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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 104
A SURVEY OF Sethe SITES _IN THE REGION OF FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA
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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ‘\\ .S, BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY : BULLETIN 104
A SURVEY OF PREHISTORIC SITES IN THE REGION OF FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA
BY
HAROLD 8S. COLTON
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1932
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - - - - Price 30 cents
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BuREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, Washington, D. C., February 17, 1931. Sir: I have the honor to transmit the accompanying manuscript, entitled “‘A Survey of Prehistoric Sites in the Region of Flagstaff, Arizona,” by Harold S. Colton, and to recommend its publication as a bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Very respectfully yours, M. W. Stiruine, Chief. Dr. Cuartes G. ABBOT, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Tit
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A SURVEY OF PREHISTORIC SITES IN THE REGION OF FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA
By Harotp S. Cotton
INTRODUCTION
The present report deals with an archeological survey of a small portion of northern Arizona lying between the San Francisco Peaks and the Little Colorado River. While the report includes most of the sites in the areas drained by Walnut Creek and Deadmans Wash, it purposely excludes sites on the intervening watershed. The report summarizes the results of a study extending through 10 summers (1916, 1919, 1921, 1923, and 1925-1930). It aims to present three aspects: The distinctive features of individual ruins, the relations of the early cultures with those of neighboring regions, and the relations of occupied regions with features of the external environment. Such a survey can never be said to be complete, yet it is important that the present knowledge of the region be recorded.
Although the region about Flagstaff has long been known as the center of a large ancient population, relatively little study has been given to the remains. This seems strange when we compare the number of ruins here (649 recorded) with those in other places, and appears stranger still when we consider the accessibility of the ruins to modern routes of transportation. Casual visits by Powell (1891), Stevenson (1887), and Fewkes (1900, 1904) are the only references to the region prior to 1916 by trained observers. Popular accounts have flowed from many pens and have appeared from time to time in magazines and newspapers (Alliot, 1914). Two reasons can be found for the lack of investigation, both having to do with the accessibility of the region to the railroad and highway. On first glance it would seem that the investigator was repelled by the near- ness to civilization and having traveled far preferred to go farther on into the wilds. Be that as it may, the accessibility of the region to investigators made it also accessible to pot hunters who early ex- ploited and nearly destroyed the cliff ruins where interesting textile and basket remains have been preserved. The relatively heavy rainfall (15-25 inches), poor building materials (lava rock), and porous soil, all contributed to the lack of preservation of artifacts other than BL
2 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104
those made of stone or clay. Notwithstanding the early neglect, Fewkes in 1926 excavated Elden Pueblo, from which a representa- tive collection of pottery was obtained. In 1928 Dr. Byron Cummings began the excavation of the Turkey Hill ruin. When the material from these sites is studied much light will be cast on the prehistoric pueblo art in this peripheral area.
Since the burial grounds of the ancient pueblos and small house sites have proved so rich, what remains is rapidly falling into the hands of the commercial pot hunter. A careful survey is, therefore, necessary at the present time. .
This paper was prepared for publication in 1923. At that time very few sites were found in a line about 6 miles wide running east from the San Francisco Mountains to the Little Colorado—the divide between the Walnut-Rio de Flag drainage and the Deadman drain- age. For this reason maps were not prepared. Since then dozens of sites have been discovered in that string of townships. Since they form the basis of another paper now in preparation they are omitted from the present survey.
The writer wishes to thank Mr. J. C. Clarke, Mr. L. F. Brady, Mr. F. C. Baxter, Mr. E. L. Burnham, Dr. Edwin Helwig, Mr. Lyndon L. Hargrave, Miss Katharine Bartlett, and particularly his wife, Mary-Russell F: Colton, all of whom aided him in his search for sites.
GEOGRAPHY
The high plateau of Arizona culminates in the San Francisco vol- canic field. This volcanic region is surpassed only by the Columbia River field, and is therefore the second largest in the country, support- ing over 200 extinct cones of various sizes, shapes, and ages; the tallest cone forms the massif called the San Francisco Peaks (altitude 12,700 feet) and is the landmark of north central Arizona. Shelving eastward from the peaks the plateau dips into the valley of the Little Colorado River and rises again in a series of great steps of vari- colored cliffs called the Painted Desert, the last cliff forming the mesas on which the Hopis built their pueblos. So the San Francisco Moun- tains see the sun rise over the Hopi mesas, and the Hopis watch the sun set behind the San Francisco Peaks.
The structure of the earth beneath the San Francisco Mountain volcanic field is important, if we are to understand the conditions under which the ancient inhabitants lived. Beneath the fields of lava and ash the Moencopi red sandstones and shales cover wide areas and outcrop beyond the lava fields by the Little Colorado. This deposit is important because it is the only rock that holds water over a very wide area. (Moencopi is said to be a Hopi word meaning the place of running water.) Where the Moencopi has not been stripped off in
COLTON) PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 3
the process of erosion we may look for springs. The springs north of Flagstaff—Rodins Spring, Little Rodins, and Heisers Spring—are all in the red rocks; and there is reason to believe that under outcrops of the Moencopi lies the porous Kaibab limestone, a sandy limestone, much fractured and cracked—a rock which holds no water. Because of its hard texture, when the soft Moencopi is removed, it remains. Over large areas, therefore, the Kaibab limestone forms the surface of the plateau. Since it is porous, no springs are associated with it. Like other limestone rocks, clay is a by-product of its weathering and dams in the canyons and washes will hold the water for some time. Beneath the Kaibab limestone the Coconino sandstone forms a thick layer. Although it does not outcrop extensively on the plateau, it is important because it forms a precipitous cliff in the canyons wherever the intermittent streams have cut deep enough to expose it. Like the Kaibab above, it is waterless. The only rocks which bear water are the red Moencopi shales and sandstones. ‘These exposures are limited to the fringes of mesas and a narrow strip 3 to 6 miles wide lying west of the Little Colorado River. East of the river it is soon buried by more recent deposits.
In the summer of 1930 a new factor in the physiography of this area was recognized. Archeological evidences have accumulated which in- dicate that Sunset Crater was active in early Pueblo time. This erup- tion occurred between 600 and 850 A. D. In this eruption Sunset spread black basaltic sand over the land. In places near the crater this black sand lies over 2 feet deep. As we leave the region of the crater the layer thins out in every direction. Because of the pre- vailing westerly winds the sand layer thins out more rapidly to the west than to the east. Black sand is found over a sector which in- cludes about half a circle with a radius of about 20 miles. The center of this circle is Sunset Crater. The area of black sand extends from the base of the San Francisco Peaks to the Little Colorado River and from Black Point to Padre Canyon. During the 1,200 years which have elapsed since the ash fall the winds have gathered the sand into dunes which, in the forested region, have been anchored by vegetation. On the windy steppes the sand has drifted into the canyons and on the lee side of outcrops of rock, leaving the table-lands free.
This sand cover no doubt influenced the agricultural use of the land, forming a mulch and conserving the moisture. It also must have absorbed most of the run-off and so infiuenced the springs. It is interesting to observe that the densely populated area in early Pueblo III coincided with the area covered by the ash. In the seven or eight hundred years elapsing since the region was densely populated, the high winds have removed the black sand cover and deposited it in the canyons, where much of it has been carried away into the Little
4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104
Colorado River. Be this as it may, the black sand is an important factor in the human occupancy of this region.
METHODS OF AN ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY
The methods adopted by the Museum of Northern Arizona to its archeological survey were developed by the author over a period of 14 years (1916-1930). As these methods are adaptable to small in- tensive surveys, it is important to record them.
Four archeological surveys are actually progressing in the South- west: the Laboratory of Anthropology at Santa Fe under Dr. H. P. Mera, the University of New Mexico under Reginald G. Fisher (1929- 30), Gila Pueblo under H. 8. Gladwin (1928-30), and the archeological survey begun by the author and continued by the Museum of Northern Arizona. Each survey follows a different method and has a different scope.
The scope of the University of New Mexico, Laboratory of An- thropology, and Gila Pueblo surveys include the whole Southwest. On the other hand, that of the Museum of Northern Arizona is quite restricted. It is an intensive survey. Starting from Flagstaff as a center, an attempt is made to record all the sites in every direction radiating from that center, no matter how small and insignificant they may be. Its ultimate aim is to cover the whole northern portion of Arizona. Its immediate aim is to study the region between Flagstaff and the Hopi villages.
Of the vast area in our scheme this study is an insignificant part, but as it is the hub from which other studies arise, it is important. The region lying between the San Francisco Mountains and the Little Colorado River forms the substance of this portion of the project. .
At Flagstaff the following methods are practiced in the field and then in the laboratory:
(A) In the field.
(1) When a site is discovered it is given a serial number which is painted in white paint on the smoothest rock or, if rocks are absent, tree trunk nearest the north side of the site. The letters N. A. precede the number, so that the initiated will know that it is a site recorded by the Museum or Northern Arizona. (Example: N. A. 1653.) Where trees and rocks are absent an oak stake branded with N. A. and stamped with the site number is driven.
(2) a. This number is now entered on the 8 by 5 inch survey card.
(Fig. 1.) b. If the site is well known and has a name that, too, is entered. c. The Museum has divided northern Arizona into drainage areas of convenient size in the belief that the small drain-
COLTON]
PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFL 5)
(A) In the field—Continued.
age areas are cultural units, and that the final picture will be a mosaic built out of these small areas. At the same time the highlands between drainage areas are, in the semiarid west, relatively uninhabited because of the lack of water, and these become barriers to the cultural units. In this paper the following drainage units are studied: Little Colorado-Wupatki Basin, Little Colorado-Rodin Basin, Antelope Wash, Deadmans Wash, Rio de Flag, Upper Walnut Creek, and Lower Walnut Creek. The proper drainage is recorded on the card. In the laboratory the cards are filed according to the drainage area.
No. | Name Drainage
feet feet
miles... IS Beet eet pit Ree. alae aga e ae beets miles................ {rem ei ee NGOS ES | US ee ae ee TE Peer Cees eee eee EY eqns: N—R ...... Wey SOO. 2 oso ys sons hecsstsncenetses alee ces eG ety Cie, UNE 8 I oe CLR dah throaves ae oi A TRR LOR, Ligaen BROOMS hie iiecscctioscecese secense iy ene QoS Lae Sh ARR eee 27 8 eer Ee ee i Re eR Pe ee a Water Wap. sed S283.:.... abe, bp ty US seppeee! OF A BE Potsherds:2)....27.002. eh! Notes LEAT SOOT CT gael Ba retainer erate eke, fe sme ieee Me oR At i OR AEC AA UE OS PO UI Me ty BRO Ed PTT YT EY ae” CRESS: § 6 a2 on Ob As aa a Men ta A A a ne a eR CAS UE RE ae OU acc ogee dinsescens cas ROTO CCE US Gace aS aan add caves e SOE ERE e SPER eR ee eee
(3)
FIGURE 1.—Sample survey card
d. The distance and direction of the site along a line such as a road or a section line from some known point and the direction and distance from the road or section line.
e. Type of site, such as masonry, house, depression, sherd area, cave, fort, ete.
f. Approximate size by pacing and approximate number of rooms. On the back of the card a sketch plan of the ruin is drawn.
g. Location of permanent water supply.
h. The date and initials of the recorder.
Into a paper bag a more or less random collection of potsherds is gathered. The method in use is to collect decorated sherds and then undecorated sherds and look for rare intruded pieces from other regions. The size of the collection varies with the size of the site. Since 1923 no attempt has been made to gather random collections.
6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104
(B) In the laboratory.
(1) The site is recorded by number in a special accession book.
(2) The site is recorded on a map. (PI. 4.) The township is the unit.
(3) References to previous records on the sites are recorded on the card.
(4) The field card is filed according to drainage.
(5) A separate file of 8 by 11 inch folders is kept for those sites on which much data is had, such as photographs, plans, and notes. These are filed according to site number.
(6) The potsherds that were collected are now washed in water, then in hydrocholric acid, and dried. On each sherd the serial number of the site is written in India ink and shel- lacked, so that if sherds from two sites become mixed they are easily separated.
(7) The sherds are then placed in specially made cartons of standard sizes, 6 by 12 by 10 inches, 6 by 12 by 6 inches, 6 by 12 by 2% inches, and cardboard boxes 6 by 10 by 1 inch. Each box bears a label giving the site number, drainage, pottery type, and special remarks. These boxes are arranged on shelves, which are 12 inches apart—the large boxes by themselves on the shelf and the smaller boxes and cartons stacked.
MAPS
In a survey, maps play a large part in the record. For this paper the maps have been compiled from several sources which have been combined with the direct observations of the author. Although a little more accurate than any existing maps, they are far from perfect.
The sources of the maps are as follows: The township plot of the General Land Office surveys extending from 1885 to 1919 (2 inches equal 1 mile), the excellent series of contour maps of the United States Forest Service, Coconino sheets, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (scale 1 inch to the mile), United States Land Office map of Arizona (1 inch equals 12 miles), and the Geological Survey topographic map of the Flagstaff quadrangle (1 inch equals 2 miles). The author wishes to thank those Government bureaus, the Forest Service, the Geological Survey, and the General Land Office, for the use of these excellent series.
From the above sources a key map and two series of large-scale maps have been drafted. The key map shows the main features of the region, the auto roads, a few of the principal ruins, and the position of the large-scale maps. On the first series, comprising five sheets drawn originally 2 inches to a mile and reduced to three- fourths of an inch to a mile, most of the ruins have been plotted.
COLTON] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 7
In the second series of four maps certain regions in which ruins are very abundant have been shown in still larger scales.
The ruins have been located on the maps by two methods. In a number of cases the section and quarter stones have been found and identified. This is particularly true on the terraces north and east of the San Francisco Peaks. In other places the ruins have been located by distance from a road, wash, or other important landmark, while in the settled districts the fence lines form a useful basis. Where no landmarks are near a few ruins have been located but approximately.
If a site is near a section boundary and the stone was not discovered, the ruin may have been placed in the wrong section. However, the average error is not over a quarter of a mile and probably considerably less.
The most important differences between these maps and the source maps are as follows: Walnut Canyon at the second fort has been corrected by a triangulation with a reflector compass. Drainage from Aztec Seep was found to enter Hulls Canyon. The contours of O’Neil Peak have been corrected.
A third series of maps comprises the house plans. These plans have been prepared by two methods. Where the house lines and room lines are not very distinct the distances were paced. When they are sharp and clear the distances have been measured by tape. But afew of the plans have been prepared for publication. The larger houses and those which show some special characteristic arrangement have been selected; hundreds of others are recorded on cards and in the files.
On the maps, the author has used those place names which he found on existing maps. However, these names are so few that he has been obliged to search for others. He has applied to the local inhabitants and when these have failed him, he has coined names. These new names usually are made from some local landmark.
One change has been made which diverges from the usage on some maps. The author considers that the Rio de Flag is a tributary of Walnut Creek and not that Walnut Creek is a tributary of the Rio de Flag. The Rio de Flag has no channel where it enters Walnut Creek and rarely ever flows, while Walnut Creek has a wide continuous bed in the region of the junction. In fact, if one follows the stream bed, the Rio de Flag could not be found. At the same time the name Walnut Creek should be substituted for San Francisco Wash.
On the maps the author adopted a series of symbols which seem to be suitable to this particular region. It must be understood that the interpretation of the ruins is not final, as few excavations were made.
It seems desirable to indicate on the maps the magnitude of the ruin. So the author on hypothetical grounds selected the following five or six types to be recorded. He assumed that a condition similar to that of the Hopi existed, that the married daughters tended to live
8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104°
near their mothers. If, in times of peace and plenty, two daughters lived to marry, then we would have the following classification:
1 tore) Toomge.2.- __. A one-family house. 2 °t0"4 "TOOMBS oe ee A house occupied by a mother and one or two married daughters. 6itot8:rodmesc.sysu! = A house occupied probably for three generations all in one family. 9 to 16 rooms_-_-_---- A house occupied for four or five generations by one family or built by a congregation of several families or clans.
Pueblos are probably made up of the aggregation of several fam- ilies. The larger pueblos were perhaps even composed of several clans. The symbols for earth lodge and sherd area in most cases represent some kind of a pit house and nearly all belong to Pueblo II. The other symbols on the maps are self-explanatory or are made clear in the legend. HOUSE TYPES
Eight types of structures have been recognized in the San Francisco Mountain area.
(1) The masonry dwellings from single-roomed houses of 1-story to 3-story pueblos with as many as 50 rooms. These may or may not be associated with a rectangular kiva.
(2) Small masonry dwellings constructed under natural over- hanging rocks.
(3) Small masonry dwellings constructed in artificial caves exca- vated in volcanic ash under a lava flow—called cavate dwellings by Fewkes, 1896.
(4) Masonry forts in defensive positions on rims of canyons or on the tops of hills.
(5) Masonry granaries in the open—associated with earth lodges.
(6) Adobe or masonry granaries built in caves.
(7) Earth lodges. Rectangular pit house (Hargrave, 1930) with an entrance through the roof and a ventilator on the east side. Earth lodges include the vestibule house (Colton, 1920) with an alcove on the east side which is not an entrance. These may be (a) excavated in the ground (a rectangular pit house), (6) built on the surface of the ground, or (c) built on the top of a low mound. All three are varieties of a single type and belong to about the same period, no matter on what level the floor is placed. (The problem of the vestibule house will be considered in a paper in preparation.)
From a survey of the region it would seem probable that the rec- tangular kiva accompanies all ruins with which Tusayan or Little Colorado black-on-white pottery is found. It is usually represented by a depression on the east or southeast side of the building. In the large pueblos, such as Elden and New Caves, the kiva seems to be a
COLTON] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 9
large room at ground level. In the small house sites the kiva has varied from 9 by 9 to about 12 by 16 feet. From the few excavations made it seems that the kiva contains a ventilator and deflector. (See Ruin No. 521, fig. 21.)
“Ruin No. 887 furnishes a well-preserved kiva roof, a large pine timber 8 inches in diameter running across the middle of the room, and supports 3 to 4 inch pine timbers which are spaced about 4 to 6 inches apart. On these are laid a neat floor or split cedar shakes about 3 feet long. On this roofing lie bunches of grass and on top a layer of clay about 4 to 6 inches thick. Placing all of this together we have a fairly complete picture of the San Francisco Mountain kiva.
Mr. J. C. Clarke has reported an oval kiva buried in a sand dune near Heisers Spring. This may turn out to be a pit house when it is excavated. In the Citadel region are some evidences of oval kivas or pit houses—excavation alone will reveal their significance. However, whatever they are, they are rare.
POTSHERDS
When potsherds are studied from the sites in this area it will be seen that they fall into the types listed below. Where the types have been well studied they have been given names according to the method proposed at the Pecos Conference in 1927, a geographical name followed by a descriptive term. Types that have not been sufficiently well studied or whose center of development lies out of the area of this study and which have not yet been given a per- manent name, are preceded by an asterisk (*).
(A) Wares with no decorative designs.
(1) *Plain gray ware-—Granular surface due to coarse temper; throat of jar not coiled.
(2) Rio-de-Flag brown.—Plain red, brownish, and brownish-black ware, smooth surface, noncorrugated, tempering material coarse sand. Jars and bowls.
(3) Deadman gray.—Plain gray ware. Surface and paste gray, surface smooth, noncorrugated, tempering material contains fine mica. Jars and bowls.
(4) Deadman fugitive red —Plain gray ware similar to the above in paste and surface, but with the surface painted with hematite after firing and not refired. The red paint will wash off with water. Jars.
(5) Sunset red—Plain ware, grayish paste, temper black basaltic cinders, surface floated, red with blackish firing marks. In worn places the basaltic cinders show through the red. Bowls and jars.
§4563—32——2
10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104
(A) Wares with no decorative designs—Continued.
(6) Flagstaff red—Plain ware, grayish paste, temper black basaltic cinders orsand. Exterior usually with a heavy float or slip of red with polishing marks or striation without definite foci. Interior of bowls polished a metallic black to deep gray. Interior of jars gray. The fact that this ware frequently has cinder temper and that the polishing marks are without definite foci distinguishes it from the Gila red ware of the Middle Gila (Gladwin, 1930). Jars and bowls. Called by Fewkes, 1927, Flagstaff ware.
(B) Wares with decorative designs.
(7) *Plain gray urth a coil neck—Same paste and temper as No. 1. Sherds from the bottom of the jar can not be distinguished from bottom of No. 1 jar.
(8) *Gray corrugated—Exterior surface completely corrugated, coils indented. The many varieties have not yet been clearly distinguished. Mostly jars. (Pl. 2, (8) (4) (5) (6) (7).)
(9) *Gray corrugated.—Coil partially obliterated. Mostly jars. (El,29
(10) Elden corrugated—Exterior surface may be red or yellow paste and basaltic temper similar to Flagstaff red. Corru- gations quadrilateral in shape with rounded edges. In- terior with or without a black metallic burnished surface. Bowls and small jars. Fewkes, 1927. Figure 219. (Pl. 2 (1) 2.) :
(11) *Basket maker black-on-white—Black paint on a gray granular surface similar to Nos. 1 and 7. Coarse temper shows through the surface. Bowls and jars. (Pl. 1 (1).)
