.
The people are intelligent, active and enterprising. Hence the visit
on Thursday was highly enjoyed by the Institute party.

On the arrival of the company at the Town Hall, a cordial welcome
was extended by Messrs. Joseph How, William M. Rogers, Charles
Ingalls, and other citizens, who were active in promoting the objects
of the meeting, and in extending other courtesies.

Little parties were made up to visit the various points of special

interest. Many ascended Currant’s Hill to obtain an extensive view
‘

of the Merrimack Valley. From this elevated spot the prospect is
grandly majestic; we see the distant mountain ranges stretching far
off until the eye loses its power to trace even the shadowy outlines,
and nearer, the many villages nestling in the valleys, between the
heights covered with giant trees; and almost at our feet the beautiful
Merrimack rolls along, and we look up on the right and see a ravine
view with its arched bridge, unsurpassed in beauty; on the left the
busy city of Lawrence, with its extensive manufacturing establish-
ments, its numerous churches and other public buildings, all lending
a peculiar charm to the whole scene. The Lawrence and Manchester .
Railroad track runs directly through this hill, and at the time it was
constructed, the several strata of which the hill is composed were .
plainly traceable. ' ; ‘

A few of the visitors, through the kind attention of Charles Ingalls,
Esq., were taken to Tower Hill, and visited the farm of Mr. Levi
Emery, with its observatory, from which a sti more extended view
may be enjoyed. Mr. Emery is actively interested in the Essex Agri-
cultural Society, and the members of that society will not be sur-
prised to see it stated that from a few acres of land which were
almost valueless ten years ago, Mr. Emery now raises squashes inferior
to none, grapes of finest flavor and beauty, strawberries in great quan-
tities, cabbages of excellent size and quality, lettuce whose fame has
attracted ‘the first-class hotel proprietors of New York, and indeed
almost every variety of vegetable, of superior quality; all on this
lately barren hill, nearly three hundred feet above the level of the
Merrimack River. Mr. Emery has seventeen hundred grape-vines
now loaded with ripe fruit, and two thousand more vines not yet come
to bearing. He has introduced a system by which he can furnish let-
tuce in February as fine and nice as at any other season of the year.
His farm is well worth a visit from all interested in that spirit of en-

158

terprise which enhances the value of land and makes practically use-
ful something that was before of no real benefit. He is conferring a
vast good on the community, and we wish him continued prosperity.

Others of the party visited the hat factories of Messrs. Bowen '&
Emerson, Tenney & Co., and Chas. Ingalls & Son. We were indebted
to Mr. Emerson, of the first named firm, for an escort through their
extensive manufactory, and were much interested in the successive
processes through which the material passes, from the wool to the
finished hat. First the wool is scoured or washed; it then goes to -
the carding machines, whence it is delivered on cones, each cone con-
taining the germ of two hats; the next process hardens them; the
next is technically called planking or felting, but we should call it
shrinking, and here they begin to assume the appearance of wearable
hats, while before this process an outsider would have no suspicion
of the use intended for them; they are then blocked, colored, blocked
again, dried, stiffened, finished and trimmed, ready for boxing and
sending to market. Different sets of operatives are engaged in the
different processes, and about ten days are generally required to com-
plete a ‘‘ batch.” As all parts of the work are going on at a time,
each day developes about one hundred dozen of the finished hats.
Methuen and its mother town of Haverhill both have a good name for
their manufactures in this department.

Many of the visitors went into the elevated tower of the Congrega-
tional Church, and the pastor pointed out the many objects comprised
in the extensive prospect from that position.

The Falls attracted others, but the severe drought of the season
had robbed this ‘‘lion” of his flowing mane, and they were disap-
pointed; a member of the local committee of reception assured them,
however, that if they would call next spring, they could stand here
and think of Niagara. ;

Other features of the 45wn were also visited and enjoyed, and the
time was well employed in’various interesting rambles and researches.
At 1.80 p.m. all met at the Town Hall for the collation, and the excur-
sionists were happy to find that many of the townspeople had brought
their provision baskets to unite in a common, social lunch. They
had also provided an abundance of hot coffee and tea, fruit, &c., and
the collation proved one of the most agreeable features of the day.

At 3 o’clock, Henry Wheatland, the President of the Institute,
called the meeting to order, and Mr. F. W. Putnam was requested to
act as Secretary, in the absence of that officer. |

The records of the preceding meeting were read.

The Secretary announced the following correspondence ; —

Abbot, T. C., Lansing, Mich., Aug. 26; Allen, B. R., Marblehead, Sept. 12; An-
drews, W. V.,New York, Aug. 10; Banvard, Joseph, Boston, Aug. 31; Buffalo His-

4)

159

torical Society, Aug. 14th; Felt, N. H., Salt Lake City, Utah, Aug. 2; How, Joseph
Methuen, Aug. 22, Sept.8; Johnson, A. H., Bradford, Aug. 2; ander B. W Pea.
body, Aug. 22; Lord, Otis P., Salem, Sept. 12; Loring, Geo. B., Salem Sept 6;
Morgan, Geo. E., Beverly, Aug. 29; Morissey, John, Plymouth, Aug. 93: Netaan:
S. A., Georgetown, Mass., Sept. 12; New England Historic-Genealogical Soci-
ety, Aug. 13; New York Historical Society, Sept. 1; New York State Tienes Al-
bany, N. Y., Sept. 7; Poole, W. F., Melrose, Aug. 10, 30; Proctor, Thomas E. Pha
body, Aug. 29; Robinson, John, Boston, Sept. 12; Ross, A., Boston, res 31;
Roundy, H., Salem, Aug. 25; Schouler, Wm., Boston, Sept. 8; Steiger, E. New
York, Aug. 9; Tracy, C. M., Lynn, Aug. 12. ie:

The Librarian reported the following additions to the Library : —
By Donation.
ALLEN, B. R., of Marblehead. Address before the Mugford Fire Association

of Marblehead, May 17, 1866; by the donor, 8vo pamph.
CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE of New York. Annual Report, 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo,

N. Y., 1870. ‘ e

- CHILD, HAMILTON, of Syracuse, N: Y. Orleans County, Directory, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo.
Cayuga County Directory, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Wayne County Directory, 1867-8, 1 vol.
8vo. Oneida County Directory, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Rensselaer County Directory,
1870-71, 1 vol. 8vo. Chenango County Directory, 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Onondaga
County Directory, 1868-9, 1 vol. 8vo. Chemung and Schuyler County Directories,
1868-9, 1 vol. 8vo. Genesee County Directory, 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo. Wyoming
County Directory, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo. Tompkins County Directory, 1868-9, 1 vol. 8vo.
Niagara County Directory, 1869, 1 vol.8vo. Cortland County Directory, 1869, 1 vol.
8vo.

FELT, N. H., of Salt Lake City. Bird’s Eye View of Salt Tea City, Utah Tervi-
tory, 1870.

Foore, H. W., of Boston. A Sermon, May 29, 1870, by donor, 8vo pamph. A
Discourse on the death of George Peabody, by donor, 8vo pamph.

FORSTER, EDWARD J., of Charlestown, Mass. The Pedigree and Descendants

of Jacob Forster, Sen.. of Charlestown, Mass., 12mo pamph., 1870.

Harr, Hieam S., of Burlington, Vt. Burlington City Directory, including Win-
ooski Falls, from July, 1866, to July, 1868, and July, 1869, to 1870, 3 vols. 12mo.

HATHEWAY, 8. W., of Boston. The Church and the World, 12mo pamph.

Horcukiss, Miss SUSAN V., of New Haven, Conn. New Haven Directory, 1867, 1
vol. 8vo.

JOHNSON, HENRY D. Trans-Continental Excursion, Bostoh to San Francisco,
May 23 to July 1, 1870, 1 vol. small 4to. s

LEE, JoHN C. Commercial Bulletin for July and August, 1870.

MACK, Miss ESTHER C. Salem Register from 1861 to 1868 inclusive, 8 vols. folio.

MANNING, ROBERT. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 34.

MILLER, HARRISON V., of Syracuse, N. Y. Syracuse Directories, 1862-3, 1864-5,

1866-7, 1868-9, 1870, 5 vol. 8vo

PooL, WELLINGTON, of Wenham. Valuation of the town of Wenham, 1860.
Report of the Selectmen of Wenham from 1860 to 1870, inclusive. pero of the

School Committee of Wenham from 1857 to 1870 inclusive.

PuTNAM, F. W. History of Essex County, N. Y., 1 vol. 8vo, Albany, 1869.
SCHOULER, WM., of Boston, Mass. Covipveastonal Globe, 1865-66, Parts 1, 2, 3, 4,

5, 1866-7, Parts 1, 2, 3 and appendix, 9 vols. 4to.

SEYMOUR, CHARLES J., of Binghamton, N.Y. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7.
SILAS BRONSON LIBRARY of Waterbury, Conn. Catalogue, 1 vol. 8vo, 1870.

160

STICKNEY, M. A. “The Sunrise,” Presque Isle, Me., 1869, 1 vol.folio.

SUMNER, CHARLES, Washington. Monthly Agricultural Report, July, 1870.

THAYER, OLIVER. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 15.

UNKNOWN. Annual Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for 1869, Byo
pamph., Trenton, N. J., 1870. Catalogue of Rutger’s College, 8vo pamph.. New
Brunswick, New Jersey, Agricultural College Reports and Annual Lecture, 1869, 2
pamphlets, 8vo. ; a 2

VALENTINE, MISS MAGGIE, Miscellaneous pamphlets, 11. \

WATERS, H. F. Boston Directory, 1865, 1 vol. 8vo.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago, Ill. Pamphlets, 5.

WILLARD, JOHN H., of Troy, N. Y. Catalogues of the Troy Female Seminary, ©

1850 to 1870, inclusive, 16 pamphlets, Svo.
WORCESTER COUNTY MECHANICS’ ASSOCIATION. Annual Reports, April, 1870.

By Exchange.

AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Transactions of. Vol. 3, No. 1.

BIBLIOTHEQUE UNIVERSELLE ET REVUE SUISSE. Archives des Sciences Phys-
iques et Naturelles, No. 150, Juin 15, 1870.

BOSTON NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. American Journal of Numismatics and Bulletin
of, for July, 1870.

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. Class List for Poetry and Miscellaneous Works.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HIsrory, Proceedings of. Vol. xiii, Sig. 18,
August, 1870:

IOWA STATE HISTORICAL Society. The Annals of Iowa for July, 1870. Sev-
enth Biennial Report of the Curators, 8vo pamph., 1870.

KONGELIGE DANSKE VIDENSKABERNES SELSKAB. Oversigt over det Kongelige
danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider i
Aarene, 1869.

K@NIGLICHE PHYSIKALISCH—C2KONOMISCHE GESELLSCHAFT ZU KONIGSBERG.
Schriften der Keeniglichen Physikalisch, @2konomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigs-
berg 1869, 2 pamphlets, 4to.

MICHIGAN STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Catalogue of the Officers and Stu-
dents of. 1870.

MICHIGAN STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Eighth Annual Report of the Sec-
retary, 1 vol. 8vo, Lansing, Mich., 1869.

NATURFORSCHENDEN VEREIN IN BRUNN. Verhandluigen des Naturforschenden
Vereines in Briinn, Band vii, 1868.

NATURHISTORICHE GESE WESCHAFT. Achtzehnter und Neunzehnter Jahresbe-

richt der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Hanover von Michaells, 1867, bis dahin
1869.

SOCIETY VANDOISE DES SCIENCES NATURELLES. Bulletin de la Societe Van-
doise des Sciences Naturelles, vol. x, No. 62.

VERZEICHNISS AUSGEWAHLTER. Werke Aus dem Verlage von F. C. W. Vogel
in Leipzig, 1870.

PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Book Buyer.
Canadian Naturalist. Christian World. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gard-
eners’ Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine.

Land and Water. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant. Lynn .

Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press.
Salem Observer. Semi-monthly Visitor. Silliman’s Journal. Sotheran’s Cata-
logue. The American Chemist. The Lecture Season. The Weekly Public Spirit.
Quaritch’s Catalogue.

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BULLETIN.

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Vou. 2. Sazem, Mass., Nov. anv Dec., 1870. Nos. 11, 12.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.,

™
ee

FIELD MEETING AT METHUEN, THURSDAY, SEPT. 18, 1870.
[Concluded from page 160.]

After a few general remarks from the PRESIDENT, alluding to this
first visit of the Institute to the town, Mr. F. W. Putnam was called
upon as the first speaker. He spoke of the dry time as illustrated by
the present state of the Spicket River, and the swamps about the
pond. He selected as the theme of his remarks some Indian stone im-
plements which some one had placed upon the stand. He urged the
importance of making collections of these aboriginal relics as a
means of tracing the progress and movements of the several Indian
tribes. Their line of migration could be traced by finding the partic-
ular kind of stone of which the articles were made, and then compar-
ing a large number of these relics gathered in different sections of ,
the country. He then described the several implements which were
either donated or placed on the table for exhibition, as hatchets,
arrowheads, sinkers for nets, knives and grain pestles. =

Rev. N. M. Wixurams, of Methuen, made a short speech, in which
he spoke of the pleasure with which the people welcomed the Insti-
tute to that town; and, alluding, to the name of the place, said it
was supposed to be named after a certain Lord Methven, which easily
became Methuen.

Prof. E. S. Morss, of Salem, compared the manufacture of hats,
which had been witnessed by most of the party, to the formation of
the egg, and traced, in his usual happy manner, the modification or
change of condition which each had undergone in its development.

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. II DU

162

He took up and described some fresh water clams, which had been
found during the forenoon, and explained their difference from the |

common salt water clams.

Rev. T. G. Grassip, of Methuen, alluded to the reputation of Essex
County, and spoke of the necessity of the meetings of the Institute
being held in the same place often, and the oftener the more success-
ful. He thought that these meetings were just what was needed.
He alluded to science and religion, and said that as a religious man he
did not fear science, for if there was anything in religion that science
could correct, it should be corrected. He mentioned a new machine
now in operation in this town for making wheels, and spoke of its

great utility.

Mr. C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, in speaking of the pleasure it gave him
to visit Methuen, said that he was convinced that a plain, unpretend-
ing New England town often had more of comfort and thrift in it
than many other places which were dignified by the name of cities.
Proceeding to examine the botanical specimens on the table, he re-
marked that the Sarracenia, or Pitcher Plant, fine samples of which
lay before him, was one of the most remarkable things to be found
among our vegetation. Differing so largely from all other plants as
to constitute a separate family of its own, it included only one or
two genera gnd a few species, real eccentrics of the floral world.
One species is with us, another mh the South, a third, of a different
genus, in South America, but there are not many more. The vasi-
form leaves are a constant character, and it is no small problem
among the scientific, to find how it happens that they are always sup-
plied with water even in the severest drought. Such a drought is
now raging, almost without precedent, yet the friend who brought
these found them half full, while the peat moss around them was so
parched as to crackle undg? the feet. It is always so. It is plainly no
catching and saving of rain, for none has fallen. Some have thought
it a secretion from the plant itself; but the speaker inclined to as-
cribe it to the condensation of dew on the upper part of the leaf, run-
ning down to supply the tank below, which is kept cool for the pur-
pose by the slow evaporation through the permeable sides. But any
way considered, it is a beautiful and curious plant, wholly American,
and fitly known as the Huntsman’s or Forefather’s Cup. ,

In exploring about the Falls to-day he had found some good speci-
mens of the Blue Gentian (G. Andrewsii or saponaria). This is not
the lovely Fringed Gentian of Bryant’s well known poem, though it
comes at the same season and is almost as beautiful. This species,
as well as one or two others, is femarkable for never expanding its
flowers; so that what appear here as full grown buds are rarely per-

163

fect blossoms, never exposing the interior organs. All our Gentians
are blue, but in other lands there are red species, and a splendid yel- -
low one (G. lutea) in Central Europe, whose root is an important
medicine, intensely bitter in taste.

Perhaps the most remarkable thing brought forward in this line to-
day, was a huge cluster of orange-colored fungi, detached in one mass
from the decayed wood, where they grew, and served up in a dish like
a pile of tempting cream cakes. The speaker disclaimed the critical
knowledge of those that would enable him to give the exact name;
but as to their general character there could be no question. These
are plants of exceeding simplicity of structure, whose proper frame-
work and growth consist of mere tubular, branching cells, running
every way through the decaying substances where they seat them-
selves, and interlacing to a plexus little inferior to the felt of a Me-
thuen hat. From this living felt, or mycelium, rises, here and there, a
bud-cell, growing often to a great size, and developing, for floral and
reproductive purposes, to such strange and curious forms as we see
in the mushrooms of the table, and in these fungi of to-day, and ten -
thousand others beside. We generally suppose the toadstools we see
are the whole plants; but really they are only the flowers or what
auswers therefor. Thus will be seen the real explanation of ‘another
botanical puzzle. Fungi having been found to evolve carbonic acid,
while plants in general give off oxygen, it was inferred that their
economy was of the reverse order, and that they were peculiarly
deadly in their character, and nourished by decay and corruption.
But when we look at them as only the flowers of a concealed vegeta-
tion, We remember that all expanded flowers thus yield carbonic acid, .
while the oxygen is only thrown off by the green leaves, and only very
slightly where there are none of these, as in broomrapes and parasitic-
dodders. So the anomaly vanishes and the constitution of these sin- ,
gular things is found to be much the same as imother vegetation. To
any one at all conversant with vegetable chemistry, it would bea
mystery indeed, how aplant with greater power of development than
we see anywhere else, built up of just such cells, and these of the
’ game chemical substance as in other plants, should not show the same
results from its vital processes in other respects as they. And thus,
also, very much disappears from that character of gloom and deadliness
that so many have been prone to ascribe to these innocent plants. It
is not, indeed, true, that they feed more than others upon decay; the
farmer nourishes his choicest crops with as corrupt matter as ever
fed a fetid toadstool, and we think no harm of it. The glossy gold-
thread and the fragrant twinflower prefer as deep shadows as these,
but no one thinks them deadly. The whole of this talk about asso-
ciating fungi, and death, and charnel-houses, is but a relic of the old

164

time superstition, and of that ignorance which it is the blessed mission
of ‘‘Star-eyed Science” to counterwork and dispel.

The PresipENT alluded to this town as the birthplace of Judge
White, the first President of the Institute, who held the office from
its organization in 1848 to his decease in 1861, and who was one of its
most liberal contributors, having donated, at several times, nearly 8000
volumes to the library; he called upon Rev. T. T. Stone, formerly of
Salem, who made a brief response, bearing testimony to his excel-.
lence and worth.

‘Mr. Purnam exhibited a dress, presented to the Society by Mrs.
Tyrrel of Methuen, which probably had been made by the Indians
of the Northwest coast of America. He read a circular from Prof.
C. H. Hitchcock, of Hanover, N. H., soliciting aid from all friends
of scientific research and mountain explorations, to enable Prof. J. H.
Huntington, Assistant Geologist of the State of New Hampshire, and
his associates, to spend the next winter (1870-1) upon the top of
Mount Washington, with all the needed comforts of life, the proper
instruments, and the means of communicating by telegraphic cables
daily reports of their observations. He remarked upon the impor-
tance of the proposed expedition, and commended its claims upon the
public.

Brief remarks were then made by Messrs. Chas. Ingalls, Joseph
How, and others of Methuen.

After unanimously adopting the following resolutions, the meeting
- adjourned.

Resolved, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be tendered to the
Selectmen of Methuen for #he use of the Town Hall; also to Messrs.
Joseph How, Wm. M. Rogers, Charles Ingalls, Samuel G. Sargent,
John Low, Ebenezer Sawyer, E. A. Archibald, Albert Dame, Rev.
Messrs. C. A. Bradley, James Noyes, T. G. Grassie and N. M. Wil-
liams, Mrs. Williams, Mrs. Grassie, the Misses How and the Misses
Barker, and other ladies and gentlemen who have aided in giving in-
terest to the meeting this day.

REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1870.

President in the Chair. ©
T. P. Abell and David Wentzell, both of Salem, were elected
resident members.

165

REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 1870.

President in the Chair.
Edward D. Ropes and William G. Webb, both of Salem, were
elected resident members. fs

QUARTERLY MEETING, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 1870.

President in the Chair.

The following amendment to the constitution having been submitted
at the annual meeting in May, and the quarterly in August, was
unanimously adopted.

Instead of Article 1, substitute the following : —“ Article 1:—*The
objects of the Essex Instirure are the collection and preservation
of materials for the Civil and Natural History of the County of Essex,
and the advancement of Science, Literature, and the Arts.”

Miss Lucy Larcom of Beverly, Charles H. Goss, Isaac M. Gattman
and George R. Harris, all of Salem, were elected resident members.

REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, DECEMBER 5, 1870.

The first evening meeting of the present season was held at the
rooms # Plummer Hall. The President in the Chair.

Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspondence : —

Abell, T. P., Salem; Ames, James T., Chicopee, Qct. 1; Ames, R. W., Boston,
Oct. -14, 17; Andrews, Wm. P., Salen, Aug. 18; Appleton, Francis H., West
Peabody, Oct. 7; Ball, Mary F., Presidio, Oct. 15; Bergen Museum, Oct. 1; Bolles,
E. C., Brooklyn, Sept. 30; Boston Public Library, Noy. 29; Brooks, H. A., Salem,
Oct. 21; Brooks, W. G., Boston, Noy. 17; Buffalo Historical Society, Oct. 28, Noy.
14; Calkins, W. W., Chicago, Ill., Oct. 20; Chamberlain, James A., Salem, Oct. 9;
Chipman, R. M., Ware, Mass., Oct. 11; Choate, Abby P., Salem, Nov. 11; Cogswell,
Geo., Bradford, Noy. 26; Edgerly, Albert W., Lynn, Noy. 12; Endicott, Robert R.,
Beverly, Oct. —; Emery, Geo. E., Lynn, Oct. 18; Gattman, J. M., Salem, Nov. 18;
Goss, Chas. H., Salem, Nov. 14; Higbee, Chas. H., Boston, Sept. 22; Iowa Historical.
Society, Noy. 19; Johnson, A. H., Bradford, Oct. 13, 19; Kongelige Danske Viden-
skabernes Selskab, Noy. 5; Larcom, Lucy, Beverly Farms, Nov. 5, 21; Lincoln,
S., Jr., Salem, Oct. 13; Loring, A. K., Boston, Nov. 2, 4, 7,17; Lath, M., Cincinnati,
Noy. 2, 3; Maine Historical Society, Nov. —; Massachusetts Historical Society,
Nov. 26; Minnesota Historical Society, Sept. 30, Oct. 20; Moravian Historical
Society, Nov. 18; Munsell, Joel, Albany, N. Y., Oct. 24; New England Historic-
Genealogical Society, Oct. 27, Nov. 26; New York Genealogical Society, Nov. 14;
New York Lyceum of Natural History, Oct. 4; New York State Library, Sept. 7, 19,

166

22, Nov. 5; Pickering, Mary O., Salem, Oct. 15; Pingree, David, Salem, Sept. 9;
Preble, Geo. H., Charlestown, Nov. 21; Rhode Island Historical Society, Nov. 3;
Ropes, Edward D., Salem, Nov. 17; Silliman, B., New Haven, Oct. 28; Silsbee,
J.L., Salem, Sept. 5; Simonds, J.R., Salem, Sept. 24; Seymour, C. J., Binghamton,
N. Y., Sept. 9; Upham, W. P., Worcester, Mass., Nov. 17; White, W. O., Keene,
N. H., Sept. 15; Wiggin, John K., Boston, Oct. 15; Woolsey, Theodore D., New
Haven, Noy. 23; Woodward, A., Franklin, Conn., Nov. 16.

The Librarian reported the following additions :—

Donations.

APPLETON, WM. S., of Boston. Ancestry of Priscilla Baker, 1 vol. small 4to,
Cambridge, 1870. Genealogy of the Coflin Family in New England, 8vo. pamph.
Description of a Selection of Coins and Medals in America, 8vo pamph.

BARLOW, JOHN, Legislative Documents of Mass. for 1870, 3 vols. 8vo. Miscella- .
neous pamphlets, 41.

Brooks, HENRY M., Medical and Agricultural Register, 1 vol. 8vo. Letters
on American Slavery, 1 vol. 16mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 3.

BROWNE, ALBERT G., Miscellaneous pamphlets, 120. -

BROwN, EDWARD, Lynn Weekly Mirror for 1825-6, 1 vol. folio.

CALLER, JAMES M., Thirty-two Guide Books to places in Europe.

CHAMBERLAIN, JAMES A., Miscellaneous pamphlets, 215. Flint’s Geography,
1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1833. New York Gazetteer, 1 vol. 12mo. Albany 1842, Mis-
cellaneous vols., 13.

CHAMBERS, ROBERT B., of Providence, R. I. Commemorative Discourse in
Providence, Oct. 18, 1868, by James G. Vose, Pastor, 1 vol. 12mo.

CITY OF PROVIDENCE. Providence City Documents, 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo.

CLOUTMAN, WM. R., of. Charleston, S. C. Report on Agriculture, for 1868,
1 vol. 8vyo, Washington, 1869. United States Coast Survey for 1867, 1 vol. 4to,
Washington, 1869. Land Office Report for 1868, 1 vol. 8vo. Report of the Select
Committee on the Memorial of Davis Hatch, June 25, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo, Washington.
Also several pamphlets.

Emery, Gro. E., of Lynn. Almanac and Register for 1757, 1 vol. 12mo, Dublin.
Farmev’s Almanacks from 1833 to 1858, and several Manuscript Papers.

Foore, CALEB. Files of several County papers for Aug., Sept., 1870.

GEEEN, 8S. A., of Boston. Report of the School Committee of Boston for 1869,
1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 105. .

HALn, Bb. H., of Troy, N:; Yee Daily Programme of the 19th Meeting of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science held at Troy, N. Y., 1870,
12mo,. pamph.

HAMMOND, CHARLES, of Springfield, Mass. Catalogue of Monson Academy for
1870, 8vo. pamph.

HAWKES, N. M. Water Report of Lynn for 1870, 1 vol. 8vo.

HOBART, Mrs 8. Cox’s View of America, 1 vol. 8vo, Phila., 1795.

Hyatt, A. Texas Almanac for 1870. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 70.

KNIGHTS, B. R. The Independent for 1855-6-7, 1860-61 and 1862-63, 3 vols. folio.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for Sept. and Oct., 1870.

LINCOLN, SOLOMON, of Boston. Centennial Anniversary of the Town of Cohas-
set, May 7, 1870, 8vo. pamph.

Mack, WM. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 18.

MOULTON, HENRY P., of Beverly. Legislative Documents of Mass., for 1870,
4 vols. 8vo.

MUNSELL, JOEL, of Albany. .Transactions of the Albany Institute, vol. iii, vi,
2 vols., Albany, 1855, 1870. Troy Directory for 1860, 1 vol. 12mo. Schénectady

167

Directory for 1860-61, 1 vol. 12mo. Hudson Directory for 1851-52, 1 vol. 16mo.
New York City Directory for 1853-54, 1 vol. 16mo. Fall River Directory for 1859,
1 vol. 16mo. Taunton Directory for 1861, 1 vol. 16mo.

PACKARD, A.S. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 12. #

PARSONS, C. W., of Providence, R. I. Memoir of Usher Parsons, M. D., of
Providence, by be donor, 1 vol. 12mo, 1870.

PERKINS, GEO. A. Address of Mr. Tverstt and Poem of Dr. 0. W. Holmes, at
the dinner given to H. I. H. Monseigneur, the Prince Napoleon, Sept. 25, 1861, 1
vol. 12mo, Cambridge, 1861. Mikcotlaneoa pamphlets, 108.

PHPYTON, JOHN LEWIS, of London. Over the Alleghanies and across the Prairies,
1 vol. 12mo, London, 1869.

PICKERING, MARY O. Almanacs from 1733 to 1811.

Pierson, G. H. Legislative Documents of Mass. for 1867-68, 4 vols.

POOLE, WM. F., of Cincinnati, Ohio. The Witchcraft Delusion of 1692, by Gov.
Thomas Hutchinson, with notes by the donor, small 4to, Boston, 1870. Forty-first
Annual Report of the Common Schools of Cincinnati, June 30, 1870, 8yo pamph.

PREBLE, G. H., U.S.N. Genealogical Sketch of the Preble Family in America,
1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1868.

RICE AND BELL, of St. Paul, Minh. St. Paul Directory for 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo®

ROGERS, WM. M., of Methuen, Mass. Annual Report. of Methuen, Feb. 1, 1870,
8vo pamph. Carleton’s Lecture in Methuen, Feb. 9, 1853, 8vo pamph.

SALEM EAST INDIA MARINE SOCIETY. Acts of Incorporation and By-Laws.
12mo pamph., Salem, 1870.

SEYMOUR, C. J., of Binghamton, N. Y. Manual of the Broome County Medical
Society, 8vo pamph., 1870. ;

SILLIMAN, B., of New Haven, Ct. Directory of Grass Valley for 1865, 1 vol. 8vo.
New Haven Directory for 1869, 1 vol. 12mo.

STANIFORD, D., of Boston Highlands. Thirty Miscellaneous Numbers of Ju-
venile Newspapers.

STONE, E. M., of Providence, R. I. Annual Report of the School Committee
of Providence, June, 1870, 8vo pamph.

TUCKER, JONATHAN. Narrative of the Captivity and Removes of Mrs. Mary
Rowlandson, written by herself, 1 vol. 16mo, Lancaster, 1828. '

UPHAM, J. BAXTER, of Boston. Typhoid and Typhus Fever, as it occurred in
the Boston City Hospital, by J. B. Upham, M. D., from June 1, 1864, to June 1,
1869, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1870.

UPTON, JAMES. Christian Review, 28 vols. 8vo. Lemprier’s Universal Biog-.
raphy, 2 vols. 8vo. Hayward’s New England Gazetteer4 vol. 8vo. Sartain’s Union
Magazine for 1830, 1 vol. 8vo. National Almanacs, 1863-4, 2 vols. 12mo. Boston
Almanacs, 1839 to 1858, 27 vols. 18mo. Salem Directory for 1864, 1 vol. 12mo.
Manners and Customs of the Jews, 1 vol. 12mo. Putnam’s Semi-Monthly Library,
23 vols. 12 mo. The Crescent and the Cross, 2 vols. 12mo. Eleanor, 1 vol. 12mo.
Home Influence, 2 vols. 12mo. The Trials of Margaret Lindsay, 1 vol. 12mo. The
Mother’s Recompense, 1 vol. 12mo. The Foresters, 1 vol. 12mo. Eothen, 1 vol.
12mo. ;

VERRILL, A. E., of New Haven, Ct. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 15.

WATERS, H. F. Report of the School Committee of Boston for 1869, 1 vol. 8vo.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago, Jl. Transactions of the Illinois State Agricul-
tural Society, vol. 7, 1867-8, Svo, Springfield, 1870. (2 copies.)

WHIPPLE, GEORGE M. The Nightingale, 1 vol.16mo. Portsmouth, 1804. Chante,
2 vol. 12mo. Hymn Book, 1 vol. 8vo, oblong.

Woopwarp, A. Life of Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, by A. Woodward, 1 vol. 12mo,
Hartford, 1862. History of Franklin, Conn., by A. Woodward, 1 vol. 8vo, New
Haven, 1869.

168

By Exchange.

ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES, BELLES-LETTRES ET ARTS. Actes del’ Académie
Impériale des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Bordeaux. 38e Série, 30, 31
Années 1868-1869, 8vyo, Paris, 1868-1. Prix décernés par I’ Académie, 8vo, Bor-
deaux, 1870.

ACADEMIE ROYALE DES SCIENCES, DES LETTRES ET DES BEAUX-ARTS DE
BELGIQUE. Bulletins 2me Sér, Tome 27, 28, 388me Année 1869, 8vo, Bruxelles, 1869.
Annuaire de ? Académie, 86me Année, 12mo, Bruxelles, 1870.

ALBANY INSTITUTE. Transactions, vol. vi, Albany, 1870.

ARCHIV FUR ANTHROPOLOGIE. Zeitschrift fiir Naturgeschichte und Urges-
chichte des Menchen. Vierter. Band, 4to, Braunschweig, 1870.

CONNECTICUT ACADEMY, Transactions of. Vol. ii, Part i, 8vo pamph., New
Haven, 1870.

CONNECTICUT HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Collections of. Vol. ii, Hartford, 1870.

IOWA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Annals of Iowa, for Oct., 1870, 8vo pamph.

MICHIGAN STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Catalogue of the Officers and
Students, 1876, 8vo pamph.

MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Collections, vol. iii. Part i, 8vo pamph.

MORAVIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Transactions. Part iv, 8vo pamph.

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. Bulletin, vol. ii, No. 1, 8vo pamph, 1870.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. New England Historical
and Genealogical Register, Oct., 1870.

NEW YORK LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. Proceedings, vol. i, Sigs. 1, 2, 3.
Annals, vol. ix, Sigs. 238, 24, 25, 26.

NEW YORK STATE LIBRARY. New York State Documents for 1864, 1865, 1866,
1867, 1868, 1869, 121 vols. 8vo. Laws of New York for 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869,
10 vols. 8mo. Regent’s Report for 1865, 66, °67, ’68, 69,5 vols. 8vo. N. Y. Civil List,
2 vols. 12mo0, 1859-70. N. Y. Manuals from 1841 to ’70, 12 vols. 16mo. N. Y. State
Register, 1830, ’4, ’5, 40, 73, 5,6 vols. 12mo, Royal Calendar, 6 vols. N. Y. Directories,
1857, 760, 67, 3 vols. 8vo0. Rochester Directories, 1853, 754, ’55, 61,3 vols.12mo. Troy
Directories, 1857, ’58, 59, 760, 4 vols.12mo. Schenectady Directories 1857, ’58, ’62, 63.
Albany Directories, 1860, ’62 63. Brooklyn Directories, 1856, 67 768. Milwaukee
Directories, 1851, ’52, 56, 57, 58, ®Oswego Directory, 1864, 65. Poughkeepsie Direc-
tories, 1856, ’57, 59, 760. Hudson Directory 1856, 57. Documents relating to the
Colonial History of N. Y., 1 vol. 4to, Albany, 1861. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 640.

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Proceedings of. May, June,
July, and Aug., 1870.

PUBLISHERS. American Journal of Science. American Literary Gazette.
American Naturalist. Book Buyer. Boys’ Journal. Canadian Journal. Christian
World. Cosmos. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gardener’s Monthly. Gloucester
Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Literary
World. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation.
Nature. Peabody Press. Quaritch’s Catalogue. Sailors’ Magazine and Seamen’s
Friend. Salem Observer. Sotheran’s Catalogue. The Weekly Public Spirit.

SOCIETE LINNEENNE DE BORDEAUX. Acts. Tome xxiv, 5 (1868), 6 (1870).
Tome xxvii, 1, 1870, 8vo.

VERMONT HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Collections of. Vol. I,8vo. Montpelier, 1870.

VERMONT STATE LIBRARY. Twelfth Registration Report of Vermont for 1868,
1 vol. 8vo. Journal of the Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of
Vermont, 1 vol. 8vo, 1870.

169

The President mentioned that the fiftieth anniversary of the organ-
ization of the Essex Historical Society would occur on Friday, the
21st of April next, and suggested the propriety of having some notice
taken of this event. After remarks from several members, on motion
of Mr. James Kimball it was voted: That arrangements be made for.
an appropriate celebration, under the directions of the Lecture Com-
mittee.

Mr. James KimBay exhibited a map containing an outline of the
Peninsula of Salem situated between the North and South Rivers,
with the indentations and coves, as it was in 1626, when Roger
Conant and his companions landed and formed the first permanent
settlement in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, so far as it could be
ascertained by consulting the records, and from other sources. He

gave a brief description of the same, tracing the shore line from the
northeastern point near the terminus of Beverly Bridge to the square
in Peabody, thence around the neck which has undergone ee changes,
and on the southern side to the mill pond.

The physical character was noted, the land on the North River
rising in some places somewhat abruptly from the river, especially on
the western end, gradually tending to the south. The south side had
also several abrupt hills with openings between, sloping down to the
river. These elevations were no doubt covered with wood; the pine
on the sand hills on the north, and the harder woods on stronger lands
in the centre and on the south. There were depressions of swampy
lands (now clearly indicated) extending nearly the whole length; un-
doubtedly shallow ponds at some early period filled in with vegeta-’
ble accuniulations and by the denudation of the higher lands; the
eastern portion about sixteen feet and the western about twenty-two
feet above mean high water. This irregularity of surface has been:
modified, the elevations furnishing materials for the depressions, so
that at the present time we find it comparatively level. Many of our
streets have been raised since the commencement of the present
century, from one to three feet. The soil is light and sandy loam with
gravel and sand underlying; in some places, with a substratum of
clay. Those places that were originally swampy are clearly deme”
by the black muck underlying. After alluding to the ledges in the
western section of the town, the surface rocks, and the character of
the vegetation, he concluded -his interesting communication with a
brief résumé of the principal changes that have occurred, especially
those within the recollection of our older inhabitants.

Mr. Kimball intends to speak on this subject, more fully, though
perhaps in a somewhat modified form, at a future meeting of the
Institute.

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. I 22

170

REGULAR MEETING, MONDAY, DECEMBER 19, 1870.

President in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.
The Secretary announced the following correspondence :—

U.S. Dept. Interior, Oct. 31; New York, Secretary of State, Dec. 8; Buffalo His-
torical Society, Dec. 12; Emden, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Oct. 1; Leeds
Philosophical and Literary Society, Sept.5; London Society of Antiquaries, Noy.
23; Liineburg Naturwissenschattliche verein, July 21; Maine Historical Society, |
Dec.; Munchen Das Bibliothekariat der Konig. Bayer Akad. der Wissenschaften,
Sept.; New England Hist. Gen. Society, Dec. 12; Brooks, H. A.,; Salem, Dec. 8;
Hall, F. H., Chicago, Dec. 11; Leavitt, J. H., Salem, Dec. 12; Paine, Nath’l, Wor-
cester, Dec. 2; Perkins, James, Boston, Dec. 13; Poole, W. F., Cincinnati, Ohio,
Dec. 14; Prescott, W., Concord, N. H., Noy. 29; Roberts, Adeline, Salem, Nov. 23.

The Librarian reported the following additions to the Library :—

By Donation.

“MASSACHUSETTS STATE DEPARTMENT. Massachusetts Public Documents for
1869, 4 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1870. Acts and Resolves of Massachusetts, 1870, 1 vol.
8vo. : e

U. S. SURGEON GENERAL’S OFFICE. Annual Report of the Surgeon General,
U.S. <A., 12mo pamph., 1870.

From AutTHnors. Address by B. F. Butler, in Music Hall, Boston, Novy. 23, 1870, .
8vo pamph. Writings of Wm. G. Goddard, by his son, Francis W. Goddard, 2 vols.
8vo, Providence, 1870. Lecture by C. Sumner, ‘‘The Duel between France and
Germany,” 8vo pamph.

HOLDEN, N. J. Massachusetts Legislative Documents, for 1869, 1870, 14 yols.
8vo.

LAMSON, G. W. Physical Media in Spiritual Manifestations, 1 vol. 12mo, Phila-
delphia, 1869.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for Dev., 1870.

PERKINS, JAMES, of Boston, Mass. Centennial Memorial of the Lodge of St.
Andrew, 1 vol. small 4to, Boston, 1870. j

PuTNAM, Mrs. EBEN. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 37.

STONE, ALFRED, of Provid@®ce, R. I. Providence Daily Journal from January
to June, 1870, inclusive. - 3

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago, Ill. Annual Report of the Board of Education
of Chicago, for 1870. Biennial Report of the Treasurer of Illinois, 1 vol. 8vo, Spring-
field, 1867.

,

.

By Exchange.

BALTIMORE, MD., PEABODY INSTITUTE. Proceedings, on the Announcement of
the death of Hon. J. P. Kennedy, who died Aug. 18, 1870; 8vo.

BOLOGNA, ACCADEMIA DELLE SCIENZE DELL’ ISTITUTO. Rendiconto delle Ses-
sioni An. Accad., 1868-69.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Proceedings, Vol. 13, Sig. 19.

COPENHAGEN, KONGELIGE DANSKE VIDENSKABERNES SELSKAB. Oversigt over
det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlem-
mers Arbeider i Aaret, No 6, 1868, No. 4, 1869, and No. 1, 1870, 8vo, Kjobenhavn.

KONGELIGE NORDISKE OLDSKRIFT-SELSKAB. Mémoires de la Société Royale
des Antiquaires du Nord, 1866, 767, 68, 69, Svo, Copenhagen. Tilleg til Aarboger

171

for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie, 1866, ’67, 68 ’69, Svo. Oldnasdisk Ordlog af
Erik Jonsson, 8vyo, Kjébenhayn, 1863.

DRESDEN, NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHE GESELLSCHAFT “ ISIS.” Sitzungs-Be-
richte, April, Mai, Juni, 8vo, Dresden, 1870.

EMDEN, NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT. Jahresbericht, 1868, 8vo.

FRANKFUR?, ZOOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT. Der Zoologische Garten. Zeil-
schrift fiir Beobachtung Ptlege und Zucht der Thiere. Herausgegeben von Dr.
F. C. Noll, Jahrg. xi, 6 Nos. 8vo, Frankfurt, A. M., 1870. :

, LUNEBURG, NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHER VEREIN. Jahreshefte, 1868-9, 8v0.

: MUCHEN, KONIGLICH BAIERISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN. Sit-
zungsberichte, 1869, 1870.

MOSCOU SOCIETE IMPERIALE DES NATURALISTES. Bulletin, Année 1869, No. 4,
8vo. : ,

NEW JeRSEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Proceedings of. Vol. ii, No. 2, Second
Series, 1870, 8vo. ‘

QUEBEC LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Transactions, New Series, Part
7, Session of 1869-70, 8vo, Quebec, 1870.

PUBLISHERS. American Naturalist. Christian World. Essex Banner. Gar-
deners’ Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazin&®
Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Semi-Weekly Reporter. Medical and
Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Quaritch’s Catalogue. Sa-
lem Observer.

The following donations to the Historical Department were an-
nounced :—

Downie, Mrs. E. A. An old Memorial Pitcher—an engraving of the Boston
Massacre, March 5, 1770. .

FLOWERS, WILLIAM H. Fifty Dollar Bill of Confederate currency.

HOBART, Mrs.-SARAH. An old Spinning Wheel for woolen yarn.

TUCKER, JONATHAN. An Umbrella and a Parasol of the fashion of 1804.

George F. Choate of Salem, Mary O. Hodges of Salem, and Mary
W. Bemis of Chicopee, were elected members.

Mr. F. We Putnam made a few remarks on two specimens of in-
terest which had recently been added to the Museum of the Peabody
Academy of Science. One of them was a fish not before known in
Massachusetts waters. This specimen was a speCies of Hemiramphus,
a genus of tropical fishes belonging to the flying fish family. The
species represented by the specimen on the table was probably a
‘West Indian fish that had strayed from its natural waters and fol-
lowed the Gulf Stream until it neared the Massachusetts coast—had
entered our North river, and followed it up, until it reached the mill-
pond at Danversport, where, in consequence of the water being too
fresh, it died and had been washed ashore. The specimen was found
on the shore of the millpond and given to Samurt P. Fow er, Esq.,
of Danvers, who presented it to the Academy. This was the first.
instance of 2 species of the genus Hemiramphus having been found in
Essex County waters, and though a straggler, and hence nova regular
County fish, was still a most perfect and interesting addition to the
large ichthyological collection of the Academy.

172

The other specimen of which he spoke was that of a woodchuck,
presented to the Peabody Academy by D. W. Smrap, Esq., who found
it in the Adirondack region. This skull showed a singular abnormal
growth of the two incisor teeth of the upper jaw. The right incisor
had been forced somewhat from its proper line of growth, and was
about three times its normal length, while the left incisor had con-
tinued to grow in the line of the natural curve of the tooth, and had
made a complete circle, passing through the bones of the roof of the
mouth, and curving under the nasal bone, had passed through the
- premaxillary bone, penetrating it at the side of its original position,

and had continued to grow in its circle until it had again penetrated
the bones of the roof of the mouth and was just passing through the
premaxillary a second time, when the animal died, probably from
starvation. In explaining how this extraordinary growth had taken
place, Mr. Putnam gave an account of the formation, structure and
growth of the incisor teeth of the Rodents, and showed how by the
‘constant wearing away of the softer parts of the incisor teeth on the
inside surfaces of the teeth of the upper and under jaws, the teeth
“were kept constantly sharpened, and their edges worn away as fast
as the growth took place, and how in case of injury or loss of the
two opposing teeth in the under jaw, an abnormal growth would take -
place as in the case of the specimen in hand. ‘

The President then introduced Mr. Witt1AM Maynarp, of Montreal,
stating that his lecture would be highly interesting to the tanners and
curriers of the city, and referring in complimentary terms to the
editor of ‘‘The Hide and Leather Interest,” who had spent some time
in Salem last summer, and had published a considerable amount of in-
teresting historical information with regard to the tanneries of Salem,
which had been eee in the Salem papers.

*
Mr. Maynarp then addressed the audience as follows :—

The earliest authentic account that we have of the employment of
means for curing, preserving and tanning leather, is found in the his-
tory of the Egyptian people. They, it seems, steeped the skins ina
bath made of meal and water, for a few days. This softened the
fibrine and gluten, as also the albumen of hide, and served also to
expel the scrum, etc. The hides were then submitted to the influ-
ence of a strong decoction, or more probably the expressed juice of
the Periploca sycamone, generally known as the Devil’s Weed, found
in great abundance at the present day upon the plains of Arabia, and
used by the people of those sections for a similar purpose at the pres-
ent day, namely, to depilate and prepare the skin for preservation
— which may be termed the combination process —as they use flour,
oil, native kalium and a decoction made from a species of Quercus

173

Rhus and Acacia, and thus hypothetically we are able to surmise the
possible method employed by the Egyptians. That they had reached
a state of perfection in the art is proved from the writings of Herod-
otus, for the process of unhairing was performed by them in from
four to five.days; and as a further proof of their proficiency we will
quote from the 36th chapter of Exodus, verse 19:— : ,

“ And he made a covering for the tent, of rams’ skins dyed red, and
a covering of badgers’ skins above that.”

The Jews having been in bondage in Egypt for many years, consid-
ering the period to which this quotation refers, it is not unreasonable -
to suppose that the knowledge of tanning and dyeing skins which
they then possessed had been acquired from the Egyptians; and so we
find a similar system adopted by all the Eastern nations up to the —
present day —that is, the process called by us of the present day
leather-dressing, — and employed particularly for the preparing and
finishing of what is called Morocco leather. The very name implies
its origin. The Greeks and Romans produced this description of
leather in great abundance, as is proved by the writers of that day —
in describing the foot-gear of the wealthy. Athens excelled in the
manufacture of dyed leather — purple and red, especially purple. The
Moors and also the Turks were and are at the present day exceedingly
skilful in the art of leather dressing.

I have seen an Eastern currier, a Turk, I believe, take a hog skin,
and covering a slab of slate or marble with water, he strewed over it
a sort of millet seed; then commenced, at tirst gently, to set the skin
firmly upon the seeds; and having accomplished this, he then crushed
them, as it were, into the skin; afterwards carefully taking it up, it
was left towdry; when dry, the seeds were brushed off, and behold, in.
addition to the indentations, each partook of some shade of prismatic
color. Shagreen leather, in the manufacture of which the Eastern
nations excelled, received its peculiar impressions by similar means,
only the seed employed was harder, and thus we have the initial
method of pebbling. It is amusing to note the difference between the
‘parent and the progeny, namely, the pebbling machine of the present
day.

The probable improvements made by the Romans were doubtless
utilitarian, inasmuch as during their northern conquests they would of
course come among a people who, from sheer necessity, would have
discovered a more serviceable covering for the feet than that in use
among the nations of the East, and the Roman, with his knowledge
of the arts, would to a certain extent remedy the defects. That the
Romans knew much of the art of preserving and dressing leather may
be inferred from the fact that Ovid and other writers make frequent
mention of the covering for the feet and legs; thus we are told of the
sandal of the soldier, attached to the leg by straps of leather.

174

In Europe, and in the British Isles especially, according to Cesar,
there was a great quantity of cattle; and farthermore we are informed
that the natives sold the hides because they did not understand the
art of tanning them. Therefore, when we find (a few years after the
Roman conquest) the Britons employed in tanning operations along
the banks of all the principal streams, we can come to no other conclu-
sion than this — that the Romans taught them (the Britons and also

the Irish) the art. In all probability their teachers were the early -

Christian Missionaries, or those enduring voluntary exile for the sake
of religion, and we are supported in this hypothesis by the fact that
the mountaineers of Wales, as also the people of Ireland, for many
centuries monopolized the knowledge of the art of tanning and curry-
ing; also that the peculiar shaped shoe called by the Irish, brogue, and
by the Britons clog or clogue, were similar in every respect to the oc-
rea of the Roman. Brogan leather, which is a sort of russet leather,
unwhitened, evidently took its name from the brogue or brogan. |The
Saxons seem to have had very little knowledge of the art; indeed, we
have no record that they knew it at all.

