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BULLETIN
OF THE
ESSEX INSTITUTE.
VOLUME X.
1878.
SALEM, MASS.
PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS.
1879.
CONTENTS.
Tf : Page.
-Regular Meeting, Monday, January 7, 1878, . j J ‘ : 1
Dr. George A. Perkins, Remarks on Liberia, 1.—A List of the Birds of
Massachusetts with Annotations, by J. A. Allen, 3.
Regular Meeting, Monday, January 21, 1878, c ‘ ° «. “88
Prof. E. 8. Morse, Lecture upon Japan, 38. ;
Regular Meeting, Monday, February 4, 1878, . : > - +38.
Remarks on the subject of commemorating the 250th anniversary of the
Landing of John Endicott, 38.—Rev. G. D. Wildes, on Gen. Abbott’s
military journal, 39.
Regular Meeting, Monday, February 25, 1878, » ‘ ° «;/ *40
Mr. D. Waldo’s Lecture on “Telling the Time,” 40.—J. S. Kingsley’s
‘List of the North American Crustacea,” 53.
Regular Meeting, Monday, March 18, 1878, . ; 7 F ~- 72
F. W. Putnam’s Archzological Explorations in Tennessee, 72. F
Regular Meeting, Monday, April 1, 1878, ~ é : a - 85
Notice of the death of Francis Putnam, 85.—Rev. B. C. Bolles, on Salis-
bury and a Day at Stonehenge, 86.
Regular Meeting, Monday, April 15, 1878, . “ ° : « BE
G. D. Phippen, Impressions on the Flora of Texas, 86.
Annual Meeting, Monday, May 20, 1878, ° ° . . - 98
Retrospect of the year: members, 94; meetings, 96; lectures and con-
certs, 97; art department and museum, 98; library, 99; financial, 107;
horticultural, 109; publications, 109; excursions, 109; resolutions on
the death of Francis Putnam, 111; officers elected, 112.
Regular Meeting, Monday, June 3, 1878, ; . F : - 118
Field Meeting at Centennial Grove, Essex, Monday, June 24, 1878, 113
_J. H. Emerton, Remarks on Arachnida, 114.—S. B. Buttrick, List of
Plants Collected, 114.—John Robinson’s paper on the Life of a Pine
Tree, 115. .
Field Meeting at Juniper Point, Salem Neck, Wednesday, July
10, 1878, 5 é F ° ‘ - ° ° ° ° o; 425
Visit to the Zoological Laboratory of Messrs, Emerton and Minot, 126,
The proposed celebration of Endicott’s Landing noticed, 127.—G. D.
Phippen, Notes on the History of the Neck, 127.—J. H. Emerton, on
the Development of the Common Starfish, 128.—J. 8. Kingsley, on the
; Anatomy and Development of the Tunicates, 129.
Regular Meeting, Monday, July 15, 1878, : 3 ; ‘ - 180
' Notice of the death of Hon. J. G. Waters, 130.
Regular Meeting, Monday, August 5, 1878, . . ° . - 181
Field Meeting at West Newbury, Thursday, August 8, 1878, « 1BE
Visit to the residence of Ben Perley Poore, 132.—Notice of the Poore
Family, 133.—Remarks of Haydn Brown, 135; James Parton, 135;
J. H. Emerton, 136; George Dixon, 136. 3
(iii)
iv CONTENTS.
Regular Meeting, Monday, September 2, 1878, . %
Resolutions on the death of J. G. Waters, 144.—J. Robinson, Additional
Notes on the Pine, 145.
White Mountain Field Meeting, September, 1878, : = ‘
Prof. J. H. Huntington, on the Signal Service on Mt. ny Scene, 146.
G. D. Phippen, on the Flora of the Mountain Region, 150.
The 250th Anniversary of the Landing of John Endicott at Salem,
Wednesday, September 18, 1878, E - ° > °
Field Meeting at Ipswich, Friday, October 4, 1878, . P .
Prof. 1. J. Osbun, on Some of the Chemical Products of the Sea, 153.—
Charles Derby, Remarks on the Sandwich Islands, 156,
Regular Meeting, Monday, October 7, 1878, * ‘ A “
Regular Meeting, Monday, October 21, 1878, : . . a
Notice of bequests of Miss Caroline Derby, 157.
Regular Meeting, Monday, November 4, 1878, ° . * °
Regular Meeting, Monday, November 18, 1878, . “ P 2
Notes on the Pacific Coast Crustacea, by Wm. N. Lockington, 159.
Regular Meeting, Monday, December 2, 1878, : ; as
Charles Derby, Remarks on the Palms of Sandwich Islands, 180.
Regular Meeting, Monday, December 16, 1878, . . - .
Prof. Alpheus Hyatt, on Heredity, 181.
143
145
151
152-
157
157
187
158
180
181
SS
Ss
<—
BULLETIN
OF THE
HSSHX INSTITUTE.
Vor. 10. SALEM, JAN., Fes., Mar., 1878. Nos. 1, 2, 3.
Monpay, January 7, 1878.
A REGULAR MEETING was held this evening. The
PRESIDENT in the chair. Records of last meeting read.
Correspondence and donations announced. .
Mr. J. W. Thyng, of Salem, was elected a member.
Dr. Grorce A. Perkins, of Salem, made some remarks
on Liberia, particularly of the region about Cape Palmas,
where he had resided for nine years prior to 1848, con-
' _ nected with the Episcopal Missionary Station at that place.
After defining its geographical position he spoke of the
peculiarity of that part of the western coast of Africa
-in having no harbors,—ships being obliged to anchor
in the open roadstead, and all goods are landed either
through the surf or in rivers which are entered over bars
of sand at their mouths.
The country, though flat, was beautified by extensive
forests of high trees, tangled with immense vines ; the tall
plumelike palms form a striking feature in the landscape,
are very abundant and give the name to Cape Palmas.
Dr. Perkins gave an extended list of the productions
of the country, which included those that are common to
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. x 1
2
tropical climes, coffee, cotton, and sugar being specially
noticed,—remarking that, in a region where scarcely any
clothing is required, and very little is to be expended for
houses, if colonists from the United States did not thrive,
the trouble was to be traced to the habits of the colonists,
who desired to live by trading rather than by work; a bet- —
ter class of men, he was confident, would grow rich there.
The natives of that coast go by the name of Krumen
among Europeans, the young men acting as sailors on
board ships while on their voyages to this coast. Their
conical huts, which were in many cases large and comfort-
able, and kept in good order, were grouped into towns or
villages, each surrounded by a strong fence. The people
were well formed, straight and muscular, wearing little .
clothing.
The religious ideas of the people take the form of Feti-
chism, with its accompaniments of witchcraft, devil wor-
ship, etc. Farming is the chief occupation of both sexes.
Rice and cassada are extensively cultivated, and, with the
fruit of the oil palm and fish, constitute their entire food.
The men, when not engaged on the farms, build or exca-
vate canoes, some of large dimensions; these are made
from the cotton wood tree, which is abundant in their
forests ; others are of smaller size, for fishing. The trade
upon the coast is altogether barter. The wealth of the
natives consists in cows (which they exchange for wives,
three cows and a few smaller articles being the price of a
wife), sheep, goats, cloth, iron, brass rods (to be made
into ornaments), powder and guns. The women are fond
of beads, looking-glasses and other trinkets. Both sexes
wash quite often, and paint themselves -with white clay
and often bright colors. Many curious customs were
alluded to as common among this interesting tribe of Afri-
cans.
A List of the Birds of Massachusetts, with Annotations.
By J. A. ALLEN.
Dourine the last ten years not less than thirty-four spe-
cies have been added to the avian fauna of Massachusetts.
A few included in: the earlier lists are now currently
recognized as merely nominal, and.a few others prove to
. haye been inserted on erroneous identifications, or on
unsatisfactory evidence. In view of the many additions
and, other changes made since the publication of the
last general. catalogue of the birds of the state, a new
list. seems desirable.. In the present attempt to supply
such a list I have endeavored to distinguish rigidly be-
tween such species as have been either actually taken,
or observed under circumstances that render an erroneous
identification almost impossible, from those of merely
probable occurrence. I have hence separated the species
below enumerated into several categories, namely: (1)
species authenticated as birds of the state; (2) species
of. probable occurrence; (3) extirpated species; (4)
species introduced, or probably introduced, by man’s
agency ; (5) hypothetical and doubtful species.
The thoroughly .authenticated species number three
hundred and sixteen, besides several additional varieties.
Of these about one hundred and thirty-five are known to
breed within the.limits of the state; some of them, how-
ever, somewhat sparingly and irregularly, or only in the
more elevated portions of Berkshire County. About
seventy fall into the class of accidental or extremely rare
(3)
4
visitors, and hence form, numerically, so far as individ-
uals are concerned, no very important part of our fauna.
The recorded instances of their capture, however, prob-
ably by no means fairly indicate the frequency of their
occurrence.
The species indicated as of pea occurrence number —
twenty-four. One-fourth of these have already been taken
on the very borders of the state (Suffield, Conn.), so
that it seems almost finical to exclude them from the list
of those known to occur in Massachusetts. Several
others are southern species that have been taken in New
Hampshire and Maine, to reach which points they i in all
probability passed through Massachusetts. The remain-
der are largely. pelagic, aad since they are of no interest
or value to the sportsman, and are rarely accessible to the
collector, the fact that we have no positive record of their
eapture within the state scarcely outweighs the strong
probability of their occurrence here, as indicated by their
known general range and habits. Hence at least seven-
eighths of the species placed in the list of those probably
occurring may certainly be considered as fairly entitled
to be ranked as birds of the state.. Adding to these
four that have become extirpated raises the total number
of species for the state to about three hundred and forty.
Several other species more or less commonly recognized
as birds of the state I have considered as having no, or
only very slight, claims to be so considered. Two of
these (Myiodioctes minutus and Empidonax pygmaeus)
I regard as hypothetical; another (Thaumatias linnet),
as of doubtful record as taken in the state; another
(Passer domesticus) is a well known introduced species,
and two or three others may have escaped from cages.
The ornithology of the eastern portion of the state
may now be regarded as pretty thoroughly known; that
|
5
of the central portion, though less well known, can
searcely differ much from that of the eastern. The
region west of the Connecticut valley still offers an inter-
esting field for investigation. Owing to the elevated,
mountainous character oF a conaiddrable part of this area
many species must regularly breed there that do not com-
monly pass the summer in the more easterly portions of
the state. This, in fact, is known to be the case with a
few, and is inferred for others. What is needed now to
complete our knowledge of the ornithology of Massachu-
setts are exhaustive lists of the birds of at least two
localities in Berkshire County,—one near its northern
boundary and the other near its southern. It is to be
hoped that not many years will pass before these desid-
erata will be supplied.
- Within the last'ten years three new species have been
described from specimens first taken in Massachusetts.
While it is hardly probable that others yet remain to be
discovered, quite a number of stragglers from the far
West and South, and possibly from the Old World, will
doubtless yet be added to the already long list of acci-
dental visitors.!
At the risk of extending these preliminary remarks
somewhat unduly I append a brief historical summary of
the literature of the subject under consideration. The
1Jn this connection it may be interesting to note, as an indication of how rap-
idly our knowledge of the distribution of our birds is increasing, that of twenty-
nine species withdrawn scarcely two years since from the list of New England
birds, by one of our most eminent authorities, because he could find no satisfac-
tory evidence that they had ever been taken in New England, over one-third have
since been reinstated in consequence of their actual capture within these pre-
scribed limits having been.made known within this short period. Out of fourteen
“challenged” land birds (Passeres and Waders) nine have already been placed on
the record as actually taken, in some instances at several different localities, and
in numbers ranging from three to five and even eight individuals. I mention this
not in the spirit of criticism, but simply as an interesting fact, for I agree with the
author in question that their previous record as birds actually taken in New
England was, in nearly every instance, open to serious doubt.
6
first formal list of the birds of the state was prepared by
Dr. Ebenezer Emmons, and published in 1833 in Prof.
Hitchcock’s “Report on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany,
and Zoology of Massachusetts” (pp. 545-551). This
contained one hundred and sixty species, all but two of
which were valid. Excluding the two synonyms, all but -
one (L?hynchops nigra) have since been confirmed as
inhabitants of the state. The list was only very spar-
ingly annotated, but symbols were employed to indicate
whether the species were rare or common, resident or
migratory, or whether known to breed in the state. This
list, so far as it goes, is remarkably free from errors. —
The same year (1833) Mr. Thomas Nuttall published
a paper (written, it appears, in 1831) in the “Memoirs of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences” (2d Ser.,
I, pp. 91-106), entitled “Remarks and Inquiries concern-
ing the Birds of Massachusetts,” in which he added six
valid, and three nominal, species to those mentioned by
Dr. Emmons. |
Four years later (in 1837) Dr. T. M. Brewer contrib-
uted to the “Boston Journal of Natural History” (1, pp.
435-439) a paper having the title “Some Additions to
the Catalogue of the Birds of Massachusetts in Prof.
Hitchcock’s Report, etc.” These additions comprised
nominally forty-five species, about one-third of which
were given on the authority of Audubon and Nuttall, and
a number of others were included inferentially or on evi-
dence of a somewhat traditional character. Three had
been given (under other names) by Dr. Emmons, and
two still lack confirmation as birds of the state. Only
thirty-four were thus added to the number previously
recorded by Nuttall and Emmons, raising the number
at this time known to inhabit the state to one hundred
and ninety-seven.
7
In 1839 appeared Rev. W. B. O. Peabody’s “Report
_ on the Ornithology of Massachusetts” (Rep. on Fishes,
Reptiles and Birds of Mass., pp. 259-404), in which
were enumerated two hundred and eighty-four species as
occurring or probably occurring in the state. Of these,
twenty prove to have been wrongly included (more than
this number were given inferentially), and thirteen others
are synonyms, leaving only two hundred and fifty-one
valid and properly included species.
The next enumeration is that of Mr. F. W. Putnam’s .
“Catalogue of the Birds of Essex County” (Proc. Essex
Institute, I, pp. 201-231), published in 1856, in which
two hundred and forty-five species are given as found in
Essex County, while the Appendix adds forty-eight others
as found in the state, making two hundred and ninety-
three in all. The Essex County list includes but a single
nominal species and only four that have not been con-
firmed by subsequent capture, or that can be considered
as in the least degree open to doubt, while only two can
be regarded as beyond question erroneously included.
The supplemental list is compiled mainly from Peabody,
Nuttall, and Audubon, and contains a dozen or more spe-
cies that are either merely nominal, or that still lack con-
firmation as birds of Massachusetts, leaving about two
hundred and seventy-five as the number of satisfactorily
authenticated species.
In 1864 Mr. E. A. Samuels published his “Descriptive
Catalogue of the Birds of Massachusetts” (Agric. of Mass.,
Sec’y’s Rep. for 1863, App., pp. xvii-xxix), numbering
two hundred and sixty-nine species. Of these, three are
now regarded as nominal, and five or six others have not
been confirmed as occurring in the state, although given,
by Peabody and some other previous authors. Deducting
these leaves about two hundred and sixty, or eighteen less
> 8
than were correctly included in Mr. Putnam’s list eight
years earlier, —
Almost simultaneously with the appearance of Mr.
Samuel’s list appeared my “Catalogue of the Birds found
at Springfield, Mass., with Notes on their Migrations,
Habits, ete.; together with a List of those Birds found
~ in the State not yet observed at Springfield” (Proc. Essex
Institute, IV, July, 1864, pp. 48-98). In this paper I
gave one hundred and ninety-five as found at Springfield,
-and two hundred and ninety-seven? as inhabitants of the
state. The Springfield list included one species (2’mpi-
donax acadicus) given erroneously, but which has since _
been taken within the area covered by the list, and some
others have since been added. In the supplemental list
three species were given that I now regard as synonyms,
and some eight or ten others were included on the author-
ity. of Nuttall, Peabody, Audubon, Cabot, Bryant, and
Brewer, of which there is no recent record of their cap-
ture, but which (with perhaps two, or possibly three,
exceptions) are very likely to occur. Excluding, how-
ever, all these there still remain two hundred and eighty-
two thoroughly authenticated as birds of the state. Of
fifteen others mentioned as likely to occur, over one-half
have since been added. | :
In 1868 was published a “Catalogue of the Birds of
New England,” by Dr. Elliott Coues, in which nearly all
the species previously attributed to Massachusetts were
included. The Great Auk (Alca impennis) was here for
the first time recognized as a former inhabitant of Massa-
chusetts, and the Barn Owl (Strix pratincola) and the
Varied Thrush (Zurdus nevius) were added in the Ap-
pendix from notes furnished by the present writer.
2 Squartarola helvetica was accidentally omitted from the Springfield list, though
given in the classified list at the end of the paper; hence in my ‘summary ” (p. 97)
**296” should stand 297.
9
During the winter of 1869-70 I published additional
“Notes on some of the Rarer Birds of Massachusetts”
(Amer. Nat., II, Dec., 1869, Jan. and Feb., 1870), in
which ninety-two species were formally referred to, and
eight for the first time recorded as captured or observed
within the: state (exclusive of one included by error of
identification, and four others perhaps not properly to be
regarded as indigenous: or naturally occurring species).
Several species given in my previous. list were now with-
drawn. The number of species then stood nominally at
_ three hundred and five, but in reality (or as judged by
the standard I have adopted for my present list) two hun-
dred and ninety-five.
Later in the same year appear ed Mr. Maynard’s excel-
lent “Catalogue of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts’:
(Naturalist’s Guide, 1870, pp. 81-167), comprising nomi-
nally two hundred and ninety-nine species, but adding no
new ones. Applying the same rules of exclusion that
have been used in respect to the other before-mentioned
lists the number becomes reduced to about two hundred
and eighty-nine. Five or six were withdrawn as birds of
Eastern Massachusetts, but otherwise the list includes all
of the at that time authenticated indigenous birds of the
state except four, known at that date as occurring only in
the western part of the state.
Since 1870 about twenty-five species have been added,
mainly through the investigations of Messrs. Brewster,
Purdie, Deane, and Maynard, including three first de=
scribed from birds taken within the state. No new
separate enumeration of the birds.of Massachusetts has,,
however, been since made, but in 1875 Dr. T. M..
Brewer published a new “Catalogue of the Birds of New.
England” (Proc: Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVII, July,.
. 1875, pp. 436-454), in which, of course, those of Massa
10
chusetts were included, embracing nearly all the additions
made between the years 1870 and 1875, but generally
without giving the date of capture or place of record.
Of this list of three hundred and thirty-six species twelve
are either explicitly or inferentially given as noé found in
Massachusetts ; fourteen others are regarded in the fol-
lowing list as either purely nominal or as merely varietal
forms of other species also occurring here; one is an
introduced species, and another (“ Thaumatias linnei”) I
regard as improperly included ; leaving three hundred and °
eight that may be regarded as birds of Massachusetts,
though not of course always necessarily so implied by the
phraseology of the list.
The following tabulated summary shows at a glance the
number of species attributed to the state at different
times since 1833, together with the number authentically
recorded, the number still unconfirmed, and the number
of merely nominal ones :—
HISTORICAL SUMMARY.
Whole Syno- Unconfirmed or Fully Number
number. nyms. not legitimately authenticated. added.
included?
1833, Emmons, 160 2 1 157 —
1837, Brewer,‘ 205 5 3 : 197 40
1839, Peabody, 284 13 20 251 54
1856, Putnam, 293 7 il 275 24
1864, Samuels, 269 8 5 261 _
1864, Allen, 297 3 12 282 7
1870, Allen, 805 2 8 295 13
1870, Maynard, 803 3 Il 289 —
1875, Brewer,® 822 3 11 . 808 13
1878, Allen, - 840 _— 246 8167 8
’Embracing, among others, varietal forms here regarded as improperly ac-
corded full specific rank.
4Inferentially, through additions to Dr. Emmons’s list.
5 Inferentially determined.
6 Given as probably occurring, but not as yet fully confirmed.
7Plus four extirpated = 320.
11
I. Species of Authentic Occurrence within the State.
[NoTe.—The asterisk (*) at the left ofa name indicates that the species is known
to breed within the state. For the sake of brevity, the annotations are restricted
to simply indication of season of occurrence and relative abundance, except in
the case of the extremely rare or accidental visitors, respecting which the record
of captures is brought down from 1864 to January, 1878. Only the original notice,
however, is cited. My former catalogue gives the record of rare captures down to
1864 (see also Coues’s *‘ Catalogue of the Birds of New England” in Proceedings
Essex Institute, vi, pp. 253-314, for the early record), so that my former paper, and
the present, form together a full record in this respect.]
*1, Turdus migratorius Linn. Rosry. Abundant summer resi-
dent; a few remain during winter at favorable localities.
' 2, Turdus nevius Gmel. Varrep Turusn. Accidental. As yet
the only authentic record of its occurrence is its capture at Ipswich,
in December, 1864 (Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., V, 1868, 312; Amer. Nat.,
III, Jan., 1870, 572; see further, on its supposed earlier occurrence in
Massachusetts, Proc. Essex Inst., IV, 1864, 82).
*3. Turdus mustelinus Gmel. Woop TurusH. Common sum-
mer resident except in the higher portions of Berkshire County.
*4, Turdus pallasi Cab. Hermir Turusn. Spring and fall mi-
grant, except in the mountainous portions of the state west of the
Connecticut valley, where it is a common summer resident; occasion-
ally breeds in other parts of the state.
_ 65. Turdus swainsoni Cab. (= T. swainsoni et alicie auct.)
OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH. Common spring and autumn migrant; prob-
ably breeds in portions of Berkshire County.
*8. Turdus fuscescens Steph. VEERY; WiLsON’s THRUSH. Com-
mon summer resident. *.
*7, Mimus polyglottus Bote. Mocxtne Brrp. Rare summer
visitant, occasionally breeding, particularly in the Connecticut Valley.
*8. Mimus carolinensis Gray. Car Birp. Abundant summer
resident.
*9. Harporhynchus rufus Cab. Brown Turusn. Abundant
summer resident.
*10. Sialia sialis Hald. Biursirp. Aburidant summer resident.
ll. Regulus calendula Licht. Ruspy-cRowNED KINGLET. Abun-
dant spring and summer visitant.
12. Regulus satrapa Licht. GOLDEN-CRESTED KINGLET. Chiefly
a winter visitant, occurring in variable abundance in different years,
but usually more or less common. Perhaps breeds in portions of
Berkshire County, as it has been reported to do in the Catskills
(Trippe, Am. Nat., VI, 47).
18. Polioptila czerulea Scl. BLuE-GRAY GNAT-CATCHER. Acci-
12
dental. One instance (Chatham, Nov. 18, 1877, Deane, sull. Nutt.
Orn. Club, IIT, Jan., 1878, 45). Several recent instances of its capture
near Providence, R.I. (Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan., 1877,
20; Merriam, Rev. Bds. Conn., 1877, 8.)
*14, Parus atricapillus Linn. Cuickaper. Common resident.
15. Parus hudsonicus Forst. Hupsontan Cuickaprer. Acci-
dental. (Concord, Oct. 30, 1870, Brewster, Am. Nat., VI, 306. Also
given as a bird of the state by Peabody, Rep. Orn. Mass., 402.)
*16. Sitta carolinensis Gmel. WHITE-BELLIED NuTHAtTCH. Rather
common resident.
17. Sitta canadensis Linn. Rep-BeL_tiep Nouruarca. Winter
visitant. Not generallycommon. The doubtfully supposed instance
of its breeding on the ground in Roxbury (May, 1877, recorded in Am.
Nat., XI, 565), proves to have been a mistake, the eggs taken proving
not to be those of that species.
*18. Certhia familiaris Linn. Brown Creeper. Resident, but -
most numerous in spring, autumn and winter.
*19. Troglodytes aédon Vieill. House Wren. Rather common
summer resident.
20. Troglodytes parvulus var. hyemalis Cowes. WmInTER
Wren. Winter visitant; not common. Perhaps breeds in the higher
mountainous portions of Berkshire County. (T. Martin Trippe gives
it as breeding in the Catskills, Am. Nat., VI, 47.) .
*21. Cistothorus stellaris Cab. Suort-Birtep Marsh WReEN.
Locally common.
*22,. Cistothorus palustris Baird. Lonc-Bittep MarsH WREN.
Common, like the preceding, at favorable localities.
« The Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus Bon.) has been re-
ported as occurring in Roxbury, in the summer of-1876, but no speci-
mens were taken (Minot, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Sept., 1876, 76;
Land Birds and Game Birds of New England, 1877, 74).
23. Eremophila alpestris Boie. SHorm Lark; HorNeD Lark.
Winter visitant, chiefly along the coast, where it is generally common
and sometimes abundant.
24. Anthus ludovicianus Licht. Tirtark; Brown Lark. Spring
and autumn visitant, in small flocks.
*25,. Mniotilta varia Vieill. BLackK-AND-WHITE CREEPER. Com-
mon summer resident.
*26. Parula americana Bon. BLUE-YELLOW-BACKED WARBLER.
Rather common‘summer resident.
*27. Helminthophaga ruficapilla Baird. NasHvititu WaRBLER.
Common summer Visitant.
28. Helminthophaga celata Baird. Goimiecaowsnen War-
BLER. Rare or accidental. Only three instances of its capture thus
13
far on record. (Springfield, May 15, 1863, Allen, Proc. Essex Inst.,
IV, 1864, 60; Lynn, Jan. 1, 1875, Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
XVII, 489; Concord, Oct. 2, 1876, Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I,
Nov., 1876, 94. The only other New England records are Hollis,
N. H., May 16, 1876, Fox, Forest and Stream, VI, 354; Isles of Shoals,
Murdoch, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Apr., 1878, —.)
29. Helminthophaga peregrina Cab. TENNESSEE Wantien
Rare.
*30. Helminthophaga chrysoptera Baird. Gotpex-wianp
WarBLer. Summer resident. Not generally common.
31. Helminthophaga leucobronchialis Brewster. Wuutre-
THROATED WARBLER. Rare. One instance of its capture in the state
thus far on record. Taken at Newtonville, May 18, 1870. (Brewster,
- Amer. Sportsman, V, 33, Oct. 17, 1874; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, 1876, 1.
Original type of the species.) Three other specimens have thus far
been recorded. (Trotter, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, 1877, 79; III, 1878,
_79; Connecticut, Brewster, ibid, III, Apr., 1878, —.)
*32. Dendroeca estiva Baird. YELLOW WARBLER; SUMMER YEL-
Low Birp. Abundant summer resident.
*33. Dendroeca virens Baird. BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER.
Common summer resident.
*34. Dendrcoeca cerulescens Baird. BLackK-THROATED BLUE
WarRBLER. Spring and fall migrant. Has been observed in summer
in different portions of the state, and has been found nesting in Con-
necticut (two instances, June,, 1874, Jones, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I,
1876, 11). Also reported breeding in the Catskills Ciripge; Am. Nat.,
VI, 47).
35. Dendreca coronata Gray. YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER}
Myrtce Birp. Abundant spring and autumn migrant. A few known
to winter on Cape Cod. May breed in portions of Berkshire County.
36. Dendroeca auduboni Baird. AupuBON’s WARBLER. Acci-
dental. (Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 15, 1876, Frazar, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, II, 1877, 27.)
*37. Dendroca blackburnis Baird. -BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER.
Common spring and autumn visitant, some remaining through the
summer.
38. Dendreeca striata Baird. Buack-Pott WaRBLER. Abun-
dant spring and autumn migrant.
39. Dendreeca castanea Baird. BAY-BREASTED WARBLER. Com-
mon spring and autumn migrant, varying greatly in abundance in dif-
ferent years.
*40. Dendreeca pannegieeniaa Baird. CHESTNUT-SIDED WAR-
BLER. Common summer resident.
41. Dendreca maculosa Baird. BLack-aAND-YELLOW WARBLER. :
14
Cemmon spring and autumn migrant. Has been observed a few times
in summer, and may breed in the higher parts of Berkshire County.
42. Dendreca tigrina Baird. Carpe May Warsirer. Rather
rare spring and autumn migrant.
*43. Dendroeca discolor Baird. Pratrm Warsier. Common
summer resident near the sea-board; less common in the interior.
44. Dendrosca palmarum Baird. Yrrtow ReD-POLL WARBLER.
Abundant spring and autumn migrant; a few have been observed at
favorable localities in winter. y
*45. Dendreeca pinus Baird. Pint Warsier. Common sum-
mer resident.
*46. Siurus auricapillus Swain. GoLDEN-CROWNED WAGTAIL;
‘“OvEN-BIRD.” Abundant summer resident.
47. Siurus neevius Coues (S. noveboracensis auct.).. WATER
WaGTaiIL; ‘*‘WaTER THRUSH.” Rather common spring and autumn
migrant. ‘
48. Siurus motacilla Bon. Large-BinLtep Water WaGTain.
Rare or accidental. One record of its capture (Mount Tom, April 28,
1869, Allen, Am. Nat., III, 557). Was found breeding near Norwich,
Conn., by Mr. Ernest Ingersoll, in June, 1873 (Am. Nat., VIII, 238).
(The nest and eggs found by Mr. Ingersoll are in Mus. Comp. Zodl.,
Cambridge.) Mr. Merriam gives it as ‘‘not rare in Southern Con-
necticut, where it breeds regularly, and probably in considerable num-
bers” (Rev. Birds Conn., 1877, 20).
49. Oporornis agilis Baird. CoNnNnecricurT WarRBLER. Gener-
ally a rare spring and autumn migrant; sometimes abundant in au-
tumn in the vicinity of Cambridge. Probably more common in other
parts of the state in autumn than is generally supposed.
*50. Geothlypis trichas Cab. MaryLanD YELLOW-THROAT. Abun-
dant summer resident.
51. Geothlypis philadelphia Baird. Mournina Warsier.
Rare spring and autumn migrant.
*52. Icteria virens Baird. YrLLOw-BREASTED CHAT. Rare sum-
mer resident, Several records of its nesting in the eastern part of the
state.
53. Myiodioctes pusillus Bon. Green BLAcK-caPPpED Wark-
BLER. Rather rare spring and autumn migrant.
54. Myiodioctes canadensis Aud. CaNnapiaAN WarsrEer. Com-
mon spring and autumn migrant. Occasionally seen in summer, and
probably breeds sparingly in Berkshire County. ;
*55. Setophaga ruticilla Swain. Repsrart. Rather common
summer resident. ee
*56. Pyranga rubra Vieill. Scarter TaNaGEeR. Common sum-
mer resident.
15
57. Pyranga estiva Vieill. Summer Reppirp. Accidental sum-
‘mer visitor. Several instances of its capture are on record. Mr. N.
Vickary informs me that a specimen (hitherto unrecorded) was taken
in Swampscot in June, 1866.
*58. Hirundo horreorum Barton. Barn SwaLttow. Common
summer resident.
*59. Tachycineta bicolor Cab. WHITE-BELLIED SwaLiow. Com-
mon summer resident.
*60. Petrochelidon lunifrons Cab. Eave Swattow; Curr
SwaLtow. Common summer resident.
*61. Cotyle riparia Boie. Bank SwaLLow. Common summer
resident.
*62. Progne purpurea Boie. PurpLte Martin. Common sum-
mer resident. _
63: Ampelis garrulus Zinn. BonEeMIAN Waxwinc. Acciden-
tal in winter. To the few previous records of its capture I here add
another, a female, taken by Mr. N. Vickary at Lynn, Feb. 18, 1877.
*64. Ampelis cedrorum Baird. Crpar Birp; CHERRY Birb.
Common summer resident; frequently seen in winter in roving flocks,
and at localities where it finds food.
*65. Vireo olivaceus Vieill. Rep-EYED Virro. Abundant, sum-
mer resident.
66. Vireo philadelphicus Cass. PHILADELPHIA VirREO. Very
rare. Only one instance of its capture thus far recorded. (Cambridge,
Sept.,.7, 1875, Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, 1876, 19.. Fora record
of its occurrence in New England prior to Sept., 1876, see Deane, Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, I, 74; see further, Fox, ibid, II, 78.)
*67. Vireo gilvus Bon. WarsLinc Vireo. Common summer
resident.
*68. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. YELLOW-THROATED VIREO. Rather
common summer resident.
*69. Vireo solitarius Vieill. Sorrrary Virro; BLUE-HEADED
Vireo. Common spring and autumn migrant; a few pass the summer
here and breed.
*70. Vireo: noveboracensis Bon. WuitTr-EYED VirEO. More
or less common summer resident at certain localites.
71. Collurio borealis Baird. Butcurer Birp; GREAT NORTHERN
SHRIKE. Rather common winter visitant.
72. Collurio ludovicianus Baird (C. ludovicianus et: excubito-
roides auct.). LoGGER-HEAD SHRIKE. Accidental. Several recent
records of its occurrence. West Newton, Oct. 21, 1872 (Purdie, Am.
Nat., VII, 1873, 115; first authentic record for the state); Newton-
ville, 1874 (Maynard, Am. Sports., V, 313, Feb. 13, 1875). A specimen
(now first recorded) was also taken in Lynn, Nov., 1877, by Mr. N.
Vickary.
16
73. Pinicola enucleator Vieill. Pine Grospeak. Irregular
winter visitant, occurring sometimes in abundance, but generally not
common. iw
*74, Carpodacus purpureus Gray. Purpie Fincw. Rather
common summer resident; a few probably remain at some localities
during winter.
75. Loxia leucoptera Gmel. WHITE-WINGED CRoOSSBILL. Irreg-
ular winter visitant.
76. Loxia curvirostra var. americana Coues. .Common Cross-
BILL. Irregular winter visitor, but a much more freyuent and abun-
dant visitor than the preceding species. A few often occur in summer,
77. ASgiothus linaria Cab. Rep-PoLtt .Linnet. An irregular
but often abundant winter visitor.
78. Linota flavirostris var. brewsteri Coues. Brewster’s Lix-
NET. Rare or accidental. One specimen taken in Cambridge by Mr.
W. Brewster (Ridgway, Am. Nat., VI, 483; see also Baird, Brewer aac
Ridgway, Hist. Birds N. Amer., I, 1874, 501).
*79. Chrysomitris pinus Bon. Pine Fixen. Chiefly spring
and autumn migrant; occasionally remains through the winter, and
has been known to occur in summer. Marked as breeding by Dr.
Emmons. :
*80. Chrysomitris tristis Bon. YELtLow-Birp; GoLpFriNcn.
Common throughout the year, but of gregarious and nomadic habits
‘in winter. .
81. Plectrophanes nivalis Meyer. SNow Buntina. Regular
and rather common winter visitant.
82. Plectrophanes lapponicus Selby. LapLanp LONGSPUR.
Winter visitant, mainly near the coast; not common.
83. Plectrophanes ornatus Towns. CHESTNUT-COLLARED BUNT-
inc. Accidental. (Magnolia, near Gloucester, taken by Mr. C. W.
Townsend, July 28, 1876, Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, 1877, 78.)
84. Passerculus princeps Maynard. Ipswich Sparrow. Rare
winter visitant, occurring chiefly near the coast. Has been met with
from Prince Edward’s Island and New Hampshire to Long Island.
*85. Passerculus savanna Bon. Savanna Sparrow. Abun-
dant summer resident along the coast; much less common in the in-
terior.
*86. Pocecetes gramineus Baird. Grass Fincu; Bay-winGEeD
Sparrow. Abundant summer resident,
*87. Coturniculus passerinus Bon. YELLOW-WINGED SPARROW.
Common and even abundant summer resident at favorable localities,
especially in the Connecticut Valley and near.the sea coast.
*88. Coturniculus henslowi Bon. HENstow’s BuntineG. Rare
’ summer resident.
17
*89. Ammodromus caudacutus Swain. Snarp-TAILED Finca.
More or less common in the salt marshes along the coast, especially
in those of Charles River.
90. Ammodromus maritimus Swain. Sra-sipe Frxcu. Rare
or accidental in the salt marshes along the coast. Only one recent
record of its capture in the state. (Nahant, Aug., 1877, taken by Mr.
G. O. Welch, Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Jan., 1878, 48.) Mr.
Merriam gives it as a common summer resident in the salt and brack-
ish water marshes of Connecticut (Rev. Bds. Conn., 38).
91. Melospiza lincolni Baird. Lrixcorn’s Frxcn. Known only
as a rare or casual visitor in spring. Mr. E. I. Shores considers it as
not rare at Suffield, Conn., where he believes a few pairs breed (see
Merriam’s Rev. Bds. Conn., p. 38).
*92. Melospiza palustris Baird. Swamp Sparrow. A not very
common summer resident, of rather local distribution.
*93. Melospiza melodia Baird. Sone Sparrow. Abundant
summer resident; a few sometimes remain in winter in sheltered
localities.
*94, Junco hyemalis Scl. Snow Bmp. Mainly a spring and
autumn ‘visitant; a few are sometimes observed in winter. Breeds
abundantly in the more elevated parts of Berkshire County.
95. Junco oregonus Scl. OrreGon Snow Birp. Accidental.
(Watertown, March 25, 1874, Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, 1876,
19.)
96. Spizella monticola. Baird. Tree Sparrow. Common win-
ter visitunt.
*97. Spizella socialis Bon. Currrinc Sparrow. Abundant sum-
mer resident.
*98. Spizella pusilla Bon. Fietp Sparrow. Common summer
resident,
99. Spizella pallida var. breweri Coues. CLAY-COLORED Spar-
row. Accidental. (Watertown, Dec. 15, 1873, Brewster, Am. Nat.,
VIII, 366.)
*100. Zonotrichia albicollis Bon. WHITE-THROATED SPARROW.
Abundant spring and autumn migrant. Marked as breedipg by Dr.
Emmons.
101. Zonotrichia leucophrys. Swain. Wuire-crowNep Spar-
row. Rather rare spring and autumn migrant.
102. Chondestes grammaca Bon. Lark Fincu. Accidental.
Two instances only of its occurrence recorded, (Gloucester, about
1845, Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., I, 1856, 224; Newtonville, Nov. 25,
1877, Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Jan., 1878, 44.)
- 103. Passerella iliaca Swain; Fox-coLorep Sparrow. Abun-
dant spring and autumn migrant. .
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, x 2
18
104. Calamospiza bicolor Bon. Lark Buntine. Accidental.
One instance of its capture. (Lynn, Dec. 5, 1877, taken by Mr. N.
Vickary. Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Jan., 1878, 48.)
*105. Euspiza americana Bon. BLack-rnroaTeD BuntinG. Very
rare summer resident.
*106. Goniaphea ludoviciana Bowdich. Rosr-BreasteD Gros-
BEAK. Common summer resident.
*107. Cyanospiza cyanea Baird. Ixpico Birp. Common sum-
mer resident. PT
108. Cardinalis virginiana Bon.. CarpinaL; Reppirp. Acci-
dental. Very few instances of its occurrence recorded. (Its most
northern record is Halifax, N. S., January 31, 1871. Jones, Am. Nat.,
V:1765)
*109. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Vieill. Curwinx; TOWHEE
Buntinc. Abundant summer resident.
*110. Dolichonyx oryzivorus Swain. BosBoLmnk; ‘SKUNK.
Brackairp.” Abundant summer resident. ;
*111. Molothrus ater Gray. Cownirp. Common summer resi-
dent.
*112. Ageleeus phoeniceus Viecill. Rep-winGeD BLACKBIRD.
Common summer resident.
113. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus Baird. Yrrtow-nKaDED
BracksirD. Accidental. Two instances of its capture, the second
here for the first time recorded. First identified from the wings, tail,
and foot of a specimen shot by Mr. Frank Sawyer in Watertown, Oct.
15, 1869. (Allen, Am. Nat., III, 1870, 636.) Mr. N. Vickary, of Lynn,
informs me that two specimens were shot at Eastham, Sept. 10, 1877,
by Mr. Loud, of Salem, one of which is preserved.
*J14. Sturnella magna Swain. Mrapow Lark. Common sum-
mer resident; a few sometimes remain in winter.
*115. Icterus spurius Bon. OrcHarpd Ortote. Rare summer.
resident. More common in the Connecticut Valley than elsewhere in
the state.
*116. Icterus baltimore Daud. Batrmore OrroLe. Abundant
summer resident. ¢
117. Scolecophagus ferrugineus Swain. Rusty GrackLe.
Rather common spring and autumn visitant. :
*118. Quiscalus purpureus Licht. PurpLte GRAcKLE. Common
summer resident.
119. Corvus corax Linn. Raven. Very rare. Very few re-
corded instances of its.capture within the state. (A recent record is
Williamstown [18767]. Zenney, Am. Nat., XI,-243.)
*120. Corvus americanus Aud. Common Crow. Common resi-
dent.
19
*121. Cyanurus cristatus Swain. Buz Jay. Common through-
out the year.
*122. Tyrannus carolinensis Baird. Kinepirp. Common sum-
mer resident.
123. Tyrannus dominicensis Rich. Gray Kinepirp. Acci-
dental. Taken in Lynn early in October, 1869. (Allen, Am, Nat., III,
Feb., 1870, 645.)
*124. Myiarchus crinitus Cab. GREAT CRESTED FLYcaTCHER.
Rare summer resident.
*125. Sayornis fuscus Baird. Poa@se; BripGe Pewer. Com-
mon summer resident.
*126. Contopus borealis Baird. OLive-sipeED Pewee. Rather
uncommon summer resident.
*127. Contopus virens Cab. Woop Prewrr. Common summer
resident.
*128. Empidonax minimus Baird. Least Pewee. Common
summer resident.
*129. Empidonax trailli Baird. Tratmu’s Frycatcurr. Chiefly
a spring and autumn visitant; not common. A few remain in summer
and breed.
130. Empidonax flaviventris Baird. YELLOW-BELLIED PEWEE.
Not uncommon in spring and fall.
*131. Antrostomus vociferus Bon. WHuIP-POOR-WILL. Com-
mon summer resident.
*132. Chordiles virginianus Bon. Nicur Hawk. Abundant
summer resident. ,
*133. Cheetura pelasgia Steph. CuimNey Swirt. Abundant
summer resident.
*134. Trochilus colubris Linn. RuBy-THROATED HUMMING-BIRD.
Common summer resident.
*135. Ceryle aleyon Boie. BrLTED KINGFISHER. Common sum-
mer resident. Occasionally met with in winter.
*136. Coccygus et dread greats see Bon. BLACK-BILLED Cuckoo.
Common summer resident.
*137. Coccygus americanus Bon. YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO.
Rather frequent summer resident. Somewhat irregularly dispersed,
and very variable in respect to numbers in different years.
*138. Hylotomus pileatus Baird. PiLear~ED WOODPECKER.
Nearly or quite extirpated from most parts of the state, but still more
or less frequent in Berkshire County, and of occasional occurrence in
other well wooded portions of the state.
*139. Picus villosus Linn. Hairy WooppreckerR. A not common
resident. More numerous in winter than in summer, when it is gen-
erally rare.
20
*140. Picus pubescens Linn. Downy Wooprrcker. Rather
-common resident.
141. Picoides arcticus Gray. BLACK-BACKED WoOoDPECKER. Very
rare winter visitant. A recent record of its capture in ‘** Middlesex
County, fall of 1871.” (Purdie, Am. Nat., VII, 1873, 693.)
142. Picoides americanus. Brehm. (P. hirsutus of most Massa-
chusetts lists.). BANDED-BACKED WOODPECKER. Very rare or acci-
dental winter visitant. Very few instances are on record of the cap- .
ture of either species of this genus in the state. P. arcticus has been
more frequently recorded than P, americanus. (See Allen, Am. Nat.,
III, 572.)
*143. Sphyrapicus varius Baird. YeELtLow-BeELiiep Wooprrcker.
Not very uncommon in spring and fall, and a few probably breed, more
especially in Berkshire County. (Marked as breeding by Dr. Em-
mons. )
144, Centurus carolinus Bon. Rep BELLIED WoopPECKER.
Accidental. Not to my knowledge yet taken in the state, but ob-
served by me at Springfield, May 18, 1863, under circumstances that
would render a mistaken identification almost impossible (Proc. Essex
Inst., IV, 53). It has since been taken by Mr. Shores within a few
miles of this locality (at Suffield, Conn., Merriam, Rev. Birds of Ootin., as
1877, 65).
*145. Melanerpes erythrocephalus Swain. Rep-nzapED Woop-
PECKER. Rare summer resident, occasionally breeding. Most fre-
quently observed in fall, usually in immature plumage.
146. Colaptes auratus Swain. GOLDEN-WINGED WOODPECKER.
Abundant summer resident. Occasionally seen in winter.
147. Strix flammea Linn. Barn Ow. Very rare or accidental.
Only two specimens as yet known to have been taken in the state,—
one at Springfield, May, 1868 (Allen, Proc. Essex Inst., VI, 1868,
812); the other at Lynn, in 1865 (Allen, Am. Nat., IIT, Feb., 1870, 646)..
*148. Bubo virginianus Bon. Great Hornep OwL. A not un-
common resident.
*149. Scops asio Bon. Morttiep Ow. Common, resident.
*150. Otus vulgaris Flem. Long-EaRED OwL. Not common,
resident. | beh
*151. Brachyotus palustris Bon. Snort-cARED Ow. Rather
common resident.
152. Syrnium cinereum Aud. Great Gray Own. Accidental
or very rare winter visitant. I have no record of its capture in the
state since 1866 (Salem, Nov. 10, 1866, sien, Am. Nat., III, Jan.,
1870, 570).
*153. Syrnium nebulosum Gray. Barrep Ow. Rather com-
mon resident.
*
21
*154. Nyctale acadica Bon. Saw-wnHetr Ow1; Acapran Owl.
Rather common and probably resident. (See Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, IT, 84.) ’
155. Nyctale tengmalmi Bon. (N. richardsoni auct.) Trena-
MALM’s OWL. Rare winter visitor. Recent records of its occurrence
are: Lynn, 1863 (Allen, Am. Nat., III, Feb., 1870, 646); Cambridge,
Dec., 1865 (Maynard, Nat. Guide, 1870, 133).
156. Nyctea scandiaca Newt. Snowy Own. A more or less
regular winter visitant. Very abundant during the winter of 1876-77.
(See Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, 9, 1877.)
157. Surnia ulula Bon. Hawk Ow.. Very rare winter visitor
in most parts of the state; probably of rather frequent occurrence in
the more elevated parts of Berkshire County. (For the record of its
occurrence see Am. Nat., III, Dec., 1869, 569.)
158. Speotyto cunicularia var. hypogeea Coues. BuRROWING
Ow. Accidental... Newburyport, May 4, 1875 (Deane, ‘‘Rod and
Gun,” VI, 97, May 15, 1875).
*159. Circus cyaneus var. hudsonius Schl. Marsn Hawk.
Common summer resident.
-160. Nauclerus furcatus Vig. SwaLLow-TaILeD Hawk. Acci-
dental.. One record of its occurrence (to me a satisfactory one), but
none of its capture (Whately, about 1868, Allen, Am. Nat., III, Feb.,
1870, 645). Mr. Merriam gives it as ‘“‘a rare straggler from the
South,” and cites two instances of its occurrence in that state (Rev.
Birds Conn., 1877, 76).
*161.. Accipiter fuscus Bon. SHARP-SHINNED Hawk. Rather
common snmmer resident.
*162. Accipiter cooperi Ron. Cooprr’s Hawk. Common sum-
mer resident; of occasional occurrence in winter.
163. Astur atricapillus Bon. GosHawk. Rather frequent win-
ter visitant. Has been seen in summer, and perhaps occasionally _
breeds.
164. Falco gyrfalco Linn. Gyrratcon. Of rare or accidental
occurrence in winter.
164a. Falco gyrfalco var. labradora Ridg. Biack GyRFALCON.
Accidental. Breed’s Island, October, 1876. (Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, II, Jan., 1877, 27.)
*165. Falco communis Linn. Duck Hawk. Rare resident;
more common in winter than in summer and along the coast than in
the interior.
166. Falco columbarius Linn. Picron Hawk. Rather rare,
occurring chiefly in spring, fall, and winter.
*167. Falco sparverius Linn. Sparrow Hawk. More or less
common resident; most numerous in spring and fall.
22
*168. Buteo borealis Vieili. Rep-raitep Buzzarp. A rather
common resident.
*169. Buteo lineatus Jard. Rep-sHovuLtpERED Buzzarp. Com-
mon resident.
170. Buteo swainsoni Bon. Swarnson’s Buzzarp. Accidental.
Two instances of its capture thus far on record. (Salem, winter of
1871-72, Mus. Peabody Academy; Wayland, Sept. 12, 1876, Brewster,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III, Jan., 1878, 39.) se
*171. Buteo pennsylvanicus Bon. Broap-wincep Buzzarp.
Rather rare summer resident. ’
172. Archibuteo lagopus Gray. RovGu-LtrGGrD Buzzarp.
Rather common winter visitant, but of somewhat local distribution.
*173. Pandion haliaétus Suv. Fisn Hawk. Occasional summer
visitant. Formerly bred in the state, but probably nests here very
rarely, if at all, now.
174. Aquila chrysaétus Linn. Gorprn Eactr. Very rare win-
ter visitant. Recent records of its capture are: Munson, Nov., 1864;
Deerfield, Dec. 14, 1865; Westfield, three specimens, 1866 (Allen, Am.
Nat., III, Dec., 1869). I have now to add Fairhaven, Nov. 21, 1873,
shot by Mr. Nelson H. Stephens. The specimen was sent in the flesh
by Captain Charles Bryant to the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy,
where it is now preserved.
*175. Haliaétus leucocephalus Sav. Wuitr-HEaADED EaG LE;
Bap EaGuir. Rare resident.
176. Rhinogryphus aura Ridg. Turkey Vurture; “Turkey
Buzzarp.” Accidental. Two instances of its capture recorded, but
none since 1864.
177. Catharista atratus Gray. Brack Vutture. Accidental.
Quite a number of instances of its capture are on record. Recent
ones are Hudson, 1868, where several specimens were seen (Allen,
Nat., III, Feb., 1870, 646). A recent record also for Maine is Calais,-
1869 (Boardman, Am. Nat., III, 498).
*178. Ectopistes migratorius Swain. Witp Picreon. Irregular
summer resident, not generally common.
*179. Zeneedura carolinensis Bon. CaroLina Dove; ** Mourn-
1nG Dove.” Common summer resident.
180. Tetrao canadensis Zinn. Spruce PartripGe; CANADA
Grouse. Accidental. Only two recorded instances of its capture,
which are Gloucester, 1851; Roxbury, about 1865 (Allen, Am. Nat.,
III, Feb., 1870, 636).
*181. Cupidonia cupido Baird. PiNnatep Grouse; Prairm
Hen. Formerly common in portions of the state, but long since ex-
tirpated from all portions except Martha’s Vineyard, where a few are
said to still exist.
23
*182. Bonasa umbellus Steph. Rurrep Grouse; “ ParTRIDGE.”
Common resident.
*183. Ortyx virginianus Bon. Quait; Bos-wuirr. More or
less common resident in most parts of the state.
184. Squartarola helvetica Cuv. Buack-BeLtiep PLover.
Generally more or less common during the spring and fall.
185. Charadrius virginicus Borck. GoLtpeN PLover. Com-
mon spring and autumn migrant.
*186. ZAégialites vocifera Cass. KittpreR PLover. A not com-
mon summer resident.
187. Aégialites semipalmata Cab. SrmipaLMATED PLOVER;
*“RinG-NECK.” Abundant spring and autumn visitant.
*188. Adgialites meloda Cab. Pipina Plover; ‘ RiING-NeEcK.”
Common summer resident along the coast.
189. Heematopus palliatus ZJemm. OvystTer-catcHer. Acei-
dental in summer.
190. Strepsilas interpres Jil. Turnsrone. Rather common
spring and autumn visitant.
191. Himantopus nigricollis Vieill. Butack-Neckrep STIL?.
Accidental.. Mr. Maynard gives it, on the authority of ‘*gunners and
others,” as ‘occasionally seen along the sandy beaches” (Nat. Guide,
1870, 143). Mr. Boardman saw, some years since, two specimens in
a Boston market, which he was assured were taken in this state (Allen,
Am. Nat., III, Feb., 1870, 638).
192. Steganopus wilsoni Cowes. WuiLson’s PuaLtaRore. Acci-
dental. No recent record of its capture.
-198. Lobipes hyperboreus Cuv. Nortnern Poatanors. Known
only 4s arare spring and autumn migrant.
194. Phalaropus fulicarius Bon. Rep Puatarorr. Not com-
mon spring and autumn migrant.
*195. Philohela minor Gray. AMERICAN Woopcock. Common
summer resident.
*196. Gallinago wilsoni Bon. Wutson’s Snipr. Common dur-
ing migrations and a rather rare summer resident. 82 ott as he 8 8? ere eg i ew es
Given as of probable occurrence. . . . . + «© «© «© « « « 24
Considered as fairly entitled to recognition as Massachusetts birds 340
Known as breeding within the State (about) ..... . . 135
Extremely rare or accidental visitors . . . . . +--+ «+. 9
Introduced. as .is ws ‘ Pipa jap Mer \reLs ion one 6
North American species added since 1867. Re ee a
ADDENDUM.
57bis. Pyranga ludoviciana Bon. LovuistaNa TaNnaGeR. Since
this paper went to press a specimen of this western species has been
taken alive in Salem, and its occurrence recorded by Dr. Brewer
(‘Forest and Stream,” X, 95, March 14, 1878). It was captured Jan.
20, 1878, during the severest snow storm of the season, and being, in
winter, a bird of Mexico, is presumed to have been involuntarily car-
ried northward by the storm. It was an “adult female, and, though
ravenous for food, was not in wasted condition.”
10 Excluding “ varieties ” of other species represented.
38
Monpay, JANUARY 21, 1878.
MeetInG this evening at 7.30 o’clock. The Presipent
in the chair. +
Miss Mary Saunders, of Salem, was elected a resident
member.
Prof. E. S. Morsr gave an interesting lecture upon
Japan. It was a familiar talk on topics suggested by his
recent sojourn in that country, with an especial reference
to the artistic ways of the people, the manner in which
they utilized the most common gbjects, like bamboo and
pine, in their ornamental work; and the wonderful taste
exhibited by the commonest venders in the display of
their wares. Samples of their work in straw, fungus,
and other material, were shown. ' He spoke also of the
richer works in bronze, and the art feeling displayed in
the most unexpected ways by combining the most exqui-
sitely wrought work in pearl, ivory, and silver, in combi-»
nation with worm-eaten wood as a background. Their
gardens, paths, gateways and fence posts, and interior of
dwellings were also illustrated.
Monpay, Fesruary 4, 1878.
MEETING this evening ‘at 7.30 o’clock. * The PREsIDENT
in the chair. Records read. ‘Donations and correspon-
dence announced.
The subject of commemorating the 250th anniversary
of the landing of Governor Endicott at Salem was intro-
duced. Remarks in relation thereto were made, and on
39
motion of Mr. W. D. Northend, Vice-President A. C.
Goodell was added to the committee previously appointed.
Rev. Grorce D. Witpes, of New York, who, during
his rectorship of Grace Church in this city, was an active
. member of the Institute, being present, by invitation from
the chair made some interesting remarks, informally ex-
pressing his pleasure at being present, once more, at one
of these meetings, after an absence of eleven years; his
interest in the proposed celebration, and giving an account
of a recent visit to York Harbor, Maine, of which he men-
tioned some facts pertaining to its history. He brought
to the meeting the military journal of Gen. Abbott of
1779, reading some extracts from the same. It is now
owned by Mr. Frank Chase of Salem. ' Mr. Wildes also
alluded to his present place of residence, which is replete
with historic lore, noting especially some of the places
around which cluster many of the most important incidents
of the revolutionary period.
Hon. Witt1am D. NortHenp mentioned several inci-
dents in the lives of some of the distinguished men who
have originated in the town of Newbury, which were sug-
gested by the remarks of the previous speaker.
On motion of Mr. W. P. Upham:
Voted, That the sincere thanks of the Institute be ten-
dered to Rev. Mr. Wildes for his interesting remarks this
evening.
40
Monpay, Fes. 25, 1878.
Mr. Leonarp Wa po, of the Cambridge Observatory,
gave an instructive illustrated lecture on
Telling the Time.
The occasion of our gathering here this evening is, I
believe, a unique one in the annals of New England; but
if the kind words which Charles Kingsley has spoken of
the people of Salem are true, and if that strong interest.
in all that pertains to seamen and ships is still alive, I
feel that our evening will be spent profitably and pleas-
antly together.
The time-balls dropped from their masts at Deal, at
Cape Town, and from the magnificent: heads of Sydney
harbor, are perhaps familiar to more than one member of.
the time-honored East India Marine Society who may be
with us this evening; and it will be to him not an unin-
structive thought, that in those distant British colonies
there exists this thoughtful attention to the needs of every
ship, domestic or foreign, which enters their ports.
He will reflect, doubtless, that until within a few weeks
this kindness has not been reciprocated in. one; American
seaport. And he will be gratified to know that the
Western Union Telegraph Company now display at five
minutes of twelve, a ball at the top of a mast placed on
the highest pinnacle of their Broadway building in New
York; and that precisely noon, as indicated frame the
U. S. Naval Observatory, Washington, it falls from its
conspicuous position. Hearing this, your natural New
England pride suggests the query of the Cambridge poet,
‘Wall, neighbor, tell us wut’s turned up thet’s new?
You’re younger’n I be,—nigher Boston tu:
An’ down to Boston, ef you take their. showin’,
Wut they don’t know ain’t hardly wuth the knowin’,
There’s sunthin’ goin’ on, I know.”
ee
41
I think I may assure you that not many weeks will elapse
until Boston will offer this-same advantage to the ships
within her harbor.
. I have mentioned the time-ball first, because it has
secured for itself a wide recognition as the simplest way
of announcing an arbitrary instant of time., But like the
newspaper dropped at the door, or the water which flows
upon turning the faucet, the simple result attained in the
dropping of a time-ball is the out-growth of the most
refined principles of mechanism, and is the product of
skilful assiduity on the part of the astronomer. | It is our
province now to ask, these questions, “Where do we get
and how do we keep our time?” These questions come
with force at the; moments when we stand looking alter-
nately atthe face of our watch, and the rear, platform of
a departing train; or when the,Gold Stock Exchange
closes one minute before we thought it would; or when ©
some majestic steamer wrecks in a fog on our coast
because her chronometers are at fault.
We all know that whatever may be the merits of our
sun in other respects he is not.a, very accurate marker of
the length of a day. Thus February 10th, he §is.,fifteen
minutes slow of any respectable clock, and then he.catches
up uritil the middle.of May, when he is four minutes fast.
July 25th, again, he is six minutes slow, and November
2nd, he crosses the meridian sixteen minutes before
twelve. From time immemorial, however, the sun has.
marked the beginning of the day’s labor, and in order to
overcome the difficulties in measuring the length of a day,
caused by the sun’s irregularity, astronomers imagine that
there exists in the heavens a fictitious sun, which moves
uniformly along the Equator of the heavens. Four times
in the course of a year the fictitious sun and the real sun
indicate the same clock time. I shall, point out, to you
42
later some difficulties in the way of exactly determining:
our time from the sun. But while he is seldom used in
the Observatory for such a purpose, an exact knowledge
of his motion, and some exact way of measuring his posi-
tion, is of the utmost importance to the navigators; and
I suppose it is to them we owe the wide-spread opinion —
that from observations of the sun, all astronomers deter-
mine the time. ,
Brilliant even through a haze, easily observed even
when the ship’s deck is rolling, the navigator readily
brings the reflected sun and the horizon in contact with
the telescope of his sextant. From his tables, with an
approximate knowledge of his latitude, he will tell you at
just what time the sun will reach a certain altitude, and
this will afford him a means of detecting the error of his
chronometer on local time. ‘
But we are chiefly to concern ourselves to-night with
the instruments used in fixed observatories for determin-
ing time. You are aware that the stars are located on
the celestial sphere by a system of coérdinates, closely
resembling our terrestrial ones of latitude and longitude;
only when applied to the heavens these terms are changed
to the more technical ones of Declination and Right Ascen-
sion. Now Declinations the astronomer measures’ with
carefully graduated circles, but in measuring Right Ascen-
sions the astronomer fixes his instrument in one plane,
_and notes by his clock, how long after one star passes this
plane, another follows it. But he must be able to meas-
ure this interval of time with a degree of accuracy which
corresponds to the accuracy reached with the graduated
circle. Hence the Observatory continues to be the recog-
nized critic of the performance of time-pieces, for nowhere
else in the arts or sciences is the exact measurement of
considerable intervals of time of such vital importance.
43
The instrument almost universally used in determining
the time is the Astronomical Transit Instrument. Through
the courtesy of the Director of Harvard College Obser-
vatory, we have before us to-night, a very beautiful speci-
men of this instrument, built by M. Herbst of Poulkova.
You notice that it has but one motion, simply around this
axis which points east and west, and makes a right angle
with the telescope tube. Now as I take hold of the tele- —
scope, you see the telescope only moves from the north
to the south, that is, in the meridian. If we suppose this
axis to be perfectly horizontal,—and this delicate level
which hangs from it will tell us if it is not so,—I think
you will readily see that the astronomer has only to point
the instrument so that it will have the same altitude asa
star approaching the meridian, in order to have that star
visible in the telescope as it crosses it. Now if we imag-
ine the star to be exactly in the centre of the field of
view of the telescope to-night, and if we do not move the
telescope, to-morrow night at about this time, the same
star will re-appear, and the interval between its two suc-
cessive appearances is one sidereal day.
Unfortunately for our purpose Nature has not provided
a visible meridian line, and accordingly the astronomer
contrives a visible substitute. ._We have on the screen a
circle of light, which fairly represents the circle of light
you would see by placing your eye to the telescope. You |
will understand that it will take several minutes for the
star to cross this circle of light, or what is the same thing,
the field of view of the telescope. ‘To tell when the star
is in the middle of this field there is inserted in the tele-
scope a fine spider’s web, which divides the field of view
into two parts, and which represents to the astronomer,
as nearly as practicable, the meridian line on the heavens.
Practically instead of one line there are a number of
44
lines parallel to, each other, so. that the .astronomer may
be able to tell more exactly than he could by noting the.
transit over one line, exactly when the star crosses his,
approximate meridian. I say approximate meridian, be-
cause this middle line only marks the meridian within
certain. limits which are set by the principle which under- —
lies all practical astronomy, that after human art is ex-
hausted in rendering an instrument as perfect as possible,
there are still measurable deviations from perfection itself.
In the case of our transit we are unable to have it perfect.
in a single point; we cannot put. the middle line of this
group exactly in the centre of the true telescopic field of.
view. We cannot. make this axis about which the tele-
scope. turns, perfectly horizontal, we, cannot bring the
telescope so that it shall. move exactly in the meridian, ©
and even if we could accomplish either of these three
things, we should hardly have time to announce it, before
that unseen motion which is constantly going on among
the molecules of every body in the visible universe, would
have disturbed it to an extent appreciable by the applica-
tion of some refined method of investigation.
In order to measure our day, therefore, we must assure
ourselyes, of the amount of change our instrument has
undergone in that interval. This is accomplished by the -
observation of a number of stars distributed over the
northern and southern heavens. We can. compute from
’ the discrepancies among such a series of stars the correc-
tion we should apply to each one of them, to get the same
result we should have obtained in our measure of the
day’s length, if we had used a, perfect instrument moving
precisely in the meridian. Let us briefly consider the
principles we should adopt to free our observation of a
star of the errors springing from the three sources I have
mentioned, | First, we can ‘determine how much that
45
middle line is away from the true centre of the telescope,
by observing some pretty slow moving star near the pole
as it crosses the first two wires of the group, we will say..
Now we know the distance which these two wires are
from this middle one, and we can therefore determine the
time at which the star would cross the middle wire. We
left our star slowly moving, and after it had passed the
second wire, now suppose that we skilfully and rapidly
lift our instrument out of its bearings and replace it with
its horizontal axis end for end, and point the telescope
‘upon the same star which has not yet crossed these last
two wires. Now if you reflect a moment you will see
that these are the same two wires across which we have
first observed the star’s transit, only they are now on the
other side of the field of view, and if we now compute at
what time the star crossed the middle wire from these last
‘two transits we shall find that it differs from the time
derived from the first two transits by twice the amount
‘the middle line is from the true centre. Second, we can
determine how nearly level this horizontal axis is by
means of this very delicate spirit-level, which you see
rests only on the axis itself. And third, we can determine
how much our instrument (due allowance being made for
the two preceding sources of error) still deviates from the
meridian, by combining star transits taken near the pole
and the equator. It is the habit of astronomers to con-
sider a series of stars observed in this manner as consti-
tuting one time determination. And if our clock shows
by its face that the sidereal day just measured has ended
ten minutes too soon, then we say that our clock is ten
minutes slow.
I think now you will understand me when I say that
the first objection the astronomer has to observing the
sun for time, is, that it is difficult to get enough stars in
46
the daytime to determine the position of the instrument,
and another objection is found in the greater uncertainty
attending the transit of the sun’s limbs, which I think we
can see on the screen.
We have here a beautiful photograph taken from the
sun directly, and for which we are indebted to the skill |
of Lewis M. Rutherford, Esq. You will notice that the
rounded limb of the sun cannot be so nicely bisected as
can the image of this star which follows afterwards.
Let us now examine the method of noting the transit of
a star across a wire. If I take this chronometer or that
clock, I can count the beats as I sit with my eye to the
telescope ; and as the star crosses each wire I can note the
second and the fraction of a second, and a skilful observer
will only on rare occasions estimate this fraction a fifth of
a second in error. It is better, however, to lessen the
errors which depend upon the personality of the observer,
such as his observing too fast or two slow, and to econo-
mize the time of writing down the observations, to record
them automatically by means of the chronograph, an in-
strument first used in this connection by an American
astronomer. We have a small one before us, and you see
it consists of a metallic cylinder around which a sheet of
paper is coiled, which is revolved uniformly ‘by clock
work. A glass fountain pen rests upon the surface of the
paper, and as the cylinder revolves the pen draws a line
upon it. Now if you conceive that this cylinder be slowly
moved along at the same time that it revolves, you will
understand that the pen never marks over the same part
of the paper. Now suppose that this cylinder rotates just
once in sixty seconds, and suppose that I cause this clock
by means of an electric circuit to slightly move the pen at
the beginning of each second; this will cause a slight
notch in the line, which registers upon the paper the
47
beginning of each second, and if we omit the slight notch
which would be made by the fifty-ninth second we can
thus register the beginning of each minute. This tele-
graph key which I hold in my hand is in the same electric
circuit with the clock and chronograph, and as this star is
_ passing over the screen I can register its transits upon the
chronograph by simply causing the pen to make a notch
in the line by breaking the electric circuit. We have put
a telegraphic sounder in the same circuit, so that I think
you will be able to hear the beats of the clock quite to the
other end of the hall. There comes our star, and as it
crosses each wire your will hear the familiar telegraph
tick which tells us that we have made the slight notch on
the chronograph which records the star’s transit. Now
‘suppose that this slight notch we afterwards find occurs
six-tenths of the way between the thirtieth and thirty-first
second. Then we know that the star’s transit occurred at
thirty-one seconds and six-tenths of a second of a particu-
lar minute. After an evening’s observation the sheet is
' removed from the cylinder, labelled, and filed away with
the records of the Observatory.
Having obtained the error of our time-piece to within
a twentieth of a single second, the next question is, How
shall we keep the time-piece so that it will have the same
error to-morrow night, that it has to-night; or failing in
this, how shall we preserve the same relation between the
errors on consecutive nights? In other words, how shall
we know that the time-piece gains or loses regularly?
This leads us to speak of the clocks and watches which
keep the time from day to day. You all know that the
test of the performance of any time-piece is found in
noting the regularity with which it gains or loses. Thus
a clock which gained ten seconds a day might be a very
much better one than another which gained and lost alter-
48
nately ten séconds a day. Though at the end of a week —
the better clock would be a minute more in error than the
second one. The point I wish ‘to illustrate is that with an
accurate time-piece we can always’ predict what its error
will be, for some days in advance. While with a poor |
time-piece we can form no idea from the determination of |
its error on two nights, what it will be on a third one.
Now it is to the elimination of the sources of error in
clocks and watches that the attention of the artisan is
directed; and the practical form which successive im-
provements take is in more perfectly protecting our time-
pieces from the effects of temperature changes, and from
those resulting from variations of friction in the move-
ment. In the clock we endeavor to guard against the
effects of temperature on the pendulum, by uniting two -
metals in such a way that one expands upwards while the
other expands downwards, and they are so adjusted that .
the centre of the pendulum stays very nearly in the same
position. Now, although the clock is the most perfect.
time-piece we have, yet it is still liable to the theoretical
objection that its pendulum swings in a circular instead of
a cycloidal arc. You will be interested to know, that the
finest clocks for astronomers’ uses are so sensitive to ex-
ternal influences that if the barometer were to change an
‘inch in height, it would cause a variation in the clock’s
rate of about a quarter of a second per day, and I might |
mention that in some large observatories the standard
clock is kept in a cellar vault to avoid changes of temper-
ature and in an hermetically sealed glass case, from which —
the air has been partially exhausted. At the Harvard
Observatory the clock which distributes ‘the signals to
Boston and along the lines of the railroads and conse-
quently to Salem as well, is placed in the cellar inside of
a thick walled room which has a floor of sheet lead, its
*
49
walls filled with dry sand and its door joints packed with
felt. Here is the record of the performance of a sister
clock by the same makers in the Liverpool Observatory.
After making the correction for barometric pressure the
average of the daily rates in 1876 for the month of March
was six one-hundredths of a second; for April, five hun-
dredths; for May, seven hundredths; for June, eight
hundredths ; for July, eight hundredths.
Before showing how these clocks are used for distribu-
ting public time, let us consider for a moment the perfor-
mance of watches and chronometers. I suppose that six
men out of seven consider the subject.of the performance
of watches their specialty. At least it has been my for-
tune to meet a number of gentlemen with costly watches
which ran so well that they were superior to the finest
astronomical clocks. This somewhat surprising result
was obtained by accepting their sincere testimony that in
six weeks their watches actually had not varied a second.
And one gentleman informed me, with some evident em-
barrassment, that he had detected an error of some twenty
seconds in the time received from the Observatory which
he had heretofore supposed to be very exact.
We are here reminded of Charles Dudley Warner’s
words: “We constantly compare our watches, and are
anxious that they should not gain or lose a second. A
person feels his own importance increased if he owns an
accurate watch. There is nothing that a man resents more
than the disparagement of his watch. (It occurs to me,
by the way, that the superior attractiveness of women,
that quality of repose and rest which the world finds in
them, springs from the same amiable laisser aller that
suffers their watches never to be correct. When the day
comes that women’s watches keep time there will be no
peace in this world.) When two men meet, one of the
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. 4
50
most frequent interchanges of courtesies is to compare
watches ; certainly if the question of time is raised, as it
is sure to be shortly among a knot of men with us, every
one pulls out his watch, and comparison is made. We are
in fact, the slaves of time, and of fixed times. We think
it a great loss and misfortune to be without correct time;
and Hf we are away from the town-clock and the noon-
gun, in some country place, we importune the city stran-—
ger, who appears to have a good watch, for the time; or
we lie in wait for the magnificent conductor of the railway
express, who always has the air of getting the promptest
time from headquarters.”
Let us examine the parts of a watch as we have ibaa
upon the screen. [ Here a watch-movement in full motion
was projected upon the screen and Mr. Waldo explained
the various parts.] We are indebted to the Mechanical
Superintendent of the Waltham Watch Factory for this
very interesting exhibition of a watch in motion, pro-
jected against the screen. The chronometer, either ma-
rine or pocket, is superior to any other form of watch
made, if we consider only its performance when it is kept
in one position; but it is inferior to almost any other well
made form of watch if it is constantly exposed to the jar
of the person in walking or running. The precision at-
tained in the very tinest of pocket chronometers is sur-
prising ; thus, the mean daily variation in the rates of the
two best chronometers exhibited by the American Watch
Co. at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition were twelve
and fourteen one-hundredths of. a second, respectively.