(12) *Pueblo I black-on-white.—Paste similar to Nos. 1, 7, and 11. Interior of bowls or outside of jars floated and polished. On the polished white surface a black design is applied— fine lines, pendent dots, small triangles and stepped ele- ments characterized by “‘marked crudity of brush work.” Kidder, Southwestern Archaeology, p. 75, pl. 34. Bowls and jars. (Pl. 1 (2).)
(13) Deadmans black-on-white-——Gray paste, white polished slip on which a design of black broad lines, pendent dots, isolated dots, large triangles and squares. Exterior of bowls rough. Bowls and jars. (Pl. 1 (8).)
(14) Deadmans black-on-gray.—Gray paste, surface without a slip, similar to Nos. 3 and 4. Black design similar to No. 13 applied directly on the gray surface. Bowls and jars.
COLTON) PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 11
(B) Wares with decorative designs—Continued.
(15) Walnut black-on-white corrugated—Gray paste, corrugated exterior, interior a white slip design similar to Deadmans black-on-white. Bowls.
(16) Tusayan black-on-white-—Gray paste, fine sand temper, float, or white slip, black designs of various geometric forms, that called “‘serations’”’ being most characteristic. Same as Kidder Proto-Kayenta, Kidder, 1924. Bowls and jars. (PIs 1 (4).)
(17) Wupatki black-on-white—Thick ware, gray paste, coarse sand temper. White slip. Black design similar to Kayenta negative pattern. Probably a local attempt to reproduce Kayenta black-on-white. Exterior not finely finished. Bowls and jars. (Pl. 1 (5).)
(18) Lattle Colorado black-on-white—Dark gray paste, coarse sand temper, white slip. Usually thicker than Tusayan black-on-white. For designs see Gladwin, 1930 (a), Plate 3. Jars and bowls. (Pl. 1 (6).)
(19) Deadmans black-on-red—Gray paste, sand temper, red slip inside and outside, painted with a black design. Bowls and jars.
(20) *Black-on-white sherd temper.—Gray paste, black design on white slip.
(21) Tusayan black-on-red.—Gray paste burning pinkish or yellow- ish on the surface, sherd temper, painted inside and outside in red on which a black design is applied. Bowls. There is a similar ware without the red paint found in Pueblo II sites in the Upper Moencopi Wash. On these the black is applied directly to the pink surface. This has not yet been given a name.
(22) Tusayan polychrome.—Called by Kidder 1924 Proto-Kayenta polychrome. A variety of Tusayan black-on-red. Gray paste burning yellowish on the surface, sherd temper. On the yellowish surface a red design is outlined in black. On the yellowish exterior of bowls a broad red line is drawn below the rim. Bowls.
(23) Kayenta polychrome.—Paste and yellowish slip or float similar to Tusayan polychrome. Red is used on large masses. The black is outlined with a narrow white line. On bowls the exterior contains a broad red line as in the Tusayan polychrome. See Kidder, 1924. Bowls and small jars.
(24) In the late sites other wares manufactured in neighboring regions are sometimes encountered, such as Jeddito black- on-white, Kayenta black-on-white, Klag-n-to black-on- yellow, and Little Colorado polychrome.
12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 109 CULTURE HORIZONS.
The Southwestern Archeological Conference, held at Pecos, N. Mex., in 1927 (Kidder, 1927), proposed the following chronological classifi- cation of culture periods in the Southwest.
' Basket Maker I, or Early Basket Maker.—A postulated (and perhaps recently detovereat stage, Wage RAR yet adumbrating later developments.
Basket Maker II, or Basket Maker.—The agricultural, atlatl- nonpottery-making stage, as described in many publications.
Basket Maker III, or Late Basket Maker, or Post Basket Maker.— The pit or slab house building, potter-making stage. (The three Basket Maker stages were characterized by a long-headed population, which did not practice skull deformation.)
Puesto I, or Proto-Pueblo.—The first stage during which cranial deformation was practiced, vessel neck corrugation was introduced, and villages composed of rectangular living rooms of true masonry were developed. (It was generally agreed that the term pre-Pueblo, hitherto sometimes applied to this period, should be discontinued. )
Pursto II.—The stage marked by widespread geographical exten- sion of life in small villages; corrugation, often of elaborate technique, extended over the whole surface of cooking vessels.
Pursto III, or Great Period.—The stage of large communities, great development of the arts, and growth of intensive local speciali- zation.
Pursto IV, or Proto-Historic.—The stage characterized by contrac- tion of area occupied; by the gradual disappearance of corrugated wares; and, in general, by decline from the preceding cultural peak.
Pursto V, or Historic.—The period from 1600 A. D. to the present.
Since the Pecos Classification was published the pottery types as- sociated with the culture periods in the central area have become more distinct. In the San Francisco Mountains culture periods correlate with house types and pottery types as follows:
Basket Maker I and Basket Maker II have not been distin- guished in the area covered by this paper.
Basket Maker III is but poorly represented, three sites only being recorded.
House type-—An earth lodge, rectangular pit house. Hargrave (1930).
Pottery.— Plain gray, Basket Maker black-on-white.
Pursto I is poorly represented; all the known sites lie east of Flag- staff among the cinder hills.
House types.—An earth lodge, a rectangular pit house. Hargrave (1930).
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 104 PLATE 1
BLACK ON WHITE POTSHERDS
1, Basket Maker III black on white; 2, Pueblo I black on white; 3, Deadmans black on white, index for Pueblo II; 4, Tusayan black on white, index for Pueblo III, north of the San Francisco Peaks; 5, Little Colorado black on white, index for Pueblo III, south of the San Francisco Peaks; 6, Wupatki black on white, index for late Pueblo III (1250-1300). This type is similar to Kayenta black on white but not so thin nor so well finished.
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 104 PLATE 2
CHARACTERISTIC CORRUGATED POTSHERDS
1, 2, Elden corrugated, Pueblo III, south of the San Francisco Peaks; 3 and 5, Pueblo III corrugated, Pueblo III, north of the San Francisco Peaks; 4 and 6, partially obliterated corrugated, late Pueblo II and early Pueblo III; 7, corrugated, Pueblo IT.
COLTON] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 13
Pottery —Plain gray, plain gray with a neck coil, Pueblo I black-on- white, Rio de Flag brown.
Puxsto II is very abundant everywhere.
House types.—(1) Earth lodge, a rectangular pit. Hargrave (1930). (2) Earth lodge of the vestibule type, Colton (1920), under the ground, on the ground, or where the snowfall is heavy and the soil clayey, on the top of amound. (3) Masonry granaries. (4) Masonry forts.
Pottery—(1) Drainage of Deadmans Wash, Antelope Wash: Deadmans gray, Deadmans fugitive red, Deadmans black-on-white, Deadmans black-on-gray, Deadmans black-on-red, gray corrugated. On late sites Tusayan black-on-red is found.
(2) Drainage of the Rio de Flag and Walnut Creek: Rio de Flag brown, Sunset red, Deadmans black-on-white, Walnut black-on-white corrugated, Gray corrugated, Deadmans black-on-red.
Pursto JII.—Includes most of the sites recorded on the maps. Everywhere abundant except close to the San Francisco Peaks.
House types —Two-room to forty-room masonry pueblo. Usually with a rectangular kiva on the east or southeast side.
Pottery.—(1) Deadmans and Antelope drainage and Little Colorado, Wupatki, and Rodin basins. Gray corrugated, often partially oblit- erated, Tusayan black-on-white, Tusayan black-on-red, Tusayan polychrome, and in the late pueblos Wupatki black-on-white and Kayenta polychrome are added to the others.
(2) Rio de Flag and Walnut Creek: Gray corrugated, partially obliterated ; Tusayan black-on-white; Little Colorado black-on-white; Tusayan black-on-red; Tusayan polychrome; Flagstaff red; Elden red corrugated; and Sunset red. At late sites Wupatki black-on-white, Kayenta polychrome, Little Colorado polychrome, Klag-n-to black on yellow, and Proto-Four-mile polychrome are met with.
Pursto IV anp V are not represented in this region, although three sites were occupied up to the transition into Pueblo IV: Wupatki, Old Caves, and Turkey Hill.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF CULTURES
The method of studying the distribution of pottery differs from other similar studies. Fewkes (1904) counted the number of pieces, presumably whole bowls and jars, of each type collected from a series of sites, and has presented us with a pottery cross section of Arizona, 70 miles east of the Flagstaff region; Kidder (1917) at Pecos and Nelson (1916) in the Gallesteo Basin and Gladwin (1930) have each studied pottery complexes by counting potsherds and expressing the results in percentages. The author feels that this method can be improved upon, because some kinds of pottery are more fragile than others; at least this is true in the San Francisco Mountain region where the coarse brown and red ware is frequently found in
14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104
smaller fragments than the black-and-white ware. For this reason the author weighs the sorted potsherds from a given site rather than counts them.
eyeuseee ss
SAN FRANCISCO
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DISTRIBUTION OF NorrHeERN WARE IN NortTH EASTERN Arizona Expressed IN % By WEIGHT.
FIGURE 2,—Distribution of black on white and corrugated wares in northeastern Arizona
The method followed was to collect every potsherd, and then weigh the piles. The results expressed in percentage form the basis of Figures 2 and 8.
cotton] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 15
Pottery studies reveal that in Pueblo II and in Pueblo III two cultures existed in the San Francisco Mountains. The sites on Walnut Creek drainage have a different complex from those in the
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DistripuTion OF Unoecornateo RED WARE IN NORTHEASTERN AriZONA ExPRESSED IN % By Weicny
FIGURE 3.—Distribution of undecorated red wares in northeastern Arizona
Deadmans Wash drainage. A line running east from the main peaks in the region of the Coconino Divide to the Little Colorado seems to have been a barrier or a frontier between Walnut Creek and Dead-
16 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104
mans Wash complexes. In Upper Rio de Flag and Upper Deadmans Wash the sites are nearly all Pueblo II. Pueblo III is absent, but in the upper Rio de Flag, Rio de Flag brown is the utility ware, while in Upper Deadman it is Deadmans gray or Deadmans fugitive red. In lower Deadmans and the Lower Rio de Flag, Pueblo III sites are more striking than the Pueblo II sites. South of the line Flagstaff red is dominant, while north of the line it is absent, or nearly so. Little Colorado black-on-white south of the line, Tusayan black-on- white is the common one to the north. It is hard to see what kind of a barrier existed which prevented the mixing of two tribes, but it was an important one. AGRICULTURE
From the survey it appears that the eruption of Sunset Crater was a dominant incident in the history of our area. Previous to that event the sites were clustered close to the peaks. After the eruption they spread from the peaks to the Little Colorado River.
For primitive agriculture a light soil is necessary, a soil that can be penetrated by a digging stick. ‘Therefore we find the early sites associated with alluvial parks in the forest and old intercone basins. After the eruption of Sunset Crater, with the country covered with a thin layer of black sand, a new era for agriculture developed. This black sand absorbed heat and at the same time acted as a mulch, conserving the water in the soil.
At the present time the Hopi selects for his cornfields a thin sand dune which is traveling slowly across the land. With his digging stick he plants the seed in the soil, which is kept moist by the mulch of sand, a foot to 18 inches deep, depending on the thickness of the. mulch. It is thought probable that the black sand made a similar mulch and that an area which had previously been unsuitable for agriculture became a garden spot. Because the sand cover washed and blew away, the late pueblos, like Elden, Turkey Hills, and Old Caves, are found close to the peaks, while the people of Wupatki cultivated the dunes in the shelter of an escarpment. Now that the sand cover has been largely removed the land has gone back to the grassy steepe that originally existed.
In many places lines of stones are visible which mark the position of the ancient fields. Lines of stones dammed little draws and caught the sand and moisture, as we see to-day at the second Hopi Mesa. (See wash west of Crack-in-Rock.) Parallel lines of stones were used as windbreaks, such as can be seen to-day at Sikyatki at the First Hopi Mesa (or in this region southeast of Ruin 377, or South of Grand Falls).
Broken hoes are picked up on the site of the fields and a digging stick has been found in one excavation.
COLTON) PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF FZ
Methods of agriculture as far as we can see were similar to the methods used to-day by the Hopi.
WATER SUPPLY
The rainfall ranges between 40 inches on the mountains (Pearson, 1921) and 25 inches at the base, and from 5 to 10 inches by the river (Monthly Weather Review). In the region suitable for agri- culture the rainfall is between 15 and 25 inches. ‘The porous nature of the soil renders this water unavailable for domestic purposes except when caught in basins in lava canyons or when it appears in springs in the Moencopi sandstone and shales. Certain clay basins will also hold temporary pools. The distribution of the ruins is largely a matter of water supply. Water is scarce over the entire area, not- withstanding the fact that the rainfall would support running streams if the region had a different geological structure. The author accepts the doctrine of climate change to account for ruins in now waterless regions.
DESCRIPTION OF SITES
Uprer Rio pE Frag AND ABoutT ELDEN SPRING
North of Flagstaff the Rio de Flag has its sources on the southern flanks of the San Francisco Mountains. Although petroglyphs abound at the old Veit ranch on Mount Agassiz, altitude 8,100 feet, the highest dwellings occur lower at Little Le Roux Spring (Cliff shelter), altitude 7,600 feet. In this region north of Flagstaff the most notable group of ruins lies a few hundred yards north of the Flagstaff reservoir on the Schultz Pass road. These furnish the best examples of earth lodges (Colton, 1920) which had been built upon a platform or mound. The remains of other earth lodges fringe the base of the mountains east to Elden Spring. In this region no houses were built; the notable group west of Elden Spring in the pines described and figured by Colton (1918 a, b), were probably platforms on which earth lodges had been built and 125 beside National Highway a mile south of Elden Spring (Colton, 1918), may be a similar platform.
Mr. L. F. Brady, of the Mesa School, discovered pottery frag- ments 14 feet below the surface of the earth in the walls of the arroyo of the Rio de Flag associated with the stumps of buried trees. The author aided him in digging out a pit-house site 4 feet below the present level of the alfalfa field of the county farm. The details of this work are left to Mr. Brady to record.
North of Flagstaff the characteristic dwelling is the earth lodge on a platform while the characteristic potsherd of the dwellers is Rio de Flag brown.
18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104 Wautnutr Canyon
Among the antiquities of the Flagstaff region the cliff dwellings in Walnut Canyon are best known. Not only have they been longest exploited, but also they are more frequently visited than any of the antiquities of the region, being examined yearly by over 10,000 people. (Map, pl. 3.) In 1906, to preserve the ruins, the President set aside as a National Monument two sections and a quarter in- closing the most conspicuous remains. Being within 6 miles of the transcontinental highway (U.S. No. 66), it is one of the most readily accessible national monuments to the automobile tourist. Because of this accessibility and the large number of visitors to the canyon, an account of it is necessary.
It can not be said that Walnut Creek rises, because it rarely has any water flowing init. Yetit drains a very large area lying between the San Francisco Peaks and Mormon Mountain 40 miles to the south. The waters from an occasional cloud-burst in the summer or the melting snows in the spring flow north from the region about Mormon Mountain, down Clark Valley, past Lake Mary to Fishers Tank. For many miles a cliff or escarpment rises abruptly 200 or 300 feet above its eastern banks. This cliff, a fault escarpment, forms the western edge of Anderson Mesa. At Fishers Tank the channel turns east, slicing through Anderson Mesa, cutting a rocky canyon in the Kaibab limestone and underlying Coconino sand- stone 300 to 400 feet deep; and follows a meandering course east- ward with many sharp hairpin bends, its alternately sandy and boulder-strewn bed opening out finally into a shallow channel near Winona Station on the Santa Fe Railroad.
Halfway between Fishers Tank and Winona Station the ancient people of the region congregated in a village. ‘Tilling the ground in the parks to the northeast, they found water, shelter, and security in the canyon. Water, the primal necessity, exists in several places in natural pools and probably can be found by digging in the sand in other places. The unequal weathering of the sandy Kaibab lime- stone forms natural overhangs with flat floors. Taking advantage of the overhanging ledges, side and front walls are the only structures needed to complete a house. Security can be found on the almost inaccessible “islands”? and peninsulas which occur at nearly every sharp bend in the canyon.
In occupying the sunny north walls of the canyon, the bitter cold of the winter was ameliorated, and shelter from the irritating winds of the spring and early summer attained. Except for the chore of carrying water up the well-built trail from the pools in the canyon, Walnut Canyon must have been a pleasant place in which to live.
The first fort or ‘Steamboat Fort” lies 34% miles southwest of Winona Station up the canyon. (Map, fig. 9.) Here the canyon
couton] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 19
is shallow, about 100 feet deep. Houses crowd the top of a peninsula, the perpendicular walls of which form an adequate defense. Other houses occupy the promontories on the canyon wall, while the wide flats on the canyon floor contain foundations grouped about a large corral-like inclosure. At the base of the fort on the west side of the “island” a kiva seems to have been built. The first fort would form a good place for investigation.
The second fort, 3 miles above the first fort and a mile above the Santa Fe Railroad dam, is not so favorable for study. Here the canyon is deeper and the remains of habitation fewer. Evidences of long occupation are not present. About the first fort the inhabi- tants lived in houses on the surface of the ground. At the second fort they occupied houses built under overhanging ledges. The second fort presents few points of interest, notwithstanding its picturesque situation at the junction of a large tributary canyon with Walnut Canyon.
Within the National Monument, a third fort similar to those previously described occupies a peninsula jutting out from the northern rim of the canyon, and is surrounded by one of the fre- quent hairpin curves of Walnut Creek. Here the canyon is exceed- ingly narrow as well as deep. Nevertheless the third fort, called popularly the “‘island,’’ lies in the thickest settled portion of the canyon. It is the one “island” easily accessible and frequented by the tourist. The sides of the “island” are covered with cliff dwellings and the top crowned with a fort where traces of the defensive walls still remain.
The fourth fort occupies the end of a peninsula jutting out from the south wall a quarter of a mile above the third fort. While the southern face is covered by dwellings, the northern face, supporting a growth of balsam, Douglas fir, and other members of the Canadian floral zone, is without many houses. The fort is defended by a wall across the neck of the promontory. A mile above the fourth fort lies the fifth fort. This is a peninsula or ‘‘island” joined to the southern wall. Both the east and west exposures of the “‘island”’ contain dwellings. However, like the second fort, it never formed the refuge for a teeming population. Farther up the canyon penin- sulas and promontories abound, but they were not used by the primitive inhabitants of the region as places for defense. This may be because the cornfields were too far away; other places just as easily defended lie nearer the arable gounds.
The ruins about Walnut Canyon fall in four groups: (1) Small one or two roomed houses on and back from the canyon rim, a quarter of a mile or so, or on the islands or peninsulas in the canyon, (2) three or five roomed houses similarly located, (3) cliff dwellings, and (4) forts.
20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL, 104
The positions of the dwellings on the level ground are shown on the map and are not different from others in the region. The group on the promontory in the eastern part of the National Monument (Nos. 108, 385, 386, 475, 476) is perhaps the most interesting and
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FIGURE 4.—Walnut Canyon—Group of houses on the north rim (103, 475, 476, 477)
deserves the most study. (Figs. 4 and 5.) Notwithstanding dozens
of houses on the level ground, the characteristic dwelling in Walnut
Canyon is the cliff shelter. (Figs. 6-8.) Whereas, the Coconino
sandstone at the bottom of the canyon forms, almost everywhere,
" except where crushed in fault-
N. ing, a precipitous wall, the
if t overlying hard Kaibab lime-
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IS FT. ing of the three soft layers has
FIGURE Bair hari of houses on the resulted in a series of three
ledges with overhanging roofs.
Here on each tier the people of the region built rooms, one after
another in a single line; but in two places they added an outer series of
rooms (fig.7). Although the overhanging rock made a roof unnecessary
for the inner rooms, the outer rooms entirely beyond the overhang required a constructed roof.
FBS
BUREAU OF BULLETIN 104 PLATE 3
WALNUT CANYON GROUP
Ruins Southeast of Flagstaff Ariz. eee IN jae a.
ONE HALF MILE LEGEND « OneRoomHouse « OneRoom Cliff Dwelling.
ms 2to3RoomHouse q . Three RoomCliff Dwelling Ba Over Three Rooms == Wall
Contour interval !00ft.
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“BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
SSNS
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ONUMENT
BULLETIN 104 PLATE 3
WALNUT CANYON GROUP Ruins Southeast of Flagstaff, Ariz.
SCALE IN FEET 10900 fe)
ONE HALF MILE LEGEND « OneRoomHouse « OneRoomCliff Dwelling. = 2to3RoomHouse 4. Three RoomCliff Dwelling Ba Over Three Rooms == Wall Contour interval l00ff.
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coLton] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 21
The construction of the partitions is peculiar. The partition walls were built and completed before the end walls were started, so that the end walls were not tied to the partitions walls. Having nothing
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FIGURE 6.—Walnut Canyon—Generalized section of a cliff house based particularly on house 746. This section illustrates the way the dwellers in the canyon made use of the overhanging limestone rocks; how the walls were constructed and the floors leveled
to hold them when rain water undermined them, they fell. This
accounts for the almost universal absence of complete front walls. Since a large population once lived in this region, it is a striking
fact that no trace of a kiva has been found except at the first fort far
1 ! ' ' ae tenk <a tee eh we bend ik anette y
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322
FiIGcuRE 7,—Plan of house 322 which was built under an overhanging ledge of limestone. Three rooms extended beyond the line of overhang, which must have had constructed roofs. No. 322 would be a good site to restore
down the canyon. Where the ruins are thickest nothing suggesting a kiva has been observed.