After the Norman conquest various articles are mentioned as being
made of leather, among which are the cuirass, a sort of armor, worn
by the warrior of that day, and certainly of Norman origin, as its
name implies. In fact, the reputed father of William the Conqueror
(if we may give any credence to the history of such a remote time)
was a tanner. During the crusades there is abundant room for sup-
posing that those who returned brought with them additional knowl-
edge of the art of leather dressing, if not of tanning and currying;
certain it is that the art, and, as it was also termed, mystery, of tan-
ning and currying was conserved by the monks, as there were many
towns in England that were founded by the monks; the ancient doc-
uments showing that thgy*(the monks) were largely engaged in tan-
ning and its auxiliary, cufrying, and doubtless considered it, as they
described it, ‘‘ye art and mistirie,” although long after their time it
took the manipulator five, and in some instances, seven years before
leather was considered tanned, and yet I hear some persons state that
we have made little improvement. I hold in my handa piece of cow-
hide tanned in six days. This is tanned after the formula of Professor
Zippi, who unfortunately died in this country some months back,
before he had made himself known.

Zippi’s process is somewhat similar to that of Bordier’s, the salt —

being a sub-sulphate of iron peroxidized, prepared from the proto-sul-
phate of the same metal, by digestion in diluted nitric and sulphuric
acid. It is then diluted; hydrated peroxide of iron is used to
strengthen it; it must be frequently stirred. Skins are tanned in this
way in from three to six days, and hides from eight to twelve days.
There are other processes where the skins are prepared in chrome

a

OO

175

salt and afterwards in a sesqui-oxide of iron or peroxide. These are
finished in bi-chromate of potash and alumina. Suiphate of potash has
been recommended. I would prefer to use (if using salts metallic)
the nitrate of sodium. The salt found in South America is preferable.

The combination tannages of England originated, I think, in the
town of Warrington, and also in the neighborhood of Leeds. In War-
rington the combination consisted of mixing potash and sulphuric
acid together in the first liquors and finishing in divi divi, myrabolams
and valonia. Vacuum tan-pits were also in use by some tanners of
this place, which were, I think, eventually relinquished. At Joppa, in
the vicinity of Leeds, the combination consisted of mixing terra ja-
ponica and sumac together in conjunction with sulphuric acid; the |
pelts which were chiefly E. I. kips, were also bated or drenched in a
peculiar manner, the excrement of hogs being used as a drench, and
before they were exposed to the action of the lime they were softengd
in an ammoniacal liquor made from nitre, blood, and the exuvia of dogs.
There is to-day scarcely a pure oak-bark tannage in the country —
all are combinations to a greater or less extent.

We will commence with the

. LIMING PROCESS.

Calcium is found in prolific abundance in almost every part of the
world; its uses are multifarious and the history of its usefulness is
found in the oldest records —in the ruins of Pompeii as well as in the
most recent buildings of modern times.

As a caustic alkali it has the property of decomposing every descrip-
tion of animal and vegetable fibre; it is this property that renders it
so servicéable to the tanner, inasmuch as it attacks the fibre of the
hide, whilst its alkaline character saponifies the fatty and nitrogene-
ous matter, thereby setting free the ammonia, which in its aflinity for |
sulphur attacks the hair bulbs and performs the depilatory process.
It is soluble in water at about six hundred times its weight.

The anatomy of the hide, the general formation of the hide, consists
of a network of fusiform cells, divided into distinct parts, called by the
physiologists the epidermis or scurf skin, the cuticle or true skin, and
the fibrous membrane; its chemical constituents are nitrogeneous,
with a modicum of sulphur. The latter is found principally in the
hair; it may be described as ‘gelatine, which is N. or nitrogen, fibrine,
N. S., or nitrate of sulphur; hence when brought into contact with
milk of lime, hydrogen forms an affinity with nitrogen and lime, hence
ammonia, N. H. 3; this attacks sulphur and thus the desired result is
obtained.

Old limes become Nitrate of Calcium, N. 05, and saponaceous, and

as in this state it is very deleterious to the hide, you will therefore

176

avoid as much as possible the danger of allowing your limes to be-
come too much saturated with nitrogenized matter; use only enough
for the time; sulphur will always assist the lime. I would have made
several experiments, only that I had not the apparatus. I propose
the use of an apparatus for liming, such an one as I have had in pri-
vate use for some time past.

' DRENCHES.

The exuvia of fowls and reptiles yields upon exposure to a humid ©
atmosphere oxylate of ammonia; in water, with considerable agita-
tion, carbonate of ammonia; thus you perceive the intuitive process
of agitating the drenches from time to time. The ammonia is taken
up by the hide whilst the carbon is combined with the lime, forming
carbonate of lime, or chalk, which is very injurious to the hide, and
when in excess prevents the necessary reduction. The test for the
presence of chalk is to take up ina glass some of the suspected im-
pure drench and drop into it a few drops of acetic acid. Efferves-
cence or foaming will indicate the presence of chalk. In large
tanneries a quantity of air may be blown into the drench until the
lime is precipitated, when the supernatant liquor of ammonia may be
drawn off and used again with a.small addition of excrement.

I have found that weak liquors, rich in acid produced by mucilagi-
nous ferment are of great use in reducing the skin and expelling the
lime. Baths of sulphurous acid are also as good (if properly man-
aged) as drenches made from exuvia, especially if uric acid in proper
proportions be held in intimate solution with the acid.

SWEATING PROCESS.

Sweat-houses are made, as you all know, by building a place almost
air-tight, through which water or steam is caused to pass. H. is
evolved, affinity for N. ie” disengaged and ammonia is formed, first
from water vapor; 2 vols. H., 1 vol. O. form 2 vols. aqueous vapor,
and 3 vols. of A. V.—1 of N. form ammoniacal gas, and ammonia
has a great affinity for sulphur, and the greatest quantity of sulphur is
found in the mucous canal of the skin, consequently the roots of the
hair are decomposed by the caustic action of ammonia, and thus dep-
ilation is secured. This method is not to be recommended for upper:
leather, as the fatty portion of the hide is not by this means sufficiently
decomposed, and to useacids strong enough for the purpose would —
injure the texture of the skin, it being too thin. I have seen a few
days since, in the tannery of Mr. Rawlston of Bertheu, a compound
process. The lime-house is part a sweat-room; he uses sulphur in
the limes; the hides are exposed to the action of the ammoniacal gas
as well as the action of lime, and are limed very low. Théy use no

17

“drenches. A very fair description of leather is the result. This pro-
cess might (if improved) answer very well for hides intended for buff
leather, because time is saved and the hide is rendered thicker for the
splitting operation.

In tanning we have noticed the method of reducing the hide or
skin employed by the Egyptian, the Arab, as also by the Indian of
this country. The antiquity of the mode or method is beyond a ques-
tion, as we find the process of smoking the hide resorted to by all‘

' .of them as the final process, and this brings to my mind carbolic

acid, since the creosote of smoke has the property of tanning the
hide, and the two are so similar that it seems surprising any one
should consider the use of carbolic acid in the light of a new discov-
ery. I remember some years since, while experimenting on some
sheepskins, my surprise at finding that picric acid had completely
tanned some of them, upon which it (a diluted solution) had acciden-
tally fallen. If I had known-then as much as I afterwards learned in
relation to picric or carbozotic acid, there would have been no occa-
sion for surprise, since the formula for it is with little difference the .
formula of carbolic acid.

There is no doubt but that carbolic acid, if used in conjunction
with a preparation similar to that adopted by the Egyptian, the
Arab, and also the Indian of this country, would make an excellent
description of soft leather, but it is decidedly injurious if used in
combination with tannic acid. Indeed the French calfskins owe their
peculiar softness to the method and the material employed, being
somewhat similar in their character and effect upon the skin to that
produced by the formula I have just mentioned; and here I would.
make a few remarks upon French tanning. The French tanners in
general produce a very poor description of stock; true it is that in
the neighborhood of Strasbourg, Nantes, Tours and Bordeaux, as also,
Paris, a superior article is produced, but until within a few years past
the art of producing stock, known in this country as French calf, was
confined to only a few men. In fact, so late as 1824, the art was
entirely unknown to the French, they having been taught the mys-
tery by some enterprising Irishmen who found their way there
about that time. Before I leave the tanning department I would
state that in sole leather too great care cannot be taken in properly
semi-drying and oiling before rolling. Oil and water, together with
a little rosin, should be mixed together and lightly spread over the
surface of the hide before it is placed under the roller; this will give
a better polish, a higher color, and at the same time tend to obviate
the objectionable property of cracking, which I am sorry to see some
sole leather possesses.

And now we will enter the

178

CURRYING SHOP.

Here I would earnestly impress upon your minds the necessity there
is, first, for careful shaving, or skiving, more especially for calf-skins ;
let the shoulders and shanks be left full; take nothing off more than
you can take off with the back of the knife; so that there may be some-
thing left for the stuffing, without having the thin place disfigured by
patches of oily supersaturation; be careful, also, not to dry them in
the sun! I had forgotten to mention the scouring. Let everything
be well scoured in water at about ninety degrees F., if you want
weight, color and surface; do not grudge the labor of scouring upon
both flesh and grain, and if any difference, let the flesh have the most
of it. And now I must say a few words about the stuffing ingredi-
ents. I am afraid that I have already taken more than the time al-
lotted for the lecture, and have thus suppressed some portion of it;
nevertheless, I would state that we should endeavor to have the hide
when converted into leather, as tough, as soft and as fine as it was
before we deprived it of its fatty matter in order to render it leather.
We must learn how to put back all the elements we deprived it of.
Oil and tallow will not do this! The softness acquired in leather by
saturation with stuffing is similar to the lubrication of the hinges of
a door — it softens it and causes rough parts of the fibre to slip; it in
fact lubricates it; but when it has evaporated, it leaves the hide as
hard and as brittle as it was before it was stuffed at all.

In conclusion, gentlemen, I would say something about extracts
and tanning materials, only that I am interested in the manufacture of
extracts. Yet if there is any one here who feels interested in the
same branch of industry, I shall be very happy to speak with him
about it when the lecture is over. We have all the materials for man-
ufacturing every description of leather as good as it can be made in
any country in the world!,"1 myself will undertake to tan and curry
a skin with materials to be found in this country, equal to any goods
produced in France. We have sumac, the quercus of every kind, and
last, though not least, the Abies Canadensis, the hemlock tree! With
the extract of this and sumach, we can produce leather worthy of the
country, and I think that is saying a good deal. I do not want to
travel this road alone, and I do not think a more appropriate place
than this Salem can be found to commence classes for the study of
chemistry in its application to tanning and currying. With this I
will conclude, thanking you very much for your kind attention.

After the close of the lecture, remarks were made by several mem-
bers, and a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Maynard for his inter-
esting and instructive lecture.

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE, .

VOLUME III,

1871.

SALEM, MASS.
PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS.

1872.

i ah ie ens

a

w

CONTENTS.

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 2, ; : Pace

KE Yo é ‘ . Wi "
Peace a ene eta
| ee ek Bere P é air and Resolu-
Letters Announced, 8, 11, 21, 23, 30, 31, 38, 41; 59, 76, 79, 100,
120, 132, 145, 155, 161, 163
Additions to Library, 8, 12, 22, 24, 30, 32, 38, 41, 60, 76, 79, 100,
; 120, 182, 146, 155, 162, 164 *

Additions to Cabinets, : ; F : ae ; . 165

Additions to Historical Department, . i , a M147. 156, 162

Deficiencies in Library, eel ; : F . 12, 18, 96, 182

Publications of Institute, ‘ ‘ ; ; ; r , 14; 96

Regular Meeting, Monday, January 16, : : : : 3 9
J. Kimball, on the Early Mills in this Vicinity, 9.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 6, : : z : ; 17

J. H. Emerton, on the Flying Spiders, 17.— M. A. Stickney’s commu-
nication ‘‘on Nathaniel Ames and his Almanacs,” 18.— Autographic
passes by H. T. Brasmahe, John Winslow and B. Arnold in 1775-6, 23.

Regular Meeting, Monday, February 20, . rc : F . 28
Regular Meeting, Monday, March 6, : c : : : 25

The Ancestry and Birthplace of Hawthorne, communication from the
President, 25.— F. W. Putnam on Tetraodon and Diodon, 29.

Regular Meeting, Monday, March 20, 5 ea c A 51
J.S. Cabot’s communication, “Genealogy of the Cabot Family,” 31.—
ecrernees of A.W. Dodge on the Habits and Customs of our Ances-
tors, 31. =

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 3, 6 a ; . ; 33

J. L. Russell’s communications on The Salem Female Anti-slaver
Society, 34.— Remarks of the President, 34.— Paper Money, by J.
Robinson, 35. — Eggs of the Daddylonglegs, by J. H. Emerton, 37.

Regular Meeting, Monday, April 17, © , : : ; , 39
F.W. Putnam, on the New Australian Fish, Ceratodus, 40.
Semi-centennial Anniversary, Friday, April 21, f 4 A 42

Remarks of the President, 42.— Original Hymn, by J. Very, 45.— Ab-
stract of the Address, by A. C. Goodell, Jr., 46.

Regular Meeting, Monday, May 1, a a : : 49
The Geological Survey of Essex County by A. Hyatt, 49.—Note by Dr.
T. Sterry Hunt, 53.— Geology of the Phosphate Beds of South Caro-
lina, by A. 8. Packard, Jr., 55.—J. H. Emerton’s Remarks on Flow- ,
ers, found in South Salem and Swampscott, 58. — A Committee ap-
pointed to nominate officers for election, at the Annual Mecting, 60.

(iii)

.

lV CONTENTS.

Annual Mecting, Wednesday, May 10, i - 5 : ‘
Reports of Recording Secretary, 61. — Superintendent of Museum, 65.
—Treasurer, 66.—Librarian, 67. — Communication of the President,

on Public Library, Memorial Hall, 68.— Officers elected, 71.
Regular Meeting, Monday, May 15, : - F = : ‘
Mementos from the Recent Franco-German War, by A. H. Johnson, 72.
Field Meeting at North Beverly, Thursday, June 15, ; ‘

Notice of the Excursion, 77.— Tornado, or Cyclone, at Wenham, ny
D. H. Johnson, 81.— Remarks of Mr. Dodge, on the Cyclone, 81.—
W. Putnam, on the Alewives and other Fishes collected in the
Lake, 88.— Communications from the President on Rey. John Chip-
man, 90. Rev. Enos Hitchcock, 92. Rev. Daniel Oliver, 93. Rev.
Moses Dow. 94.— Remarks of Henry Wilson, 9.

Adjourned Meeting, Friday, June 20, _ . ‘ p atch :
Field Meeting at East Gloucester, Thursday, June 29, : 2

Notice of the Ramble, 97.—G. D. Phippen’s remarks on Botanical
Specimens collected, 101.— Chrysopa, and its Eggs, by J. H. Emer-
ton, 106. — History of the Baptist Church in East Gloucester, by
Rey. J. H. Gannett, 106. — Mr. Gannett, on Geology, 110. — Remarks
of A. H. Johnson, on ‘The Study of the Lower Forms of Life”, 110.
—Remarks of Rev. E. C. Bolles, on ** Helix Hortensis, or Garden
Snail,” 114.—on “‘limne c olumella,” 115.—Remarks by Rey. R. Eddy
of Gloucester, 116.—of Wm. B. Trask of Boston, 116.—ot E.N.
Walton, 116, — and James Davis of Gloucester, 116.

Field Meeting near “Ship Rock” in Peabody, Wednesday, Aug. 2,

Notice of the Excursion, 117 ety age tie of the President, 121.—Indian
Relics from. Beverly, by F. W. Putnam, 123.— Remarks of J. H.
Emerton, on Plants vallectan, 125.— W. B. Trask’s remarks on the
old “Trask House” in Salem, 125.—‘* Phaeton Rock” by F. W.
Putnam, 128.— Wigwam Rock, by Jones Very, 129.

Special Meeting, Tuesday, September 5, Ry es : ,

Remarks of the President, 131.—-Lord’s Memorial rervey on A.
Huntington, 131,— Remarks of A. W. Dodge, 132.

Regular Meeting, Monday, Oct. 16, . . rae : :

President’s remarks on “The rid Academy of Science,” 135. _
Remarks of F. W. Putnam, 136.— Resolutions of Sympathy and
Tender of Aid to the Chicago Academy of Science Adopted, 138.—
Remarks of the Reesident on the ‘ Chicago Historical Society,” 138.
— Resolutions of Sympathy, and Tender of Aid.to the ‘‘ Chicago
Historical Society Adopted, 139.— Communiration from W. H. Fos-
ter, on the Salem and Boston Stage Company, 139.

Regular Meeting, Monday, November 1, 1871, A Sone! :

F.W. Putnam, Remarks on Bos Americanus, 147. —F. W. Putnam,
on the Ancient Fortification, on the Wabash River, 148.

Quarterly Meeting, Wednesday, November 8,._. 5

Regular Meeting, Monday, Noy. 20, . . ay P “

Little Auk, 156.—A. C. Goodell, Jr., Sketch of the Legislation of Mas-
sachusetts (The Provincial Period ), 157.

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 4, . s 2 : :
Remarks of E. S. Atwood, 163.

Regular Meeting, Monday, December 18, . : enriee

Remarks of Fr. W. Putnam on the Mammoth Cave and its, Tnhabi-
tants, 165.

61

72

ite

97

i Be ig

131

132

161

163

BULLETIN

OF THE

ait Do Re 8 pe ila pd 2 et eB a ee

VOL. 8. SaLem, Mass., JANUARY, 1871. Na, 12
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

ReGuLaR MeEetinc, Monpay, JANUARY 2, 1871:

Tue President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

Dr. A. S. Packarp, Jr., referring to the fine specimen
of Triassic fossil fish Catopterus gracilis Redfield, presented
this evening by Mr. Russell, stated that he had during
the past autumn visited the locality at Sunderland, Mass.,
which is exposed at low water. The fine blackish slates
were in nearly horizontal beds and the fish remains were
quite abundant. At Turner’s Falls, about_ten miles north
of Sunderland, he had visited a large and very complete
collection of bird tracks belonging to Mr. T. M. Staugh-
ton. The collection included some fine fossil tracks, and
plant and insect remains, the latter occurring in nodules
at a locality three miles north of Turner’s Falls. The
insect remains were of one species of an aquatic larva,
which had been referred to the Ephemere by Dr. J. L.
Leconte, and called Palephemera medieva, by Hitchcock.
On an examination of specimens showing well the head
and extremity of the’ body, Dr. Packard thought they
were rather aquatic coleopterous larve, belonging perhaps

Essex INST. BULLETIN. II ib

2

uear the family Heteroceride. Among the fossil plants
were sprigs of a supposed coniferous tree, Volizia, a
characteristic Triassic plant in Europe.

Dr. Packard also gave an account of the discovery of
organs of special sense in the abdominal appendages of
Chrysopila, a fly allied to Leptis.. He thought they were
possibly olfactory organs, like those he had discovered in
the jointed abdominal appendages of the cockroach. He
referred to similar little sacs situated in the palpi of Perla
next the mouth, and thought they were perhaps organs of
smell.

Prof. A. E. Verritu, of Yale College, gave a brief
sketch of the marine fauna of Eastport, Me., and spoke
of the unusually favorable opportunities for collecting.

MARINE FAUNA OF EASTPORT, ME.

Eastport Harbor is somewhat quadrangular in form, about one and a
half miles wide and three long, partially bounded on the east and south
by the Island of Campo Bello, which is about nine miles in length, and
on the west by Moose Island, on which Eastport is situated, while on
the north-east it is protected by Deer Island, Indian Island, and numer-
ous smaller islands. It has four outlets. The largest and deepest is the
broad channel between Campo Bello and Indian Island, which is 40
to 70 fathoms deep andommunicates directly with the Bay of Fundy.
In this channel the tides flow with great velocity and power, and the
bottom is stony and ledgy throughout, in some cases consisting of
smooth, nearly clean, round stones, like paving-stones, on which only
a few Foraminifera, Bryozoa, Ascidians, and Actiniz can maintain a
permanent home. Between Deer Island and Indian Island on the
east and Moose Island on the west, there is another broad and
deep channel, in some places 50 to 60 fathoms deep, with a rough, ,
rocky bottom. This channel is several miles in length and communi-
cates with the Bay of St. Andrews at the mouth of the St. Croix
River. This bay is about 15 miles across, and consequently an im-
mense volume of water must pass through the channel during every
ebb and flow of the tide, which produces so powerful a current that it
‘is useless to attempt to row a boat of any kind against or across the
current, except when it slacks near high or low water. Dredging in

3

this channel is somewhat difficult, on account of the swift current and
rough bottom, and can hardly be attempted with safety when the tide
is flowing with its full force. The fauna is, however, very remarkable
as showing ‘the influence of physical conditions on animal life, for
here, at the depth of 40 to 60 fathoms, we dredged nearly the same
assemblage of animals that are found on the opposite rocky shores,
between high and low water mark, together with many of the same
forms of sea-weeds. Among the more abundant species were Mytilus
edulis, Modiola modiolus, Mya arenaria, Saxicava arctica, Buccinum
undulatum, Ascidia complanata Fab. (A. callosa St.), Cynthia pyri-
formis, Boltenia reniformis, various species of Bryozoa and Hydroids,
Ophiopholis aculeata, Asterias vulgaris, Cribrella sanguinolenta, Eury-
echinus Dribachiensis, Pentacta frondosa, Cancer irroratus, Thelphusa
circinnata (Lumara flava St.), etc. There was, in fact, scarcely any®
thing in the dredgings brought up from the deepest parts of this
channel that would have indicated a depth of more than one or two
.fathoms below low water mark, along the shores, and most of the
species can readily be obtained at low water of ordinary tides. This
is doubtless due to the powerful current which rushes through the
channel like a rapid river, and flowing over the rough and irregular
bottom, completely mixes up the water from top to bottom, so that
there is really no appreciable difference in the temperature or other
conditions of the water of the bottom and surface. A third channel,
which is narrower and quite shallow, connects the southern end of
the harbor with the Bay of Fundy, passing between Campo Bello on the
east and Treat’s Island and Lubec on the west. This channel is suffi-
ciently deep"for the Boston steamers and large vessels at high water,
but after half-tide is not safe except for small craft, and sometimes,
at extremely low tides, it becomes nearly bare. The bottom is mostly
muddy and soft. A fourth, narrow, but deep, rocky channel, passing
between Treat’s Island and the southern end of Moose Island, com-
municates with the extensive bodies of water known collectively as
Cobscook Bay, but consisting, practically, of several distinct bays. .
or fiords, which have received local names. The southern branch,
known as South Bay, was pretty fully explored with the dredge.
These bays receive and discharge great volumes of water at every
tide, nearly all of which passes into and through Eastport Harbor, and
together with that which supplies St. Andrews Bay, it mostly comes in
and goes out through the channel first described, between Campo
Bello and Deer Island. As a result of this arrangement, Eastport
Harbor is characterized by a powerful and somewhat complicated
system of tides, which can+be best understood by examining a chart
of the harbor, with the soundings indicated, and comparing the re- ,
spective channels to river valleys, when it will be found that, as a

4

matter of course, the most powerful currents will follow the deeper
and broader channels, while the smaller and shallower channels will
be tributary to them. Counter currents exist along the shores, and
areas also exist where opposing currents meet or counteract each
other, causing the water to be thrown into violent commotion, or else
to be comparatively quiet, according to circumstances. At one point,
in the central part of the harbor, we found a large bank, formed where
the two principal tide-currents meet, consisting of a nearly uniform
mass of comminuted shells and sand, which was almost destitute of
life; but where the currents slack, or produce eddies, banks are
formed which are very favorable for the development of a great variety
of marine animals. Such a bank, covered by 10 to 15 fathoms of
water, exists between Treat’s Island and Friar’s Head. This is com-
posed of broken shells and gravel in most parts, and is a very rich
. dredging ground. Some of the most common and interesting species
found here are Alcyonium carneum, Urticina crassicornis, in many
beautiful varieties, Astrophyton Agassizii, Ophioglypha Sarsii, O. ro-
busta, Amphiura squamata, Asterias Stimpsonii, and several other
species, Cribrella sanguinolenta, of many colors, Solaster endeca, Cros-
saster papposus, Pentacta frondosa, a great variety of Hydroids and
Bryozoa, Terebratulina septentrionalis (very abundant), Cynthia pyri-
formis, C. carnea, etc., Astarte undata, A. lens (Stimp. Mss.), Entalis
striolata, Sipho Islandicus, S. pygmeus, Scalaria Grénlandica, Acirsa
Eschrichtii*, Margarita undulata, and many other interesting shells,
with numerous worms and Crustacea. Nearer Campo Bello, towards
Welch Pool, the bottom becomes muddy and abounds in mud-loving
shells and worms. In the broad, shallow channel or bay west of
Treat’s Island, in 10 to 15 fathoms, a similar assemblage of animals is
found, together with some additional ones of great interest. Among
the species found here are Acaulis primarius St. (attached by a pedi-
cle), Pteraster militaris, Alcyonium rubiforme, Lucernaria quadri-
cornis, Aphrodite aculeata (very large), numerous Ascidians, Pandalus
annulicornis, several species of Hippolyte, etc. Another very prolific
bank of a similar kind, but composed of coarser gravel, broken shells,
sponges, &c., is found at the entrance of South Bay, between Razor
Island and the Lubec shore, in 8 to 10 fathoms of water; most of
the species already mentioned (including Pteraster) are found here, °
together with numerous other species, many of which are ordinarily
found only in much deeper water, showing that depth, of itself, has
very little to do with the distribution of marine animals, and that
temperature and other local conditions are the main causes which

* This species has not been recorded before from New England. Itis not un-
common at Eastport.

“ee eu ll

5

affect them. Dredgings were also made in the Bay of Fundy, off the
northern end of Campo Bello, where at the distance of four or five
miles from Head Harbor, we reached the greatest depth which we
could find anywhere within many miles of the shore. There appears
to be at this place a depression of the bottom, or a valley somewhat
parallel with Campo Bello, in which the depth is 100 to 125 fathoms,
with a bottom of fine, soft, sticky mud and broken shells, in most parts.
At this place we found Alcyonium carneum, Astrophyton Agassizti, Oph-
topholis aculeata, Ophioglypha Sarsti, O. robusta, Ophiacantha spinulosa,
Terebratulina septentrionalis, Astarte lens, Pecten tenuicostatus, Apor-
rhais occidentalis, etc. There were, however, very few species not to
be found in 10 to 15 fathoms on the banks in Eastport Harbor. Ona
patch of hard bottom, near this place, in about 100 fathoms, we ob-
tained a few rare and interesting species, among them a new species
of a creeping Halcyonoid polyp allied to Telesto and Cornularia, with
comparatively large, white tentacles. Farther out the water becomes
shallower all the way to the ‘‘ Wolves.” Since the shores are diversi-
fied and the tides very extensive at Eastport (the extreme rise and fall
of spring tides being about 28 feet), the opportunities for shore collect-
ing are also excellent. The best localities for this are on the rocky
shores at the southern end of Moose Island; north of the village
at and near Dog Island; and also on Treat’s Island and most of the
other small islands in the vicinity; while many mud-loving creatures
can be dug up from their burrows in the mud and sand on the exten-
sive flats of Broad Cove, Prince’s Cove and other localities. The
number and variety of marine animals that can be collected at low
water within a few minutes’ walk of Eastport is really surprising to
persons accustomed to collect on other parts of the coast. Even
under and among the lofty wharves a very respectable collection may
be made, including at least 200 species, and representing nearly all
the classes.

Among the shore species are, of Radiata : Urticina crassicornis is (mostly
of the variety mottled with green and red), Bunodes stella (in crevices
and under rocks), Metridium marginatum, Edwardsia, three species,
Peachia parasitica, Alcyonium carneum, many Hydroids, Ophiopholis
aculeata, Ophioglypha robusta, Amphiura squamata, Astrophyton Agas-
sizii (young), Asterias vulgaris, A. littoralis, A. Stimpsonii, Stephanas-
terias albula V. (Stimpson sp.), Cribrella sanguinolenta, Solaster endeca,
Crossaster papposus (rare), Echinarachnius parma (in sand), Euryechi-
nus Drébachiensis (very abundant on rocky shores at extreme low
water), Pentacta frondosa, Thyonidium productum, rare, Chirodota leve
(under stones, like the last), Psolus phantapus, young, adult rare,
Lophothuria Fabricii (young common, adult rare, on ledges). . Of the
Mollusca: Cynthia pyriformis, C. carnea, C. echinata, Molgula retortifor-
mis and several other species, Ascidia complanata, very abundant, Cione

6

tenella, Boltenia reniformis, and several other Ascidians, numerous Bry-
ozoa, Terebratulina septentrionalis, a large number of bivalve and
univalve shells, among which Buccinum undulatum, Sipho Islandicus,
Chrysodomus decemcostatus, Lunatia heros, Purpura lapillus, Chiton
marmoreus, C. ruber, and C. albus, Mya truncata and M. arenaria, Saxi-
cava arctica, Modiolaria niyra, and Pecten Islandicus are conspicuous.
Of Annelids and Nemerteans there are a large number of species, many
of which have not yet been identified; among the most interesting of
the former are Nereis grandis St., abundant and large, found in the mud
of Broad Cove at low water, with many other species of Nephthys,
Spio, etc., Arenicola piscatorum, living in the same way at Prince’s
Cove; Thelphusa circinnata forming coarse tubes under stones; Myai-
cola Steenstrupti, forming a loose, soft, jelly-like tube; a blood-red
species of Torquea (?), remarkable for the brilliant blue phosphores-
_cence of its numerous long tentacles; several fine species of Sabella,
Terebellide, Glycera, Eunice, Phyllodice, Lumbriconereis, etc. Among
the larger Crustacea are Cancer irroratus, Crangon boreas, C. vulgaris.
The harbor also abounds in Jelly-fishes and many other forms of
pelagic animals. Of the former Cyanea arctica, Aurelia jflavidula,
Oceania languida, Melicertum campanula, Staurophora laciniata, Bo-
lina alata, and Idya roseola are very abundant, while other species,
such as Callinema ornata V.,and Mertensia ovum, are occasionally seen.
Night collecting would doubtless reveal many other species. Among
the other pelagic forms are species of Thysanopoda and Mysis, known
to the fishermen as ‘‘shrimp,” which go in vast ‘‘schools” and are
the favorite food of herring, young pollock, and other species of
fishes, as well as of large flocks of gulls. We also saw, on one oc-
casion, immense numbers of a species of Sagitta, besides many minute
species of Entomostracayetc. The fish-fauna is also rich and diver-
sified. The principal fisheries in the vicinity of Eastport are, how-
ever, for the common herring (Clupea. elongata), the hake, haddock,
and pollock, while in deeper waters, outside, halibut and cod are also
taken. During the time that I was at Eastport last summer, three large ©
specimens of the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) were taken in
the vicinity of Eastport and Lubec, having been left in shallow water
by the ebbing tide. These were from 25 to 30 feet in length, and very
thick in proportion, and were all males, as was a still larger one,
about 35 feet long, caught near Eastport in 1868. This shark, although
very powerful, is quite harmless and rather sluggish. The teeth are
small and slender, shaped something like shoe-pegs, and the mouth
and throat are comparatively small. The liver is very bulky and
often yields two or three barrels of oil. Four or five other species of
sharks are also not uncommon. The wolf-fish, Anarrhicas vomerinus,
is frequent on the rocky shores, feeding largely on the sea-urchin
(Luryechinus Drébachiensis) and Buccinum undulatum.

7

The TREASURER reported an addition to the funds of
sixteen hundred and fifty-four dollars and seventy-eight
cents ($1,654.78), one half of the net proceeds of a fair
recently held for the benefit of the Salem Oratorio Society
and Essex Institute, by the ladies of Salem, Beverly, Pea-
body, and other towns in the vicinity. The fair was held
in Mechanic Hall, and was opened for the sale of useful
and ornamental articles, on Monday evening, October 31,
1870,—and continued through Tuesday and Wednesday, °
and till 1 P. M. of Thursday. The managers were for-
tunate in being the first occupants of the hall since tha
enlargement and reconstruction. The convenience in its
several appointments and the beautiful and appropriate
_ decorations added much to the comfort of the managers
and assistants, and to the general interest of the occasion.
Five numbers of a paper entitled “ To-Day,” were issued,
ably edited and finely printed, containing a full account,
in detail, of the organization and proceedings, and also
many interesting and valuable communications from the
pens of some of our literary and scientific writers.

Several*members offered appropriate remarks, and ex-
pressed their deep sense of gratitude to those ladies who
so generously gave their services on this occasion which
was so eminently successful.

The following resolutions were proposed and unani-
mously adopted. '

Resolved, That the sincere and grateful thanks of the
Essex Institute be presented to the Board of Management
and all others who assisted in the Salem Oratorio and
Essex Institute Fair, for the liberal contribution to its
funds, reported by the Treasurer this evening.

Resolved, That the Treasurer be requested to communi-
cate a copy of these resolutions to Mrs. E. D. Kimball,
the President of the Board.

8

The following correspondence announced : —

U. S. Dept. of Interior, Dec.; New York Secretary of State, Dec. 21, 24; New
York State Library, Dec. 21; Alnwick, Berwickshire Naturalists’ Field Club, Oct. 10;
Berne, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Nov., 1869 and Aug., 1870; Cambridge, Cor-
poration of Harvard College, Nov. 28; London, British Archzological Association,
Dec. 6, Geological Society, Dec; St. Petersburg, Société Entomologique de Russie,
Oct. 6; Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, May 10; Hamlin, Robert D., Ben-
nington, Vt., Dec. 20; Higginson, Thos. Wentworth, Newport, R. I., Dec. 27;
Hotchkiss, Frank E., New Haven, Conn., Dec. 21; Perry, William Stevens, Geneva,
N. Y., Dec. 14, 20.

The following additions to the Library reported : —

Historical Papers of the Church in Virginia edited by William Stevens Perry, 1
vol. 4to, privately printed, 1870. Connecticut Church Documents, edited by Fran-
cis L. Hawks and William S. Perry, 2 vols., 8vo, New York, 1863-4; Documentary
’ History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Vermont, 1 vol., 8vo, New York,
1870; Debates of the House of Deputies in the General Convention of Protestant
Episcopal Church, 1868, 1 vol., 4to, Hartford, 1868; Reports of General and Diocesan
Conventions and various other publications; 11 volumes and 146 pamphlets.

By Donation.

U. S. DEPT. OF THE INTERIOR. Documents 3d Sess. 40th Cong., 28 volumes.

U.S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT, Finance Report for 1870, 1 vol. 8vo.

HARVARD COLLEGE. Treasurer’s Statement, 1870, 8vo pamph.

BUTLER, B. F., M.C. Drake’s Speech in U.S. Sen., Dec. 16, 1870.

COLE, Mrs. NANCY D. File of the Salem Gazette for 1870.

GREEN, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 75.

HART, CHARLES H., of Philadelphia. A Necrological Notice of the Hon. R. S.
Field, LL. D., of Princeton, N. J., Oct. 6, 1870.

HOTCHKISS, FRANK E., of New Hayen. Year Book of the City of New Haven
for 1870.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for Dec. 24, 1870.

PALFRAY, CHARLES W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 40.

STICKNEY, MIss Lucy W. Cincinnati Directories for 1855, ’59, 67, 3 vols. 8vo.

SUMNER, CHARLES, U. S. 8S. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for
1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Acts and Resolutions of U. S., 1 vol. 8vo, 1870. Message and
Documents, 4 vols. 8vo. Paraguayan Investigation, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo.

TATE, GEO., of Alnwick, England. The History of Alnwick, Vol. ii., Parts 1 and
2, 1868-69, 2 vols. 8vo. Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, 1837, ’54,
62, 63, 764, 765, °66, 967, 68, °69, Sv.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago, Ill. The Press, Jan. 1, 1871.

By Exchange.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. Proceedings of, Vol. xiii, Sigs. 20, 21.

LEEDS PHILOSOPHICAL AND LITERARY SOCIETY. Report of the Council, May
4th, 1870, 8vo, Leeds, 1870.

BERNE, NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT. Mittheilungen aus dem Jahre,
1869, 8vo.

ZURICH, NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT. Vierteljahrsschrift Redigirt von
Dr. Rudolf Wolf. Vierzehnter Jahrgang, 1869, 1 vol. 8vo.

‘9

MOSCOU, SOCIETE IMPERIALE DES NATURALISTES. Bulletin Année, 1870, No. 1,
8vo pamph.

PUBLISHERS. Christian World. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gloucester Tele-
graph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant.
Lynn Semi-Weekly Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature.
Peabody Press. Quaritch’s Catalogue. Salem Observer. Silliman’s Journal. Soth-
eran’s Catalogue.

Augustus P. Hamblet of Salem, was elected a resident

member.

Re@uiar MEETING, Monpay, January 16, 1871. x»

The President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

Mr. James Kimpatu read an interesting communication
on the early Mrxts in this vicinity, which contained
many citations from the records and affidavits on file in
the county offices of Essex.

In the formation of a new settlement, attention is
immediately directed to secure a regular and sufficient
supply of bread stuffs, and every facility in that direction
is regarded of the highest importance ; hence the erection
of Grist Mills is necessarily the first movement in the in-
troduction of the manufacturing industries. It appears,

‘therefrom, that within four years from the landing of

Roger Conant and his companions, and two after the ar-
rival of Endicott, Capt. William Trask, one of the orig-
inal planters, was the first person who applied our water
power to economic use, in the erection of a mill, on a-
small brook running into the North River, near the
crossing of the highway in the vicinity of the Railroad
Station in Peabody, called Gardner’s Brook. Here upon
the narrow outlet of this stream a rude dam was con-
structed of logs with a power only sufficient for the most

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. Il 2

10

primitive kind of mill. The first machinery was for
pounding or beating corn, a mortar mill, as it was after-
wards called.

Various changes were made at different times in the
construction and uses of the building or buildings on this
foundation: in 1692 it was rebuilt for a Fulling Mill—
several mills of this character were erected on the small
streams in this county during the colonial and provincial
periods in our history. It further appears, that, at an
early date, several families located in this neighborhood,
which was considered a desirable place for a settlement,
‘hence the necessity of erecting and maintaining the bridge
at the “Town’s End,” alluded to in the records of that
period. In 1640, Capt. Traske* obtained permission,
and some years after erected a mill about half of a
mile lower down the river, and opposite his house (in
the rear of 158 Boston street) ; not liking that place, in a
short time, he moved it again half of a mile further down,
making it one mile from the location of the first mill.
This was used by himself and his descendants for many
years, when it passed into other hands. During the latter
part of the last and the first half of the present century
it was under the direction of William Frye, father and
son, and was familiarly known as “Frye’s Mills.”

July 12, 1633, a grant was made by the town of Lynn
to Edward Tomlins for a mill; this was the second in
this colony, and was erected on Strawberry brook, flow-
ing from Flax Pond, a few rods west of the junction of
Franklin with Boston Street. In 1663, 6 mo. 22, per-

*Capt. William Trask was born in Somersetshire, England, probably in 1587,
died in 1666. The house which he built and in which he resided, was situated a
few rods in the rear of the present old mansion, No. 158 Boston Street. The pres-
ent house was built by his son, about 1680. This is the only part of the original
estate that is now and has been owned by members of the family in successive
generations. ; ar ma

11

mission was granted to Walter Price, Henry Barthole-
mew, John and Samuel Gardner, for building a mill on
the South River near Mr. Ruck’s. This “New Mill” was
completed in 1664, and in 1666 the town ‘incorporated
this dam into the public travelled way and continued it
from the Mill Dam through the South Fields to the little
gate in the fence, where it joined the old road to Marble-
ead: This was on the site of the “South Mills,” so
called, and now occupied by the Eastern Railroad com- |
pany for the new Engine House. The town in remun-
eration for the injury doné to the Pickerings (John an®
Jonathan) by the erection of the dam, and the laying
out of the way over the same, which run through their
shipyard, granted them a site at the Town’s End, or in
Hardie’s Cove, if they should find it most convenient:

A general discussion followed the reading of the paper,
participated_in by Messrs. W. P. Upham, James Kimball,
the chair, and others. Several suggestions were made
having a reference to the subject of priority of the differ-
ent mills; allusion being made to Saltonstall’s Mill in
Ipswich, granted in 1635; a description also was given
of the early mode of grinding, probably on the principle
ofthe trip hammer, the use of stones having been intro-
duced at a later date. The building of various mill dams
and bridges in this vicinity, that of the North Bridge in
1764, was specified. A vote of thanks was passed to
Mr. Kimball for his interesting and valuable communica-
tion and he was requested to prepare the same for publi-
cation in the “Historical Collections.”

The Secretary read the following correspondence : —

William 8. Elwell, Springfield, Jan. 10; Frank E. Hotchkiss, New Haven, Dec.
30; William Stevens Perry, Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 28, Jan. 7; Geo. Henry Preble,
Charlestown, Jan. 14. . :

The Librarian announced the following additions : —

12

NATURAL HISTORY OF NEW YORK. Palzontology, vol. 3, pts. 1 and 2; vol. 4;
3 vols. 4to; Albany, 1864, ’67.

By Donation.

BUTLER, BENJ. F., M. C. Report of the Department of Agriculture for Noy.
and Dec., 1870. Bingham’s speech in U. S. H. R., Dec. 20, 1870.

FOOTE, CALEB. Files of several County Papers for 1870.

GREEN, S. A., of Boston. Three pamphlets.

KIMBALL, JAMES. Rules of the Supreme Court of Mass. for 1870, 1 vol. 12mo.
Eulogies on Gulian C. Verplanck, 1 vol. 8vo.

LEE, FRANCIS H. Boston Directory for 1865. Bombay Directory for 1863.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for Dec., 1870, Jan. 7, 1871.

ROPES, NATH’L. A description of Types, 12mo pamph.

SUMNER, CHARLES, U.S. S. Report of the Dep. of Agriculture for Nov. and

* Dec., 1870.
WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago, Ill. Four pamphlets.

By Exchange.

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. Proceedings at Annual Meeting, Oct., 1870.

BOSTON NUMISMATIC SocrETY. American Journal of Numismatics Jan., 1871.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. The New England Hist.
Geneal. Register, Jan., 1871.

‘PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Essex Ban-
ner. Gardeners’ Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical
Magazine. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Semi-
Weekly Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody
Press. Quaritch’s Coarelon ag Salem Observer. Sotheran’s Catalogue.

—<—_» > —

DEFICIENCIES IN THE LIBRARY.

It is intended from time to time, to publish lists of deficiencies in the Library,
hoping that the friends of the Institute, who may notice the same, will be induced |
to aid in completing the sets. Any number or volume, not designated (within
brackets) under any title, will be acceptable.

DEFICIENCIES IN DIRECTORIES.
[Continued from volume ti, page 128.]

CARTHAGE, N. Y., by J. C. Kimball [1867-8].
CayuGA County, N. Y., by H. Child [1867-8].

13

CHEMUNG and SCHUYLER COUNTIES, N. Y., by H. Child [1868-9].

CHENANGO County, N. Y., by H. Child [1869-70].

CORTLAND Country, N. Y., by H. Child [1869].

ELMIRA, N. Y., by W. H. Boyd [1860].

FISHKILL LANDING, N. Y. [1864-5]. *

GENESSEE COUNTY, by H. Child [1869-70] 5

Hupson, N. Y., by Parmenter & Van Antwerp [1851-2]; by H. Wilson’ [1856-7] ;
by W. V. Hackett [1862-3].

JEFFERSON Counry,N. Y., by H. Child [1860 and 1861].

KINGSTON & RONDOUT, N. Y., by Fitzgerald, Webb & Co. [1866].

LOWVILLE, N. Y., by J. C. Kimball [1867-8].

NEW YORK, N. Y., by David Franks [1786, reprint]; by David Longworth [1796-
7, 1799-1800, 1809-10]; by Thomas Longworth [1825-6, 1826-7, 1827-8, 1831-2, 1832-3,
1833-4, 1834-5, 1835-6, 1838-9, 1839-40, 1840-1, 1842-3]; by John Doggett [1841-2, 1842-36
1843-4, 1844-5, 1845-6, 1846-7, 1847-8, 1848-9, 1849-50, 1850-1]; by Charles R. Rode [1850-
51]; by Doggett & Rode [1851-2]; by C. R. Rode [1852-3, 1853-4, 1854-5]; by H. Wil-
son [1852-3, 1853-4, 1854-5, 1855-6, 1856-7, 1857-8, 1858-9, 1859-60, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863,
1864, 1865, 1866, 1867]; Business Directory, by H. Wilson [1862-3, 1866-7, 1853-4].

NIAGARA CounrTy, N. Y., by H. Child [1869].

ONEIDA COUNTY, N. Y., by A. Boyd [1862-3]; by Waite Brothers & Co: nme als
by H. Child [1869].

ONONDAGA County, N. Y., by H. Child [1868-9].

ORLEANS Country, N. Y., by H. Child [1869].

OSWEGO, N. Y., by W. Hancock [1856-7]; by John Fitzgerald [1861, 1864-5].

Porspam, N. Y., by J. C. Kimball [1668].

POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y., by J. Underhill [1856-7]; by David B. Lent, Jr. [1859-60] ;
P. & Fishkill Landing [1864-5].

RENSSELAER COUNTY, N. Y., by H. Child [1870-1].

ROCHESTER, N. Y., by Elwood & Dewey [1844]; by Jerome & Brother [1847-8] :
by D. M. Dewey [1853-4, 1855-6]; by Curtis, Butts & Co. [1861].

RoME, N, Y., by W. H. Boyd [1857, 1859-60]. c

SARATOGA SPRINGS, N. Y., by A. Boyd [1868-9].

SCHENECTADY, N. Y., by H. Y. Bradt & Co [1864]; by W. H. Boyd [1857]; by H.
Y. Bradt [1862-3].

TOMPKINS County, N. Y., by H. Child [1868].

Troy, N. Y., by John F. Prescott [1850-1]; by George Adams [1857]; by Adams,
Sampson & Co [1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862].

SYRACUSE, N. Y., by W. H. Boyd [1857] ; pions Journal [1862-3, 1864-5, 1866-7]; by
Andrew Boyd [1868-9, 1869-70].

WATERTOWN, N. Y., by J. P. Fitch [1840].

WAYNE Counry, N. Y., by H. Child [1867-8].

WromMInG County, N. Y., by H. Child [1870-71].

14

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. 1871.

JOURNAL OF THE ESSEX COUNTY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 1 vol.

8vo. 1836-1852. pp.135. In paper, . A eae se " : . : . $0 50

Bound, . . ‘ ° 4 A : . °

PROCEEDINGS AND COMMUNICATIONS. 8vo. 6 vols, 1848-1868. [The Pro-
ceedings close with the sixth volume.] The series, in numbers, as

Bound in cloth, . : : 5 : , - 7 . :

COPuG rem eis leeds posters sb Ree oe ee
‘¢ TI. 1856-1858. pp. 488, 1 plate, . e F - ; : - - °
CTE ASSSNSEE. pRB.) oo ee POUR ma ewe A
“¢ IV. 1864-1865. pp. 448, 15 plates, = % cnr P 3 C
‘“¢ 'V. ~=-: 1866-1867. pp. 569, 4 * and Naturalists’ Directory, . ;
“VI. 1868-1871. pp. 259, 2 plates and 3lcuts, . ; ; i “ “

[These volumes contain a large number of descriptions and figures of
new species, especially of Corals, Insects and Polyzoa; and many valuable
papers on Natural History. The first three volumes also contain many im-
portant Historical papers. In addition to the papers on special subjects, the
volumes contain the proceedings of the meetings of the Institute, the records
of additions to the library and museum, and many important verbal com-
munications made at the meetings, etc. The Naturalists’ Directory is also
issued under the same coves With vols.IV.and V. Vol. VI. closes the series.]

BULLETIN. 8vo. Issued in monthly parts of about 16 pages each.

Subscription per annum, . P » C ¥ Bis hage P : a ‘ ,
Single numbers, ‘ - e ; 4 s s ; . i ; i ;
Vol.I. 1869. pp. 164, . ‘ : r ; : ; Ab eee 2 Aly Se
(1878.5 Pp ol78;, -; ; d bi race! oe ¥ A tee ; :
«III. 1871. Subscription, F : é F P ; 2 7 3 3

[The Bulletin takes the place of the Proceedings of the Institute which
close at the date of the commencement of the Bulletin. This publication
will contain all the short communications of general interest, both of an
Historical and Scientific character, made at the meetings of the Institute,
and the record of the meetings and business of the Institute. Occasional
lists of the deficiencies in the library of the Institute, and of the duplicate
hooks offered for sale or exchange will also be given. ]

1 00

18 00
24 00
2 00
2 00
2 00
5 00
6 00
3 00

1 00
10
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1 00
1 00

WW

15

NATURALISTS’ DIRECTORY. Issued with Proceedings Vol. V, 1867.

