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Pen eS ee Cee SSICINEC WR PIS STEEDS eg wt A NGM AEN RLY ai Lian Rea ine Seeaee uaa : ‘ fe Soy cate tim tibs reaver Vive tntas Sede AL yelhses IMR ASAS Te ' Ae ‘ oa : Atha sha NA MAr ie ye bite . . : Aa on) ASR AS ea fain ale : 7 sete . ve : an NO We benny Nyt be : z ek . we we ; K ae ny aces Fae a Vyas ttespetnte K sis faeie Siaales 2. a Re th " . eS . cate. . Mirae des POIROT SAT SECC RE ARES Or : y $ tae eiantes acre te : ¢ fi Be Taig a BOO MAL Iemre SRT ens treaa OER CDS aac EY . 7 - ma ARTO ie Arora Dek . soa via Pare e I eel is Vea tate hates te le ‘ on SREP MEE STNG . Sey eR ARS et ae 5 Mar RESO EL aN ete ' Daly hee shia : a aa BAR ; 443 eve wriogey : Rare nie eeene trent? tear i teeb oh . sy ‘ ‘ ' Bate ate aes , re ’ 3 eRe ES : > Pa Psd feta Pole ‘ hey v Pees Paton Pe ERR i Coates , nny aad rate ot ee ‘2 ers . vot te cae's i, eee ? q * 7 face h bee Fs pafegoe : ‘ Bee Lantus ea te Perera fae) a Prserwed oc pid dyer de iepeaeh ninsgte oe ewe , pane on eye Covet yw 9 Cy pas pos , Y Agiiapeo snus eine 2 pond yee ean hee Pee gt pap eg Miley pte oye he ee tes Vikpmathy syre ca eerie. ’ OSES SES ae . . ‘ weed Nene sep ROR ek 7 , ees pao eat ’ «on are . R se ew are . vg te Baa ed Fe a hid a nn . ’ oe net vee 1 . ‘ nas 3 ad on ‘ abet ca oly ey DOr hoe abd F ech a as an sy neat es ny cs : tt f Ta Pe Oe ot a ea) Benin 4 ' Cas 1 ig UE a tees yet ss ange bane Hy tale aac a 8 Pe hae Oats egavied « J 1 Ponerinae Ce nee Me ee aide (pote ae Povsunars secant paced wise 4 , ' / CR NEY NE #7) aoc iY Wy eR pal me rte eee TaN eT y 9 : a ete he set aka, ej i pantie : ap path re - Sy 2 : uae tot . J J oergiutds ‘ , oe ee date Retest ' . ' r > Uap er pt . ‘ ‘ CR AT ne 4aes fi ioe ne ag nites uF cnn ao “gee i ‘ ry . 7 Cee ee ee ne ey set Poem ace eer Tete en te vend deenuscie stage " ‘fae aon eat eu ren AIC eee ie Mae ee Sat ie aoa eae ORR A CERIN AT IRA Te eyed gat iar 7 ‘ ‘ os ne oad i vase rs i a . oO me , “ at ORAS 1 a. Peas anna Cm Me Rs Th : oe . Via cede “3! a eet etias é Cae ene ne ieaaten ke Veeey anergy —— rt 1 ny a | : er ce ya t brit ‘| a) Wit, . eh ih ee BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY NATURAL HISTORY URBANA, ILLINOIS, U.S. A. VOLUME xX 1913 — 1915 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF ILLINOIS MADE UNDER THE DIRECTION OF STEPHEN A. FORBES 1915 tA We: CONTENTS ARTICLE I. AN ASSOCIATIONAL STUDY OF ILLINOIS SAND PAGE PRAIRIE. BY ARTHUR G. VESTAL, A.M. (5 Prates) SEprEM- dite, TOR Pe Ged Snan Aa Sak On SO CORO DORE COBO GHEE CBen Eee Sear Ia teas I-96 ImtrodUchton) 7 nt. seaciee «esos se irs eM Pe Tote hale' sj eva(s in’ eravouecsi aleve (@a'sTe.c ars sl efeisisione I PNCKAO WECM DAG LIES amtcrstevetara etter ol cherefar at trical sac) afey6(td) 4) o\a:0. 5 @leveta: wiersiecel a(ayeselaia (ove-ers I General relations of the Illinois sand regions :— General! description of) the localiteys. 5.5.56 .5.)- eieleleiel> wines eters eee 80 The blowout formation ccacc jcc sila teitolain tere steeds eles =e 82 The basin ASSOCIALLOM. © osc oes ateleletcts fetetetotssotevote etatnrotelor=tatclatale tee teselatate aati 84 The windward slope assoctatiogiee se se xclets vets verelelsclelelet- for tel is oinieto te 84 The blowsand* assoctatiog sree cits seis iets etre eiet elo tele ot el ee keleleterereteiseate 85 Phytophagous animals of the blowsand.............+.+++eeeeeeee 86 Predaceous animals of the blowsand...............:0eeeeeeceeeees 87 Parasitic animals of the blowsand............ ...2ssseseeeeeeeees 87 Scavengers of the blowsSamd tye cise eclors cl ciele's oelelstevelels:stortelsieiatetaieteaeta 87 The blowsand: complex. su. cists civeiein sates clam ieieiatenie ois e anes 88 The deposit association’ ace uatlcterssstsleletale weiateln leis ofa) stele telat 90 Successional relationships in the sand prairie ........ ...-..-+-+005 90 Bibliography 4... <5 225.25 ae ati en esers one ee eee eset ete tate ete ole evel tse fete tanta 93 Explanation’ of splatess hs cmcu stern are sibpe/stateie orotese ls aietereeael a ese tieitot stele eee 95 ARTICLE II. THE CYRUS THOMAS COLLECTION OF APHIDI- DA, AND A TABULATION OF SPECIES MENTIONED AND DESCRIBED IN HIS PUBLICATIONS. BY JOHN J. DAVIS, B.S. (2 PLATES) SEPTEMBER, -LG1Sia.1eia)oteteioletsjeletolole)etelelstalateta’atslofelotelototetekal ta teratsiate 97-121 ARTICLE III. STUDIES ON THE ENCHYTRAEIDH OF NORTH AMERICA. BY PAUL S. WELCH, PH.D. (5 Ptates, 1 Text Fic- URE)! MARCHED) LQIAS Sts cresaleleyeee tree nial stale acece ena biel oka a vote fetes tee 123-212 Ibstiwolethtasloy Wan Grberaaacens se acdh 6 SUOOaoNAnOD OOS GGaMancdseass aod0a03 123 Key to the genera of North American Enchytreide................-.+- 125 Henlea’ Michaelsen. ss.ecic ik catia terion ciscan ents els siete oaece ieee ete HBSS 126 Key to the species of Henlea known to occur in North America....... 127 Henlea moder ata, Te SP sce «c reslele oroen areas eee oey= eieinincletai aye hale eee aie 128 Externaleicharactersii nese renee Bessatelare 8a Nuke Helalaislotaleis ciel eae 129 Internal: charactersy sist s.cters ecverciaacimierstets letters lercieterst neti teLel vie sya orate 130 Henlea urbanensts, ToS. iasninceiosions« oe wernnioee sii reisie wise noe 134 External characters! 2352 iv psteostsie stejenieinis oivte 3elafetoin © ole loreiehetet ce eee 135 Tnternal characters: +). 5 aje\ererilare wieleie cle’ erejofetarelets = less stats sYerciete Mee eteteenee 135 Lumbricillus: Oersted aca stactiaisenemante matte selena niece eee eters 141 Key to the species of Lumbricillus known to occur in North America.. 142 Lanbricsllis ratilus, MeVSpiciniok. cic Geiwie ote ne ciclo lois aie Paice @ store olelover ore eters 143 PAGE BectontaleGH anACleuS meet ci rtara tat ctalelatsteolsinieicisis cisiele oleisbhcieiveisiasiere 145 Raternalls ChATACLELSE Note aoe. cr conn Skies oieid'aa wrs)sewele eae eevee ansels 145 TARGLCHS CATE NIA CHACISCTI Rese eee creer ae ais n/a Gar Sheis aise een lee er ainlsiehe wisys eke I5I Key to the species of Fridericia known to occur in North America..... 152 ELEY ACAD OM QUILSE TU SUSE IES Dstraretetcters otal atal 37; 0% ersiets 163 Bact eriia lMCHAT ACERS eros alon Ararate isjexere als \a/t.e:s envi 0ie siete sjeisje ini eg eiaieteieiae 164 HiPerOa lee Na LaGte Smet rls eters sie yotsy ate eieioyass lalelalcvors sicle' es) Stahatelejsicie ar 165 Eye AETS TIGAG . Shab odor Coe tacd ood Uo0 COD EROMDU RaOUUdE botedeeooued 167 Key to the species of Enchytreus known to occur in North America.... 169 MEY TT CUS M GH E ICM SPS TIS) = lcleleteoteleicele)lersiois\s afel«1<)0) s)a)e/sheis\ejeteraueke cle ojuieis 170 Bere rinial ech aract ens tec eber aati aise eee eis ieis/ aie ei Sicisialele/s)cceisyelereve.ciai= a sieialaysiars I7I vise eR sy osa dod goede cobousad og Do UdUsUUaCUMoEsdoadouG 171 The penial bulb as a character in classification.................eeeeeeeee 173 Observations and experiments on Lumbricillus rutilus n. sp...........++- 180 GAINTEIE | GA isaddae Jeno aGsooea te OOd EnOOr Ge ConA See Sane E Semmes 180 Coloceote ime specimen score cel eicciler te lileve adele vic GOCaRenOOCOnECOOuOG 290 Bi paliCharacteLssaisayaaiciccteccts’s ofatere/ ois ate & CU SAE DENEDs Roane Enon Dean OG 201 IK EEATIEW CWEGACIORS S3oCcbentcooo tatoo ag OonOUOrOOnUOBOCOoUauOOnbOG 2902 INGEY 1 (SOIR cones eu eedscano0e aeons ROU OUnED OOO BEeODoOBOsOOUO OOo 293 ILEIRESY 20, beds pat oss 6 Hato cb DC ROOIE oer One a ot aan nea Ieee a eres 203 IRURES . Gosiod ude ondO COADETO HOC CUOOCdH cen EC Cop CDOT cURoD Conc Omaorccuc 203 [irra etre Srp meer crete rarer ere rctaelerstaiiis en aicte-eiaicis)« cleinesiewissets aecn eta cues cls 203 Keys to larvae and pupe of North American species of Ceratopogon ahital JAGIVACTONUG 6 Socanascoccagoosao0bUDonoconedocdoobosdaddD OOOE 204 PNAC enaumietOn Ger GrOvOGONMMMC icici dette inisie)alo le Miele eters 10 Relation of animalsito plants! fe -ve oe nie steele ale ote alcle d= ate olelel etcetera eerste 13 Annotated) list of animal: Species: - <):le- cic cles aie alec le istorii sarees eine eae te eee 13 The ‘associations of the Sand prairie lee seis: iota iel oie cle tain orelaieln eels oleate ee 67 Method of analysis of the animal assemblages.............+.eneseeeeeeeee 67 The prairie formation ....... say andie ate Beacaielas Siem a-b Slera tetova tates ays Seve ae ens 68 The: bunch-grass ‘association Rem. ie < PLATE II PLATE III ie ee Prare [TV Fic. 1 BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY URBANA, ILLINOIS, U. S. A. STEPHEN A. FORBES, Pu.D., LL.D., DIRECTOR Vou, X. SEPTEMBER, 1913 ArvTIcLeE II. THE CYRUS THOMAS COLLECTION OF APHIDIDAE, AND A TABULATION OF SPECIES MENTIONED AND DESCRIBED IN HIS PUBLICATIONS By Joun J. Davis, B.S. } Ve? ae Article I1.—The Cyrus Thomas Collection of Aphidide, and a Tabulation of Species mentioned and described in his Publications. By Joun J. Davis, B.S. Many inquiries, from specialists on the Aphidide, and others, re- garding the disposition and condition of the Thomas collection of Aphidid@ have been received, and the following data, most of which are based on a study of this collection, seem worthy of publication. There are seventy-three slides and one hundred seventy-six vials in this collection, all of which are in the custody of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. With few exceptions they are with- out data other than numbers, the key to which is unknown. The contents of many of the vials are dried up and the others are as a rule in very poor condition, and the writer has not thought it worth the time necessary to determine any of the species excepting those bear- ing data other than the numbers. I am able to present these notes through the kindness of Dr. S. A. Forbes, who has given me full access to the collection. I am also under obligation to Mr. J. T. Monell, who kindly read and criticised the manuscript. The three important contributions by Dr. Thomas on the Aphid- id@ are the following. 1877. Notes on the Plant-lice found in the United States. Trans, Ill. State Hort. Soc., 1876 (Vol. 10, n. s.), pp. 137-212. 4 figs. Chiefly a compiled paper, giving most of the older American descriptions. No new species are described, but the name Eriosoma Rileyi is proposed for E. ulmi Riley, which name is preoccupied. At the close of the paper the plants mentioned are listed with the aphids infesting each, as also the aphids men- tioned with their plant hosts, and two synoptical tables are added, one giving Passerini’s arrangement of the Aphidide. 1878. A list of the Species of the Tribe Aphidini, Family Aphide, found in the United States, which have been heretofore named, with Descriptions of some New Species. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I, No. 2, Art. I, pp. 3-16. Printed in December, 1877, and separates distributed in January, 1878. Lists fifty-eight species of Aphididae, eighteen of which are described as new. 1880. Eighth Report of the State Entomologist on the Noxious and Beneficial Insects of Illinois. Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill, 1878, Vol. 16, Appendix. 212+X PP., 47 figs. On pages 46-172, author lists and gives descriptions of 149 species which occur or are supposed to occur in the United States, seventeen of which are described as new. As a supplement to his report he gives from the Riley-Monell paper (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., Vol. V, No. 1, 1879, pp. 1-32), as he says, “the descriptions of the new species, and such observations and criticisms on their [the authors’] notes as I think are required.” 98 SLIDES In the following annotated list of slides the complete label on each slide is indicated by quotation marks. “27” and “Pea May 28, ’78.” Macrosiphum pisi Kalt. Winged and wingless females on slide. Very probably the specimens from which he drew up his description of pisi, which he says were collected at Carbondale in May. “32” and “Aphis viburni.” One winged female mounted in balsam. This is evidently not Aphis viburnicola Gil., nor does it appear to be the European A. viburni Scop., which probably does not occur in this country. It seems to be the same species which I have found abundant on Viburnum in the Chicago parks, and which Mr. Monell has collected in St. Louis, Mo. It is probably a new species. ”. This is probably Chaitophorus quercicola Monl. (=Callip- terus quercifolii Thos.). Only the wings and a portion of the thorax remain. “58”. Colopha ulmicola Fitch. “76” and “Plum Carb[ondale, Ill.] Apr. 20, ’78”. The specimen, a single winged individual, is not in very good condition. It may be the species which Thomas referred to Aphis pruni Koch (Eighth Report, p. 87), since he says of that: “ap- peared early in the season on one of my plum trees [Carbon- dale, Ill.] but soon disappeared.” The single preserved speci- men, however, differs from Thomas’s rather anomalous description of pruni in that the antennz do not reach to the base of the cornicles. ‘The species is apparently not Aphis prunifolic Fitch, which may or may not be identical with A. prunt Koch. “80”. Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch. See also under vial 80, page 103. “81.” Aphis prunifolie Fitch. See also under vial 81, page 103. “82”. Phorodon humuli Schr. See also under vial 82, page 104. “83”. Pemphigus fraxinifolii Riley. Probably Thomas’s types. Poor specimens. See also under vial 83, page 104. “84”. Macrosiphum viticola Thos. See also under vial 84, page 104. “86”. Callipterus punctatus Monl. See discussion under vial 86, page 104. One specimen has venation rather heavy and the “ce 35 OH as Coote “89”. Soon. 99 dusk patches at the ends of veins are quite conspicuous; in the other specimen the wing veins are narrow and the distal patches much less conspicuous. Probably Mysus ribis Linn. Specimen in too poor condi- tion for positive determination. See under vial 87, page 104. Drepanaphis acerifolic Thos. ‘Two winged specimens in rather poor condition. ‘These may be the types. See also data under vial 88, page 104. Callipterus almifolii Monl. These specimens and those in vial 89 (see page 104) are doubtless the types of Callipterus ulmicola Thos., which is a synonym of C. wlmifolii Monl. Macrosiphum heuchere Thos. See under vial go, page 105. Poor specimens. Appear to be Aphis apocymi Koch. See vial 91, page 105. Chaitophorus quercicola Monl. These specimens and those in vial 92 (see page 105) are doubtless the types of Thomas’s Callipterus quercifolii, which proves to be a synonym of Chaitophorus quercicola Monl. On this slide is one winged specimen of Myzus persice Sulz. and one wingless adult and one immature specimen cf Ma- crosiphum tulipe Monl. Camera lucida drawings of the cor- nicle and cauda of the adult wingless twip@ are given as Fig- ure 21, Plate VII. See discussion under vial 93, page 105. Macrosiphum rudbeckie Fitch. One wingless specimen and one poor winged one with antennz gone. See vial 94, page 106. and “Raspberry Apr. 12, ’78”. (Two slides, a winged speci- men on each slide.) Pemphigus rubi Thos. Doubtless the types, which Thomas says were collected on raspberry at Car- bondale, Ill., April, 1878. The accompanying figures (PI. VI, Figs. 1-4) are camera lucida drawings made from these speci- mens. Only two hind wings give any idea of the venation: the one shown in Figure 4, and another, which, although wrin- kled up, shows the three veins to arise from a common point. Antennal sensoria as follows: III, 6; IV, 2; V, 1. Average lengths of antennal segments: I, 0.0489; II, 0.07; III, 0.1793; IV, 0.0815; V, 0.0815; VI, 0.1222,—total, 0.5834 mm. Trama erigeronensis Thos. Probably types; all immature. See vial 98, page 106. 100 196” and “Th P Nov. 30 root”. Discoidal vein with one branch, an- tennz 6-segmented, the 3d and 6th segments subequal in length. Other characters indistinct because of the poor condi- tion of the specimens. They are probably Schizoneura panic- ola Thos., and may be the types, which were said to have been collected by Th. Pergande on grass roots in November. “4x Aphid on Foxtail grass”. Aphis sp.; immature specimens. This is A. setarie Thos. according to Monell. “Aphis on Cephalanthus Aug. 5/76 a”. Aphis cephalanthi Thos. The last two mentioned are on the same slide, and are mounts from Mr. J. T. Monell. “Tomato occidentalis May 26, ’78”. This is the species described by Thomas as Megoura solani (now referred to the genus Rho- palosiphum), and quite likely it is the type, which he says was collected on tomato in May. Measurements taken from this specimen are as follows. VI VI * I II Tir Iv MS Base Filament 0.3260 0.3586 0.2934 0.1304 0.5216 mm. 0.0978 | 0.0652 | 0.4075 | 0.4075 | 0.3260 Right antennal segment III with 8 sensoria in a row, the left segment with 6 or 7. ‘The third discoidal branches at a little more than half the distance from the base to the tip of the wing. Length of cornicles, 0.3586 and 0.3749 mm., re- spectively; and the greatest width, 0.1304 and 0.1222 mm. Length of cauda, 0.1304 mm. This is not Myzus persice Sulz. (=Rhopalosiphum dian- thi) as has been considered by some authors. Camera lucida drawings from the Thomas specimen, of the head, antenna, cornicle, and cauda, are shown in Figures 5-8, Plate VI. “Pemphigus acerifolie Monell S[ept.?] 24, 78”. In very poor con- dition. “Pine Carb[ondale, Ill.] Apr. 20, 1878”. A single winged viviparous female in balsam. ‘This is Mindarus abietinus Koch, and is probably the type of Schizoneura pinicola Thos., which *The measurements for III may not be exactly accurate as it is quite slanting on the slide and consequently difficult to measure. 101 Thomas says was collected April 20, 1878, at Carbondale, Ill., the description of the winged form being made from a single individual. Additional descriptive notes, based on this slide but not given by Thomas, are as follows: Antennal segment III bears 13—15 short transverse sensoria ; IV, V, and base of VI each with a single sensoria at distal end, the last two segments slightly imbricate. Measurements follow. di II III IV Vv VI Total Right antenna 0.057|0.0652/0.3586/0.1956} 0.2037 | 0.2119 1.0920 mm. Left antenna 0.057/0.0733|0.3749/0.1793| 0.1956 0.2037 1.0838 mm. Menptivat body? (somewhat ‘shriveled))s...0..<5 sscccc ccc cee es evceciea cele 1.127 mm. MENTE IO Lam VTL UN ote a ezeyetancl ei cseiietareYercia ss stalesseysiciaceiee eial ese ione wre viciete e Saet cies ele 2OSG MIM: VATA Ena co foe wri] Om aie or overestteycraiavetal ciate iarayeiieieiela ete eo aes oceleleieicja saree « oreimlarcteiavelevaizyac 0.824 mm. _ (Camera lucida drawings of the fore and hind wings, and antenna, made from this specimen are shown in Plate VI, Figs. 9-11.) “Chaitophorus negundinis”. In rather poor condition. This may be the type. “J. Monell, Lonicera, June 24, ’78’’. One each of the winged, wing- less, and immature forms, mounted in balsam. ‘This is doubt- less the species which Thomas refers to as Chaitophorus loni- cera Monell MSS. After examining these and the type speci- mens—Monell’s 66x (=“Aphis lonicere July 17, 1877, St. Louis, Mo.) and 148x (=“Lonicera aphid June 16, 1878, St. Louis’’)—kindly loaned me by Mr. Monell, I considered the form more closely allied to the genus Chaitophorus, as Thomas had placed it, but doubtless the old slides are misleading, as appears from the correspondence here quoted. Professor Oestlund, in a letter of February 19, 1910, says: “Aphis loni- cere is an anomalous species that is neither a typical Aphis nor Chaitophorus, but undoubtedly fits better in Aphis than in Chaitophorus. If you had observed the species in the field you would not connect it in the least with Chaitophorus. In case I should characterize it from my experience with it in the field, I would say that it is an Aphis that is trying to be a Pemphigus. At present I have not settled its true position in the family to my mind and do not know if we will be able to do so before its life history becomes better known. But Mo- nell’s description, though short, is so well done that we need 102 have no doubt of what he refers to. I prefer, therefore, to accept Monell’s position of it until the genus Aphis can be cleared up. * * * Aphis lonicere appears to be a rare form; I have only twice encountered it. * * * Some fresh balsam mounts made in 1898 and now pretty well shrunken show the cauda conical and rather stout; the anal plate a very low cone. The cornicles are very low, in fact almost on a level with the body on the outer side but distinctly raised above on the inner side. Joint 3 of the antenne have some 40—45 circular, scattered sensoria; and the fourth often with one or two”. Mr. Monell’s conclusions communicated to me are practically the same; and he says further: “looks to the naked eye like Siphocoryne xylostii, perhaps more powdered, and was very common the year I took it. I remember that I was sure of lonicere not being a Chaitophorus when I saw it. In these poor specimens [referring to 60x and 148x} it is hard to form an opinion”. ‘The cauda, which was visible only in Monell’s 148x specimen, is shown in Figure 14, Plate VII. The an- tennz on both the slides loaned me by Monell were too trans- parent to count sensoria, but the antennze of the winged female on the Thomas slide showed 56 and 60 respectively on segment III; several on segment IV (but only the tip of the seginent was visible); a large sensorium at the distal end of V; and a large one, with several small sensoria surrounding it, at end of base of VI. The third discoidal branches at three eighths the distance from the tip to point where second branches. The head, antenna, cauda, and anal plate are shown in Figures 12-15, Plate VII. Measurements taken (in mm.) are as follows. 103 Antenne Body Description Fi | VI I Il III IV V Fila- | Length | Width Base ment Monell’s 148x: Wingless vivip-|0.0815/0.0815 0.8476 2.577 1.039 arous female (0.8639 Thomas coll. specimen: Winged vivip- 0.8639/0.5379|0.3912/0.1630|0.4727 arous female |0.8965/0.5216|0. 4238/0.1467|0.4727 Thomas coll. specimen: Wingless vivip- 0.9617/0.6257|0.4401 1.8616 | 0.9666 arous female Monell’s 148x: Wingless vivip- 0.8313\0.6012/0.4564|0.1630/0.5216| 2.2554 1.0740 arous female 0.8802/0.5931/0.4564/0.1793/0.5216 Monell’s 66x: Wingless vivip- 0.6094/0.3830/0.3260)0.1304/0.3586| 2.1480 | 1.0392 arous female Wings: average length, 3.5 mm.; width, 1.36 mm. “Monell, wild plum. June 8”. Myzus persice Sulz. VIALS “t1, Pink. Plant and Bark-lice. Cobden, Illinois, March 15, 1877.” The plant-lice are Myzus persice. “27” and “136”. Callipterus bellus Walsh. “Myzus cerasi”. Dried up and indeterminable. “36”. Colopha ulmicola and its galls. “80” and “No. 12 Poplar, Sauk City, Wis.” Pemphigus populicau- lis Fitch. “81” and “No. 4 On Plum. Sauk City, Wis.” Dry specimens in vial. This is the species characterized by Thomas as Aphis prum KKoch. Although in poor condition they are recognized as A. prunifolie Fitch. 104 “82” and “No. 2 Sauk City, Wis. On Plum’. Phorodon humuli Schr. “83” and “No. 11 On ash, Sauk City, Wis.” Pemphigus sp. The specimens are in a macerated condition and it is impossible to make a positive specific determination. They are probably P. fraxinifolii Thos., and may be the types, which Thomas says were collected on ash at Sauk City, Wis. “84” and “No. 7 Grape Sauk City, Wis. On Grape.” Macrosi- phum viticola Thos. In rather poor condition. (See foot-note, page 108.) “85” and “No. 14 On Choke Cherry, Sauk City, Wis.” Aphis cera- sifolie Fitch. Probably the specimens from which he made the description given in the Eighth Report. In rather poor but nevertheless determinable condition. “86” and “No. 13, On Oak, Sauk City, Wis.” Specimens in poor condition and none with the antenne entire. This may be the species referred to by Thomas as Myzocallis bella Walsh, specimens of which he says were collected on oak at Sauk City, Wis. ‘Thomas’s description of bella can not apply to the spe- cies Walsh described under that name, and, as has already been noted by Monell and Oestlund, it would seem that Thomas was dealing with Callipterus discolor, since he says (p. 106, ’ 8th Report) of the wings, “veins dark brown, slightly mar- gined with brown, which expands at the points where they reach the margin,” and of the stigma (p. 107) “pale in the middle, but is crossed obliquely at each end by a brown band.” This latter character may be referred to a darker area at each end of the stigma as well as at the end of each wing vein. The species under the above label is evidently Callipterus punctatus Monl. “87” and “No. 3 on Ribes aureum S. City, Wis.” Myzus sp. Only wingless specimens, most of which are immature, and all ina more or less macerated condition, making specific determina- tion impossible. “88”. and “No. 5 Acer rubrum Sauk City.” Drepanaphis aceri- folie Thos. “89” and “No. 8 Sauk City, Wis. On Elm.” Callipterus ulmifoli Monl. (=C. ulmicola Thos.). Number of specimens, and all in poor condition, but some of the important characters, such as the abdominal tubercles and wings, are clearly distinguish- 105 able. They are probably the types of Thomas’s C. ulmicola, which were collected on elm at Sauk City, Wis. “go” and “No. 1 Sauk City, Wis. On Heuchera hispida.’ Ma- crosiphum heuchere Thos. Many specimens dry in vial, all in very poor condition. They and specimens on slide 90 (see page 99) are doubtless the types, which Thomas says were col- lected at Sauk City, Wis., on H. hispida. The accompanying notes and drawings have been made from the vial and slide specimens. Only one of the winged individuals in the dry vial bore as many as four antennal segments, and these are shown in Figure 17, Plate VII. Segment III bears about fifty irregu- larly placed circular sensoria; IV, twenty-five or thirty. On the slide one winged specimen bears one antenna with segment VI broken off. Sensoria on III and IV as noted for the vial specimens. Segment V bears a number of irregularly placed sensoria, but it is impossible to determine the exact number. One detached antenna was found which is from an adult wingless or immature individual, probably the former (PI. VII, Fig. 20). Antennz on moderate frontal tubercles (Fig. 16). Proportion of wings and legs to body typical of the genus Macrosiphwm. Cornicles and cauda are as given in Figure 18, but owing to the specimens being dry both are somewhat shriveled. Camera lucida drawing of the wing is shown in Figure 19. The wing veins are darkish and con- spicuous, and the second discoidal branches at a distance vary- ing from two-fifths to nearly three-fourths the distance from the tip to where the third branches. “gr” and “No. 7. Dogbane, Sauk City, Wis.” The specimens are in too poor condition for determination, but are possibly the species referred to by Thomas under the name Aphis apocyni. “g2” and “No. 15 Sauk City, Wis. On Oak leaves.” A few speci- mens in poor condition. The wing veins show very faint brownish margins, the faintness probably being due to the length of time in alcohol. They agree in every detail with the description of Callipterus quercifolii Thomas, and doubtless they are the types of that species. As is shown in another paper, this as well as Chaitophorus spinosus Oestlund are syn- onyms of Chaitophorus quercicola Mon. “93” and “No. 6 On Tulip Sauk City, Wis.” Vial contains a num- ber of specimens in poor condition. Antenne all broken off. “94” Oo 106 There are two species in this vial: one is a large Macrosiphum with long cauda and cornicles, which I take to be Monell’s M. tulipe; the other species is a Rhopalosiphum, and is doubt- less the species Thomas characterized as R. tulipe, which, so far as can be made out from the poor specimens, agrees with his description. ‘They are probably the types, which were col- lected by Dr. Bundy, from whom he received his Sauk City specimens. The size, wing venation, sehsoria on antennal seg- ment III (the remaining segments not found in vial), corni- cles, cauda, and black blotch on the dorsum of the abdomen, which is still faintly visible, all agree with Myzus persice Sulz. (=Rhopalosiphum dianthi Schr.), which species I believe it to be. and “No. to Sauk City, Wis. Rudbeckia hirta.’ A small con- glomerate mass in the bottom of the vial, and consequently un- determinable. See slide 94, page 99. Trama erigeronensis Thos. All immature. See slide 98, page 99. “Melon c July 1, 97.” Dry in vial. Aphis sp. Probably A. gos- sypii, but in too poor condition for determination. The data of the following table, with one indicated exception, con- cern the species of Aphidide of which descriptions are given by Thoma s in the Eighth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois (exclusive of the supplement), and but for the above single exception and the changes in nomenclature are drawn from this report. For the rest, the headings and the following key to the meaning of the superior letters used, will make the table clear. a=Foot-note reference. b=No report of collection of the species since it was originally described. cA European species mentioned as possibly occurring here, but never reported. Probably does not occur in America. d=A European species reported once as having been taken here, but not again reported. Original determination is ques- tioned. eA European species mentioned and description quoted, but nothing said as to occurrence in this country. Probably not found in America. 107 f—Not again reported in literature; but what are supposed to be the types are preserved, and notes on them may be found in this paper. g—No locality given by Thomas in connection with the original description in the State Laboratory Bulletin, but he says it was first observed at Ft. Dodge, Iowa, and subsequently re- ceived from Peoria, Illinois, and St. Louis, Missouri. h— Pagination refers to the State Laboratory Bulletin mentioned at the beginning of the paper, the species not being men- tioned in the Eighth Report. i=Listed by Thomas as of uncertain position. t—Type locality, when placed before a locality name; type food- plant, when placed before the name of a plant or plants. 108 “ssp “d ‘Ol6T “99d ‘9 ‘ON ‘¢ “JOA ‘JU ‘MONOD ‘uanofaes) ‘JaMIIYS szsuaszou1z1 UNY J1SOAID YY SC UMOUY 9qQ TIT sotoads ay} aSeO YOIYA UT ‘y7097772 S,STWOYT, Yim [eOIUap! 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Described from examples obtained at Washington, D. C. I have not seen the species, though the male which I assign to subasper in a subsequent part of this paper agrees very closely with the rather brief description given by Loew for trivialis. (See note under subasper, p. 223.) — Knob of halteres yellow, or if black the species is not shining black in color; claws at least moderate in size..............-.eeee0e 5 Hind femora very much thickened, the fore and mid pairs normal. .6 — Hind femora not conspicuously thickened................-..0- i The claws of the hind tarsi very unequal in length, the outer one at least four times as long as the inner........ femorata Meigen. This common European species has been recorded by Coquillett as occurring in Alaska. I have not seen the specimens upon which the record is based, so can not say if they belong to this species. — The claws of the hind tarsi subequal in length. Female——Black, shining. Antenne, face, palpi, and legs brownish yellow. Halteres yellow. Wings grayish, veins brown. Eyes narrowly separated ; antenna reaching to base of abdomen, the joints rather distinctly haired, apical five not much elongated; proboscis very distinctly protruding, about two e | oo | ollie cN 218 thirds as long as the height of head. Mesonotum with scattered hairs on the dise. Abdomen flattened, broadened just before the middle, the apical half parallel-sided, rounded at apex, segments with short surface hairs. Legs with the surfaces very slightly hairy, the hind femur very much swollen on the apical half, and slightly bent, the con- cavity on the posterior side; from before the middle to the apex on both the antero-ventral and postero-ventral surfaces there are distinct, closely placed uniserial thorns; fore and mid femora unthickened and without distinct thorns; hind tibia bent, fitting into the space between the rows of thorns on the femur, and about four fifths as long as the femur; basal joint of hind tarsus subequal in length to the next three taken together; fourth joint about half as long as fifth; all tarsal claws subequal in length. Third vein three fourths of the wing-length; costa slightly hairy; fourth vein forking at cross vein. Length 2.5mm.......... crassifemorata, N. sp. Locality, Mt. Carmel, Ill., May 28, 1884 (H. Garman). Two females. This species and femorata belong to the genus Serromyza. 7. Knob of halteres black; mesonotum opaque gray, with distinct, central, brown vitta. Female.—Black-brown, opaque, the back of head, mesonotum, pleure, coxe, and abdomen with thick gray pollinosity, giving to the insect a pale grayish appearance. Face brown, shining, with faint whitish pollinosity; antenne brownish yellow, paler on the basal half; palpi yellowish. Mesonotum with a bifid brownish central vitta, and a subdorsal streak of same color on each side which does not extend much beyond middle anteriorly; when viewed from some angles there is a distinct post-humeral blackish spot which is sur- rounded by very distinct whitish pollinosity, this condition being reversed when the position is reversed ; humeral region yellowish; scutellum colored like dise of mesonotum. Legs yellow, coxe blackened, trochanters brown; apices of mid femora and bases of mid tibie slightly browned; apices of hind femora and bases of hind tibie distinctly and broadly browned; apices of all tibie and of the first three tarsal joints, as well as the whole of the last two tarsal joints, brown. Wings clear, veins very pale. Halteres yellow, knobs brown-black. Eyes narrowly separated; antenne with the apical five joints distinctly elongated, the entire length of antenna equal to about one and one third times the length of the head and thorax together; proboscis about half as long as height of head. Mesonotum with very numerous short, closely placed a 219 hairs on the dise, each of which appears to have a minute brown spot at its base; seutellum with short bristles on the posterior margin, the dise with weak hairs, outline of scutellum rounded, its length equal to about one third of its breadth. Abdomen elongate, narrow. Legs long, the fore and hind femora slightly thicker than the mid pair; fore femora with about 10-12 short black thorns on the apical half of their ventral surfaces ; mid and hind femora each with but one discernible bristle on the antero-ventral surface near to the apex; hind tibia straight, slightly shorter than the femur; hind tarsus slightly longer than the tibia, basal joint slightly longer than the remaining joints together; second joint barely more than a third as long as first and about two and a half times as long as third; claws elongate, subequal, toothed near the base. Wing with third vein almost seven eighths the distance to the apex; fourth vein very indistinct, the fork apparently just before the cross vein; costa almost bare. Length, 4mm... .illinoisensis, n. sp. Locality, Algonquin, Ill., May 25, 1894 (Nason). One specimen. SET ECTON SV ELLOWancitersiat caiisiens create ers Aicieacle eo wis esata < wie bles at s ote 8 8. Hind tarsal claws very unequal in size. Female.—Black, body highly polished. Legs yellow, apices of femora, of tibiwe, and of first three tarsal joints, and whole of last two tarsal joints black-brown. Femora slender, the fore and mid pairs unarmed, the hind pair with two thorns on the under side near to apex. Fourth vein forking a short distance before the cross vein. Length, 3 mm. (B. C.).... sts EM Vra chet oucletarciats eaeia ee daree eae hie oes o eee curriet Coquillett. I have not seen this species. The above abridged description is from Coquillett’s original definition of the species. — Hind tarsal claws subequal in length. Male—Black-brown, subshining. Head brown; antenne brown, paler at the base, the hairs brown. Mesonotum very similar to that of ilinoisensis in coloration and markings, but the pollinosity is not so dense, the vitte are not so clearly defined, and there are fewer and larger brown spots on the dise because of the sparseness of the hairs; the seutellum is generally yellowish. The abdomen is brown, slightly shining, with slight pollinosity. Legs yellow; coxe brown; all femora brown except the bases and a band at apices, the hind pair very obscurely pale at apices; tibie either brownish at bases and apices or entirely brownish, the hind pair most distinctly browned; apices of all tarsal joints narrowly browned. Wings clear, veins brown. Length of antenna slightly exceeding that of head and thorax together. Eyes narrowly separated; proboscis less than half as long as height of head. Mesonotum with the hairs slightly 220 longer and more sparse than in illinoisensis. Abdomen rather broad for a male, the sides subparallel, second segment elongated; hypopygium protruding as far as the combined length of the last two segments; lamelle symmetrical. Legs long; fore femora slightly stronger than the other pairs; fore femora with 6-8, mid femora with 3-5, hind femora with 5-7 thornlike bristles, all on the apical half of the antero-ventral surface, the postero-ventral surface without distinct bristles; all legs with short hairs on the whole of their surfaces, those on the antero-dorsal surface of the hind tibia and the dorsal surface of the hind tarsus elongate; hind tibia straight; hind tarsus longer than the tibia by at least the length of the last two joints, basal joint exceeding in length the next three joints together, fourth joint half as long as fifth; claws on all legs subequal, rather stout, and of moderate length. Third vein reaching five sixths the wing- length; fourth vein forking at the cross vein; costa nearly bare. Length, 3-3.5 mm. Female.—Differs from male in having the antenne short-haired ; the eyes are separated by a narrower line; the mesonotum is densely grayish pollinose, and the ground color, especially of the scutellum and postnotum, is distinctly paler; the abdomen is also more yellowish in color, and the pollinosity here is also more distinct; the legs are colored as in the male, but the two types of markings are very distinct, those with the brown hind tibie having also the anterior pairs similarly colored, the brown on the other parts of the legs more intense, and the face blackish; the legs are stronger than in the male, the thorns on the femora are not in a single row, but irregularly arranged and occupying the antero-ventral surface from middle to apex; the last tarsal joint has distinct long spines on the ventral surface; the claws are subequal, strong, and very long; the third vein extends at least nine tenths of the distance to the apex of wing (Pl. XIII, Fig. 6). Length, 4-5 mm. This species was originally described by Loew from examples obtained from Pennsylvania, and has since been recorded from New Jersey by Smith. In the collection here, there are specimens from Algonquin and Havana, Illinois. Though the presence or absence of the spines on the ventral surface of the last tarsal joint has generally been considered as of specific value, and in some eases of generic importance, it is quite clear that the sexes here described belong to one species. In one lot of examples, reared from pup bearing the same data, a considerable number of both sexes occur, agreeing with the characters given, but I have failed to find in it a single male that has the two rows of ventral bristles on the a 10. unis 221 tarsi, or a female that does not have these bristles. It is prob- able that this character may be sexual in other species besides this one. In this revision I have placed the female in the sec- tion with the tarsal spines present. Pupa.—tLength: male, 5.5 mm.; female, 6-7 mm. Yellowish brown, slightly shining. Thoracic respiratory organ simple, rounded at base, becoming very slightly broader and dis- tinctly flattened as it nears the apex; viewed from the ventral side the thickened part of the pupa, to the apex of the wing cases, is as long as the next four segments together; there are seven segments beyond the thickened part on the ventral side, the last segment ending in two sharp points. For details of pupa see Plate XIII, Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4. The two small sub-basal projections on the dorsal surface of the abdominal segments are represented on the ventral surface by a slight transverse raised ridge........ longipennis Loew. Originally described from Pennsylvania. The pupe of this species were found by C. A. Hart floating at the surface of the water in the Illinois River at Havana. They are capable of slight movement in the water by means of the abdomen. Only one spine on the fore femur, the other femora bare. Female.—Black, the head reddish brown, first joint of antenne and bases of the next nine, stems of the halteres, and the legs yellow; cox, bases of mid and hind femora, and of their tibie, also the last two tarsal joints, black. Mesonotum scabrous, pleure and abdomen polished. Fore femur with one spine on the middle of the under side; the hind femora considerably thicker than the others. Tarsal claws large, subequal. Vein 4 forked slightly before the cross vein. bene ther smi (Nex 0) lp. recto arta =ieloreis scabra Coquillett. I have not seen this species. It should be very readily distin- guished from any other described form in this genus by the single bristle on the femora. At least the hind or mid femora with spines.................-. 10 Mesonotum without distinct, pollinosity..........0..... 000 eee ill Mesonotum with dense pollinosity...............02eseeeeeeee 12 Mesonotum glossy black; hind tibia entirely black; third vein from the cross vein (R,) to its apex distinctly shorter than the section of the media bordering the posterior side of the closed cell at wing-middle, the third vein reaching about five sixths of the distance to the wing-tip. Female.—Glossy black. Antenne yellowish, darker at apex; face brown; pleure brown-black, becoming yellowish below wing base. Legs yellow; fore coxe brown, mid and hind pairs black; apical half of the hind femur, the whole of hind tibia, and the apices of the last two tarsal joints black. 222 Knob of halteres black, the stalk yellow. Wings clear, veins brown. Eyes distinctly but not very widely separated ; second antennal joint very large, globose; antennal hairs pale; length of antenna distinctly exceeding that of the head and thorax together; proboscis over half as high as head, acute and highly chitinous. Mesonotum covered with very short, soft, closely placed hairs, which have a small pit at the base of each; dise of scutellum similarly haired, the margin with short bristles. Abdomen elongate, narrow at base, becoming much broader before middle, narrowing a little at apex. Legs slender, hind femora slightly bent; fore femora slightly thickened, the antero-ventral surface sometimes with as many as ten short black thorns, which are arranged distally in two rather irregular rows extending from the middle to the apex of the femur; mid femora with 3-4 thorns on the apical third of the antero-ventral surface; hind femora with 3-4 rather long slender thorns on the same surface, which are difficult to see owing to the presence of the distinct surface hairs on that part; basal joint of hind tarsus slightly longer than the remaining joints together; claws on all tarsi subequal and rather long. Venation of wing as already indicated, fourth vein forking at cross vein, the base of the lower branch very weak; costa slightly hairy. Length, 325-425 ma 3 Sa eae te ee eee eee tibialis Meigen. This common European species has been recorded from New Jersey by Smith. It is represented in the collection here by four females from Algonquin, Ill. (Nason), and one female from Anna, Ill. (F. 8S. Earle). — Mesonotum black, somewhat polished, but granulose; apices of hind tibie black; the length of the last section of third vein distinctly exceeding the length of the section of the media bordering the lower side of the closed cell; third vein reaching about nine tenths of the distance to the wing-tip. Female.—This species differs from tibialis only as follows: The apices of fore and mid femora, the bases and apices of the tibiew of the same legs, and the apical third of hind femur and apex of the hind tibia are narrowly black; the tarsi have the apices of the first three joints narrowly and the last two joints entirely blackened. The legs are very similar in shape and armature to those of tibialis, but the thorns on the hind femora are more distinct. The wing venation differs as indicated. Length, 4.5-5mm........ subasper Coquillett. Male.—This sex is represented in the collection here by a single example taken at the same time as the female from St. Joseph. Though this specimen differs very considerably from the female in color and size I can not consider it as distinct 223 specifically. In practically every respect it agrees with the description given on a previous page for frivialis, except that the ventral surface of the last tarsal jomt has the spines present, though weak. The length of the specimen is but slightly over 2 mm., and in venation it is identical with the female of tibialis, while its very dark color adds to the elose- ness of its agreement with tibialis. Unfortunately the specimen is not in good condition, so it is not advisable to attempt to specify very exactly what the normal characters of the insect may be. Had Loew been describing a male instead of a female I should have had doubts as to the dis- tinctness of subasper from trivialis. Originally described from New Mexico. Loealities for subasper: Algonquin, Urbana, White Heath, Savanna, St. Joseph, and Havana, Illinois. There is also a single female in the collection here from New Orleans, Louisi- ana, which was taken by Prof. S. A. Forbes. This last record points to the fact that the species has a wide range, and makes it the more probable that the Illinois specimens belong to the same species which Coquillett had from New Mexico, even though they are considerably larger than the size of the type as given by him. 12. Mesonotum densely gray pollinose, without distinct brown spots or vitta; legs with the exception of the tarsi almost entirely black- brown. Female.—Black-brown, opaque. Head brown, on the occiput and between the eyes gray pollinose; antenne brown. Mesonotum, pleure, and seutellum gray pollinose, the seutellum rather yellowish. Abdomen black-brown, slightly shining, the surface whitish pollinose. Legs, including the cox, shining black-brown, tarsi yellow except the narrow apices of the first four joints and all of the last joint, which are black-brown. Wings slightly grayish, veins brown. Halteres yellow. Eyes very narrowly separated; antenne slightly exceeding the combined length of the head and thorax; proboscis over half as high as head. Mesonotum with irregular, backwardly convergent, shallow furrows, or, rather, with slightly raised ridges, on the anterior half of the disc; discal hairs short and not numerous; above the base of the wing is a group of black bristles which extends from in front of the wing-base almost to the lateral posterior callosity, upon which there is a single similar bristle; scutellum with numerous marginal bristle-like hairs. Abdomen elongated, generally slightly spatulate in form. Legs slender; fore femora with an irregu- lar double row of thorns on the apical half of the antero- ventral surface; mid and hind femora with the thorns in a 224 much shorter, single row; fore and mid tibie with a series of short setule on the postero-dorsal surface from base to apex; hind tibia with two such rows, one on the antero- dorsal and one on the postero-dorsal surface; hind tarsus with the basal joint about two thirds as long as the tibia and distinctly longer than the remaining joints together; claws long, subequal, each with a sub-basal tooth (Pl. XIII, Fig. 5). Venation similar to that of longipennis, but the third vein extends but slightly more than six sevenths of the distance to the tip of the wing. Length, 5 mm. ........ LG RoR ew Slots la Se eee eee schwarzi Coquillett. This species, originally described from specimens obtained from Texas, is represented in the collection here by one specimen from Algonquin (Nason), and by two specimens from Urbana, May and June, 1887, and one specimen from Champaign, July, 1887 (C. A. Hart). The last three speci- mens were taken at electric lights. — Mesonotum gray pollinose, with distinct brown spots on disc. (Longipennis has the bristles above the wing-base very much less numerous than schwarzi, and confined to a space just above the anterior edge of the wing. I do not know how this character may be in slossone as I have not seen the species)............ 13 13. Apex of fore femur yellow, the central portion blackened (See No. (eee oe er ma cnet Sema cea doe} an longipennis Loew. — Apex of fore femur blackened. Female.—Mesonotum gray pruinose, with a transverse row of four brown spots near the middle and another a short distance in front of the outer spots. Black, the base of antenne, stems of halteres, and the legs yellow; cox, apices of fore and mid femora and their tibiz, the hind femora and their tibiz, also the apices of the joints of all tarsi, dark brown. Scutellum reddish brown; pleure gray pruinose; abdomen polished. Femora rather slender, the fore pair slightly thickened and spined on nearly the entire length of their under surface; mid and hind femora with 3-4 spines on their apical halves; first joint of tarsi longer than the next three; last joint of tarsi spined below, claws large. Wings hyaline, third vein five sixths of the wing length; fourth vein forks slightly before the cross vein. Length, 4 moms (NED) pote ai a ek a slossone Coquillett. NOTES ON THE EARLY STAGES OF PALPOMYIA The eggs of Palponvyia longipennis Loew are laid in groups on leaves of plants in the water and covered with a gelatinous substance. Those that were found were on submerged leaves, but whether the 225 insects enter the water to oviposit has not been observed. The larve are sometimes found in very large numbers in deep water in the Illinois River. When full-grown they average 15 mm. in length, and at the thickest part do not exceed I mm. in diameter, being very slender and slightly attenuated towards either extremity. The head is subconical and slightly more than half as long as the first thoracic segment. The antennz are almost indistinguishable, the upper part of the mouth hangs over the front, forming a sort of flaplike covering to the orifice, and as the mouth parts are easily retracted the whole aperture may be tightly closed. The maxillary palpi are normally extended and distinct; the mandibles are long and very slender, generally very much retracted within the orifice. There are two confluent black pigmented eye-spots on each side of the head. The first three (thoracic) segments are slightly shorter than those of the abdomen, the latter being but little lengthened as they recede from the base, while the twelfth is very slender and slightly the longest. There are no distinct respiratory organs, or blood gills on the anal segment, the only appendages consisting of two pairs of hairs on either side near to the apex. In transforming to the pupa the larval skin is ruptured dorsally almost the entire length of the first two thoracic segments and the skin is cast entire. The pupz are found floating at the surface of the water, and being capable of a slight movement are able to make their way either to the shore or to some unsubmerged object upon which they may crawl to undergo their last transforma- tion. The pupa appears strikingly different from the entirely smooth larva, being distinctly warty abdominally, the function of the protuberances being evidently that of assisting in the progress of the pupa over the surface it may choose for its transformation. It appears from notes made by Mr. C. A. Hart, that it is essential to the emergence of the imago that the dorsal surface of the thorax of the pupa be exposed to the air, evidently to facilitate the rupturing of the skin, and when the pupa finally manages to crawl from the water it lies with the dorsal surface uppermost and the thoracic end slightly raised from the sand. The imago emerges very soon after the pupa reaches a suitable surface for transformation. The pup of Ceratopogonine are readily separated from those of other Chironomide by the fact that the wing cases are closely adherent to the surface of the body, whereas in the other group they are always distinctly separated from the body and somewhat flaplike. The details here given are equally applicable to Palpomyia schwarsi, Johannseniella albaria, and J. flavidula. 226 A REVISION OF THE GENUS JOHANNSENIELLA FOR NortH AMERICA This genus belongs to the subfamily Ceratopogonine and is dis- tinguished from the other genera in this subfamily by the foilowing characters: Wings bare; a cross vein connecting the first and third veins as in Palpomyia; legs of moderate strength, neither the fore nor hind femora much thickened; all femora without spines on the ventral surfaces. During the progress of my work in determining the Chironomide in the collection of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History I have had to go to considerable trouble in getting together the scattered descriptions of species belonging to this genus, and to facilitate my work have drawn up a synoptic key which has in large measure proven useful in the work of identification. I make no claim that the key here presented is perfect, or that by means of it all the species of this genus occurring in North America may be identified, since in large part it is drawn from descriptions, and, more particu- larly, because there must be far more species belonging to this genus in North America than are here listed. The Illinois species represented in the collection here are described so as to facilitate their identification where they may occur. The habits of the species in this genus are very similar to those of Palpomyia, to which Johannseniella is very closely allied, differ- ing from it only in the absence of the femoral thorns. The two species which have been reared from the pupal stage by members of the staff of this Laboratory are herewith figured in that stage. SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES (FEMALES) 1. Wings with distinct spots or bands.......................--::> 2 — Wings unspotted, at most the cross vein infuscated.............. 4 23) “Wane withis SpOusic, -iecnieva chen cere chee tenes hes nebulosa Coquillet. —" Wing ‘with 2 spots’ joo). sce. ceca cic sae Shon Crore re ete eee te elec ea 3 3. ibis entirely black. satane soot sce See dimidiata Adams. — Tibie black at apices only..............-..-.-0. bimaculata Loew. 4. Abdomen covered with silvery pollinosity; mesonotum glossy Mla Sack dikes b dsta bee ttite SR CURE esas veeete Mae hare nie here argentata Loew. — Pollinosity on abdomen indistinct, or if distinet then never silvery a ee oR Oa OC OMAoGOk aos e Gon cul 5 5. Cross vein of wing very heavily infuscated, the veins on other parts of the wing almost colorless.................-. albaria Coquillett. — Cross vein not noticeably infuscated, and not more distinct than the other’ thick veins... 0. taecee senate oe eee eee mee 6 6. Species with the mesonotum yellow or green... ..........-.-+. 7 — Species with the mesonotum black or black-brown..............- 9 227 7. Green species; abdomen with a transverse pair of black spots on segments 3 and 5; all tarsal claws single, with a short basal tooth CPT eie Sievers eels Neel wre o,ueteray a tpaSir cele cihyoveneinlane viridis Coquillett. == Welly eediGs ee ous eogacsose ci bnroorcrocoonpucerdcicbocorce 8 8. Tarsal claws small; last tarsal joint without ventral spines ....... PERT MA atta et ede os etree sterar sae elevate iciarajaelal gilva Coquillett. — Tarsal claws large; last tarsal joint with spines on the ventral BUTRACC OM Et Petes tata Caasite eie tne i masioeiais: Atiere avabs flavidula, n. sp. 9. Last tarsal joint without any spines on the ventral surface..... 10 — Last tarsal joint with at least a pair of spines on the ventral surface PP aati ieee riers sie ea eciaie ae TATA S sloaiees, Mss eva eteleln ts 12 10. Fore and mid tarsi with the claws equal, the posterior pair single, Wilts tuDasalletOO Ulta pkcncsecrs ce ots eres pr areys nicl sceneries polita Coquillett. MOA SvOn alls CALSIESUOCC UAL wate sta cive mois cveie s/s so aisle) ts ste clcla ie 11 11. Small species, 1 mm.; claws minute; vein 3 united to vein 1 on its OBIS -aoTUtet Fla ter aichy sitet OMI Os eee ORicea oe arctica Coquillett. — larger species, 4 mm.; claws rather large; vein 3 united to vein 1 bystheynormalveross velmer.. ote suerte ll i0 magna Coquillett. 12. All tarsal claws single, with a basal tooth......... .......... 13 — At least the anterior pair of tarsi with the claws subequal...... 14 Way, ANloyskoreiKesat EKO cai cigemoc nomen dons, oc Dcte Lantennalis Coquillett. PAID OM GHB OTEeM pe vets ctatel sy tcitiats ee stecatemerersiaeey shonsirst ns diversa Coquillett. 14. Fourth vein with the lower branch obliterated except towards its UNO OX ahcyeh aver er eh arevatvedc: « ele Sntene Gustemer ee etcle besatiny as 416 stigmalis Coquillett. — Fourth vein forking a short distance before the cross vein; both lpRanchese completeness ricer ree: caudella Coquillett. The males of but few of the species in this genus and its allies are known, and it is not necessary to include in this table the only male I know. It will be necessary to have separate tables for determining the sexes, as the males will often, probably always, present characters differing from those of the females. JOHANNSENIELLA BIMACULATA Loew Ceratopogon bimaculatus Loew, Dipt. Amer. Sept. Indig. Cent. 1, 1861, sp. 6. Female.—Glossy black, without distinct pollinosity. Head black or brown-black; scape of antenna yellow, flagellum black; face brownish yellow; proboscis and palpi yellow. Pleurze brown-black, becoming yellow on the lower portions. (I can not see the white vitta mentioned by Loew in any of the specimens before me.) Abdomen brownish on the venter. Legs, including the coxe, yellow; hind femora with a brown ring on apical fourth, apices of tibiz slightly browned, apices of first three tarsal joints indistinctly 228 browned, the last two joints blackened. Wings clear, a large fuscous spot in the middle, extending from the cross vein nearly to the apex of second vein, and another, smaller, subquadrate spot just below the apex of third vein. Halteres yellow. Frons very wide, equal to one third the width of the head; second antennal joint very large and globose, third joint very slender, twice as long as second and subequal in length to the next two together ; the entire antenna very slender and long, its length equal to two thirds the entire length of the insect, the hairs long but sparse; proboscis sharp, less than half as high as the head. Mesonotum almost entirely bare, highly glossy. Abdomen narrow at base, slightly swollen from before middle to near apex, giving it a rather club-shaped appearance. Legs slender, their surfaces with very few hairs; basal joint of fore tarsus subequal in length to the remaining four, fourth joint very short, fifth swollen and slightly longer than second, without ventral spines, claws large, subequal; inner claw on mid tarsus about half as long and strong as the outer, last tarsal joint unthickened, fourth short and bilobed; hind tarsus with the basal joint slightly longer than the remainder of tarsus, fourth joint as in mid tarsus, fifth joint not swollen, unspined below, the inner tarsal claw indistinguishable, the outer one long and strong. Third vein almost five sixths of the wing-length; fourth vein forking well in front of the cross vein. Length, 3.5-4 mm. Originally described from the District of Columbia by Loew. Represented in collection here by three females from Algonquin, July-August (Nason), and by one female from a cypress swamp at Pulaski, June 28, 1909 (C. A. Hart). JOHANNSENIELLA ALBARIA Coquillett Ceratopogon albarius Coquillett, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1895, p. 308. Female.—Black. Head black, frons and occiput with thick, pale gray pollinosity, face brownish yellow; antenne yellow, brownish from near base of flagellum; palpi and proboscis yellow. Mesonotum and scutellum wholly and densely gray pollinose; pleure brown- black, shining, slightly grayish pollinose, postnotum concolorus with pleurze. Abdomen black, sub-shining, with two creamy white opaque bands, one before and one beyond the middle, the width of each equal to the greater part of two of the abdominal segments, the appearance being much the same as if the insect had been attacked by a fungus. Legs yellow; coxe brownish; fore femora narrowly and mid and hind femora broadly blackened at apices; fore tibia very 229 narrowly blackened at base and apex; mid and hind tibie broadly blackened at bases and very narrowly at apices; tarsal joints narrowly browned at apices, the last two all brown. Wings clear; veins yellow, the cross vein and portions of the other veins adjoining it blackened. Halteres yellow, sometimes slightly discolored on the knobs. Hairs on body pale. Frons broad, about one fifth the head-width; second joint of antenna globose, of moderate size, third joint about equal in length to second and barely as long as the next two together; length of antenna slightly less than the combined length of head and thorax; the antennal hairs short; proboscis about half as high as head. Mesonotum with -slight, irregular, backward- and outward- directed furrows on the anterior lateral margins, the whole surface with rather short pale hairs; scutellar hairs rather longer than those on the mesonotum. Abdomen apparently partly membranous on the pale portions, which causes it to contract and thus prevents one from ascertaining what the normal appearance is. Legs slender, the surfaces with distinct pale hairs; third and fourth tarsal joints of all legs short, last joint not thickened, and with distinct central spines; fore tarsi with short claws, those on the mid and hind tarsi distinctly longer and subequal in length, the inner claws slightly less robust than the outer. Third vein reaching very nearly to apex of wing; fourth vein forking well in front of the cross vein; costa almost bare. Length, 4.5-5.5 mm. Originally described by Coquillett from Florida. Represented in the collection here by female specimens: one from Algonquin, June 21, 1896 (Nason); one taken at electric light, Urbana, June 18, 1887; one from Salt Fork, Urbana, July 11, 1898; and one reared from pupa found in the Illinois River at Havana June 3, 1895 (C. A. Hart, last three). The above description does not agree in all particulars with that given by Coquillett, but it does agree with the series of examples in the National Museum collection and will serve much better to identify the species than the original brief description. Pupa.—Length, 7 mm. Yellow, slightly shining. Thoracic respiratory organs very short, about four times as long as_ broad, slightly flattened on apical two-thirds; dorsum of thorax with several raised oval areas on either side of the suture (Pl. XV, Fig. 34); length from anterior extremity to apex of wing case equal to the length of the next three segments when viewed from the side; dor- sal surface of segments 3 to 10 as shown in Figure 35, lateral view similar to that of segment 11, shown in Figure 36; apical segment bifid (Fig. 37). 230 The pupz of this species were found under circumstances similar to those recorded for Palpomyia longipennis Loew (see p. 225), and no difficulty was experienced in rearing the adults from pupz placed on damp sand. JOHANNSENIELLA FLAVIDULA, N.. sp. Female.—Yellow, shining. Antenne brownish yellow, scape and base of flagellum generally yellow; head brownish, face, palpi, and proboscis paler. Abdomen shining dorsad, subopaque on venter. Legs yellow, the apices of first three joints of tarsi narrowly and the last two joints entirely brown. Wings clear, veins yellow. Halteres yellow, knobs sometimes black at apex. Frons narrow, not one eighth as wide as head; second antennal joint globose, third joint about one and a half times: as long as second and distinctly longer than the next two together, length of antenna rather less than equal to that of head. and thorax together, the hairs rather short; proboscis not half as long as height of head. Hairs on mesonotum extremely short, almost indistinguishable, those on the scutellum rather distinct. Abdomen somewhat spatulate, the basal segment elongated, the apical 2-3 segments short. Legs slender, surfaces slightly hairy; basal joint of all tarsi slightly shorter than the remaining joints together, third and fourth joints short, the third longer than the fourth, last joint longer than the second, the ventral spines distinct; all tarsal claws subequal in length and rather large, each with sub-basal tooth. Third vein about four fifths the length of the wing; fourth vein forking before the cross vein; costa with microscopic hairs. Length, 4.5-5.5 mm. Type locality, Havana, Illinois; reared from pupa found in the Illinois River May 3, 1895 (C. A. Hart). Paratypes: Havana, same date as type, seven females; Havana, May 25, 1895, Illinois River (C. A. Hart), one female; and two females, Algonquin, one dated May 14, 1894 (Nason). Pupa.