Quoting from a recent report of the Neuchatel Observa-
tory on the annual competition of Swiss ‘chronometers
for prizes awarded yearly by the Observatory, the two
best pocket chronometers had an average daily variation
in their rates of thirteen and seventeen one-hundredths of
51
a second respectively. These rates would not discredit
an astronomical clock. We have now considered the
methods of determining exact time, some of the precau-
tions. necessary to keep it, and our last division of the
subject will be how to distribute it without sensible error.
We have been talking in describing star transits, of
Sidereal or Star Time, and since the stars rise four min-
utes earlier every day, the sidereal day is four minutes
shorter than our common day. Now it is common or
mean time which we want to distribute, so first we must
convert the sidereal time into mean time. We have here
a mean-time clock loaned through the courtesy of Messrs.
E. Howard & Co. Within this clock is an arrangement
for breaking the electric circuit each alternate second
except the fifty-eighth.. We have also here a chronometer
provided. with a similar break circuit arrangement, and
we shall cause both of these time-pieces to register their
beats upon this telegraphic sounder. Now the sidereal
clock beating faster than the mean-time clock very soon
catches up with it, and for a few seconds they beat so
closely together that we can compare them to within one
one-hundredth of a second. And now we are able by a
short calculation, and knowing the error of the sidereal
clock, to exactly determine the error of ‘the mean-time
clock, which latter error we can reduce to nothing by
altering the clock. Thus we have a mean-time clock set
perfectly to mean time, and by means of an electric cir-
cuit ready to automatically distribute its beats over as
long a circuit as we choose.
We have about the hall a miniature telegraph line with
telegraphic instruments at two or three points, which if
you please we will imagine to be Boston, Springfield, and
New York. We have only to switch the clock into this
circuit, with some precaution to avoid the strong battery
52
power used, and you hear immediately the beats of the
clock registering themselves at each station. In order to
distinguish the beginning of the minute the fifty-eighth
second is omitted. In addition to this omission in the
Harvard Observatory system, the clock omits twenty-six
seconds immediately preceding of each five minutes. For
a single signal it is customary to resort to the time ball,
or to the time gun, both of which require considerable
mechanism which shall act automatically from the clock.
I think we can illustrate the first of these methods by
means of the simple ball you see suspended before you.
It should be electrically released the instant the second
hand of the clock reaches the beginning of the minute.
In regard to the gun, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland
observes, “You would do well, if you can, to pull the
trigger of a time-gun, for there are no means under
Heaven equal to a gun, for speaking to human nature and
obliging it to attend.”
We have extemporized also a gun in an adjoining yard,
which in the cause of science the clock should discharge
at the instant of the commencement of the next minute.
We have left untouched great divisions in the art of
measuring and disseminating time, but a regard for the
subject of my lecture reminds me I must close. Much
of the pleasure in the experiments of the evening is
owing to the generous help of. Mr. R. W. Willson, of
the Department of Physics, and Mr. Winslow Upton, of
the Observatory of. Harvard University. Are we not
reminded, in our efforts to measure an hour, that, “Time
‘is the measure of all things, but is itself immeasurable,
and the grand discloser of all things, but is itself undis-
closed ?” |
BULLETIN
ESSEX INSTITUTE.
Vou. 10. SaLem, Apr., May, JunE, 1878. Nos. 4, 5, 6.
LIST OF THE
NORTH AMERICAN CRUSTACEA
Belonging to the Suborder Caridea.
| By J. S. KINGSLEY.
Tue following list is intended to embrace all the de-
scribed species of shrimps which have been found in the
waters of North America, from the Arctic regions to the
Isthmus of Panama, with their principal synonyms and
geographical range. :
Sus-orper CARIDEA.
‘Famty CRANGONIDA.
Supramity Crangonine.
_ Genus CRANGON Fabricius.
1, Crangon vulgaris Fabricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst., 1798, p. 410."
_ Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustaces, 1837, ii, p. 341. Gould, Inverte-
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. - X 5 (53)
54
brata of Mass., 1841, p. 8331. Gibbes, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci.,
1851, iii, p. 195. Smith, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., 1871-2, p. 551, pl.
III, f. 10. Kingsley, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1878, p. 89. Crangon septem-
spinosus Say, Jour. Phila. Acad., 1818, i, p. 246. Dekay, N. Y. Fauna,
Crustacea, 1844, p. 25, pl. viii, f. 24.
North Carolina to Labrador and Europe.
2. Crangon alaskensis Lockington, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1876. r
Alaska.
Having only extras of Mr. Lockington’s papers (the
volume containing them not being yet issued), I am not
able to quote the pages on which his descriptions occur.
3. Crangon nigricauda Stimpson, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1855, i, p. .
89; Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1857, vi, p. 496, pl. XXIT, f. 6; Proc,
Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 25. Streets and Kingsley, Bulletin Essex Inst.,
1877, ix, p. 108. Crangon vulgaris Owen, Beechey’s Voyage, 1839, p.
87. Dana, U. 8. Expl. Ex. Crust., 1852, p. 536. Crangon nigromacu-
lata Lockington, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1876, p. —. Steiracrangon nigri-
cauda Kinahan, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 1868, p. 68.
California to Washington Territory.
(I am inclined to consider the three species above as
the same, but need larger series to decide.)
4, Crangon franciscorum Stimpson, Prac. Cal. Acad., 1855, i,
p. 89; Jour. B. S. N. H., 1857, vi, p. 495, pl. XXH, f. 5; Proc. Phila.
Acad., 1860, p. 25. j
California to Washington Territory.
5. Crangon munitus Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., 1852, p. 536,
pl. XX XIII, f.5. Stimpson, Jour. B. S. N. H., 1857, vi, p. 497. Chera-
philus munitus Kinahan, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 1868, p. 68.
Washington Territory.
6. Crangon boreas Fabricius, Suppl. Ent. Syst., 1798, p. 410.
Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 342. Kroyer, Naturhisto-
risk Tidsskrift, 1842-3, iv, p. 218, pl. IV, f. 1-14. Dekay, N. Y. Fauna,
Crustacea, 1844, p. 26. Stimpson, Invert. Gd. Menan, 1853, p. 58;
Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 25. Cancer boreas Phipps, Voyage, North
- Pole, 1774, p. 190, pl. XII, f. i. Astacus .boreas Olivier, Encyc.
Methodique, v, p. 346. Cancer homaroides O. Fabricius, Fauna Grén-
55
landica, 1780, p. 241. Oheraphilus~boreas. Kinahan,' Proc. Roy. Irish
Acad., 1868, viii, p. 68.
Massachusetts Bay, Labrador, Arctic Seas, Behrings
Straits. |
The Genus Cheraphilus, as limited by Kinahan, is not
co-éxtensive with the Pontophilus of Leach and Sars, and
has not a single character common to all ‘the species to
separate it from Crangon as restricted by him. Neither
does the fact that Dr. Leach abandoned his genus Ponto-
philus and the subsequent use of that name by Risso and
Brandt for certain Pandali affect the’ case in'the least, as
regards the proposed name, which has been adopted by
Miers (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1877, IV, xix, p. 133).
I accept the genus Poniophilus as limited by Sars (For-
handl. Vidensk. Selsk. i Christiania, 1861, p. 183).
Genus SABINEA Owen.
7. Sabinea septemcarinata Owen, Appendix Ross 2nd Voyage,
1835, p. 82. Kroyer, N. H. Tidsskr., 1842-3, iv, p. 244, pl. IV, f. 34-40.
Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 26. Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad.,
1874, iii; p. 28. Crangon septemcarinatus Sabine, Appendix No. X to
Parry’s Ist Voyage, 1826, p. 58, pl. II, f. 11-13; Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust.,
1837, ii, p. 343. —
Massachusetts Bay, Arctic Seas, Siberia.
Genus NECTOCRANGON Brandt. (Argis Kroyer).
8. Nectocrangon lar Brandt, in Middendorff’s Siberische Reise,
1852, p. 115. Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 25; Annals N. Y.
Lyc., 1871, x,.p. 125. Crangon lar Owen, Beechey’s Voyage, 1839, p.
88, pl. XXVIII, f.1. Argis lar Kroyer, Nat. Hist. Tidsskr., 1842-3, iv,
p. 255, pl. V, f. 45-62.
Arctic Seas, Newfoundland, Behrings Straits.
Genus PARACRANGON Dana.
9. Paracrangon echinatus Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., 1852,
p. 538, pl. XXXIII, f. 6. Stimpson, Jour. B.S. N. H., 1857, vi, p. 497.
Puget Sound.
, 56
SupraMity Lysmatine.
Genus HIPPOLYSMATA Stimpson.
10. Hippolysmata californica Stimpson, Proc. Chicago Acad.,
I, 48 (teste Stm.); Ann. N. Y. Lyc., 1871, x, p. 123.
California.
1l. Hippolysmata wurdemanni Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lyc.,
1871, x, p. 124. Hippolyte wurdemanni Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. Ady.
Science, 1851, iii; p. 197.
Florida.
12. Hippolysmata intermedia Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad.,
1878, p. 90.
Florida.
13. Hippolysmata cubensis Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878,
p. 89. Hippolyte cubensis E. von Martens, Wiegmann’s Archiv fir
Naturgeschichte, 1872, p. 136, pl. V, f. -
Cuba.
Grnus TOZEUMA Stimpson.
14. Tozeuma carolinensis Kingsley, Proc, Phila. Acad., 1878, p.
90.
North Carolina. : ;
Genus RHYNCHOCYCLUS Stimpson.
15. Rhynchocyclus parvulus Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lyc.,
1871, p. 124.
Texas.
Genus LATREUTES Stimpson.
16. Latreutes ensiferus Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p.
27. Hippolyte sit htingd Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crustatee: 1837, ii,
p. 374.
On Gulf weed, Atlantic.
Famiy ATYIDA.,
Supramiy Atyine.
Genus ATYA rabid
17, Atya scabra Leach, Trans. Linn, Soc., XI, p. 345 (teste
57
Edw.). Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 348, pl. XXIV, f
15-19. Newport. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1847, xix, p. 159. Stimp-
son, Jour. B. S. N. H., 1857, vi, p. 498. Atya mexicana Wiegmann,
Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 1836, i, p. 145.
Fresh water, western Mexico.
18. Atya punctata Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878, p. 91.
Hayti.
19. Atya occidentalis Newport, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1847,
xix, p. 159. Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878, p. 92.
West Indies.
20. Atyarivalis Smith, 3rd Report Peab. Acad. Sci., 1871, p. 94.
West coast, Nicaragua.
21. Atya tenella Smith, 3rd Rep. P. A. S., 1871, p. 94.
West coast Nicaragua.
Genus EVATYA Smith.
22. Evatya crassa Smith, 3rd Rep. P. A. S., 1871, p. 95.
West coast Nicaragua.
Genvs ATYOIDA Randall.
23. Atyoida mexicana Stimpson, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1859;
xxvii, p. 446. Caradina mexicana Saussure, Crust. Antilles et Mex.,
1858, p. 45, pl. IV, f. 26.
Mexico.
Faminy PALA MONIDA.
Supramity Alpheinee.
Genus ALPHEUS Fabricius, Kingsley.
24. Alpheus minus Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1818, i, 245.
Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, 856. Kingsley, Bulletin U. S.
Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 1878, Vol. iv,
No. 1, p. 190. Alpheus formosus Gibbes, 1. c., 196. ;
North Carolina, Bermudas, West Indies, Florida, Bay
of Panama.
58
25. Alpheus panamensis Kingsley, 1. c., p. 192.
West coast Central America and Panama.
26. Alpheus sulcatus Kingsley, 1. c., p. 193.
Panama, Peru.
27. Alpheus floridanus Kingsley, 1. c., p. 193.
Florida.
28. Alpheus heterochelis Say, 1. c., 1818, i, p. 248. Edwards,
op. cit., 1837, ii, p. 356. Kingsley, l.c., p. 194. Alpheus. armillatus
Edw., op. cit., p. 354. Alpheus lutarius Saussure, Crust. Antilles et
Mex., 1858, p. 45, pl. III, f. 24.. Halopsyche lutaria Sauss. Revue Zoo-
logique, 1857, 100.
No. Carolina, Florida, W. Indies, Aspinwall, Brazil,
Panama.
29. Alpheus normanni Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878, p.
93. Alpheus afinis Kingsley (non Guise) Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey,
1878, p. 195.
Panama.
30. Alpheus transversodactylus Kingsley, 1. c., p. 196.
California, Bermudas.
31. Alpheus parvimanus Kingsley, l..c., 195.
Panama.
382. Alpheus cylindricus Kingsley, 1. c., 196.
Panama.
33. Alpheus clamator. Lockington, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1876.
Kingsley, 1. c., 197.
California.
. 34. Alpheus longidactylus Kingsley, 1. c., 198. Beteus lon-
gidactylus Lockington, 1. c., 1876.
California.
35. Alpheus harfordi Kingsley, 1. c., 198. , Beteus equimanus
59
Lockington (non Dana), Proc. Cal. Acad., 1876. Alpheus equalis Kings-
ley, l.c., p. 199 (teste Lockington in letter).
California.
36. Alpheus equidactylus Lockington, 1. c., 1876.
California.
37. Alpheus bellimanus Lockington, 1. c., 1876.
California.
38. Alpheus bispinosus Streets, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1872, p.
242 (= ?4A. heterochelis).
Isthmus of Panama.
Genus CARIDION Gées (Doryphorus Norman, non Cuv.).
39. Caridion gordoni Gies, Crustacea decapoda podophth.
marina Suecie (Acad. Sci. Suec., 1863), p. 10. Smith, Trans. Conn.
Acad., 1874, iii, p. 28. ?Hippolyte gordoni Sp. Bate, Nat. Hist. Rev.,
v, p. 52... Doryphorus gordoni. Norman, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., III,
viii, p. 276.
Northern Atlantic.
Genus HIPPOLYTE Leach (restrict.).
. '40. Hippolyte pusiola Kroyer, Monograph Fremstilling Hippo-
lyte, etc., 1842, p. 319, pl. II, f. 69-73.. Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lyceum,
1871, x, 127. Smith, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., 1871-2, p. 550.
Europe, Greenland, south to Vineyard Sound.
41. Hippolyte fabricii Kroyer, Nat. Hist. Tidsskrift, iii, p. 571;
Monograph, 1842, p. 277, pl. I, f. 12-20. Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lyc.,
1871, x, p. 126.
Massachusetts Bay northward to Europe.
42. Hippolyte suckleyi Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1864, p.
154,
Puget Sound.
‘\
43. Hippolyte gaimardii Hdw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii,
_ p. 878. Kroyer, N. H. Tidsskr., 1840-41, iii, p. 572; Monograph, 1842,
p. 282, pl. I, f. 21-29. “Gées, Crust. Podophth. Suec., 1863, p. 8.
60
. §timpson, Ann. N. Y. Lyc , 1871, x, p. 126. Hippolyte gibba Kr., N. H.
- Tidsskr., 1840-41, iii, p. 572; Monograph, 1842, p. 288, pl. I, f. 30-87.
Stimpson, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1860, p. 35; 1863, p. 139. Hippolyte bel-
cheri Bell, in Belcher, last of the Arctic Voyages, 1855, ii, p. 402, pl.
84, f. 1.
Arctic Seas south to Massachusetts Bay.
44, Hippolyte incerta Buchholz, Zweite deutsche Nordpolar-
fahrt, 1874, p. 272.
Greenland.
+
45. Hippolyte prionota Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1864, p.
153. :
Puget Sound.
46. Hippolyte-spina White, List Crustacea in British Museum,
p. 76. Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 34; Ann. N. Y. Lyc.,
1871, x, p. 126. Cancer. spinus Sowerby, Brit. Miscellany, 1806, p. 47;
pl. XXIII. Alpheus spinus Leach, Edinburgh Encyclopedia, 1813-14,
vii, p. 431. Hippolyte sowerbei Leach, Malacos. Podophth. Britt.,
1815-17, pl. XXXIX. Edw., Crustaces, 1837, ii, p. 380. Kroyer, Mon-
ograph, 1842, p. 298, pl. II, f. 45-54. Dekay, N. Y. Fauna, Crustacea,
1842, p. 27.
Massachusetts Bay to Arctic Seas and Europe.
47. Hippolyte macilenta Kroyer, Nat. Hist. Tidsskrift, 1840-41,
iii, p. 574; Monograph, 1842, p. 305, pl. II, f. 55-56.
Greenland.
48. Hippolyte vibrans Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lyc., 1871, x;
p. 125. '
Massachusetts Bay.
49. Hippolyte phippsii Kroyer, N. H. Tidsskr., 1840-41, iii, p.
575; Monograph, 1842, p. 314, pl. ILI, f. 64-68. Stimpson, Proc. Phila.
Acad., 1863, p. 139.
Arctic.
50. Hippolyte turgida Kroyer, N. H. Tidsskr., 1840-41, iii, p.
575; Monograph, p. 308, pl. II, f. 57-58,. pl. III, f. 59-63. Stimpson,
Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 84; 18638, p. 189.
Arctic. — .
wow
61
51. Hippolyte stylus Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1864, p. 54.
Puget Sound.
52. Hippolyte polaris Owen, Appendix, Ross 2nd Voy., 1835,
p. 85. Edw., Hist. Nat. Crust., 1837, ii, p. 376. Kroyer, Monograph,
1842, p. 324, pl. III, f. 78-81; pl. IV, f. 82. Stimpson, Proc. Phila.
Acad., 1860, p. 33; 1863, p. 1389. Cancer squilla var. g. Fabr., Fauna
Grénlandica, 1780, p. 239. Alpheus potaris Sabine, Parry’s Voyage,
1821, p. 238, pl. II, f. 5-8.
~ Arctic.
53. Hippolyte borealis Owen, App. Ross 2nd Voy., 1835, p. 84,
pl. B, f. 3. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 372. Kroyer,
Monograph, 1842, p. 330, pl. III, f. 74-77. Stimpson, Proc. Phila.
Acad., 1860, p. 33; 1863, p. 139.
Greenland, Behrings Straits.
(Gées and Buchholz are inclined to believe this the
same as the preceding. )
' §4. Hippolyte taylori Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1857, vi, p. 500.
California.
55. Hippolyte brevirostris Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., 1851,
p. 556, pl. XXXVI, f.5. Stimpson, Proc. Cal. .Acad., i, 1856, p. 89;
Jour. Bost. Soc., 1857, vi, p. 500; Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 33.
Pacific coast, U. S.
56. Hippolyte grénlandica Miers, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1877, IV, xx, p. 62. Astacus grénlandicus J. C. Fabricius, Entomo
Systemat., 1775, p..416 (teste Miers). Cancer aculeatus O. Fabricius,
Fauna grénlandica, 1780, p. 289. Alpheus aculeatus Sabine, Parry’s Ist
Voy., 1821, p. 237, pl. II, f. 9-10. Hippolyte aculeata Owen, App. Ross
2nd Voy., 1835, p. 83. Edw., H. N. Crust., 1837, ii, p. 380. Kroyer,
Monograph, 1842, p. 334, pl. IV, f. 83-98; pl. V, f. 99-104. Gould,
Invertebrata of Mass., 1841, p. 332. Dekay, op. cit., 1843, p. 27, pl.
IX, f. 31. -Stimpson, Invertebrata of Grand Menan, 1858, p. 58; Proc.
Phila. Acad., 1860, p. 33; 1863, p. 139. Hippolyte armata Owen,
Beechey’s Voy., 1839, p. 88, pl. XXXVII, f. 2 (2). Hippolyte cornuta
Owen, Beechey’s Voyage, 1839, p. 89, pl. XXXVIII, f. 2 (¢).
Northern Seas.
+
62
57. Hippolyte cristata Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad.,*1860, p.
83.
California.
58. Hippolyte microceros Kroyer, Nat. Hist. Tidsskrift, 1840-
41, p..578; Monograph, 1842, p. 341, pl. V, f. 105-9.
Greenland.
’ > n ")
59. Hippolyte palpator Owen, Beechey’s Voy., 1839, p..89, pl.
XXVIII, f. 3.. Stimpson, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1856, i, p. 89; Jour. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., 1857, vi, p. 499.
- California. .
60. Hippolyte picta Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., 1871, x, p. 125.
California. .
61. Hippolyte sitchensis Brandt, in Middendorff’s Siberische
Reise, 1851, p. 116. Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc., 1857, vi, p. 499.
Pacific coast.
;
62..Hippolyte layi Owen, Beechey’s. Voyage, 1839, p. 90, pl.
XXVII, f.3. Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc., 1857, vi, p. 499.
California.
63. Hippolyte panschii Buchholz, Zweite Deutsche Nordpolar-
fahrt, 1871, p. 277, pl. I, f. 1.
Greenland.
64. Hippolyte lamellicornis Dana, U. 8. Expl. Ex. Crust.,
1851, p. 567, pl. XXXVI, f. 6.. Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc., 1857, vi,
p. 498.
Puget Sound.
_ .65.. Hippolyte.affinis Owen, Beechey’s Voyage, 1839, p. 90, pl.
XXVII, f. 4. Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc., 1857, vi, p. 498.
California.
66. Hippolyte gracilis Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1864, p.
155. j
Puget Sound.
67. Hippolyte esquimaltiana Spence Bate, Proc. Zool. Soc.,
London, 1864, p. 666.
Vancouver Island.
63
~-68. PHippolyte hemphilli Lockington, 1. c., 1876.
California. °
Genus VIRBIUS Stimpson.
69. Virbius acuminatus Stimpson, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1860, p.
35. Hippolyte acuminata Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., 1851, p. 562,
Oh was VE, f. 1.
. Gulf weed, Atlantic.
70. Virbius pleuracanthus Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lyc. Nat.
Hist., 1871, x, p. 127.
New Jersey, Virginia.
71. Virbius zostericola Smith, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., 1871-2.
p. 550, pl. III, f. 11.
Vineyard Sound.
SuBpFraMiIty Pandalinee.
Genus PANDALUS Leach.
72. Pandalus annulicornis Leach, British Malacostraca, f. 40,
Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 384. Dekay, op. cit.,.1842, p.
28, pl. VII, f. 18.. Smith, U. S. Fish Commission, 1872-3, p. 550, pl.
ii, f. 6:
Europe, Greenland, south to Vineyard Sound.
73. Pandalus borealis Kroyer, Nat. Hist. Tidssk., 1841-2, ii, p.
254. Brandt, Siberische Reise, 1851, p. 122. Stimpson, Jour. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., 1857, vi, p. 501; Annals N. Y. Lyceum, 1871, x, p. 128.
Greenland, Alaska, Massachusetts Bay.
74. Pandalus franciscorum Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1878,
p. 94.
San Francisco. ,
75. Pandalus pubescentulus Dana, U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust.,
1851, p.568, pl. XXXVI, f. 8. Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1857, vi, p. 501.
' Washington Territory.
76. Pandalus gurneyi Stimpson, Annals N. ¥. Lyc:, 1071, x; p:
128.
Monterey, Cal. :
64
77. Pandalus platyceros Brandt, op. cit., 1851, p. 123. Stimp-
son, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1857, vi, p. 502.
Alaska.
78. Pandalus hypsinotus Brandt, op. cit., 1851, p. 125. Stimp-
son, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1857, vi, p. 502.
Alaska.
79. Pandalus dan Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc., 1857, vi, -p. 89;
Jour. Bost. Soc., 1857, vi, p. 502, pl. XXI, f. 6 and 7.
Puget Sound.
80. ? Pandalus levigatus Stimpson, Invertebrata of Grand Me-
nan, 1853, p. 58.
Grand Menan.
(Prof. S. I. Smith thinks this a large specimen of P.
annulicornis Leach, with color notes derived from some
species of Hippolyte. Dr. Stimpson ignored it in his
later papers. )
SuspramMity Thorinee.
I propose this division for the reception of the genus
Thor. It is characterized by having the carpus of the
second pair of thoracic feet annulate and smaller than the
first, and by the absence of a mandibular palpus.
Genus THOR Kingsley.!
81. Thor fioridanus Kingsley, Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1878,
p- 95.
Florida.
SuBraMILy Pontonine.
I would propose this subfamily to embrace the gen-
era Pontonia Latr., Coralliocaris Stimpson (= Oedipus
Dana), Harpilius Dana, Huryrhynchus Miers, Anchistia
1Proceedings Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 1878, p. 94.
65
Dana, Palemonetes Heller, Urocaris Stimpson, and Typ-
ton Costa; genera which have the second pair of thoracic
feet larger than the first, the carpus never annulate and
‘the mandible without a palpus.
Genus PONTONIA Latreiille.
82. Pontonia domestica Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci.,
1851, iii, p. 196. Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1878,
p. 95.
South Carolina, Florida.
83. Pontonia margarita Smith, American Naturalist, 1869, iii,
p. 245.
Panama.
Genus ANCHISTIA Dana.
84. Anchistia americana Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences,
Philadelphia, 1878, p. 96.
Florida.
Grenus UROCARIS Stimpson.
85. Urocaris longicaudata Stimpson, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci.,
Philadelphia, 1860, p. 39.
Carolina.
Genus PALZZMONETES Heller.
86. Paleemonetes vulgaris Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lyceum,
1871, x, p. 129. Smith, U. S. Fish Comm., 1871-2, p. 550, pl. II, f. 9.
Palemon vulgaris Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1818, i, p.
248.
Massachusetts Bay to Florida.
87. Paleemonetes carolinus Stimpson, Annals. N. Y. Lyceum,
1871, x, p. 129.
New Jersey to South Carolina.
88. Paleemonetes paludosa Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philadelphia, 1878, p. 97. Hippolyte paludosa Gibbes, Proc. A. A. A.
S., 1851, iii, p. 197. Palemonetes exilipes Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lyc.,
1871, x, p. 180. Smith, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., 1872-3, p. 641, pl. I,
% 1, ;
66
Fresh water, Florida, South Carolina, Lake Erie, Lake |
Michigan. ;
SUBFAMILY Palemonins.
(Including the genera Leander Desmarest, Palemon
(pars Fabr.) Stimpson, Hymenocera: Latreille, and Cry--
phiops Dana; which have the second pair of thoracic feet
larger than the first, the carpus never annulate, and the
mandible with a palpus. )
GENus LEANDER Desmorest.
89. Leander tenuicornis Smith (in letter), Palemon tenuicor-
nis Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1818, i, p. 249. Palemon
natalor Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 398. Goodsir, Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1845, II, xv, p. 74, pl. VII, f. 3. Dana, U.S.
Expl. Ex. Crust., 1852, i, p. 588, pl. XX XVIII, f: 11. Palemon. tenui-
rostris Edw., op. cit., p. 395. Leander erraticus Desmarest, Annales
Entomolog. Soc. de France, 1849, vii, p. 87. Leander natator Stimpson,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 40.
Gulf weed, Atlantic.
90. Leander pandaliformis siete Annals N, Y. Lyc., 1871,
x, p. 130.
West Indies.
91. Leander gracilis Smith, 2nd and 8rd Report Peab. Acad.
Sci., 1871, p. 97. 1
West coast Nicaragua.
Genus PALZZEMON Fabricius, Stimpson.
In the Proceedings of the Zoological. Society of ae
don, 1868, p. 363, Mr. C. Spence Rate proposed a new
genus (Macrobrachium) for certain Palemons, in. which
the second pair of thoracic feet are enormously developed,
but here, as in most. cases where comparative measure- —
ments are made the basis of division, the various ‘forms
intergrade so that the separation cannot be made. Mr.
‘
67 ©
Bate also says that his forms are from fresh water; but
species in which the ‘same development may be observed
(P. spinimanus, grandimanus, jamaicensis, forceps, etc.,
etc.) are far from being uncommon in salt water.
92. Paleemon forceps Ldw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p.
397. Saussure, Crust. Mex. et Ant., 1858, p.51. Smith, Trans. Conn.
‘Acad., 1869, p. 24.. Palemon dasydactylus Streets, Proc. Phila. Acad.,
1871, p. 225, pl. II, f. 3.
Gulf of Mexico, West Indies, Brazil.
93. Paleemon consobrinus Saussure, 1. c., p. 53.
Gulf of Mexico.
94, Paleemon mexicanus Saussure, l. c., p. 52, pl. IV, f. 27.
Coast of Mexico.
_ 95. Paleemon sexdentatus Streets, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1871, p.
226, pl. Il, f. 4.
Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
I am inclined to believe this to be (as suggested by Dr.
Streets) a variety of the preceding species.
96. Palszemon tenellus Smith, Second and Third Reports of the
Peabody Academy of Science, 1871, p. 98.
West coast of Nicaragua.
97. Palemon ohionis Smith, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., 1872-3,
p. 640. Forbes, Bulletin No. 1 Illinois Museum of Natural History,
1876, p. 5.
Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
98. Paleemon spinimanus Ldw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii,
p. 399.
West Indies, Brazil.
99. Paleemon faustinus Saussure, 1. c., 1858, p. 53, pl. IV, f. 80,
Hayti.
Iam unable, without specimens, to separate this from
68
P. spinimanus. Edwards’ description agrees well with
that of Saussure and also with his figure.
100. Palemon jamaicensis Olivier, Encyclopedie Methodique,
t. viii (teste Edw.). Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 398.
Saussure, l. c., p. 49. Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1869, ii, p. 28; 2nd -
and 3rd Report Peab. Acad. Sci., 1871, p. 97.
West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, west coast of
Nicaragua. (There is a specimen in the Museum of the
Peabody Academy at Salem, Mass., brought by the late
Prof. Orton from the junction of the Napo and Maranon,
rivers. )
101. Paleemon aztecus Saussure, 1. c., 1858, p. 50, pl. IV, f..29.
Vera Cruz, Mexico.
(Is this distinct from the last ?)
102. Palesmon brachydactylus Wiegmann, Archiv fur Natur-
geschichte, 1836, II, i, p. 148... Macrobrachium americanum Spence
Bate, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1868, p: 363, pl. XXX.
Fresh water of Mexico and Central America.
103. Palemon fiuvialis Streets, 1. c., 1871, p. 227, pl. II, f. 5.
Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
104. Palemon montezume Saussure, 1. c., p. 51, pl. IV, f. 28.
Vera Cruz, Mexico.
105. Paleemon heterocheirus Weigmann, 1. c., 1836, p. 149.
Fresh water of western Mexico. “
Suspramity Oplophorine.
Genus OPLOPHORUS MM. Edwards.
(including Xiphocaris von Martens.)
106. Oplophorus elongata Kingsley. Hippolyte elongata Guerin,
in Ramen de Sagra’s Historia fisica, politica, y natural de la isla de
Caba, 1856, p. xx, pl. II, f. 16 (teste Martens): Oplophorus americanus
Saussure, l. c., 1858, p. 56, pl. LV, f. 31, pl. V, f. 82. Xiphocaris elon-
69
gata von Martens, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 1872, p.
140.
West Indies.
Famity PASIPH AMIDA,
Genus PASIPHZEA Savigny.
107. Pasiphea tarda Kroyer, Naturhistorisk Tidsskr., 1844-45,
II, i, p..453.
Arctic.
108. Pasiphea glacialis Buchholz, Zweite Deutsche Nordpolar-
fahrt, 1874, p. 279, pl. I, f. 2.
70° north latitude.
Famity PENEIDA.
Genus SICYONIA M. Edw.
109. Sicyonia brevirostris Stimpson, Aun. N. Y. Lyc., 1871, x,
p. 182. Sicyonta cristata Saussure (non De Haan), 1. c., 1858, p. 55,
pl. III, f. 25.
Florida, Cuba.
110. Sicyonia dorsalis Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
1878, p. 97.
Florida.
1ll. Sicyonia levigata Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., 1871, x, p. 131.
South Carolina.
Grnus PENEUS Latreille.
112. Peneus setiferus Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p.
414. Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., 1871, x, 183. Cancer setiferus Linne
(teste Edw.). Peneus fluvialis Say, 1. c., 1818, i, p. 236.
Virginia to Texas and Brazil.
113. Peneus braziliensis Latreille, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., t.
XXV., p. 154 (teste Edw.). Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1837, ii, p. 414.
Gibbes, Proc. A. A. A.S., 1851, iii, p. 198. Stimpson, Ann. N. Y. Lyc.,
1871, x, p. 182.
New York to Brazil.
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. xX 6
70
114. Peneus brevirostris Kingsley, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
1878, p. 98.
West coast of Nicaragua. -
115. Peneus pubescens Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lyc., 1871, x,
p. 133.
St. Thomas.
116. Peneus stylirostris Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lyc., 187 1, x,
p. 184. ~
Panama.
117. Peneus constrictus Stimpson, Annals N. Y. Lyc., 1871, x,
p. 135.
Carolinas.
118. Peneus occidentalis Streets, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1871, p.
243.
Isthmus of Panama.
Famity SERGESTIDA.
Genus SERGESTES Edwards.
119. Sergestes arctica Kroyer, Monographisk Fremstilling af
Krebsdyrslegten Sergestes, 1856, p.. 240, pl. III, f. 7, pl. v, f. 16.
Greenland.
ENDEX.
Alpheus aculeatus, 56. Alpheus normanni, 29.
affinis, 29. panamensis, 25.
armillatus, 28. , parvimanus, 31.
bellimanus, 37. polaris, 52.
bispinosus, 38. ‘sulcatus, 26.
clamator, 33. transversodactylus, 30.
cylindricus, 32. Anchistia americana, 84.
equalis, 35. ; Argis lar, 8.
equidactylus, 36. Astucus boreas, 6.
floridanus, 27. grénlandicus, 56,
formosus, 24. Atya mexicana, 17.
harfordi, 35. | : occidentalis, 19.
heterochelis, 28. . punctata, 18.
lutarius, 28. rivalis, 20.
longidactylus, 34. scabra, 17. ~y
minus, 24. tenella, 21.
Atyoida mexicana, 23,
Betzus equimanus, 35.
longidactylus, 34.
Cancer aculeatus, 56.
boreas, 6.
homaroides, 6,
setiferus, 112.
spinns, 46.
squilla var. B., 46.
Caradina mexicana, 23.
Caridion gordoni, 39.
Cheraphilus boreas, 6.
’ munitus, 5.
Crangon alaskensis, 2.
boreas, 6.
franciscorum, 4.
lar, 8.
munitus, 5.
nigricauda, 3.
nigromaculata, 3.
septemcarinata, 7.
septemspinosa, 1.
vulgaris Fabr., 1.
vulgaris Owen, 3.
Doryphorus gordoni, 39.
Evatya crassa, 22.
Halopsyche lutuaria, 28.
Hippolysmata californica, 10,
cubensis. 13.
intermedia, 12.
wurdemanni, 11.
Hippolyte aculeata, 56.
acuminata, 69.
affinis, 65.
armiata, 55.
belcheri, 43.
borealis, 53.
brevirostris, 55.
cornuta, 56.
cristata, 57.
cubensis, 13.
elongata, 106.
ensiferus, 16,
esquimaltiana, 67.
fabricii, 41.
gaimardii, 43.
gibba, 43.
gordoni, 39.
gracilis, 66.
grOnlandica, 56,
hemphilli, 68.
incerta, 44.
lamellicornis, 64.
layi. 62.
macilenta, 47.
microceros, 58.
palpator, 59. ,
paludosa, 88.
pauschii, 63.
phippsii, 49.
picta, 60.
polaris, 52.
prionota, 45.
pusiola, 40.
_Sitchensis, 61.
sowerbei, 46.
spina, 46.
stylus. 51.
suckleyi, 42.
taylori, 54.
turgida, 50.
vibrans, 48.
71
Hippolyte wurdemanni, 11.
Latreutes ensiferus, 16.
Leander erraticus, 89.
gracilis, 91.
natator, 89.
pandaliformis, 90.
i tenuicornis, 89.
Macrobrachium americanum, 102.
Nectocrangon lar, 8.
Oplophorus americanus, 106,
elongata. 106.
Palemon aztecus. 101.
brachydactylus, 102.
consobrinus, 93.°
dasydactylus, 92.
faustinus, 99.
fluvialis, 103.
forceps, 92.
heterocheirus, 105.
jamaicensis, 100.
mexicanus, 94.
montezume, 104.
natator, 89.
ohionis, 97.
sexdentatus, 95.
spinimanus, 98.
tenelius, 95.
tenuicornis, 89.
tenuirostris, 89.
vulgaris, 86.
Palzemonetes carolinensis, 87.
exilipes, 88.
paludosa, 88.
vulgaris, 86.
Pandalus annulicornis, 72.
borealis, 73.
dane, 79.
franciscorum, 74.
gurneyi, 76.
hypsinotus, 78.
levigatus,.80.
platyceros, 77.
pubescentulus, 75;
Paracrangon echinatus, 9.
Pasiphza glacialis, 108.
tarda, 107.
Peneus braziliensis, 113.
brevirostris, 114.
constrictus, 117.
fluvialis, 112.
occidentalis, 118.
pubescens, 115.
setiferus, 112.
stvlirostris, 116,
Pontonia domestica, 82.
margarita, 83.
Rhynchocyclus parvulus, 15.
Sabinea septemcarinata, 7.
Sergestes arctica, 119.
Sicyonia brevirostris, 109.
cristata, 109.
dorsalis, 110..
levigata. 111.
Steiracrangon nigricauda, 3.
Thor floridanus, 81.
Tozeuma carolinensis,. 14.
Urocaris longicaudata. 85.
Virbius acuminatus, 69.
pleuracanthus, 70.
zostericola, 71.
Xiphocaris elongata, .106.
72
Recutar Meetine, Monpay, Marcn 18, 1878.
Meetrne this evening at 7.30 o’clock. The PresipenT
in the chair. Records and correspondence read and dona-
tions announced.
The evening was occupied by Vice President F. W..
Putnam, who gave an account of his recent
ARCHEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN TENNESSEE.
After a review of what is known of the remains of the.
prehistoric nations of the southwestern portions of the
United States, Mr. Putnam gave a special account of
his own work in the vicinity of Nashville, where he had
enjoyed special opportunities for field work for a month
after the adjournment of the meeting of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science in September
last.
The first excavations were made near the site of Fort
Zollicoffer, a few-miles out from Nashville. Here were
found many of the ancient stone graves which occur by
thousands in various parts of the state, the large ceme-
teries bearing witness of a numerous people who formerly
inhabited that beautiful country.
These stone graves are sometimes isolated, but gener-
ally they occur close together and covering large tracts,
oftentimes of several acres in extent. Each grave is
made by placing slabs of stone, a few inches thick, on
edge, forming the four sides of the grave. The bottom
of the grave was then lined with stones, and after the
body, and various articles deposited with it, had been
placed in this stone box, or cist, the whole was covered
over by large slabs of stone. Sometimes only one piece
of stone was used for a cover, but generally three or four.
‘These graves were of all sizes, from those not much over
; 73
a foot square to those about seven feet in length by two
feet in width. Occasionally still wider graves were found,
and these always contained two bodies; in one case three
bodies had been placed in one large grave. Some of the
small graves were found to contain the bones of adult
persons, but out of natural connection and in such posi-
tions as to show that they had been buried after the flesh
had decayed. The majority of the small graves were
those of children of various ages.
The bones were found in all stages of advanced decay,
and it was only by using the greatest care that any could
be preserved. About sixty perfect and nearly perfect
skulls were obtained, and numerous other bones were
secured, though to attain these results many hundred
graves were opened in several localities. Often a grave
would be uncovered and found to contain a. jar or two, or
perhaps a few stone implements, etc., with hardly a ves-
tige of the human bones, so perfectly had all that once
formed the human body returned to its natural elements. .
In a grave at Fort Zollicoffer a very interesting orna-
ment of copper was found, and in three other instances
afterwards, at other localities, copper ornaments were
obtained. .
At Miss Bowlin’s farm, about six miles from Nashville,
a very interesting series of mounds were explored. These
mounds were about five or six feet high by about one hun-
dred to two hundred feet in diameter, and were found to
be thade entirely of such stone graves as have been de-
scribed. The graves were of all sizes, and irregularly
arranged in from three to five tiers, each mound thus
containing several hundred graves. From these grave
mounds many very interesting articles were obtained,
such as vessels of clay of various shapes and sizes, seve-
ral of which were ornamented, but the majority were plain
74
forms of water jars, pots with handles, bowls and dishes,
which evidently contained food when placed in the graves.
Besides these articles of pottery, several pipes made of
the same material were found, and numerous stone imple-
ri re ——
Hight pets
rr ANU
RY NN (Ne?
if ye . \\ AY,
Wy
. yy
Fic. i,
ments, shell beads, bone awls, and other useful and orna-
mental articles used and worn by the departed people
were obtained.
In order to illustrate the character of the pottery found
75
in the stone graves in Tennessee a few cuts, borrowed
fram the Peabody Museum of Cambridge, are here in-
i
Fig. 2.
4
i
serted. In Mr. Putnam’s Report, as Curator of the Pea-
body Museum, many other forms of pottery-and various
i ail ein ti
76
other articles will be illustrated. The vessels here figured
were all taken from the graves within the enclosure at
Lebanon, and are represented of one-half their actual
diameter (or one-quarter size). Figures 1, 2, 3, repre-
sent three vessels found in the grave of a child; figure 4
one found in another child’s grave, and figures 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, several of the forms obtained from the graves of adults.
This pottery is well made and composed of clay mixed with
AK “Ss 7 ie
we Re oe
NY x We
SS é
Wey
Fic. 3.
pounded shells. All the articles are black except the
water jar represented by figure 1, which is of a light yel-
low color, and when first taken out showed circular lines ;
of dark paint which, as the pigment had not been burnt
in, scaled off in drying the jar and can now only be faintly
traced. |
Another class of prehistoric remains in Tennessee con-
sists of the large earth mounds, two of which Mr. Put-
nam opened at considerable expense and labor.
One of these, on the old Love estate, several miles
77
from Nashville, was conical in shape, about twenty-three
feet high and one hundred and fifty feet in diameter.
Trenches and tunnels were cut through this mound in
Cam
an
oe
FIG IPD
Te
G
Fig. 4.
several directions and its structure ascertained. This
mound did not contain any burial chamber and seemed to
78
,
have been erected for some other purpose than as a monu-
ment over a distinguished person. The sections: made .
showed that this immense pile of earth had been brought
in small quantities, probably from within a few hundred
Fia. 5.
yards of the mound where artificial depressions could be
traced. The outline of each little basket load of dirt
could be traced, and showed how arduous had been the
a
79
labor bestowed upon this earth structure, the particular
object of which was undoubtedly of importance to the
. people who made it, though now it can only be conjectured
what that may have been. |
After excavating in numerous localities about Nashyille
with very successful results, Mr. Putnam visited Green-
wood Seminary, near Lebanon, Tenn. Here, by the kind
‘Fig. 6.
attention of Mrs. N. Lawrence Lindsley and other mem-
bers of-her family, he was enabled to make his most im-
portant and instructive researches. At this place, on the
old Lindsley estate, there exists a very perfect earth-work
formed by a wall and trench surrounding an area of nearly
twelve acres.
At one place, near Spring creek, there are two cause-
80
ways over the trench, and about one hundred and fifty
feet in front of the causeway are five low mounds upon
which, under the covering of sod, evidence of ancient
fires were found. Inside the trench and embankment,
“near the western side, is a large mound, about fifteen feet
high, with a flat top which is about seventy by ninety
feet in extent. In all directions, from the large mound
to the embankment, are numerous low circular mounds,
averaging about forty feet in diameter. The central por-
Fig. 7.
tions of these mounds are depressed, indicating the sites
of the houses of the people who lived inside of the earth-
work.
The large mound was opened by cutting a trench five
feet wide on the eastern side, and gradually widening it
to fourteen feet, which width was retained well beyond
the centre. This trench was carried to a depth of eigh-
teen feet, or four feet below the original surface upon
which the mound was erected. At the original surface
evidence of an extensive fire was’ noticed. Among the
charcoal and ashes were numerous fragments of bones of
animals. A few feet above this ash bed a piece of cedar
81
about three feet long was found, as if the remains of a
stake or post. Seven feet above this ash bed another fire
had been made, evidently extending over the top of the
mound when at that height. This upper bed of ashes
contained burnt corn cobs, burnt animal bones and cbarred
fragments of matting. From this level to the surface
nothing of importance was noted, the mound having prob-
ably been completed after the extensive fire in the centre.
Thorough examinations of many of the smaller mounds
were made, and it was found that in most of them burials
_had taken place just on the outer edge of the inner de-
pression, in such a manner as to show that these burials
were made within the house. In every case it was found
that only children had been thus buried. Over many of
these graves fires had been made, and the refuse matter
in the raised circles consisted of bones of deer, birds and
other animals used as food, fragments of pottery and va-
rious domestic implements, just such as would naturally
be gathered about a house. In the children’s graves were
found many articles of pottery, shell and bone, beads,
pearls, ete. The discovery of several shells peculiar to
the Gulf coast, indicates that the inhabitants of this an-
82
cient village either came from the coast or, what’ is
more probable, had relations with a coast people.
On the southeast-
ern side of the great
found to contain
about sixty graves,
of youths and adults.
-In one of these, how-
son, and in another
grave two bodies had
been placed. This
mound had the graves
about the edge only,
in two rows and three
deep. These graves
were sometimes care-
fully made with
stores, but others
were only indicated
by side stones, and
one of the bodies had
been placed in the
ground without any
stonesaboutit. These
graves proved very
rich in articles buried
with the dead, and
furnished interesting
articles of pottery, pipes, stone implements, ornaments
of shells, copper ornaments, ete.
: een
x iB
ZK
= Ss
FP it
mound a low mound —
was dug away and.
ever, a child was bur-
ied with a grown per- »
a
83
Among the pipes found was one cut in stone (Fig. 10),
of a very interesting and unique design, representing a
man holding a cooking pot in his hands before him, which
forms the bowl of the pipe, while the opening for the stem .
was in his back. In this carving the hair is represented
-as coiled above and behind the head.
From a grave of a child under the floor of one of the
houses three valuable and curious articles of pottery were
obtained. One was a very fine water jar (Fig. 1), repre-
senting a bear standing on its four legs, with the charac-
teristic head of the animal very well reproduced and the
body ornamented by circular colored lines. Another was
a dish (Fig. 2) ornamented with a duck’s head, and the
third was a very pretty bowl (Fig. 3) with deeply scal-
loped edges.
84
From his researches in Tennessee Mr. Putnam was led
to the following conclusions :—
First. The people who buried their dead in the singu-
lar stone graves of Tennessee, were intimately connected
with, or were of the same nation as, those whose dead
were buried in the mounds and cemeteries in Illinois, -
Missouri, and Arkansas, and who made the pottery of
which such a large amount has been taken from the burial
places in those states. This is shown by the similarity
of the crania, by the identity in material, patterns, and
finish of the pottery, and by the shell carvings, ete.
Second. This nation, known as the Stone Grave people
in Tennessee, and the Mound Builders in Missouri, were
advanced in the primitive arts, and probably cultivated
the land to some extent. Of all the people of America,
east of the region of the Pueblo nations of New Mexico,
they were the farthest advanced in the ceramic art, and
were good workers in and carvers of stone and shell.
Judging by their earth-works, they were not so powerful
a people as the Mound Builders of the Ohio valley.
Judged by their works in pottery, their carvings in shell
and their chipped implements of stone, they were as far ~
advanced as their neighbors on the Ohio, while their carv-
ings in stone were hardly equal to the sculptures found in
the Ohio mounds. They did not burn their dead, as was
undoubtedly the custom to a great extent among the Ohio
Mound Builders. They were workers in copper which |
they must have obtained by trade or by long excursions.
They also had shells from the Gulf or southeastern coast,
and used them very extensively in the manufacture of
beads and ornaments. They also understood the method
of perforating pearls, of which six were found in the
grave of achild. To their children they were evidently
attached, as exemplified by the care with which they were
ee —
=—
85
buried within the house, and the value of the articles
placed in the graves with them.
Third. The Stone Grave people of Tennessee, judg-
ing by the entire absence of articles of European make
in the hundreds of graves that have been opened, never
came in contact with the white man, and probably were
driven out or absorbed by other and more warlike, or
larger tribes of their own great race, before his advent
on this continent.
—<=» —
Reeutar Merrine, Monpay, Aprit 1, 1878.
Meet1ne this evening at 7. 30 ep. M. Vice-PresIDENT
D. B. Hagar in the chair. Records read, and correspon-
dence and donations announced.
Messrs. H. H. Edes, of Charlestown and John H.
Langmaid, of Salem, were elected resident members.
Mr. Jonn Ropryson referred to the recent decease of
Mr. Francis Putnam, an original member of the Institute
and for many years an officer. Mr. Robinson said that
the Institute was largely indebted to Mr. Putnam for his
liberal contributions of flowers at the Horticultural exhi-
bitions, covering a period of more than forty years. He
was always one of the largest contributors, and at the
exhibition in 1844 he placed more than four hundred
varieties of the Rose in the stands. He was the third
person in Salem who successfully raised the Night Bloom-
ing Cereus, and during the past ten or fifteen years has
been interested in the improvement of the Gladiolus and
the Amaryllis, and at a recent exhibition of the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society he was awarded the silver
‘medal, for new and valuable varieties of the latter flower:
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. | > 7
86
Mr. Robinson moved that the chair should appoint a_
committee to prepare resolutions of respect to the memory
of the deceased. Messrs. Robinson, Wheatland, and
Bolles were appointed on said committee.
The paper of the evening was read by Rev. E. C.
Boies, “On Salisbury and a Day at Stonehenge.” _ It
was extremely interesting and instructive. Diagrams and
photographs were exhibited. 4 at
Reeutar Meretine, Monpay, Apriz 15, 1878.
Vice President Prof. D. B. Hagar in the chair.
GerorGeE D. Pureren, Curator of Botany, occupied the
hour with a graphic description of his “Impressions of
the Flora of Texas,” he having been one of the party of
members of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science who, after the session at Nashville,
Tenn., last fall, participated in the Texas excursion. A
full account of the party, route and incidents was given
in successive numbers of the “Salem Register” during
the past winter.
Mr. Phippen alluded to remarkable trees and plants
met with on the route before reaching Texas, such as
large trees of the Crape Myrtle at Norfolk, Va., Magno-
lia grandiflora at Nashville, Nelumbeum luteum, the great
water lily of the southern rivers, etc.
He spoke also of the vegetable productions of the
south, as corn, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco and sweet
potatoes, some of which were seen in the bottom-lands
covering fields of great extent.
The vegetation of Texas, as influenced by the changing
geological features of the country traversed, was described,
-
a oe
ane
ad ie
87
as noticed in the higher lands, the rolling prairie, the tim-
bef belts and the immense tracts of level prairie.
‘The country for the most part is well watered and the
timber ridges, which are frequent, are covered with noble
pecan trees and other walnuts, also oaks, ashes, elms,
cottonwoods, sycamores and mulberry trees.
The undergrowth was generally light, and through
arching alcoves the sun-light glistened from the polished
heeeat: producing an Sp ahitiecatiiie effect upon the mind;
while other woods, heavily draped and shrouded with
hanging masses of the Tillandsia or Spanish moss, pro-
duced feelings of: an opposite nature.
The monotony of the grassy prairies was relieved and
varied by a copious sprinkling of the yellow starry blos-
soms of Helianthus, Leptopoda and Helenium ; or blotched
and spotted with white masses of Euphorbia, Eupatorium,
and the prickly Argemone. Many plants hitherto seen
only in cultivation were traced to their native wilds, such
as Argemone, Gaura, Salvia, Eupatorium, Bignonia, etc.
This was remarkably manifest when the party alighted
from the sleeping car at Fort Worth, on a brilliant Sab-
bath morning after a thunder storm of the previous night,
where they saw the coal-black soil at their feet covered
with Verbenas, Salvias, Eryngiums, Argemones, Gauras,
Solanums, Asclepias and Cassia. Here it was that they
first met with a strange little, Amariliad, since ascertained
to be Cooperia Dr aeons
At Austin, the capital of the state, a drive was taken
to Mt. Bonnel where were found novel specimens of trees
and shrubs; Sophora speciosa, with its hard pods of red,
bean-like seeds, Diospyros .Texana, the wild persimmon,
Prosopsis glandulosa, the mesquite tree ; woods and cop-
pices of the latter are known as Chapparel, of which we
heard so much during the Mexican War.. The increas-
88
ing growth of the mesquite tree is said to have a marked
and beneficial influence upon the climate of the country,
inducing more frequent rains and a more nutritious growth
of grass under its partial shade.
One of the most common ornamental trees of the cities ©
and towns of Texas is the Pride of India, or the China —
Umbrella tree, Melia Azederach, a tree of exquisite sym-
metry and appropriate name. The Sapindus marginatus,
a native of the surrounding forests called wild china tree;
somewhat resembles the former and is often cultivated in
close proximity with it.
In the neighborhood of San Antonio the vegetable pro-
ductions were more peculiar and strange; among them.
were noticed large clumps of Opuntia leomanchica, a
prickly pear, four to six feet in height, the branches of
which consist of leaves as large as dining plates, piled one
upon the other edge to edge. Hedges were grown of
it, which have the advantage of rising higher and more
thorny year by year. At the San Pedro springs, just out
of the city were seen plants of a decidedly tropical aspect ;
covering the surface of the water, and floating upon it,
hiding under the shade of trees or skirting the sunburnt
rocks with unfamiliar forms.
One of the most common plants of the country was the
Texas flax, so called, not a flax at all, but a weed of
the Composite order, viz.: Amphiachyris Drummondii
and Gutierresia, Texana, scarcely distinguished from each
other, together bear that common name. Another very
common plant might be mentioned, as it is sometimes in-
differently cultivated in our gardens, Euphorbia mar-
ginata, seen of all sizes, but often growing to magnificent
proportions, and with its striped envelopes waving in the
wind, is an object df considerable beauty.
At Galveston, on the Gulf, hedges: were made of the
ee eS ee Oe
89
Tamarix gallica, called there saltwater cedar, which helped
to prevent encroachments of the sea. Oleander trees of
great size bordered the streets, and in the gardens there
were noticed orange, lemon, fig and banana trees.
As a substantial proof that the trip to Texas was not
altogether in vain in a botanical sense, Mr. Phippen said
he had the pleasure of presenting to the Herbarium of the
Institute in the name of Lester F. Ward, Esq., the chief
botanist of the party, the collection of plants in the folios
upon the table. These specimens have been carefully
elaborated and labelled by Mr. Ward, and they are the
result chiefly of his indefatigable exertions, as he was
ever on the alert and scarcely did the train momentarily
pause at a station or elsewhere upon the road from any
cause whatéver that sundry plants did not find lodgment
in his ample portfolios.
The collection consists of about 370 different species,
92 of which are not found in Mann’s Catalogue. About
one-fourth of the species were collected before touching
the soil of Texas, ten or fifteen in Virginia, near Norfolk,
about thirty in the vicinity of Nashville, forty or fifty at
Lookout Mountain in Tennessee, a few on the border of ~
' Mississippi and in Arkansas.
Three-fourths at least of the species were collected on
Texan soil, and represent only the fall plants. The flow-
ers of ‘spring and early summer are undoubtedly far more
numerous and beautiful. Inspection of the collection will
show that one-fourth of these are Composites, about fifty
sedges and grasses, many Legumiads and Euphorbiads.
The Labiates, Onagrads, Verbeniads and Solonales are
well represented. Among the Apetalous orders are many
of the trees of the woods. The Rose, Pink, and Ranun-
culus tribes have scarce a representative.
The following list is nearly perfect. Those marked
90
with a (*) star are not mentioned in Mann’s Catalogue,
and are not found growing east of the Mississippi.
A full report upon the plants collected and of the
botanical department of the excursion may be expected
from Mr. Ward hereafter to appear in some form as a
collateral to the Nashville meeting of the “American
Association for the Advancement of “Science.”
Clematis reticulata, Walt.
Magnolia grandiflora, L.
Cocculus Carolinus, DC.
Nelumbium luteum, Willd.
Argemone Mexicana, L.
Nasturtium sessiliflorum, Nutt.
Arabis hesperidoides, Gray.
Cleome pungens, Willd.
Ascyrum Crux-Andree, L.
de stans, Michx.
Hypericum angulosum, Michx.
aureum, Bartram.
*Tamarix Gallica, L.
Silene stellata, Ait.}
Anychia dichotoma, Michx.
Paronychia dichotoma, Nutt.
* “ setacea, Gray.
Sesuvium Portulacastrum, L.
*Talinum parviflorum, Nutt.
Malvastrum angustum, Gray.
*Malvaviscus Drummondii, T. & G.
*Gossypium herbaceum, L.
Zanthoxylum Carolinianum, Lam.
*Rhus copallina, L. -
var. lanceolata, Gray.
*Vitis candicans, Eng.
‘¢ vulpina, L.
‘¢ indivisa, Willd.
‘* bipinnata, Torr. & Gray.-
Frangula Caroliniana, Gray.
*Colubrina Texensis, Gray.
Sapindus marginatus, Willd.
Cardiospermum Halicacabum, L.
Polygala lutea, L.
*Psoralea linearifolia, T. & G.
,
*Eysenhardtia amorphoides, H..
B.K
*Petalostemon multiflorum, Nutt.
Amorpha fruticosa, L.
Indigofera leptosepala, Nutt.
*Daubentonia longifolia, DC.
Glottidium Floridanum, DC.
Stylosanthes elatior, Swartz.
Desmodium levigatum, DC.
Desmodium paniculatum, De.
gS pauciflorum, DC.
ee sessilifolium, T. & G.
id strictum, DC.
es viridiflorum, Beck.
Lespedeza procumbens, Michx.
be repens, Torr. & Gray..
6¢ violacea, Pers.
Bf Stuvei, Nutt.
ss striata, Hook. & Arn.
«8 hirta, Ell?
Phaseolus diversifolius, Pers.?
$% helvolus, L.
Centrosema Virginianum, Benth.
*Sophora speciosa, Benth.
*Cercis occidentalis, Torr.
Cassia occidentalis, ',,
*¢ obtusifolia, L.
* << Roemeriana, Scheele.
“6 Chameecrista, L.
*¢ nictitans, L.!
*Parkinsonia acauleata, L.
*Prosopis glandulosa, Torr,
*Acacia Farnesiana, Willd.
Gleditschia triacanthos, L.
Mimosa strigillosa, Torr. & Gray..
Neptunia lutea, Benth.
*Prunus rivularis, Scheele.
Gillenia stipulacea, Nutt.
*Rosa foliolosa, Nutt.
Cratsegus arborescens,-Ell,
Hydrangea radiata, Walt.
Philadelphus hirsutus, Nutt.
Heuchera villosa, Michx.
Sedum pulchellum, Michx.
‘6 Nevii, Gray. :
*Gaura longiflora, Spach.
*Stenosiphon virgatus, Spach.
(Enothera sinuata, L.
* ‘¢ ~* Drummondii, Hook.
Jussiza repens, L.
*Lagerstremia Indica, L.
Ammannia latifolia, L. .
*Opuntia leomanchica, Eng.
91
* Papaya vulgaris, DC.
ere incarnata, L.!
Bryonia Boykinii, Torr. & Gray.
‘Hydrocotyle interrupta, Muhl.
_eryngiom yuccefolium, Michx.
“ce
“Thaspiam trifoliatum, Gray.
*Cornus Drummondii, C. A. Meyer.
Symphoricarpus vulgaris, Michx.
Viburnum prunifolium, L. var.
Spermacoce glabra, Michx.
Diodia Virginica, L.
*Gardenia florida, L.
Houstonia purpurea L.
Vernonia fasciculata, Michx., var.
altissima, Torr. & Gray.
Vernonia angustifolia, Michx.
* “cc
Elephantopus tomentosus, L.
Liatris elegans, Willd.
sé scariosa, Willd.
7 mucronata, DC.
Kuhnia eupatorioides, L.
Eupatorium album, L.
ae altissimum, L.
se aromaticum, L.}
“ incarnatum, L.
fe parviflorum, Ell.
£ serotinum, Michx.
Aster cordifolius, L.
‘¢ divaricatus, Nutt.
“ levis L.
‘* paludosus, Ait.
sé patens, Ait.
_Erigeron strigosum, Muhl.
>
$2 scaposum, DC.
“cc
ek shod Arkansanus, Gray.
Diplopappus cornifolius, Darl.?
Boltonia diffusa, L’Her.
*Amphiachyris dracunculoides,
DC
*Gutierrezia Texana, T. & G.
Brachycheta cordata, T. & G.
Bone gigantea, Ait.
lanceolata, L.
nemoralis, Ait.
odora, Ait.
petiolaris, Ait.
Radula, Nutt.
rigida, L.
rupestris, Raf.
serotina, Ait.
speciosa, Nutt.
tortifolia, Ell.
ulmifolia, Muhl.?
4 ce
ae
“
ce
“ec
“ce
“cc
“
“ec
“ec
Leavenworthii, T. & G.
Lindheimeri, Eng. & Gr.
sSolidago leptocephala, T. & G.
“s speciosa, Nutt., var.
angusta, Gray.
*Grindelia squarrosa, Dunal.
*Aplopappus phyllocephalus, DC.
Isopappus divaricatus, T. & G.
Heterotheca scabra, DC.
Chrysopsis’ graminifolia, Nutt.
“ Mariana, Natt.!
oe pilosa, Nutt.
Pluchea bifrons, DC.
= foetida, DC.
fs camphorata, DC.
Silphium compositum, Michx.
Berlandiera tomentosa, var.
dealbata, T. & G.
*Melampodium cinereum, DC.
Parthenium Hysterophorus, L.
Iva frutescens, L.
‘6 ciliata, Willd.
** microcephala, Nutt.
Ambrosia bidentata, Michx.
‘s psilostachya, DC.
Xanthium strumariun, L.,
var. echinatum, Gray.
Borrichia frutescens, DC.
Rudbeckia triloba, L
2 nitida, Nutt.
Lepachys pinnata, Torr. & Gray.
* se columnaris, Gray.
var. pulcherrima, Don.
Helianthus angustifolius, L.
&¢ doronicoides, Lam.
microcephalus, T. & G.
occidentalis, Riddell,
var. plantaginifolius, T. & G.
*Helianthus Maximiliani, Schrad.
* ‘S lenticularis, Dougl.
Coreopsis aristosa, Michx.
$4 senifolia, Michx.
var. stellata, T. & G.
*Thelesperma subsimplicifolium,
Gray.
*Thelesperma filifolium, Gray.
Spilanthes Nuttallii, T. & G.
*Ximenesia enceloides, Cay.
Verbesina Virginica, L.
Gaillardia lanceolata, Michx.
>. ee pulchella, Foug.
*Palafoxia callosa, T. & G.
Helenium tenuifolium, Nutt.
&e microcephalum, DC.
Leptopoda ere oes T.&G.
Artemisia vulgaris, L.
Gnaphalium polycephalum,Michx.
*
sé
6e
92
*Centaurea Americana, Nutt.
Hieracium Gronovii, L.
3 venosum, L.
Lobelia cardinalis, L.
‘¢ puberula, Michx.
Campanula divaricata, Michx, var.
Epigsea repens, L.
Oxydendrum arboreum, DC.
Clethra alnifolia, L.
Tlex decidua, Walt.
*Diospyros Texana, Scheele.
Bumelia lanuginosa, Pers.
Statice Limonium, L.
var. Caroliniana, Gr.
Samolus Valerandi, L.
var. Americanus, Gray. -
Martynia proboscidea, Glox. »
*Penstemon Cobea, Nutt. ?
Conobea multifida, Benth.
Herpestis Monniera, H. B. K.
es nigreseens, Benth.
Gerardia purpurea, L.
of aspera, Dougl.
os quercifolia Pursh.
‘©. grandiflora, Benth, var.
Ruellia ciliosus, Nees.
‘s strepens, Nees,
* ‘¢ = tuberosa, 1.
Dicliptera brachiata, Spreng.
Verbena officinalis, L.
sé _ practeosa, Michx.
sf Aubletia, L.
* a luczeana, Walp.
Lippia nodifiora, Michx.
Callicarpa Americana, L.
Trichostema dichotomum, L.
Isanthus ceruleus; Michx.
*Pycnanthemum albescens, T. & G.
*Hedeoma Drummondii, Benth.
os pulegioides, Pers.!
Salvia azurea, Lam.
*Scutellaria Drummondii, Benth.
Heliotropium Europeum, L.
Heliotropium Curassavicum, L.
oe tenellum, Torr.
Heliophytum Indicum, DC.
Onosmodium molle, Michx.
*Hydrolea ovata, Nutt.
Phlox glaberrima, L.
Gilia coronopifolia, Pers.
Ipomea commutata, R. & S.
Cuscuta inflexa, Engelm.
*Solanum Texanum, DC.
* “¢ Eleagnifolium, Cav.
* <* Lindheimerianum, Sch.
* «« rostratum, Dunal.
Physalis angulata, L.
‘¢ — Pennsylvanica, L.
var. lanceolata, Gray. *
Nicandra physaloides, Geertn.
Lycium Carolinanum, Michx.
Sabbatia calycosa, Pursh.
*Eustoma Russellianum, Don.
Polypremum procumbens, L.
Spigelia Marilandica, L.
*Nerium Oleander, L.
*Asclepias longicornu, Benth.
*Asclepiodora viridis, Gray. .
Enslenia albida, Nutt. :
Gonolobus levis, Michx.
ni “ biflorus, Nutt.
Fraxinus Americana, L.
Forestiera ligustrina, Poir.
af acuminata, Poir.
Asarum arifolium, Michx.
*Mirabilis jalapa, L.
*Oxybaphus hirsutus, Sweet.
*Rivina levis, L,
Atriplex arenaria, Nutt.
Salicornia mucronata, Big.,
var. suffrutescens, Watson.
Amarantus albus, L
Montelia tamariscina, Gray.
-Iresine celosioides, L.
*Alternanthera lanuginosa, Torr.
Polygonum aviculare, L.
ne Pennsylvanicum, L.
Be setaceum, Baldwin.
sy tenue, Michx.
Eriogonum longifolium, Nutt.
Persea Carolinensis, Nees.
Euphorbia corollata, a4
dentata, Michx.
ef glyptosperma,Engelm.
“ marginata, Pursh. ~—
Me serpens, H. B. K.
* « zygophylloides, Boiss.
* $ prostrata, Ait. -
Stillingia slyvatica, L.,
var. linariefolia, J. Miill.
Acalypha Virginica, L.
var. gracilens, Gray.
- Acalypha Caroliniana, Walt.
Tragia urticefolia, Michx.”
Croton maritimus, Walt.
* ‘ ~ muricatus, Nutt.
se glandulosus, L.
“ capitatus, Michx.
*¢ monanthogynus, Michx.
*Argyrothamnia humilis, J. Mill.
*Phyllanthus polygonoides, Spg.
Batis maritima, L.
EE —— ee
93
Ulmus alata, Michx.
* <« crassifolia, Nutt.
*Celtis pallida, Torr.
Parietaria Pennsylvanica, Muhl.
Juglans nigra, L
Carya tomentosa, Nutt.
Quercus aquatica, Catesby.
‘¢ — macrocarpa, Michx.
‘¢ palustris, Du Roi.
sé Prinus, L.
var. acuminata, Michx.
Castanea pumila, Michx.
Populus monilifera, Ait.
: “© = angulata, Ait.
Pinus Taeda, L.
Taxodium distichum, Richard.
Juniperus Virginiana, L.
* < occidentalis, Hook.,
var. conjungens, Eng.
Lemna minor, L.
Spiranthes simplex, Gray.
*Cooperia Drummondii, Herb.
Agave Virginica, L.
Tillandsia recurvata, Pursh.
ee usneoides, L.
Sisyrinchium Bermudiana, L.
Smilax tamnoides, L.
‘s Pseudo-China, L.
- Allium striatum; Jacq.
*Yucca rupicola, Scheele.
‘Commelyna Virginica, L.
Cyperus diandrus, Torr.
filiculmis, Vahl.
‘¢ inflexus, Muhl.
*¢ —microdontus, Torr.
‘¢ rotundus, L., var. Hydra,
’ Gray.
‘¢ strigosus, L.
litos, Schult.
*Kyllingia pumila, Michx.
Fimbristylis capillaris, Gray.
Rhynchospora inexpansa, Vahl.
Carex verrucosa, Ell.
Vilfa aspera, Beauv.
‘¢ vagineeflora, Torr.
‘¢ Virginica, Beauv.
Sporobolus Indicus, Brown.
Muhlenbergia capillaris, Kunth.
Aristida purpurascens, Poir.
* (purpurea, Nutt.
Spartina gracilis, Hook.
*Buchloé dactyloides, Eng.
Bouteloua hirsuta, Lagasca.
ss curtipendula, Gray.
Gymnopogon racemosus, Beauy.
*Chloris verticillata, Nutt.
Cynodon Dactylon, Pers.
Leptochloa mucronata, Kunth.
Tricuspis ambigua, Chapm.
a s¢ albescens, Munro.
Brizopyrum spicatum, Hook.
Eragrostis Frankii, Meyer.
Je Purshii, Schrad.
* “sc pilifera, Scheele.
* Se interrupta, Nutt.
* a capitata, Nutt.
*
a oxylepis, Torr.
Paspalum leve, Michx.
Panicum obtusum, H. B. K.
*Panicum Crus-galli, L.
Cenchrus tribuloides, L.
Andropogon furcatus, Muhl.
ne scoparius, Michx.
st argenteus, Ell.
Sorghum nutans, Gray.
* Sorghum vulgare, L.
Monanthochloélittoralis, Engelm.
Pella atropurpurea, Link.
Woodsia obtusa, Torrey. §,
1Twelve of the Lookout Mt. plants, not Sires by Mr. Ward.
AnnuaL Meetine, Monpay, May 20, 1878.
Meeting this evening at 7.30. The Presment in
the chair. Records read.
The annual reports of the
Secretary, Treasurer, Librarian, Curators and Standing
94
Committees were read and accepted, and from+them the
accompanying
RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR
has been compiled, presenting the work of the Institute,
in the various departments, since the last annual meeting. ~
MempBers.— Changes occur in the list of our associates
by the addition of new names and the withdrawal of some
by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or by
death. Nineteen resident members have died, and we
have received information that two of our correspondents
have passed away in a serene old age.
Jonathan Tucker, for many years one of the assessors
of Salem, son of Andrew and Martha (Mansfield) Tucker,
born at Salem, Feb. 1, 1799, died July 31, 1877.
Benjamin A. West, a merchant of Salem, son of George
and Deborah (Ayers) West, died at Pleasantville, N. Y.,
Aug. 3, 1877, aged 57 years, 4 months and 5 days.
Jairus Ware Perry, a lawyer of Salem, son of Joshua
and Ursula (Whight) Perry, born at Raymond, Me., died
at Salem, Aug. 27, 1877, aged 55 years, 8 months ee 9
days.
William Graves, of Newburyport, sea captain and mer-
chant, died Sept. 1, 1877, aged 66.
Thomas Pinnock, of Salem, slater, born in England,
son of Thomas and Sarah (Nenth) Pinnock, died at Salem,
Oct. 21, 1877, aged 60.
Joshua Ofeabe:3 in early life, clerk, son of Nathaniel
and Teresa (Gott) Cleaves, born in Salem, died at Boston,
Sept. 21, 1877, aged 68. His parents were natives of
Beverly.
Fenton Watson, of Salem, saddler, born in Danvers, .
95
Feb. 12, 1802, son of Nathaniel and Mary (Symonds)
Watson, died at Salem, Nov. 1, 1877.
John Clarke Lee, of Salem, banker, son of Nathaniel
C. and Mary Ann (Cabot) Lee, born at Boston, April 9,
1804, died at Salem, Nov. 19, 1877.
William Wallis, of Salem, trader and elerk, born Mar.
5, 1801, son of Moses and Hannah (Appleton) Wallis,
died Nov. 8, 1877.
Temple Hardy, of Salem, sash and blind maker, born
March 9, 1815, son of Temple and Sally (Chapple)
Hardy, died Noy. 25, 1877.
John Mangan, of-Salem, contractor, born in Irelarfd,
1832, son of John and Mary (Keefe) Mangan, died Dec.
6, 1877.
Jonathan C. Pais, counsellor at law, Salem, born
at Essex, Nov. 29, 1809, son of Ezra and Mary (Peabody)
Perkins, died Dec. 12, 1877.