(This work contains the addresses and departments of study of the Nat-
uralists, Collectors and Taxidermists, in North America at the date of pub-

SS al ee er ee ee
Separate from Proceedings, paper covers, ing cite dc peakh ee $1 00
si Re “8 bound and interleaved, PGA 2 00
HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS. First series, Vols. 1-8, small 4to, S ; ‘
sf ‘ s Second series in 8yo, commencing with Vol. 9,
The 10 vols. in paper covers, 7 F : : A A : $ 20 00
“10 “ * cloth binding, ‘ : ‘ F , ; a : ‘ . 30 00
Vol. I. 1859. pp. 206. Steel plate, . i : Fi 5 ‘ é , ae COLOU
Ceekas, 1860. ppsdl0;.3 5- % paeeee Stee st sh Oeeree ara 1,00)
“ TIT, 1861. pp. 298, . a a ee cee ae
¢ 6IV. 1862. pp. 289, . rs 3 . é é fe ae é . -. 800
« 'V.. 1868: pp.289: Steel:plate, . . . =. 3 00
VE. 18642 pps 2idsia.- ee en Se er ie 3 00
‘SVAN. 18652 ppi2si.8 9: oS afe shy es ED eG = oe, tees aoe S300
sé: -“VILTAS66.- pp.267,-. “2 « pase Cod atcha pat “ng ae eee Sere 00
“ TX. 1868-9. (Vol. 1 of 2d series. 8vo.) pp. 374, 5 ; 7 3 00
‘¢ 6X. «1869-70. pp. 319. Steel plate, 2 : : 7 F ; : 3 00
“XI. 1871. Subscription, é ‘ ‘ 3 00
The Historical Collections contain papers wholly of an Historical and
Genealogical nature, and are most valuable to the student of early Ameri-
can History. Many important manuscripts and public and private early
records are printed in these volumes for the first time, as well as papers
specially prepared on topics relating to the early history of Massachusetts.
Several Genealogies of leading families connected with the early settlement
of the country are also contained in the volumes. ] ~
THE WEAL-REAF. Published for Institute fair in 1860. Small 4to. pp. 56, 30
To-DAY. Published for the Institute and Oratorio fair, 1870. pp. 38, 50
Besides the above publications, the following works are offered for sale :
ALLEN, J. F. Victoria Regia, or the Great Water Lily of America. Royal
folio, six colored plates, 1854, : , 2 : a ee 10 00
ALLEN, J. A. Foray of a colony of Formica Sanguinea upon a colony of
Black Ants. 1858,* . A . A : 5 ~ : - ° : re 10
BALcu, D.M. On the Sodalite at Salem. 1864,* . ’ ‘ 5 : ; : 10
BaLcu, D.M. Analysis of Grapes. 1865,* . : ° F : 10
BricGs, G. W. Memoir of D. A. White. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1864,* . ; 30
Cougs, ELiioTr. List of the Birds of New England, with critical notes.
75

Pamphlet, 870, 1608" 4. 96 pee oe ne Eee eS Gas

16

DERBY, PERLEY. Hutchinson Family. 1 vol, 8vo. 1870,* . oo Se Seo

EnpDIcoTT, C.M. Account of Leslie’s Retreat. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1856, . .

EnpicotTt, C. M. Account of the Piracy of the ship i of Salem...

in 1831. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1858,* : . ° ° . : . Fe *
Essex INSTITUTE. Historical notice of, with the Constitution, By-Laws,

and lists of the Officers and Members. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1866, r «

FOWLER, S. P. . Account of the Life, Character, etc., of Rey. Samuel Parris,
and of his connection with the Witchcraft Delusion of 1692. Pamphlet,

8vo, 1857,* . . « . »
GILL, T. Prodrome of a secure ak of the Pingipedes eek 1866,* F

Hyatt, A. Observations on Fresh-water Polyzoa. 103 pages, 9 Plates and
25 Cuts, 8vo, 1868,* . ° : . . . ~ : : : -

KIMBALL’S Journey to the West in 1817. Pamphlet, 8vo,* near’ $ ‘

McILWRAITH, T. List of Birds of Hamilton, Canada West. Pamphlet,
8vo, 1866,* P 5 : PUN AN Sy ta! oS

- PLUMMER Hat, Dedication of. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1857, . 5 r >

PREBLE, GEORGE HENRY. The First Cruise of the United States Frigate
Essex. Pamphlet, 8vo,* F . : F F F e
PUTNAM’S and PACKARD’S Notes on Humble Bees, etc. Wild Bees of New
England, their Parasites, etc., with a plate. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1865,* . :
SALEM, Town Records of. 1634 to 1659. S8vo,1868,* . . ° . a
SHURTLEFF, C. A. Report on the Army Worm. 1862,* . . 5
STREETER, G. L. Account of the Newspapers and other Periodicals alk
lished in Salem. Pamphlet, 8vo,185t,* . . . STi ha. |
UPHAM, C.W. Memoir of Francis Peabody. Pamphlet, beat 1869,* . °
UPHAM, C. W. Memoir of D. P. King. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1869,* ° . ‘
UPHAM, W.P. Memoir of Gen. J ohn Glover of Marblehead. Pamphlet, 8vo

1863,* . : ° : t 3 a \ : ‘ ‘ ‘ : . é
WEINLAND, D. F. Egg Tooth of Snakes and Lizards. Pamphlet, 8yo,
with a plate, 1857,*¥ . @- . \ era”
WHEATLAND, H. Notice of the Pope Family. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1867,* . .

WHITE, D. A. Covenant of the First Church. Pamphlet, 8vo, 1856,* . ’
WHITE, D. A. New England Congregationalism. 1 Vol. 8vo, 1861,
WILDER, B.G. Researches and experiments on Spider’s silk. 1866. Cuts,*
Woop, Horatio C. Phalangex of United States. 1868. Cuts of most of
SUSE Ps a's > Aa sl oe Pgs is

1 50

* Those marked with a star are extra copies from the Proceedings and Fingovigal

Collections.

BULLETIN

OF THE

MssHxX INSTITUTE.

Vot. 3. Savem, Mass., Fesruary, 1871. WG.-2.
; One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

ReauitarR Meretinc, Monpay, Fesruary 6, 1871.

Tue President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read. |

Mr. James H. Emerton read a paper on the Flying
Spiders, illustrating his remarks by. drawings on the black-
board.

Some spiders, he said, have a habit of rising into the

atmosphere by the help of currents of air acting upon
threads of cobweb attached to their bodies.
The threads before rising are often tangled
together, covering the grass and bushes,
and floating in the air in ie ee pieces.
‘ In Europe large flights 4E this web often
take place, particularly in the fall of the
year. The web rises usually in the morn-
ing, when the weather is clear and calm, and descends
again in the afternoon, as the day becomes cooler.

Travellers on the coast of South America have several
times seen the rigging of their vessels covered with cob-
webs, blown off from the shore. Mr. Darwin, in his
journal of the voyage of the Beagle, gives an account of

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. III 3

18

a case of this kind when the vessel was sixty miles from
land. A letter from an officer on one of the U. S.
vessels, says that last autumn, when near Montevideo,
after a wind, the rigging was filled with cobwebs, and
little spiders fell down all over the deck. :

In our own country such showers have seldom been
noticed, although the bushes and grass are often covered
with web, which float out in the air to the length of
several feet. One calm, warm morning in June, 1858, I
was watching some little spiders, about one-tenth of an
inch long, on the top of a fence in Bridge street, Salem.
‘Occasionally one would stop and turn up its abdomen, at
the same time straightening up its legs as if to get as
high as possible. A thread then passed upward from the
spinnerets at the end of the abdomen, increasing in a few
seconds to a yard in length, when the spider and thread
rose slowly upward, until the thread was entangled in the
branches of the trees above. Mr. R. P. Whitfield tells
me that once, near Utica, N. Y., while crossing a field of
stubble, he saw a multitude of spiders running up and
down the stalks, and when they found one to suit them,
letting a thread pass upward from their bodies, and when
enough had passeé,. rising with it into the air. Most
experiments tend to show that currents of air are the
cause of the spinning of these threads, but others have
believed that they could be better accounted for on electri-
cal principles. Some also have believed that the spiders
can fly without the help of web or currents of air.

The President read a communication from Mr. M. A.
Stickney, “on Nathaniel Ames and his Almanacs.”

The almanac, one of the first productions of the New
England press (1639), always held a prominent place
among the essentials of a New England home in the

19

olden times, and was the usual appendage to. the iarge
fire-places, around which cluster so many pleasing associ-
ations. These annual sheets being sewed together and
thus preserved with scrupulous care, in a4 continuous
series, formed a diary of the domestic circle. On the
margin of the pages, or on the inserted leaves, were
frequently noted the principal events of the family, some-
times of the neighborhood, and occasionally those of a
more general interest. \

The small number of these old memorials that have
escaped from the ravages ‘of time, are considered verye
valuable by the antiquary and the student of local his-
tory. From these time-worn and dingy leaves many im-
portant facts may be gleaned, or at least a careful perusal
will not be time misspent. :

Mr. Stickney commenced some thirty years since to
preserve almanacs, and has been very successful in his
efforts in this direction. His collection is very extensive,
and several of the series are perfect and in good condi-
tion. From the abundant resources at his command, he
has been-enabled to prepare a series of valuable and
interesting articles on almanacs and their authors. Four
numbers have been printed in Vol. VIII of the “Historical
Collections of the Institute ;” others are in preparation.

1. Nathaniel Low, 1762 to 1827, inclusive (none
printed in 1766), sixty-four numbers. Mr. Low, the
eldest child of Nathaniel and Sarah Low, was born in
Ipswich, Dec. 23, 1740 (O. S.). He was a physician,
and settled at Berwick, Me., continuing there the publi-
cation of the almanacs which he had commenced at Ips-
wich, in 1762. These almanacs may be considered one
of the most important series ever published in New Eng-
land, both on account of the period in which they were ~
issued, that of the Revolution, and for the number of

20

years they were printed. After his decease in September,
1808, this publication was continued by his son, Na-
thaniel.

2. Amos Pope was born Feb. 22, 1771, in the first
Parish of Danvers. He was the son of Nathaniel and
Mary (Swinnerton) Pope, and his ancestors were among
the first settlers of Salem. At the age of twenty he
undertook to prepare an almanac for the year 1792, which
under great disadvantages he accomplished. He also
prepared almanacs for 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, and 1797,
these were all printed except the one for 1796. After
-1797, with the exception of a few winters devoted to
school keeping, he resided upon the ancestral farm, where
he died January 26, 1837.

3. Samuel Hall, son of Jonathan and Anna (Fowle)
Hall, was born in Medford, Mass., Nov. 2, 1740. In
1768 he was persuaded by Capt. Richard Derby to re-
move to Salem, and under the patronage of the Derbys,
and other patriotic citizens, established: the Essex Ga-
zette : the first number was issued Aug. 2d of that year ;—
the first paper in Salem. He printed the Essex Almanac
from 1769 to 1773, inclusive. He removed to Cambridge
in 1775, and soon ft sreards to Boston. He returned to
Salem in 1781 and commenced printing the Salem Ga-
zette, and in 1785 he again removed to Boston, where he
died, Oct. 30, 1807.

4. Daniel George, of Haverhill, 1776 to 1787, inclu-
sive, except for 1785; none printed that year. He re-_
moved from Haverhill to Falmouth (now Portland), Me.,
previous to 1783 and was the publisher there, for a time,
of the Gazette of Maine. He died suddenly, Feb. 4,
1804, aged 45.

This communication, the fifth in the series, contains a
brief notice of Nathaniel Ames and his series of alma-

21

nacs of thirty-eight successive years, with extracts from
the different issues and the various jottings on the mar-
gins and interleaved pages, the whole forming a valuable
contribution to our local history. 3

Nathaniel Ames was born at Bridgewater, July 22,
1708, he was the son of Nathaniel, grandson of John,
and great grandson of William, the immigrant ancestor,
born at Bruton, Somersetshire, England, Oct. 6, 1605,
and settled in Braintree, Mass., as early as 1640. He
was a distinguished physician and mathematician, and
removed to Dedham in 1732. At the age of seventeen*
he calculated his first almanac, which was published in
1726. His almanacs were superior to those of his con-
temporaries, and obtained a great circulation; 60,000
were annually sold in the New England colonies. ' He
died July 11, 1764. The almanacs were continued for
several years by his son Nathaniel, a graduate of Har-
vard in 1761, a physician, and died at Dedham in 1822.
The celebrated Fisher Ames “one of the most brilliant
men this country ever produced,” was his third son, born
April 9, 1758, graduated at Harvard 1774, and died July
4, 1808. “In the old church yard at Dedham, is a plain
white monument, on which is the simple inscription
FisHEeR AMES.” A

This communication was referred to the Publication
Committee, and will probably be printed in the “Histori-
cal Collections.”

The Secretary announced the following correspond-

Cuca. ——

From New England Historic-Genealogical Society, Feb. 2; Pennsylvania Histor-
ical Society, Feb. 2; Throndhjem Kongelige Norske Videnskabernes-selskab, Sept.
28, 1870; Boardman, S. L., Augusta, Me., Jan. 25; Brigham, W.T., Boston, Jan. 25;
Hotchkiss, Frank E., New Haven, Conn., Jan. 17, 23; Mann, Mary, Cambridge,
Dec. 4, 1870; Paine, N., Worcester, Jan. 24, 25, 28; Preble, George Henry, Charles-
town, Dec. 18, Jan. 31; Perry, Wm. Stevens, Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 20; Stephens,
Wm. Hudson, Copenhagen, N. Y., Jan. 27; Trippe, T. Martin, Alexandria, Minn.,
Dec. 30; Williams, N. M., Methuen, Jan. 26. ¢ :

22

Tue LiprariAN announced the following additions.

By Donation.

BUTLER, BENJ.F.,M.C. Kelly’s Speech in U.S. H.R., Jan. 10,1871. Maynard’s
Speech in U. 8. H. R., Dec. 15. 1870. 8vo.

CLOUTMAN, W.R., of Charleston, S.C. Memorial Addresses on Wm. Pitt Fes-
senden, Dec. 11, 1869. 1 vol., small 4to.

DoDGE, ALLEN W. Regulations of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1 vol.
8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 20

GREEN, S. A., of Boston. The Tariff Question, by E. B. Bigelow, 1 vol. large
4to. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 17.

HOLDEN, N.J. Massachusetts Legislative Doc. for 1865. Miscellaneous pamph-
lets, 75.

HUNTINGTON, A. Five pamphlets.

KIMBALL, JAMES. Three pamphlets.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin. Jan’y, 1871.

STONE, JOHN O., of New York. Report of the Metropolitan Board of Health for
_ 1869. lvol. 8vo.

SUMNER, CHARLES. U.S.S., U. S. Coast Survey for 1867. lvol. 4to.

PALFRAY, C.W. The Manufacturer and Builder for March, April, 1870. Files of
the Philadelphia Inquirer for 1866-7-8-9-70. Files of the Commonwealth, 1866 to
1870.

PEABODY, JOHN P. The Fireside Favorite for 1870.

PEABODY, S.E. Littell’s Living Age from 1849 to 1869 inclusive.

ROPEs, WM. L., of Andover. Catalogue of Andover Theological Seminary,
1870-71, 8vo.

WALKER, FRANCIS. Characters of undescribed Lepidotera Heterocera, 8vo, 1869.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago, Ill. Message of John M. Palmer, Gov. for II1.,
Jan. 4, 1871.

By Exchange.

BIBLIOTHEQUE UNIVERSELLE ET REVUE SUISSE. Archives des Sciences Phys-
iques et Naturelles, Nouvelle Période. Tome Trente-huitieme (38) Nos. 151-2-3-4-5,
8vo. ‘Geneve, Lausanna. Paris. 1870.

BoOsTON PUBLIC LIBRARY Bulletin for Jan., 1871.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NiruraL HISTORY. Pr oceedings. Vol. xiii, sigs. 22, 23,
1870.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF RUSSIA. Hore Societatis Entomologice Russice.
Tome VI, No. 4, Tome VII, Nos. 1, 2, 3, Tome VIII, No. 1, 8vo, Petropoli, 1870.

HARVARD COLLEGE, Annual Report of the President. 1869-70. ‘

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Annual Catalogue of the Offi-
cers and students, 1870-71, 8vo.

BOSTON MERCANTILE LIBRARY eadetiaton: Index to the Catalogue of
books, 1 vol., small 4to, 1869.

NEUCHATEL SOCIETE DES SCIENCES NATURELLES. Bulletin, Tome VIII. 1870. °
8vo.

SOMERSETSHIRE ARCH XZOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Proceed-
ing for 1868-9. Vol. XV. 8vo. Taunton, 1870.

PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. Canadian Naturalist. Christian
World. Eclectic. Essex Banner. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette.
Historical Magazine. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant. Lynn ©
Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. National Farmer. Nature.

Peabody Press. Quaritch’s Catalogue. Sailors’ Magazine. Salem Observer. Silli-
man’s Journal.

-_

23

Among the donations to the Department of Manu-

scripts, the following may be specified as a donation from
Mrs. N. D. Cole.

Permit Mr. Jonathan Cole to pass on or before Sunday next out of
Quebec, and on or before Thursday next out of the District, with his
wearing apparel, Bedding, and a case and small keg of Liquor, with-
out hindrance or molestation, he behaving as besemeth.

Given under my hand & seal at
[Seal] Quebec this 24th Novem’r 1775
By His Excellency’s
command
H. T. BRAsMAHE.

; ' e

Camp before Quebec May 2, 1776. Received of John Peirce Jun.,
Esq., assistant Paymaster for the Northern Department by the hands
of Mr. Jonathan Cole the sum of twenty-five Thousand Dollars, for
which sum I promise to account with the Paymaster General on
settlement.

JOHN WINSLOW, Assistant Paymaster.
25,000 Dollars.

Permit the bearer Jonathan Cole to pass from home to Boston on

his lawful Business. -
Head Quarters

Montreal 10th May 1776
To all concerned. B. ARNOLD B. Gen.

Mrs. Edward D. Kimball was elected a resident mem-
ber. Adjourned.

—<—»— -

RecuLtar Mrerinc, Monpay, Fesruary 20, 1871.

The President in the chair. The Records of the pre-
ceding meeting were read.

The SecRETARY announced the following .correspond-

ence.

From Boston Public Library, Feb. 7; Hall, B. H., Troy, N. Mes Feb. 9; Hotchkiss,
Frank E., New Haven, Feb. 7, 18; Norton, Charles, Janesville, Wisconsin, Feb. 4;
Tracy, C. M., Lynn, Feb. 11; Verrill, A. E., New Haven, Feb. 15.

24

The LiprariAn reported the following additions.

By Donation.

BUTLER, BENJ. F., M.C. Report of Agriculture, Jan., 1871. Hoar’s Speech in
U.S. H. B., Feb. 7, 1871.

GAFFIELD, JOHN V. Report of the Librarian of Congress for 1870.

HOTCHKISS, FRANK E., of New Haven, Conn. New Haven Directories for 1840,
41-2, ’2-3, 3-4, 74-5, 76-7, ’7-8, ’9-50, ’65-68. Cleveland Directory, 1837-38. Commer-
cial Directory, 1823. Connecticut Register 1847, ’8, 752, ’3, 74, 5, 78, 79, 61, 62. Beck-
with’s Almanac, 1852, ’9, 61, ’2, 3, ’8, 70, 1. Prindles’ Almanac, 1826, 740, ’7, 8, 51,
5,60. Middlebrook’s Almanacs, 1810, 711, 718, 723, 6, °7, °84.. Beers’s Almanac
1805, 712, 719, *22, °28. Boston Municipal Register for 1867. Miscellaneous pamph-
lets, 65.

KIMBALL, JAMES. Illustrated Circular, ‘‘ The National Bridge and Ion Works,”
Svo. Boston, 1869.

LEE, FRANCIS H. Catalogue of the Free Public Library in Worcester. Miscel-
laneous pamphlets, 3.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin, Feb.

PRESTON, CHARLES P. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 8.

STONE, EDWIN M., of Providence, R.I. Report of the Ministry at large. Jan.
8, 1871. :

CHARLES SUMNER, U.S.S. Schurz’s Speech in United States Senate, Dec. 15th,
1870, on “‘ Political Disabilities.” Report of Agriculture for Jan., 1871.

UNKNOWN. History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards. 1 vol. 8vo. Trans-
actions of the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society for 1869. 1 vol. 8vo. Report
of the Board of Education of Chicago for 1869, 1870. 2 vols. 8vo.. Report of the
Board of Trustees of the Illinois Industrial University for 1868, 1869. 2 vols. 8yvo.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago, Ill. Report of the Board of Health of Chicago
for 1867, ’8, 79, and a Sanitary History of Chicago, from 18338 to 1870, 1 vol, 8vo.

By Exchange.

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, Phila. Proceedings, Vol. xi, No. 85, 1870.

NEW YORK MERCANTILE@LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. Oflicers and Members for
1870-71. Svo pamph. ad

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WOOL MANUFACTURERS. Bulletin. Vol. II, No.
4. 8vo pamph.

PUBLISHERS. American Booksellers. American Naturalist. Essex Banner.

Gardener’s Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Land and Water.

Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Re.
porter. Nation. National Farmer. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer.
Sotheran’s Catalogue.

Charles E. Fabens and Benjamin H. Fabens wee

elected resident members. Adjourned.

BULLETIN

OF THE

i 2 8 ao con 9 Se Os ae

VoL. 3. SaLem, Mass., Marcu, 1871. No. 3.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.
7

ReeutaR Meetina, Monpay, Marcu 6, 1871.
Tue President in the chair. Records of preceding

meeting read.
The President read a communication on

THE ANCESTRY AND BIRTHPLACE OF HAWTHORNE,

whose writings have imparted a degree of interest to
many places in this city, and whose successful career in
the field of letters, has added a brilliant star to the glori-
ous galaxy of Salem worthies. Here much interest
centres; foreign tourists and others come to visit the
scenes which he has so well described in his writings, and
to repeople them with those characters which he has so
vividly portrayed. This interest is on the increase, each
year adding to the number of those who thus show their
respect and admiration of the man and his writings.

It is proposed only to allude briefly to his ancestry in
America; very little is known of the family in the
motherland. Hawthorne, when in England, devoted much
time, fruitlessly, to search out the residence of any of
them, and wrote to a friend, “of all things; I should like
to find a graye-stone in one of these old church-yards

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. Ill 4.

26

with my own name upon it; although for myself I should
wish to be buried in America.”

The name has been prominent in our annals from the
first settlement, and has been variously spelt, eight differ-
ent modes having been noticed.

The emigrant ancestor, Major William Hathorne, came
over in the Arabella, with Winthrop, as stated by Savage
in his Genealogical Dictionary. He went probably, first
to Dorchester, having had grants of land there in 1634;
made freeman May 14, 1634, and was one of the ten men
in 1635. In 1636 Salem tendered him grants of land if
he would remove hither; he came in that or the year

following. From that time his name appears on our '

records, as holding important’ positions, Commissioner,
Speaker of the House of Representatives, Counsel in
cases before the Courts, Judge on the Bench, soldier
commanding important and difficult expeditions, and in
innumerable other cases.

Johnson, in his “wonder working Providence,” thus
says of him, “yet through the Lord’s mercy we still
retaine among our Democracy the’ Godly Captaine Wil-
liam Hathorn, whom:the Lord hath indued with a quick
apprehension, strong» memory, and Rhetorick, volubility
of speech, which hath caused the people to make use of
him often in Publick Service, especially when they have

had to do with any foreign government.” He died in -

1681. His son John seems to have inherited many of his
prominent traits of character, and to have succeeded in
all his publie honors, was freeman in 1677, Representa-
tive in 1683, Assistant, or Counsellor, 1684 to 1712, ex-
cept the years of Andros’ government; a Magistrate in
the prosecution of the witchcraft trials, afterwards of the
Superior Court; Colonel of a regiment and commander
of the forces in the expedition of 1696, on the retire-

=, ~e

27

ment of Church. He died in 1717. The name appears,
thus far, to have been as prominent in the civil history of
that period, as it has been in the elegant literature of the
present. :

Joseph Hathorne, the next in descent, married, June
30,1715, Sarah, daughter of William Bowditch, and
a sister of Ebenezer, the grandfather of Hon. Nathaniel
Bowditch, the eminent mathematician. He was occupied
principally with the quiet and retiring duties of the farm, '
and did not take that leading part in publick affairs which
his father and grandfather had been called upon to assume,

He died in 1762, having had among other children,
Daniel, who, during the period of the Revolution, was in
command of several Privateers, and noted for his courage
and bravery ; died April 18,1796, at the age of 65. . His
contemporaries speak of him in high terms of commenda-
tion, and his funeral was attended with that respect which
real worth ensures. No descendants are now living in
Salem who bear his name. ‘The eldest son died young;
the second, Daniel, died at sea, unmarried, in 1805, a
master-mariner; the third, Nathaniel, was the father of
the subject of this notice. The eldest daughter, Rachel,
married Simon Forrester, one of the Pioneers in the East
India trade, who died in 1817, leaving a large fortune,
the results of his successful commercial enterprisés.

Nathaniel Hathorne, son of the preceding, born in
1776, married Elizabeth Clarke Manning, daughter of
Richard Manning, and sister of Robert, the distinguished
pomologist of Salem. Mr. Hathorne, after his marriage,
continued to reside in the family mansion, now numbered
21 Union street, and in the northwest chamber of this
house, Nathaniel; the author, was born, July 4, 1804.
This house was built about two hundred years since by
Benjamin Pickman, some additions and alterations having

28

been made by the several owners; the land, on which it
stands, was, originally, part of the grant to Joseph
Hardy, who conveyed it Aug. 7, 1685, to his son-in-law,
Benjamin Pickman; B. Pickman’s wife, Elizabeth, was
daughter of Joseph Hardy; Joshua Pickman, a son of
Benjamin, conveyed the same to Jonathan Phelps, June
22, 1745, he with his wife, Judith, transferred it to their
son-in-law, Daniel Hathorne, Sept. 28, 1772. Rachel,
the wife of the grantee, being the daughter of the
grantors. This estate remained in the family until 1850,
when it was sold by the heirs to Isaac Cushing.

Soon after the death of Capt. Nathaniel Hathorne,
which took place at Surinam, in the spring of 1808, the
mother went with her children to the family of her father,
_Richard Manning, at the Manning house, No. 10 Herbert
“ street — this estate extended through to Union street,
adjoining that of his birthplace. There they lived till
October, 1818, when they went to Raymond, Me., where
his grandfather, in connection with his uncle Richard, and
others of the family, had made very extensive invest-
ments in lands. Hawthorne lived here about a year in a
large house built near the shore of Sebago Lake, by his
uncle, Robert Manviing, i in the expectation that the Man-
ning family would remove from Salem to Raymond.
Haivthorne returned to Salem to attend school, in the
autumn of 1819, living again in the family of his grand-
mother Manning, and during the vacations, whilst a stu-
dent at Bowdoin College, also after his graduation. In
December, 1828, he and his mother removed to North —
Salem, to a house built and owned by Robert Manning,
adjoining his own residence on Dearborn street. In De-
cember, 1832, they moved again to the ancestral man-
sion in Herbert street. About 1836 he went to Boston
to edit a magazine, and after a short residence, returned

29

again to the same old house, but not long after he went
again to Boston, where he stayed until he took up his
residence at Brook Farm. He was married in Boston,
July, 1842, to Sophia A., daughter of Dr. Nathaniel
Peabody of Salem, and lived for some time at the “Old
Manse,” in Concord, Mass. In October, 1845, he came
to Herbert street with his family, as boarders, remaining
there six months, when he removed to Boston. In
August, 1846, he came back to Salem, and lived at No.
18 Chestnut street. In October, 1847, he removed to
14 Mall street, in this place he lived until April, 1850,»
and then left Salem for the last time, as 2 resident.

We have thus given some account of the paternal
ancestry of Hawthorne in this country, his birthplace and
other residences in Salem, where he passed many years
of his life, and where many of his choicest productions
were written— leaving to others the delineation of his
character and of his writings.

This communication, of which the above is only a brief
abstract, was referred to the Publication Committee for
insertion in the Historical Collections.

Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited several specimens of the
peculiar fishes belonging to the genera of Tetraodon and
Diodon which had been recently presented to the Museum.
He called attention to the singular structure of the teeth,
which, while appearing simply as one large tooth on each
jaw in Diodon, and as two on each jaw in Tetraodon,
really consisted of a large number of teeth so closely
cemented together by the deposit of dentine as to form
the solid compound teeth characteristic of the family. He
also pointed out the peculiar structure of the scales, modi-
fied so as to serve as spiny organs of defence, which in
connection with the power these fishes have of inhaling

30

‘air to such an extent as to enable them to float on the sur-
face of the water like an inflated balloon, rendered it al-
most impossible for any other fish to swallow them. |The
flesh of many species of this family are well known to be
poisonous, and an old sailor will seldom risk eating them.

The following correspondence was announced, —

New England Society of Orange, Feb. 26; Smithsonian Institution, Feb. 15; E.
W. Buswell, Boston, Feb. 28; G. F. Choate, Salem, Mch. 6; J. Colburn, Boston,
Feb. 20; Wm. Graves, Newburyport, Mch. 2; M. How, Haverhill, Feb. 25; Mrs. E.
D. Kimball, Salem, Feb. 22; D. Webster King, Boston, Feb. 20; W.S. Perry,
Geneva, N. Y., Feb. 23; William Prescott, Concord, N. H., Feb. 25; A. H. Quint,
New Bedford, Feb. 28, 27; J. K. Wiggin, Boston, Feb. 21.

The following additions to the Library were reported.

Donations.

ABBOTT, A., of Newburyport. Moore’s Almanack for 1778. An Act for Regu-
lating and Governing the Militia of Massachusetts in (1798. The New England
Courant printed in 1723.

BLAKE, C.J.,of Boston. Late contributions to Aural Surgery by donor. Read
May 24,1870.

Butuer, B. F., M. C. Speech in H. R. Feb. 14, 1871, on Expulsion of West
Point Cadets. °

GARRISON, W. P., of New York. Constitution and By-Laws of the New Eng-
land Society of Orange, as adopted May 12th, 1870.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for Feb.

LINCOLN, SOLOMON. Memoir of Mrs. Rowson by Elias Nason. 1 vol., small
4to, Albany, 1870.

SUMNER, CHARLES, U. 8. S. Drake’s Speech in U. 8S. Senate, Dec. 16, 1870.
Congressional Directory, 3rd Sess., 41st Cong. Schurz’ Speech in U. S. Senate,
Jan. 27, 1871. Hoar’s Spee@h in U. S. H. R., Feb. 7, 1871. Eulogies delivered in
U.S. Cong., Feb. 9, 10, 1871,,0n Death of Hon. John Covede. Report of the U. S.
Commissioners to the Paris Exposition. 6 vols. 8vo. Washington, 1870. Reports
of the Total Eclipse of August 7, 1869, 1 vol., large 4to.. Message and Documents,
2d Sess., 41st Cong. 1869-70. lvol. 8vo.

HINGHAM PUBLIC LIBRARY. Address delivered at the Dedication, July 5th,
1869, by Hon. Thomas Russell.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago, Ill. Free Labor the first condition of Free
Trade. By C. W. Felt.

By Exchange.

BUFFALO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings for 1869-70.

IowA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Annals of Iowa for Jan., 1871.

MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Account of the Settlement of Ellicott’s
Mills, read before the Society, Noy. 3., 1870.

PUBLISHERS. American Naturalist. Christian World. Eclectic. Essex Ban-
ner. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Historical Magazine. Land and
Water. Lawrence American. Literary World. Little Giant. ae Reporter.
Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. National Farmer. Nature. Peabody

31

Press. Quaritch’s Catalogue. Salem Observer. Silliman’s Journal. The New
Carpet.

Wm. A. Ireland and Wm. H. Kilvert were * duly
elected Resident members.

—<»*<——

RecuLtar Meeting, Monpay, Marcu 20, 187 iP

THe President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read. |

The President presented a copy in manuscript of the
Genealogy of the Cabot family, prepared by Hon. Joseph
S. Cabot of this city, and which he had recently received
from him, a donation to the manuscript department,
and made some remarks upon the history of this family
in this county. Two brothers came to Salem about 1700,
John and George, from the Island of Jersey—John
married Anna Orne and was the ancestor of the family in
this vicinity and this record refers especially to an ac-
count of his descendants. George married Miss Mars-
ton, daughter of Benjamin Marston of Salem, died in
1715, leaving a son Marston, who graduated at Harvard
college in 1724, and was settled in the ministry at Kil-
lingly, Conn. He married Mary, daughter of Rev. Josiah
Dwight and died April 8, 1756, leaving many descend-
ants. Dt bobs

Mr. ALLEN W. DopGe made some interesting remarks
on some of the habits and customs of our ancestors as
gleaned from an examination of the wills and inventories
of estates on file in the Probate office. This subject will
probably be alluded to again at some future meeting.

The Secretary announced the following correspondence :

Boston Atheneum, Mch. 10; Boston Public Library, Mch. 13; Corporation of
Harvard College, Mch. 13; Mass, State Board of Health, Mch, 18; Mass. State

32

Library, Mch. 14; New York State Library, Mch. 14; Peabody Institute, Peabody,
Mch. 13; R. I. Historical Society, Mch. 15; George W. Duncan, Haverhill, Mch. 4,
7; Mrs. A. T. Endicott, Boston, Feb. 28, Mch. 15; B. H. Hall, Troy, Mch. 18; Mrs.
P. A. Hanaford, New Haven, Mch. 17; F. G. Hastings, New York, Mch. 18; Z. A.
Mudge, Marblehead, Mch. 18; Josiah Newhall, Lynnfield, Mch. 1, 8; G. H. Preble,
Charlestown, Mch. 16; John C. Ropes, Boston, Mch. 17; Henry White, New Haven,
Conn., Mch. 18. ;

The Librarian reported the following additions :

By Donation.

BUTLER, B. F., M. C. Patent Office Reports. Vols. 2, 3, 4, 1868. 3 vols. 8vo.
Report of the Department of Agriculture for 1869. lvol. 8vo. Acts and Resolu-
tions of U. S. at the 2d Sess., 41st Cong. 1 vol. 8vo. Message and Documents
for 1869-70. 1 vol. 8vo. Eighth Census of the U.S. for 1860. 4 vols. 4to. Con-
gressional Globe, 2d Sess. 41st Congress, with Appendix. 7 vols. 4to. 1869-70.

GREEN, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 71.

PHIPPEN, GEO. D. A Treatise of Prayer. I vol. 12mo. London.

RANDALL, STEPHEN, of Providence, R. I. Publications of the Narragansett
Club. Vol. IV. 1vol. small 4to. Providence, 1870.

SUMNER, CHARLES, U.S.S. Land Office Report for 1868. lvol. 8vo. Finance
Report for 1870. lvol. 8vo. Mining Statistics West of the Rocky Mountains by
R. W. Raymond, 1 vol. 8vo. Report on the Commerce and Navigation of U. S.
Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1870. 1lvol. 8vo.

WORTHEN, Prof. A. H., of Springfield, 1. Geological Survey of Illinois. Vol.
IV. 1 vol., small 4to. 1870.

By Exchange.

MINNESOTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Report of, to the Legislature of Minnesota
for 1870. 8vo. pamph.

VERMONT HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings. Oct. and Noy., 1870. 8vo.
pamph.

PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. Essex Banner. Gardner’s Monthly.
Gloucester Telegraph. -Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Little Giant.
Lynn Reporter. Medica]#and Surgical Reporter. Nation. National Farmer.
Nature. Peabody Press. Quaritch’s Catalogue. Sotheran’s Catalogue.

Henry W. Moulton of Newburyport, and Dirk Teup-
ken of Salem were elected Resident members.

BULEETIN

OF THE

MAaASMms rst rrT uo ra...

Vor. 3. SaLeM, Mass., Aprit, 1871. No. 4.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy. e

Reeutar Meetine, Monpay, APRIL 3, 1871.

Tue President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

THE SALEM FEMALE ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY.

The PRESIDENT mentioned that the Records, Correspon-
dence and other papers of this society had recently been
deposited with the Institute, and read the following com-
munication from Rev. John L. Russell, accompanying the
same.

To the Historical Department of the Essex Institute :

The Abolition of Slavery in the United States of Amer-
ica has become an illustrious fact in the History of this
Country. By very small beginnings, and by little springs
and rills, the mighty stream of events which rolled on-
ward to the ocean of universal freedom has been nour-
ished and fed. Of one of these, the Records of the
“Salem Female Anti-slavery Society,” may be mentioned
with honor. By a vote of the Society, at the closing
meeting of its existence, the records have been entrusted
to the historical department of the Essex Institute. To

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. Il 5

34

these the correspondence and business details have been
added. To the future historian of the ancient town of
Salem, they will present subjects of intense interest and
earnest thought. Jn minimis maximus is no less true of
man’s advancement than of God’s operations. In address-
ing to the historical department these few words by being
honored with the duty of presenting the gift, I subscribe
myself, Respectfully,
JouHN L. RussEtu.

The President remarked that early in the spring of
1834, a few ladies having carefully examined the subject
of slavery for the purpose of ascertaining what duties
may devolve upon the female portion of the community
in relation thereto, called a meeting on the 4th of June
following, and formed an organization under the name of
the Salem Female Anti-slavery- Society. Mrs. Cyrus P.
Grosvenor was elected the first President. She was suc-
ceeded in 1835 by Maria A. Driver, in 1838 by Lydia
Dean, in 1843 by Lucy G. Ives, who continued the pre-
siding officer until Jan. 3d, 1866, when its dissolution was
deemed advisable; the legal abolition of slavery having
been accomplished it was thought that more good could
be effected by working with the Freedman’s Aid Society,
or some similar organization.

During the thirty-two years of the existence of this
society, the members were very assiduous in the promo-
tion of its objects; no exertions were spared, despite of
obloquy, and at times great unpopularity, to advance the |
cause for which they were striving, and which for several
years appeared to be almost hopeless.

' Frequent meetings were held to receive and impart in-
telligence on the subject of emancipation ; also to devise
means to aid kindred associations, and the efforts of zeal-

35

ous co-laborers ; and by means of the press, of lectures
and occasional addresses, to diffuse information and awak-
en a more general interest and codperation. From 1844
to 1860 inclusive, annual courses of lectures, consisting of
some six or eight each, were delivered. Scholars, who
rank high in the field of letters, and the leading spirits in
this movement were enlisted and took part in these vari-
ous exercises.

In this connection may be mentioned the names of
Wn. L. Garrison, George Thompson, George W. Curtis,
T. W. Higginson, Wendell Phillips, Theodore Parker?
Edmund Quincy, John Pierpont, Caleb Stetson, Samuel

J. May, T. T. Stone, James F. Clarke, Samuel Johnson,

O. B. Frothingham, E. B. Willson, Wm. H. ee
and others.

The course of events, however, during the past decade
of years, has led to the realization of so many of their long
cherished plans and aspirations that the continuance of the
organization is no, longer necessary. The record of their
doings, now closed, has become historic. An impartial
future will, doubtless, give due credit to the part which
they have performed in this great movement; and do
ample justice to the zeal, industry aifd self-sacrificing
spirit that have characterized all their actions.

The Institute, grateful for this mark of confidence, will
carefully preserve this valuable donation to the depart-
ment of manuscripts.

PAPER MONEY.

Mr. Joun Roprnson, having arranged the collection of
paper money in the possession of the Institute, was re-
quested to give some account of the same. He stated
that until its ‘arrangement the past year, it was seldom
seen. This arrangement is now completed and in such

36

manner that at any time more can be added without de-
ranging in any way the systematic order.

We have two volumes, the first containing the earlier
colonial issues, those of the Continental Congress and .
the State Banks prior to 1864. The second volume con-
tains the various issues during the recent war and foreign
bills of all sorts. In Vol. I. the New Hampshire: and
Massachusetts bills are particularly fine, some being very
rare and valuable, especially one of Massachusetts of
1690. Of the Middle States we have some rare and
many fine ones; two, from the press of Benjamin Frank-
lin, are now much esteemed. North Carolina, of the
Southern States, is the best represented, having a very
fine series. Those of the Continental Congress are nearly
perfect, from one-third of a dollar to eighty dollars ; these
were issued at many different dates, some of the bills of
which are extremely rare.

In examining the few works we possess relating to this
old currency, I find several quite interesting facts which
are worthy of notice. In the distribution of the amount
of the loan, which, according to wealth and population,
was divided among »the States the following order was

adopted.
Wirpinias <%. cise. se $496,000 Maryland,. . . ». « «:«. $310,000
Massachusetts, ..... » 434,000 Conn., N. C., - + = 978.000
Pennsylvanig.; <- s 53-0: Ss 372,000 S.C., and New York, 5 ?

New York, now so high in the scale, was then only
a fifth rate State, while Massachusetts was second.

Another fact—in 1778 and 1779, an army of 40,000
men was kept and national expenses met, by the issue of,
in ’78, $63,000,000 and in ’79, $72,000,000, with only
$153,000 in coin in the treasury for the entire two years.
Thus we see how our revolution was sustained by an ac-
tive printing press.

The depreciation of these bills was so gradual that in-

37

stead of the great loss which some believe our ancestors
met, it is evident from the best authority that this was
the easiest system of taxation that could be imposed for
so great an undertaking and result.

The second volume contains a valuable and an: exten-
sive collection of the war issues, nearly all in fine order ;
also a quite large series of foreign bills, those of China
being the most perfect and curious. .

It is hoped that, since this collection is so well arranged,
it will receive attention and considerable additions; this
is always the reward of: placing specimens in a form
where they can readily be seen, and thus far it has been
very apparent to this society. Many of these bills would
here make a valuable addition, while separately, in private
possession, they are of little consequence.

EGGS OF THE DADDYLONGLEGS.

Mr. James H. Emerton exhibited some drawings
which he had made, illustrating the development and
growth of some species of insects and gave the progress
of his investigations on this subject. He remarked, that
three times in the neighborhood of Albany, N.Y., he had .
found eggs of a Phalangium (Daddylonglegs), probably
P. formosum Wood. April 3, 1870, he found four eggs
‘on the under side of a damp, rotten stump. The eggs
were near together, but not attached to each other or to
the rotten wood. The eggs were nearly mature, and April
17 the young came out. April 10, 1870, five eggs were
found under rotten wood about three miles from the first
place. These eggs were also near together, but not at-
tached or enclosed. The young were nearly ready to
hatch, and closely resembled adults except in size and
color. March 5, 1871, he found about twelve eggs under
the damp bark of a rotten stump not far from the place
where eggs were found April 10, the year before. In

38

loosening the bark, all but three of the eggs were unfor-
tunately lost. These eggs were nearly mature. March
18, the young moved in the egg when disturbed. The
eggs were very transparent, especially when wet with
water. ‘The legs of the first and second pairs were folded
sideways around the body, the third and fourth pairs were
turned under the body and forward near the middle line,
their extremities coming up each side of the head. The
basal joints of the mandibles seemed shorter in propor-
tion than in the adult. While examining two of these in
water in a cell they were cracked by too much pressure
of the cover. The next day the young spiders were out
walking about the bottle. They were .04 of an inch in
length. The number of joints of the tarsi was much less
than in the adult P. formosum, being seven or eight in
the first pair of feet, seventeen or sixteen in the second,
eight in the third and ten in the fourth.

Charles H. Webber of Salem was elected a Resident
member.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

s ,

Buswell, E. W., Boston, Nch. 20, 24; Crowninshield, F. B., Boston, Mch. 20;
Hall, B. H., Troy, N. Y., Mch. 22; Verrill, A. E., New Haven, Conn., Mch. 21; Haw-
erman, A. D., Chattanooga, Tenn., Mch. 20; Higginson, T. W., Newport, R. I.,
Mch. 21; Holmes, J. C., Detroit, Mich., Mch. 30; Lunt, W. P., Boston, Mch. 24;
Moulton, Henry W., Newburyport, April 3; Perkins, A. T., Boston, Mch. 24; Pre- -
ble, Geo. Henry, Charlestown, Mch. 27, 31; Waite, Otis F. R., Concord, N. H., Apr.
1; Westermann, B., New York, Mch. 21; Bowdoin College, Mch. 20; Buffalo His-
torical Society, Mch. 21; Maine Historical Society, Mch.; Moravian Historical
Society, Mch. 20; New Hampshire Historical Society, Mch. 20; New Jersey Histor-
ical Society, Mch. 22; New York Historical Society, Mch. 20; Providence Athe-
neum, Mch. 24; Rhode Island Historical Society, Mch. 21.

The Librarian reported the following additions :

By Donation.

AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY. Annual Report for 1870.

BOSTON GYNAZCOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Annual Address for 1871, by Winslow
Lewis.

Brooks, Mrs. H. M. The, Woman’s Journal for 1870.

39

BUTLER, Hon. B. F., M. C. Report on Agriculture for Feb., 1871. Ames’s
Speech in the U.S. S., March 21, 1871.

CROSBY, NATHAN, of Lowell. Speech on Inebriate Asylums.

CROWNINSHIELD, FRANCIS B., of Boston. Reports on the Finances from 1790 to
1814, 1 vol. 8vo. Executive Journal 1815 to 1829. lvol.8vo. Journals of Con-
gress, 1778 to 1788. 2 vols. 8vo. -

CUTTER, ABRAM E., of Charlestown, Mass. - The Works of Anne Bradstreet.
‘lL vol. 4to. History of The Cutter Family of New England. 1 vol. 8vo.. Miscel-
laneous pamphlets, 16. ;

FOWLER, CHARLES B. The Pilgrim’s Prayer. 1 vol. 16mo. An Inquiry in the
Worship of the Primitive Church. 1 vol. 12mo. Juvenile Letters by C. Bingham.
1 vol. 16mo.

HANAFORD, REV. MRS. P. A., of New Haven, Conn. From Shore to Shore and
other Poems, by donor. 1 vol.12mo. The Life and Writings of Charles Dickens,
by donor. 1vol.12mo. Belshazzar’s Feast, a Sermon by donor.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for March, 1871.

PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. * Annual Reports of the Trustees for 1869-70,

STEPHENS, W. H., of Lowville, N. Y. The Oxford Academy Jubilee, held at
Oxford in 1854. 1 vol. 8vo. ;

SUMNER, Hon. CHARLES, of U.S.S. Report on Agriculture for Feb., 1871.

TATE,.GEO., of London. Proceedings of the Berwickshire Naturalist’s Club.
Vol. vi. No. II. 1870. ;

WALTON, EBEN N. Semi-centennial Celebration of the North Baptist Church in
Randolph, Mass., Nov. 7, 1869. 1 vol. 8vo.

WENHAM; Town Clerk of. Reports of the Town of Wenham for 1870.

By Exchange.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEAOLOGICAL SOCIETY. New England Historical
and Geneaological Register. April, 1871.

NEW BEDFORD FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY. Annual Report of the Trustees, 1870.

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Proceedings of. Sept., Oct.,
Noy., and Dec., 1870. ;

WISCONSIN STATE HISTORICAL SocreTy. Address before the. By Hon. C. I.
Walker, Jan. 31, 1871. 8vo pamph. =

PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Book Buyer.
Christian World. Essex Banner. Fireside Favorite. Gloucester Telegraph.
Haverhill Gazette. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Literary World.
Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature.
Peabody Press. The Book Seller’s Guide. Quaritch’s Catalogue.

Recutar Meetinc, Monpay, Aprit 17, 1871.

Tur President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

A letter was read by the President from H. M. Goat-
kin,-fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, England,

40

requesting an exchange of lingual ribbons of the Marine
Mollusca; also in Protozoa or Diatomacea. The letter
was referred to Rev. E. C. Bolles.

THE NEW AUSTRALIAN FISH.

Mr. F. W. Putnam gave an account of the interesting
and very important discovery of a fish, by Hon. Wm.
Forster, in the fresh waters of Australia, that seemed to
combine characters of the Ganoids with those of Chime-
roids, which were an order of the subclass to which the
sharks belonged. This fish has been referred by Mr.
Krefft, on account of the resemblance of the teeth, to the
genus Ceratodus, known only from teeth found in the
Devonian period, and Dr. Ginther, who has lately made
an examination of specimens, confirms Mr. Krefft’s opin-
ion, and is also led from its peculiar structure to unite the
subclasses of Ganoids, Dipnoi and Selachians together as
one subclass, which he calls Paleeichthyes.

Mr. Putnam thought that, while we only knew the fossil
Ceratodus from its teeth, it was venturing too far to refer
the Australian fish to the same genus, especially as the
fossil teeth have characters that have heretofore associated
the genus more intimately with sharks than with Ga-
noids ; and as we areapt to be misled by any single char-
acter, teeth being by no means an exception.

In relation to the new classification proposed by Dr.
Ginther, Mr. Putnam, while agreeing with him in uniting
the Ganoids with the Dipnoi, as both Mr. Gill and him-
self * had previously done, and while admitting that the -
Chimeroids have affinities with them, was yet doubt-
ful about placing the Selachians in the same subclass
without uniting the Marsipobranchiates with them, for

*In a review of the classification of the Vertebrates, in ‘“‘Huxley’s Classification
of Animals.” — American Naturalist, Vol. 3, p. 610. F

a

41

he thought that this last group was as closely allied to
some forms of the Ganoids as were the Chimeroids to

_other forms; and in fact the bony fishes were also so

closely united with the Ganoids as to make any of the pro-
posed subclasses very difficult if not impossible to define.
So long as living fishes alone were considered, the several
subclasses seemed to be well defined, but now that fossil
fishes are*receiving more attention, we find that many of

.the proposed groups must be modified.