—Length, 7 mm. Yellow, subopaque, the surface slightly granulose. Thoracic callosities much smaller than in albaria (see (Pl. XIV, Fig. 30), the respiratory organs rather larger, but distinctly smaller than in Palpomyia longipennis. Length from anterior margin to apex of wing case equal to that of the next three and a half segments; dorsal and lateral projections on the abdominal segments leaflike and very distinctly protuberant (Fig. 31); apical segment bifid (Figs. 32 and 33). aia 231 Amongst the material inthe collection here, there are a number of males reared from pupz found in the Illinois River at the same time and place as those which produced the females above described. Though these specimens differ to a considerable extent from the females, I consider them as undoubtedly belonging to the same species, and describe the sex herewith. Male.—Shining reddish-brown. Head glossy reddish-brown; antenne, palpi, and proboscis brown; antennal hairs yellowish. Mesonotum glossy brown, sometimes yellowish just in front of the scutellum; scutellum generally yellow, but at times as dark as mesonotum; pleurz slightly paler than the disc of mesonotum; postnotum concolorous with pleurze. Abdomen brown, shining. Legs yellow; apices of hind femora rather broadly browned, apices of tibize and of the first three tarsal joints slightly browned, last two tarsal joints entirely brown. Wings clear, veins yellow. Halteres yellow, the knob sometimes brownish at apex. Antenne thicker than in female, second joint much larger, the basal half of the flagellum with the joints shorter and thicker than in female, the surface hairs very long, length of antenna about equal to that of head and thorax together; structure of head very similar to that of female. Discal hairs on mesonotum short, but considerably longer than in the female, scutellar hairs distinct, but short. Hypopygium large, protrusion equal to the combined length of the last three abdominal segments. Legs slender, rather distinctly haired, especially on the dorsal surfaces of the hind tibiee and tarsi; last tarsal joint without ventral spines; tarsal claws subequal, much smaller than in the female, without distinguishable tooth. Venation as in female. Length, 3-3.75 mm. Locality, same as for the type. A series of seventeen specimens. If taken in general collecting and at a different time and place from the female one might be pardoned for describing the male as a different species; but though the differences between the sexes are very considerable I have found their parallel in Palpomyia, and consider that they really belong together. The male of this species has much the same coloration as has the female of caudelli, but the male of caudelli will presumably be much smaller than that above described and also darker in coloration. JOHANNSENIELLA CAUDELLI Coquillett Ceratopogon caudelli Coquillett, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. 13, 1906, p. 63. Female.—Black, highly glossy. Head black, antennz, face, palpi, and proboscis black-brown. Legs yellow, with varying extent of 232 brown on cox, apices of femora, bases of hind tibize, apices of all tibiz, apices of first three tarsal joints, and the whole of last two tarsal joints. Wings clear, veins brownish. Halteres yellow, or slightly browned, or apically blackened. Frons broad at vertex, equal to about one fifth of the width of head, becoming almost linear at the anterior margin; second joint of antenna globose, third joint slightly longer than second and as long as the next two together, hairs very short, length of antenna not equal to that of head and thorax together. Mesonotum with very short, soft discal hairs; scutellar hairs more distinct on margin. Abdomen narrowed at base and apex, club-shaped. Legs slender; basal tarsal joint as long as the next three; joints 3 and 4 short, 5 longer than 2, spinose ventrally; tarsal claws large, subequal, each with a sub-basal tooth. Wings with third vein extending more than three fourths of the distance to apex; fourth vein forks before the cross vein; costa with very weak short hairs. Length, 2.75-3.5 mm. Originally described from British Columbia. Represented in the collection here by examples from Algonquin— eight specimens, all taken in May of various years (Nason)—and Havana, on the Illinois River—one specimen, also taken in May (C. A. Hart). The male is undescribed. I have not seen Coquillett’s type specimen, but the examples before me agree in all essential particulars with the description of caudelli given by him. To make the foregoing revision of the genus Johannseniella as complete as possible it may be added that magnipennis Johannsen agrees with the description of albaria Coquillett, the latter of which Johannsen did not include in his list of species belonging to this genus when he described magnipennis. Johannsen’s species flaviceps I am unable to include in my table as I do not wish to assume the presence of characters not mentioned in the description. Provided, however, that it really belongs to this genus it should fall, in my key, in the same section as arctica and magna, from both of which it differs in size, being 2 mm. in length, and in the color of legs and halteres, the latter being black. I may indicate that the color description, and in fact all the essential characters given by Johannsen except the absence of femoral thorns, agree with those of Palpomyia trivialis Loew. The European species lacteipennis Zetterstedt has been recorded from Greenland by Lundbeck. I have not seen the species, but it may be known from arctica by the different color and venation of the a 233 wings. In Jacteipennis the wings are milky white, the third vein is connected with the first by means of the usual cross vein, and the lower branch of the fourth vein is indistinct at its base. Both species are I mm. in length and black in color, though the mesonotum in lacteipennis is subopaque, while in arctica it is polished. MYCETOPHILIDAt ZYGONEURA FENESTRATA, fl. sp. Male.—Black. Frons shining; antenne black, scape yellow. Mesonotum shining, the hairs on the surface pale; pleurze brown, the sutures paler; scutellum concolorous with the mesonotum. Abdomen brown, subopaque. Legs brown or blackish, coxz and bases of femora yellowish. MHalteres yellow, knob brownish black. Wings clear, the surface hairs giving them the appearance of being grayish; veins brown. Ocellar region slightly raised; antenne with the second joint swollen, the joints of the flagellum long-stalked, the whorls of hairs long and distinct; palpi elongate, the joints subequal, slightly hairy. Mesonotum with two slight longitudinal depressions, which extend beyond middle and are slightly convergent posteriorly, bearing rows of rather long pale hairs; the whole disc pollinose except a narrow anterior central stripe and the margins of the depressions, which, when viewed from in front, gives the mesonotum the appearance of being trivittate; the pollinosity most distinct in front of the scutellum; margins of the mesonotum laterally with distinct hairs; disc of scutellum and the posterior margins with long hairs. Abdomen with numerous soft surface hairs, segments subequal; hypopygium large and protruding, much as in Sciara (Pl. XIV, Fig. 27). Legs slender; basal joint of hind tarsus about two thirds as long as the tibia and two and a half times as long as the second joint; tibial spurs absent ; claws very small. Wing as in Figure 26. Length, 2-3 mm. Female.—Similar to male except in the structure of the antenna, which in the male is at least as long as the entire insect and 2-14 jointed ; whereas in the female, besides being shaped as in Figure 24, the entire length of the antenna does not exceed one half that of the insect, and consists of only 2-10 joints, the last joint being very short. Genitalia as in Figure 23. Length, 2.5-3.5 mm. Locality, Urbana, Illinois; a large series taken on the windows of the Natural History Building of the University of Illinois during November, 1913 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). 234 This species does not agree in venation with the previousiy described species of Zygoneura, but the pedicellate antennal joints of the male with their whorls of hairs are characteristic of that genus. ZYGOMYIA INTERRUPTA, MN. Sp. Male.—Black, shining. Face yellowish brown; base of antennz, including the first 2-3 joints of the flagellum, yellowish; palpi yellow. Thorax black, only the region of the anterior spiracle yellowish. Abdomen black, the hypopygium yellowish. Legs, including the cox, yellow, apices of mid and hind coxe slightly blackened; fore and mid femora slightly darkened at apices, hind femora blackened on almost the entire apical third; tarsi slightly browned. Wings with a noticeable spot over the cross vein, and very faint indications of a grayish preapical cloud on the region of the wing occupied in ornata by the dark spot. Halteres pale yellow. Surface hairs on body brownish yellow, the bristles black. Basal and third antennal joints subequal; basal and second joints with apical setulae. The upcurved prothoracic bristle on each side very strong; scutellum shorter than in ornata, its breadth about equal to twice its length; four scutellar bristles present. Hypopygium with two small, rounded, slightly projecting lobes, covered with short hairs, the whole organ very inconspicuous. Legs bristled as in ornata, the hind tibia with two rows of strong bristles, the postero- dorsal surface with a series of short setule; mid tibia with two ventral spines. Wing as in Plate XIV, Figure 29, the lower branch of the media not reaching the margin of the wing. Length, 2.5 mm. Locality, Urbana, Illinois, November 13, 1913, on window of basement of Natural History Building, University of Illinois (J. R. Malloch). This species may be separated from any other described species in this genus by the incomplete lower branch of the media. This character occurs in some of the species in the genus Cordyla, but the structure of the antennz is quite different in the two genera. BIBIONIDA® FORBESOMYIA, n. gen. This genus is distinguished by the following characters: Ocelli present, forming an equilateral triangle; eyes large, covering the entire side of head; frons wide, converging above antennz; antennz short, 235 consisting of 2+7 joints (see Pl. XIV, Fig. 21); palpi and proboscis not discernible in type specimen. Thorax short and broad, without a distinct suture except at the anterior angles, where the prescutum shows distinctly; scutellum large and distinct. Abdomen slightly flattened, with seven distinct segments, the incisions between the segments very distinct (Fig. 28). Legs short and thick, the basal joint of tarsus longer than the second; tarsus subequal in length to the tibia, the claws very small; tibiz as long as the slightly thickened femora, the apical spur absent. Wing venation as in Figure 22. Type of genus, Forbesomyia atra, n. sp. FoRBESOMYIA ATRA, N. Sp. Female——Entirely black, opaque. The venter of the abdomen slightly brownish. Wing veins vitreous with the exception of the thick veins, which are brown. Head without distinct hairs except a very few short ones on the face; antenna slightly shorter than the height of the head, with microscopic pilosity. Mesonotum, pleurz, and scutellum without any distinct hairs or bristles, only microscopic pile present on the mesonotum. Abdomen about three times as long as head and thorax together, shaped as in Figure 28, Plate XIV; the surface with very short, soft, decumbent hairs. Legs with very short surface hairs, appearing bare except under a strong lens; the anterior surfaces of the coxze with rather longer pale hairs. Wings bare, the costa unfringed, the posterior margin with distinct, though not long, fringe. Length, 2.25 mm. Locality, Urbana, Illinois, November 7, 1913 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). This genus is very difficult to locate properly in any of the families, but finds its closest affinities with the Bibionide. The presence of ocelli, the short antennz, and the strong legs point to an association with Scatopse, to which the wing venation also bears some resemblance. The absence of the cross vein is however peculiar to Forbesomyia. In the chironomid genus Tersesthes Townsend, we have an approach to the same neuration, but there are radical differ- ences even here, and the antenna of Tersesthes is quite different in its structure. The single specimen upon which the genus and species are founded was taken on a window of the basement of the Natural History Building of the University of Illinois. Nothing is known therefore of the early stages of the species, though it may be pointed out that at the same time and place specimens occurred that were referable to 236 Scatopse, Zygoneura, Zygomyia, Leptocera, Lestremia, and various Cecidomyiide. The genus is named in honor of Prof. S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist of Illinois. DOLICHOPODID Zz Curysotus Meigen The species belonging to this genus are usually brilliant metallic green in color and of very small size, averaging about 2 mm. in length. Little is known of their habits in the early stages. The adults may be met with almost anywhere, during the summer months, running on leaves of plants in the sunshine. They are, as far as I have observed, purely flower- and plant- frequenting species, feeding on nectar, honeydew on leaves, and on moisture. Some of the species are met with near water, but often they occur at considerable distances from any body of water. : The species of Diaphorus are very closely allied to those of Chrysotus, and in some cases it is merely a question of individual opinion to which genus a species belongs. It may be accepted as a guide to the classification of the species of these genera that in Chrysotus the legs are less elongated and the pulvilli not enlarged on the fore tarsi. This is practically a summary of the differences that exist between the genera, Diaphorus having the legs elongated and the pulvilli of the fore tarsi at least, much enlarged. The males of Diaphorus have also a group of four or more bristles on the apex of the hypopygium, but these are sometimes weakly represented in spe- cies which obviously belong to Chrysotus. The two genera are very closely allied, and any revision of one of them would be necessarily incomplete unless the other were treated jointly with it. CHRYSOTUS CILIATUS, n. sp. Male.—Metallic green. Frons with a slight violet-blue tinge; face green, with a slight whitish pollinosity ; palpi yellowish, proboscis black; postocular cilia white; antenne black, arista concolorous. Mesonotum on the posterior half with a slight violaceous tinge, the anterior and lateral margins with slight white pollinosity; pleurze with slight violaceous tinge but not glossy; scutellum bright green. Abdo- men with distinct cupreous tinge on the dorsum. Legs yellow, coxe except the apices, all the femora except the extreme bases and apices, the entire hind tibiz and their tarsi, and the apices of the other tarsi 237 blackened, the femora and hind tibie with a metallic green tinge. Tegule and their cilia yellowish. Halteres yellow. Wings clear, veins brown-black. All bristles black. Frons slightly narrowed anteriorly; face as in Figure 14, Plate XIII; antenne large, shaped as in Figure 12, the third joint very distinctly pilose; palpi small, scarcely protruding. Mesonotum with two rows of acrostichals; scutellum slightly transverse posteriorly, the lateral posterior corners not regularly rounded, basal bristles hairlike. Abdomen normal, the surface hairs rather strong. Legs stout; fore tibia with one setula on antero-dorsal surface at about basal third, and on the postero-dorsal surface two weak setulz, one at the basal fifth and the other near the middle; mid tibia with two strong bristles on the antero-dorsal surface, one just before the basal third and the other just before the apical third, the postero-dorsal surface with two weaker bristles at about the same distance from base and apex as the other two; hind femora with the antero-ventral bristles confined to the apical third; hind tibia distinctly but not greatly thickened, the postero-ventral surface with four strong bristles which are almost equally spaced, the first about one fifth from the base, and the last very near to the apex, the antero-dorsal surface with two strong bristles, the first near the basal fourth, and the other just below the middle; the anterior surface with a ciliation of short hairs on its entire length; all tarsi slightly thickened, the posterior pair equal in length to their tibiz, their surfaces hairy, but not conspicu- ously so. Cross vein before middle of wing; costa normal. Length, 2.5 mm. Locality, Champaign, Illinois (Marten and Hart). Taken at the same time and place as flavisetus. This species belongs to the group which includes obliquus Loew and affinis Loew. Ciliatus differs from both of these in the broader face, and from affinis in the shape of the third antennal joint. Wheeler’s species choricus also belongs here. The color of the tegular cilia in this group is not reliable as a guide to the separation of the species, as in many cases it varies very considerably according to the angle from which it is viewed. The large white palpi of choricus should prove the most reliable character for its separation from affinis, to which it is very closely allied. The species herewith described has evidently much stronger bristling on the hind tibia than either affinis or obliquus. Both sexes of choricus, taken at the same time and place as ciliatus, are in the collection of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural His- tory. 238 CHRYSOTUS SPINIFER, N. sp. Male.—Metallic green. Frons dark metallic green, slightly gray pollinose; face green, paler than frons and with denser pollinosity, which is yellowish and distinctly lustrous; antennz black-brown, arista concolorous; palpi white, with a distinct luster ; proboscis black; postocular cilia silvery white. Mesonotum with the green color some- what obscured by brownish pollinosity, but shining; scutellum con- colorous with disc of mesonotum. Tegulz and their fringe yellow.. Abdomen green, fourth and fifth segments cupreous on the dorsum; surface hairs brown. Legs metallic green, the knees yellowish, tarsi brown; in some lights the tibiz brown on ventral surfaces. Wings clear, veins black. Bristles black. Frons about one third the head-width, the face very little narrower, the latter slightly narrowest at center; antenne of moderate length, third joint reniform (Pl. XIII, Fig. 9); palpi large and leaf- like (Fig. 8), at the broadest part as wide as face; postocular cilia very long and beardlike. Bristles on mesonotum strong, acrostichals indistinguishable; basal pair of scutellar bristles very weak and hair- like. Abdomen with rather strong surface hairs; ventral organs of the hypopygium small. Legs slender; fore tarsus slightly longer than tibia; mid pair about equal in length to their tibia; hind tarsus barely two thirds the length of the tibia; mid tibia with one strong bristle at about the basal third on the anterior surface, and three setule almost on the dorsal surface, the one farthest from base, and largest, being just about the middle; antero-dorsal surface of hind tibia with one bristle at basal third and another at middle, the antero-ventral surface with a series of 4-5 setule from before middle to apex, increasing a little in length as they near apex, the postero-dorsal surface with a series of 5-6 bristles the whole length of the tibia; basal joint of hind tarsus as in Figure 10, Plate XIII, with a strong ventral bristle; surfaces of all legs with short hairs. Cross vein at wing-middle; veins 3-4 slightly convergent. Length, 2.75 mm. Locality, Algonquin, Illinois (Nason). One male. Diaphorus simplex Ald. has a ventral spine on the hind metatar- sus, but the venation, palpi, etc., are quite different. The species de- scribed herewith is difficult to place in either Diaphorus or Chrysotus, but I consider it has closest affinities with the latter. CHRYSOTUS ANOMALUS, N. sp. Male.—Frons black, with a slight greenish luster; basal joint of antenne pale yellow, the other two joints black; face brownish, with 239 slight, pale pollinosity; palpi and proboscis brown; postocular cilia whitish. Mesonotum metallic blue-black, becoming cupreous on the posterior half, without distinct pollinosity; scutellum more greenish; pleurz black, slightly shining and without metallic luster. Abdomen black-brown, shining, with a bluish luster on dorsum; ventral append- ages of hypopygium yellow. Legs yellow, mid and hind coxe black- ened at bases, tarsi brownish towards the apices. Tegulze yellowish, fringe concolorous. Wings clear, the anterior half slightly grayish, veins brown. All bristles black. Frons distinctly over one third the width of the head, becoming narrower anteriorly; face linear, distinct only below antennz, in the form of a small triangle; palpi and proboscis very small; head distinctly higher than long, the antennz inserted slightly above the middle; eyes slightly pubescent, the facets distinctly enlarged below level of antennz on an area bordering the face; third antennal joint elongated, acutely pointed, and very distinctly pilose (Pl. XIII, Fig. II); arista in type very short, possibly broken. Legs slender, slightly hairy, the hairs especially noticeable the whole length of the antero- dorsal surface of the hind tibiz and on the same surface of the basal joint of the hind tarsus; the mid femora have a row of distinct bristles the whole length of the postero-ventral surface; mid tibia with a rather distinct bristle at basal third on the antero-dorsal surface; hind femora much less strongly bristled than the mid pair, the hair- like bristles confined to the antero-ventral surface. Wings with cross vein at middle; veins 3-4 slightly divergent; costa very short-haired, unthickened. Length, 1.5 mm. Locality, New Orleans, Louisiana (S. A. Forbes). This species resembles acutus Aldrich in the shape of the third antennal joint, but differs in several essential characters from the description of that species as given by Aldrich. CHRYSOTUS FLAVISETUS, N. sp. Male.—Metallic green. Frons dark metallic green, anteriorly white pollinose; face thickly covered with silvery pollinosity which almost obscures the green ground-color; antenne black-brown, arista concolorous; palpi white; proboscis brownish; postocular cilia whitish. Mesonotum emerald green, with distinct whitish pollinosity ; scutellum with a bluish tinge; pleurz black, posteriorly opaque, anteriorly with a metallic, bluish luster. Abdomen rather darker than the mesonotum, the dorsum with a cupreous tinge; the slightly projecting ventral appendages of the hypopygium yellow. Tegule, tegular fringe, and 240 halteres yellow. Legs, including coxe, yellow, the mid and hind coxe slightly reddish at bases. Wings clear, veins brown. Bristles on mesonotum and scutellum, as well as the hairs on the abdomen, when viewed from above and in front, yellow. Frons about one third the width of the head, the eyes slightly con- cave a little above antennz, which causes the frons to have its widest expanse at that point; face wide, equal to about one fourth the head- width at center, becoming very slightly wider at lower extremity, and very distinctly wider at upper extremity ; antennz situated slightly above middle of profile, shaped as in Figure 15, Plate XIII, the pubescence on the third joint very distinct; palpi rather broad, about equal in breadth to the width of the face at mouth-margin; postocular cilia distinct, but not beardlike. Mesonotum with two rows of acrostichals; scutellum rounded in outline, the basal pair of bristles weak. The hairs on hind margins of abdominal segments rather long; several weak hairs on apex of hypopygium. Legs slender; (fore tibiz and tarsi missing in type specimen;) mid tibia with one distinct bristle on the antero-dorsal surface at about the basal fourth; hind tibia with one bristle at basal fourth on antero-dorsal surface, and 4-5 rather stronger ones lengthwise of the postero-dorsal surface; tarsi normal; all legs with short surface hairs. Cross vein at wing middle; veins 3-4 slightly divergent. Length, 2 mm. Female.—Similar in coloration to the male. Differs considerably in the structure of the head. The face, below the antenne, is nearly one third the width of head at same part, converging towards lower extremity, where it is slightly over one half as wide as at upper extremity; the antennz are much smaller (Pl. XIII, Fig. 16) and the arista is rather longer; the palpi are slightly more enlarged, and the proboscis is more protruding. The legs are colored and bristled as in the male. There is one very weak setula on fore tibia at about the basal fourth. Locality, Champaign, Illinois, taken alongside of railroad June 22, 1888 (Marten and Hart). One male and eight females. ANTHOMYIDAt FANNIA LATIFRONS, N. sp. Male.—Black. Frontal stripe and orbits silvery white; facial orbits and face with similar pilosity; antenne black, palpi and proboscis concolorous. Mesonotum shining black, with faint brown- ish pollinosity ; scutellum and pleurz concolorous. Abdomen shining 241 black, but when viewed from behind the sparse whitish pollinosity obscures the surface of each segment so as to leave a narrow dorso- central stripe and a narrow post-marginal fascia; hypopygium black, the surface grayish pollinose. Legs black, fore tibia and all the tarsi yellowish. Wings clear. Calyptre white, the fringe concolorous. Halteres yellow. Frontal stripe very wide, at vertex one fourth the width of the head, becoming slightly wider near to base of antennz; orbits wide, each at middle equal to width of central stripe; one distinct orbital bristle present; inner margin of orbits with a single row of rather strong cruciate setulz, otherwise bare; antennz reaching to epistome, third joint broader than usual in this genus; arista bare; palpi normal. Mesonotum with two presutural macrochzte; the acrostichals in three rows. Abdomen not longer than thorax; hypopygium distinct, though not conspicuous. Fore tibia with only the preapical bristle; mid and hind femora slightly thickened, the former very little con- stricted at apex; antero-ventral surface of mid femur with rather short bristles, which are somewhat widely spaced to middle (4-5), then become closer, and on the apical third become very short and comblike; postero-ventral row rather longer; mid tibia becoming slightly thicker from base to apex, the pubescence on the ventral surface very short and inconspicuous; the usual bristles present on the apical third, but very weak; hind femur with a row of very weak, short, hairlike bristles on the antero-ventral surface, only the last two strong, the postero-ventral surface without any distinct bristles; hind tibia with two dorsal, one antero-dorsal, and one antero-ventral bristles; no distinguishable setulae above the antero-dorsal bristle; tarsi normal. Outer cross vein of wing at about its own length from end of fifth vein; last section of fourth vein about two and one half times as long as the penultimate section. Under scale of calyptre distinctly larger than the upper. Length, 2.5 mm. Locality, Elliott, Illinois, July 10, 1906 (E. O. G. Kelly). This species is readily separated from any previously described form in this genus by the very widely separated eyes. In general appearance latifrons resembles Steinomyia steini Malloch, but the lower orbital bristle of the male of the former is not present in latifrons. In the same collection there is a female in rather poor condition that very probably belongs to this species. It differs from the male in having the frons with white pollinosity, which is not silky, or metallic in luster; in having the normal 2 orbital bristles; only 3 242 pairs of cruciate bristles; the entire frons at vertex one third as wide as head; the antennz slightly shorter; and the legs with the same form and bristles as in the female of serena. In other respects the specimen agrees so closely with the male that I consider it as almost certainly belonging to the same species. ADDENDUM After this paper went to press Mr. C. A. Hart and the writer succeeded in obtaining, at Muncie, Ill., a large series of Palpomyia trivialis Loew, representing both sexes. This species may be separated from P. subasper Coquillett by the bristling of the femora, the thorns being confined to the fore pair, and, in the female, by the absence of the spines on the ventral surface of the last tarsal joint. The male is very similar to that of subasper and may readily be confused with it, as the thorns on the mid and hind femora are weak; but the claws are distinctly smaller in trivialis, and there are no traces whatever of thorns except on the fore femora. The last section of the costa in both sexes of trivialis is almost equal in length to the distance from its apex to the apex of the upper branch of the media. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fig. Fic. Fig. Fia. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fig. Fic. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fic. FG. Fig. Fig. Fic. Fig. Fic. Fie. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fic. Fig. Fic. Fic. Fic. PAT M Rg pop 10. 243 EXPLANATION OF PLATES Puate XIIT Pupa of Palpomyia longipennis, apical three segments, lateral view. Thoracic respiratory organ of same. Fourth abdominal segment of same, dorsal view. Apical segment of same, dorsal view. Palpomyia schwarzi, last tarsal joint of female. Palpomyia longipennis, wing of female. Chironomus compes, femur, tibia, and first two tarsal joints of hind leg. Chrysotus spinifer, palpus of male. Antenna of male of same. Basal joint of hind tarsus of same. Chrysotus anomalus, antenna of male. Chrysotus ciliatus, antenna of male. Chrysotus choricus, antenna of male. Chrysotus ciliatus, head of male from in front. Chrysotus flavisetus, antenna of male. Antenna of female of same. PLATE XIV Chironomus ferrugineovittatus, labium of larva. Antenna of larva of same. Maxilla of same. Anal segments of same. Forbesomyia atra, antenna of female. Wing of female of same. Zygoneura fenestrata, apex of abdomen of female. Antenna of female of same. Chironomus ferrugineovittatus, mandible of larva. Zygoneura fenestrata, wing of male. Hypopygium of male of same, lateral view. Forbesomyia atra, abdomen of female, dorsal view. Zygomyia interrupta, wing of male. PLATE XV Johannseniella flavidula, thorax of pupa, dorsal view, showing the split made by the emergence of the imago. Dorsal view of third segment of abdomen of pupa of same. Lateral view of last three abdominal segments of same. Dorsal view of apical segment of abdomen of same. Johannseniella albaria, thorax of pupa, showing the condition before emer- gence of adult. Dorsal view of third abdominal segment of pupa of same. Lateral view of last three segments of abdomen of same. Dorsal view of apical segment of abdomen of same. PLATE XIII SRM eMech tet 48 PLATE XIV FRM AMA tee PLATE XV js Te Malech elves = Z - c , \ a 2 7 ’ > , ; & . nd ; \ . es. i * % BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY URBANA, ILLINOIS, U. S. A. STEPHEN A. FORBES, Pu.D., L.L.D., DIRECTOR VoL. X. OcrosBErR, 1914 ARTICLE V. THE EFFECTS OF KEROSENE AND OTHER PETROLEUM OILS - ON THE VIABILITY AND GROWTH OF ZEA MAIS BY JoHun Hamitton WHITTEN BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY URBANA, ILLINOIS, U.S. A. STEPHEN A. FORBES, Pu.D., L.L.D., DIRECTOR Vou. X. OcroBER, 1914 ARTICLE V. THE EFFECTS OF KEROSENE AND OTHER PETROLEUM OILS ON THE VIABILITY AND GROWTH OF ZEA MAIS BY Joun HamILtTon WHITTEN CONTENTS 1, TREC RO, cognctedd ono Sr. o oA Oban BO DOS Oe g CABIN OCC ORICtEDO i Cpe clad ae 145 Babee Pe th Od sie petet-r eiccercvctay eens eveecl stevereforsteher sietanere astioie, islets citvccess,cvels) « ale) «.aeievavajaceps/euiays 246 EMU imin atLOT SOL MUN eM OU te rerercveialeraiel sabes fetetalojerelevalcne rcieetcicie ote is’'e ctwvssaratnte sisters 246 Be SONI SMO Che o 5 ots GS ORO GOO TANTD DO Dee SOIC cae rete pieaees 247 Bem MOUsilITe, GCOMbEMt Ody the: SOU srelo--r-m efalate tie lone se wis) si sie: sicle fo) Sas abecale eras euere 247 4), (Ot TAMER 6B aeo as mat Hoinoh oe tom COUR EO RICO CIC ITEC Cie TIGR Ir reas 247 Bh IPR ERO OF TGP OIE sr oWoteds dooocdt Uo seeBosbo OD Dba beobeamboucdee 248 (i JPN «954 6G oo CO Gb cCo goon HAS GOD Ccnb Se Rote ORT OAS eect rorcr haan 249 ETAT CT A LULL wee ctarat aero wefeyel creeper eteye ee ce apeh evan cin auie sre aver vvefows eves a Wierstanere waeleae, 250 AED eniment ani ON ean Oe CUSCUSSIOM ste heer lacche Mie ? ? 3 da. a? ? 2? ” 2? 3 da. 2) a) 5 da. a? ) 5 da. 5 da. 5 da. 5 da. 5 da. 5 da. air air air air air . air . air air air air air air air . air . air No. Penct Per ct. in- ‘| norm. ra SRO ONCORFOCO ON CH SOT COW SON CNHNW CONS COOCONFOCRH HWOS RPREFS Trial Check Check 5 Check 6 Cheek 7 Check 8 Check 9 Check 10 Check il Check 12 Check 13 Check 14 Check 253 Serres A—Continued TABLE 2, BooNE CouNtTy WHITE CorRN IN A 50% SatTurateD Som No. of grains Kerosene After No. te Per ct, treatment treatment germ. jured germ. dipped 3 da. air 41 1 82 1 min. 2) 44 1 88 5 min. ie 45 at 90 25 0 100 10 min. 3 da. air 40 0 80 15 min. a 44 1 88 30 min. ie 42 al 84 24 1 96 1 hr 3 da. air 43 2 86 2 hr. a 40 2 80 3 hr. td 38 2 76 6 hr. ue 36 1 72 8 hr. 22 38 1 76 49 1 98 1 da. 3 da. air 36 1 72 3 da. nu) 37 2 74 6 da. a2 33 1 66 25 1 100 10 da. 5 da. air 60 1 60 25 0 100 25 da. 5 da. air 61 8 61 25 0 100 30 da. 5 da. air 62 3 62 24 0 96 50 da. 5 da. air 60 3 60 25 0 100 120 da, 5 da. air 56 0 56 24 1 96 158 da. 5 da. air 56 if 56 25 0 100 190 da. 5 da. air 53 0 53 100 0 100 215 da. 5 da. air 47 2 47 23 0 92 i vag 5 da. air 48 0 48 25 0 100 2 yrs. 5 da. air 40 0 40 25 0 100 Series A—Continued 54 TABLE 3. Trial No. of Kerosene After a grains treatment treatment if 50 dipped 3 da. air 50 1 min wy 50 5 min 22 Check 25 2 50 10 min 3 da. air 50 15 min ag 50 30 min ee Check 25 3 50 1 hr. 3 da. air 50 2 hr. ay 50 3 hr. is 50 6 hr. a 50 8 hr. pe 50 14 hr. is Check 50 4 50 1 da. 3 da. air 50 3 da. 4 50 6 da. Be Check 25 5 100 10 da. 5 da. air Check 25 6 100 25 da. 5 da. air Check 25 7 100 30 da. 5 da. air Check 25 8 100 50 da. 5 da. air Check 25 9 100 120 da. 5 da. air Check 25 10 100 158 da. 5 da. air Check 25 11 160 190 da. 5 da. air Check 25 12 100 215 da. 5 da. air Check 25 13 100 1 yr. 5 da. air Check 25 14 100 2 yr. 5 da. air Check 25 wo — ow conyp Fe op a ow em bo & bo SP OorrNS NOoOrRF ll ell ld Erp Oo Boone Country WHITE CoRN IN A 75% SATURATED Sor Per ct Per et norm Bem growth 54 54 60 58 52 50 96 92 56 54 66 64 60 60 92 84 62 62 56 52 50 48 44 42 46 46 54 44 90 88 50 46 60 48 44 40 96 88 42 39 96 96 40 36 100 100 41 39 92 92 35 34 100 96 28 26 100 100 22 "20 96 96 25 21 92 92 26 21 100 92 12 8 96 96 8 6 100 96 255 2. LONG PERIODS OF IMMERSION Reference has already been made to the work started on this problem in the laboratory of plant physiology at the University of Illinois previous to the publication of the report by Professor Forbes (08). This work was abandoned before any definite results had been obtained, but the corn immersed in kerosene at that time (Feb- ruary 6, 1906) was set aside and kept in the storeroom of the labora- tory in a loosely covered fruit-jar until the present work was begun. The oil had become yellow and was of the consistency of thin syrup. There was about a pint of this corn—an amount far too small to per- mit any elaborate tests, but sufficient to demonstrate conclusively that under optimum conditions a considerable portion of it was capable of germination and perfectly normal growth. The majority of the trials recorded in Table 4 were made when the preliminary experiments, already referred to, were in progress. Of these trials, No. 3 yielded the highest per cent. of germination and was in every way the most satisfactory of any which had been made up to that time. After the treatment indicated in the table, the grains used in this trial were placed on filter-paper in a germinating pan with barely enough moisture present to initiate the growth proc- esses. As soon as a definite growth of root and coleoptile appeared the grains were transferred to soil in which the moisture was some- what higher but which did not exceed 30% saturation. This method was followed in all subsequent trials made with this corn. The seed- lings recorded in the column under per cent. of normal growth were just as vigorous and had just as good color as the check seedlings which were grown from corn less than one year old. Plate XVI isa picture of two stalks of the corn grown from grains immersed in kero- sene for eight years (Trial 9, Table 4). A number of attempts were made to germinate grains of this corn in 50 and 75% saturated soil but all were complete failures. 256 SERIES A—Concluded TABLE 4, Golden Eagle Corn, immersed in kerosene February 6, 1906. Trial 1 was made July 11, 1911. The others followed as the time of the kerosene treatment indicates. Sotl 80% saturated. Trial No. Kerosene After- Per ct.|% Norm. grains treatment treatment germ.| growth 1 50 5 yrs, 5 mos., 5 da. |48 hrs. clay, 12 hrs. air 40 40 2 50 2, 48 hrs. plaster of Paris, 12| 44 44 hrs. air 3 100 5 yrs., 5 mos., 22 da.|7 da. plaster of Paris, 1 da.| 64 55 : air, 8 hrs, running water 4 35 oY 60 da. plaster of Paris 65 56 5) 35 2 None 32 32 6 25 5 yrs., 6 mos., 8 da. |60 da. plaster of Paris 58 50 7 25 se) 60 da. air 44 36 8 20 6 yrs., 2 mos. 10 da, air 50 40 9 20 8 yrs. 5 min. chloroform, 5 da. air| 20 15 3. TYPES OF ABNORMALITIES In soils of 50 and 75% saturation, abnormally swollen grains oc- curred frequently. A watery fluid collected inside the membranes in considerable quantities. By slight pressure several drops could be se- cured from a single grain. Microscopical examination of the ex- tracted liquid showed the presence of both perfect and corroded starch grains. Occasionally in the 75% saturated soil this liquid seemed to undergo fermentation. The pericarp, in these instances, was ruptured and the accumulated liquid made its way to the surface of the soil where it spread out and, drying, formed a hard white crust. Exami- nation of this crust under the microscope showed corroded starch grains and a large number of bacteria. The bacteria were of uniform shape and size and apparently belonged to a single species. Swellings as above described occurred among the grains which had failed to germinate and among those which were growing normally. They were also occasionally found among the normal grains used as a check, but much less frequently than among the treated grains. From the observations made, there was nothing to indicate that the swollen con- dition had any bearing on the germination or growth of the corn. c 257 When punctured by a pin-prick the liquid inside the grain oozed out and no further accumulation of it occurred. This showed that it prob- ably was due to the high osmotic pressure inside the intact membranes and to an abundance of available water in the surrounding soil. No swollen grains appeared in cultures in which the moisture content of the soil was but 30% of saturation or less. One of the most noticeable injuries, though by no means the most frequent, was a curled and twisted condition of the leaves due to their inability to unfold normally in the process of growth. An examination of the tips of these leaves showed, in the majority of cases, that they were dead and that they adhered to each other on that account. It was possible to produce typical cases of the injury on control seedlings by touching the tip of the growing shoot immediately after it appeared through the coleoptile with an injurious reagent. Of the reagents used for this purpose sulphuric acid was the most certain to cause the abnormal growth. Kerosene applied in the same manner produced the injury, but it was by no means as effective as the sulphuric acid. The injury appeared occasionally among control seedlings, but there can be no doubt that the unusual frequency of the deformity in treated grains was due to the effects of the kerosene. Another abnormality attributable to the kerosene was a much enlarged and thickened coleoptile which the growing plumule occa- sionally failed to rupture. Whenever this unusual development ap- peared it was observed that the plumule had not grown nearly as far in the coleoptile as it ordinarily does. In some instances the plumule failed to develop, leaving the coleoptile entirely empty. This seemed to in- dicate that the coleoptile is less sensitive to the kerosene than the en- closed structures are, and that the enlargement is correlated with the failure of the plumule to develop. The most frequent injury was the death of the shoot. This oc- _curred many times in grains from which the root grew normally. Very rarely in these experiments did the shoot grow when the root had been killed. The injuries mentioned above were not as distinct from each other as the descriptions might seem to indicate. As a matter of fact there was an imperceptible gradation from one to another. The de- formed leaves seem to represent the first visible injurious effects of the kerosene treatment. Increasing ill effects, due to an increase in the period of immersion, could be followed through a gradually decreasing vitality, to death. The action of the kerosene in producing injuries, and other evidences to be presented later, indicate that kerosene is not a violent poison to the growing corn-seedling. 258 4, DRY MEMBRANES It is evident that the kerosene did not act uniformly on the grains of corn which were subjected to the treatment. Some were killed, some injured, while others showed no injurious effects whatsoever. These conditions prevailed regardless of the period of immersion. No length of treatment was found which directly killed or even injured all the grains. This fact becomes significant when it is noted that the kerosene treatment was varied from a mere dipping to continuous im- mersion for a period of eight years. Rather early in my work it was suspected that the oil penetrated the membranes of some grains more readily than those of others. Some embryos had an oil-soaked appearance after the kerosene treat- ment while others seemed free from the oil. To obtain further evidence of the permeability of the coats to the oil, 200 grains of Champion White Pearl were placed in kerosene colored with Sudan III. After 50 days’ immersion the corn was re- moved and superficially dried with a towel. One hundred of these grains, taken at random, were cut transversely through the middle of the embryos and carefully examined for the presence of colored oil. Seventy-eight showed no trace of oil or color in the embryos; five were slightly stained; the remaining seventeen were deeply stained and showed the presence of oil in considerable quantities. In no case was there any evidence of oil in the endosperm. The remaining 100 grains treated with Sudan III kerosene, as above indicated, were left exposed to the air for twelve hours and then planted in a 30% satu- rated soil. In cutting through the 100 grains taken at random from the 200 treated, it very soon became apparent that in most cases a selection from external appearances alone could be made. This was attempted before planting the remaining 100 of the treated grains. From external examination these 100 grains were divided into three groups: first, those seeming to be free from the colored oil; second, those showing slight traces of it; and third, those in which the em- bryos were deeply stained. The grains of these groups were planted in separate rows in the culture pans and were kept under identical con- ditions. Of the 76 grains of group one, all germinated and produced normal seedlings. Nine out of 14 of the second group, germinated but produced seedlings showing greater or less injury. One grain from group three germinated, the seedling being decidedly weak. It has already been stated that the grains were carefully selected before they were immersed in the oil. Any having visible defects were rejected, but no selection was made after removing the corn from the oil, with the following exception: April 20, a quantity of the eee eee 259 Champion White Pearl was removed from the kerosene in which it had been placed February 6—76 days’ immersion—and 50 grains were selected from it which seemed from external appearances to be free from kerosene. ‘These grains were exposed to the air for ten days and then planted in a 30% saturated soil. Forty-nine, or 98% of them, developed normal seedlings. From these results it is apparent that an almost perfect germination can be secured by selecting grains showing no traces of stain in the embryos. ‘The selection of grains with membranes slightly permeable to the colored oil can by no means so easily be made. The structures at the tips of the grains always take up the oil readily and it spreads for some distance from them, giving the appearance of stain within the embryos when in reality it is en- tirely superficial. The absence of Sudan III in the grain does not necessarily mean the absence of kerosene, since the membranes may be semi-permeable. A number of experiments were undertaken to test this assumption. Grains immersed in Sudan III kerosene for long periods and free from stain were carefully dissected, and the structures within the coats were tested by the picric acid methods of Schulz (’08), and Krauz (’09). The results were uniformly negative. It was found that tests by these reagents were not nearly so delicate as the sense of taste. In no case, however, could the presence of kerosene be de- tected in unstained grains. On the other hand, it could be readily de- tected in grains which had been but slightly stained with Sudan III. It should be here stated that the above holds true only for air-dry grains. These facts indicate very clearly that the kerosene enters some of the grains and is excluded from others. Whether the membranes of the grains showing penetration had been mechanically injured or were of different physical structure has not been determined. In either case the result would be the same. Undoubtedly there are many opportunities for mechanical injuries, but the fact that the number of grains exhibiting a penetration of the kerosene increases with the time of immersion would indicate that the membranes are not uni- formly impermeable. Membranes of widely different properties are not uncommon in seeds of the same kind. Many cases of delayed germination are at- tributed to this peculiarity [see Crocker (’06) ; Hanlein (’80) ; Nobbe and Hanlein (’77) ]. It is not unlikely that the membranes of the corn kernel are sufficiently different in their organization or development to permit a rather wide variation in their permeability to kerosene. A number of interesting studies on the physical properties of plant membranes have appeared recently. Brown (’07 and ’0g) found 260 the “seed” of Hordeum vulgare to be enclosed in a semi-permeable membrane. He found the aleurone layer of Hordeum vulgare to con- tain a pigment which serves as an indicator for acids and alkalis. This was not only a very interesting discovery but one which materially aided in the successful conduct of his work. He learned that the in- tact membranes of H. vulgare are impermeable to sulphuric acid; con- sequently when, in the presence of this acid, the purple pigment changed to a pink color it indicated imperfect membranes. Thus it was possible for him to select “seed” with intact membranes for ex- perimental purposes. From all indications, Sudan III is just as ef- ficient for determining imperfections in the membranes of Zea as are the color reactions déscribed by Brown. Schréder (’11), using Brown’s methods, found the same kind of semi-permeable membranes in wheat. More recently Shull (13), has made similar studies on the tests of Xanthium glabratum and demonstrated selective semi-permeability like that found in Hordeum. 5. MUTILATED MEMBRANES To determine the toxic action of kerosene on the embryo, the outer membranes were punctured at several places and also removed. The following tables (Series B, tables 5 to 10 inclusive) give the re- sults. SERIES B Tables 5 to 10 inclusive. Effects of kerosene on grains with mem- branes punctured before immersion. Champion White Pearl Corn germinated in a 25% saturated soil. Tasie 5. Norman GRAINS (CONTROL) Trial No. of Kerosene After No. No. in- Per ct. |% Norm. grains | treatment | treatment |germ. jured germ. | growth 1 50 5 days 3 da. air 50 0 100 100 2 50 10 days MZ 50 0 100 100 3 50 15 days ay 50 2 100 96 4 50 20 days ay 50 2 100 96 5 50 25 days ae 46 3 92 86 6 50 35 days Hd 44 6 88 76 7 50 50 days wet 40 4 80 72 8 50 75 days Ud 38 1 76 74 TABLE 6, PEDICLE REMOVED Trial No. of Kerosene After No. No. in- Per ct. |% Norm. mA grains | treatment | treatment | germ. jured germ. | growth 1 50 5 days 3 da. air 50 0 100 100 2 50 10 days ea 50 0 100 100 3 50 15 days Me 50 0 100 100 4 50 20 days 22 50 1 100 98 5 50 25 days iy 50 0 100 100 6 50 35 days a 50 0 100 96 7 50 50 days ied 50 |. 1 100 98 8 50 75 days ” 47 94 94 261 SgriEs B—Concluded TABLE 7. PERICARP PUNCTURED AT DISTAL END OF COLEOPTILE ‘rial | No-of | Kerosene After No. No. in- Peret. | % Norm. B grains | treatment | treatment | germ. jured germ. growth 1 50 5 days 3 da. air 50 30 100 40* s 59 10 days 2 44 38 88 12 3 50 15 days a 34 32 68 04t 4 50 20 days ae 30 28 60 04t 5 50 25 days 7 22 22 44 00 6 50 35 days a 6 5 12 02 ay 50 50 days ae 0 00 00 8 50 75 days ty 1 1 02 00 *Not so vigorous as control. tRetarded and decidedly weak. TABLE 8. MEMBRANES LYING WITHIN THE PEDICLE PUNCTURED Trial No. of Kerosene After No. No. in- Per ct. | % Norm. grains | treatment | treatment | germ. jured germ. growth 1 50 5 days 3 da. air 50 0 100 100* 2 50 10 days a) 50 0 100 100* 3 50 15 days ri 48 40 96 16+ 4 50 20 days id 50 42 100 16+ 5 50 25 days Ud 32 32 64 00 6 50 35 days og 20 28 60 04 7 50 50 days ye 20 20 40 00 8 50 75 days Jt 0 00 00 *Slightly retarded. tRetarded and weak. TABLE 9. PERICARP REMOVED 3 Trial No. of Kerosene After No. No. in- Per ct. | Norm 2 grains | treatment | treatment | germ. jured germ. | growth at 50 5 days 3 da. air 50 12 100 76* 2 50 10 days at 50 10 100 80* 3 50 15 days a 36 20 72 32* 4 50 20 days a 30 30 60 00 5 50 25 days uf) 16 16 32 00 6 50 35 days fe 10 10 20 00 7 50 50 days ks 2 2 04 00 8 50 75 days J 0 00 00 *Retarded and weaker than control, TABLE 10. PERICARP REMOVED 3 No. of : No. No. in- Per et. | %Norm. uo grains EA EEO os germ. jured germ growth 1 50 5 days 50 5 100 90 2 50 10 days 48 7 96 82 3 50 15 days 46 iby 92 tie 4 50 20 days 45 oe 90 2 5 50 25 days 46 ite 92 ae 6 50 35 days 40 ne 80 rae 7 50 50 days 48 ie 96 Be 8 50 75 days 46 re 92 Ge *These seedlings were uniformly weak. It could not be told at the time of observation whether they would recover or not. 262 The fact that the pericarp is greatly modified at the tip of the grain—the pedicle—into a very porous vascular tissue, introduces a factor that greatly increases the difficulty in a study of the mem- branes. At this point, however, the pericarp is reinforced within by a compact remnant of the nucellus which, when perfect, effectively pre- vents the oil from penetrating the grains. There can be no question but that this is the usual point of ingress into those grains in which the embryos are stained. The colored oil invariably makes its appearance here and gradually passes up through the embryo. That the pedicle itself is not only valueless for excluding the oil but that it is the source of positive injury is shown in Table 6. The pedicles were carefully broken off from these grains before immersing them in kerosene, and it was found that a higher rate of germination resulted from grains so treated. It is altogether likely that the spongy tissue of the pedicle, by retaining rather large quantities of the kerosene, is responsible for a decrease in germination when it is not removed. The oil remaining in or on the grains seems to be absorbed and carried to the regions of growth as soon as the growth processes are initiated. If the amount is beyond a certain limit, injury is produced. The effects of removing the pedicle and slightly puncturing the membranes within it are shown in Table 8. The best place to puncture the pericarp without injuring the embryo is near the distal end of the coleoptile where, in the process of maturing, a small wrinkle is formed in a rather large proportion of the grains. ‘The membranes at this point can readily be ruptured with a needle without the slightest in- jury to the underlying parts. The effects of thus puncturing the coats (Table 7) are in a gen- eral way comparable to those secured by puncturing the membranes lying within the pedicle. In the latter case, however, the grains did not show the injurious effects as quickly as in the former. In both cases the colored oil penetrated the embryos in sufficient quantities to be plainly visible in twenty-four hours. It is important to note that, excepting a slight retardation, 100% of the grains in Table 8 con- tinued to produce normal seedlings after immersion in kerosene for a period of ten days. This shows that the presence of a limited amount of oil in the embryo is not necessarily injurious. By soaking the grains in tepid water for ten minutes the entire pericarp, including the pedicle, is very easily removed without in- jury to the parts within. After thus removing it, the grains were dried at room temperature for five days and then immersed in kero- sene. The results (Table 9) correspond closely to those obtained in the experiments with punctured membranes and show that a punctured 263 pericarp is equivalent to its removal. In either case the dormant grains are killed within a comparatively short time (75 days). It will be noticed that grains with the pericarp removed but not otherwise treated (Table 10) retained the power of germination to a fairly high degree for the time indicated in the table; but such grains after ten days’ exposure to the dry air of a steam- heated room produced seedlings that were uni- formly weak. This indicates that these mem- branes play a very important role in preserving the vitality of the grains. The dry pericarp, not including the pedicle, was shown to be impermeable to kerosene in an- other way. A large grain of the Champion White Pearl furnishes a membrane fully one-half inch in diameter. It is easily removed after soaking the grain for a few minutes in warm water. After drying, it can be cemented over the end of a glass tube for use either as a barometer or as an osmometer. This simple piece of apparatus was, as far as I know, first devised by Becquerel (’07) in his studies on the permeability of seed ef coats to certain gases. Shull (’13) also used it ig. 1. Apparatus used 5 . ° P in testing directly the per- with success in demonstrating the semi-permea- ef Gadi a. penibeniey PP bility of the testa of Xanthium. Adapted for my tube. d. Peertacie fer work, the apparatus was constructed as shown in Rape berteated the accompanying sketch. . Considerable difficulty was experienced in finding a cement not soluble in kerosene. Sealing-wax, such as is used by express com- panies for sealing valuable packages, was finally found to serve the purpose admirably. The rubber stopper at the end of the glass cylin- der serves as a foundation to which the membrane is cemented. The small glass tube (Fig. 1, cc) was allowed to protrude three or four millimeters through the perforated rubber stopper. A layer of wax equal in thickness to the protruding portion of the tube was then ap- plied and the edges of the membrane were pressed into it while it was still soft. More wax was then applied to make the seal perfect. The central portion of the membrane over the end of the small glass tube was left entirely free from wax. ¥ Such an apparatus was set up March 7, with kerosene on one side of the membrane and with plaster of Paris as an absorbent on the other. At the present time (May 6) the wax is holding perfectly and there has been no trace of oil passed through the membrane. A 264 similar apparatus was set up as a barometer November 29 and has supported a mercury column representing a complete atmospheric pres- sure since that time (5 mos., 7 days). The mercury rises and falls with the changes in atmospheric conditions, but no fall attributable to the penetration of air through the membrane has taken place. No effort has been made to extend these studies beyond the limits indicated in the title of the paper, but as a matter of interest the ap- paratus was set up as an osmometer with a saturated solution of sodium chloride on the inside of the membrane and distilled water on the outside. The contents of the upper tube, a cross-section of which had the same area as the exposed membrane, rose at the rate of 4% cm. a day for four days. Before the rise had ceased the liquid out- side the membrane was tested with silver nitrate for the presence of sodium chloride. The test showed the presence of the salt in large quantities. From these experiments it may be concluded that under the con- ditions described the membrane is impermeable to kerosene and to atmospheric gases, but that it is permeable to sodium chloride. 6. MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE GRAINS The data thus far discussed pertain to the corn which was thoroughly air-dried before it was immersed in kerosene. The fol- lowing experiments show the effects of similar treatments on grains containing different amounts of moisture at the time of immersion. SERIES C Tables 11 to 14 inclusive. The effects of different amounts of water in the grains at time of immersion in kerosene. Champion White Pearl Corn germinated in a 25% saturated soil. TABLE 11. WATER IN GRAINS DESICCATED TO CoNSTANT WEIGHT AT 100° C. Samples Original Dry Ratio of water (50 grains) weight weight to dry weight OVA COMTI; ce ae lees eeieeine "24.040 23.523 2.19% New corners .tesnestactno roosts 26.832 22.112 21.30% New corn soaked 1 hr........ 28.185 22.468 25.44% TABLE 12. OLD CoRN. WATER CONTENT EQUIVALENT TO 2.19 PER CENT. OF Dry WEIGHT J Trial No. of Kerosene After No. |No. in- | Per ct. |% Norm. grains treatment treatment germ. | jured | germ. | growth Al 50 5 days 3 da. air 50 0 100 100 2 50 10 days 4 50 0 100 100 3 50 15 days i 48 4 96 88 4 50 20 days ed 46 2 92 88 265 Serres C—Concluded TABLE 13. NEw CoRN. WATER CONTENT EQUIVALENT TO 21.3 PER CENT. OF Dry WEIGHT Trial No. of Kerosene After No. |No. in- | Perct. |% Norm. grains treatment treatment germ. | jured | germ. | growth 1 50 5 days 3 da. air 46 4 92 84 2 50 10 days le 36 8 72 56 3 50 15 days 7 8 8 16 00 4 50 20 days me 0 00 00 TABLE 14, New CorRN SOAKED IN WATER 1 HR. WATER CONTENT EQUIVALENT TO 25.44 PER CENT. OF Dry WEIGHT Trial No. of Kerosene After No. | No. in- | Perct. |% Norm. grains treatment treatment germ. | jured germ. | growth 1 50 5 days 3 da. air 42 1 84 82 2 50 10 days Ae 10 5 | 20 10 3 50 15 days ue 0 0 | 00 00 The amount of water contained in the respective samples used, as shown by desiccation to constant weight at 100 degrees C., is re- corded in Table 11. The old corn was harvested one year previous and had been stored in the dry rooms of the laboratory for approxi- mately six months. The new corn had just been harvested, but was fully mature and sound in every way. It will be noted that the old corn contained an amount of water equivalent to 2.19% of the con- stant weight at 100 degrees C.; the new corn, 21.3% ; and the new corn soaked in water for one hour, 25.44%. Under normal condi- tions both the old corn and the new corn germinated perfectly. The corn containing water in the amounts indicated above was immersed in kerosene and tested for viability at intervals of five days. The results are brought together in tables 12, 13, and 14. A glance at these tables shows that after a period of more than five days’ immer- sion in kerosene the injuries are very decidedly increased in the grains of high water content. One hundred per cent. of the dry grains germi- nated after ten days’ immersion in kerosene, while the germination of the new corn and the new corn soaked in water dropped to 36 and 10% respectively. Immersion in kerosene for twenty days proved fatal to all the corn of each lot containing the higher percentages of water. The air-dry corn, after an equal period of immersion, gave 92% germination and 88% normal growth. Since the per cent. of germination falls so rapidly in corn not fully dry and in corn soaked in water for a short time, it seems evident that some physical change of the investing membranes takes place on moistening, and that they become more readily permeable to kerosene. 266 After twenty days’ immersion in Sudan III kerosene, and after germination tests had proven all the grains dead, the remaining grains of the new corn were carefully examined to determine the number showing penetration of the stain. Of the 161 grains, 24, or approxi- mately 15%, were stained. Twenty-four days later—74 days’ immer- sion—the number had increased to 45, or 25%. If one should attempt to judge the viability of the grains by the presence or absence of the stain, as was done so effectively in the dry grains, the rate of germina- tion should be approximately 75%. Both stained and unstained grains, however, had lost all power of germination and the presence of kerosene was easily demonstrated in both. The conclusion nat- urally follows that the membranes of the moist grains permit the penetration of the kerosene, but that they effectively prevent the pas- sage of the Sudan III. The percentage of grains stained by Sudan III was approximately the same as in the dry grains. This supports the view previously expressed; namely, that the stained embryo 1 is an in- dication of imperfect membranes. 7. VARIATIONS IN SOIL MOISTURE That some grains of corn bear immersion for a period of eight years in kerosene is experimentally proven. This, however, is not true of all grains of like origin subjected to similar treatment. In every sample taken at random a certain percentage of the grains fail to germinate after a comparatively short period of immersion. By means of the Sudan III it has been conclusively established that a limited number of grains of a random sample are stained and that these even- tually fail to germinate even under the most favorable conditions. Death in these instances is due to the toxic action of the kerosene on the dormant embryo. Since it has been shown that the dry mem- branes are impermeable or only slightly permeable to kerosene, the presence of the oil within the membranes, in sufficient quantities to cause death, is attributable to imperfect membranes. The presence of small quantities of kerosene within the grain, however, does not neces- sarily prove injurious. Grains immersed in kerosene for the same periods of time give very unlike results when placed under different conditions for germination. It was found that in the presence of abundant moisture the injurious effects of the kerosene treatment are especially marked. In the experiments (Series A) in which grains, similarly treated with kerosene, were placed in soils with different moisture content, this injury was clearly brought out. When the amount of water in the soil was reduced from 30% saturation (Series A, Table 1) to 25% saturation (Series B, Table 5) the per cent. of 267 germination was increased and the growth of the seedlings was more nearly normal; but when the water content of the soil was increased to 50 or 75% of saturation (Series A, Tables 2 and 3) the per cent. of germination was markedly decreased and the subsequent growth of many of the seedlings abnormal. The germination and growth of grains immersed in Sudan III kerosene but unstained is normal in 25 and 30% saturated soils. The slightly stained grains, that is those containing small quantities of kerosene, frequently produced normal seedlings when the water con- tent of the soil did not exceed 25% saturation. In 30% saturated soil the per cent. of normal growth of these seedlings was greatly re- duced. In soils of 50 and 75% saturation all grains showing the slightest penetration were killed, as were also a considerable number in which the presence of oil could not be detected from external ex- amination. Traces of kerosene are always present when once the grains have been immersed in it. This is shown by the decreased germination in soils of high water content and also by other and more direct evi- dences. Grains immersed for comparatively short periods retain the taste of the oil after six months’ exposure to dry air at room tempera- ture. Because of the varying moisture content of the corn, and possibly changes due to the presence of the kerosene, the exact amount of oil taken up and retained could not be accurately determined. Quantita- tive evidence, though desirable, was not necessary to show that a con- siderable residue remained after volatilization had been carried to the limit used in this work. The question, then, of the disposition of the oil or its residues in those cases in which no injurious effects are pro- duced becomes important. Schmidt (’91), in his studies on the translocation of oils in the living plant, devised a method by which he succeeded in directly intro- ducing almond oil, cocoa butter, and other oils into the tissues of the stem. He showed that these oils were taken up and moved with con- siderable rapidity through both stem and leaf. He concluded that both neutral oils and fatty acids could be taken up by the growing plant, saponified and emulsified in a manner similar to that carried on in the animal organism. Kryz (og and ’13), investigating the effects on plants of oils used as insecticides, treated Jmpatiens with vaseline, and Datura and Alisma with kerosene. In the latter case he planted the seeds in flower-pots containing garden soil and sprinkled the soil with a 5% solution of the oil both before germination and after the plants had reached considerable size. He showed that the oil was taken up 268 and carried through the vascular tissues to the leaves, where it was stored in quantities sufficiently large to make its presence easily deter- minable. Unfortunately Kryz continued the treatment until the plants were killed. He seems not to have paid any attention to the power of recovery of the plant from injuries not at once fatal. These investigations led me to believe that under favorable con- ditions a limited amount of kerosene might be absorbed and disposed of, without injury, by the growing corn seedling. Observations con- firmed this belief. The coleoptiles of seedlings grown from grains immersed in colored oil frequently showed the red stain. In soils of low moisture content these seedlings developed normally, while in soils of high moisture content they were either killed or showed pronounced injury. Numerous attempts were made to demonstrate the presence of the oil in the tissues. Sections were treated with Sudan III, alkannin, and picric acid benzol (5), but because of the large amount of oil normally present in the structures of the young corn seedling and the very small amount of kerosene which ordinarily is present, the results were not successful. No satisfactory test for demonstrat- ing the presence of kerosene in very small quantities has been found. The experiments of Kryz were repeated in a modified form and his results confirmed. Corn seedlings were grown on filter-paper so that the roots penetrated the paper and entered soil contained in a pot below. When the seedlings were about three inches tall, from 1 to 3 drops of Sudan III kerosene were applied to the old grains at the base of the seedlings. A drop was equal to one-fiftieth cubic centimeter. In a few minutes the stain showed prominently in the stems of the seedlings and eventually reached the leaves in quantities sufficiently large to be plainly visible to the naked eye. All the seedlings treated with three drops died within five days after the treatment. The majority of the seedlings treated with one and two drops recovered. The amount of oil disposed of was certainly many times as much as could be retained in the dry grains immersed in oil and afterwards treated to eliminate it. It is apparent that the older seedlings can dis- pose of a much greater amount of oil than the younger ones. It is evident that within certain limits the seedlings are not in- jured by the oil present at the time of planting provided growth is initiated in the presence of a minimum amount of water. The small quantities of kerosene are toxic in proportion to the increase of the moisture content of the soil. In the 50 and 75% saturated soils the dormant period of the grain is always less than 36 hours, while in a 25% saturation the time is extended to approximately five days. This increase of time affords the seedling an opportunity to dispose of the oils much more slowly, and it does so without injurious effects. 