James Gedney King, Salem, civil engineer, born Aug.,
1852, son of James B. and Mary Jane (Fabens) King,
died Jan. 9, 1878. \
Manuel Fenollosa, of Salem, music teacher, born at
Malaga, Spain, Dec. 24, 1822; son of Manuel and Isabel
(Del Pino) Fenollosa, died Jan. 13, 1878. |
_ William Kimball, Salem, hatter, born in Ipswich, Dec.
1, 1795, son of Thomas and Nea (Gage) Kimball, died
Jan. 19, 1878. °
Thomas Picket, of Beverly, born at Beverly, Sept. 9,
1805, son of Thomas and Annis (Preston) Picket, died
March 23, 1878.
Francis Putnam, of Salem, florist, born at Salem, Jan.,
1808, son of Ebenezer and Anna (Fiske) Putnam, died
March 26, 1878.
Allen Washington Dodge, of Hamilton, Pocssaree of
Essex County, born at Newburyport, April, 1804, died
at Hamilton, May 17, 1878.
96
Samuel Day, of Salem, born at Ipswich, March 30,
1798, died at Salem, Sunday, May 19, 1878.
Jared Potter Hirtland,. M. D., son of Turhanhd and
Mary (Potter) Kirtland, born at Wallingford, Conn.,
Noy. 10, 1793, died at his residence in East Rochfort
(near Cleveland), Ohio, Dec. 10, 1877; a distinguished
naturalist.
Charles Pickering, M. D., son of Timothy and Lurena
(Cole) Pickering, born at Starucca, Wayne Co., Penn.,
Nov. 10, 1805, died at Boston, Sunday, March 17, 1878.
“Meetines.— During the summer, four Field Meetings
were held. rst, at Boxford, June 26, where the objects
of the meeting were discussed by the President, Messrs.
W.'P. Upham, E. C. Bolles, John Robinson, W. S.
Coggin, Ancil Dorman, J.. H. Emerton, G..A. Perkins,
F. Israel, Mrs. C. H. Dall and Mrs. Mary S. Blake.
Second, at Lanesville, Wednesday, July 18, Messrs.
James H. Emerton, Charles H. Sargent, F. Israel, Byron
G. Russell, Granville P: Putnam, E. Hitchcock and D. P.
Hagar made remarks. Third, Wednesday, Aug. 8, at
Asbury Grove, Hamilton. The speakers were James H.
Emerton, J. P: Magee, George H. Dixon, G. D. Phip-
pen, E. C. Bolles, A. W. trode J. F. Almy, George A.
Perkins. Fourth, at Marblehead Neck. J. H. Emerton,
G. H. Dixon, A. B. Hervey, J. J. H. Gregory, Joseph
Banvard, William D. Northend took part in the exer-
cises of the meeting. |
Regular Meetings, twenty-one, usually on the first and
third Monday evenings of each month. The following
communications received and lectures delivered may he
specified :——“An examination of Types of some recently
described Crustacea,” by T. Hale Streets and E. S.
Kingsley ; “Additions to the Ferns of Essex County,” by
a
97
John Robinson; “On the Exploration of the Merrimack
River, in 1638, by order of the General Court of Massa-
chusetts, with a plan of the same,” by James Kimball ;
“Contributions to the Myology of Tachyglossa Hystrix,
Echidna Hystrix Auct,” by J. W. Fewkes; “An Account
of a recent visit to Japan,” by E. S. Morse; “Remarks
on Liberia, particularly of the region about Cape Palmas,”
by George A. Perkins; “A List of the Birds of Massa-
chusetts, with Annotations,” by J. A. Allen; “Archeeo-
logical Explorations in Tennessee,” by F. W. Putnam;
“On Salisbury and a day at Stonehenge,” by E. C. Bolles;
“On the Flora of Texas,” by George D. Phippen.
LECTURES AND ConcEeRTS.—A course of seven lectures
- under the direction of the Lecture Committee were as
follows: 1st, Monday, Oct. 29, 1877, W.F. Bick, on
“India.” 2d, Monday, Nov. 19, 1877, C. C. Carpenter,
on “The Moon.” 3d, Monday, Dec. 17, 1877, Charles S.
Minot, on “The Scientific problem of Human Life.”
4th, Monday, Jan. 21, 1878, Edward S. Morse, on —
“Japan.” Sth, Monday, Feb. 25, 1878, Leonard Waldo,
“Mean Time.” 6th,. Monday, March 11, 1878, Henry
Carmichael, on “Waves,” 7th, Monday, March 25, 1878,
Isaac S. Osbun, on “ Faraday and his works.”
Under the personal direction of the curator on Music,
five concerts have been given with much credit to the
society as musical’ performances. 1st, Monday Nov. 18,
1877, Miss Lilian Bayley and the Schubert Quartette.
2d, Monday, Nov. 28, 1877, Wm. H. Sherwood and Miss
Fanny Kellogg. 3d, Dec. 10, 1877, Miss Ita Welsh,
Mrs. G. A. Adams, Mr. William F. Winch, D. C. C.
Bullard. .4th, Monday, Jan. 14, 1878, Mrs. John Wes-
ton, Mr. Wulf Fries, Mr. H. G. Tucker, Mr. J. Phip-
pen, jr. 5th, Monday, Jan. 28, 1878, Mrs. E. Kemble,
98
Mrs. George Upton, Mr. C. N. Allen, Mr. G. W. Sum-
ner.
In the Art Department an increased interest is notice-
able. Valuable and instructive volumes relating to the
various branches of art are being deposited in the library —
by the kindness of the curator of Painting and Sculpture;
and the books are constantly referred to and consulted by
those interested in this direction. |
MuseumM.— The specimens in Natural History, including
those in Ethnology and Archeology, which have been —
given during the year, are on deposit with the trustees of
the Peabody Academy of Science, in accordance with
previous arrangements. These have been reported at our
meetings, and have been duly acknowledged to the several -
donors. The following may be specified: George H.
_ Allen, C. H. Stocker, George D. Glover, James M.
Caller, Miss H. K. Bayley, Alfred S. Peabody. In ad-
dition to the above, several interesting specimens of an
historical character have been arranged in the rooms. The
following are contributors: John L. Robinson of Lynn;
Mary E. Briggs, James Emerton, K. E. Nourse, Henry
Bridges, W. P. Upham, H. G. King, William B. Parker,
Charles S. Buffum, George Perkins, George A. Perkins,
Mrs. J. E. A. Todd, F. W. Lee of Beverly, Mrs. N. D.
Cole, F. H. Lee, estate of Jonathan Tucker, John Rob-
inson, Richard C. Manning, William G. Barton, Raymond
L. Newcomb, Mrs. Anna Warren of Boston. The ordi-
nary routine work has steadily progressed. A room is
being prepared in the basement for the arrangement of
some of the larger specimens of historical relics, and for
the deposit of duplicates, many ‘of which are becoming
valuable.
99
Liprary.—The additions to the Library during the
year now closed have been.as follows :
By Donation.
MOMGH, 7 oriau.atte 6, este oo) BL
MOUAPLORY is “ei eu «-s 0 0 « 984 .
Octavos, ..». ++... . 763 Pamphlets and Serials, . . 3,872.
Duodecimos,. . . . .. + . 139 Bound yolumes,. ... . 1,027
fa tatauiel iso, 0p 40 =
Sexdecimos, .
: ; — fTotalof Donations, .. . 4,899
Total of bound volumes, . ._ 1,027
By Exchange.
Quartos, . ws °s se eles ew ee 8 Pamphlets and Serials, . . 2,096°
Octavos,. . .-. «+ « » » » «107 ‘Boundvolumes, ..... 113
Duodecimos, sss. 2), +. « 3 —
— Totalof Exchanges, .. . 2,209
Total of bound volumes, .. . 113
By Purchase.
Quartos, . . «9. «+ .. +. +» 1 Pamphlets, ....... 6
Octavos, . .... +. +. - .66 + ‘Boundvolames,...., and
Duodecimos, °. 4+. ‘se « + & —
— Totalof Purchases, ... . 133
Total of bound volumes,. . . . 72
Total of Donations, .... Z ft) ON ig Os er
Bos ve: ae BOD
SOU UUSONMIIORS a= 0 oe «eg el ue ee ue xs s RROD
UTE R ADORE He ase 8 yee 8 ok atte rat tee eee 133,
ORL Or AMUONS,; . ss a 50 ee 0 8 & a IMAE
Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 4,411
were pamphlets, and 1,618 were serials.
The donations to the Library for the year have been
received from one hundred and forty-nine individuals and
thirty-three societies and departments of the General and
State Governments. The exchanges from one hundred
and thirteen societies and incorporate institutions, of
which sixty-seven are foreign; also from editors and
publishers. | ‘
100
Donations or exchanges have heen received from the
following :—
Allen, Miss M., . ‘ ns . . ° ‘ .
Allen, Miss Mary P., : A . . ‘ ‘ °
American Association Advancement of Science, , ;
American Gynecological Society, . . ° . .
American Unitarian Association, > : 3 : :
Amherst (Mass.) College, F ‘ ‘ ; BP sats
Amsterdam, Koninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap ‘‘ Natura
Artis Magistra,” . ‘ . " ‘
Andover (Mass.) Memorial Hall Tihraes, > . : :
Andover (Mass. ) Theological Seminary, ‘< ‘ mph
Appalachian Mountain Clab, ° ° : . . s
Argentine Republic Commission, . . : ° f
Augsburg, Natur historischer Verein, ; ‘ F
Baltimore, Peabody Institute, . . . . ‘ :
Bamberg, Natur forschende Gesellschaft, ‘ : re
Bancroft, C.F. P., . ; A é : .
Barton, W.G., . “ - of uae jj ‘ 4 4
Beaman, Rev, C. C.,. : . : P M ;
Bell, Mrs., Lowell, Mass., . - 5 : s z
Bergen Museum, A .
Berlin, Deutschen veclogiaeion Gesellschaft, ‘ :
Berlin, Gesammten Naturwissenschaften, é 2
Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, =
Berlin, Verein zur Beforderung des Garenbanes,
Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, , . ees ‘
Berwickshire Naturalist Club, ‘ ; : F R
Boardman, S. L., Augusta, noe : . Newspapers,
Bolles, E.C., . : . : ‘ 2
Boon, E. P., Sew York, N. Ys;
Bordeaux, Société Linnéenne, ; : P
Boston, American Academy Arts and delenee, : .
Boston, City of, - : ;
Boston, City Hospital, . ; : j
Boston, Massachusetts Institute of Techidlory, ;
Boston, Public Library, : fe “ AW oar
Boston Society of Natural pinbory. see 6 . ’
Braunschweig, Archiv der Anthropologie, . .
Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine, ,~° .
Bristol Naturalists’ Society, : j F A ;
Britten, E. is, ~ . . . . °. fs ° ¢
.
Vols. Pam.
22
—
tt Oe
_
BDO oO iP
. 101
Brooks, C. T., Newport, R.I., . 6 F > E 7 4
Brooks, H. M., A : ; F 3 . é 1
Brown, avate, Ff ° Fs “ Elon . ‘ Pe
Browne, A. G., ‘ ox : : ‘ ‘ ° 1
Briinn, Naturforschender Aopen, F 2 i : F 1
Bruxelles Société Entomologique,
Bruxelles Société Malacologique, ° : el alts P 1
Buffalo Young Men’s Association, sei : >
Bunker Hill Monument Association, . " ‘ ; : 2
Caldwell, S. L., : é ® r : < 3
California, University of, . 4 <
Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Canada, Geological Survey, P Z r : Pi 1
Canadian Institute, a : ; 5 é
Carpenter, C.C., South Peabody, M fake . Programmes,
Chamberlain, Jas. A., - Z S . Progammes,
- Chandler,G.L., . at a , ra ar a ate . .
Folger, W. C., Nantucket, Mass., Z - ;
Foote, Caleb, . id 9 Ss - Newaneinnte
Frankfurt, Séuckenberwleukes Naturforschende Gesells-
chaft, i : . “ ; : 4 ;
Frankfurt, Zoologische Gesellschaft, ? : : 4
Freiburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, : a SS
Frothingham, J. H., Broakiyas Ds 7055 . > ot ae
Gate;-E:, * : . : ot ST : %
Geneve, Institut National, * . .
Geneve, Société de Physique et @’ Histoire ‘Natusella,
Gifford, Mrs. R. B., F 3 GA Newspapers,
Glasgow, Natural History Society, . . . «. -
Goodell, A. C., Jr., F $ - - Newspapers,
Goodhue, Wm., ;
Tolman, Mr.,
. . . . . wo . .
Gray, A. F., Danversport, Mass., ‘ :
Green, S. A., Boston, Mass., . ~ ar fe . 2
Hagar, D. B., ‘ : ; ; ‘ ‘ F
Hale, J. L., 3 ; . hh es . :
Hamburg, usirwiencnachataichey Veueln: : 4
Harrison, G. L., Philadelphia, Penn., 5 pitial, Ye =
Hart, C. H., Philadelphia, Penn., ‘ <
Hartranft, John F., Harrisburg, Penn., . . . “
Hill, Benj. D., Peabody, Mass., - ES Lai ‘ =
Hilton, William, . 2 ; . . . ‘ > :
Hitchcock, E., Amherst, ‘ : : 5 = ~
Hodges, Miss M. O., ° ‘ ; . ° 4
Vols. Pam.
4 1
ee
1
4
4
61 ° 165
29 27
a
1
1
1
29 189
vf
1 1
Loe Gek
9
1
13
~ aS
2 44
1
1
40
16 100
24
5+ 144
6
1
1
1
1 Rei
3
1
1. 147
1
Holmes, J. C.,, Detroit, Mich,, eels : > .
“t Howe, Memorial Committee, 3 ae F : ;:
RE oe WE aes Bly ts
SmeeO ta PatissBrance, ehh BO eS
Hull, Hugh M., Bye us . 8 OR eae eg
Hunt, Mrs. Thomas, . a: “3 Sts F - :
Mant, T.F.,.-.°. io oh : ar ‘
Illinois State Board of he sieuliard,* J 3
- India Geological Survey, Dias vA Sep element
Iowa State Historical Society, . = A . F
Jelly, W.H, . . eee” tay 4 ‘ ‘
_ Jenison, O. A., Lansing, Mich., : rake :
_ Johnson, C. B., . ; : a Z i a ‘
Kansas Academy of Science, . . . . . .
Kato, H., . het . . . . . - . .
Kimball, James, . . - «+ « Newspapers,
¢
Kingsley, J. S., A ae . 3 : . F ‘
Kjébenhavn, Botanisk Tidsskrift, , i 3
Kj6benhavn, Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab,
Kjébenhavn Société Royale des Antiquaries du Nord, :
Lathrop, Mrs. L. M., Hamilton, Mass., ee
Lee, John C., ‘ ; . Bs . Newspapers,
Leeds, Philosophical and italy Society, . ‘ :
Le Mans, Société d’Agriculture, Sciences et Arts de la
NS ss
London, Royal Society, -
_ Long Island Historical Society, . :
Loring, Geo. B., . “ ; - Photographs,
Lupton, N. T., Nashville, Penn. se Uae : 7 3
Luxembourg, Société des Sciences N itactiles du Grand-
Duché, . : , se r4 < - “ ;
Lynn, City of, ‘ R : oe ~ 3 mAs
PEW PUDOIOPaEy, 6-4 ULC SENT
Mack, Miss E. C,, : a + Oni deere eee ss
Mack, William, Are eh ae
Maine Genealogical and Biographical Society, =. .
Manning, Francis H., Boston, Mass., fd t .
Manning, Richard C., % ‘ : . Newspapers,
Manning, Robert, . . .. «. « Newspapers,
“Marburg, Gesellschaft zur Befouderwhe der Gesammten
Naturwissenchaften, . . . . ° ae fF
Marsh, Prof. O.C., New Haven, Conn., . : 7 :
Maryland Historical Society, 3 eer F -
Massachusetts General Hospital, —. AD fy Sah
Reiger sh
1
28
te
1
50
29 23
1
13
t
6
1
2 123
1
1
21
79
1
3
3
5
2
1 2
9
*£
209
3
1
1
1
2
1
2
oun
15 253
4 50
2 3
3.
1
eee
7 — =. a ‘ia. | —_,
5 i L ‘ ; ,
104
Massachusetts Historical Society, ° opal ahr F
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 2 . -
Massachusetts State Board of Health, Hie . ‘
Mecklenburg, Vereins der Freunde, A . >
‘Merritt, Mrs. L. F., . «teens : . Newspaper,
Mexico Museo Nacional, : . 5 . : 3
Minnesota Historical Society, . ‘ ° .
Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, ; . 1 =|
Miinchen, K6niglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissen-
schaften, . : s 5 : :
Needham, Daniel, . 7 = ° Fs
Neuchitel Société des Sciences ‘Maturctign: 5 é
- Nevins, A. H., 4 . . ; é Re -
Nevins, W. S., 4 ; > A Newapaans
New England Elistorte-Gehentogioat Society, . ?
New England Society of Orange, . : oval ale
New Hampshire Historical Society, . 3 ° .
New Haven, Yale College, 3 " ‘ A prices
_ New Jersey Historical Society, > = :
New York American Geographical. Sovlety," : 2
New York Chamber of Commerce, . :
New York Genealogical and Biographical Boutety,
New York State Library, . ; ~ iste .
New South Wales Royal Society, ; : “ :
Nichols, J. H., 4 : ee ry . Newspapers,
Nichols, Miss Mary, . . : ‘ < : .
Nichols, The Misses, . . 2 . ° :
Nichols, Miss Sally, ; , B eSe ae
Nourse, C. C., Des. Moines, Iowa, oo eRe
Nuttall Ornithological Club, 3 : ° E °
Oliver, Henry K., ‘ r : 4 A ‘ $
Packard, A.S., Jr.,, a a (tee Te AA ~ ;
Page, Miss A., Danvers, Mass., “ ; 2 ‘
Palfray, C. W., A 4 - ‘ ‘ + . F:
Palmer, Edward, 4 . ; : ; ' ‘
Paris, Journal de Conchyliogie, . . fs > ‘ .
Paris Société d@’Acclimation, ; , “p> 's
Paris Société d’Anthropologie, =. . at ite
‘Peele, Miss E. R., 4 . > . 3 : .
Pennsylvania Historical Society, . Ls . .
Perkins, A. C., Exeter, N. H., . ~ est rms
Perkins, Geo. A., \ : é - F
Perry, W. S., Daveanoré, ee Pups 2 ty
: Philadelphia, American Philosophical soeleeys reek
Vols.
4 ‘
10
1
30
22
Pam.
i
’
105
Philadelphia Library Company, ; : : 7 ;
Philadelphia Zoological Society, . : ' ° Hs
Pierce, H. B., : ; F A °
Pool, Wellington, Webhou, Whee. rp - ° ; :
Poole, W. F., Chicago, IIL, tp r ° : : ‘
Poor, Alfred,’ . ; A sn ties : ‘ : ;
‘Poore, Benj. P., a Z , “ ; ; A :
Pope, Miss Lydia, . z - : a . A
Portland Institute, ‘ : ‘ : ¢ : 3
Portuguese Centennial Sranitan(on, - Alte as
Price, John, Manchester, Mass., F 7 ; - é
Putnam, Rev. A. P., Brooklyn, N. Y., . Z ‘ '.
Putnam, F. W., . f 7 ‘ ‘ ; ‘ 5 x
Putnam, H. W., 3 ‘ = 7 .
Quint, Rev. A. H., New Bedford, Mase 5 : 3
Randolph, Mass., Turner Free Library, A ° \
Rantoul, R. S., 2 r - ‘ ; :
Reading, Penn., Society of Matural Scleuaues é
Regensburg, Kénigliche Bayerische botanische Gesellschaft,
Roberts, David, Rg 7 * picks aie : ‘ ‘
Robeson, Geo. M., . . : . : : ° .
Robinson, John, ; - . . ‘ 7 F
Ropes, Miss, : 3 a fe : ‘ ; a :
Salem, City of, : P ty a
San Diego, Cal., Society, .
San Francisco, Cy. Mercantile Libouy Aseoulasion,
’S Gravenhague, Nederlandsche Entomologische Veree-
niging, a : . . . ‘ . .
Smith, : ve : s F : r - ‘ ‘ A
Smith, : ‘ : ° ° ° “ : °
ks Wenvientisn, * ‘ ; "i
Somersetshire Archeological and Natural History Society,
Sotheran, Henry, * . . ‘
Spofford, A. R., ae acl inuton, D. C., : : i F
Stickney, M. A., ‘
St. Gallen, St. Gallische Gesellschaft,
St. Louis Academy Science, . " ‘
_ St. Peterburg, Impetat Akademya Nauk, : P
Stockholm, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,
Stone, E. M., Providence, R. I., : ; P :
Stoute, Miss M. H.,. : - « *« Newspapers,
Stout, A B., 5 :
Tasmania, Government of, wk Sis A a *
Tasmania, Royal Society, . ; : “ “ . °
38
47
ee bo
Be bee ee
~
il
' 32
nee ee
106
Tennessee, State of, > ; 3 , Aa 4
Thompson, C. P., - . afi AS : é
Thompson, J. W.,_ . * 4 ‘ f > :
Tokio, Japan, University of, : t ; : - .
Tucker, Jona., Estate of, > : ; : ¢ F
Tyler. Wisse F 3 ° . ° . . F .
Unknown, . ‘ F ° : : Py cian °
Upham, Wm. P., F 5 ‘i : . “ .
Upsal, Kongliga ‘Vahensknies pahaeateie ° > :
. Bureau of Education, ° ; , : A ‘
. Dept. of Interior, P 7 . °
. Dept. of Engineers, . ‘ - 2 5 ° °
Dept. oF State; Gr5.0) 4-0 ass ee eL, ee
. Naval Observatory, . hp fi . : . .
. Patent Office, 4 Ps ‘ shes . ¥
. Treasury Dept. 3 ° $ . = r
Van Name, A., New Haven, Colin: if
Venezuela, Gaceta Cientifica, Bn eds F A A *
Vermont State Libraay, . F x : “ z =
» Vermont, University of, > is ; Ps : 3 ;
Vilas, C. H., Chicago, IIls., 4 * ; ‘ i
Walker, Abbot, . - ‘ ; > : - . z
ddddacdac
Walton, E. N., » ° A . A ;
Ware, Darwin E., Boston, Mass., ;
Waters, E. S., : er ate : : auyond |
“Waters,H.F. . ~. = °* « + « « Newspapers,
Waters, J.L., . ° : . ° ; A : =
Watson, Miss C..A., . ; Z : . 2 é >
Webber, C. H., } ,
Nevins, W..S.,
Welsh, W. L.,- ; - ° > atty | bis r te or)
Wheatland, Miss‘... 3/5 Soe te
Wheatland, Miss M. G., 5 sin eNs . ; .
Whipple, Geo. M., ; . it We ‘ ; oe
Whipple, Miss I. G., . - i i 5 ‘ "
Whitmore, W. H., Boston, Nase: Ri $ :
Wien, K. K. Zoologische botanische Gesellschaft, A F
Wilder, M. P., Dorchester, Mass., | * > ; :
Williams College, ‘9 ; 5 : si P : ‘
Williams, James, ; RR ele Sy Pa ae)
Wilson, Miss L. W., " : . Newspapers,
Winchester Home Corporation, : ° ; 4
Winthrop, R. C., Boston, . ‘ < e ; ‘
Wisconsin State Historical Society, “ Z é ‘
35
— Wisconsin, Naturhistorichen Vereins, : 1
__ Worcester American Antiquarian Society, 3
Worcester Society of Antiquity, Fie oe oy
- - 5 Wiirzburg, Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft, a 3
oe eeeaal , Bt as! leat es earl Rak 2 ces eee
The following have been received from editors or y pub-
ily ee :—
American Bookseller. ! Lynn City Item. ,
American Journal of Education. | Lynn Semi-Weckly Reporter.
mal American Journal of Science. Nation.
American Naturalist. Nature.
| Beetle and Wedge. Our Dumb Animals.
Boston Globe. ; Peabody Press.
= Boston Herald. Peabody Reporter.
4 Dexter Smith’s Paper. ° Quaritch’s Catalogue.
3 European Mail. Sailors’ Magazine and Seamen’s
7 Forest and Stream. Friend. ;
: Francis’s Catalogue. Salem Gazette.
Gardener’s Monthly. Salem Observer.
Gurney’s Weekly. Salem Post. ~
-Hardwicke’s Science Gossip. Salem. Register.
. Ipswich Chronicle. - Turner’s Public Spirit.
; Lawrence American. Vox Humana.
7 , |
FryancraL.—The Treasurer’s Report exhibits a state-
| -ment:of the ce al and expenditures during the past
‘year.
: DEBITS.
é General Account.
Atheneum, for Rentand Librarian, . . . +» «+ «+ $35000
- Salaries, $1,466.32; Coal, $115.00; Gas, $43.77, - . .« 1,625 09
Lectures and Concerts, $755.32; Publications, $864.05, . < 1,620 37
Express and Postage, 77.69; Insurance, 40.00; Printing, 25.71, 153 40
Excursions, $2,606.42; Sundries, $190.71; Stationery, $20.00, 2,817 13
Alterations and repairs of cases, . »+ + «+ «© « 358 83
__ Historical.
Books, $8.30; Binding, $62.78,- . « « «© «© « « «© e 71 08
2 Natural History and Horticulture.
re Paid for binding, SAS 9 ae Simei ae ars ten y Ue 50 00
Old Colony Railroad Bond; |. 63, vue} eh nee
Ladies’ Fair Fund.
' Ladies’ Centennial Committee.
Books and Binding, .°. » |} » | »))o. ~ 4 = aa
Balance in hands of Treasurer, . . . «. =.
CREDITS.
By Balance of 1877 Account, . . «. «© « «
General - aaitiahicr |
Dividends Webster Bank, . -. . Spas
Assessments, $1,011.00; Publications, $338. Gy a be .
Sundries (Piano), 255.60; Life Membership, 30.00, .
Athenzum proportion of coal and janitor, . °
Paid F.:8;-Perking, 6 8 iw ele ane
Excursions, $2,924.55; Lectures and Concerts, $1, 206.76,
Subscription, $140.00; Refunded Bank Tax, $10.91, .—
Salém Savings: Bank, 2) “a5 ) 6) Vso ce Sa os
: Historical, —
Dividends Naumkeag Bank, . . «© + «© -«
Natural History and Horticulture.
Dividends Portland, Saco & Portsmouth Railroad,
Dividends Lowell Bleachery, Pig het eC
Davis Fund,
Coupons Burlington & MissouriR.R., . . -
Coupons Dixon & PeoriaR.R., «© «© «© «© «+
Ditmore Fund.
- Coupons Chicago City Bonds, Peet). ee
Tnterest on notes, . °
man present at the sale, who formerly owned the place, said that it
was just twenty-five years since he and his two boys in one half-day
dug up the trees in an adjoining field, where they were scattered
about, and set them out. They were about a foot high. Nothing was
ever done‘to them afterwards. At the time they were planted the
land was considered as worth fifteen dollars, or ten dollars per acre.
The same farmer planted three and one-half acres about thirty-five
years ago, which in the opinion of experienced lumbermen will cut
150 or 160 cords of wood per acre, and is worth $300.00 to $350. 00
per acre on the stump.”
Mr. Chas. S. Sargent has kindly furnished some infor-
mation regarding the time of ripening of the seeds of the
pines, which is not found in the botanies. He says:
**In the White and Red pines the scales open in New England in
the middle of September, and of course, the seed, or most of it, will
fall at once. With the White pine the cones generally drop the same
autumn that they ripen, but the Pitch pine retains its cones for years,
the manual being wrong in that particular. I do not know exactly at
what time the Pitch pine sheds its seeds, but very likely the cones
remain unopened until spring. I sent to North Conway for Red pine
seeds, and the man found them dropping from the cones by the 10th
of September.” "
Mr. Sargent also writes:
“You say ‘But the State can remit taxes,’ etc. I wish you had said,
this State has remitted taxes on land planted under certain conditions,
by an act which I drafted last winter, and which has passed both
houses and become a law without opposition.”
The importance of these corrections and suggestions
will at once be seen upon reading the above note, and I
take this opportunity to acknowledge the kindness on the
part of those who so promptly sent them, for I feel it
adds much of real value to a paper, which, incomplete as .
it was, has met with a surprisingly warm reception. I
trust it may call attention to a subject soon to be of vital
importance among us, and stimulate, among those who
happen to see it, a desire to obtain and read fuller and
more valuable essays and books upon the subject.
PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, November 7, 1878.
BULLETIN
OF THE
ESSHX INSTITUTH.
Vou. 10. Satem, Ocr., Nov., Dec., 1878. Nos. 10, 11, 12.
WuitE Mountain Fretp MEETING, SEPTEMBER, 1878.
Mempers of the Essex Institute, with their friends,
numbering about one hundred and twenty-five, left Salem
on Tuesday morning, September 3, for their third annual
excursion among the White Hills of New Hampshire,
and to hold a meeting on Thursday evening at Fabyan’s,
the base of Mt. Washington. The route, thither, varied
somewhat from that of either of the two previous excur-
sions ; passing through Lowell, Nashua, Manchester, Con-
cord, to the Weirs,-:where the steamer “ Lady of the Lake”
was awaiting the arrival, to take the party over the placid
waters of the Lake and among the numerous islands to
Centre Harbor, when dinner was served at the Senter
House. In the afternoon re-embarked on board the
steamer and returned to Weirs, and thence proceeded by
rail to Plymouth, where the night was passed at the Pem-
igewasset House. The next ‘morning, Wednesday, by
stages, went to the Profile House through the Pemigewas-
set valley, stopping at the Flume House to view the vari-
ous objects of interest in that locality. The scenery of
ESSEX INST. BULL. x 12: (145)
146
this valley is beautiful, with high mountains and dark
ravines; the road, winding through the woods, then up
some steep hills, opens out on lovely landscapes.
Left the Profile House on Thursday, after dinner, and
by stage and rail arrived at Fabyan’s at 6 P. M.
During the evening in the large parlor, a meeting was
held. The Presrpent in the chair. Records of the pre-
ceding meeting by the Secretary were read.
The PRESIDENT, after a few brief allusions to some of
the objects of the Institution, and to the meeting held at
Crawford’s in September, 1877, called upon Prof. J. H.
Hontineron, formerly connected with the Signal Service
on Mt. Washington.
The speaker began by saying that, when a college stu-
dent he visited the mountains, but his first ascent of Mt.
Washington gave him anything but a favorable impression
of the place as a winter residence.
The attempt to ascend the mountain through Tucker-
man’s Ravine; the swollen stream that compelled them
to plunge into alders and scrub, and climb to the plateau
south ; the clouds in the ravine filled with rainbows of the
most brilliant hues; the cold, fierce winds that swept the
clouds and driven mist across the plateau; the wander-
ings, if perchance a path could be found; reaching the
top of the mountain in a driving storm, with the temper-
ature at 38° F’. just as night closed around the summit:
all these were so many vivid pictures’in the mind.
In 1869, when employed in the geological survey of
N. H., the speaker made the first really serious attempt,
to occupy some high mountain summit in winter as a me-
teorological station.
147
It may naturally be asked why a geologist is especially
interested in meteorology. Climate has been the great
factor in all geological time. To get anything like a clear
conception of the evolution of the earth, one mnst have
some idea of the climatic conditions during the different
periods of its developement. It seemed most desirable
to occupy Mount Washington, but circumstances were such
that Mount Moosilauke had to be taken instead. Almost
every condition was unfavorable, but we gained experi-
ence that enabled me the following autumn to make such
preparation on Mount Washington, that the expedition to
that mountain was most successful. It was not, however,
without the united effort of many individuals that it was
a complete success. It was under obligations to very
many people, but especially to Dr. J. E. Hilgard, who
was largely instrumental in interesting the Signal Service
in the expedition, so that they not only furnished three
miles of insulated wire, but also sent a sergeant, who
acted as telegraph operator and observer. This led to the
place being made a permanent station of the Service.
It was a generally expressed opinion that no one could
live upon the mountain during the winter, and it was with
some misgivings that the speaker ascended the mountain
on the 12th of Nov., 1870, for the winter, and stayed
alone until the rest of the party’ came; but what he sup-
posed would be a stay of a few days, was lengthened into
weeks,
1Mr. A. F. Clough came Nov. 30, and remained five weeks; came again in
April, also in May.
Mr. Howard A. Kimball came Nov. 30; remained five weeks; came again in
May.
Sergt. Theodore Smith came Dec. 4, and remained until May.
Prof. C. H. Hitchcock came Dec. 21, for a day, and again for a few days, in
April.
Mr. S. A. Nelson came Dec. 21, and remained until the following summer.
148
Of the observations, those in regard to temperature
are of more general interest.
Mean temperature, Jan., Mt. Washington, 6° F.
ss 6 «¢ Lunenburg, Vt., 16°
és 66 July, Mt. Washington, 43°
“e 6 ss Lunenburg, Yt., 68°"
‘¢ annual temperature, Mt. Washington, 25°
< 6 “é Lunenburg, Vt., 41°
The lowest monthly mean temperature recorded, 1:3°,
was reported by Sergf. Hearne, March, 1872. The mean
for Boston the same month was 26°. | :
In any given cold period, the minimum temperature
occurs on Mt. Washington twelve or twenty-four hours
before it does in the valleys immediately adjacent. This —
fact, first shown during our occupation of the mountain,
is one of practical importance. Although the cold wave
generally comes on the tide of high barometer from the
west, sometimes it does not reach the surface of the earth
until it gets comparatively near the coast; then if there
is no station on some high mountain, the extreme cold
comes suddenly, without the least warning.
At no time, during our stay on the mountain, did we
suffer from cold. When exposed, in extreme weather,
one freezes so quickly that he does not feel the ordinary
sensation of cold.
The precipitation in winter is chiefly in form of frost-
work, and snow-ice; hence, for at least five months the
amount has to be estimated, but during the other seven
months, it can be measured with tolerable accuracy. In
the Reports of the Chief Signal Officer, one year it is
given as 82-96 in., another year, 47 in.
Before the station was established on Mt. Washington,
very few had even heard of the great velocity of winds
wal ae e
¥ *
_
149
at high altitudes. In the Report of the C.S. O. for 1874,
it is stated that, Mar. 23rd, the wind had a velocity of 130
miles an hour, and continued near that enormous force for
twenty-four hours. In the Monthly Weather Review for
Jan., 1878, it says that remarkable wind-velocities were
measured at Thatchers Island, of 70 miles an hour; at
Cape Lookout, of 120; and at Mount Washington, of
186. Great velocities, at high altitudes, when storm areas
extend over a large extent of country, are not so remark-
able as that there should be great velocities in the upper
currents of the air, when it is calm. below. On the 4th
of May, 1872, when there was a special series of obser-
vations being taken, there was a wind of 96 miles an
hour on the summit, while at the base of the mountain,
only 3667 ft. below the summit, there was a perfect calm.
At the time, there was a heavy snow storm at the base,
with nimbus clouds on the mountain. There have been
many narrow escapes, when there were high winds accom-
panied by low temperature. The speaker once made the
ascent of the mountain, and on reaching the summit, the
wind was 70 miles per hour, and the temperature—17°.
From Lizzie Bourne monument, to the summit, was a
continuous struggle with wind and cold; with the wind
to see which was the stronger; with the cold, to escape
the sleep of death.
The Signal Service took the station, May 12th, 1871,
and the following officers have since been in charge.
Sergt. Theodore ‘Smith, from May 12th, to May 25th,
1871, when he was relieved.
Sergt. M. L. Hearne, from May 25th, 1871, to April
- 8rd, 1872.
Sergt. A. R. Thornett took charge of station until May
17th, when Sergt. Hearne was reassigned, but not being
strong enough to endure the exposure, he was perma-
wently relieved. by Sergt. Thornett.
150
In May, 1872, a special series of observations were
made on the summit, and at the base. Sergt. Thornett
had charge of the station on the summit, and Sergt. The-
odore Smith, the station at the base of the mountain.
In June, 1873, special observations were made at the
base, elevation, 2,898 ft.; at station 3(Waumbeck Junc-
tion), elevation, 4,058 ft. ; station 2, elevation, 5,553 ft. ;
summit, elevation, 6,285 ft. During May of the same
year, there were special observations at the base and sum-
mit. All these observations were made under the general
supervision of Sergt. Thornett.
Sergt. Thornett was relieved June Ist, 1874, and was
succeeded by Sergt. Wm. Line, who had been his Senior
Assistant since Sept. 17th, 1872.
Sergt. Line was relieved June 30th, 1877, and was
succeeded by Sergt. O. S. M. Cone, who remained until
the winter of 1877, when he was relieved by Private W.
D. Murphy.
Private Murphy was relieved Aug., 1878, and was suc-
ceeded by Sergt. W. S. Jewell, who now has charge of
the station.
After remarks from Mr. Grorcr D. Purperen, of
Salem, on the Flora of the mountain region, and of the
cultivation of those gems of the vegetable kingdom which
are beginning to be better known under the general name
of “Alpine Plants,” the meeting adjourned. It was a
pleasant meeting, and an appropriate close to this event-
ful day.
On Friday morning, the party ascended Mt. Washing-
ton; on Saturday morning, left for: Crawfords, spent the
forenoon in visiting some of the places of note in that
vicinity, and in the afternoon, took the cars for Salem, by
the Eastern Railroad, arriving at 8.47 P. M.
Se
151
ReeutsarR Meetine, Monpay, SEPTEMBER 16, 1878.
MeetineG this evening. The PresmenrT in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.
Daniel Mansfield Shepard was elected a resident mem-
ber. °°"
Tue 250TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE LANDING OF
JoHN ENpDICOTT, WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18TH, 1878.
THe 250th anniversary of the landing of John Endicott
at Salem, was commemorated this day, under the auspices.
of the Essex Institute. The day was one of the love-
liest of the season. There was no parade, and no pro-
cession. At eleven o’clock in the forenoon, the exer-
cises were commenced in the Mechanic Hall; consisting
of organ voluntary by Mr. B. J. Lang; reading of the
Scriptures, and Prayer, by Rev. Robert C. Mills; original
Hymn by Rev. Jones Very; poem by Rev. Charles T.
Brooks; original ode by Rey.’S. P. Hill; oration by
Hon. Wm. C. Endicott; hymn “The breaking waves
dashed high,” Mrs. Hemans, rendered by Mrs. J. H.
West; poem by Wm. W. Story, read by Prof. J. W.
Churchill; one hundredth Psalm, sung by chorus and
audience ; benediction.
After the literary exercises, the invited guests and sub-
seribers proceeded to Hamilton Hall, where an elegant
lunch, provided by Mr. E. P. Cassell, was served. The
floral decorations, consisted of elaborate centre pieces of
choice cut flowers, from the green-houses of Mr. H. W.
Putnam. The menu was an elegant piece of typography,
and bore a fine line engraving of the old Governor. The
152
PRESIDENT presided. Rev. E. C. Bolles officiated as
Toastmaster, and the divine blessing was invoked by
Rev. Dr. Mills.
The PresipENT opened the after-dinner exercises, fol-
lowed by Rev. E. C. Bolles, Toastmaster, Gov. A. H.
Rice, Mayor H. K. Oliver, Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, |
Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Rev. Dean Stanley, Hon. Wm.
C. Endicott, Hon. Leverett Saltonstall, Prof. Benjamin
Peirce, Hon. Geo. B. Loring, Rev. Fielder Israel, Joseph
H. Choate, Esq., Benjamin H. Silsbee, Esq., Rev. Edward
S. Atwood (omitted in the delivery, on account of the
lateness of the hour). A full account is printed in the
**Historical Collections” of the Institute, vol. XV.
Frietp MEET nG At Ipswicu, Fripay, OctopEer 4, 1878.
Tus morning, a party consisting of some one hundred,
members and friends of the Institute, assembled at the
station of the Eastern Railroad in Salem, to take the train
for Ipswich, and after a ride of some twenty minutes ar-
rived at the place of destination. Messrs. Palmer, Kim-
ball and other Ipswich friends were there, awaiting to
conduct the party to the wharf, for an excursion in the
Steamer “Carlotta,” down the river to Plum Island, and
the adjacent coast.
The sail on the river was very pleasant, the scenery
diversified ; passing by at first cultivated fields with scat-
tered farm houses and buildings; afterwards rough and
somewhat uneven land, and esr ya used. for pas-
turage.
After tarrying some two hours in examining the pecu-
liarities of the place, and the various points ‘of interest,
ee
153
returned to Ipswich, and found in the Seminary Hall
where the baskets had been deposited, well spread tables
for the midday lunch.
At 3p. M. the afternoon session was held in the Man-
ning school building. The PrestpENT in the chair. Rec-
ords read. The PresmpENT in his opening remarks,
spoke of some of the distinguished men in the various
professions and callings who had, in the past, originated.
in old Ipswich, and had made their mark in the places of
their adoption ; of the previous meetings held in this town
and the vicinity, and of the objects and work of the In-
stitute. He said that at these meetings, subjects of his-
toric interest, or the finding of specimens of Natural
History, and suggestions arising thereupon, are introduced
for discussion; at this time it is proposed to vary the
programme, and to speak of some of the chemical pro-
ducts of ‘the sea; salt water and what it contains, and
he called upon Prof. Isaac J. Ossun of the State Normal
School, Salem, to respond.
Prof. Ospun, having placed upon the table several
agents and reagents, also some apparatus to illustrate his
remarks, said :—
No one can have failed to see in his rambles along the
sea shore during the earlier part of the day, tiny, shining
crystals covering the rocks where the sea water has been
thrown up by the wind and dried away by the sun. Exa-
mine these crystals with the microscope, and they will be
found to be wonderfully symmetrical in form, quite as
much so as the plants and shells and other objects which
you have collected to-day from the organic world of life.
The power of crystalization is not a whit less wonderful,
nor is its action in any respect better understood than the
action of the mysterious forces exhibited by living beings.
154
The power of dissolving substances is a property com-
mon to all liquids. And what a curious property it is!
Into this tall glass of water I pour a teaspoonful of salt,
and it suddenly disappears as though it were totally anni-
hilated.. The water does not seem to have been changed
in the least. And yet, we need not ask where this salt
is, for, when I pour a few drops of water from the tall
glass into this hot porcelain dish, pure water is driven off
in the form of steam, and we find the ‘salt beautifully
crystalized around the edge of the dish.
If I were to evaporate one gallon of ordinary sea water
to dryness, I should obtain about one-quarter of a pound
of salt. This does not seem a great amount, but a barrel
of ocean water will yield nine pounds of salt. If the
ocean were but three feet deep and were then dried up,
it would leave a layer of salt at the bottom one inch deep,
while if it were three miles deep it would wade: if evap-
orated, a layer of salt 280 feet thick.
It has been estimated that the entire ocean contains
three millions of cubic miles of salt. . This would make
a cube about 140 miles in each of its dimensions. It
would just about cover the two states of New Hampshire
and Vermont and would be about 150 miles high.
The question naturally arises, whence comes this great
amount of salt? But when we see rivers of water flow-
ing through regions of country filled with salt mines, it is
easily answered. Some of these salt beds are very large.
A single body of salt in Poland is 1200 miles long,
twenty miles wide and one-fourth of a mile thick.
What is salt? The chemist will answer in this way.
Pour upon some black oxide of manganese, a substance
often used for making oxygen, some. strong hydrochloric
acid. A dense green gas will be given off, which has a
very disagreeable and penetrating odor like chloride of
lime, or bleaching powder. Because of its green color,
oe. —“—
iia ae
155
it is called chlorine, from the Greek word meaning green.
Now this gas is one of the constituents of common salt.
You will see it issuing from the vessel where the acid and
black oxide off manganese were mixed. If I dip a clean
platinum wire into this solution of common salt and then
thrust it into this blue flame of the spirit lamp, the flame
is at once colored a deep orange. You see at once that
common salt must be the substance used to produce the
yellow color in fireworks. In the neighborhood of the
ocean the air becomes filled with fine particles of salt,
which it deposits abundantly on all objects it comes near ;
on the leaves of trees, on the grass, on our houses and on
our garments. As you see, I have but to brush my coat
sleeve and the flame of the spirit lamp is colored a deep
yellow. From this bottle, which is nearly filled with
naphtha, I take a piece of dark gray substance which is
soft as putty, and which, when cut, shows a bright metal-
lic surface, which looks like freshly cut lead. I throw a
piece of it upon water and you see it kindles and is
quickly burned up. I find that this water, which was
pure before, is now a weak solution of soda lye, such as
is used for cleansing and for making hard soap. I dip
the platinum wire into this solution and then thrust it
into the flame, and you see again the orange colored light.
A very minute portion of this substance when put into a
flame can be seen by the help of the spectroscope. One
fifty millionth of a grain is easily detected by means of
this most delicate instrument. This substance is called
sodium. It is the other constituent of common salt.
These two elements, chlorine and sodium, give salt the
name chloride of sodium. We thus see that common salt
is a compound of a green gas with a bright glistening
metal. .
But there are many other substances in sea water.. A
156
long time ago sponges applied to a goitered neck were
found to be a somewhat efficient cure. Later, the ashes
only of the sponges were used, and finally, an element
obtained from these ashes, which was called iodine, from
the beautiful violet color of its vapor. We are all more
or less familiar with this substance in the form of tincture
of iodine, which is a solution of iodine in alcohol, and
also with the iodide of potassium, a very potent medicine.
Todine is now obtained from the ashes of sea-weeds which
have absorbed it from the sea water, and have stored it
away in their tissue. Besides common salt and sodium
compounds, we find in sea water chlorides of potassium,
calcium, magnesium; also the sulphates and carbonates
of these metals, together with some of the bromides. All
these salts make the water of the ocean heavier than com-
mon spring or fresh water, and hence its greater buoyant
effect upon ships and all swimming bodies.
Sea water contains considerable gold in solution, and
when we find that the ocean is estimated to contain about
two million tons of silver, the question arises, could it
not in some chemical way be profitably worked as a mine
for the precious metals.
Mr. Cuartes Dersy, formerly of Salem, and for many.
years a resident of the Sandwich Islands, was present by
invitation, and being called upon by the President, gave
an interesting sketch of this group of islands; described
the growth of the cocoa-nut, and other plants found grow-
ing luxuriantly in that locality.
The train for Salem being due, the meeting adjourned,
after having unanimously adopted the following resolu-
tions, proposed by Mr. WurprLe :—
. Resolved, That the cordial thanks of the Essex Institute
a i a te
157
are tendered to Dr. Charles H. Palmer, E. P. Kimball,
Esq., and other gentlemen of Ipswich, for favors received ;
to Mrs. Palmer, Miss Treadwell, and other ladies of Ips-
wich for the refreshing lunch so tastefully served; to the
gentlemen in charge of Seminary Hall, and the Manning
school building, for the use of their rooms, and to Mr.
Batchelder, who kindly furnished his barge for the mem-
bers of the Institute.
Rea@utarR Meetine, Monpar, Oct. 7, 1878.
PRESIDENT in the chair. Records read.
Mrs. G. G. Newhall of Salem, and Mr. J. H. Lefavour
of Beverly, were elected resident members.
<=>»
ReeutarR Meetine, Monpay, Oct. 21, 1878.
MEETING this evening. The Presipenr in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.
Rev. W. H. Meredith, and Mr. Charles H. Goss, both
of Salem, were elected resident members.
The PrestpEnt spoke of some bequests to the Institute,
by the will of the late Miss Caroline R. Derby of Salem,
consisting of two half length portraits. by Copley, of Mr.
and Mrs. Timothy Fitch ; and two portraits by C. Osgood,
of Mr. and Mrs. E. Hersey Derby, the grandparents and
parents of the testatrix; also a collection of shells, some
engravings, and a small lot of land on Derby street in
Salem.
The pictures by Copley were painted between 1760 and
1767. They are in a good state of preservation and of
life size. Timothy Fitch, a distinguished merchant of
Boston, is represented seated by a table; the costume
158
is a gold-laced coat and waist-coat, with a white wig and
silk ‘stockings: The companion picture, the wife of the
above, is represented as sitting holding her work near a
small table; the dress is a purplish nas satin with blue
lining; behind is heavy green drapery. She was Eunice
Browne, daughter of Col. Benjamin and Eunice (Turner)
Browne of Salem; b. 13 Sept., 1731; m., 1st, 3 Sept.,:
1751, Capt. Ichabod Plaisted, jr., of Salem, who died
2 Jan., 1755, aged 34; m., 2dly, in 1760, Timothy Fitch
of Boston. She died 27 June, 1799. This family of
Browne was distinguished for wealth, liberality, and cul-
ture, and resided in Salem during the entire colonial and
provincial periods of the history of Massachusetts.
After the transaction of some business matters, the
meeting adjourned. :
Reeutar Meetine, Monpay, Nov. 4, 1878.
MeeEtING this evening. Records read. Donations and
correspondence aisnounedd:
Rev. C. C. Carpenter of Peabody, and Mr. B. F. Cutt
mings of Salt Lake City, Utah, were elected members.
—<[»—
Reeutar Meeting, Monpay, Nov. 18, 1878.
MEETING this evening. Presmpent in the chair. Ree-
ords read. \
Mr. E. Frank Balch of Salem, was elected a member.
The following paper was presented by Mr. J. S. Kings-
ley: “Notes on the Pacific Coast Crustacea,” by Wm. N.
Lockington.
Referred to the publication committee.
NOTES ON
PACIFIC COAST CRUSTACEA.
By W. N. Lockineron.
Crangon nigricauda Stimpson.
The identity of this species with the C. vulgaris of the Atlantic is
suspected. Owen, and after him Dana, mentions it as C. vulgaris, and
Kingsley, in his ‘‘List of the North American Caridea” (Bull. Essex
Inst., Vol. 10, Nos. 4, 5, 6, p. 54) says of C. nigricauda, C. vulgaris, and
C. alaskensis Lock. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1876, p. 34), ‘‘I am inclined
to consider the three species above as the same, but need larger series
to decide.” :
In an unpublished MSS., written previous to the publication of the
above list, I find the following notes: ‘‘C. alaskensis does not appear,
on further examination, to be distinct: Minute black spots, like those
scattered over the body and hands in the specimens described under
this name, are also abundant in fresh specimens of C. nigricauda from
San Francisco Bay, and sometimes persist in alcohol.”
This species, therefore, is known to range along the Pacific coast
from Alaska to San Diego, from which last locality were obtained
specimens which, from the persistence in a dried state of a single
black spot on each side of the tail, were described by me as (C. nigro-
maculata (Proc. Cal. Acad., loc. cit.).
Crangon munitus Dana, U. S. Ex. Exp. Crust., p. 536, pl. xxxiii,
fig. 5.
A well-armed form obtained in Magdalena Bay, Lower Cal., by W.
J. Fisher, and having, besides the infra-orbital, antennal, and hepatic
spines, four spines upon the upper surface of the carapax, one on
each side of the centre line, and two spines in the centre line, the
posterior one placed far back, must, I believe, be referred to this spe-
cies, which is thus proved to have a very considerable range, since
Dana obtained it in Puget Sound. The rostrum is broader than usual
in the genus, and the last abdominal segment is exceedingly com-
pressed, the abdomen tapering rapidly at the fifth segment.
(159)
160
Hippolyte taylori Stimpson, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, p. 500
ext. p. 60), 1857.
Three or four specimens from Magdalena Bay (Fisher) evidently
belong to this species, having the peculiar rostrum with the second
and third spines almost above the terminal one. The stout first pair
of feet, and the second pair reaching to the tips of the maxillipeds, as
described by Stimpson. Length of largest specimen 1,/; inches.
Hippolyte palpator Owen, Zoology of the Voyage of the Blossom
(Capt. Beechey), Crustacea, p. 89, pl. xxviii, f. 3, 1839. Stimpson,
Proc. Cal. Acad., I, p. 89 (1856). Jbid, Jour. Bost. Soc., VI, p.
499 (1857). ;
HI. brevirostris of Dana (U. S. Expl. Ex. Crust., I, p. 566, pl. xxxvi,
f. 5) is not improbably a variety of this species (vid. Stimpson, l. ¢.,
p. 500). A single specimen from the bay of San Francisco in the
Museum of the California Academy has but one tooth on the under
side of the rostrum near the extremity, which is bifid and furnished
with six teeth above. The maxillipeds are very long, about half as
long as the entire body, and are spinulose internally at their tips.
The basal joint of antennule has a spine, longer than the rostrum, at
its base. The next joint has a smaller lateral spine and there is a
sharp spine on the last joint of the peduncle, immediately over the
centre of the third flagellum. The telson has two rows of fine, short,
sharp spines, and two larger spines on the posterior margin. The
penultimate abdominal segment has two teeth on each side of the
posterior margin and the epimera of the two preceding segments are
prolonged backward into a spine.
The chief difference between this and Owen’s description of H. pal-
pator is in the number of rostral teeth, but as these are variable in
this genus I hesitate to describe it as new, preferring to refer it to
one of the above forms. :
Several specimens from Magdalena Bay agree with H. palpator in
the length of external maxillipeds, but have the rostrum with four
teeth above. H. palpator was found at Monterey by Capt. Beechey,
in the Straits of De Fuca by the Exploring Expedition, and in San
Francisco Bay (Stimpson).
Hippolyte hemphillii, described by myself (Proc. Cal. Acad., vii, p.
35 (1876) ) from an imperfect dried specimen, is probably only a vari-
ety of the above species with an extremely short rostrum. This
variety has been found at Magdalena Bay and San Diego. The ros-
trum is equal in length to the eyes; the terminal tooth is simple, the
next smaller and considerably behind the terminal one.
161
Hippolyte layi Owen, l. c., p. 90, p. xxvii, f. 3.
Owen’s description of this species is very brief and the rostrum only
is figured. Two examples in the collection of the California Academy
from the west coast of Alaska, north of Behring’s Straits, agree so
nearly with H. layi in the form of rostrum that I believe them iden-
tical. According to Owen the rostrum has ten spines above and four
below, besides the terminal tooth. The specimens above referred to
have, as in Owen’s figure, a long lamellate ensiform rostrum, below
well in front of the eyes are five nearly equal teeth, directed forwards,
rostral tip long and sharp; above with seven unequally spaced teeth,
the three posterior ones near together and on the carapax. Rostrum
as Jong as or longer than the carapax, and has a thickened midrib
from which the spines project as lamelle of varying width. Antennal
spine prominent. One specimen has a prominent spine upon the ab-
domen at the bend of its central segment. External maxillipeds
comparatively short, and hidden entirely beneath the antennal scales.
Basal joint of antennule spinose. Total length 1? inches.
Palzemon longipes. Nov. sp.
Rostrum longer than antennal scale, reflexed towards extremity,
armed with eight teeth above, and six below, without including the
slender bifid terminal tooth. First teeth on upper margin, small, sit-
uated on the carapax, and separated from the following six, which are
close together, eighth tooth nearer the tip than to the seventh tooth.
Six lower teeth nearly equidistant, the first (beginning at the rear)
immediately beneath the sixth of the upper series, the sixth beneath.
the eighth upper tooth. A spine on each side of the carapax, imme-
diately above the antennal scale, and a second spine farther back and
slightly below the first. Peduncle of antennule shorter than the an-
tennal scale, basal joint armed with a strong spine externally, two
external flagella united for some distance, the inner of the two very
short, the outer very long, exceeding in length the internal flagella.
Antennal scale longer than peduncle of autennule, flagellum as long
as the body from tip of rostrum to tail.
External maxillipeds, when extended, reaching somewhat beyond
the antennal peduncle, slender, setose, especially on the terminal joint.
First pair of limbs slender, cylindrical, meros half as long again as
ischium, carpus longer than meros, and three times as long as the ma-
nus; fingers blue, closely fitting, nearly as long as palmer portion of
manus. ;
Second pair of legs exceedingly long and slender (in the male), is-
chium comparatively short and very slender; meros more than twice.
as long as ischium, and stouter; carpus exceeding the meros by two,
ESSEX INST. BULL. x 18
.
162
thirds; propodus slightly longer than carpus; fingers parallel, slightly
defiected from the line of the palm, without teeth, their inner and outer
surfaces densely pubescent.
Manus of the second pair minutely spinulose to the base, of the fin-
gers; carpus and meros spinulose, the spinules larger on the under
surface, where they form distinct longitudinal rows.
Posterior legs smooth, cylindrical, sparsely pubescent.
Terminal segment of abdomen with seven spinules, three at the tip
the central one fixed, the lateral ones articulated, and two pairs situ-
ated farther forward, the anterior pair at about the middle of the
length of the segment.
Three or four specimens were taken in Mulege River, on the West
coast of the Gulf of California, by W. I. Fisher.
This species closely resembles P. dasydactylus Streets (Proc. Phil.
Acad., 1871, 225) which is quoted by Kingsley, in his List of North
American Caridea (Bull. Essex Inst., Vol. X, Nos. 4, 5, 6) as a syno-
nym of P. forceps M. Edward. The principal differences traceable are
in the proportions of the joints of the first pair of legs, the manus in
the present species being shorter than in P. dasydactylus, in the greater
length of the articulations of the second pair in this species, as com-
pared with their-thickness; and in the spines of the terminal abdomi-
nal segment, which are only five in.Dr. Streets’ species.
The differences are so small, and the resemblances so great, as to
suggest the possibility of actual near relationship; and it is not im-
probable that in this form we meet with the descendants of such of
the Atlantic P. forceps as penetrated into the Pacific when the oceans
-were connected at what.is now the Isthmus of Panama.
The female resembles the male, except in the second pair of limbs,
which are much smaller, smooth, shorter, and more slender, and have
the proportions of the joints reversed, the manus shorter than the
carpus, and the latter shorter than the meros.
The specimens were obtained in August, and the females were
loaded with ova.
The teeth on the upper side of the rostrum vary somewhat, the tip,
which is blunt in one specimen, is bifid in another, and one of the
males has only eight teeth on the upper edge.
Following are the dimensions of a male and female : —
: 3 2
Totallength, . x wit . 105 millims. 82 millims.
Length of carapax, iudiuaing pontine : 51 es B72 8
66 ‘* flagellum of antenne, “ er sn oe * 95 8
“ ¢ outerflagellumofantennule,. 90 “ — «
‘6 ‘* first pair of legs, . ‘ - cag DBs... AF
163
o .
Length of second pair of legs, c - 167 millims. 39 millims.
ae ‘“* third pair of legs, . : “ 55 cs — «
+ ‘“* manus of first pair, ; ; 60 “ JO FE
“s ‘¢ carpus “ : ° ‘ 55 ne 18. «§
a ‘* meros ; 3 35 s TGs
Notwithstanding the great difference in the proportions of the
joints of the second pair of limbs in the males and females, I think
there is no doubt they belong to the same species, since they were
taken on the same occasion, and in other respects resemble each other
closely.
In every point except those mentioned above, my specimens agree
with Streets’ description and figure, yet they are from the western
shore of the Gulf of California, while his specimens were from Coat-
zoalios River, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and the species has always
been.known as an Atlantic one. Yet the differences are so small as to
be, in my opinion, only varietal, and a parallel case occurs in the
genus Alpheus, where A. heterochelis and A. minus are common to both
the Atlantic and Pacific shores.
Pontonia margarita S. I. Smith, Am. Naturalist, 1869, vol. III,
p. 245, foot note.
This species, originally described from individuals collected at Pan-
ama, was taken in considerable numbers at Port Escendido, Mulege
Bay and Gulf of California, by W. I. Fisher, in August, 1876, at which
date the females were with spawn.
The color after a month in spirits, was a light rose tint, with occa-
sionally some dark markings upon the hands.
The specimens agree in every respect with Smith’s description, and
inhabited the same shell, viz., Margaritophora jimbriata.
Pontonia pinne nov. sp.
Body slightly depressed; carapax smooth, rostrum elongate-trian-
gular, deflected, the tip lying between the base of the antennule;
antennal spine prominent.
Peduncles of eyes short, broad ovate, cornea much narrower than
the peduncle.
Peduncle of antennule exceeding the rostrum by the length of its
distal joint, flagella not longer than the two last joints of the peduncle
subequal, the outer stouter than the inner.
Antennal scale broad, as long as antennular peduncle, antennal fla-
gellum extending hackwards to about the middle of the carapax.
164
First pair of limbs slender, carpus and meros sub-equal, propodus
about two thirds the length of carpus, dactyli about equal to pela
portion.
Second pair greatly developed, equal to the body in the female, and
exceeding it in the male; propodus stout, dactyli one half as long as
the palmar portion, pollex with two large obtuse teeth on its inner
border, and a slightly hooked point, dactylus slender, with a large
sharp-pointed, triangular, compressed tooth in the middle of its length,
closely fitting between the teeth of the pollex. f
Dactyli of hinder four pairs bi-unguiculate. ;
Three last segments of pleon compressed, a spine on each side of
the posterior border of the penultimate segment. —
Total length of a well-grown specimen from tip of rostrum to end
of abdomen, about 34 millims; length of manus of adult male, 17
millims; ditto of a well-grown female 13 millims.
The females are similar to the males, but the manus of the second
pair is somewhat shorter.
Several specimens were taken from the interior of the shell of the
common Pinna, of the Gulf of California; localities: Angelas Bay,
Mulege Bay, San José Island. They were collected in the months of
July and August, at which date the females were loaded with eggs.
From P. margarita §. I. Smith, this species may readily be distin-
guished by the much greater development of the manus of the second
pair. From M. Edwards’ description of P. tyrrhena (Hist. Nat. des
Crust., Vol. II, p: 361), which inhabits the Pinna of the Mediterra-
nean, this species differs in lacking the tooth upon the rostrum.
Sicyonia penicillata n. s.
Rostrum deep, shorter than peduncles of eyes, with four spines
above, one forming the tip, the next immediately above and slightly
posterior to it, the third midway between the second and fourth,
which is upon the carapax. Carina of rostrum extending backwards
the whole length of the carapax; developing a strong spine, directed
forwards, just anterior to the centre of the carapax, and a stronger
similar spine near its posterior border.
Central carina higher behind the former of these spines, curving
upwards to the posterior spine, then downwards till it disappears on
the posterior border of the carapax.
Spines of rostrum preceded by a few hairs, the central spine of car-
apax by quite a mane of hairs, and the poatarior spine with a similar
mane.
A spine on the exterior orbital margin, and a second posterior to it,
on the hepatic region,
165
First segment of pleon with a triangular spine, behind which a low
central carina is continued to the extremity of the sixth segment of
the pleon, rising into a spine on the posterior margin of the fifth and
sixth segments.
Opthalmic peduncle shorter than the basal joint of antennule, cor-
nea large, broader than the peduncle, its width about equal to the
length of the visible portion of the latter.
Basal joint of antennular peduncle broad, armed with two sharp
lateral spines, one behind the other, in a line with the lateral spines of
the carapax; flagella of antennule scarcely as long as the two distal
joints of the peduncle, the joints much shorter than broad. —
Spine of antennal scale extending slightly beyond the antennular
peduncle, the squamose portion broad, not longer than the spinose
portion.
Peduncle of antenne slightly shorter than that of antennule, its
terminal joint setose on its internal margin, flagellum much shorter
than the body, its articulations broader than long, especially the prox-
imal portion, where they are depressed and margined with seta inter- —
nally and externally.
Outer maxillepeds extending beyond antennal peduncle, the propo-
dus margined internally with long sete.
Meros, carpus and propodus of first pair of legs equal in length, all
the joints of second pair longer, but the carpus longer than the meros;
in the third pair, which extends beyond the outer maxillipeds when
straightened, all the joints are longer than in the second pair, and
the slender carpus almost twice the length of the propodus.
Propodi of three first pairs similar, that of the third pair somewhat
longest, fingers parallel, equal to the palmer portion in the first and
second pairs* but shorter in the third. :
Fifth pair longer than the fourth, dactyli laminate.
A spine at the tip of the outer caudal appendage externally.
Length of a large specimen, = . ; o. Sg!
Length of carapax, ° - é et ics (O°B5/!
Length of outerantenne, . : - =1°85!'
Dredged from a depth of 14 sathvonee, a Bolinas Bay, Lower Cali-
fornia; also obtained in Angeles Bay, Gulf of California. (W. J.
Fisher.) °
Color after two weeks exposure to alcohol, bright red; with a dark
red-brown ocellated spot on each side of the carapax. Antenne blu-
ish.
A longer exposure to alcoho] has bleached the body, but the anten-
ne still show traces of blue, and the spots on the carapax, though
obsolete in one specimen, remain dark and conspicuous in another.
This form resembles S. carinata Dana (U.S. Ex. Exp. Crust., I, p.
602), but the rostrum is more prominent.
A LIST OF THE
BIRDS OF THE HUDSON HIGHLANDS,
WITH ANNOTATIONS. ~
By Epear A. Mearns.
ABOUT Six years ago, in 1872, I first formed the plan of working up
the ornithology of this region as thoroughly as possible. Since that
time I have been constantly at work in the field at all seasons of the
year, except during the summer months, when other business has
almost wholly interrupted my ornithological work. This is to be
regretted, for, otherwise, I might have observed the breeding-habits
of a greater number of our rarer summer residents; and probably
should have secured some of the southern forms that occasionally
wander northward, during the hot months of summer.
My residence is, for such a purpose, very happily located at High-
land Falls, New York; affording, from its position, an excellent point ° -
for ornithological observation. It is “situated on the right [west]
bank of the Hudson River, fifty-one miles above New York City, in
the midst of a range of the Alleghany Mountains known ps the High-
lands. Latitude, 41° 23’ north; longitude, 3° 3! east.”?
The su«face of the country is exceedingly varied, abounding in high
mountains with enormous perpendicular cliffs, while large streams
flow in the valleys. Lakes, ponds, and brooks are very numerous,
affording, as they do, favorite resorts for both migrating and station-
ary birds.. The numerous islands of the Hudson afford choice resting
places for migrating flocks of small birds, which prefer to follow, on
their long and fatiguing vernal and autumnal journeyings, the course
of the river. The whole region is wild, and sparsely inhabited.
~T have prosecuted my researches, on foot, in the three adjacent
counties, bordering the Hudson on either side—Orange, Rockland,
and Ulster, on the west; and Dutchess, Putnam, and Westchester, on
1The situation, as above quoted, is from ‘Circular No. 8, Surgeon General’s
Office,” and refers to the West Point Military Academy, a mile north of Highland
Falls. :
(166)
167
the east side. But most of my investigations and collections have
been made along the river-banks, near my residence, or, as the title
expresses it, in the ‘‘Highlands,”—a section of the river-valley ex-
tending north from Kidd’s Point, or Caldwell’s Landing, for a distance
of twenty miles. ;
The mountain slopes are thickly wooded in most places, but in the
rocky soil the deciduous trees seldom grow to a very large size. The
river slopes are, for the most part, thickly clothed with coniferous
trees, affording food and shelter for the winter residents. The follow-
ing list of Coniferew belongs to our flora: —
Pinus rigida, Miller. Pitch Pine.
Pinus strobus, Linné, “White Pine.
Abies canadensis, Michx. Hemlock.
Thuja occidentalis, Linné. American Arbor Vite.
Juniperus communis, Linné. Common Juniper.
Juniperus virginiana, Linné. Red Cedar.
Taxus baccata var. canadensis. American Yew; Ground Hemlock.
The Hudson River constitutes a natural channel, through which the
tide of semi-annual migration always pours with more than ordinary
vigor; and it also affords an avenue of approach for the numerous
aquatic species that visit us during the migrations, or remain here
during the summer. Hence many of the marine species visit us dur-
ing their migrations. ;
Zoologists are familiar with the fact, that rivers are very important
factors in limiting or extending different faunze. It is known thata
given avi-fauna may be prolonged by them in streaks. This is a
demonstrable fact, and is equally applicable to other classes of ani-
mals, and even to the flora. Of the mammals, the common Opossum
(Didelphys virginiana) may be cited as illustrating this influence. This
species finds its northernmost extension along the west bank of the
Hudson. It also illustrates the restrictionary effect of rivers. The
Hudson interposes a barrier to the progress of the species eastward,
and, accordingly, it has rarely—never to my knowledge—been ob-
served on the east bank of the river, though it is not uncommon upon
the opposite side; occurring at least as far up as Newburgh. Among
the plants, I shall cite but a single species, the common persimmon
(Diospyros virginiana), which has also crept up the Hudson to a con-
siderable distance from the general northern boundary of its habitat.
DeKay wrote the following, in confirmation of the above-mentioned
facts, as long ago as 1844: ‘‘On the other hand, the Hudson River
appears to form a natural geographical limit.to the extension of some
species, at least in any considerable numbers. Thus, the Opossum of
the South rarely, if ever, outstrips this boundary; among the reptiles,
168
the, Chain Snake and Brown Swift, and the Buzzard and many other
species among the birds.”* C. Hart Merriam, in his ‘“‘ Review of the
Birds of Connecticut,”* has clearly brought out the fact, previously
alluded to by Mr. H. A. Purdy,‘ that the avi-fauna of Connecticut, ex-
hibits a marked Carolinian tinge along its southern border. Merriam
adds, furthermore, that this tinge is especially well-marked about the
mouth, and ‘runs up the valley of the Connecticut River, extending
completely through the State, and even into Massachusetts.” The.
valley of the Connecticut exhibits, in this respect, precisely similar
conditions to those presented by the Hudson River Valley. ;
Prof. J. A. Allen wrote,® in 1871, ‘On the Atlantic coast. this fauna
[Carolinian] includes Long Island and a small portion of Southeastern
New York.” He also enumerated thirty-two species as being in a
general way “limited in their northern range” by this fauna, adding
that a few of them occur also ‘‘as stragglers in the Alleghanian
Fauna.” Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell has recently published an excellent
paper, in the ‘‘ Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club” (Vol. III,
No. 3, July, 1878), entitled ‘‘ Evidences of the Carolinian Fauna in the
Lower Hudson Valley. Principally from observations taken at River-
dale, N. Y.” In this article, the author entirely confirms Mr. Allen’s
views concerning the Carolinian Fauna in Southeastern New York;
proving that the lower Hudson, about Riverdale (near New York
City), is furnished with a considerable number of species, many of
them quite common summer residents, which belong strictly to that
division of fauna, known to ornithologists as the Carolinian. Mr.
Bicknell remarks :— .
‘*The boundaries of faunal areas are usually of ‘an extremely irregu-
lar nature, and in their territorial relations contiguous faune often
present a series of mutual interpenetrations, the apparent invasion of
one province of an adjoining district of course being coincident with
an opposite extension or penetration of the invaded territory. Thus.
from near the northeastern boundary of the Carolinian Fauna two
main branches emanate,— one striking up into the valley of the Hud-
son; the other extending along the Connecticut coast and into the
Connecticut valley, through which reaching the Massachusetts border.
The relations between these two tributaries at their junction with the
main body of the fauna to which they belong, or their consolidation
before reaching that point, is at present but very superficially under-
stood; but from what knowledge we have in the matter it would
2 Zoology of New York, Part I, Mammalia, Preface, p. 10, 1844.
3 Transactions of the Connecticut Academy, Vol. IV, pp. 1 to 150, 1877.
4Am. Nat., Vol. VII, No. 11, p. 693, Nov., 1873.
5 Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. I, pp. 398, 894, April, 1871.
169
appear that their interception occurred somewhere near the mouth of
the Hudson, thus including New York city and vicinity in the angle
formed by their divergence. The northern limit of the Hudson River
branch is as yet undetermined.”
Then follows an enumeration of the species, belonging to this cate-
gory, which Mr. Bicknell has discovered in the neighborhood of River-
dale, which are as follows: Mimus polyglottus (Mocking Bird) ; Lopho-
phanes bicolor (Tufted Titmouse) ; Thryothorus ludovicianus (Carolina
Wren); Helmitherus vermivorus (Worm-eating Warbler); Helmitho-
phaga pinus (Blue-winged Yellow Warbler); Helmithophaga chrysop-
tera (Golden-winged Warbler); Oporornis formosus (Kentucky War-
bler); Myiodioctes mitratus (Hooded Warbler); Stelgidopteryx serri-
pennis (Rough-winged Swallow); Cardinalis virginianus (Cardinal
Red-bird); Corvus ossifragus (Fish Crow, seen, but not captured);
Empidonax acadicus (Acadian Flycatcher); and Strix flammea (Barn
Owl, seen, in New York city, by Mr. H. B. Bailey).