As the canyon is visited by so many people yearly, the author sug- gests that the present trail be closed, that Casa 103 be reconstructed into a custodian’s house and local museum and Casa 475, which con- tains two good-sized rooms, be restored. He also suggests that a
22 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104
trail be built from the end of the promontory opposite the ‘‘island”’ down to the level of the middle series of cliff dwellings. At this level a portion of cliff dwelling No. 322 should be restored. With these changes made, Walnut Canyon will be a much more interesting and instructive place for itinerant tourists.
Walnut Canyon was occupied principally in late Pueblo II and early Pueblo III cultural strata.
Doney Park
ELDEN PUEBLO
On the divide joining Sheep Hill with Elden Mountain, west of the National Highway, in the pines, lies Elden Pueblo, No. 142, excavated by Fewkes in 1926. (Fewkes, 1927, plan, p. 210.) This Pueblo, like several others in the neighborhood, such as Turkey Hills, was
Tee 2S SS mets
SS
FIGURE 8.—Details of door and smoke hole of house 746, one of the cliff dwellings in Walnut Canyon
located with little thought of defense. Of the main building Doctor Fewkes excavated 33 rooms, leaving about 16 rooms unexcavated, so the building contained about 49 rooms on the ground floor. About the central building are the remains of three small 1-story houses of three to five rooms each. The kiva of Elden Pueblo proved to be a large room at ground level with a low seat or banquette around the inside wall. Elden Pueblo belongs to Pueblo III culture horizon.
TURKEY HILLS PUEBLO
Among the larger pueblos of this region mention must be made of one (No. 660) lying a quarter mile south of the Winslow Road on the lower flats of the Turkey Hills. A large mound which might cover the remains of a 3-story building with perhaps 15 basal rooms has a l-story extension of 11 rooms extending northeast. ‘Three small 1 to 4 roomed houses lie a few yards to the southeast. Between the largest of these, a house with 4 rooms, lies a depression which excava- tion might show to be a kiva. An outcrop of lava north of the ruin was used as permanent metates for grinding corn.
coLTon] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 23
Although not as large as Elden Pueblo, this ruin is one of the larger ones on the level ground. Being near the present settled district of Doney Park, it is subject to vandalism and it is reported that some stone has already been removed for building purposes. In the sum- mer of 1928 Dr. Byron Cummings, with the aid of his students, began the excavation of this ruin. Culture horizon is Pueblo III. Pot- sherds show that this site was occupied later than Elden Pueblo.
WINONA ROAD GROUP
Near Locketts Tanks, east of Doney Park on a lava flow, stood a group of small houses described by Colton (1918 a, 6). This group has been destroyed by the location of the new ‘National Highway, which has. passed through the main house of the group. It furnished a very good example of the small house ruin of the region, a house not very different from that described by Prudden (1920) in the San Juan region, Pueblo IIT.
OLD CAVES PUEBLO
The Old Caves Pueblo (No. 72), plastered on the sunny south slope of a small cinder cone, overlooks Doney Park. Fewkes (1900 and 1904) has described it well and figured some of the curious under- ground rooms beneath each house. The plan (fig. 10) shows the number of rooms and also records the rooms with undergorund chambers. Since this pueblo is unique in pueblo architecture, it should be preserved from the pot hunters, who are mining in its burial grounds. This hilltop should be a National Monument. The culture horizon is late Pueblo III and very similar to Turkey Hill.
PICTURE CANYON AND PORCUPINE CAVE
East of Cliffs Station the Rio de Flag crosses north of the track and entersalavacanyon. In thiscanyon lies anatural tank. North- east of the tank a series of small houses of early Pueblo III cluster at the canyon rim, while other house sites are formed in the talus under the lava cliff. (Map, fig. 9.) In one place the primitive inhabitants mined the loose lapilli and scoria from under the lava flow, forming a series of four chambers called locally Porcupine Cave. The last chamber still is separated by a stone and adobe wall from the third chamber. This wall is punctured by a doorway with a wooden lintel still in place. The wall is neatly plastered. (Since this was written in 1923, vandals have destroyed all the walls.)
In 1919 the author excavated a number of graves in the talus east of the cave, recovering a number of artifacts, and in 1921 he excavated a rectangular chamber in the talus which may or may not have been a kiva. Here nothing notable was found but the fireplace and a cache of five stone axheads.
24 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULE. 104
Picture Canyon (fig. 11) was named for the large number of petroglyphs which cover the basalt rocks; indeed, a notable array. It is a typical site of the people who made the Flagstaff red pottery. Nearly all the bowls recovered were of that type. However, a few pieces of Little Colorado black-on-white and corrugated ware were recovered from the burials. These burials, under the ledges of basalt beneath the sites of the houses, were as follows:
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WALNUT CANYON
Sp Scale 264 9___80__160 320Fr Form LINE INTERVAL Las = 50 Fr.
FiGuRE 9.—First Fort in Walnut Canyon. Masonry houses are found on the canyon rim while pit houses cover the bench on the canyon floor
(a) Male, adult, artifacts, nine bowls of Flagstaff red ware, ladle, shell earring, and a disturbed primary burial (227).
(b) Child aged about 3, artifacts. Small olla, small bowl, black- on-white, Arca shell, bottom of small Elden corrugated bowl and blue pigment, and a disturbed primary burial.
(c) Child (age not determined), artifacts, small bowl, small olla of black-on-white, Arca shell, bottom of small Elden corrugated bowl and a disturbed primary burial.
(d) Child 6 years, lower jaw only, artifacts, small corrugated jar containing the bones of three ground squirrels, 3 ladles, 4 small bowls of Flagstaff red.
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BULLETIN 104 PLATE 4
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BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
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COLTON] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 25
(e) Child encased in clay, age not determined, artifacts, 2 bowls of Flagstaff red ware, sherds of a Tusayan black-on-white bowl.
Gourp Fuat
ce ”?
THE ACROPOLIS OF ‘‘RED”’ OR ‘‘O’NEIL’’ PEAK—NEW CAVES
North of the ranches in Gourd Flat rises the red rim of a ragged crater. This rim is low on the east side but rises 300 feet on the west.
N.
FIGURE 10.—Old Caves Pueblo (72). A communal house straggling down the southern slope of a small cindercone. It occupies the most convenient point near Doney Park suitable for defense. The curious underground chambers in nearly every room hollowed out of the cinders make it unique in pueblo architecture
Crowning the rim, a fringe of ruins with a few gaps enclose the crater. While the ruins on the east and the south rim are interesting, those on the west and north rim are remarkable. Fewkes (1904) commented on the ragged and inhospitable lava slopes that the inhabitants chose as dwelling places. He described a few of the cavate rooms on the face of the crater, but left us without a picture of the whole.
54563—32——3
26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104 _
The acropolis of Red Peak (map, pl. 4) covers the northwestern portion of the crater rim, while detached houses of 1, 2, and even 11 rooms straggle down the hill to a saddle which had been leveled off perhaps as a dance court as suggested by Powell (1891). Fewkes (1904) interpreted it as areservoir. On the terraces at the south foot of the mountain lie other houses. (See Colton 1918 b.)
The inner face of the crater falls steeply away, in places precipitous, while the outer slope is more gradual. The inner face, therefore, could be easily defended, short intervals of wall being all that is necessary. ‘To protect the gradual outer slope, an extensive wall was
Orr: iso) Trail oY
PaseGpine Cove! “iin ZiT Or <4 Scale. i pie aa x ~S / 0 39 100 200 Ft. ) Cran oy Form Line INTERVAL sigs ah ee pe = 20 Fr. 2360!
LEN Smace Cinper Cone
FIGURE 11.—Picture Canyon, showing the position of Porcupine Cave (225). Petroglyphs are abundant on rocks west of the cave
constructed. This wall, over 700 feet long, seems in places to have been breast-high, but is now in many stretches a mere retaining wall for a terrace. At the northeast end the wall merges into a series of dwellings which form a kind of bastion. From the middle of the long wall and perpendicular to it runs a second wall combined with a series of rooms. This wall forms the inner line of defense. <A third wall into which was also combined a number of dwellings quite as in the pueblo architecture of the region.
Another unusual feature of the houses in and about this acropolis is the underground rooms which almost every house possesses—a type of cellar. This recalls the feature of Old Caves Pueblo 4 miles to the west as described by Fewkes (1904). There the rooms were hollowed out of the half-fused scoria; here at Red Peak the rooms are
COLTON] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 27
excavated in the soft cinders, necessitating retaining walls. This feature is unique.
Although no kivas are recognized on Red Peak, yet a large building 24 by 36 feet may have played a part in the ceremonies of the inhabi- tants. This large single-roomed building recalls similar rooms at Zuni, in Verde Valley (Mindeleff, 1896), and in the Tonto Basin (Fewkes, 1904), supposedly used for purposes of ceremony.
We can not leave Red Peak without some reference to its water supply. lying as it does between two lava basins of Locketts Tank and Turkey Tanks, it is over 2 miles from the former and 3 miles from the latter. It is possible that the curious inclosure in the center now filled with drifted sand is a reservoir or tank.
The extensive acropolis of Red Peak is useless for any economic purpose and with Old Caves it should be set apart as a National Monument.
Like other sites in this region, the pottery complex consists of Pueblo IJ and Pueblo III.
FORTRESS HILLS
On the east Gourd Flat is bounded by a row of four small volcanic hills, the origin of which is not very clear. The second hill from the south end is crowned by a well-built fort (Colton, 1918), while the slopes are dotted with depressions bearing potsherds of Rio de Flag brown ware. Since this region has already been fully described, nothing more need be added except that the earth lodge sites extend north onto the lava flow which issued from O’Neil Peak. All these sites belong to the culture horizon of Pueblo IT.
TURKEY TANKS
Below the junction of the Rio de Flag, Walnut Creek enters a smal] lava canyon and like most of such canyons this contains pools of permanent water. Where water abounds ruins will be found.
Turkey Tank caves in section 26 were described by Fewkes (1900). The fort and ruins near the lower tank are figured and described by Colton (1918, a and 6). These belong to the Pueblo III culture horizon. Earth lodge sites Pueblo II are scattered along the hill- tops; on all of these Rio de Flag brown pottery is common. In the canyon east of Turkey Tanks lie a few cavate dwellings.
Grass TANK AND PIPERS CRATER
East of Turkey Tanks, Walnut Creek enters a deep lava canyon, containing a few pools of water, and finally discharges on & wide lava, cinder, and cedar-covered plain. In a shallow canyon .in the plain lies Grass Tank. Below Grass Tank the creek enters a limestone canyon in the plain. In the cedars about Grass Tank ruins are quite
28 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104
numerous; Pueblo III masonry houses and Pueblo II pit-house sites are abundant.
The most notable Pueblo III ruins in this region are as follows:
(a) An eyrie little ruin of five rooms (No. 475) perched on a pre- cipitous spatter cone in section 31.
(6) A 7-room house (No. 473) with kiva and small circular building 4 feet in diameter. The author excavated this latter to the depth of 4 feet and found the stones of the east side resting on a burial. This he left intact. Such small circular underground chambers are fairly common in connection with ruins in the cedars. The author makes no suggestion as to their function.
(c) The ‘‘Ridge Ruin”’ (No. 1785) in section 7 was discovered by Mr. J. C. Clarke. For this region with some 30 rooms on the first floor, it is one of the larger pueblos. ‘Traces of two kivas are evident.
(d) A well-preserved ruin built of lava blocks covers the top of the western rim of the crater northeast of Pipers Ranch. It is a site comparable to the acropolis of Red Peak but much smaller. The walls, nothwithstanding their laval construction, are in a good state of preservation. Cavite dwellings and boulder sites scatter down the southeast end of the ridge.
(e) One-half mile east of No. 473 on the brink of the canyon of Walnut Creek lies an interesting ruin (No. 885) with 11 rooms on the ground floor.
(f) In a lava cave on the north side of the canyon below No. 885 lies a well-preserved kiva (No. 886) with the roof about one-fifth intact. As it shows the structure of the kiva roof it is worth mention. It is about 9 by 9 feet with 6 feet depth. A ventilator and shaft have been exposed by Mr. J. C. Clarke. A section of the kiva can be seen in Figure 21. Very few potsherds were found.
(g) East of the kiva, in another similar cave, is a small, well-pre- served cliff dwelling (No. 887).
(kh) One hundred feet east of ruin No. 885 lies a bowlder site with Deadmans Flat black-on-white, fugitive red, and walnut red. Pueblo II.
(i) Ruin No. 521 on the north side of Walnut Creek about a mile below Grass Tank has about seven rooms and in 1925 the author excavated the kiva, 15 feet 9 inches by 12 feet 6 inches, exposing a ventilator 8 inches by 9 inches and deflector 1 foot by 2 feet on the east side. In front of the deflector lies the fireplace, 10 by 12 and 10 inches deep.
(7) One mile north of the Ridge Ruins on the edge of the same lava flow lies a pueblo ruin which we have called Two Kivas (No. 700). It is a little smaller than the Ridge Ruin but similar to it in many ways.
COLTON] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 29
Grass Tank and Youngs Canyon have evidently furnished water for the inhabitants of this region. Other tanks in Walnut Creek, now dry, seem to account for the concentration of sites in certain places.
Amon@ THE Bia CINDER CoNES
After alternately passing through limestone and lava canyons, - Walnut Creek permanently enters the limestone. Where it passes its last lava flow pools of water remain. These pools constitute Walnut Tanks.
About Walnut Tanks and on the west flanks of Merriam Crater lie a few small pueblo ruins and earth lodge sites. They are notable because they were built in a treeless, waterless waste. Although but few have been recorded, sites have been found wherever looked for between the cinder cones and the Little Colorado, but they are few and far between.
ToLcHaco
The region about Tolchaco, the old crossing or ford of the Little Colorado, much used before the bridge was built at Leupp, contains some interesting ruins. One only, the ‘‘Burned Ruin,” was visited and measured.
On a red sandstone rock overhanging the river this little building with 19 first-floor rooms is interesting. Having been destroyed by fire when stored with corn, the intense heat fused the clay or abode floors, forming a kind of slag frequently called lava by the uninitiated. The ground all about is covered with carbonized ears of corn, slag, and much pottery scrap.
The pottery is distinctly that of the southern complex: Elden corrugated ware and Little Colorado black-on-white, and gray corrugated ware. It is interesting because it lies on the edge of a culture area. Although other ruins were not visited in the region, the author has been informed that they exist. Late Pueblo III.
Bonito Park
As the Rio de Flag and Walnut Creek carry us from the pine forests of the mountains to the deserts along the Little Colorado near Leupp, so another similar series of sites leads us from the pines on the north- east side of the San Francisco Peaks to the Little Colorado near Black Falls. While the first series of sites is over 40 miles long, the series from Bonito Park to the river is less than 30 miles. In the pines west of Bonito Park near Jack Smith’s Tank lie scattered a large number of sites of earth lodges. Some are vestibule houses and others are pit houses. The associated pottery, Deadmans_ black-on-white, Deadmans gray, Deadmans black-on-red, Deadmans fugitive red.
30 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104
One of the earth lodge sites (No. 409) the author excavated in 1928, locating the fireplace. (For details see fig. 12.) In the summer of 1930 the Museum Expedition under Lyndon L. Hargrave excavated a large number of sites in this region. This area will be treated in a separate paper.
DeapMans Fiat Deadmans Flat contains two large groups of ruins, one cut by the old Grand Canyon Road and the other just east of the Tuba Road and south of Dove Tank. Here masonry granaries are associated with earth lodge depressions (pit house). The pottery is of the character-
anplalae
} a Fire place sf D ,
Leer 0) ea
FIGURE 12.—Plan of earth lodge 409. The ‘‘vestibule,’’ so called, seems not to have been an entrance but was used as a storage alcove
ON 2) S473 F7-
istic Deadmans Flat Pueblo IJ complex, in which plain gray wares predominate.
Although a large number of ruins have been measured and some are of fair size, no one is deemed worthy of special description.
Since all the ruins are located along the two washes that head north of Sugar Loaf Crater, it would seem to indicate that springs once existed which fed a stream running out from the mountain. An ancient dam was visible in 1923 across the wash near site No. 191.
Crepar RIDGE AND THE Lava TERRACES
After crossing Deadmans Flat the Tuba City Road climbs over Cedar Ridge. Off to the east lie a few scattered sites. None are
COLTON] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 31
large and none are notable in any way. Continuing north, the Tuba Road drops off the Cedar Ridge lava flow on to a lower flow, the fourth terrace. Here ruins are very frequent and some are quite extensive. Nowhere else in the region can one better study the evolution of the
i story, 2
- 652 | 3 bol Scale 4 Off.
——
FIGURE 13.—Plans of a number of houses found on the lava terraces north of Deadmans Flat and east of the Tuba City road. 576 is an earth lodge of the ‘‘vestibule type.’’ The others are Pueblo III masonry buildings. Most of the sites have associated with them a depression in the ground on the south or southeast side which is probably the kiva
2-roomed house into an L-shaped structure, and the L-shaped house into one surrounding three sides of a court. The most notable ruins are No. 438, two story with 14 to 16 rooms; No. 448, a two story, 10 to 12 rooms; No. 449, 10 rooms on the ground floor; No. 457, three story, 45 rooms on the ground floor; No. 459, two story, 22 rooms on the ground floor. (Fig. 13.) About half a mile northeast
32 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY {BULL. 104
of ruin No. 438 is an oval depression surrounded by a mound of exca- vated material. This depression has a north-south axis about 100 feet long and an east-west axis about 60 feet. This resembles the bowl at Casa Grande and at Wupatki.
Below the fourth terrace les the third terrace. Although struc- tures of two or three rooms are fairly abundant, none require a special description.
The second terrace lies north and east of the third. Three ruins are large enough to deserve special mention. No. 574, a mound 10 feet high, 18 to 20 rooms, 2 story, built about a court; No. 578, 7 rooms; No. 579, 8 rooms, all built about courts. The lower lava terrace lies to the east of the second, third, and fourth and extends nearly to Hulls Canyon. Although small ruins dot its surface none require particular mention.
Big Hawk VALLEY
North of the terraces the old Tuba Road crosses a broad lava- filled valley while the new Tuba Road skirts it on the east side. We call this Big Hawk Valley. Crossing it on the old road one gains the impression that the valley is covered with ruins. However, a careful survey shows about 25, all located in a band about three-quarters of a mile wide and 2 miles long. These ruins are mostly 2 to 4 roomed stone houses with lateral walls embracing a southeastern court. A kiva could be inferred in some cases by a depression in the ground in the court, while northwest or northeast another depression seemed to represent a reservoir or tank or merely the excavation out of which the clay and stone were removed for building purposes. (Fig. 13.) Plans Nos. 678 and 682.
All of these sites are covered with Pueblo III potsherds except one, No. 618 (fig. 14), which is very much like a boulder site in the lower Tonto Basin. The pottery, however, is of the characteristic Pueblo
II of the region. Hutts Canyon
Big Hawk Valley has one branch extending northeast into the Citadel flat, but the drainage does not flow that way. The wash draining the terraces swings over the south mesa near the Citadel, then turns southeast into Hulls Canyon. Here are located 10 more sites. These ruins parallel the canyon, which is very shallow and filled with black volcanic sand. They rest on the limestone floor as the lava cap ends at the edge of the lower terrace a mile to the south- west. The ruins are built of limestone. A deep fissure in the lime- stone forms an interesting feature of this region. A mile southwest of the ruins in Hulls Canyon lies the Red House, No. 590, a 3-roomed, 2-story house, the central room of which has been restored by some sheepman and roofed. It lies on the Moencopi sandstone in the
BUREAU OF /
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CIT]
Ruins No
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 104 PLATE 5
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CITADEL GROUP Ruins Northeast of Flagstaff Ariz.
SCALE IN FEET 1000 20
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ONE HALF MILE
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cotton] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 33
cedars, surrounded on three sides by lava cliffs of the lower terrace. The remains of a kiva (?) lie to the east of the house. The present walls of the central room are lower than the original 2-story house but higher than the original first floor, which must have had a very low headroom, judging by the sockets for the joists. The present door- way is new. It is interesting to note that the joists were made of cottonwood. No cottonwood is found at present nearer than the
x w luvs
x 5S
L vet AS
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Wl)
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FIGURE 14.—House 618, A Pueblo II site in Black Hawk Valley
Little Colorado River, 15 miles away. A more careful exploration of the cedars in this region would no doubt reveal other sites.
CITADEL
Northeast of Flagstaff, on the steppes forming the western portion of the Painted Desert, are two curious sinks about 100 yards across, the geologic origin of which is not clear. Both sinks seem to be on fault lines. They are on the eroded edge of a basaltic lava flow, probably of the first period of eruption of the San Francisco volcanic field (Robinson, 1912). In each sink the lava lies on a thin bed of Moencopi red sandstone underneath which the Kaibab limestone is exposed for 50 feet or more. About both of these sinks the early inhabitants of the region built dwellings. The first, Citadel sink, located in township 25 North, range 9 East, section 7, lies on the south-
34 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104
ern edge of a large group of ruins described in part by Fewkes (1897 and 1904) and Barrett (1926). The second sink (township 25 North, range 9 Kast, section 19) has about it fewer ruins; some cliff dwellings inside (about six rooms) and some small houses on the rim.