269 8. OTHER OILS In addition to the kerosene the effects of a number of other petroleum oils have been studied. At the present time only the in- itial results have been obtained. These results indicate that the in- juries due to the penetration of the dormant grains by the oils are essentially the same as in the case of kerosene. ‘The effects on the germinating grains, however, differ very widely. The more volatile oil (gasoline, Table 16) produces no more injury than does the kero- sene. From present indications it seems probable that a high moisture content of the soil affects the grains immersed in the more volatile oils less than those immersed in kerosene. On the other hand, the injuri- ous effects of the heavier oils on germinating grains in soils of either low or high moisture content are much more pronounced. ‘The same means were employed for eliminating these oils from the grains after immersion as were used with the kerosene; viz., wiping the grains carefully with a towel and then exposing them to the air. The heavier oils do not volatilize as completely as the kerosene and gasoline do. The residues dry on the grains, producing a hard coating which pre- vents normal germination. At present the trend of evidence tends to show that the grains bear immersion in the lighter oils without injury for much longer peri- ods than in the heavier oils, and that the injurious after-effects of the latter are more pronounced than those of the former. SERIES D Tables 15 to 20 inclusive. Comparisons between kerosene and other petroleum oils. Champion White Pearl Corn germinated in a 25% saturated soil. TABLE 15, KEROSENE (CONTROL) Trial No. of Kerosene After No. |No.in-|Per ct.| Norm. grains treatment treatment germ. | jured | germ. | growth 1 50 5 days 3 da. air 50 0 100 100 2 50 10 days 22. 50 3 100 94 3 50 15 days a2 47 3 94 88 4 50 20 days He 47 4 94 86 5 50 25 days ae 45 1 90 88 6 50 35 days 4 43 1 86 82 7 50 50 days »? 39 2 78 74 8 50 75 days ce 34 a 68 66 TABLE 16, GASOLINE Trial No. of Gasoline After No. | No. in-|Per ct.| % Norm. grains treatment treatment germ. | jured germ. | growth 1 50 5 days 3 da. air 49 1 98 96 2 50 10 days ty 49 3 98 92 3 50 15 days iM 47 2 94 90 4 50 20 days Lig AT 3 94 88 5 50 25 days Me 45 1 90 88 6 50 35 days ite 42 a 84 82 if 50 50 days Lid 40 0 80 80 8 50 75 days v7. 37 1 74 72 270 Serres D—Concluded TABLE 17. Kansas CrupE OIL Trial No. of Oil After No. |No.in- | Per ct.|% Norm. grains treatment treatment germ. | jured | germ. | growth i 50 5 days 3 da. air 46 2 92 88 2 50 10 days te 48 2 96 92 3 50 15 days Jp 50 6 100 88 4 50 20 days Je 47 by) 94 88 5 50 25 days a3 43 4 86 78 6 50 35 days dt 44 5 88 78 7 50 50 days 2 50 20 100 60 8 50 75 days a 40 10 80 60 TABLE 18. Heavy Rep On, Trial | No-_of Oil After No. |No.in- | Peret. | %Norm. grains treatment treatment germ. | jured | germ. | growth 2 50 5 days 3 da, air 50 0 100 100* 2 50 10 days 22 46 0 92 92* 3 50 15 days re 40 5. 80 70* 4 50 20 days Hd 40 4 88 76* 5 50 25 days a 40 3 80 74* 6 50 35 days J) 48 4 96 88* 7 50 50 days Z% 40 28 80 24* 8 50 75 days ” 24 10 48 28* *All seedlings decidedly retarded. TaBLeE 19, FurL Cin Trial No. of Oil After No. | No.in-| Per ct.; % Norm. grains treatment treatment germ. | jured | germ. | growth 1 50 5 days 3 da. air 48 2 96 92* 2 50 10 days oe 46 14 92 64* 3 50 15 days ae 46 18 92 56* 4 50 20 days Ue 42 15 84 54* 5 50 25 days rs 44 14 88 60* 6 50 35 days a 48 f.) 96 80* 7 50 50 days Ea 42 26 84 32* 8 50 75 days a? 40 20 80 40* *From 2 to 3 days retarded. : TABLE 20. ENGINE Om Trial No. of Oil After No. |No.in-| Per ct.| ZNorm. : grains treatment treatment germ. | jured | germ. | growth 1 50 5 days 3 da. air 48 2 96 92* : 2 50 10 days id 48 20 96 56* . 3 50 15 days a 48 18 96 60* . 4 50 20 days am 45 16 90 58* 5 50 25 days ae 43 15 86 56* 6 50 35 days td 40 12 80 56* 7 50 50 days 22 44 32 88 24* 8 59 75 days Be, 40 24 80 32* *Retarded 3 days and very uneven. 271 9. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS Grains of Zea mais may be immersed in kerosene for periods of ten to twenty days without injury if the optimum conditions for the germination and growth of such grains are provided. These condi- tions include the removal of the superficial oil from the grains and the presence of a minimum amount of water during germination and in- itial growth. Injuries which occur to the dry grains immersed in kerosene for longer periods than above indicated are due to the penetration of the oil into the embryos through imperfect membranes. The dry membranes covering the corn embryo, when perfect, are impermeable to kerosene and to Sudan III. Some grains of Zea mais may be immersed in kerosene for eight years without injury to the dormant embryo. The life of dormant grains, with membranes which have been mechanically injured, is destroyed within seventy-five days after im- mersion in kerosene. Kerosene is injurious to the germinating grains in direct propor- tion to the length of time of immersion and to the increase of the. water content of the soil above the minimum required for germina- tion. When moist grains are immersed in a solution of kerosene and Sudan III, the membranes are penetrated by the kerosene but not by the Sudan III. The membranes are, therefore, semi-permeable. - The germinating corn grain may absorb and dispose of a limited amount of kerosene without injury. The smaller the amount of water present during germination the larger the quantity of kerosene which can be disposed of. Older corn seedlings may dispose of compara- tively large quantities of kerosene without injury. It is not advisable to treat seed corn with kerosene unless the water content of the soil is under control. The injurious effects of petroleum oils on germinating corn seem to vary inversely as the volatility of the respective oils. 272 BIBLIOGRAPHY Becquerel, Paul. 07. Recherches sur la Vie Latente des Graines. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., 9° sér., 5: 193. Brown, Adrian J. ‘07. On the Existence of a Semi-permeable Membrane enclosing the Seeds of some of the Gramineae. Ann. Bot., 21: 79. ‘og. The Selective Permeability of the Coverings of the Seeds of Hordeum vulgare. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B, 81: 82. Crocker, William. 06. Role of Seed Coats in Delayed Germination. Bot. Gaz., 42: 265. Duggar, B. M., and McCool, M. M. ‘og. Suggestions concerning Treatment of Seed Corn with De- terrents against Crows. Circular No. 6, Cornell Agr. Exper. Station. Forbes, S. A. ‘08. Experiments with Repellents against the Corn Root-aphis, 1905 and 1906. Bull. No. 130, Ill. Agr. Exper. Station. Hanlein, H. ’*80. Ueber die Keimkraft von Unkrautsamen. Landw. Ver- suchs-Stat., 25: 465. Krauz, Cyrill. ‘og. Beitrag zur Schulzschen Farbenreaktion der Mineraldle. Chem. Zeit; 43)400; Kryz, Ferdinand. ‘og. Uber den Einfluss von Erd6ol auf die Entwicklung von Datura und Alisma. Zeit. f. Pflanzenkrank., 19: 449. 13. Uber die Aufnahme von Vaselinél durch Balsaminen. Zeit. f. Pflanzenkrank., 23: 34. Lummis, G. M. 703. Effect of Coal Tar, Coal Oil, Gasoline, Benzine and Kero- sene on Germination of Maize. Proc. 24th Ann. Meeting Soc. Promotion Agr. Sci., p. 96. ’ 273 Nobbe, F., und Haenlein, H. ‘77. Ueber die Resistenz von Samen gegen die ausseren Factoren der Keimung. Landw. Versuchs-Stat., 25: 71. Schmidt, R. H. ~’gt. Ueber Aufnahme und Verarbeitung von fetten Oelen durch Pflanzen. Flora, 74: 300. Schroder, H. ’r1. Uber die Selective permeable Hille des Weizenkornes. Flora, 102: 186. Schulz, Ferdinand. ‘o8. Eine neue Reaktion der Mineralole. Chem. Zeit., 32: 345 Shull, Chas. A. "12. Semi-permeability of Seed Coats. Bot. Gaz., 56: 160. PLATE XVI Plauts grown from grains of Zea maés immersed iu kerosene from February 6, 1906, to February 6,1914, On removal from the kerosene the grains were cleared of superficial oil by meaus of absorptive towels, and then washed vigorously for five minutes in chloroform and exposed to dry air at room temperature for five days. They were planted February 11, 1914, and this photograph was taken April 22, 1914. ¥ MM. LEIGHTON BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY URBANA, ILLINOIS, U.S. A. ‘ STEPHEN A. FORBES, Pu.D., L.L.D., DIRECTOR WOE xX: May, 1915 ARTICLE VI. ‘THE CHIRONOMID®, OR MIDGES, OF ILLINOIS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE ILLINOIS RIVER BY Joun R. Mattocu BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY URBANA, ILLINOIS, U. S. A. STEPHEN A. FORBES, Pu.D., L.L.D., DIRECTOR Wor ox. May, 1915 ARTICLE VI. THE CHIRONOMID.X, OR MIDGES, OF ILLINOIS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE ILLINOIS RIVER BY Joun R. MaLLocu CONTENTS PAGE Ling fete nl) Bees AAS tA Ce EOD HOA POLO COE CO OMOAOACNOO DONC AOD oS IGA 217-289 Methods of collecting: 05... 000 e.0 eve x aeip alee + 0) o1nie) 6s sjelels iain =i yiole ainle Siete 277 Methods sof: earings oy oiaye oe soja «nye ciere esate eiahe/t: ciceca w s]s slate lat al inls ay >iatp aI 278 Methods of preservation.........cccsecccesescccesencccssrssversssess 278 Synonymy affecting family names...............0scecncesesecnecseses 279 Biology and: TAXONOMY. . 2.021520. oe ee dele ie eie oie vin 0s se we 01 \mae lela wis ania 281 MIG GEE StACO sie vc ictele'= ule lose ole vinnie ale)ole/sioinie esas sles «is 7s! =ta}as¥etelia) al nee otaeanamm 281 Mian val Cnanachersi cy. sciei\=s/cpoleie e)slcla/s|s1c)etaiel os evetete 5) ain) ofel ats)avetaletetete tate ian 282 Mood). o£ wthe) Vanya i sbeksiesiess, ors! leva sahoin sa a! aye revalavh) ava/s\ape) ents ois s/t) ee 286 Characters 0, tO Pups le <7.’ wi cies=|ok« ele sals oie se ala insole oleo/ ete ente etete tae 286 Characters of the imagines. ...... 6.5 ccee cee ccces ess vce vies sic) eisislely 287 HOOG OL tHe! WMA SINOS soa: lau loyo nie: whe a eile! elo ere (ove ieveloieleia nielehe) ele te iaiatete aman 288 A CRO WIEMEMONGRY 2 isccjaicce ca excvetaieverein)s corel olslwhe, a’eletohel als loknssteta)ahat ana tatet: aaa nama 288 Keys) toe subfamilies’ .)2)cc rciwcctscsicl sare ietere ate svete els ole) cos ace revers eo geik' la ialeietet ate ete aenena 289 TAANNG ED Maayan laveveta (ia w clave she iis stele c laloles Sielsjolelese/ viel afove inte cetatesoletele ete fets nat ea namaam 289 PEBTUPD BR iets eter oles a sbaletaceyehata isis fore onesie eis e-aletey cfet aviators oloted- tre tafe) @ aia) eters tae ett tee ae 289 EMME UME grclts ols slave Saye house barcnarece ahrele: ollausbatecetctst ore ratatale Jol SC Leet rete arene: pete nanan 290 GENTOO G OME Waravers relays (oya'e) ar ntatatehate aot elatalelalce =fe]eieya! ots «teienelete a= tetetelein eter eaten 290-361 Marval CHAT ACTON GS i ai-cresnis le scrstarsla\ala.s ave nics o/ajalecsl sins cole etre teenie ona rei een 290 Bupa GCRALACTOLS HS heroic ers eee cre) cies 101 o\0/'= o/oke a) later aNeyeup: el eletelskatets Vales tetera aetna 291 mia onnial chara chore isis ta!ir sicceh icircvever (ois ela: alata a oa e lopataatallede ottateteta taal ate eee 292 KG YS) 0 PONSA: jn /51. o/s te rccc1ts=/Fie ssele ten eyavielisboyets tzid uateeys (aletals cles Cateye eeee tee 293 LDA. 3) Ae am RAS cE Cpe OAD DOMES SO MnOMAMAnO LOO GolmoouAuaacool lS: 293 ETE acto vosela te aye) esas cis ahersveys x sacatels ete vorste oreeliesalite siete Lele) eheke ete otstee ete ae: eee 293 TOM OATS 955i sis sic sey la. 590s ares 3. wo rel ele cles rw aucelon oboe Leb etal see eee one eee 293 Keys to larve and pupe of North American species of Ceratopogon and OV CUO MYO. Soho) cvase soais Hehe e ciel eee ie WIR IG, Shee hohe Nee ee ee 294 Addendum) toi: Cenatopo gona. <2 cic os oatateyepn ciataiaee swe sits oravsla tel seen 360 Supplementary key to species of Heteromyia............ cee cee cece e nee 5 360 DOTAYOUME: 2 ovis ars s Geipanaceiel ocona) oe see casas 126 W letp-sinlan sae rehet neater cb eUsteter aC eualic ete eels aoe 361-398 Weare CHATAGCLOLS! se loa ejetancvornies are vejerriels tole =Vejieteiss0 late (ee terete re a eke taste eee 362 Brpall chara cuers 2 sefaissseters crersietel sieleiarel eral svoteve shererer= cia ele eisadees telnet et aes 363 Tmapinal “characters: 553.5. joes s0c0% sinus cosue-aie «/s,01a 6-5 0 07e1a/s/e)e stele meio eRe 363 Key (to vgenera,’ (imagines). (<<< (cis «le sels +.cie © eieinlele| + erm nv repalalataveretersreteneeeiens 364 FSG VCO) SLT V EDs 2 joie: so: syn cale nicer cists) tisreh yaleislareqsivsa werateta. ars eteheters eteve Rs eeete eee ene 364 TSO VT HOP UPD sic lois cy'2) ota les sca tettatsj cura, deste /20e 13.0% 0 tel ore a als Genet SERA neR NS eae ee a 365 Wink dentrtic dl! Darvas rs 3 recsyetaie acess usgeo ens, « iicierai wrote acai wove oveysteP tevonspdions (alee atet teeenatea 397 CHAT OMOMATE isi voreyors a ats's e.5 «1a eiai'e.e ier (a sos, orauel fe salalsiesel eo oe etousle aerate tanto 398-534 ERGY HOM SOME svete nie salosn rerenics stuicieusn ele loisitlatosnietols (Bis site clef niselereeniener eer ete 400 TROY tO NAR YEO eyiataretavcra oleic eye tse ccavevers else tele salesausnevele asters = fevered Cait eee eae 401 FSS VALO MUP WD atnrers:sictessh ayskeya cleraievatedsichasrstalctevsl etelaloze ei/acsiw erenslcistcro eer eeee ken etna 406 Unidentified Warves: amd) pup eee .s |» 2c aicl- ete tes 1e)= ©) 9) ote oi aiele tae) tnlereeeiseenenone 528-534 Distribution of Chironomid@ in the Illinois River..................--.005 534 Summary of Illinois genera and species in comparison with those recorded LOY (OUMESR GStALES Marrero atest aleve satel Siol at sce aqnisieusyestore sale eiaceksln, sks teteuste eee 536 Number of Illinois species: recorded... 2. 2 em. oe eee eee eerie a ce aieae 536 Number of New Jersey species recorded...............eeeeeeeeeceeeee 537 Number of species recorded by Johannsen...............00eeeeee cence 537 Indexsto genera and (Ss PeClown retorts) -\ereleisistctenstet=talclettla e! ote) a) ovate) state sy eta inten telat 539 ArticLié VI.—The Chironomide, or Midges, of Illinois, with par- ticular Reference to the Species occurring in the Iliinois River. By J. R. Mattoc#. INTRODUCTION The family Chironomide includes a very large number of species the adult forms of which, in the great majority of cases, are very dif- ficult to distinguish from each other. The adults of the larger species of the genus Chironomus and those genera closely related to it are often mistaken for mosquitoes, which they greatly resemble in general appearance. No adult of this group, Chironomine, nor of the Tanypi- n@, has as yet been recorded as biting, and it is only in the Ceratopogo- nine, the species of which are generally very much smaller and more robust, much less resembling the Culicide, that we meet with blood- sucking species. Some of the species in this latter group, known lo- cally as “‘punkies,” are very persistent biters, and though of very small size occur sometimes in such numbers as to cause considerable incon- venience. This habit of some species in the Ceratopogonine is not con- fined to those occurring in America. In Europe, particularly in the more northern parts, Culicoides pulicaris Linné and several closely allied species are so numerous and bite so persistently in the evenings, during the months of June, July, and August, that it is only by endur- ing much discomfort that one can remain outdoors in the country, or even on the outskirts of the towns in certain districts. This condition prevails in Britain, and is more pronounced in Scotland, especially near the many small lakes which exist, where conditions are almost unen- durable. Several species which attack man and cattle are dealt with in this paper. The early stages of most species of this family are passed in water —rivers, lakes, pools, and streams, or in almost any receptacle contain- ing the requisite amount of water; but some species of the Ceratopo- gonine are terrestrial in the larval stage, living underneath bark, under boards, or beneath other objects lying on the ground, while some of them are also met with in nests of Hymenoptera. A most peculiar form of larva belonging to this group and living on submerged logs, has been found by Garman in Kentucky*, and has also occurred in the *Bull. Ky. Agr. Exper. Sta., No. 159, p. 31, Figs. 27 and 28. 276 Illinois River at Havana. A detailed description of all stages of this species is given herein. The Chironomide, though resembling the Culicide in many respects, including the form of the adult and the aquatic habits of the larvae, do not present in the larval stage such characters as those which are so readily appreciable and so easily ac- cessible in the larvee of the latter family. It is only in the terrestrial species of Ceratopogonine that one meets with conspicuously spinose forms, and in the great majority of cases a clue to the specific, and even generic, identity of a larva must be sought in the structure of the head and its parts, and also in the form of the anal appendages. The members of this family are among the commonest and most widely distributed of the two-winged flies, occurring on every conti- nent and in all the faunal areas into which these continents have been divided. Although considerably over one thousand species have been described, it is certain that this is but a small fraction cf the total num- ber of species which must occur throughout the world. The reasons for this paucity of described species are obvious. ‘The fragile struc- ture of most of the species prevents their being readily preserved, and their frequent close similarity deters all but a few specialists from working on the family. Despite the extremely fragile structure of the members of this family many fossil species have been described by various authors. Conjectures as to the possible sources from which the family sprang must remain, as in the case of other families, mere conjectures, serving only to create purely academic discussion, which has no proper place in the present paper. It may, however, be useful to students of the Diptera to indicate, as clearly as possible from the available data, the characteristics of the family. In this paper I have introduced in descriptions of genera and spe- cies a few characters which have not previously been used by writers in dealing with the family. I have in every case endeavored to find coordinated characters in the sexes, and in dealing with the genera I have, wherever possible, associated the characters found in the adults with a certain set of characters found in larve and pupz. I have, I believe, met with a considerable degree of success in deciding some of the more difficult points, particularly in the Ceratopogonine. The presence of the thoracic cavities in Culicoides and their absence from the members of closely allied genera serves as a much more satisfac- tory and more readily appreciable character for the separation of the genera than that previously in use, namely, the size of the empodia in comparison with the size of the claws.’ I have of course followed pre- vious authors in the main lines of separation, only occasionally deviat- ing when convinced that such course is expedient and conducive to a better understanding of the family; but in descriptions of species I < bo ipl id have used, wherever possible, such structural characters as were avail- able in addition to those of color, even at the risk of being charged by superficial students with considering valueless minutiz as of specific importance. My duty to subsequent students of the group is, as I re- gard it, to avoid obscuring the distinctions between genera or species, and to place before them as clear a statement as I possibly can of the characters on which I depend for my identifications, thus enabling them to begin their work upon the family without the handicap which I had when I began—that of uncertainty as to the structural details of genera and species. METHODS OF COLLECTING Larvee of Chironomide may be met throughout the entire year in almost any permanent body of water, and often in temporary pools. Slow-flowing rivers and creeks and shallow lakes and ponds are both the most easily accessible and most productive of species. Early in March many species may be dredged from the beds of streams and ponds, and some of them, such as Protenthes culiciformis and Orthocladius nivoriundus, may be obtained in large numbers in practi- cally any small stream. It is necessary in dredging for larve that the mud or silt at the bottom should be disturbed to some depth, as most of the species burrow and must be dislodged before they can be obtained with the net. Provided, however, that the net is strong enough, quan- tities of mud may be lifted from the water and sifted over on some con- venient flat surface. The “blood-worms” are readily seen in the net, but most species are difficult to detect because of their brownish or grayish color, and it requires careful searching to find most of the species of Orthocladius and the smaller chironomine species. The wormlike larvze of Ceratopogonine are also difficult to discover as they are almost colorless and exceptionally slender. A good plan to adopt is that of leaving the material spread out on some smooth surface for a short time undisturbed, when the small larva may be readily detected by their movements. Pupe of Chironomine and Tanypine are usually obtained by dredging. Only in rare cases does one obtain them by searching on the surface of the water, as they seldom leave the burrow or come to the surface till just immediately before the emergence of the adult. The emergence of the imago, which occupies but one or two seconds, us- ually follows so closely upon the appearance of the pupa at the surface that few specimens are obtained while floating. In the aquatic Cera- topogonine, however, the simplest method of obtaining the pupa is to search along the shore of a body of water upon which a steady breeze has been blowing for some time, or to examine floating objects upon 278 which the pupze may have crawled. Because of the habit which the species of this subfamily have of ascending beyond the water-level before emergence of the imago they necessarily remain longer at the surface, which affords a better opportunity for collecting them. Imagines of Chirononude may be obtained throughout almost the entire year. Ceratopogonine rarely fly in the well-known “cloud” which is characteristic of many species in Chironomine, but occasionally species of the genus Forcipomyia may be seen flying in large numbers close to the trunks of old trees. The writer has commonly taken F. pilosa in such situations, both sexes being represented. It is a pecu- liar habit of both the terrestrial and aquatic members of this subfamily to pass the heat of the day in thick vegetation. In the case of the bit- ing species of Culicoides at least, I have found that there is a prefer- ence for evergreens, or at least for those having the leaves very closely placed, such as juniper or spruce. At almost any time during the year specimens of this group may be obtained in suitable localities by beat- ing such trees in the usual manner adopted by collectors. The Tany- pine and Chironomine are readily obtained almost anywhere, on win- dows in the daytime, by sweeping vegetation close to streams, or at lighted windows at night. There are very few species of Chironomide that can not be found at light, and quite a number of species which are generally considered rare have been taken by Mr. C. A. Hart, of this office, and the writer, on store windows in various towns in Illinois. METHODS OF REARING It has not been possible for me to experiment extensively with live material, but a fair measure of success has been obtained in rearing species by the simple expedient of placing single larvz in two-dram vials about a third full of water, in which was placed a small portion of the mud or dead leaves from the habitat of the larva, the mouth of the vial being closed with a plug of cotton. It is not to be expected, however, that this method will prove successful in the case of larvee which live in swift-running streams, and several species which were obtained from this sort of habitat never reached maturity. Mr. Hart met with considerable success with larve contained in fine gauze rear- ing-cages which were moored in the Illinois River. This method is the ideal one and should be adopted by any one who is intending to study the biology of Chironomde. METHODS OF PRESERVATION Larve of all the Chironomide may best be preserved in vials con- taining 85 per cent. alcohol. It is necessary to boil the larve first to 279 prevent shrinkage. In doing this it is only necessary to bring the water in the test-tube to the boiling point and then let it cool. To make microscope slides of the head parts it is not necessary to clear the head in caustic potash or any other medium, as the various parts when dis- sected are sufficiently transparent to permit of their thorough examina- tion without clearing. Larval exuviz are of course the best objects for microscope slides. To prepare these for mounting it is necessary first to immerse them for twenty-four hours in 85 per cent. alcohol, or fora shorter time in proof alcohol. After this a bath for about half an hour in clove oil will be all that is required to fit them for mounting in Canada balsam. It is a very difficult matter to make a satisfactory mount of a pupa, containing the imago, and from the point of view of its availa- bility for examination I prefer the cast skin. In mounting this the same method is followed as with the larval exuvie. In making preparations of the imago for the microscope it is nec- essary to clear the specimens in a ten per cent. solution of caustic pot- ash. Large and heavily chitinized objects will require longer boiling than small membranous ones, but no specific time can be given as that necessary under any set of circumstances. It is only requisite that the student observe the object from time to time by holding the test-tube to the light and looking through it, judging when he has obtained the desired transparency. It is best to use specimens which have been dry- mounted. The hypopygia, which are used to a considerable extent in descriptions in this paper, are easily mounted by the following method: Boil in caustic potash as indicated above, wash in tepid water for five minutes, dehydrate in proof alcohol for five minutes, and immerse in clove oil for ten minutes for small objects, longer for large ones. Have the Canada balsam rather thick, place a small portion on center of slide, and on top of it a drop of xylol. Remove the object to be mounted from the clove oil with a needle dipped in the balsam and ar- range on slide under low power. This simple method will, I have found, give highly satisfactory results. ‘To prepare dry-mounted speci- mens of the imagines for the collection it is best, except in the case of very large examples, to mount them on their sides on card points, using ‘shellac, and keeping the upper surface of the thorax away from the pin. By this method there is less danger of breaking the legs of the specimens—a most important point to observe. SYNONYMY AFFECTING FAMILY NAMES The family name Chironomide@ and the subfamily names Ceratopo- gonine, Tanypine, and Chironomine are used in this paper, although 280 they have been relegated to the synonymy by certain European authors because of the opinion held by a few dipterologists regarding the claims to priority of the names of a recently resurrected paper by Meigen.* I have not used the generic names of that paper which are stated to pertain to this family for the following reasons: Article XXV of the rules governing zoological nomenclature adopted by the International Zoological Congress states that a generic name unaccompanied by either a description or a figure is valid if the name of one or more described species is mentioned as pertaining to it. Article XXX states that the type of any polytypical genus is that one of the original species which was first designated as such type, and that where there are two species, one of which is subsequently cited as the type of another genus, the remaining species shall be considered as the type of the old genus. It will thus be seen that what really validates a genus is the indication, by the author of the genus, of its type species, or the inclusion of a species which may be cited by another author as the type even should there be discrepancies between the type and the generic description. Thus genera without species are invalid. By this ruling, misinter- pretation of characters by careless workers is rectifiable; whereas if genera were to be erected by mere description, fanciful interpretations might seriously interfere with entomological or other scientific work necessitating accurate identifications. As none of Meigen’s genera in the paper referred to had species assigned to them, they are necessarily invalid. Meigen himself did not use the names subseyuently, nor were they ever, as far as [am aware, mentioned by other authors until Hen- del reprinted Meigen’s paper in 1908.+ In this connection Hendel endeavored to link up Meigen’s names of 1800 with those used by the latter in 1803,¢ suggesting that the names of the 1803 paper now in common use be ranked as synonyms of those of 1800. Irrespective of the fact that in very many cases the associa- tion of the names in the two papers was merely a guess, I consider that Hendel’s action made the genera valid only from the date when he placed a species in them and not from 1800. ‘These names therefore must be ranked as synonyms of the 1803 names and date from 1908. In view, then, of existing rules of nomenclature the course I have taken in dealing with this family is the only one possible, and it will be adopted by me in dealing with other cases of synonymy connected with Meigen’s paper. *Nouvelle Classification des Mouches a deux ailes. 1800. tVerhandl. k. k. Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch., Wien, Bd. 58, p. 48. ;Illiger Mag., Bd. 2. 281 BIOLOGY* AND TAXONOMY The Egg Stage The eggs of Chironomide, with the exception of those species be- longing to the terrestrial forms in Ceratopogonine, are deposited in water, principally in pools or slow-flowing streams. At times they may be deposited in indoor aquaria, or other suitable receptacles having an accessible water surface. There is considerable variation in the form of the egg mass in the different species, but in all recorded cases the eggs are enveloped in a gelatinous outer covering, and may take the form of a pear-shaped mass, be arranged in rope-like tubes, or be massed closely together, forming large groups. In one case observed in the Illinois River the eggs of Cricotopus trifasciatus Panzer were grouped together, forming a large elongate mass about ten inches long and from one to two inches in diameter. Miall and Hammond give an account of the various egg masses which they have examined.7 I re- produce the passages here. ‘The various forms of egg rope which characterize different species of Chironomus reach a climax of com- plication in C. dorsalis. In simpler cases the eggs may be enclosed in a globular or pear-shaped gelatinous mass, which is glued to a stone in the bed of a stream. Or the eggs may lie, almost at random, within a gelatinous pipe. Both a pipe, enclosing the eggs, and an outer gelat- inous envelope may be present, and the pipe may be thrown into bends or spires which do not affect the outer covering. Lastly, a pair of in- terwoven cords may be added, which traverse the cylinder, on whose outer wall lie the spires of the egg-containing pipe. The egg masses may contain three different kinds of gelatinous substance, one forming the pipe, a second the general investment, a third the interwoven cords. The two latter may be furnished by the gluten-gland, whose cavity when cut across shows sectors of what are probably two different se- cretions; the wall of the egg-pipe is perhaps secreted by the ovary or oviduct. “Since the larvee which have to issue from the eggs have to live in water, it is convenient that the egg-chains should be laid in water, and further that they should float at the surface, where they can be freely supplied with air, and run no risk of being smothered by silt or or- ganic refuse. If the water were stagnant, the eggs might float free, as the egg-raft of the gnat does, but the eggs of Chironomus dorsalis are laid in slow streams, and must be secured, lest they should be swept away, and perhaps lodged in some unsuitable place, or even car- *Notes on the biology of Chironomus viridicollis, a species often present in reser- voirs for the supply of city water are given on pp. 459-463. tThe Harlequin Fly, pp. 154-155. 1900. 282 ried out to sea. The eggs of this species are therefore invested by a gelatinous envelope, which swells out, the moment it touches the water, into an abundant transparent mucilage, and the whole mass is moored to some fixed object by twisted cords. The mucilage has its special uses: it makes the egg-mass slippery, so that birds or insects cannot grasp it; moreover, it spaces the eggs, so that each is well exposed to the sunlight and air; lastly it keeps off the attacks of the water moulds (Chytride@ and allied Oomycetes), which abound in water and on the surface of decaying plants, or devour the substance of living insects and fishes. It may be that the mucilage of the egg-mass has some an- tiseptic property, for it remains unchanged by parasitic growth or pu- trefaction long after the eggs have hatched out.” The general statement above quoted applies very well to Chironom- ide in America, though it is evident that the writers had only in mind the British members of the family when they suggested the pos- sibility of the eggs being swept out to sea. It is probable that their theories as to the uses of the gelatinous envelope of the egg mass are mostly correct, though I doubt its suggested efficiency in preventing destruction of the eggs by birds and insects. The amount of time devoted to the study of the egg stage in Cii- ronomid@ has not been sufficient to permit association of the charac- ters possessed by them with those possessed by the larvz, pupz, and imagines. The number of eggs contained in the egg mass of seven different females computed by Miall and Hammond (loc. cit., p. 154) was as follows: 668, 784, 817, 828, 912, and 1102. The duration of the egg stage, given by the same authors, is six days (p. 175). The length of the egg stage will in all probability fluctuate in accordance with weather conditions. The method of reproduction in certain species in the genus Tany- tarsus presents an instance of larval pedogenesis in this family. The American species in which this occurs is given by Prof. O. A. Johann- sen* as 7. dissimilis. A European form of this genus having larval peedogenetic phases has been recorded by Professor Zavrel. A species of Chironomus in Europe has been recorded as having pupal pzedo- genesis. Larval Characters Head.—The dorsal surface of the head consists of three longitu- dinal plates, to the median one of which (clypeus) is attached the la- brum. he labrum in the genus Chironomus has on its under surface a complicated arrangement of hooks and two articulated lateral arms, *Science, Vol. 32, 1910, p. 768. 283 which are represented in figures 7 and 8, Plate XXIII. The labrum hangs over in front of the head, and can be drawn backward so as to close over the mouth orifice. The function of the hooks present on the epipharynx, or under surface of the labrum, is probably that of retain- ing food in the mouth, but they are.also used in assisting the larva in its movements within its burrow, and also over any surface, as in pro- gressing it generally grasps the sides of the burrow or some other ob- ject with the mouth parts, drawing the body forward at the same time. To the lateral plates are attached the antenne@ and mandibles; on each lateral plate there are generally two black pigment spots, which are ru- dimentary eyes; the lateral plates curve down over the side of the head and meet in the center of the under surface, which junction is marked by a faint suture. The antenne@ are in many larve very small, in others of considerable size, and in Tanypus and its allies are retractile within the head for almost their entire length. The usual form of antenna consists of a large and stout basal joint, on which there is generally a sensory spot, or a hair, and on the apex of this joint one simple, gen- erally hairlike, process of varying length, and a process with three to five distinct joints, which presumably represents the true continuity of the antenna. The mandibles in all the species which I have examined are large and heavily chitinized, generally toothed on their inner sur- face, and move on an articulated base so as to close inward ; when com- pletely closed their apices are visible behind the anterior transverse margin of the labial plate. The brushlike hairs which are present on the mandibles of the larve of Simulid@ and Culicide are much less prominent in the larve of Chironomide, though still distinguishable. The maxille are much retracted and rather rudimentary in many spe- cies, and but little use has been made of them in descriptions. The character which has been used more than any other for the separation of larvee of this family lies in the structure of the /abial plate, or sub- mentum. In Chironomus and several other genera, Orthocladius and Cricotopus in particular, this plate is exposed and is therefore easily accessible ; but in all the species of Tanypine which are represented in the material before me, the labial plate is very small and generally re- tracted within the mouth, or occupies a vertical position so that its form is indistinguishable ; the /abial papille of a species of Chironomus are as in Figure 10, Plate XXIII. A further discussion of this matter will be found under Tanypine. The larval head of Divra differs very considerably from that of any chironomid, and shows the dorsal sclerites clearly (Pl. XXIII, Figs. 9 and 12). Abdomen.—The thorax and abdomen of the larva combined con- sist of twelve segments, which are almost devoid of hairs in most of the aquatic species. Several of the terrestrial species are figured here- 284 with to show the variation of the abdominal bristles (Pl. XVII, Figs. 1-3). Itis only in certain species in Cricotopus and Tanytarsus that I have been able to detect strong hairs on the abdomen in addition to the anal tufts. The anal tufts are two conspicuous groups of hairs, sit- uated upon more or less elevated bases, on the dorsal surface of the last segment. In each of these elevated bases is a small ganglion which would seem to indicate that the hairs are sensory in nature. In the aquatic forms of Ceratopogonine neither thoracic nor anal pseudopods are present; but in the terrestrial forms of that group, and also in the larvee of other Chironomide, both are present, and generally well de- veloped. Sometimes the two of each pair are so fused as to present the appearance of a single pseudopod; while in others, and particularly in the case of the anal pair in some species of Tanypus, they are re- markbly elongated. The apices of at least the anal pair are crowned with two or more rings of retractile hooks which enable the larva to re- tain its hold upon any surface. The thoracic pair in the case of terres- trial Ceratopogonine have also strong hooks similar to those on the anal pair; but in Chironomus and some other genera the thoracic pair has only numerous, rather soft, apical hairs. The eleventh segment in certain species of the genus Chironomus has either one or two pairs of ventral blood-gills. In lobiferus Say, there is only one pair of these gills, which are situated rather higher on the side of the segment than usual, but in many species these organs are very much elongated and situated low, almost or quite on the latero-ventral surface. In addition to these ventral blood-gills, which are, as far as I know, confined to a few species in the genus Chironomus, there are generally present on the surface of the twelfth segment two pairs of well-developed dorsal blood-gills. These organs, as far as my observation goes, are repre- sented by at least one pair in all cases except the Ceratopogonine, though in at least the aquatic forms of the latter they are probably re- tractile. ‘The form of the dorsal blood-gills varies considerably in the different genera, and even in the different species within a genus. The only exception to the foregoing description of the aquatic larvee is to be found in the case of Palpomyia and allied genera, in which the entire body is snakelike, and the only protuberances present consist of four pairs of hairs on the last segment (Pl. XVII, Fig. 6). These larva swim with a peculiar twisting, serpentine movement, re- minding one very forcibly of the motions of an eel. The larve of many aquatic species live free in the water, while others form tubular tunnels in the mud where they lie concealed dur- ing the daytime, many of them being found near the surface of the water after dark, supposedly for the purpose of obtaining a supply of 285 oxygen. The larve of Tanytarsus form a characteristic case attached to stems of grass or other objects in the water. Transformation to the pupa generally takes place within the tun- nel, the sides of which consist of the saliva of the larva, which seems to harden on contact with the water, and in which there is generally no trace whatever of threads. During the last larval instar the develop- ment of the imaginal disc is very rapid, and in a series of larve of any species taken at the same time it is not unusual te find specimens which represent an almost continuous series of the changes which take place. The most striking thing about the transformation is the devel- opment of the imaginal head. In the earlier stages of its formation the head with all its parts lies within the larval head; but gradually, as growth proceeds, it is so withdrawn that the compound eyes lie outside of the larval head and within the larval prothorax. The imaginal head is generally conspicuously larger than that of the larva, which in a measure explains why the complete transformation does not take place within the latter. Miall and Hammond have dealt at considerable length with the transformation here referred to.* It is exceptional to find a species in which the head of the imago remains entirely within that of the larva for the greater part of its period of formation, though some cases of this kind are recorded.+ I have not met with any species—even in Tanypine, in which the larval head is larger than in other groups—in which the head remains long within the larval head after transformation begins, but I have found one specimen which in some unaccountable way had failed to withdraw the head in time, and, in consequence, the head with its mem- bers was tightly compressed within the cavity of the larval head, the neck being much elongated. The specimen was in alcohol, so that it was impossible to say whether or not it could have successfully emerged. At the time of the emergence of the pupa the larval skin splits longitudinally on the dorsum of the thoracic segment, and generally along the middle of the dorsal surface of the head. Miall and Ham- mond state that at this time the head splits along the central suture, which feature I have observed also, but in some cases both the dorsal and ventral surfaces are ruptured. I have not sufficient material to de- cide whether there is any distinguishing character in the rupturing of the head in the different species or genera. *The Harlequin Fly, pp. 118-137. 1900. +Miall and Hammond, 1. ¢., p. 135. tLoe. cit., p. 27. 286 Food of the Larve The food of the larvae of Chironomus consists of diatoms, alge, and other vegetable matter. Tanypus is recorded as feeding upon the smaller “blood worms” (Chironomus spp.), in addition to taking the same food as the latter. Characters of the Pupe In the Tanypine the pupa resembles, in a general way, that of some of the Culicide, the thoracic segments being much swollen and carry- ing a pair of simple respiratory organs on the front part, above the lo- cation of the anterior spiracles of the enclosed imago. The wing cases are distinctly separated from the sides of the thoracic segments as in the Chironomine. ‘The thoracic respiratory organs are simple in all the genera with which I am acquainted except Chironomus. In this genus they consist of a stalked base terminating in very numerous threadlike filaments. The pupze of the Ceratopogonine may be readily separated from those of other chironomids by the fact that the wing cases adhere closely to the sides of the thoracic segments. The abdo- men in all the species of the Ceratopogonine which I have examined bears upon each segment either distinct bristles (in the terrestrial forms) or protuberances (in the aquatic forms), and is of a chitinous nature, retaining its form after the emergence of the imago. In the other subfamilies the abdomen bears, at most, weak and numerous dorsal setulz, and the whole pupal covering is of a soft nature, col- lapsing after the emergence of the adult. In the terrestrial forms of Ceratopogonine the pupa is not entirely withdrawn from the larval skin, those species which I have examined in this stage, and also those described by others, having the last 3-4 segments still enclosed within the larval exuvia. Pupz of aquatic species of Ceratopogonine are free-swimming forms which, according to observations made by mem- bers of the office staff here, must make their way ashore, or to some dry surface, before the emergence of the adult. The apex of the abdo- men in these last-mentioned forms is furcate, the branch on each side rounded in cross-section, and tapering to an acute point. This form of pupa is shown in Figure 5, Plate XVII. The apex of the abdomen in Chironomine and Tanypine ends in two flattened processes which are generally fringed with hairs. These, and other pupal structures, are dealt with more fully under the different genera and species throughout this paper. In the species of Tanypine and Chironomine, before the emergence of the adult the pupa rises to the surface of the water, but, unlike the species of Ceratopogonine, it is not necessary that it reach a dry surface before the emergence of the imago, which 287 occupies an incredibly short time, generally not more than five or six seconds. Characters of the Imagines In this paper I have divided the Chironomide into three subfam- ilies, viz., Ceratopogonine, Tanypine, and Chironomine. In the Cera- topogonine there are, as already indicated under the two previous heads, two distinct groups. The known species of Forcipomyia and of Ceratopogon, sens. stric. of authors, have terrestrial larve, or larve which are not truly aquatic, and which have many distinct spines or bristles on the body. In imagines of this group there are generally distinct hairs on the wings, and in practically all cases the apex of the wing, at least, bears microscopic hairs. The empodium is always dis- tinct, and generally large. The second group has, as far as is known, larvee of a snakelike form, which are entirely aquatic, and wholly bare except at the apex of the abdomen, where four pairs of long hairs are generally present. Imagines of this second group have the wings bare, or, in Culicoides, with microscopic hairs, and the empodia indistin- guishable or very small. In all species of Ceratopogonine examined by the writer the mouth parts are well developed, and have chitinized piercing parts, whereas in Tanypine and Chironomine the mouth parts are very poorly developed and not fitted for piercing. The species of the group Tanypine may be distinguished in the larval stage from those of Chironomine by the structure of the head, which is dealt with at length in a subsequent part of this paper. In the imagines of this group the characters which most readily separate its species from those of Chironomine are the 15-jointed antennz in both sexes and the presence, near the middle of the wing, of a cross vein which connects the cubitus with the media. One section of this sub- family has the wings with surface hairs; the other section has the wings bare. The insufficiency of material in hand does not permit my forming an opinion as to whether this difference in the imagines is sup- ported by corresponding differences in the larve. The imagines in Chironomine are distinguished from those of Tanypine by the ab- sence of the cross vein between the media and the cubitus and by the 8-jointed antennz of the females, and from those in Ceratopogonine by their more slender and elongated legs and by the structure of the antenna and thorax. ‘These distinctions are indicated in the generic key presented in this paper. The only deviation from the above rule is in the genus Diamesa, which has the medio-cubital cross-vein pres- ent on the wing, but the larva is essentially of the chironomid type, and the adult female has only 8 antennal joints. 288 Food of the Imagines The mouth parts of the imagines of most species in Tanypine and Chironomine are poorly developed, and statements have been pub- lished to the effect that in this stage they do not require food. Miall and Hammond state that the mouth is “almost closed and feeding seems to be impossible.” * It is a fact, however, that in almost the whole group the mouth parts are functional; and that the many species of these groups which may be seen on flower heads during the summer, resort there to procure food is evident from their actions. It is well known that the imagines of many species in Ceratopogonine re- quire food, as already mentioned in the introductory remarks to this paper, and the mouth parts in this subfamily are well developed. Ina previous paper published by the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History I have recorded an instance of a species, belonging to the aquatic section of this subfamily, attacking a perlid.; Walker states that the species of Ceratopogonine which have spincse femora feed upon insects,{ but does not indicate whether he had personal knowledge of the fact, or to what particular species he referred. Gravely has re- corded for a species which he refers to Culicoides, an instance of its sucking blood from a mosquito.§ A summary of the published rec- ords of this nature is given by Knab in the Proceedings of the Ento- mological Society of Washington for 1914, volume 16, page 65. There are few published records of the food habits of other Chiro- nomide, which is possibly due to the fact that the species are but im- perfectly known and the difficulty in identifying most of them is so great that few entomologists pay any attention to the family. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the preparation of this paper I have had to examine much ma- terial belonging to genera and species which do not occur in Illinois, and to the following gentlemen my thanks are due for assistance in sup- plying that material: W. L. McAtee, U. S. Bureau of Biological Sur- vey; J. M. Aldrich, U. S. Bureau of Entomology; E. T. Cresson, Jr., *The Harlequin Fly, p. 9. tBull. Ill. State. Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. IV, p. 216. tInsecta Britannica, Diptera, Vol. 3, 1856, p. 207. §‘‘ Early in December, 1910, when some of the officers of the Indian Museum vis- ited Port Canning, in the Sunderbunds, we found a mosquito (Myzomyia rossi) on one side of whose abdomen a small Chironomid fly was sitting, evidently imbibing nourishment from it. So tight was its hold that it retained its position when put into spirit, and it was successfully ‘cleared’ in situ. The proboscis of the Chironomid— which appears to belong to the genus Culicoides—was then seen to be well embedded in the tissues of the mosquito, removing all doubt as to the object of the association of the flies together.’’—Ree. Ind. Mus., Vol. 6 (1911), p. 45. 289 Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; and Prof. T. D. A. Cock- erell, Boulder, Colo. To W. R. Walton, U. S. Bureau of Entomology, I owe thanks for assistance in various ways. Prof. O. A. Johannsen submitted his unidentified specimens of Ceratopogonine and examples of several species described by himself, acknowledgments of which are inserted in the text. Mr. C. W. John- son kindly examined the type of Bessia opaca Loew at Cambridge, Mass., at my request, and supplied information thereon. Krys To SUBFAMILIES LARVZ 1. Abdominal segments with stout spines, generally some of them lanceolate or pectinate; both anterior and posterior pseudopods present; generally living under bark, in decaying wood, under cow manure, or in the nests of Hymenoptera, rarcly on submerged INN} ae Ga oeeUs COOROS COSTS e Heenan one Ceratopogonine, pt. — Abdominal segments usually bare, at most with weak hairs; pseudo- pods present or absent; aquatic in habit..................... 2 2. Both anterior and posterior (thoracic and anal) pseudopods absent ; BNAKGIIKG MET VEE ciegave etevlarsieus's Gust ccateTtis sreauavs so Ceratopogonine, pt. == Both pairs Of PSCUGOPOdS PLESeNb.....0-+ +. sssascc assesses 3 3. Labial plate generally retracted, elongate in form, the apex slightly dilated and with 7 teeth or less; antenne elongate, retractile within the head for almost their entire length; head generally elongated ; ventral blood-gills never present.................... Tanypine. — Labial plate never retracted, its position always beneath the labial papille, the apex with generally more than 7 teeth, or if the apex is narrowed the teeth are carried, more or less distinetly, along the lateral margins, and the sides diverge posteriorly, so that the apex never presents a spatulate appearance; head generally about equal in breadth and length; antenne not retractile; ventral blood-gills sometimes present in Chironomus.............++- Chironomine. PUPZ 1. Thorax and abdomen with long spinelike processes on dorsum ; body enclosed on last 2-8 segments within the larval exuvia; terres- Aral POTS A jepatec cece savers cle us eiehas apateueersis ree Ceratopogonina, pt. — Thorax without spinelike processes; body generally entirely freed from thearvall Exiivia- AQUAbIC OMS sre cioctererciceise sles fiee W eleves 2 2. Abdomen with leaflike or spinose dorsal processes; wing cases ad- herent to sides of thorax; the skin chitinous, retaining its form after emergence of the adult; last segment of the abdomen ending in two rounded, tapering processes which are not ciliated....... Reco R tte ts ornate hele TIS UAE are Sle Ceratogoponine, pt. 290 — Abdomen with, at most, groups of setule on the dorsum; wing cases distinctly separated from sides of thorax, flaplike; the skin not chitinous, collapsing after emergence of adult; last segment of ab- domen generally ending in two flattened leaflike organs which are usually ciliated along their edges..............+eeeeeeees 3 3. Thoracic respiratory organs consisting of two or three main stems terminating in many threadlike filaments...... Chironomine, pt. — Thoracic respiratory organs consisting of one simple stem which is diversely shaped in the different species...............0eee0e- 4 4, Thoracic segments much distended, thoracic respiratory organs sit- uated well forward and generally swollen; abdomen flattened, re- sembling the pupe of Corethring..............6006. Tanypine. — Thoracic segments slightly distended; thoracic respiratory organs situated well forward, but generally elongated ; abdomen rounded, resembling the ordinary form in Chironomus..Chironomina, pt. IMAGINES 1. Thorax not projecting over head, sternopleura not particularly en- larged nor descending much below apices of fore coxe; antenne in both sexes with 15 joints; medio-cubital cross vein absent; me- dia with 2 branches; proboscis heavily chitinized.............. ip aoaasind boa) otbies Cherie ie ee ere eae Ceratopogonne. — Thorax distinctly projecting over head ; sternopleura much enlarged and descending considerably below apices of fore coxe; antenne either with 15 joints in both sexes (Tanypine) or the female with 8 or less (Chironominw) ; medio-cubital cross vein present or ab- sent; media simple or with 2 branches; proboscis fleshy, not chi- HIMIZEM Sed saccce ccsuds Bete nin: hehehe wiles eta orks oe eke ee 2 2. Medio-cubital cross vein present; antenne in both sexes with UD FOUNGS: osice erases cnc aleguienerels tus sevkoie POG ener eerie Tanypine. — Medio-cubital cross vein absent, or if that vein is present the an- tenna of the female with at most 8 joints.......... Chironomine. CERATOPOGONIN A LARVAL CHARACTERS The larve of the terrestrial and semiaquatic forms of this subfam- ily are readily separated from those of any other genus in the family Chironomide by the presence of very distinct, regularly arranged bris- tles on the thoracic and abdominal segments. In many instances some of these bristles are lanceolate, or at times branched, and their arrange- ment is invariably the same in the individuals of a species, while dif- ferent species are, as far as now known, distinct in the disposition of the bristles. The antenne are distinct, not retractile (Pl. XVIII, Fig. 15), the mandibles are distinctly toothed, the teeth generally three in 291 number. Both thoracic and anal pseudopods are present and well de- veloped, both pairs being armed with two circles of claws, those in the apical circle being different in shape, and sometimes in color, from those of the subapical circle. There are no protruded dorsal respira- tory organs such as are present in the aquatic forms in Tanypine and Chironomine. ‘The true aquatic forms in this subfamily are easily distinguished from those of the other subfamilies by their snakelike appearance. The pseudopods are absent, and there are no hairs on the body except at the anal end, where there are generally four pairs, which are probably sensory in nature. The head is elongate, subconical, in shape; the antenne are very small and rather rudimentary, apparently consisting of two joints; the mandibles have a slight protuberance on the inner surface near the middle, but no distinct teeth; and the labium is very simple in form and without teeth on its anterior margin. In transforming to the pupal stage the terrestrial forms do not en- tirely free themselves from the larval exuviz, the three or four apical segments of the abdomen generally remaining within the skin; but the aquatic pupe are invariably freed from the exuviee. PupaL CHARACTERS The pupz of the terrestrial forms may be readily separated from any other Chironomide by their distinct spinose armature. The thorax has usually several bristles on the dorsum, while the abdominal seg- ments are invariably similarly armed. The wing cases are slightly sep- arated apically from the sides of the body in some species, but not so distinctly as in the other subfamilies, while in others they are very closely pressed against its side. The last abdominal segment ends in two elongate, conical unfringed processes. The pupze of the aquatic forms present quite a striking contrast to their snakelike larve, since all the species as far as recorded have the abdominal segments conspicuously tuberculate, or with small leaflike appendages, as shown in Figure 5, Plate XVII. The thoracic respiratory organs are trumpet- or tube- shaped and rather conspicuous. The last abdominal segment is fur- cate, as in the terrestrial forms, but the branches are divergent instead of parallel. From observations made by Mr. C. A. Hart and the writer it appears that the pupze of the aquatic species are obliged to leave the water to permit the emergence of the imago, and are able to make their way over sand, or other surface, to obtain a solid location for this purpose. During a field trip in April, 1914, which included visits to various rivers at points in the southern half of the state, Mr. Hart and the author found in nearly all these localities large numbers of pupze of these aquatic forms floating on the surface of the rivers. 292 At Rattlesnake Ferry, on the Big Muddy River near Grand Tower, the pupze were very common, and from a log which was floating in the stream, many specimens were obtained by the simple expedient of im- mersing the exposed portion of the log, when the pupz immediately floated off and were readily seen and captured in the water. Many pupz were also obtained from the surface of a box moored in the river, some specimens being several inches above the water-level. In cases where the author has reared the species it has been observed that the pupz had no difficulty in making their way up the side of the vials or bottles in which they were kept, and no imago has yet been observed emerging from a pupa which was not at least partly clear of the water. It may be mentioned, however, that in the case of Culicoides vari- pennis Coquillett no observations were possible owing to the absence of the author on field work at the time of the emergence of the adult. Several specimens of Palpomyia longipennis Loew have been reared in vials in this office, and in all cases the pupe have remained partly sub- merged in the water at the time of emergence of the imago. It is pos- sible that the surface of the glass proved too slippery for this species, though it presented no difficulty to large numbers of pupz of Johann- senomryia caudelli Coquillett and J. flavidula Malloch. IMAGINAL CHARACTERS The antennz in both sexes in this subfamily are 15-jointed, the last three to five joints in most species being very distinctly elongated ; in the male the antennal plumes are long and numerous, in the female short and sparse. Proboscis in most species well developed in the fe- males, less developed in the males; palpi with four or five joints. Thorax and abdomen in some species with long more or less scalelike hairs, in others with only a few short fine hairs; hypopygium as in Fig- ures 2 and 7, Plate XIX. Thorax not protruding over head. Legs rather stout, not elongated, their surfaces in some genera with con- spicuous hairs, in others with short black thorns on the ventral surfaces of some or all of the femora, or almost bare; empodium present or ab- sent; tarsal claws short and equal, or elongated and subequal, or un- equal in length. Wings either with surface hairs, or bare; venation as in Figures 1-12, Plate XXII. The keys here given for species of this subfamily include larvee and pupe of those species which have been described from North America. Owing to the rather unsatisfactory descriptions of the imagines of most species described from the same area, and to the fact that but few of them occur in the collection before me I have not attempted to give complete keys for imagines of the species of Cera- 293 topogon, Culicoides, or Forcipomyia. The probability is that a large number of species belonging to these genera occur in Illinois, but their small size, coupled with the difficulty in preserving and identifying them, deters most entomologists from collecting them, and with only the material recently collected by Mr. Hart and myself before me I do not consider it advisable to attempt making keys to these genera that might serve for the identification of all the described North American species. lola Krys To GENERA . LARV.E All segments with distinct bristles; pseudopods present.......... LT EKER Ee RSTO GREE EIS IP EIRIO Ceratopogon and Forcipomyia. All segments without bristles; pseudopods absent............