John 8. Carter of Salem was elected a Resident mem-
ber. 44 .
The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Basel, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Dec. 10; Bremen Naturwissenschaft
Verein, Dec. 7; Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, April 7; Edinburgh Royal
Society, Oct. 7; Leipsig, Die Kéniglich Siichsiche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaf-
ten, Dec.; Meklenburgh, Verein der Freunde der Naturgesichte, Dec. 17; Minne-
sota Historical Society, April 11; Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society, April
1; Stettin Entomol., Verein, Sept.; Western Reserve Historical Society, April 11;
Yale College, Aynils: Bartlett, W.S., Boston, April 4; Hotchkiss, Frank E., New
Haven, Mch. 29; Piper, W. H. & Co., Boston, Apr. 3; Preble, G. H., Charlestown,
April 6,17; Westermann & Co., New York, April 14.

The Librarian reported the following additions :

By Donation. =

ALMON, A. B. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 250.

BUTLER, B. F., M. C. Howe’s Speech in U. S. H. R., March 27, 28, 1871. Sum-
ner’s Speech in U. S. Sen., March 27, 1871.

Cook, GEO. H., of New Brunswick, N. J. Report of the State Geologist of New
Jersey for 1870.

GREEN, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25

HigeGrnson, T. W., of Newport, R.I. Army Life in i Black Regiment. Lvol. 12mo.

POOLE, Wo. F., of Cincinnati, O. Report of Cincinnati Public Library, 1870-71.

SUMNER, Hon. C., U.S.8. Sumner’s Speech in U. S. S., March 27, 1871. Out-
rages in the Southern States. 1 vol. 8vo.

WILLIAMS, J. O., of Boston. Mammoth Trees in California. 8vo pamph.

WINTHROP, R. C., of Boston. Proceedings of the Trustees of the Peabody Ed-
ucation Fund, Feb. 15, 1871. Oration on the Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniver -
sary of the Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers. 8vo pamph.

By Exchange.
Boston NUMISMATIC Society. Amer. Journal of Numismatics for Ape 1871.

EssrEx Inst. BULLETIN. Ul 6

42

CONNECTICUT ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. Transactions. Vol. I, Part
II. 1 vol. 8vo.

MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. <A Dialogue written by Gov. Wm.
Bradford of New Plymouth. lvol. 8vo. Boston, 1870.

MORAVIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF NAZARETH, PA. The Moravian Episcopate
by Edmund De Schweinitz. 8vo pamph.

NOVA SCOTIAN INSTITUTE OF NATURAL SCIENCE, Halifax. Proceedings and
Transactions of. 1869-70. Vol. II, Part IV.

PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Essex Bae:
ner. Gardener’s Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence
American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and nee: Reporter.
Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer.

ee e

SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY, Frrpay, Apr. 21, 1871.

_ Tue Semi-centennial Anniversary of the Essex Histori-
cal Society, or what is known as the Historical Depart-
ment of the Institute, occurred this day, and was observed
by appropriate exercises in the afternoon and evening, at
the rooms in Plummer Hall. The exercises were opened
by prayer by the Rev. E. S. Arwoop.

The President, HENRY WHEATLAND, made the follow-
ing introductory remarks :

At the close of this half century in the history of our
society, it was deemed meet to mark the date by some
suitable observance’, accordingly at a meeting in Decem-
ber, votes were passed confirmatory of the expression of
this opinion, and the appointment of a committee to make.
the necessary arrangements.

An historical sketch of the Institute has been printed
and widely distributed, and notices have appeared in
several publications of a complimentary character. It
would therefore seem unnecessary to give a detailed
account of our history, but merely to allude briefly to the
most salient points in the record.

Some fifty years since Salem had residing within her
limits many eminent scholars, scientific aad literary —

-ere

43

also those who took leading positions in commercial and
other enterprises that tend to the prosperity of a commu-
nity. At this time the Salem Atheneum had collected
many valuable works, and the East India Marine Society
a museum of natural history and ethnology—the latter
especially rich in those specimens that illustrate the
habits and customs of the people of India and the Pacific
Isles. These institutions had acquired a merited celeb-
rity, and were attracting the attention of scholars, tour-
ists, and the general public. The ample material for the
organization of an active society of history was waiting*
for some exciting cause to put in motion the crystallizing
process.

Soon after the death of the Rev. Dr. Bentley, which
occurred in December, 1819, much regret was expressed
that the valuable and large mass of historic material,
books, etc., which he had collected during a successful
ministry of nearly forty years, should be removed from
Salem. There being then no place of deposit, of course
the tendency was to go elsewhere. To prevent a similar
occurrence in the future, at the suggestion of Hon. J. G.
King and George A. Ward, a meeting was convened on
the afternoon of Saturday, April 21, 182F, just fifty years
since, Judge Story presiding. This meeting organized
under the name of the Essex Historical Society, and ap-
pointed a committee to prepare rules and orders, also a
petition to be presented to the Legislature for an act of
incorporation. The act was obtained in the June fol-
lowing, and on the 27th of that month the first corporate
meeting was held, and an organization was effected with
the venerable Dr. E. A. Holyoke as President, who
continued its presiding officer until his decease in April,
1829, at the advanced age of 100 years and 7 months.
In 1847 the union with the Natural History Society was

44

discussed, and in February following, the act was passed
constituting the members of the two societies members of
the Essex Institute. It was then organized into three
departments, that of History, Natural History, and Hor-
ticulture— Horticulture having been a leading object of
the Natural History Society, and to the horticultural ex-
hibitions held under its auspices that society was largely
indebted for its success. |

The bequest of Miss Caroline Plummer in 1854, of a
sufficient sum to erect this building, to the proprietors of
the Salem Athenzum, and the removal of the library and
. collections of the Institute to the same, in 1857, formed
a memorable epoch in its history. The endowment of a
fund of $140,000, by George Peabody, the great philan-
thropist, for the promotion of science and useful knowl-
edge in this his native county, which was placed in the
hands of nine trustees who were incorporated as “Trustees
of the Peabody Academy of Science,” the purchase of the
East India Marine Hall, the refitting of the same for the
deposit of the valuable museum of the East India Marine
Society, and the extensive scientific collections of the In-
stitute, deserve a passing notice. Though the Institute
was thus relieved#df the care of its scientific collections,
yet the growth of the library and the increase of specimens
illustrating the other departments of which the Institute
takes cognizance, require constant vigilance to provide
the requisite means to have the same properly arranged
for consultation and use by the members and students in
quest of information in their special line of inquiry.

The last subject to which I shall allude is the amend-
ment of the charter in 1870, which provides that the In-
stitute shall have for its objects the promotion of the Arts,
Literature, and Science, in addition to those*for which
the Essex Historical and the Essex County Natural His-

45

tory Societies were incorporated. A fourth department
was thus added, that of Fine Arts — so that the organiza-
tion consists of four departments, that of History, Nat-
ural History, Horticulture, and the Fine Arts: Initiatory
steps have been taken to the formation of an art museum,
which, if properly cared for, would do much to the pro-
motion of culture and refinement among the people.

An excellent select choir, under the direction of Gen.
H. K. Oxiver, then sang the following Original Hymn,
written for the occasion by Rev. Jones VERY :

Amid the swift, onrushing years,
We hear a voice, that bids us stay ;

Back to the storied Past we turn,
And reverently its call obey.

For not dissevered, weak, alone,
Do-we amid the Present live ;
But to our lives the by-gone days
Their knowledge and their virtues give.

Made wise by wisdom of the Past,

We for the Future shall prepare ;
Sharing our Fathers’ noble aims,

We shall their fame and glory share. _

But soon forgotten, or destroyed,
The records of that early age;

Had not their sons, with loving care,
Memorials left for History’s page.

Honor we give to those, who here
Recorded for our use their lore:

Whose names and virtues we revere,
Though seen with us their forms no more!

Inspired by their example high,

May we their chosen path pursue ;
Alike to present, and to Past,

In all our thoughts and acts be true.

»

46

Apner C. GoopELL, Jr., the Vice President of the
Historical Department, then delivered an address of which
the following is an abstract :

In commencing, he said that the commemoration of the
fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the Essex His-
torical Society, naturally suggested as a theme befitting
the occasion, a consideration of the interdependence of
history and the other sciences. The steps in the forma-
tion of the society had been so often traced that a fresh
treatment of so familiar a topic, would not be expected.

Returning to pursue the theme first proposed, he insti-
tuted a brief comparison of some salient features of
every day life, now and fifty years ago, in order to appos-
itely illustrate his argument. No doubt the American
citizen of 1821 felicitated himself that he was born in an
age so auspicious. It was a generation after the Ameri-
can Independence had become an accomplished fact.
The telescope was then an old invention, and among the
actual achievements of that age was the mariner’s com-
pass, the art of printing, the use of logarithms and the
true principles of chemistry, the discovery of the circula-
tion of the bloodg&nd other important facts—all inven-
tions which seemed to complete the busy .progress of
civilization. Yet, viewed from the stand-point of the
present day, there was a vast difference in physical com-
fort and luxury. The speaker pictured the comforts and
conveniences of the present day, and said for all this im-
provement they were indebted to the progress of science.’
The discovery of the planet Neptune was an illustration
of the perfection, the almost prophetic power of the science
of Astronomy. The improved microscope and. spectro-
scope were also among the mechanical triumplis of mod-
ern science. He alluded to the advantages derived from
the perfection of the science of chemistry. Within fifty

47
years geology and paleontology had overcome great ob-
stacles. History ceased to be history when it failed to
recognize the power of* science. The interdependence

of the sciences was everywhere apparent. The closest
relations exist between geology, paleontology and arch-

eology on the one hand, and history on the other.

The science of human physiology had also a direct bear-
ing upon history. The history of science should not be
confounded with history written upon a scientific basis.

_ The conclusion of the scientific man should be induc-

tions. The use of statistics affords. an instance of a
purely scientific plan applied to history. Carried ‘still
farther this science might be useful in solving the prob-
lems of political economy. Every part of science which
is not learned from original discovery, was learned from
history. The best scientific treatises were purely histori-
cal. The whole tendency of modern science went to
prove that there was a still higher province for this
blended history and science, and that was the develop-
ment of a,system of ethics, with all the certainty and
regularity of mathematics. The speaker then referred
particularly to the society, its history. and its work.

“What existed in the day of its founders only in name,

now afforded for public use a large and commodious
building, a library of 26,000 bound volumes, more than
100,000 pamphlets, and 2,500 volumes of newspapers,
bound and unbound, including duplicates. On the other
side of the library table the Atheneum displays nearly
14,000 volumes more, in every department of literature.
The publications of the Society embrace the three num-
bers of the Journal of the Natural History Society, six
volumes of Proceedings, ten volumes of Historical Col-
lections, and an eleventh volume commenced, some occa-
sional publications, two volumes of the Monthly Bulletin,
and five of the Naturalist, this last though afterwards

@

48

transferred to the Peabody Academy of Science was inau-
gurated by the Institute. In 1866 the cabinets contained
about 55,000 classified specimens in the various branches
of Natural History, and with those in the East India
Marine Hall, they now numbered several hundreds of
thousands. The Peabody Academy of Science have these
in charge, and they are available for use to the mem-
bers of the Institute and all other students of science
on the most liberal terms. In numismatics, ethnologi-
cal specimens, and manuscripts, there are also consider- |
able collections, and the fine arts, especially the art of
music, are beginning to receive special attention. The
public have always been invited .to participate in the
studies, and enjoy the advantages offered by the Insti-
tute, upon almost equal terms with members. Finally
a printing office has been established which performs
typographical work in a style not excelled by any other
press in the country.

The address occupied about forty minutes, and was lis-
tened to with the deepest interest and warmly applauded
at the close. It is printed in the Historical Collections of
the Institute, vol. xi, No. 1.

* America” was sung by the choir, after which remarks
were made by Rev. George D. Wildes of New York,
Gen. Henry K. Oliver, J. Wingate Thornton, Esq. of
Boston, and Dr. George B. Loring. .

The observances of this anniversary were appropri-
ately concluded by a social gathering of the members
and friends of the Institute, in the evening, at Plummer
Hall, which was entirely informal and conversational.

Mr. David Pulsifer, of the Secretary of State’s office,
Boston, presented a certified copy on Parchment of the
Act of Incorporation of the Essex Historical Society —
which was gratefully received.

BULLETIN

OF THE

moe eo Ee TN Se ee

Vou. 3. SaLem, Mass., May, 1871.. No. 5.
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

RecuiarR Meertine, Monpay, May 1, 1871.
Tue President in the chair. Records of preceding
meeting read.

ON THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ESSEX COUNTY.

Prof. AupHeus Hyarr showed a series of specimens
illustrating, in part, the geology of this county, also a
geological map of Marblehead Neck, and offered some
interesting remarks in relation thereto, of which the fol-
lowing is an abstract. :

This society has had in view for many years past the
thorough exposition of the history of this county, both
political and physical.

The political history has been well advanced by the
numerous papers and essays of prominent members ; so
also has the Natural History. No attempt could be made
however to organize a survey which would strike directly
at the accomplishment of this object until funds were
provided for the employment of a corps of men and the
publication of the results in a systematic manner. |

When the Peabody Academy was founded and the col-
lections of this society handed over to its keeping, the

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. pene 7

»

50

idea of a general Natural History Survey was for the first
time definitely announced and provided for in its plan of
organization. The Geology fell to my share, and since
my acceptance of a position in the Massachusetts Insti-
tute of Technology, I have, with the assistance of the
fourth year’s class of Mining Engineers from that Institu-
tion, been able to continue the work.

The first fruit of this labor is exhibited here to-night
in a map of Marblehead Neck. The ground-work of the
whole is a copy of the Plane Table sheet of the United
. States Coast Survey, which has been given to me espec-
ially for this work through the kindness of Prof. Pierce.
The wonderful accuracy of this map is shown by the test
to which these investigations have subjected it. The
copy before you has been enlarged three times, and is on
a scale of .3000 or about eighteen inches to the mile.
Notwithstanding this enlargement I have been able to
identify every small indentation in the coast-line, and the
outline of every projection; as a topographical map for
the foundation of a geological survey it is perfect.

The principal intention has been to map out in detail
the actual outcrops*of rock which project above the sur-
face. These are painted in solid colors. Dark bluish
purple shows the porphyry, which occupies the upper
two-thirds of the neck and a strip on the harbor-side,
reaching to the east end of Devereux beach; dark drab
mica-schists and fine-grained gneiss, which fill out the
southeastern portion; while patches of vermilion scat-
tered over both indicate the presence of an eruptive
granite.

The precise outline of each outcropping or exposed
rock was not attempted, but the general direction of the
longest axis of each mass is given, and such an approxi-
mation to the precise outlines as could be obtained by a .

"==

51

sketch taken on the spot. These are connected by
ground shades of the same color, but lighter hue, which
indicate to the experienced eye the character-of the rock
lying under the soil. Thus the theoretical conclusions

are separable from the observed facts, and every person

can see the face of the country as it is, the conventional.
signs and colors being readily translated by the table at--
tached to the sheet.

Marblehead Neck was selected as the initial point, be-
cause it is one of the three .porphyry outcrops within the
limits of this county, and from these it is convenient to
lay our courses in order to meet the regularly stratified
rocks which lie to the westward.

It would be premature at this stage of the investiga-
tion to endeavor to forestall the results which may be
finally worked out, but it is possible to make certain
statements of considerable interest.

The porphyry of our vicinity whether Lynn, Marble-

’ head or Newburyport is a recomposed rock, a conglom-

erate composed of more or less rounded pebbles of more
ancient banded porphyry. Taking our departure from
these points we meet in the neighborhood of Newbury-
port with a transition rock made up partly of porphyry,
and then with stratified diorites and slates, which sufround
the porphyry outcrop on the sea-face, and stretch up to
the north and south of Kent’s Saas and are lost in the
marshes. :

The northwesterly dip, and northeasterly strike of
these diorites and slates, and: the presence of slate rocks
in Topsfield and Middleton, are difficult to account for
unless we imagine the porphyries to be interstratified
with them. ‘The succession of the strata in this part of
the county then would be Eozoénal limestones and serpen-
tines, then slates, then the porphyries of Kent’s Island

52

and Lynn, then slates and diorites, and lastly, the por-
phyries of Marblehead Neck. Either this is the expla-
nation or else we have several anticlinal axes or folds in
the porphyry. In either case all the porphyries are
probably older than the Eozoénal rocks of Newburyport,
and underlie them. ‘The porphyry of Marblehead Neck
has the stratified micaceous rocks, mentioned above, lying
upon its southeastern face, with dip and strike precisely
conformable to the more ancient shore-line formed by the
porphyry itself.

The porphyry of Lynn has upon its eastern face the
- outcropping edges of an enormous overflow of igneous
granite, which anciently filled the valley between Peabody
village and Swampscott,- but which is now only repre-
sented by Prospect Hill and others on the west, and
patches which still remain plastered against the western
sides of the hills to the east.

The farther or westerly side of this porphyry, as also
of the Newburyport exposure, is occupied by a series of
rocks with a regular northwesterly and southeasterly
trend. These overlie the series of serpentines and lime-
stones which crop gut so abundantly at Newburyport and
Lynnfield. At this last locality the relation of these lime
rocks to the porphyries is obscured by masses of what I
am disposed to consider an eruptive granite. In fact, all
the difficulties of the survey have arisen from the enor-
mous sheet, or rather, sheets of igneous rocks, for there
seems to have been several which overspread the surface
of the country.

The principal seat of one of these eruptions, and per-
haps two of them, can be traced to a large part of Mar-
blehead and the whole of Salem township. The rock
underlying these localities is a dense, dark hornblendic,
often micaceous granite, varying in many places to lighter

53

colored and more crystalline. This is, accurately speak-
ing, shivered to pieces by eruptive forces, which have at
the same time filled the numberless crevices and hollows
between the fragments with one form of the igneous gran-
ite alluded to. This is always lighter colored, and often
reddish on account of its flesh-colored feldspar. There
are perhaps eight or ten square miles of this broken rock,
and yet in many places, if the injected granite were —
removed, every dissevered piece of the dark granite
would fit together edge to edge like a consolidated block-
puzzle. -
It is only fitting here to say that the successful prose-
eution of the survey must be largely attributed to the en-
couragement and assistance of Dr. Sterry Hunt. The
communication made by this gentleman at the Salem
meeting of the American Association, upon the rocks of
this region, incited Mr. Bicknell to renew his formerly
unsuccessful search at Newburyport for the Eozoon. The
subsequent discovery of this fossil and the beginning of
the field work were the indirect consequences of this and
of his subSequent visits. The President and Directors of
the Eastern Railroad have also substantially assisted in
the progress of the survey and I have pefsonally received
aid from others to whom my indebtedness will be duly
acknowledged in more formal publications.

Nore sy Dr. T. Srerry Hunt. . In a communication
to the Boston Natural History Society on the 19th of
October last, and subsequently in the American Journal
of Science for February and March, 1871 (pages 84 and
182), I have expressed the opinion that the porphyries
of the eastern coast of Massachusetts, are stratified rocks,
belonging together with their associated diorites and
slates (greenstones, chloritic and epidotic rocks), to the

54

Huronian system, or Green Mountain system. As _ re-
gards the limestones with Eozoén, from eastern Massa-
chusetts, which in the American Journal for Jan., 1870,
I referred to the more ancient Laurentian system. 1
have in that same journal for July, 1870, pointed out the
fact that the Eozoén of Hastings county, Ontario, occurs
in a series of crystalline schists which I consider newer
than the Huronian, and the equivalent of the White
Mountain gneisses and mica-schists, so that, as I there re-
mark, “the presence of this fossil can no longer serve to
identify the Laurentian system. It will be remembered
‘that the Hozoin Bavaricum of Giimbel occurs in Bohe-
mia, in a series of crystalline schists above the Lauren-
tian, occupying probably the position of one or the other
newer systems just mentioned. I have in the American
Journal for last March (page 183), moreover, called at-
tention to the fact that the crystalline limestones which
are associated with the White Mountain or Terranovan
system in Maine, closely resemble in mineralogical char-
acters those of the Laurentian. It will therefore remain
for farther study, to determine how far the crystalline
limestones of eastern Massachusetts belong to the Lau-
rentian, and whetffer some of them are not included in
one or the other of the newer systems of crystalline
schists. The porphyry conglomerate noticed by the late
President Hitchcock and described by Prof. Hyatt, are
referred to in my paper of last October, mentioned
above. ‘This rock is, I conceive, to be distinguished from |
the old Huronian porphyry, on which it often reposes,
and from the ruins of which it is derived. Similar con-
glomerate porphyries along the shores of the Bay of
Fundy appear to be of Upper Silurian age.

55

GEOLOGY OF THE PHOSPHATE BEDS OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., made some remarks on the
geology of the phosphate beds of South Carolina. Dur-
ing a recent visit to Charleston, he had observed the
phosphate diggings on the Ashley river, and at a locality
on the northeast railroad eight miles from Charleston, but
through the courtesy of C. C. Coe, Esq., Superintendent
of the Marine and River Phosphate Mining and Manu- |
facturing Company, and Dr. C. U. Shepard, Jr., he had
enjoyed special facilities for studying the Quaternary, or
Post Pliocene formation in which the phosphate bed*
occurs, having made two excursions in company with
these gentlemen on the Company’s steamer Gazelle. He
was also indebted to Prof. C. U. Shepard, Sr., for
much valuable information regarding the chemical as well
as geological history of these interesting beds. Analo-
gous beds have been discovered in the later tertiary of
England near Cambridge, but they are becoming ex-
hausted, and manufacturers of superphosphates are now
importing large quantities of the crude phosphate rock
from Charleston, S. C., as well as the phosphate, or apa-
tite, rock from the Laurentian formation of Canada, which
Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, the distinguished chemist of the
Canadian Geological Survey, believes to have resulted
largely from the decomposition of shells, especially those
of Lingula.
The phosphate beds of South Carolina are spread over
an area along the coast one hundred miles along, and
about twenty miles in breadth; the formation is not con-
tinuous, being sometimes, as stated (in conversation ) by
Prof. C. U. Shepard, Jr., replaced by ferruginous sand.
It has already been largely used as a fertilizer for worn
out lands of the sea island cotton region, and promises
from the unlimited supply of the rock, to become a large

56

industrial interest of the state, six million dollars having
already been invested in lands and mining and manufac-
turing materials by northern capitalists alone.

The relation of the phosphate beds to the Quaternary
formation of the state and of the latter to the glacial beds
of sand and clay of the northern states, were, however,
the principal points he would allude to. At a celebrated
locality of Quaternary fossils at Simmon’s Bluff on Wad-
malaw Sound, about thirty miles by steam from Charles-
ton, he made with the kind and generous aid of Dr.
Shepard, Jr., a large collection of fossils, from a bed of

‘sand and mud about four feet in thickness. This bed
corresponded with the marine clays of New England and
Labrador, and the ancient sea bottom with its multitude of
shells, which remained just as they had died in their holes,
reminded him of an ancient raised sea-bottom at Hope-
dale, Labrador.

These clay beds graduated into clay and sand, contain-
ing a ferruginous layer, supposed by Dr. Shepard, Jr., to
be the horizon of the phosphate beds. These beds cor-
respond to the beds of clay at Gardiner, Maine, where Sir
Charles Lyell discovered the bones of the Bison and
Walrus, and contains bones of the Megalonyx, Mastodon,
Elephant, Tapir, two species of Horse, Peccary, Rhi-
noceros and Manatee. The sands graduate into the beach
sands of the close of the Quaternary, just as do the Bison
and Walrus beds of the Kennebec river. The phosphate
beds, then, were probably rolled masses of Eocene rock
crowded with shells, mingled with the bones of the ani-—
mals above mentioned, deposited and arranged by the
waves of a shallow sea a few feet deep. This sea was
much shallower even than that which covered the ancient
sea bottom beneath, which must have been only from one
to five or ten fathoms deep, as the same shells are at the

57

present day thrown up on the neighboring beaches in
great abundance, and he had dredged some of them at a
depth of from five to thirty feet at Beaufort, N. C.

After their deposition the carbonate of lime of the shell
marl of the Eocene rocks had been replaced by phos-
phate of lime. How this had been effected, and whence
the phosphate of lime was derived, was a question still
unsettled by chemists. He alluded to the theory of Prof.
' Shaler that this phosphate deposit had been formed at the ©
bottom of the Gulf Stream, which, according to that geol-
ogist had probably flowed over the site of the present
phosphate beds; and in opposing the theory suggested
that the phosphate beds were deposited in shallow water,
perhaps lagoons as suggested by Prof. Holmes, as they
rested in a shallow water deposit above alluded to. There
was no apparent evidence, as well shown by the facts pub-
lished by Tuomey in his geological survey of South Caro-
lina, of a depression of the coast. On the other hand there
is no apparent evidence of glacial action on the coast,
since the Quaternary sands are marine or aerial, and
Tuomey states that he has nowhere in the state of South
Carolina seen any angular blocks, nor a pebble a foot in —
diameter. Moreover, the life of the Quaternary in this
state indicated even a warmer climate than at present
obtains. ;

Since these remarks were made, he had met by acci-
dent with the paper by Desor, than whom no one can speak
with greater authority, in which he has made a compari-
son * between the glacial marine beds of the North and
the marine coast deposits of the Southern states, parallel-
izing the deposits in a masterly manner. His remarks

* Post Pliocene of the Southern states and its relation to the Laurentian of the
North and the deposits of the valley of the Mississippi. By E. Desor. American
Jour. Sciences and Arts. 1852. Vol. 14. p. 49.

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. II 8

58

entirely confirm the views given above. One difficulty
Desor had in parallelizing the Laurentian beds of the
North with those of the South containing the remains of
land animals, was the apparent absence of the remains
of land animals in the clays of the North. But since then
teeth of the bison have been found at Gardiner, Maine,
in the upper part of the clays. It may also result from
farther investigation that the phosphate beds were laid
down at a later period than we have supposed ; at the time —
when the great mammals found in the cave at Pheenixville
by Mr. Wheatley flourished, perhaps during the earlier
portion of the river terrace period when the mammoth
and mastodon lived both in the northern and southern
states.

Thus, the parallelism between the Quaternary beds
North and South would seem to be even more exact than
Desor could with his data make it twenty years ago. The
climate gradually grew warmer from Labrador to Florida ;
the Gulf Stream did not apparently change its bed during
the Quaternary period; the oscillations of level of the
coast of South Carolina were slight and involved but a
few feet, where in Canada and Labrador the rise and fall
involved several hwidreds; and the denudation effected
in the North by land ice, was caused in the South by
oceanic currents, waves and atmospheric agencies. There
are apparently no facts to show that while the glaciers
lined the coast of New England, the waters of South
Carolina were not as warm, if not warmer, than at the
present day, from the effects of the Gulf Stream.

Mr James H. Emerton exhibited the following species
of plants in flower which he had collected this afternoon
in South Salem and Swampscott, and made sonie appro-
priate remarks in relation to them.

59

Ranunculus sp., near the outlet of Legg’s hill ponds.

Ranunculus fascicularis, hillside west of Forest River near Lynn road.

Caltha palustris.

Anemone nemorosa.

Hepatica triloba, Swampscott near Salem line. Sepals dropping from most of

the flowers and new leaves half grown. -

Aquilegia Canadensis, great pasture, very few flowers open.

Saxifraga Virgtalensis. J
Sanguinaria Canadensis, Swampscott near Salem line. Leaves as high as the

flowers and many flowers without their petals.

Fragaria Virginiana, roadside near Forest River.

Houstonia cerulea.

Viola cucullata.

Viola blanda.

Acer rubrum, roadside, Swampscott.

Saliz, two species on the Eastern Railroad.
Benzoin odoriferum, meadow north of Legg’s hill. e
Gnaphalium uliginosum, pastures and roadsides.

Erythronium Americanum, near Legg’s hill.

Arisema triphyllum, near Legg’s hill.

Carex Pennsylvanica, and another species, great pasture.

Equisetum arvense, Marblehead Railroad near Lynn road.

Equisetum sylvaticum, near Legg’s hill with Erythronium Americanum.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence : —

From Smithsonian Institution, April 18; Francis H. Appleton, Boston, April 29;
Joseph Banvard, Patterson, N. J., April 20; James S. Bryant, Hartford, April 18;
A. Crosby, Salem, April 19; Asa Gray, Cambridge, April 19; S. A. Green, April 4;
Richard M. Hodges, Cambridge, April 19; J. C. Holmes, Detroit, Mich., April 21;
O. W. Holmes, Boston, April 20; Frank E. Hotchkiss, New Haven, April 21; La-
burton Johnson, Bradford, April 18; Nathaniel Paine, Worcester, April 20; A. P.
Peabody, Cambridge, April 20; G. H. Preble, Charlestown, April 21; W. Hudson
Stephens, Lowville, N. Y., April 1; E. M. Stone, Providence, April 22; J. Wingate
Thornton, Boston, April 18; B. Westermann & Co., New York, April19; W. O.

White, Keene, N. H.. April 28; M. P. Wilder, Boston, April 21.

Mr A. C. Goopett, Jr. alluded briefly to the plan, for
some time in contemplation by the Essex Institute of a
survey of the Natural History of the county. He con-

gratulated Mr. Hyatt upon the results of his labors in

this direction auguring favorably for the completion ere

long of this desirable work.
Remarks were made by Mr. James Kimball and others

on the papers presented at this meeting.

60

The Librarian reported the following additions :

By Donation.

ANTHONY, H. B., of Washington, D.C. Congressional Directory by B. P. Poore.

BuTLER, Hon. B.F.,M.C. Hoar’s Speech in U.S. H. R., March 29, 1871. Ed-
mund’s Speech in U. S. S. April 14, 1871. Harlin’s Speech in U. S. S. March 29,
1871. Land Office Report for 1868. 3 vols. 8vo.

CONNECTICUT RIVER RAILROAD COMPANY. Annual Report. 1870.

GREENE, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 11.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for April, 1871.

PACKARD, A. S. Annual Report on the Injurious and Beneficial Insects of
Mass. ;

PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Memoirs, Vol. I, No. 11.

PERRY, REV. W. S., of Geneva, N. Y. Memorial of Rev. Benjamin Dorr, D. D,
by Geo. Lewis.

PooORE, ALFRED. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 20.

PREBLE, CAPT. GEORGE H., U.S.N. Memoir of William P. Fessenden.

Snow, E. M., of Providence, R. I. Report of the Births, Marriages and Deaths
in Providence for 1868.

STONE, ROBERT. Commerce and Navigation for 1850-54. 2 vols. 8vo. Report
on the Finances for 1856. 8vo. Compendium of the U.S. Census for 1850. 8yo.
Hymns for the Sanctuary. 12mo. Psalms and Hymns. 1vol.12mo. The Christian
Examiner, 1826 to 1860. Quarterly Journal of the American Unitarian Association.
1854 to 1859. The Monthly Miscellany, 1841 to 1843. Year Book of the Unitarian
Churches, 1856 to 1870. Monthly Journal of the American Unitarian Associa-
tion, 1860 to 1869. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25.

SUMNER, CHARLES, U.S.S. Sumner’s Speechin U.S.S. March 27, 1871.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago, Ill. A Western Enterprise. 1871. 8vo pamph.
Catalogues of Medals, Tokens.

YOUNG MEN’S ASSOCIATION, OF BUFFALO, N. Y. Annual Report, Feb. 20, 1871.

By Exchange.

BOSTON SOCIETY of NATURAL HISTORY. Proceedings of. Vol. III, sigs. 24, 25.
- BowboIn COLLEGE. Catalogue, 1870-71.

MASSACHUSETTS His TomicaL SOCIETY. Proceedings of. 1869-70. 1 vol. 8vo.

NEW JERSEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Proceedings of. Vol. II, No.3. 1871.

ST. GALLISCHE GESELLSCHAFT. Bericht Vereinsjahres, 1868-69.

PUBLISHERS. American Naturalist. Canadian Naturalist. Essex Banner.
Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Literary World:
Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature.
Peabody Press. Sailor’s Magazine and Seamen’s Friend. Sotheran’s Catalogue.
The Book Buyer.

A committee consisting of Messrs. James Kimball, W.
Neilson, C. Cooke, W. P. Upham and J. H. Emerton,
was appointed to nominate officers for election at the an-
nual meeting.

4

61

AnnuAL MEETING, WEDNESDAY, May 10, 1871.

Tue President in the chair. Records of preceding —
meeting read. ‘

The Pilowmce reports on the condition of the Institute
were read and accepted.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

In looking back through the record of the year, it be-
comes the duty of the Secretary to arrange and relate
briefly the doings and progress of the Society sincé
the last report. For that purpose it has been found
more convenient to dispose of the matter under various
heads with the exception of Finance, Library and Mu-
seum, which will receive full notice in the reports of the
officers of those departments.

Membership.— Twenty-eight persons have been elected
and have accepted resident membership, while the loss
during the year by death is smaller in numbers than
ever before since our society has been so large. ‘Thomas
Hunt, died at Salem, May 21, 1870, aged 64 years, 9
months. Daniel Perkins, died at Salem, June 25, 1870,
aged 59 years, 4 months. Asahel Huntington, died at his
sea side residence in Beverly, Monday, Sept. 5, 1870,
‘aged 72 years. Stephen D. Poole, died at his residence
in Lynn, Sept. 22, 1870, aged 53 years, 10 months.
Samuel R. Curwen, died at Saleh: Nov. 11, 1870, aged
49 years, 10 months.

Correspondence. — This in character and multiplicity
continues as extensive as ever.

Publications. — Historica Cotuections, Vol. X.
Parts 2 and 3; and of the BuLtetin, twelve numbers
have been issued; also the long delayed and final parts of
the PROCEEDINGS.

62

The Butietin, taking the place of the ProcrEpines,
is now well up to time, and for the coming year arrange-
ments have been made to secure its prompt appearance.
This is a very important measure, as it renders the pub-
lication more profitable by increasing the number of sub-
scribers and bringing the subscriptions in more promptly.

Meetings.— There have been held of business and pub-
lic evening meetings, twenty-two; Special, one; Field
Meetings, four; at Bradford, Swampscott, West Peabody
and Methuen, where the usual courtesy and attentions
were extended to the Society by the residents.

At the public evening meetings various valuable and
interesting papers have been presented during the win-
ter, to an audience often numbering less than twenty-five
persons, yet at other times, when the subject of discus-
sion had been announced in the papers, a fair, and, at
times, a large number have attended; this leads to the
conclusion that the attendance can be materially aug-
mented by a little previous arrangement, and a notice of
speakers and subject in the papers a day or two before
the meeting. When we consider the character of these
meetings, well repaying the two hours spent at them,
it is to be regretteg®that more do not avail themselves
of these free lectures and discussions, the variety of
subjects being so great that each must interest some,
while none can fail to gain information from all. There —
have also been a social meeting at Hamilton Hall, and an
excursion to Plymouth by steamer, under the auspices of
the Institute. The fiftieth anniversary of the formation
of the Essex Historical Society was celebrated at the In-
stitute rooms on the twenty-first of last month. An able
address was delivered in the afternoon by Mr. A. C.
Goodell, and in the evening a company viewed the collec-
tions and partook of a collation.

63

Horticulture. — Three free exhibitions took place in the
summer, one each in June, July, and August, the fall ex-
hibition in September lasting three days. These exhibi-
tions were attended by a fair number of visitors. The
collection of fruit and flowers, the latter especially, con-
sisted of choicer specimens than were perhaps ever be-
fore exhibited at the rooms, showing a more refined taste
as well as a greater number of persons interested in Flo-
riculture, the collection being from a larger number of -
exhibitors than at any previous year, not comprised, as
often before, of large showy flowers from a few gardens,
By very little effort these exhibitions can be brought to
far greater notice in the county and made very much
larger, and the society might gain from them a yearly
profit, in lieu of barely paying their expenses, as they
have every convenience for successfully carrying them
forward.

Fair.— During the latter part of October, and the first
of November a large fair was held at Mechanic Hall, by
the ladies of Salem and vicinity, for the benefit equally of
the Salem Oratorio and Essex Institute. It being the
opening of the remodelled building, and gotten up with
taste, filled with attractive articles, and_with many per-
suasive ways of raising money, the success was such that
each society received upwards of sixteen hundred dollars,
‘a sum greatly needed and gratefully received by the
Essex Institute.

In General we find the society has improved its time
by carrying out its objects and adding to its collections.
Many minor improvements have been made during the
year and everything kept to the previous standard.
There are many things which those immediately inter-
ested in the society desire to have done, one— which our
President has had in his mind and heart for several years

64

—the establishing of a Memorial Hall and “Public
Library.” Here is a grand foundation, which with pri-
vate and civil codperation, might easily accomplish the
result, and meet a great want in our city ; another that,
perhaps, might be accomplished at the same time, is
the building of a fire-proof room or hall, where the more
valuable and unreplaceable portions of the collections
might be safely kept; this would also be the means of
enlarging our collections by the great amount of valuable
documents and paintings that would at once be given or
deposited, if we had the facilities for properly guarding
them against fire. However, it is not well to be too
aspiring, we must be satisfied with our present condition,
and when we think of the entire working income of the
society for the past ten years as averaging less than
- fifteen hundred dollars, and never reaching two thousand,
while not many years ago it was mere nothing, the
amount that has been accomplished is most surprising,
and reflects credit on the head of this society, who has
since its formation made a frugal allowance do a great
amount of work.

Mr. President :—dn retiring from the position of Sec-
retary, I desire to call to mind that a year ago to-day we
were regretting the absence of our former Secretary, who
had left us during the year for a European tour; his re-.
turn a few weeks since is opportune, in giving us just time
to replace his name on the ballot, where we see it to-day,
a position that I am heartily glad to have him fill again .
and feel great satisfaction in handing thé Secretary’s rec-
ords over to one whose experience renders him so well
fitted to perform the duties of the office.

Respectfully submitted. ‘

JoHN Roprnson,
Sec’y Essex Institute.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ead hd he tc IN ee ela

Vou. 3. Satem, Mass., Jung, 1871. No. 6.*
One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

ANNUAL MEETING, WeEpNeEspDAY, May 10th, 1871.
[ Concluded.]
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MUSEUM.

As the report of the Curators of the Historical Depart-
ment will cover all that has been done in the Museum
during the year, there is little for me to report except
to state that the collection of antiquities and manuscripts
has received the continued care of Messrs. Robinson and
Upham, and that their arrangement has been satisfacto-
rily advanced. The many specimens ‘received by the
Institute in the Natural History Department have been
‘sent to the Peabody Academy of Science, in accordance
with the agreement between the two Institutions, and
have been duly acknowledged and cared for by the Acad-
emy.

I may be permitted in connection with this report to

call attention to the importance of having a person who
is thoroughly identified with the Historical Department of
the Institute for Superintendent of the Museum, as it is
to that department the Museum under his charge is now
principally confined, and as my duties at the Cheats

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. pee 9

66

render it impossible for me to give the time necessary for
the performance of the important duties devolving upon
the Superintendent, I must respectfully request that some
other person be elected to the office which I have had for
so many years the honor of holding.

F. W. Pournam,
Supt. Mus. H. I.

TREASURER’S REPORT.

It will be perceived by the following exhibit that valu-
able additions have been made to the treasury during
_ the year. The legacy of the late Charles Davis of Bev-
erly, of five thousand dollars ($5,000) ; and donations from
friends of fourteen hundred and eighty-two dollars and
seventy-two cents ($1482.72), a nucleus of a publication
fund, have been received and invested under the direc-
tion of the Finance Committee ; the income arising there-
from to be appropriated in accordance with the request of
the donors. The receipts from the Ladies’ Fair in No-
vember of sixteen hundred and sixty-four dollars and
eighty-one cents ($1664.81) were expended for a piano,
settees and other fixtures for the lecture and concert room.

PP
?
DEBITS.
Atheneum, for rent and Librarian, . . . 2. 1 641 6 «6 ge oo $O0U.00
Salaries, 688.00; Gas, 49.21; Coal, 156.87,. .... oh ws. 19-8908
Sundries, 151.36; Social meetings and Excursions, 806.80, tue wle ee pg SURS
Publications, 1800.00; furnishing Lecture Room, 1465.02, . . . . . « . 8265.02
Deposit in Savings Bank, 30.00; Loans, 1642. ReY SDP ENT high vee Wa MW OTR.
Investment of Davis Legacy, . . ... . Eis is ey ok (gen ec ger 1h. RD
Concerts and Musical’Library,* 2 °°. Se ae ew te ww ot, CBREZ.
Balance Account of lastiyear,.; {a-icyye spceg 50 (ee) epee fw cele] © yeh $160.23
Historical.
Binding, 134.62; Books, 35.00, . syie le:jepei.'s eile oo ae co oho, of) CODED
Natural History.
Binding, 100.00; Books, 11.10; Sundries, 16.70, . . . . . « «© « « «(+ 127.80

67
CREDITS.
Dividends of Webster Bank, 40; Social Meetings and Excursion, wale . 1247.00
Life Membership, 30.00; Donations, 1521.72; Sundries, 24.32, . . . . - 1576.04
Oratorio and Institute Fair, 1664.81; Concerts (two seasons) 1005.38, - « 2670.19
Sale of Publications, 762.91; Assessments, 1330.00, . >. . .+. . . . 2092.91
Athenxum, proportion of coal, janitor,etc., . ....... +... =. 189.38
C. Davis Legacy, 5000.00; Interest, 190.00, yeti dadpistcietciet ot) Uy Famed HOLOOLOO0
Watehae 8S Sone eckson PO ee ee ae oe
Historical.
Dividends Naumkeag Bank, 26; Michigan Central. R. R., 50.00, .... 76.00
Natural History.
Dividends Lowell Bleachery, 80.00; P.S. & P. R. R., 12.87, Horticultural .
MEST DItlOn 85 O4L00 son cc oac oe tia ite ee he ee tM Ae hon ye TIBG ST
‘ 13,484.36y
Henry WHEATLAND,
Treasurer.

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

The condition of the Library is good. Attention’ has
been directed to completing the serials, more especially
the reports and other publications of the various institu-
tions and corporate bodies, and commendable -progress
has been made.

As the additions by donations, exchanges and other-
wise, have been reported at the regular meetings and
printed in the BULLETIN, it is only requisite to present
at this time the following statistics:— ~

Donations. —Folios, 20; Quartos, 46; Octavos and

lesser folds, 879; Pamphlets and Serials, 4,449; Alma-

nacs, 62; Total, 5,456.

Exchanges. —Quartos, 5; Octavos and lesser folds,
227; Pamphlets and Serials, 1,791; Total, 2,028;

The Donations have been received from one hundred
and forty-seven individuals, and sixteen societies and in-
corporated bodies ; the Exchanges from eighty-five differ-
ent societies and incorporate bodies of which thirty-nine
are foreign.

W. P. Upnam,
Librarian.

68

The President made the following communication :

The subject of erecting a Monument, a Memorial Hall,
or of testifying by some mark of esteem to those who
took part in the recent war for the Union, has been dis-
cussed in the newspapers and in the social circle. The
City Government has also had at different times several
plans under consideration, but no definite action has ehup
far been taken.

Tt has also been frequently stated with much regret
that Salem has no Public Library, and that in this respect
she is far behind her neighbors, Lynn, Peabody, Dan-
vers, Beverly, Ipswich, Georgetown, Newburyport and
other places, which each have a well sustained Library.
In most of these cases the liberality of one or more of. its
citizens, or of some of its sons, who have been fortunate
in commercial or other enterprises elsewhere, remember-
ing the places of their birth and childhood with grateful
feelings, gave the first impulse. Thus, Mr. George Pea-
body founded those at Peabody, Danvers, and George-
town, and contributed a liberal fund to the one in New-
buryport, which owes its origin to the generosity of Mr.
Little. Mr. Heard Lerected a building, furnished a collec-
tion of books and a fond, for at least its partial support, in
the town of Ipswich. The Public Library in Boston was

indebted largely, in its incipient stages, to Mr. Joshua.

Bates. Mr. Albert Fearing followed the example of Mr.
Heard, and founded a library for his native town of

Hingham. Mrs. Eben Sutton founded a reference library .

in Peabody, in connection with the Institute of that place.
The Messrs. Smith and Dove contributed liberally to one
in Andover, and also built at their own expense a beauti-
ful building for the library of the Theological Seminary
there located. Many instances of a similar character can
be cited.

Let us look at the condition of things in Salem. The

69

Salem Atheneum, founded many years since by the wis-
dom of those far seeing people who resided here in the
early part of this century, possesses some fifteen thousand
volumes in the various departments of the arts, litera-
ture and science, and a building erected from funds be-
queathed by Miss Caroline Plummer. This lady, presum-:
ing that the Atheneum Library might at some future time
be thrown open to the public, provided in her will that
if the said library should ever become a public one, her
bequest should not be forfeited. :

The Essex Institute has accumulated a library of some
twenty-five to thirty thousand volumes and about one
hundred thousand pamphlets systematically arranged for
reference and consultation; also a goodly collection of
portraits of the old worthies of Salem; manuscripts,
specimens of currency, historical relics, ete., which are
deposited in Plummer Hall. The scientific collections,
which are very extensive, having been deposited with the
Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science in East
India Marine Hall.

Cannot some arrangement be made so that these two
libraries, with that belonging to the Salem Charitable
Mechanic Association, and perhaps others, be united, and
thus form a basis for a noble public Library? Are there
not some Mecenases to furnish the amalgam that will
cement the union, and thus bring about this glorious re-
sult?

Furthermore; on the land in the rear of Plummer Hall,

a safe and fire-proof building could be erected, which

might be a Memoria Hatt, “consbcratel to the memory
of those who have devoted their lives to the preservation of
the Union during the crisis through which this nation has
recently passed. Let this building be a place of deposit
for the portraits and other memorials of those who first

70

laid the foundations of this place ; of those who have con-
ducted the affairs during the several periods of her his-
tory ; and, above all, of those who took part in the recent
war for the preservation of the Union. This building
would also be a suitable depository for an Art Museum,
which now is becoming an essential aid to the proper edu-
cation of the people.

The care and management of the library and the
Memorial Hall, could devolve upon a board of Trustees,
selected by the city and the various institutions that may
. contribute to this object.

To this end it is necessary that not only the City Gov-
ernment, but the people, one and all, should aid in this
undertaking to the extent of their respective means,
and work with the determination that success shall
crown their efforts. Let us make a beginning, and we
shall soon have a Public Library that will compare favor-
ably with those of other places in the Union, material
which will be a good nucleus for a valuable Art Museum,
and a very rare collection of antiquarian relics.

Thus, while we shall be doing honor to those to
whom we owe se™much, we shall provide a suitable
depository for works of art and historical relics, for the
education and improvement of the people.

This communication was referred to a committee, con-
sisting of the President, Vice Presidents and Secretary,
with the request to report whenever a plan for the realiz-
ing of any of the suggestions therein contained should
be sufficiently matured for the action of the Institute.

George H. Perkins of Salem and George Haskell of
Ipswich were elected resident members.

71
The following officers were elected for the ensuing
year, and until others shall be chosen in their stead : —

President. rt
HENRY WHEATLAND.

Vice Presidents.

Of History — A. C. GOODELL, JR. Of Horticulture — Wm. SUTTON.
Of the Arts— Gro. Peasopy. Of Natural History—F. W. PuTNaM.
Recording and Home Secretary.

Amos H. JOHNSON.

Foreign Secretary.

A. S. PaCKARD, JR. .
Treasurer.

HENRY WHEATLAND.

Librarian.
WP. Ww PHAM

Superintendent of the Museum.
JOHN ROBINSON.
Curators of Historical Department.
W. P. Upham, M. A. Stickney, John Robinson.
Curators of Natural History Department.
H. F. King, C. M. Tracy, William Neilson.
, Curators of Department of Horticulture.
F John Robinson, Caleb Cooke, James H. Emerton.
Curators of Department of the Arts.
James A. Gillis, F. H. Lee, H. F. G. Waters. -
Lecture Committee.
James Kimball, George Perkins, Wm. Northey, Wm. Neilson.
Finance Committee.
J. C. Lee, R. S. Rogers, James Upton.
Field Meeting Committee.
A. W. Dodge, C. M. Tracy, E. N. Walton, Caleb Cooke, A. B. Hervey.

-_- Wi
;

Library Committee.
J. G. Waters, Alpheus Crosby, H. M. Brooks.
Publication Committee.
A. C. Goodell, Jr., F. W. Putnam, R. §. Rantoul, H. M. Brooks.

72

REGULAR ‘MEETING, Monpay, May 15, 1871.

Mr. James Kimball in the chair, after the reading of the
records and announcement of recent donations to the
Historical departments and the Museum, the Secretary,
Dr. A. H. Johnson, presented some

MEMENTOES FROM THE RECENT FRANCO-GERMAN WAR.