Neither within nor without the sinks is water at present found. Indeed, the whole region is so waterless that the cattle and sheep can not use the range, although it produces excellent grass. Cattle- men and sheepmen, attracted by the ruins, have made serious attempts to develop water, but the ancient source is still a mystery.
A drainage system, taking origin in the cinder cones 10 miles to the west of the sinks, flows in shallow canyons in the lava eastward, passing through Big Hawk Valley to the north of the second sink and to the south of the Citadel sink. Turning south, the wash enters Hulls Canyon, a cinder-filled valley, and diverges into Deadmans Wash. From the Tuba City Road to Deadmans Wash its dry sandy bed is bordered by ruins on either side and at one place near the cross- ing of the wash by the Old Tuba Road, Navaho teamsters are said to get water by digging in the sand. This spot is called ‘‘ Aztec Seep.” It is possible, therefore, that this wash once contained a large under- flow of water.
Again, although not visible in many places because of the talus, the water-bearing Moencopi sandstones and shales outcrop on the edge of almost all the lava caps. Here springs may have once existed as they do now under similar conditions farther southeast in the Wu- patki and Rodin Basins.
Be that as it may, the only positive sources of water are a tank on the top of Magnetic Mesa, a tank south of Ruin No. 360, and two or three dams in the broad depression in Antelope Prairie, three-quarters of a mile east-southeast of the Citadel ruin.
Rising above the northeast rim of the first sink,:a little mesa of red sandstone, capped with basalt, supports an impressive ruin having 30 rooms on its ground floor, called by Fewkes the Citadel. (Fig. 15.) In the center of the patio is a depression which may represent a kiva. The hillside to the east is terraced and two other sites, 357 and 358, lie at the base. The culture horizon of the Citadel, as well as all the other standing ruins in this part of the Wupatki National Monument, is that called Pueblo II]. However, Pueblo [I sites are common, but in most cases have been reoccupied in Pueblo III times.
North and west of the Citadel (map, pl. 5) are two shallow can- yons intersecting and forming a letter T. Thesouthwest arm received the drainage from a limited area to the southwest but may have once received the drainage from Aztec Seep, as the dividing line between the two systems is very low. The arm called Cedar Canyon drains to the northwest, while the northeast arm drains into a blind basin without any outlet. The drainage, therefore, is peculiar.
COLTON] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 35
Coupled with this*peculiar lay of the land, mention must be made of a number of fault lines; a system running north-northwest and south-southeast is crossed by a system running at right angles to it.
357
FIGURE 15.—The Citadel, 355, occupying the top of a butte, the eroded remnant of an ancient lava flow. The Citadel is alandmark on the western edge of the Painted Desert and is the center around which are grouped large numbers of other sites. It liesin the Wupatki National Monument
At these faults the Kaibab limestone has weathered into deep fissures and in places into little meaningless canyons.
Scattered along the canyon rims and mesa tops are a large number of ruins. Where the building material has been good, such as lime- stone or sandstone, the walls stand well. On the other hand, when lava has furnished the material, little shows but a pile of stones.
36 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104
Since Fewkes (1904) and Barrett (1926) described the major ruins, space forbids a repetition. However, mention must be made of the rectangular kivas which show particularly well at certain places, viz, Ruin No. 373 and Ruin No. 379. At Ruin No. 377 a cattleman, mistaking the kiva for a well, excavated it. Not finding water, he continued digging. Now a shaft 60 feet or more deep reaches the talus of the valley floor, and represents a futile attempt to get water.
The major ruins of the Citadel group with their well-preserved walls should be protected from further inroads of wind and water. They are included in the Wupatki National Monument.
ANTELOPE PRAIRIE
East of the Citadel, a broad grass-covered limestone plain extends to the Doney Mountain escarpment. This plain is bounded on the north by North Mesa and on the south by the dense cedars between Hulls Canyon and Doney Mountain. Fourteen ruins were located here, all of the familiar type of 2 to 8 roomed stone houses. Dams were found in the shallow wash that follows the foot of North Mesa. This part of the present dry range is grazed by antelope only; water being too far away for stock and rainfall too light to fill artificial tanks. (Fig. 13, sites 652, 678, and 682.)
WupPATtTKI BASIN
A geographical region of considerable unity comprises the red rock country on the west side of the Little Colorado River extending from Rodins Spring and the near-by crater on the south to Black Point on the north (map No. 2, pl. 5). We call this region the Wupatki and Rodin Basins. Although the red Moencopi sandstones and shales outcrop in a narrow band along the Little Colorado for many miles, here they widen out. The country is wild and desolate; mesas red and bare rise above shallow canyons floored with black volcanic sand. To the east, cliffs appear above the cottonwoods along the river. The Doney Mountain escarpment and great lava-capped cliffs, half buried in black sand dunes, bound the basin on the west.
On account of the water-holding quality of the Moencopi rocks, the ancient people built numerous houses. Because the building material was good and the rainfall light, these houses have stood well. Here are found the best-preserved ruins in the whole Flagstaff region.
The basin is hard to get at. Although the northern portion at Crack-in-the-Rock can be easily reached by automobile, and the southern portion approached on foot from Grand Falls or Rodins Spring, yet long stretches of black sand or precipitous lava cliffs block every approach to the central and most interesting region. The horse, therefore, is still the preferred mode of transportation to the ruins of the Wupatki Basin.
coLron] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 37
The Wupatki Basin takes its name from the principal ruin (fig. 16),
called by J. C. Clarke, Wupatki (Hopi for long house). This double
ruin, first pictured by Sitgreaves in 1853 and later described and
figured by Fewkes (1904) and called by him Ruin A, Group B, is the poott, NNW
WALLEN IN OYAL < 1ooft.xapft
=, KIVA ore
~ = RESERVOIR: S 4 S oe WUPATKI Swirl we scale S ze 30 feet > MOUND * SS Z ’s % = TRA PoNORTvens
W/o Wty MU
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bU . oe me, 2g ene CAVATE ROOM, PROBAGLY 3 UNDER 44 COVERING i % ROOMS Tas
avTT,
HSC. 1927 FIGURE 16.—Wupatki (405). A conspicuous and important site 7 miles west of the Little Colorado at Black Falls
best preserved, was the longest inhabited, and was the last to be
abandoned of any ruins in the basin, and perhaps in the entire San Francisco Mountain area.
a few words.
Space forbids a description of the ruin, yet its importance deserves It is notable first for the amount of wood and reeds
38 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
[BULL, 104 scattered about the ruin.
Its size should be mentioned. Fewkes estimates 60 rooms, but this may be high, and from this number of rooms deduces a population of from 150 to 200 souls. Be this as it may, the ruin is larger than any other in the region except perhaps the , Citadel. (Fig. 15.) A walled-in spring (now dry) a few hundred yards west of the ruin seems to have furnished the source of water supply. A well-preserved and remarkable walled-in oval depression lies on the canyon floor a couple of hundred yards west of the ruin
10 Feer
Be ze Za —— ee = a = Be a= = =a — Ml aor LEE Xd Ze —S = ee Ss — L — = = oe — ae ics = ~ SS —= pees Sara =: 77 “> — — = eS a Z = “?
NV//UIAIT AN
FIGURE 17.—Antelope House (625) at the mouth of Antelope Canyon between
Wupatki and Crack-in-the-Rock. This site is one of many in the Wupatki Basin Three rooms were two stories high, the rest one story
On the sandstone mesas about Wupatki are small house ruins of two to four rooms.
North across the canyon stands No. 407, Ruin B of Fewkes, while a mile and a half farther north rises No. 640, Ruin C of Fewkes.
Ruin C of Fewkes proves to be the southernmost of some eighteen ruins clustering about the mouth of Antelope Canyon, which here bursts from the Doney Mountain escarpment. Although Fewkes visited and described but one ruin, several others are notable enough to deserve a word.
COLTON] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 39
On a little bluff overlooking the Antelope Wash stands Ruin No. 625. Its shape and relation to the canyon rim on which it stands are shown in Figure 17. Although six rooms show but one story, two of them had at least two stories. The walls now stand 8 feet high. No doors show in the first floor.
Three miles east of Wupatki, across a sandstone plain, can be seen the tower of Wukoki, a prominent landmark.
Wukoki, the Tower House, No. 203, called by Fewkes (1904) Group C, Ruin A, is the most picturesque ruin in the Flagstaff area. Stand- ing three stories high, it dominates the red canyon cut plain. It is not large, having but seven or eight rooms on the ground floor. Since Fewkes has described it and figured it, little more can be added except to plead for its conservation.
South of Wukoki on an island in a canyon lies Fewkes’s Group C, Ruin B, No. 202, six rooms. The ruin is visible from Heisers
SS ° 20 40 FEET
FIGURE 18.—Crack-in-the-Rock (537), a fort house or small ‘‘castle’’ built on a small mesa on the north end of the Wupatki Basin. The wall with its two series of loopholes, one aiming at the talus slope and the other series aiming at the door in the wall at the east end, is quite unusual in this region
Spring, being but a mile down the canyon. Since Fewkes has figured and described it nothing more need be added.
The other ruins in the basin are interesting because their walls are standing, but with the exception of doors (Ruin 636) and the water holes west of No. 632, no outstanding characteristic can be mentioned.
Crack-in-the-Rock (fig. 18) is the most northern of the ruins that can be included in the Flagstaff region. The great fault which runs north from Doney Mountain, exhibiting itself in a steep escarpment here, melts into a monocline and the Kaibab limestone which underlies the prairies west of the Little Colorado steeply dips under the red Moencopi. As we proceed east down the limestone slope a row of little red cuestras or inclined mesas are found lying on the sloping limestone floor. Although the northern cuestra bears no sign of a residence of ancient man except his petroglyphs, the second one supports a well- planned fort. This is Crack-in-the-Rock. South of Crack-in-the- Rock are two or three other cuestras, each bearing ruins and covered
40 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104
with petroglyphs. Indeed no better exhibition of primitive drawing can be found in the region.
Crack-in-the-Rock (fig. 18) is a notable ruin, because it preserves the means of defense planned by the builders. A well-preserved
- —
2S s : » N N N x & N XN s =z z < N \ N z
VW 2 “
mysterious origin. It may or may not have been built by prehistoric people
FIGURE 19.—Long Fort (580) lies on a little mesa overlooking the Little Colorado River, here in a deep canyon. This fort is of
Oi,
building with eight first-floor rooms, which probably supported four second-story rooms, occupies the western end of the little, narrow, precipitous mesa. Across the eastern or low end of the mesa a north- south wall, pierced by a little door, divides the mesa into two halves. This middle wall of well-built masonry stands now over 8 feet high and is punctured by seven loopholes. Four of these loopholes aim
COLTON] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 41
at the little door in the east wall and three at a place on the north side where the talus makes access to the mesa top easy.
Access to the top may be had in three places: Up a flight of steps in a crack in the rock and through the door at the east end; up the talus slope referred to above; and through a curious crack on the south side. This leads upward from one of the nine rooms at the base of the mesa, entering one of the rooms in the house on the mesa through a hole in the floor. Although the masonry on the mesa top has been well constructed, the small number of potsherds scattered about indicates that the mesa was occupied but a short time. The large number of stone chips on the site is most striking and indicates that the place was used in time of trouble.
Ropin BAsIN
Geographically part of the Wupatki Basin and separated from it by the remains of an old lava flow lies the Rodin Basin, watered by three existing springs. In this basin are ruins, of which the most notable is the fort 4 miles north of the Grand Falls, on the east rim of the deep box canyon of the Little Colorado River. (Fig. 19.)
There is no ruin like this one in the whole region. A rectangle, 80 feet long on its north and south axis and 12 feet wide, with two door- ways on the west side, has walls 3 to 4 feet thick and 4 feet 6 inches high. (Fig. 20.) The walls were never higher and stand now much as built. The most conspicuous character of the ruin is the loop- holes in the walls; on the north end two loopholes, on the east side 19 loopholes, on the south end 2, and on the west side 14, as well as one in each corner. The loopholes are in two tiers and so arranged that 60 men could defend it against an enemy.
Mr. J. C. Clarke picked up two potsherds, but otherwise no trace of the makers exists. The loopholes are larger than usual in the neighboring Indian houses, being 8 by 12 inches. The masonry walls are built without adobe mortar and consist of two, an outer and an inner dry wall, the space between filled with fragments of limestone. Except for the lack of mortar, the construction is much like other work in the neighborhood. It is impossible to state at the present time who the builders were. It might have been built by a company of Spaniards for all we know, or may be the remains of an incident in the Mormon migration of the seventies. Be that as it may, the place was never a habitation. On the south end of the mesa a Pueblo II cliff shelter has been recently found. This may be a clue to the builders of the fort.
Across the river the red mesas bear a number of loopholed houses. They are small, with one to two rooms, but on account of the low
54563—32——4
1 So mr 4 = pb i)
io
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
42
pojstxe Ajqeqoid sapoydooy] esour 044} [[BAA W1o4SBe 0} ur oovjd mexo1g 04} UT *(Sefoydooy Jo Jory taddn oy} ‘y) WoIder sIqy UI [ens UeY} JoZIVy ere sTpEM elf} UI seoydool 2g ey, “UOMBAele Useysve pue UL gs 0g BUOT—‘0g AUDIT
133489 4+ z0 it u 1 Jivos
j —= 7 a I ee 2 as / Sa SWST VAG eel — \ ) nN SW = = = <— == SS Sa — pe 2 = . 4
COLTON] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 43
| a 12pt- bm — — — —
Eee O W
Ni HOLE ?
VENTILATOR _) %& DEFLECTOR | a FIRE HOLE
Capes nae Ml
52 yaahele | O_ |] Hove?
) | HOLE?
I | UNEXCAVATED
—Uu. DRI FEUIVY CL, Le Laine
Fea Se ae Atte. Ge : | n ‘ iY 1 Si — — 9ft 2inN— ——[{_N ‘ : ¥ ae os oe 7 hdd | ( ame Ere VENTILATOR
B.
FIGURE 21.—The small house kiva in the San Francisco Mountain region is rectangular. A, Plan of kiva (521) showing ventilator, deflector (a sandstone slab), and fireplace. Between the fireplace and the deflector is the posthole for the ladder. B, Section of kiva (886) which was built in a cave. Here was preserved the roof construction, a large center beam supporting the rafters which in turn support shakes on top of which lie grass and soil
44 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104
rainfall and good building material are well preserved. Three other ruins given on the map were not visited.
NUMBER OF SITES
Over the entire area included in the survey, ruins were not found. In most cases they are grouped about some present water supply and in others about some water supply now lost or undeveloped. If we study the 112 sections (square miles) which contain 610 Pueblo III and late Pueblo II sites, we find that the density is as follows:
Occupied portion of Map No. 1—4.8 houses per square mile. Occupied portion of Map No. 2—4.0 houses per square mile. Occupied portion of Map No. 3—3.0 houses per square mile. Occupied portion of Map No. 4—8.3 houses per square mile. For the whole occupied region—5.7 houses per square mile.
In terms of the 2,107 rooms the density was as follows:
Occupied portion of Map No. 1—19.1 rooms per square mile. Occupied portion of Map No. 2—12.3 rooms per square mile. Occupied portion of Map No. 3—8.5 rooms per square mile. Occupied portion of Map No. 4—24.3 rooms per square mile. For the whole occupied region—18.8 rooms per square mile. If on:y one-tenth of the rooms were occupied at one time this would represeat a population of at least 210 families. This is true of a region now largely uninhabited but which in the most favorable places supports less than 25 families who gain their living, or at least part of it, from agriculture.
AGE OF RUINS
Since every one wishes to know the age of ruins, in 1918 the author attempted to date the sites in the Flagstaff area following the se- quence of dry and wet periods as determined by Douglass in the Flag- staff area and Huntington and Douglass in the big trees in California. (Huntington, 1914.) Since then Douglass has developed his method of tree-ring chronology and has actually dated the following sites in the Flagstaff area (Nat. Geog. Mag., Dec., 1928).
Pueblo III sites: Wupatki, 1087-1197; Citadel, 1192; Turkey Hill, 1203-1278; Ruin J, 1192. In general Pueblo III extended from about 1050 to 1300 A. D.; Pueblo IV, 1300-1600; Pueblo V, 1600 to date.
A few Pueblo II sites have been dated about 900 A. D. So far no dates are available for Pueblo I or earlier. We can but hope that Doctor Douglass will find time to study the vast amount of good pine charcoal that is now available, catalogued and stored in the Museum of Northern Arizona.
COLTON] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 45
SUMMARY
(1) This paper records 728 sites in the drainage areas of Walnut Creek and Deadmans Wash; two tributaries of the Little Colorado River draining the San Francisco Peaks.
(2) Eight types of houses have been recorded: Masonry pueblos, forts, cavate dwellings, cliff shelters, masonry granaries, cave gran- aries, pit houses, and vestibule houses.
(3) The common kiva is rectangular.
(4) Two large oval depressions called bowls are recorded.
(5) Twenty-two common pottery types are described.
(6) Four culture horizons have been recognized in the area covered by this survey: Basket Maker III, Pueblo I, Pueblo II, and Pueblo III. Pueblo IV is not represented.
(7) In the culture horizons Pueblo II and Pueblo III the pottery complexes in the Walnut Creek drainage differ from those in Dead- mans Wash.
(8) In general Basket Maker IT], Pueblo I, and Early Pueblo II are found close to the Peaks or close to the river.
(9) In late Pueblo II and Pueblo III, sites are found thickly dis- tributed from the Peaks to the river. This seems to be associated with a fall of volcanic ash which occurred in middle Pueblo II times. After the fall basaltic sand was used as tempering material in certain wares.
(10) From this it is inferred that the sand made a mulch conserving moisture and making agriculture possible over a wider area.
(11) By late Pueblo III times (1200) the ash had accumulated into dunes or had been blown into the canyons, so that the surface of the ground was bare once more; at this time again the sites are close to the peaks or near the river.
(12) Agriculture by Hopi methods would be possible were the soil mulched by a layer of sand.
(13) The numerous problems which have presented themselves can only be solved by excavation. A beginning has been made and a paper on Pueblo II pit houses is in preparation.
1 Oh RPE ERODE i
ei pia
i re a
AUTHORITIES CONSULTED
Autiot, Hector. Bibliography of Arizona. Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, 1914,
Barrett, 8. A. Reconnaissance of the Citadel group of pueblo ruins in Arizona. Yearbook of the Public Museum of Milwaukee, pp. 7-58, Milwaukee, 1926.
Cotton, Haroxtp 8. (a) Geography of certain ruins near the San Francisco Mountains, Ariz. Bull. Geog. Soe. Phila., vol. xvi, no. 2, pp. 37-60, Phila- delphia, 1918.
(b) Did the so-called cliff dwellers of Central Arizona also build ‘‘hogans’”’? Amer. Anthrop., n. s. vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 298-301, Lancaster, 1920.
Cotton, M.R.F., anp H.S. The little-known small house ruins in the Coconino Forest. Mem. Amer. Anthrop. Asso., vol. v, no. 4, pp. 101-126, Lancaster, 1918.
Fewkes, J. Waiter. Two summers’ work in pueblo ruins. Twenty-second Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., pt. 1, pp. 3-195, Washington, 1904.
Archeological field work in Arizona. Smithsonian Mise. Colls., vol.
78, no. 7, pp. 207-232, Washington, 1927.
Pueblo ruins near Flagstaff, Ariz. A preliminary notice. Amer. Anthrop., n. s. vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 422-540, New York, 1900.
Fisoer, R. G. The archeological survey of the pueblo plateau. Univ. of New Mex., Bull. Arch. Ser., vol. 1, no. 1, October, 1930.
[Guapwin, H. S.] A method for designation of ruins in the Southwest. The Medallion, Pasadena, Calif., 1928.
The use of potsherds in an archaeological survey. The Medallion,
Pasadena, Calif., 1928.
A method for the designation of Southwestern pottery types. The
Medallion, Ser. I, Globe, Ariz., 1930.
Some Southwestern pottery types. The Medallion, Ser. I, Globe, Ariz., 1930.
Harerave, Lynpon L. Prehistoric earth lodges of the San Francisco Moun- tains. Museum Notes, Mus. Nor. Ariz., vol. 3, no. 5, Flagstaff, Ariz., November, 1930.
Hountineton, Evtswortu. The climatic factor as illustrated in arid America.
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publ. no. 192, Washington, 1914. Kipper, A. V. Southwestern archaeological conference. Science, vol. LXVI, no. 1716, pp. 489-491, New York, Nov. 18, 1927.
Kipper, A. V., anp M. A. Notes on the pottery of Pecos. Amer. Anthrop., n. s. vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 325-360, Lancaster, 1917.
Kipper, A. V., AND GueRNssy, S. J. Archeological explorations in North- eastern Arizona. Bull. 65, Bur. Amer. Ethn., Washington, 1919.
MINDELEFF, Cosmos. Aboriginal remains in Verde Valley, Arizona. Thir- teenth Ann. Rept. Bur. Ethn., pp. 179-261, Washington, 1896.
Netson, N. C. Chronology of the Tano ruins, New Mexico. Amer. Anthrop., n. s. vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 159-180, Lancaster, 1916.
47
48 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104
Pearson, G. A. Factors controlling the distribution of forest types. Ecology vol. 1, nos. 3-4, Brooklyn, N. Y., 1920.