---- Sie Saae ar av alsrecs eater are eae 2 Culicoides, and Palpomyia, sens. lat. PUPA Thorax and abdomen with distinct bristles or spines.............. BE Wes cee ais See Se Culicoides, Ceratopogon, and Forcipomyia. Thorax without any spines, abdomen with tuberculate or leaflike protuberances on segmentsS...........-.--- Palpomyra, sens. lat. IMAGINES Wings with distinct surface hairs, either in the form of short, up- right microscopic setule or as broad decumbent seales.......... 2 AWWA RED ane omen ero nere as ercPeWeartalacySeieuete wen secre lee eptezeic, ones ne 5 Thorax with a distinct slitlike or cireular depression on each side of dise slightly posterior to the inner extremity of prescutum...... it STOR AOR AOL CIAL RO TIO ea OEE Culicoides (p. 295). Mhoraxs wathoubthese GEPresSiONS® mictecc oe cietele/< a-nelel <1c1s/ «+ vs 60 3 Wings with distinct decumbent scales on entire surface.......... 4 Wings with short, upright setulose hairs which are usually confined to apical half; empodium large.......... Ceratopogon (p. 304). Hairs on wings rather sparse, basal joint of hind tarsus twice the length of second; apical 4 antennal joints of male elongated and, except the last one, binodose......... Pseudoculicoides (p. 309). Hairs on wings very dense, particularly in females; basal joint of hind tarsus not, or very slightly, longer than second; apical 3-4 antennal joints of male elongated, not binodose. ..............-. SRT ie Matted oe etea Leia abide 4 abate eta ears Forcipomyia (p. 311). First and third veins connected by a cross vein or fused basally. . .6 First and third veins disconnected for their entire length...... 10 At least one pair of femora with distinct ventral spines.......... 7 Hemona withouteventrallispimesgrric ceiaicrs wisi Gietels siaictacisidisrec’ ies es 9 8. a: 0 ray 1. 12. 294 Generally more than one pair of femora with spines; neither fore nor hind femora noticeably thickened...... Palpomyia (p. 319). Only fore or hind femora with spines, the spinose pair perceptibly tTeleMed. .2:s:diai ene secs, ofgiszairops area: esisyevsiceiteharovers ene chal cs kee 8 Fore femora thickened and spinose......... Heteromyia (p. 324). Hind femora much thickened and spinose....Serromyia (p. 331). Media ‘sessile ssc pscts ces insoles sho seoisis is ace Johannsenomyia (p. 332). Media petiolate ic. cs. sss ce sees e cen Hartomyia (p. 339). At least one pair of femora with ventral spines...............- 11 FPemora not Spimose . 2. jjepe ie (eto eloss bieelaeseiebe ds as oJells ers Sane eeetan 12 Media sessile. ic 20 hss aoieare tans he nee eas Bezzia (p. 345). Media petiolates. \.4iock onetime oe meee Pseudobezzia (p. 351). Media sessile s jccec ditssscale oe situa Cero Probezzia (p. 352). Media petiolate ic.< siiessestdetevstars essyarens voispereptesre® Parabezzia (p. 358). N. B. The genus Atrichopogon is distinguished by the bare wings and distinct empodia. I have seen no species belonging to this genus. Keys To LARvH AND Pup& or NortH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CERATOPOGON AND ForcIPOMYIA* LARVZ Body slightly flattened, deep lateral incisions between the abdominal segments, each segment with a lateral, pointed elongation, as shown in Figure 4, Plate XVII, body bristles simple, neither lanceolate nor branched dgidhd gS ey Rahat ete et te Per ae C. fusculus. Body rounded, in cross-section, incisions between the segments not deep, body br istles not, all simples... cj sec eee) ser= 1s ive sisyere tae 2 Dorsal bristle and the anterior one of the dorso-lateral pair thick- ened at base, tapering to well beyond the middle................ One dorso-lateral bristle, the usual posterior dorso-lateral one being on a horizontal level with the lateral bristle, so that there may be said to be 2 lateral bristles................-2-0 08s F. brumalis.* F. cilipes. Two dorso-lateral bristles present, situated on a distinct ridgelike prominence, lateral bristle much below the level cf both........ Dorsal bristles very short and leaflike.............. F. wheeleri. Dorsal bristles elongated, at least six times as long as their greatest DYCAGthe | ose isi siey slots hers savsas velo yovouaiene pate: akeaiaks aaah eueaen ene tee ate ae ena 5 Doralaneye club-shaped, or spatulate, the broadest part heveng MICAS, «Seuss dh cisrs: shovevsesese loishenerebeeretere altel areseie ei ner eee Dorsal bristle spear-shaped, its broadest part slightly before ie middle QP] XiVaGh, Wigs 11) peta sepeee ecm F. specularis. Pa *Species marked with an asterisk are unknown to me except by description. 295 6. Dorsal bristle with apical part rounded.............. F. texanus.* == Dorsal. bristle with: apex: POMLE eyo crm, << oye 010: 010 wf. 00-0 F. pergandet. PUPE 1. Thoracic respiratory organs shoe-shaped.............. C. yt — Thoracic respiratory organs COIMISHICKAUIKE vie cele eiekstele icles s,s sie 2 2. Abdomen with a pair of spines on segments 2 2 to 4, those on the lat- ter much shorter than the other pairs.............. F. wheeleri.* — All the segments which are exposed beyond the larval exuvia with spines, which are not limited to one pair on each segment...... 3 3. Bristles on abdomen very short and inconspicuous; no spine on CACM eee eteten se eoteraneiseiccerer cvenene.cim spasn oie orsestes o/sverershs { F. brumalis.* F. cilipes. — At least some of the bristles on abdomen long and conspicuous... .4 4. A distinct spine present on either side of head.................. 5 = Head -withoutia distinct spme........25. Talllicnas Ikea loOhrails ooo occu oguEoe damon GsdcaonEne oOo Cone 4 PRAY CIO WARD CCLESH ac dacttrs sc areietd i hetel eave) atu eueiGheco tin bieleig.e eine wale 1. rufa. SNES ACK RP ECIES) pele eer «. Sle acre srorevevece si olsrehelaeeis aussie tue Gueiecwiesscstere sie ls 3 3. Apices of mid and hind femora, bases of mid tibiw, and whole of hind pair blackened; fore femora slightly thickened and with 3— ANS DINES Ns Ste ce Cine ib eras ei ola'e. brett ain, Siavaneuatarta tntivegtavere a 2. aldrichi. — Legs entirely yellow; fore femora much thickened and with 16 or MMOLE SPINES es cress cl ocrors eis wialroretereiere, a ettie crelarslnnee sees 3. plebeia. Ameleosralmost entirely yellOwy.icc ccc sh cle etocts = eistiie: ayeus:s acs si elere'e cilelors 5 — Mid and hind legs conspicuously blackened................+.-. 6 5. Fifth tarsal joint with ventral spines; scape of antenne yellow.... 2.ioib) SROMOONEE ESO Ore hee LCG EOL AICO ROLF DLO ONO a0 oC Ole ror peat 4. cressoni. — Fifth tarsal joint without ventral spines; scape of antenne black. . MM es ete easy ae crests aneeek she tape iate vse alie eget sete tos ore evel ayer Se 5. tenwicornis. 6. Scape of antenne yellow; claws of hind tarsi very distinctly longer than those of fore and mid pairs.................-5- 6. trivialis. — Seape of antenne black; claws of hind tarsi not longer than those of AONGUATIG ING eMALES sc sreeseatone tee sererste eae abewenscrevacoveleasis late oie eel aronets 7 7. Mesonotum subopaque black...................-+ 7. opacithoraz. =e Vesonotuime rc] OSSymblacke seve sn rsvevvececisraiere,oronicusees synods e.share ceete wreieyace 8 8. Dise of mesonotum with very distinct pale hairs.......... 8. hirta. — Disc of mesonotum with at most very short hairs, generally bare. . SG J uci ORO ARERR RRR S EASiCa TZN RUA Rn RCM Reare ea 9. flavipes. 1. HETEROMYIA RUFA Loew Ceratopogon rufus Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1861, p. 314, sp. 12. Palpomyia rufa (Loew) Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 217. In my recent revision of the genus Palpomyiay I suggested the pos- sibility of this species belonging to Heteromyia. At that time I had not seen the species, but subsequently Professor Johannsen sent me an example, with a number of other species, from Ithaca, N. York, and Mr. Cresson sent me another from his collection, taken at Swarth- more, Pa. It may be well to indicate its specific characters here. Female.—Reddish yellow, shining. Flagellum of antennz, extreme apices of mid femora, apical third of hind femora, apices of hind tibiz, and last three tarsal joints brownish. ~ *For key to these species see ‘‘ Addendum to Ceratopogonine,’’ page 360. tBull. Til. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, Art. 4 (1914), p. 217. 326 Eyes distinctly separated ; antenna more than one and a half times as long as head and thorax together. Disc of mesonotum with very short pale hairs closely placed; 3-4 black setule in front of wing- base. Fore femora much thickened, the anterior surface with 2-3 irregular rows of short black thorns on almost their entire length; fifth tarsal joint unspined; tarsal claws equal, of moderate size, with a me- dian tooth on the inner side. Third vein to five sixths the wing-length; first, to less than two fifths the length of third; last section of first slightly shorter than penultimate section of third; media forking be- fore cross vein, base of its posterior branch indistinct; cubitus forking proximad of cross vein. Length, 3.75 mm. Originally described from Pennsylvania. Early stages unknown. 2. HETEROMYIA ALDRICHI, n. sp. Female.—Black, shining. Head black, antennz, face, and palpi blackish brown. Thorax black, shining. Abdomen brownish black on dorsum, ventrally yellowish, the segments of the apical half with a brown spot on each side. Legs yellow, mid and hind coxe, apices of middle femora and bases of their tibiz, apical third of hind femora and the whole of their tibiz, and apical two joints of all tarsi black- ened. Wings clear, veins yellowish. Halteres whitish. Eyes separated by about a fifth the width of head; joints of basal half of flagellum slightly longer than wide. Disc of mesonotum with - numerous rather weak hairs. Fore femora slightly thicker than hind pair and with three spines on apical half of ventral surface; fifth tarsal joint without ventral spines; claws small, equal. Third vein ending at about three fourths the wing-length; first ending at two fifths the length from base of third; media forking before cross vein, base of posterior branch indistinct; cubitus forking very slightly beyond cross vein. Length, 2.75 mm. Type locality, Moscow, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich). I have no hesitation in locating this species in Hzieromyia because of the presence of spines on the fore femora only, and because of the small tarsal claws, which are similar throughout this group of the genus. The species is named in honor of Professor J. M. Aldrich, who kindly donated the specimen. A paratype from Berkley Hills, Alameda county, Cal., April 11, 1908, submitted by Mr. Cresson, has the abdomen paler than the type, but in other respects agrees with the above description. This speci- 327 men is in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. 3. HETEROMYIA PLEBEIA Loew Ceratopogon plebius Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1861, p. 313, sp. 11. Male.—Black, shining. Face and antenne brown, palpi yellow. Abdomen yellow at base. Legs yellow, apices of fore and mid femora narrowly, of hind femora broadly, blackened; apical 2-3 joints of tarsi brown. Wings clear, veins pale brown. Halteres pale yellow. Eyes narrowly separated; antenna more than one and a half times as long as head and thorax combined. Disc of mesonotum with nu- merous short blackish hairs; a few setule on margins in front of wing- base, and on margin of scutellum. Hypopygium smaller than usual in this family. Fore femora much swollen, the thorns beginning just be- fore middle and reaching to apex; fifth tarsal joint unspined; tarsal claws small, equal, without distinguishable middle tooth. Third vein to slightly less than three fourths the wing-length; first ends at middle of third, its last section distinctly shorter than penultimate section of third; media forking before cross vein, its posterior branch with base indistinct ; cubitus forking slightly beyond cross vein. Female.—Differs from the male in having the head yellow, the an- tenn with only the flagellum brown; the abdomen more broadly yel- low at base, and the legs with the dark marks less distinct. The antennal flagellum is very slender, and the entire antennal length is about three fourths that of the insect itself. The tarsal claws are longer than in the male, and have the central tooth distinct. The third vein extends to four fifths of the wing-length. In other respects as the male. Length: male, 1.75-2.5 mm.; female, 2.5-3 mm. Localities: Monticello, Ill., June 28, 1914, swept from vegetation on bank of Sangamon River; Little Bear Lake, Columbia, Mich., July 15, 1914, swept from vegetation; Ithaca, N. Y. (O. A. Johannsen). Originally described from Pennsylvania. Early stages unknown. 4. H®ETEROMYIA CRESSONI, Nn. Sp. Female.—Head yellow, vertex and flagellum of antennz fuscous. Thorax brownish black, shining, anterior lateral angles yellowish; pleurz highly polished. Abdomen yellow. Legs yellow, coxe brown- ish; tarsal claws black. Wings clear, veins yellowish. Halteres yel- low. Knob pale brown. Frons narrow anteriorly, the sides diverging posteriorly; antenne with the basal nine joints of flagellum distinctly longer than their 328 diameter ; apical joint of palpi barely longer than preceding joint. Disc of mesonotum microscopically reticulated and with rather closely placed short hairs. Legs slightly elongated, fore femora distinctly but not greatly thicker than hind pair, their ventral surfaces with about eight black spines extending from before middle to apex; fifth tarsal joint with ventral spines; tarsal claws of moderate length, those on the hind legs distinctly longer than the others, each pair subequal in length and with inner tooth. Third vein ending at about four fifths the wing-length; first ending slightly before middle of third; media forking close in front of cross vein; cubitus forking below cross vein. Length, 3.5 mm. Type locality, Swarthmore, Pa., June 8, 1905 (E. T. Cresson, Jr.). This species resembles some of those in Palpoymia in having ven- tral bristles on the fifth tarsal joint, but there are no spines on the mid and hind femora, which points to its closer association with Hetero- myia, though the line of demarcation between these genera is rather an arbitrary one as at present defined. The species is named in honor of the collector. 5. HETEROMYIA TENUICORNIS, Nn. sp. Female.—Black, glossy. Head black; flagellum of antennz yel- lowish on basal half, the apices of joints and the apical half fuscous, scape black; palpi reddish. Mesonotum without trace of pruinescence; pronotum brownish. Abdomen brown, yellowish at base and ventrally. Legs reddish yellow, mid and hind cox, knee joints, extreme apices of hind tibiz, and apical two tarsal joints blackened. Wings clear, veins yellow. Halteres yellow, apically brownish. Eyes separated by less than one eighth the width of head; antennz slender, extending to about middle of abdomen, the basal eight flagellar joints each about four times as long as their diameter; apical joint of palpi much longer than preceding joint. Disc of mesonotum with very inconspicuous hairs. Abdomen much longer than head and thorax together. Legs slender, fore femora distinctly but not greatly thicker than hind pair, their ventral surfaces with 6-7 black spines on apical half; hind tibiz with only weak decumbent hairs; basal joint of hind tarsi about half as long as hind tibie; fifth tarsal joint unspined; claws short, subequal. Third vein ending at about five sixths the wing- length; first ending at about two fifths the length from base of third; cross vein at wing-middle; media forking distinctly proximad of cross vein; cubitus forking below base of posterior branch of media. Length, 3.5-4 mm. Type locality, Polk Co., Wis., July (Baker). 329 6. HETEROMYIA TRIVIALIS Loew Ceratopogon trivialis Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1861, p. 309, sp. 4. Palpomyia trivialis (Loew) Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 217. Female.—Black, shining. Scape of antenne, fore femora, bases of mid and hind femora, apices of fore tibiz, and bases of all the tarsi yellow. Wings slightly grayish, veins brown, the thick veins very distinct. Halteres black. Eyes distinctly separated; antennz about one and a half times as long as head and thorax together. Disc of mesonotum without dis- tinct hairs. Fore femora distinctly thicker than mid pair but not thicker than hind pair, the thorns (3-4) confined to apical half; claws of fore and mid tarsi simple, equal, rather small, those of hind tarsi dis- tinctly longer but of similar structure. Third vein extending to four fifths of the wing-length, slightly thickened; first, to one third the length of third, its last section equal to penultimate section of third; media forking distinctly before cross vein, the base of posterior branch obsolete, cubitus forking distinctly before cross vein. Length, 2-2.5 mm. Localities: Muncie, Ill., May 24, 1914; and Monticello, Ill., June 21, 1914. Swept from vegetation along the banks of streams by C. A. Hart and the writer. Originally described from the District of Columbia, and subse- quently recorded by Smith from New Jersey. I have decided that this species belongs more properly to Hetero- myia than to Palpomyia because of the thickening of the fore femora and the absence of spines from the other pairs. I had not seen the species when I wrote my recent revision of the genus Palpomyia. Whe HETEROMYIA OPACITHORAX, Nn. Sp. Female.—Differs from hirta and flavipes in being much more robust, in having the thorax subopaque, the surface with slight pruines- cence and slightly granulose, the scutellum much broader, and the legs more obscured by black. The antenna is barely longer than head and thorax together, and the third vein reaches to more than three fourths of the wing-length. Tarsal characters as in flavipes. Length, 2 mm. Type locality, St. Joseph, Ill, May 17, 1914. Paratype from Du- bois, Ill., April 24, 1914. Swept from vegetation along banks of streams. Nothing is known of the early stages. 330 8. HETEROMYIA HIRTA, N. sp. Female.—Similar in coloration to flavipes. Structurally sep- arable by the following characters: antennz not more than one and a fourth times as long as head and thorax together; mesonotum with closely placed, very distinct hairs; third vein to less than three fourths the wing-length. Male.—Differs from the male of flavipes in having the mesono- tum with distinct hairs and the hypopygium much smaller. Length: male, 1.5 mm.; female, 2-2.5 mm. Type locality, Muncie, Ill., May 24, and July 5, 1914. Taken by the writer under the same conditions as flavipes. g. HETEROMYIA FLAVIPES Meigen Ceratopogon flavipes Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Eur. Zweifl. Ins., Vol. 1, 1818, p. 82, sp. 35. Female.—Glossy black. Base of abdomen sometimes yellowish. Legs yellow, cox, apices of femora, apices of fore and mid tibize (narrowly) and of posterior pair (broadly), apical three joints of fore and mid tarsi and whole of posterior pair, blackened. Wings slightly grayish, veins brown. Halteres black, stems yellowish. Frons narrow, the sides converging anteriorly; antennz with the second joint of moderate size, flagellum slender, entire length of an- tenna equal to one and a half times the combined length of head and thorax. Mesonotum without distinct discal setule. Abdomen elon- gate, slightly flattened. Legs strong, fore femora distinctly thicker than the mid and hind pairs, their apical half with about twelve short stout thorns on antero-ventral surface; mid and hind femora unarmed ; hind tibize with the hairs on dorsal surface rather setulose; basal joint of hind tarsus slightly thickened, tapering to apex, as long as next three joints combined; fourth joint of all tarsi short, obcordate; fifth joint more than twice as long as fourth, without ventral spines; claws on all legs subequal, those on hind tarsi not longer than on the other pairs. Third vein to four fifths the wing-length; first not reaching to middle of last section of third,.the section beyond the cross vein about one third as long as preceding section; media forking distinctly in front of cross vein; cubitus forking in line with base of posterior branch of media. Male.—Much darker than the female; legs black, the fore pair ex- cept apices of tarsi, the bases of mid and hind femora, and bases of tarsi yellow; mid and hind tibiz generally much obscured by black. 331 Antenna about one and a half times as long as head and thorax combined. Hypopygium large, protruding, apical portion of lateral arm about two thirds as long as basal portion, tapering to a fine point, at apex distinctly incurved. Legs as in female, though the fore fem- ora have fewer thorns. Third vein extending slightly less than to three fourths the wing-length; first vein slightly less than half the length of third; cubitus forking very slightly beyond the cross vein. Length: male, 2-2.5 mm.; female, 2.5—3 mm. Illinois locality, Muncie, July 5, 1914. A very large series of both sexes was taken May 24, 1914, at the same place. All the specimens were taken, by Mr. Hart and the writer, in sweeping vegetation on the banks of Stony Creek. The only previous record of this species from this country is that contained in the New Jersey list of insects. Originally described from Europe. Serromy1A Meigen This genus is, as far as is known, represented in Illinois by a single species, though it is possible that femorata Meigen may also occur. I. SERROMYIA FEMORATA Meigen Ceratopogon femoratus Meigen, Klass. u. Beschr. Eur. Zweifl. Ins., Vol. 1, 1804, p. 24. Serromyia femorata Meigen; Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p- 217. This species was originally described from Europe, where it is one of the commonest species belonging to the group with spinose femora. It has been recorded from Alaska, by Coquillett, and I have seen a fe- male specimen, submitted by Professor Johannsen, from Ellis, N. Y., June 13, 1904. 2. SERROMYIA CRASSIFEMORATA Malloch Serromyia crassifemorata Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, Art. 4 (1914), p. 218. This species is separable from femorata by the structure of the hind tarsal claws, which are equal in length, whereas in femorata they are very unequal, the inner being four times as long as the outer. Type locality, Mt. Carmel, Ill., May 28, 1884 (H. Garman). Two females. I have seen no other specimen. 332 JOHANNSENOMYIA, nov. nom. In my previous paper in this Bulletin, Article IV of this volume, I included all the species previously placed in Johannseniella by various authors, but have now erected another genus, Hartomyia, for the reception of species having the media petiolate. In the present paper I have, therefore, restricted the scope of Johannsenomyia, including in it only those species which have the media furcate proximad of the cross vein. The change of name from Johannseniella to Johannsenomyia becomes necessary because of the following facts: Ceratolophus was erected by Kieffer* with one species included, femoratus Meigen; but as the type species is also the type of Serromyiay, Ceratolophus is a synonym of Serromyia. Failing to recognize this fact, Kieffer pro- posed to replace the name Ceratolophus Kieffer, not Boucort (1873), with the name Johannseniella, thereby inadvertently adding another synonym to Serromyia. As the name he proposed was intended as a compliment to a worker who is a distinguished authority on the group, I consider it advisable to retain the generic name in a form as near to the original as possible. Kieffer in a paper in the Memoirs of the Indian Museum? dealing with Indian Chironomide makes Johannseniella a synonym of Sphe- romyas, ignoring the fact that the type of the latter, fasciatus Meigen, does not possess the characters indicated in his description of that genus. Key To SPECIES 1. Wings with distinct black marks other than the infuscation on the CEOSS VEU a))5 ise. ok Sie Rees ethene 2 — Wings without any black marks, only the cross vein in some species infuscated . (ise Weck ue haha wake Ae lategeae ees rene eee 3 2. Wings with 2 black spots; tibia entirely black........ 1. dimidiata. — Wings (Pl. XXII, Fig. 12) with 2 black spots; tibie black at apices ODDLY cds ents piety SIR oe ERS noe Renee 2. bimaculata. 3. Abdomen covered with silvery pruinescence......... 3. argentata. — Abdomen without silvery pruinescence.................0.00e0 4 4. Cross vein of wing very conspicuously darker than other veins, which with the field of the wing are whitish.......... 4. albaria. — Cross vein of wing not darker than other veins, wings either ie or hyaline, veins brownish 5. Yellow ispecies) cs suena emia eh cs coe eee 5. jai — Black or blackish brown species .............00ceeeceecceeeeee 6 6. Last tarsal joint without spines on the ventral surface........... 7 — Last tarsal joint with distinct spines on the ventral surface...... 12 *Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1899, p. 69. tSee Meigen’s Syst. Beschr. Eur. Zweifl. Ins., Vol. 1, 1818, p. 83. Vol. 2, 1910, p. 194. 333 Halteres pale; fore and mid tarsal claws short, subequal, hind pair very unequal, the inner about 4 times as long as the outer........ Satiigthd tao PAS ROOBatS OO Gr oc nCr Ge COOS hcine Greet 6. polita. Clawsronvallitarste sm Oequale seme sie ceserscrstsucve ters xe 'a).8 sieceyeisia:s, ess 01s « 8 alteres brown, tarsaliclaws small... o-6- nce -oscss eect sce. 9 al teres! pales yellows Or Witter crea cie cis crac selec + (cle eisievacieie sts ais 10 Distance from cross vein to apex of third much greater than that from apex of third to apex of wing; hypopygium very large...... Peasy ct etal sakes ene snes ote U ates le teyalel loveyeh stejatiesey stsrandteyarenatal glide) onaiecs 7. equalis. Distance from cross vein to apex of third subequal to that from apex of third to apex of wing; hypopygium small...... 8. caudelli, 2. Small species, 1 mm.; claws minute, third vein united to first on Ths) ERAN AER soongoneuooomDodna Hartomyia arctica* (p. 343). Larger species, at least 1.75 mm.; claws rather large, third vein united to first by the normal cross vein................00000 11 Small species, 1.75 mm., third vein extending almost to apex of Yk oa oth anid cr Gr OREO CRE TRE CROIN ER A RICE IDI Ot cea 9. macroneura. Larger species, 4 mm.; third vein extending to five sixths the wing- QRY OG Lay ass car patede op hiaus ioncy orsqat spewed chorea cvmbeysisick Se. Suara oye oie%s os 10. magna. Tarsal claws on all legs unequal; posterior branch of media obliter- ated excepts nearyapexes - 4 css ocr tise ties tse. 11. stigmals. Tarsal claws on all legs subequal; posterior branch of media distinct GXCEDURAU MUSE DANCUe miei asta yore drei timu mete itis erent a marae ave Sac wie 13 Antenna not as long as head and thorax together; halteres yellow, sometimes brownish; hind tarsus with basal joint as long as next SOUS COMING a acts seveleve ne sists Helse ee aie ae 8. caudelli, 2. Antenna slightly longer than head and thorax combined; knob of halteres black; hind tarsus with basal joint as long as remaining FOINTSAC OM DIM Edie iets. cocks kere vat Stas ratios ale 12. halteralis. I. JOHANNSENOMYIA DIMIDIATA Adams Ceratopogon dimidiatus Adams, Bull. Kans. Univ., Vol. 2, 1903, p. 27. Johannseniella dimidiata (Adams) Malloch, Bull. fll. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 226. I have not seen this species, which was originally described by Adams from Arizona. It is very closely related to bimaculata Loew. 2. JOHANNSENOMYIA BIMACULATA Loew Ceratopogon bimaculatus Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1861, p. 311, sp. 6. Johannseniella bimaculata (Loew) Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 227. I redescribed this species in Article 1V of Volume X of this Bulle- tin (p. 227). *This species is inserted here as well as in Hartomyia because of a slight doubt as tu its generic position. 334 Illinois localities: Pulaski, Algonquin, Monticello, and Urbana. Taken on dates ranging from the end of June to the end of August. Early stages and habits unknown. 3. JOHANNSENOMYIA ARGENTATA Loew Ceratopogon argentatus Loew, Berl. Ent, Zeitschr., 1861, p. 310, sp. 5. Johannseniella argentata (Loew) Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 226. Female.—Black, shining. Head yellow, apices of the short joints of flagellum of antennz and the whole of the apical five joints brown. Abdomen black, the surface obscured by dense silvery pruinescence. Legs yellow, blackened on mid and hind coxe, on middle of hind fem- ora and their extreme apices, on basal half of hind tibiz, also apical three joints of all tarsi. Wings with a slight infuscation on cross vein, along anterior branch of media, and on the cells between radius and costa. Halteres black. Eyes separated by a narrow line; antenna reaching to about middle of abdomen. Mesonotum with the disc covered with short closely placed pale hairs, lateral view of anterior half as in Figure 5, Plate XXIII. Abdomen slightly spatulate. Legs slender, noticeably elon- gated; basal joint of hind tarsus longer than the remaining joints to- gether ; fifth tarsal joint on all legs with a row of 6-7 long bristles on each side of ventral surface extending from base somewhat beyond the middle; inner claw of each tarsus about a fourth as long as the outer. Third vein to about seven eighths of the wing-length; first vein about a third the length of third; media forking distinctly in front of cross vein; cubitus forking below the base of posterior fork of media. Length, 3.5-4.5 mm. Illinois localities: Pike, May 26, 1906; Monticello, June; Lilly, June 11; Mt. Carmel, June 30; Algonquin, June and July; Urbana and Havana, July; and Centerville, August 16. It is strange that out of thirty-eight specimens in the collection here there should be no males. The females undoubtedly do predom- inate in Ceratogoponine, but this is an exceptional instance. Prof. J. M. Aldrich has taken numerous females of this species at Lafayette, Ind., but no males. By an unfortunate slip this species was not de- scribed in my revision of the genus published in Article IV of this volume. Originally described from Washington, D. C. Early stages and habits of adults unknown. The male is unde- scribed. 335 4. JOHANNSENOMYIA ALBARIA Coquillett Ceratopogon albarius Coquillett, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1895, p. 308. Johannseniella magnipennis Johannsen, Bull. 124, N. Y. State Mus., 1908, p. 268. Johannseniella albaria (Coquillett) Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 228. In addition to Algonquin, Urbana, and Havana, Illinois localities already recorded, specimens of this species have been added to the Laboratory collection this year (1914) from the following localities, also in Illinois: Muncie, May and July, Monticello, June, and Sum- ner, August 2. Females only have been taken, and no information as to the habits of the,adult has been obtained. 5. JOHANNSENOMYIA FLAVIDULA Malloch Johannseniella flavidula Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, Art. IV. (1914), p. 230. Havana and Algonquin are the localities already recorded for this species, and Mr. Hart and the writer took large numbers of the pupe from the Big Muddy River near Grand Tower, IIl., in April 1914, from which both sexes were reared. 6. JOHANNSENOMYIA POLITA Coquillett Ceratopogon politus Coquillett, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. 23, 1901, p. 606. Johannseniella polita (Coquillett) Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 227. Female.—Glossy black. Legs brownish black, apices of tibize paler, tarsi whitish yellow. Knobs of halteres whitish yellow. Eyes narrowly separated; antenna short, barely as long as head and thorax together. Mesonotum with the discal hairs rather long, those on center confined to the normal three lines; the setulose hairs in front of wing-base and on margin of scutellum very long. Legs not noticeably thickened nor elongated; basal joint of hind tarsus not half as long as hind tibia and equal in length to the next three joints com- bined; fifth tarsal joint unspined; fore and mid tarsi with the claws subequal, hind pair with the inner four times as long as the outer. Third vein to two thirds the wing-length; first vein to middle of third; media forking at cross vein, the base of the posterior branch indis- tinct; cubitus forking below cross vein. Length, 1.5 mm. I have not seen this species from Illinois, the only example I have being a female submitted by Prof. O. A. Johannsen, taken at Ithaca, Ns We 336 Originally described from Massachusetts. The male is undescribed. Early stages and habits of adult unknown. Coquillett states that the eyes are very widely separated, but in the specimen before me they are only narrowly so, though the vertex has the eyes widely diverging posteriorly, which may be what Coquillett saw instead of the frons. 7. JOHANNSENOMYIA ZQUALIS, n. sp. .Male.—This species agrees in coloration and size with polita, ex- cept that the halteres are brown and the antennal flagellum on basal half and its plumes are yellow. The eyes are widely separated; antenna slightly longer than head and thorax combined, basal joint of flagellum one and a half times as long as second; apical five joints elongated. Mesonotum not so highly polished as in polita, the hairs and their disposition similar to those of that species. Abdomen short; the hypopygium exceptionally large, about equal in length to remainder of abdomen, basal portion of lat- eral arm about four times as long as its diameter, apical portion about two thirds as long as basal, its apex in the form of a long slender hook. Legs slender; basal joint of hind tarsi slightly longer than remaining joints together; fifth tarsal joint unspined; tarsal claws rather small, equal on all legs. Third vein to four fifths the wing-length; first, dis- tinctly short of middle of third; media forking distinctly in front of cross vein, the base of posterior branch indistinct; cubitus forking be- low cross vein. Length, 1.5 mm. Type locality, Muncie, Ill., on bank of Stony Creek, July 5, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes from Centerville, Ill., August 16, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). This species is remarkably close to polita in color, and as the male of the latter in all probability has the claws of the tarsi subequal it is likely to be difficult to separate the males of the two species. The prin- cipal reason why I have accepted this as distinct from polita is because of the difference in venation. It is, I believe, a general rule that where the elongation of the third vein is unequal in the sexes, the greater elongation is in the female. Should the male described herewith prove ultimately to be that of polita it will be an exception to the rule. As indicated in the key to species, equalis is also closely related to cau- delli. Female and early stages unknown. 337 8. JOHANNSENOMYIA CAUDELLI Coquillett Ceratopogon caudelli Coquillett, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. 13, 1905, p. 63. Johannseniella caudelli (Coquillett) Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 227. This species I redescribed in an earlier article of this volume (Art. IV., p. 231). In addition to Havana and Algonquin, the Ilinois local- ities already recorded, Mr. Hart and the writer have taken this species in great numbers in the pupal stage in the Little Wabash River at Carmi and in the Big Muddy River near Grand Tower. Adults have also been taken at St. Joseph, Dubois, and Carbondale. Pupal stage taken in April; adults, end of April and early part of May. I have seen three males taken by Professor Aldrich at Lafayette, Ind., May 2, 1914. Ceratopogon flaviceps Johannsen may be a synonym, though I am unable to say definitely from the description. g. JOHANNSENOMYIA MACRONEURA, N. Sp. Female.—Brownish black, glossy. Face, flagellum of antenne, palpi, and proboscis brownish yellow. Ventral surface of abdomen reddish. Legs brownish black, fore coxe and trochanters and bases of all femora yellowish, all tarsi with the basal four joints whitish, the apical joint and claws black. Wings clear, veins yellowish. Halteres whitish. Eyes separated by about one sixth the head-width; joints of basal half of flagellum distinctly but not greatly longer than broad; entire length of antenne one and a third that of head and thorax together. Thoracic hairs short, rather stout and sparse. Legs stout, not elongate ; hind tibize at apices as stout as femora; basal joint of hind tarsi about half as long as tibiz; fifth joint without ventral spines; claws of fore and mid legs of moderate size, those of hind legs more elongate, each pair equal in size and with a tooth on inner sides. Third vein fused with costa before apex, extending almost to tip of wing; first vein ending at about one third the length of third; base of posterior branch of media obsolete; cubitus forking slightly before cross vein. Length, 1.75 mm. Type locality, Lawrence, Kansas. Although this species closely resembles cqualis in many respects, I consider that the differences in color (especially that of the halteres) and venation are sufficient to justify me in describing them as different species. The media in @qualis forks distinctly in front of the cross vein, while in macroneura it forks at the cross vein. The base of the posterior branch of media is indistinct but traceable in both species. 338 The type specimen of macroneura was sent me by Prof. J. M. Al- drich, and is in the collection of this Laboratory. 10. JOHANNSENOMYIA MAGNA Coquillett Ceratopogon magnus Coquillett, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soe., Vol. 13, 1905, p. 61. Johannseniella magna (Coquillett) Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 227. I have not seen this species. It was originally described from Texas. Male undescribed. II. JOHANNSENOMYIA STIGMALIS Coquillett Ceratopogon stigmalis Coquillett, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 25, 1902, p. 86. Johannseniella stigmalis (Coquillett) Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, p. 227. I have not seen this species. It was originally described from Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico. Male undescribed. 12. JOHANNSENOMYIA HALTERALIS, Nn. Sp. Male.—Glossy black. Face, flagellum of antennz and their plumes, and the palpi yellowish. Legs yellow, blackened on mid and hind coxe, the hind femora, except their bases, and the whole of the hind tibiz, apices of femora and bases of tibiz of fore and mid legs brownish; apices of all tarsi blackened. Halteres with black knobs. Eyes narrowly separated; antennz reaching to middle of abdomen Disc of mesonotum covered with short closely placed brownish hairs. Abdomen slender ; hypopygium very small, the apex of abdomen trun- cated and the hypopygium generally directed downward and closely adherent to surface of abdomen. Legs very slender and elongated, the posterior pair particularly so; basal joint of hind tarsus two thirds as long as hind tibia and distinctly longer than remaining joints com- bined; fourth joint less than half as long as fifth; the latter with two pairs of blunt spines at middle, the fifth joint of fore and mid tarsi unspined ; claws of fore and mid tarsi small, not a third as long as fifth joint ; those of the hind tarsi about half as long as fifth joint. Third vein to three fourths the wing-length; first, short of middle of third; media forking before cross vein; cubitus forking below cross vein. Female.—Glossy black. Face brownish yellow, palpi yellow. Base of abdomen yellow. Legs yellow, black on apical third of mid and hind femora and on the extreme apices of fore and mid tibize and the apical third of hind pair, and the last three tarsal joints of all legs also black. 339 Eyes narrowly separated; antenna slightly longer than head and thorax together. Hairs on mesonotum more sparse than in the male. Abdomen spatulate. Legs not as elongate as in male; basal joint of hind tarsus slightly more than half as long as hind tibia; fifth joint of all legs with 5-6 pairs of spines on under side; tarsal claws on all legs more than half as long as fifth joint, the hind pair the longest. Wings as in male. Length, 2.5-3 mm. Type locality, on banks of Sangamon River at Monticello, June 21-30, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes from banks of Mackinaw River at Lilly, Ill, June 11, 1914 (C. A. Hart), and from banks of Stony Creek at Muncie, Ill., July 5, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). I believe the female just described to be of this species, but I have no justification for this belief except the fact that both sexes were taken at the same time and place. The male is readily separated from caudelli by the much longer antennz, the presence of the two pairs of spines on the under side of the fifth joint of the hind tarsi, and the elongate legs, the basal joint of the hind tarsus in caudelli being much thicker than in halteralis and barely more than half as long as the tibia. The female differs from that of caudelli in the more slender and longer antennze, the pale color of the palpi and coxz, and in having the legs more elongate, the basal joint of the hind tarsi being of equal thick- ness throughout its entire length, whereas in caudelli it is thickest at the base and tapers to the apex. HarTOMYIA, n. gen. This genus may: be recognized by the following characters: anten- nz elongated, the apical five joints conspicuously so, plumose on the basal eight joints of flagellum in male, short-haired throughout in fe- male; mouth parts of female well developed, those of male less de- veloped. Thorax with a series of distinct setule along the mesial and meso-lateral lines, and a group of similar setulz in front of wing-base. Abdomen and legs similar to those of Johannsenomyia. Wings bare, the spurious Y-shaped vein present in the cell between radius and media ; media forking very distinctly beyond the cross vein, i. e., petio- late ; anal vein simple. Separable from Johannsenomyia by the petiolate media.* Type of genus, Ceratopogon pictus Coquillett. *IT have observed that picta and antennalis when at rest invariably have the wings spread in the form of an inverted V, whereas in the species of Johannsenomyta and other genera the wings are closed over the body. I have not, however, observed a sufficient number of species to enable me to decide whether the rule holds good for the species generally. 340 Key To SPECIES 1. Wings with distinct black spots or bands.................-.00+ 2 Wings without ‘spots or bands). ..-.:. 2. 2). <4 aes ses <1) eee eee 3 2. Wings with 3 black spots or bands; male with fore and mid tarsal claws equal, the hind pair very unequal in length....1. nebulosa. — Wings with 2 black spots (Pl. XXII, Fig. 11) ; male with claws of all ‘tarsi isubequall sj os isco we nreintel tee leis eater eheicnetes 2. picta. 3. Thorax yellow or green....... govie a.a a ace evel. sypaverereie ena 4 — ‘Thorax black. .<2je3 a) eucidcw oie dots Sie ale aiaieleidioyl spol ee ee 5 4. Thorax and abdomen green, the latter with a transverse pair of elongate black spots on segments 3 to 5; all tarsal claws unequal Re eee RRO Hee TEER EO On UU robo Wado ON G00 3. viridis. — Thorax and abdomen yellow, unspotted; all tarsal claws minute, subequal £2 Ais sien ie Seale tee ee ane ee ee 4, gilva. 5. Small species, 1 mm.; third vein fused with first on its basal fourth; petiole of media slightly shorter than cross vein, tarsal claws mi- nute;, subequal) qo) ons asus tee eek eee 5. arctica, 2. — Larger species, 1.5 mm.; third vein connected with first by the nor- mal eross-vein; petiole of media longer than cross vein; tarsal claws of female very umequal..............c0ceccecceceveece 6 6. Abdomen and halteres black; last joint of all tarsi with a transverse pair of blunt spines near base on ventral surface... 6. antennalis. — Abdomen and halteres pale 2... 020) oy cwne ioe coe coe ene if 7. Abdomen green; last joint of all tarsi with a pair of spines near base:on! ventralisurtaces. cesses een tenor 7. dwersa. — Abdomen yellow; last tarsal joint without spines. . 8. pallidiventris. 1. HARTOMYIA NEBULOSA Coquillett Ceratopogon nebulosus Coquillett, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 23, 1901, p. 606. Johannseniella nebulosa Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, Art. 4, 1914, p. 226. This species is described by Coquillett as having the “thorax black, mesonotum opaque, densely gray pruinose and marked with large, mostly confluent spots and isolated brown dots; scutellum yellow, fore corners brown.” The wings have three brown spots or bands as fol- lows: “the first near center of basal cell, the second beginning at basal > part of vein 3 and extending to apex of lower branch of fifth, the last beginning on costa beyond apex of vein 3, and extending into second posterior cell, also a small brownish spot near center of anal cell.’’ The media forks slightly beyond the cross vein. Halteres white. Length, 2 mm. Originally described from a male taken in New Jersey. Has not been taken in Illinois to my knowledge. It probably occurs in this 341 state, as I have seen a male specimen taken by Professor Aldrich at Lafayette, Ind., July 6, 1914. 2. Hartomyia picta Coquillett Ceratopogon pictus Coquillett, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soe., Vol. 13, 1905, p. 60. Male.—Bright green in life, dry specimens varying from green to yellow. Head yellow; antenne darkened on apical half of flagellum, the plumes golden yellow on their basal half, black on apical half, palpi brown. Mesonotum glossy, anterior margin blackened on center, evi- dently a vestige of the central vitta, the meso-lateral vittee glossy black, extending the entire length of disc: pleurze with a dark brown mark extending from below wing-base to lower margin; center of scutellum suffused with dark brown, which sometimes extends to posterior por- tion of mesonotum; postnotum brown. Abdomen glossy pale green at base, the apical half with black marks on dorsum which sometimes consist of dorsal, lateral, and post-marginal stripes, leaving small en- closed pale spotlike areas, but occasionally the segments are almost en- tirely suffused with black. Legs yellow; mid coxe brown; mid femora with a black spot on anterior side and another on posterior side near to apices, which sometimes fuse, forming a ring; hind femora with a black spot on the anterior surface at apical third, and the apices nar- rowly black; mid and hind tibiz black at apices, the latter most dis- tinctly so; tarsal claws black. Wings clear, veins brown, the cross vein, apex of radius, and a small spot immediately below the latter deep black (PI. XXII, Fig. 11). Halteres yellow, sometimes brownish. Eyes narrowly separated; antenna about one half longer than head and thorax combined, second joint large, globose, its dorsal surface with a few short black setule; joints of flagellum elongated, the last 5 conspicuously so; palpi short, the hairs sparse and black. Mesono- tum without surface hairs, only the rows of setule present; scutellum with a group of 6 setulose hairs at apex and one or two on each side near base. Abdomen slightly spatulate at apex; hypopygium with the apical portion of the lateral arms slender, not recurved. Legs slender, surfaces with short blackish hairs, which are strongest on the dorsal surfaces of the mid and hind tibiz; fore tibia with a distinct apical spine, no spine on other tibiz; basal joint of fore tarsus twice as long as second and equal in length to the four apical joints combined; basal joint of middle tarsus about 21/3 times as long as second and dis- tinctly longer than the combined length of the last 4; basal joint of hind tarsus twice as long as second and but little shorter than the com- bined length of the apical 4; fourth tarsal joint on all legs obcordate, much shorter than fifth; fifth without ventral spines; claws subequal, simple, the base but slightly produced. First vein extending half the 342 distance from humeral vein to wing-tip, third vein to two fifths of the distance from apex of first to wing-tip; distance from cross vein to apex of first, measured along costa, one third of that from apex of first to apex of third; last section of first vein little longer than the cross vein connecting it with third; the black spot on the posterior side of apex of third vein takes the form of a slight callosity of the wing membrane; petiole of media as long as the lower branch of cubitus, the latter forking in vertical lines with the apex of first vein and well be- yond the cross vein. Female.—Color as in the male but the black marks on the abdo- men generally less coalescent, and those on the legs and wings more distinct. The antenne are much more slender than those of the male, and the joints more elongated, their combined length equaling two thirds the length of the body, surface hairs numerous, but short and weak; head as in male except that the proboscis is stronger. Abdomen stouter than that of male, the surface hairs weaker and paler. Legs similar to those of male, differing principally in having the fifth tarsal joint more elongate and with a transverse pair of bristles near its base on ventral side; tarsal claws unequal in size, the inner one being less than half as large as the outer. In other respects agrees with male. Length, 2.5—3 mm. Illinois localities: Urbana—a large series of specimens, represent- ing both sexes in about equal numbers, taken by sweeping amongst undergrowth and trees on the banks of the old channel of Salt Fork at the fair grounds, May 20 and July 4, 1914; Monticello, June 28, and Mahomet, August 6, 1914, under same conditions as above (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Originally described from Virginia. Male not hitherto described. Palpomyia (Spheromyas) bimacula Kieffer* agrees in almost every detail with the present species. The localities given for bimacula are Calcutta and N. Bengal. P. viridiventris Kieffer (1. c., p. 203) also belongs to this genus but is more closely allied to viridis Coquillett. The type locality for this species is Dawana Hills (1000 feet), Lower Burma. 3. Hartomyia viripis Coquillett. Ceratopogon viridis Coquillett, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 23, 1901, p. 607. Johannseniella viridis Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, Art. 4, 1914, p. 227. Originally described from New Jersey. Has not been taken in Illinois. * Mem. Ind. Mus., Vol. 2, 1910, p. 201. 343 4. HARTOMYIA GILVA Coquillett Ceratopogon gilvus Coquillett, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. 13, 1905, p. 62. Johannseniella gilva Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, Art. 4, 1914, p. 227. Owing to a typographical error the length of the species is given in the original description as 8 mm. instead of 3 mm. I have seen a male specimen of this species, submitted by Prof. O. A. Johannsen, from Ithaca, N. Y., and another taken at Swarthmore, Pa., submitted by Mr. Cresson. The male agrees with the description of the female as given by Coquillett in being entirely yellow, in having the tarsal claws small and subequal, and in venation. The antenna is one and a half times as long as head and thorax together, the plumes are yellow with brownish apices, and the legs have many long setulose surface hairs. A female from Polk Co., Wis. (Aldrich), has the setulose hairs on the legs weaker than those of the male. Originally described from three females taken at Biscayne Bay, Florida, by Mrs. A. T. Slosson. The species probably occurs in Illinois. 5. Harromyta Arctica Coquillett Ceratopogon arcticus Coquillett, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. 2, 1900, p. 396. Johannseniella arctica Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, Art. 4, 1914, p. 227. I have not seen this species. It was originally described from Alaska and has not been subsequently recorded. I have some doubt as to its generic position, and have included it in the key given for species of Johannsenomyia as well as in the key to species of the present genus. 6. HARTOMYIA ANTENNALIS Coquillett Ceratopogon antennalis Coquillett, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 23, 1901, p. 606. Johannseniella antennalis Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, Art. 4, 1914, p. 227. Male.—Glossy black. Abdomen generally yellowish at base. Legs yellow, mid and hind legs, with the cox and femora, except bases, black. Knob of halteres black. Antennal plumes brown; body bristles black. Eyes contiguous; antenne reaching to middle of abdomen. Tho- racic hairs weak. Hypopygium barely longer than last abdominal seg- ment. Legs slender, basal joint of tarsi longer than the other joints combined ; fifth joint without ventral spines ; claws small, simple, equal. Third vein to about three fourths the wing-length; first about one 344 fourth the length of third; media forking beyond end of first vein; cubitus forking below end of first vein. Female.—Agrees in coloration with the male. Differs from the male in having the antennz with short white hairs, the fifth tarsal joint with a transverse pair of bristles near base on ventral surface, and the tarsal claws on all legs very unequal, the outer one being about three times as long as the inner. Otherwise as male. Length, 1.5 mm. Illinois localities: Urbana, Mahomet, and Monticello, June 30 to August 6, 1914; swept from vegetation along banks of streams (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Originally described from the District of Columbia. Male not hitherto described. I have seen three females taken at Lafayette, Ind., by Professor Aldrich on June 1, August 5 and 15, 1914. 7. HARTOMYIA DIVERSA Coquillett Ceratopogon diversus Coquillett, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 23, 1901, p. 607. Johannseniella diversa Malloch, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 10, Art. 4, 1914, p. 227. I have not seen this species. It is described by Coquillett as differ- ing from antennalis in having the abdomen green, and the legs entirely light yellow. Originally described from New Jersey. 8. HARTOMYIA PALLIDIVENTRIS, Nn. sp. Female.—Black, shining. Head, including antenne, palpi, and proboscis, yellow. Abdomen yellowish, white in life. Legs entirely yellow. Halteres white. Eyes contiguous, antenna as long as entire body. Hairs on thorax weak. Abdomen ovate, very stout. Legs slender; basal joint of tarsi longer than the remaining joints together; fifth joint without distin- guishable ventral spines; outer tarsal claw very long and slender, the inner particularly slender and about half as long as outer. Third vein reaching beyond three fourths the wing length; first, to one fifth the length of third; media forking distinctly beyond apex of first vein; furcation of cubitus slightly proximad of that of media. Length, 1 mm. Type locality, Urbana, Ill, May 20, 1914, swept from vegetation along the bank of Salt Fork at the fair grounds (J. R. Malloch). 345 A female taken by Professor Aldrich at Lafayette, Ind., July 25, 1914, differs from the type in having the dorsum of the abdomen dark- ened. Coquillett’s description of diversa is not very satisfactory, but the points of difference between it and pallidiventris are quite sufficient to warrant me in concluding that the species just described is not the same as diversa. Bezzia Kieffer This genus is separable from Palpomyia by the absence of the cross vein which in that genus connects the first and third veins. The only species which has been reared from the larva is setulosa Loew. A description of the early stages of this species is given by Johannsen in Bulletin 86 of the New York State Museum, 1905, p. 102, and a brief description of all the stages is given herewith. The habits of the adult are unknown. Kry To SPECIES Pa Witnesiwith 2 black Spots, 5... oss os sicieciec qe as 1. punctipennis. = WANS TUNA OLEM) sain cmie ecko evieca tice tes crtece MM eleion teh ties oes 2 Dem Onlyathestore temoOra with SpINeSs4..6 ache. cece cence s alekeet ch evan enetcusterctiauorshcte einioe aes 1. thoracicus. — Petiole of cubitus about as long as its own diameter............ YoNotete vax sioncletcvovteeusva/ eyes cAuiela tiekete: sictete reas lal slers siekomessiovec 3. concinnus. I. PROcLADIUS THORACICUS Loew Tanypus thoracicus Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., Vol. 10, 1866, p. 4. Male.—Yellow, shining. Head yellow, obscured with brownish; antenne brown, plumes pale brown; face and palpi yellow. Thorax *For description see p. 388. See also p. 382. 392 shining yellow; mesonotum with the vitte blackish brown, very broad, almost obscuring the pale ground-color; only the upper central por- tion of pleure yellow; scutellum and postnotum blackish brown; hairs on thorax pale brown. Abdomen blackish brown, yellowish at the incisions. Legs yellow; apices of femora and bases of tibiz slightly brownish; apices of all tibiae dark brown; apices of basal and whole of remaining joints of fore tarsi, apices of first two and all of the last three joints of mid and hind tarsi dark brown. Wings clear, cross vein brown, the other veins yellow. Halteres yellow. Antennz barely longer than head and thorax together, densely plumose, basal joint much swollen. Mesonotum with the surface hairs very short, those on scutellum barely longer than the discal hairs. Abdomen slender, slightly spatulate at apex; hypopygium as in Figure 9, Plate XXVIII; surface hairs short and numerous. Legs slender; basal joint of fore tarsus barely over half as long as fore tibia, and subequal in length to the next three taken together; no long hairs on fore tarsus; fourth tarsal joint on all legs obcordate. Radius reaching slightly beyond the beginning of apical curve of wing; petiole of cubitus half as long as posterior branch of cubitus. Female.—Similar in general color and markings to the male, but considerably more of the reddish yellow ground-color of head is vis- ible, as the brown color is absent except on the apical half of antenne; the thorax is also much paler, the vitte being reddish except centrally, where they become brown, being sometimes entirely brown, when the resemblance to the male becomes more apparent; scutellum yellow; postnotum brown apically. Abdomen shining dark brown. Legs as in male. Wing veins more distinct than in male. Antenna distinctly shorter than thorax, third joint as long as 4+5, apical joint slightly longer than third, slightly swollen, surface hairs about twice as long as diameter of the joints; eyes much more widely separated than in male. Thorax with hairs as in male. Hairs on abdomen very short. Leg proportions as in male, as also wing venation. Length, 4.5—5 mm. Localities: Algonquin, Ill., June and August; and Havana, on the Illinois River, during the months April to July and as late as Septem- ber 21. The species probably occurs throughout the warm months of the year. j Originally described from Washington, D. C., and recorded from New Jersey by Smith. The early stages are unknown to me. 393 2. PROCLADIUS SCAPULARIS Loew Tanypus scapularis Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., Vol. 10, 1866, p. 2. Male.—Black, subopaque. Head white behind and above eyes; antenne black, the plumes on the basal two-thirds pale brown, on apical third almost black, apical joint with white hair. Pronotum, lat- eral margins of mesonotum anterior to wing-base, and almost the whole central and anterior portion of pleurze creamy white; scutellum and postnotum black. Abdomen black with three yellowish white bands, a broad one at base, a much narrower one at middle, and the third on the apical half of the sixth segment; apical portions of hypo- pygium white. Legs black; coxe at apices, trochanters and bases of femora, tibiz except bases and apices, and the basal two-thirds of first tarsal joint of all legs whitish yellow. Wings clear, cross vein blackened. Halteres pale yellow. Antenna slightly longer than head and thorax together, basal joint much swollen, plumes long and dense. Mesonotum with short discal hairs, those on lateral margins in front of wing-base most distinct; scutellar hairs not strong. Abdomen with numerous short surface hairs; hypopygium as in Figure 8, Plate XXVIII. Legs slender; fore tarsus without long hairs, its basal joint two thirds as long as fore tibia, and distinctly longer than the remaining joints combined; fourth tarsal joint on all legs obcordate. Costa reaching almost to apex of wing ; radius reaching well round the curve at apex; petiole of cubitus barely longer than its own width. Female.—Similar to male in coloration, except that the head is almost entirely yellow, and the antennal hairs are unicolorous brown; the abdomen is unicolorous black except the base of venter, which is yellowish; the fore legs are entirely black except the bases of the femora, and the yellow tibial bands are much narrower. The antenna is very much shorter than the thorax, the basal joint slightly swollen and the apical joint very slightly so, the surface hairs are very short. Thorax as in male. Abdomen stout. Leg propor- tions as in male, and also the wing venation. Length, 3.5—4 mm. Localities, Savanna, Ill., July 20, 1892, and Havana, Ill., August 8, 1896. All females. The only males I have seen belong to the collection of the Bureau of Biological Survey, and were taken at Washington, D. C., and on Plummer’s Island, Md., by W. L. McAtee. The species was originally described from Washington, D. C., and has been subsequently recorded from New Jersey by }ohannsen. The early stages are unknown to me. 394 3. PROCLADIUS CONCINNUS Coquillett Tanypus concinnus Coquillett, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1895, p. 308. Larva.—Length, 6.5-8 mm. Blood-red. Head about 1.5 times as long as broad; labrum as in Figure 12, Plate XXV; antenna about half as long as head, basal portion about six sevenths of the entire length (Pl. XXIV, Fig. 15) ; mandible brown at apex, central tooth on inner surface poorly developed; labium as in Figure 6, Plate XXV; labial papilla as in Figure 9, Plate XXV; maxillary palpus as in Fig- ure 6, Plate XXIV; eye spot double, the spots almost confluent. An- terior pseudopods short and stout; abdominal segments with numer- ous very fine hairs; posterior pseudopods short and stout, their apices with pale brown claws; dorsal respiratory organs stout, with two dis- tinct hairs just above their bases; dorsal tuft with about twenty long sensory hairs, the basal papilla about twice as long as thick, dorsal view of anal segments as in Figure 15, Plate XX VI. Pupa.—Length, 5-6 mm. Reddish, becoming brownish as the time for emergence of the adult approaches. Respiratory organ as in Figure 4, Plate XXVII (part of the trachea shown) ; a short trans- verse row of minute tubercles extending from near the base of each respiratory organ towards the mesial line. Slightly beyond the mid- dle of the lateral margin on each segment there is a small wartlike pro- tuberance armed with hairs as shown in Figure 6, Plate XXVJ; lat- eral margin of penultimate segment with eight long lanceolate hairs, serially arranged on the apical four-fifths; last segment with a patch of microscopic setulz on the dorsal surface near base, and five long, lanceolate, lateral hairs; apical appendage elongate, rounded at apex, the two lanceolate hairs not very broad, the small marginal hairs ex- traordinarily numerous and very fine. Imago; Male and Female.—Pile yellowish buff, slightly shining. Head and its appendages yellow, in female sometimes brownish; an- tennal plumes in male yellow. Mesonotum with the vitte reddish, the vitta on each side in male with its outer margin broadly black from middle to posterior extremity, the central vitta in female generally with the lateral margins blackened and the black color of the lateral pair confined to the apices; scutellum with a black spot on each side; postnotum black on center or entirely black; disc of mesonotum in male noticeably white pollinose between the vittz ; pleuree immaculate, or with a brownish spot below wing-base. Abdomen with a brown band at bases of segments two to six in male, the band in female often reduced to a transverse series of three spots on each segment. Legs yellow, a narrow ring at apices of all tibize and at apices of basal joint 395 of all tarsi brown, all tarsi from apices of second joint obscured with brown. Wings clear, cross vein distinctly infuscated. Halteres yellow. Male.—Antenna as long as head and thorax together, basal joint much swollen, last joint about one and a half times as long as rest of flagellum, plumes very long and dense. Mesonotum almost bare, the hairs between vittee very weak; a small group of rather short hairs close in front of wing-base. Abdomen with quite long and rather numerous pale hairs; hypopygium as in Figure 6, Plate XXVIII. Legs rather slender and without long hairs; basal joint of iore tarsus about two thirds as long as fore tibia and distinctly longer than the remain- ing joints combined; fourth tarsal joint of all legs obcordate. Wing venation as in preceding species. Female.