That this Carolinian tinge extends for a considerable distance up
the Hudson, not only to the Highlands, but through, and a little
_beyond, I shall be able to show in the following list. Unquestionably,
we owe to the Hudson River the possession, as abundant summer resi-
dents, of such species as Helmitherus vermivorus, Helminthophaga
pinus, Siurus motacilla, Icteria virens, and several other species, which
accession gives to our avi-fauna its Carolinian tinge; it belonging,
otherwise, to the division of country known as the Alleghanian Fauna.
To map out the exact dividing lines of the different faunal areas, is
one of the most important and attractive branches of zoological 're-
search; while the labor of determining the precise range of habitat
for each species, is, indeed, an arduous task, and one that, from its
importance, must claim a large share of the attention of our ornithol-
ogists for many years to come.
The present list of our birds is intended to embrace only those spe-
cies which have actually been captured within the described limits; or
those which have been seen under circumstances which admit of not
the slightest doubt of the accuracy of the observations. To this enu-
meration is appended a separate list of the species whose occurrence
is probable— especially such as have been observed in contiguous dis-
tricts.
It seems unnecessary to discuss, at any great length, the problem
of the extinction of a number of species that were formerly abundant;
but are not now to be found at all within our limits. I will, therefore,
simply mention that several species have only disappeared within the
past few years, while others have long since passed away. Among
the former, were two of our most prized game birds, the Wild Turkey
(Meleagris gallopavo), and the Pinnated Grouse or Prairie Chicken
170
(Cupidonia cupido), both of which were given by DeKay, in 1844, as
still occurring in New York. Of the Wild Turkey he wrote:® they
‘as I am well informed, are now only found in the counties of Sulli-
van, Rockland, Orange,’ Alleghany and Cattaraugus.” Of the Prairie
Chicken :§ ‘‘A few are still said to linger about Orange county in this
State.” Among the latter class may be mentioned the Great White
Pelican (Pelecanus trachyrhynchus), which was formerly numerous on
the Hudson, and other rivers and lakes in this State.
I take this means of expressing my warm gratitude to all who have
assisted in this work. To the following gentlemen my thanks are
especially due: Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell, of Riverdale; Mr. C. H.
Simpson, of Peekskill; Dr. A. K. Fisher, of Sing Sing; Mr. Peter
de Nottbeck, of Fishkill Landing; Mr. Josh Ward, of Cornwall, for
many valuable specimens and much information concerning our aqua-
tic birds; and to Prof. J. A. Allen and Dr. C. Hart Merriam for their
kind assistance in various ways. To Mr. Wm. Church Osborn, of
Garrisons, I am particularly indebted for much valuable material; and
for the use of the MSS. notes of his brother, my late lamented friend
and fellow laborer in this field, Frederic S. Osborn. !
It has been thought worth while to introduce, in condensed form,
the results of extensive tables of measurements of more than 1,900
specimens, that I have collected in the Highlands. The average di-
mensions of each species will be given, and any remarkable variations
noted.
A. List of all the species known to occur in the Hudson Highlands ;
giving the times of occurrence and their relative abundance, with notes on
the habits.
Family, TURDIDZA..
1. Turdus migratorius, Zinné. Rosin. An abundant summer,
and less common, winter resident; breeds abundantly. ;
The Robins usually place their nests on trees, but this is by no
means the situation always chosen. I have noticed them in various
other locations. One was placed on the top of a stump, at an eleva-
tion of fifteen feet; another on a stump chopped close to the ground.
About civilization, the nests are often placed on the rail-fences. Beams
in barns and dilapidated out-buildings often furnish them with shel--
' tered and comfortable places, wherein to establish house-keeping; so
comfortable, in fact, that they are loath to leave them, and so return
every spring to their old quarters. In some instances the identical
6 Zoology of New York, Part II, p. 200, 1844.
7Italics my own. 8 Same work, p. 206.
171
site of the last summer’s nest is selected for the new one, but, as their
economy and habits of cleanliness do not permit them to occupy the
same nest a second season, the old one is thrown down, and a new
one built in.its place. This, however, is often impossible, for the
Robins, though less artistic architects than some other birds, build
such substantial nests, that their masonry is capable of withstanding
the winds and storms of several seasons, after the builders are through
with them; hence it is sometimes impossible for the birds to make
much impression on the hardened walls, and, in such cases, if no
equally pleasant situation is at hand, a second nest is constructed on
top of the first, making a two-storied residence. It sometimes hap-
pens that a third structure is deposited above that, on the succeeding
season, though I have known of but one such instance. I once sawa
nest that was built on a brace, or ornamental support, of the building
at which toll is collected, on the American side of the Niagara suspen-
sion bridge, in a much frequented situation; attracting not a little
attention from the numerous visitors. If courteously received, Robins
will become quite familiar and friendly. On more than one occasion,
I have known them to build upon a piece of timber, just above the
door of a dwelling, beneath the porch, where, in one instance, a num-
ber of noisy children were frequently playing beneath. Lieut. Willis
Wittich, of Fort Klamath, Oregon, writes me that the Robins there
build their nests on the prairies, on the ground, or, if in the timber,
low down. I have seen an approach to these habits in our eastern
bird. I was shown (by my friend, Mr. Wm. Church Osborn, to whom
I am indebted for many valuable observations noted further on) a nest
built on the ground, in a hollow in the side of a sloping bank by the
roadside. I discovered another nest that was placed in a tangled
thicket of matted, vines and bushes, quite close to the ground.
All of the nesting sites mentioned above are unusual, and only go
to show how great an amount of variation is observable in the habits
of any species, when a sufficient number of individuals is examined;
of course these minor differences in traits or habits are greatly en-
hanced if our observations be made to extend over widely differing
areas of the bird’s habitat.
Robins commence laying early in May. Five nests were found, con-
taining five, three, four, one, and four eggs, respectively, on May 11th,
1872; in 1873, the first nest seen contained a single egg on May 6th;
on May 4th, 1874, the first nest was discovered, containing four eggs.
In warm, early seasons, the birds begin to nest at an earlier period
than usual; thus, during the remarkably advanced spring of 1878, I
observed that a pair of Robins were engaged in-constructing a nest as
early as the 15th of April, and, on the 27th of the same month, a nest
was found, containing the full complement (four) of eggs.
172
Among the Robin’s worst enemies may be ranked the Red ‘Squirrels:
(Sciurus hudsonius), for, though their young are subject to the attacks
of Crows, Jays, and particularly to the ravages of the Black Snake
(Bascanion constrictor), yet none of these enemies inflict as much
injury as the Squirrels, because, not only do they seek out and devour
the eggs, but the young are also eaten; and their numbers are in great
excess. But the Robins are very brave in defending their progeny,
and endless are the battles that take place between them and the
Squirrels. One of these tragedies took place right in front of my ;
house, on the 6th of June, 1873. Within my recollection no year has:
elapsed but that a pair of robins nested in a certain evergreen (Abies
excelsa), close to my residence. On the morning ‘in question, a Red
Squirrel came a considerable distance out of the woods, ascended to
this nest, and would have destroyed all the young ones, had not the’
parent returned just at the critical moment. The enraged bird dashed
furiously at the marauder, assaulting it in such a manner as to dash it»
to the ground, where the struggle was renewed, and kept up, till the:
Squirrel reached the trunk of a maple-tree, and quickly disappeared
among the branches, when the Robin returned, triumphant, to resume’
the care of her little ones, all but one of which were safe.
In early spring they feed largely upon earth worms, and may be seen
standing erect upon the lawn, listening intently for their prey. -On
the government reservation, at West Point, they are abundant. Often
during drills, they drop down upon the velvety grass of the parade
ground, where, from their erect posture and bright colored breasts,
they are exactly in keeping with the military aspect of their surround-
ings.
They are rather scarce winter residents throughout the Hudson Val-
ley; occurring at least as far north as the northers limit of the red
cedar (Juniperus virginiana), perhaps much farther. In the Highlands,
sizable flocks generally remain all winter amongst the cedars, in shel- .
tered localities, near the Hudson River. Their abundance does not
seem to depend upon the severity of the winter, for they are quite as
numerous in ‘cold, as in°warm, seasons. ' Very few were seen during
. the winter of 1877-78, which was the mildest I have ever experienced.
The wintering birds affect only certain favorite spots, where they sub-
sist mainly upon the berries of the sumach (Rhus typhina) and red’
cedar. I have seen quite a number of partial albinos. When domes-'
ticated, they are especially subject to variations in color. A Scotch
cobbler, in Highland Falls, had a very old Robin, which in old age
became nearly white. My gardener’s child has had one for several
years; before its last moult its colors were very dark and peculiar,
but since its moult it has become partially white.
Dimensions.— Average measurements of nine» specimens: length,
173
10°03; stretch of wings, 15°95; wing, 4-96; tail, 3-87; bill (culmen),
*84; from anterior margin of nostril, °53; tarsus, 1°26. The winter
residents give larger measurements than the summer residents. A
-very fine male, shot March 8rd, 1875, measured as follows: length,
10°49; stretch, 16°32; wing, 5°31; tail, 4°12. Another remarkably fine
male, shot April 30th, 1878, measures: length, 10°10; stretch, 16°25;
“wing, -5; tail, 3-05. These specimens siuaanean the extremes of both
seasons.
2. Turdus mustelinus, Gmelin. Woop TurusH. A common
summer resident; breeds abundantly. Arrives about May 10th (May
13, 1874; 10, 1875; 8, 1876; 7, 1877; April 30, 1878).
The Wood Thrush is our best songster. We have no other bird
whose song can be compared with its. It is sometimes found in gar-
dens, about residences, and again, it is found in the deepest solitudes
of the forest, its manners differing proportionately to its different
habitations; but in general it is gentle and unsuspicious if not dis-
turbed. It commences to lay quite soon after its arrival. A nest was
found containing three eggs on May 17th, 1873, and on May 11th, 1878,
several nearly completed nests were examined, besides one containing
an egg. It stays until the last of September (September 25, 1874;
October 5, 1875; September 20, 1876; 30, 1878).
Dimensions.—Average measurements of six specimens: length, 8-29;
stretch, 13°70; wing, 4°44; tail, 2°92.
38. Turdus pallasi, Cabanis. Hermir TorusH. Very abundant
through the migrations. A few sometimes winter. Arrives from the
South about the Ist of April (March 26, 1872; April 8, 1873; 14, 1874;
2, 1875; 21, 1876 [not seen again till May 2]; 22, 1877; 15, 1878). It
remains here until sometime in May (April 30, 1875; May 3, 1876; 12,
1877; April 26, 1878). Returning, in autumn, it arrives from the
North early in October (15, 1876; 7, 1877), remaining till about the
1st of November (9, 1874; October 28 [or later], 1876).
The Hermit Thrushes remained here throughout the severe winter
of 1874-75, when birds of the Canadian Fauna, such as the Pine Gros-
beak (Pinicola enucleator), the two Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra, var.
americana, and L. leucoptera), and the Lesser Redpolls (Zgiothus
linaria) were very numerous. They inhabited the cedar groves, near
the river, in company with the Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpurens).
They were always quite silent, except for the utterance of an occa-
sional low chuck; this note, in autumn, is sometimes so loudly re-
peated as to remind one of the Blackbird’s. A few of these winter-
ing birds were seen as late as March 20th, and the regular migrants
appeared April 2nd. They have been observed in winter at several
places lower down the Hudson.® Except the Robins, they are the
® See article in Bulletin of the Nuttall Club, Vol. IV, p. 34, January, 1879.
174
-hardiest of their family, but the following extract from my note book
will show that, by a premature migration northward, they are some-
times exposed to sudden inclemency of weather, and suffer severely :—
“April 28th, 1874. Last night we had a heavy fall of snow and sleet.
The Hermit Thrushes, Blackbirds, etc., have become so reduced by
hunger and cold, that they come quite freely into the house and stable.
A number of species were captured in the kitchen and barn, as fol-
lows: Turdus pallasi, Spizella socialis, S. monticola, Junco hyemalis,
Melospiza melodia, and Ageleus phenicens.”
Though not a timid bird, the Hermit Thrush generally selects soli-
tary abodes. If these are invaded by man, its actions betoken more
of curiosity, than alarm. Late in October, 1877, while walking from
here to New York city, in company with my friend, Mr. I. F. Lock-
wood, we were induced by a sudden deluge of rain to seek shelter |
beneath some hemlocks, near Tarrytown; there we were highly enter-
tained by the quaint manners of a Hermit, that had chosen that dimly
‘lighted spot for its residence, and that seemed by no means pleased to
make our acquaintance; showing its resentment at our ill-mannered
intrusion upon its privacy by repeating, in a complaining tone, its
single ‘‘chuck” ; occasionally alighting close beside us, it would give
a sharp, almost spiteful emphasis to its utterance; then it would fly
away, and return again hopping on the ground, occasionally stop-
ping short, cocking its head sidewise, and ogling us with such a ludi-
crous expression, that we were induced in a measure to forget our
disagreeable situation, and indulged in a hearty laugh.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of fourteen specimens: length,
7°17; stretch, 11°45; wing, 3°56; tail, 2°74.
4. Turdus swainsoni, Cabanis. Swatnson’s THRusH. Very
common during the migrations. It is met with in May (May 11 to 31,
1875; 9 to 28, 1876; 15, 1877; 10 to 27, 1878), and in the fall from
September 12th to October 19th (1876). ;
In spring they are very abundant in the woods and ouaenies utter-
ing a note that sounds like the bursting of an air bubble on rising to
the-surface of a fluid. In autumn they are found in deep woodlands,
feeding, in company with many other birds, on the berries of the sour
gum (Nyssa multiflora) and dog-wood (Cornus florida).
Dimensions.—Average measurements of thirteen specimens: length,
7°17; stretch, 12°11; wing, 3:93; tail, 2°76; bill (culmen), *50; gape,
‘79; tarsus, 1:17; middle toe, °62; its claw, °22.
4a. Turdus swainsoni, var. alicize (Baird). Gray-cHEEkKED
Tuursu. Abundant with 7. swainsoni during the migrations. It
appears to arrive later, both in spring and‘ fall, than that species.
Found during the latter half of May, and from September 23rd (1878)
to October 19th (1876).
The only note I have heard from this species, in spring, is a peculiar
175
- bubble-bursting sound, like that produced by the Olive-backed Thrush;
but in the fall they utter a low note resembling the common cry of the
Brown Creeper. In autumn, they are found inhabiting the thickest
woods, where they feed upon the berries of the sour gum, or “‘pep-
peridge” (Nyssa multiflora), dogwood (Cornus florida), and -the frost
grape (Vitis cordifolia); but they are especially fond of the ripe ber-
ries of the common pokeweed or pigeon-berry (Phytolacca decandra),
upon which they soon grow very fat, as do the Robins. They are
very shy, and, when frightened, fly a long distance before alighting;
when they remain perfectly quiet for some time, rarely taking another
flight; for this reason they are very hard to discover, so that a woods
may sometimes abound with them, when none are visible to an ordi-
nary observer. When perched, they assume a very erect posture, and
present an appearance of alert wariness corresponding to their wild
habits.
They are generally quite readily distinguishable from 7. swainsoni,
though by exactly what characters it is hard to explain, when the
markings are not distinguishable.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of fourteen specimens: length,
7°58; stretch, 12:70; wing, 4°09; tail, 2°96; bill (culmen), ‘55; gape,
*82; tarsus, 1°25; middle toe, °68; its claw, °25.
5. Turdus fuscescens, Stephens. Tawny THRUSH; WILSON’'S
THRUSH. A rather scarce summer resident; breeds. Arrives early
(May 5, 1876; 15, 1877; 8, 1878).
Wilson’s Thrush is only common here during the spring migrations. —
It is occasionally seen during the breeding season, but not abundantly.
A pair has nested for several successive seasons, on Constitution
Island, close to the house of the Misses Warner, where they are very
welcome guests. Miss Warner described its song to me as one of
surpassing sweetness.
On their first arrival from the South they are very shy, staying in
the thickest under-growth in the deep woods; but soon they come
flocking familiarly about the house, and for a time the blossoming
orchards are filled with them. After several weeks, however, they
nearly all move further north, a few, only, remaining to breed, remov-
ing to the darkest solitudes of the woods, in single pairs. Then I
have found them shy, and their nests I have failed to discover. Lower
down the Hudson, this species is more abundant in summer, and
breeds very commonly.
Dimensions. — Average measurements of five specimens: length,
7°52; stretch, 11-95; wing, 3°84; tail, 2°87; bill (culmen), 53; gape,
_*85; tarsus, 1°17; middle toe, -68; its claw, °22.
6. Mimus carolinensis, (Linné). Cat-Brrp. A very commor
summer resident; breeds. Arrives early in May (May 4, 1872; 10,
176
1874; 9, 1875; 8, 1876; 11, 1877; April 27, 1878), departing late in
October (October 16, 1874).
Immediately after their arrival, they are heard singles in thickets,
and soon they commence nesting. I found them with eggs—one nest
containing two. and another four eggs—as early as May 15th, 1878,
Like the rest of the family, they are fond of most kinds of berries, of
which their food mainly consists, in autumn. Their nests are usually -
placed in bushy thickets, and are loosely built of sticks and whatever
soft lining material is available. I have seen a handsomely embroid-
ered handkerchief, and a lady’s escaped ‘‘frizzes,” thus turned to
account by them. But their eggs are of a deep emerald-green, uni-
form in color, the most beautiful that we have.
Dimensions. — Average measurements of four specimens: length,
8:94; stretch, 11:59; wing, 3°54; tail, 3°65; bill from nostril, -48; tar-
sus, 1°10.
7. Harporhynechus rufus, (Linné). Brown THRasHER. An
abundant summer resident; breeds. Arrives the first of May (April
26, 1872; May 8, 1873; 5, 1874; April 30, 1875; 80,1876; May 1, 1877;
April 27, 1878), departing in October (October 8, 1876; 9, 1878).
Its presence is first announced, in spring, by its loud, sweet song,
forcibly reminding one that spring has really come, for spring can
scarcely be said to have begun till the trees commence to unfold their
blossoms; and it is followed in a few days by the sweetest notes we
ever hear—those of the Wood Thrush.
The Brown Thrashers seem to be saat immediately after their
arrival from the South, and they soon begin to build their nests. So
joyous are they at this season, that their song is heard all day long.
Even when engaged in the matter-of-fact occupations and duties that
pertain to setting up housekeeping, when bustling and scratching
amongst the leaves and rubbish, for the materials for their nests, they
are observed to pause, at intervals, to sing. But they are best heard
in the early morning, at daybreak; then the males mount to the top-
most bough of some tree, surrounded by the brushwood that they
inhabit, and, with tail dropped and wings slightly drooping, they give
expression, in their song, to an ecstasy of joyous emotion; the strain
is taken up and repeated by the different performers, and comes to
the listener from various directions and distances, mingled with the
notes of the other woodland songsters, and harmonizing with the
various signts and perfumes, all of which unite to produce that happy
combination —a country May morning.
The nest is usually placed on the: ground, rh some spot that is well
adapted for concealment; but sometimes a low. bush or clump of matted
vines is selected instead, or, rarely, it is placed in a tree, at a consid-
erable height. I found their nest containing the full complement of
177
eggs May 24th, 1873, and another May 25th, 1878, that contained five
young birds.
Dimensions. — Average measurements of five specimens: length,
11°42; stretch, 12°79; wing, 4°06; tail, 5°03; culmen, :96; gape, 1°31;
tarsus, 1°31.
Family, SAXICOLIDZAs.
8. Sialia sialis, (Jiinné). Common Biuesirp. A resident spe-
cies; abundant in summer. The migrants arrive early in February,
when they are in. full song, and depart by the first of December. I
have found Bluebirds here throughout the coldest winters, as that of
1874-75, and they are generally quite numerous in milder ones. They
then feed on berries,.and what insects they can find. They are nearly
silent in severe weather, only uttering a low, soft note, inaudible at
a little distance; and as they leave their perches, when frightened, a
queer little chirrup of alarm; but when the weather is warm they
become quite frolicsome, and chase one another, uttering a sharp,
rapid twittering, that reminds one of the Kingfisher’s rattle.
They breed abundantly, and several times during the season, build-
ing their nests in holes in trees, and in the houses prepared for them;
they always occupy the two pound tomato cans that I have placed for
their use about the premises, but from which, however, they are
sometimes ejected by those quarrelsome little free booters—the House
Wrens. The eggs of their first brood are deposited very early. A
nest found April 16, 1872, contained eggs, and again, one was found
April 28th, 1873, which contained four eggs. They were building
April 18th, 1877, and the young left the nest May 29th. Young were
found, about a week old, April 22nd, 1878, and they were incubating
the second brood May 22nd. A note in my journal reads as follows:
‘‘A pair has constructed its nest in the limb of an old cherry tree, in
a hole excavated by a Downy Woodpecker ( Picus pubescens), last win-
ter; its orifice is so small that it is with great difficulty that the bird
enters. I saw the male bird feeding the mother at the entrance to
their house.”
Dimensions.—Average measurements of twelve specimens: length,
7°01; stretch, 12°53; wing, 3°93; tail, 2-58; culmen, °47; gape, 75;
tarsus, 75.
Family, SYLVIIDZA.
9. Regulus calendula, (Linné). Rusy-crowNeD KINGLET.
Abundant during the migrations. Arrives about the middle of April
(April 23, 1873; 7, 1874; 15, 1875; 17, 1876; 13, 1877; 15, 1878), de-
parting about the middle of May (May 9, 1874; 18, 1875; 12, 1876; 8,
ESSEX INST. BULL. x 14 .
178
1877). On its return in autumn, it is with us from September 22nd
(1874) to November 2nd (1874).
In the spring, the Ruby-crowned Kinglet is one of our earliest sing-
ing migrants. It is found in-great numbers in the evergreen groves,
and in bushy places besides the lakes and streams. Its song is one
of the sweetest, and much louder than would be supposed, coming
from such a little bird.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of eleven specimens: length,
4°41; stretch, 7°01; wing, 2°24; tail, 1:73; culmen, °29; tarsus, 67.
10. Regulus satrapa, Licht. Go.LpEN-cresTED KINGLET.. An
abundant winter resident. Is present here from the first of October
(October 3, 1876; September 28, 1878) till May (May 4, 1875; 7, 1877).
The Golden-crested Kinglet has a feeble, but quite pretty song, in
the spring, and in winter it makes a jingling noise, as it rustles about
among the evergreens, in company with the Chickadees (Parus atri-
capillus), Nuthatches (iS. S. canadensis and carolinensis), and Brown
Creepers-( Certhia familiaris) ; it also has a note resembling the com-
mon one of the Brown Creeper.
In the fall this delicate species and the preceding are associated
together. They then are seen in great numbers, frequenting the
edges of ponds and streams, running about over the mud and weeds,
in search of food. They throng the river flats,.at low tide, searching
amongst the sea-weeds for minute molluscous animals, upon which
they feed with great avidity. I can recall no prettier sight, at the
present moment, than that presented by these great flocks of ruby,
and golden-crested little birds, as they hop about upon the seaweed,
by the riverside, in the month of October. A Kinglet that I wounded
in the woods and brought home, was very tame; it was perfectly gentle
from the first, showed no signs of fear, and ate bread, soaked in milk,
almost immediately. On being allowed the range of the room, it at
once commenced the destruction of the insects that infested our
house plants.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of fourteen FStadpar ites length,
4°07; stretch, 6°75; wing, 2°14; tail, 1°75.
' Family, PARIDZ.
11. Parus atricapillus, Linné. Buiack-cappep CuickapErR, A
common, resident species; breeds. They are gregarious, affecting all
kinds of woods, but, in winter, are-generally found in the evergreens.
Large flocks are seen rustling among the reeds of the salt marshes,
in spring. I have sometimes seen straggling flocks of Chickadees
flying across an open space in the forest, uttering their rare cry of
phébé high in the air as they passed overhead. This curiously whis-
tled note sometimes breaks the winter stillness of the woods; and
its authorship has been a puzzle to many persons.
—
179
They nest in holes in trees. Their eggs, six or eight in number, are
deposited early in May. They generally select solitary places for
nesting, and are particularly attached to the stunted oak-trees that
grow on the mountain tops, and ledges, near the river. On May 11th,
1876, I found a pair of Chickadees that were building their nest ina
hole, in a tree that stood inaswamp. The birds were collecting ma-
terials for its construction. They gathered a sort of cottony fuzz
that grew upon the stems of some tall ferns; alighting at the bases of
these plants, they ascended, gleaning, to the very tops, which often
bent down under their weight until they touched the water, when they
flew to another plant. In this way they gleaned among the ferns
until they had accumulated bundles of this substance in their bills, as
large as hickory nuts, before depositing it in the tree. Both male and
female were working at once. Their timidity often leads them to
build their nests in the middle of a stream or morass. Of man, how-
ever, they have little fear. Being very fond of flesh, a strip of meat
fastened to the porch, is quite sufficient an attraction to bring numbers
of them about the house. I have been amused to see them taking
liberties with the salted mackerels that the farmers hang out of doors
to make them sweet. They are hardy, vivacious little birds, often
coming about the dwellings, where their sprightly manners and cheery
notes make them familiar to all. They have quite a variety of notes,
and among them a very singular love note that I first heard April 30th,
1878. I saw two of them feeding in a pine-tree, by the river, that at-
tracted my attention by a singular shivering note that was quite new
tome. They were caressing one another, and, at the moment of utter-
ance, were passing food from one bill to another. On search, I dis-
covered their nest, which was placed in a decayed branch of an oak-
tree; on the edge of a cliff. I sometimes see Chickadees in New York
city. I recollect one morning, walking up Broadway, I heard the
characteristic tshe-de-jay, tshe-de-jay, close at hand. I looked about
me, but could see nothing of the bird, and began to wonder whether
my own thoughts had not translated me from the bustling street into
the country woods; but, as I paused, I heard it again, this time its.
unmistakable ’tshe, ddigh ddigh ddigh; looking overhead, I saw my
friend, Parus, perched upon a telegraph wire, critically examining the
numerous strands, that formed a network over the street; occasion-
ally desisting from this important employment, he would take a cool
survey of the scene below; the prospect in the street evidently pleased
him, and the color and bustle had an exhilirating effect on his spirits,
so that he would burst forth into a voluble expression of his approval
of the goings-on in the great thoroughfare, and it was this that at
first attracted my attention.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of thirteen specimens: length,
5°27; stretch, 8°02; wing, 2°53; tail, 2-43; culmen, 37; tarsus, -60.
180
Monpay, Drecemper 2, 1878.
MEETING this evening at 7.30 p.m. The PRESIDENT
in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read. Do-
nations and correspondence announced.
Mr. CHaRLEs DERBY gave an account of the flora of
the Sandwich Islands, alluding more especially to the
palms. Of these he specified the Cocos nucifera, Areca
catechu, Caryota urens, Caryota sobolifera, Arenga sac-
charifera, Arenga obtusifolia, Pritchardii martii, Pritchar-
dii. gaudichaudii, Livistonia australis, Livistonia subglo-
bosa, Sago vitiensis, etc., mentioning some of the uses in
the economy of life that the inhabitants of these islands
derive from this source.
Mr. Derby said that the royal palm was introduced
some forty years since into the Islands by Rev. D. Judd,
the missionary. He brought the seed from Havana.
This palm grows to the height of some one hundred and
seventy-five feet and is a strikingly beautiful tree.
There are many fine specimens on the Island of the
rattan (Calamus rotang) that grows rapidly, a single
plant often running some seven hundred feet in length.
This subject was discussed by Dr. Grorce A. Prr-
Kins, who spoke of the palms growing at Cape Palmas .
on the western coast of Africa, and by Mr. C. Cooks of
those on the eastern coast of Africa, Zanzibar, both of
these gentlemen having resided several years in these
respective localities, and having devoted much attention
to the study of natural history.
181
Monpay, DECEMBER 16, 1878.
Meetiné this evening at 7.30 o’clock. Dr. Amos H.
JOHNSON in the chair. Records of preceding meeting
read.
Prof. ALpHEUS Hyatr occupied the evening with re-
marks on the subject of “Heredity,” which is now attract-
ing the attention of the scientific public. He presented
a circular which had been prepared under the direction of
the Massachusetts State Board of Health, inviting the
cooperation of medical, historical, genealogical, arche-
ological, ethnological, and natural history societies and
persons in the investigation of this subject; and request-
ing a reply to the series of questions therein specified and
to return the same to the secretary of the Board.
Mr. Hyatt was listened to with marked attention. His
remarks were illustrated by diagrams and the use of the
blackboard. Mr. Hyatt has been appointed by the Board
to assist in examining the returns and to deduce there-
from such results that will advance the cause of scientific
enquiry.
:
an
. Leptoblennius serpentinus.
. Leptoclinus aculeatus. -
. Murenoides gunnellus.
. Anarrhichas lupus.
. Anarrhichas minor.
. [Batrachus tau.]
. Cyclopterus lumpus.
Eumicrotremus spinosus.
Liparis vulgaris.
. Liparis Montagui.
. [Prionotus evolans.]
. [Prionotus carolinus.]
. Aspidophoroides monopterygius.
. Cottus octodecemspinosus. —
. Cottus scorpius greenlandicus.
. Cottus seneus.
. Centridermichthys uncinatus.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
82.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
101.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
Triglops Pingelii.
Hemitripterus americanus.
Sebastes marinus.
Tautoga americana.
Tautogolabrus adspersus.
Xiphias gladius.
[Trichiurus lepturus. ]
Scomber scombrus.
[Scomber DeKayi. ]
Sarda pelamys.
Orcynus thynnus.
[Orcynus pelathys. ]
[Cybium maculatum. ]
[Carangus hippos. ]
[Paratractus pisquetus. ]
[Argyriosus vomer. ]
[Seriola zonata. ]
Palinurichthys perciformis.
Poronotus triacanthus.
[Zenopsis ocellatus. }
[Cynoscion regalis. ]
[Pogonias chromis. ]
[Menticirrus nebulosus. ]
[Stenotomus argyrops. ]
[Centropristis atrarius. ]
Roccus lineatus.
Morone americana.
Pomatomus saltatrix.
{Pseudopriacanthus altus. ]
Ammodytes americanus.
[Ammodytes dubius. ]
[Echeneis naucrateoices. ]
Remoropsis brachyptera.
Remora jacobeea.
Chirostoma notatum.
[Mugil brasiliensis. ]
Belone longirostris.
Scomberesox scutellatus.
ESSEX INST. BULL. xI
. Hydrargyra majalis.
Fundulus pisculentus.
. [Scopelus Humboldtii?]
. Osmerus mordax.
Salmo salar.
Salvelinus fontinalis.
Clupea harengus.
. Alosa sapidissima.
- Pomolobus vernalis.
- Pomolobus estivalis.
- Pomolobus mediocris.
. Brevoortia tyrannus.
. [Engraulis vittatus.]
- Conger vulgaris. ‘
. Anguilla bostoniensis.
. Anguilla vulgaris.
. Acipenser oxyrhynchus.
Acipenser brevirostris.
[Torpedo occidentalis. ]
Raia erinacea.
Raia radiata.
. [Raia eglanteria. ]
Raia levis.
. Raia ocellata.
- [Lamna cornubica.]
[Carcharodon Atwoodi.]
. [Cetorhinus maximus. ]
. [Eugomphodus littoralis.]
. Alopias vulpes.
. [Sphyrna zygena. ]
. [Eulamia obscura. |
Mustelus canis.
Squalus americanus.
. [Echinorhinus spinosus. }
- [Somniosus microcephalus. ]
. Petromyzon marinus.
- Myxine glutinosa.
34
The following list includes the species known to occur in the fresh
and brackish water of Essex County, thirty-seven in number, seven-
teen of which, having already been mentioned.as inhabitants of the
sea, are printed in italics.
14. Gasterosteus pungitius. 123. Esox americanus.
15. Apeltes quadracus. _ 182. Salmo salar.
82. Microgadus tomcodus. ' 182a, Salmo salar sebago.
68. Uranidea gracilis. 133. Salvelinus fontinalis. >
97. Lepiopomus auritus. ’ 137. Alosa sapidissima.
98. Eupomotis aureus. ee Pomolobus vernalis.
99. Enneacanthus obesus. 39. Pomolobus cstivalis?
100. Micropterus pallidus. 141. Brevoortia tyrannus.
100a. Micropterus achigan? 143. Catostomus teres.
102. Perca fluviatilis. 144. Erimyzon sucetta.
103. Boleosoma Olmstedi. 145. Carassius auratus.
104. Boleichthys fusiformis. 146. Luxilus cornutus.
105. Roccus lineatus. 147. Notemigonus chrysoleucus.
106. Morone americana. 148. Semotilus bullaris.
116. Belone longirostris. 149. Rhinichthys atronasus.
118. Hydrargyra majalis. 150. Amiurus catus.
119. Fundulus pisculentus. 152. Anguilla vulgaris.
120. Fundulus nigrofasciatus. 157. Acipenser oxyrhynchus.
121. Fundulus multifasciatus. 158. Acipenser brevirostris.
122. Esox reticulatus.
The following list of names, fifty-seven in number, represents the
fauna of the off-shore banks. - Twenty-eight species, the names of
which are given in italics, have already been referred to as occurring
in Massachusetts Bay. Hippocampus anliquorum was obtained at the
surface. Trygon centrura is a southern straggler to the shoals of
George’s Banks. The remaining twenty-seven species’ are found only
at sea, at depths of 80 to 400 or 500 fathoms, and in water colder than
88° F. Twenty-nine of the species included in this list have been
added to the fauna of New England and Nova Scotia within two years
by the labors of the U. S. Fish Commission.
1. Lophius piscatorius. . 27. Platysomatichthys hippoglos-
2. Mola rotunda. soides.
7. Hippocampus antiquorum. 28. Macrurus Fabricii.
21. Glyptocephalus cynoglossus. 29. Macrurus Bairdii.
23. Hippoglossoides platessoides. 30. Gadus morrhua.
26. Hippoglossus vulgaris. 31. Pollachius carbonarius.
a
34,
38.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44,
52.
53.
54.
60.
69.
70.
"72.
75.
76.
83.
84.
* 90.
92a.
_ 109.
112.
117.
Phycis chuss.
Haloporphyrus viola.
Brosmius brosme.
Merlucius bilinearis.
Lycodes Vervillii.
Lycodes Vahlii.
Lycodes paxillus.
Anarrhichas lupus.
Anarrhichas minor.
Anarrhichas latifrons.
Liparis ranula.
Centridermichthys uncinatus.
Triglops Pingelii.
Sebastes marinus.
Xiphias gladius.
Scomber scombrus.
Orcynus alatungé.
Orcynus argentivittatus.
Palinurichthys perciformis.
Lampris guttata.
Ammodytes americanus.
Remoropsis brachyptera.
Scombresox saurus.
35
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
134.
135.
136.
153.
154.
155.
156.
159.
161.
165.
167.
175.
177.
178.
179.
181.
Chauliodus Sloanei.
Scopelus gemmifer.
Scopelus speculiger.
Scopelus Humboldtii?
Echiostoma barbatum.
Malacosteus niger.
Argentina syrtensium.
Alepidosaurus ferox.
Alepocephalus Bairdii.
Clupea harengus.
Nemichthys scolopaceus.
Synaphobranchus pinnatus.
Saccopharynx flagellum.
Simenchelys parasiticus.
Chimera plumbea.
Raia granulata.
Raia levis.
Trygon centrura.
Prionodon lamia.
Squalus acanthias.
Centroscyllium Fabricii.
Centroscymuus ceelolepis.
Somniosus microcephalus.
( Georges.)
36
INDEX.
Notr.—The references in this index are to the current numbers of
The synonyms, as well as the accepted names, are
the species.
indexed, and there can be no trouble in making out the names em-
ployed by Storer and other early writers on the fishes of New Eng-
land.
Acanthias americanus, 178.
Acanthocottus variabilis, 66.
Acanthocottus virginianus, 64.
Achirus lineatus, 17.
Achirus mollis, 17.
Acipenser brevirostris, 158.
Acipenser brevirostrum, 158.
Acipenser oxyrhynchus, 157,
Alepidosaurus ferox, 134.
Alepocephalus Bairdii, 135.
Alopias vulpes, 172.
Alosa cyanonoton, 139,
Alosa lineata, 140.
Alosa menhaden, 141.
Alosa preestabilis, 137.
Alosa sapidissima, 137.
Alosa tyrannus, 138.
Alutera cuspicauda, 5.
Alutera Scheep fii, 5.
Aluteres cuspicauda, 5.
Amiurus catus, 150.
Ammodytes americanus, 109.
Ammodytes dubius, 110.
Anarrhichas latifrons, 54.
Anarrhichas lupus, 52.
Anarrhichas minor, 53.
Anarrhichas vomerinus, 52,
Anguilla vulgaris, 152.
Apeltes quadracus, 15.
Argentina syrtensium, 130.
Argyreus atronasus, 149.
Argyriosus unimaculatus, 88.
Argyriosus vomer, 88.
Aspidophoroides monopterygius, 63.
Atherina notata, 114.
Balistes capriscus, 4.
Batrachus tau, 55.
Belone longirostris, 116.
Belone truncata, 116.
Blennius serpentinus, 49.
Boleichthys fusiformis, 104.
Boleosoma Olmstedi, 103.
Brevoortia tyrannus, 141.
Brevoortia menhaden, 141. .
Brosmius brosme, 40.
Brosmius flavescens, 40.
Carangus chrysos, 87.
Carangus defensor, 86.
Carangus hippos, 86.
Carangus pisquetus, 87.
Carcharias vulpes, 172.
Carcharodon Atwoodi, 169.
Carassius auratus, 145.
Catostomus bostoniensis, 143.
Catostomus Commersonil, 143.
Catostomus gibbosus, 144.
Catostomus teres, 143.
Centridermichthys uncinatus, 69.
Centriscus scolopax, 10
Centrophorus ceelolepis, 179.
Centropristris atrarius, 101.
Centropristris varius, 101.
Centroscyllium Fabricii, 178.
Centroscymnus ceelolepis, 179.
Ceratacanthus aurantiacus, 5.
Cetorhinus maximus, 170.
Chauliodus Sloanei, 124.
Cirrisomus turgidus, 3.
Chilonemus L gmetig tr 148.
Chimera plumbea, 159.
Chirostoma notatum, 114.
Ciliata argentata, 39.
Clupea elongata, 136.
Clupea harengus, 136.
Conger vulgaris, 151.
Cottus zeneus, 67.
Cottus gracilis, 68.
Cottus greenlandicus, 66.
Cottus octodecemspinosus, 64.
Cottus scorpius, 65.
Cottus scorpius greenlandicus, 66.
Cryptacanthodes inornatus, 46,
Cryptacanthodes maculatus, 46.
Cybium maculatum, 85.
Cyclopterus lumpus, 56.
Cyclopterus spinosus, 57.
Cynoscion regalis, 93.
Cyprinus auratus, 145.
Ctenolabrus ceruleus, 74.
Echeneis alton ees, 111.
Echeneis naucrateoides, 111.
Echeneis quatuordecemlaminatus, 112. ~
Echeneis remora, 113.
Echinorhinus spinosus, 180.
Echiostoma barbatum, 128.
Engraulis vittatus, 142.
Enneacanthus obesus, 99.
Erimyzon sucetta, 144.
Esox americanus, 123.
Esex reticulatus, 122.
Etheostoma Olmstedi, 103. r
Euchalarodus Putnami, 18.
Eugomphodus littoralis, 171.
Eulamia obscura, 174.
Eulamia Milberti, 174.
Eumesogrammus subbifurcatus, 47.
Eumesogrammus unimaculatus, 48.
Eumicrotremus spinosus, 57.
Eupomotis aureus, 98.
Fistularia serrata, 11.
Fundulus nigrofasciatus, 120.
Fundulus pisculentus, 119.
————
pe Oe
Gadus cimbrius, 39.
Gadus morrhua, 30.
Gasterosteus aculeatus, 12.
Gasterosteus aculeatus trachurus, 13.
» Gasterosteus biaculeatus, 12.
Gasterosteus DeKayi, 14.
Gasterosteus pungitius, 14.
Gasterosteus quadracus, 15.
Gasterosteus Wheatlandi, 13.
Glyptocephalus acadianus, 21.
Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, 21.
Gunnellus mucronatus, 51.
Halatractus zonatus, 89.
-Haloporphyrus viola, 38.
Hemirhamphus, sp., 117.
Hemitripterus acadianus, 71.
Hemitripterus americanus, 71.
Hippocampus antiquorum, 7,
Hippocampus hudsonius, 7.
Hippoglossoides limandoides, 20.
Hippoglossoides platessoides, 21.
Hippoglossus greenlandicus, 27.
Hippoglossus vulgaris, 27.
Huro nigricans, 100.
Hydrargyra flavula, 118.
Hydrargyra majalis, 118.
Hypsolepis cornutus, 146.
Labrax lineatus, 105.
Labrax rufus, 106.
Lamna cornubica, 168.
Lampris guttata, 92a (p. 31).
Lepiopomus auritus, 97.
Leptoblennius serpentinus, 49.
Leptoclinus aculeatus, 50.
Leucosomus americanus, 147.
Limanda ferruginea, 20.
Liparis arctica, 59.
Liparis Montagui, 59.
Liparis ranula, 60.
Liparis vulgaris, 58.
Lophius americanus, 1.
Lophius piscatorius, 1.
Lophopsetta maculata, 25.
Lumpus anglorum, 56.
Lumpus spinosus, 57.
Luxilus cornutus, 146.
Lycichthys latifrons, 54.
Lycodes paxillus, 44.
Lycodes Vahlii, 43.
Lycodes Verrillii, 42.
Macrurus Bairdii, 29.
Macrurus Fabricii, 28.
Macrurus rupestris, 28.
Malacosteus niger, 129.
Mallotus villosus, 131.
Melanogrammus eglefinus, 33.
Menticirrus nebulosus, 95.
Merlangus purpureus, 31.
Merlucius albidus, 41.
Merlucius bilinearis, 41.
Merlucius vulgaris, 41.
Microgadus tomcodus, 32.
Micropterus pallidus, 100.
Mola rotunda, 2. :
Monacanthus aurantiacus, 5.
Monacanthus massachusettensis, 6.
Monacanthus setifer, 6.
Monacanthus signifer, 6,
Morone americana, 106.
37
Morrhua eglefinus, 33.
Morrhua americanus, 30.
Mozrrhua pruinosa, 32.
Motella caudacuta, 39.
Mugif brasiliensis, 115.
Mugil lineatus, 115.
Murenoides gurnellus, 51.
Murznoides ingens, 51.
Murznoides macrocephalus, 51.
Mustelus canis, i76.
Myxine glutinosa, 183.
Nemichthys scolopaceus, 153.
Notemigonus chrysoleucus, 147.
Onos cimbrius, 39.
Orcynus alatunga, 83.
Orcynus alliteratus, 81.
Orcynus argentivittatus, 84.
Oreynus pelamys, 82.
Orcynus thynnus, 80.
Orthagoriscus mola, 2.
Osmerus eperlanus, 131.
Osmerus mordax, 130.
Osmerus viridescens, 131.
Otolithus regalis, 93.
Pagrus argyrops, 96.
Palinurichthys perciformis, 90.
Palinurus perciformis, 90.
Paratractus pisquetus, 87,
Pastinaca hastata, 167,
Pelamys sarda, 79.
Perca flavescens, 102.
Perca fluviatilis, 102.
Petromyzon americanus, 182.
Petromyzon marinus, 182,
Pogonias chromis, 94.
Pholis subbifurcatus, 47,
Phycis americanus, 34.
Phycis Chesteri, 36.
Phycis chuss, 35.
Phycis filamentosus, 35.
Phycis regalis, 37.
Phycis regius, 37.
Phycis tenuis, 34.
Pimelodus atrarius, 150.
Platessa dentata, 21.
Platessa ferruginea, 20.
Platessa glabra, 18.
Platessa oblonga, 22.
Platessa plana, 19.
Platessa quadrocellata, 25.
Platessa rostrata, 20.
Platysomatichthys hippoglossoides, 27.
Platysomatichthys pinguis, 27.
Pleuronectes flesus, 18.
Pleuronectes glaber, 18.
Pleuronectes maculatus, 25.
Pleuronectes passer, 18.
Poilachius carbonarius, 31.
Pomatomus saltatrix, 107.
Pomolobus estivalis, 139.
Pomolobus mediocris, 149.
Pomolobus pseudoharengus, 138-139.
Pomolobus tyrannus, 138.
Pomolobus vernalis, 138,
Pomotis appendix, 97.
Pomotis vulgaris, 98.
Poronotus triacanthus, 91,
Priacanthus altus, 108.
Prionodon lamia, 175.
Prionotus carolinus, 61.
Prionotus evolans, 61.
Prionotus lineatus, 61.
Prionotus palmipes, 62.
Prionotus pilatus, 62.
Pseudopleuronectes americanus, 19.
Pseudopriacanthus altus, 108,
Pseudorhombus dentatus, 22.
Pseudorhombus oblongus, 23.
Pygosteus occidentalis, 14.
Raia eglanteria, 164.
Raia erinacea, 162.
Raia granulata, 161.
Raia levis, 165.
Raia ocellata, 166.
Raia radiata, 163.
Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, 27.
Remora jacobeza, 113.
Remoropsis brachyptera, 112.
Rhinichthys atronasus, 149.
Rhinonemus cimbrius, 39.
Rhombus triacanthus, 91.
Roccus lineatus, 105.
Saccopharynx flagellum, 155.
Salmo fontinalis, 133.
Salmo salar, 132.
Salmo salar sebago, 132.
Salvelinus fontinalis, 133.
Sarda pelamys, 79.
Scomber DeKayi, 78.
Scomberesox scutellatus, 117,
Scomberesox Storeri, 117.
Scomber pneumatophorus, 78.
Scomber scombrus, 77.
Scomber vernalis, 77.
Scombresox saurus, 117.
Scopelus gemmifer, 125.
Scopelus Humboldtii, 127,
Scopelus speculiger, 126,
Scymnus brevipinna, 181,
Sebastes marinus, 72.
Sebastes norvegicus, 72.
: Sebastes viviparus, 72.
38
Selachus maximus, 170.
Semotilus bullaris, 148.
Seriola zonata, 89.
Simenchelys parasiticus, 156,
Siphonostoma fuscum, 9.
Siphonostoma Peckianum, 8.
Solea vulgaris, 16,
Somniosus microcephalus, 181.
Sphyrna zygeena, 173.
Squalus acanthias, 177.
Squalus americanus, 177,
Squalus vulgaris, 177.
Stenotomus argyrops, 96.
Stephanolepis setifer, 6.
Stichzus aculeatus, 50.
Stichzeus unimaculatus, 48.
Synaphobranchus pinnatus, 154,
Syngnathus Peckianus, § and 9.
Tautoga americana, 73.
Tautoga onitis, 73.
Tautogolabrus adspersus, 74.
Temnodon saltator, 107.
Tetrodon turgidus, 3.
Thynnus alalonga, 83.
Thynnus argentivittatus, 84,
Thynnus pelamys, 82.
Thynnus secundidorsalis, 80,
Thynnus thunnina, 81.
Torpedo occidentalis, 160.
Triglops Pingelii, 70. —
Triglops pleurostictus, 70.
Trygon centrura, 167.
Umbrina nebulosa, 95.
Orinidea gracilis, 68.
Urophycis regius, 37,
Xiphias gladius, 75.
Zenopsis ocellatus, 92.
Zeus ocellatus, 92.
Zoarces anguillaris, 45,
Zoarces viviparus, 45.
Zygena malleus, 173.
39
_ REGULAR MEETING, Monpay, Jan. 6, 1879.
MeetinG this evening. In the absence of the Prest-
DENT, Dr. GrorGe A. PERKINS was requested to preside.
The records of last meeting were read by the Secretary.
Donations and correspondence announced.
Mr. Freprerick A. Oper, of Beverly, occupied the
evening with a paper on his ornithological explorations in
the Lesser Antilles. He gave a most interesting account
of his work on the Islands, and as a result of his explo-
rations discovered eighteen new variations and species of
birds. His remarks were illustrated with twenty-three
photographic views, thrown on the screen by the kind-
ness of Mr. J. W. Moulton.
The following is an abstract of the paper :—
Ornithological Explorations of the Lesser Antilles.
By Freprerick A. OBER.
Leavine New York in December, 1876, I proceeded
to Martinique in the centre of the chain of the Lesser
Antilles; thence to Dominica, in lat. 15° north, to com-
mence my investigations into the fauna of the Caribbee
islands. The undertaking was under the auspices of the
Smithsonian Institution, and for the purpose of filling a
gap in the ornithological data of the West Indies.
Dominica, like all the islands, with few exceptions, of
the chain, is of volcanic origin and very mountainous.
It contains the highest mountain south of Jamaica (in the
Antilles), “Morne Diablotin” being above 5,000 feet in
height. As in the other islands, also, there are three
40
different zones of vegetation and of animal life; that of
the coast, that of the higher hills and midway the moun-
tains, and that of the mountain-tops. In the middle
zone, situated (at a rough estimate) between 1500 and
2500 feet altitude occur the greatest variety of forms,
both in vegetable and animal life. There the famous
high woods, containing trees of the greatest magnitude, ©
and tree ferns and tropical plants of every description,
give hiding place to many birds not found along the
coasts. Indeed, the coast fauna is very meagre, owing
to the scarcity of trees and the cultivation of the sugar
estates. Ascertaining that my best collecting ground
would, probably, be in that region, I repaired to a moun-
tain valley some 1500 feet above sea level, and took up
my residence with some families of mixed blood (Carib
and Creole) for above a month. Here I was very suc-
cessful, discovering seven species and varieties not here-
tofore known to science. This was only accomplished by
secluding myself in the mountains and in forests away
from the general routes of travel.
Thence I went over the mountains to the portion of the
island inhabited by the Caribs, of whom but a remnant
exist of all the many thousands found by Columbus in
his voyages.
I secured many photographs, a good vocabulary and
many notes regarding their early history and present con-
dition. The difference in speech between the men and
women, in the ancient tongue, is very noticeable. The
language spoken by them, now, is a perverted French;
the patois or provincial, that form of speech used by the
ignorant. Here I procured the imperial parrot (Chry-
sotis augusta), but not many other birds of note. The
specimens of this. bird which I sent the National. Musuem
were the first seen in America.
=
41
In Antigua, two degrees north of Dominica, I found
but few birds, but secured an owl which has since been
declared a new species. In Barbuda, thirty miles north
of Antigua, I found excellent shooting at deer, wild
guinea fowls, doves, white-headed pigeons, etc., but no
. new or rare birds. Antigua and Barbuda differ from the
other islands of the group in being wholly, or in part, of
coral formation.
In St. Vincent, in lat. 13° north, I discovered, among
others, the famous “Sonffriére Bird,” which had been an
object of interest to English naturalists for many years ;
since named, by Mr. Lawrence, the Myiadestes sibilans.
To procure this, I was obliged to camp in a cave for
nearly a week.
With the few Caribs residing in St. Vincent, who live
isolated from the whites, in the northern part of the
island, I remained a few weeks. Here, I obtained many
specimens of ancient implements and photographed some
curiously-incised rocks, supposed to have been used as
sacrificial stones by the Caribs. A carved wooden tor-
toise, which I found in a cave, exhibits excellent work-
manship, and may prove interesting. |
In St. Vincent, I procured seven (7) new species, the
most interesting, perhaps, of any obtained.
In Grenada, in lat. 12 north, I discovered three (3)
new species. This island is the last of the chain, being
less than one hundred miles from Trinidad and seventy
miles from Tobago, the fauna of which latter islands is
essentially tropical, and different from that of the Antil-
lean chain. . Grenada contains the last of the armadillos,
which once inhabited all these islands, and monkeys.
Tobago, which I investigated later, yielded many inter-
esting species; but, not forming one of the group known
as the Antilles, it does not come within the limits of this
paper.
42
The time occupied in the investigation was nearly two
years. ‘The results, ornithologically, were (I am assured
by the officers of the Smithsonian Institution) of the
greatest value, as I had sent to the museum hundreds of
birds never before seen in the country and eighteen (18)
new species and varieties.
The following is a list of the new birds, as described
by Mr. Lawrence, the types of which are in our National
Museum : —
From Dominica.
Thryothorus rufescens.
Dendreeca plumbea.
Myiarchus Oberi.
Vireosylvia calidris (var. Dominicana).
Strix flammea (var. nigrescens).
Cheetura Dominicana.
Blacicus brunneicapillus.
From St. VINCENT.
Turdus nigrirostris.
Myiadestes sibilans.
Thryothorus musicus.
Certhiola atrata.
Certhiola saccharina.
Leucopeza Bishopi.
Calliste versicolor.
FrRoM GRENADA.
Turdus caribbeus.
Thryothorus Grenadensis.
Quiscalus luminosus.
From ANTIGUA.
Speotyto amaura.
Catalogues of each island have heen prepared by Mr.
Lawrence from my notes, and are in course of publica-
tion.
At the close of the evening, on motion of Mr. Caleb
Cooke, a vote of thanks was unaminously passed to Mr.
Ober for the paper read.
ee
A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with
Annotations.
By Epear A. MEarns.
[Continued from Vol. X, page 179.]
Family, SITTIDZ.
12. Sitta carolinensis, Gmelin. WuHitTE-BELLIED NUTHATCH.
Perhaps a resident species, though not found breeding just in this
neighborhood. Farther up the Hudson, at Catskill, they breed abun-
dantly. Their occurrence is somewhat irregular, like that of the
Brown Creeper and the Cedar Bird; but they are usually common
except during the breeding season, when they, seemingly, all with-
draw for a.short time. It is a remarkable fact, that not a single
White-bellied Nuthatch was seen here, by any one, to my knowledge,
between August,.1872, and the following July. Mr. Erwin I. Shores
mentions a similar incident in the case of the Common Bluebird.?
He states that he ‘‘could not find it in 1872,”? about Suffield, Conn.
Mr. W. C. Osborn discovered a nest of this Nuthatch, near Catskill,
N. Y., the entrance to which was through an aperture in a weather-
board, in the house of Mr. Frederic E. Church, the celebrated artist.
The Nuthatch is an eminently useful and industrious bird. He de-
votes his entire existence to the‘occupation of scrambling about upon
the tree-trunks, grubbing out insects from their hiding places under
the bark. At this commendable, but somewhat prosaic, employment
he spends his days; and when night comes, he betakes himself to a
hole in some tree, where, weary with his day’s toil, he sleeps the sleep
of the just till day-break; nor is our pretty friend addicted to the dis-
agreeable practice of early rising. He depends not upon craftiness
for his daily sustenance, but gets it by the sweat of his brow; there-
fore he indulges in a morning nap after the sun is up, and the noctur-
nal worm is permitted to crawl safely into its den. Doubtless this
interesting bird should command our highest respect, and our deepest’
gratitude; for his life is one of tireless industry and great usefulness.
Nor, indeed, should we question the personal motives which impel
him to the accomplishment of such important and valuable results.
1C. Hart Merriam, A Review of the Birds of Conn., p. 8, 1877.
2 Mr. Shores informs me that the date here given is incorrect; should read 1873,
(48)
44
Though the Nuthatch does not possess the gift of song, still he is
well and favorably known to most persons who live in the country —
whose lines have fallen in pleasant places. He is found wherever
there are forests, and comes into our orchards and about our dwell-
ings. Moving steadily in any direction upon the tree-trunks and
branches, he searches the interstices of the bark, tapping hard upon
suspected spots with his bill. At frequent intervals he utters his
peculiar cry, a sort of nasal hénk hénk. When moving downward, he
always advances head first, and never in the opposite position, as the
Woodpeckers do. Sometimes his diet is slightly varied. He never
refuses raw meat; and when in Lewis County, N. Y., during the latter
part of December, 1877, I found him eating the beech-nuts, in com-
pany with the Red-headed Woodpeckers, and with evident enjoyment.
The stomachs of the specimens shot were found distended by those
nuts.
Sometimes, during storms, in winter, the trees become so thickly
coated with ice, that the Woodpeckers and creeping birds, since na-
ture has neglected to supply them with adjustable ice-spurs suitable
for such emergencies, are unable to climb upon the icy trees, and,
consequently, are obliged to desist from their usual avocations, and
betake themselves to other situations in quest of food. On such occa-
sions the Nuthatches seem to be particularly distressed, flying about
uttering loud cries, and alighting freely upon the roofs of buildings.
‘ Both this species and the Red-bellied Nuthatch have a loud, coarse
rattle as the mating season approaches, which is seldom heard at
other times. .
Dimensions.—Average measurements of eight specimens: length,
6:07; stretch, 11°03; wing, 3°48; tail, 1:92; culmen, ‘76; gape, ‘90; _
tarsus, °70. 7
13. Sitta canadensis, Linné. ReEp-BELLIED NutTuatcu. The
movements of this species are extremely uncertain; but it may be set
down as an irregular winter resident, and an occasional visitant at
other seasons, except during the period of its nidification. Generally
abundant during its autumnal migration. At times it is gregarious;
and this is especially the case in the fall.
_ Late in summer the Red-bellied Nuthatches arrive in large flocks,
some seasons, while in others they are not seen at all, or only occa-
sional individuals. These migrating flocks appear late in August, and
a few are sometimes observed by the first of that month. They
remain with us for a period varying from a few days to several weeks.
In 1874, they were very numerous from August 25 to September 23.
They search the tree trungs for their insect prey, in large, straggling
bands, uttering a note somewhat resembling the cry of the other
species (S. carolinensis); but it is pitched much higher, and varied
45
by low, lisping, wiry notes, which are only audible at a short distance.
They are partial to the groves of red cedar, but are frequently found,
‘in flocks, in the deciduous woods; there they are generally attended
by numbers of small flycatching birds, chiefly of the genera Vireo and
Empidonax, which follow, apparently for the purpose of capturing the
insects which are roused from the bark. They are of irregular occur-
rence throughout winter. Were very abundant in March, 1874, when
large flocks were seen amongst the pine trees, along the. Hudson,
chasing each other through the forest with loud, rattling cries, and
rollicking together in a most joyous and wncreeper-like manner.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of nine specimens: length,
4-62; stretch, 8-22; wing, 2°66; tail, 2°58.
Family, CERTHIIDA.
14. Certhia familiaris, Linné. Brown Creeper. An abundant,
but somewhat irregular winter resident, and indeed is found com-
monly throughout the year, except during the nestling period, during
which none have been observed, though it remains till late in May.
The Creeper is partial, in winter, to the evergreens, as indeed are
most of our small wintering birds. It possesses, besides the usual
prolonged, wheezy note of which the species is by no means chary,
a variety of feeble, chirping utterances, resembling those of the
Golden-crested Kinglet. The Creeper is usually a tame bird, paying
less heed to its admirers than to the capture of insects that infest the
bark of trees; that being the main purpose of its life. With that
object in view, it alights at the base of a tree and begins to ascend in
a spiral; in this manner it advances till the trunk and principal
branches have been explored, when, having reached the top, it spreads
its wings and with a pretty, sweeping movement, attaches itself to the
extreme base of another tree, when the same performance is repeated.
Thus the Creeper has many ups and downs in its life, though, on the
whole, its is a monotonous career of labor; but in spite of this the
bird is interesting, and its habits have a certain fascination. Its
sombre colors serve an excellent purpose for concealment, matching
so well those of the trees upon which it lives as to make it very
inconspicuous.
Its long, slender, curved bill seems ill adapted as a means of musi-
cal expression; and indeed I never suspected it of possessing such
attributes, until I one day discovered that it was the author of a very
pleasant song. This happened on April 1, 1878, when I heard a sweet
warble, moderately loud, that puzzled me as to its authorship, until I
at length saw the bird singing, quite close to me, as it clung to the
side of a tree. Like the Nuthatches and Titmice, it is fond of raw
46
meat, and may be attracted to houses by suspending a scrap of pork
fram the balcony.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of eighteen specimens : length,
5°66; stretch, 7°98; wing, 2°56; tail, 2°65; culmen, °63; tarsus, °53.
Family, TROGLODYTIDZ.,
15. Troglodytes domesticus, Bartram. Houst Wren. Asum-
mer resident; abundant. Like the Bluebirds, they like to build in the
fruit cans that I have placed in appropriate places for their use. As
many as twelve pairs have nestled upon the place at once. Nothing
could present a greater contrast than the habits of these birds during
the breeding season and afterwards. Having successfully completed
the business of rearing several broods of young, they lose, simulta-
neously, their delicious song and the pert, saucy familiarity which
characterizes their actions during their stay in close proximity to
man; retiring with their families to the remotest wastes, they spend
the residue of the season amongst the broken rocks, covered thickly
with bushes and matted vines, seldom appearing in view, but con-
stantly announcing their whereabouts by a sharply enunciated, seem-
ingly discontented or anxious chirp.
These Wrens arrive from the South late in April (28, 1873; May 7,
1874; 6, 1875; April 29, 1876; May 9, 1877; April 30, 1878; 29, 1879),
and remain till the middle of October (16th, 1876).
Dimensions.—Average measurements of seven specimens: length,
5°00; stretch, 6°61; wing, 1-97; tail, 1°71; bill from nostril, 36; tar-
sus, °66.
16. Anorthura troglodytes, var. hyemalis, (Wilson). Wun-
TER Wren. A winter resident; very abundant during its autumnal
migration; generally quite common all winter, but somewhat irregu-
lar; arrives the first of October (4, 1874; September 29, 1876; exceed-
ingly abundant October 8), and departs the last of April (27, 1874; 30,
1875; May 1, 1876). Mr. E. P. Bicknell informs me that he has ob-
served it, as far south as Riverdale, on May 4, 1877.
These active, sprightly little birds are fond of searching amongst
broken rocks, brush-heaps, and rubbish generally; but it is their
greatest delight to run about under ice, after the water has settled
away; creeping into every nook and crevice in search of food, they
sometimes remain out of sight for many minutes together. They are
often found on the marshes, amongst the cat-tails, and frequenting
the piles of débris that the tides have floated upon their edges; here,
skulking out of sight, but close to the observer, and always emitting
a sharp chirp, they would exhaust the patience of the mildest collector
extant, who would shoot one for his cabinet:
47
Dimensions.—Average measurements of seven specimens: length,
4:06; stretch, 6:15: wing, 1°89; tail, 1°24; bill from nostril, 35; tar-
sus, °73.
17. Telmatodytes palustris (Bartram). Lone-BitepD Marsh
WreEN. A common summer resident; breeds in the marshes border-
ing the Hudson. Arrives about the middle of May (21, 1875; 18, 1876;
21, 1877; 4, 1878), and remains till October (1, 1874; September 28,
1876; 23, 1878). This species has the habit of singing at night, when
the moon is bright. Its eggs, six to eight in number, are deposited
about the first of June. They are of a deep mahogany color; some-
times a light colored egg is found in the same dlutch. The nest is
spherical, with a round orifice for entrance at the side. It is attached
to the reeds of the salt marshes, and is constructed partly of these
same flags (‘‘cat-tail,” Typha latifolia, Linn.), and partly of the marsh
grasses; the interior lined with the down of the flag. The eggs are
kept covered till the full complement has been laid; possibly as a pro-
tection against snakes. They breed at least twice in a season, occu-
pying a fresh nest eath time. I examined several nests, on Consook
Island, which contained fresh eggs, as late as July 20, 1878. These
were probably third broods. Fhe House Wrens left our piazza with
their third brood August 15.
The Marsh Wrens live in colonies, and are as attractive, merry little
birds as you could wish to see; scolding hard when their retreats are
invaded, but singing a joyous, happy refrain the moment you pass on.
Even when scolding most irately, you may hear them, between times,
trying to swallow the gurgling notes that seem to well forth sponta-
neously and against their wills. There are few sounds so.cheerful
and pleasant to hear as the jingling melody produced by a colony of
Marsh Wrens left in quiet (?) possession of their oozy territory, after
such a disturbance.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of seven specimens: length,
5°20; stretch, 6°52; wing, 1°95; tail, 1°68; bill from nostril, -42; tar-
sus, ‘81.
Family, ALANDIDA.
18. Eremophila alpestris, (Forster). Hornep Lark. Mr. Jas.
S. Buchanan, of Newburgh, informs me that this species often occurs
about Cornwall and Newburgh. None of the other collectors have
met with it in the Highlands, as most of the region is unsuited to its
wants.
Family, MOTACILLIDZ.
19. Anthus ludovicianus, (Gmelin). American Pirir; Tit-
LARK. Occasionally seen during its migrations.. Messrs. William K.
48
Lute, and Thos. W. Wilson, found large flocks on the salt meadows
connecting Constitution Island with the east shore, in October, 1875.
I saw a large flock, at Fort Miller, Washington County, N. Y., on
November 9, 1876.
Dimensions.— Length, 6°38; stretch, 10°25; wing, 3°50; tail, 2°69;
culmen, °47; tarsus, ‘81.
Family, SYLVICOLIDA:. ~
20. Mniotilta varia, (Linné). BLack AND WHITE CREEPING WAR-.
BLER. A common summer resident; breeds; particularly numerous
during the spring migrations. Arrives the first of May (8, 1873; 4,
1874; April 30, 1875; May 8, 1876; April 30, 1877; 26, 1878; 26, 1879),
and remains till October (14th, 1876).
The Black and White Creepers are interesting little birds, that
spend the greater part of their time in creeping upon the trunks and
branches of trees, somewhat after the fashion of the Brown Creeper.
When first arrived, in spring, they sing a feeble refrain; but, a little
later, when the full tide of migration has set in from the South, the
Creepers may be seen perched upon the highest tree-tops, singing a
very sweet little ditty, almost exactly like the song of the Redstart
(Setophaga ruticilia). After this matin performance they drop down
upon the tree-trunks, and creep about them in spirals in search of
insects, uttering a low, inward note; hopping out to the extremity of
a branch, they will amuse themselves with flying out in short curves
after insects. They sometimes inhabit swampy thickets, doubtless
attracted thither by the abundance of insects; their presence there
may be detected by the utterance of certain harsh, screeching notes
that are peculiar to itself.
Their nest is placed upon the ground; etnaeaile sheltered by a pro-
jecting rock, or stump. A pair once nestled close to my house. The
nest, built upon a bed of leaves, sheltered by a jutting rock, was
composed of strips of grape-vine bark, stems of plants, and grasses,
loosely felted. The parents were very gentle, and .seemed to appre-
hend from my frequent visits no greater misfortune than a temporary
separation from their little ones. The young were five in number. I
watched them developing until their parents taught them, first, to
climb upon a neighboring grape-vine, and afterwards to attempt short
flights from branch to branch; soon they were strong enough to leave
their natal spot, and rambled through the woods together,—a happy,
rollicking, unbroken little family.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of sixteen specimens: length,
5°30; stretch, 8°54; wing, 2°73; tail, 2-02; bill from nostril, °37; gape,
‘60; tarsus, °67; middle toe, °50; its claw, °18.
49
21. Parula americana, (Linné). BLuE YELLOW-BACKED WaR-
BLER. Exceedingly numerous during migrations; a few breed. I
have never discovered its nest, but am indebted to Mr. W. C. Osborn
for a very young bird, shot near his residence, on the opposite bank
of the Hudson, in Putnam county, where its nest was previously dis-
covered, as recorded by DeKay in the Zoology of New York, Part II,
p. 97. Giraud also observes:* ‘“‘I am informed that its nest has been
found at the Catskill Mountains.”
It arrives early in May (12, 1874; 12, 1875; 5, 1876; 11, 1877; April
27, 1878; May 8, 1879), remaining till October (8, 1874; 8, 1876). I
have heard quite a varied and pleasing song from this little bird; but
succeeded by a rapid succession of harsh, filing notes.
Dimensions. — Average measurements of seventeen specimens:
length, 4°73; stretch, 7°54; wing, 2°40; tail, 1°76; bill from nostril,
*82; gape, 54; tarsus, 68; middle toe, -40; its claw, ‘16. _
22. Helmitherus vermivorus, (Gmelin). WorM-EaTING WaR-
BLER. A rather common summer resident; breeds. Arrives about
the middle of May (15, 1875; 9, 1876; 11, 1878; 8, 1879), and remains
through the summer.
There is a singularity about every attitude and movement of this
bird, that at once attracts attention. Chiefly seen upon the ground,
scratching amongst the leaves, and uttering a sharp chirp at intervals,
it suddenly surprises you by flying high up among the branches in
pursuit of a moth; then it alights upon a branch, and makes quite a
successful attempt at a song; later, you may see it climbing upon the
body of a tree, apparently as much at home as a Nuthatch would be;
it even pauses occasionally to utter a few feeble notes of asong. It
is sometimes found in the open woods, on its first arrival from the
South; but later, when it has settled to its summer quarters, it is
seldom seen outside of its favorite swampy thickets, where it breeds
and passes the summer. Wet places, grown up to huckleberries,—
just such spots as delight the Woodcock—are its usual resorts. Its
note is sharp and metallic; and the bird is shy and difficult to capture.
Dimensions. — Average measurements of ten specimens: length,
5°51; stretch, 8-75; wing, 2°78; tail, 2°05; bill from nostril, 39; gape,
' *64; tarsus, °70; middle toe, *50; its claw, °18.
23. Helminthophaga pinus, (Linné). BLUE-winGED YELLOW
WaRBLER. A summer resident; breeds. I found a nest, built in a
tussock of grass, on Constitution Island, in the Hudson River. I saw
another set of eggs, taken in a similar situation and said to be those
of a ‘‘yellow bird,” which agree very well with the eggs in my collec-
tion; but they may be those of the Nashville Warbler (H. rujicapilla).
3 Birds of Long Island, p. 60, 1844.
ESSEX INST. BULL. xI 4
50
It arrives about the middle of May (12, 1875; 17, 1877), and: spends
the summer. John Burroughs. mentions‘ the occurrence of this spe-
cies at Highland Falls, and Giraud observes:® ‘the present species
has been shot during. summer on the Catskill Mountains, and it is not
improbable that it breeds there; it has been shot in Rockland County,
and other parts of the State of New York, but seems to be nowhere
abundant.” At Riverdale, on the Hudson, Mr. E. P. Bicknell says ° it
is ‘‘common during the summer, and regularly breeding.” Dr. A. K.
Fisher has taken its eggs at Sing Sing, N. Y. It thus appears that
the species is a summer resident along the Hudson, as far as Catskill.
Dimensions.— Measurements of male: length, 4°85; stretch, 7°30;
wing, 2°46; tail, 1:90; bill from nostril, -35; tarsus, ‘66. Female;
length, 4°80; stretch, 7°24; wing, 2°25; tail, 1:77; bill from nostril,
*85; gape, ‘55; tarsus, ‘68; middle toe, :38; its claw,,.°15.
_ 24. Helminthophaga chrysoptera, (Linné). BLUE GoLDEN-
WINGED WARBLER.. A summer resident. Arrives from the South
early in May (12,1875; 10, 1878; 15, 1879). This species is a regular
spring migrant; and doubtless passes considerably farther to the
northward. The insect-like notes of this bird, once heard, are not
apt to be forgotten; both it, and the preceding, are usually found in
swampy thickets. ’
Dimensions.—Average measurements of five specimens: length,
5°10; stretch, 8°05; wing, 2°46; tail, 1:94; bill from nostril, -34; gape,
*57; tarsus, -70; middle toe, -42; its claw, °16.
25. Helminthophaga ruficapilla, (Wilson). NasHvILum WaR-
BLER. A very common spring and fall migrant, and rare summer resi-
dent. Arrives early in May (11, 1874; 11, 1875; 6, 1876; 13, 1877;
10, 1878; 8, 1879), departing late in September (21, 1874; 20, 1875; 16,
1876). In spring it is very abundant in fruit orchards, flitting among
the blossoms; but in autunin, when it is abundant from the first to the
twentieth of September, it is usually seen skipping about in the tree
tops; in summer it retreats. to swampy wildernesses, there to breed.