Powr.t., J. W. [Report on] Explorations in stone villages. Seventh Ann. Rept. Bur. Ethn., pp. xvii—-xx1, Washington, 1891.
PruppEN, T. Mitrcueity. A further study of prehistoric small house ruins in the San Juan watershed. Mem. Amer. Anthrop. Assoc., vol. v, no. 1, pp. 1-50, Lancaster, 1918.
Roxsinson, Henry Houuister. The San Francisco voleanic field, Ariz. U.S. Geol. Surv., Professional Paper 76, Washington, 1913.
Suimer, H. W., anv F. H. The lithological section of Walnut Canyon Ariz., with relation to the cliff dwellings of this and other regions of Northwestern Arizona. Amer. Anthrop., n. s. vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 237-249, Lancaster, 1910.
SirareaAves, Capt. L. Report of an expedition down the Zufii and Colorado Rivers. Sen. Ex. Doc. 59, 32d Cong., 2d sess., Washington, 1853.
STEvENSON, JAMES. [Report on]. Explorations in the Southwest. Fifth Ann. Rept. Bur. Ethn., pp. xxu1—xxiv, Washington, 1887.
APPENDIX
This part of the report is an annotated list of all the sites visited. This list is organized by geographic regions which correspond to the text and the maps.
In tabular form the following information is concentrated:
(a) Serial number of site.
(6) Township north of Arizona base line.
(c) Range east of Gila and Salt River meridian.
(d) Number of section within the township.
(e) Kind of house: E. L., earth lodge; B. S., a boulder site which may represent an earth lodge or pit house; Dep., a depression in the ground, perhaps the site of a pit house or a kiva (?); Sh. A., area covered by sherds with no house remains visible, which may be the site of an earth lodge or pit house; St. H., stone house; Cav., a cave hollowed out of brecchia under a lava flow; C. H., cliff shelter or cliff house.
(f) Material: Lava; L. S., Kaibab limestone; SS., Moencopi red sandstone.
(g) Estimates of number of rooms.
(h) Period: Pueblo I, II, or III.
(i) Remarks: Place where plans or illustrations may be found; miscellaneous notes.
In 1923 when a large number of sites were recorded, culture strata were not recognized and few sherds were collected. It can be assumed with little chance of error that all stone houses with two or more rooms belong to Pueblo III, and all sites with the symbols E. L., B. S., and Sh. A. were Pueblo II or earlier.
Only four sites have been identified with late Pueblo III: Nos. 72, 142, 405, and 660.
49
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
Rio pE Fuaa—ReGIon NortTH OF FLAGSTAFF
[BULL. 104 |
37 sites. Map 4 [=| & » Blag|s Kind of : No. of 3 BS % | 8 Frais Material Gouin Period Remarks OS ais: ai)e mein 21 PP an ite (il he EAU Oe) Pepe Lavae 222 Boa i 6214 Ue Colton, 1918, b. plan. PIA AW PPP Meet AT OMT eas bps we T(t) fgl 2205 0 died A Do. 23 PLM We (Mee OP pa) =e aver. 24 Ui Wat 27-4 Cs Wiper eg Do. 24 £2 J HANG fal ac sal ea Dea aVacs ue OR Hip ePed ) Bebete Tp Do. PF lf a 7-0 aly Aa We ae (1 DA Wp ava: ae Ti}! Pete: ait Do. 26 22a leod i i. ae = Ao Mavacen se PTA TU 2A Gl Bal RE EAR Do. Sep | i) Gat) ale TOL Cpa ee ID gee oe 1 Pet 28 Do. Cres$el Ws A) GE UR fal ali le Cr Oe Dayar see Perens Do. TP OL ere ee lve pe hoe Waves 1=2)||,\P. Ie eres 153 DU aa five Mi Tid Shyged Uys ecpegee avec eee a UB es oe) 6 tae eS 154 PAUL bec (see Sei OS) Pp Waviaeeaeess 1 sl Ma eg Inspr 155 OA evi fle a I) Op Use Se Davart sss Laie P SETS ee 156 PPA RAN oC pel Oppel Upeyeearees ava gD 22 3) 6 Da ASS) mole araliyae| Wier ails e see Mivate eee Tal fig 20 0 Mae uch 168)! | 220044) 88 ts Bide. .se Taya-c2 see Zee. Ti2 Colton, 1920, plan, aU) | eer EEN We Ps Bas Se Waves ood Del Wai 00 Fp | Vil Mane hl fel eR Ella Dh Peete al aval 1° Pra eee 171 225| 7433) | By bee Lavaiss. 22m 1g) 2 6 aa TPA PP jin le /a| ea Ma OP eee aya: DUR fi Nein apes WBA OPH eG fol E tals OPS: Dia a a eaves 5 al gd 22) tina a D74nir) 22) | W738 | ede Wave. ve: AMBRE ee TES OPW ARSE IST oR eee = Tava TEP 2d 0 Rela 17 Gu|eeecee leer | soon | tebe eee eal Daven an aig held 215) Ue at Do. ictal 2024 ale ee fo ae Dl ts ee MN ig bn as caine! TEM OPI ine (| RR Yt Ole bo a aoe ayase ee TP. Tie ae 7S) fe ai PA halal RY 0 O80 baal Mayas jg Rio) BS eg bea SON Sez aig.) 335 iby kee oe Tayeeee i a 2289) 8 ts man PSNG 22 ez e335| Stak aaee Waves la Nie se eae Es D321 22) 107 33 1S tao ae avast B=6; ne eee CBilbe MOAT A et el Cehci a piae aves O14 Peis es 274 PR? Cline? ped Oia Bye aga ava see! ag ea eR 0 fee es 281 22| 6 | 13] Cave_____- IDEN ATs os ah OOP. Tho eee Little Le Roux Spring. PASO O73 spel Rll a Pe Yenpeeae |e sae PP aL (Ra, PETA ania, Do. 283 CALE eA RE tO) ASH iliac ab | WER eee ete oT Sinls Pete eran Shards buried in Rio de Flag Arroyo. 776 225) GH 4 Shree ee ee | enebee | ye eS PY se Big Le Roux Spring. CEES WPS TLG LP TAR AMINES) oer a Je A ACRE Rees (EP ac) pe Pathe tan [ETD fe why ead MEY Ua Dep gM al hall Nese Peis cee Rio DE FLAG—REGION oF HLDEN SPRING 58 sites. Map 4 29 Diba ths ANH BAS Beye ace ee a Weep ed oy Oph ns ae 30 Ail | osreb Leta rsh ous a Me TDA ea HT Pg 2 32 | By) 7 |a2)) BL... [La Sa ene | 2)) ea at ee Colton, 18, b, Fig. 30, plan. SES Pa Be efsliaritalh 15H iy Sees ae a ee ee eee pid Wes O22 al a ee Tava 1 | Poe ew Do. BOM eels ben tel| sLOe |nike eee See Mle a i ee ee DUA) fe Sh Gl Reece Do. CRA ts Fer dali Us Neel ibawacrs 2 2) Pai ae |) De: Gif We OMI adalat ease Siena eg Le SRI SNe @ ERP a | At spring. Po (RY AWE SIs es GRD Ns es igi i gpie a WapBeS 27) eter aa al 8530p nee Le a eat ei 2 Babe Wee eS) [Aap Mule lee ar iets fa ie Tavase wenn PANE Belles ||
COLTON] § & a | ae : 5g o ° Zia 56) 21 67} 21 58} 21 69] 21 60| 21 61 21 S27) 21 63 | 21 64] 21 65} 21 66 | 21 67| 21 68 | 21 74 |- 21 Weal QE Chal aed 79) 21 90} 21 ikl) aaa 92] 21 94} 21 98 | 21 100 | 21 A020 0-21 107 | 21 120} 21 WIN Ot weat| “OT 123 | 21 124/ 21 125} 21 126; 21 120) 21 128] 21 129| 21 130} 21 iets) 27 132)|* 21 1350\|, 22 1345) 27 135} 21 136 | 21 137] 21 TBR) ot 139 | 21 140} 21
PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF
51
Rio pe FLraGc—ReEGION oF ELpEeN Sprina—Continued
58 sites. Map 4—Continued
re
8 q Kind of . No. of :
&|.<S] house Material | jooms Period Remarks ais ala
Clones Seca WaNieancosss Tee. Wetec
hood | WA ie Ey 0 ain BO 94 ae a oh Seal pt pele | Colton, 18, 6, Fig. 33, plan. 7 | ie 1 Df: Tt Pea see, | Do.
yell) 3 Pg | DI ee Wavereos-.-- 2-40 eens Do.
qieie, |) Bs Boca Din 3 fs he ea eA gl eile Ne sel Do.
C fall| ae} Le ae = jee WAVAl 2 cons POR pits ee Do.
7/4) C2 La 3 pays pape Dugvats2--c-- 2 hPa ee Do.
Tota, |B. Ssece- 5 Weaver en sco UU ll 2p a i ao Do.
Wa dae pd dase Vee ee ene oe ae ipa Do.
7 | 12| Mound_--.| Lava......-- 5 Pa ee oh l -* Do:
ible, |) Walles—— =< PAV ec ecea|enena cana ded Op pete
wz | BU Seas avaso-2— 22 PT Vad eal Hi eer ea Do.
7 (al an OW 8 ats ea eaV aes see eee eee IPA er ee Do.
7 | 12 | Bogen ~ Wave sceccee pl Seid De Colton, 18, 6, Fig. 32, plan. Calrabe | ING Hre a (6 fa atl pe ob eos [ Sa a ] 2 Hl apc te Colton, 18, 6, Fig. 31, photo. Mlplay jMounde=-|=-------2-222— pe gl eb Ul ermeg: hae
peli Renee eee Soot A ea eee Bk
Tl A PU OEY Ge aetna ee) ae A Pail) Cea eee
Eft ibe) FS] spe ol ae lee ar gle aegis (PA ee
+ (Hl WS tS ee me eV een BO ial 2d pce Colton, 18, 6, Fig. 33, plan. 8'| 2 Cave_..--- AVS ins c--- gS Fd 2h Dey el Colton, 18, 6
7 fa fa Lt Tea 3 to eee BB \ 7: eae 410P tsa s os Colton, 18, 6, Fig. 33, plan. Qiiale | Mound: -9|thavarc 2-2. = 9p) cop fl Les ees Do.
Sam qaeoundea. =k gcsc- =o 4a "Pal ssee.2- Colton, 18, b.
7 | Mound: <2 |'Gavass------ peal ed etl) (ise Colton, 18, 6, Fig. 33, plan. 7 | 11 | Mound_--} Lava..-_---- Sree ese on Do.
We ule | rOunG. 2 aval. = Ail pol Sha TT Bag Do.
Tle, | bounds. teaver <5 1OtMe die sesecns Do.
a |i) Mound 22 “lavas -.-. Val ed eat HI Nae Do.
7|11| Mound-_-_-} Lava__------ 4 SP anise Colton, 18, a; Colton, 18, 0, illus. 7 | 11 | Mound_-_-| Lava-_...-.-- 1 UBS oe fl eee Colton, 18, 6, Fig. 33, plan. 7@ (at | Miound== =| “Laval: 22222 1 Wt fel Sot Ci ar ee Do.
7 do) Mound: 22 aval 22. DRY ft Ep) ai lee Do.
a \ 12 | Mound.22) Lavass22-2- 10-4) (Perl ser ee Group of earth lodges; Colton 18,
b, Fig. 30, plan, incorrect.
Cellar Eke Seen Paver ens DION Seid Techemer t Do.
Vfl fh Pal MS Yc he LOC Sips opesereeeees 1 SPE ee coe Do.
Gen By See WAV ae ese 1 UW He Sf) eee Do.
Walle: | ep-se-5=— savas sess gH fick 22 0 ieee Group of earth lodges; Colton,
18, b, Fig. 33, plan, incorrect.
fl fed ba VIDS) 6 epee Id Ds fs ae ea DAN bad Gaited 0 se op eae Do.
7 Aa [ie gl TR 6 its en avaes ss Pee; Ele S22 Do.
Halei2|| Gps ava 2222 1 US i 2 Hea Do.
G12 | OB sees (aves. 222.22 Oh A) Beco Do.
Tol t2?|\ Besseceeae Wavarcccssc2 TU ad 2opta) OT ae oS Do.
welde dew este | Of ae y Wed ho) 2 See estar Do.
Sle GF BSc s2 aiveeens soo yy had SH sea enh
Cl Ii YS) Vet ee ee ia 5 aa 0 ae Se
52
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
Watnut CrREEK—REGION OF
[BULL, 104 ©
Waunut Canyon Ciuirr DWELLINGS
120 sites. Maps 4and 6
£12.|%
5 -
See a) gel Mindot | Mate [ROE | ceri Be" es
Zi |ela
103 21 Bo N2o Wwetaelee oases eee Sih Te eB Ss ose 104 CAT HTT bal sires Beers el [i BSR Pe 1 Wy i ge ah ec 105 P18 O06) [supe ane Os eee ene 4-64) PL ee 106 4 MMC boa oih| tc as 12 Pee G7 See eee Sipe die ae 107 21a ON eb) Stee | Gets EE 2 i| eee 108 AA O4| 405 |B See soo eta oe 1 Thy ps ce © eas se 244 21 Oo 15) OSt. dae 2 i 7s fae Ee fee ae ea 245 21/ 9 | 28 | Enclosure_} L. S_..-_---- Le ee 246 21 On 280 (Stee 2 1 ORFs eee Ut ee Sears ee 247 21a 0828" | OStae- 22 | Sts eee Hal Fant cope i a aa 248 Dale (ty Ate) Ns} nou s (eee 1B see | Beane aoe aN 249 21 03) 280" Steele 22S BBE eee hee i (ie peel 250 ZHU ESOYAN OIE S | a 18 Pa 1 hh: ea 1k | Dea nay 251 22) hi Ol p28) (Sts Een ae TAS 8 3 Ut Rees Pee eee 252 21 On ReSall be eae EW Sto e Siete ee lee 253 210 (9) HR OSt ees TaSi eae 1 Be a SE 254 21 SON eS a| Stee 1 Os ene 2 | a 5 a a ee 255 21 On 287) Street I Es eee 1 | ee eA | 256 2180 28el Ste 2 1 7s eee eel i || 257 21 ei O28 4| Sb. sea ye Set eee 5p eee Sa aed SS 258 A Th) OOS fe & ae 1D S aes SPN 259 21 jr 9 1i28)| Stee A Gis ee Seen 7 HE ye AYR 260 215)). -90) 4281) St. sae. 1 ts Ut an ee . 261 21s) 9) 285] Sh. see YS hope eee 1 ih es PENN 262 Seon 284 (Stele 1 tS eee aae ff 7a | So 0 a ee 263 219) 28 Kavare=- 22 9 LS WV (bee See ee 264 214) 90) 280) Ste 2 1 tS pS 12--6? | Pot 265 21) 9 28 Ste vee aes 1 Ay s Saar ets 31) Palbine ee 266 Ll AON 28))|| Sb yee = et ek glo 22) Pe i ee 267 21 Owi2iy| See 1 Fee eee | 5) Eas ROS NG 268 21 hs) 20! Be. Wee t Fs jae a 1 Ee Ce VE 269 PS es ea alts trol 2 Coa 1s eee Di ee eee 289 21S Bs) | Omer oa oe Th (82cs see bl | Sea a eee 290 21 ily S4ail OS Del et Pasi Sie take 2) eee ee 291 ee Sil G4o| Os esas. TG Shen ee Ca | Sarat yc 292 2A) GBC) 844 | On neew ae = TieSecn eee Dik 2 os ben eet 293 AUB B45] (Osweee sess TS i5o bat ete DiS ies fo eee 294 PSY eco PSX Coal 2 ROUNRS Ti Seat ae 2) ES Soe ee mae 295 21 e080) 184.,|\ Ont. 5. Ty She eee ALLE Le 2 ae 296 21 Sh) Sir Ge 1 Soe ae Qs 5 ere eo 297 21 |) °85|/2285|) Cype a Gel Skate eee Ue ey 298 21 N80 26) Oke oe 1 Pits eau Oo) fee 299 ie Sat 26. (uO cian Ti Sie oe els 24h eel er eae 300 Pa Wee EP, el Ba Oa es Reese i bts ea oe ee IN Se eee RNS ORL IE 301 21 8126") Crree ses DNS Re ee i I eae ee 302 21 S526 C bee a Te Ses ga ee @ \O si. ose 303 Pa WN Wee Sa NE? o lit OP a) s Loans 1 ats eee 2 ek atte 304 21 S263 Or eee ee IDES Eee Ley (Ue ee 805 21 Weal | Ob 2 ESE Dts aren OP YE Rs a ene 306 21 CoS e {ca et OL 8 ee se 1 TSS eee oe 7 il RS i EAN 307 21 Si eOu | exe ene were EN Gresare sk (din) sh era nn ye 308 Le 8) 201 | Oey kee es opi tS ae eee Pf Ean hae ate 2 309 21 Soba Ore wanes 5 Opps eee get (34 fA papa a 310 21) 8526 | Oe ees PTA Sie a od 1 |e ee See 311 21 td es COS fe RS eS eS eee Oy eee eee ne 312 21 Speco) Cares. os DZS Renee See Zhe a ae 313 21) S26 KOM =e 1a s pee Vee a2 Ae Ee
Loe. cit
Remarks
., Fig. 4, plan.
Colton, 18, 6, Fig. 35, plan.
Do. Do. Do. Do. Loc. cit Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.
., Fig. 9, plan.
COLTON]
| Watnut CrEEK—REGION oF WALNUT CANYON CLIFF DwEeLLiIncs—Continued
PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF
120 sites. Maps 4 and 6—Continued ied
Z 28 | 2 a Kind of = No. of
% S 5 % iE nue Material rooms Period Remarks
i-) ° as SS
Z2/)& aia 314? 21 S95 Oy He. 0S eee 1 es See 315? 21 Ce) tek 10a 1S 5 ay = eee aS cwessoes i isacloeec cess
316 Ol Bee) Orb. = a hke Basu-S-o=5 y (ol Perea ieee fee
317 Drs. 26 "Cae DeeSeissceccs Teese ee
318 PN decal ber Us ya) Ieee LeSsesss2se5 A Woseases. ft
319 21 801-26 }) CH... =- Ey jSisrccenss qe ee ee oe
320 21 Biiae.| Ceises-_. - Jar Secacssases i | See eer Soe
321 Bee. |) 26... -=~- dB > eee ON. 2. 5225s Seanad | O80) 98) || so. asses sone Alia. 2205 Boke Loe. cit., Fig. 7, plan. 323| 21| 8| 26) C. H..---- Fars k . ae? 16 $F ness Sh
324 21 He (20-7 i 6 Bal 5 eee 1 Fs eee (i a 325? 21 Ri) SG nie. A. - = TASe 2-228 S| Ae eS aes
326 21 BapeettG. Hee {Pte eee in| ne ee
327 21 “py. 37S CE 8 eae Es St eca-s52 Yh ey en ee
328 DS eek 7 RR CG Cee Teter ee oee 10) [wassseset ee
329 Bal) St) 26.0G. He... .- 1 ec nee ae See ed
330 21 TAINO GNI OE 8 COIR Tt Oey. Seca se 1 ee el
331 Bi) 183 20 | 6. -- _ Ag ss Fe a ae ped nec eo
332 A 8) 26 WC; el -—==- 1s eee ee AO ce eae
333 21 Theo. ch IM Cae s Saas | 8 3 See are 7 I ap eed les co
334 20) 184.26: | (CsHee..-- | LF a= Reap aes Biles s=sseewooe
335 CY ee OT 1B) tfc enemas J Melt Renda i
336 BY 18 260) (Cotes ___ 195s eames Delve sence soe
337 Bh 4 S|) 263).G., Fo = 1 Fay: | erereeaes | eee eee
338 14! (8 )| 26) | OHes-- - = 1 FAS eee ee eee
385 iL) MEA le el est a ocean RR OFS see Er iyd Scope GG Dated Loc. cit., Fig. 5, plan. 386 BF) Sub Stree. Te sis hie rhe eee Do. 387 21} 8 | 36 | B.S------- Raeeeeae i eet sb papacy eb Cone
388 1) 8) 36) CoH ----- 1 Opa enema 1Oqese Eee
aso | 91 § | 36) C. H--.— iS Oe at papers eam TI lasek tape
390 21 81964) (C. eee Ue Be<sos555- Bp) (eee eee
391 Bia) 78. | a6ul@. Hoes 1b At: pees DW etapa Rel ee
392 21 UNAS kT 2 aN Se 1 St 5 ee 1 tp Seen eee 2h
393 9°] 8) 36,| \C. i--.-5 1 Bp Yo Cpe Palen sae es
394 21 3 se) PS CS ee es Stvase ons D4} en aes sae eae
395 Ol) Si 36) Ce ee-=--= 1 a: ee See Sere ees
396 Pal) Su) epi n@s ee = 1 AG See | espe ee aie
397 Bye) 8" |25 |) 0@. ae Wie See oe CTP Neer ale irae
398 21 Cel (G9 al Oe © Coen 1S Sees Di an aad
400 21 Bee |) Geese! 1.8.2 eee Yt | rage ari
401 21 S96) OS es 1D 2s ore YO | eee Ree,
475 1 )) 8} 25, | (St... == Tees Se oe Ole 2 te oe eee Loe. cit., Fig. 4, plan. 476 Bal) (Sajees GRE = 1 Aiys narra Ti (ara ee eee Do. 477 21 89) 25 WhSts Hens 2 ie Rt eee 3 1 Ui pera See Baa Do. 478 Os) °8) (25 | St... ase 23 i | eae ee ae Do. 671 21 S71 260 | Sts. es S222 o—- 1 lara
672 21)| *8 |°36) | St. Ez --- li eines, TU et eek ee
673 Bit) 18° | 936; | Stokes 2 4 NaS coos 1g |Site resene ees
735| 21) 8| 26 le bao lbs fe Seer re er:
@. Hie inane st |
736 Hh) "S126 | (Cnbes—<o [ets aeons 1 ees eee pg tae
737 i}, 8) 26. 5 1 fi. {eee | A | ick See oe
738 ni) °8.| 26) |. ek s-—— 1s ees | [aa oe hac)
7a0:\ 21) '8\|/28 | C. H_-.--- is: es 10 |--------------
740 F140} 8) 26) |) Ge He 2--=- dis ee TN Ri le tp
741 2) Se ADG) |G. eles a Lf eee fA | fei ache
742 pM SCO MIST oe) 3 ES 2 Wass Tid eee teeter paseo
54
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104
Watnut Crepxk—Recion oF Watnut Canyon Curr DweL_Ltings—Continued
120 sites. Maps 4 and 6—Continued
als |3
E ee g Hind of Material ost Period Remarks
Ss jo a|
Z\e Mla
743 21 Bl See Bre 2222s (Se ee meee ce een yrs eee
744 URIs oe oft int Ca 8 Dee SESE eee ffl ee RE as
745 CTE |e MING (EK Oa 8 bos eee ibis iene #5 2 Ee a Me meee a Y
746 Tal ett VP ah CBs Ca ae 1 Ot: eee 5 loss cae ee Loe. cit., Fig. 4, plan.
747 21a Sul) 205 Cokie. seee 1 as) S a as DU eee er re Loc. cit., Fig. 4, illus.