—Structurally almost identical with the female of the pre- ceding species. Length, 4.5—5 mm. Illinois localities: Urbana, July 2, 1887 (C. A. Hart), and Sep- tember 5, 1914 (J. R. Malloch) ; Havana, August and September, sev- eral of the speciments at light. Larve occur commonly in the Illinois River as far north as Ottawa, and in the numerous connected lakes. Originally described from Tick Island, Fla., and not subsequently recorded as far as I am aware. PsILOTANYPUS Kieffer As far as our present knowledge goes, this genus is represented in North America by only a single species, occidentalis Coquillett. The immature stages are unknown. PsILOTANYPUS OCCIDENTALIS Coquillett Tanypus occidentalis Coquillett, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. 25, 1902, p. 92. Male.——Brownish black, subshining. Head fuscous, including the antenne and their plumes, face yellowish. Pronotum, anterior mar- gins of mesonotum, upper central portion of pleurze, and scutellum yellowish. Venter of abdomen yellowish, dorsum black. Legs brown- ish, tibia and tarsi, except their apices, paler. Wings clear, veins brownish. Halteres yellow. Pronotum rather wide, central excision weak. Hypopygium with distinct, acute extension of dorsal plate, apical portion of lateral arm recurved. Legs slender, fore tarsi with moderately long sparse hairs, basal joint four fifths as long as fore tibize; fourth tarsal joint on all legs linear, longer than fifth; pulvilli absent; empodium small. Vena- 396 tion similar to that of Protenthes (Pl. XXVII, Figs. 2, 5), differing in the absence of the fork at apex of first vein; cubitus forking about as far beyond cross vein as the length of that vein. Length, 4.5 mm. Locality, South Haven, Mich., July 14, 1914, on shore of Lake Michigan (C. A. Hart). This species resembles Diamesa waltlii in color and size, but differs in venation and in having the fourth tarsal joint linear. The foregoing description differs from that given by Coquillett in color of legs, an unimportant detail, and as the original description is very brief it is not possible to identify the present species with ab- solute certainty. Originally described from Colorado, and subsequently recorded from New Jersey by Johnson. Ca@Loranypus Kieffer The genus Calotanypus is a rather arbitrary one, and its status could readily be questioned, since the species which have a short petiole to the cubitus show so much variation in its shortness that I should expect the petiole to be absent in individual cases. I have found it a general rule in Diptera, as well as in other orders, that where the petiole of a vein is very short, or where two veins meet another vein in close proximity to each other, the tendency is to considerable varia- tion in the comparative length of the short portions of the veins in different specimens, or even on the wings of the same specimen. This genus is retained here more for convenience and a desire to avoid confusion than because I consider it entitled to separation from Pro- cladius. Johannsen suggested in his paper on this group in 1905 that tricolor belonged to Anatopynia, but in 1913 Kieffer erected the genus Celotanypus for this species and humeralis Loew, the basis of separa- tion being the shape of the fourth tarsal joint. Anatopynia as re- stricted by Kieffer does not occur in North America, Johannsen having indicated as the type of the genus Tanypus plumipes Fries, a European species not known to occur in North America. Ca&:LOTANYPUS TRICOLOR Loew Tanypus tricolor Loew, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1861, Vol. 5, p. 309. Female.—Glossy yellow. Head slightly brownish. Mesonotum with the vitte reddish or brownish, becoming black on the outer margins; anterior lateral margins of mesonotum and anterior half of pleurze creamy white but not so conspicuous as in scapularis; scutellum 397 and postnotum dark brown. Abdomen brown with the posterior margins yellow, those of segments two and six conspicuously so. Legs yellow, with the following parts brown: an indistinct broad band on middle, and a narrower darker one at apices, of femora; a broad band extending from near base to middle and a narrower one on apices of all tibize; the fore tarsi from apical third of basal joint to its tip; the apex of basal tarsal joint and from apex of second joint to the tip of tarsi on mid and hind legs. Wings clear, cross vein infus- cated. Halteres yellow. Almost identical in structure with the female oi scapularis, but rather larger and more robust. The basal joint of fore tarsus is slightly more than half the length of fore tibia and distinctly, though not greatly, shorter than the remaining tarsal joints combined. The petiole of the cubitus is not distinguishable, though the fork is not proximad of the cross vein. In other respects almost as scapularis. Length, 4.5 mm. Illinois locality, Havana, July 5, 1894; two females reared from larve taken from the Illinois River at this place. The larval and pupal exuviz were not saved. Specimens of larve which from their general appearance were considered to belong to this species had been previously preserved in alcohol, but for obvious reasons they can not be definitely associated with the adults. The writer took a female specimen at Havana June 15, 1914. Originally described from New York, and not subsequently re- corded as far as I am aware. UNIDENTIFIED LARVA OF TANYPINA During the years 1912-13 a large amount of material representing larve and pupz of this subfamily and the other subfamilies of C/i- ronomide was obtained by dredging in the Illinois River, but no at- tempt was made to rear imagines from it owing to the press of other matters. In order to complete this work of identification as far as possible under the circumstances, and to enable any future worker on Illinois Chironomide to associate these larve with imagines which may subsequently be reared from larve possessing the same charac- ters, a brief description of two species is given here, with a list of localities for each. Tanypus sp. A This species is very close to monilis, but differs noticeably in the form of the labial plate (Pl. XXV, Fig. 2) and in the structure of the palpus and antenna (Pl. XXIV, Figs. 12, 13). Mandible as 398 shown in Figure 17, Plate XXIV; labial papille as in Figure 4, Plate XXV. Localities, Meredosia, Naples, La Grange Lock, and Grafton—all on the Illinois River. TANYPUS sP. B Length, 5 mm. Labial plate as in Figure 5, Plate XXV; body slightly flattened; head parts pale in color; antenna and maxillary palpus as in Figures 8 and 9, Plate XXIV; posterior pseudopods not much elongated; anal respiratory organs large, not acute at apices, the dorsal pair of hairs present; dorsal tuft with about twelve hairs, the papillz about five times as long as thick. Localities, Averyville, Pekin, Havana, Thompson’s Lake, Ma- tanzas Lake, Meredosia, and La Grange Lock—all on or connected with the Illinois River. CHIRONOMIN The species included in the Chironomine form a more complex group than do those contained in the other two subfamilies, but, nevertheless, one which nowhere lends itself to a satisfactory subdi- vision which will apply to all stages, and lacking this I do not consider it expedient to subdivide them except in the imago stage. Many quite striking larval characters are found in species the imagines of which are so similar to others which do not possess these larval characters that they are separable with difficulty, while, on the other hand very dissimilar imagines have often very similar larve. ‘The presence of the medio-cubital cross-vein of the wing in Diamesa at once dis- tinguishes the imago from any other chironomine species and seems to link it closely with Tanypine, but the antennal difference between the sexes and the type of larva unmistakably point to its closer affinity with the present group. The case-forming habit of the genus Tamy- tarsus is an elaboration of the burrowing habit of other chironomid species, which, taken in conjunction with the hairy wings of the imagines indicates a good generic distinction from their closest rela- tives. Many of the generic divisions are perfectly sound, but within the last few years some arbitrary divisions have been proposed, nota- bly by Kieffer, which may be very useful to systematists who can ap- preciate the minutiz of the distinctions, but which are, I am confident, not in keeping with the natural grouping of the species. This convic- tion must impress itself upon any one who studies the larval and pupal stages, which, in nearly all orders, furnish a better basis for classifica- tion than do the imagines. In the present paper the object which has 399 been kept in view is principally that of presenting a classification whereby the Chironomide occurring within the State of Illinois may be readily identified. It has, however, been necessary, particularly in this subfamily, to examine a large number of species which are not represented in the collection of the State Laboratory of Natural His- tory, and this paper presents certain facts ascertained from an exam- ination of species not known to occur in the state because they seem to support deductions arrived at from an examination of Illinois species. The larve of the different genera are very similar in appearance and, as already indicated, do not seem-to lend themselves to generic classification. The “blood-worms” do not belong exclusively to the genus Chironomus, as some species of Tanypine are blood-red. It is not the case that red larve have invariably ventral blood-gills on the eleventh segment in the genus Chironomus as stated by Johannsen.* Several blood-red species of Chironomus have no ventral blood-gills, though I do not know of any species of another color which possesses these organs. I have included in a single key all the larve of this subfamily known to me, considering it probable that they may thus be more read- ily identified. The pupe of the genus Chironomus are readily separable from those of any other genus by the numerous hairlike filaments of the thoracic respiratory organs. The other genera, however, are very similar in general appearance, and, considering the small number of species which I have examined that are represented in all stages, it would be unwise to propose in this paper any method of separation of the pupz on a generic basis. That characters exist which may be used for the purpose of generic subdivisions I have no doubt, but no ad- vantage is to be gained by such a course when the paucity of available data would in all probability lead to a confusion of generic and spe- cific characters. The imagines of some genera are very closely allied to each other, and in certain cases, Camptocladius and Orthocladius, for example, the genera are almost inseparable. I have endeavored to make the dis- tinctions clear, and have refrained from elaboration in description, depending largely on illustrations, which are more easily comprehen- sible than the most lucid description. Many characters which have either been ignored or overlooked by previous writers on the family have been introduced in this paper, but the anatomical details have by no means been exhausted. *Aquatic Nematocerous Diptera, Bull. 86, N. Y. State Mus., 1905, p. 181. 400 In a recent paper* Kieffer has divided the Chironomine (Tendipe- dine) into three groups, Clunionarie, Orthocladiarie, and Tendipe- dari@, using as the principal character for their separation the pres- ence or absence of the apical comb on the hind tibie, or the form of that comb. I have not followed Kieffer in this respect, partly because I am not satisfied with his basis for the separation, but chiefly be- cause I believe that the present classification will enable students to recognize the species dealt with in this paper more readily than that proposed by Kieffer, with its many subdivisions. Key To GENERA 1. Medio-cubital cross-vein present..............- Diamesa (p. 410). — Medio-cubital cross-vein absent............ceceececcecceceeces 2 2. Fourth tarsal joint obcordate, shorter than fifth................ 3 — Fourth tarsal joint cylindrical, generally longer than fifth....... 5 3. Third tarsal joint subequal in length to fourth...... Paracluniot. — Third tarsal joint conspicuously longer than fourth............. 4 4. Wing venation normal, first and third veins not conspicuously thickened at apices, ending well beyond middle of wing; male an- tenne with 15 joints................... Thalassomyia (p. 411). — Wing of female with the appearance of having a stigma, first and third veins conspicuously thickened on apical portion, ending about wing middle; third vein ends much in front of apex of wing in male; male antenne with 13 joints....Corynoneurat (p. 413). 5. Basal joint of fore tarsi subequal to or appreciably longer than fore tibie; apical portion of lateral arm of hypopygium not re- curved, simple, without thornlike process on inner side at apex. .6 — Basal joint of fore tarsi not as long as fore tibia, generally very much shorter; apical portion of lateral arm of hypopygium nearly always recurved and armed at apex on inner side with one or more short thornlike processes.............eeeeeeeecececeees 7 6. Wings bare; third vein rarely (subequalis and pseudoviridis) end- ing at a point farther in front of apex of wing than fourth ends Me Hn Atsche tayst ayers tyersieeorar sie ce vetslose ets aneters Chironomus (p. 414). *Rec. Ind. Mus., Vol. 9, 1913, p. 120. +The genus Paraclunio Kieffer was erected with trilobatus Kieffer as the only species. This species is a synonym of Telmatogeton alaskensis Coquillett, the latter being placed in a wrong genus by Coquillett. The synonymy will thus stand as fol- lows: Paraclunio alaskensis (Coquillett), the present paper. Telmatogeton alaskensis Coquillett, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. 2, 1900, p. 395. Paraclunio trilobatus, Kieffer, Bull. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Metz, Ser. 3, Vol. 3, p. 103. tCorynoneura is stated by Kieffer to have 11 antennal joints in the male. 401 — Wings with distinct surface hairs; third vein ending appreciably farther in front of apex of wing than fourth ends behind it...... 3. is OR ORT OIE bRTeI CEE A EC DIO CRO OO II eNORIE Tanytarsus (p. 484). 7. Wings with distinet surface hairs....... Metriocnemus* (p. 497). Smee WALT CHSWED AUC eee apts aynrctaleieu tebe tokens RbaPMANS aegeVehisl@l gore ecu) SS etc) sae Os 8 8. Thorax with a distinct longitudinal furrow; antenne in both sexes short-haired and with 7 joints (2+5)..Chasmatonotus (p. 499). — Thorax without median furrow; antenne of male with more than 7 BONA SY an, Ay Coen erence, O bitacr Cit OCR EIENS CROTON RCIONCES EAC LORI ET Rec aera aan 9 9. Apical portion of lateral arm of hypopygium not recurved, un- armed at apex on inner side (Pl. XX XVII, Fig. 16)........... BO AE OI ACA TOR ROR CLR REACT Pseudochironomust (p. 500). — Apical portion of lateral arm of hypopygium recurved, generally armed on inner side at apex with one or more thornlike proc- CNSOS atau sects tayokereeieversen Sisuaks vena eneye akeneh east sao (sep ole Slater atanens Mis aiy eres 10 10. Legs conspicuously bicolored, black and white; eyes GibAyS go anod.on PN wae Fas Sid Ayshuc lt wath tidnaustakotelisvayene tare see tbane Cricotopus (p. 501). — Legs not conspicuously bicolored, either black or brown, or if paler Withoutesharplyscontrasted! (COLOLSiy.5 sec ce elses cleo tlie sss o's 11 11. Posterior branch of cubitus conspicuously bisinuate (Pl. XX XV, IH oO) este ery etetetctevete tus. dc Siciee ts eadea oe Camptocladius (p. 507). — Posterior branch of cubitus either straight or slightly sinuous..... BA Mate atety Ai eeers RI eels Siaiaieha te Bae Orthocladius, sens. lat. (p. 512). N. B. The genera Tersesthes Townsend and Eutanypus Coquillett are unknown to me. Key to Larve%t 1. Eleventh segment with latero-ventral blood-gills, which are usually very long and situated low. ayes: ofclitorspoieltay Syoyehs\ouseads tots le. siaceus 2 — Eleventh segment without blood gills seen ot yc ezetastsbe cuyotet epsusy aye ceps,.50 if 2. Only one pair of blood gills on eleventh segment, situated high on side at posterior margin, and occasionally very short or even *Eurycnemus, which has been recorded from New Jersey, differs from Metrioc- nemus in having the mesonotum conically produced in front, and the hind tibie dilated and hairy. I have not seen Illinois specimens of this genus. A genus, Brillia, has been erected by Kieffer for the reception of those species of Metriocnemus that have the hypopygium with apical portion of lateral arm bifid. At least one . American species belongs to Brillia. +This genus is intermediate between Chironomus and Orthocladius, resembling the former in the structure of the hypopygium and the latter in venation and in having the basal joint of the fore tarsi conspicuously shorter than the fore tibiw. The species described under the name Chironomus pseudoviridis, n. sp., in this paper shows a much closer approach to the typical Chironomus, and I therefore leave it in that genus though the length of the basal joint of the fore tarsi is not equal to that of the fore tibiz, and the hind tibie have an apical spur instead of a comb of regular, closely placed spinules. tSpecies without page number are not treated in text. 10. 11. 12. 13. 402 absent; labium with the central tooth simple (Pl. XXIX, Figs. ao) Weare eric er yeah 84 OAR te aae-hs bees ADS Chironomus lobiferus (p. 430). Two pairs of blood gills present, situated low on sides and very long and noticeable; labium with the central tooth trifid, or the first lateral: tooth ‘veryusmalls oo .6s)cie cic 21 cue ase sleiv cele ee ae ene 3 Central labial tooth either truncated at apex or but poorly defined, the separation between it and the first laterals very slight...... 4 Central labial tooth either acutely pointed, or rounded at apex and with a more or less distinct shoulder on either side............ 3) The 3 central teeth almost fused (Pl. XXIX, Fig. 1), antenna with 6 joints (Pl. XXX, Fig. 10).. .Chironomus flavicingula (p. 432). The 3 central teeth distinctly divided; antenna with 5 joints...... Beste eee aeua los aes Sule Chironomus plumosus (p. 447). Large species, about 25 mm. in length.................0ceeceeees See eta ate Sue ta ae peat aa share wale aie Soe Chironomus tentans? (p. 444). Smaller species, not over 15 mm. in length................0000- 6 Central labial tooth slightly rounded or acute at apex, without a distinct shoulder (Pl. XXIX, Fig. 10).....................005 SYA ct sOId cRNA RR Oe Chironomus viridicollis (p. 457). Central labial tooth generally distinctly rounded and with a distinct phoulderwsiiita Meanie nue tone eee Chironomus decorus (p. 472). Abdominal segments with a distinct pencil of hairs on each side near posterior margin in addition to a few scattered hairs...... sane Svea atcha RE ee a eo cam Cricotopus trifasciatus (p. ee Abdominal segments without distinct pencil of hairs............ Labium. with the central portion pale, broadly rounded in Re the lateral portions dark colored, heavily chitinized, and digitate (ells DOO Mi 118) ina naao ae Chironomus digitatus (p. 483). Neh eoicenes sp: ©... (p: far Labium and antenna not as above..............ce cece cence eee Very large species, averaging 45 mm. in length.................. SER ORR To ee ROE Chironomus ferrugineovittatus (p. 446). Much smaller species, not more than 12 mm. in length.......... 10 Central labial tooth not divided in middle..................... 11 Central labial tooth divided in middle...................2-00. 29 First and second lateral teeth fused nearly to their apices, much more closely adherent than central and first lateral or second and third ; or anterior outline of labial plate convex, never wan Dear sha dcgar's seus eecs cet ncnes ails iea ss ce eu Ve Su aneuis hae sen gp WSUS ENG echt na eax neie oR First and second lateral teeth not closely united; or labial plate subtriangular yar.) sc ikies ce cise ee ae eee ieee ree a ee 13 First and second lateral teeth fused nearly to apices.............. Aha ls aubuendl tava Uh onchat ae Liitams: oun cetin aiate teuc /gapetn Soe ars Chironomus tenellus. First and second lateral teeth separate for some distance from their EW OIKC ts Pa Re ean Poe) et AG WO RED PACS aC ee oe Chironomus dus. First lateral tooth longer than central tooth................... 14 Oe —— 14. 15. 403 First lateral tooth shorter than central tooth, or at most subequal (hE) TH i Sh Soke heen Oe Serle, Ber Sere OG CRED OC ROTORS 16 First lateral tooth very distinctly longer than central tooth and dis- tinctly broader (Pl. XXIX, Fig. 22) ; basal joint of apical section of antenna dark, not longer than next joint (Pl. XXX, Fig. 8) Praia ahet heros orapeicisiahelle, ds mustaetee ats texeie soins. = Genus incertus C (p. 533). First lateral tooth but slightly longer than the central one and not BOA Ya oe pet reed ieee o ened seem eee oayaici wise bsisl Pete cvayenaiiens /olas 15 Apical jointed portion of antenna slender, subequal in length to basal portion; stout species, with the body rounded in cross-sec- tion, and the segments not clearly defined..................... 78S HOC Os 6 one Chironomus lobiferus (p. 430). Apical jointed portion of antenna stout, distinctly shorter than the basal portion; slender, tapering species, the body segments slightly flattened and well defined........... Cricotopus varipes. Central labial tooth and all except the first lateral truncated api- cally, first lateral very short, and acute at apex (Pl. XXIX, Fig. 5); mandibles without distinct teeth (Pl. XXX, Fig. 3) ; antenna as in Figure 6, Plate XXX......... Chironomus sp. B (p. aes Ha DUM OLAS ADO VC tee crofra cnc eisicver tare eis atin ote, easel are Lasieseve. es Mandibles with two poorly defined teeth (Pl. XXX, Fig. 1), 3 ae large labial teeth, the others short (Pl. XXIX, Fig. 15)......... Rlecsyerayote sversuake dots s\sisiassishsis. srsheifer e's) ojeidte Genus incertus A (p. 532). Mandibles with well-developed teeth; labium otherwise than DEO! tye fa a Bs SE ONE aD SS BEE CARS Sad oe OMICS eee 18 Central labial tooth very broad, at least twice as broad as first lat- eral tooth, central portion of labium paler than lateral por- HIG TINY apete eae te tare Shere ore icvere tes oi crete tee ei afeeinicte re cro stalsiclnie o sieiane ae 19 Central labial tooth not twice as broad as first lateral; or the cen- tral portion of labium generally as dark as the lateral portions.21 Central labial tooth regularly rounded, slightly more than twice as broad as second tooth, which is pale and rounded (Pl. XXIX, BOE) pipe roney epeterstiys sieraelars oaatre oe a Orthocladius sp. B (p. 531). Central pale portion of labium consisting of a very slightly rounded and very broad tooth without indications of indentations though HOUPSMOO UME pI Cal lyse werrmeper ie riciiciie tects © « ciece cierersiess sue eis (oie 20 Sides of labium sloping very decidedly backward (Pl. XXIX, Fig. WT ete cree cree melee aiseieele ee secs se Orthocladius sp. E (p. 532). Sides of labium sloping but little backward (Pl. X XIX, Fig. 13).. Rone rec ire nee ae erst ole oiare ss Dinieisiere oars Orthocladius sp. A (p. 531). Central tooth of labium very much longer and distinctly broader than first lateral, first lateral not shorter than second......... 22 Central tooth of labium not broader than first lateral, first lateral SOMeliIMeES SHOLteL than SeCONd... clos oa eest ese vine coe eee Sess 27 Labial teeth very acutely pointed (Pl. XXIX, Fig. 3)............ 4 OS Soe OAS RINE CE EATON SAR ICI RS Diamesa waltlii (p. 410). 24. 30. dl. 32. 404 Labial teeth not acutely pointed................cc cece eeceees 23 Central tooth simple, regularly rounded....................-. 24 Central tooth with a distinct shoulder (Pl. XXIX, Fig. 19)...... a Sie e ia eines iene Clee etnias Tanytarsus exiguus (p. 495). Sides of labium diverging slightly, the outline of labium almost subtriangular’ 1d esas 3G o oke cas aise hae hak ene 25 Sides of labium diverging widely, anterior outline slightly con- VOR Selec yeserniay bce sere rapvabtecsss wi cis) acl ate aise us ians aceite ue ea ite 26 First lateral tooth simple, regularly rounded..... Cricotopus exilis. First lateral tooth fused with second so that latter appears to be a mere shoulder to the first................8- Orthocladius fugaz. Antenne remarkably elongated, their entire length rather more than equal to that of head........... Tanytarsus dives (p. 488). Antenne not exceptionally long, shorter than head.............. BST sa aati ented Soap MINA Psy an Tanytarsus sp. C (p. 531). First lateral tooth distinctly shorter than second lateral and cen- ral teeth Us Upset yt eran eeueeee erate Chironomus dorsalis. First lateral tooth not shorter than second.................+-. 28 Second antennal joint with 2 slender processes, which have their apices slightly enlarged, in addition to the normal continuation of Ghevantennay. <2 scperis.ctesye oleate screenees Tanytarsus exiguus (p. 495). Second antennal joint with only one auxiliary process, which is Sharp apically severe ccsaia ovale ¥sraye dyeeroavess ,..Tanytarsus dissimilis. The bifid central tooth very short, flanked by a very broad portion which occupies about half the remaining area of labium, and is succeeded laterally by 4 or 5 short teeth; mandible very acutely pointed ; apical jointed portion of antenna about a fourth as long ASAD ASE | OLIN tis, vig sense, eeeccus cies ge 9 peat te ee neenPA Orthocladius flavus. The bifid central tooth long and distinct, no large untoothed area ON) C2CH SIGE. cao cpa satencseveva, cis cieeiia-nushagetenisiege Gheiaiece ea seer a ee 30 Central tooth shorter than second (Pl. XXIX, Fig. 6)............ Mle papers cies tema ove evn Toeatn a ena ie fe sete one tte Ae Chironomus fulviventris. Central tooth not distinctly shorter than second................ 31 The central 4 teeth of about equal size, the next one on each side distinetly longer and very distinctly darker, the 6 together form- ing a slightly concave anterior line, sides but slightly divergent posteriorly ; basal hair remarkably long (Pl. XXIX, Fig. 23) ; antenna as in Figure 11, Plate XXX. .Genus incertus B (p. 5338). Dabium not: asiiabovert jal. alt-\a/syatevs eam ateie wisisierse tae elt eee 32 First lateral tooth very distinetly shorter than the central bifid tooth and second lateral, or sometimes closely fused with the LOPIMEL 2:3 cn vd otaye Lire oilsieee evouetsiy Biase) suet te aebel a ilasces tecpuenseely cuehe ea 33 First lateral tooth not very short, generally distinctly longer than second, the central tooth with a distinct shoulder in Orthocladius NWVOPUUN GUS isis ccsd ah avatiuakicieAsrevelolers eieisie is slave,8 tie nha eeent eae 34 —_s 405 Soe Amtennarwith or yoints (BIS eNOXeNS High 4) ciao es oe ee ceesne Rotates Stetina erccct ayo facdchevs tal Wie che ves sis Genus incertus D (p. 533). = PATIPeN Ta Witll oO} JOLMMESS tc slets wie «= ele Chironomus flavus (p. 474). 34. The four central teeth considerably paler than the lateral teeth, rounded apically, the outline of the four together forming a con- vex line, first lateral tooth beyond these distinctly longer and broaden tranche centrale Palla <-yara cs o/c cic) = c/s sc - 6 The apical teeth projecting laterad............. Chironomus dua. The apical teeth projecting caudad......... joa § act sole. srers eee eee 7 The apical lateral margin with a single strong, curved tooth..... Dea tesalic eae ame eich are sccekereget sve st orarcuste Chironomus indistinctus (p. 477). Apical lateral angle of eighth abdominal segment with one or two large and strong spurs, or a distinct spur on lateral margin before apex: (CL ulus?) so tee cede eas Stee ce eee 9 Apical lateral angle of eighth abdominal segment with either a large broad process the surface of which has many distinct spines, or with an apical comb of small spines or unspined........... 11 Dorsal abdominal segments with a few long hairs................ SOAR om os BROOD He OO e Oe Chironomus fulvus? (p. 47 a Dorsal abdominal segments with minute sete................-- Thorn at apex of lateral margin of eighth abdominal segment sim- DICH cers aeiry Marae ievaaee ei ri tace ae meee ete Chironomus tenellus. Thorn at apex of lateral margin of eighth abdominal segment bifid RRC OSG na Cie Once ae Chironomus sp. A (p. 529). Dorsal abdominal segments without distinct transverse bands of Sete foe ee ae are erat Chironomus decorus (p. 478). *Species without page number are not treated in text. tUnder this heading will come a number of closely allied species, including cristatus, viridicollis, and several others, the paucity of my material preventing me from arriving at a decision as to characters of use in their separation. 407 — Dorsal abdominal segments with distinct transverse bands on some of the segments in addition to the normal apical one on second BER INST G Mae epee suet teec eyes elsictar s Lh aheie a lela a tes eiSAGid te rei ow shore 12 12. Eighth segment without lateral apical process; all segments finely honey.combedses (Seevelh KEG Bie 15: a) sesh eae claces ofecss 13 — Eighth segment with distinct lateral apical process; segments not HONEY. COMMEC Heh pte vetera niece tin ache oo aoc a cote gan hades 6 45. nitidellus. ee 16. 423 Wings vitreous, veins almost colorless; third and fourth veins dis- tinetly divergent towards apices, the former ending appreciably farther in front of apex of wing than fourth does behind it (Pl. EXEXONGT ARG HMB) LPS Se ae ahovare woah casita clallS ele cual, g'afee 46. griseus. Wings slightly grayish, veins yellowish brown; third vein bent downward as it nears apex of wing, ending at about the same dis- tance from apex of wing as fourth does............ 47. maturus. Large species, averaging more than 4 mm. in length; abdominal seg- ments with pale posterior marginS................2eececeeees 9 Small species, averaging 2.5 mm. in length..................0.. 8 Abdomen entirely black, fore tibie yellow.......... 44. halteralis. Abdomen yellowish on basal 2 segments; fore tibie blackened..... 3:05 cud: CAA RCCL OE ROR CHE PCC a 45. nitrdellus. Thorax glossy black; halteres black apically........ 43. fuscicorns. Thorax subopaque, distinctly gray pruinescent; halteres yellow... Ch OLS ERICA DED CICA SOS BAP ICICLE Cnr ar Aa aoe meer Pn 47. maturus. Mesonotum with reddish vitte, a conspicuous black or brown mark on center of anterior half of median vitta................... 11 Mesonotum with the median vitta unicolorous, black or reddish. .12 Bright green species; the black mark on median vitta linear; lateral vitte unicolorous reddish...........02ccceeeeeeees 48. festivus. Reddish yellow species; the dark mark on median vitta in the form of a wedge, its apex directed caudad; lateral vitte brown on outer margins, shading gradually into red on inner margins...... Bic cy Duct ARI Ce ee IES Oh Rae Ree hee ee Lc ena am 49. dornert. DVD aN GSR creer toe ners tise ook crctaver scone tancohar enseeca Micefacirel heatilns dis Weacere mutates 13 HHIGIN LGN ED Rieae ete arctae tse anare ante leita Merci Ie Tae este Site ceiile fe tela: 28 Apices of abdominal segments narrowly black or brown......... 14 Apices of abdominal segments not narrowly darkened........... 15 Large species, averaging 8 mm. in length; fore tarsi with very long hairs on posterior surface from middle of first to apex of fourth joint ; hypopygium as in Figure 14, Plate XX XII1...48. festivus. Small species, not more than 3.5 mm. in length; hairs on fore tarsi rather short, those on third joint longest; hypopygium as in Fig- UME ME AtC PCN Vena casas hntaetet ecto Selec atte os 50. illinoensis. Abdominal segments each with a brown fascia at middle, rarely reaching to base of segments; plumes of antenne bicolored, form- ing a broad brown ring at bases and another, narrower one, be- yond middle, the rings separated by a narrow whitish band, apical portion whitish; hypopygium as in Figure 11, Plate XX XII1.... Beate close lores eis nicleid evsinersierisie seine Satine ee wiaede wes 51. decorus. Abdomen without median fasciz# on segments; plumes of antenne mane lyarornmumnexcoloredsannulinnryeni ives ciliate steels cs a 16 Second joint of fore tarsi longer than fore tibie.............. aly Second joint of fore tarsi shorter than fore tibie.............. 18 17. 18. 22. 23. 424 Pale yellow species; legs entirely yellow; hypoygium with supe- rior and inferior processes well developed (Pl. XXXIV, Fig. 14) 4 allel aatle Cale’ slaves sie vsteVetntend teyltel oye stuns s\lovcta ls bees) skater es ayaa uate 52. flavus. Pale yellowish green species; fore tibie and tarsi and apices of mid and hind tarsi brownish; superior process not distinguishable, in- ferior process poorly developed (Pl. XL, Fig. 2)............... Bee iter ahe aia Ge ise HORRORS OPA SPEAS chet” LTO ae 53. curtilamellatus. Hypopygium very slender, with only one pair of processes in addi- tion to the lateral arms, Figure 12, Plate XXXIII............. Rr Geer aia Dahan rien weet egBet ty Ticsccar enc 54. tenuicaudatus. Hypopygium not slender, usually with 2 pairs of processes in addi- tion to the lateral arms, or if with only 1 pair, these are very SHORE els Eb ppd te bee bee Ettgea etn eee oe ee 19 Inferior hypopygial process fureate apically.................. 20 Inferior hypopygial process simple apically.................. 22 Thorax brownish, opaque, covered with dense gray. pruinescence, vitte blackish; abdomen dark green or fuscous; hypopygium with the superior process dilated apically............ 55. neomodestus. Thorax bright green or yellowish green, very slightly pruinescent, Witter, Peddish: ..s/c.joe% sicce ss yeiee sae ee eele nee de me Oe eee 21 Hypopygium with the superior process much dilated apically, each branch of the inferior process terminating in a sharp point (PI. XXX, pMiges Byes yy: Deh ae see eee nae eee 56. modestus. Hypopygium with the superior process not dilated apically, each branch of the inferior process terminating in a rounded point (PL XEXEXaV, oa G0) ert eter eee rene eee 57. indistinctus. Hypopygium with superior and inferior processes very short... .23 Hypopygium with superior and inferior processes well de- VOLOP Od 2 wins ase seyshe jaro eceeevenwieke dove ie cueiese teneteis) aoe ener Soi 24 Yellow species, thoracic vitte reddish, abdomen pale greenish, somewhat blackened apically, basal joint of fore tarsi about 1.75 timesias long as tore) tibis.r-ac ere eee) eee ne eis emer 58. fulvus. Green species, thoracic vitte dark brown, abdomen dark green, suf- fused with fuscous; basal joint of fore tarsi slightly more than 1.5 times as long as fore tibie....... Oe ae 59. parvilamellatus. Bright green species, abdomen unicolorous green; hypopygium as in Figure’; Plate XoXORVis <). in enka cee ee ss 60. obscuratus. Yellow or yellowish green species; abdomen with brown bands on SEMMENLS® 555 isc c2alepa wistias. dee Feaeeele sere elem eles Sirs oh 25 Fore tarsi with long hairs; hypopygium as in Figure 1, Plate XL.. stags eshte a aaron a rae a ene) UNL as MI A al a 61. incognitus. Kore tarsi without long Waits 22 c)ae)- eel ee aleicloieial ve was. t19 &avele eres 18 = MICOS eV CLO WAS MOP AWDIULASII: (0, usiray-yerede tars: siie eiesee\ Grete eich. Soareicse ancie's ave sa 19 18. Basal joint of fore tarsi about one seventh longer than fore tibie Ree eyesore soe eke Tole as oe So T ce eo ay one cayecece) oehcr ode cbab Sgacenaslers 1. nigripilus. — Basal joint of fore tarsi nearly one half longer than fore tibie.... CaSO 0 € & SOS POOLS CIRO BNO CE GIES CIO CRO ORD oe ORE RCreTRS 2. dives. 19. Abdominal segments with pale posterior margins................ SS OSTEO CHOTA CIO CISL COICO IOI EIR ae Ire Une ae a ear 9. obediens. — Abdominal segments without pale posterior margins............. Npasvoferelaleie ciaveneicicravevatiavcns Pidiiat ties es ec eelLU: POUVICAUAG. 0. Basal joint of fore tarsi at least twice as long as fore tibie...... 21 — Basal joint of fore tarsi less than twice as long as fore tibie......23 1. Basal joint of fore tarsi twice as long as fore tibiw; mesonotum WA LECishinetevitten saci cise eset cmie stesso ss 6. pusio. — Basal joint of fore tarsi distinctly more than twice as long as fore fabicessmesonofum= without) vattesteteiie cides wise sles oes eae 22 2. Larger species, more than 2.5 mm. in length........ 3. neoflavellus. — Small species, 1.5-2 mm. in length................... 4. flavellus. 3. Basal joint of fore tarsi less than one half longer than fore tibie.... PPT ee Pan cNe Suber oh op clayekak << pouches cena crouse ele yee epeav ncn sence aakecine se re See 13 35 SSL CROCE IIE RC ere eC ORERY SION inn eee See 15 I. TANYTARSUS NIGRIPILUS Johannsen Tanytarsus nigripilus Johannsen, Bull. 86, N. Y. State Mus., 1905, p. 287. Male.—Black, slightly shining. ‘Tibiz, tarsi, and knobs of hal- teres brown-black. Wings clear, veins brown. Antepenultimate joint of palpi almost as long as the next two joints together. Pronotum narrow, not continued to upper margin cf mesonotum. Hypopygium as in Figure 2, Plate XXXVI. Legs slender; fore tarsi with long hairs, basal joint about one sixth longer than fore tibize (38:32); mid and hind legs with long hairs. Third vein ending distinctly in front of apex of wing; cubitus forking be- low cross vein; anal angle of wing weak; surface hairs distinct. Female.—Agrees with the male except that the tibie, tarsi, and halteres are paler, and the wings rather broader. Length, 3-4 mm. Illinois localities, Muncie, April 27—May 24, and Easton, May 1, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Originally described from Ithaca, N. Y. (April), and Washing- ton State. The early stages are unknown. 488 2. 'TANYTARSUS DIVES Johannsen Tanytarsus dives Johannsen, Bull. 86, N. Y. State Mus., 1905, p. 288. Larva.—Length, 6-7 mm. Blood-red, with a greenish tinge on the sides and a prominent hump on the anterior part of the dorsum of the last segment. Head dark, about one and a half times as long as wide; antenne much elongated, about two thirds as long as the head, or fully as long when they are measured to the tips of the two long filaments of the second antennal segment. The first joint long and slender, with a slender seta on its side and a spur at the tip near the base of the second segment; second segment about three times as long as wide, with two long filaments at the tip near base of third segment. The third and fourth segments slender, delicate, and in- conspicuous, the two taken together less than the length of the sec- ond joint. ‘The dorsal sclerite of the head not distinctly separated from the laterals. Upon the dorsal aspect of the head are eight pairs of rather long sete, two immediately behind base of antennz close to median line, two on lateral margins, one behind and the other in front of eye spots, and two on disc in transverse line with the one behind eye spots. Labium similar to that shown in Figure 14, Plate XXIX. The body has no prominent hairs and no ventral blood-gills. (This description is partly copied from Johannsen, as my single ex- ample is in poor condition. ) Pupa.—‘‘Length, 4 to 5 mm. Dusky, with the thoracic respira- tory organs each consisting of a single slender shaft, with lateral hairs, about as long as a single abdominal segment. The dorsal sur- face of the abdomen is marked with minute setae as shown in figure, [Pl. XXXIX, Fig. 9]. This figure shows segments two to six in- clusive. The dorsum of the second segment is nearly uniformly cov- ered with fine, very short, microscopic spines, [and has] four or five pairs of pale setae and the usual chitinous, longitudinally ridged, posterior margin; the third has anteriorly two patches of short black spines, two patches of fine hairs, the rest of its dorsal surface punc- tate with minute spines, and five or six pairs of pale setae; the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments each have two dense patches of short black spines near the anterior margin, [are] sparsely punctate with minute spines and provided respectively with about eight, seven, and five pairs of pale setae. The eighth segment has the usual lateral fins, with its filaments, and has also the combs, each with five or six prominent black teeth.”—Johannsen. Imago; Male.—Black or brownish black, shining. Spaces be- tween the vitte sometimes yellowish brown. Legs fuscous, tibize : 489 and tarsi brown. Wings slightly brownish owing to the dense cov- ering of hairs, veins brown. Halteres yellow or pale brown. Antennz about one and a half times as long as head and thorax together, the plumes very long. Thorax projecting very much an- teriorly; pronotum linear, not extending to upper margin of meso- notum. Hypopygium as in Figure 6, Plate XXXVI. Legs, includ- ing fore tarsi, with moderately long hairs; basal joint of fore tarsi nearly one half longer than fore tibie (63:44). Third vein ending well in front of apex of wing; cubitus forking below base of fourth. Female.—Differs from the male in having the ground color of the thorax yellowish and the legs yellowish brown. Except in the sexual characters and in the absence of long hairs on fore tarsi it agrees structurally with the male. Length, 3.5-4 mm. This species very probably occurs in Illinois. The only examples I have are one larva from Montana (C. C. Adams), and a male and a female sent me by Professor Johannsen from Ithaca, N. Y. 3. TANYTARSUS NEOFLAVELLUS, Nn. sp. Male.—Y ellow, slightly shining. Flagellum of antenne slightly brownish. Abdomen greenish yellow. Legs entirely pale yellow, only the apical comb of the hind tibiz black. Wings clear, veins en- tirely yellow. Halteres yellow. Antenne about one and a half times as long as head and thorax together. Thorax much swollen anteriorly; pronotum of moderate width, not continued to upper margin of mesonotum. Hypopygium similar in general appearance to that of viridiventris (Pl. XXXVI, Fig. 8), the superior process being like that of Figure 1 of same plate, and the inferior one as in Figure 8, b, Plate XL. Fore tarsi exceptionally long, not very slender, and without long hairs; lengths of fore tibiz and fore tarsal joints as follows: 24, 63, 25, 22, 19, 8; mid and hind legs with moderately long hairs. Wings distinctly hairy; third vein clearly ending before apex; cross yein appreciably before wing-middle and fork of cubitus. Female.—Y ellow, including the abdomen. Agrees with the male except in sexual characters and in having the cross vein nearer to base of wing. Length, 2.5-3.25 mm. Type locality, Dubois, Ill., April 24-25, 1914, at light and by sweeping vegetation on bank of creek. Early stages unknown. 490 4. 'TANYTARSUS FLAVELLUS Zetterstedt Chironomus flavellus Zetterstedt, Ins. Lappon., 1838, p. 816, sp. 41. Johannsen records this European species from Ithaca, N. Y. I have some doubt as to the identity of the American specimens with the species recorded from Europe, but in the absence of examples of the latter accept the published record as authentic. The individuals which I have here referred to the species recorded from New York differ from the foregoing description of neoflavellus in being smaller, 1.75 mm., and in having the second joint of the fore tarsi nearly one half longer than the fore tibia, the lengths of the tibiz and the first and second tarsal joints being respectively as 10, 27, 14. The localities of my specimens are Lafayette, Ind., June 5 (J. M. Aldrich), and South Haven, Mich., July 15, 1914 (C. A. Hart). The species almost certainly occurs in Illinois. Early stages undescribed. 5. TANYTARSUS CONFUSUS, N. Sp. This species differs from the foregoing in being considerably larger, 2.5—3.5 mm., and in having the proportions of the fore tibiz and first and second tarsal joints different: male, 18, 53, 24; female, 12, 31, 15. The hypopygium is similar to that of dives, differing in the shape of the extension of the dorsal plate, and noticeably in the form of the superior process (Pl. XXXVI, Fig. 5). In many respects confusus resembles neoflavellus, but the proportions of the fore tibiz and fore tarsi are quite different in the two species. Type locality, Urbana, Ill., May and October, 1914. Paratypes from Havana, April, Muncie, May, and Momence, July, all in Illinois (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch) ; and from Washington, D. C. (W. L. McAtee). 6. TanyTarsus pusio Meigen Chironomus pusio Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Eur. Zweifl. Ins., Vol. 6, 1830, p. 256, sp. 117. Male.—Green. Head yellowish green; scape of antennz and flagel- lum, except its extreme base, fuscous, plumes pale brown. Thoracic vittee, the lower half of pleurz, and greater portion of the postnotum blackish brown. Abdomen whitish green, apically yellowish. Legs white. Wings clear, veins colorless. Antennz 1.5 as long as head and thorax together. Pronotum lin- ear; mesonotum produced anteriorly. Hypopygium similar to that of C. fusciventris (Pl. XXXVI, Fig. 1) except that the apical portion of lateral arm tapers very decidedly apically and that the superior process a 491 is much more robust. Legs slender; basal joint of fore tarsi twice as long as fore tibiz (30:15); mid and hind legs with long hairs. Third vein ending at beginning of apical curve of wing; cross vein slightly before middle of wing; cubitus forking distinctly beyond cross vein. Female.—Agrees with the male except in sexual characters and in having the cross vein more distinctly proximad of middle of wing. Length, 1.5-2.25 mm. Illinois locality, Muncie, May 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Mal- loch). This European species has been recorded by Johannsen from Ithaca, N. Y., and Brookings, S$. Dak. Early stages undescribed. This species is very difficult to observe in the field owing to its small size and the pale color of abdomen and legs, the dark thorax alone showing clearly. 7. 'TANYTARSUS TENUIS Meigen Chironomus tenuis Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Eur. Zweifl. Ins. Vol. 6, 1830, p. 255, sp. 112. This species agrees in color and length with neoflavellus, but dif- fers noticeably in the proportions of the fore tibize and first and sec- ond joints of fore tarsi, the respective proportions being 20, 40, 20. The third vein ends slightly farther from apex of wing than in neo fia- vellus, while the cross vein is much nearer to base of wing than in that species, the distance from base of first vein to cross vein as com- pared with that from cross vein to apex of wing being as 22 to 46, while in neoflavellus they are as 36 to 51. In other respects the species are very similar. Length, 3 mm. Illinois locality, Rock Island, October 20, 1914, at light (C. A. Hart). Lundbeck recorded this species from Greenland, and Johannsen from South Dakota and Washington State. I have before me a male specimen, submitted by Professor Aldrich, from Erwin, South Da- kota, June, 1908, which is evidently this species. Early stages undescribed. 8. 'TANYTARSUS VIRIDIVENTRIS, Nn. sp. Male.—Head and thorax black, the latter shining. Abdomen bright green. Legs yellowish green, coxee blackened. Wings whitish, veins pale. Halteres pale green. Antennal plumes pale brown. 492 Antenne less than one and a half times as long as head and thorax together. Thorax distinctly produced anteriorly; pronotum narrow, not continued to upper margin of mesonotum. Abdomen slender; hypopygium as in Figure 8, Plate XXXVI. Legs without long hairs; basal joint of fore tarsi more than one half longer than fore tibiz (26:16). Cross vein almost at middle of wing; cubitus forking slightly beyond cross vein; third vein ending distinctly before curve at apex of wing; surface hairs of wing pale and sparse. Length, 2.5 mm. Type locality, shore of Lake Michigan at South Haven, Mich., July 14, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Female and early stages unknown. This species bears a close resemblance to pusio, but is distinguish- able by the entirely black thorax, the form of the hypopygium, and the length of the basal joint of the fore tarsi in comparison with that of the fore tibiz. g. TANYTARSUS OBEDIENS Johannsen Tanytarsus obediens Johannsen, Bull. 86, N. Y. State Mus., 1905, p. 286. Male.—Black, slightly shining. Head brownish black; antennze fuscous, scape and extreme base of flagellum yellow, plumes fuscous, whitish at the tips. Mesonotum with very faint pruinescence on area between the vitte ; anterior lateral angles of thorax sometimes yellow- ish; scutellum varying from brown to yellowish. Posterior margins of abdominal segments and the lateral margins on posterior half yel- low; hypopygium blackish brown. Legs almost white, bases of mid and hind coxz blackened. Wings whitish, veins pale yellow; surface hairs yellow. Halteres yellow, knob white. Frontal tubercles absent; antennz about 1.5 as long as head and thorax together; palpi longer than height of head, apical joint dis- tinctly longer than subapical. Pronotum linear on upper half; meso- notum produced anteriorly. Hypopygium as in Figure 9, Plate XXXVI. Legs long and slender, fore tarsi without long hairs, basal joint about one fifth longer than fore tibize. Third vein ending slightly farther from apex of wing than does fourth; cubitus forking below cross vein. Female.—Agrees with the male in color except that the antennze are yellow and the abdominal segments have narrow pale posterior margins. Length, 3.5-4.5 mm. Illinois localities, Lilly and Havana, June (C. A. Hart). cuties EE EE 493 A male from Monticello has the basal joint of fore tarsi more than one third longer than the fore tibiz, but in other respects agrees with the foregoing description. Originally described from Ithaca, N. Y., and Washington State. I have seen specimens from Lafayette, Ind. (Aldrich), Plummer’s Island, Md. (McAtee), and from Niles, Mich. ( Hart). 10. TANYTARSUS FLAVICAUDA, Nn. sp. Male.—Differs in color from obediens in having the flagellum and plumes of the antennz and also the palpi yellowish, the abdomen - without yellow posterior margins to the segments, and the apical por- tion of lateral arm of hypopygium pale yellow. Structurally the species are similar, the principal distinctions being found in the hypopygium, the apical portion of the lateral arm in flazvi- cauda being much longer than the basal portion, whereas in obediens it is slightly shorter. Female.—Similar to the female of obediens, but differing in that the segments of the abdomen are without pale posterior margins. Length, 3-4 mm. Type locality, Carbondale, Ill., April 23, 1914. Paratypes from Illinois River at Havana, April 29, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Mal- loch). Early stages unknown. II. TANYTARSUS POLITUS, n. Sp. Male.—Greenish yellow, shining. Head yellow; antenne, with the exception of the base of flagellum, fuscous; palpi brown. Vitte glossy blackish brown; lower part of sternopleura and greater part of postnotum concolorous with vitte. Abdomen generally unicolorous brown, but sometimes with only the apices of segments of the basal half and the whole of the segments of the apical half brown. Legs pale brown, fore femora and tibia usually darkened. Wings clear, veins and surface hairs brownish. Antennal plumes and surface hairs on legs pale brown. Halteres greenish white. Length of antenne more than one and a half times that of head and thorax together. Pronotum of moderate breadth; mesonotum but slightly produced anteriorly. Hypopygium similar to that of dives, the only appreciable difference lying in the shorter and broader exten- sion of the dorsal plate. Legs rather slender; fore tarsi without long hairs, basal joint a trifle less than one half longer than fore tibie (48: 33) ; mid and hind legs with moderately long hairs. Third vein 494 ending at beginning of apical curve of wing, the cell enclosed by it rap- idly narrowing apically; cross vein very little before middle of wing; cubitus forking very slightly before cross vein. Length, 3 mm. Type locality, Easton, Ill., taken by sweeping vegetation along bank of Central Dredge Ditch, May 1, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). This is very probably the species listed by Johannsen as gmunden- sis Egger. I can not reconcile the above description with Egger’s de- scription of gmundensis or with Schiner’s later description of it. Johannsen based his identification of the European form upon material obtained from Europe, but there seems to me very good grounds for rejecting the identification as erroneous, although possibly he made no mistake in associating his American examples with the European ones. I assume that I am correct in my inference as to what species Johann- sen had before him, since I have examined a specimen in the collection of the U. S. Bureau.of Biological Survey, from Plummer’s Island, Md., which bears Johannsen’s MS. label “gmundensis.” 12. TANYTARSUS MUTICUS Johannsen Tanytarsus muticus Johannsen, Bull. 86, N. Y. State Mus., 1905, p. 294. Female.—Yellow, slightly shining. Head yellow, apical joint of antennz fuscous. Mesonotum with reddish vitte. Abdomen green. Legs yellow, fore pair slightly brownish. Wings clear, veins yellow. Pronotum linear; mesonotum protruding anteriorly. Basal joint of fore tarsi one fourth longer than fore tibiz, proportions of tibize and first and second tarsal joints, 20, 25, 14. Third vein ending just be- yond beginning of apical curve of wing; distance from base of first vein to cross vein less than one half that from cross vein to apex of wing (22:51); cubitus forking conspicuously beyond cross vein. Length, 1.75 mm. Illinois locality, Urbana, October, 1914, at light (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). The male of this species was described by Johannsen from Ithaca, N. Y. Ihave not seen this sex, but have little hesitation in associating the female described above with Johannsen’s species. The early stages are undescribed. 13. TANYTARSUS SIMILATUS, n. sp. Male.—Blackish brown. Head black, flagellum and plumes of an- tenne fuscous. Thoracic vitte glossy black, spaces between them a 495 brownish, with slight whitish pruinescence. Abdomen brownish black, hypopygium slightly paler. Legs pale brown, tibiz and bases of tarsi paler. Wings clear, cross vein unclouded, veins pale brown. Halteres yellowish brown. Pronotum tapering rapidly towards upper margin, discontinued before upper extremity of mesonotum. Hypopygium somewhat like that of viridiventris, differing in the structure of the superior and in- ferior processes (Pl. XL, Fig. 8), in the much shorter auxiliary proc- ess which does not reach beyond the apex of the inferior process, and in the shape of the extension of the dorsal plate, which tapers more gradually and has a single transverse series of hairs near base of con- stricted portion. Fore tarsi without long hairs; basal joint one fifth longer than fore tibiz (42:35); mid and hind legs with long pale hairs. Third vein ending just beyond beginning of apical curve of wing; cross vein at middle of wing. Female.—Differs from the male in having the ground color of thorax yellowish and the apices of the abdominal segments narrowly pale . The basal joint of fore tarsi is one tenth longer than the fore tibia (33: 30). Length, 3 mm. Type locality, Madison, Wis., May 1, 1910 (J. G. Sanders). 14. TANYTARSUS ExIGUUS Johannsen Tanytarsus exiguus Johannsen, Bull. 86, N. Y. State Mus., 1905, p. 294. Larva.—Length, 3-4 mm. Greenish, or yellowish, head brown. Case with three filaments projecting at apex. Antennz more than one and a half times as long as mandible, apical process of basal joint longer than second joint; labial plate somewhat similar to that shown in Figure 19, Plate XXIX, the central tooth with more distinct shoul- ders forming weak subapical teeth, the first lateral tooth also with shoulder on outer side; mandible with three distinct teeth on ventro- lateral margin. Pupa.—tLength, 2-3 mm. Yellow. Thoracic respiratory organs slender, simple, pointed apically, without distinguishable surface hairs; second abdominal segment with apical transverse series of black setulz, and two large subtriangular patches of very weak setule on dorsum; third segment with two small rounded patches of conspicuous black setulz near apex, the dorsum posterior to these being covered with weak setulz ; fourth segment with a conspicuous group of black setule near base of median line and two weaker elongate submedian 496 patches posterior to it; fifth segment with two small but conspicuous groups of black setulz near base, and many weaker setule on dorsum. Imago; Male.—Differs from tenuis in being a little more distinctly vittate. Structurally the male is distinguishable from tenuis by the shorter basal joint of the tarsi, the proportions of tibize and tarsi being 30, 18. In other respects the two species are very similar. Female.—Pale yellow. Mesonotum without vitte. Agrees with the male except in sexual characters and in having the cross vein slightly nearer to base of wing. Length, 1.5—2 mm. Illinois localities: Momence, July 17, 1914 (C. A. Hart) ; and the Illinois River at Havana (larve and pupe). Originally described from Ithaca, N. Y. I have before me one male specimen from the type locality, and two others of this sex from Moscow, Idaho, the former submitted by Professor Johannsen, and the latter by Professor Aldrich. 15. TANYTARSUS DUBIUS, n. sp. Male.—Agrees in color with politus except that the abdomen is usually bright green. Structurally also there is a striking similarity to politus, the prin- cipal distinctions being in the comparative lengths of the basal joints of the fore tarsi and the fore tibiz. In the present species the basal joint of the tarsi is distinctly more than one half longer than the tibiz (40:25), while in politus it is slightly less than this. The hypopygia of the two species are so similar in general appearance that they are of little service as a means of differentiation, both being very similar to the hypopygium of dives. The distance from base of first vein to cross vein in the present species is distinctly less than the distance from the cross vein to apex of wing (35:46), and the cubitus forks slightly beyond the cross vein. Female.—Differs from the male only in sexual characters and in venation, the cross vein being slightly nearer to base of wing and the cubitus forking more distinctly beyond the cross vein. Length, 2.5-3.5 mm. Type locality, Havana, Ill., along shore of Illinois River, April 28-29, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). 497 METRIOCNEMUs Van der Wulp Very few species of this genus are represented in the collections of this Laboratory, and no attempt is here made to revise the North American species. One species, /undbecki Johannsen, has been reared by the writer, and full descriptions of its stages are published in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington.* In the present paper only brief descriptions of the stages are included. Kieffer has based the separation of several species from those of Metriocnemus on the structure of the apical portion of the lateral arm of the hypopygium and the presence of well-developed pulvilli. Spe- cies which have the above portion of the hypopygium simple are re- tained in Metriocnemus, while those that have this process bifid are placed in his new genus Brillia, I have seen a single species which is referable to Brillia, but as the genus does not occur in Illinois, as far as I am aware, I shall not include it in this paper. When Johannsen wrote his 1905 paper on this family, the larva and pupa of only one North American species of Metriocnemus were known, and they possess characters which, although used by Johann- sen in his generic keys to these stages, the larva and pupa of lundbecki lack, and consequently in using the said keys to locate larvee and pupze it is evident that those of lundbecki at least could not possibly be placed in Metriocnemus. I have avoided the use of generic keys for larvee and pupz because, with our present very imperfect knowledge of the Chironomide, mistakes in generic identification and classification are almost certain to occur, and little good could now be accomplished by adopting as a basis of generic separation characters possessed by the few known species, which may be of specific and not real generic value. The imagines of Metriocnemus may be distinguished from those of any other genus in the Chironomine by the following characters: an- tenne of male 15-jointed (2+13), those of female 8-jointed (2-++6) ; wings hairy; basal joint of fore tarsi shorter than fore tibize; pulvilli small or nearly wanting; hypopygium with apical portion of lateral arm simple, armed with a small thorn at apex. Although but two species have been taken by the writer in Illinois, one of them being hitherto undescribed, it is highly probable that many species occur in the state and will be discovered later. *Vol. 16, 1914, p. 132. 498 1. METRIOCNEMUS LUNDBECKI Johannsen Chironomus nanus Lundbeck (nec Meigen), Vidensk. Meddel., 1898, p. 285. Metriocnemus lundbecki Johannsen, Bull. 86, N. Y. State Mus., 1905, p. 302. Larva.—Length, 4-5 mm. Yellowish. Labium with the central tooth divided, general outline similar to that shown in Figure 16, Plate XXIX, except that the divided central tooth has no shoulder; mandi- ble with 4 distinct teeth in addition to the apical one. Pupa.—Length, 3 mm. Greenish yellow. Thoracic respiratory organs similar to those of Orthocladius nivoriundus. Abdominal seg- ments 2-8 with dorsum covered with short setulze which become stronger posteriorly and form a distinct transverse band on caudal margin; apical appendages with 3 long hairs. Imago; Male.—Yellow, slightly shining." Mesonotum with red- dish vittee. Abdomen yellow, apical 2-3 segments brownish. Legs yellow, apices of tarsi infuscated. Wings Om veins yellow. Hal- teres yellow. Fore tarsi with basal joint nearly three fonnitie as long as fore tibiez. Hypopygium with dorsal plate long and pointed. Third vein ending at beginning of apical curve of wing. Female.—Agrees in color with the male. Length, 2-2.5 mm. Illinois localities: Muncie, March 16, 1914, and Havana, Novem- ber 8, 1912 (C. A. Hart). I have seen a female specimen, submitted by Prof. O. A. Johann- sen, from Ithaca, N. Y. 2. METRIOCNEMUS BRACHYNEURA, 0. sp. Male.—Head brownish, antennz, including the plumes, fuscous. Thorax greenish yellow; mesonotum with glossy blackish brown vit- tee, the spaces between them covered with whitish pruinescence ; pleurz with a large brownish spot on sternopleura and a smaller one in front of wing-base; scutellum yellowish; postnotum brown. Abdomen fuscous-green. Legs greenish yellow, brownish on apices of femora and of mid and hind tibiz, the fore tibize, except on middle, and apices of all tarsi brown. Wings clear, veins and surface hairs brown. Halteres greenish yellow. Last flagellar joint not as long as the preceding joints combined. Pronotum linear. Hypopygium as in Figure 4, Plate XL. Legs slender ; fore tarsi without long hairs, basal joint more than two thirds as long as fore tibia (17:22); empodium distinct, fringed. Third 499 vein ending considerably in front of apex of wing (Pl. XXXIX, Fig. 17); surface of wings with very distinct hairs. Female.—Differs from the male in being much paler in color, the abdomen having only brownish markings on anterior portions of dor- sal segments. The legs are rather stouter and somewhat shorter than in the male, the proportions of the basal joint of fore tarsi and fore tibize being as 12, 18, and the surface hairs on wings are more distinct than in the male. Length, 1-1.25 mm. Type locality, Muncie, Ill, May 24, 1914, swept from vegetation on bank of Stony Creek (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Allotype and paratypes from Madison, Wis., August 26, 1913, at light (A. C. Burrill). This species differs from /undbecki in having the third vein very much shorter—a character which will distinguish it also from every other described North American species of Metriocnemus. CHASMATONOTUS Loew The species of this genus are separable from those of any other chironomid genus occurring in North America by the presence on the thoracic dorso-median line of a distinct narrow furrow or fissure which extends beyond the middle of the disc. The antennz in both sexes are short- haired and consist of eight joints (2+6). The vena- tion is somewhat similar to that of Orthocladius (Pl. XXXV, Fig. 8). Only one species has been taken in Illinois as far as 1am aware. The other four North American species of the genus have been collected as follows: univittatus Coquillett, in Alaska; unimaculatus Loew, in New Hampshire; fascipennis Coquillett, in British Columbia; and hyalinus Coquillet, in California. CHASMATONOTUS BIMACULATUS Osten Sacken Chasmatonotus bimaculatus Osten Sacken, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Surv., Vol. 3, 1877, p- 191. This species is distinguishable from any of the others in the genus by the wing-markings (Pl. XXXV, Fig. 8). The hypopygium is shown in Figures 7 and 10, Plate XXXVI. Illinois localities : Lake Forest (Johannsen) ; Urbana, May (C. A. Hart); St. Joseph, six specimens swept from undergrowth May 17, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Recorded from New York, New Jersey, and Quebec. Early stages undescribed. 500 PSEUDOCHIRONOMUS, n. gen. The only species of this genus may be distinguished from Chiron- omus by the short basal joint of the fore tarsi—the length of which is distinctly less than that of the fore tibia—the distinct apical spur of the hind tibiz, and, except in the case of one or two rather aberrant species of that genus, by the shorter third vein, which ends distinctly farther in front of the wing-apex than the fourth vein does behind it. In most respects the genus more closely resembles the members of the old genus Orthocladius in the wide sense, but the hypopygium has a much closer affinity with hypopygia of Chironomus than with those of Orthocladius, the apical portion of the lateral arm being straight—not recurved—and without an apical thorn (Pl. XXXVII, Fig. 16). It is more difficult to separate the female from the species of the subgenus Psectrocladius, to which its large pulvilli, and distinct, fringed em- podia would relegate it; but it is more robust, the pronotum has a deep and broad median incision, the post-humeral area has a circular shin- ing depression, and the fore tibia is not conspicuously fonger than the basal joint of the fore tarsi. I have obtained what I believe to be the pupa of the species, which is described herewith. Type of genus, Pseudochironomus richardsoni, n. sp. PsEUDOC HIRONOMUS RICHARDSONI, n. Sp. Larva.