I have not discovered its nest; but Dr, Clinton L. Bagg has taken its
eggs at Poughkeepsie, on the Hudson.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of sixteen specimens: length,
4°77; stretch, 7°45; wing, 2°33; tail, 1:81; bill from nostril, -28; gape,
‘48; tarsus, °67.
26. Helminthophaga celata, (Say)... ORANGE-CROWNED WaR-
BLER. A rare migrant. ‘‘On May 13, 1875, I shot a beautiful male of
this rare species, as it was skipping among the apple blossoms, close
# Wake-Robin, p. 22, 1871.
5 Birds of Long Island, p,-67, 1844.
6 Bull. Nutt. Orn, Club, Vol. II, p. 130, 1878.
51
to my house, in company with a little band of Warblers which may
have belonged to the same species.”’ Mr. E. P. Bicknell observes :®
‘‘A female was taken [at Riverdale, on the Hudson] on October 9,
1876, and a second specimen seen on the 29th of the same month.
’ The former bird was shot while gleaning among the withering blos-
soms of a patch of golden-rods (Solidago), while the latter was hop-
ping about in a clump of leafless briers and shrubbery quite unsuspi-
ciously, allowing an approach of a few feet.”
Dimensions.— Measurements of No. 667 g, Highland Falls, N. Y.,
May 13, 1875, E. A. M.: length, 4°69; stretch, 7:25; wing, 2°22; tail,
1°85; bill from nostril, -30; tarsus, °69. .
27. Helminthophaga peregrina, (Wilson). TENNESSEE WAR-
BLER. A rather rare migrant; sometimes abundant in autumn. In
spring a few are seen, generally in company with H. ruficapilla, dis-
porting themselves among the fruit blossoms. In autumn they are
sometimes found abundantly, along the river banks, in the willow
trees. I found large flocks in the willow swamps, on Iona Island,
and on Consook Island, in September, 1876.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of four specimens: length,
5:00; stretch, 7:68; wing, 2°63; tail, 1°69; bill from nostril, ‘32; tar-
sus, °65.
28. Dendreca estiva, (Boddert). YELLOW WARBLER; SUMMER
YELLOWBIRD. A summer resident; not very abundant; breeds. Ar-
rives early in May (12, 1875; 12, 1876; 17, 1877; 9, 1878), and remains
till autumn (September 38, 1874).
Dimensions.—Average measurements of seven specimens: length,
5°10; stretch, 7°78; wing, 2°40; tail, 1°89; bill from nostril, :33; tar-
sus, °74.
29. Dendreca virens, (Gmelin). BLACK-THROATED GREEN WAR-
BLER. A summer resident; very abundant during its migrations; a
few remain and breed. Arrives early in May (16, 1874; 11, 1875; 1,
1876; 12, 1877;:9, 1878; 7, 1879), and departs late in October (21,
1874; 28, 1876). It is found everywhere, in all kinds of woods; but
it is especially numerous in hemlocks growing among déciduous
trees. It is seen, in large companies, clinging to the tips of the
branches, exhibiting a fluttering of wings and incessant activity. Its
attitudes and notes remind one of the Titmice; but it iene avery
pleasant song, besides. Not rare in summer.
Dimensions. — Average measurements of twenty-six specimens:
length, 5°10; stretch, 7°72; wing, 2°46; tail, 1:99; bill from nostril,
*25; gape, 55; tarsus, 68; middle toe, -40; its claw, “16.
7 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol, IT, p. 46, 1878.
§ Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, p. 61, 1879.
52
30. Dendroeca ceerulescens, (Linné). BLackK-THROATED BLUE
WaRBLER. An exceedingly common spring and fall migrant; not seen
insummer. Arrives early in May, and remains till late in the month
(May 7 to 22, 1875; 9 to 23, 1876; 12 to 18, 1877; 4 to 18, 1878; 7,
1879); in autumn it appears early in September (11, 1876; 24, 1877;
23, 1878), and departs in October (5, 1874; 17, 1876). The males
arrive from the South before the females. The latter do not make
their appearance in considerable numbers for several days after. This
beautiful species possesses the flycatching habits of the Blackburnian
Warbler (D. blackburnie), flying in short curves after insects, often
alighting upon the sides of trees, and equally at home upon the
ground or in the highest tree-top.
On the 15th of October, 1876, we were visited by a heavy fall of
snow, which, at that early season, must have been as unwelcome to
the birds as it was unexpected by ourselves. The apple trees, loaded
with their beautiful fruit and dark green leaves, were bent low down
under a weight of snow, while the foliage on the mountains, still
glowing in all the beautiful tints of autumn, blended its gorgeous
hues with the burdening snow flakes. Several of our summer War-
blers were still present; and, among them, this species and the Black-
throated Green; both of these came close about the house, and
endeavored to enter at the windows: a common habit with the
Yellow-rump (D. coronata).
Dimensions.—Average measurements of twenty-eight specimens:
length, 5:28; stretch, 7°96; wing, 2°52; tail, 2°06; bill from nostril,
°29; gape, ‘55; tarsus, ‘74; middle toe, *45; its claw, °17.
[TO BE CONTINUED.]
CHRONOLOGICAL
HISTORY OF PLANTS.
LITTLE, BROWN & COMPANY
PUBLISH THIS DAY:
“CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Man’s Record of his own existence, as illustrated through
their names, uses, and companionship. By CHaRLEs
PICKERING, M. D., author of ‘‘Races of Man.”
This work, to the preparation of which the last sixteen years of
Dr. Pickering’s life were devoted, forms the last of his contributions
to Natural Science.
1200 pages. 4to. Cloth, $15.00; half mor., 18.00.
BULLETIN
OF THE
pees ee LISTS LeU Tt ee.
Vot. 11. SaLem, Apr., May, June, 1879. Nos. 4, 5, 6.
The Solar Eclipse of 1878; a lecture before the Institute.
By Winstow Upton,
ASSISTANT AT HARVARD COLLEGE OBSERVATORY.
Ladies and Gentlemen:—A well known astronomer,
who devotes much of his time to studying the appear-
ance of the sun, recently remarked fhat in his opinion the
sun was the most important subject for scientific study.
Its position as the centre and controlling power of so
many celestial bodies places it at the centre also of astro-
nomical science, while its intimate connection with life
upon the earth renders especially important any knowl-
edge that we may acquire of its physical constitution.
The great interest taken in this study during the last*
twenty years has added much to our knowledge, and it is
a singular fact that this advance has been largely due to
observations made during eclipses of the sun, when that
body has been wholly concealed from view. Thus, the
spectroscopic discoveries made in the eclipse of 1868 and
immediately after, greatly modified the prevailing theo-
ries of its constitution. The mere passage of the moon
ESSEX INST. BULL. xI 5 (83)
54
between the earth and the sun not only produces a scene
of gorgeous beauty, but also enables us to study the im-
mediate vicinity of the sun unhindered by the glare of
sunlight. To take advantage of this, expeditions are
organized and carefully equipped to make the desired
observations. The questions naturally arise, what are.
the objects of these observations, how are they made,
and what are the results obtained. These we shall en-
deavor to consider, especially as illustrated by t the Total
Kclipse of last summer.
We can show by the map the path of the eclipse.
Beginning in Siberia it crossed Behring’s Straits, and
proceeded through Alaska and British America to the
United States, which it crossed in a southeasterly direc-
tion from Washington Territory to Texas. The moon’s
shadow finally left the earth in the ocean. It will be seen
that the path was not through a populous country, being
almost directly over the extent of the Rocky Mountains.
Denver is the only large town in the path. But as the
country traversed is so lofty, the observations were made
under peculiarly favorable atmospheric conditions. No
observations were made north of the United States as
far as known. Within the United States it was considered
neither safe nor expedient to send parties north of the
Union Pacific R. R., but the surveying party of Prof.
Hayden, which was near the Yellowstone Park, made
observations there. At the stations of the U. P. R. R.
within the line of totality were several well equipped par-
ties ; in Colorado there were a great many. Three of the
highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains had parties on their
summits. In Texas several parties were located.
The width of the path was about. 116 miles; the dura-
tion of totality less than three minutes. In an eclipse,
the width of the shadow and the duration of the total
55
phase depend upon the relative size of the sun and moon.
The duration of totality is simply the time occupied by
the moon in passing over the excess of its own apparent
diameter over that of the sun. As the sun and moon
have nearly the same apparent diameter, the total phase
can never occupy but a few minutes; in the most favor-
able case, when the sun is farthest away and the moon
nearest to the earth, the duration of totality is less than
eight minutes. The greatest width of the shadow is 160
miles.
The establishing’ of a temporary observatory for observ-
ing an eclipse is a work of much labor. Of course, if a
person wishes simply to examine the general appearance
of the spectacle with a portable telescope, it will not take
him long to get ready. But if an extensive series of
observations has been planned, the preparations will be
of corresponding extent. The instruments will include
telescopes of various kinds, some of which must be
mounted with great firmness; others, such as meridian
instruments, in a particular position to be determined by
observations of the stars. If spectroscopes are to be
used, they must be properly adjusted. If photographic
work is attempted, the preparations become still more
complicated, for to secure the best results the instrument
must move by clock work to correspond with the motion
of the sun. It requires, too, a great deal of ingenuity
to utilize the rough means at the disposal of a scientific
party in the field. The man who can make boards, spikes
and dirt answer the purpose of stone and mortar, or who
can fit instruments together without either tools or mate-
rials for his work, is a valuable member of the party.
The best equipped party near Denver, that of Prof.
Young of Princeton, made an astronomical camp for
their observations, and their instruments shared the rough
56
luxuries of camp life. A magnificent telescope, which
at home would be securely mounted on a pier of masonry
and shielded by a revolving dome, was here perched upon
a wooden framework which was sunk several feet into
the ground and filled with sand to secure greater steadi-
ness. It was, however, the proud possessor of a house |
which could be rolled over it for its protection, while its
less fortunate companions were summarily taken off their
mountings and carried to a place of shelter when the
daily thunder storms were seen approaching. The party
sent out by the U. S. government in charge of Prof.
Stone of the Cincinnati Observatory, to which I was
attached, located upon a ranch on the plains east of Den-
ver. We-were fortunate in finding a cattle shed, which
we transformed into a temporary observatory. In this
lonely spot, for the nearest village consisted of a railroad
shed and a dug-out, we were obliged to adapt ourselves to
a variety of situations. We were masons, carpenters,
architects. We were surveyors, electricians, chronome-
ter repairers. On the day of the eclipse, seated upon
empty boxes with recording implements and spare eye-
pieces on a neighboring plank, we made our observations
as comfortably as one could wish.
The observations connected with an eclipse begin seve-
ral days before the expected event. For besides the
adjusting of instruments and practice in using them, it
is necessary to determine the geographical position of
the observing station and the errors of the time-pieces
used. For one use of eclipses is to correct the places
of the moon given in the lunar tables. It is a mistake to
suppose, as many do, that the motions of the heavenly -
bodies are so well determined that an eclipse can be pre-
dicted with absolute certainty for a century in advance.
As Prof. Newcomb has remarked, “it is an extraordinary
57
intellectual feat that the path of an eclipse can be marked
out at all before the event is to occur.” A slight error in
the position of the moon would cause a large difference
in the path of the shadow on the earth. “In point of
fact, the time of the late eclipse as predicted was nearly
half a minute in error, while the actual path of the shadow
was some ten miles from the predicted one.” In order to
obtain the errors of the eclipse calculations, it is custom-
ary for the observers to note the time when the moon
first notches the limb of the sun, the duration of totality
and the time of last contact. When these are collected
together from the different stations of observation, they
are used to correct the lunar tables. That this may be
done, the errors of the chronometers used and the lati-
tude and longitude of each station must be known. Ob-
servations for time and latitude are usually made with
a sextant as is done at sea, or still better by a portable
transit instrument such as surveying parties or watch-
makers use. If a place whose latitude and longitude are
known is near by, the position of the observing station
may be referred to it by the methods used in surveying.
If there is telegraphic connection with a place whose
position is known, clock signals may be sent from one to
the other, and the difference in time which is the same as
difference in longitude be easily determined. At all the
eclipse stations connected with the Western Union tele-
graph lines, the clock signals from Washington were
received on several days, which was of great advantage.
Some of the observers made extensive observations
during the partial phase, by measuring the angle which
’ the line joining the cusps makes with the apparent path
of the sun from east to west, which can also be used for
correcting the moon’s place. A series of photographs is
sometimes taken for the same purpose. As it takes about
58
an hour for the moon to advance over the sun till it com-
pletely conceals it,—time which is of little use for other
purposes,—there is an excellent opportunity for such
observations. This is one use of eclipses. Formerly it
was considered the only scientific way to observe the
phenomenon. Dr. Bowditch, who observed the eclipse
of 1806 in Salem, devotes his report entirely to the cor-
rections to the moon’s place determined by his own and
others’ observations. -He simply mentions the fact that
a luminous appearance ‘surrounded the moon, as had
been noted in previous eclipses.
But this “luminous appearance” is now the most inter-
esting object of an eclipse, and the invention of new in-
struments unknown to the great mathematician makes it
possible to study it with success. The special features
of the total phase of an eclipse, I need not remind you,
are the corona or halo of light surrounding the eclipsed
sun and the solar prominences which seem to be clinging
to the limb of the moon. Upon the blackboard is.a rep-
resentation of the corona as it appeared in a telescope of
54 inches aperture. The northern and southern portions
were separated into distinct beams of. light, curving on
each side from the north and south line; the eastern and
western portions were radiated in structure, but not
divided into distinct beams. There was one beam on the
western portion which seemed to cross the radiated struc-
ture curving towards the south. The star 3 Corone
shone brightly through the corona.
The solar prominences were not conspicuous in this
eclipse. In the eclipses of 1860 and 1870 they were
very abundant. In 1860 the largest one was found to be ~
nearly 100,000 miles high or one-ninth of the sun’s diam-
eter. In that eclipse, it was proved that they-belonged
to the sun and not to the moon, as the latter passed over
59
them in its advance. In the eclipse of 1868, the spectro-
scope showed that the solar prominences are immense
masses of gaseous matter at a high temperature thrown
up from the sun, hydrogen being the leading component.
A few days after the eclipse, two different observers suc-
ceeded in obtaining their spectra in full sunlight, and now
not only can their spectra be obtained on a clear day, but
the prominences themselves are made visible.
[A spectroscope was here exhibited and its construc-
tion explained. ]
Solid bodies, if sufficiently heated, give a continuous
spectrum, that is a band of light with colors varying from
red on one end to violet on the other. Gases give not
continuous spectra, but bright lines peculiar to each gas,
whose positions for many substances have been carefully
mapped for reference. The sun gives a continuous spec-
trum crossed by dark lines, several thousand of which
have been observed. It was discovered long ago that
some of the dark lines corresponded in position with the
bright lines of certain gases, which led to the conjecture
that there was some connection between them. But in
1859, the famous Kirchoff found that by passing the light
from incandescent lime, which gives a continuous spec-
trum, though the sodium flame, which gives a bright
yellow line, he obtained the continuous spectrum with a
dark line in place of the bright one. He also found that
by using the solar spectrum combined with that of the
sodium flame, a conspicuous dark line in the yellow of
the solar spectrum could be made bright or dark by vary-
ing the intensity of the sunlight. He thus established
the fact that the dark lines in the sun indicate the pres-
ence of gaseous substances surrounding a glowing body
probably solid; at least it gives a continuous spectrum
like a heated solid. He soon found that the bright lines
60
of the gas of iron, over 400 in number, had their coun-
terpart in dark solar lines, and from that time the pres-
ence of various other substances in a gaseous state has
been detected. The method of using the spectroscope is
simply to examine the spectrum of any substance and
compare it with known spectra.
The truth of the theory that the sun is a vast globe
probably solid at an immense heat, surrounded by a gas-
eous layer, has received wonderful confirmation in recent
eclipses. If the dark lines in the solar spectrum are
merely the bright lines of certain gaseous substances
made dark by the presence of the glowing body behind
them, it must follow that just before totality, when the
moon has wholly concealed the body of the sun but not
the gaseous layer, the dark lines should become bright.
The reversal of the lines, looked for without success in
1869, was seen in 1870 by Prof. Young, who thus de-
scribes the phenomenon :—
“Very soon as the crescent grew narrower, . . . .
the dark lines-of the spectrum and the spectrum itself
faded away; until all at once, as suddenly as a bursting
rocket shoots out its stars, the whole field of view was
filled with bright lines more numerous than one could
count. The phenomenon was so sudden, so unexpected,
and so wonderfully beautiful as to force an involuntary
exclamation. Gently and yet very rapidly they faded
away, until within about two seconds, as nearly as I can
estimate, they had vanished.” This phenomenon has
been seen by many observers in recent eclipses.
As the solar prominences can now be examined upon
any clear day, they receive less attention during eclipses
- than the corona, which in the present state of science is
only visible at such times. The corone of different
eclipses are so dissimilar in appearance, and the results
—-~ -
61
of different observations are so discordant, that the phe-
nomenon is stilla great mystery. Accordingly at the last
eclipse it was studied in every way that human ingenuity
could devise. Some observers simply examined it with
the naked eye, estimating its shape, structure, and extent.
Some used telescopes of varying size for the same pur-
pose. Others confined their attention to particular por-
tions only. The resources of the physical laboratory
were brought into full use. Its light was examined with
spectroscopes and polariscopes. Mr. Edison invented a
special instrument called a tasimeter to measure its heat ;
it was successful in showing the presence of heat, but
being adjusted too delicately, since the inventor did not
know how much heat to expect, the index was thrown
beyond the limits of the measuring scale, so that the
amount of heat was not determined. The best photo-
graphic skill was also employed, and the corona which
was first photographed in 1869 was again successfully
photographed, the times of exposure varying from two to
one hundred and sixty seconds. The camera was also
used in combination with the spectroscope and _ polari-
scope, and Dr. Draper succeeded in photographing the
spectrum of the corona, which had never been done
before.
The polariscope enables us to determine at least par-
tially whether the corona shines with its own or with
reflected light. The explanation of the phenomenon of
polarization is briefly this: We can imagine that through
a beam of light coming directly to the eye, planes are
passed in every direction, the: beam of light being the
“common axis for all the planes. If however the light
does not come directly to the eye, but is reflected from
some surface, it is no longer possible to pass planes in
every direction through the reflected beam ; for the vibra-
62
tions are now confined to one plane, that passing through
the source of light, the reflecting surface and the eye.
This is termed the plane of polarization, though the wi-_
brations themselves are at right angles to this plane.
While the eye cannot of itself detect this change in the
light, there are certain substances which make it appa- -
rent. Thus the Nicol prism, which consists of two prisms
of Iceland spar cemented together by Canada balsam, will
allow light to pass through it in one plane only. If now
it is true that the vibrations in a reflected beam of light
are confined to one plane, when this plane coincides with
the plane in the Nicol prism in which light can pass,
light should be seen; but if the prism is turned so that
its plane does not coincide with the plane of polarization,
darkness should be the result. And this is found to be |
the case, or would be if the polarization were complete.
There are more delicate instruments than the Nicol prism,
e. g., the Savart polariscope which will show polarization
if it exists in only four or five per cent. in the light exam-
ined. Polarization is not found in direct light, but is
found in reflected light. The light of the moon is polar-
ized; the light of the sky is polarized by reflection from
the atmosphere, the plane of polarization passing through
the sun, the part of the sky examined and the eye.
Polarization may also be caused by the light passing
through certain crystals, as the Nicol prism, which we
have just stated will confine the vibrations to one plane.
In this case, the plane of polarization passes through the
polarizing crystal and beyond, to the source of the light.
In examining the corona with the polariscope, the obser-
vation consists in rotating the instrument and if polariza-
tion is found, noting the position of the plane of polari-
zation. If the plane passes through the sun, the part of
the corona examined and the eye, it indicates reflected
63
sunlight in the corona; if it passes beyond the sun but
not through it, it shows that the polarization is caused by
. light passing through the corona, which must, then, con-
tain substances capable of producing the phenomenon,
unless polarization can be produced in other ways than
those now known. Most of the polariscopic observations
of the corona show reflected light.
Besides these that have been mentioned there are other
minor subjects of study in an eclipse, such as the changes
in temperature, the changes in the color of the sky and
earth, the shadow as it sweeps over the earth with a veloc-
ity of half a mile each second, the effect of darkness upon
living creatures—and we must not forget the ‘search for
new planets near the sun, which, as we shall see later,
will render the eclipse of 1878 especially memorable.
The day of the eclipse was favorable at all. the observ-
ing stations. To those in Colorado the clear weather
was a glad surprise, for there had been no day for two
weeks in which the eclipse could have been successfully
observed. The preliminary obseryations and adjustments
had in consequence been but partially made. The ob-
servers on the summit of Pike’s Peak were obliged to
abandon some of their plans, as there was not time to
adjust the instruments. At our station, we worked in
the early morning hours till daylight and to a late hour
in the evening following the eclipse to complete the aux-
iliary observations. As the day advanced the final prep-
arationg were completed, and in the early afternoon, a
few moments before the predicted time, the expectant
observers took their appointed stations. No one would
have imagined that a wonderful event was at hand. No
trace of the moon could be seen. The face of Nature
bore its accustomed aspect. But almost upon the ex-
pected moment, a little notch upon the sun’s western limb
64
announced the approach of the moon. The eclipse had
begun. Rapidly advancing, the moon seemed to hold the
sun with iron grasp and to consume its light, the weaker
victorious over the stronger. The effect upon the earth,
scarcely perceptible till the sun was half hidden, from.
that time grew rapidly more apparent. Darkness seemed |
approaching, heralded not by the soothing twilight of the
restful night but by a cheerless gloom. A sense of awe
filled the soul. Men, with countenances changed to an
ashen hue, spoke in whispers. The crescent of light
became smaller and smaller, and soon the swift shadow
was seen sweeping over the lofty mountains. The thin
crescent faded away, and the dark moon was seen sur-
rounded by a crown of unequalled glory, to whose beauty
the stars bore silent witness. It lingered for awhile—
and was gone. Fora sudden burst of light marked the
returning day. It seemed as if the Creator had once
more spoken the words “Let there be light,” for there
was light. The rapid shadow sped away in its flight.
The moon hastened to,undo the work it had so recently
wrought. The sun regained its power, the stronger vic-
torious. over the weaker. Nature once more senanien her
wonted aspect. The eclipse was over.
[The remainder of the lecture was illustrated -by a
series of lantern views projected upon the screen by Mr.
Leonard Waldo of Cambridge. First were given views
of the recent eclipse as it appeared to the naked eye and
as seen through telescopes by different observers. |
It is siseular that the corona should’ appear so differ-
ently to different observers, even if they are at the same
station and view ‘it under similar conditions. But since
this is an evident fact, it is natural to suppose that a more
accurate representation of the corona may be obtained by
photography. But there are several difficulties to be
a
65
encountered. One is in the proper time to expose the
plate. When a photographer is taking a picture of a
room he exposes his plate several minutes; if he.is pho-
tographing a landscape scene in bright sunlight, a few
seconds he finds to be sufficient. For the sun, the short-
est exposure possible is required. The best photograph
of the sun yet obtained was made with an exposure of
goov Of asecond. In an eclipse, since the brightness is
much greater close to the sun than farther away from it,
a short exposure of a second or two will give the solar
prominences but no corona, while a long exposure will
represent more of the corona but the inner portions will
be ‘overexposed and therefore lose their details. This is
illustrated by two views, one of the eclipse of 1860, in
which the plate was exposed two seconds, and which shows
the prominences only, and the other Dr. Draper’s photo-
graph of thé last eclipse made with an exposure of 160
seconds. It was hoped by so long an exposure that the
coronal streamers might be photographed, which has
never yet been done. Indeed, from their absence on the
photographs it has been argued that they are unreal. The
picture does not show them, but it exhibits in the extreme
portions traces of a radiated structure.
Another reason why reliance cannot be placed upon
photographs alone is that all rays of light are not chemi-
cally active. It was shown very graphically by Prof.
Osbun a few evenings ago that the actinic rays—those
that are chemically active in developing the picture —are
confined to the blue and violet and ultra-violet portions
of the spectrum, the last named not being visible to the
eye. Red and yellow rays affect the eye but not the sen-
sitized plate. Hence a photograph does not give a per-
fect representation, since it may omit peculiarities which
the eye discerns or add others invisible to the eye. (A
66
erson sitting for a photograph shows unconscious knowl-.
f=] DS
edge of this fact, since he always expects the portrait to
omit defects which belong of course to the red end of the ©
spectrum and to bring out actinic beauties which no mor-
tal eye can see.) It requires also much skill to photo-
graph the corona. This was successfully accomplished |
for the first time in 1869, the photograph then obtained
comparing well with the more recent ones. It is custom-
ary to obtain a series of photographs with different times
of exposure, each of which will bear witness to a portion
of the corona. [Illustrated by a photograph taken in
Prof. Young’s party, and by Mr. Whipple’s helene
of the corona in the 1869 eclipse. |
It is interesting to compare the varied appearances of
the corona in different eclipses. In the recent eclipse it
was more elongated than usual, or at least the coronal
streamers were on this occasion noticed to extend further
from the sun than previously. The general outline was
also quite irregular, though in this respect it was not
unlike many others.
[A series of views was here shown representing the
corona as seen in nine of the total eclipses that have poet
observed during this century. ]
While the corona is still a very mysterious appearance,
yet the result of observations made in past years has
tended to establish the truth of certain theories with
regard to it. It belongs to the sun, and not to the moon.
It is not caused by our own atmosphere, as some have
thought, considering it to be a mere optical illusion. It is
undoubtedly true that its appearance is much modified by
local influences, but from the summit of Pike’s Peak,
where the disturbing effects gf the atmosphere were less
than at other stations, it was seen in greater extent than
elsewhere. Its presence surrounding the sun, when the
a
67
moon is absent, may be inferred from the fact that when
either of the planets Venus or Mercury is about to cross
the sun, it can be seen before touching the disk—a dark
‘body on the coronal background. In eclipses also, a few
minutes before or after the total phase, the whole outline
of the moon can be seen. It is impossible to believe
that the moon could have an atmosphere of sufficient size
and density to cause the phenomena witnessed in the
corona, and yet this atmosphere not be apparent in many
other ways.
The examination of the corona by instrumental means
strengthens the belief in its solar origin, at least in the
solar origin of the portions nearest the sun. The obser-
vations with the polariscope in different eclipses have been
quite conflicting. In some, no traces of polarization
could be found, in others they were very marked, while
the direction of the plane of polarization yaried. A dis-
cussion made previous to the last eclipse by an English
astronomer showed that the greater part of the observa-
tions might be harmonized on the supposition that the
corona contained reflected sunlight, which might be caused
by meteoric or other matter in the vicinity of the sun.
The observations made last summer for the most part con-
firm this opinion. But there are certain observations in
several of the eclipses which indicate that part of its light
comes through certain substances and not by reflection,
since the plane of polarization did not pass through the
sun but tangent to it. This discordance in the polaris-
copic observations has not yet been explained.
Let us examine the testimony of the spectroscope.
[Upon the screen were shown the spectrum of the
sun, the solar spectrum together with that of iron show-
ing the coincidences of sixty-five of the bright lines in
the spectrum of iron with dark lines in the solar spec-
68
trum, and the spectra of the sun, chromosphere, solar
prominences and corona as seen in the eclipse of 1869.]
The spectrum of the chromosphere, the ‘gaseous layer
in which the solar prominences originate, contained the
four hydrogen lines with several others not determined.
In the spectrum of the prominences were found, besides |
these, four others, three of which were also found in the
corona; of these two were rather faint, and have not
generally been seen. The third, which is called the
“1474” line, from its position on the standard scale, is
considered the characteristic line of the coronal spectrum ;
it indicates the presence of an unknown gaseous substance
which is also found in the sun, and probably thrown up
from it into the corona. In the corona have also been
seen the continuous spectrum, which would indicate in-
. eandescent solid or liquid matter, and the spectrum of
sunlight with its dark lines, which would agree with the .
polariscope in indicating reflected sunlight.
Upon the testimony of the spectroscope, then, the
corona is of a very complex nature, for it shines with its
own light, shines with reflected sunlight, and contains an
unknown gaseous substance found also in the sun. But
the corona does not exhibit the same spectra in different
eclipses. In the last eclipse the change. was especially
marked. The 1474 line was very faint—some observers
failed entirely to see it—while the continuous spectrum
was the marked feature, the dark solar lines being also
seen. This noticeable change in the spectrum, particu-
larly the unusual faintness of the 1474 line, points to a
connection between the sun and the corona which is one
of the most important results of the recent observations.
The sun has been for some time pastvin a state of unusual
quiescence ; the spots and prominences are few, the chro-
mosphere low. That at this time the corona should show
69
the least trace of the solar “1474 matter” it has ever
exhibited since the spectroscope discovered its presence,
is a proof that it, too, follows the periodicity characteris-
tic of the sun. In a few years the sun spots will again
become numerous, for their period is known; if the
corona. should then, as is confidently expected, exhibit
the characteristics so marked in 1869 and 1870, when the
sun was in great activity, the proof will be still more
complete.
It is remarkable that while the 1878 corona contained
less of the solar matter than formerly, it was more ex-
tended and exhibited more plainly the evidences of re-
flected light.. The advocates of the view that it is mainly
caused by reflection from meteoric substances in the vicin-
ity of the sun find in this circumstance an argument for
‘ their theory ; and some who before have believed that the
inner corona was solar and the outer atmospheric in ori-
gin have changed to the meteoric theory. The sketch
made by Prof. Abbe on the slope of Pike’s Peak shows
in a very striking way the extent of the corona as seen
in high altitudes without telescopic aid. The observer
has advanced the theory that the long bands of light are
the grand meteor streams which the earth meets in August
and November, the tapering of the bands being due to
perspective. No other person, as far as known (for but
few of the reports of the last eclipse have yet been pub-
lished) has been so definite in designating the position of
the meteoric bodies reflecting the coronal light, but the
belief that this is the explanation of at least that portion
of the corona farthest removed from the sun has been
strengthened by the recent observations.
It has been customary for some observers to spend the
time of totality in the search for new planets near the
sun. To facilitate the work, a chart of stars is made
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. xI 6
70
beforehand and the observer hunts systematically for ob-
jects not on the map. In the last eclipse several distin-
guished astronomers engaged in this work, two of whom
report success for the first time in the history of eclipse
observations. Each of them found two objects not on~
the chart, which therefore cannot be stars, for no stars .
except those on the chart exist in that part of the sky
as bright as the new objects are described to_be. - The
positions given by the two observers, Prof. Watson and
Mr. Swift, unfortunately do not agree, and consequently
there were four new objects seen, unless one of the ob-
servers in the hurry of the moment made a mistake in
his record. This is a point which no one can settle.
The new objects cannot be asteroids, for they are so
bright that they would have been discovered long ago if
that were the case. It has been suggested that they may
be comets, but the discoverers are positive in their de-
scriptions and would not be likely to be deceived, since
they are experienced observers. It is generally conceded
that one or more new planets moving about the sun within
the orbit of Mercury has been discovered, and the search
for new planets will receive much attention in future
eclipses.
[The concluding illustration represented the progress
of an eclipse, the sun being gradually concealed by the
advancing moon, and the corona bursting forth at the
moment of totality. ]
We may sum up briefly the scientific results of the last
eclipse, as far as they can now be given.
1. The discovery of one or more intra-Mercurial
planets."
1 Since the above was written, a valuable discussion of the subject of the exist-
ence of intra-Mercurial planets has been published by Dr. Peters of Hamilton Col-
lege, New York. It presents in a masterly way the negative side of the question,
showing that the supposed observations of such bodies that have been made dur-
ee
wer
7
2. The proof that the corona follows the same law of
periodicity which affects the sun.
3. An advance in instrumental means of studying
eclipses, shown by the invention of the tasimeter, and
the successful photographing of the coronal spectrum.
4. The accumulation of more facts, which will have
their value in combining the observations of different
eclipses.
We may feel sure that future observations will throw
more light upon the unsolved problems suggested by the
phenomena of an eclipse. The sole object of these ob-
servations is to add to our knowledge of this wonderful
universe,—a universe which in its grandest or in its
humblest appearances speaks its Creator’s praise.
ing this century are unreliable, while the great mass of testimony is opposed to
their existence. The objects seen by Prof. Watson in the last eclipse are explained
to be certain known stars which would coincide with the observed positions if we
admit an error in the observations — an error which is claimed to be within the lim-
its of accuracy possible under the conditions of observation. This criticism,
which is sustained by good arguments, coupled with the mass of negative evi-
dence, places the subject once more in a doubtful position. But it is certain that
the interest excited by the supposed discoveries wi make the search for new
planets a prominent part of future eclipse observations.
Notes on the Native and extensively introduced Woody
Plants of Essex County, Massachusetts.*
By Joun Rosinson.
’ PREFACE.
TuE following notes on the woody plants of Essex County have
been collected for the purpose of giving what is known of the trees
and:shrubs which are natives of the soil, and those which have been
extensively introduced. It is not possible to bring together here all
the information which might be collected, but it is certain that suffi-
cient will be found to show thoroughly the nature of the species,
their hardiness, and the size they attain within our county’s limits:
The principal facts are taken from the extensive notes made by Mr.
John H. Sears of Danvers, and the observations made since by Mr.
Sears and the present writer while botanizing in various parts of the
county. Besides, the work of the older botanists has been examined,
and references will be found to Dr. Chas. Pickering, William Oakes,
Rev. J: L. Russell, S. P. Fowler, and others. The writer desires to
express his thanks to the many persons who, more or less interested
in the subject, in various parts of the county, have so uniformly shown
their kindness by adding much valuable information, which has been
incorporated in the notes. Almost every species referred to in these
pages is represented in the Essex County Botanical Collection in the
Museum of the Peabody Academy of Science, at Salem, where besides
the dried specimens of leaves, flowers, and fruit of the plants, there
is also a very complete collection of the wood arranged to show its
transverse and vertical section, and the bark of each species. This
collection is the result of a systematic attempt to illustrate the woody
plants of Essex County, and was gathered chiefly by Mr. Sears.
Should it chance that any one reading these pages can add any infor-
mation to that already collected, the writer would esteem it a great
favor that it should be communicated to him.
1 Names of species in this type: Tilia Americana, L., indicate plants which are
natives of Essex County; in this type: Magnolia acuminata, L., plants which are
natives of North America, usually within the scope of Gray’s Botany, (7.e., east of
the Mississippi and north of Virginia), and introduced into Essex County; in this
type: BERBERIS VULGARIS L., plants which are from foreign countries, usually
natives of Europe, introduced into Essex County.
(72)
73
RANUNCULACES.
(CROWFOOT Family.)
Clematis Virginiana, Z. (Common Viratn’s Bower.) A very
pretty climber, seldom forming stems of much size. It is quite abun-
dant near Salem, and is frequently met with in cultivation, where it
makes with its flowers in August, and later with its feathery fruit, a
very attractive trellis plant. Many other species of this beautiful
genus are found in our gardens. TheC. [Atragane] verticillaris, D. C.,
which grows near Mt. Wachuset, is probably not a native of this
county.
MAGNOLIACEE.
(MAGNOLIA Family.)
Magnolia glauca, LZ. (Smart MaGnorira. Sweet Bay.) This
beautiful plant, so far north of its central habitat, has given the name
to the summer resort near which the magnolia swamp is situated in
‘Gloucester, and the original locality is so widely known that the
plants are fast being removed (often very carelessly) for cultivation.
The young buds are so quickly taken off by the venders of the flowers
that it is almost impossible to find a perfect specimen. Fortunately,
however, there are one or two other swamps in which the M. glauca
grows, not so easy of access, extending towards the town of Essex,
where this rare plant is likely to remain undisturbed for a while
longer. It is not known by whom it was first detected here, but it
probably has been familiar to the residents of the vicinity for a cen-
tury.”
Magnolia acuminata, L. (CucuMBER TREE.) Frequent in culti-
vation, easily enduring the winters except in very exposed places.
One tree of this species upon the estate of Gen. Loring in Beverly
almost riyals more southern specimens by its fine growth.
M. macrophylla, M. umbrella, and M. conspicua ( Yulan of the Chi-
nese), are occasionally met with in cultivation, requiring some protec-
tion during winter when planted in exposed places.
Liriodendron tulipifera, L. (TuLip Tree.) A native of southern
New England and westward. A tree commonly cultivated, but
2 Dr. Henry Wheatland kindly furnishes the following note :—
“Rev. Manasseh Cutler, LL.D., of Hamilton, was the person who first brought
to public notice the magnolia locality in Gloucester and Manchester; or at least
tradition says so. Ina notice of a field meeting of the Institute at Manchester in
1856, Rev. J. L. Russell says, ‘It was a source of no ordinary pleasure to be able
to stand on the most northern limit of this fine and ornamental tree, probably near
the very spot where its fragrant blossoms attracted the notice of the Rev. Dr.
Manasseh Cutler many years since.’ Proc. E.1., Vol. Hl, p. 34.”
74
here never reaching the magnificent proportions to which ‘it arom
in the west. It is a clean and handsome shade tree.
BERBERIDACEZ.
(BARBERRY Family.)
BERBERIS VULGARIS, LZ. (COMMON BaRBERRY.) Few persons fa-
miliar with the barberry know that it has been introduced from Europe, —
yet such is the case, and aside from the eastern portion of the New
England states it is a comparatively rare shrub. The fruit is- much
used when preserved as a dinner sauce, and the plants if properly
pruned form a very beautiful hedge.
Dr. William Mack, of Salem, who has given much attention to the
introduction of shrubs and trees in this vicinity, and who has experi-
mented to a considerable extent with our American species, considers
the barberry to be one of the best of hedge plants. He has found
those raised from seeds to succeed the best; they should when two
years old be planted out in a double row, the plants being one foot
apart, those of one row coming opposite the spaces of the other.
After a few year’s growth the pruning should be commenced. The
hedge thus treated by Dr. Mack became in ten years a solid mass six
feet high and three or four feet wide. When growing in hedges the
barberry seldom produces fruit.
a4
CISTACER.
(ROCK-ROSE Family.)
Helianthemum Canadense, Michx. (Frost-weep.) A little
plant flowering in August and September, resembling somewhat the
small Evening Primrose. ‘
. Hudsonia tomentosa, Nutt. ( Hupsonra.) A curious little plant
growing in sandy places, resembling in appearance a Heath. Abun-
dant at Ipswich, Plum Island, and Nahant.
Lechea tenuifolia, L. thymifolia, Pursh., L. major, Michz.,
and L. minor, Zam., are homely weeds growing in sand or poor soil.
The plants of this family have somewhat woody stems.
MALVACE SR.
(MALLOW Family.)
Althea officinalis, L., is found on salt marshes, and is reported at
Salisbury by Mrs. Downs.
Hibiscus moscheutos, Z., was found at Swampscott fifty years
ago by the late Dr. Chas. Pickering, the place where it then grew is
now occupied by summer boarding-houses.
75
Hrsiscus Syriacus, ZL. (ComMon ALtTH#aA.) Always cultivated.
It is sometimes found to spread by seeds almost as though it were
wild.
TILIACESA.
(LINDEN Family.)
Tilia Americana, Z. (AMERICAN LINDEN. Basswoop.) A fine
shade tree scattered through the county, seldom more than a few
trees being seen together. It is subject to the attacks of insects, the
leaves by mid-summer often being quite unsightly, owing to their
almost skeletonized appearance. Mr. J. H. Sears, of Danvers, to
whom the writer will frequently have occasion to refer in these notes,
gives the following measurements of a Basswood which, in 1867, grew
in Danvers, beside a never-failing spring.
Circumference 12 feet 3 inches at 1 foot from ground
“ 10 ““ 6 “ “ 5 feet “ itd
Height 50 feet.
Another before the farm house of Mr. Nathaniel Boardman was
in 1875,
Circumference 12 feet 10 inches at 1 foot from ground.
“cc 9 “ 0 “ce itd 5 feet “ “
Height 45 feet. :
The wood is chiefly used in carriage and cabinet work.
Tra Europa. (EURVPEAN LINDEN.) Much used as a street
shade tree, represented in the county by some very fine specimens.
The leaves are smaller than those of the American Linden, and the
time of flowering somewhat earlier.
Six European Lindens in Beverly, in 1876, measured as follows,
commencing with one opposite the southeast corner of number 82
Cabot St.
No. 1. Circumference 9 feet 8 inches at 1 foot from ground.
““ 9 “ 9 “ “ 6 feet “ “c
No. 3. ii} 9 “ 8 “ “ee a foot “ce 4“
“cc 8 se 11 “ce ae 6 feet “ce “
No. 3. “ 9 “cc : | “ “cc 1 foot “cc “cr
“ 8 se 6 “ oc 6 feet “ a“
No. 4. as TOSS Gh ASE.” OSE 1 1006S ss
r “ 9 “ee 0 “c “ 6 feet “ “cc
No. 5. “ 1l “ 5 ec “ a foot “cc “
“ 9 «e 5 “ sc 6 feet “ “ce
No. 6. “ 10 “ 9% oe “ec au foot “ “
se 8 “ 8 “ “ 6 feet “ “cc
Height about 70 feet.
RUTACESA.
(RUE Family.)
Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. (NORTHERN PRICKLY AsH. TOoTH-
76
ACHE TREE.) This plant, although a northern shrub, does not, it is
probable, grow naturally within the county limits. There are in
Boxford, Danvers, and Georgetown several localities for Prickly Ash.
Mrs. W. 8S. Horner kindly furnishes the following information: ‘*The
Prickly Ash was brought from Topsfield in 1835 and planted in several
places in this vicinity, by Mf. Andrew Horner, who held its medicinal
properties in much esteem. The plant is growing in several places
here as a shrub from six to twelve feet high; perhaps under. better
conditions it might grow larger.” It would be interesting to know
when and by whom it was introduced into Topsfield.
AILANTHUS GLANDULOSUS. (TREE OF HEAVEN. CHINESE SUMACH.)
A native of China, introduced into this country in 1784, at Philadel-
phia. ‘This very handsome tree was extensively planted as a shade
tree in our cities, but the offensive odor of the staminate flowers
made it unpopular, and it was found that the pollen and fallen flowers
injured the water collected from the roofs of houses near which the
trees were planted.
This tree is well adapted for planting in sandy soil, as for instance
that of Plum Island. The Russian government use it on the steppes,
where it has been remarkably successful.. The wood is handsome,
excellent for furniture, somewhat resembling oak. This tree is very
easy of propagation, for, besides being raised from seeds, every bit.of
root when cut in pieces will form a bud. For a shade tree this
suckering is objectionable. A very full account of the Ailanthus will
be found in the Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Secretary of the
Board of Agriculture of. Mass., by Prof. C. S. Sargent, from which
this brief account is taken.
.
ANACARDIACEA.
(CASHEW Family.)
Rhus typhina, Z. (StacHorn Sumacu.) Quite common in
various parts of the county. A tree in the garden of Mr. Joel Kim-
ball in Beverly, measured in 1878, 25 feet in height, with a diameter
of 10 inches.
Rhus glabra, Z. (Smoot Sumacu.) Abundant, particularly in
Wenham, Ipswich, and Hamilton.
Rhus copallina, L. Cane Sumacu.) In similar localities to
the last.
Rhus venenata, DC. (Poison SumacH.) Poison Dogwood is
an unfortunate name to give to this plant, although it is the one by
which it is most generally known. The Dogwoods all have large
panicles of white fiowers and are harmless to handle, while the poison
Sumach has inconspicuous flowers.
77
The Poison Sumach grows to considerable size. in the county; one
tree in Hamilton has a head some 15 feet in diameter, with a trunk
branching near the ground into several divisions.
Rhus Toxicodendron, LZ. (Poison Ivy.) This very common
poisonous plant will be found at one time in the form of a very deli-
cate vine, and at another a stout, coarse-leaved shrub supporting
itself against a wall or tree. One form has been called R. radicans,
but the intermediate forms so connect it with the first that it
has been considered only a variety of strong growth. These two
last species of Rhus are the only plants poisonous to the touch grow-
ing in the county. Neither have attractive flowers or fruit. It is
only the showy leaves of R. venenata in autumn that would everleada
person to handle the plant through any attraction of its own. Con-
sidering the abundance of these species, and the frequency with which
they must be touched, even roughly handled by many persons, par-
ticularly by children, it is a wonder that their poisonous effects are
not more often seen.
If any one suspects that either of these plants have come in contact
with the person, let the part so touched be washed with a strong,
coarse soap. If the eruption makes its appearance, apply water, as
hot as can be borne, to 'the affected part; this will benumb the little
nerves which are irritated and dull the pain. If a disagreeable
swelling is caused by being poisoned, seek the advice of the best
neighboring regular physician... Some persons may handle these
plants with impunity, others are so sensitive that their near presence
to the plant without contact with their person is sufficient to cause a
swelling of the face. Many other plants are charged with being the
cause of poisonings. It is probable that all such charges are erro-
neous, and that unconsciously one of the two poisonous sumachs have
been handled or brushed against. In collecting other plants the wide-
spreading roots of one of them may have been met with. This has
proved to be the explanation of several cases of mysterious: plant
poisoning.
Ruvus CotTinus (SMOKE TREE.) is very common in cultivation...
VITACE RR.
(VINE Family.)
Vitis Labrusca, LZ. (NorrHern Fox Graps.) “Very common.
Fruit ripening during the latter part of August or first of September.
A white fruited variety with paler green leaves has’ been found in
Danvers by Mr. Sears. This species, ‘‘Improved by cultivation has
given rise to the Isabella, Catawba, Concord, and other varieties.”
Gray.
78
Vitis eestivalis, Michx. (Summer Grape.) Not so common as
as last. Found on Cape Ann, as is also
Vitis cordifolia, Michx. (WiInTER oR Frost Grape), which
has been found in Essex.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx. (VirGIntAN CREEPER.) This
beautiful climber in our northern latitude takes the place of the Eng-
lish Ivy (Hedera helix) as a wall plant. It is very abundant wild,
and much in use in cultivation.
The beautiful, closely clinging AMpELopsis VeTcHI is now being
introduced as a wall climber with great success near Boston, where it
proves perfectly hardy.
RHAMNACESR.
(BUCKTHORN Family.)
RHAMNUS CATHARTICUS, LZ. (ComMON BuckTHorN.) This has
always been extensively used for hedges, and where plants have been
allowed to grow up singly, the seeds produced are widely distributed,
and small plants are abundant.
Ceanothus Americanus, Z. (New Jersey Trea.) A low shrub
with very pretty white flowers in July. Common in Beverly, George-
.town, etc. ‘The leaves were used for tea during the American
Revolution, and the manufacture has been recently revived in Penn-
sylvania.” Gray. ;
CELASTRACER.
(STAFF TREE Family.)
Celastrus scandens, Z. (RoxBpury Waxwork. CLIMBING
BItTER-SWEET.) Common in Salem, Beverly, Middleton, etc. This
species is an excellent one for arches or trellis work when a plant
that will bear pruning is desired. The scarlet fruit remains in the
open pod after the leaves have fallen, often through the entire winter.
Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. (BURNING BusH. SPINDLE TREE.)
A native of New York state. Often cultivated here. ‘
SAPINDACESR.
(SOAPBERRY Family.)
ZEscuLus Hrerocastanum, LZ. (Horse-cHestnut.) This valuable
and extensively planted shade tree was introduced from Europe during
the last century. ‘‘It is a native of Asia, and was carried to France
in 1615 from Constantinople. The fruit is in Germany boiled and used
to fatten cattle and fowls. The name horse-chestnut is derived from
the fact that in Turkey and Germany it is employed in veterinary
7
79
medicine.” Emerson. A tree in the writer’s garden, fifty years old,
measured, Sept., 1878,
Circumference 8 feet Linch, 1foot from ground.
- % 6 “ 10inches,6feet Se
Height about 60 feet.
The Red Horse-chestnut and perhaps one or two others are met
with in cultivation.
Acer Pennsylvanicum, Z. (Srrirep Marie.) In some towns
this shrub or tree is called Moose-wood, a name applied to Dirca
palustris and also to Viburnam lantanoides in other places. This isa
good illustration of the danger of using the common names of plants
when accuracy is desired, and the importance of a botanical name
which is accepted everywhere for a species. The Striped Maple is
often met with in Essex Woods, Rockport, Swampscott, Andover,
Georgetown, etc. The trunk occasionally reaches a diameter of six
inches, in specimens planted out, one of which may be seen in Har-
mony Grove Cemetery in Salem, another on the grounds of G. A.
Tapley, Esq., Danvers. The leaves sometimes are found to measure
8 by 10 inghes. :
Acer spicatum, Lam. (MouNnTAIN MapPie.) Although at the White
Mountains, and elsewhere, this species is found in company with the
Striped Maple, yet it has not been authentically reported within our
county limits. It is rarely seen even in cultivation, under which
treatment it makes a very pretty shrub.
Acer saccharinum, Wang. (SuGarR Marie. Rock Mapte.)
Nearly all of the old and large specimens of this tree have been
destroyed, so that the native growth is chiefly suckers from the old
stumps. Trees of this species are occasionally seen with a trunk
eighteen inches in diameter. Planted out, the Sugar Maple is a most
beautiful shade tree, although rather dense for city streets. Little
or no sugar is made from the maple in this county, both on account
of the scarcity of large trees and the unfavorable conditions of the
climate.
The variety nigrum (A. nigrum, Mich.) is seen now and then in
' cultivation where it becomes a fine tree.
Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart. (Wuitt Mapie. Srtver MaAPLe.)
This tree, common in cultivation, grows naturally along the Ipswich
River and elsewhere in the northwestern part of the county, where
many fine specimens are found. One tree in Topsfield measured by
Mr. Sears and the writer, May, 1875, was eight feet in circumference
four feet from the ground. Many others of similar size are to be met
with. .
Acer rubrum, Z. (Rep Marie. Swamp Marte.) This species
80
is very abundant: in nearly all parts of the county. The leaves vary
greatly in size and shape, and the fruit varies in size, position. of the
keys as regards each other, and their color. In Gray’s Manual this
maple is spoken of as ‘‘a small tree,” which is evidently an accidental
mistake, as it often grows to great size. Two trees growing in
‘‘ Blind-HoleSwamp,” Danvers, in 1865, measured by Mr. Sears, were,
(1) erates 8 feet 6 inches at 1 foot from ground. =
7 “ce 5 “ iid 6 feet sé it . ,
90 *“ high, 24 feet to first limb.
(2) fh 8 “ 0 inches at 23 feet from ground.
a 7 “ 5 “ “ 6 “cc Lid ‘e
Height 50 ft., spread of branches 50 ft. in diameter.
In Ipswich, near the homestead of Mrs.. Warner, on the bank of the
river, is a remarkably fine old Red Maple, which measured, in 1875, as
follows :—
Circumference 13 feet 9 inches at 1 foot from ground.
“ 14 “cc 2 ‘ “ 5 feet “ “
Just above, the trunk divides into sixteen limbs; the height is
about 55 feet, and the spreading branches mee their greatest diameter
74 feet.
Mrs. Horner sends the measurements of a Red Maple inal felled
near Gage’s ferry, Bradford, 1876.
Circumference 26 feet at 4 feet from. the ground, one branch circum-
ference 124 feet. Mrs. Horner ‘states that there are several other
large Red Maples left in this region.
AcER PsrupO-PLATANUS :(SYCAMORE MAPLE), ACER PLATANOIDES
(AusTRIAN MapLe.) European trees which are frequent in cultivation,
where they often rival the native species in the strength and rapidity
of their growth.
Negundo aceroides, Moench. .(ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. . Box-ELDER.)
This is the Acer negundo, L., a northern plant extending into Penn-
sylvania. It is cultivated in this vicinity, and it has occasionally been
found escaped. A variegated leaved form is also ‘found i in cultivation.
LEGUMINOSZ&.
- (PULSE Family.)
GeNISTA TINcCTOoRIA, ZL. (Woap-Waxen, Dyer’s Weep.) © Intro-
duced early from Europe, this: plant has become most ‘thoroughly
‘established in the county. The masses of its gorgeous yellow flowers
in July, make the otherwise barren hills in the vicinity of Salem a
magnificent sight. . At one point in the Salem Great Pastures scarcely
anything but this plant can be.seen for miles around. A near relative
of this plant, Cytisus scoparius (Scotch Broom), runs wild in Virginia.
81
.
~ Robinia pseudacacia, L. (Common Locust.) The Locust is a
native of Pennsylvania and westward. It has so long been cultivated
in this vicinity that it has in many places the appearance of being a
native of the county.
Owing to the attacks of borers, the Locust trees planted singly
along walls or scattered through a field are liable to be broken by
high winds, and consequently the tree is less frequently met with than
formerly. According to Emerson the pests which attack the various
species of Robinia are less troublesome among trees planted in groves. .
Hon. Benj. Perley Poore, at Newbury, has succeeded with the Locust
cultivated in this manner admirably, and it is to be regretted that the
planting of ‘so valuable a tree should be discontinued.
Mr. Sears states that the fallen leaves are considered as more of an
improvement to the land than those of any other tree, a fact corrobo-
rated by Mr. Poore’s experience. Mr. Sears gives the measurements
of several Locusts as follows. One on the Gardner farm near Salem
being 12 feet in circumference. Three trees on the Pedrick estate,
Danvers, measured respectively, 6, 7, and 8 feet in circumference, and
were from 50 to 80 feet high.
Robinia viscosa, Vent. (CLamMy Locust.) A smaller tree than
the last, with the ‘inodorous flowers in shorter and more compact
clusters. A native of Virginia, and it is frequent in cultivation,
spreading extensively by suckers.
Robinia hispida, L. (Rose Acacta.) Also from Virginia. It is
occasionally found as a garden plant, where it is a small shrub.
Wistaria frutescens, D C., from West Virginia, etc., is occasionally
cultivated. :
SopHora Japonica, of Japan, is hardy in the SARIAYs and is now
and then cultivated.
Cladrastis tinctoria, Raf. (YELLOW Woop), the Virgilia lutea,
Michx. f., from Kentucky, is also hardy, but requires a sheltered place.
Cercis Canadensis, L.. (RED-BUD), of New York State, is a quite
hardy and handsome shrub or tree in cultivation.
Gleditschia triacanthos, L. (THREE-THORNED ACACIA. HONEY-
Locust.) This tree, very common in the vicinity of Salem, is a
. handsome, rapidly growing shade tree, yet, if persistently pruned
when small, it will form an admirable hedge. Trees‘ of this species
are not uncommon from 18 inches to 2 feet-in diameter, and from 50
to 60 feet high. This species is a native of Pennsylvania.
ROSACEZ.
(ROSE. Family.)
Prunus Americana, Marshall. (Wip YELLOW, oR Rep Pim.)
Specimens of the flowers of this tree, collected by William Oakes in
82
a
the county, are in the herbarium of the Peabody Academy of Science.
It is a small, thorny tree.
Prunus maritima, Wang. (Brac Pium.) This shrub is very
abundant at Plum Island, and also along the stone walls at the road-
side for some distance into the interior of the county. It is said that
the farmers going to the island for “thatch” (Spartina stricta), collect
plums and eating them on théir way home, throw the stones by the ©
wall, thus establishing the species in the interior towns.
Prunus spinosa, ZL. (SLoz. Brack THorN.) Reported as intro-
duced in one or two instances.
Prunus pumila, Z. (Dwarr Cuerry.) Reported from Andie
by Mrs. A. S. Downs and Rev. H. P. Nichols. It was also collected
at Lynn, by Dr. Chas. Pickering, about 1823.
Prunus Pennsylvanica, LZ. (WiLp Rep CHERRY.) “This is a
very small tree, quite common in the county.
Prunus Virginiana, ZL. (Cuoxe Cuerry.) A tall shrub, very
common in all parts.
Prunus serotina, Ehrhart. (Witp Biack CuEerry.) The late Dr.
Chas. Pickering did not consider this tree to be a native of Essex
County, but that it was introduced at an early date by the colonists.
The Black Cherry is now very abundant along walls, in fields, and
by streams. The trees of this species attain considerable size; one
in Boxford measured by Mr. Sears, in 1875, was,
4 Circumference 10 feet at 24 feet from ground.
“ce ‘ 8 “ “ 6 “ce “ te
Height about 60 feet.
Another, measured in 1879, was 8 feet in circumference 4 feet from
the ground. The wood of this tree is very valuable, and it is unfortu-
nate that the tree should meet with so much abuse on acconnt of its
being the favorite of the caterpillars. j
P. (AMYGDALUS) NANA (FLOWERING ALMOND), P. (A.) Prrsica
(PEACH), P. ARMENIACA (APRICOT), and P. DOMESTICA (GARDEN
CHERRY), are all common in cultivation, mostly having been intro-
duced at an early date.
Spirea opulifolia, L. (NINE-BaRk.) Probably not a native of
the county, although common in cultivation. Mr. C. E. Faxon has
found this species undoubtedly indigenous at Blue Hill, Milton, Mass.
Spirea salicifolia, L. (Mrapow Sweet), forms quite a stem at
times, as does
Spirzea tomentosa, LZ. (Harpwack.) Both are very common.
Other foreign shrubby species are met with in cultivation.
Potentilla fruticosa, Z. (SHrusBy CINQUE-FOIL.) In Ipswich
this remarkable Potentilla is quite common, and it is found in a few
83
’ other places Rockport, Mr. Frank Lufkin; Georgetown, Mrs. Horner.
The stems are sometimes half an inch in diameter, the plants often
being three or four feet high.
Rubus odoratus, Z. (PuRPLE FLOWERING RASPBERRY.) Many
persons suppose that because this plant is so common in old gardens
that it is not a native shrub, yet it was known to Higginson, who
mentions it as growing near Salem, in a locality without doubt still in
existence. This species is not uncommon in various parts of the
county.
Rubus triflorus, Richardson. (Dwarr RaspBerry.) Danvers,
probably in other localities. It is a vine of little consequence, without
prickles. The stems are of annual growth.
Rubus strigosus, Michx. (WILD RED RasPBERRY.) Very com-
mon. The fruit much marketed.
Rubus occidentalis, Z. (THmesLeBerry.) Not so common as
last, the fruit less esteemed.
Rubus villosus, Ait. (Hien BiackBerry.) Very abundant, the
fruit much in demand. This species varies much. A small form with
berries of a poorer quality is found in Danvers, and other forms
almost connect it, as Gray states, with
Rubus Canadensis, Z. (Low BLackBERRY, DEWBERRY), Which
is quite common in all parts, with a delicious berry preferable to that
of £&. villosus.
Rubus hispidus, Z. (Runnine Swamp-BiackBerryY.) Although
this does not always grow in swamps, yet it is sometimes found there.
The fruit is of no value, and the vines are very troublesome to pedes-
trians. ;
Rosa Carolina, Z. (Swamp Roszt.) Very common in Beverly,
Gloucester, etc.
Rosa lucida, Ehrhart. (ComMMON WILD Ross.) This varies
much in the color of the flowers. Very common in all parts.
Rosa RuBIGINOSA, ZL. (SWEET BRIER.) Escaped from old gardens
and become thoroughly naturalized. It is difficult to distinguish this
species from :
Rosa MICRANTHA, Smith. (SMALL SWEET Brier), which is now
and then found. yee
Rosa CINNAMOMEA (CINNAMON Rose). Common in old gardens,
and sometimes found escaped. Many foreign roses are of course
hardy in gardens. Those of the Hybrid-perpetual varieties require
protection during winter.
Cratzeus OxycanTHa, Z. (ENGLISH HawTHORNE.) Some fine
trees of this species, according to Tracy, are found in Saugus, where
they have made themselves quite at home. This tree is often met
with in cultivation.
84
- Crategus coccinea, LZ. (SCARLET-FRUITED THORN.) | Quite -
common in Ipswich, Topsfield, etc. Mr. Sears mentions one in
Danvers, with a trunk 17 inches in circumference and 18 feet high.
Crategus tomentosa, Z.; (BLack oR Pear THorn.) In simi-
lar localities to last.. It varies much.
Pyrus Matus, Z.. (ApPLE.) Introduced very early from Europe,
Oftentimes the apple is found in the woods and fields, long distances
from farms, where seedlings have chanced to spring up. The fruit of —
these sometimes is of a very pleasant flavor. Old trees are often seen
7 to 10 feet in circumference.
Pyrus CoMMUNIS, LZ. (PEAR.), Among the earliest fruits intro-
duced by the colonists was the Pear.. Mr. Robert Manning in an
article entitled **‘ Notes on Ancient Pear Trees,” in the Proceedings of
the American Pomological Society, 1875, states, that the celebrated
‘*Endicott Pear Tree” was:thought: to have been planted in 1630,
having been brought from England in the Arabella, or some other ©
vessel, in June of that year. Goy. Endicott’s farm was granted in
1632, so that the trees imported may have been first placed in the
Governor’s Salem garden. The ‘‘Endicott Pear Tree” is now not
much more than sucker growth from the original tree.
The Orange Pear Tree in the garden of Capt, Chas. H. Allen, on
Hardy St., Salem, is in much better condition.. It is supposed to have
been planted about 1640. In 1875 it was 9 feet 5 inches in cireumfer-
ence at the smallest part between the roots and the branches, and in
1862 bore thirteen and a half bushels of pears. Other old pear trees
are to be found, but not so venerable as these.
Pyrus arbutifolia, Z. (Cuoxke-Berry.) Common throughout
the county.
Pyrus Americana, DC. (AMERICAN Mounrtatn-Asu.) It is
probable that this species was once to be found indigenous in the
county, where it is now seen in cultivation with the
Pyrus aucupaRia, Getn. (EuropeAN Mountain Asa.) The
fruit of these trees being eagerly sought by birds, the seeds are
widely distributed, and the young trees are found almost anywhere.
The European Mountain-Ash: seldom forms a handsome tree, the
foliage is sparse, and the smaller limbs are easily broken by the weight
of the heavy fruit. It-is very common in cultivation.
Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. (SHAD-BLOSSOM.
JUNE-BERRY.) This very interesting shrub is quite common in moist
land in all parts of the county. —
Var. Botryapium (Pyrus Borryarium, WILLD.), is the larger
growing form, with smooth leaves and longer petals. A tree of this
variety in Danvers, Mr. Sears measured. in 1875, was 8 feet in cir-
cumference below the seven branches into which the trunk soon
85 -
divided. Three of these branches were 18 inches in circumference,
the tree was 28 feet high. In May, the whole is a magnificent mass
of white flowers.
Var. oblongifolia is smaller, with shorter petals, and leaves
downy beneath.
The fruit of the Amelanchier is ripe the last of June or early in
July. It is sweet and excellent, and if it were not that birds appre-
ciate this fact as well as man, it might be a valuable market berry.
It is now often seen on sale among the blueberries in the first of the
season.
The wood of this tree has a speckled appearance, and is very pretty.
Darlington says that the fruit may be improved by long cultivation,
and Emerson considers it an experiment well worth trying, to ascer-
tain how far it might be improved.
CYDONIA VULGARIS (COMMON QUINCE), and CYDONIA JAPONICA
(JAPAN QUINCE, Pyrus JAPONICA), are extensively cultivated, the
latter for ornament, the former for the fruit.
CALYCANTHACES.
(CALYCANTHUS Family.)
Calycanthus floridus, L. (CaroLina ALLSPICE.) A native of
Virginia southward, with very fragrant, strawberry-scented flowers.
It is often cultivated.
h SAXIFRAGACESR.
(SAXIFRAGE Family.)
Ribes hirtellum, Michx. (Wi~p GoosEBERRY.) Quite common.
Ribes floridum, Z. (Witp Biack Currant.) Not so common
as the last. (Ipswich, Oakes in herb. P. A. S.)
RIBES RUBRUM, ZL. (RED CURRANT.) Cultivated everywhere.
Although our American plant is ‘‘seemingly not distinct from the
garden Red-Currant of Europe” Gray. It is probable that all the
specimens found growing wild in this region have originated from
garden plants, as the localities for the truly native specimens are much
farther north.
RiBes GROSSULARIA (GARDEN GOOSEBERRY.) Much cultivated,
as is the
RIBES NIGRUM (GARDEN BLACK CuRRANT.) It is probable that
these European species have been transported by birds or other
agencies to distant localities, as they are often found escaped.
Ribes aureum, Pursh. (Missourt CuRRANT.) Much cultivated for
its early spicy, fragrant yellow flowers. :
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. xI 1s
86 ;
Philadelphus grandiflorus (LARGE-FLOWERED Mock-ORANGE),
from Virginia, and
PHILADELPHUS CORONARIUS (COMMON MOCK-ORANGE), from
Japan, are frequent in old gardens. They are improperly called
‘« Syringa,” the botanical name for the Lilac.
HAMAMELACER,
(WITCH-HAZEL Family.) .
Hamamelis Virginica, L. (WircH-HazEL.) Very common in
most parts of the county, often growing 25 feet high, with a trunk
4-6 inches in diameter.
LYTHRACE A.
(LOOSESTRIFE Family.)
Neseea verticillata, H. B. K. (Swamp Loosestrirz.) Common
along the borders of streams and ponds. It sometimes has a stem
the size of the fore finger, and is interesting botanically on account :
of the spongy bark which is found on all the stems which dip into the
water, a feature possessed in common with other plants inhabiting
similar situations.
CACTIACE A.
(CACTUS Famlly.)
Opuntia vulgaris, Mill. _ (Prickty Pear.) This plant grows
naturally from Nantucket southward. Mr. Hugh Wilson found plants
of it at Kernwood, Salem (probably escaped), some years ago, and on
the land of Mr. Graves in North Reading, on a sandy bank of the
Ipswich River, just beyond the Middleton line, is a fine patch of this
plant which has increased rapidly from plants placed there many
years since.
CORNACE SR.
(DOGWOOD Family.)
Cornus florida, Z. (FLowrerinc DoGwoop.) This is in the
flowering season a very beautiful and conspicuous tree. It grows
from 10-20 feet high, with a trunk some 3-5 inches in diameter. It is
found abundant in parts of Wenham Swamp, where it was noticed by
Dr. Chas. Pickering in 1824, and also in Essex, Boxford, etc. These
are about the most northerly localities for this species. ~
Cornus circinata, L’Her. (RoUND-LEAVED CorNEL.) ‘Lynn,
Saugus, Swampscott,” Tracy. ‘‘Andover,” Mrs. Downs, Rev. H. P.
Nichols. Boxford, Beverly, etc. A low tree, or tall shrub.
87
Cornus sericea, Z. (Sirky CorneEL.) ‘‘ Wenham Swamp, 1824,”
Dr. Charles Pickering. Georgetown, etc. A shrub.
Cornus stolonifera, Michz. (Rep-oster DoGwoop.) George-
town, Drs. Horner, and various other parts of the county. A tall
shrub. ;
Cornus paniculata, L’Her. Byfield and Danvers, J. H. Sears,
Wenham, etc. A tall shrub.
Cornus alternifolia, Z. This is the most tree like of our native
species, often of quite striking form, Zrowing 20 feet high, with a
trunk 6 inches in diameter. These are the true Dogwoods, having
handsome, cymose flowers, and must not be confounded with the
wrongly called ‘‘ Poison Dogwood,” which is not a Dogwood at all,
but a Sumach, with unattractive green flowers. The little ‘‘Bunch-
berry ” (Cornus Canadensis) is also very abundant in our woods.
Nyssa multiflora, Wang. (TupreLo.) An irregular tree, with a
beautiful shining green foliage, turning a deep red in autumn. Com-
mon in various parts of the county, and often growing 50-60 feet high.
One curious tree in Danvers, measured by Mr. Sears, was 6 feet in
circumference near the ground, dividing at about 13 feet above into
three branches, two of which grew erect to the height of some 70 feet,
the third pushing out at a right angle, the end nearly touching the
ground.
CAPRIFOLIACES.
(HONEYSUCKLE Family.)
Symphoricarpus racemosus, Michx. (SNoOwBeERRY.) A native of
Vermont and Pennsylvania. Common in cultivation, and often escap-
ing from old gardens.
Lonicera sempervirens, Ait. Ipswich, Mrs. M. W. Kimball,
Topsfield, J. H. Sears, Salem Great Pastures, G. D. Phippen, Marble-
head, Rev. J. L. Russell. This seems to be a native plant.
Lonicera grata, Ait., from New York state, is also cultivated.
Lonicera ciliata, Muhl. A pretty little shrub, flowering in May.
Not rare in our woods.
Diervilla trifida, Mench. A low bush of somewhat variable
habit. Common along roadsides.
Sambucus Canadensis, Z. (Common ELDER.) Very abundant
in most towns, often reaching considerable size.
Sambucus pubens, Michz. (RED-BERRIED ELDER.) This also
grows quite large. It is found at Essex, Rockport, Andover, ‘‘ Salem,
1840,” J. Z. Russell. Rather scarce here, it being a more northern
plant.
Triosteum perfoliatum, and Linnea borealis, but hardly
- coming under the head ‘‘shrubby,” are both found in the county.
88
Viburnum Lentago, (SuHrer-serry.) Found in most parts
of the county.
Viburnum nudum, Z. Essex, Danvers, etc.
Viburnum dentatum, LZ. Wenham, Beverly, Essex, George-
town, etc. Common.
Viburnum acerifolium, Z. Smaller than the preceding, and
less common. In the older woods.
Viburnum Opulus, LZ. (Cranperry Tree.) This shrub, al-
though very abundant to the north, is quite rare in the county, except
in a cultivated state, where, in the ordinary form or in the changed
condition, under the name of ‘‘Snowball Tree,” it is common. The
only native locality yet noticed, is that in the deep Wenham Swamp,
where there are several large plants.
Virburnum lantanoides, Michx. (Hossir-BusH.) The flowers
of this species much resemble those of the last, except perhaps that
they are larger. The shrub is more straggling, however, and it is
more abundant, growing in nearly all the old deep woods of the
county, from Rockport to the Merrimac River.
RUBIACESR,
(MADDER Family.)
Cephalanthus occidentalis, Z. (Burron-BusH.) A dense,
irregular shrub. Common in all wet places, and often having a very
stout central trunk.
COMPOSITS&.
Iva frutescens, Z. (Marsu Exper.) Common near the salt
marshes. It often has a stem half an inch or more in diameter.
ERICACES.
(HEATH Family.)
Gaylussacia dumosa, 7. ¢ G. Var. hirtella. Gloucester
Mrs. Kettel. Rare.
Gaylussacia frondosa, T. & G. (DANGLEBERRY.) ‘‘Lynn,”
Tracy, Gloucester (Magnolia Swamp). Scarce.
Gaylussacia resinosa, 7. € G. (Common Huck.ieBerry.) It
is common everywhere, and has the best fruit of any of this family.
Vaccinium Oxycoccus, Z. (SmaLti CRANBERRY.) Although
this species has been often reported as being found within the county,
yet the writer has not seen authentic specimens.
Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ait. (LARGE CRANBERRY.) Common
in low ground throughout. Particularly fine in the hollows of Plumb —
Island.
89
® Vaccinium Vitis-Idea, Z. (Cowserry.) First noticed by
Oakes & Osgood, at Danvers, about 1820, where is the only locality
yet found in the state. Fortunately the place is not generally known,
and this rare plant is not likely to be exterminated at present.
Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lam. (Dwarr BLUEBERRY.)
The commonest and earliest of this genus.
Vaccinium vacillans, Solander. Smaller than the last. Quite
common on dry hills.
Vaccinium corymbosum, LZ. (Swamp or HIGH BLUEBERRY.)
Very abundant in all low lands. It is a variable plant, often growing
to considerable size, with a trunk 2 inches in diameter.
Chiogenes hispidula, 7. & G. (CREEPING SNOWBERRY.)
Georgetown, Mrs. Horner, Essex Woods, etc. Scarce.
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng. (BEARBERRY.) Danvers,
Peabody, Gloucester, etc. A variety having red flowers is found in
‘Boxford by Mrs. Horner.