748 21 (3H EP Zot IMC OHD 8 Gages ee 1 aft ee et feo ee Cae
175 Pi) | eed BGT MC) SCS ee Saha ke rel Meee eS
Rio DE FLtaG—REeEGIoNn oF Donry Park 37 Sites. Map 4
Ta 22 | 8 | 22 Loc. cit., Fig. 10, plan; Colton, 18, a, Fewkes, 04 (pl. 1) illus, Old caves.
15 22] 8| 36 Winslow Road Pueblo, Colton, 18, b, plan.
80 22] 8 | 36
81 22| 8 | 36
82 22) 8 | 36
83 22| 8 | 36
142 22| 8] 32 Elden Pueblo plan, Fewkes, 1927; Colton, 18, 6, illus.
216 21) 8] 4
217 2S) 24
218 21({ 8] 4
219 aL Sil 4
220 21} 8| 4
221 20) 385) 19
222 21} 8| 9
224 21} 8| 4
225 21; 8| 4
226 21; 8; 4
236 AL Si |e
237 21} 8| 4
238 21; 8| 4
507 22/ 8 | 32
508 22} 8 | 32
660 22} 8 | 35
661 22} 8 | 35
662 22] 8 | 35
663 22; 8 | 35
664 221 8] 35
665 21; 8] 1
666 22/| 8 | 35
667 21/ 8 1
772 22| 8 | 32
773 22),|) (8°) 182
774 22; 8 | 32
749r} 22] 8] 29
917 22 9} 14
918 22 | °8 | 25
919 22) 8 | 15
920 22; 8 {| 15
COLTON]
| No. of ruin
Township north
oo © © Range east
wowonvononnvnvnonnvnvovnvnvononvonononnonvouonnononnoonoo ©
woonwnnvnnonnonwnnonwonvovowvnonnooo vo © 6
PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 55
Rio pe Frac—ReGiIon or Doney ParK—Continued
37 Sites. Map 4—Continued Kind of | Material | No-of | perioa flombetey Ld Oe ees pene 2 pee 1 «Polearm: dail Dice cesta ets eee eee 2°) 22sec ret FB Sere OE Bae eS a | Pee St. H Dava-222.2- 2) WP. EER Bee - B24 ee tet en ee | Pole Loe. cit., pl. 10, plan. Cavate_..-| Lava__..---- LT lessee St.H Lava: TY :|2ee 2. nea St. H Diavaessee: Pi ixecee. ee St.H Bavatesseee: Si eae oo St. Dbava-ce.=-2 Bi esonve Aa St. AVE eS 1 Le | ea Rea se aoe St.H Daveaves2=--- Biles <2 = eee B.S DLavacs.22=42 2 cP Dee Fort WiaVeaen==2<24 PAR eH BT st Colton, 18, 6, plan. [0 ne (pues ey er Se iP. TE ree Colton, 18, 6, illus. Ss! Se ee nee fe St.H Lavazss-=-=2 4k Pa lhe” St. H LAVGssoeood |< (oo = eee St.H Davas=2==2-2 pee eae oe Mound---| Lava.__----- sale 2 See ene B.S awae a | ee eae eee Cavate...-| Lava-..----- 1 i | ota Sih eee ee Colton, 18, 6, 35, plan. Shpbleess..) quavarcercs oo Shee ees Do. @ayate-..3) ave... 1 Se a Do. St.H onveac 2-2 Pan? Se ee E.L yaya ss ss 1a hg ego Ri St. H Wavas---o- 5 Oa ae See St. H aveates = 7 aes On See oe St. 3 Meayase 5 ee St.H Lavaca 4 cS eee ees on St.H Tavas <2. 1 2 ee, St.H lavas 10) ee ee ro Haile beg eet re Wd Wf: 6: Fee en i Bees Sere es Ue St. Tava. =.=. 3 Lf] See oars Loe. cit., pl. 4, plan; council chamber? St. Waves tense 5 Ds ee ee a Loe. cit., pl. 4, plan. St. WAV A ess 8 TO) ees Se Do. St. sven 24 = PA Ne See So epee A, Do. St. Gava- ses i eS eee Do. St. ave sos = tlh are ee Do. St. Mayans se Gigante os. an Do. St. Dava-<24. 222 BU eee Do. St. Lava-.1= 42 itil ie ee Do. St. Bava:se 7S) ee eas eee Do. Ste Be = 222 | dia val ee Ola eee eee eee Do. St. H==-- Lava..==5" Y) | eee ea Do. Siete haya. ee- se Dir | See eee Do. StwHiet 2s) hava =. i] 3) Ree Sey. See S Do. St. die see- Lava--as_ 25. oY ieee eS See Do. Wel: eee >| Mee i ee eee eee Do. Shz Ft sce ava oes 2s Hy eee A Do. (Sregie (eee 17: ee FSA 28 us Epes Do. Ste og ebay oe QaKS ea ae Se! 1 oe Peete 2 1b ee | (ig bana nT St; Has 1b eo 1) eae eee Stes aves e fale See
56
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104 |
Rio pE FLtac—REGION OF DonEy Parxk—Continued
37 Sites. Map 4—Continued
q Tae wel at salve eq ee ee er 77 B | as] 8 Kind of No. of 3/8 BIg g ras Material phe Period Remarks eis" lal 3 VA min 513 22))) $9) 28) Sta == Tiavass2so see eye ee eee 514 22), KO) S28, oben e 22 Lava: 252252 OF Ka? ican ee 515 22 10) 28086. ele 2 = oe ava: sss. {iy eee were eu 516 OPI CaP Octet 18 Ee ee LBV as s2esse5 Cay apg eee IE 517 DO On| hoes nl iS be eles eee ayasee ses 5 Ka? P: it ees 723 22} 9 | 29 | Cavate_.._| Lava_.-.---- Spite ae ae Loe. cit., pl. 4, plan. 724 22} 9 | 29 | Cavate.._.| Lava..------ 1p arse epee ey Do. 725 22} 9] 29 | Cavate_._.| Lava___.---- 1 Ot (epee eure ee ae Do. 726 22/19) | 29), Cavatel=-4} Vavare2=—o- 11 eee ea Do. 727 22 i\, 9ii|)-29))) Cavate--=2| lava: ss 2a De Se ae Do. 728 22s Guie20 i@avates.-- | uavaeee ase aly ae ee ee Fewkes, 04, pl. 2, illus.; loc. cit., | map 10, plan. 729 22) 9 | 29 | Cavate._..| Lava..---_-- A eS eee Loe. cit., pl. 4, plan. 730 22) 1) 9) 20" | Cavate:. =2|avar.22- 8. ff eee ae Do. 731 O21 “Ont 20y| Cavates 2. |! Wava: sed 1: US| oe cee eee Do. 732 22] 9 | 29 | Cavate__.__| Lava_.-.---- WL | Nn Do. 733 22) | 9)\'29)\| Cavatel..-)) Lava 22.2. IF Pete ase Do. 734 22), 9)|"29 | Cavate. 2) Lavalia: se. 1 Kal ROA Na Do. WatnuT CrEEK—REGION OF TURKEY TANKS AND WINONA 28 sites. Maps 3 and 4 109 Qe fi Ob WOR SHE UE s 3 hs 5 eel ee Cad ae ea ea 3 110 21 0 2 Ss en (een eee en) ek ee a TN eee oo 111 PPAN TEE IR {aha Pd 2 36] sae Mavassee es Lh hose eee Colton, 18, 6, 36, plan. 112 DPA Cal tel its ee Pavarte=s: 28 pg Repeater ae! os Do. 113 22h 9.9) || a6u | mHOrG. = 2 Baya sasis2 5) | CP See Do 114 DPA Ch atoll aa oie ts eee Lava =s2sce2 Li eee se a ear: Do 115 22 || (9!) 36°) St. dt --s- avec sess Bae eskone seer Do. 117 22 | 9 | 26 | Cavate...-}| Lava._------ 5or6 | P. Ii+III_--| Fewkes, 04, pls. iii, iv, v, vi. 118 eh | 9260] WBeS2-0 22) Aves see I) fracas eae 159 PALI STO al Pl Oye Drees averse sses3 2) ewe se 160 On| Hen Mey ea Mavartss sia 1 [se see 161 PALS Vir tS) oad Ws Kel 15d & fs 1S i a WAVEse one aoe 1) Ps ET Sele 162 PAT eC fat Wh (1 fet 8 ats | Sa Wavacesse == 1} [hs sa 2 wae 163 SLi | OP tuROS Ne aS se Biavassssas2" OB] ee aR lg 164 PA eC TPR iia 3381S ipa eas Mavaseeesss If v2 eave cei 165 AWM RYT OE Tes os Ree avass se VIE cy Lee 167 ee On| ely) Be Beco a= avers oan Lh Be oa eee Se 2890) e219) Neb Cave: Dayne 1 | 4o see ee Excavated cyst. 811 Aes OG pI sre < Sates | cet cous oA IR Pe sae 1051 DIG ee Os ae Or WS ee Aws 2 lentes eo aes ae ine oe Eee fil Sieh et 1690 22; PRLS ALON | ay ht ee i NI ee IP Lies feta 1691 ZPAM Deka 3h FC Otel Die gee Pe de Nae a ee Polio soe 1692 PPP AEC MRF S(O CopshT pee (SE SES S| (ee A De O eae 1693 Zot | elo! meron eye aa |o See oe See bees | Eee Be Mie 1772 21 RESIS fal [Coe Wega] (SPI a 1 ge eB Peas eae 1773 PAIN POLES ES] fil Bh Paps eae | ea Ne ae Pails esa 1774 RUBS Dy rd AT 7 OU jeaaeais LEDN R y epeea Cpe ea nh Pia he hi ae 1775 21 O12) Ste and | Paivasl2 255! 2 ee es E. L
COLTON]
PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 57
Watnut CREEK—REGION or Grass TANK
10 sites. Map 3 ol |s| | — 28 é | g| Kind of Material | No.of Period Remark Soles; els house a rooms cee emarks ° ° as S Z\|e |4]a 473 22. (P10) S15) Sts Bs. Lava:.=.-=.- (fy) Ean i 474 22) 10) Sb, | Sb. de = _ 2 Weave see ei || iL 2-90) eee Spatter cone ruin. 521 221 10) a2 (Sb. He. - = Mave. 2-<==- 4-h Ko? |e. hte 522 22 1G) | 32) | St. He --.- Le SE? te. De 523 22) 16, \ 32; Bs Laz... -- 1) ees ga || ea age a awe 524 20H 86. | St. Eb + 3 1 220K? |e Per 699 22 1:10) ) 32.) St.Jt-—.<. bidgvesse sees Do ee ee ae 700 Bae OG) |) Ses eee. Lavan. o-s<3- 1o4-2ks, [Pes Ee Two Kiva Pueblo. 718 2a) WON 28.) Bo Saec ===. 1: eee || RS 2 Be ate 719 ent! | 280 Bo Si... -. hava. .=<=- | Cl | BER Ra i Ree | WaLNvuT CREEK—REGION OF PIPERS AND ANGELL 26 sites. Map 3 525 21 | 10 | 20; St. H___-- E..Sies 9s Si PADD es ey 526 21510) be |p Cavate-—_.| TaS2._- OS eee eee 529 20105) 16.) St... Waves c2 =. 32 3K er | Ps We. = 22 530 Ae Lon pire | St. Ee =. aver. 2<=-8 GE Fe 531 ALOR Eee), St. Eo. 1) eB eo 532 A Or be: | St. Ft 52 Waves 1 Ree eee 533 Ze lOl | .er|, St. Hs. Eava-c2-- f(s te oh are Bh 534 PANT UL) 1 ter ive ate a 3 See i bs hf rhb cee a nel 534 A) SD) nae 709 224)10)).360| Se. Hi. 2 Bayae eso Kt | SSkeaee tes sees 710 Pee10!} TO St. 2. aves. eee Ghia assess Saez 711 205109) aS St. He ee... baivascon- +> iJ (eee ee 807 Fon) 90) Ske St. Aes avasene Did eel BD ee 808 Zola. | Obes aval nose P fal i sag BT Ea 0s 889 2a lO 200 St. ees aves P Ab ind coop Ud (Ee AAG ey 22e NLO) 33: iS eAwe Nie < Ss ee At ?| P. ILor IIl_- 1147 22} IG) Sarl Sts Ela 2 === Havers a Po) ed cone 0 eer 1777 Diep Ouinna | wanes soon eee ae ets Foes IP thse see ss 1778 PI UG TR at fall AKG Bathe st Bal | Re eh ay <a peer Pils 2582): 1779 Ort UST TE Mae 410] cad [eee 5 ee Ul peepee eae 1782 Core [PTC JPR ZE|IOUG fae cat te ap ln ae ep ales je io 1783 pm EL ON) aalle tee gta = ete ee 12ND ee eee 1784 pe MD Et) eae (| ad be eS) ae eee Pee =5 1785 QO) val St, He --- ava. = 32) dal ped eg OU epee Ridge ruin. 1786 Dy a Ca ire tel AT ee eS | ae Ps TT. en 1788 ETO 2a) Pos kee soe ee EG a i 2a 0 Gear re Hee || MOOT IST dl OFS 6 ees ee Rete pe eens BBL || ORS Se Pa TT: sees Watnut CrEEK—REGION oF CINDER CONES AND Watnut TANK 22 sites. Map 3 | 195 224) AO 198) She S22 avasssa-=s 1 P38) 196 Zoe On 19%) een oes £82 Pavals <3 14] eR 197 22°) 10") 19)) Sty, Pessoa. Bavass-23.+2 Oi oo ee SO 198 22 tO. 19) | 1B. 82-222 haval24.:4 Lee ee 199 2201010) |; 19" |B. 8.2222 avas-20< 3 Be eee ee, Piidieeoe Witt | o2.| Bs S.s.-5.-2 avaresae-< 5 DY fe Buried in sand. alo ees LL |3d2 | B.S... = Bayes seee2 j ee eee ee ae Do. Bele iecanlh | ise || BiS...22 Bava es Aris | i eee eet Do.
54563—32——_5
WALNUT
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 104
CREEK—REGION OF CINDER CONES AND WatLnouTr Tank—Continued
22 sites. Map 3—Continued
| No. of ruin Township north
SSFBSRSSSNSSsyss
Z 2 § uot Material To. Period Remarks 2/3 [ot e) | | | FUGA | Ras vats ee | ava non<os: ng ante egy Buried in sand. I C280 sete. aVasezaes 2. te eee TL AMAT (tse as (ee ieavacesee 2) sects ee Ta eon ast; ee aves oe eid (Se ee ee rile) Gan istig Tete (liar ane ee 2) hc eR 1M 2Or IE St oH a222 ava ase 67-2 || Perec c= TO Ne SES eed 2 eae 2: ates PN Po Fa Not visited. NOM Geo nos Sone soe EavVaes <2 25 8B eee 22 |e Oe Do. a CIN sj aS 8 ee AV ee te ee Cee | SA eee Do TOUEZI She eee aver oes 12) Per oe eee! LOM F200 |9St: be | Mavarece t= ED al | esterase 9) Sb) St He _ = Lava. Fh | ee eee Se Osh Sb. dna =— fades eae HF gl EP Denes x = LONGO! Basen eae Lava: = yal 2a) W Gee ae
DeapMANS Wasu—REGION OF BontTo PARK AND VALLEY SoutH or Drap-
MANS Fiat
10 sites. Map
CTSA eH | ava. owe” * Nis Loe. cit., Fig. 12, excavated. 409! 23] 8|17| E.L...--- | Lava....---- | aL eae
5 ESP ETA li Ce eS | UP ce oe
TIO BA Sa lS 0 a Oa | a Ry 6? | P.II;B.M.
III.
Bot | 28.) 8 | 17) We. Go. eee 42 PS thee
S620) cesar eS ze | Sb. ube Iba ya. ===2 =| eee ae (Pie eee Medicine fort. SOS", CZ 8.) eve @ave:. 2. |S-. - — aees sass d eceee 0 epepi Medicine cave. B64 31, 523) WON 12 |e Ms a oe aera 1 ip 0 det
BOan|) 28 Oba aes, ss |e ee pe ce P. 1.
Seis omen MO Bi Be ye ge Pp) eee
! DeapmMans WasH—ReEGIon oF DEADMANS FLAT 44 sites. Map 1
ian) Se} 8 90) Stee Eavas.Ab.4 rial: <a 2 One att |
A) SE 8120) Sts. Lava-.2).% Be | RE
183 #4 | 8 | 20) St. H_.-.. Lavassssi.cs gid ges 8 eee
AS Silene! Sm OOs eb. ceo o2oe2 | uAVas. 2 122): 3 ie eee
196)) © 28)\ 982) 30° | Ws Tee 2k Mayas | 1 (|) eee
187| 2%| 8/30] B.L_. MEavaliei2 > D) Pubbeegoal |
188 CAN Sul RON Chaos oe lavas 1 UN eed 0 ne oe 2
189)) (241) (8 )°30)) ‘St... eaviar-e’ oe 1 bia eel x) Be
WOO ag 8 a0 ee ava eene I Poe sean
192 24 '8°|/30)) St. H--_. Wava-s-=-"5 5. WP. il
193)| 24)) 81:30"! Bee... Lava......-.| 4. POT: see
194} 24] 8 | 30| St. H.-_.. Lava.......-| 2:| Pil ae |
S| 2£) 8 20) st. Bi. ..-- Ff ae | 47), SO
209 NT eye ed LeU Op | Lava.-....-- YPN sce @ Ga
210)| 24) 8] 2h ey Teens {aver -i222| 1) Pe Eels
212)) 24; | °8') 21 | ee eee ee 2; | Pike ees
214 245) 28) 021) | SE lee oc | Wuava=2o2 <2 A) Pee es
B15 |) e240} Sil 208 St. ee Wiltavaseses Si Pe eee
COLTON]
north
Township
RERERRERRERRSERRRSEKRRRRRKRRRKRKK
eee
PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF
59
DEADMANS WaAsSH—REGION OF DEADMANS FLatT—Continued
POHMWDDBDDDMBDBDBDBDMDDBDBDBDBDMDMDBDBDMOMD DO WW MW | Range east
88888388 | Section
Bee he hteeseee oes PAB BS
44 sites. Map 1—Continued Material Neasob Period Remarks (baa +2. 2 LP. Th 3 ea LS 1 SP, EL aed Waves 1 | P. It _agn bavale ease 1} 2: Dae | BV Assess 1) Pole eee 1D oe DB. D2 ae Lavaca 1-4.(PY Ae Laya..4 4 124-3, | PH sees ava LEP ial baal said U Leagan ssa aye St. cen Oe oe | avae oe. Syeda! ei Se Lavaca hy NOpe rp avast. 2 Pa ial aa (eee ee Davee + Bi) Ball eee Wuavess=-2+ 3| PI ae Lava | 8° | SP eee Raves ee sce 1 |} P. T ere bavaeoc--2-- 1 | PT. eve 7 a ee cope) Ree hava-.t2- 2: 1) Rite: aa ie es Se |) Le 10 | PP. re BAR AS See 13 | POT eee Be ieee 3) | i 2 ae Wa Soeesesste 3 | Ble Since leek ? | Palle. soe. Lava-.-==--. be) Pe See Lava::-=-=-- i SE) erie 2g | Dava-:-===+< 3 (PhS eee
BRE O ES SB
DEADMANS WasH—REGION
oF DrapmMans Mesa
17 sites. Map 1 HS AN Big Lt ee I arte 15 |. .=22---s87 TOT B22 A GY aes 0a eas 5) Aer | 1667 | 24] 8| 34 | 1 oe a ee 1 eee ee | ROS: ete Bal B40) ON Testo | ieee bse BT Ae 5 eh oo My 1669 | 24] 8| 34 | Mig Seal bc ce iy be ements | 670i! 20) 8} Qa pate’. wis Dy) cose Sf omer 4 1718 aa SiS) Stes. Davee 104). 2b 1759} 24] 8| 16| E. L.G_..| Lava_._-..-- "a i i 9 ae | 1760| 24] 8/16 E.L, G_..| Lava......-- | ee 0 eee 1761 248 | 16) > Lb. G-__|-Lavalt = = 8) Prlieesssc 1762) 245) (8) 16-| Ee)G@_| Lava! 4-6 |) Pili | Vee) 26) (84 Te Pen Gls! bavateses 10 || PFEpr aes | 1764 244 268°) We) Stock Laveasires:: 3) Pybiiess2 2 Also 3 dep. 1765| 24| 8/| 15| Fort._.... Lawale:. Bo] Pek see | Also 4 dep. 1766 24) 8) 15) E.L. G_-.) Lava_-:----- So) po pete 1767 240/98) 160) eb G-..| aveamrcs 22: 6 UPS eee | 1768; 24] 8] 15| E.L. G24 Davaletatts- 6) (Pierce
and St. H.