—Unknown. Pupa.—Length, 6-8 mm. Brown. Frontal tubercles small, acuie apically. Thorax with small closely placed, apically rounded squam- ules; thoracic respiratory organs broken in specimens before me. First abdominal segment without setulz ; disc of segments 2-6 covered with distinct setulz, a conspicuous and rather broad band of these setulz near bases of segments 2 to 4, that on the latter composed of weaker setule than those on the other two segments, the setulae becoming much weaker and being very closely placed as they recede from base; segments 5 and 6 without distinct band, but with a large rounded patch of setulze which are much longer, though but slightly darker, and are much more closely placed than those on the remainder of disc; sec- ond segment with the usual transverse apical row of setulz ; segments 3 and 4 with a narrow, transverse band of setulz near posterior margin, separated from the setulz on disc by a bare strip; apical lateral angle of eighth segment with an irregular comb of short thorns; lateral margins of segments with a few long flattened hairs, fringe of apical appendages confined to apical half, regular in length, and consisting of many flattened hairs. 501 Imago; Male——Brown-black to deep black, slightly shining. Head, including antennal plumes, fuscous. Thorax with gray pruinescence which is particularly distinct between the vitte, the latter distinctly shining; scutellum and postnotum subshining, black. Abdomen black, shining, the posterior margins of the segments usualiy covered with grayish pruinescence. Legs varying in color from brownish yellow to fuscous, the bases of femora, the tibize, and bases of tarsi generally slightly paler than other portions. Wings slightly grayish, veins pale brown; Halteres yellowish or pale gray. Antenne rather thick and short, flagellum tapering from base to apex, entire antennal length about equal to that of head and thorax together, number of joints 15. Pronotum of moderate breadth, cen- tral excision wide. Hypopygium as in Figure 16, Plate XXXVII. Legs rather stout; fore tarsi without long hairs, basal joint about nine tenths as long as fore tibie (47:52), second joint less than half as long as basal (21) ; mid and hind legs with rather short hairs; all tarsi with well-developed pulvilli and empodia. Cross vein at middle of wing; third vein ending much farther in front of wing-apex than fourth does behind it; cubitus forking slightly beyond cross vein, its posterior branch almost straight. Female.—Agrees with male in color. Differs in having 8-jointed antenne and the mid and hind legs without hairs, their surfaces having only short pubescence. Length, 3.5-4.5 mm. Type locality, Havana, Ill., April 28 to May 2, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes from Momence, IIl., July 17, 1914, at light (C. A. Hart), and from Washingon, D .C., August 6, 1907 (W. L. McAtee). The species occurred in great numbers on the Illinois River, and specimens were captured at a considerable distance from it, where no suitable breeding places were available, evidently having been carried there by the wind. The species is named in honor of Mr. R. E. Richardson, who has been for several years studying the biology of the Illinois River in connection with the work of the State Laboratory. Cricotorus Van der Wulp This genus as originally defined by Van der Wulp was a rather arbitrary one, separated as it was from Orthocladius merely by the color of the legs. In Cricotopus the legs are pale yellow, or whitish, and black, while in Orthocladius they are unicolorous black or yellow- ish, rarely yellow with brown markings. Occasionally, however, the 502 legs of a species are so colored that one has some hesitation in assign- ing it definitely to either genus. Orthocladius politus is a case in point. The legs in politus are bicolored, but the colors are not sharply contrasted. The eyes possess distinct surface hairs, however, which seems to indicate a closer affinity with Cricotopus than with Orthocladius. A subgenus of Orthocladius, Trichocladius, has been erected by Kieffer for the reception of those species of Orthocladius which have hairy eyes. This subgenus is said to be distinguished from Cricotopus by the absence of pulvilli—a rather unsatisfactory character, and one difficult to see. In the present paper several species are located in Trichocladius. It is not the writer’s intention to take up at present the question of the generic relations of doubtfully lo- cated American species of this group, but it is hoped that at some future time either he or some other student of the group may have an opportunity to devote to this problem the time requisite for its solu- tion. The known larve and pupe of this genus are included in the keys to the early stages of the subfamily Chironomine. Key To ILLINOIS SPECIES De AMAT GS: 5 ha) 6 Sie teehee aya ote whalers 2 shart ete Sietltele ties lotto aaa ames Blemmallee asin) s,e dies wtelate edi Ra shia ties DR ane ee 5 2. Fore tarsi with long hairs; basal segment of abdomen and narrow posterior margins of other segments yellow........ 1. flavibasis. — Fore tarsi without long hairs............-.0.+>+ 002s seen 3 3. First, fourth, and seventh abdominal segments yellow, remainder Dnlaeke Meas tees 2 etre tek MERON Mere here fete cr peranel aces 2. trifasciatus. — At most but two abdominal segments entirely yellow............ 4 4. First and fourth abdominal segments yellow.......... 3. bicinctus. — First segment largely and posterior margins of other segments nar- Towwiliysiey. ell owe! sortie aoteseiesseus axe ooeee estan iato eteieeorareeame 4. sylvestris. 5. Abdomen with first, fourth, and seventh segments yellow.......... SAT Oa nee rae Rn eee eCO Bee 2. trifasciatus. — Abdomen with at most 2 segments entirely yellow.............. 6 6. Fore tarsi black, second joint and basal half of third yellow...... sched ctohatatege ate ean taaMcere lays feraveaslfoe eter ame feariatay wxn siayPsi pete 5. slossone. — Fore tarsi unicolorous, black or brown..............-2+eeeeeee 7 7. Abdomen with first and fourth segments yellow....... 3. bicinctus. — Abdomen with narrow yellow posterior margins to segments, the basal segment broadly yellowish..................- 1. flavibasis. I. CRICOTOPUS FLAVIBASIS, n. Sp. Male.—Yellow, shining. Head yellow, antenne fuscous, scape black, plumes fuscous, paler apically; palpi brown. Mesonotum with 503 the vitte black, very broad; pleure largely black; scutellum yellow; postnotum shining black. Abdomen velvety black, basal segment yel- low, slightly darkened, apices of remaining segments and bases of third and fourth shining yellow; hypopygium yellow. Legs yellow, mid and hind coxe, fore femora except the bases, apices of mid and hind femora, fore tibiz except the middle, both ends of mid and hind tibize, the entire fore tarsi, apices of basal three joints and whole of apical two of other tarsi blackened. Wings whitish, veins yellow. Halteres pale yellow, base of pedicels blackened. Antenna barely longer than head and thorax together. Pronotum broad, of almost equal width throughout. Hypopygium as in Figure 4, Plate XXXVII. Legs slender; foregtarsi with rather long hairs; basal joint slightly more than half as long as fore tibiz (23:45); sec- ond joint about half as long as basal (12). Wing venation almost identical with that of trifasciatus. Female.—Agrees with the male in color except that the dark color on thorax is not so conspicuous, and that on abdomen more generally distributed, though the basal segment is almost entirely yellow. The legs have the black more sharply differentiated from the pale portions and confined to smaller areas. Length, 3-5 mm. Type locality, Urbana, Ill., October 5-9, 1914, at light (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). The fore tarsal hairs and distinctively marked abdomen should serve to separate this from every other described American species. 2. CRICOTOPUS TRIFASCIATUS Panzer Chironomus trifasciatus Panzer, Fauna Germ., 1813, p. 109. Cricotopus trifasciatus (Panzer) V. d. Wulp, Tijdschr. v. Ent., Vol. 17, 1874, p- 132. Egg—(Pl. XXXVIII, Fig. 7). Whitish. Deposited in long rope-like masses. Larva.—Length, 4-5 mm. Yellow, varying sometimes to red- dish. Head about 1.5 as long as wide; antenna as in Figure 9, Plate XXX; mandibles with three distinct teeth in addition to the apical one; labium as in Figure 12, Plate XXIX. Abdomen with a pecu- liar tuft of long pale hairs near posterior margin of the lateral sur- face of each segment, which are weak on segments 1 and 2; anal dorsal respiratory organs distinct, four in number, ventral surface without anal blood-gills; anal pseudopods short, armed at apices with the normal claws. 504 Pupa.—Length 3-4 mm. Yellow, the black markings of the en- closed imago showing through (Pl. XXXII, Fig. 7). Thoracic respir- atory organs slender, tapering, inconspicuous, their surfaces without distinct hairs; several long and slender hairs on pronotum and a few on disc of mesonotum. Abdomen with the dorsal segments covered with minute setulze except on some small rounded areas on disc of each segment, the usual apical transverse series of strong setulz on second segment, and a transverse preapical patch of weaker and broader ones on the other segments; apical appendages short and rather slender, armed apically with three long hairs. Imago; Male.—Yellow, shining. Head yellow, scape of antennzx black, flagellum and palpi fggcous, antennal plumes yellowish brown. Mesonotum with glossy aM ita which are sometimes confluent and obscure the ground color; pleurze with a large black patch on sterno- pleura and a smaller one before wing-base; scutellum and postnotum opaque black. Abdomen either opaque black with first, fourth, and seventh segments and apical half of hypopygium yellow, or yellow with second, fifth, and sixth segments, except their anterior fourth, the whole of eighth segment, and a spot on disc of fourth black. Legs whitish yellow, conspicuously blackened on all knee joints and apices of tibiz ; fore tarsi black, mid pair blackened from near base of second joint to apex of fifth, hind pair from before apex of third to apex of fifth. Wings clear, veins yellowish. Halteres pale yellow. Antenna slightly longer than head and thorax together. Prono- tum rather broad, its breadth almost uniform throughout. Apical por- tion of lateral arm of hypopygium as in Figure 2, Plate XXXVII. Fore tarsi without conspicuous hairs, basal joint more than half as long as fore tibiz (30:53), second joint half as long as basal (15). Third vein ends at beginning of apical curve of wing; cross vein slightly proximad of wing-middle; cubitus forking distinctly beyond cross vein. Female.—Agrees in color with the male. Structurally also very similar, but the wings are rather broader and the legs slightly stouter. Length, 3-4 mm. Illinois localities: Illinois River at Havana—abundant, the eggs sometimes found in immense numbers floating in a large gelatinous mass—Grand Tower, Dubois, Golconda, Peoria, Momence, Rock Island, Urbana, Muncie. Probably the species occurs throughout the state. Dates of occurrence range from April 18 to October 20. Originally described from Europe. Previously recorded by Johannsen from New York and Chicago. I have seen a specimen taken on prairie flowers at Moscow, Idaho, by Professor Aldrich. 505 I have reared several specimens of this species from larve obtained in the clear-water reservoir for the city supply in Champaign, IIl., De- cember 29, 1914. The specimens emerged January 20 and 21, 1915. One male lived from January 20 to January 26 under conditions simi- lar to those mentioned under Ciironomus viridicollis. 3. Cricotopus BicIncTus Meigen Chironomus bicinctus Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Eur. Zweifl. Ins., Vol. 1, 1818, p. 41, sp. 48. Cricotopus bicinctus V. d. Wulp, Tijdschr. v. Ent., Vol. 17, 1874. p. 182. Male.—Distinguishable from trifasciatus by the color of the thorax and abdomen. The former is almost invariably uniform glossy black, while the latter has the first and fourth segments and apical por- tions of hypopygium yellow. Structurally the principal differences lie in the proportions of the fore tibize and tarsi. In bicinctus the tarsi are much more slender and elongate than in trifasciatus, the proportions of tibiz and basal two joints of tarsi being 40, 25, 15, the combined lengths of the latter being equal to that of the tibize, whereas in trifasciatus the lengths of the same joints combined are distinctly less than that of the tibiee. The hypopygium is figured on Plate XXXVII, Figure 1. The wing vena- tion is similar to that of trifasciatus except that the cross vein is usu- ally somewhat thickened and darkened. Female.—Agrees with the male in color except that the ground color of the thorax is generally yellow, with three glossy black vittz. Length, 1.75-2.5 mm. Illinois localities, Parker, Carbondale, Grand Tower, Havana, Du- bois, Muncie, Monticello, Urbana, Momence,—April to November. Commonly occurs at light. Originally described from Europe. Johannsen recorded this species from New York. I have seen specimens from Niles, Berrien Springs, and South Haven, Mich. (C. A. Hart), and from Lafayette, Ind. (J. M. Aldrich). The early stages are undescribed. 4. CrICcoTOPUS SYLVESTRIS Fabricius Tipula sylvestris Fabricius, Ent. Syst., 1794, p. 252, sp. 89. Chironomus sylvestris Fabricius, Syst. Antl., 1805, p. 47, sp. 46. Cricotopus sylvestris (Fabricius) V. d. Wulp, Tijdschr. v. Ent., Vol. 17, 1874, p. 132. Male.—This species bears a strong resemblance to flavibasis, dif- fering principally in size (2-3 mm.) and in color. The single speci- 506 men before me which I consider referable to this species has the thorax glossy yellow, the vittze black, almost confluent, the scutellum, postno- tum, and greater portion of pleurz shining black, the abdomen opaque black, with the base of first segment broadly and the apices of remain- ing segments narrowly yellow. The legs, especially the fore tibiz and mid and hind tarsi, are noticeably paler than in flavibasis. The fore tarsi are missing in my specimen, but no mention is made by previous authors of the presence of long hairs, which distinguish flavibasis. Length, 1.75-2.25 mm. Illinois localities: Illinois River near Havana, September 13, 1895 ; Chicago (Johannsen). Originally described from Europe. Recorded for New Jersey by Johnson. Early stages undescribed. 5. CRICOTOPUS SLOSSON#, n. sp. Female.—Black. Head yellowish brown; antenne yellow, flagel- lum pale brown; palpi brown. Mesonotum glossy black, anterior an- gles and pronotum yellow, pleure glossy black, yellowish on upper margin; scutellum opaque, velvety black; postnotum opaque black. Basal two segments of abdomen lemon-yellow, remaining segments velvety black; genitalia pale yellow. Legs fulvous; apical joint of mid and hind tarsi brownish, other parts blackened as follows: basal portions of hind coxe, all femora from before middle, bases of all tibiz and their apices broadly, and the entire basal joint of fore tarsi and from middle of third to apex of fifth joint. Wings clear, veins brown- ish. Halteres whitish yellow. Frons half the width of head; antenne shorter than palpi and rather slender, the palpi robust. Pronotum rather broad, carried al- most to upper margin of mesonotum, central incision weak. Basal joint of fore tarsi more than two thirds the length of fore tibize (45: 65); second joint almost half as long as basal. Cross vein upright, rather thick, distinctly before middle of wing; third vein distinctly thicker than costal, ending beyond beginning of apical curve, but far- ther from apex than fourth; cubitus forking slightly beyond cross vein. Length, 3—-3.5 mm. Type locality, Algonquin, Ill., June 4, 1894 (W. A. Nason). Para- type from Mt. Washington, N. H. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson). Named in honor of Mrs. A. T. Slosson. C. varipes Coquillett agrees fairly well with the above description, but the fore tarsi in the female are of a uniform brown color. The ee LL LEO EEE EEE EE ee 507 male of varipes has the second and third fore tarsal joints paler than the first, but not yellow. Camprociapius Van der Wulp In my generic key to the Chironomine I have placed only those genera that have been regarded as valid by previous American writers who have dealt with the family. In adopting this course I have sep- arated Camptocladius from Orthocladius by means of the character of the posterior branch of the cubitus, which in Camptocladius is bisin- uate, while in Orthocladius it is straight or very slightly recurved at the apex. In treating Orthocladius I have accepted Kieffer’s subgen- era as divisions, and find that to be consistent one must adopt a sim- ilar course with respect to Camptocladius, though divisions have not previously been indicated. I propose no names for the divisions of Camptocladius as defined in key herewith, considering it desirable that further investigation of more material and from a larger area than I am dealing with should be made before these concepts are accepted as of generic or even subgeneric value—separable as they are from those of Orthocladius only by the character of venation already indicated. It would probably be quite legitimate to disregard the sinuation of the cubitus in the case of the species which possess hairs on the eyes, plac- ing them in Tvichocladius, but lack of information regarding the early stages and the paucity of my material prevent me from adopting this course. I have not succeeded in obtaining the early stages of any species of Camptocladius, but two species have been reared in this country from dung, and the fact that Orthocladius stercorarius DeGeer has been similarly reared seems to indicaté that it belongs to Campto- cladius rather than to Orthocladius, the larve of the latter being aquat- ic in habit as far as at present known. O. stercorarius is a European species that has been recorded as occurring in Greenland. It is un- known to me. Key To SPECIES eLinesswith Short smpnicehh DaISersnscysics elec caste die acieieve cmoeere v4 MTV OSH APC acre ltr exsie acer stn cirtelevouenere er erebeleistire;sia seo ways aye, ws oe Blereve’s 3 2. Large species, 2 mm. or more in length; base of wing-veins black; female with broad sensory organs on flagellar joints. ..1. lasiops. — Smaller species, 1 mm. in length; base of wing-veins not black; fe- male with hairlike sensory organs on flagellar joints............ REM ailein sR er Perak nis anes cberaeaie aicbe leis ain Salma er er ayitetevess 2. lasiophthalmus. 3. Basal 2 joints of flagellum in female very distinctly separated, all flagellar joints in this sex with broad sensory organs; black spe- 508 cies, the male with whitish wings; empodia distinct............ ty syaiee aphiode Gio. wlah dnslteve seta icoetershalars shorspavedne tes or eS eC 3. byssinus. — Basal 2 joints of flagellum in female closely fused, all flagellar joints in this sex with hairlike sensory organs; yellowish species; wings of male not milky; empodia distinct....................-.-- + 4. Basal joint of fore tarsi about half as long as fore tibie.......... 5 — Basal joint of fore tarsi nearly two thirds as long as fore tibie (2132) wees cee De Mae Ras Bit LW ES vee See 4. aterrimus? 5. Yellow species, thorax with brownish vitte or entirely yellow...... Ze SORA D clic Suetereer eee er siouses Scare ge ed Sto, popaie sce atciet Ratt eae 5. flavens. — , Black Species five cic). ss ess ova oc 0 ee ow ow bie o 0 0c tase be Oe 6 6: = Baserot wane wibtta sh? ic. nets n-eecete lois ake ccpere cis eretoke arate 6. flavibasis. — Thick veins at wing-base blackened.............. 7. subaterrimus. I. CAMPTOCLADIUS LASIOPS, n. sp. Male.—Black, slightly shining. Head black, antennal flagellum and plumes fuscous. Legs black; tibiz and tarsi fuscous. Wings slightly grayish, veins brown. Halteres black or brown. Hairs on body and legs fuscous. Eyes with short upright hairs between the facets; palpi with 4 joints, the basal joint inserted in a distinct prominence; at least the third flagellar joint with rather broad sensory organs, apical flagellar joint about twice as long as preceding joints taken together. Pro- notum narrow; central dorsal excision distinct. Hypopygium as in Figure 8, Plate XXXVIII. Legs slender; fore tarsi with the hairs very slightly longer than those on fore tibiz, basal joint slightly more than half as long as fore tibia (15: 28) ; mid and hind legs with mod- erately long hairs; empodia as long as the claws, distinctly fringed. Third vein ending at beginning of apical curve of wing, venation of apical portion as in Figure 6, Plate XX XIX. Female.—Agrees with the male in coloration. Antenna as in Figure 13, Plate XXXII. The wing differs from that of male in having the costa prolonged over a third of the dis- tance from apex of third vein to apex of wing. Length, 1.5-2.75 mm. Type locality, Urbana, Ill, November 19, 1914, taken near house in city (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes from same locality March 29 and in September and October, 1914 (same collec- tors). This species may belong to Trichocladius, though the bisinuate posterior branch of the cubitus and the place of occurrence of the imagines would seem to indicate that the larva is terrestrial. 509 2. CAMPTOCLADIUS LASIOPHTHALMUS, n. sp. Female.—Brownish black, shining. Head black, antenne and palpi fuscous. Mesonotum with slight grayish pruinescence on disc. Abdomen black, subopaque, venter yellowish. Legs brownish yellow, trochanters and bases of femora yellow. Wings grayish, veins brown, base of wings and of veins whitish yellow. Halteres brownish yellow. Eyes hairy. Antenna with oval flagellar joints, much longer than their diameter, sensory organs hairlike, similar to those shown in Fig- ure 15, Plate XXXVIII, Pronotum rather broad, no central dorsal excision. Mesonotum produced very distinctly anteriorly, surface hairs strong but sparse, pruinescence sparse. Abdomen with rather strong hairs. Legs of moderate strength; basal joint of fore tarsi half as long as fore tibize ; mid and hind legs with rather short hairs; apical spurs on hind tibiz short, empoditim about as long as claws, distinctly fringed. Third vein ending slightly beyond beginning of apical curve of wing and apex of upper branch of cubitus; costal vein extending almost to apex of wing; distance from cross vein to apex of first less than distance from apex of first to apex of third; cross vein distinctly proximad of wing-middle; cubitus forking distinctly beyond cross vein, posterior branch rather abruptly sinuate at middle. Length, 1 mm. Type locality, Dubois, Ill., April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). A male taken at the same time and place may belong to this species. It resembles very closely the male of Jasiops, but differs in being smaller and in having the posterior branch of the cubitus more abruptly bent and the distance from cross vein to apex of first shorter in comparison with the distance from apex of first to apex of third. 3. CAMPTOCLADIUS BYSSINUS Schrank Tipula byssinus Schrank, Fauna Boica, Vol. 3, 1803, p. 2330, sp. 76. Chironomus byssinus (Schrank) Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Eur. Zweifl. Ins., Vol. 1, 1818, p. 58. Camptocladius byssinus (Schrank) Van der Wulp, Tijdschr. v. Ent., Vol. 17, 1874, p. 133. Male.—Deep velvety black, disc of thorax slightly shining. Head black, antennal plumes black at bases, whitish apically. Legs black, bases of tarsi yellowish. Wings milky, a longitudinal black streak on base, veins colorless. Halteres black. Hairs on body and legs whitish. Head very similar to that of Jasiops except that the eyes are bare. Pronotum narrow. Hypopygium as in Figure 11, Plate XL. Basal 510 joint of fore tarsi slightly less than half as long as fore tibize (12: 25) ; mid and hind legs with moderately long hairs; empodium about as long as claws, distinctly fringed. Venation as in Figure 9, Plate XXXV. Female.—Agrees with the male in coloration except that the wings have a slight yellowish reflection and the veins are more distinct. Apical segments of abdomen as in Figure 17, Plate XX XVIII. Joints of flagellum of antenna about as broad as long, with broad leaflike sensory organs (Pl. XXXVIII, Fig. 11), basal and second joints distinctly separated. Wings differ from those of the male in having the third and costal veins very closely approximated for some distance before the apex of latter and continued beyond begin- ning of apical curve of wing. Length, 1.5—2.5 mm. Illinois localities: Muncie, Urbana, St. Joseph, Rock Island, Ha- vana, Grand Tower, Normal, on dates ranging from April 24 to Octo- ber 21. Although this species has been reared by other workers from dung, no description of the larva has been published. Originally described from Europe and recorded from Greenland, Alaska, Washington State, New Jersey, and New York. Females labeled as aterrimus in the collection of the U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey from Washington, D. C., are byssinus. 4. CAMPTOCLADIUS ATERRIMUS Meigen ? Chironomus aterrimus Meigen, Syst. Beschr. Eur. Zweifl. Ins., Vol. 1, 1818, p. 59. Camptocladius aterrimus (Meigen) Van der Wulp, Tijdschr. vy. Ent., Vol. 17, 1874, p. 133. Male.—Closely resembles subaterrimus, n. sp., described on later page, in color and structure, but differs in the structure of the hypo- pygium (Pl. XL, Fig. 9) and in the comparative lengths of the basal joint of fore tarsi and fore tibie (21:34). Wing as in Figure 8, Plate XXXIX. Female.—Unrecognized. Length, 2.5—3 mm. Illinois localities: Carmi, April 15, 1914, on bank of little Wa- bash River, and Rattlesnake Ferry—Big Muddy River—near Grand Tower, April 22, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). I have provisionally considered this species as aterrimus, since it agrees with Johannsen’s description of that species and is probably 511 the insect he thus identified, though I have doubts as to the identity of our aterrimus with that recorded from Europe. Lundbeck is respon- sible for a record of its occurrence in Greenland, while Johannsen re- cords it from Michigan and New Jersey. I have not seen European examples. The early stages are undescribed. 5. CAMPTOCLADIUS FLAVENS, N. sp. Male.—Greenish yellow, subopaque. Mesonotum rarely with indi- cations of pale brownish vittee. Wings whitish, veins colorless. Palpi 4-jointed; apical flagellar joint distinctly, but not greatly, longer than the other flagellar joints combined. Pronotum of moder- ate breadth, without central dorsal excision. Hypopygium as in Fig- ure 15, Plate XXXVI, and Figure 5, Plate XL. Legs rather stout; fore tarsi without long hairs, basal joint about half as long as fore tibiz (21:40); mid and hind legs with long hairs. Third vein end- ing beyond beginning of apical curve of wing and very slightly in front of apex of upper branch of cubitus; costa extending distinctly beyond apex of third vein; distance from cross vein to apex of first distinctly less than that from apex of first to apex of third (19: 25); cubitus forking very slightly beyond cross vein, posterior branch dis- tinctly bisinuate (Pl. XX XIX, Fig. 16). Female.—Agrees in color with the male except that the apical an- tennal joint is brown. Palpi as in Figure 12, Plate XX XVIII; antennal flagellum has the joints much longer than their diameter, the basal two closely fused, and the sensory organs hairlike (Pl. XX XVIII, Fig. 14). Apex of abdomen as in Figure 16, Plate XX XVIII. Length, 2-3 mm. Type locality, Havana, Ill., April 29, 1914, on Illinois River (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes: St. Joseph, Ill., May 17, 1914, on bank of Salt Fork (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch), and South Ha- ven, Mich., July 14, 1914, on shore of Lake Michigan (Hart). This species differs in color from C. fumidus Johannsen, and from C. graminicola Lundbeck, a Greenland species, in having the wings bare. 6. CAMPTOCLADIUS FLAVIBASIS, n. sp. Female.—Brownish black, slightly shining. Head fuscous, face, antennee, and palpi yellowish brown. Pronotum, anterior lateral an- gles of mesonotum, and upper portion of pleurz yellowish. Abdomen brownish black, opaque, yellowish at base and on venter. Legs brown- 512 ish yellow, trochanters and bases of femora pale yellow. Wings slightly grayish, veins brown, base of wing, including bases of veins, whitish yellow. Halteres yellow, knobs brown. Body hairs pale brown. Flagellar joints elongate, basal 2 fused, sensory organs hairlike. Pronotum of moderate breadth, without central dorsal excision. Disc of mesonotum (between the vitte) and of scutellum with long sparse hairs; posterior half of the former with pale pruinescence. Legs rather stout; basal joint of fore tarsi half as long as fore tibiz; em- podium about as long as claws, distinctly fringed. Third vein ending very slightly beyond beginning of apical curve of wing and nearly in line with apex of upper branch of cubitus; cross vein distinctly before wing-middle, slightly acute; cubitus forking distinctly beyond cross vein, its posterior branch slightly bisinuate. Length, 1.25 mm. Type locality, Urbana, Ill., August 23, 1914, on window (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Ws CAMPTOCLADIUS SUBATERRIMUS, N. sp. Male.—Black, subopaque. Antenne and their plumes fuscous. Mesonotum yellowish between the vittz and on lateral anterior angles; upper central portion of pleure yellow. Abdomen black. Legs slen- der, fuscous, tibiz and tarsi yellowish brown. Wings clear, veins brown but black at base. Halteres yellowish brown. Body hairs brown. Pronotum of moderate breadth, central dorsal excision weak. Hy- popygium as in Figure 3, Plate XL. Legs very slender; fore tarsi without long hairs, basal joint slightly more than half as long as fore tibize (16: 28) ; mid and hind legs with long hairs; empodium distinct, rather densely fringed. Wing venation almost identical with that of aterrimus. Length, 2.5 mm. Type locality, Grand Tower, Ill., April 21, 1914, on bank of Mis- sissippi River (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). OrtHociapius Van der Wulp, sens. lat. This genus as defined by Van der Wulp contained a very large number of species which were very closely allied. Subsequent work- ers on the family have discovered many minute characters that were either overlooked or ignored by the older authors, and many of these have been used as a basis for the division of the old genus Orthocla- dius into subgenera. Kieffer, who is responsible for the subdivisions 513 referred to, ranked them as subgenera, but in his recent papers on the group he has raised them to generic rank. It is the opinion of the writer that our knowledge of the early stages and adult habits of this group is entirely too meager for an understanding of existing generic relations, and pending further life-history data the current subdivi- sions are here accepted without either admitting or questioning their validity. The characters used are rather obscure, difficult to appre- ciate, and in other families would not generally be considered as of primary importance; but owing to the scarcity of outstanding struc- tural characters it is essential that importance should be given to even minute details provided they are constant in form. In the use of char- acters for subgeneric separation the present writer confines himself to those which are possessed by both sexes in common, or to such male characters as are in coordination with characters possessed by the other sex. The erection of a genus for the reception of males with certain hypopygial or antennal characters without reference to the characters by means of which females may be assigned to the genus is not conducive to a better understanding of the group, nor does it facilitate the work of identification but, rather, retards it, and should be avoided. The writer hopes at some future time to deal with the species of this group in a more detailed manner. Key To Suscenera (After Kieffer) ik DbvOS svaltltehiore Wek eie hoy odelGuooGe ab ote enero s cee mono ocemEe 2 Pen LOSE SURO RMA ie aera Ete a ey oo ser Muh ee ence SS sh DP eemeEAN Yew OLINES co yst 5 oh cus faye ea aty's oh Semdene gs fo cyrus Trichocladius (p. 514) = SAL WICH S) JOUMUS We Vie ietetay secre eel os deewgtee ua ae Diplocladius* PEEL VALE LATO e Sat vew wey orbeuchanauel sich ower ouvieyc Psectrocladius (p. 519) MUTA OSC tinbet eto M a ushctesc leeches si etereGaus lohan suet susysloyenaraveasah-iape, ste eres) s 4 ASE POM INGIShINC tay. ae lr < sss casio Orthocladius (p. 521) == Dinpowhitia alinvgnim Peotses den tcc sou coec os ote Decrees minnee a H, Leblhot valine aiding eee mace Saeasaaen es Dactylocladius (p. 526) <=. TREN ont Syailay se) BROS eee Blots dla Sete OI aIae pia cee Trissocladius* The members of the genus Cricotopus have hairs on the eyes, and are rather arbitrarily separated from those of Trichocladius by the color of the legs. Kieffer, in 19137, based his separation of the two genera on the presence or absence of pulvilli. Cricotopus is stated to have large pulvilli, but in the species before me it is very difficult to see them, and unless under high magnification with good light they are *Unknown to me. tRec. Ind. Mus., Vol. 9, p. 123. 514 invisible.* Camptocladius is separable from Orthocladius, sens. lat., as indicated in the generic key to Chironomine, by the course of the posterior branch of the cubitus; but this is variable, and occasionally it is doubtful to which genus a species belongs. I include in this paper only species belonging to the State Labora- tory collection, which represents but a small portion of those occurring in North America. TricHocLaDius Kieffer Johannsen has described one North American species belonging to this division, lacteipennis,; and in the same paper assigns politus Co- quillett to it. Ina previous papert he states that several North Amer- ican species of Orthocladius have hairy eyes, but does not give the names of the species. Some species included in Camptocladius in this paper have hairy eyes. I have included in my key only the species that are represented in the State Laboratory collection, the early stages of which are unknown to me. Key TO SPECIES 1. Thorax glossy black, without pale markings; halteres black...... 2 — Thorax either yellow with dark vitte or opaque black; halteres pale SRP NA ie Tema PRN ey A RI LCA eo oo 3 2. Secutellum opaque, velvety black.................2--0+ 1. nitidus. — Scutellum shining black....................000000: 2. nitidellus. 3. Thorax in both sexes glossy, bright yellow, the vitte glossy black; basal joint of fore tarsi three fourths as long as fore tibie...... SS st ote is Seas) craved chsh es iatare shaver stel Some a Reem 3. politus. — Thorax black or obscurely yellowish between the vitte or on the lat- eral margins; basal joint of fore tarsi less than three fourths as Mong AS VHOPE GIDL \are le es. cieis, yore oo 2nncinv se © che 6 aycne Oe he eee 4 4. Large species, 3 mm. in length; thorax of male glossy, the ground color yellow much suffused with fuscous............+2.++ee-- 5 — Smaller species, 1-2 mm. in length; thorax of male opaque black, generally with yellow lateral margins and faint indications of yel- low marks between the vitte; thorax of female yellow with red- dish ‘or blackish -yitteen: 2 sce. cach cies oe cs = clclel ocd eleiene iene 6 5. Third vein ending as far in front of wing-apex as upper branch of cubitus does behind it...............0 eee eens 4. infuscatus. — Third vein ending at less distance in front of wing-apex than upper branch of cubitus does behind it...................- 5. striatus. *Trichocladius nitidus, described in this paper, has distinct pulvilli, and except in having unicolorous legs resembles Cricotopus closely. +Bull. 124 (1908), N. Y. State Mus., p. 282. tEnt. News, Vol. 18, 1907, p. 400. 515 6. Femora entirely yellow; posterior half of fifth and sixth dorsal ab- dominal segments yellow, the remainder velvety black.......... eee s Vee! euch usssiwinis eiaje.4, eiateysceuejeosaalavais oss aan 6. distinctus. = metermora blackened: On) ASCH: jcc rele cea 6 oe specie © ares) er love fe cyevesesare «= a 7. Abdomen of male black, that of female with narrow pale posterior MAO sLONSCAMEMUS era erence eer distinctus, var. basalis. — Abdomen of male whitish or yellowish, blackened at apex......... Bre archaic eidtane Sees hasiaten@iabe Dyanavebens) auays aur d wp 58 distinctus, var. bicolor. 1. ‘TRICHOCLADIUS NITIDUS, n. sp. Male.—Black. Head glossy black, scape of antennz concolorous, flagellum, plumes, and palpi fuscous. Thorax entirely black and highly polished ; scutellum velvety black. Abdomen velvety black with slight indication of pale posterior margins to apical three segments. Legs black, tibize and tarsi brownish black. Wings clear, veins at base black- ened, first and third brown, the others pale. Halteres black. Hairs on body and legs brown. Pronotum narrow. Hypopygium as in Figure 7, Plate XL. Legs slender; fore tarsi without long hairs, basal joint three fifths as long as tibia; hairs on mid and hind tibize not much longer than the diameter of the tibia. Third vein ends distinctly but not greatly in front of wing-apex; distance from cross vein to apex of first slightly less than distance from the latter to apex of third; cubitus forks almost directly below cross vein, its posterior branch almost straight (Pl. XXXIX, Fig. 14). Length, 2 mm. Type locality, Monticello, Ill., June 28, r914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Early stages unknown. 2. TRICHOCLADIUS NITIDELLUS, n. sp. Male.—Glossy black. Head, including the antenne and their plumes, black, clypeus yellowish. Pronotum and upper central portion of pleurze brownish, remainder of thorax glossy black; disc of meso- notum without pruinescence. Abdomen entirely shining black. Legs tawny yellow, femora and apices of tarsi brownish. Wings clear, veins almost colorless except at base. Halteres brown. Apical joint of antenna about twice as long as the other flagellar joints combined. Hypopygium similar to that of Camptocladius fla- vens, the apex of apical portion of lateral arm with a rather slender thorn situated in a rounded hollow. Legs moderately stout; fore tarsi without long hairs, basal joint slightly more than half as long as fore 516 tibia (25:40), hairs on mid and hind legs short; empodium distinct, fringed. Third vein ending just beyond beginning of apical curve of wing; costal vein not projecting beyond apex of third; the cell en- closed by third vein and costal broad to apex; distance from cross vein to apex of first subequal to that from apex of first to apex of third; cubitus forking appreciably beyond cross vein. Length, 3.5 mm. Type locality, St. Joseph, Ill., May 17, 1914, on bank of Salt Fork (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). 3. TRICHOCLADIUS POLITUS Coquillett Orthocladius politus Coquillett, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., Vol. 25, 1902, p. 93. Trichocladius politus (Coquillett) Johannsen, Bull. 124 (1908), N. Y. State Mus., p. 283. Male.—Head yellow, antennz and palpi fuscous, base of flagel- lum yellowish, plumes brown. Thorax glossy yellow, vittee, a spot in front of and below wing-base, the greater part of sternopleura and of postnotum glossy black. Abdomen brownish or fuscous, the anterior portions of basal two or three segments yellowish. Legs yellow, mid and hind coxe, all femora except at their bases, the apices of tibiz and of first three tarsal joints blackened, fore tibiz and tarsi and apical two joints of mid and hind tarsi generally brownish. Wings clear, veins brown. Halteres clear yellow. Antenna about 1.5 times as long as head and thorax together; apical joint of palpi distinctly longer than subapical. Pronotum nar- rowed towards its upper extremity, central excision deep and broad. Hypopygium as in Figure 9, Plate XX XVII. Legs slender; fore tarsi without long hairs, basal joint nearly three fourths as long as fore tibiz (30: 43); mid and hind legs with distinct, though not long, sur- face hairs; all tarsal claws digitate apically (Pl. XXXII, Fig. 9) ; pul- villi indistinct; empodium present. Third vein ending beyond begin- ning of apical curve of wing, the cell enclosed by it broad and dis- tinct to apex; cross vein at wing-middle, almost upright, cubitus fork- ing below cross vein. Female.—Agrees in color with the male. The scape of the antenne is enlarged, the flagellum consists of six joints, the basal two being closely fused and appearing as one, the length of this composite joint being slightly less than that of the next two joints combined (15:18), the apical joint is much longer than the others, the comparative lengths of apical and subapical joints be- ing as 21 to 8; sensory antennal organs slender, hairlike, placed near apices of the joints; apical joint of palpi distinctly longer than sub- OO EE apical, the lengths of the joints from base to apex being respectively as 10, 15, 20, 38. In other respects closely resembles the male. Length, 2.5-3 mm. Illinois locality, Momence, July 17, 1914, at light (C. A. Hart). Originally described from a male taken at Washington, D. C. Re- corded from New Jersey. I have seen examples taken on Plummer’s Island, Md., and at Washington, D. C., in August and October (W. L. McAtee). Early stages unknown. 4. TRICHOCLADIUS INFUSCATUS, n. sp. Male.—Head yellow; antennz fuscous, scape glossy black, plumes fuscous; palpi brownish. Thorax glossy black, pronotum, lateral mar- gins of mesonotum, the spaces betw een the vittee, and a small portion of upper part of mesopleura yellowish; scutellum brown; postnotum black. Abdomen black, venter and apices of the last two or three dor- sal segments greenish. Legs fuscous, fore cox, trochanters, and base of all femora, mid and hind tibiz and bases of their tarsi green- ish yellow; fore tibize and tarsi almost unicolorous fuscous. Wings clear, veins pale brown. Halteres yellow. Frontal tubercles absent; antenna about one and a third times as long as head and thorax combined. Pronotum of moderate breadth. Hypopygium as in Figure 7, Plate XXXVII._ Legs slender; fore tarsi without long hairs, basal joint almost three fifths as long as fore tibiz (21: 36); hairs on mid and hind legs barely longer than diameter of the joints which bear them. Third vein ending at about the same dis- tance in front of wing-apex as upper branch of cubitus does behind it (Pl. XXXIX, Fig. 2); cross vein distinctly but not greatly in front of middle of wing; cubitus forking very slightly beyond cross vein. Length, 3.25 mm. Type locality, Peoria, Ill., October 22, 1914, at light (C. A. Hart). Early stages unknown. Closely allied to Orthocladius fugax Johannsen, but separable by the color of the hypopygium, which is whitish in fugaxr, and several structural characters. Probably this is var. a of Johannsen, recorded from Ithaca, N. Y., and from Chicago. 5. TRICHOCLADIUS STRIATUS, n. sp. Male.—Differs from infuscatius in being paler in color, the face, ground color of thorax, bases of femora, and the tibiz being yellow. Structurally it resembles infuscatus closely, differing principally in the form of the hypopygium as shown in Figure 10, Plate XX XVII, 518 and in venation, the third and fourth veins and the upper branch of cubitus ending on wing-margin as shown in Figure 3, Plate XXXIX, while the venation of infuscatus is as shown in Figure 2. (The fore tarsi are absent from type. ) Length, 3 mm. Type locality, Dubois, Ill., April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). A female taken at Muncie, May 24, 1914, by the same collectors may belong to this species. It differs from the male in being pale yellow, and in having the vittee black, bases of abdominal dorsal seg- ments brown, and apices of femora, of tibiz, and of all tarsi blackish brown. The wings are slightly grayish. The basal joint of fore tarsi is very slightly over half as long as fore tibiz (16:30), and the venation is similar to that of male at apex of wing, though the first vein ends less than midway from cross vein to apex of third. 6. TRICHOCLADIUS DISTINCTUS, n. sp. Male.—Black, opaque. Head yellow, antennz black, plumes fus- cous, whitish at tips. Thorax usually opaque black, with lateral mar- gins, the spaces between the vitte, and the upper margin of pleurz yellow, but rarely yellow with the black areas much restricted. Abdo- men velvety black, hypopygium, posterior half of dorsal segments 5 and 6, and the basal two segments and the lateral margins of the other ventral segments yellow. Legs yellow, coxz, extreme apices of tibiz, and apical joint of tarsi blackened. Wings whitish, veins colorless. Halteres yellow. Antenna slightly longer than head and thorax together. Prono- tum of moderate width; mesonotum not produced much in front. Hypopygium as in Figure 5, Plate XX XVII. Legs rather stout; fore tarsi without long hairs, basal joint three fifths as long as fore tibiz; mid and hind legs with moderately long hairs; all tibize with distinct spurs. Third vein ending almost directly above the point where the anterior branch of cubitus reaches the wing-margin; cross vein dis- tinctly in front of wing-middle; cubitus forking slightly beyond cross vein; none of the veins dilated. Female.—Differs from the male in being much paler in color; the thorax is yellow, with the vittz, a large portion of sternopleura, a spot in front of wing-base, and the greater portion of the postnotum opaque black. The dorsum of the abdomen is opaque black, the seg- ments having very narrow pale posterior margins except the apical 519 three, which have rather broad, pale posterior bands. In other re- spects very similar to the male. The legs are less distinctly haired than those of the male, the cross vein is nearer to the base of the wing, and the apical portion of first and third veins are distinctly dilated. Length, 1.75-—2 mm. Type locality, Havana, Ill., taken in numbers at rest upon trees and buildings at Chautauqua Park on the bank of the Illinois River (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Early stages unknown. Var. basalis, n. var. Male.—This variety differs from the type in being slightly smaller, 1.25-1.5 mm., and in having the bases of all the femora blackened. In some specimens the black covers the greater part of the femora, this being most noticeable on the fore pair. The pale margins of the fifth and sixth abdominal segments are either indistinct or absent. Female.—Differs from the male in the same manner as the type. The vitte are occasionally but little darker than the ground color of the thorax. Type locality, Havana, April 28-30, 1914, along the shore of the Illinois River. Paratypes from the following Illinois localities, all taken during 1914: Big Muddy River near Grand Tower, April 22; Peoria, October 22; Rock Island, October 21; Muncie, May 24, on Stony Creek; St. Joseph, May 31,—(C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Early stages unknown. Var. bicolor, n. var. Two specimens which agree with variety basalis in size and color of legs differ in the color of the abdomen, the basal half being white and the pale margins of fifth and sixth segments very broad. The hypopygium is slightly different also (Pl. XX XVII, Fig. 6). Type locality, St. Joseph, Ill., May 3, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). It is possible that this is a distinct species, but more specimens are requisite to render an opinion advisable. PsEctrrocLaApius Kieffer The species in this division, as far as my present material indi- cates, are generally much paler than those of Orthocladius, and in this respect resemble most of those of Trichocladius, differing from the 520 latter in having the eyes bare. The distinction between Orthocladius and Psectrocladius lies in the absence of pulvilli and empodia in the former and their presence in the latter. It is a rather unsatisfactory character, but still an appreciable one, and seems to be coordinated with the difference in color. The early stages are not known. Ky To SPECIES 1. Very small species, not exceeding 1 mm. in length; venation as in Migure; 7, Plate: XMM ee hace ees eee 1. sordens. — larger species, over 2 mm. in length.................. 2. vernalis. I. PSECTROCLADIUS SORDENS Johannsen Orthocladius sordens Johannsen, Bull. 86, N. Y. State Mus., 1905, p. 272. Female.—Yellow, opaque. Head yellow, apical joint of antennz and the palpi subfuscous. Mesonotum with three brown vitte ; sterno- pleura and a spot slightly in front of wing-base brown; scutellum yel- low ; postnotum dark brown. Abdomen with a median fuscous fascia, which is generally rather broad and occasionally extends to apex of abdomen. Legs and halteres yellow. Wings clear, veins pale yellow. Pronotum distinct, not broad, linear on upper third and discontin- ued distinctly before upper margin of mesonotum, the latter slightly protruding anteriorly. Fore tarsi with basal joint half as long as tibia (5:10), fourth tarsal joint of all legs shorter than fifth. Third vein not reaching beyond beginning of apical curve; cross vein oblique, one third from wing-base; cubitus forking distinctly beyond cross vein, posterior branch sinuate. (Pl. XXXIX, Fig. 7.) Length, .75-1 mm. Illinois locality, Urbana. A large series of females taken by the writer at a State Laboratory desk-light May 4, 1914. Originally described from Ithaca, N. Y., by Johannsen, who sug- gested at the time that two mutilated specimens from South Dakota which he had before him might also belong to this species. The male and early stages are undescribed. 2. PSECTROCLADIUS VERNALIS, n. sp. Male.—Yellow, slightly shining. Head yellow; scape of antenna black, flagellum brown, yellowish at base, plumes brownish, paler at bases; palpi fuscous at apices. Mesonotum with shining brownish black vittee, pleural spots and pronotum black or brownish black. Ab- domen brown, hypopygium yellowish. Legs yellow; apices of tarsi 521 slightly browned ; mid and hind tibiz with the usual black apical comb. Wings clear, veins colorless. Halteres yellow. Eyes bare; antenna slightly longer than head and thorax com- bined ; palpi 4-jointed. Hypopygium as in Figure 14, Plate XX XVII. Legs moderately stout; fore tarsi without long hairs, basal joint five sevenths as long as fore tibiz; pulvilh and empodia large; mid and hind legs with short hairs. Third vein straight, ending slightly be- yond beginning of apical curve of wing and directly above apex of upper branch of cubitus; cross vein slightly before middle of wing, and distinctly, though not greatly, in front of fork of cubitus; poste- rior branch of cubitus nearly straight; distance from cross vein to apex of first subequal to that from apex of first to apex of third; sec- ond vein (R,) distinct. Length, 3.25 mm. Type locality, Dubois, Ill., April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Differs from sordens in venation and color particularly. OrtHocLapius Van der Wulp, sens, stric. Only a few North American species are left in the genus Ortho- cladius as restricted by Kieffer, and these, as far as our Illinois spe- cies are concerned, are of an almost unicolorous black except in the females, which occasionally have the ground color of the thorax yel- lowish. In addition to this almost constant unicolorous character the species are so very similar in structural details that at times one is doubtful as to whether the slight differences are those between indi- viduals of a single species or distinctions that are of specific import- ance. I have divided the species before me upon the characters given in the synoptic key, and believe that those selected are really of spe- cific value, though difficult to distinguish. The empodia, when pres- ent, are always very small—a character that readily separates the spe- cies from Camptocladius. Key TO SPECIES IN COLLECTION (Males) 1. Wing with cross vein subparallel with first vein (Pl. XX XIX, Fig. 12) ; basal portion of lateral arm of hypopygium with poorly de- veloped process on inner side................. 1. subparallelus. — Wing with cross vein almost at right angles to first vein (PI. XXXIX, Fig. 11); or basal portion of later al arm of Bis pygium w ith well-developed process on inner side............ Fore tarsi with dense and very long hairs.............. 2 ‘pilipes. Fore tarsi with at most sparse hairs which are, except in nivoriun- dus, but little longer than the joints which bear them......... 3 | 19 522 3. Seutellum yellow, remainder of thorax.black; cross vein not at right angles to first vein (Pl. XX XIX, Fig. 13) ; apical portion of lat- eral arm of hypopygium as in Figure 10, Plate XL............ SA CS TREE co OLE Ee I eR Oe Rear 3. flavoscutellatus. — Scutellum concolorous with mesonotum, or but little paler; cross 4 vein almost at right angles to first vein...............eeeeeee 4. Halteres pale yellow. .....:. oss. css ce soe eee va 5 — Halteres brown or blackish. :........0.2.+ 4.00. «0 1 eslueeeeene 6 5. Basal joint of fore tarsi nearly three fourths as long as fore tibix (PAD GIST) ESRI aR ete ALAM nol MS Peh chia Apticsise tet ac 4. lacteipennis. — Basal joint of fore tarsi two thirds as long as fore tibie.......... Sek RUS Dh He ae aie la eRe Raia co ceatever he Scien sets atas 5. obumbratus. 6. Basal joint of fore tarsi about four fifths as long as fore tibie; hypopygium as in Figure 3, Plate XXXVII........ 6. nigritus. — Basal joint of fore tarsi distinctly less than four fifths as long as FORE | ENDED sissies leeieds eves aus oi tote fovie cov shane oh aes kere 7. nivoriundus. I. ORTHOCLADIUS SUBPARALLELUS, Nl. Sp. Male.—Black, slightly shining. Head, including antenne and their plumes, fuscous. Thorax black, disc shining, the membranous portion of pleure brownish yellow. Legs fuscous, tibize and tarsi pale brown. Wings slightly grayish, veins brown. Halteres fuscous. Eyes bare; palpi 4-jointed. Pronotum of moderate breadth throughout, central dorsal excision broad and distinct; mesonotum with few discal hairs. Hypopygium as in Figure 6, Plate XL, the pro- jection on inner side of basal portion of lateral arm very weak. Legs slender; fore tarsi without long hairs, basal joint slightly more than half as long as fore tibie (18:33); mid and hind legs with moder- ately long fine hairs. Third vein ending much in front of apex of wing; cross vein subparallel with first (Pl. XX XIX, Fig. 12) ; cubitus forking very slightly beyond apex of cross vein. Length, 2.5 mm. Type locality, Grand Tower, Ill., April 21, 1914, on bank of Mis- sissippi River (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Female and early stages unknown. 2. ORTHOCLADIUS PILIPES, Nn. sp. Male.—Differs in color from subparallelus in being less intensely black, and in having distinct grayish pruinescence between the thoracic vittee, and the tibiz but little paler than the femora. The pronotum is broad, with a narrow but distinct central dorsal excision, and the disc of mesonotum has sparse long hairs. Hypo- pygium as in Figure 8, Plate XXXVII. Fore tarsi with very long 523 and dense hairs, the length of those on the apical half of basal joint at least equal to the length of fourth joint, basal joint over two thirds as long as fore tibie (40:55); mid and hind legs with long hairs. Third vein ending beyond beginning of apical curve of wing, but dis- tinctly in front of wing-apex; distance from cross vein to apex of first slightly exceeding distance from latter to apex of third; cross vein (Pl. XXXIX, Fig. 11) slightly sloping; cubitus forking below cross vein. Length, 3.5-4.5 mm. Type locality, Urbana, Ill., March 21, 1889, swarming about ever- greens (John Marten). Female and early stages unknown. This species bears a strong resemblance to pubitarsis Zetterstedt, which has been recorded from Greenland by Lundbeck. It differs from the description of that species in having dark halteres, and the basal joint of fore tarsi distinctly shorter than fore tibia. Barbicor- nis Linné is described as having the fore femora and tibiz with long hairs and the fore tarsi short-haired. In pilipes there are no long hairs on the femora and tibize, while the tarsal hairs are very long and dense. Johannsen describes barbicornis as having long hairs on femora and tibiz, and Schiner’s description also leads one to infer that, contrary to the general rule, the fore legs are uniformly hairy, which is not the case in the species before me. In view of these facts I have no hesi- tation in describing the species as new. 3. ORTHOCLADIUS FLAVOSCUTELLATUS, Nn. sp. Male.—Black, shining. Head brownish; antenne and their plumes fuscous; palpi fuscous, yellowish at base. Thorax black, disc glossy, areas between vitte slightly paler than vittee and with sparse pale prui- nescence ; upper central portion of pleurz brownish; scutellum yellow ; postnotum black. Abdomen brownish black, shining. Legs brown- ish yellow, bases of femora and the trochanters clear yellow, femora towards apices darker than other portions of legs. Wings clear, veins pale. Halteres yellow. Thoracic and abdominal hairs yellow. Second joint of palpi with a prolongation at tip, which is about as long as diameter of joint at insertion of third. Mesonotum with rather sparse long hairs between the vitte. Hypopygium as in Figure 10, Plate XL. Legs slender, without long hairs; basal joint of fore tarsi very slightly exceeding half the length of fore tibize (15: 28); empodium very weak. Third vein ending at beginning of apical curve of wing, costa extending slightly beyond apex of third; distance from apex of cross vein to apex of first subequal to that from apex of first 524 to apex of third, cross vein as in Figure 13, Plate XX XIX; cubitus forking distinctly, but not greatly, beyond apex of cross vein. Length, 2 mm. Type locality, Muncie, Ill., May 24, 1914; swept from vegetation on bank of Stony Creek (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Female and early stages unknown. 4. ORTHOCLADIUS LACTEIPENNIS, n. sp. Male.—Black, slightly shining. Head yellowish; antennz, in- cluding the plumes, black; palpi fuscous. Pronotum yellowish; mesonotum black, yellowish on anterior lateral angles, disc with whit- ish pruinescence which is distinct only when viewed from behind; up- per portion of pleurz yellowish centrally, the remainder, as well as scutellum and postnotum, subshining black. Abdomen black, slightly shining, posterior margins of last two segments narrowly pale. Legs fuscous, tibize and tarsi paler. Wangs whitish, veins almost colorless, the thickened portion at base blackened. Halteres pale yellow. Antenna equal to length of head and thorax together. Pronotum rather broad and of equal width throughout. Hypopygium similar to that of pilipes, the extension of dorsal plate of moderate length, taper- ing, armed with numerous hairs; appendage on inner surface of basal portion of lateral arm of moderate size, rounded; apical portion of lateral arm very like that of nivoriundus. Fore tarsi without long hairs, basal joint about three fourths as long as fore tibiz (26: 35); fifth joint five sixths as long as fourth; empodium distinguishable, but shorter than claws and very slender; mid and hind legs with short hairs. Third vein almost straight, extending beyond beginning of apical curve of wing; cubitus forking directly below cross vein. Length, 2.5 mm. Type locality, South Haven, Mich., July 14, 1914, on shore of Lake Michigan (C. A. Hart). Female and early stages unknown. 5. ORTHOCLADIUS OBUMBRATUS Johannsen Orthocladius obumbratus Johannsen, Bull. 86, N. Y. State Mus., 1905, p. 281. This species differs from lacteipennis in being slightly larger, and in having the wings and halteres slightly brownish and the basal joint of the fore tarsi two thirds as long as the fore tibia. The hypopygia of the species of Orthocladius are almost identical; in fact, through- out the whole genus these organs show but little variation. Length, 3 mm. Locality, Ithaca, N. Y., April, t902 (O. A. Johannsen). I have not seen this species from Illinois. 825 6. ORTHOCLADIUS NIGRITUS, n. sp. Differs from the foregoing in having the basal joint of the fore tarsi four fifths as long as the fore tibia, the hypopygium as in Figure 3, Plate XX XVII, and the halteres brown or black. In other respects very similar to both obumbratus and nivoriundus. Length, 2.5—3 mm. Type locality, Cabin John, Md., Feb. 16, 1913 (W. D. Appel). Type in collection of U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey. Para- types in collection of Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. 7. ORTHOCLADIUS NIvoRIUNDUs Fitch Chironomus nivoriundus Fitch, Winter Insects of Eastern New York, p. 274. 1846. Orthocladius nivoriundus (Fitch) Johannsen, Bull. 86, N. Y. State Mus., 1905, p- 274. Larva.—Length, 8-9 mm. Brownish yellow. Antenne of mod- erate length, not over one third as long as head, basal joint about five times as long as its diameter, second joint about one fifth as long as basal and subequal to remaining joints taken together; eye spots indis- tinguishable in cast skin; labium as in Figure 16, Plate XXIX ; mandi- bles each with three distinct teeth; anal tufts each consisting of about twelve hairs, basal papillae about twice as long as their diameter; dor- sal blood-gills well developed; anterior pseudopods with many soft, dark apical hairs and numerous short preapical setule ; posterior pseu- dopods with the apical hairs clawlike. Pupa.—Length, 6-7 mm. Brown. Thoracic respiratory organs as in Figure 1, Plate XXXVIII; abdominal segments 2-6 with the disc, except the lateral and extreme anterior margins, covered with very small setulz (Fig. 9), those on the sixth segment being in groups of two to four, and those on the other segments occurring singly ; seg- ments 2—7 each with four brownish spots, one near each antero-lateral angle and one on each side of the median line about one third from the posterior margin; second segment without posterior transverse row of strong setulz ; eighth segment as in Figure 5, Plate XX XVIII; apical abdominal appendages with moderately long lateral fringe and three long apical hairs (Fig. 3). Imago; Male.—Agrees in color with nigritus, differing principally in the comparative lengths of the basal joint of the fore tarsi and fore tibiz and in the structure of the hypopygium (Pl. XX XVII, Fig. 12). Length, 3-4 mm. Illinois localities: Illinois River at Havana; Homer and St. Joseph; Dubois and Parker. 526 Originally described from New York. A species recorded from Gallinas River, Las Vegas, N. M., by Johannsen, is stated to differ in size—both larva and imago—from nivoriundus, and Johannsen sug- gests that it may be a distinct species. The larval labium figured for this species by Johannsen does not agree with that of the larvee I reared, as will be seen by comparison of his figure with mine, but the pupa agrees entirely with the description given by him. One pupal specimen differs from the typical form in having the thoracic respiratory organs as in Figure 2, Plate XXXVIII, and the eighth abdominal segment as in Figure 4. This may be a distinct species, but I have reared only one female specimen and can find no good character for separating it from the female of nivoriundus. DactyLocLapius Kieffer This division, or subgenus, includes species which are distin- guished from Orthocladius by the presence of linear empodia. It is seldom that the empodium is indistinguishable under a high-power lens, but it is very small. In the species which I have referred to Dactylocladius the empodium is longer than the claws. There are in brevinervis other differences in structure which might be considered as of equal value for the separation of at least the males of the two spe- cies here dealt with, but the generic characters of Dactylocladius have not been indicated sufficiently by Kieffer, and as the type species may possess the characters of either brevinervis or pleuralis am unable to utilize them in limiting the group. Key To SPECIES 1. Third vein ending noticeably proximad of apex of anterior branch of cubitus; second vein indistinguishable........ 1. brevinervis. — Third vein ending distad of apex of anterior branch of cubitus or very little proximad of it; second vein distinct............... 2 2. Yellow species, general color of thorax pale yellow, contrasting markedly with the blackish vitte.................. 2. plewralis. — Black species, ground color of thorax blackish. .3. albidohalteralis. 1. DACTYLOCLADIUS BREVINERVIS, Nn. sp. Male.—Black, shining. Head yellowish, antenne and palpi fus- cous. Mesonotum distinctly shining, spaces between the vittee ochre- ous; pleurze dull yellow; scutellum obscurely yellowish; postnotum black. Abdomen black, without pale markings. Legs obscurely yel- lowish, fore femora slightly brownish. Wings clear, veins very pale. Halteres yellow. 