Epigezea repens, Z. (May Flower. TRAILING ARBUTUS.) Glou-
cester, Topsfield, Boxford, ‘‘ Salisbury,” J. G. Whittier, Lawrence,
Miss Cabot. Scarce. In localities once yielding abundance of flowers
it is fast being exterminated by over-zealous collectors.
Gaultheria procumbens, Z. (CHECKERBERRY.) Very common
everywhere. :
Leucothoé racemosa, Gray. Dr. Chas. Pickering remembered
having collected this plant somewhere in the county, about 1824, but
it was very scarce.
Cassandra calyculata, Don. Common around the borders of
ponds.
Andromeda polifolia, Z. This beautiful little plant is very
scarce, the localities in Wenham and Danvers being the only ones
well known.
Andromeda ligustrina, Muhl. A shrub of considerable size,
resembling a High Blueberry. Common along roadsides and in the
woods.
Clethra alnifolia, Z. Very abundant. When in flower a most
fragrant plant.
CALLUNA VULGARIS, Salisb. (COMMON HeEatH.) The well-known
locality at Tewksbury is quite near Essex County, but it has been
since found in Andover. It hardly seems possible that this can be
other than an introduced plant.
Kalmia latifolia, Z. (Mountary Laure.) Abundant from
Gloucester northwestward, and along the Merrimac River. The
flowers vary much in color, from white to deep pink. A variety
having double flowers was collected in Gloucester, by Mr. G. D.
Phippen. :
90
Kalmia angustifolia, Z. (LaMBKILL, SHeep LaureL.) Commofi
in pastures. ;
Kalmia glauca, Ait. Mr. 8S. P. Fowler states that he found this
species at Wenham, growing with the Andromeda polifolia; and Dr.
Chas. Pickering collected it, he thought in Gloucester, about 1845,
but it has not been seen of late.
Azalea viscosa, Z. (Swamp Pinx.) Common in wet places.
Var. glauca, with the under sides of the leaves white; grows_near
Wenham Pond. :
Azalea nudifiora, Z. (Purpie AzaLteA.) Reported from one or
two localities, but not represented in the Essex County collection at
the Peabody Academy of Science.
Rhodora Canadensis, Z. This beautiful plant is to be found in
nearly every part of the county, sometimes growing six feet high.
Ledum latifolium. Ait. Dr. Chas. Pickering collected this
species in the county, about 1824.
[Moneses uniflora, four species of Pyrola, and the two species
of Chimaphila, are found in the county. ]
AQUIFOLIACES!.
(HOLLY Family.)
Ilex opaca, Ait. (American Hotiy.) This plant, so abundant
on Cape Cod, is found on Cape Ann in one locality where there are a
few trees in an out-of-the-way place, whether introduced by man or
by other means, it isnot known. Specimens have been communicated
from this locality, by Mr. Frank Lufkin, of Pigeon Cove.
Ilex verticillata, Gray. (Biack ALpER.) The beautiful scarlet
berries of this species make it very attractive in the fall, along road-
sides, where it is common.
Ilex levigata, Gray. This resembles the last, but is not so
abundant.
Ilex glabra, Gray. (InkBERRyY.) The fruit of this species is
black. It is found in the Wenham and Magnolia swamps.
Nemopanthes Canadensis, DC. (Mountain Hotty.) Found
in various moist localities throughout the county, forming at times a
tree of considerable size.
BIGNONIACEA.
(BIGNONIA Family.)
Tecoma radicans, and the Catalpa bignonioides, natives westward,
are always found in cultivation in the older towns.
91
SOLANACER.
(NIGHTSHADE Family.)
Soranum DutcamaRa, LZ. (BITTER-SWEET), and better known here
as nightshade, often forms quite a shrub. The plant is not poison-
ous to handle, as many persons suppose, but the fruit may be poison-
ous to eat.
LycIuM VULGARE, Dunal. (Matrimony VINE.) Much cultivated
in old.gardens, and often found escaped along walls.
OLEACER.
(OLIVE Family.)
SyRINGA VULGARIS, Z. (Livac), always found in old gardens, now
and then escapes, and is seen in quite out-of-the-way places.
LIGUSTRUM VULGARE, LZ. (PRIVET. Prim.) Thoroughly natural-
ized in Danvers, Beverly, etc., sometimes growing 20 feet high.
Chionanthus Virginica, L. (FRINGE TREE.) A native of Pennsyl-
vania. It is often seen in cultivation.
Fraxinus Americana, Z. (WuirTe Asn.) This valuable tree is
abundant in all parts of the county, but rather as a roadside tree than
in groves of any extent. Old trees attain great size. Mr. Sears
gives the measurements of several, among which one in Danvers was
in 1864, 12 feet in circumference, 65 feet high, with a spread of
branches 60 feet in diameter. Five others in Danvers were from 7 to
9 feet in circumference three feet from the ground, and from 60 to 75
feet high.
Two noble specimens of this species were felled on Essex street,.
Salem, a few years since, leaving stumps over three feet in diameter,
and sound to the heart.
The largest specimen noticed, measured by Mr. C. Cooke and the
writer, in 1876, on Cabot St., Beverly, was,
Circumference 11 feet 6 inches, 1 foot from ground.
“ 8 “ 7k es 6 feet ae “ce
Height about 80 feet.
Fraxinus pubescens, Lam. (RED AsH.) Frequently seen in
various parts of the county, but seldom attaining great size.
Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam. (Biack Asu.) Growing in low
lands, mostly with other trees, where they often reach a height of 60
feet, with a diameter of 12 to 18 inches at the but.
LAURACESR.
(LAUREL Family.)
Sassafras officinale, Nees. The Sassafras is by no means a
92
common tree in Essex County, yet there are several fine specimens to
be found, and young trees are frequently met with. Mr. Sears noticed
one tree in Beverly 5 feet 4 inches in circumference three feet from
the ground, with a height of about 50 to 60 feet, and another in
Danvers was 5 feet 6 inches at one foot from the ground, and about
60 feet high.
The largest specimen, however, yet noticed in the county, is the old |
tree fast going to decay, at Manchester, in a field quite near the town,
which, in 1875, measured,
Circumference 8 feet 10 inches, 2 feet from the ground.
“ 6 “ 10 “ 6 “ “ it3 “
Height about 40 feet.
Lindera Benzoin, Meisner. (Spice-BusH.) A shrub of consid-
erable size, frequently found in damp woods.
THYMELEACESR.
(MEZEREUM Family.)
DaPpHnk MrzerreuM was found, evidently escaped, perhaps from
seeds carried by birds, in Ipswich, by Dr. Palmer, in 1870, and later
in Salem, by Henry Patch. The same thing occurred at Portland,
where Dr. Wm. Wood found the plant in quite a remote situation.
Dirca palustris is probably not a native of the county, but common
farther northward. It is occasionally met with in cultivation.
URTICACE SA.
(NETTLE Family.)
Ulmus fulva, Michx. (Strrery Exim.) Georgetown (Mrs.
Horner), Wenham, Boxford. This tree is comparatively rare in the
county, but still is found growing to considerable size, seldom, how-
ever, over a foot in diameter, or over 35 feet high.
Ulmus Americana, Z. (WuiTE E_m.) Although the Connecticut
Valley is the region where this species arrives at its greatest perfec-
tion, yet Essex County can. boast of many magnificent specimens of
this noble Elm, which, planted as a shade tree, in proper situations,
has no equal. It is greatly to be regretted that the largest of these
trees seem to be dying out, and few are likely to replace them in the
next generation.
In form, the county Elms vary as in other localities, in regard to
shape, having the ‘‘Oak,” ‘‘ Vase,” and: intermediate forms. Mr.
Sears gives the measurements of several, among which one in Lynn is,
Circumference 11 feet 4 inches, 1 foot from ground.
“ 10 “ 5 feet “ é
: 93
Five very erect limbs rise to the height of perhaps 80 feet where
they spread suddenly forming a flat top with a pendant border. The
Elm before the residence of Mr. John Hale, in Boxford, planted in the
year 1745, measured in 1860, was,
Circumference 19 feet, 1 foot from the ground.
“ 13 “ce 5 feet “ “ o
Diameter of the spread of the branches, 100 feet.
In 1865 the tree known as the Zadoc Wilkins Elm, in Danvers,
measured, ,
Circumference 16 feet 6 inches, 1 foot from ground.
“e 12 “ 6 “ec 4 feet “ “
“ 10 “ 8 “ 6 “ee “ oe
Spread, diameter 68 feet. Height 80 feet.
The same tree in 1875, measured,
Circumference 17 feet 0 inches, 1 foot from ground.
“ 13 “ 3 “ 4 feet ce “ce
“ 11 “ 4 “ 5 as “ “
Spread and height about the same.
The fine Elm in Peabody, on the old Endicott estate, measured by
the writer in 1875 (May), was,
Circumference 20 feet 1 inch, 2 feet from ground.
ie 17 ~-**: B-inches 6: #6 <
where the trunk Was the least size.
At 15 feet from the ground the trunk divided into sixteen branches,
which were quite erect, forming a fine head 80 or 90 feet high.
The Woodbury Elms at North Beverly, were in 1875 respectively, 12
feet 10 inches and 14 feet 8 inches at 6 feet above the ground. Another
old tree at the corner of Cabot and Balch Sts., felled in 1878, measured
in 1875, 16 feet 4 inches at 6 feet. Mr. W. P. Upham kindly furnishes
the following notes on the Boxford Elms. The Hubbard Elm in
Boxford, undoubtedly the largest in the county, measured in 1858,
was 16 feet 84 inches in circumference at 6 feet from the ground. The
same tree measured in 1877, was 17 feet 104 inches at the same place.
The Hale Elm, previously mentioned, also in Boxford, measured in
1877, was 12 feet 8 inches at 6 feet from the ground, and is without
exception the most graceful tree to be found in the county. The
diameter of its spread is 107 feet 6 inches. Many of the branches
drop to within a few feet of the ground.
ULMUS CAMPESTRIS. (EUROPEAN ELM), and perhaps others are now
and then met with under cultivation.
Celtis occidentalis, Z. (Nerrite Tree, Hacksperry.). Fine
specimens of the flowers, leaves, and fruit of this tree are in the
herbarium of the Peabody Academy of Science, collected in Ipswich,
94 :
by the late Mr. Wm. Oakes. Mr. S. P. Fowler states that a tree some
10 inches in diameter formerly stood in Topsfield. The only localities
we now know for this rare tree are at the summit of one of the dunes
at Plumb Island, where there are several trees apparently some forty
years old, yet scarcely fifteen feet high, most of them being much
smaller, with a diameter of three inches at the but; and the fine speci- —
mens between Salem and Lynn. Among the trees in the last named
locality, one specimen is , >
Circumference 4 feet 1 inch, at 1 foot from the ground. Ss
s 8 “ 8inches, at 3 feet from the ground.
Height, 20 feet.
Two others are nearly as large.
Morus Asa, MW. rubra, and M. nrera, are to be found cultivated,
some of them oceasionally reaching large size.
PLATANACESR.
(PLANE TREE Family.)
Platanus occidentalis, L. (Butronwoop.) It is difficult to say
whether this tree is a true native of the county or not, but, judging
from the situation of some old trees, it seems very probable that it
may be. There are few trees of this species which now have other
than a rough and straggling appearance, as they seldom recover from
the effect of a severe season before anotger shock returns them to
their former forlorn condition, The trees in cultivation often are
found of great size, varying from 10 to 18 feet in circumference, and
often 75 feet high, J
JUGLANDACESR.,
(WALNUT Family.) —
Juglans cinerea, Z. (Burrrgnut.) This is a tree of rapid
growth, but short lived. It is abundant in Danvers, Topsfield, and
the towns in that region. When growing with other trees it often
reaches a height of 60 feet, but alone, as it is usually seen, it rarely
exceeds 40 feet. Trees rather more than twenty years old’ are often
4 feet in circumference 6 inches from the ground. Several specimens
measured by Mr. Sears in Topsfield were 8 and 9 feet in circumference,
while an old tree felled in Danvers measured, in 1873, where it was
cut off,
Circumference 12 feet 6 inches
oy 10:78 Bs 4 feet above.
This tree was, however, unsound. The fruit of the Butternut when
properly dried has a most excellent flavor.
Juglans nigra, L. (BLack Watnut.) A native farther west, but
probably introduced here, although Mr. J. C. Peabody, of Newbury-
——s
95
port, has communicated specimens of the nuts from trees growing in
his neighborhood which he is confident are natives.
The fine old tree felled on the Treadwell Estate, Salem, in 1877, was
10 feet 4 inches in circumference at 1 foot from the ground, and about
70 feet high. The tree was about 74 years old. A section from the
but of this tree is in the collection of the Academy at Salem.
JUGLANS REGIA, LZ. (ENGLISH WALNUT.) This tree is cultivated
to alimited extent in Salem, and, according to Tracy it was planted
by the early settlers at Saugus, where it now grows wild.
Carya alba, Nutt. (SHaG-Bark Hickory.) A stately tree, com-
mon in most parts of the county. The finest specimens, however, we
have noticed, being along the Merrimac Valley. Mr. Sears, in 1873,
measured several trees on the land of Mr. Augustus Fowler, of
Danvers, that had been growing for forty-nine years, they averaged,
Circumference 4 feet 6 inches, 1 foot from ground.
a“ 2 “ 2 “ec 6 feet Lai “ce
height about 50 feet. .
Four others twenty-eight\ years old in 1875, averaged 3 feet in cir-
cumference at 1 foot from the ground. Several trees measured by
Mr. Sears and the writer, in Topsfield, were 7 and 8 feet in circum-
ference and from 60 to 70 feet high. One at-Boxford was,
Circumference 8 feet 4 inches, 1 foot from ground.
“ 6 “ 3 “ 4h feet “ “
Spread 53 feet in diameter. ‘
Height about 80 feet.
A fine specimen of this tree on the neck of land between the Mer-
rimac and Shawsheen rivers, measured by Mr. N. Ropes and the
writer in 1875, was,
Circumference 8 feet 9 inches, 1 foot from ground.
“ 6 “cc 95 ‘ee 6 feet ec “ce
Height about 75 feet.
Many fine trees of this species are to be found in pastures spared
for the shade which they afford to cattle. The fruit is the best and
sweetest Hickory of the markets.
Carya tomentosa, Nutt. (WHITE-HEART Hickory.) This is
a comparatively rare tree, the least abundant of the genus. Danvers
(J. H. Sears).
Carya porcina, Nutt. (Pic-Nut Hickory.) The large trees of
this species are fast being felled, although many are yet to be found
of considerable size. The tree is abundant in all parts of the county.
Carya amara, Nutt. (Birrer-Nut Hickory.) Often found 2
feet or even more in diameter, and in Boxford and Topsfield, Where
the tree is very abundant, there is found considerable variation in the
foliage of different specimens. The hickories are among the cleanest
96
of all our trees, and are certainly valuable, as they flonrisi( lnxuriaditiy
in our climate.
CUPULIFERZ.
(OAK Family.)
Quercus alba, L. (Wuire Oak.) The demand for ship timber
has caused most of the large trees of this species to be felled, and it
can only be said that the trees of younger growth are abundant.
A large healthy tree growing in a damp pasture in the rear of the
Pingree Estate, in Topsfield, measured by Mr. Sears and the writer in
1875, was, ;
Circumference 19 feet 7 inches, 1 foot from the ground.
“ce 16 “ 38 “ 3 feet “ “ce “
“ 12 “ ll iti 5 “ “ “ “
The spread averaged about 75 feet in diameter. Two trees on the
Burley Farm, Danvers, measured by Mr. Sears, were,
(1) Circumference 19 feet 0 inches, ground measure.
es 18. 46.76: &S at 6 feet above.
Height 70 feet. Spread ‘80 feet.
(2) Circumference 17 feet 10 inches at ground.
aie 12 * 0 “ -at5 feet above.
Height 80 feet. Spread 80 feet.
Five large White Oaks on land belonging to the late Francis Curtis,
of Boxford, were measured in 1875 by Mr. Sears and the writer,
Taking the most easterly tree as number one, passing towards the
west, and counting the one higher on the hillside to the north as
number five, they measured as follows,
(1) Circumference 11 feet 10 inches, 1 foot from ground.
ee 10 “ tlinch 6 feet.“ =
Spread 65 feet. Height 60 feet.
(2) Circumference 12 feet 6 inches, 1 foot from ground.
“ ll ce 2 “ 6 feet “ “cc
(Tree partly dead.) ‘
(3) Circumference 14 feet 4 inches, 1 foot from ground.
ad 11: .. Linch: -'6.feet.: . ‘ ss
Spread 80 feet. Height 65 feet.
(4) Circumference 13 feet 0 inches, 1 foot from ground.
“ ll “ 4 “ 5 feet “ “ce
| 10 “ 11 “ 7 “ ‘é “
Height 60 feet. Spread 60 feet.
(5) Circumference 15 feet 3 inches, 1 foot from ground.
“ 10 “ ll “c 5 feet ‘ee “
Height (top gone) 50 feet. Spread 85 feet.
In Danvers, on a lot from which the wood was cut in 1828, is a
White Oak, which in 1860 measured 38 feet 1 inch at the ground. The
same tree in 1867, was 8 feet 7 inches, and in 1875, 4 feet 2 inches and
30 feet high.
—"
—
97
In company with Mr. Wm. Merrill and Mr. W. P. Conant, two trees
of this species growing upon moist, loamy soil at West Newbury, on
land of Mr. Sawyer, measured,
(1) Circumference 15 feet 10 inches, 2 feet from gronnd.
“ ll “ 9 “ 6 o “ce “
Spread 8 feet.
(2) Circumference 16 feet Linch, 24 * vai eek
“: TSS AS nches,,G se. sv oS
Quercus bicolor, Willd. (Swamp WuitE Oak.) Abundant on
wet land in all parts of the county.
Emerson mentions one on the land of Mr. Jaquith, of Newbury,
which in 1839 measured 12 feet 1 inch in circumference at 4 feet from
the ground. One measured by Mr. Merrill and the writer on the
Sawyer place, was 11 feet 7 inches at 3 feet from the ground, and one
in Wenham Swamp near the Ipswich River, measured in 1876, was 8
feet 4 inches at 6 feet from the ground. The leaves of this species
vary much in shape, cutting, and regarding the tomentum on the
underside. Dr. Chas Pickering informed the writer that the frame of
the old Pickering mansion in Salem, was hewn from Swamp White
Oaks, which then (1650) grew in the vicinity.
Quercus Prinus, Z. (CurestNut Oak.) This species is rare in
the county, only yet having been reported in Georgetown, Mrs.
Horner, and Boxford. It is probable all the trees yet noticed should
be referred to the variety acuminata, Michx. (Q. Castanea, Muhl.)
There are some quite interesting forms of this species growing in the
county, which require more careful observation in their various stages
of growth. The largest tree yet noticed was but 5 inches in diameter
4 feet from the ground.
Quercus prinoides, Willd. (CHINQqUAPIN Oak.) Common in
Topsfield, Boxford, etc., but not seen in the southern or eastern parts
of the county. This species is never more than a tall shrub.
Quercus ilicifolia, Wang. (Bear Oak. Scrusp Oak.) Common
on poor soil, in Lynnfield, Danvers, Topsfield, and that neighbor-
hood, and to be found in many other parts of the county. Although
this is rarely more than a shrub it sometimes takes the tree form,
growing 20 feet high, with a trunk 4 inches in diameter. The fruit
varies considerably in appearance, suggesting the idea of hybrids.
The late Dr. Robbins describes a hybrid between this species and the
Black Oak, which he found at Northbridge, Mass. The leaves also
vary much in shape and cutting.
Quercus coccinea, Wang. (ScarLter Oak.) Abundant, but
rarely growing to the size of the Yellow-barked or Black Oak.
Var. tinctoria (Q. tinctoria, Bartram), which is found sometimes 3
feet in diameter and 70 feet high. Q. coccinea has the most beautiful
98
leaves as regards cutting, of any of our Oaks. In the last edition of
Emerson’s ‘*Trees of Massachusetts,” it is impossible to distinguish
two plates, one of which is marked Q. coccinea, the other Q. rubra. It
is undoubtedly.an accidental mistake.
Quercus rubra, Z. (RED Oak.) This species is common
throughout the county, often growing to great size. It is easily
distinguished from the other Oaks by the large acorns. A Red Oak
in Manchester measured, in 1875 by Mr. N. Ropes and the writer,
was;
F Circumference 11 feet 114 inches, 1 foot from the ground.
“ec 9 “ 7 ““ 6 feet “ce “ “
.
One at Swampscott was 11 feet 9 inches at 1 foot from the ground,
On the Sawyer place, previously referred to, in 1877 Mr. Wm.
Merrill and the writer measured one huge Red Oak which had been
felled. At the place where it was cut it was,
Circumference 23 feet 10 inches
es Ge Ae gS 2 feet above.
“ 14 “c 4 “ 5 “ce “ec
“ 12 “ 10 “ee 13 “ce “
Another still flourishing, was,
Circumference 15 feet 2 inches, 2 feet from ground.
“ce 12 “ 4 “ee 5 itd “cc “
The Pin-Oak (Q. Palustris) has not yet been noticed, but still ought
to be found.
Castanea vesca, Z. (Curestnut.) The Chestnut is found from
Lynn to the Merrimac Valley, but, except under cultivation, is rarely
seen in the eastern portion of the county. Undoubtedly the finest
trees are those of the Burley woods in Danvers, some of which must
be upwards of one hundred years old. Among these Mr. Sears
measured two which were,
(1) Circumference 11 feet 0 inches at the ground.
es 8 ie TO, BF ** 5 feet above.
Height 90 feet.
(2) Circumference 10 feet 7 inches at the ground.
“ ay (a “ 6 feet above. ?
“ 6 af 5 “e “ 15 “ “
Height 85 feet.
The Chestnut is one of the easiest trees to cultivate among our.
native species, and of very rapid growth under favorable circum-
stances. Hon. Benj. Perley Poore has, at ‘Indian Hill,” his summer
residence, a fine row of Chestnuts which he planted in 1848. Sept.,
1877, he politely gave the writer an opportunity to measure them, as
|
ee ee ee
99
well as other trees which he has from time to time planted for experi-
mental purposes. Five of the trees measured as follows,
(1) cinco uma 7 feet 4 inches, 2 feet from ground.
5 “ 7 “ec 6 “ “ “
(2) “cc 6 “ 9 “ Qg “e “
“ 5 “ 5 “ 6 « a “ce
(3) “ yf “ 5 “ 2 “ ac “ce
“ 5 “é 7 “o 6 tid a “ce
(4) “cc 5 “ 10 ay 2 i “ “
“ 5 “ 1 “cc 6 “e “ “
(5) “ 7 “cc 1 “ 2 “ “ ““
i 5 “ 6 te 6 “ce “ce id
The average height of the trees was perhaps 40 feet.
Fagus ferruginea, Ait. (Brrecu.) This tree is not verycommon
throughout the county, but here and there forms quite large groves,
noticeable in the Chebacco Pond region at Hamilton, where are several
such. In the vicinity of Danvers, the Beech seldom is found more than
15 or 20 inches in diameter, but in Andover and along the Merrimac,
much larger trees are often seen. Two such near the Shawsheen
River at Sutton’s Mills are over 8 feet in circumference.
Corylus Americana, Walt. (Wimp HazeL-Nut.) Abundant
along roadsides, forming a shrub 5 or 6 feet high. The nuts are
seldom seen in the market, although very good.
Corylus rostrata, Ait. (BeakeD HAzEL-NUT.) Not so common
as the last species, but resembling it closely. It is found at Wenham,
Topsfield, Danvers, Gloucester, etc.
Ostrya Virginica, Willd. (Horp-HornseaM.) Common in va-
rious parts of the county, but rarely growing in groves. The tree
somewhat resembles the Elm, and seldom reaches a diameter of more
than 1 foot. Mr. Sears found three in Wenham, of which two were
43 feet in circumference at 5 feet from the ground, and the third was
9 feet at 5 feet, and 10 feet at 7 feet above the ground, where it
branches.
Carpinus Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN HoRNBEAM. BLUE
Brecu.) Not so common as the last, but found from Danvers to the
Merrimac Valley. The bark resembles that of the Beech, and the
wood has a very close grain. This tree is seldom found over 6 inches
in diameter.
MYRACACESR.
(SWEET GALE Family.)
Myrica Gale, Z. (Swreer Gare.) A low shrub with fragrant
leaves, common along streams and around ponds.
Myrica cerifera, ZL. (BayBerRy.) Equally common, but diese
upon hillsides in pasture land rather than in wet places.
100
Comptonia asplenifolia, Ait. (Swrer Fern.) A low shrub
common in all parts.
BETULACES.
(BIRCH Family.)
Betula lenta, Z. (Sweet or Brack Bircn.) A tree growing to
considerable size, and found in many parts of the county abundantly.
Tracey speaks of it as being rare in Lynn.
Betula lutea, Michx. f. (YELLow Bircu.) Also a common tree,
and occasionally reaching greater size than the last. Mr.: Sears
measured several fine specimens of, this species in the Essex woods,
which were more than 8 feet in circumference, and over 60 feet high.:
Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach. (AMERICAN WHITE Brrcu.)
This tree rarely attains great size. One on Winter St., Salem, being
5 feet in circumference 3 feet from the ground, is the largest noticed.
The White Birch frequently springs up in great numbers after a hill-
side has been cleared of other trees, and also along roadsides, where
the young trees are exceedingly graceful.
Betula papyracea, Ait. (Paper or Canor Brrcw.) There are
a few fine specimens of this species on the northwest shore of Wen-
ham Pond, a few in Salem pastures, and others scattered through the
southern and eastern portions of the county, but only through Box-
ford and the Valley of the Merrimac are they frequently met with.
Mr. Sears measured a fine tree in Danvers, which was,
Circumference 8 feet 0 inches at the ground.
fs 5 * 6 * * 6 feet above.
Height about 55 feet.
Betula nigra, Z. (Rep or Rrver Brrcuw.) The only localities
for this Birch seem to be in the northwestern part of the county.
Emerson speaks of it as growing ‘ along the Spicket River and in the
neighboring swamps of Methuen.” It also abounds at the junction of
the Shawsheen and Merrimac rivers, where the trees overhang the
water. Many are 12 to 18 inches in diameter.
Betula pumila, Z. (Low Bircu.) Reported at North Andovée
(Proc. Essex Inst., Vol. II, p. 402); also at Rockport. No specimens
have been preserved, and the fact of its being an Essex County
plant is doubted.
Alnus incana, Willd. (Sprcktep ALDER.) Common in low land,
forming in some cases almostatree. A group of them stood on a
swampy piece of land in North Beverly a few years since, many speci-
mens of which were 25 feet high, with a diameter of 5 inches at the
butt.
Alnus serrulata, Ait. (Common ALpmR.) Abundant as a shrub
in all low grounds.
101
SALICACE SR.
(WILLOW Family.)
Salix candida, Willd. (Hoary WiLLtow.) This species, which
so far has only been observed in a bog at Boxford, was first detected
by the writer, Aug., 1875. The plants are abundant (both sexes),
extending over a mile of land. This is probably the first New
England locality noticed.
Salix tristis, Ait. (Dwarr Gray WitLtow.) Lynnfield, Middle-
ton, Ipswich (Oakes), etc. Mr. Oakes also found the-var. micro-
phylla at Ipswich.
Salix humilis, Marshall. (Pram WiLtow.) Quite common in
dry places. Nearly all the species of low-growing willows occasion-
ally are found to have cones at the terminations of some of their
branches. These are the result of a sting by a fly, which causes the
twig to become aborted and the leaves to appear only as scales,
forming a persistent cone, which, by those persons unacquainted with
the fact, is supposed to be a natural production of the plant.
Salix discolor, Muhl. (Giaucus or Pussy WiLLow), (includ-
ing also S. eriocephala, Michx.) This is one of the earliest flowering
willows, and is very common in all places. The largest specimen of
this species met with is in a yard In West Peabody, near the New-
buryport turnpike. The tree is about 30 feet high, and 5 feet in
circumference near the ground.
Salix sericea, Marshall. (Sirxy WILLow), (including S. grisea,
Willd.) Along streams, Topsfield, etc. Not verycommon. A shrub
6 to 10 feet high.
Salix petiolaris, Smith. Topsfield, J. H. Sears, Andover, Middle-
ton, etc. Not uncommon. :
SaLix puRPUREA, LZ. (PurPLE WiLLow.) Introduced at Salem,
Newburyport, Lynn, and other places. A shrub or low tree.
SaLrx VIMINALIs, ZL. (BASKET OsIER.) Also introduced at Danvers
and Salem, besides other places.
Salix cordata, Muhl. (HeART-LEAVED WILLOW.) Quite common
in low lands. :
Salix livida, Muhl., var. occidentalis. (GoLDEN WILLow.)
Common on dry land. A lowshrub. ,
Salix lucida, Muhl. (Suminc Wittow.) Along streams and by
ponds. This grows to be a large shrub.
Salix nigra, Marshail., var. falcata. (Brack WiLtow.) Che-
bacco Pond, Topsfield along the Ipswich River, etc. This forms a
tree 25 feet high, and from 4 to 6 inches in diameter at the but.
Satrx FraGiuis, Z. (Brirrte Wittow.) This includes several
varieties, and so closely resembles the White Willow that it is
ESSEX INST. BULLTIN. xI 8
102
diffieult to determine specimens. It is, as the next, an introduced
species, but growing in a few places only in the county.
SaLrx ALBA, Z. (WHITE WILLOW.) This is by far the most abun-
dant of the introduced Willows, as it is also the largest. It has
been so extensively propagated by cuttings, that for miles one may
search and find among hundreds of trees, only the male form. They
are cut frequently, and are of exceedingly rapid growth. Three trees
on the land of Mr. Aug. Fowler, of Danvers, measured by Mr. Sears,
were as follows, ?
(1).. Circumference 18 feet 10 inches, 1 foot from ground.
“ 13 “ 3 “ee 6 feet “c “é
Spread 90 feet. Height 35 feet.
(2) Circumference 15 feet 0 inches, 1 foot from ground.
“ 12 oe 10 “ec 6 feet “ “
(3) “ 14 “ 38 “ 1 foot “oe “
“ce 15 “ 3 “ 4 feet “ ty
“ 16 “ 10 te 6 “ “ce “cc
A tree in Wenham by the saw-mill of Mr. John Dodge, planted in
1786, was measured in 1873, as follows,
Circumference 18 feet 10 inches, 1 foot from ground,
“ 17 “ 3 “ee 5 feet “ " “
When growing naturally this species forms a fine tree, a noticeable
specimen being the one on the Salem and Boston turnpike, near the
Swampscott road.
Satix BaBytonica, Tourn. (WEEPING WILLOW.) Extensively
planted as an ornamental tree. Only the fertile plant has been in-
troduced, as it is stated the male plant is not so drooping, hence less
graceful. .
Salix myrtilloides, Z. A very small shrub, growing in bogs at
Danvers, J. H. Sears, Boxford, Hamilton, Essex, Topsfield. Oakes.
Rather rare. ‘
Emerson does not mention this or the first species in his ‘‘ Trees and
Shrubs of Massachusetts,” and in the second edition omits S. viminalis
and S. purpurea.
Populus tremuloides, Michx. (American ASPEN.) Very
abundant in Wenham, Hamilton, Topsfield, Danvers, Lynnfield, etc.,
but somewhat less so in the other parts of the county. It seldom
attains any great size.
Populus grandidentata, Michx. (LARGE-TOOTHED AsPEN.) In
similar situations to the last, but of larger growth. The largest tree
of this species noticed here, is on one of the islands in Wenham
Swamp, which measured by Mr. Sears and the writer, in 1875, was,
Circumference 7 feet 10 inches at the ground.
bs 5 “ at5 feet above.
Height about 70 feet.
|
|
103
Populus balsamifera, L., var. candicans. (BALM oF GILEAD.) Not
a native of the county, but very extensively introduced. It is a tree
of rapid growth. A fine specimen at the foot of Daniels St., Salem,
planted about the year 1790, measured in 1875, was 13 feet in circum-
ference 4 feet from the ground. Another beside it was nearly as
large. Their height was about 70 feet.
PopuLus piLatTata, Ait. (LOMBARDY PopLaR.) Introduced early
as an ornamental tree along old roads, where the ruins of many are
now to be seen.
Populus alba, L. (SILVER-LEAVED Popiar.) Also introduced as
an ornamental and shade tree. There are many to be found in the
cities and old towns, 10 or 12 feet in circumference.
CONIFER.
(PINE Family.)
Pinus rigida, Mill. (Pircn Pine.) One-of our commonest
forest trees, growing in all parts of the county. Very few trees are
to be found of large size, and as a general thing they are of slow
growth. Mr. Sears measured several trees of this species in Beverly,
which were 6 feet in circumference at the ground, one being,
Circumference 6 feet 10 inches, 2 feet from ground.
: es 6 “ at5 feet above.
Height 80 feet.
Pinus resinosa, Ait. (Rep Pine.) On the land of Mr. John
Dwinnell, of Boxford, is undoubtedly the finest grove of Red Pines
to be seen in this part of the state. There are perhaps eighty trees,
most of them nearly 90 feet high, the largest 7 feet in circumference.
They are on the southern slope of a hill which borders on a swamp,
and as the forests around them have been cut away it is to be feared
that this little grove will be injured by exposure to the severe winds.
In the vicinity are to be found a few small trees, seedlings from the
older ones in the grove. Only a very few Red Pines-.are reported in
any other part of the county. Georgetown, Mrs. Horner, West New-
bury, Wm. Merrill. Two trees at Peabody, Mr.Brown, one tree at
Andover, Prof. Goldsmith. .
Pinus Strobus, Z. (Wuire Pine.) The White Pine may be
considered as the forest tree of Essex County, so greatly does it
predominate over other species.
Mr. Sears was informed by old residents of Boxford, that eighty years
ago the woods of that town consisted chiefly of Hickories and Oaks,
where now the Pine is the only tree. From the statements of various
persons it would appear that the pines in the region of Beverly were
now growing ata faster rate than those near Danvers and Topsfield,
owing perhaps to the exhaustion of the proper elements in the soil of
104
_ thelast named places. On land in Georgetown known as ‘‘ the ridges,”
are some of the largest pines now remaining in perfection.
One measured by Mr. Sears in 1860, was,
Circumference 14 feet 6 inches, 1 foot from ground.
“ Vee | ee Ce: feet “ ‘“
The first limb branched at 40 feet from the ground. The top of the
tree had been broken off. In the same region Mr. Sears measured
seven trees, which averaged 12 feet in circumference at 2 feet from.
the ground. In 1850 there were growing in ‘‘ Blind Hole,” Danvers,
many White Pines over 8 feet in circumference, and in 1858, one, since
felled, measured above the root,
Circumference 16 feet 3 inches.
oe AD? eh “Jo SS 4 feet above.
The first limb was at 30 feet from the ground, the tree being nearly
120 feet high. The ‘‘ Preston Pine” at Danvers, is 10 feet 4 inches at
2 feet from the ground, and seeming not much less at 40 feet above.
It is about 90 feet high.
A grove of pines at Hamilton, measured by Mr. James Bartlett and
the writer in 1875, averaged 6 feet in circumference at 5 feet above
the ground.
A huge tree with a double top, in Boxford, measured by Mr. Sears
. and the writer, in 1875, was 13 feet in circumference at the ground, 11
feet 6 inches at 6 feetabove. Height about 80 feet. Spread from east
to west 88 feet.
Pinus SYLVEstris (ScotcH PINE) and Pinus AUSTRIACA (AUSTRIAN
PineE). are extensively planted as ornamental trees. The former has
been noticed to spread from seeds, to a limited extent, in Danvers.
Abies nigra, Poir. (Biack Spruce.) This is a rather scarce
tree in most parts of the county, but in the region of Essex, Hamilton,
and Ipswich, it is more abundant. In ‘‘Pine Swamp,” are some
hundreds of these trees, many of which are nearly 4 feet in circum-
ference 2 feet from the ground. The largest Black Spruce is an old
tree over 8 feet in circumference, on high land in Hamilton, where it
evidently has been allowed to remain as a boundary tree.
Axis ALBA, Michx. (WuiTE SpPruck), only appears as a cultivated
tree. .
Abies Canadensis, Michx. (Hremiocx-Srruce.) This most
graceful evergreen is quite abundant in many parts of the county. In
Wenham Swamp are several trees over 8 feet in circumference, and a
large tree in Boxford, with its lower branches nearly touching the
ground, measured by Mr. Sears and the writer in 1876, was,
Circumference 11 feet 9 inches at the ground.
me PENS ge “3 feet above.
“ 8 “ 8 “ “c 6 “ “ce
Height about 70 feet.
105
ABIES EXCELSA (Norway Spruce), is very extensively cultivated,
and’ occasionally ABIES BALSAMEA (BALSAM Fir), is used as an
ornamental tree, but the latter does not flourish well planted singly.
Larix Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN LarcH. HaCKMATACK.)
The Larch was formerly much more abundant than now, and the
present generation of trees of this species seem to be quite unhealthy.
In Pine and Wenham Swamps and the regions adjoining are still
many trees, but few of them, however, exceed 1 foot in diameter, or
a height of 40 feet. Mr. Sears measured, in 1850, several trees in
Wenham Swamp, which were 8 feet 6 inches in circumference, and
about 70 feet high. Dr. Charles Pickering remembered a tree of this
species standing in the town swamp at Wenham in 1823, which was
about 4 feet in diameter.
Larix EvROP#A. (EUROPEAN LARCH), grows much better than
the American tree when planted out. The ‘‘ Larch Row” in Wenham,
planted by Timothy Pickering about 1802, being the centre from which
has been distributed the numerous trees of this species to be seen in
Wenham and the adjoining towns. Several of the old Pickering
Larches, measured in 1876, averaged 6 feet in circumference 5 feet
from the ground.
Thuja occidentalis, L. (AMERICAN ARBOR ViT#.) Common in
Maine and New Hampshire, where it is called White Cedar. It is
seen here only as a cultivated tree, in which condition it is abundant.
Cupressus thyoides, Z. (WuHitre Cepar.) Abundant in swamps
in many parts of the county, where it is often met with growing to
great size. One old tree in Manchester measured in 1875, was,
Circumference 8 feet 8 inches, 2 feet from ground.
“ vi “ 7 a“ 7 oe “ iy
Mr. Sears measured four trees in Boxford, which were respectively, ©
10 feet 2 inches, 10 feet 3 inches, 11 feet, and 12 feet 5 inches, at 5 feet
from the ground. Their height was about 60 feet.
Juniperus communis, LZ. (ComMMon JuNrIPER.) A much de-
tested low evergreen, forming circular patches in pastures, often 30
to 50 feet in diameter. Mr. C. M. Tracy speaks of one in Lynn
which he judged to be 200 feet across.
Juniperus Virginiana, Z. (Rep Cxrpar.) Common on dry
hills. On Manchester shore close to the salt water, grows an old Red
Cedar, which, measured by Mr. Nath. Ropes and the writer in 1875,
was
; Circumference 7 feet 7 inches at the ground.
be 7 “© §& . & 6 feet above.
Height 12 to 14 feet. Spread 17 feet 8 inches,
Ground to branches 9 feet.
This curious tree’is said to have been estimated by Prof. Agassiz as
106
a thousand years old. It is the subject of a fine painting by J. G.
Enneking. Other trees on the Beverly shore are quite large. . One
measured by Mr. C. Cooke and the writer, was 7 feet 1 inch at 2 feet
from the ground. As a general thing the trees of this species are
rarely over 1 foot in diameter, and 30 feet high.
Taxus baccata, L., var. Canadensis. (AMERICAN YEW. GROUND
HEMLOCK.) This pretty, low evergreen is found in the deep, damp
woods at Manchester, Rockport, Essex, Georgetown, and other
places. The English Yew is rarely cultivated. Salem, Mr. Cv M.
Richardson, as an ornamental tree.
Many other Conifers are met with in cultivation, but none are
sufficiently common to require their mention in this enumeration of
county plants. Perhaps an exception should be made in the case of,
Taxodium distichum, Richard. (BALD CyprEss.) This tree is quite
hardy in the county. A specimen on the Derby Estate in Salem,
measuring in 1877,
Circumference 10 feet 11 inches at ground.
“cc 8 “ 9 “ “ “
Height 40 feet.
There is another, not so large, in a garden on Broad St., Salem.
SMILACEZ.
(SMILAX Family.)
Smilax rotundifolia, ZL. (ComMMoN GREENBRIER.) Among the
monocotyledons, this seems almost the only one to mention as a
woody plant. It is common in all parts of the county, where its
prickly stem is too well known to need farther notice here.
GRAMINE &.
(GRASS Family.)
Phragmites communis, ZJrin. (ReeEp.) It would hardly be
right to omit this plant from our list, for, although not producing a
wood which lasts beyond one season, yet the annual stem of the Reed
is quite as large as many of the stems produced by exogenous peren-
nials here noticed. This grass grows in Topsfield, and was probably
introduced by early settlers for the sake of the stems, which were
used in carpet and other looms, which were then common.
The Phragmites is a most elegant plant, growing often 10 feet high,
with a handsome panicle of flowers.
——
eS eee SS TSC
—
107
Turespay, JANUARY 21, 1879.
Meetine this day at noon. The Presmpent in the
chair.
Rey. Albinus Finney Frost, of Salem, elected a resi-
dent member.
—<>>>~—
Monpay, FEepruary 3, 1879.
Reeutar MEEtinG this evening.
Mr. THEeoporE M. Ossorne, of Peabody, read an in-
teresting and instructive paper “On Perfect Harmony in
Music, and the Enharmonic Keyboard of Prof. Henry
Ward Poole,” including a sketch of the History of the
Musical Scale, and illustrating the subject by diagrams
and also by voices and piano.
Abstract of the paper will be printed in the next num-
ber of the Bulletin. 7
—<———- .
Fripay, Fesruary 28, 1879.
MeetTineG this evening. Henry L. Wittiams, Esq.,
in the chair.
Hon. NATHANIEL SILSBEE read an exceedingly interest-
ing paper, upon the Old Merchants of Salem, and their
ancient voyages to “the farthest point ef the rich east.”
His paper was made up largely of extracts from the
autobiography of his father, the late U. S. Senator
Silsbee, interwoven with incidents and anecdotes in the
reader’s own experience, and replete with valuable lessons
and precepts for the young men of the rising generation
to consider and copy. The author of the autobiography
(Hon. Nathaniel Silsbee) began his nautical education as
108
a clerk with Nathaniel Bowditch and Richard Cleveland.
He passed twenty years of his life in the councils of the
, State and Nation, ten of which were in the U. S. Congress.
Born in Salem, January 14, 1773, he was educated under
the charge of Rev. Dr. Manasseh Cutler,—died at Salem,
14 July, 1850. The hall was filled with a large audience,
whose interest the speaker held from the beginning to
the end of his communication.
—<_*——
Monpay, Marca, 3, 1879.
MEETING this evening, and the Rev. De Witt S. Clarke
and Mr. H. Bissell both of Salem were elected resident
members. ;
———
Monpay, Marcu 17, 1879.
At the meeting this evening, Mr. J. H. Emerton, of
Salem, gave an account of the artificial hatching of cod
fish, and, by drawings on the black board, explained the
various apparatus used for this purpose, by the U. S.
Fish Commission at their station in Gloucester the past
summer.
Mr. Raymonp L. Newcomps, of Salem, read a paper on
Halibut fishing on the Banks of Newfoundland. The
method of fishing, making of trawls, kinds of bait used,
the perils of the fishermen, and other matters pertaining’
to the subject were fully explained and discussed.
A
a > ss on
PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,
BoranicAL DEPARTMENT, SHOWING TREES AND SHRUBS OF Essex Co.
Sa a. oo eee
BULLETIN
OF THE
fue os | LN SS Er OD Be.
Vou. 11. SaLem, Jury, Aua., Sepr., 1879. Nos. 7, 8, 9.
The Enharmonic Key-board of Prof. Henry Ward Poole.
By Tueopore M. Ossorne.
Ir has long been the great problem of musical theorists
to devise a keyed instrument which shall be capable of
modulations into different keys, and at the same time be
justly intoned for both major and minor intervals in each
key, without being too complicated for the actual perfor-
mance of ordinary music. The keyboard to be deseribed
in this paper is offered as one of the solutions of that
problem. Before entering upon the details of its con-
struction, it is necessary briefly to review the modern
physical theory of harmony. :
_ The principle of simple ratios, as it has been called,
which has proved to be the key of theoretical harmony,
was known in its application to the ancients, who deter-
mined the relative lengths of the parts of a stretched
string sounding the different tones of the scale. But the
explanation and the development of this principle could
not possibly be made before the discovery of the wave
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. xI 9 (109)
°
110
theory of sound. When once that theory has been ac-
cepted, it needs nothing more than inspection of diagrams
to see that the waves produced by the sound-vibrations of
two simple musical tones interfere less and reinforce each
other more exactly in proportion to the simplicity of the
ratio between their respective number of vibrations in a —
given time; and the investigation, partly physical and
partly physiological, of the relations of the more complex
musical tones and their effect upon the ear and the mind
leads to the same general result, that the only case in
which two tones can be simultaneously heard by the ear,
without mutual disturbance is when the vibration-numbers
of those tones bear to each other certain very simple
ratios. By the vibration number of a tone is meant the
number of vibrations in a unit of time necessary to pro-
duce that tone.
The simplest ratios are of course those expressed by
the smallest numbers. The simplest ratios from 1 to 2
are, therefore, in their order,
1, 2, 3, 4, 8 3: £, 8S. BF 2 F, F ete.
These ratios do not include all possible, nor even all
actual relations; but they embrace all the so-called con-
sonant intervals and several of the so-called dissonant
intervals. An attempt has been made to show that these
intervals are pleasing exactly in proportion to the small-
ness of the numbers expressing the ratios. This theory
has not been maintained, probably because of the working
of some physiological principles together with the physi-
cal.
The relation 2:1 is the ratio between the vibration-
number of any tone and that of its octave; and the
problem of temperament is practically confined to the
limits of an octave, because the key-board of any octave
ill
in an instrument must be precisely similar in arrangement
to that of every other octave of the same instrument.
In a paper read before the Essex Institute on the even-
ing of the 3d of February last, a brief history of the
development of the modern scale was given, which it is
not necessary to repeat here, as the facts in relation to it
are to be found in the works of Helmholtz, Sedley Tay-
lor, and other writers on sound. It is enough to say here
that the ordinary scale of harmony, the diatonic major
~ scale, is now recognized as containing a series of tones
whose vibration-numbers bear the following ratios to that
of the lowest, beginning with the lowest itself:
1, 35 2) $B 3 2.
It is to be remarked that a scale is merely a systemati-
cally arranged group of related tones, and there is no one
scale which includes all related tones in common use.
The diatonic major scale includes most of the simple
relations of tones, and is therefore the most common in
use. An analysis of this scale will show the simplicity
of its composition.
In all harmony, some one tone is selected as a basis, to
_ which all the other tones of the harmony are related.
But when this tone, which is called the key-note, has
been selected, there are in reality used as the base or
foundation of harmonies made up from tones related to
that key-note, three tones; the key-note itself, one whose
vibration number is $ that of the key-note, and one to
which the key-note itself bears the relation 3, and which
is therefore 3 of the key-note in its vibration number.
The interval indicated by the ratio 3 is called a fifth, be-
cause it is fifth in order in- the diatonic scale. In every’
key, then, there are used as the foundation of harmonies
belonging to that key, the fifth above, which is called the
dominant, the fifth below, called the subdominant, and
112
the key-note or tonic. Octaves of these tones are re-
garded in harmony as identical.
Every tone of the diatonic scale is related very simply
to one of the three fundamental tones of its key, and is
commonly sounded together with that fundamental tone.
Remembering that the dominant is represented by $ or its ©
octave, and the subdominant by 3 or its octave, the scale
may be thus analyzed :
1 = tonic.
& = 3 dominant.
& = } tonic.
4 = subdominant.
3 = dominant.
& = 2 subdominant.
45 = dominant.
2 = tonic.
The interval indicated by the ratio } is called a third,
and it appears that the diatonic major scale is wholly
made up of thirds and fifths. Prof. Poole has suggested
that those tones of the scale deduced from fifths be indi-
cated by Roman capital- letters, and those deduced from
thirds by Roman lower case letters. That is, the diato-
nic major scale may be written, in the key of C, for
instance : |
OD 8 Gan 2. we
Lf Se So ae
Without carrying the development of the scale farther
at this point, it is time to answer the question, What is
the difficulty in constructing a key-board by which the
. simple diatonic scale may be justly intoned? Briefly put,
the difficulty is this. :
From the principle of related fundamental tones already
referred to. springs that of modulation, or the change
o—_
|
113
from one key-note to another. The natural interval of
modulation is always a fifth. Now the fifth, the third,
and the octave are incommensurable. To quote from
Mr. Ellis’ translation of Helmholtz’s work: “It is impos-
sible to form octaves ‘by just 5ths or just 3ds or of both
combined, or to form just 3ds by just 5ths, because it is
impossible by: multiplying any one of the numbers 3 or
§ by two, or either by itself or one by/the other any
number of times, to produce the same result as by multi-
plying any other of those numbers by itself any number
_of times.”
Whenever, therefore, by successive modulations through
fifths and transpositions through octaves we arrive at a
key-note called by the same name as one of the tones of
the diatonic scale deduced from thirds, it will not have
the same number of vibrations as that tone. In other
words, E, A, and B, the key-notes, are not identical with
e, a, and b, the tones of the diatonic scale in C. The
proportional difference between any key-note and the
corresponding third denoted by the same letter is con-
stant, depending upon what may be called the incommen-
surable element between 3, 3, and 2. Suppose the vibra-
tion number of C to be 1, the vibration number of E,
deduced by fifths and octaves, is
$XFXiXFXEXL =H
the vibration number of e = 2 = 2.
Since A bears the same relation.to F which E bears to
C, and a is the third of F,
A = 33 a, and similarly
B= $3 b,
and in general the vibration number of any key-note is
greater than that of the third denoted by the correspond-
ing lower case letter by sb of the latter. This difference
is called the comma of Pythagoras.
114 jz
Another complexity resulting from modulation is the
introduction of new tones. . Modulating into the key of
G, the diatonic scale in that key is
G Ab C D e f# G
Milile 5 Silee sali ait UN ale hide
A AE Bh os
Here f# is a tone new to the diatonic scale in C. By
successive modulations of fifths upward a key-note F#
may be obtained, a comma greater than f#. Every suc-
cessive modulation, then, necessitates an addition to the
scale.
Another new series of tones is demanded by the nature —
of the relation between the three allied fundamental tones
in any key. The dominant is so called because whenever
chords are sounded based upon it, the ear demands a
return to the tonic harmony; its sounding, as it were,
commands the tonic to be sounded. Hence those tones
in the dominant chord which most distinctly convey this
impression of return to the tonic are most important,
being most characteristic of the dominant harmony. It
was long ago asserted theoretically and has since been
confirmed by experiment that a tone whose vibration num-
ber bears a ratio of } to that of the dominant is a most
important element of the dominant harmony. For in-
stance, a tone so related to G, the dominant of C, when
brought within the octave, would have a vibration number
21 of the tonic, which does not correspond with any tone
of the diatonic scale. Prof. Poole has suggested that
tones in this series should be designated by Gothic capi-
tals. The interval is called the. prime seventh, or domi-
nant seventh, and the prime seventh of G would be F. —
So far only the major mode of ‘the diatonic scale has
been referred to. There is another mode of using the
tones of a scale to make harmonies, called the minor
115
mode, because the third, sixth, and seventh are smaller
intervals than in the ordinary mode of the scale, the
major. ‘
For convenience, an arbitrary number of vibrations may
be assumed for the tonic, and the other tones of the dia-
tonic scale calculated accordingly. 48 is a convenient
number for this purpose. The scale in C may be thus
represented :
| Oy ee Gaar biG
48 54 60 64 72 80 90 96
Suppose the scale to begin with the a below C:
tog at Opime 0 Bie Sie pals o aakk 3
40 45 48 54 60 64 72 80
These vibration numbers show the following ratios to
the first :
1$ 8 # # $ 3 2,
which are all simple except that belonging toD. If d
the major third be used in this scale instead of D the
key-note, there results a scale :
a b C.d-e EF. Ga
LF Oe Mn Tee sae See
This is the pure minor scale, differing from the major
scale in the ratios of the third, sixth, and seventh. The
minor scales commonly taught are combinations of major
~ and minor intervals, especially by substituting the major ,
for the minor seventh.
So far, no new tones are needed for harmonies in the
minor mode, as a complete key-board for major harmo-
nies supposes both thirds and key-notes in each letter.
But the same principle of related chords applies to the
minor mode as to the major; if a is the tonic, e is the
dominant and d the subdominant. _
Prof. Poole’s method of notation shows very clearly
116
«
the differences between the major and minor modes. It
will be seen at a glance that in the major mode the tonic,
second, fourth, and fifth are key-notes, the third, sixth,
and seventh thirds. In the minor mode of the same scale
the tonic, second, fourth, and fifth are thirds, the third,
sixth, and seventh key-notes. Moreover, in the major
mode, the tonic, dominant and subdominant are all key-
notes ; in the minor mode they are all thirds.
To return to the related harmonies of the minor mode,
there is this peculiarity in the dominant harmony, that
the third is not the minor, but the major, third. To play
an instrument correctly in the minor mode, then, there
must be a series of major thirds to thirds, which does not
belong in the simple diatonic scale of harmony. For in-
stance, in the scale of which a is the tonic, there must be
a tone g# which 1s the major third of e, the dominant of
a, and has the ratio 42 to a, with a vibration number 75
when that of ais 40. This g# might be regarded as the
major seventh employed in the ordinary minor scale.
Since every tone of the diatonic major scale deduced from
thirds is in turn the dominant minor, there must be an
additional tone for every tone of the diatonic scale de-
duced from thirds. This series Prof, Poole: proposes to
designate by an Italic lower case letter.
Digitals representing these four series of tones are
essential to a complete key-board justly intoned. The
word “digital” is used instead of the common word
“key,” as less liable to confusion with other terms. To
be sure, the possible refinements of harmony do not stop
here. In the dominant minor harmony, for instance, the
prime seventh with the ratio } might be used instead of
the minor seventh with the ratio 2; or it might be conve-
nient to have a series of minor thirds from key-notes,
for use in sudden changes from major to minor chords;
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117
or there might be a series of prime elevenths or thir-
teenths, the latter of which are sometimes heard in unac-
companied part-songs ; but such possible refinements may
for the present be very well dispensed with. If a key-
board can be devised which shall contain these four prin-
cipal series in perfect intonation, the problem will be
practically settled. These series, to recapitulate, are as.
follows :
1. Key-notes, deduced from perfect fifths, denoted by
a Roman capital, or in musical notation by a note of a
red color, as suggested by Prof. Poole. On the key-
board, a white digital may be used.
2. Major thirds from key-notes, denoted by a Roman
lower case letter, or by a note of a yellow color, or a
black digital.
3. Prime sevenths from key-notes, denoted by a Gothic
capital, or by a note or digital of a blue color.
4, Major thirds from the tones of series 2, denoted by
an Italic lower case letter, or by a note or digital of an
orange color. .
The distinctive colors, red, yellow, blue, and orange,
were selected by Prof. Poole on account of an analogy
between the relative number of vibrations producing those
colors, and the relative number of vibrations. producing
the third, the fifth, etc. Black and white were adopted
for the digitals because of the: convenience of ebony and
ivory as materials. The use of the colored notation in
writing chords exhibits in a very curious and remarkable
way the most important principles of harmony; but to
the discussion of this very interesting subject the present
‘paper cannot be extended. In order to have all these
four series complete in all the keys from Cp to F, there
are required sixty-two notes to the octave. The only
method of bringing this great number of digitals within
118
the width determined upon for an octave, about six and
one-half inches, and at the same time making them suffi-
ciently large for practical use, is by extending the key-
board in two directions. The method by which Prof.
Poole has done this is as follows:
All modulations of key are made by progressing from
front to back of the key-board as the modulations are
upward, and from back to front for the reverse. All
scales in the same key progress from left to right upward,
as in the ordinary pianoforte.
The accompanying diagram (No. 1), giving the method
of placing the digitals for the scale in the key of C, will
explain the matter.
Dotted lines represent the horizontal lines of ‘scales in
the keys of Ep, Bp, F, C, G, D, and A.
There are in each octave of the diatonic major scale in
any key: .
(1.) Four key-notes, each related to four keys, in-
cluding its own. Thus C is the second of By, the fifth
of F, the fourth of G, and the first or tonic of its own
scale. It should therefore be found in the lines of those
four keys. . Similarly D is related to C, G, D, and A; F
to Ep, Bp, F, and C; Gto F, C,G, and D. These four
key-notes, then, take the positions given them on the
diagram.
(2.) Three major thirds from scab each related
to three keys. Thus b is the third of G, the sixth of D,
and the seventh of C. Similarly, e is related to C, G,
and F; a to Bp, F, andC. These three thirds, tenets
take the positions given them on the diagram.
(3.) One prime seventh related to one key-note and —
to be found only in the line of that key-note.
(4.) Three tones of series 4, each bearing the ratio 2
to a tone of series 2. Since for every tone of series 2
— =
119
there is another of the same series bearing to it the
ratio 4, each tone of series 4 will bear to some tone of
series 2 the ratio 4%, and will therefore serve as a leading
note in melody to the latter tone of series 2; and it is
more convenient to consider each tone of series 4 as con-
nected with that tone of series 2 to which it bears the
ratio +2. For instance, g+ is the major third of e; it is
also the leading note of a, and is considered as connected
with a.
Each digital of the fourth series is therefore placed
immediately before that of the second series to which it
has the relation +8. As the lower third of the length of
each digital of the second series is immediately preceded
by a prime seventh, it saves space to extend the digitals
of the fourth series only to two-thirds of the length of
‘those of the second series. ._ The digitals of the fourth
series, then, are disposed as in the aera.
The relative width of the various digitals is to some
degree a matter of convenience, but that adopted by Prof.
Poole has some practical advantages which will appear
when we consider the completed key-board.
There are in the horizontal line of any key ten digitals ;
four of series 1, three of series 2, one of series 3, and
two of series 4.. The octave is divided into twenty-four
spaces, and of these, three are given to each key-note and
two to each of the other digitals. It has been found most
convenient to elevate the digitals of the second and third
series half an inch above those of the first, and to elevate
those of the fourth series one-fourth of an inch above
those of the first. All the digitals of each series are in
the same plane, but the whole key-board is inclined
slightly upward towards the back. Accompanying are
a plan and section of an octave of the full key-board.
This diagram gives all keys perfect from Cj to F4. Blue
120
is represented by horizontal hatching, orange by a dotted
surface, black and white by their own colors.
The symmetrical arrangement of this key-board is per-
ceptible at a glance. Among the most important charac-
teristics of its arrangement are the following :
All the digitals in any key in either the major or minor
mode are to be found in the same horizontal line, drawn
through the second quarter, downward, of the key-note,
except the fourth of the minor mode, which is only one
space below such a line.
The digitals in any key are arranged precisely the same
as in every other key, so that the fingering is the same
for all keys. a
In modulation in the regular progression by fifths, the
horizontal line of the new Aap is always only one space
up or down.
All four of the notes of the different series “aprseleal
by different forms of the same letter, as e, e, E, and E,
are in the same vertical line. .
In this key-board, there need be no temperament or
approximation, but provision is made for just intonation
in every key used. If, however, it should be thought .
desirable, for the sake of economizing space or expense,
to reduce the number of strings or resonators, a consid-
erable saving may be made by an almost inappreciable
temperament, which the construction of the key-board
renders very easy.
Suppose that C makes 256 vibrations in a second; a
number not exactly corresponding with the normal pitch,
but convenient because a better multiple. Then tuning
downward by fifths seven times,
Cy, = 4793997.
Tuning upward, G = 384 and b = 480.
Cy is therefore less than b by 3484 of a vibration in
OO
~
121
480, or by less than ~, of a\comma. If this error be
imagined to be divided up into eight eqyal parts in tuning
the successive fifths the amount of temperament in one
fifth would be about 4 of acomma. This is far within
the limits within which vibrations are said to draw into
harmony. - As a matter of practical tuning it is not to be
taken into account at all. The best tuner would be as
likely to come out with his Cp a little sharp of b as a little
flat. This equalization is very useful because it gives the
tuner a check by which to test the correctness of his key-
notes both up and down. For if C,) = b, then by similar
reasoning, Dj, = c#, E, = d#, F = e#, F, =e, Gp =
f+, Ap = g+, Bh = a%; which gives a test for the key-
notes Cp, Dp, etc., and also saves the strings or resonators
for b, c#, etc., as they may be made to sound the same
strings or resonators as Cp, Dp, ete. ©
" Again, since Dp = c#, and c = 3 Dp, and b+ = 18 c#
then c = 64, d = cx, ef = dx, f = e#, g ee tana
a, = g#, bh = a#; thus saving extra sound producers
for eight tones of series 4 in every octave.
By this practically inappreciable temperament the num-
ber of sound producers is reduced to forty-six in the
octave.
The method of tuning the key-board is first to tune the
key-notes by fifths; then a major third from each key-
note, and a major third from each of the last-named series.
The prime sevenths, though not familiar to most tuners,
are very easily tuned, especially when the third is sounded
with its tonic.
There have been other key-boards invented with the
same purpose as Prof. Poole’s, and it is proper to say a
few words in regard to his labors in the cause of just
intonation.
In an article published in the “American Journal of
122
Science and Arts,” Vol. 9, in 1850, Prof. Poole enounced
‘A theory of perfect intonation in music, with a descrip-
tion of an organ made to obtain this result which had just
then been completed.’ The organ was provided with
pedals and mechanism by which the larger number of
pipes necessary for perfect tuning could be played by the
common key-board. ¢
In that article it was maintained that ‘the prime sexu
with the ratio 4:7 was harmonious, admissible, and used
in music,’ although this so far as he had seen was asserted
for the first time. _ The Jahrbuch of Liebig and Kopp, in
a discriminating review of Prof. Poole’s article, species
this declaration.
In the same journal for July, 1867, Prof. Posi pub-
lished an article on “Perfect Harmony in Music,” contain-
ing a description of a new “Enharmonic key-board,”
which was substantially the same as that of which a
drawing is given in this paper, though some improve-
ments and simplifications have since been made in its
details.
In the same journal for May, 1878, an article by Prof.
Poole appeared on “Just intonation in music.”
The necessity of just intonation for instruction in har-
mony and vocalization is now fully recognized, and it is
to be hoped that those interested in the progress of musi-
cal science will interest themselves in the manufacture
and introduction of these perfected instruments.
—
il, Ce ee
123
Monpay, Aprit 7, 1879.
Meetine this evening. The Presmpent in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.
Mr. Joun Roprnson presented in the name of Mrs.
Samuel Johnson, President of the Salem Female Employ-
ment Society (lately dissolved), the records, work and
account books of the Society.
Mr. Robinson read a paper prepared by Mrs. Johnson,
giving a historical sketch of said society, its formation,
its objects and its work, and what it has accomplished.
The paper was referred to the committee on publica-
tions, and a vote of thanks was passed to Mrs. Johnson
for the papers, records and account books of the Society
and the written statement of its doings.
The time of the arrival and the habits of some of the
early spring birds were discussed by Messrs. William G.
Barton, Fielder Israel, John Robinson, Caleb Cooke and
others.
—<»« > —
THurspay, APRIL 24, 1879.
Av a meeting of the Institute this afternoon, adjourned
from Monday, the 21st inst., Messrs. T. F. Hunt, Fielder
Israel and Daniel B. Hagar were appointed on the com-
mittee to report a list of candidates for the various offi-
cers and committees to be elected at the annual meeting.
— SOO
Monpay, May 5, 1879.
Ar the meeting this evening Mrs. Daniel C. Manning
was elected a Keuldont member.
124
Monpay, May 19, 1879.
AnnuaL Meeting this evening. The Presipent in
the chair. Records read. The annual reports of the
Secretary, Treasurer, Librarian, Curators and Standing
Committees were read and accepted, and from them the
accompanying ogit
RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR
has been compiled, presenting the work of the Institute,
in the various departments, since the last annual meeting.
'MemsBers.—Changes occur in the list of associates by
the addition of new names, and the withdrawel of some
by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or by
death. Twelve resident members, have died, and we have
received information that five of our correspondents have
passed away in a serene old age.
Gurdon Saltonstall, son of Henry and Georgiana C.
(Silsbee) Saltonstall, formerly of Salem, born Aug. 15,
1856; died at Pau, France, May 21, 1878.
Daniel F’. Staten, the well known gas-fitter and plumber .
of Salem, died at his residence in Beverly Aug. 3, 1878,
aged 41 years, 6 months, and 24 days.
Joseph Gilbert Waters, son of Capt. Joseph and Mrs.
- Mary (Dean) Waters of Salem, where he was born July
5, 1796; a Judge of the Salem Police Court for nearly
forty years ; died July 12, 1878.
George Perkins, son of Aaron and Susan (Wardwell)
Perkins, for many years book-keeper in Mercantile Na-
tional Bank of Salem, died Dee. 9, 1878, aged 40 years,
4 months, and 28 days.
William B. Parker, son of William B. and Abigail
ee ———————E—E————=E——E==E lest
125
(Watson) Parker, merchant of Salem, died Dec. 24,
1878, aged 77 years, 9 months and 7 days.
Adelaide Martha (Edmands) Putnam, daughter of
William Murray and Martha Adams (Tapley) Edmands
of Charlestown, died in Cambridge March 10, 1879, aged
40 years. .
David Roberts, son of Samuel and Martha (Stone)
Roberts, born in Hamilton April 5, 1804, lawyer in Salem
and ex-mayor of the city; died March 19, 1879.
James Hill, for the past twenty-five years town clerk
of Beverly, died March 24, 1879, aged 62 years.
Ephraim Brown, son of Ephraim and Rachel (Buffum)
Brown, Register of Deeds for Essex many years, died
March 30, 1879, aged 59 years, 8 months and 16 days.
James Upton, merchant of Salem, son of Robert and
Lucy (Doyle) Upton, died March 30, 1879, aged 66 years.
Andrew J. Thompson, son of Levi B. and Mehitable
(Brown) Thompson, physician in Salem, born at Guilford,
N. H., July 23, 1833; died April 26, 1879.
Henry J. Cross, City Treasurer of Salem, son of Par-
ker and Mary R. (Clark) Cross, born in Marblehead,
died May 15, 1879, aged 55 years, 10 months.
Joseph Henry, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,
Washington City, and for over half a century one of the
foremost men of Science in the United States; born at
Albany, Dec. 17, 1797; d. at Washington, May 13, 1878.
John Wingate Thornton, a member of the Suffolk Bar,
and an historical writer of wide reputation, died at Oak .
Hill, Me., June 6, 1878; son of James B. and Elizabeth
(Gookin) Thornton; born at Saco, Me., Aug. 12, 1818.
Richard Manning Hodges, son of Gamaliel and Sarah
(Williams) Hodges; born at Salem, Aug. 5, 1794; min-
ister of Bridgewater, 1821-33; removed to Cambridge,
1834, where he resided until his death, Aug. 10, 1878.
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. xI 10
126
Nehemiah Adams, son of Nehemiah Adams of Salem,
born at Salem, Feb. 19, 1806; for forty-four years pastor
of the Union Church, Boston; died Oct. 6, 1878.
EH. R. Beadle, a prominent Presbyterian pastor and
scientist in Philadelphia; died Jan. 19, 1879.
Meetines.— During the summer four Field Meetings
have been held within the limits of this connty. rst,
at the Centennial Grove, Essex, on June 24th, 1878.
Messrs. J. H. Emerton, J. H. Huntington, John Robin-
son, C. C. Beaman, and E. S. Parker took part in the
exercises of the occasion. Second, at Juniper Point,
Salem, on July 10th. The morning was spent along the
Salem and Beverly shores and in visiting the zoological
laboratory of Mr. Emerton, and at the afternoon session
the President and»Mr. G. D. Phippen spoke of the his-
torical associations of the place, and Messrs. J. H. Emer-
ton and J. 8. Kingsley of some of the forms of the lower
orders of marine animal life. Third, at West Newbury.
The party took the cars of the E. R. R. to Newburyport,
thence by carriages to the place of meeting. During the
ride a pleasant call was made at the hospitable mansion of
Major B. Perley Poore, where an opportunity was afforded
to examine his very extensive and fine collection of an-
tique relics and other memorials of the olden times. At
the afternoon session Mr. Haydn Brown of West Newbury
gave an interesting sketch of the introduction of the man-
ufacture of combs in that town, and Messrs. James Par-
ton, J. H. Emerton, Luther Dame, Michael A. Dougherty,
and Horace Brown were the speakers. Jourih, at Ips-
wich, October 4th. Plum Island was visited during the —
morning, and at the afternoon session the President and
Messrs. I. J. Osbun, Charles Derby, and others were the
speakers.
127
Regular Meetings, twenty-five, usually on the first and
third Monday evenings of each month. The following
communications received and lectures delivered may be
specified :—“ Notes on Pacific Coast Crustacea,” by W.
N. Lockington; “List of the Birds of the Hudson High-
lands, with annotations,” by Edgar A. Mearns; “An Ac-
-eount of the Flora of the Sandwich Islands,” by Charles
Derby; “Remarks on the Subject of Heredity,” by Al-
pheus Hyatt; “A Catalogue of the Fishes of Essex
County, Massachusetts, including the Fauna of Massa-
chusetts Bay,” by G. Brown Goode and Tarleton H.
Bean; “Ornithological Explorations of the Lesser An-
tilles,” by Frederick A. Ober; “Notes on the native and
extensively introduced woody plants of Essex County,
Mass.,” by John Robinson; “The artificial hatching of
Cod Fish,” by J. H. Emerton; “Halibut fishing on the
banks of Newfoundland,” by Raymond L. Newcomb;
“On Perfect Harmony in Music,” by Theodore M. Os-
borne; “On the old merchants of Salem,” by N. Silsbee.
LecTurEs AND ConcEerRTS.—A course of eight lectures
under the direction of the Lecture Committee were as
follows: Ist, Monday, Oct. 28, by Samuel Johnson of
North Andover, “On Florence.” 2d, Monday, Nov. 11,
1878, by S. G. W. Benjamin of New York, “Sculpture.”
3d, Monday, Dec. 9, by G. L. Vose of Bowdoin College,
“The Light-house System of the United States.” 4th,
Monday, Dec. 23, by W. R. Ware of Boston, “Architec-
ture.” 5th, Monday, Jan. 27, by Winslow Upton of
Salem, “The Solar Eclipse of 187 8.” 6th, Monday, Feb.
17, by J. W. Symonds of Portland, Me., “Nathaniel
Hawthorne ;” 7th, Monday, March 10, by I. J. Osbun of
Salem, “The Electric Light.” 8th, Monday, March 24,
by W. W.. Thomas of Portland, “A Ramble in Norway.”
128
A course of free scientific lectures (eight in number)
during the months of January and February, usually on
Tuesday afternoons: two “On Plant Life,” by Mr. John
Robinson of Salem; two “On the Simplest Animals,” by
Mr. James H. Emerton of Salem; two “On the Human
Body,” by Charles 8. Minot of Boston; two “On Heat,”
by N. D. C. Hodges of Salem. These lectures were free
to those persolis who made personal application for tic-
kets, and were delivered under the auspices of the Insti-
tute and Peabody Academy of Science.
The following, in addition to the lectures above men-
tioned, have been delivered in the rooms of the Institute :
Tuesday afternoon and evening, May 22, lectures by Rev.
E. C. Bolles of this city, “On the Phonograph,” and an
exhibition of the same ; Monday, May 27, lecture by Capt.