60 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 104
DEADMANS WasH—REGION oF CEDAR RIDGE 9 sites. Map 1
ale |g 4 | ia g ; G ee g g eae ot Material Ho. of Period Remarks ojo a| 3 Zia Gin 604 Of-|| 180i 9) St. eke ose Wavacs-oo-=- ya pe a 605 451 48) | 39) | Gsees—se hava...+0 4 We3 |. 355525884 606 24 18) |M1On|VSts ees o- ava-..3%. 4 kt ee 607 4) (8) ¢9)| St. He) Lava.-- 24 y J eee te 608 DA 8 ouleSb. eens have:.. 2) GL sae 609 DAS VES H isi witeeta == Daya... 9 2 [eo eee 610 24y 18h | 20) | St. ees Lava... 2% 9 1 eee 1089 OITA Seva ts) aie S Gee aves ee ee P, DE ee 1090 Ae Bi Ou Stwels Soc Lava... Lb al: Base. P, TE. ~ es DEADMANS WasH—REGION OF THE FOURTH TERRACE 25 sites. Map 1 431 DN tet) (cist late el s (eee ava:---#e os Te eb. 2 a 432 OLA P SESACA BI [let pads ee ese Lava.-=-t2-5 1 ae = 433 209 |eeon Ste eee Lava-..-tt_* Wo 434 25S ooul aS tapes Lava tes Re toe ee ae 435 25) ‘Silksoy |p Sb.cosee=— Lava-..-2t-s Di ao a 436 25i|) eS8al ss) | Stekeo es aya. ¥7- 1 Ai ee eee 437 OTA Ie Bas) pads (oes oe Lava... 22346 4-6) 22... -- een 438 DR Sal oda ne ba elesenes Lava-..-Ff 4 80-5) | Peel eee 439 2 eS ee Stee Daya...-1!-* 2) |e ee 440 Oba Suloe |hSteaoo = Wayvas..2tt2* oo 2S es 441| 25| 8| 34: St. HL... Tavas..-12.4 Bape a deletes 442 OL Meal ey ONS) us eee havar..te Qh aie) Sees see 443 259) (Shida Stes 22 Bavaecss222 OS (aloes St ees 444 Zoo Sn lrox | sts euas 22 haves 2 222. Sees. eee 450 Ae SR!) 20) SSt ees: = Lavaz---2222 Gils e 2 ele soles 451 240) Sal Sh Ste ee === Taavas2s2 1S ee ea 452 24) 84) > Sh Steeles <2 Davai pe eee eee Pee 453 PAN 83]. 2 | Stabe. -25 Tavat2£{-_2 Uh Sheers eee ApAN (948)) 8) 2°) Sta He. TbAVe-skees NFR cae ORE SESE 455 243) 8525" St. Hes] Mava\ss-2o28 By fOS Be Wo ys he 456 PATS Al eels tepeicc se Waves =e | eee Me ees are 457 2A Bl a Sten se 2 Bava ee 4501 ee Eh coe Loe. cit., Fig. 13. 458 245) Sh) 2h Sty Benes havasoo ee a3) (a sak, 459 24) Sa) 22) St. Bie ee lavano2 Po Deli hen Ob eee Do. ZG0V | 240\ Sil 2) St. es avane” yA ck a a es DEADMANS WasH—REGION OF THE THIRD TERRACE 13 sites. Map 1 445 20))) Sul teen Stee 2 ooo Maviae see We pues 448 20 Syl otal ste teas =~ WaVae 2 a 19-12 ||) Pe 449 Zou Sal OLMIS takki s WAaVas-- ess 100} Pepe Se Loe. cit., Fig. 13. 582 25.) Si) 64 Sta dae ane IBAaVen-- ss Pi fae SPINS 583 25) mB eZ 7 Sheets oe Waves 4544 2-3) Peale 22 es 584a 20) SON 2d) Sees — Wave =-2 352% 4+K? | P. III___--_- 5846 25 Sal etal te ese | aves). Sos. J Oi ee ee 585 260) -Syl27)| (St. Ba. == Wava--- ss 7 Yo es BS pee 586 PA PGP 7a Sh es Ge oe a veaee aos ee 2+4+K | P. III__----- 587 20) Sul ei Stes Hees.) Oavass.-. = 23K) Pe ee 588 26 PS lo4a| Sugkbs- 2 Waves oe 2-1 Ke) ee a 763 2ogt Sa eeu Sty eas oe Mayas oS! 1 ee ee 764 25 Bian) bre os Wayaee ses. Lobeces ees eae 804 DBRS Son WO Wiss oo ne oe Soe 2 ee 2 ee ee
COLTON] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 61
DEADMANS WaSH—REGION OF THE SECOND TERRACE
ll sites. Map 1
=) |e Seen eS
z ag 3 a | Kindof | ypateriay | No-of :
s e S & & Howes ateri fO0iIS Period Remarks
o
zle |alé
570 7 1T ts e) 2-ALS iged 8 eae Lavaiss__4_) yt eeereeren ee SRS
571 BMGs lee eusrtles one Lava_._..--- bf pec <A
572 Drs toe | Stakloosos DAVass sexes! n Rey eee ct OY
573 a See Sea kbows 2 | bavasl tt: L sss s eR!
574 25 1) 8 | 22 "St. reett-! evar ss iti 12+-2)| -P. Tevet
575 25,1) 8 | 22 | Sto dbes 2-2 1 Queva-sos2s52 Sh fg ot
576 2h SSN? |e Less. - Lavasst 23: IP. See S Loc. cit., Fig. 13. 577 ee) eo) |) Sb. ek-.- o- Bavassss 22 32:1 | -P. TOs: Loc. cit., Fig. 13; natural mound. 578 20s Buh ad. Sabo eeoss- 2s ava. yf He ate ee Loc. cit., Fig. 13. 579 TN 1 ear he Eh noe. Tava ees! ty eee Pee Do
595 SAL SHlneb.n Bust 2 = (LEN aoe om. Sree ae AS
DreapMans WasH—REGION OF THE LOWER TERRACE llsites. Map 1
Coie os | 191/31 Wi Sts t= 2-2-2 Sabres ss 4-65 |e eBook
591 8 | 25} St. H..--- Dbavacs.cecte 34K fice = an S ob
592 Bicol Stes... ihayas2--- = 2g ean ee eee
593 | Oa Sb. Eee - 2 Tava =~ Filan «kee eR
594 | Be [e36) S86. A - . - Waval-=s-2=* | 22 Pee
612; 25} 9| 19) Cavate....| Lava........ 7 | eee as OB
Gls.) © 25)|).9)|,/19 hCG. She _-__ S.-Siseseee=: | 3 eneze cr hs
614; 25/| 9) 19) St.H-_-_- Tavares 1G -en seed. 8 ie
G15)|' -25:), 9)}19'- |, St. H.-. - 2 Bavaees 26 Dosen ae RP
616 2b) S24 St. Hees hAVG@s-222522 Bb heceeceseesscue
617 25) 8 | 24/| St. H..._- AA een i S-5-5 Soe eee
789r 25) \) Si} 30) | Steck. avers. 4) | Se eels arpa Not visited. 5 { |
DrapMans WasH—ReaIon or Big Hawk VALLEY 22 sites. Map 1
201 24) PT aT aS Taveccece—_- 4=5) (Pot wee ee
618 150 (i al ie” | a 2 Sees ViaVaeseee ==> 103-2) ||P: TT. 2 Loc. cit., Fig. 14, plan. 619 25 Sh ae | Slaesee Laval 2... 1 aa pair
620 25 to 3s) | ead [eter ee avetees: = 2 PAST? eee
621 25 |) R23" Net. ee ee Tavares 4-5 Eee
622 Od V2 a AE 8 averse Gilet aos Rese:
623 BG S23) Ved: Peace TaAVal ee: = | eS
674 159 NO ah Vl Re: SS Rae avait Nl | Seer Fag
675 Sais S| Lo) St. ke== === a Veeases 3 5 | eile ean eae
678; 25) 8| 14) St. H_---. Tea B ss 6 | P. II; IIL.._| Loe. cit., Fig. 13, plan. 679 15) ta al bi CT MES a Se A 1 (a ) AS | Sai Dye <i
680 26 tes | be. wba bla s— ayaoe 3 |---2---2------
681 25.) 8,| 14 | St. HA -_- aes ty | Ss ease terete
682 Bole eet al Cine be oon LaVvasss-32-- fy | sees eects a cee Loe. cit., Fig. 13. 683 RO TAC SG. en oes Tavac-- 20 - = 7 hy) | Seen ee Sf
684 2 fet a NaS | a i 1 ee ee
685 Sila Si lulde lupe. Fae 2 a! av asas oe 5} | epee cas ae
686 25, 784) hot | bee i ies eece eee
687 2h 85) 13s At. es Nt ae i | Sa ee 1176 AO ie Sly Ms sobs ee AY aes oe 40P. EL ee 1177 sf We Ya en HO SS ha :%, 7: Stipes wees ose 1178 22758) (027%) ed SM J rap LA © fl | 7 ne | Pehl! Sooo
62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104 DEADMANS WasH—ReEGION oF Big Hawk VALLEY—Continued 22 sites. Map 1—Continued Saiteed |i | | £iae|é Kind of No. of s Ele & hanes Material Spare Period Remarks ro) ° a a 8 24) [oa] 117 be} AS a4: | P Stole. 228 Bavas..o..28 Q))| Py Tits 1180 25 |e So elo RG esse sce Mava:<s.222% Vi} Pb eee 1181 af Mees th i) Gan) ik © years a avai 2 als yp (Re oe 1182 26) | 80) Lon RS GseeL == Tavann2-2 222 6) ||P Teas 1183 25) 815) |) Bil. Gees) Bavate as 2| P. II-III_-.--| Transition. 1184 25 8) ae State st Tavasunscd Si lacceute gest 1769 25: |) «Sep ilbi') Bia nGs_ 3) awe 2h ee LTP at Also P. II, depression. 1771 PRES WAS NW Stiesss 3 DiQVie ts esl ie ae i as el DreapMans WasH—REGION oF HuLLs Canyon 12 sites. Map 1 559 201 Oa 280 tee a | gis see ay ee oe 560 255) Or \20)) | Stele see §.S.&L.S. bal Pe Sap yo 561 25) OF 20 Stake sone y aspeeesptaee a ite | ee ees Not visited. 562 25 Ss 200 | TStekee =a 1B ile oer oR r Up | iia tae ak! pee S 563 25a Onle20n Stakes 15. S222 ee foe cose eee B60, 925.) 105/200) Stee ees Me en Lt Rieti Se 5 | 665 | 25| 9 | 20} St. H_--_- 1 Oats ame Tp ak 566 BO) eeOn| sts pee yp ees eed 1) |e ee 567 Pay eat?) ali Al ite eds Gee I Diss eee ees DNS eee 568 ZOn eo al20 Stee lps eee a 6 | pe i 590 Zor enon 20) | Styelee eae Si Sasi see 4-2] Ps Tee Red House. 688 20) 9) 18) (St.pas 22. Lava-__------ Wye cist coe ANTELOPE WasH—CITADEL REGION 59 sites. Map1 342 267|| tSi alee Steet ee fie) Cys ee NaS Wa ee Dean ee Barrett, No. 23, plan; Ruin M (Fewkes ?). 343 25 a Olay | BtyHecse {Shits pees ee cl coe 2 LF Leen Barrett, No. 24, plan. 344 ORION pOn Susteren lS onsen ee 1A Seri G 6 eee et a 5 Barrett, No. 25, plan. 345 ASAP Ne SEES ad 8 Gee a Baseees eee PAVIA eat UG Capen Barrett, No. 26, plan. 346 PAS NOD OE iS) ran S Cees we SH Tsai Ott bs bee aes Barrett, No. 27, plan. 347| 25|-9| 6] St. H--.-. Sat Sgt 32 Hip ae ree Barrett, No. 28, plan. 348 251), OU eOul (Stee SHSteceo sear AN Soha) UL as di ot Barrett, No. 30, plan. 49a 2570 Oil) Veiikeivaes eo Bo Ske ores oP Saat 1 0 ope ol Barrett, No. 31, plan. 350 Oe OH OMS tock: oe Sars een 2 UR) Ze BF) bears yy Barrett, No. 32, plan. 351 Zon One|) MOS teeta = 22a fo ee}: Ryeemnate 5 Ke Poe Barrett, No. 33, plan. Sogn 20s MOA GL Sta eee oe Tavares tee 18) PPh ees Barrett, No. 34, plan. 353 273 PCT GC se] PSE rien 8 Regge 8.S. & Lava 2-- Ke | (Posse 354a} 25) 9| 6/ St. H_---- 8.8. & Lava 6) PD Barrett, No. 52, plan. 354b) 25) 9) 6} St. H_-__- | 8.8. & Lava Tol ud gee (1 Ua oes Barrett, Nos, 53 and 54, plan. gb4c; 25.) 911 6 | BLS_..... 8.8. & Lava BS) IP ren ote oe Loe. cit., Fig. 14, plan. 52 eR UE PES | sea ee teal 40-+10 | P. III__----- Fewkes, 04, p. 43, Citadel; loc. | cit., Fig. 15. | BG [i eat copeenlibet Fewkes, 04, pl. viii, illus. 356 | Dan OMa Tastee Waves Lal | iam taco! Barrett, No. 2, plan. 357 | 20m Oe aval). Stadt 2-- | aves. -- oe 10-3 Loe. cit., Fig. 15, plan; Barrett, No. 5. OST eo) Ohi 7. | (Selle cone Siieeseae es LO=3y kw Mike eee Barrett, No. 7; loc. cit., Fig. 15, 359 200'' 94) (6h Stoo 82 S.8. & Lava SK WP. Tr Ruin A (Fewkes), illus. SOOM Meo Olt ase 2 aves e es Gish ay 2) UL pile B. C. D (Fewkes), illus. S61 | ebrl, Oult 64|) Mort2--..-| bavalc.-2o) a yi had Sea) OB fusegh ear! Ruin E (Fewkes).
woonvevvoovosoe ss | Range east
oenoevovwmnnwonvovevoonmnnmnnne s
PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF
ANTELOPE WasH—CITADEL REGIon—Continued
59 sites. Map 1—Continued = z aes g| thaws | Material | No-of | perio Remarks = Talis} rast s hea Layano--<--4 43) PoLt 3-222 Ruin F (Fewkes), tank below. Be |aStget. = 5 LAaVa@ocna-5-4 1 GE re rcs | Syst. .2 Hava-.--===4 Wy Pececre Sos ocd Gre8t. He Davacc--22=2 i | ica ain ed sR Bi eben =—. > Wenvaoos.s.-5 > (Saas 2 pan Barrett, No. 21, plan. 6) | Stagkl.s-2 av as-see5-8 £5 | (RN sai ra 6) pS el--=-* | Lavea---..._3 1 | eRe NE See 6)) (86. Bese ave. 222} +.) | | pea een Ss Gultmeskeen GVasa-- => 2h |Peeao ea eee Gr Stes... L.and8s.S-_- (jd eS re Galteteele 2-2 L.andS.$_- 1 dee ne a ee? Gi pSbeks ==. L.andS.S_-_ 1" ha Sew ne cee a Gy). SHIH. -- L.andS.S-- | PRL ee eS 63), Sie eres: =] Lava...----- Bi een cae SniSte kes 2. SoBis ite 3-+-Kigi@P, THM: =... Ruin I (Fewkes), Barrett, No. 41, plan; Ruin H (Fewkes), | well in Kiva. Chitste hee. LS Eats eee 2) (Peli 2 a4 Ruin G (Fewkes), Barrett, No. | 37, plan. Gri ste re S. S. and |8+ court. | P. III_-___.. Fewkes, 04, Fig. 5, plan; Ruin J | | L.s (Fewkes), Barrett, No. 43, plan. GiStoe a=) 2 Be Steet. = ral caval C8 ee ee Ruin K (Fewkes), Barrett, No. | 47, plan. 6: StH. 8 | Tes Soest ck | ae ee ee Ruin K (Fewkes), Barrett, No. | | 48, plan. (8\ iis Ail o Gee me 8) OR Gree, a 2? ||P. di. Ruin L (Fewkes), Barrett, No. 50, plan. é Shae Stee ee S| ie Cas et ee Ter ee OPAL ish 1g) 8 hee oe havass* <2. Tilo Not visited. 12 St. H____- pegs. S| (t gap ei ae 12 | St. H_.__- | Ti Oda 3 | 23M onset eB | 1 Stes 2. Baek S| | co (eee cee ae 1 Sines e te gL. | C2 epee. oa (iat hats Urey 8 Cee BiSsteee® | 2? | Ps Ts oS - a2 Steers. Tavas4 = 4 - (ee wee, a 82/586. ieee = a vaens a he @ hee ae $2 | StH.) sett [FS ee TOS fash Reel 8 tee epee ed Dao Yaron eee PS ee ee Not visited. 123) Ste ees = WA avaee ae) SER os ene Do. ffi | sN es) 3 Conese el C1 AC oe | PO Re es Se Do. Wil Stes. pilbaviewee ae). £29. = 2 feeeee te Do. (ed EA 8 ee Tha ynteeeco ag) eo) 2 eo GS Do. 6) se PBs Bece reese 2| B. M. III_-- Go eeEeteel aves seees | re ae a 6| E. L. iuaveasen es! | Z| SP ie Seas
COLTON] oe | 2 a ae Sigs o ° Zia 362 25 363 25 364 25 365 25 366 25 367 25 368 25 319 25 370 25 371 25 372 25 373 25 374 25 375 25 377 25 378 25 379 | 25 | 382 25 383 25 384 25 536 26 656 26 691 25 692 25 693 25 694 25 695 25 696 26 697 26 698 26 757 25 758 25 759 25 760 25 761 25 992 26 1185 26 1770 26 624 25 641 25 642 25 643 25 644 25 645 25
oowvoeo sd
ANTELOPE WaASH—ANTELOPE
St. St. St. St. St. | St.