527 Palpi 4-jointed. Mesonotum and abdomen with sparse hairs. Hypopygium as in Figure 12, Plate XL. Legs slender, mid and hind pairs with moderately long hairs; fore tarsi with basal joint nearly three fourths as long as fore tibiz (14: 20) ; hind tibia with two long apical spurs; fourth joint of hind tarsus very slightly longer than fifth; tarsal claw long, curved, digitate apically ; empodium long, dis- tinctly fringed. Third vein ending considerably in front of apex of wing (PI. XXXIX, Fig. 5); second vein (R,) indistinguishable. Length, 1.75-2.5 mm. Type locality, Muncie, Ill., May 24, 1914; swept from vegetation on bank of Stony Creek (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes from Peoria, April 10, 1912, on a small creek; and from Havana, IIl., April 22, 1898, at light, mouth of Spoon River (C. A. Hart). The absence of the second vein (R,) distinguishes the species readily from any other in the genus Orthocladius which I have seen. It may not really be congeneric with the genotype of Dactylocladius; I am unable to decide from the description given by Kieffer. The para- types differ from the type in having the ground color of the thorax fuscous. 2. DACTYLOCLADIUS PLEURALIS, n. sp. Male.—Bright yellow, shining. Head yellow; antenne and their plumes entirely fuscous; palpi yellow, apical half infuscated. Meso- notum clear yellow, the vittee brownish black, shining, clearly defined, no distinct division of the middle vitta; sternopleura black with the exception of the upper posterior angle, and also a small black spot slightly below and in front of wing-base; scutellum clear yellow; post- notum black, slightly yellowish at base. Abdomen shining black, base of first segment and hypopygium yellowish. Legs yellow, apices of fore femora, the fore tibiz, and apices of tarsi slightly browned; mid and hind tibize with the normal apical black comb. Wings clear, veins almost colorless. Halteres yellow. Pronotum extending almost to upper margin of mesonotum, with- out a central excision. Mesonotum with but few weak hairs. Ab- domen slender, segments of almost equal length throughout; hypo- pygium as in Figure 13, Plate XXXVII. Legs slender; fore tarsus without long hairs, basal joint slightly more than half as long as tibia (20: 35); mid and hind legs with moderately long pale surface hairs and distinct apical spurs. Cross vein slightly before middle of wing, not upright; cubitus forking distinctly beyond cross vein, the poste- rior branch slightly curved; second vein (R,) distinct. Length, 2.25 mm. 528 Type locality, St. Joseph, Ill., May 17, 1914, swept from vegeta- tion on bank of Salt Fork (J. R. Malloch). This species differs in venation from brevinervis, and might rea- sonably be considered as generically distinct. Owing to the doubt I have as to the venation of the genotype I consider it advisable to leave both species in Dactylocladius until I obtain information upon this point, or until some other worker supplies the necessary data. 3. DAcTYLOCLADIUS ALBIDOHALTERALIS, Nn. sp. Female.—Glossy black. Head, including antennz, fuscous. Meso- notum without pruinescence. Abdomen unicolorous black, less dis- tinctly glossy than mesonotum. Legs whitish yellow, femora fuscous. Wings smoky, veins brown, base of wing, including the veins, whitish. Halteres yellow, knobs white. Antenna about as long as head and thorax together, intermediate flagellar joints each about five times as long as their diameter, sensory organs weak, hairlike. Legs rather stout; basal joint of fore tarsi about half as long as fore tibiz; fourth and fifth joints of hind tarst subequal ; empodium larger than claws, long-fringed. Third vein end- ing just beyond beginning of apical curve of wing, slightly sinuate, costal vein continued beyond apex of third; distance from cross vein to apex of first about half as great as that from apex of first to apex of third; second vein distinct; cubitus forking distinctly beyond cross vein. Length, 1.25 mm. Type locality, Monticello, Ill., June 30, 1914, on bank of Sanga- mon River (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). This species bears a strong resemblance to Camptocladius flavi- basis, but is readily distinguishable by the fact that the posterior branch of the cubitus is not bisinuate. UNIDENTIFIED LARVA AND Pupa} oF CHIRONOMINA In the collection of the State Laboratory of Natural History there are many specimens of larve and pupee of Chironomine which it has not been found possible to associate with imagines. Most of these specimens were obtained during the years 1912-13, when press of other work and want of facilities for rearing the larve prevented any attempt to secure data bearing on the specific identity of the material obtained. During 1914 several species were reared by the writer and the connection established between larva, pupa, and imago; but the species included in the subsequent part of this paper must remain in their present specifically unidentified condition until some one suc- 529 ceeds in rearing them and identifying them with their respective adults. CHIRONOMUs sp. A Pupa.—Length, 4-5 mm. Frontal tubercles small, thick. Abdom- inal segments 2-6 with pale, short, and rather broad dorsal setule, which are not distinct on posterior portion of the segments; second segment with the normal apical row of closely placed setule, which are rather long and pale; eighth segment with a conspicuous bifid apical lateral thorn (Pl. XXXI, Fig. 11, a, b) which varies some- times in structure; fringe of usual apical appendages fine, closely placed, and of moderate length; a pair of unfringed apical appendages project caudad of the usual pair. Illinois locality, Thompson’s Lake, near Havana, April 27, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Pupal exuvie of this species were floating on the surface of Thompson’s Lake in numbers, but no example was found which con- tained the imago, and though the latter is probably described in this paper it is impossible to associate the two because of the very large number of species occurring on the lake when the pupa was taken. CHIRONOMUs sp. B Larva.—Length, 15 mm. Red? Head broad and short; eye spots small, widely separated, the space between the upper and lower spots equal to nearly three times the height of the upper one; labrum as in Figure 7, Plate XXIII; antenne (PI. XXX, Fig. 6) situated on slight- ly raised bases, basal joint more than four times as long as its diam- eter, the remaining joints one third as long as basal, third joint slightly less than a third as long as second, fourth subequal to third, fifth short- er than fourth; maxillary palpus as in Figure 5; mandibles without dis- tinct teeth (Fig. 3); labial teeth truncate (Pl. XXIX, Fig. 5). Elev- enth segment without ventral blood-gills; anterior and posterior pseu- dopods stout, the former with weak apical hairs, the latter with the normal apical claws; dorsal tufts weak, consisting of about six hairs, the basal papilla short and inconspicuous, dorsal blood-gills large, about 2.5 times as long as their diameter. Illinois localities: Illinois River at Havana, Hardin, Grafton, and Meredosia. Taken by dredging. No attempt was made to rear the species. CHIRONOMUS sp. C Larva.—Length, 6-7 mm. Greenish, with a slight reddish tinge. Structurally this species closely resembles digitatus. The antennz of 5380 the single specimen of digitatus before me are broken, so that it is im- possible to say whether those of species C (Pl. XXX, Fig. 2) resem- ble them. The labial plate and other details of the two species appear to be identical. Pupa.—Length, 4 mm. Head as in Figure 13, Plate XX XVIII, the bifid projections conspicuous; thoracic respiratory organs termi- nating in numerous hairlike filaments; disc of thorax with minute setulz ; posterior margins of dorsal abdominal segments 2-6 each with a transverse row of flattened setule which are regularly spaced and of rather small size; close to the posterior margin of each segment on each side of the median line are two or three fine hairs in a transverse line; near each lateral margin about middle of segments is a similar single hair, and another near base on each side of median line; lateral margins of segments with a few weak, flattened hairs; apical appen- dages short, densely fringed with long hairs; in addition to the normal apical appendages there are two large ventral lobes, each ending in a short thornlike point, and a central projection ending in two slender rounded branches. Localities, Havana, June 5, 1896, Ottawa, and Meredosia, on the Illinois River. An imago reared from one of the pupz obtained at Havana very closely resembles fulvus Johannsen in structure of legs and hypo- pygium, but Johannsen makes no mention of the extraordinary appen- dages on head of pupa, and the specimens before me show no spur on middle of lateral arm of eighth abdominal segment. As the reared specimen was in alcohol and in poor condition it is impossible to iden- tify it authoritatively. : TANYTARSUS sp. A Pupa.—Length, 3-4 mm. Abdomen: second dorsal segment with very weak pale setule on posterior half, and the usual transverse apical series of brown thorns; third with weak dorsal setulz similar to those on the second, and a conspicuous rounded patch of black spines on median line near base; segments 4—6 with larger, slightly trans- verse patches of black spines near base; apical lateral margin of eighth segment with 6-8 short spines. Thoracic respiratory organs missing. Illinois locality, Thompson’s Lake, near Havana, April 27, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). TANYTARSUS sp. B Pupa.—Similar to the foregoing except that there is no group of black spines on the third abdominal segment. 531 Illinois locality, Thompson’s Lake, near Havana, April 27, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Only pupal exuviz of the foregoing two species were obtained. TANYTARSUS sp. C Larva.—Length, 4-5 mm. Very like exiguus, but differing in form of labium (PI. XXIX, Fig. 14). Illinois locality, Illinois River at Havana. May bea variety of exiguus. OrTHOCLADIUsS sp. A Larva.—Length, 4-5 mm. Yellowish. Head slightly more than a fourth longer than broad; eye spots distinctly separated, the upper one largest; antenna short, about equal in length to the mandible, base slightly raised, basal joint five times as long as its’ diameter, second joint slightly less than one third as long as basal and as long as next two joints together; labium (Pl. XXIX, Fig. 13) with the central portion pale, without teeth, lateral portions much darker, with four teeth. Illinois locality, Illinois River at Dresden Heights, by dredging. No attempt was made to rear the species. ORTHOCLADIUS sp. B Larva.—Length, 6 mm. Yellowish brown. Head a third longer than wide; labium as in Figure 21, Plate XXIX. In other respects similar to dissimilis. Illinois locality, Salt Fork at Homer Park, March 16, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). ORTHOCLADIUS sp. C Larva—Length, 5-6 mm. Yellowish. Labium as in Figure 20, Plate XXIX; mandibles with three distinct teeth. Except in the form of the labium this species closely resembles species E. Illinois locality, Illinois River at Havana (C. A. Hart). OrtTHocLApIus sp. D Pupa.—Length, 4-5 mm. Yellowish brown. Thoracic respira- tory organs long and slender, of nearly equal diameter throughout their entire length, surfaces without noticeable setule. Second ab- 532 dominal segment with band of strong setulz on posterior margin con- sisting of three transverse series, and a less distinct transverse band of about the same width on disc of segment, separated from the pos- terior band by a clear space which is about equal in width to the band itself, disc anterior to the preapical band with very weak setule which are only visible under a high magnification; segments 3-5 with the greater part of the disc covered with setulz except near the anterior margin, and on several oval areas, two or three of which are most conspicuous near the posterior margin, where the setule become rather stronger, and slightly in front of the posterior margin there is a bare transverse strip, and on the posterior margin a transverse band of very weak setulae which are more numerous than those on second segment; sixth segment similar to fifth except that the setule are strongest on middle of disc instead of near posterior margin and that there is a rather noticeable group near the postero-lateral angle; each setulose segment with several weak hairs, four of which, the most dis- tinct, being widely separated and forming a transverse line near pos- terior margin; lateral margin of each segment with a single weak hair near middle and another near apex which are not flattened as in other species. In other respects similar to nivoriundus. Illinois locality, Thompson’s Lake, near Havana, April 27, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). ORTHOCLADIUS sp. E, Larva.—This species very closely resembles species C, except that the central pale portion of the labium is simple (Pl. X XIX, Fig. 17). Illinois localities: Illinois River at Spring Valley, Starved Rock, De Pue, and Marseilles; and Spoon River. GENUS INCERTUS A Several larval specimens in the collection of the State Laboratory belong to a genus which I can not definitely identify without reared material. It is possible that they belong either to Cricotopus or to Or- thocladius, sens. lat. Larva.—Length, 3.5-4.5 mm. Greenish. Head nearly twice as long as broad; eye spots separated by a short interval or confluent; antenna slightly longer than mandible, basal joint more than three times as long as its diameter, second joint about one third the length of basal and nearly as long as the next three joints taken together ; mandibles with 2 very poorly defined teeth (Pl. XXX, Fig. 1); labial plate rather variable in form, generally as in Figure 15, Plate XXIX, 533 but occasionally the central tooth is shorter than in the figure, while the first laterals are longer and the outer short teeth are less conspicu- ous. The figure represents the labial plate as flattened by pressure, so that the lateral margins are more divergent than in nature. Anal pseudopods and blood-gills normal in form; anal tufts short, the basal papilla inconspicuous. Illinois localities: Illinois River at Hardin and Grafton, by dredg- ing. GENUs INCERTUs B Several larval specimens in the collection of the State Laboratory resemble Cricotopus trifasciatus in having distinct hairs on the tho- racic and abdominal segments, but without rearing the species I have no means of deciding whether it really belongs to Cricotopus. Larva.—Length, 3.5-4 mm. Green. Head distinctly longer than broad; antennz short, about equal in length to mandible (PI. XXX, Fig. 11); labial plate with a very long hair on each side at base (Pl. XXIX, Fig. 23); anal segments as in Figure 7, Plate XXX; (I can discern but one pair of respiratory organs;) arrangement of hairs on segments as shown in the figure; claws of posterior pseudo- pods retractile. Illinois localities: Illinois River at Grafton and La Grange, and the Sangamon River near its mouth. GENUS INCERTUS C Larva.—Length, 2-3 mm. Green. Head nearly twice as long as broad; eye spots large, confluent; antenn very slender, half as long as head, second joint blackened (PI. XXX, Fig. 8) ; labial plate elon- gate (Pl. XXIX, Fig. 22) ; thoracic and abdominal segments without hairs; anterior and posterior pseudopods elongate, the former with apical claws which are but little weaker than those of the posterior pair; dorsal blood-gills well developed; anal tufts weak, basal papilla short and inconspicuous. Illinois locality, Illinois River at Dresden Heights, by dredging. Very probably this species belongs near Cricotopus, but no attempt was made to rear it. GENUS INCERTUS D Larva.—Length, 5-6 mm. Green. Head about a fourth longer than broad; antennz about a third as long as head (Pl. XXX, Fig. 4), consisting of 6 joints; labium as in Figure 18, Plate XXIX, in one specimen with the central division and the one between the central tooth and the first lateral indistinct, as shown by upper outline in the 534 figure; mandibles with two moderately strong teeth and one weak tooth in addition to the apical one; anterior and posterior pseudopods stout and short, claws of posterior pair pale and inconspicuous; dorsal blood-gills stout and well developed; anal tufts each consisting of about 6 pale hairs, situated on weak papille; body without noticeable hairs. Illinois locality, Illinois River at Grafton. This species may belong to Tanytarsus. No attempt was made to rear the species, owing to press of other work. DISTRIBUTION OF CHIRONOMIDA IN THE ILLINOIS RIVER The principal reason for undertaking the work upon Chironomide, the result of which is embodied in this paper, was to discover what species occurred in the Illinois River and connected lakes and to de- termine their distribution. Unfortunately we are not in possession of data or materials to warrant any definite statement as to the distribu- tion of the species prior to the opening of the Chicago Drainage Ca- nal; but it is reasonably safe to assume that before that time condi- tions on the upper Illinois were very similar to those on the lower por- tion of the river today. When, therefore, we discover that the Chiro- nomide occur in markedly decreasing numbers as we near the outlet of the canal, where, under natural conditions, insect life should be as abundant as elsewhere on the river, it is an unavoidable conclusion that the comparative absence of these larve is an indication that the water is unsuited to their requirements. As previously stated under Chironomus viridicollis, the presence of “blood-worms” in any body of water is not an indication that such water is polluted, although they may be, and often are, found in water that is contaminated with sew- age. There are, however, but few species to be found in badly pol- luted water, most species being confined to unpolluted water or to that which is but slightly tainted. Even blood-red larve are not in all cases found in polluted water, as the two largest species occurring in the Illinois are confined to the parts of the river which are compar- atively clean. C. ferrugineovittatus occurs principally in collections made in the various lakes (Fish, Crane, Stewart’s, and Thompson’s), but also in the channel of the river at Havana and Pekin. This is the largest species, measuring on an average slightly over two inches. C. tentans (?), which averages an inch in length, is much more common than ferrugineovittatus and is more widely distributed, oc- curring indiscriminately in lakes and in the river channel north to 535 Peoria; but beyond that few specimens have been found, and none at all in that part of the river which is noticeably polluted. C. lobiferus, a dull reddish species, averaging nearly half an inch in length, with only one pair of ventral blood-gills, is one of the com- monest species represented in our collections, and occurs in almost every collection of any size from localities on the Illinois and con- nected waters up to and including De Pue and Hennepin, and also the semi-isolated De Pue Lake. It was not taken from the foul bottom anywhere above De Pue. C. modestus, a green species found commonly in the lower river, at Havana, and also in other rivers and creeks throughout the state, was found in a single collection made at Ottawa. C. viridicollis is one of the most widely distributed species repre- sented in the river collections, occurring as far north as Spring Valley and Starved Rock, where the water is appreciably polluted. Orthocladius sp. E occurred in collections from Spring Valley, Starved Rock, and Marseilles. In the part of the river beyond Ottawa (eastward) but few larve were found, but examples of Tanypus dyari occur among the collec- tions made at Marseilles, above the dam, and at Morris. This species has been reared from larve found in Boneyard Creek at Urbana, which is badly polluted with sewage; and it is reported to have been reared from larve found in temporary puddles on waste ground at Washington, D. C. A species, greenish in color and measuring about 7 mm., which I am unable to identify exactly—it may be C. flavus—has been found in a great number of collections from different parts of the river. The fact that Ottawa is among the localities from which it is listed in my notes, shows that it occurs in the polluted portion of the river as well as in parts that are comparatively clean—as at Havana. Although we have no data connected with the upper part of the river prior to the opening of the canal which can be compared with data obtained since that event, we have evidence that in other Illinois rivers, where there are no such conditions of pollution, the insect fauna does not suffer material diminution towards the sources of these rivers, though at times there may be a change in its constituents. From the fact that out of probably one hundred species of Chiro- nomide that may be found in various portions of the lower Illinois not over a dozen are met with in the portion between De Pue and Morris, it is, to my mind, clearly evident that the influx of sewage matter from the drainage canal in question very seriously reduces the number of these insects normal to the river. 536 SuMMARY OF ILLINOIS GENERA AND SPECIES IN COMPARISON WITH THOSE RECORDED FOR OTHER STATES The following list gives a numerical summary of the genera and species of Chironomide that have been taken in Illinois. As the list is very largely the result of collecting by Mr. Hart and the writer during 1914, practically all the included species having been taken on occasional collecting trips during that year, and as much of the area within the state has not been visited, the number of species here listed is in no respect complete, even for the localities to which peri- odical visits were made. NUMBER OF ILLINOIS SPECIES RECORDED 3 Ceratopogonine Tanypine Chironomine S No. No. No ce Genera of Genera of Genera of © Spp. Spp- Spp 4 |Culicoides 7 |Tanypus 12 |Diamesa 1 s Ceratopogon 4 |Protenthes 5 |Thalassomyia 2 g Pseudoculicoides 2 |Procladius 3. |Corynoneura 2 g, |Forcipomyia 6 |Celotanypus| 1 |Chironomus 56 Palpomyia 6 Tanytarsus 11 & |Heteromyia 5 Metriocnemus 2 ~~ ‘|Serromyia 1 Chasmatonotus 1 & |Johannsenomyia 7 Pseudochironomus; 1 =| Hartomyia 3 Oricotopus 5 6 |Bezzia 5 Camptocladius 7 8 |Probezzia i Orthocladius, ‘3 | Parabezzia 1 sens. lat. 15 iS) Totals 12] 54 4] 21 11! 103 The above list, comprising, as it does, 27 genera and 178 species, is the largest state list yet published for the family. Smith’s “Insects of New Jersey,’ 1909, gives 82 species distributed over 22 genera, according to the arrangement of the present paper, as in the following table. : | 537 NUMBER OF NEW JERSEY SPECIES RECORDED Ceratopogonine Tanypine Chironomine F No. No. No. Fe Genera of Genera of Genera of a spp. spp- spp. oa % | Culicoides’ 2 | Tanypus 9 |Thalassomyia 1 aS Ceratopogon? 4 | Protenthes 1 |Chironomus 26 = | Forcipomyia 1 |Psilotanypus) i | Metriocnemus 1 Ee Palpomyia 5 | Procladius 2 | Euryenemus 1 ‘go | Heteromyia 5 Chasmatonotus 1 g Johannsenomyia 3 Cricotopus 3 © Hartomyia 3 Camptocladius 2 =| Bezzia 4 Orthocladius, 2 Pseudobezzia 1 sens. lat. 3 Probezzia 3 Totals 10} 31 4| 13 8 | 38 Prof. O. A. Johannsen in his two papers frequently referred to in the present article (1905 and 1908) has given extensive lists of Tanypine and Chironomine for New York State, but has made no attempt to deal with Ceratopogonine in the same manner. I have in the present paper listed a number of species of Ceratopogonine submitted by Professor Johannsen from New York, but these repre- sent but a small portion of the species that must occur there. The following table gives numerical lists of Tanypine and Chiro- nomine compiled from Johannsen’s papers. NUMBER OF SPECIES RECORDED BY JOHANNSEN Tanypine Chironominse e No. No. A Genera of Genera | of 5 Spp-_ spp. ee Tanypus 10 |Diamesa Ih) gal oes) Protenthes 3 |Thalassomyia 1 © |Procladius 4 /|Corynoneura 1 aa Chironomus | 40 = Tanytarsus 13 3 Metriocnemus | 5 ° Chasmatonotus 1 a2 Cricotopus 4 o Camptocladius | 3 Orthocladius, sens. lat. 8 Totals Sy ti ays 10| 77 The above table gives a total of 94 species and 13 genera. The same subfamilies are represented in the Illinois list by 124 species and 15 genera, and in the New Jersey list by 51 species and 12 genera. 538 In none of the three states can the list be considered as exhaustive, and much work remains to be done before analytical comparison can be made between the genera and species of these or other states. Of the 54 species of Ceratopogonine listed as occurring in Illinois, 21 are described as new either in the present paper or in recent arti- cles by the writer. Six of these species have been taken in other states; 3 in Michigan—one of these occurring also in Arizona—1 in New York, 1 in Indiana, and 1 in Virginia. Of the 21 species of Tanypine listed as occurring in the state, 5 are described as new. None of the new species have been seen from other states up to the present time. Of the 103 species of Chironomine listed for Illinois 50 are described as new, 6 of these being also represented in the Laboratory collection by specimens from other states. One of the most striking instances of the unexpected occurrence of a species is that of Chironomus octopunctatus Loew. This species was originally described from Cuba, in the West Indies, and has not hitherto been recorded again as far as I am aware. ‘Two specimens were taken on store windows in Urbana in October. The fragmentary condition of our knowledge of the species of Chironomide occurring in North America furnishes insufficient data for an indication of even their probable distribution. I have included under the species descriptions in this paper, lists of states for which I have found records of the occurrence of the species, but no doubt the lists are incomplete in some cases. It is also probable that in some instances erroneous indentifications are listed, but without hav- ing access to the material upon which these records are based the writer can not indicate misidentifications. Urbana, Illinois, May 1, 1915. ee a ee INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES abbreviatus, Chironomus, 451. abdominalis, Chironomus, 443. aberrans, Chironomus, 455. abortivus, Chironomus, 465. adumbratus, Procladius, 382. gequalis, Johannsenomyia, 336. alaskensis, Paraclunio, 400. albaria, Johannsenomyia, 335. albidohalteralis, Dactylocladius, 528. albidorsata, Bezzia, 349. albipennis, Chironomus, 435. albipennis, Forcipomyia, 312. albiventris, Probezzia, 356. alboviridis, Chironomus, 482. aldrichi, Heteromyia, 326. ambiguus, Foreipomyia, 311. Anatopynia, 364. annularis, Chironomus, 443. antennalis, Hartomyia, 343. apicata, Bezzia, 348. arctica, Heteromyia, 343. argentata, Johannsenomyia, 334. aterrimus, Camptocladius, 510. atra, Corynoneura, 413. aurea, Forcipomyia, 318. barberi, Bezzia, 348. barbicornis, Orthocladius, 523. barbipes, Chironomus, 436. basalis, Chironomus, 441. basalis, Trichocladius distinetus, 519. bellus, Protenthes, 388. Bezzia, 345. bicinctus, Cricotopus, 505. bicolor, Trichocladius distinctus, 519. _ bimacula, Palpomyia, 342. bimaculata, Johannsenomyia, 333. bimaculatus, Chasmatonotus, 499. bivittata, Probezzia, 357. brachialis, Chironomus, 426, brachyneura, Metrioecnemus, 498. brevinervis, Dactylocladius, 526. Brillia, 401. brumalis, Foreipomyia, 294. byssinus, Camptocladius, 509. Camptocladius, 507. carneus, Tanypus, 378. caudelli, Johannsenomyia, 337. celeripes, Corynoneura, 413. Ceratolophus, 332. Ceratopogon, 304. Chasmatonotus, 499. Chironomus, 414, 529, 530. choreus, Protenthes, 387. ciliatus, Ceratopogon, 316. cilipes, Forcipomyia, 314. cinetus, Pseudoculicoides, 311. claripennis, Chironomus, 439. claripennis, Protenthes, 387. elavata, Heteromyia, 361. cockerelli, Bezzia, 346. Celotanypus, 396. compes, Chironomus, 433. conecinnus, Procladius, 394. concolor, Forcipomyia pergandei, 319. confusus, Tanytarsus, 490. Corynoneura, 413. crassicaudatus, Chironomus, 453. crassifemorata, Serromyia, 331. crepuscularis, Culicoides, 303. eressoni, Heteromyia, 327. Cricotopus, 501. . eristatus, Chironomus, 481. culiciformis, Protenthes, 385. Culicoides, 295. curriei, Palpomyia, 322. curtilamellatus, Chironomus, 474. Dactylocladius, 526. decoloratus, Chironomus illinoensis, 472. decoloratus, Tanypus, 370. decorus, Chironomus, 472. dentata, Bezzia, 349. devinctus, Chironomus, 433. Diamesa, 410. digitatus, Chironomus, 483. dimidiata, Johannsenomyia, 333. dimorphus, Chironomus, 464. Diplocladius, 513. dissimilis, Tanytarsus, 404. distinctus basalis, Trichocladius, 519. distinctus bicolor, Trichocladius, 519. distinetus, Trichocladius, 518. diversa, Hartomyia, 344. dives, Tanytarsus, 488. dorneri, Chironomus, 471. dorsalis, Chironomus, 404. dubius, Tanytarsus, 496. dux, Chironomus, 402. dyari, Tanypus, 379. elegans, Probezzia, 356. elegantula, Parabezzia, 359. eques, Ceratopogon?, 304. Euryenemus, 401. Eutanypus, 401. exiguus, Tanytarsus, 495. exilis, Cricotopus, 404. expolita, Pseudobezzia, 351. fallax, Chironomus, 435. fasciata, Heteromyia, 360. fasciata, Spheromyas (=Palpomyia), 332. fascipennis, Chasmatonotus, 499. fascipes, Chironomus, 455. fasciventris, Chironomus, 438. 540 fastuosus, Tanypus, 366. femorata, Serromyia, 331. ferrugineovittatus, Chironomus, 446. festiva, Heteromyia, 361. festivus, Chironomus, 470. flavellus, Tanytarsus, 490. flavens, Camptocladius, 511. flavibasis, Camptocladius, 511. flavibasis, Cricotopus, 502. flavicauda, Tanytarsus, 493. flaviceps, Johannsenomyia, 337. flavicingula, Chironomus, 432. flavidula, Johannsenomyia, 335. flavifrons, Tanypus, 365. flavipes, Heteromyia, 330. flavitarsis, Bezzia, 347. flavonigra, Probezzia, 358. flavoscutellatus, Orthocladius, 523. flavus, Chironomus, 474, flavus, Orthocladius, 404, Forcipomyia, 311. frauenfeldi, Thalassomyia, 411. frequens, Chironomus, 452. fugax, Orthocladius, 517. fulva, Thalassomyia, 412. fulvithorax, Probezzia, 354. fulviventris, Chironomus, 404, fulvus, Chironomus, 478. fumidus, Camptocladius, 511. fuscicornis, Chironomus, 466. fusciventris, Chironomus, 465. fusculus, Ceratopogon, 305. fusinervis, Ceratopogon, 308. gibber, Probezzia, 357. gilva, Hartomyia, 343. glaber, Probezzia, 355. graminicola, Camptccladius, 511. griseopunctatus, Chironomus, 428. griseus, Chironomus, 468. guttipennis, Culicoides, 299. heematopotus, Culicoides, 302. halteralis, Chironomus, 467. halteralis, Johannsenomyia, 338. harti, Chironomus, 457. Hartomyia, 339. Heteromyia, 324. hieroglyphicus, Culicoides, 297. hirta, Heteromyia, 330. hirtipennis, Tanypus, 367. hyalinus, Chasmatorotus, 499. hyperboreus, Chironomus, 439. illinoensis, Chironomus, 471. illinoensis decoloratus, Chironomus, 472. illinoensis, Palpomyia, 320. illinoensis, Tanypus, 376. illinoisensis, Palpomyia, 320. incerta, Probezzia, 358. incognitus, Chironomus, 480. inconspicuous, Tanypus, 371. indecisus, Tanypus, 375. indistinctus, Chironomus, 477. inermis, Parabezzia, 359. infuseatus, Trichocladius, 517. johannseni, Pseudoculicoides, 311. Johannseniella, 332. Johannsenomyia, 332. johnsoni, Bezzia, 349. johnsoni, Tanypus, 381. jucundus, Chironomus, 464. knabi, Metriocnemus, 405. lacteipennis, Orthocladius, 524. lacteipennis, Trichocladius, 514. lasiophthalmus, Camptocladius, 509. lasiops, Camptocladius, 508. levis, Ceratopogon, 307. lineatus, Chironomus, 470. lineola, Chironomus, 470. lobifer, Chironomus, 430. lobiferus, Chironomus, 430. longipennis, Palpomyia, 323. lundbecki, Metrioenemus, 498. macroneura, Johannsenomyia, 337. magna, Johannsenomyia, 338. magnipennis, Johannseniella, 335. major, Pseudoculicoides, 311. marginellus, Tanypus, 374. maturus, Chironomus, 469. media, Bezzia, 348. melanops, Tanypus, 369. Metrioenemus, 497. modestus, Chironomus, 476. monilis, Tanypus, 375. multipunctatus, Culicoides, 296. mutabilis, Pseudoculicoides, 310. muticus, Tanytarsus, 494. nevus, Chironomus, 433. nanus, Chironomus [Metriocnemus], 498. nebulosa, Hartomyia, 340. nebulosa, Palpomyia, 322. needhami, Chironomus, 428. neoflavellus, Tanytarsus, 489. neomodestus, Chironomus, 475. nephopterus, Chironomus, 429. nigricans, Chironomus, 434. nigripilus, Tanytarsus, 487. nigritus, Orthocladius, 525. nigrohalteralis, Chironomus, 440. nigropunctatus, Tanypus, 369. nigrovittatus, Chironomus, 456. nitidellus, Chironomus, 468. nitidellus, Trichocladius, 515. nitidus, Trichocladius, 515. niveipennis, Chironomus, 438. nivoriundus, Orthoeladius, 525. nubifera, Palpomyia, 323. obediens, Tanytarsus, 492. obseura, Probezzia, 355. obseura, Thalassomyia, 411. obsecuratus, Chironomus, 479. obumbratus, Orthocladius, 524. occidentalis, Psilotanypus, 395. octopunctatus, Chironomus, 427. opaca, Probezzia, 357. opacithorax, Heteromyia, 329. Orthocladius, sens, lat., 512, 531, 532. Orthocladius, sens. stric., 521. pachymera, Probezzia, 355. palliatus, Chironomus, 441. pallida, Probezzia, 354. pallidiventris, Hartomyia, 344. pallidivittatus, Chironomus tentans, 445, pallidus, Chironomus, 454. Palpomyia, 319. Parabezzia, 358. Paraclunio, 400. parvilamellatus, Chironomus, 479. pedellus, Chironomus, 436. peregrinus, Ceratopogon, 308. pergandei concolor, Forcipomyia, 319. pergandei, Forcipomyia, 319. perpulcher, Chironomus, 429. petiolata, Parabezzia, 359. phlebotomus, Culicoides, 303. picta, Hartomyia, 341. pilipes, Orthocladius, 522. pilosa, Forcipomyia, 317. pilosellus, Tanypus, 372. pinguis, Procladius, 365. plebeia, Heteromyia, 327. pleuralis, Dactylocladius, 527. plumosus, Chironomus, 447. polita, Johannsenomyia, 335. politus, Tanytarsus, 493. politus, Trichocladius, 516. pratti, Heteromyia, 361. Probezzia, 352. Procladius, 390. Protenthes, 381. pruinosa, Bezzia, 348. Psectrocladius, 519. Pseudobezzia, 351. Pseudochironomus, 500. Pseudoculicoides, 309. pseudoviridis, Chironomus, 450. Psilotanypus, 395. pubitarsis, Orthocladius, 523. 542 pulchripennis, Chironomus, 429. - pulicaris, Culicoides, 275. pulverea, Bezzia, 348. punctipennis, Bezzia, 346. punctipennis, Protenthes, 383. pusio, Tanytarsus, 490. quadripunctatus, Chironomus, 437. richardsoni, Pseudochironomus, 500. riparius, Chironomus, 443. riparius, Protenthes, 389. rufa, Heteromyia, 325. sanguisugus, Culicoides, 301. scabra, Palpomyia, 321. scalenus, Chironomus, 428, scapularis, Procladius, 393. schwarzi, Palpomyia, 323. Serromyia, 331. serus, Chironomus, 481. setipes, Bezzia, 349. setulosa, Bezzia, 350. similatus, Tanytarsus, 494. similis, Chironomus, 481. similis, Corynoneura, 413. slossone, Cricotopus, 506. slossone, Palpomyia, 324. smithi, Probezzia, 357. sordens, Psectrocladius, 520. sordidellus?, Orthocladius, 409. specularis, Forcipomyia, 316. Spheromyas, 332. squamipes, Forcipomyia, 315. stellatus, Protenthes, 383. stellifer, Culicoides, 300. stenammatus, Forcipomyia, 294. stercorarius, Orthocladius, 507. stigmalis, Johannsenomyia, 338. stigmaterus, Chironomus, 453. striatus, Trichocladius, 517. subequalis, Chironomus, 440. subasper, Palpomyia, 321. subaterrimus, Camptocladius, 512. subparallelus, Orthocladius, 522. sylvestris, Cricotopus, 505. teniapennis, Chironomus, 430. Tanypus, 366, 397, 398. Tanytarsus, 484, 530, 531. Telmatogeton (Coq., nec Schin.), 400. tenellus, Chironomus, 402. tentans, Chironomus, 443. tentans pallidivittatus, 445, tenuicaudatus, Chironomus, 475. tenuicornis, Heteromyia, 328. tenuis, Tanytarsus, 491. terminalis, Probezzia, 353. Tersesthes, 401. texana, Forcipomyia, 295. Thalassomyia, 411. Thienemanniella, 413. thoracicus, Procladius, 391. tibialis, Palpomyia, 321. Trichotanypus, 364. tricolor, Celotanypus, 396. trifasciatus, Cricotopus, 503. trilobatus, Paraclunio, 400. Trissocladius, 513. trivialis, Heteromyia, 329. Chironomus, 543 unimaculatus, Chasmatonotus, 499. univittatus, Chasmatonotus, 499. utahensis, Chironomus, 438. varicolor, Bezzia, 348. yaripennis, Chironomus, 427. varipennis, Culicoides, 297. varipes, Cricotopus, 506. venustula, Bezzia, 347. venustus, Tanypus, 377. vernalis, Chironomus, 443. vernalis, Psectrocladius, 520. viridicollis, Chironomus, 457. viridipes, Chironomus, 443. viridis, Chironomus, 449. viridis, Hartomyia, 342. viridiventris, Hartomyia, 342. viridiventris, Tanytarsus, 491. waltlii, Diamesa, 410. wheeleri, Forcipomyia, 294. zonulus, Chironomus, 443. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. CEO ES OAT Puiate XVII Larve and Pupa of Ceratopogonine Forcipomyia specularis, larva, lateral view. The same, dorsal view. Forcipomyia cilipes, larva, lateral view. Ceratopogon fusculus, larva, dorsal view. Palpomyia? sp.?, pupa, dorsal view. Palpomyia longipennis, larva, lateral view. Pratrh XVII 6 TR Malloch JF Piate XVIII Larval and Pupal Details of Ceratopogonine Ceratopogon fusculus, dorsal abdominal bristle of pupa. Forcipomyia cilipes, section of thoracic respiratory organ of pupa. The same, lateral abdominal bristle of pupa. The same, dorsal bristle of larva. The same, dorso-lateral bristle of larva. The same, anterior thoracic bristle of pupa. Ceratopogon fusculus, lateral view of second abdominal seg- ment of pupa. Forcipomyia pergandei?, lateral view of second abdominal segment of pupa. Forcipomyia cilipes, claws of anterior pseudopods. The same, claws of posterior pseudopods. Forcipomyia specularis, dorsal surface of abdominal seg- ment of larva. Palpomyia longipennis, mandible of larva. The same, labium of larva. Forcipomyia specularis, mandible of larva. Forcipomyia pergandei?, antenna of larva. Palpomyia longipennis, hypopharynx of larva. Forcipomyia specularis, dorsal bristle of larva, front view. The same, dorsal bristle of larva, side view. Ceratopogon fusculus, arrangement of bristles on thorax of pupa. Forcipomyia specularis, arrangement of bristles on thorax of pupa. Forcipomyia pergandei?, anterior thoracic bristle of pupa. XVIII 7 PLATE IR Ma lloahe. Fig. Fig. Fie. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. — SS) Hoon OV a> oo 4 PuatE XTX Structural Details of Ceratopogonine Ceratopogon fusculus, antenna of female. Forcipomyia specularis, hypopygium, dorsal view. Forcipomyia cilipes, palpus of male. The same, apex of abdomen of female, lateral view. The same, fourth antennal joint of female. Ceratopogon fusculus, last four antennal joints of male. Palpomyia flavidulus, hypopygium, dorsal view. Ceratopogon fusculus, palpus of male. eM pe OS See 10. 11. 12. g. 13. 14. 15. 16. ie 18. PLATE XX Structural Detauls of Ceratopogonine Pseudoculicoides mutabilis, hypopygium, one side. The same, apical five antennal joints of male. Culicoides hamatopotus, lateral arm of hypopygium. Culicoides sanguisugus, apical four antennal joints of male. Culicoides hamatopotus, apical four antennal joints of male. Culicoides varipennis, hypopygium, one side. Culicoides crepuscularis, apical four antennal joints of male. Culicoides varipennis, apical four antennal joints of male. Culicoides sangwisugus, third joint of flagellum of antenna of female. The same, palpus of female. Culicoides varipennis, pupa, lateral view. The same, dorsal view of one half of third abdominal seg- ment of pupa. The same, dorsal view of apex of pupa. The same, third joint of flagellum of antenna of female. The same, tarsal claw of male. Culicoides crepuscularis, hypopygium, one side. Culicoides varipennis, thoracic respiratory organ of pupa. Culicoides sangwisugus, hypopygium, one side. PA XEX 7é l7 TR Malach. Noe Oo Sa in =I oO PLATE XXI Structural Details of Ceratopogonine Forcipomyia cilipes, hypopygium, one side. Forcipomyia aurea, hypopygium, one side. Forcipomyia squamipes, hypopygium, one side. Forcipomyia cilipes, hind tibia of female. Forcipomyia pergandei, apical four antennal joints of male (denuded). Forcipomyia cilipes, apical four antennal joints of male (denuded). Forcipomyia aurea, apieal four antennal joints of male (de- nuded). Forcipomyia specularis, apical four antennal joints of male (denuded). Pseudoculicoides major, hypopygium, one side. Pseudoculicoides johannseni, hypopygium, one side. Forcipomyia cilipes, three basal flagellar joints of male (denuded). Forcipomyia specularis, second and third flagellar joints of same. Forcipomyia specularis, same joints of female. Ceratopogon levis, second flagellar joint of male. Ceratopogon levis, apical flagellar joint of male. Palpomyia illinoensis, respiratory organ of pupa. Pseudoculicoides cinctus, hypopygium, one side. Ceratopogon fusculus, hypopygium, one side. Ceratopogon levis, hypopygium, one side. Ceratopogon fusinervis, hypopygium, one side. a i PLATE XXI SRM allah SH Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10 Puarr XXII Wings of Ceratopogonine Forcipomyia specularis, male. Culicoides varipennis, female. Culicoides sanguisugus, female. Culicoides guttipennis, female. Culicoides stellifer, male. Culicoides hematopotus, female. Culicoides crepuscularis, female. Ceratopogon fusculus, female. Probezzia glaber, female. Palpomyia schwarzi, female. Hartomyia picta, male. Johannsenomyia bimaculata, female. PLATE XXII ert sro erro eS 72 SR Malloch 19 Prate XXIII Structural Details of Chironomide and Dixidu Culicoides guttipennis, thoracic dorsum. Culicoides crepuscularis, thoracic dorsum. Culicoides hieroglyphicus, thoracic dorsum. Procladius thoracicus, head and anterior portion of thorax, lateral view: P., pronotum; M., mesonotum; Sp., ante- rior spiracle; Cox., anterior coxa. Johannsenomyia argentata, head and anterior portion of thorax, lateral view: P., pronotum; M., mesonotum; Sp., anterior spiracle; Cox., anterior coxa. Ceratopogon fusinervis, head and anterior portion of thorax, lateral view: P., pronotum; M., mesonotum; Sp., anterior spiracle; Cox., anterior coxa. Chironomus sp. B., ventral surface of labrum. Chironomus digitatus, lateral arm of labrum. Diza sp., labium. Chironomus tentans?, labial papille. Diamesa waltli, hypopygium. Dizxa sp., head, dorsal view: A, antenna; B, clypeus; C, labrum; D, maxillary palpi; Z, mandible; 7, maxillary lobe (?). Prare XXIII 5, AS). . 18. PLate XXIV Larval and Pupal Detals of Tanypine Tanypus monilis, larva, just before pupation. The same, antenna of larva. Protenthes culiciformis, antenna of larva. The same, maxillary palpus of larva. Protenthes stellatus, apical abdominal appendage of pupa. Procladius concinnus, maxillary palpus of larva. Tanypus ilinoensis, pupa. Tanypus sp. B, antenna of larva. The same, maxillary palpus of larva. Tanypus monilis, maxillary palpus of larva. Protenthes culiciformis, thoracic respiratory organ of pupa. Tanypus sp. A, maxillary palpus of larva. The same, antenna of larva. ‘ Tanypus pilosellus?, thoracic respiratory organ of pupa. Procladius concinnus, antenna of larva. Tanypus dyari, thoracic respiratory organ of pupa. Tanypus sp. A, mandible of larva. Tanypus dyari, mandible of larva. Tanypus monilis, thoracic respiratory organ of pupa. 19 TRM aleh ty, Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. a SSS) BOA ED Oi pes COC) et oe Piatt XXV Larval Details of Tanypine Tanypus dyari, labial plate of larva. Tanypus sp. A, labial plate of larva. Protenthes carneus, labial plate of larva. Tanypus sp. A, labial papille of larva. Tanypus sp. B, labial plate of larva. Procladius concinnus, labial plate of larva. Tanypus monilis, labial plate of larva. Protenthes culiciformis, labial plate of larva. Procladius concinnus, labial papille of larva. Tanypus decoloratus, labial plate of larva. Tanypus pilosellus?, labial plate of larva. Procladius concinnus, labrum of larva. PLATE XXV esate TR Malach Vk, 42 Puate XXVI Larval and Pupal Details of Tanypine Fig. 1. Tanypus decoloratus, mandible of larva. Fig. 2. Tanypus dyari, mandible of larva. Fig. 3. Tanypus dyari, hypopharynx of larva. Fig. 4. Protenthes punctipennis, apical abdominal appendage of pupa. Fig. 5. Tanypus dyari, claw of posterior pseudopod of larva. Fig. 6. Procladius concinnus, lateral abdominal hair of larva. Fig. 7. Protenthes culiciformis, under side of head of larva, show- ing location of different organs. Fig. 8. Tanypus pilosellus?, apical abdominal appendage of pupa. Fig. 9 and 10. Protenthes bellus, claws of posterior pseudopods of larva. Fig. 11. Tanypus dyari, antenna of larva. Fig. 12. Protenthes bellus, apical abdominal appendage of pupa. Fig. 13. Protenthes puwnctipennis, thoracic respiratory organ of pupa. Fig. 14. Tanypus pilosellus?, under side of larval head. Fig. 15. Procladius concinnus, apex of abdomen of larva, dorsal view. PLATE XXVI ---Antenna | Cabiad slate 6 3 é S g 2 ~s CT ~ a ~ N ¢ N oa @ QQ Maxillary falpus 10 11 LR Maltnk tg Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fal Os OMA Ce Nos PuaTteE XXVII Structural Details. of Tanypine Protenthes stellatus, hypopygium, one side. Protenthes punctipennis, wing. Protenthes punctipennis, hypopygium, one side. Procladius concinnus, thoracic respiratory organ of pupa. Protenthes stellatus, wing. Tanypus decoloratus, thoracic respiratory organ of pupa. Protenthes claripennis, apical portion of lateral arm of hypopygium. Protenthes choreus, wing. Protenthes bellus, thoracic respiratory organ of pupa. Tanypus marginellus, hypopygium, one side. Tanypus monlis, wing. Tanypus dyari, hypopygium, one side. = S SS SS Fig. Fig Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Piatt XXXII Hypopygia of Chironomus spp. SOT OR Oo C. C. C. C. SVSUGVIS) MSV ene) ey Se tentans. pseudoviridis, one side. viridis, one side. ferrugineovittatus. . flavicingula. . frequens, one side. . fallax, one side. . brachialis. . lobiferus. . nigrohalteralis, one side. decorus. . tenwcaudatus. . crassicaudatus. . festivus, one side. . subequalis, one side. . palliatus. PLATE XXXIII Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. SD oA eno ESP) I aaaaasaaasasaasaaaaaas Pirate XXXIV Hypopygia of Chironomus spp. . ilinoensis, one side. nigrovittatus, one side. nigricans, inferior process. pallidus, one side. obscuratus, one side. indistinctus, superior process. indistinctus, inferior process. . modestus, one side, a, inferior process. abortivus, one side. fuscicorns, one side. dimorphus, one side. . dimorphus, superior process. crassicaudatus, lateral view. flavus, one side. halteralis, one side. fulvus, one side. . plumosus, apical portion of lateral arm. abbreviatus, one side and superior process. PEATE KOO PLATE XXXV Wings of Chironomine Fig. 1. Diamesa waltli. Fig. 2. Chironomus brachialis. Fig. 3. C. needhami. Fig. 4. C. perpulcher. Fig. 5. C. pulchripennis. Fig. 6. C. teniapennis. Fig. 7. C. varipennis. Fig. 8. Chasmatonotus bimaculatus. Fig. 9. Camptocladius byssinus. Fig. 10. Corynoneura similis. LEADS DOOOVE Soran IT OT LO TRMafloch 74 Fig. 1. Ries 2: Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Iie, 5) Fig. 6. Tie. 7, Fig. 8 Fie. 9 PuaTE XXXVI Hypopygia of Chironomine Chironomus fusciventris, one side. Tanytarsus mgripilus. Chironomus griseus, one side. C. claripennis, one side. Tanytarsus confusus, one side. Tanytarsus dives, one side. Chasmatonotus bimaculatus, lateral view of apical portion of lateral arm. Tanytarsus viridiventris, one side. Tanytarsus obediens. Chasmatonotus bimaculatus, one side. PLATE XXXVI Fig. Fig. Pratt XXXVII Hypopygial and Abdominal Details of Chironomine Cricotopus bicinctus, hypopygium, one side. Cricotopus trifasciatus, hypopygium, apical portion of lat- eral arm. Orthocladius nigritus, hypopygium, one side. Cricotopus flavibasis, hypopygium, one side. Trichocladius distinctus, hypopygium, one side. Trichocladius distinctus, var. bicolor, hypopygium, one side. Trichocladius infuscatus, hypopygium, one side. Orthocladius pilipes, hypopygium, one side. Trichocladius politus, hypopygium, one side. T. striatus, hypopygium: a, inner production of basal part of lateral arm; b, apical portion of lateral arm. Orthocladius nivoriundus, antepenultimate abdominal seg- ment of male. Orthocladius nivoriundus, hypopygium, one side. Dactylocladius pleuralis, hypopygium, one side. Psectrocladius vernalis, hypopygium, one side. Camptocladius flavens, hypopygium, one side. Pseudochironomus richardsoni, hypopygium, one side. Fig. Fig. bo Puate XXXVIII Details of Chironomine Orthocladius nivoriundus, thoracic respiratory organ of pupa (typical). Orthocladius nivoriundus, thoracic respiratory organ (varie- tal?). } Orthocladius nivoriundus, apical abdominal appendage of pupa. Orthocladius nivoriundus, lateral margin of eighth abdom- inal segment (varietal ?). Orthocladius mvoriundus, lateral margin of eighth abdom- inal segment (typical). Chironomus utahensis, hypopygium. Cricotopus trifasciatus, portion of egg-rope. Camptocladius lasiops, hypopygium. Orthocladius nivoriundus, setula of dise of abdominal seg- ment of pupa. Tanytarsus sp.?, malformed labrum. Camptocladius byssinus, antennal flagellar joint of female. C. flavens, palpus of female. Chironomus sp. C, head of pupa from above. Camptocladius flavens, antennal flagellar joint of female. Camptocladius lasiophthalmus, antennal flagellar joint of female. C. flavens, apex of abdomen of female. C. byssinus, apex of abdomen of female. ere Natio. OOOV ATUL ‘ ' ’ 1 ' ' ’ 1 SRM YY, Puate XXXITX Wing Details and Segments of a Pupa of Chironomine Fig. 1. Chironomus pseudoviridis, apex of wing. Fig. 2. Trichocladius infuscatus, apex of wing. Fig. 3. Trichocladius striatus, apex of wing. Fig. 4. Chironomus viridis, apex of wing. Fig. 5. Dactylocladius brevinervis, apex of wing. Fig. 6. Camptocladius lasiops, apex of wing. Fig. 7. Psectrocladius sordens, wing. Fig. 8. Camptocladius aterrimus?, apex of wing. Fig. 9. Tanytarsus dives, segments 2-6 of pupa (after Johannsen). Fig. 10. Chironomus maturus, apex of wing. Fig. 11. Orthocladius pilipes, section of wing venation showing cross vein. Fig. 12. Orthocladius subparallelus, section of wing venation show- ing cross vein. Fig. 13. O. flavoscutellatus, section of wing venation showing cross vein. Fig. 14. Trichocladius nitidus, eubitus of wing. Fig. 15. Chironomus griseus, apex of wing. Fig. 16. Camptocladius flavens, wing. Fig. 17. Metriocnemus brachyneura, wing. Ih 7 TRMelch VS. Puate XL Hypopygia of Chironomine Chironomus incognitus, one side. Chironomus curtilamellatus, one side. Camptocladius subaterrimus, one side. Metriocnemus brachyneura, one side. Camptocladius flavens: a, inner process of basal portion of lateral arm; b, apex of apical portion of lateral arm. Orthocladius subparallelus, one side. Trichocladius nitidus, one side. Tanytarsus similatus: a, superior process; b, inferior proe- ess. Camptocladius aterrimus, one side. Orthocladius flavoscutellatus, one side. Camptocladius byssinus, one side. Dactylocladius brevinervis, one side. Prate XL BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY Ursana, ILutinors, U. S. A. STEPHEN A. FORBES, Pu. D., LL. D., DIRECTOR VoL. X AvucGust, 1915 Articles VII-VIII. ART. VII. TWO NEW SPECIES OF LUMBRICIDA FROM ILLINOIS BY Frank Smitu, A.M., anp EvizasETH Max Girrins, M. A. = ART. VIII. TWO NEW VARIETIES OF EARTHWORMS WITH A KEY TO DESCRIBED SPECIES IN ILLINOIS BY FRANK Smriru, A. M. Article VII.—Two New Species of Lumbricide from Illinois.* By FRANK SMITH AND EvizABETH Mag GirrIns. But few species of endemic Lumbricide have been described from the United States and none from Illinois. The species here described and others of which descriptions are in preparation are of the small group which has had its chief development in North America and which has been designated by Michaelsen as the subgenus Bimastus of the genus Helodrilus. Much of the matter in this paper is from a thesis presented by the junior author in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate School of the University of Illinois. The thesis was prepared under the supervision of the senior author and based on material in his collections. HE Lopritus (BIMASTUS) ZETEKI n. sp. Definition —Color of living worm, chestnut-brown tinged with purple, more pronounced anteriorly. Length, extended, 97-140 mm. Maximum diameter, 5-6.5 mm. at the clitellum. Somites, 100-142. Prostomium epilobic, 4%—™%. Sete closely paired; anterior to the clitellum, aa: ab: be: cd: dd = 6:1:5:1:20; posterior to the clitel- lum, be is relatively greater, and dd is somewhat less. First dorsal pore, V/VI. Clitellum XXVII-XXXVII (= 11 somites) ; incomplete ventrally. Tubercula pubertatis lacking. Spermiducal pores on XV, inconspicuous, with the surrounding glandular areas encroaching but slightly on XVI. Septa VI/VII-XII/XIII are thickened and XIII/ XIV and XIV/XYV are more strongly thickened. Sperm sacs, two pairs, in XI and XII. Spermathecz lacking. The type, which is an Illinois specimen, and the paratypes are in the collection of the senior author. The description of this species is based on specimens found in the woodlands of two localities near Urbana, Illinois, and in those ot a locality near Douglas Lake in Cheboygan County, Michigan. The Illinois specimens were collected by Mr. James Zetek, for whom the species is named, and the Michigan specimens were collected by Miss Bessie Green, who was at the time a Research Assistant at the Uni- *Contributions from the Zoological Laboratory, University of Illinois, No. 41. 546 versity of Michigan Biological Station, located on the shore of Douglas Lake. These worms were found living in the wood and under the bark of decaying logs, and sometimes immediately beneath such logs. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS The purplish brown coloration is most pronounced on the an- terior dorsal surface, and the under parts are distinctly paler. The clitellum is brownish buff. The length of the type specimen is 135 mm. and its maximum diameter is 6 mm., while the corresponding dimensions of the paratypes are 97-140 mm. and 5-6.5 mm. respec- tively. The Michigan specimens average somewhat smaller than those from Illinois. The diameter of the peristomium of the type specimen is about 3 mm., and then follows a gradual increase in diameter to XII, where it is 5 mm., and from there it remains uniform until the clitellum is reached, where the maximum of 6 mm. is attained. Pos- terior to the clitellum the diameter is nearly uniform and about 4 mm. This region is slightly flattened in the living worm and there are dis- tinct dorso-lateral and ventro-lateral angles. There are 100 somites in the type specimen, which shows evidence of having lost a number of somites from the posterior end. In the paratypes the number is 134-142. The somites anterior to the clitellum are slightly longer and more distinct than the posterior ones. The arrangement of the sete in somites anterior to the clitellum is indicated by the formula aa: ab: be: cd: dd = 6:1:5:1:20; dd equals one half of the circumference. Posterior to the clitellum, bc becomes relatively somewhat greater and dd somewhat less. The clitellum is on XXVII-XXXVII._ In the type specimen it is not as well developed on XXVII as on the other somites. In one paratype it is on % XXVII-XXXVIII. The clitellum is saddle-shaped and reaches its most ventral limit on XXXIV, where the margins are only [.33-1.5 mm. apart. On XXVII and XXVIII the ventral margin is slightly dorsad of b; on XXIX, between a and Db; and on XXX— XXXVI, includes the ventral setae. Tubercula pubertatis are lacking. The paired spermiducal pores are on XV, slightly dorsad of b. Each is in a deep transverse groove and is bordered by a slightly elevated glandular area which extends ventrally to b, anteriorly as far as XIV/ XV, and posteriorly encroaches on XVI. The oviducal pores are small apertures slightly dorsad of b on XIV. The nephridiopores are large and easily seen, and their position is similar to those of other Lumbricide. ‘They are near the anterior borders of the somites, some of them slightly farther dorsad than b, while others are approxi- mately midway between the dorsal setae and the mid-dorsal line. o47 INTERNAL CHARACTERS The alimentary tract is similar in its parts and relations to those of other species of Helodrilus. The esophagus is of relatively small diameter in V-IX. The calciferous gland involves that part of the esophagus which is in X—% XIV. In X the esophagus abruptly in- creases in diameter, especially in the frontal plane, and two lateral pouches are formed. In XI and XII the diameter diminishes slightly, and in XIII more rapidly, so that in the posterior part of the latter somite it is again small. The walls of the pouches in X have numer- ous longitudinal folds which are high on the lateral walls and low on the dorsal and ventral walls. These folds are continuous posteriorly with longitudinal radially arranged partitions which at their inner edges unite with the esophageal epithelium and at their outer edges meet the circular muscular layer of the esophageal wall. These parti- tions extend back to the middle of XIV, being wide in XI and XII, diminishing in width in XIII, and disappearing in the anterior half of XIV. The partitions divide the wide space between the esophageal epithelium and outer wall into longitudinal radially arranged cavities which extend from their anterior opening into the lateral pouches in X to their very inconspicuous posterior openings into the lumen of the esophagus in XIV. The cavities receive the secretions from the secretory layers of the partitions, each of which has two such layers and an included blood sinus. The partitions and included cavities are widest in the lateral and narrowest in the dorso-ventral transverse axes of the esophagus, while the esophageal lumen is narrowest later- ally. The epithelial layer of the folds in X and of the esophagus in XL-¥Y XIV is ciliated. The calciferous gland of H. zeteki is very similar to that of a considerable number of other species of Helodrilus which have been examined by the writers. The number of partitions in the gland of H. zeteki in the few specimens examined is 60-64, which is a considerably larger number than that found in some species of smaller worms. The crop involves XV and XVI, and the gizzard, XVILand XVIII. Septa VI/VIH-XII/XIII are thickened and XIII/ XIV and XIV/XYV are more strongly thickened. The spermaries and spermiducal funnels have the usual positions in X and XI and the two sperm ducts of either side unite near XII/ XIII and form a common duct extending just beneath the peritoneal layer to the anterior limit of XV. Rather large masses of gland cells surround the terminal parts of the sperm ducts and encroach on the cavity of XV and on that of either XIV or XVI. There are two pairs of sperm sacs, one pair in XI and one in XII. Those of the latter pair are the larger, and when fully developed their dorsal parts 548 meet above the esophagus. Ovaries, oviducal funnels, oviducts, and ovisacs have the usual positions and relations. No trace of sper- mathecze has been found in the several series of sections carefully examined for them. HELopRILUs (BIMASTUS) LONGICINCTUS Nn. sp. Definition.—Color of antero-dorsal part of living worm, rose- red. Length of extended specimens, 65-92 mm. Maximum diameter, 3.5 mm. at the clitellum. Somites, 98-122. Prostomium epilobic, 14-24. Sete closely paired; aa: ab: bc: cd: dd = 10:1:7%: %: 30. First dorsal pore V/VI. Clitellum, XXIJI-XXXII or XXXII (= 10 or II somites); incomplete ventrally. Tubercula pubertatis lack- ing. Spermiducal pores on XV conspicuous, with surrounding glandu- lar areas encroaching slightly on XVI. Septa VI/VII and XIV/XV somewhat thickened and VII/VIII-XIII/XIV more strongly thick- ened. Sperm sacs, two pairs, one pair in XI, and the other in XII. Spermathece lacking. The type and paratypes are in the collection of the senior author. The description of this species is based on specimens found in the lawns and parkings of Urbana, Illinois. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS The rose-red coloration is most pronounced on the antero-dorsal surface, the other parts being distinctly paler. The clitellum is flesh- colored. The length of the type specimen is 72 mm. and its maximum diameter 3.5 mm. at the clitellum. The diameter of the preclitellar part is slightly less than this, but somewhat exceeds that posterior to the clitellum. There are 98 somites in the type specimen and g8—122 in the paratypes. Each somite is divided by an indistinct median annulus, and the anterior half of the somite has a somewhat fainter coloration than the posterior. The length of the anterior somites does not exceed that of the posterior ones. The relative distances between the seta indicated by the formula aa: ab: bc: cd: dd = 10:1:7%: 4%: 30, apply to the arrangement both anterior and posterior to the clitellum. In one specimen, bce is relatively greater and dd corre- spondingly less. The clitellum is on XXIJTI-XXXII or XXXIII, and is saddle- shaped. Its ventral margins converge slightly from XXIV to XXXI and on XXVII-XXXI reach b, which is the ventral limit of the cli- tellum. No traces of tubercula pubertatis are recognizable. The paired spermiducal pores are on XV, slightly dorsad of b. Each is sur- 549 rounded by a comparatively prominent glandular area which extends ventrally to b, and encroaches on XVI. The oviducal pores are smail apertures slightly dorsad of b, on XIV. The nephridiopores are distributed in a manner quite similar to that described in H. seteki. INTERNAL CHARACTERS The septa VI/VII and XIV/XV are somewhat thickened and VII/VIUI-XIII/XIV more strongly thickened. The calciferous gland has the ordinary lumbricid structure. The esophagus is abruptly doubled in diameter in X, and forms the anterior part of the gland, this gland extending to the middle of XIV, but with gradually de- creasing diameter. The gland has about 60 longitudinal partitions. The typhlosole begins in XX. The principal difference between the structure of the circulatory system and that ordinarily found in the genus is in the relative size of the “hearts” of XI. In all of the speci- mens examined, they are uniformly much smaller than those of so- mites anterior to XI. We have found no such difference in size in other species. Nothing has been noticed in which the structure of the nervous and excretory systems differs from that in related species. The spermaries and spermiducal funnels have the usual positions in X and XI, and the terminal parts of the sperm ducts are surrounded in XV by rather large masses of gland cells which encroach somewhat on the cavities of that somite and of XVI. There are two pairs of sperm sacs, one pair in XI and one in XII. The various female re- productive organs have the usual positions and relations except that spermathecz are entirely lacking. AFFINITIES OF THE TWO NEW SPECIES In a recent paper, Michaelsen (’10) has united the genera Eiseni- ella, Eisenia, and Helodrilus, and recognizes only Lumbricus, Octo- lasium, and Helodrilus as distinct lumbricid genera. He includes in the subgenus Bimastus of the genus Helodrilus species having no spermathece, no sperm sacs except in XI and XII, the tubercula pubertatis indistinct or lacking, and the clitellum not extending pos- terior to XXXII/XXXIII. H. zeteki meets this fourfold require- ment except in the last character, and in this respect it differs much from its most nearly related species; nevertheless, it seems reasonable to assign it to the subgenus Bimastus. H. longicinctus is clearly included within the same subgenus, and so closely resembles some of the species already described as to make it desirable to state the grounds on which it has been thought neces- sary to establish another species. H. (B.) beddardi ( Mich.) has the 550 clitellum on XXIV or XXV-XXXI or % XXXII, but has indistinct tubercula pubertatis, very little glandular tissue about the spermiducal pores, and, what is perhaps more important, has the septa of VI-XV all thin, while in H. longicinctus these septa are strongly thickened. Finally, in the latter species the “hearts” of XI are much smaller than those anterior to that somite, while in H. beddardi (Mich.) the “hearts” of XI are similar in size to the others. Michaelsen (10: 64) reports a specimen from Tibet, in which the clitellum is on XXIII— XXXII and which he considers to be H. beddardi (Mich.), but not enough characters are given to permit a decision concerning the rela- tionship of this specimen to H. longicinctus. H. (B.) parvus (Eisen) has the clitellum quite uniformly on XXIV-XXX in specimens from North America. The tubercula pubertatis are indistinct and variable, and on XXV or XXVI-XXIX or XXX. Michaelsen (’09: 248) refers to a specimen from Kashmir, in which the clitellum is on XXV—XXX and the tubercula pubertatis on XXVI-XXIX. In another paper (’10: 64) he mentions two spec- imens from China in which the clitellum is on XXIII-XXX, and also expresses a doubt as to the actual specific distinctness of H. (B.) parvus from H. beddardi (Mich.). Whatever the final decision con- cerning the relations of these two species may be, it can not, in the opinion of the writers, invalidate the distinctness of H. longicinctus in view of the differences mentioned above. LITERATURE CITED Michaelsen, W. ’o9. The Oligocheta of India, Nepal, Ceylon, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Mem. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 1: i—ii+-103- 253. 2 pl. 10. Zur Kenntnis der Lumbriciden und ihrer Verbreitung. Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., 15: 1-74. ’ ee ee ee Article VIII.—Two New Varieties of Earthworms with a Key to described Species in Illinois.*¥ By FRANK SMITH. The collections of earthworms made by the writer in 1895 at Havana, Illinois, for the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, contain specimens of an undescribed form which closely resembles Helodrilus (Bimastus) giescleri (Ude) and is here described as a variety of that species. HELODRILUS (BIMASTUS) GIESELERI HEMPELI n. var. (Pl. XLI, Fig. 1-3) Definition —Color of living worm on dorsal side, brownish red tinged with purple; somewhat more pronounced on a few anterior and posterior somites. Length, extended, 65-75 mm. Maximum diameter, 2.5-3.5 mm. at the clitellum. Somites, usually 105-115. Prostomium epilobic, about %. Setz closely paired, ab = 1% cd, aa a little greater than bc, dd nearly % circumference. First dorsal pore, V/VI. Clitellum, XXII-XXIX or % XXX; incomplete ventrally. Tubercula pubertatis lacking. Spermiducal pores on XV, conspicuous ; surrounding glandular areas swollen, but externally confined to XV. Septa VI/VII-XIV/XV, slightly thickened. Sperm sacs, two pairs, in XI and XII. Spermathecz lacking. The description is based on specimens collected at Havana, IIli- nois, under the bark of fallen timber in the Illinois River bottom- lands. Specimens were very abundant in April and May of 1895, and freshly formed cocoons were abundant during the latter half of April and throughout May. More recently, specimens have been ob- tained at several places in Champaign County near Urbana, some of them from fallen timber and some from beneath a straw stack. EXTERNAL CHARACTERS The brownish red color is generally distributed along the dorsal half of the worm, being a little stronger on the anterior and posterior ends. The coloration extends to about midway between b and c, the ventral part of the body being without pigment. The clitellum is *Contributions from the Zoological Laboratory, University of Illinois, No. 42. 