E. A. Pitman, jr., of Marblehead, “On the Marshall Isl-
ands ;” Friday, Oct. 25, first of a series of eight lectures
by Luigi Monti, continued on successive Friday evenings,
“On the principal men who contributed to the Indepen-
dence of Italy;” Friday, Dec. 13, lecture by Luigi
Monti, “On German and Italian Music ;” Wednesday,
Feb. 12, Lecture by Rev. W. C. Wood “On Socrates ;”
Friday, Feb. 14, illustrated lecture, “New York to Ven-
ice,” by Gen. M. Y. Agramonti;” Wednesday, Feb. 19,
lecture by Rev. W. C. Wood, “Joan of Arc;” Friday,
Feb. 21, and the five following Fridays, Shakspeure read-
ings, by George Riddle ; Wednesday, Feb. 26, lecture by
Rev. W. C. Wood, “The North American Indians ;”
Wednesday, March 19, lecture by A. Young, “The Comic
and Tragic Aspects of Life ;” Friday, April 4, miscella-
neous readings by George Riddle.
Under the: personal direction of the Secretary five con-
certs have been given, with much credit to the society as
musical performances. Ist, Monday, Nov. 25, by Mrs.
129
Julia H. West and others ;. 2d, Monday, Dec. 30; Cecilia
Quartette, Miss Abbie Whinery, Mrs. J. W. Weston,
Mrs. H. E. Sawyer, Mrs. Jennie Noyes, J. W. Preston,
pianist. 3d, Monday, Jan. 13, by B. J. Lang, Wulf
Fries, and C. N. Allen. 4th, Monday, Jan. 27, by Salem
Schubert Club. 5th, Monday, Feb. 10, by William S.
Fenollosa, Miss Clara Emilio, Mrs. C. H. Fowler, and
others.
Excursions.—Three very pleasant excursions, under
the direction of the Secretary, have been made during the
past season. Ist, to Newport, R. I., visited the Redwood
Library, the Torpedo station at Goat Island, and other
objects of interest in this old historic town,-now a well
known sea-side resort. 2d, Monday, July 22, to Mon-
treal and Quebec via Plymouth, N. H., and Lake Mem-
phremagog ; returned the following Saturday. 3d, Tues-
day, Sept. 3, to the White Mountains, via Concord,
Centre Harbor, and Plymouth, thence by stage up the
valley of the Pemigewasset to the Profile House, thence
to the Fabyan, where a meeting was held. Prof. J. H.
Huntington, who had spent a winter on Mount Washing-
ton connected with the U. S. Signal Station, gave a
graphic description of the duties of this service, and Mr.
George D. Phippen spoke of the flora of the mountains.
Returned on Saturday by way of Conway, Portsmouth,
and Newburyport.
Musrum.—The specimens of Natural History, includ-
ing those in Ethnology and Archeology, which have been
given during the year, are on deposit with the trustees of
the Peabody Academy of Science, in accordance with
previous arrangements. These have been reported at
our meetings, and have been duly acknowledged. The
130
following may be specified: from J. L. Story, Eben
Stanwood, and Alburn Andrews of Essex, Prof. J. H.
Huntington, Dr. S. A. Green of Boston, Miss Caroline
Follansbee, Henry Wheatland, George D. Putnam, Miss
Caroline R. Derby, F. Hubon, W. F. Nichols, E. S.
Atwood, Miss Ravel. In addition to the above several -
interesting specimens of an historical character have been
arranged in the rooms, received from the estate of Wm.
Wallis, Miss I. -G. Whipple, C. T. Brooks of Newport,
R.I., T. F. Hunt, Mrs. M. G. Farmer of Newport, A.
G. Browne, W. Savory, F. Israel, W. H. Richardson,
James Kimball, G. E. Wiggin of Peabody, Moses §.
Prime, George B. Foster, J. Henry Stickney of Balti-
more, John T. Clark of Boston, E. P. Spencer, G. B.
Loring, Salem. Mercantile National Bank, Miss Sarah
Swan, James A. Emmerton, N. A. Horton, William
Fabens of Marblehead, Henry M. Batchelder, David Pul-
sifer of Boston, John Robinson, Henry M. Brooks, Miss
M. E. Briggs, Charles T. Perkins. - Several portraits
have been added to the series: one of Daniel Webster
by Mrs. Anna C. Warren of Boston, one of Mrs. Lois
Orne by Mrs. Susan B. Cabot, one of A. L. Forestier by
Miss Ellen G. Derby of Boston, one of Alfred Poore by
himself, portraits of Mr. and Mrs. Timothy Fitch, painted
by Copley, and of Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Derby, painted by
Charles Osgood, from Miss Caroline R. Derby.
HorricutTurRAL Exursition, at the rooms of the In-
stitute, the past autumn, opened on Tuesday evening,
Sept. 10, and closed on the following Friday. There was
a fine display of fruit, flowers, pot plants and some vege-
tables. Mr. John Robinson exhibited a good collection
of ferns and succulent plants, including many rare and
interesting varieties ; Mr. G.. W. Creesy many pot plants,
| ie
131
‘showing the different varieties of coleus; Mr. J. W.
Manning, of the Reading nurseries, fine specimens of
hardy pines, junipers, arbor vite, etc.; Messrs. A. H.
Dunlap and Son, seed dealers in Nashua, N. H., an ele-
gant display of annuals; Charles A. Putnam, a stand of
very fine seedling gladiolus. There was also a fine show
of flowers and bouquets from other persons.
The display of fruit was very good. Mr. Charles A.
Ropes of Salem had the largest collection, showing sixty-
eight varieties; Hon. Haydn Brown of West Newbury a
fine show of apples; G. D. Walton of Peabody, C. M.
Richardson, Joseph A. Goldthwaite, George Baker, Wil-
liam Mack, and others were contributors.
This exhibition was under the supervision of Mr. H.
W. Putnam, the curator of the department.
Lanpine oF Jonn Enpicotr.—The Fifth Half-century
of the Landing of John Endicott was commemorated on
the 18th day of last September. The commemorative
exercises have been printed in full in the Histrorican
Cotuections of the Institute. The oration by Hon. W.
C. Endicott, poems by Rev. C. T. Brooks and W. W.
Story, all born in Salem and educated in her schools.
Gov. A. H. Rice, Hon. R. C. Winthrop, Hon. Marshall
P. Wilder, Dean Stanley, and other distinguished men
were the guests of the society and took part in the post
prandial exercises of the day.
Pupsuications have been issued as heretofore,—the
Buiwetin, vol. 10, and the Hisrortcan CoLLEcTIons,
vol. xv, have been published and distributed. The ex-
change list. with few exceptions continues the same as last
year.
Ee
132 q
Liprary.— The additions to the Library for the year ~
May, 1878— May, 1879, have been as follows :—
By Donation.
Follog,: *:%): shat ree OR) See der pier svi oa 4
Quartos, . . ° ° ° . ° ° ° . ° 25
Octavos, é ° F . . ° ° ‘ 2 ° . 313
Duodecimos, . * * ‘ ° * . ° A ° 83
Sexdecimos, . 4 . ° ° : ° F : ‘ o 21
Total of bound yolaumes,:. 3) (A 62 0) st Se eee 448
Pamphlets and Seriaie,. 9 «= 4k se tee 2,488 :
Total of Donations, . . awnte . ° fp eS eee
By Exchange.
Quartos, ° ‘ A . ‘ ‘ F ° . ° eee iD
OGavess: tae OF Soe SE Sia a es . és ite aie 89
Duodecimos, . ° ° . ° . . ° . te
Total of bound volumes, . . ° F : ee apt 97
Pamphlets and Serials, .. 6°. « (se) 1,237
Totalof Exchanges, - . + + +» +» «# « «+ 1,334
By Purchase.
Octavos, Pape home ee le ° o>, sey cet per at ucae aie hee |
Duodecimos, . : ? A : ‘ Fy ; . ‘ 2
Sexdecimos, . ° ° ° . . Fs okies . ») 38
Totalof Purchases, . . ear a ee a 21
Total of Donations, . F 0: Te. ps Wie) 2 ee 2,936
Total of Exchanges, ° - A . ° e . . ° 1,334
Total by Purchase, . . - » aD ae Bris ene, eee 21
Total of Additions, ee ee TS Ope) Eseit eens 4,291
Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 1,664
were pamphlets, and 2,061 were serials.
The donations to the Library for the year have been
received from one hundred and thirty-nine individuals
and twenty-two societies and departments of the General
and State Governments.
The exchanges from three individuals, one hundred and
thirty-one societies and incorporate institutions, of which
seventy-seven are foreign; also from editors and pub-
lishers.
133
Donations or exchanges have been received from the
following :—
Vols.
Ainsworth, Mrs. C. C., ae ns A A ‘ .
Allen, Miss Marian, . : * ; : 26
Alnwick, Eng. Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, : “ >
American Association Advancement of Science, . r 1
Amsterdam, Koninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap, ‘‘ Natura
Artis Magistra,” . eee A ° ° ‘ .
Anagnos, M., Boston, Mass., . ; * ; 5
Andrews, Mrs. Ruth, . ; 5 = 3 ‘ : Z
Arms, George A., Greenfield, Mass., ° : ae Tig 1
Atwood, Rev. E. S., : = : 4 : F
Baldwin, Miss Caroline, . : 3 A : A 2
Baltimore, Maryland Historical Solety; x ; = F
Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute, . 4 * é
Bamberg, Matuitorschende Gesellschaft, . : ‘ .
Bancroft, C. F. P., Andover, Mass., F : 3 ,
Barton, J. W., : . : ; ® , . sees
Barton, William G., . : * ; % 4 3
Batavia, Natuurkundige in Wedovlandatt India, . : 7
Bemis, Luke, West Chester, Penn., . = <
Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, “
Berlin, Zeitschrift fiir die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 1
Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, . r P ‘ P
Boardman, Samuel L., Augusta, Me., 2 a < : 9
Bolles, Rev. E. C., Neweeaveis: ; A Z . Ree
Siolsbna, Reale Kendanits delle Scienze, ‘ -
Boothby, Josiah, London, Eng., . : : é Sime lea
Bordeaux, Société Linnéenne, . F ; ;
Boston, Amateur Scientific Society, . . ‘
Boston, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, .
Boston, Atheneum Library, . é " d : . hee
Boston, City of, . ° ; i LARS Pd, x : 3
Boston, Appalachian Mountain Club, p 7 3 5 :
Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital, A .
Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society, . : 3 me
Boston, Massachusetts Horticultural Society, :
Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society, .
Boston, New England Historic and Genealogical Society,
Boston, Overseers of the Poor, . : p = : Sead |
Boston, Public Library, . = ‘ -
Boston, Society of Natural Hise : :
Pam.
30
ae e bo
134
Braunschweig, Archiv der Anthropologie, . ° ° :
Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein, $ .
Brinley, Francis, Newport, R. L., . ‘ - : .
Brock, R. A., Richmond, Va., . ; : Newspapers.
Brown, Ruais. : _ A 4 °
Bruxelles, Société Belge de Mteromssules 4 < -
Bruxelles, Société Entomologique, aan ‘ > °
Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, . . .
Burch and Curtis, Canandaigua, N. Y., . ‘
Caen, Académie Royale des Sciences, Arts, et Bellea-Taiteen
Cambridge, Harvard College Library, . ‘ ° ° .
Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology, : -
Cambridge, Nuttall Ornithological Club, ‘ - : :
Canada Geological Survey, i ° : °
Carpenter, Rey. C. C., South Peabody, Maier yt Ne 5 .
Chemnitz, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, |
Cherbourg, Société Impériale des Sciences Naturelles,
Chicago Historical’Society, 4 : * F a :
Chicago, University of, ° . . . ° .
Cincinnati, Society of Natural wintery, ; A ; -
Cobb, Charles H., Baltimore, Md., 5 ; A A
Cogswell, William, ‘ : ; . :
Colby University, Waterville, reg 55 : . > ‘
Cole, Miss Caroline J., Z ‘ easel : . r
Cole, Mrs. N. D., " “bs ‘ . Newspapers.
Contoocook, New Hampshire Antiquarian Society, . “
Cooke, Caleb, : F ‘ s ~ : . :
Corey, D. P., ety Maus, me ; ° ‘ rer
Cram, Georas W., F “ A ; : . , :
Crosby, Mrs. M. K, F : " A Fas .
Crosse et Fischer, . ‘ : ; F " :
Currier, W. H. B., Salisbury, Wiese ; ; ~ ;
Curwen, James B., é 4 s e ° é
Cutter, A., Ghiattente wu: Mass., 4 5 = F
Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, : ; :
Darmstadt, Verein fiir Erdkunde, . F . 5 5
De Costa, B. F., New York, N. Yes F ° : .
Derby, Charles, . ; : . : ‘ F
Dresden, Afrikanischen Gesellschaft, - ‘ . ‘ .
Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft MUDAIBS <7 is
Dresden, Verein fiir Erdkunde, .. ‘ z 5 : ,
Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, . ‘ ‘ F 3 <
Emdem, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, - .
Vols. Pam.
*2
3
1
6
2
11
roy
8.
1
1
2 ie
4
1
3
1
1
19, »102
1
3
2
1
—— =)”
_——
Vols.
Emery, Samuel, s 3 F : ° 3 :
Emmerton, James A.,~ . 3 oe ie . Newspapers.
Erlangen, Physikalisch-medicinische Societat,
Falmouth, Eng., Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society,
Farmer, Mrs. M. G., Newport, R. I., : é
Fielden, Frank A., 2 Ps ; “ 2 i >
Fiske, Mrs. J. H., : ‘ F : Newspapers.
Florence, Instituto di Studi dupertark . ‘ .
Fogg, Miss Ellen M., ‘ ; : : a livarte
Folger, W. C., Nantucket, Maas: 9 . ; . . :
Folsom, C. F., Boston, Mass., . - R " -
Foote, Caleb, . 2 P é 3 F - g = i
Foote and Horton, : . . Newspapers.
Foster, W. E., Providence, R. L, ~ : 7 3
Frankfurt, Zoologische Gesellschaft, - F .
Freiburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, r ; §
Frothingham, Isaac H., Brooklyn, N. Y., : ‘
Galloupe, Isaac F., Lynn, Mass., .. F . : :
Gates, Beman, Marietta, Ohio, % ‘ “
_Genéve, Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle, .
Giessen, Oberhessische Gesellschaft fiir Natur und Heil-
ktinde, ' ' Z : ; : “ °
Goodell, A. C., Jr., 3 : ;
G6ttingen, Kénigliche Gesellschaft dor Wineandehatien,
Gray, Horace, Boston, Mass., 7 : : : °
Green, 8S. A., Boston, Mass., . 2 ;
Hamburg, Naturwisscnaghatalciier Verein A iar
Hannover, Naturhistorische Gesellschaft, - . ro
‘Harlem, Bureau Scientifique Central Néerlandais, 3 =
Hart, Charles H., Philadelphia, Penn., . .
Hartranft, John, Harrisburg,’Penn., . 4 : =
Hassom, John T., Boston, Mass., . ; ‘ ; -
Higbee, Charles H., : - é ‘ < : é ‘
Hill, B D.,; Peabody, Mass. AS ; r , - y y
Hill, W. M., = Z ‘ 3 - eo hyaie
Hitchcock, Edward, Abieats Mass., : Z - F
Hodges, Mrs. John, ° F A . . ? .
Hodges, N. D. C., : eS ° ° S “ .
Hoffman, Mrs. Eliza A., r a j P
Hoffman, W. J., Washinatou,, D. C., : 3 i
Holmes, John C., Detroit, Mich., e . : ‘ 4
Houghton, J. C., Lynn, Mass., . : x ‘ é 5
Howell, E., Liverpool, Eng., : ‘ ‘ F i n
26
36
ne
Pam.
123
136
Marsh, O. C., New Haven, ois. - ¢ : . 2 ;
Marshall, John W., Rockport, Mass. ~ .°-. A :
May, C. S., Danvers, Mass., ; ; : . - ‘
Mexico, Museo Nacional, . 3 : 3 ‘ .
Vols.
Howgate, H. W., Washington, Dae, 2 . . ‘
Bont, 2. Bj) 4 . . . F wen
Illinois State Board of AgnooMnms : 1
India Geological Survey, a . : : ° .
Israel, Rev. Fielder, . : ‘ F ° 3 é F 13
Jenison, O. A., Lansing, Mich., . x ; . -
Jewett & Co., Boston, Mass., . 1
Kidder, Frederic, Boston, Mass., . . . = a ; 5
Kimball, Edward P., Ipswich, Mass., . é : ;
Kimball, James, . . i J - . Newspapers, 53
Kingsley, J. S., .
Kjdbenhavn, Kongelige Daseke Videnskabernes Selskab,
Kjd6benhavn, Société Royale des Antiquaires du Nord,
Konigsberg, Konigliche a a oe Gesell-
_ schaft, f : ; . 5 .
Knox; John Jay, Washington; D. Ci ies “ A
Lansing, Michigan Agricultural College Library, . . 1
Lapham, W. P., Augusta, Me., . : . °
Lausanne, Société Vaudoise des Sciences NMatureiion.
Lee, Francis H., . J : - - ° 1
Lee, Henry, eae Mass., . inves ; . >
’ Leeds, Philosophical and Literary Society, - é
Leiden, Academia Lugduno-Batava, ‘ ° 1
Le Mans, Société cr AgHepliore, Sciences et Apts dia la
Sarthe, . : A - 2 “ ; ‘
Lisbonne, Academia Real das tinleshien.: j , * 2
Liverpool, Literary and Philosophical Society, 2
Long Island Historical Society, F : * .
Loring, George B., sentve SLA!) i 1
Lyon, Académie Impériale des Sdledieen, Belles- Lettres et
Arts, 2
Lyon, Société d’ Agtichteuees d'Histoire Naturelle os me
Arts Utiles, . : : ‘ . ‘ : - 1
Mack, Miss Esther C., - . . ° ‘ roag a 4
Mack, William, é ; = - Newspapers, 5
Madison, Wisconsin State Historical Society, . = °
Manning, Francis H., Boston, Mass., 2 A F ‘ 8
Manning, Richard C., . 4 > 2 - Newspapers.
Manning, Robert, * He . Newspapers,
71
137
Milwaukie, Wis. Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, .
Milwaukie, Wisconsin Naturhistorischen Verein, ;
Minneapolis, Minnesota Historical Society, ; ° :
Missouri, State University Library, = A ~
Montpelier, Vermont Historical Society, . ' “ .
Morse, E. S., 3 é . 3 a . :
Miinchen, Koniglich Gayerietiinn Akademie der Wissen-
schaften, : 2 : —
Napoli, Accademia delle Helene Fisiche e Matetiadichs: re
Nashville, Tenn., Fisk University, . . s
Neubrandenburg, Verein der Freunde der Waturseothiclite:
Nevins, Winfield S., . - - 7 : 3
Newark, New Seracy Historical ‘Socloty, ; 2 .
New Haven, Connecticut Academy of Arts and aianiens
New Haven, Yale.College Library, 3 : ; A
New York Academy of Science, ; ; -
New York American Geographical Society; » ‘ °
New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, .
New York Historical Society, . Z R ‘ ,
New York Mercantile Library Association, ¢ .
New York Microscopical Society, x . ‘é
Nichols, The Misses, . ¢ ‘ Z - ‘ “ é
Norfolk, John R., : A . < : : a .
Nourse; Miss Dorcas C., . s ‘ .*
Nurnberg, Naturhistorische Gesellschaft, Z : .
Oliver, Henry K., ars “ -
Oneida, Historical Society, . 5 . ‘ ° ‘ ‘
Orange, N. J., N. E. Society, . A “ “ ° :
Osgood, Charles S., 2 F F . - . S
Otis, George A., Boston, Mass., : 3 3 : F
Palirayr, Charice W., . se
Paris, Institut Historique, . ? ; « ;
‘Paris, Société d’Acclimatation, . > é : F .
Paris, Société d’Anthropologie, = : ; “ r
Peabody, Mass., Peabody Institute, 4 3 3 é ‘
Peirce, H. B., Boston, Mass., . situa € os i 2
Pennypacker, 5. W., Philadelphia, 4 F ; ; P
Perkins, A. C., Exeter, N. H., . ; - ‘
Perkins, Henry, Philadelphia, é ‘ 3 P . :
Perley, Jonathan, os ° . > ‘ ° .
Pickering, Miss Mary O., 3 . x . 3 °
- Philadelphia, American Philosophical Sottety: : é
Philadelphia, Library Company, . - 2 =
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Historical Society, A .
. Pam.
_
le 6)
aordteewon Or a Ce) m OR Oe bo ee
~
m © OO
19
29
138
Ponsonby & Murphy, Dublin, Ireland, . 5 é =
Pool, Wellington, Wenham, Mass., . - y ; 3
Poole, W. F., Chicago, Ill., : : . ‘ 4
Poore, Alfred,
Princeton, N. J., E. M. Muncurt of Govlogr and Anckmnionn
Proutty, Phineas, Geneva, N. Y., . 3 2 : °
Providence, R. I., Nicholson File Co., . - ‘
Providence, Rhode Island Historical Society, ; °
Pulsifer, R. M., Boston, Mass., . ‘ . ° ‘ .
Putnam, Rev. i P., Brooklyn, N. Y., 4 f 3 oi
Putnam, F. W., ‘ ‘ . ae sek ao Ree : . .
Putnam, H. W.., - ‘ ° i :
Quebec, Literary and Historical Beste: : . <
Quint, Rev. A. H., New Bedford, Mass., . ° = >
Rantoul, R. S., : > 4 r ‘ > °
Regensburg, Zooloaiseh- eatinevaicgieciae Verein, . ‘
Reid, M. C., Hudson, Ohio, .. . : Pe =
Riga, Nattrforschentior Verein, ‘ . . oki
Robinson, John, . . 2 ° * 3 p
Ropes, Miss S. P., Cincinnati, Ohio, . 4 i °
‘Ropes, Rev. W. L., Andover, Mass, . . .« « «
Salem, City of, . > ¢ : : .
Salem, Essex Agricultural Shoe: . A : ° .
Salem, Ladies’ Centennial Committee, 2 ‘ ’
Salem, Mercantile Bank, * ‘ . : .
San Francisco, California Academy of Belones:
San Francisco, Mercantile Library Association, .
Savannah, Georgia Historical Society, . 6 4 ?
Secomb, D. F., Concord, N.H., . . yt SOE
S’Gravenhage, Nederlandsche Ratoniclalachs Vereeniging,
Smith, Charles C., Boston, Mass., ‘ 4 ‘ : ‘
Smith, Miss Susan A., Pembroke, Mass., ‘ ‘ ‘
Spofford, A. R., Washington, D.C., . : : : °
Steiger, E., New York, N. Y., . ; : . é ‘
St. Gallen, St. Gallische Gessellschaft, ‘ - . i
Stilson, Arthur C., Ottumwa, Iowa, - < ; e
Stone, Benj. W., . : : s . ° ° -
Stone, Miss Mary H., 3 : s . a < °
Story, Miss E. A., . oe ‘ pio Gite js :
St. Petersbourg, hasdeinie impariaie des Sciences, F
St. Petersburg, Imperial Botanical Garden,. — F A
St. Petersbourg, Société Entomologique de Russie, :
Sutton, W., . . , ‘ . F
Sydney, Royal Society of Sow South Wales, we relay ‘
ir)
‘ =
en wn
_
a)
co
awonn
'
i ee
139
Vols.
Tasmania, Government of, . . . : = ; erg |
Tasmania, Royal Society, . : : . ‘
Taunton Public Library,
Taunton, Somersetshire Agcheolonica) and Watural Hiniory
Society, F ° ‘ . : = . ‘ mi
Taylor Bros., . r 4 R ‘ . . . :
Thayer, Oliver, 4 P ; Ade é ke + *
Thornton, George, Boston, Mass. . . . «. . 11
Topeka, Kansas Academy of Science, . = ; 4 Rogie
Topeka, Kansas Historical Society, . A : a F 19
Toronto, Canadian Institute, 3 : ° ‘
Troy Orphan Asylum, : . : ;
Tucker, goperhas, Estate of the late, 5 é Z . PaieD
Upham, Wm. P., - ; rs
Urbano, O., Kenton Ohio Scientific ‘Adnaolation: é £
U.S. Bureau of Education, : “ “ = sith de 1
U.S. Dept. of. Interior, . 3 : ‘ P i . 54
U. S. Engineer Dept., ; ‘ % * segs B 2
U.S. Naval Observatory, 4 ce ahs rs ° $ Se
U.S. Patent Office, . ‘ . ° . ° °
U.S. Treasury Dept., . 3 F F : . eek ae
Virginia, Fish and Game protaciive Association, .
Walcott, Chas. H., Concord, Mass., ;
Walter, Joseph R., Wilmington, Del., - ‘Niwanapers,
Ward, Miss Julia, South Hadley, a ; F ; *
Ware, Tileston & Co., Boston, Mass., . 3
Washington, Smithsonian Institution, . Fe ° ° . 4
Waters, Henry F., ° ° F . ° ° : S
Waters, J. Linton, x : :
Wetenschappen, Bataviaasch Toasataahens van aroha:
Wien, K. K. Zoologisch-botanische Gesellschaft, Ps airy 1
Wien, Verein zur Verbreitung Naturwissenschaftlicher
Kenntnisse, . : : ° : . Sahel
Wiesbaden, Verein fiir Naturkdndes ; s t * 2
Wilder, M. P., Dorchester, Mass., ; :
Williams, James, Columbus, Ohio, . : ‘ . “ite 1
Willson, Rev. E.'B., ‘ < . " ° °
Wilmington, Delaware Historical Society, , . A
Winthrop, Robert C., Boston, Mass., . 2 r ‘ ack,
Worcester, aaeviban Antiquarian Society, r . .
Worcester, Society of Antiquity, ‘ A
Wiirzburg, Physikalisch-medicinische Gesellschaft, .
Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, - F °
Pam.
_
106
omwor bw be
140 /
The following have been received from editors or pub-
lishers :—
American Bookseller. Nation.
American Journal of Science and Naturalists’ Leisure Hour and
Arts. Monthly Bulletin.
American Naturalist. Nature.
Beverly, N. J., Banner. Our Dumb Animals.
Boston Herald. Peabody Press. Es
Canadian Naturalist. ‘Peabody Reporter.
Cape Ann Bulletin. Quaritch’s Catalogue.
Dexter Smith’s Paper. Sailor’s Magazine and Seamen’s
European Mail. Friend.
Forest and Stream. Salem Gazette.
Francis’ Catalogue. Salem Observer.
Gardener’s Monthly. Salem Post.
Gurney’s Weekly. Salem Register,
Hardwicke’s Science Gossip. ‘The Librarian.
Historical Magazine. Turner’s Public Spirit.
Lawrence American. Vox Humana.
Lynn Reporter. Zoologischer Anzeiger.
FinancraL.—The Treasurer’s Report exhibits a state-
ment of the receipts = expenditures eshie the past
year.
DEBITS.
General Account.
Salaries, $1,855.68; Coal, $105.00; Gas, $94.41, . ‘ ; « $2,055 09
Lectures and Concerts, $639.86; Publications, $1,328.58, - 1,968 44
Express and Postage, $47.93; Insurance, $40.00, . . 87 93
Excursions and Field Meetings, $5,464.42; Stationery, $21. , 5,486 37
Endicott Celebration, $1,034.00; Sundries, $126.69, . . 1,160 69
—— $10,758 52
Balance in hands of Treasurer, . . . : Pl se Crea oe 254 76
Historical.
Books; $9.98+, Binding, €75°00,; °°. =<. ie + tal eel wie | Ag oat tee 84 28
Natural History and Horticulture. =
BxbibiGigtig Pn ree © cc a vay tee, ae gael, on 22 41
Ditmore Fund, |
B.. Se POPKING, gi ghee Ge 9) Ga ke aes Dns Fy ee 93 22
$11,213 19
141 .
CREDITS.
By Balance of 1878 accounts, 0) a,” c= Le Wag ee Be 6 tee $146 98
General Account.
Dividends Webster Bank, . F . tts . ‘ $30 00
Assessments, $1,031.00; Publications, $617. 64, . ° - 1,648 64
Sundries, $336.93; Life Membership, $30.00, . e 366 93
Excursions, etc., $5,926.08; Lectures and Concerts, ‘$793. 79, . 6,719 87
Subscriptions on Endicott Celebration, $1,034.00, . . - 1,034 00
Refunded Bank Tax, $9.71; Salem Savings Bank, $522.61, . 532 32
10,331 76
Ladies’ Fair Fund.
Coupons City of Chicago Bonds, a Sra er) Vat etrets owe) bls 70 00
Historical.
Dividends Naumkeag National Bank, a. S6n Se ° 16 00
Dividends Michigan CentralR.R., . . «6 «.« « « 20 00 Sees
' Natural History and Horticulture.
Dividends, P.8:&P.B.R., «++ + -« ori gee Te te 12 00
Exhibition, . i. é a ‘ Fs P ‘i . e ° 36 45
48 45
Davis Fund.
Coupons Chicago, Burlington and Missouri R. R., . oe 140 00
Coupon Dixon & PeoriaR.R., .« . .« +. «« « -« 240 00
aa 380 00
Ditmore Fund.
Coupons Old Colony R. R., 7s, « - . ° e ° 70 00
Coupons Old Colony R. R., 6s, . e Py . . . . 60 00
Interest Five Cents Savings Bank, F . e ‘ . * 40 00
; —— 170 00
Derby Fund.
Rent of Land, . . . ’ . . . . . . . ‘ 30 00
$11,213 19
Mr. John Robinson exhibited two fine specimens of the
flowers of the Phyllo-cactus crenatus and gave an account
of this and several allied species.
The committee on nominations reported the aotlowsng,
list of officers for the year ensuing.
Voted, To proceed to the choice of officers and a nomi-
nating committee was appointed to receive, assort, and
count the votes.
The following were elected :—
ESSEX INST. BULL. xI 1k
142
PRESIDENT:
HENRY WHEATLAND.
VICEH-PRESIDENTS:
ABNER C. GOODELL, JR., Wi.1iaM SUTTON,
FREDERICK W. PuTNAM, Danie: B. Hagar.
SECRETARY: TREASURER:
GEORGE M. WHIPPLE. GrorGEe D. PHirreN. _
AUDITOR: LIBRARIAN:
RicHaRD C. MANNING. WILLIAM P. UpHamM.
, CURATORS: .
History—J AMES KIMBALL. Botany—GEORGE D. PHIPPEN.
Manuscripts—WILLIAM P.-UPHAM. Zoology—EDWARD S. MORSE.
Archeology—FREDERICK W. PUTNAM. | Horticulture—HENRY W. PUTNAM.
Numismatics—MATTHEW A. STICKNEY. | Music—JOSHUA PHIPPEN, JR.
Geology—IsAac J. OSBUN. Painting § Sculpture—T. F. Hunt.
Technology—EDWIN C. BOLLES.
COMMITTEES:
Finance:
The PRESIDENT, Chairman ex off.
JAS, KIMBALL. JAS. O. SAFFORD. HENRY M. BROOKS. GEO. R. EMMERTON.
The TREASURER, ez off.
Library :
CHARLES W. PALFRAY. GEORGE F. FLINT. _ Henry F. Kine.
WILLIAM NEILSON. JAMES A. EMMERTON.
The LIBRARIAN, ez off.
Publication:
EDWARD S. ATWOOD. * ABNER C. GOODELL, JR. EDWIN C. BOLLES.
, JAMES KIMBALL. T. F, HUNT,
Lecture:
‘WILLIAM D. NORTHEND. FREDERICK W. PUTNAM. AMOS H.. JOHNSON.
‘ARTHUR L. HUNTINGTON. FIELDER ISRAEL.
Field Meeting:
The SECRETARY, Chairman ex off.
GEORGE A. PERKINS, Salem. GEORGE D. PHIPPEN, Salem.
GEORGE COGSWELL, Bradford. LEwIs N. TAPPAN, Manchester.
FRANCIS H. APPLETON, Peabody. JAMES H: EMERTON, Salem.
NATHANIEL A. HORTON, Salem. EBEN N. WALTON, Salem.
————
143
Monpay, JuNE 6, 1879.
Recuiar Meetine this evening. The PREsIDENT in
the chair. Records read. Donations and correspondence
announced.
The PREsIDENT referred to two valuable donations to
the library since the last meeting. . “The Whitney Gene-
-alogy” in three very handsome quarto volumes, and the
“Chronological History of Plants,” by Charles Pickering,
both being works of more than ordinary interest, elegantly
printed, and of great value as works of reference. The
Whitney Genealogy is a fine specimen of book making
as regards typography and binding. Five hundred were
printed in quarto form and ten in folio, all for presenta-
tion. Mr.S. Whitney Phenix, of New York city, is the
compiler of the work, and donor.
Voted, That the thanks of the Institute be tendered to
the donors of the above named works.
Fripay, JUNE 20, 1879.
Tue first Field Meeting this day at Ship Rock, South
Peabody. The place for the rendezvous at Rockville
chapel, under the charge of Rev. C. C. Carpenter.
In the forenoon, one party under the guidance of Mr.
James H. Emerton visited Bartholomew’s Pond, another
party under the direction of Mr. John Brown, 2nd, went
to Ship Rock, the stone quarries, and the adjacent points
of interest. Lunch was served in the chapel at 1.30 P. m.,
and at 3 Pp. m. the afternoon session was held, the Prest-
DENT in the chair. Records of preceding meeting read.
144
In opening the meeting the PresipEnt spoke of former
meetings held in this place, of Ship Rock, of the geologi-
cal features. of the vicinity, of the various persons, who,
in times past had devoted much time to the study of the
natural history of Peabody, alluded to the plan suggested
by Mr. Wilson Flagg, of appropriating a tract of land ~
about Bartholomew’s Pond for a public park, the charac-
teristic features of the. place being admirably adapted for
this purpose, contiguous to the cities of Salem and Lynn
and the town of Peabody.
Rev. GeorGE F. Wricut, of Andover, said that he had
been always interested in the famous boulder, Ship Rock,
and had been with the party who had visited it this day.
He gave a very clear and interesting statement of the
geological character of the region, and explained the
action of ice and water during the glacial period, showing
why Ship Rock had probably lodged in its present posi-
tion, and stating other theories in regard to the ice
period.
Mr. James H. Emerton spoke of the flowers and
plants that had been gathered during the morning’s
ramble, and the subject was continued by Dr. Gzuorczr
A. Perkins, of Salem.
Rev. C. C. CarpENTER, of South Peabody, remarked
on the historical and genealogical character of this neigh-
borhood, speaking of the old families, the old houses, and
the peculiarities of the people. Mr. Carpenter brought
to the meeting some very interesting books and historical
documents for the inspection of those present. Among
them was a large quarto volume in Latin, entitled “Trac-
tatus Morales de virtutibus,” by William, Archbishop of
145
Lyons (1272), and printed in Cologne, 1479. The book
is in black-letter, illuminated in red throughout, by hand.
Mr. Samurt Brown, of Rockville, gave some account
of the quarry business of the town and spoke of some of
the old families alluded to by the previous speaker.
Rev. Messrs. IsRArEL and Hosmer, of Salem, remarked
briefly on the pleasure and profit they had derived from
the day, and of the good influence of such meetings.
On motion of Rev. F. Israel : —
Resolved, That the cordial thanks of the Essex Institute
are tendered to Rev. C. C. Carpenter, Mr. John Brown,
2nd, and other gentlemen of South Peabody, for the use
of Rockville chapel, and for their kind attentions and
civilities, thereby adding much to the pleasure and interest
of this meeting. Also to the officers of the Eastern
Railroad for courtesies received.
Fripay, JUNE 27, 1879.
Tue second Field Meeting of the season was held this
day at Andover. The weather was fine, the party num-
bered over eighty, and left Salem by special train over
the Eastern Railroad at 8.30 a. M., arriving at 10. The
place of meeting was the Free Congregational Church,
where the party was met by Rev. G. F. Wright and Rev.
F. H. Johnson, and other persons interested in the meet-
ing. A large portion of the party, under the direction
of Mr. Wright, visited Indian Ridge. This moraine has
been made an especial study by Mr. Wright, who has
published several papers on the moraines of the county,
146
which are of much value to the student of geology, and the
morning with him was most interesting. Prospect Hill,
Sunset Rock, the Shausheen River, were also visited.
The library room (Brechen Hall) and the flax mills were
open to the visitors, and the fine collection of antiquities
belonging to Rev. Selah Merrill, were seen by several of —
the party, the owner explaining the various specimens.
Lunch at 1.30, and the afternoon session in the church
at 3p. M. PRESIDENT in the chair. Records read.
The PresipEnt referred to former field meetings held
in Andover and spoke of the objects of the Institute,
especially to the forming of a collection of books and
pamphlets of every description relating to the county, as
written by natives and residents of the county.
Rev. Grorce F. Wricut gave a full account of the
Indian Ridge which had been visited during the morning.
Mr. W. also referred to the ice period, and described the
surface geology of the region about Andover.
Prof. Witu1am H. Nixes, continuing the subject, gave
an account of observations made by himself among the
glaciers of the Alps. He fully endorsed the theory
advanced by Mr. Wright in regard to the Incian Ridge,
and spoke in the highest terms of Mr. Wright’s published
paper on the ridge and the geology of the vicinity, illus-.
trating his remarks. by drawings on the blackboard.
Rev. Francis H. Jonnson, of Andover, placed on the
table for exhibition, a very curions old powder-horn
loaned for this occasion. Mr. Johnson read a statement
regarding the horn which was given to one of the early
Andover families by some Acadians who lived in the
—,
eas
147
~
town years ago. He also read a chapter from the forth-
coming history of Andover by Miss Sarah L. Bailey, upon
the early manufacture of gunpowder in Andover, and
added to it a few valuable remarks of his own. It
appears that the slow progress of Washington in the
siege of Boston, a hundred years ago, was largely owing
to a lack of powder; some being brought with ox teams
from as far as Ticonderoga. ‘The General Court of Mass.
urged Judge Phillips (who was a member, and was also
at the same time engaged in founding Phillips’ Academy)
to undertake the business of manufacturing powder for
the army. They agreed to furnish him with sulphur and
saltpetre, and he was to deliver powder at eight pence
per pound. Mr. Phillips hastened home and set his
neighbors to work erecting a building for the purpose, on
the site (it is supposed) of the Marland Mills. Miss
Bailey presents conclusive evidence that- powder was
manufactured at Andover, for use in the Revolutionary
war, sometime before the Stoughton powder mill was
available. Ina short time more than a thousand pounds
per week were turned out. But it appears also that some
of the powder was not good. This is shown in‘a caustic
letter of Gen. Washington, and from the action of the
General Court in returning that of poor quality for
remanufacture, and in sending a French expert to impart
knowledge upon the subject to the Andover manufac-
turers. .
Another interesting point brought out in Miss Bailey’s
accurate, racy, and painstaking history is, that when Mr.
Chandler, the foreman of the powder mills was drafted
for service in the army besieging Boston, Mr. Phillips
successfully petitioned to have his help exempted from
military service, on the ground that their places could not
well be supplied, and that their occupation was already
148
one of extreme hazard, and of imperative necessity to
the public service. The mill was blown up once with a
loss of three lives. The state bore half the expeyse of
rebuilding, and promised to do the same again in case of
further accident.
Mr. Johnson read another short sketch, concerning the |
Acadian refugees (from whose history Longfellow drew
the incidents of Evangeline), thirteen of whom were for
some time in Andover under the care of Mr. Stephen
Abbot’s grandfather. The interesting powder-horn in
his possession was afterwards sent to them as a memento
of his kindness.
Mr. GoxpsmitH, of Andover, principal of the Punchard
High School, described the various flowers found during
the morning, and spoke of the general objects of the
meeting. He proposed that a portion of Indian Ridge be
reserved forever as a Public Park, and that the trees and
natural growth be carefully preserved and guarded against
the woodman’s axe.
Mr. J. H. Emerton, of Salem, described several
insects brought to the table.
Rev. Srtan Merrit1z, of Andover, spoke of his unique
collection of antiques brought by him from Syria, and
gave an account of the slab of cuneiform inscriptions in.
the Theological Library.
Mr. G. W. W. Doves, of Andover, gave an account of
the flax mills under his charge, and described the process
of cultivating and the manufacture of flax and a brief
historical sketch of the introduction of the manufacture
in Andover.
ET —<—s
149
Rev. E. S. Arwoop, of Salem, spoke of the interest
he felt in the work of the day, and said that the objects
of the Institute were such as should commend the society
' to every person in the county. He referred to the curious
and interesting specimens that he had examined in Mr.
Merrill’s house and advised all to visit the collection.
On motion of Mr. Atwood :—
Resolved, That the hearty thanks of the Essex Institute.
are hereby presented to Rev. Messrs. Wright and John-
son, and to Messrs. Dove, Goldsmith, and Prof. W. H.
Niles and others, for their arduous and successful efforts
in making and carrying out the arrangements for the
Andover Meeting.
Monpay, Juty 7, 1879.
Reeutar Meretine of the Society this evening. The
PRESIDENT in the chair. Records read. Correspondence
_ and donations announced. ‘
C. A. Lawrence, of Beverly, and Rebecca Archer, of
Salem, were elected members.
The PresmpEnt referred to the late James Upton,
Esq., for many years an officer of the Institute, and one
who largely promoted its objects and its usefulness. He
introduced Rev. R. C. Miius, D. D., a life-long friend and
the pastor of the church that Mr. Upton attended, who
read an appropriate memoir of the deceased, briefly
sketching the genealogy of the family and speaking of ©
his life and works; his connection with the Institute as a
member and officer; his devotion to the church, of which
he was a consistent member; his eminent business quali-
150
ties during a long and busy term of years as a merchant
of Salem.
Dr. GrorcEe A. Perkins spoke of his intimate rela-
tions with Mr. Upton, and heartily endorsed the remarks .
of Mr. Mills. He moved that the communication be ~
referred to the publication committee, with a request that
the same be printed in the Historica CoLuecrions of
the Institute.
Mr. James Kripa. read a paper on the “Early Man-
ufacture of Glass in Salem,” claiming, in contradiction to
certain published statements, that Essex County, and in
part Salem, established the first glass factory and manu-
factured the first glass in New England. Referred to the
Committee on Publications.
—<»«—
THURSDAY, JULY 31, 1879.
Tuirp Field Meeting, the present season, near the
asylum station, Danvers. The members from Salem left
at 9.25, a. M., from the E. R. R. station, and were joined
at the grounds by many others, who came in private car-
riages from various places. On arrival all repaired to
Oak grove and deposited the baskets. Through the
courtesy of Dr. Calvin S. May, the superintendent, the
party visited many of the principal rooms of the asylum ;
afterwards, separating into small groups, went in pursuit
of their respective specialities.
On the 25th of April, 1873, an act to establish a Hos-
pital for the Insane in the northeastern part of the com-
monwealth was approved. A commission was appointed,
who selected as a site this hill and the adjoining lands
151
known as Hathorne or Prospect Hill, belonging to Fran-
cis Dodge and others, containing 197-28 acres. Before
grading the elevation was 257 feet above mean high tide, .
being the highest land in the vicinity. The land was
purchased by the commonwealth and grading was com-
menced May 4, 1874. May 17, 1877, an act authorizing
the appointment of Trustees for the State Lunatic Hos-
pital, Danvers, was approved, and on the 25th of the fol-
lowing October the property was transferred to them by
the commissioners.
The noon collation was spread in the grove. The after-
noon session was held at 3, Pp. M., in Hathorne Hall, Asy-
lum Building. The Presmpent in the chair. Records
read, correspondence and donations announced.
The PrEsIDENT, in his opening remarks, referred to
this place as historic ground; many distinguished names
being associated with the history of this vicinity. The
name of this hall is suggestive of the fact that a large
tract of land, including this elevation, was granted to
Major William Hathorne at the beginning of the Colonial
government, and was retained in his possession many
years. He came over in the Arabella with Winthrop and
settled in Salem in 1636 or the year following, having
had tendered to him grants of land if he would remove
hither. He was a very prominent man in the colony,
holding important positions, commissioner, speaker of
the House of Representatives, counsel in cases before the
courts, judge on the bench, soldier commanding important
and difficult expeditions, and in many other cases. He
died in 1681. This name appears to have been as promi-
nent in the civil history of that-early period as it has been
in the elegant literature of the present, by the writings
152
of a lineal descendant, in the sixth generation—Nathaniel
Hawthorne.
Mr. ANpREW Nicuots, of Danvers, was then called
upon, who gave an extended notice of the ownership of
this property, from the first grant to Major Hathorne,
interspersed with. some pleasing historical allusions,-and
said that the hill had passed through the hands of ten dif-
ferent owners. It remained in the Hathorne family for
twenty-five years, in the Rea family for eighty years, in
the Prince family for forty-four years, in the Dodge fam- -
ily for thirty-four years, leaving but fifty-four years for
the other owners out of 237 years of ownership.
Dr. Cavin §. May, the Superintendent of the Hospi-
tal, gave a description of the building, the method of
heating and ventilation, spoke of the patients under his
charge and the usual plan of the Institution, its manage-
ment and its objects. The building was opened for the
reception of patients May 13, 1878; 806 patients have
been received since the opening, and at the present time
there are 512 inmates for treatment.
Rev. L. M. Livermore, of Danvers, spoke of the
pleasure he had received in attending this meeting and
alluded very pleasantly to the various plants collected
during the forenoon ramble.
Mr. James H. Emerton gave a graphic description of
the pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea), and the sun
dew (Drosera rotundifolia), which were placed upon the
table.
Dr. Grorcr A. Perxrys gave an account of a recent
visit to the coal region of Pennsylvania, and exhibited
153
some fine specimens of fossil ferns and wood which he
had collected.
Rev. W. E. C. Wrieut, of Danvers, spoke of the
interest in the objects of the meeting, and in his remarks
on the geology of this region referred to the ice period
and the glacial marks perceptible on the hills of Ger se cc
and vicinity.
Rev. FreL.pER Israe, of Salem, said that he had been
impressed during the progress of the meeting by the
thought that the Essex Institute was holding an educa-
tional and a scientific meeting within the walls of an asy-
lum, and that quite a number of the inmates were present
and appeared to be interested in listening to the proceed-
ings. In closing his remarks he offered the following
resolution, which was unanimously adopted :—
Resolved, That the cordial thanks of the Essex Insti-
tute are hereby tendered to Mr. Andrew Nichols, to Dr.
Calvin S. May, to Charles P. Preston, and other citizens
of Danvers for the kind welcome given to the Institute,
and the generous provision made “for the accommodation
of the meeting.
A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with
Annotations.
By Epoar A. Mearns.
[Continued from page 52.]
31. Dendreca coerulea, (Wilson). CaruLEAN WARBLER. A
rare migrant. ‘‘I secured a fine male'of this beautiful species, near
my residence, May 17, 1875.”! Mr. H. G. Fowler records? a female
taken in central New York, May 27, 1876.3 ‘
82. Dendreca coronata, (Linné). YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER.
An excessively abundant spring and fall migrant, and occasional win-
ter resident. Arrives near the middle of April (17, 1876), remaining
till late in May (28, 1874; 23, 1875; 23, 1876; 20, 1877); in autumn it
arrives late in September (28, 1875; 23, 1876), remaining till the first
of December, or later, according to the severity of the weather.
Throughout the winter of 1877-78 it remained in considerable num-
bers in the Highlands. It seemed quite contented so long as the
ground was bare; but after a snow-storm flew restlessly about, seek-
ing with great avidity any bare spot of ground. It was often ob-
served flying about in orchards; but inhabited chiefly bushy places,
and cedar groves near the Hudson. Its food consisted mainly of
cedar berries. Its spring moult takes place about the first of April.
I give the following extract from my journal:
‘April 25, 1878. While hunting in the rain, the clouds suddenly —
shone out bright—a purely April phenomenon—and then the birds
began to sing. Even the Yellow-rumps produced a very pleasant
warble, which, taken up by one after another of the flock by which I
was surrounded, produced a very pleasing medley of music.”
Dimensions. — Average measurements of twenty-four specimens:
1 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. III, p. 46, 1878.
2Complete List Birds Cayuga, Seneca, and Wayne counties, Daily Advertiser,
Auburn, N. Y., Aug. 14, 1877. :
3As this article is going through the press, I have received, through the kindness
of Mr. 8. F. Rathburn, his ‘‘Revised List of Birds of Central New York,” where I
find, in addition, the following: ‘‘ Not an uncommon summer resident. Observed
rarely previous to 1876. Arrives about the second week in May. Taken by Mr. E.
R. Richardson, jr., of Auburn, N. Y., May 8th, 1878. Departs in September.”
(154)
eae te
.
nin,
155
length, 5-65; stretch, 9-01; wing, 2°85; tail, 2-25; bill from nostril,
*29; gape, 51; tarsus, ‘71.
33. Dendreca blackburnis, (@melin). BLACKBURNIAN WaR-
BLER. Very common during migrations; not seen in summer. Ar-
rives from the South before the middle of May (10, 1875; 9, 1876; 15,
1877; 7, 1878; 14, 1879), and, like the Bay-breasted and Black-poll
(D. D. castanea and striata), passes rapidly through before the first of
June; seen as late as May 28 (1876). In autumn it appears in Sep-
tember (20, 1875), and passes southward before the middle of October.
It favors us, in the spring, with a very sweet song; is found in al]
kinds of woods, but, like D. virens, is partial to the hemlocks. It is
seen actively searching for insects among the branches,.sometimes
following them to the ground, where it often spends considerable
time. It is gentle and unsuspicious; when it flies towards the obser-
ver, thus exposing the glowing orange-red color of its breast, it
resembles a moving ball of fire.
Dimensions. — Average measurements of thirty-one specimens:
length, 5:25; stretch, 8°12; wing, 2°71; tail, 1°96; bill from nostril,
*81; gape, -55; tarsus, ‘72; middle toe, °39; its claw, °17.
34. Dendreca striata, (Forster). BLAacK-POLL WARBLER. Com-
mon during spring and fall migrations. Arrives about the middle of
May (20, 1874; 23, 1876; 19, 1877; 9, 1878; 14, 1879), remaining till
about the first of June (May 29, 1874; 28, 1876; 28, 1877); in the fall
it reaches us early in September (10, 1874; 9, 1876), remaining till
late in October (16, 1874; 14, 1876).
Dimensions.—Average measurements of eighteen specimens: length,
5°56; stretch, 8-90; wing, 2:92; tail, 2°05; bill from nostril, -30; gape,
*5d5; tarsus, °75; middle toe, °45; its claw, ‘17.
35. Dendreeca castanea, (Wilson). BAY-BREASTED WARBLER.
A regular and abundant spring and fall migrant. It passes rapidly
through, between the middle and last of May (19 to 29, 1874; 16 to 28,
1876; 18 to 26, 1877; 22, 1878; 14, 1879); returning in autumn it
passes us during the last half of September and the first days of Octo-
ber (September 19, 1875; October 3, 1876). The autumnal plumaged
birds are generally indistinguishable from the preceding (D. striata),
when seen in the tree-tops; but I have never seen any specimens that
were doubtful upon careful examination. The darker legs of this
species may, I think, be taken as diagnostic, and they are otherwise
distinguished by the colors of the throat, sides of the breast, and
under tail-coverts. Its habits are very similar to those of the Black-
poll. It is usually seen in the tree-tops, where its movements are
rather heavy, and slow. It seems to be especially fond of bathing in
the brooks. Both sexes possess a very sprightly song.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of twenty-four specimens:
156
length, 5°63; stretch, 8°94; wing, 2°95; tail, 2°12; bill from nostril,.
*30 ;- tarsus, °72.
86. Dendreca pennsylvanica, (Linné). CHEsTNUT-SIDED WAR-
BLER. A summer resident; breeds abundantly. Arrives early in May
(11, 1874; 12, 1875; 9, 1876; 15, 1877; 3, 1878; 7, 1879), and departs
late in September (30, 1876).
The Chestnut-sided Warbler is the only species of its genus that
breeds abundantly with us. Its nest is placed in the fork of a low:
bush; and its eggs, four in number, are deposited about the last of
May, or early in June. I have found the female sitting as early as
May 26th (1877). It possesses a song of considerable power and
sweetness; utters a sharp isip while gleaning among the branches.
The young birds follow the parents, and usually frequent damp thick-
ets. They are quite gentle, coming close up to the observer, and
uttering a low squealing note, as if demanding food. The parent sits
very closely upon its nest; if disturbed, it refuses to remove farther
than a few feet, there remaining quite silent, except a soft, pleading
note, occasionally repeated.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of sixteen specimens: length,
5°14; stretch, 7°80; wing, 2°45; tail, 2:00; bill from nostril, 29; gape,
‘62; tarsus, °72; middle toe, °38; its claw, °17.
87. Dendreca maculosa, (Gmelin). BLACK-AND-YELLOW WAR-
BLER. A common spring and fall migrant. Arrives the second week
in May (15, 1874; 11, 1875; 16, 1876; 14, 1877; 8, 1878; 8, 1879), re-
maining till late in the month (May 22, 1875; 28, 1876; 25, 1878); in
autumn it arrives in September (11, 1876; 6, 1879), and departs in
October (5, 1876). -This beautiful species is partial: to the hemlock-
trees, where it feeds in company with the Black-throated Green War-
bler; but it is found in all kinds of woods. It frequently descends to
the ground; sometimes inhabits low bushes.
- Dimensions.—Average measurements of nineteen specimens : length,
5°12; stretch, 7°67; wing, 2°30; tail, 2:00; bill from nostril, *30; gape,
‘63; tarsus, °74; middle toe, -38; its claw, ‘17.
38. Dendroca tigrina, (Gmelin). Carpe May WarBLER. A
rather rare migrant. Mr. Wm. K. Lente took a male, at Cold Spring,
on the Hudson, May 20, 1875. Mr. Wm. C. Osborn took a female, at
Garrisons, on the Hudson, May 15, 1876. Mr. Chas. Simpson found it
abundant at Peekskill, during the spring of 1877, when he procured a
number of adult specimens. In this locality, the Cape May Warbler
is seldom seen in spring. A fine male was shot, by Mr. Wm. C. Os-
born, near his residence, on the opposite side of the Hudson, on May
14, 1878; but in autumn it is generally seen in September, on its way
to the South. I have observed it from September 8th (1876) to the ‘
20th (1875). Itisseen in the tree-tops, where its movements appeared
=e eo rl
157
to me to be very slow and deliberate; and it is generally mute, though
on one occasion my attention was attracted to a bird that produced
a remarkable jingling noise in a cedar-tree, and proved, on being shot,
to be a young male of the present species.
Dimensions.—Measurements of No. 1,275 g, Consook Island, Hud-
son River, September 8, 1876: length, 5°20; stretch, 8-31; wing, 2°69;
tail, 2.00; bill from nostril, °30; tarsus, °75.
89. Dendreeca discolor, ( Vieiliot). Pram WarBLER. A rare
summer resident; breeds. I found a nest of this small Warbler, on
June 23, 1877. One day, returning from a long tramp, I discovered
the nest as I neared home, but not until after I had shot both of the
parents; then, too late, I regretted the act, for I was shown their
beautiful nest, placed on the low limb of an apple tree beside a cow
stable, close to the road-side. The young were full-fledged, and flew
away when the nest was approached. The person who showed me
the nest seemed grieved at the death of the old birds; remarking that
his family had been greatly entertained by the sprightly manners and
swect song of the little birds, which had delighted them since the
commencement of summer; and he left the place with a kind wish
that the young orphans might thrive, which he afterwards.told me he
believed was the case. I brought the nest away, together with the
old birds; the first and only ones I have ever seen. The nest was an
‘elegant and somewhat bulky structure; felted of cows’ hair, strips of
bark, and feathers.
Dimensions.—Measurements of No. 1,479 ¢, June 23, 1877, Highland
Falls, N. Y.: length, 4°88; stretch, 7:15; wing, 2°19; tail, 1°95; bill
from nostril, ‘28; gape, -50; tarsus, ‘67; middle toe, -38; its claw, -15.
40. Dendreca palmarum, (Gmelin). YELLOW RED POLL WarR-
BLER. A common spring and autumn migrant. Arrives about the
middle of April, remaining till the second week in May (April 14 to
25, 1874; 30 to May 8, 1875; 14 to May 8, 1876; 16 to May 5, 1877; 20
to April 27, 1878; 11, 1879). In autumn I have found it from Septem-
ber 20 (1879) to October 24 (1876). It arrives, in company with D.
pinus, long before the other Warblers, excepting only D. coronata.
Both species are eminently terrestrial in their habits, and are first
seen hopping upon lawns and grassy banks, accompanying the various
sorts of Sparrows; later, they are found inhabiting damp, bushy places,
beside ponds and streams. The Red-poll’s tail executes a perpetual
lateral vibratory movement, which is as characteristic as is the tilting
motion of the Siurt ; this motion is often accompanied by a feeble chip,
the only note I have heard it utter.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of nineteen specimens: length,
5:43; stretch, 8-38; wing, 2°61; tail, 2-10; bill from nostril, -31; gape,
56; tarsus, °77; middle toe and claw, °67.
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XI 12
158
41. Dendreeca pinus, (Wilson). Pine-creePING WARBLER. A
rather rare migrant; not seen during the breeding season. Arrives
about the middle of April (May 3, 1875; April 11, 1876; 16, 1877; 15,
1878). Usually appears upon the lawns about the middle of April,
associating with D. palmarum, and seems, in its habits, quite as ter-
restrial. It is then (according to my observations) quite mute; does
not vibrate its tail like the Yellow Red-poll; but, like that species, its
movements are very graceful. Later in the spring it appears in the
woods, among the branches, where its movements are slow and delib-
erate; but, on one occasion, I saw a male darting with considerable
celerity, in the top of a birch-tree. I have only seen it in summer on
a single occasion, late in August.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of four specimens: length,
5°52; stretch, 8°91; wing, 2°81; tail, 2°25; bill from nostril, -33; tar-
sus, ‘70.
42. Siurus auricapillus, (Linné). GoLDEN-CROWNED ACCENTOR;
OvEN Birp. A common summer resident; breeds abundantly. Ar-
rives early in May (8, 1874; 10, 1875; 5, 1876; 7, 1877; April 26, 1878;
May 3, 1879), remaining till October (16, 1874; 16, 1876). Its eggs
are laid the last of May or early in June. I found a nest containing
five eggs on May 30, 1877. Its habit of building a covered nest, and
of hovering high above the trees, just before night-fall, and pouring
out its delightful song as it descends through the air, serve to attract
more general attention and recognition than most of our shy and soli-
tary species do. During the day it utters aloud chant; always monot-
onous, and sometimes positively disagreeable to the weary listener.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of fourteen specimens: length,
6°17; stretch, 9°63; wing, 3°00; tail, 2°15; bill from nostril, °35; gape,
-61; tarsus, ‘91. :
43. Siurus neevius, (Boddaert). Aquatic AccENTOR; WATER
WaaGrait. A somewhat common spring and fall migrant. Arrives
later than 8. motacilla (May 5, 1876; 15, 1877; April 26, 1878), remain-
ing till about the first of June (May 29, 1877; 24, 1878). Seen in
autumn from August 31st to September 16th (1876). The present
species ranges much farther to the North than S. motacilla, and rarely,
if ever, breeds in this latitude. Still there may be exceptional cases,
as there are collectors lower down the Hudson, who assert that they
have discovered its nest. Indeed Dr. Coues states* that he has him-
self found it, at Washington, D. C., spending the summer, ‘‘under cir-
cumstances that leave no doubt of' its breeding.” -
The ‘*Small-billed Water Thrush,” as this species is familiarly
known, is found skulking among the weeds and débris, found on the
4 Bds. Colo. Val., Vol. I, p. 304, 1878.
— —_— se
159
muddy margins of ponds, ditches, and the river, while the Large-
billed Accentor (S. motacilia) is seldom seen in such situations, but
evinces a decided preference for clear mountain streams, with pebbly
bottoms; neither is it-ordinarily seen skulking under cover. The
note of the Aquatic Accentor is a metallic chick, resembling the com-
mon note of the larger species; but it is rather disposed to silence
during its brief stay with us. I have never heard its song, which is
said to be remarkably fine. This species shares the habit of tilting
its body as it moves about, practiced by the two other species of its
genus.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of eight specimens: length,
6°04; stretch, 9°52; wing, 2°99; tail, 2°11; bill from nostril, -40; gape,
*67; tarsus, 84; middle toe, °55; its claw, 14.
44. Siurus motacilla, ( Vieillot). LarGE-BILLED ACCENTOR. A
common summer resident; breeds. Arrives in April (15, 1874; 30,
1875; 20, 1876; 23, 1877; 19, 1878; 26, 1879); departs early in autumn.
The Large-billed Water Thrush is a charmingly interesting friend
of the out-of-doors-naturalist. It is very abundant with us from the
time of its arrival, early in April, until late in summer. It sometimes
appears here before the winter’s snows are past, but even under such
conditions it seems to be quite contented, and is in full song. Its
song is quite unique; being loud, clear, and unsurpassingly sweet.
Frequenting, as it does, the darkly shaded forest streams, that abound
in water-falls and cascades, rushing over broken masses of rock, and
mossy fallen logs that collect and detain the débris ; seen in such cool
and delightful situations, its song becomes associated in one’s mind
with its surroundings and accessories. Indeed, its notes cannot be
dissociated from the sound of gurgling, rushing waters, and those
sights and sensations which impress one so agreeably when in the
woods. Even a casual allusion to this little bird recalls, to the mind
‘of the collector, a bright picture of clear mountain streams, with their
falls and eddies, their dams of rocks and fallen tree-trunks, their level
stretches flowing over bright, pebbly bottoms, with mossy banks and
rocky ferneries, and their darting minnows and dace; for only in such
wild localities is the Water Wagtail at home. There you will see it
sitting upon the stones, close beside the foaming water, expressing its
pleasure at its surroundings by constantly repeating, in a complacent
tone, its single chick. It runs about (never hopping) over the stones
and moss, gleaning along the sandy margin of the stream. Occasion-
ally you may see it alight upon the witch-hazel, or alder bushes, that
border the water, running dexterously along their branches. It always
accompanies every employment with a Sandpiper-like, tilting motion
of its body. Now it starts off in pursuit of one of its fellows. They
fly through the forest with astonishing velocity, uttering a sharp |
160
twittering note, that sounds like the noise produced by striking two
pebbles rapidly together. As they emerge higher up the stream, the
chase is relinquished for the time, and you are surprised as they fly
past to hear the clear notes of its song uttered as distinctly in mid-air
as when perched; then the chase is renewed, but as they fly back
again, one of the birds rises high up in the air above its pursuer, and
then flutters slowly downward; pouring out its sweet song as it de-
scends, mingling its cadence with the sound of the brook—the whole
effect in perfect harmony with the spirit of the place. These perfor-
mances take place oftenest early in the morning, about sunrise. At
that time its song is loudest and sweetest. The performer is usually
stationed upon some lofty tree-top.
The Louisiana Water Thrush builds its nest upon the ground, usu-
ally in a bank at the side of a stream. It is placed upon a bed of
leaves, and is always protected by a projecting bank, rock or root.
There the eggs are deposited quite early in the season, and when,
by due process of incubation, they have been metamorphosed into
little birds, the first sound that greets the young ears of the nestlings
is the voice of the brook, their first sight that of dancing, sparkling
waters, whose murmur drowns the rustle in the tree-tops. What
wonder that when, reared by its gentle parents’ fostering care, it
reaches maturity, it should still cling to the memories and associations
so early ingrafted, never caring to wander far from the music of its
native waters.
We had no reliable account of the nidification of the Large-billed
Accentor until Mr. Ernest Ingersoll gave a description of a nest with
four fresh eggs, taken in June, 1873, at Franklin Station, New London
County, Conn., and fully identified by the capture of the female par-
ent.° The nest ‘‘was rather loosely and carelessly constructed of fine
grass and some little dead fibrous moss; but beneath, a few, and about
the outside, particularly in front, many dead leaves were put, as a
sort of breastwork to decrease the size of the entrance and more
thoroughly conceal the sitting bird. It was underneath the edge of a
perpendicular bank eight or ten feet from the water.” The eggs,
‘‘Justrous white, were more or less profusely spotted all over with
dots and specks, and some obscure zigzaggings, of two tints of red-
dish-brown, with numerous faint points and touches of lilac and very
pale underlying red.” Dr. Coues gives (‘‘Birds of the Northwest,”
p. 73, 1874) the following notice: ‘‘ The Large-billed Water Thrush
has been found breeding on the Wachita River, where the nest and
eggs were secured by Mr. J. H. Clark, and at Kiowa Agency, where
Dr. Palmer also procured them. The one of these two nests in the
5 See American Naturalist, Vol. VIII, p. 238.
161
best condition was built upon a layer of leaves, apparently upon the
ground, composed otherwise entirely of rootlets and fine grasses.
The other contained five eggs; they are more globular than any of
those of S. noveboracensis I have seen, but not otherwise different;
and other sets would probably not be distinguishable. The roundest
one of them measures only 0°69 by 0°59.”
’ These nests remained unique until Mr. William Brewster ‘‘had the
good fortune to secure two fully identified nests of this species in
Knox County, Indiana,” in the spring of 1878.6 ‘The first, taken with
the female parent May 6, contained six eggs, which had been incu-
bated a few days. The locality was the edge of a lonely forest pool
in the depths of a cypress swamp near White River. A large tree
had fallen into the shallow water, and the earth adhering to the roots
formed a nearly vertical but somewhat irregular wall about six feet in
height and ten or twelve in breadth. Near the upper edge of this, in
a cavity among the finer roots, was placed the nest, which, but for the
situation and the peculiar character of its composition, would have
been exceedingly conspicuous. The nest, which is before me, is
exceedingly large and bulky, measuring externally 3°50 inches in
diameter, by 8 inches in length, and 3°50 inches in depth. Its outer
wall, a solid mass of soggy dead leaves plastered tightly together by
the mud adhering to their surfaces, rises in the form of a rounded
parapet, the outer edge of which was nicely graduated to conform to
the edge of the earthy bank in which it was placed. In one corner
of this mass, and well back, is the nest proper, a neatly rounded,
cup-shaped hollow, measuring 2°50 inches in diameter by 2°50 inches
in depth. This inner nest is composed of small twigs and green
mosses, with a lining of dry grasses and a few hairs of squirrels or
other mammals arranged circularly. The eggs found in this nest are
of a rounded-oval shape and possess a high polish. Their ground-
color is white with a fleshy tint. About the greater ends are numer-
ous large but exceedingly regular blotches of dark umber with fainter
sub-markings of pale lavender, while over the remainder of their
surface are thickly sprinkled dottings of reddish-brown. But slight .
variation of marking occurs, and that mainly with regard to the
relative size of the blothes upon the greater ends. They measure, re-
spectively, °75 X °63, -78 X :64, °75 X °63, ‘76 X *62, -76 X -62, °75 X °61.”
Mr. Brewster then gives a pleasant description of the second nest,
taken May 8, on the opposite side of the same pond, in a precisely
similar situation, where his previous experience enabled him to find
it directly. In shape it was nearly square, ‘‘measuring externally
®See Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. III, No. 3, pp. 133 to 135,
July, 1878. ; ;
162
6°50 inches in diameter by 3°54 inches in depth. The inner nest
measures 2°73 inches in diameter by 2°50 inches in depth, and is lined
with dry grasses, leaf-stems, and a few white hairs. The eggs were
four in number and perfectly fresh. They agree closely in shape with
those of the first set, and have an equally high polish, but are some-
what more heavily and handsomely marked. The color is creamy-
white with heavy blotches of umber-brown generally distributed, but |
occurring most thickly at the greater ends; fine dottings of lighter
brown, and a few spots of pale lavender, fill in the intermediate
spaces. They measure, respectively, °71 X *60, *71 X °60, *72 X °60,
‘72 X ‘61. In each of these two sets the eggs show unusually little
variation inter se.” On May 12, a third nest was found by Mr.
Robert Ridgway, on the shore of an isolated little woodland pond,
which contained five young birds, well feathered and nearly able to
fly. The site, in this instance, was at the foot of a huge stump, the
nest being placed in a cavity in the rotten wood. Still another nest
was found by Mr. Brewster, April 29, under the bank of White River,
among the earth and roots, and well sheltered by the projection of
the bank above. The female was sitting upon the empty nest, and
was shot as she flew from it.
In ‘*The Odlogist” (Vol. IV, No. 2, pp. 10, 11, April, 1878), Mr.
Adolphe B. Covert describes its nest and eggs as follows: ‘‘On the
7th of June I found the nest to contain five eggs, and shot the parent
bird, which proved to be the Large-billed species. The nest was
built on the ground, at the base of a large black ash, partially under
and against a large root, which formed an arch over half of the nest. |
It was composed of a layer of dead leaves, moss, fine roots, and dried
grasses, compactly and rather smoothly finished, and lined with fine
grass and some cows’ hair. The eggs were five*in number, white (of
a roseate tinge before blown), thickly spotted with small reddish-
brown spots; they measure about ‘78 by 59 inch.” I am unable so
much as to guess where this nest was discovered, since the author
neglects to give any locality.
As the above comprises all that is at present known concerning the
nidification of this bird,’ it will not seem out of place to give, in this
connection, the results of my own observations on the nestling of
this Accentor at Highland Falls, where, as stated at the commence-
ment, it is a common summer resident. I remember quite well the
first nest that I discovered—a number of years ago. As I was return-
ing home through the woods one evening, I stopped to drink, hunter
fashion, from a cold spring that bursts from the side of a ravine, close
*
7 Besides the above, I am informed that a notice of its breeding appeared in
Forest and Stream, sometime during the past year.
eC
163
to a large brook. I was about to drink, when a bird flew right in my
face, startling me greatly; but soon I heard the accustomed chick,
uttered in a loud, complaining tone, and then I saw the bird tilting
up and down upon a stone in the middle of the brook. The nest was
placed at the side of the spring just above the water, occupying the
cavity whence a round stone had been dislodged. It contained four
eggs; having embryos considerably advanced. The nest was loosely
constructed of strips of bark, grasses, stems of plants, and leaves.
A nest was also found in this same spot on a succeeding season, from
which five fresh eggs were taken. The eggs of the first set are before
me, and are as described by Mr. Brewster, except that the markings
are aggregated at the larger ends; the darkest arranged in a circle
near that extremity. This nest was found May 31. In 1877, I found
as many as six young Water Thrushes in a nest that was built in a
pile of débris that was lodged in some bushes that grew on a little
island in the midst of a large stream. This nest was very artfully
concealed, and I had searched for it unsuccessfully ever since the
middle of May. The parents always seemed greatly distressed when-
ever I approached the nest, and always tried to lead me away from it.
I should not have discovered it had not the young ones betrayed its
presence by their chirping. They left the nest about June 10. On
May 7, 1878, I shot a female containing an egg of full size in her
oviduct. On the 15th, after a long search and several previous
failures, I found a newly finished nest. So carefully was it concealed,
that I looked directly into it before making its discovery. By the
21st five eggs were laid, but neither of the parents would approach it.
On the 22nd six eggs had been deposited, and I nearly succeeded in
capturing the sitting bird; but it slipped away just as I was going to
put my hand over it, and ran down the bed of the brook to the large
stream, where it remained silent till nearly approached, when it flew
into a tree opposite, where it bowed and chipped in a low tone till
shot. The nest was placed under the bank of a smaller stream, tribu-
tary to a large brook. Its position was such, that only accident, or:
the most careful search, could discover it. The projecting branches
of a laurel-bush still further aided its concealment. The nest presents
the following dimensions: internal diameter, 2°95 inches; internal
depth, 1°25 inches. The six eggs measure, respectively, *75 X °62;
*79-X °65; *77 X 64; *75 X 63; *75 X 63; *74X 62. This nest and
the others resemble so closely, in composition, those already de-
scribed by Mr. Brewster, that a detailed description is unnecessary;
their form and materials differ slightly, according to situation. On
May 23, 1878, I took five slightly incubated eggs from a nest that was
placed under some brush and roots, in the bank of a small stream
that flows into the Buttermilk Falls brook. One of these eggs is in
164
the hands of Mr. Ernest Ingersoll for illustration of his work on the
‘*Nests and Eggs of American Birds,” his original set having been
placed where it was not available for the purpose. The remaining
four measure, respectively, °79 X °65; °80 X 65; °80 X °64; °80 X °65.