These were collected by the donor in the vicinity of
Paris from the battle field of Mt. Avron, from Fort
Rosny, and the grounds about St. Cloud. They included
pieces of German bombs, a fragment of a gun carriage,
and a portion of marble from the ruined Palace of St.
Cloud. In his narrative of the circumstances under
which these mementoes were obtained, the secretary stated
that at the time the German troops made their triumphal
entry into Paris, the French expressed their aversion to
their conquerors with a childish sulkiness. The faces of
the public statues were concealed with black veils. The
shops and restaurants accessible to the Germans were
closed. Some adventurous dealers who furnished food
and drink to Prussian soldiers speedily found their gains
cancelled by the dgfolition of their windows and coun-
ters. At night the streets were unlighted, not because
there was no gas, but in order that the hated invaders
might not see the magnificent city which lay at their
mercy. It was an aggravating circumstance that the pale
light of the moon revealed in some measure the mag-
nificent buildings and Boulevards. By day, many of the ©
Parisians avoided the quarters of the city occupied by
the Germans, avoided even looking upon’ the marching
columns of their foe, and shrunk in turn from being
seen by them, The stranger from a neutral power en-
joyed at this time unusual facilities for visiting localities
which had acquired peculiar interest during the recent con-

/

73

flicts. If provided with a proper passport, he was allowed
to cross the French lines, although not unchallenged,
yet unmolested, and after a drive of a few hundred yards,
would find himself in a district occupied almost exclu-
sively by Germans. Hardly a villager belonging to the
smail villages outside the city walls, had ventured to re-
main by his property. The triumphant Germans were
filled with content, and good nature, and cordially cour-
teous to the few Americans who came to inspect the
obstacles which had been overcome, and to learn the dan»
gers German heroism had faced and survived.

It was owing to this condition of the troops, that a
common travelling pass bearing the official seal and en-
dorsement of the foreign department at Berlin, dated
four days previous, secured for its bearer admission to
forts Valerian and Rosny, and past German sentries to
the heights of Mt. Avron.

With the exception of such relics of the late battles as
thé German troops had removed, the field of conflict
seemed tingleaned. Although it was well known that
terms of peace had been signed; during a day’s ramble
among the forts and over battle fields but-a few miles out-
side Paris, not a Frenchman was met. Fragments of shell
of which those exhibited were specimens, lay “thickly
strewn over the heights of Mt. Avron, and showed at a
glance, how untenable the Germans, by their concentrated
fire, had made this advanced position of the French.

The effect of the German fire upon Fort Rosny, one
of the most severely bombarded of the works about
Paris, showed the impracticability of large barracks in
the interior of forts. For such buildings furnish an ex-
cellent mark for the enemy, and precarious shelter for
troops. The large stone buildings in Rosny had been, as
it were, eviscerated by exploding bombs, and converted

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. ul 10

74

into heaps of ruins within bare stone enclosures, while
the external walls of the forts seemed to have sustained
no injury which could not be quickly repaired by night
work. ;

On driving over to the grounds about the Palace of
St. Cloud, it was surprising to find the ruins of the Palace
so little frequented by curious visitors. Amid the ruins
there were many things worth removal for curious keep-
sakes, and the ornaments about the Palace gardens broken
by shot and shell offered many a tempting fragment to
the visitor. It is not to be wondered at, that at a later
day, foreigners visiting this unprotected property, should
yield to the demoralizing influence of the surrounding
ruin, and almost with the feeling that they were saving
from oblivion some precious relics, bring away with them
portions of broken statues, and even break portions from
others already hopelessly disfigured, by the iron rain
which had fallen about them.

With the mementoes above enumerated, Dr. Johnson
also presented some specimens of the “Erbs wurst” or
Pea-sausages, so largely used as rations by the Prussian
army, and commemorated in the verses of Hans Breit-
mann when describing “Breitmann in Bivouae” —

“ He sits in bivouacke,
By fire, peneat’ de drees;
A pottle of Champagner
Held shently on his knees;
His lange Uhlan Janze
Stuck py him in de sand;
Vhile a goot peas-poodin’ sausage adorns his oder hand.” .
These sausages were invented by a German cook by
the name of Grinberg who sixteen years ago furnished
similar ones for a marine expedition to Japan. Since that
time having improved his invention, Counsellor Engelhard
at the beginning of the late war, recognized the impor-

tance of the production—tested it with the third army

75

Corps and the Guards, and soon contracted for one million
of these sausages, assuring to the inventor a premium of
thirty-five thousand thalers. Before the needs of the
government were supplied, Engelhard’s manufactory pro-
duced about nine million pounds of “Erbs wurst.” They
are made from ground peas and fat pork intimately mixed,
and compressed into a large intestine. They are in size
from five to eight inches long and three inches in diameter. -
A section three inches long from one of these cylin-
drical masses, when dissolved in boiling water, furnishes,
a hearty meal for one man, containing as it does a suita-
ble proportion of vegetable and animal food.

‘Thése specimens presented to the Institute were given
to the donor by Frailein von Bismarck, a cousin of
Prince Bismarck, who with self-denying patriotism im-
itated by many German ladies of noble family, had left
her comfortable home to watch over the interests of the
wounded soldiers at the hospital barracks at Berlin.
There she took charge of the cooking department which

was a pattern of system and cleanliness. From the stores

she presented these specimens of condensed food, which
are now, according to a pledge to her, sleposited in the
historical collections of the Institute.

The manufactory which furnished the “Erbs wurst ”

‘employed two thousand men at one time, produced one

hundred and twenty thousand pounds of “Erbs wurst,”
and two hundred thousand pounds of other conserves,
and worked over the flesh and bones of six thousand oxen.

The secretary presented also specimens of silver ore
from the mines of Saxon Freiberg, giving at the same
time an account of a descent into these mines.

F. W. Purnan gave a very clear and instructive de-
scription of the process of manufacturing type.

76

The PrestpENT presented a map of Hawaii exhibiting
the volcanic eruptions of 1822—1840-1852-1855-1859,
and 1868, given to the Institute by Stephen H. Phillips,
Exsq. :

The Lrsrartan announced the following additions
since the meeting of the 10th inst:

Donations.

BEAMAN, CHARLES C., Jr. The Alabama Claims. 1 vol. 8vo.

BUTLER, Hon. B. F.,M.C. Porter’s Speech in U. S. H. R., April 4, 1871. But-
ler’s Speech in U. S. H. R., April 20, 1871. 8vo pamph.

Ciry OF Boston. Boston City Documents for 1870. 3 vols. 8vo.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. U. 8. Geological Survey of Wyoming and
Contiguous Territories. 1870. 1 vol. 8vo.

FOOTE, CALEB. Files of several county papers for Feb., March and April, 1871.

GREEN, S. A., of Boston, Miscellaneous pamphlets, 14.

Hyatt, A. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25.

JOHNSON, SAMUEL. The Worship of Jesus. 12mo pamph.

PERKINS, GEO. A. The Spirit of Missions, 19 Nos. The Schoolmate, 4 Nos.
History of the Worcester Family. 1 vol. 8vo. The Court and City Kalendar of
London for 1766. 1 vol, 16mo. Farmer’s Almanacs from 1804 to 1862 inclusive.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

Exchanges.

BIBLIOTHEQUE UNIVERSELLE ET REVUE SUISSE. Archives des Sciences Phys-
iques et Naturelles, Nos. 15%, ’7,’8. 1870-71. 3 pamphlets, 8vo.

Boston PUBLIC LIBRARY. Bulletin for April, 1871.

IOWA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Legislative Documents for 1870, 2 vols.
8vo. Legislative Supplement, 1870, 1 vol. 4to. Laws of Iowa, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo.
House Journal, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. Iowa Insurance Reports, 1858, 69. 2 vols. 8vo.
Towa Agricultural Report, $59, 1 vol.8vo. Census of Iowa, 1869,1 vol. 8vo. Geol-
ogy of Iowa, 2 vols. 4to. Senate Journal, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. The Annals of lowa
for April, 1871. 8vo pamph.

MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Collections of. Fourth Series, Vol.
IX. 1 vol. 8vo.

NEW YORK STATE LIBRARY. Annual Report of the Trustees, 1871.

NEW YorK LYCEUM OF NATURAL History. Annals. Vol. IX. No. 13.

PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. Christian World. Eclectic. Essex
Banner. Gardener’s Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Hardwicke’s Science
Gossip. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter.
Lynn Transcript. Nation. Nature. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Peabody
Press. Salem Observer.

The Secretary announced the following correspond-
ence :

e
Boston Society of Natural History, May 5; Towa State Historical Society, May 4;
Charles C. Beaman, Jr., New York, May 6; John T. Carter, Salem, May 15; A. L.
Huntington, Beverly, May 14; A. Lackey, Haverhill, May 1; W. Neilson, Salem,
May 12; J. Pearson, Schenectady, N. Y., May 4; Geo. H. Preble, Charlestown,
May 1; A. A. Scott, Saugus, May 8. —

77

Fietp Meetine at Nortn Breverty, JuNE 15.
THE RAMBLE.

TuHE Institute, with her ripe experience in-Field Meet-
ings, was not to be allured, by the almanac announcement
that spring was present, into rambles over fields doubt-
fully released from the dominion of winter—wet, cold,
and showing only at wide intervals, the green of some
venturesome plant pitifully striving for life; it might
find its own predicament too exactly typified in some of
the stunted plants, which; alternately cheered by dayse
of sunshine and disheartened by nights‘of frost, seemed
repressed and discomforted. Young enough to be enthu-
siastic, the Institute is now far enough removed from
extreme youth to have her enthusiasm tempered by good
judgment, therefore she selected a day in the middle of
the first month of summer, to lead her disciples and
friends for the first time this year, into fields well stored
by nature with forms of life. But

“The best laid schemes o’mice an’ men
. Gang aft a-gley.”

The morning which should have proved inviting, threat-
ened to drench all who should venture from shelter, and
these threatenings kept so many cautious persons at
home, that not more than one hundred ladies and gentle-
men presented themselves for the start.

The region selected fur examination, was in North
Beverly. To reach it, the excursionists from Salem took
an early train at the Eastern Railroad depot. On dis-
mounting, after a brief ride, Mr. Daniel Welch appeared
and greatly lightened the cares, and added to the com-
fort of the party, by taking the provisions and all super-
fluous baggage to Mystic Hall, where in due time the

exh ew ait oj
collation was to be served.

78

The chief objects of interest in this locality are Wen-
ham Lake and the Salem Water Works upon its shore.
To these more permanent features, nature, but four days
previous, had added the fortunately rare spectacle of the
path of a tornado, clearly defined by uprooted trees, and
houses demolished or twisted from their foundations.

Wenham Lake, by reason of the picturesqueness of its
situation and the quiet beauty of its shore, has long
allured innumerable visitors, who have widely spoken its
praise. The selection of its waters to supply the city of
Salem, and the consequent construction of the necessary
reservoir and machinery upon its border, have greatly
added to its local reputation. But the purity of its
waters have long given it a transatlantic fame. About
the streets of London, and other English cities, one fre-
quently sees upon carts and signs, the words, “Wenham
Lake Ice.” Probably not one-half of the ice thus adver-
tised, has really crossed the seas. We are suspicious
that the genuine value of the word Wenham, prefixed to
ice as indicative of excellence, has proved too great a
temptation to dealers who would affix some superlative
term to their produgtions.

The reservoir oh»Chipman’s Hill, and the engine and
pumping machinery, together with all the apparatus of

the Salem Water Works, received the first attention of

the Institute party. For here was not only one of those
proofs of human power, which make one more pleasingly

conscious of the possibilities of manhood, but enhancing |

the beauty of the machinery, more than the floral decora-
tions, was the sense of partial ownership, which each
citizen of Salem might rightly feel.

Capt. Daniel H. Johnson, the superintendent of the
works, by his clear and patient description of their de-
tails, won the gratitude of the entire party.

{

79

A few of our number visiting the outlet of the lake,
were fortunate in witnessing the passage of the dam by
thousands of Alewives, on their way to the ocean. Mr.
Putnam directed attention to a peculiar manceuvre of the
fish, and stated that it was a habit of all species, to turn
the head up stream and to pass over falls tail foremost.
By this means they escape two dangers; one, that of
strangulation, which might otherwise occur from the
water coming violently in contact with the delicate mem-
brane of their gills, the other that of fracture of their
scales, the latter by no means a light injury, since the.
place of the broken scales soon becomes the site of a
fungous disease which is quite generally fatal.

Other interesting localities were not neglected by our
ramblers. Several old buildings and landmarks were duly
inspected by those especially interested in antiquities ;
at half past one o’clock all repaired to the hall, where the
collation stood in waiting and received due attention.

At 3 P. M. the meeting for discussions and reports was
held in the church, and Hon. Allen W. Dodge, was in-
vited to preside. Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspond-

ence: =

* Boston Public Library, May 26; Buffalo Historical Society, May 22; Buffalo So-
ciety of Natural Sciences, May 31; New York Historical Society, May 20; New
York Mercantile Library Association, May 23; New York State Library, May 30;
Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society, May 25; Quebec Literary and Historical
Society, May 30; Western Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society, June 12;
William Clagston, Springfield, May 23; J. Colburn, Boston, June 8; E. H. Dalton,
Taunton, June 2; Frank E. Hotchkiss, New Haven, May 19, June 2; Andrew W.
Morgan, New York, May 24; Edwin Noyes, Waterville, Me., June 12; J. Exqacott,
Boston, June 8; M. A. Stickney, Salem, May 24; Westerman & Co., New York,

May 26.
* The Liprarran reported the following additions :

: By Donations.
ALLEN, J. F. Patent Office Reports, 1848 to 1854, 4 vols.8vo. Reporton Agricul-

80 ;

ture, 1865 to 1858, 5 vols. 8vo. Christian Examiner, 95 Nos. Journal of Foreign
Literature, 8 Nos. Boston Cultivator, 48 Nos. Christian Register, 53 Nos. Journal
of the American Unitarian Association, 124 Nos.

ALMON, A. B. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 75.

Benson, L. B. A Dissertation on Geometry. 12mo pamph.

BOARD OF PUBLIC CHARITIES OF PENNSYLVANIA. Report for 1870, 1 vol. 8vo.

Brooks, C. T., of Newport, R. I. Roman Rhymes, 12mo. Cambridge, 1869.

CANADIAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Geology of Canada, 1866 to 1869, 1 vol. 8vo. -

City OF SALEM. City Documents, 1870-’71, 1 vol. 8vo.

CLEVELAND, Mrs. W. S. Miscellaneous volumes, 143. Columbian Sentinel, 37
Nos. Essex Register, 71 Nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 25.

EssEX AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. Transactions. 1870. &vo.

GREEN, S. A., of Boston. Report of the Boston Provident Association, 1861-’67.
1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

HEWES, JAMES T. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 21.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for May, 1871.

MorRSsE, E.S. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 21.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WOOL MANUFACTURES. Bulletin, April, 1871.

PAINE, NATH’L, of Worcester. Worcester Directories for 1868-59-70, 3 vols. 8vo.

PUTNAM, Mrs. EBEN. Andrews against Universalism, 1 vol. 12mo. Dictionary
of Self Knowledge, 1 vol. 8vo.

SUMNER, CHARLES, U. S.S. Report on Agriculture for March and April, 1871.

WALKER, FRANCIS. Notes on Chalcidiae, 12mo pamph., 1871.

WHEATLAND, STEPHEN G. American Law Register, 28 Nos. Miscellaneous
pamphlets, 25.

Exchanges.

ARCHIV FUR ANTHROPOLOGIE. Vierter Band, 4to. Braunschweig, 1871.

BIBLIOTHEQUE UNIVERSELLE ET REVUE SUISSE. Archives des Sciences
Physiques et Naturelles, No. 159.

Boston SOCIETY OF NATURAL HisTorRY. Proceedings, Vol. XIII, sigs. 26, 27,28,

GEORGIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Constitution, By-Laws, and List of members.
Savannah, 1871.

HOTCHKISS, FRANK E.. of New Haven, Conn. New York Farmer, 1 vol. 4to,
New York Directory, 1854, 1,vol. 8vo. Ohio Statistics, 1 vol. 8vo. History of the
North Church in New Iavem 1 vol. 8vo. Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy,
Vol. 1, PartI. Tales of the Puritans. 1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 133,

K6NIGLICH BAYERISCHEN AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN, IN MUNCHEN.

Sitzungsberichte, II Heft 1-4, 1870; Denkschrift auf C. E. H. von Meyer, von C. A.

Zittel, 1870.

MARYLAND HISTORICAL SocreTy. A Lost Chapter in the History of the Steam-
boat. By J. H.B. Latrobe. 8vo pamph.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. XVII, 4to, 1870.

SOCIETE DE PHYSIQUES ET D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE, IN GENEVE. Memoires,
Tome XX.

TAUNTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. Report of the Trustees, 1870.

VEREINS FUR ERDKUNDE, in Darmstadt. Notiz blatt, [Il Folge, IX Heft, 1870.

ZOOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT. Zoologische Garten, XI Jahrg., Nos. 7-12, 1870.

PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Christian
World. Eclectic. Fireside Favorite. Gardener’s Monthly. Gloucester Tele-
graph. Haverhill Gazette Historical Magazine. Land and Water. Lawrence
American. Literary World. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript.
Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. ‘Sailor’s Mag-
azine. Salem Observer. Silliman’s Journal. Sotheran’s Catalogue.

fl

ra

BULLETIN

OF THE

SS SE ee

Vou. 3. SALEM, Mass., Juty, 1871. No. i

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Fietp Meetine at NortH BEVERLY, JUNE 10th, 1871.
. { Continued.]
TORNADO, OR CYCLONE, AT WENHAM.

Mr. Donpece said, that since the appointment of the
meeting, there had occurred in this immediate neighbor-
hood, an event so rare in New England and of a char-
acter so fearful and destructive, he would make it the
subject of his remarks. He alluded to the tornado or
cyclone of the Sunday previous, which passed within a
mile of his own residence, and the effects of which he had
himself witnessed. The first we heard of it in this vicin-
ity was just before five o’clock P. M., at or near Swan’s
crossing in Danvers, where it was seen by two men as
they were riding by, to whom it had the appearance of a
column of vapor and dust rushing past in a north easterly
direction, but doing no damage. It was next seen by
Daniel H. Johnson, the Superintendent of the Salem
Water Works, whose duties called him that day to
Wenham Lake. From him is the following graphic

description.
‘«It was my good fortune last Sunday afternoon at a few

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. Ill 11

82

minutes past five to be at the ice houses, near the north-
erly side of the lake, and see the cyclone come towards
me across the lake, pass by within two hundred feet, in
its course of destruction through Wenham, Hamilton and
Essex. j :

My party were awaiting a shower to pass over, and
were standing in a sheltered spot admiring the beauties of
the thick heavy black clouds, passing over our heads in
an easterly direction while a lower stratum of air near the
earth was moving in a north easterly direction as indicated
by a vane on the ice houses. The clouds kept shutting
in closer, it was growing darker and darker, the wind
blowing a gale, when across the lake comes a water-spout,
as I supposed, in the shape of a tin tunnel such as is used
in filling bottles, the broad mouth being thousands of feet
in diameter away up in the clouds, the small end but fifty
to one hundred feet in diameter touching the water.

The water-spout in its passage across the lake was
taking up water all the while; the wind increased in vio-
lence bringing a wave nearly three feet high along with it,
which washed well up on to the road near where we were
standing. A large dory anchored a short distance from
us was lifted into he air, twisted around like a top and
fell bottom upwards into the lake. We ran so as to be
as near as possible, and were but two hundred feet dis-
tant, when it struck a gravel-bank and orchard just to
the west of the highway which offered considerable resist-
ance, when up go the gravel, large stones, rail fences,
hundreds of feet into the air appearing like ribbons,— -
twisting trees right out of the ground by the roots,
and branches fly in every direction. We watched it
move on until in three or four minutes it was out of
sight, when it strikes a plowed field — the tunnel being
black with loam from the earth away into the clouds —

83

then strikes a barn while the timbers and boards fly in
every direction.

Its course was a remarkably straight line a few points
to the north of east. The whizzing noise of -the cyclone
was terrific, ten times louder than the hum of our cottomw
factory, and the whole scene was peculiarly grand, wild
and fearful.”

Mr. Dodge resumed his remarks :

Continuing its course over fields, hills and valleys, here
and there uprooting trees, it struck upon the road that
leads from Wenham Centre to the Neck, where it made
sad havoc of an orchard belonging to Abraham Dodge,
demolishing his barn, as also a barn of Simeon Dodge in
which was a valuable horse that escaped harm as if by a
miracle. Passing on with fearful speed, it was seen. to
uproot large trees and even to whirl them along in the
air, to overturn stone wall removing portions of it to
some distance. It next struck the house, barn and out-
buildings on the farm occupied by Asa W. Trout, on the
easterly spur of Brown’s hill in Hamilton, and here it
seems to have spent its fury. The roof was lifted from
one side of the house and deposited in fragments on the
ground and the windows were smashed-in on the side
most exposed. ‘The barn was made a total wreck and the
pieces strown in all directions, large oak timbers’ being
carried to some distance. An orchard on the side of the
hill consisting of a large number of stalwart trees that had
defied the storms of seal, a century, were twisted up by
the roots and their branches and leaves coated with dirt
that had been caught up by the cyclone as it crossed a
neighboring corn- tld. Even a horse that was feeding
near the barn, was taken up bodily and dropped in a field
some ways off and has not got over the injuries caused by
his involuntary jaunt in ie air. Thence, the cyclone

84

took its course towards Chebacco pond, levelling some
pine and other trees, till it reached Essex doing but
slight damage there and so passed out to sea.

What is not a little remarkable, is the occurrence the
same afternoon in the interior of the State of a similar or
the same cyclone, of which the following account appears
in the newspapers.

‘¢ A terrible tornado passed through the towns of Pax-
ton, Holden and West Boylston, Sunday afternoon, de-
molishing every building in its track and tearing ‘up trees
by the roots. In the town of Paxton it demolished the
‘barn of L. N. Parkhurst and blew off one gable of his
dwelling house. rom there it went in a northeasterly
direction, and blew down the buildings of Mr. Bigelow,
on the old town farm. Thence it went through the woods
sweeping all before it and striking the house and barn of
Lewis Martin, in Holden, entirely demolishing both.
The village of Holden was next taken in its destructive
march, and here five barns, three houses, and one car-
penter shop were blown down. ‘Three persons were in-
jured, one, Charles Burrett seriously. A strip of heavy
stone wall, some twenty rods in length, was completely
‘blown over, and laffge trees were blown thirty rods, with
upward of a ton of earth upon their roots. The tornado
appeared to move at the rate of seven miles an hour and
was not more than ten rods in width.” |

Mr. Dodge then stated that in his opinion these cyclones
were one and the same, that at the interior being the be-
ginning of that which ended at Essex, and for this opinion —
he gave the following reasons.

lst. The direction in which they passed was the same.
By drawing a straight line on the large map of the
State published by the Legislature a few years since,
through Paxton, Holden and West Boylston, it would

e 85

also pass in a north easterly course through Swan’s cross-
ing over Wenham Lake, to Brown’s hill and that part of
Essex where the cyclone was last seen. aE

2d. The time of the occurrence of the cyclones was the
same, allowing for the time it would take in its travelling
between the two termini, at the rate of seven miles an
hour, as it was estimated to have travelled, beginning at
four and one half o’clock P. M. and finishing at a little
past five o’clock of the same day.

8d. The width of the track — or in other words, the di-,
ameter of the cyclone — was the same in both cases from
one hundred and fifty to one hundred and sixty feet ;
wherever there was any means of measuring the track,
it varied but little from this width.

Ath. As cyclones are of so rare occurrence in New oe:
land, it is more probable that this occurring not only
on the same day but at nearly the same hour, moving
in the same direction at the same rate of speed and
of the same width, should be one and the same rather
than that»there should be two cyclones, separate and
distinct in their origin and yet each combining all these
elements. e .

But it may be said that if this be so, why was not its
pathway across the country as distinctly marked as“it was
at both ends? To this it may be replied that the face of
the cyclone may have been more or less intensified by cir-
cumstances or causes unknown to us, or the tunnel-
shaped volume of vapor or other matter of which it was
composed, may have been so drawn up at intervals as to
do no damage. But it would be presumptuous for him to
attempt a satisfactory solution of the question proposed,
when the books that treat of the subject of cyclones, tor-
nadoes, whirlwinds and other similar phenomena, leave
the reader quite in the dark upon many points of enquiry.

86

The lines of demarcation between them seem to be some-
what confused. But the following points seem pretty
clearly established.

Tornadoes over the sea are accompanied often with one
or more complete water-spouts and over the land with
partial water-spouts or with columns of dust. There is
a close similarity of these phenomena. Tornadoes fre-
quently burst forth upon the land suddenly, perhaps first
on the side of a mountain and moving forward along a
straight or curved track, with dark clouds moving to-
-wards the sea, while a breeze may be blowing in an
opposite direction. They show their terrific force by over-
turning, uprooting, breaking or twisting off trees; by
demolishing buildings or lifting these and other heavy
bodies into the air to scatter their parts around at great
distances, or sometimes to set them down again nearly
unharmed; by lifting other objects, such as the beasts,
persons, and sometimes even large cannon, and trans-
porting them to considerable distances, destroying crops
and farm improvements of all kinds in their course. As
arule the energy of the wind and the havoc it produces
are greatest near phe circumference of the whirl, and
places over which at any moment its centre is situated
may experience for the time an almost total lull of
wind, to be renewed however in all its violence as the.
posterior margin of the whirl reaches them. This whirling
motion is universal, and shows that the phenomena are in
all cases associated with, or dependent on some form of .
whirling wind. Abundant facts prove that very heavy
objects can thus be elevated and suspended for a consid-
erable time before they are allowed to fall, though we are
as yet unable to understand exactly in what manner so
great a lifting power is exerted on those objects.

Hurricanes prevail more particularly, and with the

&

87

greatest fury in the torrid zone, always however at some
distance from the equator, which they never touch or
cross. In the polar regions they are unknown, but they
occur vccasionally in the temperate zones. In 1881,
Wm. C. Redfield published in the “American Journal of
Science” the first of a remarkable series of papers upon
the phenomena of storms, in which he clearly established
the fact that storms are progressive whirlwinds of a.
large diameter, and, what is remarkable, as is now well
ascertained, those in the southern hemisphere rotate in an
opposite direction from those in the northern, the former
turning in whirls with the hands of a watch placed face
upwards, the latter in the contrary direction to the move-
ment of the hands of the watch. Mr Redfield subse-
quently suggested, what is now an accomplished fact,
that the telegraph was likely to prove a most valuable
instrument -in giving notice of the approach of storms
and hurricanes, and that to the United States it would
prove more specially valuable when extended to the
West India Islands.

From the accumulation and induction of facts in the
domain of nature, are often deduced with absolute cer-
tainty the great laws — laws uniform and fixed — that
control and regulate every department of that vast do-

‘main. The humblest observer and worker in our own

Essex Institute may her shadow never be less !—
helps to this discovery by patient waiting and knocking
for a response from the great mystery within, not growing
weary or discouraged because it cometh not in a day, in
a year, orina series of years, but recording well ascer-
tained facts for those who may afterwards take his place
and so keeping up the line of waiters and watchers till
the darkness flee away, and the bright light of morning

gild the horizon.

88

Mr. F. W. Purnam was the next speaker. After a
few remarks on the Cyclone and the track it had left, he
alluded to the dust storms and the importance of collect-
ing dust from such storms, when they occur, for micro-
scopical observations, as the dust often contains, in
abundance, interesting diatomes, ete., brought from a dis-.
tance and from unknown localities. He then spoke of

THE FISHES COLLECTED IN THE LAKE.
,

There were two species of pickerel, two of sun fish,
the perch, three of the shiner family, a sucker, the eel,
the little darter, the horned pout and the alewife. The
last was very abundant at the outlet as the water com-
missioners had kept the dam closed for a day in order
that the members of the Institute should see the descent
of the fish on their way to the sea. He then explained
why it was that the fish all went over the dam tail first, as
the water in the rapid current would otherwise be forced
under the gill covers and destroy the delicate gills, while
at the same time suffocating the fish, as the structure of
the gills is adapted for allowing the water to be taken
in at the mouth passing over the gills and out under
the gill cover. It ig*®wing to this fact that a fish, when
quiet in the water, always keeps its head up stream if
there is the slightest current, and the whole structure of
the fish, including shape, scales and fins, is perfectly -
adapted to this purpose.

The alewives, which were now on their way to the sea,
were all adult fishes that had entered the lake about the
middle of May and had deposited their spawn along the
shore. They were now returning to their winter quarters
in deep water off our coast (for he did not believe that
they migrated far south, as was generally supposed),
and would return to the lake each season for the same

89

purpose, until their work and short lives were done.
Young alewives, transparent little fellows about an inch i in
length, and not long hatched, were noticed swimming in
small schools alge: the edge of the lake. . These were
the young from the eggs laid by the very fish that were
now so anxious to eaten to the sea, and these young
would follow in three or four months, when they would
be about four inches in length, and they would return to
the place of their birth, as full grown fish, in their third -
year.

_ The alewives are very prolific, each female laying abou,
one quarter million of eggs, and though, possibly, not
over one tenth of these eggs results in the production of
full grown fishes, yet this tenth would give an immense
number of young fish developed in such a body of water
as Wenh: say twenty-five million young for
every thousand adult females that enter the’ lake. There
was a time when the alewives must have swarmed into the
lake by the hundreds of thousands, but their free run to
and from the sea has been cut off by the erection of
dams, the, using of water and the excessive fisheries, to
such an extent. that now but comparatively few enter the
lake, though, thanks to the noble work of, our State Com-
missioners of Fisheries, in connection with the commis-
sioners of the other New England States, the alewife with
its cousin the shad, and the brilliant trout and silvery
salmon, are fast becoming plenty in our rivers and lakes,
and if the work of the commissioners continues to receive
the well earned support of the people, and every one
helps to enforce the laws providing for the free passage of
fish over all our dams and preventing excessive fishing at
the time of spawning, we shall have no cause of com-
plaint about the want of good fishes and good fishing.
For it is now well demonstrated that fishes can be made

Essex INST. BULLETIN. III 12

90

a regular and as sound a source of income as stock rais-
ing and farming, and fish farming, as it has been called,
now takes its place among the regular resources of our
country and state.

Mr. James H. Emerron exhibited several specimens
of native plants collected during the forenoon and made
some remarks in relation to the same.

Dr. Henry Wueattanp alluded briefly to some his-
torical associations connected with this parish of Beverly,
which was organized in 1714, and was for some years
known as the “ Precinct of Salem and Beverly.” The
first minister,

REV. JOHN CHIPMAN,

son of Deacon Samuel Chipman of Barnstable, born Feb.
16, 1690-1, a graduate of Harvard College in the class
of 1711, ordained over this parish, Dec. 28, 1715, and
after a pastorate of nearly sixty years, the longest in
Beverly, was gathered to his fathers, on the 23d of March,
1775, at the advanced age of eighty-five years. During
this long period, nofhing transpired to disturb the harmo-
ny that prevailed; ‘he was faithful in the discharge of
every duty incumbent upon his ministerial office ; and was
the honored and beloved pastor, who, on each returning -
sabbath, gave words of counsel, sympathy and wisdom to
his people, who were wont to assemble within these vener-
able walls; uninterrupted prosperity followed, the church
enlarged her borders, and the society flourished in all its
interests.
A correspondent in the “Essex Gazette” says : —
“Beverly, March 29,°1775.

On Thursday last died, the Rev. John Chipman, in the
85th Year of his Age; and Yesterday was decently in-

“91

terred. He was born at Barnstable, educated at Harvard
College, and settled in the North Parish in this Town,
Dec. 28,1715, being their first Minister. It pleased the
Father of Spirits to indue him with superior, natural Pow-
ers, which he greatly improved, by a close Application to
his studies, and making Divinity his principal Study. He
was well qualified for the important Work to which
he was called; and was a great Blessing in his Station.
He had many Children; whom he educated and governed
with great Wisdom and Prudence. His Family has been.
called a School of useful Knowledge and Virtue. And as
he knew how to govern his own House, so he did also
know how to take Care of the Church of God. The Ped-
ple of his Charge had happy Experience of his Ability in
this Respect, while he presided over them; particularly
when (some years past), this Country swarmed with
itinerant Preachers and ignorant Exhorters, who threw
these Churches in general into great Disorder and Confu-
sion, propagated pernicious Errors, excited wild Enthu-
siasm, and promoted unchristian Divisions and Separa-
tions; by the Blessing of God on Mr. Chipman’s wise
Conduct, Peace and Order were preserved in his Parish,
and solid, rational Religion flourished. As he was well
furnished for the great Work of the Ministry, with Respect.
to the natural Powers of his Mind, his Knowledge and
Learning, and Wisdom and Prudence, so he was also with |
Respect to Piety and serious Godliness It pleased God,
in his younger Years, to impress his Mind with a lively
Sense of the important Things of Religion; and this he
preserved through Life. By this he was excited to great
Fidelity and Care in the Discharge of the Duties of his
important Office. He watched for Souls, as knowing he
must give Account, praying with and for his People with
Fervency and Affection, and many Tears. It may per-
haps be said, his Speech’was contemptible, but. this was
said even of St. Paul, and yet he was nota whit behind
the very chief of the Apostles, either for Abilities or
Usefulness. His Preaching, in Imitation of that great
Apostle’s, was not with enticing Words of Man’s Wisdom.
He did not seek the Applause of Men, but the eternal

92

Welfare of immortal Souls: And he chose that Method
of preaching which he thought would be most likely to
answer this important End; and he was not ‘deceived
herein, for his preaching was attended with much Success.
His People were highly favored of the Lord, in being
directed to so able, faithful and successful a Minister, and -
in having him continued with them for such an unusual
Length of Time; and it is hoped they remember it with
Gratitude. He performed the Duties of his Office, with
very little Intermission, almost 56 Years, when, being
about 80 Years of Age, by the usual Infirmities of such
an Age, and a distressing Asthma, he was taken off from
his public Labours, and another Minister, the Rev. Mr.
Hitchcock, settled as a Colleague with him; whom God
preserve, and make a like Blessing to them. The four or
five last Years of his Life he was almost entirely confined
to his House, still honouring the Religion he professed
and preached, by his Patience and cheerful Resignation to
the Will of God under all his Sufferings. And when the
Days that were assigned him here were : finished, God gave
him a very easy Passage into a better World. His De-
parture, it is said, seemed more like falling asleep than
dying. May his numerous Offspring, and all that knew
him, especially Ministers of the Gospel, follow the excel-
lent Example he has left us. For blessed is that Servant
whom his Lord, whenshe cometh, shall find so doing.”

The house occupied by him on the road to the principal
settlement in Beverly is still standing and is the residence
of some of his descendants.

‘

REV. ENOS HITCHCOCK.

The second minister was ordained as colleague in 1771
and the two pastors lived together in great mutual affec-
tion and harmony, the younger exerting himself for the
interests of the people, spiritual and temporal, enjoying
their esteem and acquiring the friendship of neighboring
societies and ministers. Mr. Hitchcock was a native of
Springtield, Mass., and a graduate of Harvard College in

93

1767. He warmly espoused the cause of his country,
imbibing deeply the principles of the American Revolu-
tion, and; in 1777, entered the army as chaplain and con-
tinued until the close of the war. On the Ist of Oct.,
1783, he was installed over the Benevolent Congregational
Society in Providence, R. I., his connection with the
church in Beverly having been amicably dissolved in
1780. Soon after he was elected into the Fellowship of
Rhode Island College and for many years was one of its —
most enlightened and efficient directors. He was a good
preacher, a learned divine, a man of active benevolenck
and deeply interested in the cause of popular education.
He early turned his attention to the establishment of pub-
lic schools for the instruction of the children of the poor,
as well as those of the wealthy, visited these school fre-
quently and made such suggestions as tended to aid the
efforts of the teachers and at the same time to awaken
the energies of the pupils. He also addressed parents
and others on the importance of education and published
several books that were replete with useful information
on this subject and highly esteemed. He died at Provi-
dence, Feb. 27, 1803, in the fifty-ninth year of his age.

-

REV. DANIEL OLIVER

the third minister, ordained Oct. 3, 1787; the pulpit,
since the retirement of Mr. Hitchcock, having been tem-
porarily supplied by several persons. Mr. Oliver was
the son of Nathaniel and Merey (Wendell) Oliver, and
father of Gen. H. K. Oliver of Salem. He was born at
Chelsea, April 4, 1753, and graduated at Dartmouth
College in 1785. He dissolved his connection with this
church in August, 1797, and was for several years engaged
as a missionary to the Indians in the Genesee River coun-

try and in the Eastern parts of Maine. - He died at Rox-

94

bury, Mass., Sept. 14, 1840, aged cighty-seven years.
For two or three years after the dismission of Mr. Oliver,
the pulpit was again temporarily supplied by Messrs.
Story, Alden, and Micah Stone, until the ordination of

REV. MOSES DOW

on the 18th of March, 1801, as the fourth minister. Mr.
Dow was born in Atkinson, N. H., Feb. 4, 1771, and a
graduate of Dartmouth College in the class of 1796. He
retired from this pastoral office in April, 1813, with the
highest testimonials of the council that granted his dis-
mission as “an able, faithful, discreet and devoted minis-
ter of Jesus Christ.” He was afterwards installed at
York, Me., Nov. 9, 1815, and resigned the position,
Feb. 17, 1830. He died at Plaistow, N. H., in 1837,
aged sixty-six.

Rev. E. M. Stone, for many years a pastor of this
church, the author of the history of Beverly and now the
devoted and able minister at large in Providence, and
others were mentioned.

Allusion was also made to Hugh Hill, the distinguished
commander of one of the privateers from Beverly during
the revolutionary war, whose country scat is within the
limits of’ this parish, and where he resided from 1808 till
his decease, which occurred Feb. 24, 1829. [See Hist. .
Coll. of Essex Institute, Vol. IV, page 181. ]

Mr. Henry Witson of Beverly, mentioned some in-
teresting facts respecting the church in which the meeting
was hol the frame of which was the identical one er ected
one hundred and fifty-five years ago, although the exterior
and interior have both been considerably modified, in
adaptation to the present wants of the community. In

95

1837 the parish adopted resolutions to remodel the house,
this was accomplished in about five months, and on the
first day of February, 1838, it was reopened yee appro-
priate services. -

Remarks were also made by Messrs. Timothy Ropes,
E. N. Walton, E. W. Harrington, C. Cooke, and others ;
and after passing a vote of thanks to the proprietors of
the Church and of Mystic Hall, and to all others who had
extended courtesies to the party, the meeting adjourned
to Friday afternoon, at the Institute rooms. ®

ADJOURNED MEETING, Fripay, JUNE 20, 1871,

In Plummer Hall, at 4 P. M.
Daniel H. Johnson and Edwin C. Bolles both of Salem
were elected resident members.

INO Pie 8.

ESSEX INSTITUTE HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS,
VOLUME XT PART 1, .

CONTENTS

ADDRESS AT JHE SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY, by Abner C. Goodell, Jr.;
SOME NOTES ON OLD MODES OF TRAVEL, by R. S. Rantoul; GLEANINGS FROM
THE FILES OF THE COURT OF GENERAL SESSIONS OF THE PEACE, No. 1, commu-
nicated by James Kimball.

‘HAS BEEN PRINTED AND IS FOR SALE BY
Assistant Librarian at PLrumMer HAL; the NATURALIST AGENCY;
A. K. Lorina’s Bookstore, corner of Washington and Brom-
field Streets, Boston; and the Bookstores in Salem.

DEFICIENCIES IN THE LIBRARY.

It is intended from time to time, to publish lists of
deficiencies in the Library, hoping that the friends of the
Institute, who may notice the same, will be induced to
aid in completing the sets. Any number or volume, not
designated (within brackets) under any title, will be
acceptable.

DEFICIENCIES IN DIRECTORIES.
(Continued from Vol, Lil, page 13.)

CAMDEN, N.J., by W. H. Boyd [1860].

ELIZABETH, N.J., by A. Boyd [1868-9].

- EssrEx, HUDSON AND UNION COUNTIES, N.J., by W. H. Boyd [1859].

rads wale XN. J., by Gavit [1854-5]; by Gopsill [1861-2].

Hupson, N. J., by D. E. Gavit [1854-5]; by James Gopsill [1861-2].

JERSEY City, N.J., by D. E. Gavit [1854-5]; by James Gopsill [1858-9] ; by James
Gopsill, [1861-2].

PLAINFIELD, N. J., by A. Boyd [1868-9].

RAHWAY, N.J., by A. Boyd [1868-9].

NEWARK, N. J., by B. T. Pierson, [1835-6, 1836-7, 1837-8, 1838-9, 1839-40, 1840-1,
1841-2, 1842-3, 1843-4, 1844- -5, 1845-6, 1846-7, 1847-8, 1848-9, 1849-50, 1850-1, 1851-2, 1052-
3, 1853-4, 1854-5, 1855-6, 1856-7, 1857-8, 1858-9, 1859-50, 1850-1, 1851-2, 1862-3]; by C. H.
Folwell [1853+4, 1864-5]; by James Gopsill [1865-5, 1867, 1858]; by A. S. Holbrook
[1867-8, 1868-9]; Business Directory, by W.H. Boyd [1857-8, 1858-9].

PATERSON, N.J., by W. H. Boyd [1857, 1859].

TRENTON, N. J., by Clark, Moore & Raum [1851-5]; by W. H. Boyd [1857; 1859].

ALLENTOWN, PENN., ; by W. H. Boyd [1860].

ALLEGHANY, PENN., by Geo. H. Thurston [1868-9].

EASTON, PENN., by W. H. Boyd [1860].

ERIE, PENN., by J. H. Lanta[1865-6].

HARRISBURG, PENN., by Divine [1867-8]; by W. H. Boyd [1860].

LANCASTER COUNTY, PENN., by W. H. Boyd [1859-60].

LEBANON, PENN., by W. H. Boyd [1860].

MEADVILLE, PENN., [1869-70].

PHILADELPHIA, PENN., by James Robinson [1807]; by B. & T. Kite [1814]; by °
J. A. Paxton, [1819]; by Edward Whitely [1820]; by M’Carty & Davis [1821]; by
Robert Desilver | 1824, 1828, 1835-6]; by A. M’Elroy [1837, 1839, 1810, 1842, 1843, 1844,
1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1854, 1855, 1855, 1857, 1858, 1359]; by S. E. Cohen
[1860]; by M’Elroy [1860, 1861, 1862, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867]; City and Business Direc-
tory, by James Gopsill [1688-915 ; Business Directory by W. H. Boyd [1858].

PITTSBURG, PENN., by G. H. Thurston [1868-9].

POTTSVILLE, PENN, by W. H. Boyd [1860].

READING, PENN., i W. H. Boyd [1860].

WEST CHESTER, PENN., [1857-8].

DELAWARE STATE, by W.H. and A. Boyd [1859-60].

BALTIMORE, MD., by R. J. Matchett [1824, 1833, 1837-38]; by John Murphy,
[1845]; by R. J. Matchett [1847-8, 1853-4]; by John W. Woods [1856-7] by W. H.
Boyd [1858]; by John W. Woods [1864, 1865-6]; by Houston [1867].

BULLETIN

OF THE

eS SS. Bee. SIN eo ee) ae ea

VoL..3. SaLemM, Mass., Aueust, 1871: No. 8

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Fietp Meetine at East Gioucester, THURSDAY,
JUNE 29th, 1871.

THE RAMBLE.

Comine from its first Field Meeting at Wenham Lake
and its shores, to the ocean about Cape Ann, from the
placid waters of an inland lake, surrounded by woods
and fertile fields, to look upon the restless Atlantic, send-
ing its waves against a rocky coast, the disciples of the
Institute were subjected to a contrast whose influence
even if unrecognized must have been beneficially felt.
The morning threatening rain had suggested disappoint-
ment, so the reappearance of a clear sky added its exhil-
aration to the ramblers.

Of the two hundred and more who came from Salem
and vicinity to participate in the day’s search for instruc-
tion, all seemed more than usually interested in the natu-
ral features of the region visited.

From the rendezvous at the Baptist church the party
proceeded in different directions on their explorations.
Some accepting the courteous invitation of Thomas Niles,
Esq., went to the inner side of the Point, visiting what

Essex INST. BULLETIN. II 13

98

is known as Eastern Point Farm, the adjacent beach, and
the light house, the beauty of the locality abundantly
rewarding the pedestrian effort. Others passed over the
ridge of the promontory to the seaward side, where
rugged rocks echoing the beat of the waves, and sur-
rounded by the foaming surf, contrasted sharply with the
quiet wash of the waters upon the beach at the inner
shore.

At this spot, known as “Bass Rocks,” was much mate-
tial to weave into entertaining fancies. The sheltered
_ ledges formed here a cave worthy of, and naturally fitted
with, some thrilling legend. ‘The waves which broke at
its entrance sounded as from some distant sea, hinting
that concerning this cavern they had a tale to tell of
events far remote in the past; there a marvellous passage-
way through solid granite, with irregular steps of trap
rock from the water’s edge to the summit of a granite
boulder, suggested ascending and descending Indian
braves, or smugglers bending beneath the weight of mys-
terious bundles, or more picturesque pirates with wild
faces, untrimmed beards, and a small arsenal of horrify-
ing weapons wornyat their belts, each using at times this
flight of natural stéps as their ladder to fortune. If such
events were realities instead of fancies, the name “trap”
rock might have a moral as well as a mineralogical signif-
icance. At another point was a natural stone basin,
whose picturesque interior, massive setting, grand sur-
roundings, clear water, large number and variety of liv-
ing occupants, constituted a royal aquarium—one of
Neptune’s adornments of the approaches to his territory.
In most aquaria one thinks of the peril of the animals
from the owner’s lack of skill, or his negligenge to keep
the waters clear, or to observe the conditions of marine
life. You fear lest the beautiful form of life you see to-

99

day, may mysteriously take on the repulsive appearance
of death to-morrow. But here where twice each day the
whole Atlantic lifts her waters, enfolds this nursling sea,
washes its sides with sparkling water, and resupplies its
wants with nourishing streams from her own bosom, one
always expects to find vigorous life, refreshing to look
upon. Nor is the expectation disappointed. Bright col-
ored shells pave the floor of the basin with a rich mosaic.
Sea anemones cover the roughness of the rocks with their
base, unfold their soft tints, and wave their tufted crown,
of tentacles gracefully to and fro. Branching sea-sponges
spring from the interstices of the rocks. The rays of the
star-fish peep through the sea-plants, beneath whose
growth lie many marine animals in partial concealment.
Through the meshes of the weeds one can see the hermit-
crabs dragging their second-hand houses across the minia-
ture highways of this marine township, reminding one of
the frequent migrations of the ancient buildings of Salem
when they fall into the hands of speculators. Now and
then a crab bustles actively across an open space, then
disappears beneath a thick growth of confervee, which he
agitates by his continued movements, and makes you
' think that the concealed regions of this watery district
must be even more densely populated than that wlrich lies
open to the sun.

The party spent much time in studying this beautiful
assemblage of representatives of ocean’s inhabitants
which here in so rare a manner presented themselves for
examination.

Some of the residents of East Gloucester whose means
enabled them to give visible form to the ideas of beauty
which such natural features must suggest, invited some of
our party to visit their residences along the shore, where
the combination of tastefully kept grounds about a coun-

100

try house both in keeping with the surrounding country,
together with a magnificent sea-view, gave the visitors
great pleasure.

The time for the ramble seemed too brief. The differ-
ent sections of the party came tardily together for the
collation, appointed at the church vestry at one o’clock.
But the zest for active labor begotten by the morning’s
enjoyments enabled all to perform the duty of the hour.

The meeting was called to order at 2.30 P. M., the
President in the chair.

Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary announced the following correspon-
dence :— .

From Frankfurt, a. M., Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Dec., 31,
1870; New Brunswick Natural History Society, June 15; New York Lyceum of
Natural History, June 26; Smithsonian Institution, June 22; Wien, K. K. Zool, Bo-
tan. Gesellschaft, Feb.; James S. Bryant, Hartford, Conn., June 15; W.H. Yeo-
mans, Columbia, Conn., June 14.

_ Tue Liprartan reported the following additions :—

By Donations.

BRYANT, W. S., of Hartford, Conn. Hartford Directory, 1828. 1 vol. 16mo.

CLOGSTON, WM., of ingfield. Directories — Kingston and Rondout, 1869-70,
lvol. 8vo. Utica, 1865, 1 vol. 8vo. Schenectady, 1865, 1 vol. 8vo. Rome, 1870,
lyol. 8vo. Oswego, 1866-7, 1 vol. 8vo. Boonville, 1868, 1 yol.12mo. Malone and
Franklin County, 1868-9, 1 vol. 12mo. Lowville, 1867-8, 1 vol. 12mo. Carthage,
1867-8, 1 vol. 12mo. Rome and Oneida County, 1859-60, 1 vol. 12mo. Watertown,
1867-8, 1 vol. 12mo.

FOLGER, W. C., of Nantucket. Reports of the towns of Cohasset, Scituate and
Marshfield for 1870-71. 8vo pamphlets.

GREEN, S. A., of Boston. Revised Gospel of St. Mark. 1 vol. 12mo. Miscella-
neous pamphlets, 24.