15 sites. Map 1 | | ; SiGe ee 2 A Nea cre. BRS a. RM tape ante apes | He: eee 24K feenttenst | Tes Sigawe <1 2 ip eee a eae | i eg = cee De ce ee Ty Bieweecee 1-2 Wome ee eK |
64 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (BULL. 104 ANTELOPE WASH—ANTELOPE PRAIRIE REGION—Continued 15 sites. Map 1—Continued
eniees 3
‘3 a
é ee g 8 Findiot Material pioagt Period Remarks (-) ° oS =
Z|) e& Main
GES aa VAR bho lt a 8 glad Wi pet sjopeets ela if} | ee
6484) i251) (0)] 4) Str a! TAS Ce ewees A's ek
649| 26] 9/33] St. H_-.-- TAS Gee £2) | hearse
650| 25] 9| 3] St. H_-_-- Lis petit 3) tt: SPEARS)
C5lN 25: Or) 3 1 St. Eee ss gb Sere || es Se ce
@52i)) ee25i| (MO SulEStakee DAGPatetaeee Aas keh (oo hh ee Loe. cit., Fig. 13. 6538) 25) AON oO MStaee es TGtet ees 4 seem BYRNES
654] 25] 9] 9| St. H----- Ss. S. and LQ (ate eee
as G55 |) 25) 9] SNiSt. crs o0! 1 si eee aoe. | i oe A EMER | | LittLE CoLtorapo, WupaTkK!I BAasIN—CRACK-IN-THE Rock REGION 60 sites. Map 2
537 28)})° 10:20) | St) Hew SS. 25 2 bY some 8 Oe ee Loe. cit., Fig. 18. 538| 26] 10| 20 | St. H__--- (SAS ie ESN 11) PE Pt,
539} 26) 10} 20| St. H___-- SS: ory me serene ene
540} 26) 10| 20] St. H_____ Su Se aacma-acd 14), Pelee
541} 26/10] 20! St. H_____ S. 'S.see ee J | 14) Ph eee
542] 26| 10| 20| St. He.__- SQL i1y| 28h fa CE
543. | 26/10] 20! St. H_____ SiSale kee el eR; Loe
544] 26] 10] 20| St. H_____ Si Qacet asta Typ esos eee
545] 26] 10] 20! St. H_____ Si (Sia see 00m he
546] 26110] 20| St. H_____ SuStikouec as 0 ee
Fl 268s 109} 207||| Steines SURE Le yl ues eee
548} 26! 10/20! St. H_____ SuSuow eens Ulin 3 8.9 ee
549°] 26] 10 | 20'| St. HL. _: SURGE Neier LPS Tee
550| 26 10| 20] St. H____- Sher uaa SU NR Se 6 6
551; 26{ 10, 20] St. H____- Sis ee sae | oT fae eee 2 0 RNS
Bb2a | 26) 100/207 | Sta os SiS t ees | Pi), Ps Thr ee
553 | 26] 10| 20] St. H_____ 8. Si 44s | HP, DN we
554) 26] 10'| 20 | St. H_.._- Sof EET il) ies aa Cee:
555| 26] 10| 20] St. H____- SuSis eon | Ti ge ee
B56) |) 2600101) 20s Stee ed Seeee | (00 Se
567 | 26 | 10| 20/ St. H._--- Segoe 5-61 1B) Towa
B68!) 2611-1081) 20+) Stein = S2iG) oe Ke | OP ite eee
@54)|) 126110)! 32) Sta... SNS Hpae col (2) PS TET
ob) 9 e260 10)) S2 Stake. 2 SGiean see (?) PMs
SOS) 926) 410i) 52) Stake. SQMe cere TB i Ws Ln aoa
806 | 26/10] 2] St. H____. SHE! se | aca 2 a eee
LittLE Cotorapo, Wupatxkt BasIN—ANTELOPE WasH REGION 16 sites. Map 2
GPa OR SO Pree) Rie Te pees HGS es eae oI 6 0 eet Loc. cit., Fig. 17. 62% | 25) 9] 12) B.S_____- Nias ieeateacsee TO creer oecengte
G27Al> e251 (9) 12 oBwS. 2: Giger! Sep Ly Sees Cece
BSH ie OOM ION Ut aneTe aan MWe ne aoe ep), Ameer eee
G29) 25) 9) 2 St. we 2. Skat eee ee
630| 25] 9| 1] St. H_____ SGh atl 7 os eae a
Gali 25a 10) | Gateseeebaes oe ASE ed ke lg CAEL | Eo ae AN
a) 25940) 6 Se Bg eT Toye: ANS ee
GB30 25 ION 7a Stee oo! Naf ior SC eam 121? |e eee
cotton] PREHISTORIC SITES NEAR FLAGSTAFF 65
LitTLE Cotorapo, Wupatkt BAsIN—ANTELOPE WasH Reqion—Continued
16 sites. Map 2— Continued
Ss t Z >
Be cs Kind of |
= a 5 3 8 house Material BLD Period | Remarks
° ° Sins
VA Sin
634 25 | 10 CiStaete- ooo Riipasss eee Alea nesses |
635 2a 10) 7 St. Bee. | Pai Nase 7] |= pe ee eae hn
636 | 25/10| 7|St.H____- a poet ot OB |
637] 25| 9| 12| St. H___-- 3 ets ry eee |
a} 25.) 10) 13 |B. 8.2 _--- | veh: bpd Rahs: rare 2 |
639 20 | 10%) 38") St. HW. ==. SP teehee eet 1 ra | tk Sea rls ae eam |
640 | 25 | 10| 18| St. H_____| 8. S_________ 7 re
LirrLe Cotorapo, Wupatki BasiIn—Wopatki REGION 29 sites. Map 2 202 25 | DOH 29) | St. SiS saes nae 6: |pReHE-- 2. — Fewkes, 04, p. 59, plan; Ruin B, | Group C (Fewkes). 203 eae) 10 |) 20.4 St. a=. fs oS eee 6-8). P. DE 2 2-.- Wukoki (Clarke), Tower House; | | Ruin A, Group C (Fewkes).
204 25))| .9)| 23 |B. S2---.- Lava... 25 | eee Cinder cones.
205 |. 25] 9| 23/ B.S__._..| Lava... it ete. See et
206 1 SER Ree el fe 2 a Sea avacea-aece 1 ies eres = Neve
207 oe 9) | 2d | Bs S2ccnse L@Va=- 16) ER eee eee cae
404 Zon 10 | e001 St. Bee Su Soe B jigs Reece, Lie gah: \
Fewkes, 04, p. 48, plan; Wupatki, 405 Clarke; Ruin A, Group B, ie =o Vege etal i Sipps Soe SUN oe Meenas Fewkes. Sitgreaves, 52, pl. 12. | Loc. cit., Fig. 16.
407 200] 20\) 30!) St. Hose. ood S poe ete en 2) (Pe TE-Tie- 4
410 BOAO el Be pose ee|) avec.-. 22 | NBT 2) 0 begs ae = Mesa.
411 250i AO adil BB. 8222-5. Lava. ---= | hPa ae
756 ENO Fa LY Re | po eee at: eee y [1 oe ee ae 1751 ALO eG | dele Genet 8. S2= 552-88 eM So 0 eee cz t762)||' 24") 10)" 6. | ©yst-2-<2- Sse te | al ere eel Mee eeepc oh | Rerarner Oe WO) 6 | Sho An le ott ee Sse Pir rene | ahi Ho! 16. | 32 |, Oval pit. _| 8..8:5-2.-.-- Ge ame ee ae | 1755 24°10)! 30) (St. Ee. 22 S3Sis Pant dean 0 8 ee ee 1756 24. 10°} 30'| Monund==-)}8.'82----—-.- aa Ws <p) 0 Teer 1757 Zo}. ON 26" Bl. eee 1 Fs eee Br ee Se | 1758 | 25] 9| 26 | St. H_-_.. oy ea ayers. |
66 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 104
LirTLE CoLorapo—Rop1in Basin
ll sites. Map 2
aie |y :
E las] °la| Kind of No. of
3 5 S FI 3 house Material savas Period Remarks Zle |e |e |
412324 PIO) 240), Stee ——— bavass see Spits. ees
413,| 24) 10, |) 26:| St. H.-.-- WaVaress.-es 17 fs EL Pe
580 | 24 | 11} 16 | Fort_----- 1 oe eee 1 PO eee te Loc. cit. Fig. 19 and 20 Long Fort. OLA een elle eOn Steele. 22 SS. See. te ee 2 2
702) |) 24.) 11-1'20.)| St. Hoo. St See 1 A eee ee ne
POS 241 20nl Stee ees i Ghat Cane | Yo i nk ged
715 | 24 | 10 | 24 | St. H__--- Se Seca | 3 | 2?
OO) heel dita Ga his tee 22 Sp Sieoiioe SoBe a See Ae eee Not visited. Lei fee liek) | Pellet Genta a, Goer Se a Te INR se ee | ct eer Do.
Oe 24) VN AOA SG EL. oe to Nal sit eee ee Me | eee eee ae Do
753 | 24 | 11 |} 33 | St. H_-.-- SiS 2 fo Res ee oe ee Lee eee Do
INDEX
Page Mee Of ruins ..cres-betecurun * 44 peericulinre—— lege") 3, 16 Antelope House---___-__._-__ 38 Mntelope Prairie_...........~- 36 Archeological survey ---_-_-__-__-_ 4 Sevree peep. tet 34 Basket Maker...___.-..______ 12 Basket Maker black-on-white WG. a 10, 12 Bie Hawk Valley ...........-- 32 momto Park. .._.........-..- 29 feemeoRWin_.............=. 29 Senn uege._..__...___.. 30, 31, 32 es ees 33-36 GN (a 2, 9, 37, 41 Corrugated ware____.____----- 10, 13 Crack-in-the-Rock___________- 36, 39 (olture horizons. -_..-..._.--.- 12 Cummings, Byron... ..-__ 23 Deadmans black-on-gray ware_ 10, 13 Deadmans black-on-red ware_- 11, 13 Deadmans black-on-white ware_ 10, 13 Wendmans Plat. --...2-2-<=2= 30 Deadmans fugitive red ware_-_ 9,13 Deadmans gray ware___------- 9, 13 A cc 22 Wouelass A.B... 2222522 225 Se 44 Permnmodge..- ......L2..=-- iy 12, S Elden corrugated ware- --_----_- 10, 18 Pineur Pueblo... ...2-..---.=- 22 GS) a ar hry Eruption of Sunset Crater ___- 3 LCC as Sa ce es as 18, 35 EWES UR Wen ooo ce SS 1, 18, 22 mer ia Ge! oe oe ee 4 Flagstaff red ware---_-.------ 10, 13 PE tCeAS HUIS. 2 oe 27 Monisetr as. Fae od 8, 13, 18, 19, 24, 25, 27, 28, 35, 41, 42 iBENPEODNY = 5. 2222s ance 2 Spedtwits ES 25 oS eK 4,10, 13 (GOUROHIAG He. = scm. 2 Be SSE 25 Srepentanimlers © ©!) 0) a Bae Shs 8, 13 GY ASSMAN S 2 23 ot Se Se 27 RePRVAWERO. oo oo a eo 9, 12
Page Hargrave, Lyndon L___-_ ~~ 2, 8, 13, 30 House types... -_.__- . <6¢a07) - 8 Hudls Canyon .......- 252 be-. 32 Kayenta polychrome__-________ 11,138 Kidder, A. V ..- fenisotoelere a= Lgl? RVs ioe Se ey 8, 28, 43 Miya. roof... 2 2 See 9, 43 Hava terraces... ._ste¢s49. :8_s 31 ektoum spring! 2522-2 were 17 Little Colorado black-on-white Wares ee oo ee eee 11513 Bonp Mort 23.. 6. ate 2. Ue 41-42 Mapnetic Mesa... 2-222 02.32 34 Maps -c 2 ad ele eee eae 6 Mera\. SH: se ib Saw ee eee 4 Merriam Crater. - = 2225552522) 29 Moeneapt 3-2) i 42a 2 Nelson; IN. Geseet os 7 eee 13 INew caves: ls 2 t= Se eases 25, 26 Number ofrsites2- 2 2 44 Old Caves-Buchlouse == -2525-= 23, 25 ONeill Peake: F.-See 2 2 ee 25 Pecos classification___.______-- 12 Pecos conference_...._._-__---- 12 Picture’ Canyon: =. — 2222-4 23, 26 IPIpersaCra tens =o. =e ee 27 IRitvNOUSES 2 =] 225 b<-4 2s eee 8,9 IPotsherdss-222 5— 5-2 ees 9-16 Pottery types: 2:22. 2-24 =2== 9-11 Proto-Kayenta black-on-white Waten 25252 25 Soe see eee 11 Proto-Kayenta polychrome_ - __ 11 IPUCblO2 223 222 25° see ee 8 Pueblo Periods— Pueblowlisee Ya eee 12 Pucblowiie == 12, 13-16 Pueblos ile. 2 12, 138-16 Pueblo I coil-neck ware_-_--_---- 10, 18 Pueblo I black-on-white ware_- 10, 13 Rainfall. <2 2.2 ee 1a by RediHouse. 22.2244 32 Red: Peak. 222 oS. be es 25, 26 Ridge Ruin. 2222455 22ee see 28 Rio de lag ose soo eee (hye Rio de Flag brown ware------- 9,13
68 INDEX
Page Page RodingBacsinte eae eae ws ae 36, 4c Turkeys Manis. = 25 sq eae Di TSU eae [seul ee ea Oe i Sea ay SS 34 | Tusayan black-on-red ware____ 11, 13 San Francisco Wash- - - - ------ 7 | Tusayan black-on-white ware__ 11, 13 Bhendgae ewes Se ee 9-16 | Tusayan polychrome__________ 14,13 Sherd temper...ae-). 222-2025 19). Zio KivatRuin: = 2 eee 28 BUS Sie ae ee 16 |. Vestibule house_-_-.-=-.2222 8, 29, 30 Sitgreaves, Capt. L_-.-------- 37 Voleami¢sagin.'- 1. slo ee 3, 8 Me SE Coie 2 a2 eR oe 3} Walnut: Canyon. 2.2.2.5 252 288 18 Steamboat Fort. --_---------- 18 | Walnut corrugated ware_______ 11, 13 Dpunset. Craters 25525 ee 3,16 | Walnut Creek... au % Sunset red ware-------------- 9) 13) “Water supply... .... Yu ry Bunvey card. .2.. 2402000 at BF O / OWukokin 5.5. Se oe 39 Surveys, archeological _--__--___ 4) Wupatki_ . 2... rue lisigek 37 PHOIGNECO4 sao 5 = 5s es ol eee 29 || ‘Wupatki Basin»..........898¢ 36 sRower vElOuses=22 522-352 39 | Wupatki National Monument_-_ 34
ERRATA
Puate 6.—Wakoki should be Wukoki.
Puiate 7.—Bow ? should be Bowl. Garnet Canyon should be Grand Canyon. Puate 8.—Wakoki should be Wukoki.
PLATE 10.—River de Flag should be Rio de Flag.
O
69
My
i sass Neg
a
A a ‘ oud
Phe a a ie ON iba ;
| kala th ; shane: i wy
PPAR 5
ao
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
INDEX CHART TO LOCATION OF DETAIL MAPS
FLAGSTAFF, ARIZ.
GILA & SALT RIVER BASE & MER.
Se al till, _ | S He WIN, ; ES Vp.
\\ SS
4 ON
: A7Krtec Se
BULLETIN 104 PLATE 6
LEGEND Road, passable for autos. -—— — Road, impassable for autos. --—- Intermittent stream or wash.
Numerals refer to detail maps. SCALE IN MILES 3 5 7 3
#4 Grand Falls
mt
KN Wilson Pueblo
nd ped, pacsanie > Ty Lyripetesint)
pagolstny Taiiiait [ze
> 2 jm t O y/ SHEE SHON >} tes Bi eo \
10 166 am Wie A
mY
ae
——— ry Pee eee |
‘
HON
aU LSVAHLYON NUS ‘ON dVW
ADOTONHLSENYOINANY JO NyayunNg==
eA II Bu. an’ pe ne Aa Mages Spine Aya Aye ae
3a64
ZLALVY1d v0l NILS1ING
YNYL SWOOYP2-4i O183Nd ONINdS
SWOOUSI-5 " (pausia tou) NIN swoous-¢ . V3uv GY3HS SWOOH F-2 ” 39007 HLYW3 SWOOH 2-1 ‘3SNOH TIYWS VAM
GN3937
S3IW NI 3IVOS 2 !
“ZIY¥VY ALNNOD ONINODOD
SYVAd ODSIDNVYS NVS dO LSV3HLYON NOIDaY
‘ON dVW
“TOU aA 30 Te2ASHTAOK UOIDsA
SIMA YTUUOD OUIMOD03
€ s t
a ~\7 —
x anaea | j AVDE 3800.1 HTRAG
i CRORR S71 BeNOH AME 8 SooHE-§ * —. AaCOTS-<, " % Adna GAaHS 290 Rai- FE (bsticiwton) HIUA eucones § O183UF 3 anIAI. t |
590) Stl becom !
Aner a'r sive 74}
CMGGAUL ES ‘
‘ah. SBR pence? |
dvesH Aosla
Fed Bl we | st ve ae KS oy = ¢: 7 _ —— % sie “ —— rae ——— ee — re —— y ue { = , iY 5s oe .
Nee ate } Se Nee CAD Lea Soe ele ——ak a ssayial bas 3% j ft :
o < ieee ae a ee a eS. Was nt, Oo)
eNASS ODSPIOUVAAA VA]
he
CNMAT (Bs
YOO1OWHTSIMADIAAMA 40 VASRUaES es gee eb oe oe aw snr Ps went eT ona ta ~
BULLETIN 104 PLATE 8
DUREAY YF AIVIEMICAN CI MmiInULUG YT
\\a\Ranch House
REGION NORTHEAST OF SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
COCONINO COUNTY ARIZ.
“Ag
i SMA,
eon wat
NWN,
Wtea\ ogee AZANIA a
HAs
anes aes te SW
ae
‘’Little Rodin Spring
”
> ‘ | WAN
»
AY Willi;
IASON
genet
Rodin Spring
iy
WUE OY, LE ZAI ye MeN ANI
WN,
Se
Shee,
RO Pisin ws Wi
wilitin My.
oahlies'
sa ane .
2-4ROOMS 5-8ROOMS 3-l6 ROOMS 17-24 ROOMS 25-50 ROOMS
orn net
BULLETIN 104 PLATE 8
MAP NO.2 REGION NORTHEAST OF SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS
“om
SMALL HOUSE, !-2 ROOMS
ang" nt eran
LEGEND D CLIFF DWELLING
SCALE IN MILES
(not visited)
SPRING
SHERD AREA <1 TANK
COCONINO COUNTY ARIZ.
WOO ag
SATA As
K KIVA + EARTH LODGE
R_ RUIN
“\ A
°
c
Rodin Spring
Nt Wie PA Uhl ox, ANU Os sii 4 NK Stites iipica\)
aN Ui, ww oe WANIILAEN y aN NT (((A \) Wii Midas ili , Wy er \ SA
IN\2e, wee Ne Ay
+——
Ly
AANA,
wh, 2:8 Aine
\\o\Ranch House
J OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
spatki
iS / Wu Wy
SOU GAM
4O T2ASHTAOM NolDsaA CAAA ODelOWVARA VA)
<SIAA YTUUOD OCHINOD05
SE ts; aay yl LAD2 a. quizes! . eMOORS-1 SavOHJiame « AVA OW eMOORE-S. = 30900/HTAAI + eMOORs-< " % ASHAGASHE O emoonai-2— f (belicivton}VIUR A eMOORES} = 0.J83U9 wince © emoonozes = |
SMid43WG WD ¢
i ; wet * Frye f = eh” — . = | t ne Po pore a + > a ET /¢ tA seat. ZB. \ [fe 4 Nihaed's Seoul? a } ie Wee Cie Sk. ee: Se ) i } } Vy 882" pes ; li y i —s— ; | a —- ~ b ces =
quel peoy == v9-E€ " P2LISIA LOU "UINY suooyze-Li = jgand Buijang 4419 « 91-6 " BulddS 8-S " edly psays f u %2 " eAly SWOOY 2-1 ASNO}{ EWS aspo7} yjsey
GN3931
SIIW NI 3IWDS
‘ZidWv"02 ONINOIOD
/44vLS9V14 40 1SV3 NOIOTY
Bz Al
CH
RAIA, Pn We
631LV1d v0l NILS71NA ADONONHL]A NVYOINSWY JO NvsaHnea
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
® Pueblo Tank
8 4
BULLETIN 104 PLATE 9 SmallHouse 1-2Rooms
LEGEND ° n
Earth Lodge
Kiva
fied
SCALE IN MILES
COCONINO CO.,ARIZ. (Swvellin
rin iff
Ruin, not visi
Sherd Area Road
Sp Cli
TEI
SS | i} S i AY
Lj} ~
alii Hy HS
\
RESERVOIR \®
Francis
Ry Nie AB.
Sess
jj y
{U1 54. salt! i
7 WX N \ lice one
g
ny) RR NLL
Wty, lly,
ZS
S= Uf NSS
RAS
BNSEVi Ok YNEKICYM ELHYMOTOGA
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNO
BULLETIN 104 PLATE 10
MAP NO REGION SOUT OF
OAN FRANC PEAKS
COCONINO CO. A
SG
pt SF" 9
BASE PREPARED FROM GOOD ROAD
MAP SHEETS 4&5 POOR ROAD COCONINO NATIONAL FOREST BY THE RAILROAD U.S.FOREST SERVICE LOGGING R.R.
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 104 jo uate 0
MAP NO4 REGION SOUTHEAST |,
SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS COCONINO CO. ARIZONA a
4 4 aur Aes on S| | RY yon Iieunton ot AT es."
SN TWIHO Se Rae \ Lat oe WS & “"G y
= Gee nd atruhbeedul BASE PREPARED FROM ae wom SMALL HOUSE RUINS MAP SHEETS 4&5 _—— FLOWING STREAM + EARTH LODGE sage a ae COCONINO NATIONAL FOREST Mo Ss a ee INTERMITTENT STREAM = ae ROOMS ‘tags Ve @@®® WELLS Mi PUEBLO 8 TOl6 +> RAILROAD
BY THE US.FORE Gases an SERVICE A SPRING g 024” eeeee _LOGeING Ri R. [31] teased
Tee ra
JANATA AUOTHOD 2 ie '
ji Bese — Ch 4 fi
igen FE eS Ve a Mo} ‘ca > a ra, <= ~~ = =
|
~
pda
—
ee
oc
te os
ee eae
2
Pie Sm
MORA GIAAGZRA BeAG 2ee evaaee IAM TeARO® JAMOITAU OWIMOD0D
paar Pd = Behe t ~
5 f “~ ty! Lk 0), NiVe ; / iw SY
fate ws)
ng ee hide a
. 3HT Ya” i SOlVARe TeARGAZY j
wh = bs mmm arn an i eee
on
Mi ’ a) : if 2
FT ee eT eee es
“WL NO
1 8499