552 flesh-colored. The length varies with the state of contraction and size of specimen from 40 mm. to 75 mm., and under the influence of anesthetics specimens may exceed 75 mm. There is considerable varia- tion in size. Some mature specimens in moderate extension may be 50 X 2.5 mm. and others 75 X 3.5 mm. The number of somites in apparently complete specimens varies from 100 to 120, with inter- mediate numbers more common. ‘The sete are closely paired and, posterior to the clitellum, aa is slightly greater than bc and five to seven times greater than ab, while ab equals about 1% cd, and dd is slightly less than one half of the circumference. Anterior to the cli- tellum, ab and cd increase a little and bc is correspondingly diminished. The clitellum is saddle-shaped and the ventral margin barely in- cludes the ventral setae. There is a slight increase in the thickness of the hypodermis on the posterior part of XXI, but at the anterior border of XXII there is abrupt increase and the beginning of the cli- tellum proper. There is marked uniformity in this respect among the many specimens examined. In many cases the clitellum ends abruptly at the posterior margin of XXIX, and in others the dorsal part of the clitellum encroaches or XXX but not beyond the middle of the somite. Tubercula pubertatis are lacking. The paired spermiducal pores are located on XV, about one third of the distance from b to c. The swollen glandular areas surrounding the pores are conspicuous, and the distance between the external grooves which separate XV from adjacent somites is about twice as great in the region of the pores as elsewhere. The oviducal pores are small apertures slightly dorsad of b on XIV. The nephridiopores are in positions similar to those of other Lumbricide. They are near the anterior borders of the somites and some of them are slightly dorsad of b, while others are approxi- mately midway between d and the mid-dorsal line. INTERNAL CHARACTERS The septa of the anterior somites are but slightly thickened, those of VI/VII, VII/VIII, and XIII/XIV being slightly thicker than the others. The alimentary tract is similar in parts and relations to those of other species of Helodrilus. The esophagus is relatively small in diameter in V-IX. The calciferous gland has the usual relations. The esophagus abruptly widens in X, and the two lateral pouches of the gland are formed. Extending from these pouches to the middle of XIV, there are about 40 longitudinal partitions arranged radially around the lumen of the esophagus. The crop is in XV and XVI and the gizzard in XVII and XVIII. The “hearts” are in VII to XI, EE Eee 553 and those of XI are similar in size to the others. The excretory and nervous systems have the ordinary structures and relations. The spermaries and spermiducal funnels have the usual positions and relations in X and XI and the spermiducal pores are on XV. The terminal parts of the sperm ducts are surrounded by rather large masses of gland cells which encroach on the cavity of XVI. There are but two pairs of sperm sacs, one pair in XI and one in XII. The various female reproductive organs have the usual positions and rela- tions except that spermathecz are entirely lacking. A comparison of the above description with that of Helodrilus gieseleri (Ude)—see Ude (’95: 127)—will show very close corre- spondence throughout except in the position of the clitellum, which in the latter species begins abruptly on XX instead of XXII. I have specimens collected from the eastern parts of Florida by Mr. Adolph Hempel which correspond very closely with Ude’s description even to the presence of the groove separating the clitellar part of XX from that of the following somites. A few specimens in the same collec- tion show but little clitellar development on XX, the strongly thick- ened part beginning on XXI._ I assume that these Florida specimens are Helodrilus gieseleri. ‘They have about 40 longitudinal partitions in the calciferous gland as does the form described above. In view of the connecting forms, there seems insufficient basis for recognizing the new form as a distinct species, but because of the great uniformity in the hundreds of Illinois specimens examined, there does seem to be justification for treating it as a variety. No connecting forms have been noticed in the [linois material. DIPLOCARDIA SINGULARIS FLUVIATILIS n. var. (Pl. XLI, Fig. 4) Definition —Color of living worm, strongly brown on anterior dorsal surface. Length, extended, 60-100 mm. Diameter, 2—2.5 mm. Somites, 100-120. Sete of pairs rather widely spaced: posterior to clitellum, % aa = 2ab = be = cd; dd = % circumference; ventral setee lacking on XIX; ventral setae of XVIII and XX modified as penial setae; spermathecal setae not modified. Clitellum, XITI-X VIII; nearly as thick ventrally as dorsally except on XVII and XVIII. First dorsal pore, VIII/IX or IX/X. Spermathecal pores, VI/VI, VII/VIII, and VIII/IX. Prostate pores on XVIII and XX. Sper- miducal pores near anterior margin of XIX. Genital papille paired, near XVII/XVIII and XX/XXI. Septa VII/VIII and VIII/IX strongly thickened; IX/X somewhat less strongly, and V/VI, X/X1, and XI/XII very slightly thickened. Gizzards in V and VI. Last 554 “hearts” in XII. Dorsal vessel single. Alimentary tract very narrow in XVI and abruptly enlarged in XVII. Spermathece in VII, VIII, and IX. Sperm sacs in IX and XII. Among the earthworms collected in 1895 at Havana, were many specimens of this small type of Diplocardia which in anatomical char- acters corresponds very closely with the revised description of D. singularis (Ude) —see Ude (’95: 129). In a former paper by the writer (’95b: 285), these worms were treated as belonging to Ude’s species, and in a later paper (’00: 442) they were listed as D. sin- gularis, which species was mentioned as of frequent occurrence at Havana and Urbana. The specimens found at Urbana are without pigment and are of considerably stouter proportions than the Havana specimens. They occur in upland wooded situations as well as in tree- less areas. I think that the Urbana specimens are without doubt rep- resentative of Ude’s D. singularis, the type specimens of which were collected at Danville, Illinois, only thirty miles east of Urbana. The Havana specimens are very heavily pigmented anteriorly and quite slender. They are very abundant in the muddy banks of Spoon River near its entrance into the Illinois River, and are so situated that they are submerged for weeks at a time during high water when the bot- tom-lands are flooded. The recognition of the Havana specimens as belonging to a dis- tinct variety, as named and described above, will simplify subsequent treatment of still other material which is closely related to D. sin- gularis and D. communis Garman. Despite the fact that some leading investigators of the Oligocheta do not consider the last-named forms as constituting distinct species, it seems to the writer that D. sin- gularis, with its single dorsal vessel and its clitellum nearly as thick ventrally as dorsally, must be given rank as a species distinct from D. communis with its double dorsal vessel and saddle-shaped clitellum. EXPLANATIONS WITH REGARD To Kry As the following key may often be utilized by persons not famil- iar with the various symbols and terms in common use in systematic papers dealing with earthworms, it seems desirable that some of these be explained. Roman numerals are generally used to designate the number of a somite, counting from the anterior end. When the separation be- tween somites is obscure, advantage may be taken of the fact that in the species found in Illinois the first setee are always borne on the second somite. Externally the limits of somites are ordinarily in- dicated by transverse (intersegmental) grooves, while internally the TABULAR Kty Clitellum ahr tl ee eee ae Sete | Sperm sacs eee ot pene Color (antero-dorsal) Name SS ery TC nl Cece XVIII, XX XIX _|VII/VIU, VIII/IX Wide = an XM 136-157 |20-25 {Brown Diplocardia riparia RTORUUMIAINMIG) 0 |e eee seu ecen estes XVIII, XX XIX —_|VI/VIT, VIT/VIII, VITI/IX |wide | 1X, XIE : XII 123-165 |20-30 |Pale D. At Beriremummemmolom) |... see sceecessceeessey XVIII, 255 XIX —_|VI/VI, VI/VIII, VITI/IX | wiae TX, XII XII 95-115 | 5-10 |Pale D. singularis SMA oi, ial ee XVIII, XX XIX VI/VII, VII/VIU, ae Wide IX, XII XII |100-120 | 6-10 |Brown 7 D. singularis fluviatilis Suesaien suit) | Cees eeeeee XIX, XXI XX VUI, IX Wide IX, XII XII |100-125 | 7-15 |Pale I, CATO SN I CToeCicf a cssiars eine vec ceecee. XXITI-XXVI 2AD.€ VI/VII, VII/VIII, VIII/IX | Close RE, XL XI 165-220 |15-20 |Pink with blue iridescence|Sparganophilus eiseni RR REIT VIN RRTIOR KV, XXVI |. .....eceeeee XIIT_— | VIMI/IX, IX/X, dorsal Close | IX-XII XI 70-90 | 3-6 [Brown neigh halt ip ecs ao XXII, XXTI-XXVII STE O50. 0. G7 GE RSC OCnnocn Xv VIII/IX, IX/X, dorsal Close IX—XIIL XI 70-90 3-6 Brown H. tetraedrus hercynius XXIV, XXVorXXVI-XXXII/|XXVIII-XXX, XXXI ].............. XV IX/X, X/XI, dorsal Close IX-XII XI 80-110 | 6-13 |Brown and buff (bands) /|H. foetidus XXV, XXVI-XXXII BROPIREN ONERU ) |I/snresoroje nice eieee Xv IX/X, X/XI, dorsal Close TX-XII XI 120-150 | 3-8 Pale red H. roseus XXVII-XXXIV ). 2.6. >.0.0.0 00 1 SSS SUS SeaeeEn xv IX/X, X/XI Close [X-XII XI 105-240 | 6-17 |Brown-red H. caliginosus trapezoides XXVI-XXXI PRGROMIENT MORONS Vu sie nieve cinlecieie oie XV IX/X, X/XI Wide [X, XI, XII XI 60-110 | 4-7 Red H. subrubicundus XXVI-XXXI XXIX-XXX (indistinct)|.............. XV None Wide XI, XII XI 90-105 | 4-7 |Red is tenuis XXTI-XXXIT None eists/otais/ota a XV None Close XT, XT XI 98-122 | 6-9 Rose-red H. longicinctus XXVIO-XXxXVI OU sf fotiea so) weiss, > 2,10 XV None Close XI, XII XI eas 10-14 |Chestnut-brown . H. zeteki XXTI-XXIX Ft) = a, ee 8) eres Sefelsis ies é xv None Close XI, XII XI 105-115 | 5-8 =|Brown-red H. gieseleri hempeli XXX-XXKV XXXI-XXXIV Pepe. | XV IX/X, X/XI Wide | IX—XII XI 100-165 | 5-16 |Pink and blue-gray Octolasium lacteum XXXTI-XXXVIL XXXIII-XXXVI Peers XV felLs/X,, X/XI Close, at ," ; } , middle | IX, XI, XII XI 110-180 |10-80 |Brown-violet Lumbricus terrestris septa serve this purpose. Not infrequently, and especially in the an- terior part of the worm, there is a considerable lack of correspondence in the external and internal boundaries of somites thus indicated. Septa and intersegmental grooves for any two somites are repre- sented by the same formula—for example, V/VI—the context show- ing which is meant. In all of our species except a few found in green- houses there are but eight sete per somite, and these are more com- monly arranged in pairs. It is customary to indicate the sete of either side by the use of the letters a, b, c, and d, the ventral-most seta being designated by a, the next by b, the next by c, and the dorsal- most one by d. If the distances ab and cd are less than one third of the distance bc, the setz are said to be closely paired, and if otherwise, they are widely paired. The clitellum may be incomplete ventrally or, in some species of Diplocardia, it may be nearly as thick on the ven- tral surface as elsewhere. In the accompanying table the former con- dition is denoted by the term saddle and the latter by cingulum. Tu- bercula pubertatis are glandular ridges closely associated with the ventral edges of the clitellum on some of its somites. The spermathece are pouches which open to the exterior and receive sperm cells from another individual. They are the same as the seminal receptacles mentioned in many text-books. The sperm sacs open into the cavity of X or XI and store temporarily the sperm cells produced in those somites. Each sperm sac lies in a somite ad- jacent to the one into which it opens. These organs are often called seminal vesicles in the text-books. The prostate glands are not found in the Lumbricide and hence are not ordinarily mentioned in the text- books. They are large glands more or less closely associated with the external openings of the sperm ducts, and in indigenous Illinois spe- cies open separately (prostate pores) from them on neighboring so- mites. The foregoing key includes all but two of the described species of which representatives have been collected in Illinois, and gives the main characters necessary for their identification. Because of the large number of species in the genus Pheretima and the consequent difficulty in determining them, P. heterochacta and P. hawayana are not included in the key. Additional matter concerning distribution and habitats is included in the following text, as are also, in brackets, citations to descriptions of most of the species. Diplocardia riparia Smith (Pl. XLI, Fig. 1o-12).—[Smith, ’95a: 138.] Abundant in the rich soil of the bottom-land forests of the Illi- nois and the Kaskaskia rivers. 556 Diplocardia communis Garman.—[Garman, ’88:47.] The first species of the genus to be described. It differs from its congeners in having a double dorsal vessel extending throughout the greater part of the length of the body. Abundant in the prairie soil of central Illinois. Nothing is known of the limits to its range. Diplocardia singularis (Ude).—[Ude, ’95: 129.| Common in the soil of the upland regions of east-central [linois. Diplocardia singularis fluviatilis n. var. (Pl. XLI, Fig. 4.) —Abun- dant in the soil of the bottom-land forests at the junction of the IIli- nois and Spoon rivers. Diplocardia verrucosa Ude (Pl. XLI, Fig. 13).—[Ude, ’95: 133.] Described from specimens collected at Omaha, Nebraska. Abun- dant in the soil of the bottom-land forests of the Illinois and Kas- kaskia rivers. Sparganophilus eiseni Smith (Pl. XLI, Fig. 6-9).—[Smith, ’95a: 142.] An aquatic species which is abundant in the mud of the bottom and margins of many rivers and lakes east of the Mississippi River. Helodrilus tetraedrus (Savigny) and H. t. hercynius (Michael- sen).—[Michaelsen, ’00: 471-473.] Amphibious, and widely dis- tributed throughout the United States and in many other parts of the world. Helodrilus foetidus (Savigny ).—[Michaelsen, ’00: 475.] A con- spicuously transversely banded species of nearly world-wide distri- bution where Europeans have settled, and especially abundant in com- post heaps and barnyards. Helodrilus roseus (Savigny ).—[Michaelsen, ’oo: 478.] An abun- dant, widely distributed species which lives in soil. It usually has conspicuous papillz associated with some of the setae bundles of IX and X. Helodrilus caliginosus trapezoides (Dugés), Pl. XLI, Fig. 14 and 15.—[Michaelsen, ’00: 483.] The most abundant species in the long-settled parts of the United States, and found almost universally where Europeans have settled. It is easily recognized by the con- spicuous glandular pads associated with the ventral sete of IX—XI, XXVIII, XXX, and XXXII-XXXIV. Helodrilus subrubicundus (Eisen).—[Michaelsen, ’00 : 490.] This species is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, and in other parts of the world where Europeans have settled. In Illinois, specimens have most frequently been found in situations subject to sewage contamination. Helodrilus tenuis (Eisen).—This species was named in 1874 by Eisen, who described only the external characters. These are insuffi- cient to fix the identity of the species. An examination of specimens 557 of the original material given by Dr. Eisen to the United States National Museum shows that the internal organization is the same as that described for H. constrictus (Rosa). It is abundant and widely distributed in the United States, including Alaska. It is most com- monly found under the bark of fallen timber and in leaf mold. Heledrilus longicinctus Smith and Gittins [715 :548].—Common in the soil of lawns and parkings at Urbana, Illinois. Nothing is yet known of its further distribution. Helodrilus zeteki Smith and Gittins [’15 : 545 ].—Common in and under decaying logs in central [linois and northern Michigan, and probably has a quite extensive range east of the Mississippi River. Helodrilus gieseleri hempeli n. var. (Pl. XLI, Fig. 1-3).—Most commonly taken under the bark of fallen timber. Found in central Illinois. a Octolasium lacteum Orley (Pl. XLI, Fig. 16 and 17).—[ Michael- sen, 00: 506.] Very abundant in the soil of many cultivated regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and in other places where Europeans have settled. Lumbricus terrestris L,., Miller.—[Michaelsen, ’00:511.] This is the species most commonly described in text-books. It occurs throughout Europe and the northern part of the United States. In the Eastern United States it is abundant as far south as Washington, D.C. Its distribution in Illinois is apparently local, and is due, chiefly if not altogether, to its introduction by white settlers. Its large size, strongly flattened posterior end, marked coloration, and the distinctive position of the clitellum readily distinguish this species from other Illinois earthworms. Pheretima heterochaeta (Michaelsen).—This species has been collected in a greenhouse at Urbana. It is found in open fields in several of the Gulf States, and is very widely distributed in the warmer parts of the world. In common with other species of the genus it has numerous setee per somite, and it differs from most of them in having the ventral setae much larger than the other sete and the spaces be- tween them somewhat greater. Pheretima hawayana (Rosa).—Under the name of Pericheta bermudensis, this species is reported by Harper (’05: 18) as occurring in a greenhouse at Evanston, Illinois. Helodrilus longus (Ude), H. chloroticus (Savigny), H. parvus (Eisen), and Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister have been collected in adjacent states and their occurrence in Illinois seems probable. Urbana, [llinois, August 5, 1915. 558 LITERATURE CITED Garman, H. 88. On the Anatomy and Histology of a New Earthworm (Diplocardia communis, gen. et sp. nov.). Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., 3: 47-77. 5 pl. Harper, FE. H. ’o5. Reactions to Light and Mechanical Stimuli in the Earth- worm, Perichzeta bermudensis (Beddard). Biol. Bull., 10: 17— 34- Michaelsen, W. ‘oo. Oligochaeta. Das Tierreich, 10 Lief. XXIX+575 pp., 13 fig. Berlin. Smith, F. ‘95a. A Preliminary Account of two New Oligocheta from IIli- nois. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., 4: 138-148. ’95b. Notes on Species of North American Oligocheta. Bull. Til. State Lab. Nat. Hist., 4: 285-297. oo. Notes on Species of North American Oligocheta. III. List of Species found in Illinois, and Descriptions of Illinois Tue bificidz. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., 5: 441-458. 2 pl. Smith, F., and Gittins, M. E. 15. Two New Species of Lumbricide from Illinois. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., 10: 545-550. Ude, H. ‘95. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Enchytraeiden und Lumbriciden. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., 61: 111-141. 1 pl. EXPLANATION OF PLATE* PuaTe XLI Helodrilus gieseleri hempeli Fie. 1. Dorsal view. Fie. 2. Ventral view of anterior end. Fia. 3. Cocoon. Diplocardia singularis fluviatilis Fie. 4. Dorsal view. *All figures of natural size, and from drawings by Lydia M. Hart (Green). 559 Diplocardia eiseni* Fie. 5. Dorsal view. Sparganophilus eiseni Fie. 6. Dorsal view. Fig. 7. Ventral view of anterior end. Fig. 8 & 9. Cocoons. Diplocardia riparia Fig. 10. Dorsal view. Fig. 11. Ventral view of anterior end. Fig. 12. Cocoon. Diplocardia verrucosa Fig. 13. Dorsal view. Helodrilus caliginosus trapezoides Fic. 14. Dorsal view. Fig. 15. Ventral view of anterior end. Octolasium lacteum Fie. 16. Dorsal view of small specimen, showing ordinary appearance. Fig. 17. Dorsal view of large specimen which has been freed from earthy matter in the intestine. * fhe drawings from which this plate was made, were originally intended for a paper of some- what different scope, but this figure of a Florida speciesis incluaed, since Michaelsen’s description of it (1894) was not illustrated. The species is not known to occur in Illinois. Kaa oe Warr nee aah Py ‘ ‘ ¥ * ~ ‘ . ~ - . . 5 : : © . @> BULLETIN: OF THE ILLINOIS STATE LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY URBANA, ILLINOIS, U.S. A. WOL. x. DECEMBER, 1915 CONTENTS AND INDEX $913—1915 ERRATA Page 40, line 7 from bottom, page 60, line 8 from bottom, page 85, last line, and page 86, line 11 from bottom. for chamechrista read chameccrista. Page 71, line 2 from bottom, for Tetraophthalmus, read Tetraopes. Page 75, line 3 (second column) below first heading, for Cistudo read Terrapene. Page 76, last line in first list, for brevicaudis read brevicauda. Page 87, line 2 (second column) below first heading, for carisce read cardisce. Page 214, lines 4, 7, and 11 above heading, for flavicingulata read flavicingula. Page 283, line 19 from bottom, for Simulide read Simultide. Page 280, line 7, for Beszia read Probeszia. Page 400, line 23, after p. read 526, Page 531, line 12 from bottom, for dissimilis read nivoriundus. A Abies nigra, II5. Acanthothrips verbasci, 79. Acarina, 17. Acer, 8. dasycarpum, 108. rubrum, I04. Acerates, 59, 84. viridiflora, 84. lanceolata, &4. Acheta, 124. Acmezodera pulchella, 41, 71. tubulus, 41. Acridiide, 19-25, 72, 76, 88. Acridiinz, 20. Adalia bipunctata, 39. Adelphocoris, 27. rapidus, 27, 70, 79. Agallia sanguinolenta, 26, 70. Agapostemon splendens, 59, 71. Ageneotettix deorum, 20, 72. Agonoderus pallipes, 36. Alder, 115, 116. Algz, 286, 459, 462. Alisma, 267. Almond, 113. Alnus rubra, 116. Alum-root, 109. Alydus conspersus, 28. eurinus, 28. pilosulus, 28. pluto, 28. setosus, 28. spp., 28, 75, 84, 87. Amara cupreolata, 35, 73. Amaranthus, 49. Amblyderus pallens, 51. Amblystoma tigrinum, 60, 79. Ambrosia, 47. INDEX Ambrosia—continued. bidentata, 23. psilostachya, 30, 60, 85, 108. trifida, 108. Ambush bug, 27. Amorpha canescens, 69. Amphibia, 60. Amphitornus bicolor, 21, 70. Anatopynia, 364, 306. Andropogon furcatus, 60, 80. scoparius, 69, 80. SPP., 5. Anidodactylus baltimorensis, 37. discoideus, 37. rusticus, 37, 44, 73, 87- Anomala binotata, 45. lucicola, 45, 70. Anoplius, 58. marginatus, 58. Spp., 75, 87. tropicus, 58. Ant, Sand, 56. Ant-lions, 72. Antennaria, 69. Anthicide, 50. Anthicus cervinus, 51. Anthomyiide, 56, 240, 242. Anthothrips verbasci, 25. Anthrax spp., 55, 76, 86. Ants, 41, 44, 50, 56, 57- Apanteles thecle, 56, 76. Apantesis, sp., 53, 70. Aphidide, 70, 73, 86, 97, 121. Aphis, 101, 102. amygdali, 113. apocyni, 99, 105, I12. avene, 108. brassice, I12. carduella, 113. 562 Aphis—continued. caryella, 120. cephalanthi, 100, 112. cerasifoliz, 104, I12. circezandis, 112. coreopsidis, 109. cornifolie, 113. crategifoliz, 113. diospyri, 112. fumipennella, 120. gossypii, 106. hyperici, 114. illinoisensis, 108. impatientis, 112. lonicerz, IOI, 102, 113. maculella, 120. maidi-radicis, 112. maidis, 112, mali, 111. malifoliz, 111. marginella, 120. medicaginis, 113. middletonii, 113. nerii, 112. persice, 113. pinicolens, 113. populifoliz, 113. pruni, 98, 103, 111. prunifoliz, 98, 103. punctatella, 120. quercifoliz, 111. rumicis, III. salicicola, 109. sambuci, 113. sambucifoliz, 113. setariz, 100, 108. Spp., 100, 106, 112. symphoricarpa, 112. vernoniz, 112, viburni, 98, 112. viburnicola, 98. Aphis-lions, 18. Aphodius fimetarius, 43, 44. inquinatus, 44, 87. spp., 78. terminalis, 44, 87. INDEX Apis mellifera, 60, 71, 79. Apocynum, 28, 47. cannabinum, 72, I12. Apple, 111, 116. Araneina, I5. Arctiids, 53. Aristida, 88. tuberculosa, 9, 86. Arphia sulphurea, 21. xanthoptera, 21. Artemisia caudata, 5. Asilide, 17, 55, 74, 87. Asclepias, 47. cornuti, I09. phytolaccoides, 47. Spp., 71. syriaca, 28, 47. Ash, 104, 117. Aspen, II7. Aster, 52, 56, 58, 59, 60, 113. linariifolius, 609. sericeus, 60. Astragalinus tristis, 81. Attidz, sp., 16. Atrichopogon, 294. Augochlora humeralis, 59, 71. Aves, 62-65. B Bacteria, 10, 256. Bacunculus blatchleyi, 8r. Balm of Gilead, 114. Balsam-poplar, 117, 118. Baptisia bracteata, 60. Barberry, III. Barilepton filiforme, 52. Bark-lice, 30, 103. Bat, 304. Bats, 66, 74. Batyle suturalis, 46, 71, 78. Beech, 12, 116. Bees, 57, 60. leaf-cutting, 6c. solitary, 59, 60. Beetles, 16, 50, 62, 77. flower-, 38. ladybird, 27, 30. INDEX 563 Beetles—continued. predaceous, 10, 31. scavenger, 40, 42. Benhamia, 138. Berula erecta, 10. Bezzia, 216, 204, 324, 345, 351, 352, 530, 537- albidorsata, 346, 349-350. apicata, 346, 348. barberi, 346, 348. cockerelli, 345, 346-347. dentata, 346, 347, 349. expolita, 351. flavitarsis, 345, 347. johnsoni, 346, 349. media, 345, 348, 350. pruinosa, 345, 348. pulverea, 346, 348. punctipennis, 345, 346. setipes, 346, 349. setulosa, 216, 346, 350-351. varicolor, 345, 348. venustula, 345, 347. Bibionide, 234, 236. Bill-bugs, 52. Bimastus, 545, 549. Biota, 13. Birds, 3, 4, 19, 32, marsh, 3. sand-prairie, 68. Blackberry, 100, 115. Blapstinus interruptus, 50, 73. Blarina brevicauda, 66, 76 (see Errata). Blattidz, 19. Blepharida rhois, 30, 49, 71, 73. Blister-beetle, Black, 42. Blister-beetles, 51. Blood-worms, 277, 286, 362, 473, 534- Blow-snake, 61, 84. Bluebird, 65. Bob-white, 63. Bombias auricomus, 60, 71. Bombus, sp., 86. virginicus, 60, 71. Bombyliidz, 32, 55, 71, 77, 87- Borers, 4T. 2-65, 66, 67, 282. 300, 461, Bouteloua, 5, 60. hirsuta, 609. Box-elder, 113. Box-turtle, 62. Brachynemurus irregularis, 18. Brillia, 401, 497. Broom, I10.« Brown Thrasher, 64. Bruchide, 49. Bruchus arenarius, 50. cruentatus, 409, 86. Bryodrilus, 124, 125, 126, 174, 175. Buchholzia, 124, 126. Buchloe, 5. Bufo lentiginosus americanus, 44, 61, 70. Bumblebee, 60. Buprestids, 41. Buteo platypterus, 63, 78. Butterfly, Milkweed, 52. Buttonbush, 112. Cc Cabbage, 112. Cacalia, 27. atriplicifolia, 27, 30, 50, 7I. Cactus, I2, 17, 28, 30, 30, 45. Prickly-pear, 48. Calathus opaculus, 35, 75. Calligrapha similis, 48, 70. Callipterus bellus, 103, 114. betulz, 114. betulecolens, 114. castanee, I14. discolor, 104. mucidus, 120. punctatus, 98, 104. quercifolii, 98, 90, 105, 114. ulmicola, 99, 104, 105, I14. ulmifolii, 99, 104, 114. Callosamia promethea, 53. Calocoris rapidus, 27. Calopteron reticulatum, 41, 75. Campeloma integrum, 14. Camptocladius, 399, 401, 507-508, 514, 521, 536, 537- aterrimus, 508, 5I0—-5II. byssinus, 508, 500-510. flavens, 508, 5II, 515. 564 INDEX Camptocladius—continued. flavibasis, 508, 511-512, 528. fumidus, 511. graminicola, 511. lasiophthalmus, 507, 509. lasiops, 507, 508, 500. subaterrimus, 508, 510, 52. Campylacantha olivacea, 23, 70. Canthon, 43. levis, 43, 78. nigricornis, 42, 78. vigilans, 43, 78. Capsid, 27. Carabide, 32, 35-38, 76. Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis, 64, 78. Cardiophorus cardisce, 41, 57, ‘73, 87 (see Errata). cardisce, var., 4I. Carya alba, 118, I19. amara, II. glabra, 119. porcina, 114. Cassia, I5, 17, 27, 28, 20, 30, 30, 58, 59, 84. chamecrista, 49, 69, 85, 86 (see Er- rata). Caterpillars, 35, 53, 56, 58, 63. Ceanothus, 46, 50. americanus, 41, 60. Cecidomyiide, 236. Cedar, Dwarf, 20. Cenchrus, 9, 59, 88. carolinianus, 86. Centipedes, 14. Centrinus picumnus, 52. Cephalanthus, 100. occidentalis, 112. Cerambycide, 46. Cerasus vulgaris, 110. Ceratolophus, 332. femoratus, 332. Ceratophyllum, 450. Ceratopogon, 292, 293, 204, 205, 304, 305, 312, 536, 537. albarius, 228, 335. albiventris, 356. antennalis, 343. Ceratopogon—continued. arcticus, 343. argentatus, 334. barberi, 348. bimaculatus, 227, 333. bivittatus, 357. brumalis, 316. caudelli, 231, 337- ciliatus, 316. cilipes, 314. cinctus, 3II. curriei, 322. dimidiatus, 333. diversus, 344. elegans, 356. elegantulus, 359. eques, 304. expolitus, 351. femoratus, 331. festivus, 361. flaviceps, 232, 337. flavipes, 330. flavoniger, 358. fusculus, 294, 205, 305-307, 314. fusinervis, 305, 308, 309. gibber, 357. gilvus, 343. glaber, 355. guttipennis, 299. inermis, 359. johnsoni, 349. levis, 305, 307-308. longipennis, 323. magnus, 338. medius, 348. mutabilis, 310. nebulosus, 340. nubifer, 323. opacus, 357. pachymerus, 355. peregrinus, 305, 308-300. pergandei, 3109. pictus, 339, 341. pilosus, 317. plebius, 327. politus, 335. pruinosus, 348. INDEX Ceratopogon—continued. pulvereus, 348. punctipennis, 346. rufus, 325. sanguisuga, 301. scaber, 321. schwarzi, 323. setipes, 340. setulosus, 350. slossone, 324. smithii, 357. specularis, 316. squamipes, 315. stellifer, 300. stigmalis, 338. subasper, 321. terminalis, 353. tibialis, 321. trivialis, 320. varicolor, 348. varipennis, 297. venustulus, 347. viridis, 342. Ceratopogonine, 216, 225, 226, 275, 276, 277, 278, 270, 281, 284, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290-361, 536, 537, 538. Cerceris clypeata, 50. fumipennis, 59. SPP., 75- venator, 59. Ceropalide, 58. Cerosipha rubifolii, 115. Cestodes, 77. Ceuthophili, 25. Ceuthophilus sp., 25, 73, 77. Chetura pelagica, 74. Chaitophorus, IoI, 102. candicans, II4. lonicera, IOI, I13. negundinis, IOI, IT3. pinicolens, 113. populi, 115. populicola, 113. quercicola, 98, 99, 105, 114. salicicola, 114. sp., II5. spinosus, I05. Chaitophorus—continued. viminalis, I14. Chalcodermus collaris, 52, 71. Chameedrilus, 124. Chariesterus antennator, 20, 71. Chasmatonotus, 401, 490, 536, 537- bimaculatus, 499. fascipennis, 499. hyalinus, 499. unimaculatus, 499. univittatus, 499. Chauliognathus, 51. pennsylvanicus, 42, 71. Chenopodium, 49. Chermes abieticolens, 118. laricifoliz, 118. pinifoliz, 118. Cherry, IIo. Choke, 104, 112. Chestnut, I14. Chilocorus bivulnerus, 30, 74. Chilopoda, 14. Chirodrilus, 124. Chironomide, 54, 79, 184, 203, 213-233, 275-543. Chironomine, 275, 277, 278, 279, 286, 287, 288, 280, 200, 291, 361, 362, 308-534, 536, 537, 538. Chironomus, 213, 275, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286, 289, 290, 362, 363, 390, 400, 401, 410, 414-425, 441, 445, 451, 483, 484, 485, 500, 536, 537- abbreviatus, 420, 442, 451-452, 479. abdominalis, 443. aberrans, 421, 422, 436, 455-456. abortivus, 421, 422, 465. zqualis, 414. albipennis, 435. albistria, 464. alboviridis, 425, 482-483. annularis, 443. aterrimus, 510. barbipes, 418, 419, 436-437. basalis, 419, 441. bicinctus, 505. brachialis, 416, 426. byssinus, 509. 566 INDEX Chironomus—continued. Chironomus—continued. claripennis, 418, 420, 430. compes, 213, 433. crassicaudatus, 421, 444, 453-454. cristatus, 425, 481. curtilamellatus, 424, 474-475. decorus, 402, 405, 406, 418, 423, 425, 437, 439, 443, 445, 446, 457, 458, 459, 461, 472-473, 481, 482. devinctus, 214, 417, 433-434. digitatus, 402, 407, 425, 483-484, 520, 530. dimorphus, 419, 421, 464-465. dorneri, 423, 471. dorsalis, 281, 404, 461. dux, 402, 406, 470. fallax, 418, 419, 434, 435, 436, 455. fascipes, 455, 450. fasciventris, 418, 419, 438-439, 443. ferrugineovittatus, 213, 214-215, 402, 406, 415, 420, 444, 445, 446-447, 448, 453, 534- festivus, 423, 451, 452, 470-471, 484. flavellus, 490. flavicingula, 214, (see Errata), 402, 407, 415, 417, 432-433. flavus, 405, 407, 424, 425, 474, 475, 535. frequens, 420, 422, 452. fulviventris, 404, 407, 451. fulvus, 406, 424, 425, 474, 478-479, 530 fusicornis, 422, 423, 466-467. fusciventris, 421, 465-466, 490. griseopunctatus, 416, 427, 428-420. griseus, 423, 468-460. halteralis, 422, 423, 467-468. harti, 422, 457. hyperboreus, 439. illinoensis, 423, 425, 471-472. decoloratus, 472. incognitus, 424, 480-481. indistinctus, 406, 424, 425, 475, 476, 477-478. lineatus, 470, 471. lineola, 470, 471. lobifer, 430. lobiferus, 284, 402, 403, 406, 417, 430, 432, 438, 461, 535. maturus, 423, 438, 430, 469. modestus, 415, 424, 425, 475, 476-477, 535. nevus, 433. nanus, 498. needhami, 416, 428, 420. neomodestus, 424, 475-476. nephopterus, 417, 429-430. nigricans, 405, 408, 418, 410, 434-435, 436. nigrohalteralis, 418, 419, 440. nigrovittatus, 421, 422, 456-457. nitidellus, 422, 423, 468. niveipennis, 432, 438. nivoriundus, 525. obscuratus, 424, 425, 479-480. octopunctatus, 416, 427, 538. palliatus, 407, 419, 441-443. pallidus, 421, 422, 454-455. parvilamellatus, 421, 424, 479. pedellus, 418, 419, 436. perpulcher, 416, 4209. plumosus, 214, 402, 406, 415, 420, 446, 447-449, 454. prasinus, 481. pseudoviridis, 401, 414, 420, 421, 440, 450-451. pulchripennis, 416, 429. pusio, 490. quadripunctatus, 418, 437. riparius, 419, 443. scalenus, 428. serus, 425, 473, 481-482. similis, 424, 425, 481. sp. A, 406, 520. sp. B, 403, 520. sp. C, 402, 407, 479, 484, 520. stigmaterus, 420, 422, 453, 454. subzequalis, joo, 418, 440-441. sylvestris, 505. teniapennis, 417, 420, 430. tenellus, 402, 406. tentans, 402, 406, 420, 443-445, 447, 457, 472, 473, 534. pallidivittatus, 445. tenuicaudatus, 406, 415, 424, 425, 475. INDEX 567 Chironomus—continued. tenuis, 491. trifasciatus, 402, 503. utahensis, 418, 438, 460. varipennis, 416, 427. vernalis, 443. viridicollis, 281, 402, 406, 415, 421, 422, 445, 457-463, 473, 505, 534, 535. viridipes, 443. viridis, 407, 420, 422, 440-450, 451. zonulus, 443. Chiroptera, 74. Chondestes grammacus grammacus, 64, 72, 75. Chordeiles virginianus virginianus, 74. Chortophaga viridifasciata, 21. Chrysochus auratus, 28, 47, 72. Chrysomela auripennis, 48. Chrysomelidz, 30, 47, 49, 73. Chrysopa oculata, 18, 75. Chrysops callidus, 55. Chrysopsis, 5, 30, 41, 47. villosa, 46, 69. Chrysotus, 236, 238. acutus, 239. affinis, 237. anomalus, 238-220. choricus, 237. ciliatus, 236-237. flavisetus, 237, 239-240. obliquus, 237. spinifer, 238. Chytridz, 282. Cicada, 26. Cicadide, 26. Cichorium, 120. . Cicindela, 31. cuprascens, 34. 12-guttata, 33. repanda, 33. formosa generosa, 32, 33, 34, 75, 87. lepida, 34, 84, 85. punctulata, 34. purpurea, 31. scutellaris lecontei, 33, 34, 75, 87. sexguttata, 34. SPP., 75- Cicindela—continued. tranquebarica, 33. vulgaris, 33. Cicindelide, 31-35, 84. Cirsium altissimum, 113. Citellus franklini 65. Spp., 73. tridecemlineatus, 65. Clerid, 42. Clinotanypus, 301. Clover, Red, 45. Clunionariz, 400. Cnemidophorus, 76, 84. sexlineata, 32, 61, 75, 87. Coccide, 70. Coccinella 9-notata, 27, 30, 79, 87. Coccinellidz, 30, 75. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, 63, 78. Cockroaches, 31. Ceelotanypus, 364, 306, 536. humeralis, 396. tricolor, 396-307. Coffee-tree, 50. Coleoptera, 31-52, 71. Colinus virginianus virginianus, 63, 72, 75: Collembola, 17, 184, 203. Colopha ulmicola, 98, 103, 117. Composite, 38. Conocephalus robustus, 25, 70, 86. Copris, 43. carolina, 43, 78. Cordyla, 234. Coreide, 28. Coreopsis aristosa, 109. Corethra, 363. Corimelena ciliata, 30. Corimelenide, 31. Corizus, sp., 28. Corn, 41, 57, I12, 115. -field Ant, 245. Root-aphis, 245. Cornus, 46, 50. paniculata, 113. Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos, 63, 78. Cottontail, 66, 72. 568 INDEX Cottonwood, 48, I17. Corynoneura, 400, 413, 536, 537. atra, 413. celeripes, 413. similis, 413-414. Cosmopepla carnifex, 20. Cotalpa lanigera, 45. Crab-spider, 15. Crambus sp., 54, 70. haytiellus, 54. Cratacanthus dubius, 36. Crategus punctata, 113. Crickets, 59. Cricotopus, 283, 284, 363, 401, 436, 437. 485, 501-502, 513, 514, 532, 533. bicinctus, 502, 505. exilis, 404, 410. flavibasis, 502-503, 505, 506. slosson, 502, 506-507. sylvestris, 502, 505-500. trifasciatus, 281, 402, 400, 502, 503- 505, 533. varipes, 403, 409, 506, 507. Cristatella jamesii, 86. Croton glandulosus septentrionalis, 69, 86. Crotonopsis linearis, 86. Crow, 63. Cryptoleon signatum, 18. Cuckoo, Black-billed, 63. Culicide, 275, 276, 283, 286, 363. Culicoides, 276, 278, 287, 288, 203, 205- 206, 309, 536, 537. crepuscularis, 296, 207, 302, 303-304. guttipennis, 296, 299-300, 301. hzmatopotus, 296, 301, 302-303. hieroglyphicus, 296, 297. multipunctatus, 296-297. phlebotomus, 303. pulicaris, 275, 205, 299. sanguisugus, 206, 297, 299, 300, 30I- 302. spp., 216. stellifer, 296, 300-301, 303. varipennis, 292, 296, 297-200, 302. Currant, Red, IIo. Cutworms, 44, 53, 56. Cyanospiza cyanea, 81. Cycloloma atriplicifolia, 86. Cydnus obliquus, 30, 73. Cyperus schweinitzii, 69, 8o. Cypress, 228. D Dactylocladius, 513, 526. albidohalteralis, 526, 527, 528. brevinervis, 526, 528. pleuralis, 526, 527. Danais plexippus, 52, 70, 71. Datura, 267. Dectes spinosus, 47, 71. Deer-flies, 55. Dermestes caninus, 40, 77. vulpinus, 40, 77. Dermestide, 40. Dewberry, 45. Diabrotica 12-punctata, 48. longicornis, 49, 70. SPP., 79. vittata, 48. Diacrisia virginica, 53, 70. Diamesa, 287, 398, 400, 410, 536, 537. waltlii, 361, 396, 403, 408, 410-411. Diaphorus, 236, 238. simplex, 238. Diatoms, 286, 459. Dickcissel, 64. Digger-bees, 59. Diospyros virginiana, 112. Diplocardia, 555. communis, 554, 556. riparia, 555. singularis, 554, 556. fluviatilis, "n. var., 553, 556. Sp., 14, 77, 78, 555. verrucosa, 556. Diplocladius, 513. Diplopoda, 14. Diptera, 50, 54-56, 71, 77, 213-243, 396. Disonycha pennsylvanica, 49. 5-vittata, 49. triangularis, 40, 70, 86. Dissosteira carolina, 22. Distichopus, 124, 125. Dixa, 283, 363. INDEX 569 Dock, 52. Dogbane, 105, 112. Dogwood, 113, 117. Dolichopodidz, 236-240. Dove, Mourning, 63. Dragon-flies, 18-10. Drasside, 15, 74. Drassus sp., 15-75. Drasterius elegans, 41, 79. Drepanaphis acerifoliz, 99, 104, 108. Drepanosiphum acerinum, III. quercifolii, 111. Earthworms, 14, 81, 551-559. tabular key to spp. of, 554. Eisenia, 540. Eiseniella, 549. Elateridz, 40, 41, 44, 57, 73. Elderberry, 45. Elm, 104, 105, 114, 116. Red, 118. White, 117. Eleusine indica, 120. Enchenopa binotata, 26. Enchytreide, 123-212. Enchytreine, 177, 178, 203. Enchytrzus, 124, 125, 141-142, 172, 177, 178, 180, 203. alaske, 168, 160, 172. albidus, 142, 169, 171, 176, 177, 178. argenteus, 170. citrinus, 168, 169, 172. dubius, 142, 168, 178. gillettensis, 168, 169, 170-173, 175, 177, 178, 202. indicus, 168, 170, 178. kincaidi, 168, 169. lobatus, 141, 178. marinus, 169. metlakatlensis, 168, 169. mobil, 177. modestus, 168, 169. nodosus, 141 142, 168, 177, 178. sabulosus, 141, 170. saxicola, 168, 1609. socialis, 127. Endive, 120. Entomobrya sp., 17, 77. Epeira stellata, 15, 74. Epeiride, 15. Ephemerida, 17-18, 79. Ephemeridz, 54. Epicauta pennsylvanica, 42, 51, 71. Epicordulia princeps, 74. Epitragus acutus, 50, 71. Eragrostis, 8. pozoides megastachya, 117. trichodes, 88. Erigeron, 45. canadensis, 109, 120. Eriosoma rileyi, 97. ulmi, 97. Eritettix sp., 20, 70. Erotylide, 39. Eryngium yuccifolium, 81. Erythemis simplicicollis, 19, 74. Eubaphe aurantiaca brevicornis, 53. Euceride, 60. Euenchytreus, 124. Eupatorium perfoliatum, 42, 51. Euphorbia corollata, 20, 52, 71, 81, 84, 86. geyeri, 86. maculata, 108. marginata, 108. Euphoria inda, 46, 78. sepulchralis, 46. Eurycnemus, 401, 537. Euryopis funebris, 15, 74. Euschistus variolarius, 29, 70. Eustilbus apicalis, 38. nitidus, 38. Eutanypus, 401. Evergreens, 278, 208, 302, 381. F Fannia latifrons, 240. serena, 242. Feltia subgothica, 53, 70. Fennel, Dog, 45. Fern, 10. Field-mouse, 38, 40, 42, 44. Fireflies, 41. Fitchia aptera, 26. nigrovittata, 26. 570 Flagellate, 76. Fleabane, 109. Flea-beetle, 49. Fleas, 77. Flies, 109. Flower-beetles, 50. Forbesomyia, 234. atra, 235, 236. Forcipomyia, 278, 287, 293, 311-313, 536, 537: albipennis, 312. ambiguus, 311. aurea, 313, 318, 310. brumalis, 294, 295, 316. cilipes, 204, 205, 313, 314-315, 316, 318. pergandei, 295, 312, 313, 317, 318, 3109. concolor, 313, 319. pilosa, 278, 313, 317. specularis, 294, 205, 305, 312, 313, 316- 317. squamipes, 313, 315-316. stenammatus, 204, 205. texanus, 295. wheeleri, 294, 205. Formica pallide-fulva schaufussi, 57, 73, 77- Fraxinus quadrangulata, 117. Fridericia, 124, 125, 130, I5I-153, 175, 179, 180, 202, 203. agilis, 152, 153, 158, 176, 170. agricola, 152, 153, 158, 176, 179. alba, 152, 164. bulbosa, 141, 152, 164. californica, 152, 153. douglasensis, 152, 153, 154-158, 176, 179, 202. firma, 152, 153, 158, 176, 170. fuchsi, 152. harrimani, 152. . johnsoni, 152. longa, 152, 153. macgregori, 152, 153. oconeensis, 152, 153, 159-163, 176, 179, 202. parva, 152, 164. popofiana, 152, 153. santebarbare, 152, 153. INDEX Fridericia—continued. santerose, 152, 153. sima, 152, 163-167, 176, 179, 202. sonora, 152. tenera, 152, 153, 158, 150, 162, 176, 179. Freelichia floridana, 86. Frogs, 3, 61, 66. Fungi, 35, 38, 50, 54. Fungus-gnats, 54. G Galerucella notulata, 48. Galium circzzans, 112. Gastropoda, 14. Genus incertus A (Chironominz), 403, 532. incertus B (Chironomine), 404, 533. incertus C (Chironomine), 403, 533. incertus D (Chironominz), 405, 533. Geocoris, 28. bullatus, 28, 73, 86. | Geolycosa, 16. Geomys bursarius, 65, 73. Geopinus incrassatus, 36, 76, 87. Geotrupes opacus, 44, 78. Gerardia tenuifolia, 109. Glyphina eragrostidis, 117. ulmicola, 117. Goldenrod, 108. Goldfinch, 8r. Gonia frontosa, 56, 76. Gooseberry, IIo. Gophers (see Pocket-gophers). Grania, 124. Grape, 104, 108, 118. Wild, 45, 47. Graphops nebulosus, 48. Grass, Bottle or Foxtail, 108. Cockscomb, 108. -eaters, 68. Foxtail or Bottle, 108. Grasses, 12, 68, 117, Grasshoppers, 17, 19, 51, 55, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 72, 77, 80, 89. Gregarine, 76. Ground-beetles, 35-38. Grouse-locusts, 20. INDEX Gryllus abbreviatus, 25, 75- pennsylvanicus, 77. Gymnetron teter, 52, 79. H Hackberry, 3. Halictide, 59. Halictus pilosus, 59. Haltica fuscoznea, 49, 7I. Harpalini, sp. nov., 37, 73; 87. Harpalus caliginosus, 36, 44, 73- erraticus, 37. herbivagus, 37. spp., 73, 87- testaceus, 37- Hartomyia, 204, 332, 330-340, 536, 537. | antennalis, 339, 340, 343-344- arctica, 333, 340, 343. diversa, 340, 344, 345. gilva, 340, 343. nebulosa, 340. pallidiventris, 340, 344-345. picta, 339, 340, 341-342. viridis, 340, 342. Harvestman, I5. Haw, Black, 40. Hawk, Broad-winged, 63. Marsh, 63. Red-tailed, 63. Hazelnut, 41. Hedychrum obsoletum, 58. Helobia punctipennis, 54. Helodrilus, 545, 549. beddardi, 549, 550. caliginosus trapezoides, 556. chloroticus, 557- constrictus, 557- foetidus, 556. gieseleri, 551, 553- hempeli, n. var., 551-553, 557- longicinctus, n. sp., 548, 549, 550, 557. longus, 557. parvus, 550, 557- roseus, 556. subrubicundus, 184, 203, 556. tenuis, 556. tetraedrus, 556. hercynius, 556. ou ~! ray Helodrilus—continued. zeteki, n. sp., 545, 548, 549, 557- | Hemiptera, 26-31. | Henlea, 124, 125, 126-128, 175. californica, 127, 128, 138. helenz, 127, 128. monticola, 127, 128. dorsalis, 120. ehrhorni, 127, 138. gemmata, 129. guatemale, 127, 128, 138. lefroyi, 126. leptodera, 136, 138. moderata, 127, 128-134, 135, 138, 175) 176, 202. nasuta, 138. ochracea, 129. puteana, 126. scharffi, 126, 127. urbanensis, 127, 128, 134-140, 175, 176, 202. | ventriculosa, 127, 138. | Hepatogaster, 124. Heterodon nasicus, 61, 75, 87. platirhinos, 61. simus, 61. Heteromyia, 360-361. aldrichi, 325, 326. clavata, 325, 360, 361. cressoni, 325, 327-328. fasciata, 325, 300. festiva, 325, 360, 361, 536, 537: flavipes, 325, 329, 330-331. hirta, 325, 329, 330. opacithorax, 325, 329. plebeia, 325, 327- pratti, 325, 360, 361. rufa, 319, 325, 326. tenuicornis, 325, 328. trivialis, 310, 325, 329. Heuchera hispida, 105, 109. Hexagenia bilineata, 17. variabilis, 18. Hickory, 3, 118, 120. Bitternut, 110. Pignut, 114, 110. Shagbark, 118. 216, 217, 204, 324-325, 572 Hippiscus haldemanii, 21, 22. pheenicopterus, 21, 22, rugosus, 22. tuberculatus, 21, 22, Spp., 72. Hippodamia glacialis, 30. Hippodamia parenthesis, 39, 74, 87. Hirmocystis rigida, 76. Hirundinide, 74. Hister biplagiatus, 40, 57, 75, 87. Histeride, 40, 76. Honey-bee, 60. Honeysuckle, 113. Hop, 110. -tree, 26. Hordeum, 260. vulgare, 260. Horse-flies, 54. Hyadaphis pastinaces, III. Hyalopterus aquilege [aquilegiz], 11 aquilegiz-flavus, III. arundinis, III. pruni, III. Hydrenchytreus, 124. Hymenarcys nervosa, 20, 74. Hymenoptera, 56-60, 77, 275, 280. Hypericum prolificum, 114. I Impatiens, 267. fulva, 112. Indigo Bunting, 81. Insecta, I, 3, 9, 26, 27, 31, 35, 36, 46, 58, 63, 64, 66, 282. Invertebrata, 3. Ironweed, I12, 113. Ischnoptera, 10, 77, 78. inzequalis, 19. Ischnura verticalis, 18, 74. Isotoma sp., 184, 203. Ivy, German, III. ; J Jassidz, 86. Johannseniella, 216, 226, 227, 332. albaria, 225, 226, 228-230, 232, 335. antennalis, 227, 343. arctica, 227, 232-233, 343. argentata, 226, 334. a INDEX | Johannseniella—continued. bimaculata, 226, 227-228, 333. caudelli, 227, 231-232, 337. dimidiata, 226, 333. diversa, 227, 344. flavidula, 225, 227, 230-231, 335. gilva, 227, 343. lacteipennis, 232-233. magna, 227, 232, 338. magnipennis, 232, 335. nebulosa, 226, 340. polita, 227, 335. stigmalis, 227, 338. viridis, 227, 342. Johannsenomyia, 204, 324, 332-333, 339, 343- equalis, 333, 336, 337, 536, 537. albaria, 332, 335. argentata, 332, 334. bimaculata, 332, 333. caudelli, 292, 333, 336, 337, 339. dimidiata, 332, 333. flavidula, 292, 332, 335. halteralis, 333, 338. macroneura, 333, 337-338. magna, 333, 338. polita, 333, 335, 336. stigmalis, 333, 338. Juniper, 278. Juniperus sabina, 29. K Katydids, 24. Kingbird, 63, 74. Knotweed, rIc9. Keeleria cristata, 68, 80. Kuhnia, 27, 29, 30, 56. L Lace-winged fly, 18. Lachnosterna implicita, 45, 70. micans, 44, 70. prunina, 44, 70. Lachnus abietis, 115. alnifoliz, 115. carye, II4. dentatus, 114. Lachnus—continued. laricifex, 115. longistigma, 115. populi, 115. quercifoliz, 115. salicelis, 115. saliciola, 114. strobi, 115, 116. ulmi, IIS. INDEX 573 Litorea, 124. Lixus concavus, 52. musculus, 52. Lizards, 32, 61. Lizard’s tail, ro. Locusts, 19-25, 64. grouse-, 20. Longistigma caryz, 114. longistigma, 115. Lacon rectangularis, 14, 37, 40, 45, 50, | Lonicera, Ior, 113. 72, 73, 87. Lampyrid, 41. Languria bicolor, 39, 71. Lanius ludovicianus ludovicianus, 64. ludovicianus migrans, 78. Laparosticti, 42, 73. Larch, American, 115, 118. Lark, Prairie Horned-, 63. Larridz, 50. Lasius niger americanus, 57, 70. Lathridiide, 4o. Leaf-hopper, Grape, 26. Leguminose, 40, I13. Lepidoptera, 50, 52-54, 71, 76, 462. Leptinotarsa 10-lineata, 70. Leptocera, 236. Leptoloma, 8. cognatum, 609. Leptothorax, sp., 57. Lespedeza capitata, 30, 84, 86, 88. Lestremia, 236. Lettuce, 120. Garden, 109. Leucania phragmitidicola, 54, 70. Ligyrocoris diffusus, 28, 70. sylvestris, 28. Ligyrus, 251. gibbosus, 46. Limonius quercinus, 41, 78. Lina interrupta, 48, 72. scripta, 48, 72. Linaria canadensis, 29, 69. Linden, I15. Liobunum sp., 74. vittatum, 15. Lithobius sp., 14, 75. Lithospermum gmelini, 51, 69, 84. Lucanus, 42. dama, 42. placidus, 42. Lucilia cesar, 16. Lumbricide, 545, 550, 555. Lumbricilline, 176, 177. Lumbricillus, 124, 125, 141-143, 147, 148, I5I, 178, 180, 203. agilis, 142, 143. annulatus, 142, 143. franciscanus, 142, 143. borealis, 142, 143. unalaske, 142, 143. henkingi, 142. insularis, 175, 176. lineatus, 144. litoreus, 144. merriami, 142, 143. elongatus, 142, 143. ritteri, 142, 143. rutilus. 142, 143-151, 175, 176, 180-202, 203, 204. santeclare, 142. subterraneus, 144. tenuis, 144. verrucosus, 144. viridis, 141-142. Lumbricus, 549. rubellus, 557. terrestris, 557. Lycosa arenicola, 16. domifex, 16. erratica, 16. fatifera, 16. missouriensis, I5. ‘spp., 16, 75, 87. wrightii, 16. 574 3 INDEX Lycoside, 84. Lygzid, 28. Lygeidz, 27, 28. Lygeus bicrucis, 27, 71. kalmii, 28, 70, 71. Lygus, 27. pratensis, 27, 70, 70. M Macrochires, 73. Macrosiphum, 105, 106. absinthii, 110. ambrosie, 108. cucurbite, I10. erigeronensis, 100. euphorbiz, 108. fragarie immaculata, 110. gerardiz, 109. granarium, 108. heucherz, 90, 105, 109. illinoisensis, 108. lactuce, 109. menthe, Io. pisi, 98, 109. rose, 108. rubi, I09. rudbeckiz, 99, 108. tanaceti, IIo. tulipz, 99, 106. verbenz, 109. viticola, 98, 104, 108. Mallophaga, 77. Mamestra meditata, 53. Mammalia, 3, 4, 10, 65, 66. Maple, 12. Hard, 12. Soft, 108. Marionina, 124, 125, 126, 151, 175, 176, 203. alaske, 176. americana, 176. antipodum, 176. falclandica, 176. forbese, 175, 176. semifusca, 141. werthi, 176. | May-beetles, 44, 45. May-fly, 17. Meadowlark, Eastern, 63. Western, 63. Mecas pergrata, 47, 71. Megachile mendica, 60, 71. Megachilidz, 60. Megilla maculata, 39, 79. Megoura solani, 100, I10. Melanocoryphus bicrucis, 27. Melanophthalma distinguenda, 40. Melanopli, 76. Melanoplus angustipennis, 70, 72, 86. atlanis, 23. bivittatus femoratus, 24, 81. differentialis, 24, 81. femur-rubrum, 24, 81. flavidus, 23, 84, 86. scudderi, 24. Melanoxantherium salicti, 114. smithiz, 114. Melissodes aurigenia, 60, 71. sp., 60. Meloide, 51, 76. Melon, 106. Mentha viridis, 110. Mephitis mesomelas avia, 66, 75. Mermiria bivittata, 20, 70. neomexicana, 20, 70. j Mesenchytraus, 124, 125, 126, 173, 175, 180. Mestobregma thomasi, 22, 72. Metachroma angustulum, 48, 72. parallelum, 48, 72. Metriocnemus, 401, 485, 497, 490, 536, 537- brachyneura, 498-499. knabi, 405, 408. lundbecki, 405, 400, 497, 498, 499. Mice, 66, 84. Michaelsena, 124, 125, 175, 177. Microtoma atrata, 28. Microtrombidium locustarum, 17. Microtus austerus, 65, 73. Midges, 275-543. chironomid, 54. 24, 55, 65, a INDEX Milkweed, 28, 47, 100. Green, 59, 84. Millipeds, 15, 81. Mimus polyglottus, 78. polyglottus polyglottus, 64. Mindarus abietinus, 100, 116. Mint, 51. Garden, IIo. Misumena, I5. Mites, 17, 10, 77. Mocking-bird, 64. Mole, 57. Monarda punctata, 30, 45, 60, 86. Monellia caryella, 120. maculella, 120. marginella, 120. Monomorium minimum, 57, 73, 77. Mordella marginata, 50. Mordellide, 50. Mordwilkjo oestlundi, 117. Mosquito, 288. Mouse, Prairie Meadow-, 65. White-footed Prairie, 65. White-footed Wood, 6s. (See also Field-mouse) Mullein, 15, 25, 38, 52, 56. Muskrats, 3. Mutilla dubitata, 58, 87. Mutillide, 57, 80, 84, 85. Mycetophilide, 54, 233-234. Myriapods, 31. Myrmeleon immaculatus occidentalis, 18. Myrmeleonide, 18, 75. Myzine interrupta, 58. Myzocallis bella, 104, 114. hypeici [hyperici], 114. Myzomyia rossi, 288. Myzus cerasi, 103, 110. mahaleb, rio. persicz, 99, 100, 103, 106, IIO, ITI. ribis, 99, T10. sp., 104. N Nabid, 27. Nais sp., 184, 203. Necrophorus marginatus, 38, 40, 44, 77. Nectarine, 110 Negro-bug, 30. Negundo aceroides, 113. Nematoda, 77, 184, 203. Nerium oleander, 112. Neuroptera, 18. Noctua c-nigrum, 53, 70. Noctuidz, 50. Nomadide, 60, 87. Nothopus grossus, 36. zabroides, 36, 37, 87. Notoxus bifasciatus, 50, 71. 0 Oak, 3, II, 41, 50, 104, 105, III, 114, 116. Black, 3, 8, 11, 12, 50. Black-jack, 3, II, 12. Bur, 114. Iron, 119. Red, 12, 114. Swamp-white, 119. White, 115, 119. Obelia, 411. Octolasium, 549. lacteum, 557. Odonata, 18, 73, 79. Odynerus fulvipes, 58. sp., 75. CEcanthus confluens, 25, 75. (2dionychis gibbitarsa, 49, 70. (Fdipodine, 21, 23. (Enothera, 48, 52. biennis, 49. rhombipetala, 60, 71, 86, 88. Oleander, 112. Oligocheta, 14, 124. Oncopeltus fasciatus, 28, 71. Onoclea, Io. Onthophagus hecate, 43. pennsylvanicus, 43, 78, 87. Oomycetes, 282. Opatrinus notus, 44, 50, 73, 87. Opuntia, 5, 21, 41, 42. rafinesquii, 5, 20, 60. Orb-weavers, I5. Ormenis pruinosa, 26. Orthocladiariz, 400. 576 INDEX Orthocladius, 277, 283, 363, 309, 401, | Palpomyia—continued. 4IL, 414, 441, 451, 485, 499, 500, scabra, 221, 320, 321. 501, 502, 507, 512-514, 519, 520, 52I— schwarzi, 224, 225, 320, 323. 522, 524, 520, 527, 532, 536, 537. barbicornis, 523. flavoscutellatus, 522, 523. flavus, 404, 400. fugax, 404, 410, 517. lacteipennis, 522, 524. nigritus, 522, 525. nivoriundus, 277, 404, 405, 400, 498, 521, 522, 524, 525, 526, 531 (see Er- rata), 532. nivoriundus, var., 409. obumbratus, 522, 524, 525. pilipes, 521, 522-523, 524. politus, 502. pubitarsis, 523. sordens, 520. sordidellus, 400. sp. A, 403, 531. sp. B, 403, 484, 531. sp. C, 405, 531. sp. D, 409, 531. sp. E, 403, 533, 534, 535- stercorarius, 507. subparallelus, 521, 522. Orthoptera, 19-25. Osage Orange, 26. Otocoris alpestris praticola, 63, 72. Owls, 65. P Pachydrilus, 141. Palpomyia, 226, 231, 284, 293, 204, 319- 320, 325, 328, 320, 345, 536, 537. and Serromyia, 216-225. bimacula, 342. curriei, 219, 320, 322. illinoisensis, 219, 220. illinoensis, 320. lineatus, 321. longipennis, 320, 323-324, 350. nebulosa, 320, 322, 323. nubifera, 217, 320, 323. rufa, 217, 325. slossone, 224, 320, 324. subasper, 217, 222, 223, 242, 320, 321- 322. tibialis, 222, 223, 320, 32I. trivialis, 217, 223, 232, 242, 320. 216, 221, 224, 230, 202. | viridiventris, 342. Panic-grass, 116, 120. Panicum crus-galli, 108. glabrum, 116, 120. perlongum, 8o. pseudopubescens, 68, 609, 79. scribnerianum, 5. spp., I17. virgatum, 5, 89, 9o. Parabezzia, 204, 352, 358, 530. elegantula, 352, 359. inermis, 352, 259. petiolata, 358, 359. Paraclunio, 400. alaskensis, 400. trilobatus, 400. Parajulus sp., 14, 15, 77, 78. Parasitica, 77. Parasites, 76. Parsnip, III, 351. Wild, 45. Pasimachus elongatus, Passer domesticus, 64, Pastinacea sativa, IIT. Pea, 98, 109. -weevils, 49. Peach, I10, 113. Peltandra virginica, 10. Pemphigus, rot, 104. acerifoliz, 100. formicarius, I17. | formicetorum, I17. fraxinifolii, 98, 104, | imbricator, 116. popularius, 118. | populicaulis. 98, 103, populiglobuli, 118. populivene, 118. 35, 76. 79. 117. 117. pseudobyrsa, 117. INDEX 577 Pemphigus—continued. rhois, 117. rubi, 99, 117. tessellatus, 116. ulmifusus, 118. vagabundus, I17. Pentatoma juniperina, 209. persimilis, 29, 70. Pentatomide, 29, 30. Peribalus limbolarius, 30, 70. Pericheta bermudensis, 557. Perillus circumcinctus, 30, 73, 74. Perithemis domitia, 19, 74. Perlid, 216. Peromyscus 65. maniculatus bairdii, 65, 73, 86. Persimmon, 112. Petalostemon, 69. Phacepholis sp., 51. Phalacridz, 38. Phalangiine, sp., 15. Phalangina, 15. Pheidole vinelandica, 41, 56, 57, 73, 76, 86. Pheretima, 555. hawayana, 555, 557. heterochzta, 555, 557. Phidippus, 16, 75. ardens, 17, 75. audax, 17. insolens, 16, 87. me-cookii, 17, 87. Philanthidz, 59. Phorbia fusciceps, 56, 73. Phorodon galeopsidis, 109. humuli, 98, 104, Io. mahaleb, 110. scrophulariz, 110. Phyllaphis fagi, 115, 116. querci, 116. Phylloxera caryecaulis, 118, 110. caryefallax, I19. caryefoliz, 118. caryeglobosa, 118. caryeglobuli, 1109. caryegummosa, 119. leucopus noveboracensis, Phylloxera—continued. caryeren, IIQ. caryesemen, 110. caryeseptum, IIg. caryevene, I18. castanez, 119. conica, II9. cornica [conica], 1109. depressa, 119. forcata [foveata], 119. foveata, I19. globosum, 118. rileyi, I19. spinosa, I19. vitifoliz, 118. Phymata fasciata, 27, 74. wolfii, 27. Physalis virginiana, 60. Phytonomus punctatus, 44, 51, 79. Piesma cinerea, 27. Pinching-bug, 42. Pine, 113, 116, 118. White, 115, 116. Pink, 103. Carnation, III. Planorbis trivolvis, 114. Plant-feeders, 27, 20, 30, 51, 52, 60, 70. Plant-lice, 18, 25, 39, 56, 97, 121. Plantago, 45. Platyptera, 17. Plectrodera scalator, 46, 72. Pleurosticti, 45. Plum, 98, 103, 104, 110, III. Wild, 103. Poa annua, 120. Pocket-gopher, 57, 65. Podabrus tomentosus, 42. Peecilocapsus lineatus, 27. Polanisia graveolens, 86. Polistes, 58. pallipes, 58, 75, 87. Pollen, 35, 42, 51, 56, 60. Polygonum persicaria, 100. Polyphylla hammondi, 45, 70. Poocetes gramineus gramineus, 64, 72, 75. Poplar, 11, 46, 48, 103, 113. 578 INDEX Populus, 46, 48, 72, 91. angulata, 113, 117. grandidentata, 113. monilifera, 117. tremuloides, 117. Poultry, 66. Prickly Pear, 60. Priononyx atratus, 50, 75. bifoveolatus, 50, 75, 87. Pristina sp., 184, 203. Probezzia, 204, 324, 352, 353, 358. albiventris, 353, 356. bivittata, 353, 357. elegans, 353, 356, 357, 358. elegantula, 352, 350. flavonigra, 353, 358. fulvithorax, 352, 354, 355, 357, 358. gibber, 353, 357. glaber, 352, 355, 536, 537. incerta, 353, 357, 358. inermis, 352, 359. obscura, 353, 355-356, 357. opaca, 289 (see Errata), 353, 357. pachymera, 353, 355. pallida, 352, 354. smithi, 353, 357. terminalis, 352, 353. Procladius, 364, 366, 382, 390-301, 306, 536, 537. adumbratus, 382, 300. concinnus, 364, 366, 300, 301, 304-305. pinguis, 365. scapularis, 391, 303, 306, 397. thoracicus, 391-302. Proctacanthus brevipennis, 45, 55. milbertii, 55. rufus, 26, 55. Spp., 74. Propappus, 124, 126. Prorhynchus sp., 184, 203. Protenthes, 364, 366, 381-382, 390, 306, 536, 537. bellus, 366, 382, 388-380, 390, 301. choreus, 381, 382, 387. claripennis, 382, 387-388. culiciformis 382, 385-387, 388, 389, 300, 46r. 277, 364, 365, 379, 381, Protenthes—continued. punctipennis, 365, 381, 382, 383-385. riparius, 382, 388, 389-390. stellatus, 365, 382, 383, 384. Prunus virginiana, 112. Psectrocladius, 500, 513, 519, 520. sordens, 520, 521. vernalis, 520-521. Pseudobezzia, 294, 351, 537- expolita, 351. Pseudochironomus, 401, 451, 500, 536. richardsoni, 407, 500-501. Pseudoculicoides, 293, 304, 309, 536. cinctus, 309, 3II. johannseni, 300, 311. major, 309, 3II. mutabilis, 309, 310, 311. Psilotanypus, 364, 395, 537. occidentalis, 395-396. Psinidia fenestralis, 23, 72, 86. Psychoda albimaculata, 184, 203. Ptelea, or. trifoliata, 26. Pteromalide, 56. Pterostichus lucublandus, 35, 73, 75. Puff-adder, 61. Punkies, 275. Putorius noveboracensis, 66. Pycnanthemum, 27, 50, 51, 58. pilosum, 81. Pyrameis cardui, 53. Pyramidula solitaris, 14. Pyraustide, 54, 71. Q Quail, 63. Quercus alba, IIo. bicolor, 110. macrocarpa, IT4. obtusiloba, T19. rubra, 114. sp., 114. R Rabbit, Cottontail, 66, 72. Rabbits, 84. Ragweed, 47, 108. INDEX 579 Raspberry, 99, 117. Redbird, 64. Redlieldia, 84. Reduviid, 26, 30. Reduviolus ferus, 27, 75. Reptiles, 19, 61, 67. Rhipiphoride, 51. Rhipiphorus octomaculatus, 51. Rhizobius eleusinis, 120. lactuce, 120. poz, 120. Rhopalosiphum, 106. berberidis, 111. dianthi, 100, 106, IIT. solani, 100, IIo. tulipze, 106, IIT. Rhus, ot. canadensis illinoensis, 30, 54, 60, 71, 90. Rhynchophora, 40, 51, 70. Ribes aureum, 104. grossulariz, I10. rubrum, T10. Robber-fly, 26, 45, 55. Robber-flies, 74. Robinia, 91. Rose, 108. Wild, 45, 46, 59. Rubus occidentalis, 117. Rudbeckia hirta, 106. laciniata, 108. Rumex, 52, 56. s St. John’s-wort, 114. Salamander, 60. Salix, 8, 48, 72. longifolia, 53. Sand-bur, 59. Saponaria, 45. Saprinus, 38. illinoensis, 40. lakensis, 40. pennsylvanicus, 40, 44. SPp., 75- Sarcophagide, 77. Sarothamnus scoparius, IIo. Saururus cernuus, 10. Scalopus aquaticus machrinus, 66, 76, 87. Scarabeide, 42, 43, 44, 73. Scatophaga sp., 56. Scatophagide, 56. Scatopse, 235, 236. Scavengers, 77. Schistocerca americana, 81. alutacea, 23, 84, 86. Schizoneura americana, 116. carye, I16. cornicola, 116, 117. fagi, 116. fungicola, 116. imbricator, 116. lanigera, 116. panicola, 100, 116. pinicola, 100, i16. querci, 116. rileyi, 116. strobi, 116. tessellata, 116. ulmi, I15, 116. Sciara, 233. Sp., 54. Sciurus niger rufiventer, 65. Scolops grossus, 26, 70. Scrophularia, 20. nodosa, IIo. Scudderia texensis, 24, 70. Sedge, 60. Seeds, 35, 51, 63. Sehirus cinctus, 30, 73. Selenophorus ellipticus, 37. pedicularius, 37. SPp., 75- Serica, 51. , sericea, 44, 46, 78. Serromyia, 218, 204, 324, 331, 332, 536. and Palpomyia, 216-225. crassifemorata, 218, 331. femorata, 217, 218, 331. Setaria glauca, 108. Shrike, 64. Sialia sialis sialis, 65. Silpha inzequalis, 38, 77. Silphidz, 38. Simuliidz, 283 (See Errata). 580 INDEX Sinea diadema, 26, 75, 87. Sparrow—continued. Sipha maidis, 115. Lark, 64. rubifolii, 115. Vesper, 64. Siphocoryne pastinacez, III. Sphzromyas, 216, 332. xylostii, 102. fasciatus, 332. Siphonophora absinthii, 110. Spherophthalma chlamydata, 58. acerifoliz, 108. ferrugata, 57, 75, 87. ambrosiz, 108. occidentalis, 57, 87. asclepiadis, 109. vesta, 57, 75, 87. avenz, 108. Spharagemon, 23. coreopsidis, 109. wyomingianum, 22, 72, 86. cucurbite, 110. Sphecide 58. erigeronensis, 109. Sphecodogastra texana, 60, 71. euphorbie, 108. Sphenophorus scoparius, 52. euphorbicola, 108. Sphex pectipennis, 58, 75. fragariz, I10. Sphex violaceipennis, 59, 87. gerardiz, 109. Spiders, 9, 15-17, 31, 58, 62, 67, 84, &5. heuchere, 109. jumping, 16, 17, 74. lactucz, 109. Spiza americana, 64, 73, 75. menthe, 110. Spizella pusilla pusilla, 64. pisi, 100. Sporobolus, 5. polygoni, 109. cryptandrus, 85, 86. rose, 108. Spruce, 118, 278. rubi, 109. Squash, IIo. rudbeckiz, 108. Squirrel, Fox, 65. salicicola, 109. Stachyocnemis, 85. setariz, 108. apicalis, 29, 84, 87. tanaceti, 110. Staphylinide, 38, 77. verbene, 100. Steatoda corollata, 15, 74. viticola, 108. Steinomyia steini, 241. Skunk, 66. Stercutus, 124. Sloe, 110. Stipa spartea, 9, 69. Snails, 14. Strangalia luteicornis, 46, 71. land, Io. Strawberry, 110. Snakes, 65. Strigoderma arboricola, 45, 55, 71. Snout-beetles, 51. Sturnella magna, 64. Snow-ball, 112. neglecta, 63, 72, 75. Snow-berry, 112. Sumac, 40, 54, I17. Soldier-beetles, 51. Swallows, 74. Solidago, 46. Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi, 66, 73, 86. sp., 108. Sympetrum rubicundulum, 9, 74. Sorghum, II5. Symphoricarpus vulgaris, 112. Spalanzania sp., 56, 76. Syrbula admirabilis, 20. Spanish Needles, 109. Syrphid-flies, 56. Sparganophilus eiseni, 556. Syrphide, 71. Sparrow, English, 64. Syrphus arcuatus, 56. Field, 64. Systeechus vulgaris, 55, 76. INDEX 581 de Tabanide, 54. Tabanus costalis, 54. Tachinide, 17, 56, 77, 87. Tachyporus sp., 38. Tachytes, 84. elongatus, 59. mandibularis, 59. obscurus, 59. spp., 87. Tamarack, I15. Tanacetum vulgare, 110. Tansy, 110. Tanypine, 275, 277, 278, 270, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 280, 290, 291, 361-308, 399, 410, 536, 537, 538. Tanypus, 283, 284, 286, 362, 364, 366, 367, 300, 536, 537. bellus, 388. carneus, 364, 366, 367, 378-379. choreus, 387. concinnus, 304. decoloratus, 365, 366, 367, 370-371. dyari, 364, 366, 367, 372, 370-381, 535. fastuosus, 366, 367. flavifrons, 365. hirtipennis, 366, 367-360, 381. illinoensis, 365, 367, 373, 376-377, 378. inconspicuus, 367, 371-372. indecisus, 375. johnsoni, 367, 381. marginellus, 367, 374-375. melanops, 367, 360. monilis, 363, 365, 367, 370, 375-376, 377, 378, 380, 383, 384, 388, 307. nigropunctatus, 360. occidentalis, 395. pallens, 373. pilosellus, 364, 365, 367, 370, 371, 372- 374. plumipes, 306. punctipennis, 382. scapularis, 393. sp. A, 364, 397. sp. B, 364, 308. stellatus, 383. thoracicus, 301. Tanypus—continued. tricolor, 306. venustus, 367, 377-378. Tanytarsus, 282, 284, 285, 363, 308, 401, 408, 466, 484-487, 534, 536, 537. confusus, 486, 490. dissimilis, 282, 404, 408. “var. a,” 408. dives, 404, 408, 485, 486, 488-489, 490, 496. dubius, 486, 496. exiguus, 404, 408, 486, 495-406, 531. flavellus, 486, 487, 490. flavicauda, 486, 487, 403. gmundensis, 404. muticus, 486, 494. neoflavellus, 485, 487, 480, 490, 401. nigripilus, 485, 486, 487. obediens, 466, 468, 486, 487, 492-493. politus, 486, 493-494, 406. pusio, 486, 487, 490, 492. similatus, 486, 494-495. sp. A, 408, 530. sp. B, 408, 530. sp. C, 404, 531. tenuis, 486, 491, 496. viridiventris, 486, 480, 491-492, 495. Telephorine, 75. Telmatogeton alaskensis, 400. Tendipedariz, 400. Tendipedinz, 4oo. Tenebrionide, 50. Tephrosia, 45. virginiana, 67, 86, 90. Termes, 72. flavipes, 17, 77, 78, 87. ' Termites, 17, 76. Terrapene, 84. carolina, 62. _ ornata, 62, 73, 75 (see Errata), 87. Tersesthes, 235, 401. Tetraopes femoratus, 47. spp., 71 (see Errata). tetraophthalmus, 47. Tettigia hieroglyphica, 26, 55, 70. Tettigine, 20. Tettix hancocki, 20, 86. ornatus, 20. 582 INDEX Thalassomyia, 400, 411, 536, 537. frauenfeldi, 411. fulva, 412. obscura, 409, 411-412. platypus, 412. Theridiide, 15, 74. Thienemanniella, 413, 414. Thistle, 113. Thomiside, 15, 74. Thorn, 113. Thrips, 25. Thyreocoris ciliata, 30, 86. nigra, 31. pulicaria, 3I. Thysanoptera, 25. Tiger-beetles, 31, 35, 62, 73, 76, 80, 80. Timothy, 45. Tipula byssinus, 500. culiciformis, 385. monilis, 375. pedellus, 436. plumosa, 447. sylvestris, 505. Tipulide, 54. Toad, 44, 46, 51, 61. Toad-flax, 29. Tomato, 100, 110. Touch-me-not, 112. Toxostoma rufum, 64. Trama erigeronensis, 99, 106, 120. Tree-crickets, 25. Trematodes, 77. Trichius piger, 46. —— Trichocladius, 502,507, 508, 513, 514- 515, 510. distinctus, 515, 518-510. basalis, 515, 519. bicolor, 515, 519. infuscatus, 514, 517, 518. lacteipennis, Sry nitidellus, 514, 515-516. nitidus, 514, 515. politus, 514, 516. striatus, 514, 517-518. Trichodes nuttalli, 42. Trichomorpha gracilis, 76. Trichoptera, 79. Trichotanypus, 364. Triepeolus pectoralis, 60. Trimerotropis citrina, 23 . Triphleps insidiosus, 75. Trissocladius, 513. Trombidium locustarum, 76, 87. Trox, 38, 40. scabrosus, 44, 77. Tryxaline, 20. Tubificide, 124, 125. Tulip, 105, Itt. Tulipa gesneriana, III. Tumble-bug, 43. Tychea erigeronensis, 120. panici, 120. Typhlocyba comes, 26, 70. Typophorus canellus aterrimus, 47. Tyrannus tyrannus, 63, 74, 78. U Ulmus americana, 114. Urios vestali, 56, 76. V Vanesside, 462. Verbascum, 25. Verbena, 109. stricta, 45. Vernonia fasciculata, 112, 113. Vespa, 58. Viburnum, 98. opulus, 112. prunifolium, 4o. Virginia Creeper, 45. WwW Walnut, 3, 50, 116. Wasps, 19, 51, 57, 58, 59, 84. sand, 80, 84. Water-mites, 184, 203. Weasel, 66. Weevil, Clover-leaf, 51. Weevils, 44, 52. Willow, 11, 45, 48, 49, 100, 114, 115. Gray, 114. Sand-bar, 53. -bugs, 18. Woolly bears, 53. x Xanthium, 263. glabratum, 260. Xylopinus saperdioides, 50, 78. Xysticus gulosus, 15, 72, 75. Z Zea mais, 245, 273. Zelus socius, 39. Zenaidura macroura carolinensis, 63, 72. Zygomyia, 236. interrupta, 234. ornata, 234. Zygoneura, 234, 236. fenestrata, 233. —— ee eee ‘ Pi, bs i ev ley phages Caan sale Lataetel tee irr ay Pee ee a ee eth a oat tila reteset ' AAP er On Ay ey Sr : ha eiteare saree tates é , 7 . “Se : ERP eN ae Be 7 (ey 4 he « eters . TS 7 ' ore * 27 of 2 "vets ia oo fe ie 2) ee eae Okt aw be 7 7 7 i “3 . . ve i . A ‘ ‘ : fea F Wit ere Z N hija as ue a Gee aysdra th wereg 4 rd . . ot ‘ a rien y Peeaeces ie enc Mag reer Mans, ve hoa arey a 8, gee bee Pe ance ‘ . 7 : Mae 7 4 rt seat reow ec eo nt reed Teuab ea TAC ew vit tate Par: Ae