TUCKER., W.P. Diocese of California. 8vo pamphlets. 1871.

By Exchange.

BOTANISK TIDSSKRIFT KJUBENHAYN. Tidsskrift, Fjaerde Binds, Andet and
Forste Haefte. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. 1871.

KONGELIGE DANSKE VIDENSKABERNES SELSKABS. Oversigt, 1870. No. II. 8vo
pamph. Kjébenhayn. >

K. K. ZOOLOGISCH — BOTANISCHE GESELLSCHAFT IN WEIN. Verhandlungen,
Band XX. Heft 1-4 1870. 8yvo pamphlets.

101

MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Collections. Vol. I. Fifth Series, 1
vol. 8vyo. Boston. 1871.

MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, Boston, Fifty-first Annual Report. 8vo
pamph. 1871. °

NATURHISTORISCHE GESELLSCHAFT IN HANNOVER. Bwanzigfter, 4to pamph.
1869-70.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. Register and Journal, July,
1871.

PEABODY INSTITUTE, Baltimore, Md. Fourth Annual Report of the Provost to
the Trustees, June 1, 1871. :

RoyAL SOCIETY OF TASMANTA. Monthly Notices of Papers and Proceedings
for 1868-9.

SENCKENBERGESCHE NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT. Abhandlungen,
Siebenter. Bd. 1869-70. 4to pamph. Bericht, June, 1869. June, 1870.

VEREIN ZUR VERBREITUNG NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHER KENNTNISSE IN WIEN.
Schriften, Vols. IX, X. 1868-70. i e

YEOMANS W. H., of Columbia, Conn.. Report of the Connecticut Board of Agri-
culture for 1869. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 37. | .

PUBLISHERS. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Land and Water.
Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Medical
and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody Press. Salem Observer.

THE PresipEnt referred briefly to the connection be-
tween Gloucester and Salem in their early history, and
said that this town was of historical interest to many
present, in the fact that the early settlers at Salem came
first to Gloucester, and resided about two years before
taking up’the more permanent abode with which they be-
came subsequently identified. He called upon Mr.
George D. Phippen of Salem to speak upon

THE FLOWERS COLLECTED.

Mr. Pureren commenced by saying that he was re-
minded of a former officer of the Institute, who, when
called upon to speak on an occasion similar to this, com-
menced his remarks with the familiar quotation, “ What
went ye out into the wilderness for to see?” While we
may not designate this region by such an appellation, it
is always our desire on occasions like this to visit the
wildest locations of the neighborhood, in order that our
collections may be the more rich and rare; even a “reed

102

shaken by the wind” becomes an agreeable sight to one
coming from the dusty streets of the city.

The flowers upon the table, not collected by my own
hand, suggest the shady coppice, as well as the rocky
promontory, and the sandy shore. Among which are the
arethusa, the dwarf laurel, the iris, the cranberry, the
anagallis, the calestegia or wild morning glory, and
many others which under specific names were assigned to
their proper group in the natural arrangement, the only
classification at this late day worthy of consideration.
The most peculiar specimens presented were the full
blown heads of the yellow thistle, Cirsium horridulum,
new to. most of the party, but not uncommon in many
sandy localities near the sea. Notwithstanding its for-
bidding prickles, which gave rise to its specific name,
several ladies present, impressed with its novel beauty,
plucked large bunches of its showy blossoms with which
to embellish their vases at home, hitherto filled with the
more delicate products of the green house and flower
border.

It is presumed to be seuavally understood that all the
beautiful plants of pur gardens and conservatories were
once wild, — the faitivated offspring of ruder and more
simple types; our own country meanwhile furnishing to
other nations many an exotic of rare worth and beauty,
and quite as highly prized as any of theirs are to us.

This splendid array of ornamental plants now so acces-
sible, and with which many of our gardens are richly
stocked, is the result of many long years of cultivation,
with changes and mutations induced or retained by the
hand of man, and generally at the expense of what may
be called the integrity of the plant, that is, more or less
to the sacrifice of its vital and generative forces. Many
plants with such an origin, though extremely ornamental

103

or useful to us, are most carefully propagated by cuttings,
and are in fact but the assiduous multiplication or rather
prolongation of the same individual life, which is not the
case with plants of a more primitive type, that conse-
quently are freely propagated by their own prolific seed.

This we understand to be one phase of the high mis-
sion of man while a denizen upon the earth, to exercise
the noble privilege of subduing all things unto the best
wishes and purposes of his race, having this promise ever
before us taught by science as well by our sublime reli-
gion, that by seeking we shall find, by knocking it shall*
be opened unto us; a sure reward sooner or later always
repaying the patient investigator.

It therefore becomes not irreverent to declare that in a
certain sense and in a delegated manner man is a creator,
calling into being forms that without his aid might never
exist.

The grains and edible roots so indispensible to man and
the lower animals are so few as to be “almost counted upon
the fingers” but in their varieties are almost endless ; while
many of them ina primitive wild state can no longer be
found upon the earth. Much the same is it with the fruits
proper, and while this has been so long” true, there still
yemains unknown and unappropriated hundreds of, plants
capable of yielding both food and ornamentation, that
still remain in the wilds of the earth just as they came
from the great Creator’s hand, simple and undeveloped.

When we allude to the plants of the garden and green-
house, how few of the large number do we find well un-
derstood in their possible modifications and whose mani-
fest changes scarcely ever weary US. If this developed
few in their numerous varieties were taken from their
places on the shelves and in the borders, our gardens
would be bare indeed.

104

The botanist and the florist, though sometimes com-
bined in the same individual, possess severally elements
of knowledge and taste of great divergency, the former
always looking with jealousy upon the labors of the lat-
ter; knowing well that the doubling of flowers and the
variegation of the foliage of plants are accidents or inno-
vations more or less destructive to plant vitality and the
purity of the species.

The tendency of reversion to primitive types is so well
understood that no florist can keep a fine selection of rar-
ities without the most careful destruction of rogues among
his plants, and the most diligent strain of his seeds.
Upon a cessation of this care these varieties fall back year
by year with considerable rapidity to their primitive spe-
cies or type.

In our day, varieties seem to be almost manufactured
to order, be the caprice of the market what it may. Who
has not been surprised as well as delighted by the rapid
increase of plants of different genera and species, adorned
with particolored foliage, some of which, like the zonale
geraniums, taking on hues like the rainbow, and vieing
even the plumage .f birds. The rapidity and seeming
spontaneity of these changes must to the ordinary obser-
ver be puzzling indeed.

Though we have claimed these as the product of the
hand of man, it is more nearly like retaining the angel
till he blesses us, rather than calling him from the skies.

It is not uncommon to find similar accidental forms °
even among wild plants in their native abodes, as we can
bear witness, having found double mountain laurel,
striped cardinal flower, yellow columbine, quilled white-
weed, linear petaled cenothera, double saxifrage and many
others not readily called to memory.

Albinos and stripes among the green spray of the natu-

105

ral foliage often occur, which might be retained and made
permanent by bud grafting. From such accidents as
these it is, that the florist moulds his novelties, being
careful to intensify the derivation by grafting, by slipping,
or by seeding the plant and watching its offspring.

Much might be said of the numerous hybrids that may
be produced by a judicious crossing of near affinities,
and pressing each novel tendency till it becomes intensi-°
fied and fixed by breeding, requiring perhaps several gen-
erations. ; "

Deviations are much more likely to occur among plants
under cultivation than those in a natural state.

The readiest change for a plant to make is in the color
of its blossom, otherwise plants vary chiefly in the direc-
tion of their prominent peculiarity, or that of prospective
usefulness; selection, both natural and applied, tending
to the same end. With the edible roots, we may expect
improvement in that direction, with fruits, in their en-
largement and the luscious quality of their flesh, with .
flowers, in the multiplication of their petals, or in changes
of their hues. Neither the fairest apple nor the richest
pear has yet been attained; and the most fragrant rose —
and most gorgeous lily are still in reserve for the gratifi-
cation of the taste of man. :

When we remember the almost endless changes that a
few years since were produced from the simple scarlet
eight-petaled dahlia of Mexico, or with the kingly robes of
the lily and tulip, with multiplications of the rose, the
peony, the fuchsia, the petunia, the verbena, etc., we are
apt to feel in their abundance, that the climax has been
achieved ; but to all whose taste seeks continued gratifica-_
tion we may say with confidence, and that without tread-
ing upon ground appropriated by Darwin or hastening to
‘his conclusions, that there is absolutely no end to the de-

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. 1 14

106

velopment and mutability of all that is excellent for food
or gratifying to our taste of the beautiful, among the vast
array of the species that compose the Vegetable King-
dom. .

Mr. James H. Emerton of Salem spoke of the insects
collected in the morning’s ramble, among them some
specimens of the lace winged fly (Chrysopa) and its eggs,
which had been found attached to grass leaves from a field
near the shore, each egg raised upon a hair-like stem.
The young larve of this fly and the structure of their
mouths, by which they are enabled to suck the juices of
insects without eating the solid parts, were described, with
illustrations on the black-board.

He then passed around among the audience some sixty
spiders and several cocoons of spider’s eggs, which had
been collected in the morning, and made some remarks
on them, and the growth of spiders in the egg.

Rev. J. H. Gannett of East Gloucester alluded to the
appearance of this village as he saw it from the deck of a
vessel in the harbor#some twenty-four years since, and
gave a very interesting sketch of its growth, and of the
church in which this meeting was held.

HISTORY OF THE BAPTIST CHURCH IN EAST GLOUCESTER.

The first Baptist meeting of which there is any recol-
lection in East Gloucester, was held about thirty years
ago, the Rev. William Lamson, pastor of the Baptist
church in the town of Gloucester, and now pastor of the
Baptist church in the town of Brookline, Mass., preach-
ing to avery few persons in a small building used for a
school house. .

_ From this date it appears that they continued to hold

107

meetings from time to time, convening with the various
families and members who worshipped on the Sabbath
with Bro. Lamson’s church. ,

East Gloucester at this time was very sparsely settled,
but.as business increased, dwelling houses were rapidly
erected, stores were opened, school houses were built.
The friends of Zion feeling called upon to make an or-
ganized effort for the moral and spiritual good of their:
growing village, a union sewing circle was formed; but
it being ascertained that. the prevailing sentiment was
Baptist, it was decided to erect a chapel.

In the year 1858 a small building was erected 50 feet
by 36. It was dedicated the fall of the same year, the
sermon being preached by William Lamson, D. D., text,
Joshua, v: 15.

Previously (in 1855) there had been a small Sabbath
school organized in the village and held in the hall of the
engine house, and also one on what is known as Rocky
Neck. This school met in the house of Bro. David Smith, |
and was.under the charge of Sister Susan E. Wonson.

As soon as the chapel was dedicated and opened for
meeting, these schools were transferred to this place and ©
given in charge to Bro. Geo. Parsons, who is still the

superintendent.

At first the people were supplied with preaching by dif-
ferent persons occupying the desk. In 1858 Father Lisle
was invited to become their preacher (we cannot say
pastor, for this enterprise was nothing more than a branch
interest—a mission of the first Baptist church.)

In 1861 Bro. Cheever of Manchester was invited to
assist Bro. Lisle in a series of meetings. A powerful
reformation followed, but there being no church organ-
ization most of the converts joined other churches.

Father Lisle left, and in the spring of 1863 the society

108

invited the Rev. Andrew Dunn to supply the desk. In
July of the same year (63) a council was convened to
consider the propriety of organizing a church (an inde-
pendent society). After a satisfactory examination a
church was constituted, composed of fifty-six members.
Two deacons were chosen, viz.: Brethren Geo. Parsons
and Herbert Stanley who still serve the church. Bro.
Dunn stayed with them as their pastor for four years,
then resigned.

The infant church in the spring of 1867 sent to the
Theological Institute at Newton, for a candidate, where-
upon a young man by the name of J. H. Gannett was
sent them, to whom the church and society extended a
call to the pastorate. He accepted, and entered the work
August Ist, 1867, receiving ordination the 22d of the
same month, Rey. G. Cole of Weymouth preaching the
sermon.

The church for years had been in a low condition, and
was still, the Sabbath school few in numbers, sadly in
want of efficient teachers, aud entirely destitute of library
books. During the following winter (1867-68) one hun-
dred dollars expendegsin books supplied the school with
a good library. This seemed to be the only movement
manifested for the better —the meeting continuing dull,
the preaching powerless. Our village had increased in
population and now numbered about 1500, and it seemed
expedient to have a larger place for worship.

The building was raised ten feet, lengthened about
twenty-five, a vestry was finished under the entire length,
and a spire of seventy-five feet added. Eighty pews
were placed in the auditorium, the settees being moved
into the vestry below. The entire expense was about
$5,000. About $3,000 of it was raised, leaving the
" society in debt $2,000; the following year $1,000 of this

109

was paid and the remaining $1,000 now stands as a debt
against the society. On the 3d of Feb., 1869, the house
was dedicated to the service of Almighty God, William
Lamson D. D., of Brookline, preaching the sermon. Text
‘<The tree is pioen by his fruit.”

The pews were rented to pay the necessary running
expenses (all monies being formerly raised by eaten
tions) and instead of $500 or $600, as in previous years,.
the rentals amounted to $1,600. The congregation was
very much increased, and the whole enterprise received a
stimulus. —

In January, 1870, a series of meetings were com-
menced, Bro. Needham, the Irish Evangelist, preaching
a few times—which resulted in a powerful awakening.
The large vestry was filled to overflowing, night after
night —souls were constantly inquiring “ what shall I do
to be saved ?”—others were rejoicing in a newly found
Redeemer.

This interest lasted till late in the spring, when the pas- —
tor had.the joyful privilege of leading into the baptismal
waters seventy-four happy converts—ten others were
received by letter and experience.

The present number is one hundred and forty-eight.
The church has two deacons. Only two pastors have
. ministered at her altar, Bro. Dunn and the present incum-
bent.

The ladies of this society have assisted very largely in
the support of this enterprise. They have furnished the
house throughout, besides placing a good organ in the or-
chestra.

Our village now numbers 2,100, and we need a still
larger house for worship. May the Lord furnish one in
his own good time. The church will be nine years old
July 13th, 1872.

110

Mr. Gannett also spoke of the geology of the Cape,
and expressed the hope that if there were any present
interested in that direction they would open these hard
leaflets and read the tables written there by the hand of
God. We have on Massachusetts’ southern shore a long,
sandy beach called Cape Cod, and here-on the other side
of the bay is a rocky cape. The southern shore is
changed by the waves, but these rocks for years have re-
mained the same.

_ The PresipEnt stated that the geology of this county
was a problem not yet satisfactorily solved. The atten-
tion of Prof. T. Sterry Hunt of the Canadian survey and
other geologists has been directed to this subject, and
these gentlemen will give it a careful consideration.
Prof. A. Hyatt, a member of the Institute, is collecting
materials for a report on this subject. At a meeting of
the Institute, a few weeks since, he exhibited a beauti-
fully executed map of Marblehead Neck, and gave the
results of his observations in that locality and its imme-
diate vicinity. It is intended to continue these observa-
tions each successivg season, until the whole county has
been examined; thus’ we may expect, ere the lapse of
many years, to have the materials for the long desired
report on the geology of the county ready for the press, .
with correct maps illustrating the same.

THE STUDY OF THE LOWER FORMS OF LIFE.

Concerning the plate containing sixty varieties of spi-
ders, captured and commented upon by Mr. James H.
Emerton, Dr. A. H. Jonson remarked, that as it had
passed from hand to hand through the audience for inspec-
tion, possibly the thought had arisen, that to catch and
study these little animals is frivolous business — amusing,

111

perhaps—but hardly profitable. To meet this idea the
speaker said that many are unaware that it is through
laborious study of the organism and development of the
lower animals, that data are obtained to interpret the more
complex organization of the human system. Facts ob-
tained by such study, as another has said, “furnish the
alphabet which we must learn in order to read the more
intricate compositions of nature.”

Thus, the human lungs present to the eye a very intri-
eate structure, difficult to explain. But the simpler lungs
of the frog, or the transparent lungs of the turtle, show
at a glance the general plan upon which the respiratory
organs of the higher animals are formed, viz. :—that of
a sack or pouch, divided by partitions into numerous
chambers or cells, upon whose walls the minute blood
vessels form a mesh work, while these cells, by means of
a system of tubes, are open to the external air, which
they can alternately receive and discharge.

So concerning the circulation of the blood through the —
capillaries, the transparent web of the frog’s foot under
the microscope has furnished demonstrations and taught
lessons which one might seek in vain in the human sys-
tem.

One of the lowest forms of animal life is the micro-
- scopic amoeba, an animal which appears like a mere struc-
tureless drop of jelly. Yet it has been seen to assume a
great variety of forms by alternate expansions and con-
tractions, to fold itself around and to take into its cavity
other animalcules or portions of plants, parts of which
it consumed, and other parts rejected as indigestible.
Curiously enough, the white corpuscles of the human
blood have been seen to imitate the amceba so closely that
they have been named amceboid cells. They were first
studied by being removed from the circulation, and placed

112

under the microscope in an artificial serum, while the or-
dinary animal temperature was preserved as well as pos-
sible. But the mesentery of the frog has been found to
furnish the best opportunity to watch their movements,
and revealed very novel and startling facts concerning
their behavior. Here they have been seen to take
granular pigment, purposely injected into the veins, into
the interior of their bodies, and after bearing it to a
greater or less distance through the circulation, to again
eject it. Or they have been seen to pass through minute
apertures in the capillaries bearing the pigment with them
into the surrounding tissues. Owing to these free move-
ments they have been called wandering cells. They sug-
gest an explanation of the agency by means of which
diseased action in one portion of the system is sometimes
transferred to remote portions of the human frame. — It
would be impossible to ascertain these facts from an ex-
umination of the opaque tissues of the body. Yet they
are of immense practical importance. Hence it is a phi-
lanthropic work to study the tissues of the smaller ani-
mals by means of which such information is obtained.

It has been recently suggested that the Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals should make exertions
to put an end to physiological experiments upon the
lower animals. Such action will be deprecated by all .
who would act for the prevention of cruelty to men.
For such experiments are still necessary to furnish the
knowledge requisite to proper action for the relief of
human suffering.

BULLETIN

OF THE

HESSHX INSTITUTH.,

Vou. 3. SaLem, Mass., SEPTEMBER, 1871. No. 9.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

Fretp Meetine at East GioucestER, THURSDAY,
June 29th, 1871.

[ Continued. ]

Rev. Mr. Botues of Salem said he supposed all had
heard of finisters who went to church, leaving their ser-
mons at home, and had to send for them, sometimes get-
ting the last Sunday’s sermon from the-messenger. In
the same way he had lost his text, and .a boy of sixty
years who volunteered to go for it had not returned.
In other words he had left his box of specimens upon a
rock near the ice houses.

Mr. Bolles spoke of two specimens of considerable im-
portance. He had found near the water side two speci-
mens of a land shell, one of the largest in Massachusetts,
about the size of a walnut, of a yellow color, banded by
about six or eight bands of dark brown. Their interest
does not lie in pile color or size, but depends upon the
fact that this is an English shell, supposed by some to

Essex Instr. BULLETIN. III 15

114

have been transported upon this coast from the gardens of
England. It is called the
HELIX HORTENSIS OR GARDEN SNAIL.

In England, the species is a very brilliant shell, the
varieties of banded ones (bright yellow on brown, or
brown on yellow), being much more numerous than plain
brown or yellow shells. But in the eastern part of this
country the land mollusks have shells which are mostly
uniform in color and somewhat dull—brown being the
prevailing hue. And these specimens of the garden
snail which we find here are mostly of a uniform yellow
—the banded ones being scarce and when found not very
bright in color.

The question is, how did these shells come upon the
American coast? We might say that they came over
from Europe in the Mayflower or subsequent vessels.
As so many trace their ancestry, we might say that three
brothers of them came over a great many years since and
settled here, and all these snails were derived from that
stock. But this theory is upset by the fact that these
shells are found upon islands far out to sea, uninhabited
and seldom visited. _We cannot suppose the hand of man
placed them there, “»sUpon the coast of Maine, eight miles
out from land, nearly off Harpswell, is an istand, —we
call it an island by courtesy, although it is very small,
the sea side but a mass of rocks, and the inside a gentle
slope with a few stunted cedar trees and a profusion of
the plants of the wild morning glory. Turn over almost |
any shelving stone and you will find the nest of the stormy
petrel. There we find immense quantities of these shells,
which you may gather by the quart. The island is almost
unapproachable. The day I landed I had to employ a
boatman to keep the boat off the rocks by rowing while I
explored the island. On that little strip no man planted

115

these shells, and yet you will scarcely find a spot in
Maine yielding a richer harvest to the conchologist.

Helix albolabris, Helix alternata with its curious albino
variety, two of the three species of Succinea in Maine,
many species of the minuter Helices with Zua and vari-
ous Pupide literally cover, in places, the ground and
the rank stems of the weeds which luxuriate in the guano-
enriched soil. Could the Helix hortensis have been im- :
ported from the gardens of England to mingle with these
native shells ? ; .

LIMNASA COLUMELLA.

The second point of interest we found was a deposit of
fresh. water shells at the pond on the top of the hill.
Bodies of fresh water in this country exhibit a large num-
ber of shells, several of the genus called Limnea. The
kind frequenting this pond is the Limnea columella, a
shell which does not exceed one-half inch in length, and
is often much smaller. While exploring the shores of
the pond we saw what seemed to be a deposit of seeds,
but on stopping to examine it we found it to be a com-
plete mass of very minute shells. There was not one
that was one-eighth of an inch long. They seemed like
little yellow grains of glass. I never saw such immense
quantities of them as you may find along the margin of
that pond. You might gather millions of them. Every _
stick and rock was covered with them. There they lie,
millions of them, dried up upon the margin of that water.
We could not get a single specimen that was grown up.
They reach their highest state of development early in
the spring, and after leaving their eggs, the business of |
their life being concluded, they die. We found a num-
ber of dead adult shells there. Thus this mollusk follows
the law of progress. Having fulfilled its function it
leaves the rising generation to carry on the work. I never

116

tire of looking upon the pictures and legends we have
written upon the created things of this world. One
brother spoke of the lessons written upon the rocks.
Every other thing in nature is a similar page written in
divine love. Upon every fibre of animal life, every grain
and seed, every leaf, and everything we can see and un-
derstand, the same mystery of life is written. There is
an invisible, infinite world, whose wonders our eyes may
sometime be sharp enough to observe.

Rey. Ricuarp Eppy of Gloucester being called upon,
said that he had a very great affection for the old time
people of Salem for the good care which they took of and
the sympathy they extended to the founder of his native
state, Rhode Island. While the gentleman was speaking
of the fact that in some sense it is given us to be crea-
tors, I wondered if you had been favored with the sight
of some of the albums and scrap books which the ladies
of this place have made so beautifully from sea flowers
which they gather here.

After brief remaffks from Messrs. Witu1AM B. Trask,
of Boston, E. N. Watton, of Salem and James Davis
of Gloucester, the following resolution was unanimously —
adopted.

Resolved, That the thanks of the Essex InstiTruTE
be extended to the proprietors of this church, to Rev.
J. H. Gannett, Messrs. Thomas Niles, Herbert Stan-
ley, J. Warren Wonson, Leander McFarland, George
*Parsons, Mrs. Mary Wonson, Mrs. Julia Daniels, Mrs.
Gannett-and all others who have contributed to render
this meeting at East Gloucester so agreeable and profit-
able.

Adjourned :—

117

MEETING NEAR “Snip Rock” 1x Peazopy,
WeEDNEspay, AuGust 2, 1871.
THE RAMBLE.

Contiauous to the northwestern boundary of Salem
is a considerable territory lying within the townships of
Lynn, Peabody, and Lynnfield, sparsely inhabited, diver-
sified in surface, and largely covered with a good growth —
of forest trees, varieties of the pine and of the oak pre-
dominating, though specimens of the maples, ashes, wal®
nuts, elms, birches, etc., are found. ‘Numerous boulders,
varying in size and position, are scattered around, giving
evidence of having been brought during the glacial
period. A careful examination of them, together with the
other rocks in situ, is worthy the consideration of the
geologists. -

The southeastern portion of this region, formerly
known by the name of “The Rocks,” recently by the
more euphonious one of “Rockville,” was selected for
the ramble this day. A small chapel near by, in part
sustained as a mission chapel by the First church in Pea-
body, was kindly tendered to the Institute as the place of
rendezvous and for the afternoon session.

_ This region is a favorite resort to the student of nature

and the lover of the picturesque. To them the varied
surface and diversity of soil furnish specimens to investi-
gate and views of great beauty to study and admire. A
scramble up some of the hillsides among the lichen cov-
ered rocks, the gnarled trunks and the twining vines, is
well repaid by an extensive prospect, comprising the sur-
rounding country dotted with villages and isolated farm
buildings, and the distant ocean whitened with the sails
of numerous vessels and occasionally darkened by the
cloud of smoke from a passing steamer.

118

Among these hills are many secluded recesses and
shady nooks, the homes of some of our choicest floral
gems— here the botanist and zoologist can each find speci-
mens of interest in their respective lines of investigation,

To the older members of the Institute this locality has
a peculiar interest. The late Dr. Andrew Nichols, one
of the founders and the first president of the Natural
History Society, and a zealous student of nature, was
wont to ramble over these hills and dales, in quest of his
favorite objects for study and investigation, and became
very conversant with the many curious and interesting
forms there found. He contributed largely to the success
of the early field meetings, pointing out interesting local-
ities during the ramble, and communicating freely the
results of his observations at the afternoon session. No
object was too insignificant to his finely cultivated eye,
no fact too small to escape in its meaning and instruction
his noble and loving heart, but with a true and humble
faith he saw beneficence and wisdom in them all. He
passed away on the 3lst of March, 1853, as the little
Draba verna, a plant which he detected many years pre-
vious in this vicintty, on some rocks moistened by the
later snows of spring, was opening its tiny petals to an-
other vernal season.

The party from Salem left that place in a special train
at 9 A.M. Soon after arrival, being reinforced by mem-
bers and friends from other towns, they divided into sev-
eral groups. Some spent the forenoon in wandering
about the fields and among the pine groves in the midst
of which “Ship Rock” is situated, some went to the
vicinity of Bartholomew’s Pond and were successful in
collecting many choice specimens in botany and “zoology,
whilst others took different directions as inclination
prompted.

119

The land in the region of which Bartholomew’s pond
may be considered as the centre, comprising some two or
three hundred acres more or less, and extending from
Brown’s Pond on the old Lynn road to the*Lymnfield
road, combines many attractive features for a Public Park.
It seems desirable that measures should soon be adopted
to.secure this land for this purpose. Cannot the citizens
of Lynn, Peabody and Salem, individually or in their
corporate capacity, make a movement in this direction.
Nature has already done’ much—a comparatively smaM
expenditure only will be required to render it one of the
most attractive places of resort by the citizens of these
several municipalities.

It may be appropriate in this connection to allude to
another subject of a similar import. In Salem and the
vicinity, comprising a circuit of some ten or fifteen miles,
are large tracts of pasture and woodlands, over which the

yaves of an increasing population are gradually rolling.
If this movement should continue in the corresponding
ratio of the past twenty-five or thirty years, only a short
time will elapse ere this whole area will be occupied by
residences or for strictly private purposes. Would it not
be well to have portions of this land in different localities
secured, as opportunity may offer, to be appropriated,
when required, for public use?

At noon several little picnic parties were scattered
among the trees, enjoying the contents of their baskets ;
while the main body gathered at the chapel and there par-
took of the collation spread in the shade of the building.

The afternoon session was called to order at 3 o'clock,
the President, Henry WHEATLAND, in the chair. In the
absence of the Secretary, Wm. P. Upham was requested

to act.
Records of preceding meeting read.

120

The Secrerary announced the following correspon-
dence :—

From Buffalo Historical Society, July 5; Chicago Academy of Sciences, May 26;
Maryland Historical Society, July 14; Munich R. B. Akademie der Wissenschaf-
ten, Feb.; New England Historic-Genealogical Society, June 28; Tasmania Royal
Society, Dec. 8, 1870; John Akhurst, Brooklyn, New York, July 21, 26; N. E. At-
wood, Provincetown, July 17; S. C. Bancroft, Salem, Aug. 1; Edwin C. Bell, Titus-
ville, Penn., July 31; George B. Blodgette, Rowley, Juse 30; James P. Boyce,
Lynn, July 18; John Ward Dean, Boston, July 7; H. W. Dutton, Boston, July 5;
B. Groce, Peabody, July 19; T. Sterry Hunt, Montreal, June 28; E. H. Knight,
Salem, July 21; John W. Porter, Salem, July 15; R.S. Rantoul, Boston, July 10,
Aug. 1; W. E. Rogers, Paris, Tenn., June 30; E. A. Smith, Boston, July 7; C. M.
Tracy, Lynn, Aug. 1. i

The Lrprartan reported the following additions : —

By Donations.

U. S. OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS. U. S. Geological Exploration
Vol. III. 1870, 1 vol. 4to. Atlas, 1 vol. folio.

New YorK CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. Annual Report. 1870-1,1 vol. 8vo.

Boies, E.C. Brooklyn City Directories, 1866-7, 1858-9, 1869-70. 3 vols. 8vo.
Cincinnati Directory, 1856, 1 vol. 8vo. Syracuse City Directories, 1862, 1864-5
1866-7. 3 vols. Svo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 38.

BUSWELL, E., A Chain of Scripture, 1 vol. 12mo. London. 1659.

CLOGSTON, WM., of Springfield, Mass. Meadville Directory, 1869-70, 1 vol. 8vo.
Steubenville Directory, 1858-7, 1 vol. 8vo. Lockport Directory, 1867-8, 1 vol. 8vo.
Steubenville, Wellsville, East Liverpool and Wellsburgh Directory, 1870-1, 1 vol.
8vo.

EDDY, HARRIET. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 7.

GREEN, S. A., of Boston. “®ambridge Directories, 1857, 1866, 2 vols. 8vo. Corn-
well’s Geography, 1 vol. 12mo. Butler’s Grammar,1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous
pamphlets, 5. 4

HALB, ITEnRY, Atlas of Massachusetts, 1 vol. Folio. 1871.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin for July, 1871.

Morsk, Mrs. E.S. Constitutional Telegraph for 1802, 1 vol. Folio.

PERKINS, JONATHAN C., Eclectic Magazine. 27 vols. 8vo. Edinburgh Review,
lvol. 8vo. The New World, 2 vols. 4to. Transactions of the Essex Agricultu-
ral Society, 11nos. London Quarterly Review, 9nos. North American Review,
6nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 260. Massachusetts Documents, 1844-5-6-7-8.

SAWYER, F. A., U.S. Senator. Congressional Globe, parts 2, 4,6, 3 vols. 4to.
1869-70. Appendix to part 7, 1 vol., 4to. Land Office Report, 1869,1 vol. 8vo. Re-
port on Education, 1870, 1 vol. 8vo.

SILSBEE, Mrs. B.H. The Classical Library, 5 vols. 16mo. Domestic Verses,
lvol. 12mo. Acton,1vol. 12mo. Colman’s Poems, 1 vol. 12mo. The Hugue-
nots, 2 vols. 12mo. Smith’s Poems,1 vol. 12mo. Margaret, 1 vol. 8vo. Edith,
or the Light of Home,1 vol. 8vo. Boston Almanacs, 7 vols. 16mo! Cowper’s
Poems, 1 vol. 12mo. Priestley’s Discourse, 1 vol. 8vo. Priestley’s Lectures, 2
vols. 8vyo. Moore’s Universal Geography, 2 vols. 8vo. Hadad, 1 vol. 12mo. Blair’s
Sermons, 5 vols. 8vo. Akenside’s Poems,1 vol. 8vo. Johnson’s Dictionary, 1
vol. 8vo. Man on History, 1 vol.12mo. Night Thoughts, 1vol.12mo. Oberon, 2
vols. 16mo. Locke’s Essays, 8 vols.12mo. Mathilde,6 vols. 12mo. Aikin’s Let-

EEE

121

- ters, 1 vol. 12mo. Historie Romaine, 2 vols. 16mo. Book of Ferns, 1 vol. 4to. Atlas

of United States, 1 vol. 4to. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 16.

STICKNEY, MATTHEW A., Railroad Reports, 16 nos.

UPHAM, J. BAXTER, of Boston, Mass. Report of the School Committee of Bos-
ton for 1870, 1 vol. 8vo.

WALTON, E.N. Report of the School Committee of Rockport for 1871. 8vo
pamph. Minutes of the Salem Baptist Association, held in Beverly, June 6, 1871.
8vo pamph.

WARD, Mrs. JAMES. Evenings at Home. 1 vol.12mo. Scott’s Kian Life. 1 vol.
12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

WHEATLAND, E. Life of Christ. 1 vol. 4to. Combe on Constitution of Man.
1 vol. 8vo. Letters to Mothers. 1 vol. 12mo. Self Instructor. 1 vol. 12mo, :
Memoirs of Josephine. 1 vol. 16mo. Brackenbridge on South America. 1 vol. 8vo.
Barnaby Rudge. lvol. 8vo. Life of John Smith. 1 vol. 16mo. Ruth Hall. 1 vol.
12mo. A Blind Man’s Offering. 1 vols12mo. How to be a Lady. 1vol.16mo. Scig
entific American, 234 nos. National Portrait Gallery, 30 nos. Journal of the
American Unitarian Association, 27 nos. ; alee

WHEATLAND, M.G. Atlantic Monthly. 7nos. Galaxy. 12nos. Old and New
13 nos. _ Miscellaneous pamphlets, 86.

YOuNG MEN’s CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, Worcester, Mass.. Annual Report.

1871. 8vo pamph.
Exchanges.

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY, Worcester, Mass. Proceedings. No. 56.
8vo pamph. 1871. :
AMERICAN CONGREGATIONAL ASSOCIATION, Boston, Mass.
May 30, 1871. 8vo pamph.
AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SociEry. Transactions of. Vol. III, No. II. 8vo
pamph. 1870.
BLACKMORE MUSEUM, Salisbury, England. Fiint Chips by E. T. Stevens. 1 vol.
8vo. °
BRONSON LIBRARY, Waterbury, Conn. .\nnual Report for 1870-1. 12mo pamph.
CHICAGO HISTORICAL SocIETY. Constitution and By-Laws. 8vo pamph. 1871.
Report of Trade and Commerce of Chicago. 8vo pamph. 1871.
NATURFORSCHENDER VEREIN IN RIGA. Correspondenzblatt, 18 Jahrg, 1870.
Denkschrift,27 Marz, 1870.
NEW YorRK LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

Annual Report,

Annals, Vol. X. Féb.-March,

‘8vo pamph.
ao Part I.

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings of.

Jan., Feb., March. 1871, 8vo pamph. : oe.
PuBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Christian

World. Gardener’s Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich
Advance. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter.
Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Peabody
Press. Salem Observer. Sailor’s Magazine and Seaman’s Friend. Silliman’s

Journal.

The Presipent, in his opening remarks, said that the
last meeting of the Institute in this place was held on
Thursday, Aug. 15, 1864, and that our late worthy asso-
ciate, Rev. Stillman Barden, of Rockport, was present,

Essex INST. BULLETIN. ul 16

122

occupied the chair, and gave an interesting geological ac-
count of “Ship Rock and its Surroundings.” This was
the last meeting of the Institute which our friend at-
tended. His health, not good at that time, soon began
to fail more rapidly, and after a lingering illness of sev-
eral months, he died on the 7th of August, 1865, at the
age of fifty-three. He was a devoted pastor, a kind
friend, and an active member of the Institute. He had
given considerable attention to geological pursuits, and
during his residence of a few years in Rockport, was, if
‘necessary assiduous in making collections of the minerals
of that locality, and had just entered upon a series of ob-
servations and research that would have resulted in ex-
tending largely our knowledge of the geology of the
region, when summoned to his final rest. A biographical
and obituary sketch prepared by Rev. Mrs. P. A. Hana-
ford has been printed in the 7th volume of the Historical
Collections. .

It is meet that the Institute should occasionally. visit
its property, the famous boulder known as “Ship Rock,”
and hold a meeting in some convenient place near by.
This boulder came@®into the possession of the Institute
through the instrumentality of the late Dr. Andrew Nich-
ols, in November, 1847, who was desirous that the society
should be the owner and guardian of this interesting and
valuable specimen. The late Mr. Pickering Dodge of
Salem obtained by subscription among several of his
friends the requisite funds to purchase the rock and ad- °
jacent land and to make some improvements, including
an iron ladder to aid in ascending to the summit, from
which an extensive view is obtained. This purchase was
made of Caleb Osborne, who obtained the pfoperty of
Amos Trask, Jr., June 27, 1831, being part of the dis-
tributive share in the real estate of his father, Joseph

123

Trask, of Danvers, who died in 1813. This property

had undoubtedly been in the possession of the Trask family

for two or three generations. It would be an interesting

subject for the antiquarian to trace back the ownership to

the original grantee and also ascertain the origin of the

name “Ship Fock,” and the various traditions respecting
the same. Some of these are more or less fanciful.

The President stated that among the recent donations to

the Society was a photograph, from Mr. W. B. Trask of
Boston, of the old Trask louse on Boston Strect, Salem,*
that was built by one of his ancestors about 1680.

INDIAN RELICS FROM BEVERLY.
Mr. F. W. Putnam exhibited a small but very inter-

_ esting collection of stone relics found in Indian graves in

Beverly in July last, and presented to the Peabody Acad-
emy of Science by John Lovett of Beverly, and Messrs.
David Moore, John Felt, C. Cooke and himself.

These relics were of great interest, as their authenticity
as coming*from graves was beyond question, Mr. Putnam
having taken some of them from the graves himself, and
having been shown the exact spot where the others were
found. The only regret is that the relics from the three
graves were mixed together so that the collection has to
be spoken of as coming from three graves without being
able to designate the particular article from each, except
that one of the graves contained two pipes, a second, one
pipe, while the third did not contain any. The three
pipes were of soapstone, of the same general size, charac-
ter and shape, consisting of a flat base about four and
one-half inches in length, narrowing at each end, and
about two inches in width at the central and widest por-
tion under the bowl. This base was perforated by the
hole for the passage of smoke from the bow] to the mouth

124

of the smoker, the base of the pipe thus answering for a
stem. The hole was about one-eighth of an inch in diam-
eter, and was evidently bored to the bowl before the thin
base of not over a quarter of an inch in average thickness
was finished off, as a small ridge was left over the hole
along the upper edge of the stem portion. About the
bowl are several holes through the flat portion, probably
used for fastening the pipe to a wooden holder or for the
attachment of ornaments. The bowl is smaller at its
base than at its top, and largest in the centre where the
diameter is one and one-half inches. The height of the
-bowl is two and one-half inches, with a slight rim at its
edge. This description answers to the two pipes exhib-
ited, and the third, which did not fall into the possession
of the Academy, was said to be of the same shape and
size. One of the pipes has two lines cut round the upper
portion of the bowl, and the bottom of the base is nearly
covered with transverse, longitudinal and cross lines. In
one of the graves was found a small piece of smooth sand-
stone about two and a half inches long by three-quarters
of an inch in width and one-eighth of an inch in thick-
ness, on which weng*several markings, which may have a
meaning, but at present all that can be said is that they
consist of two or three lines sweeping from the left upper
corner to the bottom and then up to the right upper cor-
ner, with two lines drawn across the surface about a quar-
ter of an inch apart, connected by eight cross lines,
making such a picture as a child would draw to represent ©
a ladder, and at the side of this are two lines coming
together at the top, as a child would draw a tent, and two
other semicircular lines are crossed by several smaller
ones. The opposite surface of this stone is not finished
as smoothly as the one having the markings.

The other relics consisted of one well.made spear

125

point, one partially made arrow point, two “skin dress-
ers” and three narrow, flat stones smoothly finished and
with a hole bored through one end. The smallest of
these stones is about twice as long as wide, and has a
blunt but sharpened edge. The other two are about half
as long again as the short one and are square edged, and
are also distinguished from the small one by the presence
of notches on the end where the hole is. One of them is
of a fine sandstone and was evidently used for the pur-
pose of sharpening other implements on. eee

There were also three flat pieces: of sandstone well
worn and grooved by serving as sharpening stones, and
also another smooth oval stone.

Besides these stone implements and the pipes, there
were several quite large pieces of mica found in the
graves, and several of the implements, as well as the
earth taken from the bottom of the grave, are colored
quite red, evidently by red ochre being put in the graves.

The only remains of the skeletons consisted of a small
portion of the skull found in one of the graves, and the
enamel of one molar tooth. All else had been reduced
to dust. The graves were on the top of a large gravel
hill and had been scooped out, and after the body had
been put in the grave had been filled in with the surface
soil and not with the gravel taken out, as was distinetly
seen, as these graves were reached not by digging down
from the top but by coming on them from the side in dig-
ging away the hill, thus exposing them in section. A de-
tailed description of these relics, accompanied by figures,
will be given in the sixth volume of the American Natu-

ralist.

Mr. James H. Emerton exhibited a large collection of
plants that had been made during the forenoon rambles,

126

representatives from the different localities visited, and
specified among others several species of water plants
which were very interesting to the audience—thus the
(Bladderwort) Utricularia inflata with its leaves bearing
little bladders filled with air that float the plant at the
time of flowering, hence its name. The Limnanthemum
lacunosum, so called from the situation where it grows,
the Nuphar advena, and the favorite water lily of our
ponds, Vymphea odorata. He described two species of
native orchis, Platanthera psycodes, and lacera for the
‘purpose of showing the method of fertilization by the
help of insects; first in spiranthes, and afterwards in
other specimens of the orchis family, particularly the
ragged orchis (Platanthera lacera). In the orchis the
stamens and pistils are united into one organ, the stamens
being above the pistils. In spiranthes a modified stigma,
projects between the true stigma and the stamen. As the
pollen ripens, it projects from the stamen and attaches
itself to the viscid surface of this modified stigma.
When an insect enters the flower, this viscid stigma be-
comes detached and adheres to it, so that the insect car-
ries it away and th¢®pollen with it. On entering another
flower the insect pushes the pollen against its stigma, and
thus it ensures the fertilization of one flower by the pol-
len of another. In other orchids, the same result is ob-
tained in different ways.

Mr. Wituram B. Trask, of Boston, being called upon °
by the President, made a few remarks in regard to the
old “Trask House,” 158 Boston street, Salem, which
was photographed in June last, and a copy of it presented
to the Institute. This house was built, it is supposed,
about the year 1680, by William, eldest: son of Capt.
William Trask. It was occupied by him and his family,

127

and used in part, for many years, according to tradition,
as a public house, under the cognomen of the “Black
Horse Tavern.” Mr. Felt, in his “ Annals of Salem,” in-
forms us that in the year 1690, Wm. Trask was recom-
mended as an innkeeper. Six generations of his deséen-
dants were born, have lived and died there. Isaac Bul-
lock, who deceased Dee. 30, 1870, in the 71st year of
his age, was the last of the descendants of Capt. Wm. |
Trask, who drew their first breath within the walls of this
old mansion. Mr. B., it one of his illustrated books®
that he has left behind him, showing his refined taste and
great genius, gives a colored view of the old house, his
home. He remarks that it was used as a tavern from
1690 until about 1740, which would be a period of about
fifty years. A part of the ancient bar remains in the lower
western room. The house of the father, Capt. Wm., is
mentioned in his will of 1666, written a few days before
his death. This house is supposed to have been about
one hundred feet in the rear of the present edifice. The
original well dug by the “old planter” as early it may
have been as 1627-8, nearly two and a half centuries ago,
is still used. It is quite deep. The water is superla-
tively good, and the supply abundant. It is said to have
been in the front yard of the former house; it is in the
rear of the present one.

It will be remembered by those conversant with the
early history of Salem that Capt. Trask was an important
personage in the town and colony, in a civil and military
capacity. He was a particular friend and companion of
Governor Endicott, but came to this country before him,
probably with Roger Conant. From a document extant
in the Massachusetts archives, we learn that in 1648-9,
Wm. Trask exchanged two hundred and fifty acres of land
with the Governor for five hundred apple trees of three

128

years’ growth. His orchard was just back of the old
burial place, where a number of his descendants are in-
terred. In his will before referred to, he especially ap-
points that his wife Sarah “shall have some of the fruit of
the orchard for her own use and a little spot for a garden
if shee desires it during the time of her life.” We have
been told, on good authority, that a portion of the re-
mains of Capt. Trask’s mill, behind the homestead, on
the Harmony Grove side of tlie river, was visible in the
early part of the present century.

~ Mr. Trask said that he had been highly gratified with
his visit to the “Old Ship Rock” to-day, and was glad to
think that this boulder, which, with the land adjoining,
was formerly in his family, had come into the possession
of the Institute, where it would be so well taken care of
and preserved. Had this massive granite rock been
found in the neighborhood of his own residence, he
thought it not unlikely that before this time that boulder
of many tons’ weight would have been blasted and con-
verted into stones for underpinnings and for cellar walls.

Mr. F. W. Puv'¥am mentioned another singular erratic
known by the name of “Phaeton Rock” which is said to
possess more interest geologically than Ship Rock, and
expressed the desire that measures should be taken to
have the same purchased by the Institute.

After remarks from several members, this subject was,
on motion of Mr. W. P. Upham, referred to a committee, —
to consider and report.

After the transaction of some unimportant business,
and the passage of a vote of thanks to the proprietors
for the use of the chapel and to other parties who have
extended favors—the meeting adjourned.

See

BULLETIN

OF THE

HSSHX INSTITUTE. ,

Vor. 3. SaLeMm, Mass., Ocrozer, 1871. No. 10.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

MEETING NEAR “Sure Rock” in PEABODY,

Wepnespay, August 2, 1871.
[ Continued. ]
WIGWAM ROCK.

Tus communication from Mr. Jones Very on“ Wig-
wam Rock,” received since the Rockville meeting, is here
inserted as an appendix to the report of that meeting. ©

Dear Sir:—I wish to correct a statement of mine
in the first number of the second volume of the Histor-
ical Collections. I there stated “that Wigwam Rock was
probably the same as now called Ship Rock.” <A recent
ramble in that vicinity has convinced me that it is not.

Samuel Very’s farm was much farther to the west of
Ship Rock. It was bounded on the west by Cedar Pond.
A cart road runs northeastward from this pond through
the woods to a public road, known on the old maps as
Putney’s road, running from Lowell Street to Newbury-
port turnpike. Following this cart road from the pond,
about a sixth of a mile, I found a large rock, half as large
as Ship Rock, making a corner boundary stone of two

Essex INST. BULLETIN. ul 17

130

old stone walls, covered with lichens, and having. every
appearance of having been built two hundred years ago.
This I believe to be the Wigwam Rock mentioned in the
deeds of Edmond Butler and Richard Way. The first,
in 1652, is as follows: —“Edmond Butler, Salem, sold
to Richard Way, for twenty pounds, fourteen acres of
upland, lying next Thomas Goldthwait’s land on the
north ; and ten acres lying on the south and a little below
Wigwam Rock ; and a piece of land running down to the
river.” 1st Book, p. 15. The deed of Richard Way to
. Samuel Very , 1656, runs thus: —“ And one acre of land
which sometime was Edmond Butler’s, where the house
of Philip Verren, deceased, formerly stood; and a parcel
of land containing about one acre and a half, exchanged
with the town, on the south side of the brook near the
farm; and also fourteen acres of ground, or thereabouts,
bounded with a parcel of ground of Thomas Goldthwait’s
on the marsh; and the ten acres on the east and to the
south, a little below a rock, known by the name of Wig-
wam Rock; and to the northeast on Thomas Antrim,
with a small strip of land running down to the river to
the south, containghg about two roods; to have and to
hold.” 1st Book, p. 74.

The ten acre lot described in these deeds was probably
that lying to the east and south of this corner boundary
stone. The land slopes off from this stone, and on the
other side of the cart road makes a steep descent of fifty
or sixty feet. Thus the words “a little below” would:
correspond. It is a suitable place, too, for an Indian
camp, as my friend, the farmer, thought. Local tradition
is silent. There are a number of other very large boul-
ders, some as large as Ship Rock, a little to the left as
you follow this road; but none so likely to be Wigwam
Rock as the one I have described. —Jonrs VERY.

—
'
:
=
ca ,

131

SpecraL Meetine, Turspay, SepremBer 5, 1871.
HON. OTIS P. LORD’S MEMORIAL ADDRESS ON
ASAHEL HUNTINGTON. .

THE meeting was called to order by the President at
7.30 P. M., with the following remarks.

MEMBERS AND FRIENDS OF THE Essex InstiTuTE :—
We are assembled this evening to pay a tribute of respect
to the memory of one who has been, for many years, a
prominent citizen in this community. His pleasing and
cordial greetings in our streets and the usual places of re-
sort will be long remembered. He had been called by
his fellow: citizens to occupy several places of honor and
trust, and always discharged the duties incumbent thereon
to the satisfaction of his constituency. He always took a
lively interest in the various institutions of this city, hav-
ing for their objects the promotion of religion, benevo-
jenve, literary or general culture, especially in this insti-
tution, which RE four successive years (1861—1865)
elected him to its presidency.

It is therefore appropriate that we should assemble, on
this the first anniversary of his decease, to listen to the
reading of a memoir of his life and chatacter, prepared
at our request by the Hon. Otis P. Lord.

Mr. Lord had long been one of his most intimate and
cherished friends, and his acceptance of this duty merits
our warmest thanks. Allow me to introduce to you Mr.

Lord.

Mr. Lorp then delivered ‘his memorial address, which
was listened to with intense interest and was a faithful
and correct delineation of Mr. Huntington’s character.*
At its conclusion

* This memoir is printed in the 11th volume of the Historical Col-
lections of the Institute. ;

se

132

Hon. ALLEN W. Dope alluded briefly and in fitting
terms to the just and beautiful tribute to the memory of
our deceased friend which Mr. Lord had presented this
evening, and after narrating some reminiscences of the
early life of Mr. Huntington, especially when a law stu-
dent and residing in Newburyport, on his motion it was

Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be pre-
sented to the Hon. Judge Lord for his memorial dis-
course on the late Asahel Huntington, so rich and accu-
rate in its facts, so felicitous and touching in its portrayal
of his character, and that he be requested to furnish a

-copy for publication in the Transactions of the Institute.

ReeutarR Meetine, Monpay, Octoser 16, 1871.

The meeting was called to order by the President at

1.00.2, MM:
‘Records of preceding meeting read.
The SecreTary announced the following correspon-

dence :—

From U. S. Department of Agriculture, Aug. 10, 14, 24, 30; American Antiqua-
rian Society, Sept. 19; Bergen Museum, June 30, July 27; Boston Public Library,
Sept. 14; Buffalo Histori Society, Aug. 16,.Sept. 14; Leeds Philosophical and
Literary Society, Aug. 24; London Society of Antiquaries, Aug. 26; Massachu-
setts Historical Society, Sept. 14; Minnesota Historical Society, Oct. 10; Moravian
Historical Society, Sept. 18; Mount Holyoke Seminary, Oct. 12; New York Genea-
logical and Biographical Society, Oct. 14; Ohio Histor ical and Philosophical Soci-
ety, Sept. 28; Pennsylvania Historical Society, Aug. 28; Washington Young
Men’s Christian Association, Aug. 3, 10; Yale College, Corporation of, Sept.
21; C. A. Baker, Cambridge, Aug. 6; George F. Browning, Salem, Aug. 11; DA,
Chever, Denver, C. T., Sept. 24,29; Henry Cook, Boston, Sept.8,12; J. H. Gan-
nett, East Gloucester, Sept. 19; P. A. Hanaford, New Haven, Sept.8; James W..
Harris, Cambridge, Sept. 22; Daniel H. Johnson, Salem, Aug. 30; Noyes, Holmes
& Co., Boston, Aug. 18, Sept. 16, Oct. 6; Jonathan Pierce, Boston, Aug. 12; T.
Prime, Rowley, Sept. 8; B. T. Reed, Boston, July 29; J. Hammond Trumbull,
Hartford, Sept. 11.

The Liprarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Arwoop, E.S. The Scotsman, Aug. 4, 7, 8, 1871. Edinburgh Daily Review,
Aug. 5, 1871. Scott’s Centenary, Aug. 15, 1871.

155

BAKER, CONRAD, of Indianapolis, Ind. Reports of the Adjutant General of In-
diana, 8 vols. 8vo.

BEMIS, LUKE, West Chester, Pa. West Chester Directory, 1857-8, 1 vol. 8vo.

Boies, E.C. Catalogus Collegii Sanctissmx Trinitatis, 1871, 8vo pamph.

BROWN, AMMI. Boston Directories, 1853, 4, 6, 7,8. 5 vols. 8v0. » Patent Office
Reports, 1853, 1856, 2 vols. 8vo. Catalogue of Boston Public Library, 1854. 1 vol.
8vo. Light from the Spirit World. 1vol.12mo. Boston Almanacs, 1857, 1865. 2
vols. 16mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 207.

ByRkKIT, J. W., of Indianapolis, Ind. Indianapolis Directories, 1858-9, 1865, 6, 8,
9, 1870. 6 vols. 8vo. Amended .Charter and Revised Ordinance of Indianapolis.
lvol. 8vo. 1859. ‘

CABOT, JOSEPH S. Monographie des Melastomacées, 1 vol. folio, Londres,
1833. Plantarum Icones, 1 vol. folio, Londini, 1789. Nicholson’s Encyclopedia,
12 vols. 8vo. Domestic Encyclopedia, 3 vols. 8vo. Say’s Political Economy, 1 vol.
8vo. Young Mechanic, 1 vol.8vo. Abrege Du Dictionnaire De L Académie
Francoise, 2 vols. 8vo. Historical Collections of United States, 2 vols. 4to. Uni-&
versal Dictionary, 1 vol. 4to. Italien Dictionaire, 1 vol. 4to,

CLOGSTON, WM., of Springfield, Mass. Springfield Directories, 1854-5, 1866-7,
1867-8, 1868-3, 1869-70. 5 vols. 12mo. Haverhill and Bradford, 1859, 1 vol. 8vo.
Northampton, 1868-9, 1 vol. 12mo. Norwich, 1860, 1 vol. 12mo.

CONSTANT, G., of Smyrna. Armenian Service Book. 1 vol. 16mo.

Cox, E. T., of Indianapolis, nd. First Annual Report of the Geological Survey of
Indiana, 1869. 8vo pamph. Maps and Colored Section referred to in the Report of
State Geologist. 1869. 2 vols. 8vo.

DEVEREUX, G.H. Tides. New Theory by D.K. Chase. 8vyo pamph. Boston, 1871.

EMERTON, J. H. Indianapolis Journal, Aug. 28, 29, 30, 31. Sept. 1, 2.

GOULD —-of Topsfield. Baltimore Directory for 1824, 1 vol.12mo. Johnson’s
Dictionary, 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 4. ;

HOLMES, THOMAS, of Merom, Ind. Catalogues of Officers and Students of
Union Christian College for 1864-5, 1865-6, 1866-7, 1867-8, 1869, 1870, 1871, 6 pamph-
lets, 8vo. Rules and Regulations of U. C. College, 8vo pamph. Course of Study
in U. C. College, 1860. 8vyo pamph. Constitution and By-Laws of U. C. College,
1859, 8vo pamph.

INDIANAPOLIS STATE BOARD OF AGRICUTURE. Transactions of the Agricul-
tural Society of Indiana, 1853, 1 vol. Svo. Agricultural ang Geological Reports,
1869, 1 vol. 8vo. Agricultural Reports, 1854-5, 1870. 2 vols. 8vo.

JOHNSON, SAM’L. Martin’s Philosophy, 1 vol. 8vo. Pike’s Arithmetic, 1 vol. 8vo.
Laporte’s Exercises, 1 vol. 8vo. Ferguson’s Astronomy, 1 vol. 8vo.~ Spanish
Grammar, 1 vol. 8yo. Kreb’s Latin, 1 vol. 12mo. Morse’s Universal Geography, 1
vol. 8vo. Jacob’s Latin Reader, 1 vol. 12mo. Arnold’s Greek Exercises, 1 vol. 12mo.
Emerson’s Arithmetic, 1 vol. 12mo. Parker’s Philosophy, 1 vol. 12mo. Russell’s
Blocutionist, 1 vol. 12mo. Fowle’s Speller, 1 vol. 12mo. Smith’s Arithmetic, 1 vol.
16mo. Worcester’s Geography, 1 vol. 16mo. Emerson’s Arithmetic, 1 vol. 16mo.
Bullion’s Grammar, 1 vol. 12mo. Latin Tutor, 1 vol. 12mo. Paley’s History, 1 vol.
16mo. Dwyer on Elocution, 1 vol. 12mo. Colburn’s Arithmetic, 1 vol. 12mo.
Tower’s Reader, 1 vol. 12mo. Parker’s English Composition, 1 vol. 12mo. Bu-
gard’s French Translator, 1 vol. 12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 30.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin, Sept., 1871.

LEVETTE, G. M., of Indianapolis, Ind. Transactions of the Indiana State Horti-
cultural Society, 1867, 1869, 1870, 1871. 4 vols. 8vo. ;

MASON, LEVANT L., of Jamestown, N. Y. Soldier’s National Cemetery at Get-
tysburg, Pa., 1863, 1 vol. 8vo. Directory of the Oil Regions, 1 vol. 8vo.

MILTON PuBLIC LiBRARY. Catalogue for 1871. 1 vol. 8vo.

Morse, E. 8. Indian Almanac for 1864.

134

NICHOLS, W. F., Armenian Almanac, 1871. Collections of Monuments; of the
National Museum. 4 vols., 4to. Naples, 1870.

PACKARD, A.S. Report on the University of the State of Missouri, June 28, 1871.
8vo pamph.

PALFREY, C. W., Steam Engineering by James Stewart, 1 vol. 12mo. Miscella-
neous pamphlets and serials, 361.

PICKERING, JOHN, Miscellaneous pamphlets, 57. ,

RAuCcH, JOHN H., of Chicago, Ill. Report of the Board ot Health of Chicago for
1867, 8, 9. 8vo pamph.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR. Ninth Census of the U.S. Statistics of Popu-
lation, Advance Sheets, 4to pamph.

WARD, Mrs. JAMES, Blunt’s Coast Pilot, 1 vol. 8vo. Cooper’s Tactics, 1 vol.
12mo. Log Books, 7 vols. folio.

WATERS, J. LINTON, of Chicago, Ill. Report of the Chicago and North Western
Railway Company. 8vo pamph. 1871. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 10.

WILLARD, JOHN H., of Troy, N.Y. Catalogue of Troy Female Seminary for
1871, 8vo pamph.

By Exchange.

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF PHILA. Proceedings, Jan. to July,
1871, No. 86. 8vo pamph.

BERGENSKE MUSEUMIN BERGEN. Indftillinger fra Bergens Formandlkab for 1867)
8, 9, 70,4 vols. 8vo. Forhandlinger, 1869-70. 2 pamphlets, 8vo. Smaakvede ar Hen-
rik Krohn, 12mo pamph. Bergenseren eller nogle Ord of det Bergenske Folkesprag,
12mo pamph. Gierftad Grand, 12mo pamph. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

BIBLIOTHEQUE UNIVERSELLE ET REVUE SUISSE. Archives des Sciences phys-
iques et Naturelles. Nos. 160, 161, 162,163. 4 pamph. Genéve, Lausanne, Paris, 1871.

Boston ,PUBLIC LIBRARY. Nineteenth Annual Report. 1871,8vo pamph. Bul-
letin for July, 1871.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL History. Memoirs, Vol. II. Part. 1, No. II.
4to pamph. :

CINCINNATI PUBLIC LIBRARY. Fourth Annual Report, June, 1871, 8vo pamph.
Catalogue for 1871. 1 vol. 8vo.

GEORGIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Wilde’s Summer Rose; or the Lament of the
Captive, by Anthony Barclay Esq. 12mo pamph. .

GESELLSCHAFT NATURFORSCHENDER FREUNDE IN BERLIN. Sitzungs-Berichte,
Jahre. 1870. 8vo pamph.

IOWA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Annals, July, 1871. 8vo pamph. Daven-
port, 1871. :

NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN VEREINE IN BREMER. Abhandlungen, Bd. II.
Heft. III. 1871. 8vo pamph. j

SOCIETE IMPERIALE DES NATURALISTES DE Moscow. Bulletin, 1870. No. 2.
8vo pamph.

VEREINES ZUR BEFORDERUNG DES GARTENBAUES, IN BERLIN. Wochenschrift,
Jahrg. xiii. Nos. 1-52. 1870.

VERMONT HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Collections, Vol. II. 1 vol. 8vo. 1871.

VERMONT STATE LIBRARY. General Statute of Vermont, 1862, 1 vol. 4to. Ver-
mont, 1862. 1 vol. 4to. Vermont Legislative Documents, 1870-1. lvol. 8vo.
House Journal, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. Senate Journal, 1870. 1 vol. 8vyo. Laws of Ver-
mont, 1870. 1 vol. 8vo.

YALE COLLEGE LIBRARY. Report of the Sheffield Scientific School, 1870-71.
8vo pamph. New Haven, 1871. Yale Colllege in 1871. 8vo pamph.

PUBLISHERS. American Chemist. American Literary Gazette. American Nat-
uralist. Canadian Naturalist. Christian World. Church Register. Fireside Favor-

.
ye

135

ite. Francis’s Catalogue. Gardener’s Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill
Gazette. Ipswich Advance. Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant.
Lynn Reporter. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Pavilion.
Peabody Press. Quarritch’s Catalogue. Sailor’s Magazine and Seaman’s Friend.
Salem Observer. Silliman’s Journal. Sotheran’s Catalogue. Tilton’s Journal of
Horticulture.

The President mentioned the great loss which science
and history have sustained in the destruction of the build-
ings of the Chicago Academy of Sciences and of the
Chicago Historical Society with all their valuable collec-
tions and libraries, during the great fire on the eighth and
ninth of this month, which had laid in ruins so large a
portion of that great and beautiful city of the northwest.
He alluded to his recent visit to these institutions and was
impressed with the value of their collections, and with
the liberality of the citizens of that city in providing such
substantial buildings and generous endowments.

’ THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In 1856 the formation of a society for the promotion of
the Natural Sciences was proposed, and in the following
year the*Chicago Academy of Natural Sciences was or-
ganized. A room was taken and a museum commenced,
but owing to the financial crash that came upon the coun-
try, very little was done until the year 1859, when it was
organized as a corporation under the title of the Chicago

‘Academy of Sciences. In 1862 the lamented Kennicott

returned from his three years’ exploration in the Arctic
regions, richly laden with specimens, a part of which
were to become the property of the Academy. In the
winter of 1863-4 advantage was taken of Prof. Agassiz’
visit to Chicago to gain his opinion of the value of the
collections secured na Mr. Kennicott. His. endorsement
of Mr. Kennicott’s work, and his urging the importance
of the forming a great museum in the Northwest was so
strong an incentive that money was at once secure (a

136

large sum being given at an impromptu meeting, after-
wards greatly increased by the efforts of Mr. Scammon)
and the funds placed in the hands of trustees for the
formation of a museum, of which Mr. Kennicott was
appointed Director. In 1863 Mr. Kennicott, in order to
add to the materials of the museum, accepted the appoint-
ment on the Russian American Telegraph Survey. From
this ill-fated expedition he never returned. At this time
the charge of the museum was given to Dr. Stimpson.
On June 7, 1866, a large part of the collection of over
forty thousand specimens, and all the plates for the first
part of the “Transactions” were destroyed by fire. Soon
afterwards the text of the same volume while in the
hands of the printer met the same fate. The Academy
however started forward with renewed vigor, and erected
what in any ordinary fire would have been a fire proof
building. Its collections and library were rapidly in-
creased, until, at the date of the present calamity it had
within its walls one of the, in many respects, most valu-
able collections in the country, including the larger part
of the crustacea and other invertebrates belonging to the
Government and Snefthsonian collections, and the crusta-
ceans dredged by Pourtales, which had been sent to the
Academy for Dr. Stimpson to describe. The State col-
lection of insects made by the late Mr. Walsh, had also —
been deposited at the Academy.

The Academy had published its first volume of “Tran-
-sactions” and forty-eight pages of its “Proceedings.”
The second volume of “Transactions” was in a forward
condition, and many pages stereotyped and several plates
printed and stored at the Academy.

Mr. F. W. Putnam, after remarks on the great loss
which science had met, and an account of his visit to the

137

Academy’s rooms in August with a description of the
character-of the collections destroyed, read the following
abstracts from letters which had been received :—

CuicaGco, Oct. 10; 1871.

* Among the other buildings involved, was the Chicago Academy of
Sciences. It was considered fire-proof; but, in the fiery furnace, its
iron shutters warped like pasteboard, and let in the devouring ele-
ment, and a precious morsel it lapped up. There were the greater .
portion of the invertebrata collected by numerous explorers and in
distant oceans, originally deposited in the Smithsonian Institution,
but transferred here for especial study and description by Dr. Stimpy
son; the collection of mammals and birds made.by Dr. Vaille, which
cost him years of labor and travel; two skeletons of the masto-
don; the collections of Kennicott in the Arctic region; of Stimpson
on the Florida reefs and the Gulf Coast; the Cooper collection of
shells, purchased by George Walker; an interesting series of imple-
ments in pottery and lava—the work of a prehistoric race — exhumed
at San Jose, Mexico, presented by J. Y. Scammon; a large collec-
tion of minerals, rich in crystalline forms, which was secured through
the exertions of Mr. E. S. Chesboro; an extensive suite of the coals
and iron ores of the Northwest, and other objects of natural history.
The Academy had become the resort for Scientific men desirous of
studying not only the natural history of the Northwest, but of the
whole country. Dr. Stimpson’s MSS. relating to the invertebrates
collected on the Japan Expedition, illustrated by numerous drawings
—the labor of years, and ready for publication — were also consumed.
But a short time ago Mr. J Gwyn Jeffreys spent s€veral days in exam-
ining our collections in reference to deep sea dredgings. But all are
gone. The patrons through whose munificence the Academy was
‘built up have shared in the general calamity. Many of the specimens
cannot be replaced; but when the Academy shall arise like a Phoenix
from its ashes is a matter of doubt. The present is nota time for
consultation while the embers are yet alive, and while the smoke is

yet ascending.” —J. W. FosTER.

CuicaGo, Oct. 12.
‘‘ Please stop the sale of the books and papers in the agency. We
have not a copy left of any of them. The Academy building and
everything in it was utterly destroyed — not a scrap of paper ora
specimen saved. My own books, collections, MSS. and drawings —
twenty years’ work all gone! ”— WM. STIMPSON.

Mr. Putnam then offered the following resolutions,

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. II 18

138

which were seconded with remarks from Messrs. E. C.
Bolles and E. 8. Morse, the president and others, and
unanimously passed :—

Resolved. That the Essex Institute tenders its sympa-
thy to its sister society, the Cuicaco ACADEMY OF Scr-
ENCES, in her second trial by fire, in which she has lost
not only her buildings, but all her specimens, books and
publications. ’

ftesolved. That the Institute hereby promises to furnish
such of its publications as the Chicago Academy of Sci-
ences miy desire, and to render such other assistance as
possible in the efforts of the Academy to arise for a
second time from the ashes.

The President stated that
THE CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Was organized in 1856 through the efficient efforts of
Rev. William Barry, formerly of Lowell, Mass., and was
chartered in 1857. It had accumulated a valuable library
of more than fifteen thousand bound volumes, a large col-
lection of pamphlets well arranged and catalogued, news-
papers and other historic data and memorials, a large part
of which is irrecov@table. It had a considerable collec-
tion of paintings, statuary, etc., also manuscripts and
other materials to elucidate the early history of Chicago
and of the late civil war. .
The following may be specified, indicating the extent
of the loss, which not only this society but the students

of American History have sustained. The complete

journals of the father of the late Major J. H. Kinzie, ex-
tending from 1802 (before the construction of Fort Dear-
born) to 1826, containing nearly one thousand names of
residents and visitors during the earliest period (now tra-
ditionary ), of the local modern history of that city ; com

plete files of the public journal of Richmond, as preserved

139

by the official head of the Confederate States; and the
memorable proclamation of President Lincoln, in the
original draft, giving liberty to the enslaved. —

By the liberality of the citizens of Chicago, who held
in high estimation the influence and labors of this society,
a lone supposed to be fire-proof, forty by fifty feet,
and designed to be the right wing of the future main
edifice, was erected a few yeurs since at an expense of.
over $60,000, including the land, for the depository of its
library and collections, and a fund was raised in additiok
thereto, yielding an annual revenue of more than one
thousand dollars for their care and increase. |

Mr. James Kimball proposed that a committee of three
be appointed by the chair to draft resolutions of sympa-
thy to be sent to the Chicago Historical Society.

The proposition was adopted and Messrs. James Kim-
ball, E. C. Bolles and the Secretary were appointed for
the purpose.

The committee retired, and after a short absence, re-
ported the following resolution, which was unanimously
adopted.

Whereas, the Essex Institute has learned with great
regret that in the late disastrous fire at Chicago the build-

ing, library and collections of the Historical Society of
"that city were entirely destroyed, therefore :

Resolved. That the Essex Institute desires to assure
the Chicago Historical Society of the profound sympathy
and its earnest wish both to replace all the publications of
the Institute which were in that library, and to afford all
other aid which it may be in its power to give.

THE SALEM AND BOSTON STAGE COMPANY.
A communication from Mr. WILLIAM H. Foster was

read, containing his reminiscences of the days of stage

coaches in Salem and of the Salem and Boston stage

140

company, during the period he was in the office of the
company. The scenes and incidents at the stables on
Union Street, and at the Old Sun Tavern then located
on the site of the present Bowker Building on Essex
Street, were very graphically described, alluding espe-
cially to the bustle, activity and stir attending the arrival
and departure of the coaches, the great events of the day.
Anecdotes and short notices of the drivers and other em-
ployés were interspersed, portraying vividly the characters
of those who were attached to the establishment. These
incidents occurred some forty-five or fifty years since, when
the turnpikes and the stage coaches were in the ascen-
dancy and had made great advance over the previous modes
of travel, displacing to a considerable extent private con-
veyances and the little wayside inns. A few years elapsed
and these in turn retreated before the advent of railroads,
which have now connected the whole country with a net-
work of iron bands and have contributed so much to the
rapid transportation of passengers and merchandise. At
that period this company was a great establishment, and
not inferior to any other line in the United States, in the
character of its agentgeand drivers, and in the superiority
of its teams and codches; and perhaps in advance of
them, being the first to introduce the swing rack and foot
board, as it was termed; and after these the splendid
steel spring.coaches. These coaches were mostly built
under its own supervision, in its own shops, and by its
own mechanics.

There were Stephen Daniels and Benjamin Bray, coach-
body makers; Smith and Osgood Bradley, wheelwrights
(Bradley is now a ear builder) ; John McGlue and David
Harding, and a half a score of others, blacksmiths ; John
Chipman, John Mackie and John Frye, saddlers and car-
riage trimmers; Joseph D. Saddler and Daniel C. Man-

*

141

ning, painters. The gigs and coaches got up by the
company from 1821 (when it was incorporated) to 1834-5
and 6, were far superior in strength and finish to any in
present use. William Manning, familiarly known as
“Sir William,” was the general superintendent, Henry
Cross the agent at Boston, and Samuel Manning had the
charge of the stable at the “Marlborough” in Boston, and
afterwards fitted out the stages with Mr. Lancaster and
ran the expresses to overtake the stages, etc.

The coaches for Boston left at 7, Gigs: LOe AL NE, 1.30
and & P. M., and arrived from Boston,at 11 A. M., 1, 5,
6,7, 8, P.M. Any number of extras went over the
road at all times both day and night. There was also a
coach to and from Marblehead, driven by Thompson, and
three times a week to Haverhill driven by D. Sanderson
and afterwards by Pinkham.

The drivers were James Potter, left at 7 A. M., the
first out in the morning; Woodbury Page at 8 A. M.;
Charles Cross, afterwards Albert Knight, and then B. |
Savory.at 9 A.M.; Moses Shaw at 10 A. M. on Monday,
Wednesday and Friday, and Albert Knight, afterwards
Jacob Winchester on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday ; °
Lot Peach at 1.30 P. M. The Major Shaw went out at
3 P. M., and this closed the outward or up trips to Bos-

- ton forthe day. Peter Ray afterwards drove this last

route.

The first coach in from, Boston was at 11 A. M., the
one that left the afternoon previous at 3 o’clock; the
Gloucester at 1 P. M., Potter at 5, Page at 6, Savory at
7 and Peach at 8 P. M.

There were many extra drivers, Wm. Winchester,
Joshua Butman, Joseph Potter, Benjamin Leavitt and
others. During the summer some of the regular and sev-
eral of the extra drivers were away on journeys. There

142

were between fifty and sixty men on the pay roll of the
company, all good and reliable.

To Potter was assigned the honor of driving Lafayette,
on his visit here in August, 1824, and on this occasion
had an open barouche and team of. splendid horses, and
drove him through to Newburyport. When Henry Clay
made his visit in 1833, Page and his team of milk-whites
were in attendance and took him over the road from the
residence of Hon. Nathaniel Silsbee on Pleasant Street
to the Tremont House, Boston, in sixty minutes. Joseph
Smith, who had been in the livery business for many ‘
years was employed by the Committee of Reception dur-”
ing Gen. Jackson’s visit in 1833, and used on the occasion
an open barouche and had a team of four coal black
horses.

Mr. Daniel C. Manning first entered the service of the
company in 1823 as an office boy and carried round the
letters and bundles on the arrival of the stages. For
the small packages a horse and gig was always ready on
the arrival,of each coach, and here began the first express
business of this county.

From here Daniel went into the company’s paint shop,
then in charge of Joseph D. Sadler, where he served a
regular apprenticeship and became a first-class carriage
painter, in which business he continued for some years,
combining with it the letting of a few horses. The paint
shop was then abandoned and he went very extensively
into the livery business with Mr. Joseph Smith.

We see him driving, in that fearful storm on the 8th of
February, 1870, Prince Arthur to the Peabody funeral,
and for eight consecutive hours not leaving his box.
Like Mr. Peabody, he started a poor boy, but by his un-
tiring industry, and his natural resources, he is now rated
among the self made capitalists. He also had the honor

143

of driving (or running), President Polk through the city,
on the occasion of his visit here in 1847.

Before the incorporation of the Salem and Boston
Stage Co., in 1821, a line of stages had been run by Mr.
Richard Manning, and afterwards by his sons, William,
Robert and Samuel, and in 1810 or 1811 the Mannings
bought out the old Burrill line of stages. The Burrill
stables were in the rear of Court (now Washington.
Street), and their office was in the rear of where Nourse’s
fruit store now stands.

— In 1815 or 1816 a company was formed of the Messrs.
Manning, Henry Cross and others. Holton Dale, who
will be remembered by many as the greatest whip in the
county, drove the first coach out at 7 o’clock A. M., and
Willis, a large and splendid looking man, drove the first
coach in from Boston, and afterwards Carpenter. Dale
always had elegant horses; his team of sorrels were
square docked, and always trimmed and combed toa hair ;
his coach in order, and run very still, as about every
morning he went over it himself, and screwed up all the
nuts. Chose who were in college from, say 1810 to
1816 will remember Dale, as he claimed as a right the
privilege of driving home the students at the vacations.

Instead of his coach he sometimes used an open basket
carriage which would hold fifteen or eighteen — but as
there was no convenience for baggage, that had to be
sent by another team. With the light basket carriage he
could spin off ten or twelve miles the hour, and land his
passengers from Cambridge, say seventeen or eighteen
miles, in an hour and thirty or forty minutes.

Once, about Christmas time, after he had started, there
came up a furious snow storm, and by the time they
reached Salem the basket was full of snow and students
closely packed together.

144

But these reminiscences are so far extended that I will

close.

Many of the actors have paid the last debt of

nature, and those who are left are getting to be among
the old folks. The following list of employeés, so far as
‘an be recalled, is annexed. .

DRIVERS.

Holton Dile,
Willis,

C irpenter,
James Potter,
Woodbury Page,
Samuel Shaw,
Moses Shaw,
Albert Knight,
Jacob B. Winchester,
William Winchester,
Peter W. Ray,
Benjamin Savory,
Lot Peach, °
Charles Cross,
William Cross,
Daniel Moore,
John Hathaway,
Alden Harris,
John Lane,

J.C. Trask,
James Trask.
Addison Center,
Charles Sargent,

John Miller,
Jonathan Cass,
Benjamin Thompson,
Charles Dearborn,
Thomas Adams,
Joshua Bateman, *
Joseph Potter,
Daniel Sanderson,
Thomas Dodge,
Benjamin Leavitt,
Isauc Pinkham,
Peter Stevens,
Thomas Adams,

J. B. Wheelock,
Noah Knox.

SADDLERS.

Joseph H. Saddler.
John Chipman,
John Mackie,
John Frye.

BLACKSMITHS.
John_McGlue,

David Harding,
Peter McDermott.

WHEELWRIGHTS.
James Smith,
Osgood Bradley.
CARRIAGE-BODY

MAKERS.
Stephen Daniels,
Benjamin Bray.

PAINTERS.
Joseph D. Sadler,
Daniel C. Manning.

CLERKS.

Henry Cross,

D. M. Lancaster,
Daniel L. Procter,
William H. Foster.

The character and time of the meetings of the Institute

were zealously discussed, most of the members present
taking part. All were earnest to have the meetings prove
more attractive to tl-public and to better meet the needs
of the community. It was then

Voted, That the next meeting be held on the first
Monday in November at 74 o’clock, and that the matter
of the arrangement and order for meetings for the coming
winter be referred to the lecture committee, with instruc-
tion to report at the next meeting.

Adjourned.

BULLETIN

OF THE

ESSEX INSTITUTE.

ig »

VoL. 3. SaLem, Mass., Novemper, 1871. No. 11.
One Dollar ‘a Year in Advance. 10 Cents a Single Copy.

ReeutaR Meeting, Monpay, November 6, 1871.

TuHE President in the chair. Records read.

The Secretary read the following letter from Dr.
William Stimpson, secretary of the Chicago Academy of
Science, addressed to Vice President F. W. Putnam.

; CHICAGO, Oct. 26, 1871.

I have just received your very kind letter of the 19th inst. Our
postal delivéry is deranged on account of the fire, in which the post-
office did not escape. I have also received Packard’s letter and that
of the Secretary of the Institute. Iam on the point of starting for
the East, and have only time to write a line of thanks for them.
When I get to Maryland I will answer them in full. We have held
one meeting since the fire, and the copy of resolutions of the Essex
Institute arrived in time for it. The Academy is going on, although
we are obliged to commence at the very beginning again, but we are
greatly encouraged by the offers of aid received from all sides.

With many thanks for your own kind offers I remain,
Very sincerely yours, Wo. STIMPSON.

Letters were also read from the following :—

American Congregational Association, Oct. 21; Berlin Akklimatisations Verein,
June 20; Brunn, Naturforschende Verein, May 31; Buffalo Historical Society, Oct.
27; Chemnitz, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, June; Danzig, Naturforschende
Gesellschaft, June 24; Freiburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, May 12; Kjoben-
hayn, K. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Sept. 14; Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, Oct. 28; New England Historic-Genealogical Society, Oct. 28; New York
Genealogical and Biographical Society, Oct. 20, 21; New York Historical Society,
Oct. 28; New York Lyceum of Natural History, Oct. 30; Riga, Naturforschende,
Verein, May 19-31; Wiesbaden, Nassauischen Vereins fur Naturkunde, May 1;
Hanaford, P. A., New Haven, Oct. 25; Hough, F. B., Lowville, Oct. 25.

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. 1 19

146

The Liprarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

Bouies, E. C. Catalogue of Officers and Students of Tufts College, 1871-72.
Record of Lockwood's New Academy, Sept. 1871.

Foote CALEB. Files of several county papers for Aug., Sept., Oct. 1871. ;

GREBLE, EDWIN, of Philadelphia, Penn. Memoir of Lieut. Col. John T. Greble
of U.S. Army. lvol.4to. Phila. 1870. (Printed for private circulation.)

GREEN, S. A., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 16.

HOLMES J.C., of Detroit, Mich. Constitution and By-laws of the Audubon
Club in Detroit. 16mo pamph.

JOHNSON, THOMAS H. The Life of Joice Heth. 12mo pamph. New York. 1835.

LEE, JOHN C. Commercial Bulletin tor Oct, 1871.

PHILLIPS, WILLARD P. Agriculture of Massachusetts, by C. L. Flint. 1 vol.
8vo. Boston. 1870-71. Reports on the Statistics of Labor. 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Rail-
road Commissioners’ Report, 1870. lvol.8vo. Thirty-fourth Annual Report of
the Board of Education. 1 vol. 8vo. Manual for the General Court, 1871. 1 vol.
12mo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 4

SMITH, Mrs. GEO. H. Martyrs, 2 vols. 4to. New York, 1794. History of American
Missions, 1 vol. 8vo. Christian Spectator, 3 vols. 8yo. Essays on a Congress of
Nations, 1 vol. 8vo. Missionary Herald, 1 vol. 8vo. Ely’s Contrast, 1 vol. 8vo.
Christian Researches, 1 vol. 12mo. Indian Wars, 1 vol. 12mo. Missionary Gaz-
etteer, 1 vol. 12mo. Life of Whitefield, 1 vol. 12mo. Carpenter’s Geography, 1 vol.
12mo. Life of Philip Henry, 1 vol.12mo. Life of Coustos,1 vol. 12mo. History
of Andover, 1 vol. 12mo. The Assembly’s Digest, 1 vol. 12mo. Anti-Slavery Man-
ual, 1 vol. 16mo. Salem Directories, 1842, 1846, 1850, 1851, 1855, 1859. 6 vols. 12mo.
Flavius Josephus, 1 vol. folio. Missionary Herald, 74 nos.

SPOONER, THOMAS, of Cincinnati, Ohio. Memorial of William Spooner, and of
his descendants, 1637 to 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. (Private Edition.)

WALKER, Francis, of London. Notes or Chalcidiw, 12mo pamph. List of Hy-
menoptera, 12mo pamph. List of Coleoptera, 12mo pamph.

By Exchange.

AKKLIMATISATIONS VEREIN IN BERLIN. Zeitschrift fiir Acclimatisation,
Yahrg VIII, 1870. Nos. 1-12. Yahrg IX, 1871, Nos. 1-5. 3 pamphs. 8vo.

Boston PUBLIC LIBRARY. Bulletin for Oct., 1871. 8vo pamph.

CROSSE ET FISCHER. Journal de Conchyliologie. Tome X, No.4. 1870.

Det KONGELIGE NORSKE UNIVERSITET I CHRISTIANIA. Forhandlinger i.
Videnskabs Selskabet i Christiania, Aar, 1869, 1870, 8vo pamphs. Det Kongelige
Norske Frederiks Universitets Aars beretning for Aaret 1869, 1870. 8vo pamphs.
Index Scholarum, 4to pamph. Le Névé De Justidal et Ses Glaciers par C. de
Sene. 4to pamph. Lymphekjertlernes Anatomi af G. Armaner Hansen, 4to
pamph. Omeni Sommeran, 1869, foretagen entomologisk Reisse af H. Siebke. 8vo
pamph. Magnetiske Underspgelser foretagen i 1868 af E. A. H. Sinding, 8vo
pamph.

LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF QUEBEC, Transactions of, 1870-71. New
Series, Part VIII, Quebec, 1871. 8vo pamph.

NASSAUISCHEN VEREINS FUR NATURKUNDE OF WIESBADEN. Jahrbiicher Jahrg
XXII, XXIV. lvol.8vo. Wiesbaden, 1869-70.

NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT IN DANZIG. Schriften, mous: Folge, Band
II. Heft 3,4. Danzig. 1871.

NATURFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT IN FREIBURG, BADEN. Berichte iiber die
Verhandlungen. Bd. V, Heft 3,4. 1871.

147

NATURFORSCHENDE VEREIN IN BRUNN. Verhandlungen, Band VIII, Heft 1-2,
2pamphs. 8vo.

NATURFORSCHENDER VEREIN IN RIGA. Arbeiten, Heft, 3,4. 1870-71.

NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN GESELLSCHAFT IN CHEMNITZ. Dritter Bericht,
1868-70, 8vo pamph.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. Register for Oct., 1871.

New YORK GENEALOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. Genealogical and
Biographical Record. Vols. 1,2. 1870-71.

PHYSIKALISCH-MEDICINISCHE GESELLSCHAFT IN WURZURB. Verhandlungen
der Physikalisch Medicinische Gesellschaft in Wiirzurb, Herausgegeben von der
Redactions. Commission der Gesellschaft, Neve Folge, Band II. Heft 1-2. 8vo. «

SOCIETY VAUDAISE DES SCIENCES NATURELLES IN LAUSANNE. Bulletin, Vol.
x. No. 63. 8vo. pamph.

PUBLISHERS. American Chemist. American Literary Gazette. American Nat-
uralist. Christian World. Gardener’s Monthly. Gloucester Telegraph. Har®
wicke’s Science Gossip. Haverhill ‘Gazette. Historical Magazine. Land and
Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript.
Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Pavilion. Peabody Press.

Silliman’s Journal.. Quarritch’s Catalogue. Salem Observer.

The following donations to the Historical Department
were announced :—

S. A. CHEVER, of Melrose, Engraving of the Pickman House on Essex Street as
it appeared in 1830.

T. J. DREER, of Philadelphia, Fourteen engraved portraits of eminent Americans.

THOMAS H. JOHNSON, Several engravings of Baptist ministers.

CHARLES OSGOOD, Picture of Capt. Billop’s house at Bently, Staten Island.

Mr. FE? W. Purnam exhibited a fine head of a male
American Buffalo or Bison (Bos Americanus) , which had ,
recently been received from David Augustus Chever, —
Esq., of Denver City, Colorado, a donation to the muse-

um; and offered some remarks upon its habits and range.

The Buffalo formerly roamed over nearly the whole area
of the United States; more recently it has been limited
to the prairies between the Missouri and the Rocky
Mountains, where it is seen in herds of several thousands,
blackening the plains as far as the eye can view; with
the advance of. civilization, it will become yet more re-
stricted, and finally it will retreat to the fastnesses of the
mountains, where it may for some years linger.

Mr. F. W. Purnam occupied the greater part of the

148

evening with a lecture on the prehistoric inhabitants of
this country, known under the general name of the
® Mound Builders.”

After stating the conclusions reached by Squier, Davis,
Haven, Wilson, Lubbock, Whittlesey, Foster, Newberry,
Jones and others, and his own views derived from a
careful comparison of the facts that had been gradually
ascertained, and calling attention to the different views
that had been presented relating to the origin, course
of migration, and decay of the mound building race ;
he called special attention to the large number of for-
tifications and fortified towns that had been discovered
in various parts of the country, from New York and
Pennsylvania west to the Wabash River and in the Mis-
sissippi Valley south to Tennessee; and gave an account
of a recent examination he had made of an

ANCIENT FORTIFICATION ON THE WABASH RIVER.

After the adjournment of the Indianapolis meeting of
the American Association for the Advancement of Sci-
ence in August last,it was his good fortune to be able to
take advantage of the kind offer of Prof. Cox, State
Geologist of Indiana, to make an examination of an
ancient earth work at Merom, Sullivan Co., Ind., which.
had been christened “Fort Azatlan” by Mr. John Col-
lett, Assistant of the Survey, and is so designated on the
geological map of the County. Accompanied by Messrs. .
Cox, Collett, Cooke and Emerton, and provided with free
passes over the Terre Haute and Indianapolis, and the
Evansville and Crawfordsville Railroads, by the open-
handed liberality of the officers of the roads ; and, cordially
* entertained and greatly assisted by T. Kearns, Esq., Pres-
ident Holmes, the Doctors Harper and other kind friends
in Merom; he was able to make a partial examination of

149

the earth work, of which the following engraving, pre-
pared from a large plan made by Mr. J. H. Emerton, from
plottings taken with the assistance of Messrs. Kearns
and Collett, gives the outline and general character.

The fort is situated on a plateau of loess, about one
hundred, and seventy feet in height above low water, on
the east bank of the river. On the river side, the bank,
which principally consists of an outcrop of sandstone, is
very steep, and forms the western line of the fortification,
while deep ravines add to its strength on the other sides’;
the weak points being strengthened by earth works. The
general course of the work is from the north, where it is
very narrow (not over 50 feet) owing to the formation of
the plateau, south along the river bank about 725 ft. to its
widest portion (at H) which is here about 375 ft. east
and west. . From this point it follows a deep ravine south-
erly about 460 ft. to the entrance end of the fort. The
bank traversed by the entrance road is here much wider
than at other portions, and along its outer wall, running ©
eastward, are the remains of what was evidently once a
deep ditch. The outer wall (A, B) is about 30 ft. wide |
and is now about 1 1-2 ft. high; a depressed portion of
the bank, or walk way, then runs parallel with the outer

_ wall, and the bank (C, J) is then continued for about 20

ft. further into the fort, but of slightly less height than
the front. Through the centre of these banks there are
the remains of a distinct roadway about 10 ft. in width.

From the northeastern corner of this wide wall the line
continues northwesterly about 350 ft. along the eastern
ravine toa point where there is a spring and the ravine
makes an indenture of nearly 100 ft. to the southwest.
The mouth of the indenture is about 75 ft. in width and.
the work is here strengthened by a double embankment
(E, F). The natural line of the work follows this inden-

AATIVA HSVaVM

150

aan
1

t oo FT "200 FT

Fort Azatlan, on the Wabash River at Merom, Ind.

151

ture and then continues in about the same nor therly course
along the banks of the ravine, to the narrow portion of
the plateau about 550 ft. to the starting point.

There is thus a continued line, in part natural and in
part artificial, which if measured in all its little ins and
outs would not be far from 2450 ft. .

Besides the spring mentioned as in the indenture of the
eastern ravine, there is another spring in the same ravine ‘
about 175 ft. to the north of the first, and a third in the
southwestern ravine about 125 ft. to the west of the southy
western corner of the work. .

Looking at all the natural advantages offered by this
location it is the one spot of the region, for several miles
along the river, that would be selected to-day for the erec-
tion of a fortification in the vicinity, with the addition of
the possession of a small eminence to the north, which in
these days of artillery would command this fort. Having
this view in mind a careful examination was made of the
eminence mentioned, to see if there had ever been an
opposing, or protective work there, but not the slightest in-
dication of earth work fortification or of mounds of hab-
itation was discovered. Though some_five or six miles
up the river on the Illinois side, at Hutsonville, a large
group of some fifty-nine mounds of habitation were inves-
God. about which more will be said at another time.

“The interior of this fortification contains much of inter-
est and its history may yet be in part made out by a
more extended examination than it was possible to make
during the few days given to its explor ation.

On crossing the outer wall a few low mounds are at
once noticed, and all around are seen large circular depres-
sions. At the southern portion of the fort these depres-
sions, of which there are forty-five in all, are most numer-
ous, thirty-seven of them being located south of a line

152

drawn from # on the northern side of the indenture of
the eastern ravine to the projecting extreme western point
of the fort at H.

These depressions vary in width from ten to twenty-five
or thirty feet, and are irregularly arranged, as shown by
the accompanying engraving, where they are represented
by the black circles. One of the six depressions oppo-
site the indenture of the eastern ravine is oval in shape,
and is the only one that is not nearly circular, the others
varying but a foot or two in their diameters.

Two of these depressions were dug into and it was found
that they were evidently once large pits that had gradually
been filled by the hand of time with the accumulation of
vegetable matter and soil that had been deposited by nat-
ural action alone. In some instances large trees are now
growing in the pits and their many roots make digging
difficult. A trench was dug across one pit (J) throwing
out the soil carefully until the former bottom of the pit
was reached at a depth of about five feet. On this bottom
ashes and burnt clay gave evidence of an ancient fire,
and at a few feet on one side several pieces of pottery, a
few bones of aningéls, and one stone arrowhead were
found. A spot had evidently been struck where food had
been cooked and eaten, and though there was not time to
open other pits there is no doubt but that they would tell °
a similar story, and the legitimate conclusion to be drawn
from the facts is that these pits were the houses of the
inhabitants or defenders of the fort, who were probably
further protected from the elements, and the arrows of
assailants, by a roof of logs and bark or boughs. The
great number of the pits would show that they were for a
definite and general purpose and their irregular’arrange-
ment would indicate that they were not laid out with the
sole idea of acting as places of defence, though those near

153

the walls of the fort might answer as covers from which
to fire on an opposing force beyond the walls, and the six
pits near the eastern indenture, in front of ‘three of which
there are traces of two small earth walls, and the two
commanding the entrance of the fort, would strengthen
this view of the use of those near the embankment.

_In many of the ancient fortifications that have been
described by Mr. Squier and others, pits have been noticed,
but they have been only very few in number and have
been considered as places for the storage of food aitd
water. The great number in this small earthwork, with
the finding that one at least was used for the purpose
of cooking and eating food, is evidence that they were for
some other purpose here, though some of the smaller ones
may have answered for storehouses.

The five small mounds were situated in various parts of
the enclosure. The largest (G) was nearly fifty feet in
diameter and was probably originally not over ten feet in
height. It had been very nearly dug away in places, but -
about one-fifth of the lower portion had not been disturbed.
From this was exhumed one nearly perfect human skeleton —
and parts of several others that had been left by former
excavators. This mound also contained several bones of
animals, principally of deer, bear, opossum and turtles ;
. fragments of pottery, one arrowhead, a few flint chips,
and a number of thick shells of unios, two of which had
been bored near the hinge. This mound has yielded a
number of human bones to the industry of Dr. H. Frank
Harper who has furnished a description of them which
will be included in an article to appear in the Naturalist.

The second mound (J) which was partly opened, was
some twenty-five feet in diameter and a few feet in height,
though probably once much higher. In this a number
of bones of deer and other animals were found, several

Essex INST. BULLETIN. III 20

154

pieces of pottery, a number of shells and a few human
bones. The other three mounds, one of which is not
over ten or twelve feet in diameter and sitwated the fur-
thest to the north, were not examined internally.

The position of all the mounds, within the enclosure,
which are indicated by the white circles on the cut, is such
as to suggest that they were used as observatories, and it
may yet be questioned if the human and other remains
found in them were. placed there by the occupants of the
fort, or are to be considered under the head of ¢nérusive
burials by a later race. ‘Perhaps a further study of the
bones may settle the point. That two races have buried
their dead within the enclosure is made probable by the
finding of an entirely different class of burials at the ex-
treme western point of the fortification, indicated on the
engraving by the three quadrangular figures at H. At this
point Dr. Harper, the year previous, had discovered three
stone graves, in which he found portions of the skeletons
of two adults and one child. These graves, the stones of
one being still in place, were found to be made by placing
“thin slabs of stone on end, forming the sides and ends, the
tops being covered hk other slabs, making a rough stone
coffin in which the bodies had been placed. There was no
indication of any mound having been erected, and they
were placed slightly on the slope of the bank. ‘This kind ©
of burial is so distinct from that of the burials in the
mound, that it is possible that the acts may be referred to
two distinct races who have occupied the territory succes-
sively, though they may prove to be of the same time and
simply indicate a special mode adopted for a distinctive
purpose.

The short time given to the examination of this inter-
esting work left many important points unsettled, and since
his return the relics discovered have not been looked at.

155

At a future meeting Mr. Putnam trusted to be able to give
amore decisive opinion on several points, after a careful
study of the specimens shall have told théir story so far
as it can be read from old bones and broken pottery.

QuarrTeRty Meeting, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 8, 187}.

President in the chair. Records read. |

Rev. E. C. Bolles was added to the Lecture Commit-
tee, and Mr. G. D. Phippen to the Publication Committee.

S. W. Arrington, of Salem, was elected a member.

Reeutar Meetinc, Monpay, NovemBer 20, 1871.

The President in the chair. Records read.
The Srcrerary announced the following correspon-

dence :— %
From Philadelphia Library Company, Nov. 11; Keene Natural History Society,
Noy. 10; J. H. Emerton, Providence, R.I., Nov. 13; James P. Franks, Salem, Nov.

‘ 7; B. Perley Poore, Indian Hill Farm, Nov. 11; S. Salisbury, Worcester, Novy. 13.

The Lisrarian reported the following additions :—

By Donation.

BUSWELL, E. W., of Boston. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 20.

COGSWELL, WM. Report on the Statistics of Labor in Mass. 1871. lvol. 8vyo.
Marine Insurance Report. 1870, 1871. 2°vols. 8yo. Report on the Statistics of Labor
in 1871. 2 vols. 8vo. Ceremonials at the Unveiling of the Statue of Gov. John A.
Andrew, Feb. 14, 1871. 10 copies. Massachusetts State Documents for 1870, 1871.

Report of the Commissioners on Inland Fisheries. Jan., 1871. 8yo pamph. Mis-

cellaneous pamphlets, 7.
DORCHESTER, D. Catalogue of Officers and Students of Middlebury College,

1871-72. Catalogue of Officers and Students of Tufts College, 1870-71.
Franks, J. P. History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, by S. P. Bates. 4 vols. 8yo.
GILLAN, JouNn. British Shipmasters’ Guide. 1vol. 8vo. Bowditch Navigator.
lvol. 8vo. Blunt’s Coast Pilot. 1 vol. 8vo. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 14.

156

KIMBALL JAMES. Salem Directories, 1866,1869. 2 vols. 8vo. Report on Prisons
and Prison Discipline. 8vo pamph. Report of the School Committee of Salem,
Jan., 1868. :

Morssk, E.S. Remarks on the Adaptive Coloration of Mollusca by donor. 8yo0
pamph. Remarks on the Relations of Anomia, by donor. 8vo pamph.

PALFRAY, C.W. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 9.

PooRE, B. PERLEY, Washington, D.C. Syracuse Directory, 1857. lvol. 8vo.
N. E. Mercantile Directory, 1849. 1 vol. 8yo. Gazetteer of the St. Joseph Valley. —
l vol. 8vo. Cincinnati in 1851. 1 vol. 8vo. Boston Directory, 1847-8. 1 vol. 8vo.
Washington and Georgetown Directory for 1860. 1 vol.8vo. Affleck’s Calendar
and Annals for1851. 1vol.12mo. National Calendar and Annals of U. S., 1831,
1832, 1833. 3 vols. 12mo. Register of Officers and Agents in U. S., 1820. 1 vol. 12mo.
Newburyport Directories, 1851, 1852. 2 vols. 12mo. Boston Almanac. 1850. 1 vol.
16mo. Almanacs, 75. Congressional Directories, 19 nos. Navy Register, 4 nos.
Army Register,4nos. Miscellaneous pamphlets. 7.

WALKER, FRANCIS L., of London. Notes on Chalcidiz. Parts III, IV.
2pamphs. 8vo.

WASHINGTONIAN HoME. Report for 1871. 8vo pamph.

By Exchange.

BIBLIOTHEQUE UNIVERSELLE ET REVUE SUISSE. Archives des Sciences phys-
iques et naturelles. Nos. 164,165. 8vo pamph. Genéve, 1871.

MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, The First Steamboat Voyage on the West-
ern Waters. By J. H.B. Latrobe. 8vo pamph.

PROVIDENCE ATHENZUM. Report of the Directors of, Sept. 25, 1871. 8vo pamph.

SOMERSETSHIRE ARCHZOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY IN TAUY-
TON, ENGLAND. Proceedings of, 1870. 8vo pamph.

PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. American Naturalist. Gloucester
Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Ipswich Advance. Lawrence American. Little
Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn Transcript. Our Dumb Animals. Nation. Nature.
Peabody Press. Salem Observer. :

The following donations to the Historical Department
were reported. Pad
Bo.t.es, E.C. Plan of Chicago, showing the burnt district.
GILLAN, JOHN. Miscellaneous Charts, 30.
Trask, W.B., of Dorchester. View of the Trask House, Boston St., taken Oc-
tober, 1871. Miscellaneous Charts, 8.
LITTLE AUK.

The PrEsIDENT mentioned that among the recent addi-
tions to the museum were several specimens of the Little
Auk (Mergulus alle) which were found at Middleton,
Hamilton, Salem and other places, driven inland by the
gale of the Wednesday preceding; this storm was con-
sidered the most severe, and the tide the highest, of any
since April, 1851. Some of the above specimens were
exhausted by buffeting weather and fatigue, so that they

157

were easily taken by the hand. We learn by the news-
papers that specimens of this bird were found at Lowell,
Dracut, Lawrence, Haverhill, Gloucester, Rockport, Sud-
bury, Concord and many other localities. This little bird
known to the mariners as the “Greenland Dove,” from
its quaint resemblance to that family of birds, is a dweller
in the Arctic Circle, seldom proceeding far from those
desolate and glacial regions except when accidentally’
driven by severe storms. Occasionally, specimens are
‘found on the coast in the wintry season. It may be con-
sidered a rare occurrence to observe them in such num-
bers and extending over so large a territory.

Mr. A. C. GoopELt, JR., gave a sketch of the progress
of legislation, through the period between the arrival of
the charter of the province of Massachusetts Bay, in
1692, and the adoption of the Constitution in 1780.

After briefly alluding to the colonial charter, and the
laws and jurisprudence of the colony, and recalling the —
prominent political events of that period as described by
Mr. Upham in his address to the Institute at the meeting of ©

April 5, 1869, he proceeded to show that a great change,
both in laws and manners, took place here shortly after
the new charter went into operation. Then fashions in
dress began to be copied from the F rench ; music began
to be cultivated ; domestic comforts and luxuries were in-
creased; assemblies for secular purposes and amusements
were more open and frequent; the barriers of rank were
broken; the current secular literature of England began
to receive general attention; newspapers appeared, and
the printing press was put to more general use. The pub-
lic mind began to lose something of the absorbing interest
it had formerly manifested in theological speculations,
and was turned to the consideration of the problems of

158 ;

trade, the right of liberty of conscience, freedom of
speech and of thought, and improvements in agriculture,
the mechanic arts and architecture: . so that, in short,
the issues which had excited the warmest controversies,
and had drawn general attention in colonial times, were |
nearly forgotten in the new and more practical differences
respecting matters of social and political economy, culmi-
nating finally in the one great issue of independence of
the British Crown.

Whoever supposes that the idea of American indepen-
dence, and the steps for securing that end were first de-
vised by the patriots of the revolutionary period, makes
a great mistake. The steps towards independence were
many, and can be traced throughout our provincial his-
tory back into colonial times; but, during the existence
of the Province charter they were firmly and openly
made long before most of the heroes of the. Revolution
were born.

The organization of the legislature under the Province
charter, which now consisted of two distinct bodies in-
stead of one general assembly, as formerly, led, natu-
rally, to the adoptivteof our present'legislative system :—
the governor having the power by that instrument to neg-
ative any bill which had passed the house and council in |
concurrence.

The rights and functions of these several branches,
under the charter, were fruitful topics of discussion in
the assembly and among the people, and many important.
points of our present constitutional law were developed
by these discussions, which led, also, to the elucidation of
and familiarity with parliamentary law and practice.

Some of these points. were then explained, including
the controversy respecting the right of the governor to
negative the choice of a speaker of the House, and the

159

right of the House to adjourn itself without the gov-
ernor’s consent —which led to the explanatory charter of
1726—and the right of the legislature to fix the amount
and the time of payment of the governor’s salary, which
the assembly succeeded in maintaining against the long-
continued efforts of the Board of Trade and the Privy
Council.

The interference of the Home government in the affairs
of the province was next explained. By the terms of

the, charter all acts were to be sent to England for the

Royal approval or disallowance, and under this provision
the Home government claimed and exercised a power —
which, in the course of time, became intolerable to_the
people of the Province. Many suggestions and decisions
of the Board of Trade and of the Privy Council were,
nevertheless, wise; and to their interference we are in-
debted for much of the toleration that characterizes the
later laws and manners of provincial times, as well as the

defeat of some disastrous financial schemes, the checking ©
of bigotry and superstitious tendencies, the rejection of

some narrow and injurious commercial theories, and some- ,
thing of personal liberty.

The laws of the province being thus submitted to the
Crown for rejection or approval received the attention of
the best minds in England. As expounders of our con-
stitutional rights under the charter, and as critics and
guides of the legislation and political economy of this
little community, such names as Lord Chancellor Somers,
the father of the British Constitution, Locke, the philos-
opher, Joseph Addison, the English Atticus, and Mat-
thew Prior, the poet, appear in the list with Lords Ray-
mond, Hardwicke, Talbot and Mansfield, and the many
other eminent lawyers, statesmen and scholars who sup-
ported the throne as its ministers of state for the eighty

-

160

years or more before the Revolution: so that this prov-
ince was well prepared not only to be the cradle of Inde-
pendence, but to act as the guide and tutor of the young
Federal Republic, called into existence by the force of its

example, and nurtured by its care. |

It is true that the witchcraft folly, one of the darkest
events in our history, occurred after the provincial gov-
ernment was established ; but this happened so soon after
the old charter had been superseded, the actors in it
having come to prominence under the old order of things,
and being so wedded to the traditions of the past, that the
whole delusion may with propriety be considered as the
last terrible death-gasp of ancient superstition. One year
later, and the repetition of such a tragedy had become
impossible, and before that generation had passed away
we find the people in church and legislature seeking to
retrieve the injury done to the innocent victims of that
mental epidemic.

A contrast was also drawn between the intalinentene of
the colonial government and the immunity from religious
tyranny which the province charter guaranteed ; but which
was not fully secure@- until after a severe struggle. The
efforts of the Quakers to bring about toleration were then
described, beginning with the resistance of the towns of
Dartmouth and Tiverton to taxation for the support of —
another sect, and ending with the acts passed during Bel-
cher’s term, and suggested by him, for which the Friends _
were grateful. The address concluded with a rapid |
sketch of the events which ended in the Revolution.

BULLETIN

OF THE

HMSSHX INSTITUTE.

»
a

VoL. 3. SALEM, Mass., DECEMBER, 1871. - No. 12.

One Dollar a Year in Advance. 19 Cents a Single Copy.

x

Recurar Meetinc, Monpay; DecemBer 4, 1871.

President in the chair.

Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary read the following extract ef a letter
from Col. J. W. Foster, President of the Chicago Acad-
emy of Sciences. ; .

? _ November 15, 1871.

Our Academy meeting on Tuesday was well attended, and an ear-

nest feeling was expressed by all to work more fxithfully in the days .
of our adversity than in those of our prosperity. Mr. Walker on be- _

half of the Trustees made an informal statement as Lo our pecuniary

condition. We have about $60,000 to enable us to rebuild. He ex-

pressed a strong hope that the Academy would be able to secure a
don:ition of an entire block near the lake shore whereon to erect a
new building, and that before the expiration-of two years, though he
-did not speak ‘positively, the members might reassemble under their
own roof. The action of the Essex Institute was prompt! and gene-
rous, and was gratefully appreciated by us all.

Very truly, “J. W. Foster,

The Seeretary also announced the following correspon- :

dence :—

From Joshua Coit, Salem, Nov. 25; D. Dorchester, Salem, Dec. 1; J.C. Holmes,
Detroit, Mich., Nov. 28; 8. C. Jackson. Boston, Noy. 23, 25, Dee. 1; William Stimp-

son, Ilchester, Howard Co., Md., Nov. 13.

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. 11 21

162

The Lrsrarian reported the following additions : —

By Donation.

AusTIN, COL. F. Characters of some new Hepatiz, 8vo pamph.

BOLLES, E.C. Catalogue of Officers and Students of Trinity College for 1871-72.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 9 ;
CLOGSTON, WM., of Springfield, Mass. Rochester Directories for 1857, ’59, 1868-4,

- 1864-5, 1866-67, 1867-68. 6 vols. 8vo. Wheeling Directory, 1868-9. 1 vol. 8vo. Direc-
tory of South Norwalk for 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. Oswego and Fulton Directory, 1862-3.
lyvyol.8vo. Oswego County Directory, 1869-70. 1lvol.8vo. Zanesville Directory.
1860, 1 vol. 8vo. Northern New York Business Directory, 1867-8. 1 vol. 8vo.
Xenia City and Greene Co. Directory, 1870-1. 1 vol. 8vo. Ohio State Register,
1857. 1 vol. 8vo. Springfield, Ohio, Directory, 1868-9, 1 vol. 8vo. Columbus
Directory, 1870-1. 1 vol.8vo. Oneida County Directory, 1862-3. 1 vol. 12mo. Au-
burn Directory, 1863-4. 1 vol.8vo. Utica City Directory, 1865-66. 1 vol. 12mo.
Genesee Directory, 1869-70. 1 vol. Svo. Chillicothe Directory, 1869-70. 1 vol. 8vo.
Schenectady Directory, 1868-9. lvol.8vo. Buffalo City Directory, 1869. 1 vol.
8vo. Columbus Directory, 1843-4. 1 vol. 12mo. Manchester Directories, 1846,
1848, 1852, 1856. 4 vols. 16mo. Nashua Directory, 1857-8. 1vol.16mo. Massachu-
setts State Directory, 1850-1. 1vol.16mo. Treble Almanac of Dublin, 1829. 1
vol. 12mo. Directory of Akron, Alliance, Cuyahoga Falls, Middlebury, etc., 1870-1,
lvol. 8vo. Sermon preached in West Springfield, Mass., June 25, 1871, by Rev.
S.E. Vermilye, D.D. 8vo pamph.

GREEN, S. A.. of Boston. Catalogue of Monson Academy. 1871-2. 8vo pamph.
Miscellaneous pamphlets, 13.

Ler, JounC. Commercial Bulletin for Nev. 1871.

NEAL, THEODORE A., of Boston. Boston Board of Trade, 1856, 1857, 1859, 1860,
1862, 1863, 1854. 7 vols.8vo. Land Office Report for 1867. 1 vol. 8vo. Commercial
Agency Register, 1868. 1vol.4to. Rules and Orders of the Senate. 1 vol. 8vo.
Guide Books, 4. Almanacs, 3. Miscellaneous pamphlets, 27.

SMITH, CHARLES C. Services in memory of Rey. E. 8. Gannett, D. D., Aug. 30,
1871. 8vo pamph.

WALLIS, Mrs. JAMES A. Manuscript Journals kept by the late Asa Lamson, 11
vols. Interleaved pO

By Exchange.

YALE COLLEGE LIBRARY. Catalogue of the Officers and Students in Yale Col-
lege for 1871-72. 8vo pamph.

PUBLISHERS. Christian World. Gloucester Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette.
Land and Water. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Reporter. Lynn
Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature., Peabody Press.
Sailor’s Magazine and Seaman’s Friend. Shoe and Leather Journal. Silliman’s
Journal. Sotheran’s Catalogue.

The following donations to the Historical Department
were announced :—

KIMBALL, WILLIAM. View of Essex street from opposite the Market House to
Washington street, painted by Joseph Cloutman about 1834. ‘» 10

SHEPARD, M.W. Two portraits in crayon of David Ropes and his wife of
Salem. David Ropes, son of Benjamin and Hannah (Moses) Ropes, bapt. Apr. 14,
1739; variously styled ‘* cooper,” ‘ trader,” “gentleman,” “ innkeeper” and ‘“ mer-
chant;” married, Oct. 9, 1760, Priscilla, dau. of Jonathan and Ekzabeth (Sanders)

ay

163

Webb; died Dec. 20, 1793. The widow long survived him, preserving in her last
years a force of character and amiability which made her the object of constant
and grateful attentions from a large circle of relations. She died Oct.5, 1831, aged
91 years. (See Hist. Coll. of Essex Institute, vol. II, p. 125,-and vol. VII, p. 162.)

‘Rev. E. 8. Arwoop occupied the hour of the meeting
with an interesting and instructive communication on the
“Beginnings and Growth of Language.” It contained
much curious and entertaining information and many valu-
able thoughts, and was listened to with great pleasure by a

_ large audience. , .

Recuiar Meetinc, Monpay, DEcEMBER 18, 1871.

The President in the chair.

Records of preceding meeting read.

The Secretary read the following letter from the Secre-
tary of the Chicago Academy of Sciences :—

ILcHESTER, HowarpD Co., Mp., Dec. 4, 1871.
Dear Srr—The Chicago Academy of Sciences will hold a meeting
on the 12th inst., at which time the Resolutions of the Essex Institute,
communicated in your esteemed favor of the 17th of October, will be |
acted upon and the result reported to you by the recording secretary.
Allow me to add my personal thanks for the kind sympathy with us
in our great misfortune, which the Institute has expressed through
you, as well as for the offer of your publications to replace those lost.
Any of these publications which you can conveniently spare will be
gratefully received. They may pe sent to the care of Geo. C. Walker

corner of Peck Court and Michigan Avenue, Chicago.
Very sincerely yours, Won. STIMPSON.

Esq.,

The following correspondence was also announced :—

Dec. 14; Bonn, Naturhistorische Verein, July 5; Bor-
deaux, Société Linnéene, July 12; Buffalo Historical Society, Dec. 8; Chicago
Academy of Sciences, Dec. 4; Emden, Naturforschende Gesellschaft Sept. 22;
Geological Survey of India, June 1; London Society of Antiquaries, Aug. 14; Lune-
burg, Naturwissenschaftliche Verein, Aug. 17; Miinchen, K. B., Akademie der
Wissenschaften, Sept. 30; New York Historical Society, Dec. 4; New York Ly-
ceum of Natural History, Dec. 4; Strasburg Library, Appeal for the Restoration

From Albany Institute,

164

of, Nov.; Wiirzburg. Physicalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft, Aug. 11; IT. M. Alden,
New York, Dec, 6; Frank S. Sleeper, Galesburg, Mich., Dec. 7; E. M. Stone, Proy-
idence, R. I., Dec. 8.

The Lisrarran reported the following additions to the

librar

By Donation.

ALLEN, STEPHEN M. Standish Monument. Exercises at the Consecration at
Duxbury, Aug. 17, 1871. 8vo pamph.
CHAPMAN, GEORGE R. Annual Report of the A. B. C. F. M., presented at the
meeting in Salem, Oct. 3-6, 1871.
PREBLE GEO. H., of Charlestown, Mass. Notes of Early Ship-building in Mass-
achusetts. &vo pamph. °
_SCHAUFUSS L., of Dresden. Miscellaneous Catalogues, 12.

By Exchange. °

ARCHIV FUR ANTHROPOLOGIE IN BRAUNSCHWEIG. Ileft. lv. Band ly.

BOTANISK TIDSSKRIFT IN KJGBENHAVN TIDSSKRIFT. Vol. iv, Tredje Heft, 1870.

CROSSE ET FISCHER. Journal de Conchyliologie. Tomel. Nos. 1-2-3. Paris,
1871.

ENTOMOLOGISCHE ZEITUNG IN STETTIN. Herausgegeben von dem entomolo-
gischen Vereine zu Stettin. Jahrg. 31. Nos. 1-2, 1870.1 yol., 8vo. Stettin, 1870.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. Memonrs of the, Vols. 1, II, 111, 1V, V, VI, and
Parts 1,2, 30f Vol. VII. Records of the, Vol. II, If, parts 1.2, of Vol. IV. Creta-
ceous Cephalopoda and Cretaceous Castopoda of Southern India. 2 vols, 4to.
1868. Catalogue of the Organic Remains belonging to the Cephalopoda snd Echin-
odermata. 8vo pamph. Cretaceous Fauna of Southern India, Vol. III, Nos. 1-8.
4to pamph. Calcutta, 1870. Fossil Flora of Rajmahal Series. 6 nos. On Verte-
brate Panchet Rocks, Bengal.

IOWA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The Annals of lows. Oct., 1871. 8vo
pamph.

KONGELIGE DANSKE VIDENSKABERNES SELSKAB IN KJOBENHAVN. Oversigt,
18709 1871. 2 pamphlets. Svo.

LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF LIVERPOOL. Proceedings, 1868-*

9, 1865-70. - Vols. 25, 24. 2vols.8vo. Liverpool. 1869-70.

NATORFORSCHENDE GESELLSCHAFT IN EMDEN. Juhresbericht, 1870. 12mo
pamph. 1871. ‘

NATURHISTORISCHE VEREIN DER PREUSSISCHEN RHEINLANDE UND WESTPHA-
LENS IN Bonn. Verhandlungen. 27, Jahrg. Heft. 1, 2. 2 vols.8vo. Bonn.
1870.

NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN GESELLSCHAFT “ISIS” DRESDEN. Sitzungs-
berichte, Jan., Feb., Mirz. 1871. 8vo pamph. Dresden. 1871.

REALE ACCADEMIA DELLE SCIENZE IN BOLOGNA. Rendiconto, Anno Acca-
demico. 1869-70, 1870-71. 2 pamphlets, 12mo. Universalita dei mezzi di previ-
denza, defesa, e sabrezza per le Calamita degli Incendia. Opera Premiata in Con-
corso dalla Accademia delle Scienze dell’ Instituto di Bologna. Scritter da Fran-
cesco del Giudice. Bologna, 1818. Royal 8vo. Della Instituzione d@ Pompieri
per grandi citta e terre minori di qualungue stato; Libri Tre, né quali si tratta delle
regole generali per fondare Compagnie di Soccoritori contro gl incendi; si com-
pendiano, esaminano,e paragonano tra laro molti regolumenti oggi in vigore in
Europa; e si propone una nuoya forma di Statuto per quelli de essere dorunque

165

adatto. Opera Premiata in Concorso dalla Accademia delle Scienza dell’ Instituto
Pa Bologna e scritter dal Cavaliere Francesco del Giudice. Bologna, 1852. Royal
vo.

SOCIETA REALE DI NAPOLI; ACCADEMIA DELLE SCIENZ® FISICHE E MATE-
MATICHE. Attidell’ Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche. Vols. Ii,
Iv. Nipoli, 1866-68-69. 4to pamph. Renediconto, Anno VI, VII, VIII, 1867-8-9.
4to pamph.

Sr. GALLISCHE GESELLSCHAFT IN ST. GALLEN. Bericht. Vereins jahres, 1869-
70. Llvol.8vo. St. Gallen, 1870. :

VERMONT HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Vindication of Vol. I of the Collections from
the ‘Attacks of the N. Y. Historical Magazine” by Hiland Hall. 8yo pamph.
Montpelier, 1871. ' P

ZOOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT FRANKFURT A. M. Zoologische Garten. XII
Jahrg. Nos.1-6. Jan—June, 1871. 6 pamphlets, 8vo.

PUBLISHERS. American Literary Gazette. Gardener’s Monthly. Gloucestgr
Telegraph. Haverhill Gazette. Lawrence American. Little Giant. Lynn Repor-
ter. Lynn Transcript. Medical and Surgical Reporter. Nation. Nature. Pea-
body Press. Shoe and Leather Journal. The Academy. ;

The following donations to cabinets were reported.

A.B.C.F.M. Papers relating to N. A. Indian affairs formerly belonging to
Mr. John Pickering of Salem. Signatures of the members of the Board attending
the meeting held in Salem, Oct., 1871.

BOL.eEs, E.C. <A picture of Brooklyn Orphan Asylum.

CONSTANT, C., of Smyrna. No. I. Moule antique trouvé sur la route entre
Smyrna et Boudja. No. II. Téte cassée statuette antique trouvée dans I’ ile de
Rhodes. No. III. Lampe on porte-lumiére antique trouva dans I’ ile de Rhodes.
No. IV. Petit vase ou urne cineraira trouvi dans I ile de Rhodes.

NICHOLS,.W. F., Cypress from Smyrna. Myrobalon from India. Unleavened
Bread of the Armenians from Smyrna. Oak for tanning from Smyrna. A piece
of Mosaic work from Pompeii. A piece of Lava from Smyrna. Views of Interno
Cappella Palatina Palermo, Chiostro Morreale, Messina dai Cappriccini.

RAYMOND, B. C., of Beverly. Pincers used by Major John Conant of Beverly,
who flourished about one hundred years ago. He made the fisherman’s heavy,

boots. -

Mr. F. W. Purnam gave an account of the Mammoth
Cave and its inhabitants, with special reference to the fishes
of the cave and of other subterranean waters.* He called
attention to the varied conditions under which fishes ex-
ist, and especially to the structure and position of the
eye in different representatives of the class. He then
compared the blind fishes of the Mammoth Cave with
those of the Cuban Caves and with the blind catfishes

ill be given in detail in the American Naturalist for
‘on which the various species of the .
th Cave will be represented.

* Mr. Putnam’s remarks w
January, 1872, and will be illustrated by plates
family including the blindfishes of the Mammo

166

belonging to different families, and described the species
making up the family of Heteropygii, which contains the
two species of blind fishes of the Mammoth Cave and
two other species that have eyes. Giving a statement of
the various theories relating to the non-development of
eyes in the blind fishes of the cave, he asked why is it
necessary to assume that because fishes are living in streams
where there is little or no light, that itis the cause of the
non-development of the eye and the development of other
parts and organs? If this be the cause, how is it that the
Chologaster from the well in Tennessee, or the ‘ mud-
fish” of the Mammoth Cave are found with eyes? Why
should not the same cause make them blind if it made the
Amblyopsis and Typhlichthys blind? Is not the fact,
pointed out by Prof. Wyman, that the optic lobes are as
- well developed in Amblyopsis as in allied fishes with .
perfect eyes, and, I may add, as well developed as those
of Chologaster cornutus, an argument in favor of the the-
ory that the fishes were always blind and that they have
not become so from the circumstances under which they
exist? If the latter,were the case and the fishes have
become blind from a want of use of the eyes, why are
not the optic lobes also atrophied, as is known to be the
case when other animals lose their sight? I know that
many will answer at once that Amblyopsis and Typhlich-
thys have gone on further in the development and retarda-
tion of the characters best adapting them to their subter-
ranean life, and that Chologaster is a very interesting ©
transitionary form between the open water Cyprinodontes
and the subterranean blindfishes. But is not this assump-
tion answered by the fact that Chologaster has every char-
acter necessary to place it in the same family with Ambly-
opsis and Typhlichthys, while it is as distinctly and widely
removed from the Cyprinodontes as are the two blind
genera mentioned ?

X

167

After reviewing the characters of the allied forms, he
concluded his remarks as follows :— .

From this brief comparison of some of the prominent
characters of the genera of the Heteropygii with the Cy-
prinodontes, their acknowledged nearest allies, we can
only trace what could be regarded as a transition, or an
acceleration, or a retardation, of development, in simply.
those very characters, of eyes and ventral fins, that are in

themselves of the smallest importance in the structure

(permanence of character considered) of a fish, and, as
if to show that they were of no importance in this con-
nection, we find in the same cave, blind fishes with ven- ©
trals and without; and in the same subterranean stream,
a blindfish and another species of the family with well
developed eyes.

If it is by acceleration and retardation of characters
that the Heteropygii have been developed from the Cyprin-
odontes, we have indeed a most startling and sudden
change of the nervous system. In all fishes the fifth pair
of nerves send branches to the various parts of the head,
but in the blindfishes these branches are developed in a.
most wonderful manner, while their subdivisions take new
courses and are brought through the skin, and their free
ends become protected by fleshy papille, so as to answer,
by their delicate sense of touch, for the absence of sight.
At the same time the principle of retardation must have
been at work and checked the development of the optic
nerve and the eye, while acceleration has caused other por-
tions of the head to grow and cover over the retarded eye.

Now, if this was the mode by which blindness was
brought about and tactile sense substituted, why is it
that we still have Chologaster Agassizit in the same waters,
living under the same conditions, but with no signs of any
such change in its senses of sight and touch? It aaa be

168

said that the Chologaster did not change because it prob-
ably had a chance to swim in open waters and therefore
the eyes were of use and-did not become atrophied. We
can oily answer, that if the Chologaster had a chance for
open water, so did the Typhlichthys and yet that is
blind.

If the Heteropygii have been developed from Cyprino-:
dontes, how can we account for the whole intestinal canal
becoming so singularly modified, and what is there in the
difference of food or of life that would. bring about the
change in the intestine, stomach and pyloric appendages,
existing between Chologaster and Typhlichthys in the
same waters? To assume, that under the same conditions,
one fish will change in all these parts and another remain
intact, by the blind action of uncontrolled natural laws,
is, to me, an assumption at variation with facts as I under-
stand them.

Looking at the case from the standpoint which the facts
force me to take, it seems to me far more in accordance
with the laws of nature, as I interpret them, to go back to
the time when the region now occupied by the subterra-
nean streams, was a sal€ and brackish water estuary, inhab-
ited by marine forms, including the brackish water forms |
of the Cyprinodontes and their allies (but not descendants )
the Heteropygii. The families and genera having the
characters they now exhibit, but most likely more numer-
ously represented than now, as many probably became
exterminated as the salt waters of the basin gradually
became brackish and more limited, as the bottom of this
basin was gradually elevated, and finally, as the waters be-
came confined to still narrower limits and changed from
salt to brackish and from brackish to fresh, only such
species would continue as could survive the change, and
they were of the minnow type represented by the Hetero-

&\

169

pygii, and perhaps some other genera of brackish water
forms that have not yet been discovered.

In support of this hypothesis we have one species of the
family, Chologaster cornutus, now living in the ditches of
the rice fields of South Carolina, under very similar con-
ditions to those under which others of the family may have
lived in long preceding geological times; arid to prove
that the development of the family was not brought about

by the subterranean conditions under which some of the

species now live, we have the one with eyes living with
the one without, and the South Carolina species to.show
that .a subterranean life is not essential to the develop-
ment of the singular characters which the family possess.

That a salt or brackish water fish would be most likely
to be the kind that would continue to exist in the subter-
ranean streams, is probable from the fact that in all lime-
stone formations caves are quite common, and would in
most instances be occupied first with salt water and then
brackish, and finally with fresh water so thoroughly im-_ .
pregnated with lime as to render it probable that brackish
water species might easily adapt themselves to the change,
while a pure fresh water species might not relish the solu-
tion of lime any more than the solution of salt,and we

- know how few fishes there are that can live for even an

hour on being changed from fresh to salt, or salt to fresh,
water. We have also the case of the Cuban blindfishes
belonging to genera with their nearest representative in
the family a marine form, and with the whole family of
cods and their allies, to which group they belong, essen-
tially marine. Further than this the catfish from the
subterranean stream in Pennsylvania belongs: to a family
having many marine and brackish water representatives.

Thus I think that we have as good reasons for the belief
in the immutability and early origin of the family of Het-

Essex Inst. BULLETIN. III 22

170°

eropygii, as we have for their mutability and late develop-
ment, and to one of my, perhaps, too deeply rooted ideas,
a far more satisfactory theory; for, with our present
knowledge, it is but theory on either side. )

The following synopsis gives a summary of the charac- ©
ters of the family, genera and species. |

HETEROPYGII Tetrkampr, Miiller’s Arch. f. Anat., p. 392,
1844; and New York Journal of Medicine, v, p. 84, 1845.

Hypseide Storer, Synopsis N. A. Fish, p. 435, 1846.

Brain of ordinary development in all its parts, similar to that of
Cyprinodontes and of about the same proportions. Cerebral lobes
larger than the nearly round optic lobes. Cerebellum overlapping the
posterior third of the optic lobes. Medulla oblongata broad, with
well defined right and left sides. (On comparing the brains of the
three genera the only difference noticed was that in Chologaster the
cerebellum was not quite as large proportionally, but more elongated
and not quite as wide as in the other genera, while the optic lobes of
this genus with well developed eyes were no larger than in a Typh-
lichthys of the same size. )

Skeleton not studied. Giinther gives the vertebre as thirteen ab-
dominal and nineteen or twenty caudal. Thé bones of the head are
thin and mostly flattened as in the Cyprinodontes. Occiput slightly
convex. P

Body compressed postefiorly. Head and anterior portion of body
depressed, giving the form of a broad, flat head, with a compressed
tail.

Branchiostegal rays six in number and but slightly covered by oper-
cular bones; opercular opening Jarge.

Fins. Dorsal and anal nearly opposite and posterior to centre of
body. All the fins except the ventrals well developed, with central
rays longest and first rays simple. Pectorats close to the head, about
in the middle of the sides. (Ventrals present in Amblyopsis, absent.
in Typhlichthys and Chologaster.) :

Mouth opening upwards, with lower jaw slightly projecting. Mar-
gin of the upper jaw formed by the intermaxillaries. Maxillaries
placed behind the intermaxillaries, with lower third broad and below
the intermaxillaries. Several rows of fine teeth on the intermaxil-
laries and lower jaw. (Teeth on palatines in Amblyopsis and Typh-
lichthys, none on these bones in adults of Chologaster.)

171

Scales. None on the head. Body closely covered with small, par-
tially imbedded cycloid scales, irregularly arranged.
Lateral line absent. .
Nostrils double. Anterior tubular and standing out from the end of
the snout.
‘Stomach well defined, ccecal.
Pyloric appendages present.
Intestine with two turns.
- Anus situated under the throat and forward of the pectorals.
Ovary single. (Placed by the side of the stomach in Amblyopsis
and Typhlichthys and behind it in Chologaster.)
Viviparous. (Amblyopsis.) , .
Testes paired. (Amblyopsis.)
Air bladder with pneumatic duct. (Amblyopsis.)
Liver with the left lobe very large and partially enclosing the
stomach.

Amblyopsis DrKay, Fishes of New York, p. 187, 1842.

Eyes rudimentary and imbedded under the skin.

Head with numerous transverse and longitudinal rows of sensitive
papille provided with nerve branches, many of the nerve branches
terminating as free filaments outside the papille. Small granula-
tions on the spaces between the papillary ridges. Canals under the
skin.

Teeth mmute, curved, and arranged in rows on the intermaxillary,
inferior maxillary and palatine bones.

Body with a prominent papilla just over the opercular opening, at
the base of a small papillary ridge similar to those on the head.
Papillary ridges on sides of body of same character as those on the
head, and arranged at nearly equal distances from opercular opening

to base of caudal fin.

Pyloric appendages, one on each side.

Ovary situated on the right side of the stomach.

Fins. Ventrals small and placed near the anal fin. Dorsal, 9.
Anal, 9. Pectoral, 11. Ventral, 4. Caudal, 24.

Amblyopsis speleeus DeKay. LarGE BLINDFISH.

ORAIGE, Procd. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., i, p. 175, 1842. DEKAY, Fishes N. Y., p.
187, 1842. WyMAN, Amer. Jour. Sci., xlv, p. 94, 1843; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xii, p.
298., 1843. THOMPSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xiii, p. 111, 1844. TELLKAMPF, Miil-
ler’s Arch. f. Anat., p. 392, 1844; N. Y. Jour. Medicine, v, p. 84, with plate, giving
three figs. of the fish; position of internal organs; brain; stomach ; air bladder; scale
(profile view gives the fish without ventral fins, but ventral view shows them), 1845.
STORER, Synopsis N. A. Fish, p. 435, 1846. OWEN, Lect. Comp. Anat. Fishes, pp.

172

175, 202 (fig. of brain), 1846. WYMAN, Procd. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 349, 1850.
“DALTON, N. Y. Medical Times. ii, p. 354, 18—.”” AGASSIZ, Amer. Jour. Sci. xi. p.128,
1851. WYMAN, Procd. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 395 (1853), 1854; v, p. 18, 1854;
Amer. Jour. Sci., xvii, p. 259, 1854 (with figs. of brain, eye, and otolite). GIRARD,
Proc. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 63, 1859. Pory, Mem. de Cuba, ii, p. 104, Pls. 9, 11 ,
_ (outlines of fish and of brain), 1858. Woop, Ill. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 314, figure,
1862. TENNEY, Nat. Hist., p. 344, figure, 1865. GUNTHER, Cat. Fish Brit. Museum,
vii, p. 2, 1868. Cope, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., viii, p. 368, 1871. PUTNAM, Amer.
Nat., vi, p. 6 et seq., with figs., Jan., 1872. WYMAN, Mss. notes and drawings in
Putnam, Amer. Nat., vi, p. 16 et seq., 1872. PurNAM, Amer. Nat., vi. p. 116.
Feb., 1872 (additional note on the young).

PLATE 1 (American Naturalist, Vol. vi, Jan., 1872). FiG.1. Brain, nerves and
organ of hearing of Amblyopsis speleus; enlarged; a, olfactory lobes and nerves;
b, cerebral lobes; c, optic lobes; d, cerebellum; e, organ of hearing, showing the*
semicircular canals, with the otolite represented in place by the dotted lines; J,
medulla oblongata; g, optic nerves and eye specks. FiG.2. Otolite, enlarged.
Fig.3. Eye, magnified (natural size one-sixteenth of an inch in length); a, optic
nerve; b, sclerotic membrane; c, layer of colorless cells; d, layer of pigment cells
(iris ?); e, lens. Fic. 4. Lens, enlarged and showing the cells. Fic.5. Eye, en-
larged, showing the muscular bands, a, a, a, a; b, the lens pressed out of place; c,
the optic nerve. Fria. 6. Top of head, showing canals under the skin, natural
size. The two black dots and lines indicate the eyes and optic nerves in position.
Fig. 7. Top of head, showing the arrangement of the ridges of papillx, nat. size.
Fig. 8. One of the ridges of papillw from the head, magnified. Fie. 9. Three of
the papille from the ridge, still more magnified, showing the cup-shaped summit
and projecting filament. Fig.10. <A portion of the ridge magnified, and treated
with acid, to show the arrangement of the nervous plexus supplying the papillz
with nervous filaments from a branch (qa) of the fifth pair. Fic. 11. ‘Epithelial cells
from the head. F1iG.12. Epithelial cells from the body.

PLATE 2. Fic.1. Natural size; la, stomach and pyloric appendages, twice nat.
size; 1b, scale, magnified (nat. size represented by the small outline on the left
over the figure); le, war cayity, showing position of stomach and single
ovary, nat. size.

Head more than half as wide asitis long. Length of head, from
tip of jaw to end of operculum, contained nearly twice in sina bi of
body from operculum to base of caudal fin.

Dorsal and anal fins of equal size, rounded, anal commences under
third ray of dorsal.

Pectorals pointed, reaching to commencement of dorsal.

Ventrals pointed, nearly reaching to commencement of anal.

Caudal broad, long ‘and pointed, membrane, enclosing simple rays
above and below, continuing slightly on the tail.

Scales small, longer than broad, with quadrangular centre and from
8 to 12 concentric lines, which are broken and reduced in number an-
teriorly and crossed by numerous radiating furrows posteridrly.*

Colorless, or nearly so, with transparent fins.

*The scales described were in every instance taken from the 2d or 3d row un-
der the dorsal fin. -

173

Measuremenis. Largest Specimen, 4°5 inches total length. Smallest
specimen, 1-9 total length.
Geographical distribution. Subterranean streams in Kentucky and
Indiana.
' Specimens examined :—
Pror. WYMAN’S COLLECTION.
7 specimens. Half grown and adults. Mammoth Cave.

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.
7 specimens. No.778. Half grown and od 2 adults. Mammoth Cave. é
1specimen. No.—. Two-thirds grown. Cave near Lost River, Orange Co., Ind.

BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.
2 specimens. No. 840. Half grown. Mammoth Caye. e

PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
lspecimen. No. 520. Adult 9. Mammoth Cave. ° Presented to Essex Insti-
tute in 1851 by N. Silsbee.

Other specimens. Dr. Giinther mentions six specimens and a skele-
ton in the British Museum. Mr. Thompson, an adult and newly born
young in the collection of the Natural History Society of Belfast.
Dr. Steindachner has recently sent an adult and eight young to
the Vienna Muscum. ‘The first specimen of which we have any
record was presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia; the second is the one described by DeKay and then in the
Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Prof. Cope obtained three
specimens from the waters of Wyandotte Cave in Indiana. Dr. Tell-
kampf had several specimens from the Mammoth Cave, and it is prob-
able that ‘specimens exist in nearly all the principal museums and in
many private collections, as about all that have been caught in the
Mammoth Cave for years have been sold by the guides to visitors.
°* Habits. But little is known of the habits of the large blindfish.
Dr. Tellkampf states that they are solitary; on the slightest motion
of the water they dart off a short distance, and that they are mostly
found near stones or rocks on the bottom, and seldom come to the
surface of the water. Prof. Cope states that if they are not alarmed
they come to the surface to feed, swiin in full sight, and-can then be
easily captured if perfect silence is preserved. He also thinks that
they are principally surface feeders.

In the stomachs of several that I have opened the only remains
found were those of Crayfish. In one specimen, opened by Dr. Wy-
man, a small fish with well developed eyes was found in the stomach.
(See Amer. Nat., vi, p. 13, Pl. 1, fig. 13.)

The eggs are well developed in September, and the young are born
about the middle to last of October. The young when born are half
an inch or less in length, and are without external eyes. (See Amer.
Nat., Feb., 1872. The young there mentioned may possibly be those

of Typhlichthys.)

174

Typhlichthys Girarp, Procd. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 63, 1859.

Eyes rudimentary and imbedded under the skin.

Head. The same arrangement of rows of sensitive papillg as in
Amblyopsis, and the spaces between the papilla with granulations as
in that genus. (The subcutaneous canals probably exist, but have —
not yet been made out.)

Teeth, as in Amblyopsis, on the maxillaries and palatines.

Body with papilla over opercular opening, and with the papillary
ridges on the sides as in Amblyopsis. ‘

Pyloric appendages one on each side as in Amblyopsis, but of
slightly different proportion and shape. (Stomach not so pointed
behind as in Amblyopsis.)

Ovary situated on right side of stomach, as in Amblyopsis. (Eggs
fewer in number and proportionately larger than in Amblyopsis.)

Fins. Ventrals absent. Dorsal, 7 or 8; Anal, 7 or 8; Pectoral, 12;
Caudal 24. (This formula is given after counting several specimens.
Girard gives, D.7; A.8; P.11; C. 23.)

It will be noticed that the only characters separating this genus
from Amblyopsis are the @bsence of ventral jins, the shape of the
stomach and pyloric appendages, and larger eggs in less number.

Typhlichthys subterraneus Gimarp. SMALL BLINDFIsH.

GIRARD, Procd. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 63,1859. Gtnruer, Cat. Fish Brit.
Museum, vii, p.2, 1868 (as a syn. of Amblyopsis). PUTNAM, Amer. Nat., vi, p. 20
et seq., with figs., Jan., 1872.

PLATE 2 (Amer. Nat., voi, Jan., 1872). F1G. 3, slightly more than natural size ;,
3a, stomach and pyloric appendages, twice nat. size; 3b, scale, magnified (nat.
size represented by small outline over the figure).

Proportions and general appearance, want of color, arrangement of -
papillary ridges, position and shape of fins as in Amblyopsis speleeus,
with the exception that, owing to the jaws being more obtusely round-
ed, the head is slightly blunter and broader forward.

Membrane of caudal quite prominent and extending forwards to pos-
terior base of dorsal and anal fins.

Scales broader than long. Large quadrangular centre with from 6
to 8 concentric lines reduced in number and broken up on anterior
margin. Posterior portion with numerous radiating furrows.

Measurements. Largest specimen, 1°85 inches» in total length.
Smallest specimen, 1-45 inches in total length.

Geographical distribution. Subterranean streams in Kentucky, Ten-
nessee and Alabama.

Specimens examined : —

175

MUSEUM OF CoMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.
7 specimens. No. 780. ¢# 2. Adults. Mammoth Caves Collected and pre-
Rs sented by Alpheus Hyatt, Sept., 1859.
1specimen. No. 781. Moulton, Alabama. Presented by Thomas Peters.
- lspecimen. No. 782. Lebanon, Tennessee. Presented by J. M. Safford.
Other specimens. Dr. Girard described the species from a specimen
in the Smithsonian Institution, taken from a well near Bowling Green,
Ky. Dr. Giinther mentions a specimen, in the British Museum, from,
the Mammoth Cave.
Habits. Nothing is known concerning the habits of this fish. It is
evidently much rarer at the Mammoth Cave than the large species, to

_ judge from the small number in collections. The fact that Mr. Hyatt

obtained seven specimens when he was at the cave in September and
did not get any of the other species, may indicate some peculiar loca-
tion in the waters of the cave where it is more abundant than in other
places. The eggs were fully developed in these specimens, but no
embryos could be detected. The fish is probably viviparous, and
very likely gives birth to its young in October.

Chologaster Acassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci., xvi, p. 135, 1853.

Eyes in normal position and well developed.

Head with small granulations on the surface of the skin. (No
papillary ridges.)

Teeth minute, curved and arranged in rows on the intermaxillary
and: inferior maxillary bones. None on the palatines in the adults
(Of the four specimens examined, the two larger (C. cornutus) are
without palatine teeth, while the single specimen of C. Agassizit,
which is evidently a young fish, has a few minute teeth on the pala-
tine bones. In the smallest specimen of C. cornutus the mouth is
abnormal, the intermaxillaries being reduced to a small central portion
and there are consequently no teeth in the upper jaw, but the minute
teeth on the palatines are present.*) ‘

*TI believe this is one of those interesting cases where one set of organs, or one
portion of the animal structure, takes the place of another which from accident is
wanting, and that in all probability these palatine teeth, that under normal con-
ditions would be cast off as the fish attained maturity, would have continued to
exist in this specimen and answer all the purposes of the intermaxillary teeth.
But that in this accidental continuance of these palatine teeth, from the mere
mechahical use forced upon them, we have the first stages of the development of
a distinct genus, to be characterized by permanent teeth on the palatines, and _
reduced upper jaw bones, as many of the Gevelopmental school would argue, I do
not think will bear the test of facts observed.

A not uncommon malformation of fishes consists in the entire or partial absence
of the maxillary or intermaxillary bones. I have specially noticed this among our

‘

:

176

(Body without opercular papilla and papillary ridges on the sides.)

Pyloric appendages two on each side. Stomach rounded and turned
slightly on the side.

Ovary situated principally behind the stomach.

Fins. Ventrals absent. Dorsal, 8 or 9. Anal, 8or9. Pectoral, 12.
Caudal, 28.

This genus principally differs from Amblyopsis and Typhlichthys by
the presence of eyes, the absence of papillary ridges on the head and
body, by having two pyloric appendages on each side instead of
one, and by the posterior position of the ovary. It agrees with T'yph-
lichthys in the absence of the ventrals, and the young further agree
by the presence of palatine teeth.

Chologaster cornutus Aaassiz.

AGASSIZ, Amer. Jour. Sci., xvi, p. 135, 1853. GrRARD, Procd. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad., p. 63, 1859. GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Museum, vii, p. 2, 1868. Purnam,
Amer. Nat., vi, p. 21 et seq., with figs. Jan., 1872.

PLATE 2 (Amer. Nat., Vol. vi, Jan., 1872). Fia.2. Natural size. 2a, stomach
and pyloric appendages, twice nat. size. 2b, scale magnified (nat. size represented
by small outline over the left of the fig). 2c, abdominal cavity showing stomach
and single ovary behind the stomach, twice nat. size.

Head more than half as wide as itis long. Length of head, from
tip of under jaw to end of operculum contained twice in length of
body from operculum, to caudal fin. Width between the eyes equal to
distance from eye to tip of under jaw.

Eyes of moderate size, situated just back and over the end of the
maxillaries.

Dorsal and anal fins of nearly equal size, slightly rounded. Anal
with slightly longer rays and commences under fourth ray of dorsal.

Pectvral fins pointed, reaching to line of commencement of dorsal.

Caudal jin pointed, about equal in length to the head. Membrane
above and below extending but slightly on the tail.

Scales very small and deeply imbedded in the skin. Circular with:
small smooth space forward of the centre. From 15 to 20 con-,
centric rings, cut by a few short radiating furrows on anterior, and
longer and more numerous ones on posterior margin.

Intestine is a little longer than in an Amblyopsis of the same size.

e
common fresh water trout (Salmo) and marine conuer or sea perch (Ctenolabrus)
but there have never been recorded allied genera with these characters, while
the malformed specimens are hardly numerous enough to give support to the the-
ory that such malformations are hereditary, and it is probable that each case was
caused by,the non-development of the parts from special cause during embryonic
life, or by accident to the individual.

Le

The two pyloric appendages on the left side are close together and
broader than the two on the right side, which are wider apart,
longer and more slender than the others. :

Color. Yellowish brown, much darker above, lighter on sides, and
light yellow on under part and sides of head, belly and under part of
tail. Three lowgitydinal very dark brown lines on each side: the
upper commencing near the middle of top of head and following’
along the back to base of caudal fin; the middle one commencing at
the nostril and passing through the eye to upper portion of opercu-
lum, thence about in the centre of side to about the centre of base of
caudal fin; the lower commences under the pectoral fin and follows
the ventral curve of the body td the base of caudal fin. All three
lines are darkest and broadest forward, and. terminate as a series
of nearly confluent dots on the tail. Central rays of the caudal dark
brown, outer rays uncolored. Dorsal, anal and pectorals not colored.

Measurements. The three specimens are respectively 1°5, 2, and 2-3
inches in total length.

Geographical distribution. South Carolina.

Specimens examined :— -

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.

3 specimens. No. 776. Rice Ditches at Waccamaw, S.C. Presented by P. C.
J. Weston, 1853. (Orig. of Agassiz.)

Habits. Nothing is known concerning the habits of this species,
the only speeimens observed being the three mentioned. From the
fact of its having a single ovary containing a small number (about 60)
of large eggs it is probable that it is viviparous.
Chologaster Agassizii PUTNAM.

’

‘Ppurnam, Amer. Nat., vi, p, 22 et seq., with figs. Jan., 1872.

PLATE 1 (Amer. Nat., Vol. vi, Jan., 1872). Fic. 4. Natural size; 4a, stomach
and pyloric appendages, twice nat. size; 4b, scale magnified (nat. size shown by
minute dot over left of the figure).

Head more than half as wide as-it is long. Its length is contained
three times in the length of the body from the operculum to the base
of caudal fin. ve

Eyes proportionately large and placed over ends of maxillaries.

Dorsal and anal fins broken, but probably of about equal size. Anal
fin commences about under fourth ray of dorsal.

Pectoral fins pointed and reaching about half way to the dorsal.

Caudal jin pointed, not quite as long as the head. ;

Scales very minute, longer than wide, with 4 or 5 concentric

175

lines round a granulated centre. A few radiating furrows cut the
concentric lines on the posterior margin.

Pyloric appendages and stomach about the same as in C. cornutus. —
Color. Uniform light brown,without markings except that the base
of the caudal fin is rather darker than rest of fish. Fins uncolored.

Measurements. Total length, 1:4 inches.
Geographical distribution. Subterranean streams in Tennessee.
Specimen examined :—

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.
| specimen. No. 777. From a well in Lebanon, Tenn. Presented by J. M.
Safford. Jan., 1854.

This species principally differs from C. cornutus by having a longer
body and smaller head, by having the eyes proportionately larger, and
by its coloration. Nothing is known of its habits except the fact
of its subterranean life. The scales of the single specimen known
indicate a young fish, and it is probably not over half grown.

The four species given,in this synopsis are all of the family
as yet known, but that others will be discovered and the range of the
present known species extended is very probable. The ditches and
small streams of the lowlands of our southern coast will undoubtedly
be found to be the home of numerous individuals, and perhaps of new
species and genera, while the subterranean streams of the central
portion of our country most likely contain other species.

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