The nest presents an internal diameter of 2°70 inches; internal depth,
1-40 inches. In this set the eggs are as described by Mr. Brewster, —
but the markings form a distinct circle about the larger end. In the
preceding set the markings are more uniformly distributed, but are
most distinct at the great end. May 27, 1879, another nest was found,
which contained five young birds nearly full-fledged. Visiting it a
few days later, I found the old birds present,;but the young had left
the nest, but, though not seen, were still ia the neighborhood, as was
plainly indicated by the actions of the parents, which manifested the
utmost concern at my presence; fluttering, and dragging themselves
over the leaves with wings extended in a seemingly helpless fashion,
they endeavored to lead me away from the spot. This nest was built
far under the jutting margin of the stream; also tributary to a larger
one. It was only discovered by my having actually placed my hand
upon the young birds while exploring in search of the nest.
Of the six nests above enumerated, three were found under the
projecting margins of small brooks, near their anastomoses with
larger streams, two at the side of a spring close to a large brook,
and one on an island in the middle of a large stream. It would seem,
from the circumstance that the Water Thrush usually builds away
from the large stream, that its sagacity leads it to select for its
nesting site a position less liable to endanger the lives of its progeny
by subsequent accidents of storm and flood. The Accentor sometimes .
builds very early. I am confident that the eggs taken by myself do
not represent the earliest period of its nestling, since I have shot
specimens containing full-sized ova in their oviducts as early as ©
May Ist. :
Dimensions.— Average measurements of twenty-two specimens:
length, 6:28; stretch, 10°45; wing, 3°23; tail, 2:14; bill from nostril,
*39; gape, ‘70; tarsus, ‘91; middle toe, °58; its claw, °17.
45. Geothlypis trichas, (Linné). MaryLanp YELLOW-THROAT.
A common summer resident; breeds. Arrives early in May (11, 1874;
10, 1875; 8, 1876; 8, 1877; 4, 1878; 8, 1879), and remains till the middle
of October.
The Yellow-throat deposits its eggs late in May. I found two
nests, each containing four eggs, as early as May 24, 1878. The nest
is generally placed among thick bushes—frequently in a small cedar
—, or suspended in a tussock of rank grass; in form it is deep, and
purse-shaped. One found in a wet meadow, was built over a little
stream, or watercourse, being suspended to the interlaced grasses
¢
165
which were brought from either side of the ditch and fastened
together. Could this artifice have been resorted to as a means of
protection against the attacks of predatory animals? The nest was
deep, and more compactly felted than is common. Its nest is very
commonly suspended to the rushes of the marshes that border the
Hudson.
The Maryland Yellow-throat delights to inhabit wet meadows and
swampy thickets, in which it moves restlessly about, uttering a sharp
chick, and numerous chattering notes. In spring, after the pairing
season, the various mated couples ramble through the thickets and
rank grass, constantly reminding their partners of their whereabouts
by a sharp, clicking call-note. Its song is loud and sweet. You may
often see it upon a rail-fence singing, in very much the same attitude
as that assumed by the Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia); at other
times it chooses for a rostrum the highest tree-top. Just before
night-fall it may be seen flying up in the air, singing as it goes, writh-
ing its body as does the Yellow-breasted Chat Cleteria virens) ; snes it
suddenly drops to the ground.
Dimensions-—Average measurements of eighteen specimens: length,
5°33 ;- stretch, 7:20; wing, 2°17; tail, 2-05; bill from nostril, -31; gape,
*58; tarsus, -80; middle toe, °50; its claw, °20.
46. Geothlypis philadelphia, (Wilson).. MourntInc GRouND
WaRBLER. A rare migrant. Arrives about the middle of May (13,
1878), departing before June (May 26, 1876). Prof. James M. De
Garmo showed me a specimen taken at Rhinebeck on the Hudson. - It
has also been taken by the collectors lower down the river, and Mr.
George N. Lawrence includes it in his list of the birds of the vicinity |
of New York.* Mr. George Welch met with these birds in the Adi-
rondacks, in June, 1870, where they seemed rather abundant, and
were evidently breeding. Mr. John Burroughs found its nest at the
head-waters of the Delaware River, at Roxbury, Delaware County,
N. Y.;/has frequently observed this Warbler in that section. ‘‘About
the head of the Neversink and Esopus, in the northern part of Ulster
County, New York, they are the prevailing Warbler, and their song
may be heard all day long.” Dr. C. Hart Merriam some years since
described its nestling, as observed at Locust Grove, Lewis County,
N. Y., in the ‘‘American Naturalist”; he further adds:® ‘‘Large num-
bers of them breed regularly, in suitable localities, in Lewis and Her-
_ kimer Counties, in northern New York.”
Dimensions.—Measurements of No. 1,000, g ad., May 26, 1876, High-
land Falls, N. Y., E. A. M.: length, 5°63; stretch, 8-13; wing, 2°56; tail,
8Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, p. 283, April, 1866.
®° Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. VI, p. 23, 1877.
.
166
2°13; culmen, ‘39; bill from ap *82; gape, ‘57; tarsus, *78 ; middle
toe, 53; its claw, °18.
47. Icteria virens, ema YELLOW-BREASTED CHatT. A com-
mon summer resident, breeding plentifully. Arrives before the middle
of May (24, 1873; 12, 1874; 1, 1875 [Frederic S. Osborn], 9 [aenrat hs
8, 1876; 7. 1877; 7, 1878; 7, 1879), and spends the summer.
The Yellow-breasted Chat is sure to attract attention by the singu-
larity of its habits and voice. Several pairs of Chats always nestle
in some bushy fields in the neighborhood of my house, where they
keep up an incessant clatter during the early part of the season. I
have sometimes heard it at intervals during the night. It is quite
shy, and by a judicious use of its remarkable ventriloquial powers can
generally manage to keep out of harm’s way. Among other equally
ridiculous performances, it has the habit of flying up in the air, with
its legs dangling, then allowing itself to drop nearly to the ground.
Its eggs, four in number—sometimes five—are deposited about the
first of June (found two nests June Ist and 8rd, 1873, each contain-
ing four eggs), in a nest built in a thicket. Mr. Peter de Nottbeck
showed me specimens shot as far up the Hudson as Fishkill Landing,
where he has also procured specimens of the Hooded Warbler (Myio-
dioctes mitratus) and Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitherus vermivorus).
Dimensions.—Average measurements of nine specimens: length,
7°44; stretch, 9°98; wing, 3:00; tail, 3-07; bill from nostril, -41; gape,
‘78; tarsus, 1:02; middle toe, °64; its claw, °24.
48. Myiodioctes mitratus, (Gmelin). Hooprp WarBLER. A
very common summer resident; breeds abundantly. Arrives before
the middle of May (11, 1875; 8, 1876; 15,- 1877; 4, 1878; 12, 1879);
remains till about the middle of September (5 and 8, 1874).
The Hooded Warbler is one of our most abundant summer War-
blers. It is a very attractive species, both on account of its brilliant
plumage and its delicious song. It is found in solitary woodlands,
where it may be easily traced by its loud notes, which continue
throughout the summer. It builds its nest in the crotch of some low
bush, very often that of a laurel (Kalmia); it is a neat, well-felted
structure, which bears some resemblance to that of the Indigo Bird
(Cyanospiza cyanea). Its eggs (first brood) are laid about the last of
May (26, 1877). Four is the usual complement, although five are
occasionally deposited. Owing to its situation, the nest is not easily
discovered, unless by watching the parents during its construction;
nevertheless I have taken no less than three, each containing four
fresh eggs, during a single walk. Its eggs are white (possessing a
beautiful glow of pink before their contents are extracted), with more
or less heavy spotting of red, chiefly about their larger ends. Some-
times sets are found which are nearly immaculate, while others are
oa)
167
quite heavily marked about the greater end with purplish-red. Four
sets of eggs, taken here, have an average of *71 X ‘53 of an inch:
extremes, 67 X °52, and ‘74 X -55. The common note of the Hooded
Warbler is a sharp, metallic chick; it possesses, besides, a song of
remarkable beauty.
Recent investigations are disclosing the fact that this beautiful
species has a more extensive range in this State, and to the eastward,
than was formerly supposed. Giraud says:'° ‘* With us [on Long Isl-
_and], the Hooded Flycatching Warbler is not abundant. ... . It is
generaliy met with in low situations; feeds on winged insects; and
its note is loud, lively and agreeable.” De Kay observes:™ “This
well marked but rare species in this State, was shot in Westchester
county, about the middle of May.” Mr. George N. Lawrence states :}*
‘This beautiful species is not abundant [in the vicinity of New York],
but several times in the month of July I have observed it in swampy
situations, on the top of the Palisades, in the vicinity of Fort Lee,
where it was breeding.” Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell finds it breeding
commonly, at Riverdale, on the Hudson.'* Dr. A. K. Fisher mentions
seeing a specimen at Sing Sing, on the Hudson, as late as September
19, 1878, though I think this was the only occasion on which he has
found it there, although the Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis formosus)
breeds plentifully. Mr. John Burroughs informs me that he does not
find it at Esopus, on the Hudson; but Mr. Peter de Nottbeck has —
taken it in the Fishkill Mountains and vicinity. In his recent ‘‘ Re-
vised List of Birds of Central New York,” p. 14, April, 1879, Mr.
Frank R. Rathbun gives this species as ‘‘common in dense forests
with a heavy undergrowth. Sixty-six specimens of this species taken
during the months of July, August, and September 1878. Nest found
July 25, 1878, containing three young and one egg. Northern Cayuga
and North Eastern Wayne Counties, N. Y.” Messrs. Rathbun and F.
S. Wright further remark (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, No. 2, p.
117, April, 1879) that they ‘“‘observed this Warbler [same locality] as
late as September 20, when a few cold breezes from the lake [Ontario]
drove them southward.” Dr. C. Hart Merriam observes:'* ‘“‘On the
9th of September last (1878), at Lowville, an adult male of this species
was killed by a cat and brought, while still warm, to Mr. Romeyn B.
Hough, who now has the specimen. So far north of its known range
it can hardly be considered more than a straggler.” In speaking of
this species in connection with several others, Mr. H. A. Purdie
10Bds. Long Island, p. 48, 1844.
11 Zoology of New York, Part II, p. 107, 1844.
Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., Vol.. VIL, pp. 284, 285, April, 1866.
18 See Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. II, No. 3, p. 130, July, 1878.
14 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. IV, No. 1, p. 7, January, 1879.
168
remarks :'* they ‘‘are not rare at Saybrook, Conn., but breed there
regularly in more or less numbers, and probably occur all along the
Sound shore west of the mouth of the Connecticut River.” Mr.
Erwin I. Shores shot a male of this species, at Suffield, Conn., near
the Massachusetts border, but in the Connecticut Valley, July 8, 1875,
as recorded by Mr. Purdie, in the Nuttall Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 1, p.
21, January, 1877.
Dimensions. — Average measurements of thirty-nine specimens :-
length, 5°67; stretch, 8-25; wing, 2°58; tail, 2°30; bill from nostril,
*31; gape, ‘58; tarsus, ‘77; middle toe, -44; its claw, ‘19.
[To be continued.]
Catalogue of, Books published by the Essex Institute.
JOURNAL OF THE Essex County NaturaL History Society. 1 vol.
8vo. 1836-1852. pp. 135, Seti, slats aed Se ae
PROCEEDINGS AND COMMUNICATIONS. 6 vols. 8 vo. 1848-1868.
The series,—In numbers, : 5 wt) Be - - 1800
Bound incloth, .' . ; 4 Z J +, 924500
[These volumes contain a large number of descriptions and figures
of new species, especially of Corals, Insects, and Polyzoa; and many
valuable papers on Natural History. The first three volumes also
contain many important Historical papers. In addition to the papers
on special subjects the volumes contain the proceedings of the meet-
ings of the Institute, additions to the library and museum, and many
important verbal communications made at the meetings, etc. ]
BULLETIN. 10 vols. 8vo. 1869-1878, . - 7 3 - 1000
Subscription per annum, . : > é . 7 oo SeOO
Tue BULLETIN, issued quarterly, a continuation of the ‘‘ Proceed-
ings of the Essex Institute,” contains an account of the Regular and
Field Meetings of the Society, and papers of scientific value.
The volume for 1879 contains: The Fishes of Essex County, by G.
B. Goode and T. H. Bean, of the U. S. Fish Commission; A paper
on the Solar Eclipse of 1878, by Mr. Winslow Upton, of the Harvard
Observatory; The Trees and Shrubs of Essex County, by Mr. John
Robinson; and other valuable and interesting articles.
15 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. I, No. 3, p..73, September, 1876.
re ee
169
Historicat CoLitections. First series, vols. 1-8, small 4to.; second
series, Svo., vols. 9-15, . 3 - $45 00
HISTORICAL PoraGunn, issued quaviaeeys at Hiroe dollars a year,
containing papers of Historical, Genealogical, and Biographical in-
terest, will be found valuable to students in these departments, and
also to persons interested in local history.
In the fifteen volumes already published will be found, among other
articles, memoirs of the following persons: Daniel A. White, George
A. Ward, Daniel P. King, Francis Peabody, Asahel Huntington, John
Lewis Russell, Benjamin F. Browne, John C. Lee: Genealogies of the
Gould’s, Chipman’s, Browne’s, Pope’s, Fiske’s, Ropes’, Hutchinson’s,
Beckett’s, Higginson’s, and others: Papers on the early commerce of
Salem, Salem Witchcraft, various Anniversary Addresses, the Siege |
of Boston, Town Records of Salem, etc.
Tue WeAL-Rear. Published for Institute Fair in 1860. Small
4to. pp. 56; . x ‘ - $0 30
To-Day. Published for the Institute dad Otatone Fair i in 1870.
pp. 38, - ; ; 50
ALLEN, J. A. Foray of a Colane of Formtes Senwnine- upon
a Colony of Black Ants. 1868,* . ; . ; : 10
ALLEN, J. A. List of Birds near Santarem Brazile, 3 A, 10
ALLEN, J. A. Birds of Massachusetts, . 4 25
ALLEN, J. F. Victoria Regia, or the Great Water Lily of
America. Royal folio, six colored plates, 1854, . ; - 1000
ALLEN, 8. M. Ancient and Modern theories of Light, Heat,
‘and Color,* a i : F A 10
BatkD and RipGway. aces foninit of Maverick Birds; . : 10
Batcu, D. M. On the Sodalite at Salem. 1864,* . . : 10
Batcu, D.M. Analysis of Grapes. 1865,* . 2 10
Briaas, G. W.. Memoir of D. A. White. Pamphlet, 8vo. 1864,* * 30
CaRPENTER, P. Generic affinities of New England Chitons, . 05
CuipMAaN, R. M. The Chipman Lineage, particularly as in
Essex County, Mass. pp. 59. Salem, 1872,* : : ~ 50.
Coz, T. List of Infusorial Objects, found in the 5 ial
hood of Salem, Mass. pp. 18. 1853,* _ ‘ 60
Cougs, Extiott. List of the Birds of “New England. Nai
critical notes. Pamphlet, 8vo. 1868,* . $ - - 75
Cougs, Etuiotr. Myology of the Gvilthophynchua. a 3
Dat, W. H. Notes on an examination of four species of
Chitons,* F : = : q - 05
DeERBY, PERLEY. Hetchingsn Family. 1 vol. 8vo. 1870,* 2 00
EAGLESTON, J.H. Early California Voyages,* Sea iks : 10
Enpicott, C.M. Account of Leslie’s Retreat. Pamphlet, 8vo.
TASBO IE na seems tas he en i ee os ae 25
170
Enpicott, C.M. Account of the Piracy of the Ship Friendship
of Salem, in 1881. Pamphlet, 8vo. 1858,*
Enpicott, C. M. History of Salem and Danvers Agnodaaks
pp. 16. 1860,* phys :
Enpicotr, W.C. Address at the Contisianneision of the Laie
ing of Endicott, Sept., 1878, ; A A
EnewtsH High School, Salem, Gitalogna: Rennion, etc.,
6 plates. 1857, soe gh SENG
Essex INSTITUTE. Historical nobiae of, with the Constitution,
By-Laws, and lists of the Officers and Members. Bers
8vo. 1866,*
Fewkes, J. W. On the Myclagy of aobrgtonsn hystrix,* ‘
First Church in Salem, 1634. pp. 29 Ilcut, . i . -
Firts, J. A. History of Thomas’ Farmers’ Almanac,* i
Fow.er, 8. P. Account of the Life, Character, etc., of Rev.
Samuel Parris, and of his connection with the Witchcraft
Delusion of 1692. Pamphlet, 8vo. 1857,* : 5 fs °
Git, T. Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes (seals).
1866,* : : :
Gru, T. Primary aupdiviatend of the Cetacsann®
Goopr & Bean. A List of the Fishes of Essex County, Mass.,*
GOopDELL, A. C., Jr. Centennial Address, Oct. 5, 1874,*
GouLp, B. A. Ancestry of Zaccheus Gould of Topsfield,*
Harris, T. W. Remarks on Scarabseus Goliatus, and other
African Beetles allied to it,* . . =O eee
Herrick, Harroup. Birds of Grand enn: pp. 16,*
Hyatt, A. Observations on Fresh-water Polyzoa. pp. 103,
9 plates, and 25 cuts, 8vo. 1868,* . ; -
KIMBALL’s Journey to the West in 1817. Panpnick ‘eve, are
» KIMBALL, JAMES. Destruction of Tea in Boston Harbor,*
KIMBALL, JAMES. Journal of Rev. Daniel Shute,*
KIMBALL, JAMES. Exploration of Merrimac River, witha na
1638,*
KIMBALL, JAMES. 10
The Art Department of the Institute has issued a series of over one
hundred photographs, showing the principal places and objects of
historical interest in and near Salem, Public Buildings, Streets, Old
Houses, Churches, Documents relating to the Witchcraft Trials, etc.
These views are cabinet size. Price 30 cents each, or $3.00 per
dozen. A full list of views will be furnished on application.
Salem, Historical Sketch of, by Charles 8. Osgood and Henry M.
Batchelder. An octavo volume of about three hundred pages, with
heliotype illustrations, among which are portraits of Salem merchants,
and prominent men. The book is largely devoted to the early com-
merce of Salem. It is printed on heavy tinted paper, and handsomely
bound in cloth. Price $3.00.
Any book or pamphlet on this list sent postpaid on receipt of price. .
A discount to Booksellers, Historical Societies, and Libraries.
AppREss GEORGE M. WHIPPLE, Secretary,
SaLeM, Mass.
SaLeM, SEPTEMBER 1, 1879.
*Extra copies from the Proceedings and Historical Collections and Bulletin.
BULLETIN
OF THE
Le hes IN oo ek te ks
Vou. 11. Saxrem, Ocr., Nov., Dec., 1879. Nos. 10, 11, 12.
Wepnespay, Aua. 27, 1879. A Day witH Cou. FRENCH.
Tue Field Meeting, this day, was held at “Rock Lawn,”
the name given to the fine estate of Col. Jonas H. French
at Bay View, Gloucester. From one hundred and eighty
to two hundred persons went down in the train from
Salem, and at the meeting there were about five hundred
present, the Cape Ann Scientific and Literary Associa-
tion uniting with the members of the Institute and their
friends from Salem and its neighborhood. The passages,
going and returning, both on the cars and by stage
and barge from the depot in Gloucester to Bay View,
were not devoid of interest; the waves rolled in before
the east wind, and it was interesting to watch the line of
white foam, in the distance, as the sea rolled over hidden
breakers along the shore; the old houses to be seen, here
and there, along the Annisquam road, were indicative
of an old and interesting settlement, which, though des-
titute of the appliances of affluence, were nevertheless
marked by all the comfort and contentment which an old
fashioned fishing community is capable of producing.
Here and there, women were noticed attending to their
garden patches, weeding their flowers, gathering apples,
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. xI 13 (173)
174
and, in at least one case, attaching to a long pole, what
might pass as the “old oaken bucket” that was to draw
water from the well near by. Rocks are plentifully scat-
tered all over the cape, and the huge boulders and pro-
jecting ledges indicated a section prolific in sienitic granite.
Col. French’s estate is spacious and elegant. He threw ©
open his house to the visitors, his extensive lawns were
at their disposal, and his hospitality was unbounded.
Col. French’s house and that of Gen. Butler are in one
lawn enclosure. Both houses are built of stone, but Col.
French has obviously made far the greater outlay in im-
provements upon his estate, and appears to be permanently
identified by association, residence, and business with this |
part of the city upon Cape Ann.
A visit was made to the stone-works and granite quar-
ries, and Col. French and those holding responsible posi-
tions at the works were attentive in showing the visitors
the many interesting things that are to be seen. In the
sheds along the road and upon the pier built with the
debris of the quarries, the finishing and ornamenting of
the stone are carried on, by the usual process of the stone
cutters, with mallet and chisel. The work now in pro-
gress is for the Boston Post Office extension. The quarry,
from which the granite (or sienite, more properly) is
taken, is about half of a mile from the road, and the party
were conveyed thither on the open platform cars used
in transporting the stone, the same being pushed over
the ascending grade by the locomotive employed at the
works. The company comprised three train loads. Here
in the quarries the process of drilling was going on by
large numbers of men, and in one place was noticed the
tireless and rapid working of the Ingersol steam drill,
boring with great rapidity into the solid rock. ‘The stone
was lifted from the quarries by large derricks operated by
175
a stationary steam engine. Some of the party descended
the steep and precipitous stairs almost to the bottom of
the quarry to inspect the rift made in the solid ledge by
the great blast recently made under the supervision of the ©
foreman, J. Henry Jones, by which a mass of rock weigh-
ing by actual computation 40,000 tons had been rent
asunder and lifted from its solid foundation. This was
accomplished by the drilling of twenty holes, each eight
feet in depth, and the use of 425 pounds of powder. The
fissure made is two hundred feet in length and eighty-five
wide at the widest part, and enabled Mr. Jones to get a
bottom to the solid mass from which to work upon.
Two blasts by the electric process were made while the
company were present, each moving a huge rock and sep-
arating it from the ledge without any destructive crash or
fall. Upon the wharf and at points near the road and
about the quarries, are piles of block paving stones, used
extensively in the cities, and in some places in the neigh-
borhood for mortar-wall foundations, for which it seems
to be well adapted.
The company, that operates these quarries, is the Cape
Ann Granite Company. It owns a large tract of land,
extending back from the water across Washington street
and up the hill about one mile, covering an area of 175
or 200 acres. The present proprietors purchased the land
in 1869, and began work in April of the same year. The
company employs from 300 to 600 men according to the
state of business. It owns several tenement houses, which
are rented to the workmen having families, and a large
boarding house, where those without families are boarded.
A store, post office and telegraph office are managed by
the company. The extended pier, from which vessels are
loaded, was made of refuse granite. A railway was laid
in 1870 from the end of this wharf up the hill, and has
176
branches extending to all the quarries. A large locomo-
tive and a train of flat cars do the transporting.
The largest single piece of granite ever quarried here
was the base of the Scott monument at Washington, cut
in 1873. It was 28 feet 2 inches in length, 18 feet 5 in-
ches in width, 3 feet 22 inches:in thickness, and contained ©
1659 cubit feet. The weight before finishing was 150?
tons ; after finishing, 119 tons. The granite for the Post
Office and Sub-Treasury in Boston was all quarried here.
Bay View granite was also used in the construction, among
other buildings, of the Patent Office and the Scott monu-
ment at Washington, the Danvers Insane Asylum, the
Military Academy at West Point and the New York and
Brooklyn bridge.
Upon returning to Rock Lawn, the party proceeded,
under the escort of the Gloucester Cornet Band, to Davis
Neck, where under a pavilion were well spread tables
furnished by our host, beautifully decorated with pot
plants, flowers and ferns. The baskets brought by the
ladies seemed to be an unnecessary appendage. After
partaking of the refreshments, the tent was prepared for
the afternoon session. Davis Neck is a point of land pro-
jecting from the estate, and is connected with the main
land by a hard sand beach, which is covered by water at
high tide, and is “navigable” for teams and foot passengers
at other times. The point therefore possesses the duplex
character of an island and a peninsula according to the
state of the tide. Both from this point, and the more
elevated ground on which the residence stands, a fine view
of the northern shore may be had, including the hills.
of Ipswich and Rowley, the mouths of the rivers bearing
their names, Plum Island, the low and long lines of sandy
beach beyond, stretching away very dimly in the distance,
and the broad and capacious intervening bay. There is a
177
life-saving-station on this Point, and the house was opened
for the inspection of the visitors. It contains bunks and
bedding in the attic, and stove and cooking utensils for
the paddaniesiodation of the men stationed there. In the
main part is the long life-boat provided with oars attached
to the boat by cordage. There are coils of rope, and a
mortar with a ball and other appliances for the throwing
of lines to shipwrecked people needing succor. During
the winter seven or eight men are stationed here, but at
this time there was only one. During the five years
since the station has been established, nine or ten-persons
have been rescued from wrecks.
The afternoon session was called to order at 3 P.M.
The PresipEnT in the chair. The records of the preceding
meeting were read by the Secrerary. The PRESIDENT
in his introductory remarks alluded to the eleven field
meetings! previously held in the different precincts of old
Gloucester, and spoke of the pleasure he felt in holding
this meeting jointly with the Cape Ann Scientific and
Literary Association. After remarking upon the gener-
ous hospitality of Col. Frencu, he introduced him to “
audience.
Col. FrEeNo#, in a very pleasant manner, welcomed the
members of the two societies to “Rock Lawn,” and was
1The time when and the place where these meetings were held :—
1. Monday, July 16, 1860. West Gloucester, under an apple tree in front of a
farmer’s house, near Richardson Hall.
2. Friday, July 12, 1861. Kettle Cove, in the woods near by.
3. Thursday, August 7, 1862. Johnson’s Hall, Rockport.
4. Friday, August 7, 1863. Universalist Church, Rockport.
5. Wednesday, August 10,1864. Town Hall, Gloucester.
6. Friday, September 14, 1866. Independent Christian Church, Gloucester. =
7. Thursday, August 26, 1869. Pavilion Grounds, Pigeon Cove.
8. Thursday, June 29, 1871. Baptist Church, East Gloucester.
9. Thursday, August 8, 1872. Universalist Church, Annisquam.
10. Thursday, August 6, 1874. Town Hall, Rockport.
11. Wednesday, July 18, 1877. Congregationalist Church, Lanesville.
178
pleased to have so many of them present, and while
admitting that he was no scientist, he expressed his readi-
ness always to aid them, fully recognizing the worthy
objects of their respective organizations. Regarding the
quarries visited, he humorously remarked, the most that
he could do was to explain how the stone was taken out,
and to say that “it was for sale at very low prices.” He
paid, however, an incidental tribute to science, saying
that he found they could get the stone out more economi-
cally by bringing to bear upon the process the best
knowledge and the best machinery.
Dr. Tuomas Conant, President of the Cape Ann Sci-
entific and Literary Association, followed in some remarks
in an humorous strain, concerning the natural habits of
the clam. He made reference to several Indian relics,
which were exhibited to the audience, and gave a brief
history of the society, which was formed five years ago
this autumn, has one hundred and sixty to one hundred
and seventy members, averages thirty at its regular meet-
ings and from fifty to one hundred at its field meetings.
An interest in scientific subjects was stimulated at the
meetings; also by classes which meet weekly. A mu-
seum has been commenced with some excellent specimens, -
some of which were presented by the United States Fish
Commission. He. thanked the host for the bountiful man-
ner in which he had brought together the two societies,
one the oldest and the other perhaps the youngest in the
county, to discuss scientific subjects.
JamMES Davis, Judge of the Gloucester Police Court,
spoke of the rocks and ledges and how much they added
to the material prosperity of the place. He endorsed the
objects of the meeting and paid a deserved compliment
to the host on this occasion.
179
Mr. James H. Emerton said that he had found very
few specimens in his special line of investigation, a large
portion of the time having been spent among the quarries.
He spoke of the work of the sister society of the Cape
as most commendable, and hoped that the fishermen would
be requested to collect specimens during their various
fishing trips for the cabinets of the society.
Cuartes D. Drake, Chief Justice of the Court of
Claims at Washington, made a speech that was well sea-
soned with humor, expressing admiration for the spirit of
this. institution in collecting the varied specimens, but
saying that he knew nothing about science. Alluding to
his friend, Hon. Wm. S. Messervy of Salem, who sat
near, he recalled the time when, forty-five years ago, they
began life together in St. Louis, and when they made
whig speeches there at a later period. He was impressed
with the attendance of so large and intelligent a gathering,
and had been surprised to notice so many people listening
attentively to the various speakers of the afternoon. After
drawing a comparison between this and similar gatherings
at the west, he closed by saying that, in his judgment, the
people of the New England States were the most intelli-
gent, most favored, and most happy of any on the face of
the earth. .
Prof. A. Hyatt, of the Boston Society of Natural His-
tory, spoke of the work of that Society, of the Essex In-
stitute, of the Cape Ann Society and similar associations,
as most worthy to be pursued, and that the future results
for good could not be fully realized by those persons now
engaged therein; he said, he thought it not inappropriate
to call attention to the fact that societies are liable to lose
sight of the object that lies before them—these organiza-
180
tions being the key-note of the new movement in education.
We can do all we set out'to do, if we keep the object held
up to view ; for, by constantly living up to the ideal, every
obstacle clears before our pathway.
Dr. Appison Davis of Gloucester spoke briefly. Mr.
Cartes H. Sarcent of Lanesville exhibited and re-
marked about an Indian stone pestle and other relics.
Hon. Wm. S. Messervy of Salem alluded briefly to
Judge Drake, and among other things said, that forty
years ago it took him four months to go from Salem to
Santa Fé in New Mexico, while now the distance could
be accomplished in about a week.
N. A. Horton of the Salem Gazette being called upon,
gave a brief résumé of the doings and objects of the
Essex Institute, and in conclusion said: Many years ago
enterprising men from Salem sailed over this broad ocean,
and brought home wealth from distant lands. They used
this wealth in educatiug their children, and thus gave to
Salem no inconsiderable degree of culture. A taste for
knowledge and for Natural History grew out of this, and,
from small beginnings, this Essex Institute was formed.
Beyond the circumstances of its early formation, it is not.
a purely local Salem Society, but an Essex County Insti-
tution, seeking to preserve for the benefit of the people
all the facts pertaining to the civil and natural history of
the county, and to promote the diffusion of knowledge
among the people. That is the object of the field meet-
ings. Of the many that have been held, it has, perhaps,
never been the fortune of the Society to receive such
hospitality as has been shown to-day by the proprieter of
this place. He offered a vote of thanks to Col. French
for these attentions, and also to those employed in differ-
181
ent positions by the Cape Ann Granite Company (Messrs.
Henry C. Bennett, George W. Quinn and Scott Webber),
as well as to the Gloucester Society for the courtesies
which had caused the day to pass so pleasantly. The
resolution was adopted and the meeting adjourned. After
the exercises at the tent, many of the party adjourned
to the house, where there was some fine singing and
piano playing by Miss Ita Welsh of Boston, Miss Cham-
berlain, daughter of warden Chamberlain of Concord and
Mr. Wm. Teel of Cambridge.
—<—>»r—
ReautarR MEETING, Monpay, SEPTEMBER 15, 1879.
MEETING this evening at 7.30 o’clock. The PREesipENT
in the chair. Records read. Donations and correspon-
dence announced.
Sidney Perley of Boxford was duly elected a member.
Mr. JAMES SaMvuELson of Liverpool, England, occu-
pied the hour with an instructive lecture on
Darwinism.
He began by referring to the changes, which have
taken place, in the method of teaching natural science
during the last fifty years, and in speaking of the exten-
sion of nature-study, he drew the attention of his hearers
to the admirable arrangements for imparting such instruc-
tion in our common schools, some of which he has visited.
After touching upon the direct influences of natural study
on astronomy, geography and physics, he treated of the
beginning of life in the globe and the doctrine of spon-
taneous generation, which he said is abandoned by the
182
leading men of science. He then went on to speak of ,
the presént aspect of animated nature, and of the various
theories which have been broached to account for the pro-
duction of new species; referring more particularly to
those of Lamarck, the author of the “Vestiges of Crea-
tion,” and those of Darwin and Wallace. His observations ~
on the theory, or as he called it the “hypothesis” of nat-
ural selection, were illustrated by some very beautiful
examples of foreign and indigenous animals, such as birds,
insects, etc., and he was aided in this portion of his ad-
dress by some beautiful objects from the museum. After
explaining the various phenomena which accompany the
survival of the fittest forms of life, Mr. Samuelson dealt
very freely with the theological aspect of the question,
noticing the views of atheists, agnostics and reconciliators.
He then reviewed briefly the conceptions of the Deity in
relation to nature which have been formed from the ear-
liest ages, and read extracts from the works of Darwin
and Wallace, to show that they believe implicitly in the
supervision and directing agency of an allwise Provi-
dence. Kingsley, too, was quoted by him, to show that
the anthropomorphic views of the Deity are fading away,
and the lecturer concluded with a warm recommendation
to his hearers to study nature conscientiously and ear-
nestly, as calculated to impart higher and nobler views of +
the divine nature.
—<>»« ro —
TuHuRSDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 1879.
Mr. SaMuELson gave his second lecture this evening.
The subject :—
The Classification of Animals.
After briefly recapitulating the chief points in the the-
ory of natural selection, he proceeded to show that the
183°
standard of classification is “species,” and then explained,
with the aid of the blackboard, how new species are sup-
posed to be produced. Aids to classification next occupied
his attention, and some of the chief facts of paleontology
and embryology were referred to, in order to show that
no system can be complete without the study of those
branches of natural history. He then showed typical
-examples of the great subdivision of the animal kingdom,
some of the specimens being from the museum; and by
means of numerous diagrams he pointed out the various
features of the animal kingdom which play a part in clas-
sification, exhibiting the “archetypes” of the vertebrates
and invertebrates. Mr. Samuelson finally drew a com-
parison between the changes that have taken place in the-
natural world, in history, and in society, and showed that
the whole plan and execution of the phenomena of the
universe are clearly under the guidance of one Perfect
Intelligence.
At the close of the lecture, Rev. E. C. Bottes spoke
of the pleasure he had derived from the interesting and
instructive lectures, and submitted the following :—
Resolved, That the hearty thanks of the Essex Institute
are tendered to James Samuelson of Liverpool, England,
for the two very instructive lectures delivered by him
before this Society on this and the preceding Monday
evenings.
Mr. D. B. Hagar in seconding the resolution, spoke of
the lecture given before the scholars of the State Normal
School, who derived much information on an important
topic. The resolution was then unanimously adopted.
Mr. Samvetson gracefully responded, hoping that he
should at some future time have the pleasure of revisiting
this city.
ae
184
Monpay, Ocroser 6, 1879.
Recuiar Merrie this evening at 7.30 o’clock. Pres-
IDENT in the chair. Records read.
James Devereux Waters was elected a member.
—<~4#~o
Monpay, OcToBER 20, 1879.
ReeutaR MEETING this evening. PrEsIpENT in the
chair. Records read. Donations and correspondence
announced.
Mr. Wiixtam H. Tappan of Manchester read an inter-
esting paper on
Gold and Silver Mines and Mining.
He spoke of the early discoveries of gold in various coun-
tries, described and compared the various mining processes
adopted at different periods. The principal part of the
paper was devoted to the mines and mining of California,
describing the habits of those who were pioneers in the
early period of the gold excitement, the manner then
adopted in procuring the precious metal, and tracing the
gradual changes that have from time to time been adopted,
not only in the mode of living, habits, etc., of the miners,
but in the new and improved processes of working the
mines and in smelting the ore.
At the adjournment of the meeting held on Tuesday,
October 21, at noon, Mr. Theodore M. Osborn of Peabody
was elected a member; and Mr. James Samuelson of
Liverpool, England, a corresponding member.
185
Monpbay, NoveMBER 3, 1879.
Reeutar Meetine this evening at 7.30 p.m. Ad-
journed to the following day at 4 P. M.
Horace C. Burnham, Willard H. Brown, Ellen Buffing-
ton Kehew, all of Salem, were elected members.
—=[>>_——
- Monpay, NovEMBER 17, 1879.
Reeutar Meeting this evening at 7.30 o’clock. The
PRESIDENT in the chair. Records read. Donations and
correspondence announced.
- Mary H. Plummer of Salem was elected a member.
Mr. J. H. Emerton read a very interesting paper on
The Animals of the Bottom of Salem Harbor.
He showed a map of the neighborhood of Salem from
Swampscott to Manchester, and explained the character
of the shores and of the bottom in different parts of the
harbor, and then described some of the most common
animals living at various depths, beginning with those
between tides. Here are found many species which
prefer to be exposed to the air part of the time. The
barnacles swim about when they are young, and attach
themselves to everything up to high water mark. The
common clams live buried in mud, which is uucovered at
every tide. Several snails, although they crawl about
freely, live out of water part of the time, among stones
between tides. The mussels cover the posts of wharves
and bridges almost up to high tide, and cover the entire
bottom in some places, as Beverly bar.
186
Just below low water live a great variety of animals,
among them the common» crabs and lobsters, the sea-
anemones and many species of hydroids which cover the
stones like sea-weeds. On muddy bottoms the eel-grass
shelters a large number of animals. The bottom of the
harbor down to a depth of four or five fathoms is soft —
mud, like that found in coves and docks, becoming grad-
ually cleaner as the depth increases. In this mud. live
several species of worms and mollusks. To get at them
the mud 1s put in a sieve and water poured on, until the
finer part is washed through and the animals left on the
sieve. On this'shallow bottom, where there are shells or
stones enough to hold it, grows the laminaria or devil’s
apron, and among its roots live the long-armed star fishes
and several other shallow water animals. Beyond the
mud a large part of the harbor is rocky, with here and
there small stones and gravel. The common animals here
are the sea-eggs (Hchini), chitons, several species of
shrimp, the thick-armed sea-anemone and the red Lopho-
thuria. Beyond the islands a softer bottom is found in
the channels, and here live Terebratulina, several species
of sponges and star fishes not found in shallower water.
This bottom becomes hardened in some places into irregu-
lar lumps, filled with the tubes of worms and other
animals. |
The apparatus used for dredging the past summer was
exhibited and explained. The specimens were most of
them too small to be shown at the meeting, but all are
arranged at the museum, where they can be seen by
visitors.
187
Monpay, DECEMBER 1, 1879.
Meeting this evening adjourned to the following day,
Tuesday, at noon.
Moses W. Putnam of Danvers was elected a member.
—<—»« > —
Monpbay, DECEMBER 15, 1879.
Reeutar Meetine this evening. The PRresmpENT in
the chair. Records read. Donations and correspondence
- announced.
Ellen Osborne Proctor of Peabody was elected a mem-
ber.
/
WrnFievp S. Nevins occupied the evening in giving
An Account of a Visit to Pompeii.
The speaker, in opening, referred briefly to the natural
beauties of the vicinity of Vesuvius and Pompeii; also
- to the Museo Borbonico in Naples, where are stored so
many of the relics of ruined Pompeii and Herculaneum.
The journey to the former city was described and then
the ruins themselves. The city was spoken of as being
somewhat larger than the settled portion of Salem, less
than one-half of which has yet been unearthed; with
narrow streets, low houses, the ceilings fallen in, and the
upper stories gone. The Forum, Temple of Jupiter and
other monuments of Pompeian glory were described.
The widest streets of the city are scarcely twenty feet in
width, and some but two and a half yards from wall to
wall. They are paved with polygonal blocks of lava, in
which time and traffic have made but little impression.
188
Among the numerous points of interest none was more
remarkable than the bakery, where not long ago the ex-
cavators discovered in an oven eighty-one loaves of bread,
whole and hard though somewhat blackened. Bill boards
were used extensively in ancient Pompeii, not only to
announce amusements but to proclaim candidates for office, _
advertise lost goods and the like. The Pompeian dwell--
ings were next described and some of the customs of the
people. Art, the speaker thought, never attained a high
standard in the city, though there were very many art
works of one kind and another. The ruins of the two the-
atres and the amphitheatre were described, and the account’
of Pompeii closed with a description of an imaginary fune- .
ral conducted after the custom of those days. Mt. Vesu-
vius was then sketched together with some of the more
important of the numerous eruptions which have occurred
during the Christian era. The eruption of a. p. 79 was
probably the most destructive. It is not believed that a
particle of lava flowed from the volcano at this time, but
that Pompeii was buried with hot ashes and scorie, and
Herculaneum with substantially the same material though
it was often mixed with vapor forming a soft running mud
which eventually hardened. The eruption of 1631 was
also very destructive, many thousand lives being lost.
During this eruption a stone weighing twenty-five tons
was thrown five miles. The eruption of 1794 was also
very destructive. Two days after the lava from this
eruption reached the ocean, the water one hundred yards
from shore was so hot that boats could not float in it, be-:
cause the,pitch in their seams would melt at once. The
temperature of lava often exceeds 2000° F. Mr. Nevins
closed with an account of the experience of himself and
two friends in ascending the cone of Vesuvius to the cra-
ter, during a stormy day in the spring of 1878.
A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with
Annotations.
By Epear A. MEARNS.
[Continued from page 168 ]
49. Myiodioctes canadensis, (Linné). CANADIAN FLYCATCHING
WARBLER. Very common during its migrations. Arrives about the
middle of May (16, 1876; 18, 1877; 10, 1878; 12, 1879), remaining till
about June 1 (May 28, 1876; 25, 1877; 25, 1878; 27, 1879). In autumn
seen as early as September 9 (1876). It is found in humid places, and
has a loud, pleasant song.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of nineteen specimens: length,
5°61; stretch, 8°05; wing, 2°53; tail, 2°23; bill from nostril, -31; gape,
“58; tarsus, ‘75; middle toe, -20; its claw, °18.
50. Myiodioctes pusillus, (Wilson). Wutson’s GREEN BLack-
CAPPED FLYCATCHING WARBLER. A very rare migrant. Arrives
about the middle of May (12, 1875; 17, 1877; 17, 1879). The few I
have seen, were found in dense, tangled thickets. Its note is a sharp
chip. Mr. Thomas W. Wilson took a fine male May 16, 1876, at Cold
Spring, on the Hudson. :
Dimensions.—Average measurements of two adult males: length,
5:00; stretch, 6°97; wing, 2°21; tail, 2°03; bill from nostrii, -25; gape,
*48; tarsus, °70; middle toe, -44; its claw, ‘18. Female, No. 1,916,
Highland Falls, N. Y., May 17, 1879: length, 4°90; stretch, 6-75;
wing, 2°10; tail, 2-00; bill from nostril, :24; gape, -48; tarsus, °70;
middle toe, -44; its claw, ‘18.
51. Setophaga ruticilla, (Linné). American ReEpDstartT. A
common summer resident; breeds abundantly. Arrives early in May
(8, 1873; 9, 1874; 11, 1875; 5, 1876; 9, 1877; April 27, 1878; May 3,
1879), remaining until late in September (30, 1873; October 4, 1876;
September 23, 1878). Its sweet song, and the peculiar habit of
spreading its tail and wings so as to expose their bright orange-red
color,,make the Redstart generally well known.
Dimensions.— Average measurements of sixteen specimens: length, -
5°41; stretch, 7°88; wing, 2°57; tail, 2-27; bill from nostril, -27; gape,
‘51; tarsus, ‘66; middle toe, -39; its claw, ‘16.
Family, TANAGRID.
52. Pyranga rubra, (Linné). Scarter TANAGER. A common
summer resident; breeds abundantly. Arrives about the second week
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. xr 14 . (189)
190
in May (9, 1872; 18, 1873; 9, 1874; 14, 1875; 12, 1876; 15, 1877; 3,
1878; 8, 1879), remaining till October (3, 1874; 8, 1876; 4, 1878).
This gorgeously plumaged species is numerous in summer. It com-
mences to incubate its eggs early in June; took nests containing the
full complement of eggs June 4 and 6, 1877.
Dimensions. —Average measurements of forty-three specimens:
length, 7°25; stretch, 11°85; wing, 3°74; tail, 2°69; bill from nostril,
‘46; gape, ‘76; tarsus, °77; middle toe, °52; its claw, °25.
Family, HIRUNDINIDA.
53. Hirundo erythrogastra, Boddaert. AMERICAN BARN SWAL-
Low. An abundant summer resident; breeds. Arrives in April (27,
1872; 29, 1873; 25, 1874; 30, 1875; 30, 1876; 23,1877; 23, 1878; 22,
1879), remaining until some time in September (19, 1874; 12, 1876; 6,
1879). It begins to build the last of May, and its eggs are deposited
early in June.
I recently had an opportunity of observing the actions of the Swal-
lows when congregated preparatory to taking their departure to the
South, and overtaken by a severe and protracted rain-storm. The
locality was a secluded pond, where no buildings afforded them pro-
tection, even at night. It was the third day of the storm, and nearly
evening, when I visited the spot. The Swallows were sitting in cir-
cular lines upon some pryamidal shaped rocks out in the water, where
they spent most of the time, their dripping rows making a very pitiful
spectacle. At times a small band would rise with great exertion and
attempt to fly to the shore, where they alighted upon the nearest
object in utter exhaustion; some of them upon the stones at my very
feet. I splashed a large stone into the water close to one of the
rocks, when a number of frightened ones flew up, and were obliged to
struggle hard to.reach the shore, owing to the severe wind that pre-
vailed. Their flight was very labored and irregular, and broken by
frequent unsuccessful attempts to execute those graceful evolutions
which they accomplish with such admirable dexterity and ease at
other times; they flew so slowly that they might easily have been
overtaken and captured. Besides the present species, there were,
also, numbers of Bank Swallows (Cotyle riparia), which seemed even
more distressed than were the Barn Swallows. It was asad sight, to —
see the poor little brown and blue-backed fellows, panting upon the
ground after their desparate effort, so reduced by hunger, fatigue and
long-continued exposure to the storm. I wished, in vain, that I might
relieve their distress; but Nature—more potent than man—came to ©
their aid: the following day broke clear as a bell, and the sun rose
warm and bright; and when I visited the pond at sunrise, the Swal-
lows were seen busily engaged in procuring food, and appearing as
happy as ever.
191
Giraud gives the following:' ‘Early in the spring swallows are
sometimes so benumbed as to be almost in a lifeless state. This is
readily accounted for by the cold storms that set in after their arrivai,
which also cut off their insect food—at such times they have been
found so much exhausted as to be unable to rise, and in some in-
stances have been observed lying dead about the fields.” This ac-
count brings to mind a circumstance related to me by my father:
Many years ago, during a severely unseasonable storm in the spring,
numbers of Swallows perished in this region, either through cold or
starvation, and were found lying dead upon the barn floors in rows.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of eighteen specimens: length,
6°95; stretch, 12°85; wing, 4°67; tail, 3-30; bill from nostril, 24; gape,
‘58; tarsus, -45; middle toe, °46; its claw, ‘21.
54. Tachycineta bicolor, ( Vieillot). WHITE-BELLIED SwALLow.
A summer resident; breeds; abundant during its migrations. Arrives
early in April (May 2, 1874; April 30, 1875; 21, 1876, 17, de Nottbeck,
at Fishkill; 25, 1877 [shot at Fairfield, Connecticut, on the 7th]; 20,
1878; 22, 1879), remaining till autumn. It breeds in holes, in trees
standing in the water, at the borders of ponds and streams.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of fifteen specimens: length,
5°90; stretch, 12°66; wing, 4°70; tail, 2°35; bill from nostril, -22;. tar-
sus, °45.
55. Petrochelidon lunifrons, (Say). Eave SwaLtow; CLirr
SwaLLow. A common summer resident; breeds. Arrives in April
(May 22, 1874; April 30, 1875; May 2, 1876; 21, 1877; 9, 1878; April 16,
1879), and spends the summer, departing in September (10, 1876).
This bird of remarkable history breeds in large colonies. It com-
mences nidification early inJune. It formerly nested in large commu-
nities upon the stone buildings of the West Point Military Academy.
Giraud gives the following account (‘*The Birds of Long Island,”
p. 38, 1844) of this species: ‘‘The appearance of this Swallow in the
lower parts of the State of New York is quite recent. The first that
I have known to have been observed in this vicinity, was shot at Man-
hattanville, in 1842, by Mr. Lawrence. In the month of June of the
present year, a few specimens were seen in the suburbs of Brooklyn
by Mr. Brasher, and in the latter part of August I met it at Gravesend.
Previous to this year, I have no knowledge of its occurring on Long
Island; but,I should not be surprised if even in a few years it were
found quite common. On Long Island lam not aware that the Cliff
Swallow has been known to breed; but Mr. Bell has informed me that
he-found its nest near his residence in Rockland County, in the month
of May last—and according to his observations, it had not visited his
section previous to the present year.”
1 Birds of Long Island, p. 36, 1844.
192
Dimensions.—Average measurements of eleven specimens: length,
6°01; stretch, 12°43; wing, 4°34; tail, 2°01; gape, -62; tarsus, ‘50;
middle toe, *53; its claw, °25.
56. Cotyle riparia, (Linné). Bank SwaLtow; Sanp MartTIN.
A common summer resident; breeds. The Bank Swallow makes its
appearance here with less regularity than the other Swallows. I have
not observed it before May (22, 1874; 27, 1875 [at Niagara Falls]; 21,
3877). It remains till about the first of September (August 27, 1877).
It is somewhat local in its habitat in summer. In the month of
August immense numbers are found, crowding the telegraph wires
along the railroad, where it crosses Constitution Island; it associates
with the other species of Swallows, which are then so abundant there
that I once brought down no less than three represented genera of
Swallows at a single discharge of my gun.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of nine specimens: length,
5°20; stretch, 10°85; wing, 3°95; tail, 2:00; bill from nostril, -18; gape,
‘52; tarsus, -45; middle toe, ‘39; its claw, ‘21; outer toe, ‘26; its claw,
“14,
57. Stelgidopteryx serripennis, (Audubon). RouGH-WINGED
SwaLiow. A rare summer resident; breeds. As already noted, in
the ‘‘Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club,” Vol. III, No. I, p.
46, January, 1878, I captured a female of this Carolinian species, sit-
ting upon its four fresh eggs, in May, 1874. The nest was built ina
bank, beside a pond; during its construction the birds were often
seen to alight close together, on a board-fence, from which they de-
scended after the rough materials of which the nest was composed,—
hay and feathers. The eggs were pure white; one of them measures
*80 X °53 of an inch.
I saw what I thought to be a bird of this species when in company
with Mr. C. H. Eagle, on July 4, 1878, near the Cadet camp at West
Point. On July 24, 1879, I saw several Rough-winged Swallows upon
the telegraph wires, near Constitution Island, and shot one fine speci-
men.
Dimensions.— Measurements of No. 1,967, d, July 24, 1879, E. A.
M.: length, 5°62; stretch, 12:10; wing, 4°12; tail, 2°05; bill from nos-
tril, °17; gape, ‘55; tarsus, -43; middle toe, °39; its claw, °17; outer
toe, °25; its claw, °12.
58. Progne subis, (Linné). PurrLe Martin. A summer resi-
dent. It formerly bred abundantly in nearly all of the river towns
along the Hudson; but it is now much less numerous than it formerly
was, having been driven away by those detestable pests—the Euro-
pean Sparrows. I have rarely met with it during its migrations, and
have not been able to procure a single specimen. At Highland Falls,
I have only seen it on the following occasions: April 9, 1873, and May
a ee
193
26, 1874. I observed a large colony of them at Newburgh, and an-
other at Poughkeepsie, several years ago;. but I am informed that
their numbers have decreased very much in both cities since the Spar-
rows became numerous.
Family, AMPELIDZ.
59. Ampelis garrulus, Linné. Bonemran Waxwinea. A rare
winter visitant. Dr. F. D. Lente has a very handsome specimen in
his collection, which was shot near his residence at Cold Spring,
on the Hudson, several years ago, as I have previously recorded, in
the ‘‘ Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club,” Vol. III, No. 1, p:
46, January, 1878.2, His son, Wm. K. Lente, informed me that he shot
at several Bohemian Waxwings that were in an evergreen tree, close
to their house. This occurred several years after the first specimen
was taken. ; :
This nomadic species is of exceedingly rare occurrence as far south
as this latitude, in the Atlantic States. Audubon furnishes the earli-
est record of its occurence, which reads as follows: *‘In the autumn
of 1832, whilst rambling near Boston, my sons saw a pair, which they
pursued more than an hour, but without success. The most southern
locality in which I have known it to be procured, is the neighborhood
of Philadelphia, where, as well as on Long Island, several were shot
in 1830* and 1832.” Since that time there have been a few recorded
instances of its capture in Southern New England, including Massa-
chusetts and Connecticut. DeKay, in treating of this species, re-
marks :® ‘‘The specimen from which our figure was taken, was shot
in the autumn of 1835, in the neighborhood of this city [Albany?].”
Dr. Charles C. Abbott, in his ‘‘Catalogue of Vertebrate Animals of
New Jersey,” (p. 774),® gives the following notice: ‘‘A northern spe-
cies, that is occasionally shot as far south as New Jersey. The author
has seen two specimens, one shot in Cape May County, the other in
Morris County.”
60. Ampelis cedrorum, ( Vieillot). CrparR Brrp; CAROLINA
WaxXwinG; CHERRY BIRD. A common, gregarious species; resident,
breeding abundantly. This strikingly handsome bird is numerous
with us throughout the year; but it is somewhat locally dispersed, and
2Dr. Lente has supplied me with the following particulars: “The Bohemian
Chatterer referred to was found dead, in Genl. Morris’s grounds [Cold Spring], by
Mr. Wm. Paulding. I cannot give the year. F. D. Lente.”
3Ornithological Biography, Vol. IV, p. 463, 1838.
4Not 1831, as incorrectly stated by Dr. Coues, in Birds of the Colorado Valley,
Part First, p. 465, 1878.
5 Zoology of New York, Part I, Plate 26, fig. 57, 1844.
6 Published in Cook’s Geology of New Jersey, 1868. .
194
-most particularly so in winter. Then I have noticed that large flocks
will occupy a very limited area of country, perhaps remaining there
for several weeks at a time; and then all suddenly disappear from the
place, after which no more Waxwings may be seen for a long period,
at that particular spot. These erratic movements are doubtless due,
in some cases, to the exhaustion of its food supply; but in general
they must: be attributed to a roving and eccentric disposition, such
as characterizes its distinguished cousin, the Bohemian Waxwing. As
has been observed in other wandering species, there is also an ele-
ment of uncertainty with regard to its season of reproduction. It
commonly begins to build its nest early in June (I found two nests,
each containing five eggs, on June 12 and 18, 1878), but I have a rec-
ord of taking its fresh eggs as late as September 11 (1871).
In winter, the Cedar-birds subsist in great measure upon berries,
and principally those of the red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). From
this circumstance, they have acquired their most familiar name of
Cedar-birds. In my neighborhood, they get most of their food among
’ the cedars and sumachs, down by the river; but there are some tall
maple-trees in front of my house, which seem to possess peculiarly
strong attractions for them, so that, as soon as their crops have been
comfortably filled, the whole flock flies up to these trees to spend the
interval between meals. They are extremely fond of drinking, and
‘bathing, often descending to the gutters upon the roof for the pur-
pose. During rainy days they do not seek any protection from the
wet, but sit quietly, most of the time, with top-knots flattened, look-
ing just a trifle depressed in spirits, as well as literally crest-fallen.
They rid their silky plumage of rain-drops by occasional, vigorous
shakes; and sometimes a restless individual will fly out in a circle,
for exercise or diversion, returning again to the same twig which it
left. A flock that is thus quietly settled can be conveniently exam-
ined, and a careful inspection will show that, although the birds form
a somewhat compact group, there is a division, more or less distinct,
into separate couples—the birds sitting in twos. This distribution,
in pairs, is most apparent upon the border of the flock, where their
numbers are least. I have repeatedly selected a couple, and shot both
birds. at once: they invariably proved to be of opposite sexes. As
this occurred in winter, I infer, either that the species is in the habit
of mating at a very early season, or, else, that their connubial attach-
ment is of long duration. I append the following note from my jour-
nal: ‘*March 24, 1879. A flock of Cedar-birds remained in the trees
about the house all of to-day. I observed that they separated, into
pairs; and they are probably mated already. Two would separate
themselves from the mass of their brethren, and edge towards each
other, making alternate advances, and, at last, applying their bills
together, doubtless as a means of caressing.”
————— ee
195
We are especially indebted to the Cedar birds for the part that they
have taken in destroying the insect-pest, which for several years past
has carried such wide-spread havoc among the elm-trees of this
region.” During the summer months every tree of this genus ( U/mus)
bears the evidence of ravages committed by this noxious insect,
whose devastating action is evidenced by the blighted foliage. Early
in the season, in some cases, the trees are completely denuded of their
leaves, which reappear again, late in autumn, just before the frosts
come to destroy them a second time. Energetic measures have been
adopted for the preservation of those trees which are desired for
shade, or ornamental purposes; and various devices have been resorted
to, to destroy this troublesome insect. None of these efforts have,
however, been crowned with a large measure of success. The Cedar-
birds have accomplished far more towards its extirpation than have
all other causes combined. Frequenting the elms where this insect
abounds. the Waxwings devour immense numbers, not only of the
winged insect, but also of the larve. They capture the adult insects
upon the wing, in the manner of the Flycatchers, and eagerly search
the trunk and branches for their crawling larve, which are swallowed
with the greatest avidity.
In the Nuttall Bulletin (Vol. III, No. 2, pp. 70 and 71, April, 1878),
I have described certain minor variations in color, and in the orna-
mentation of the wings and tail, in high conditions of this species.
They have attracted the attention of various writers (especially Baird,
Coues and Brewster), who have described the usual differences.
These consist, in the presence or absence of yellow or white spots
upon the extremity of the remiges, and in the distribution of the red
wax-like appendages which adorn the tips of the quills. The yellow
or white spots on the remiges, when present, are confined to the pri-
mary quills. They are only present in a few cases, and are usually of
small size, though occasionally as distinct as are those of the rec-
trices. They may be entirely white, entirely vellow, or a mixture of
both colors. In the latter case, there is either a proximal band of
white, succeeded by a yellow one that blends with the first; or they
may be as described by Mr. Brewster,® ‘‘ tipped broadly with white,
and in the centre of each white spot asmaller one of yellow.” I have
recently seen several examples having distinct yellow tips to a few
primary quills. The red horny appendages, which are usually con-*
fined to the tips of the secondary remiges, have also been found upon
7An entomological friend, to whom I sent some of the animals in question, in-
forms me that it is Diabrotica (Galleruca) calmariensis; but, here, we call them
“elm-flies.”” c
§ Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. III, No. 2, p. 64, April, 1878.
.
196
several primaries, each of the rectrices, and, in one specimen, upon
the longest feather of the lower tail-coverts. Mr. George N. Law-
srence also states:® ‘‘I have noticed some peculiarities in color of the
wax-like appendages on the wings; in a specimen, presented by Mr.
Chas. Galbraith, they are of a light pink, the plumage is as usual
except that the ends of the tail-feathers are very pale; another in Mr.
Bell’s possession had these appendages yellow.” These are the vari-
ations from the type. In young birds, the yellow band at the extrem- .
ity of the tail is reduced to a mere trace. In certain stages, only the
distal border is yellow, the rest of the band being white. One speci-
men (No. 1,848, 2 ad., April 2, 1879, Highland Falls, N. Y., E. A. M.) :
has the tail very slightly bordered with red, at the extremity, beyond
the yellow band.
Dimensions. — Average measurements of sixty-three specimens:
length, 7°19; stretch, 11°77; wing, 3°70; tail, 2°37; culmen, 41; bill
from nostril, -26; gape, *71; tarsus, °66; middle toe, °59; its claw, ‘25.
Family, VIREONIDZ.
61. Vireo olivaceus, (Linné). RED-EYED Vireo. An abundant .
summer resident; breeds. Arrives from the South in May (18, 1873;
12, 1874; 20, 1875; 16, 1876; 16, 1877; 4, 1878; 10, 1879), staying until :
October (8, 1874; 4, 1876).
Four species of this genus pass the summer in the Highlands, and -
breed. All of them build pendulous nests, attached by the brim to
the fork of a bush or tree; but none are so abundant,.or so universally
recognized and admired, as are the Red-eyed Vireos. Soon after their
arrival from the South, they commence nesting. I have noted in my
journal the discovery of freshly-completed nests, on May 22, 1877; 24,
1878: also of complete suites of eggs, taken June 2, 1876; May 29,
1877; 28, 1878. Their nests are very neat structures, composed of
various pliable materials compactly woven together, and lined inside ©
with fibres of inner bark. Pieces of paper are frequently pasted all
over the outer surface, making a very enduring wall. Vireos’ nests
are favorite receptacles for the parasitical eggs of the Cowbird (Molo-
thrus ater). Their loud song and confiding manners make the Red-
eyes very agreeable inhabitants of our groves and orchards, and serve
to reveal their presence to persons not initiated into the mysteries of
-ornithological science.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of eighteen specimens : length,
6°23; stretch, 10°17; wing, 3°20; tail, 2°20; culmen, 52; gape, ‘75;
tarsus, ‘70; middle toe, -40; its claw, -20.
62. Vireo gilvus, (Vieillot). Warsiinc Vireo. A summer resi-
*Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, p. 285, April, 1866,
197
dent; breeds; very much less numerous than the preceding species.
Arrives early in May (20, 1875; 7, 1876; 9, 1877; 9, 1878; 8, 1879),
and remains till autumn.
Dimensions —Average measurements of six specimens: length, 5-80;
stretch, 9°07; wing, 2°85; tail, 2°14; culmen, -46; bill from nostril,
*30; gape, -68; tarsus, °72.
63. Vireo philadelphicus, (Cassin). BrorHeRLY-LOVE VIREO;
PHILADELPHIA GREENLET. In the ‘‘ Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornitho-
logical Club,” Vol. III, No.1, p. 46, January, 1878, I recorded the cap-
ture of the first Brotherly-love Greenlet in this State as follows: “I
have a single male specimen of this scarce species in my collection,
taken near here. It was shot by my friend, Mr. William K. Lente, at
Cold Spring, as it hopped about in a tree-top, September 24, 1875.
This example exhibits the intensity of yellow color on the under parts
which characterizes the autumnal plumage.” Mr. Frank R. Rathbun,
in his ‘‘Revised List of Birds of Central New York,” p. 16, April 17th,
1879, states that it is ‘found regularly in the Spring migrations.” The
species was not mentioned in the original ‘‘ Rathbun-Fowler List,”
published in the ‘‘Auburn Daily Advertiser” of August 14, 1877.
From information lately received, I am able to predict that additional
captures, in other parts of New York, will be recorded ere long.
Dimensions.—Measurements of my specimen : [length, 4:75; stretch,
7°62. W. K. Lente] wing, 2°52; tail, 1-93; culmen, °39; bill from nos-
tril, -28; gape, °57; tarsus, °65.
64. Vireo flavifrons, Vieillot. YeLLOw-THROATED VIREO; YEL-
LOW-THROATED GREENLET. A summer resident; breeds. Most nu-
merous during the spring and fall migrations. Arrives early in May
(15, 1874; 16, 1875; 8, 1876; 12, 1877; April 27, 1878, W. C. Osborn),
remaining till about the first of October (September 19, 1874).
The Yellow-throated Vireo is a noisy, chattering species, capable of
producing a very fair musical entertainment when so disposed. Its
nest, very similar to that of olivaceus, is built the last of May, or early
in June. I caught a male bird, sitting upon two fresh eggs, as early
as May 25 (1874). In the spring, when this pretty species is abundant,
it passes through in straggling bands of some size.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of twelve specimens: length,
5°95; stretch, 9°78; wing, 3°05; tail, 2°10; bill from nostril, °36; gape,
+72; tarsus, -76; middle toe, °47; its claw, °20.
65. Vireo solitarius, (Wilson). So.irary Virro; BLUE-HEADED
Vireo. A common spring and fall migrant. Arrives about the first
of May (9, 1876; April 23, 1877; May 13, 1878; 8, 1879), and passes
through before June (seen May 24, 1876; 18, 1877). In autumn, it
passes through during September and the first part of October. It is
frequently seen associated in good-sized flocks. I have seen a splen-
198
did exhibition of courage on the part of this plucky little bird, when
disabled by awound. It flew at me, when I attempted to catch it, and
used both beak and claws with all its might.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of fourteen specimens: length,
5°61; stretch, 942; wing, 2°96; tail, 2°15; culmen, -41; bill from nos-
tril, °28; gape, °64; tarsus, -73; middle toe, *44; its claw, °21.
66. Vireo noveboracensis, (Gmelin). Wuirn-kyEp Virno;
**PoLiTiciAN.” Anabundant summer resident; breeds. Arrives early .
in May (14, 1875; 17, 1876; 21, 1877; 4, 1878; 12, 1879), and remains
till autumn. j
This handsome species is an inhabitant of swampy thickets. Fora
very pleasant and amusing account of its habits, I would refer the
reader to John Burroughs’ chapter on ‘‘ The Return of the Birds,”?°
which he wrote when residing in the Highlands. The ‘hame of ‘‘Poli-
tician,” given above, was first used by Wilson, who says: ' Outwardly”
its nest ‘‘is constructed of various light materials, bits of rotten
wood, fibres of dry stalks of weeds, pieces of paper, commonly news-
papers, an article almost always found about. its nest, so that some of
my friends have given it the name of the Politician.” I have observed
the habit of using newspapers for the construction of nests, in the
Red-eyed Vireo; but, in this region, the White-eyed Vireo usually
repairs to remote swamps to breed, where newspaper literature is
rarely encountered. It displays a high degree of architectural skill,
however, in all cases. I have found a nest, in which the eggs were
already being incubated, as early as May 28 (1877). The male sings a
sweet, and curious song, while his mate is sitting upon her eggs; and
he displays great uneasiness whenever the nest is approached. The
female, like the rest of the Vireos, is a very close sitter, and I have
taken her off the nest, before she could be induced to leave it. On
such occasions she is very pugnacious; and, on being released, instead
of making good her escape, she comes back and scolds one most vig-°
orously, in a tone resembling that of an irate Catbird. I have visited
its nest in the evening, and found the mother sleeping soundly, breath-
ing hard, and with her head tucked under the feathers. The nest is
fastened to a forked branch, within a few feet of the ground; com-
monly a laurel (Aalmiza) is selected.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of five specimens : length, 5:27;
stretch, 7°85; wing, 2°37; tail, 1°95; culmen, °42; bill from nostril,
‘29; gape, ‘65; tarsus, 70; middle toe, -62; its claw, °18.
Family, LANIIDZA.
67. Lanius borealis, Vieillot. Grear NorTHERN SHRIKE; BuTCH-
ER-BIRD. A winter visitant; occasionally somewhat numerous. It
10Wake-Robin, Chapter I, 1871.
11American Ornithology, Vol. II, p. 166, 1810.
199
appears from the North about the first of November (16, 1874; 9, 1878
[W. C. Osborn]), and retires about the first of April (March 31, 1873,
28, 1877). Ihave witnessed many deeds of daring on the part of this
remarkably handsome, though bloodthirsty bird; but its temerity and
rapacious exploits have been so often described, that I will only men-
tion one occurrence—the last noted in my journal: ‘‘When walking
upon the Railroad, near Garrisons, I started a Snowbird (Junco hyema-
lis) from the track, a few paces in advance. ‘A Shrike instantly dashed
down from the ledge above in hot pursuit. The Snowbird made every
effort to escape, doubling and twisting, and crying most piteously as
it endeavored to elude its adversary by dashing into a clump of hem-
locks that seemed to offer protection; but the Butcher-bird followed
closely all of its windings, till at last the terrified creature flew on top
of the ledge, followed closely by its enemy. I did not witness the
result, but have no doubt that it ended in a tragedy.” Such incidents
are familiar to all who have made the Shrike’s acquaintance; and, very
likely, it was on just such an occasion that the reader was first intro-
duced to this fierce little butcher, who is so devoid of fear of man,
when in quest of game.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of three females : length, 10:07;
stretch, 14:05; wing, 4°41; tail, 3°43; culmen, :71; bill from nostril,
*55; gape, 110; tarsus, 1°03; middle toe, -61; its claw, ‘28.
Family, FRINGILLIDZ.
68. Pinicola enucleator, var. canadensis, (Brisson). Pine
GrossEAk. An irregular winter visitant; sometimes abundant.
This beautiful species wanders southward at irregular intervals,
and only visits us during the coldest winter weather. It usually ap-
pears in large flocks, which are composed principally of females and
young birds. The red males are seldom seen. I first saw the Pine
Grosbeak on November 22, 1874, when a large flock alighted upon a
Norway spruce (Abies excelsa) before my house, and commenced to
feed upon the seeds of the cones. All were adult males, and presented
a very beautiful appearance. The species was not again met with
until the first of December, when large numbers were present. It
continued to be plentiful until the following March; and some stayed
as late as March 25. The males in red plumage were not more than
two per cent. of any of the numerous flocks that I examined during
the winter, with the single exception of the one first seen, which, sin-
gularly enough, was composed entirely of old males.
During the winter of 1875-76, Pine Grosbeaks were seen twice. I
saw two flying over Iona Island, on December 11, 1875; and, on Janu-
ary 12, 1876, I shot three specimens from a small flock found feeding
upon sumach berries and seeds of hemlock spruce (Abies canadensis),
near Fort Montgomery.
t oe
200
I next came across them on the morning of November 29, 1878.
A flock was found in an orchard feeding upon seeds of apples, both
on the trees and upon the ground. My gardener, near whose house ~
they were, informed me that they had spent several days there, pre-
vious to my arrival at home. I first heard their call-note, and, on
looking about, saw them gleaning upon the ground close at hand.
When shot at, they uttered a mournful cry, and, sometimes, while
feeding, a high note resembling that of the Purple Finch (Carpodacus—
pupureus). This flock stayed in the orchard until I left home, on
December 2. They were very quiet, gentle in their manners, and so
unobtrusive, that they might easily have been passed by without no-
tice. When rudely frightened, they would fly to the nearest tree, and
there sit motionless for a short time; then they dropped silently to
the ground, and resumed their avocations in silence. These birds
seemed contented, and not in the least restless. I encountered several
other flocks during my brief stay; and nothing was more remarkable
than the amount of silence they preserved, considering the large pre-
ponderance of females present. Some were so tame that they could
have been readily captured by means of a noose or hand-net. No
adult males were seen, though I secured an immature specimen that
was about one-half red; another example was in the dullest plumage,
so that, before skinning, I supposed it to be a female, but a careful
dissection showed that it was masculine. Some were moulting their
tail-feathers. Several specimens taken had a few of tne outer rec-
trices only an inch or two long; these were always the outer ones,
and only on one side.
I saw a Pine Grosbeak in the Central Park, New York City, on
December 20, 1878. ’
Dr. Clinton L. Bagg saw five Grosbeaks, among them a fine red
male, near West Point, N. Y., on December 29, 1878; they were pick-
ing at some decayed apples by the wayside. We saw several females,
near the same place, on the following day.
The Pine Grosbeak’s song is one of the finest, but I have only been
privileged to listen to it on a single occasion—in March, 1875. The
weather at the time was intensely cold. The preceding winter had
been one of unusual severity; and the ice was still many inches thick
upon the Hudson. The Purple Finches, though present, seldom felt
inclined to sing; and the few hardy Song Sparrows that had braved
the winter were ensconced in cosy nooks among the flags, behind
some sheltering ledge of rock, where, only on the warmest days, they:
made abortive attempts at asong. These were the only performers
except an occasional Red Crossbill; and bird music was rare indeed.
It was one frosty morning, as I was following the course of a stream
that flowed at the bottom of a deep ravine, that I heard, most unex-
pectedly, anew song. It proceeded from far up the glen. The notes
201
were loud, rich and sweet. I listened to them with a thrill of delight
and wonder, and then pressed forward to identify the new vocalist.
Soon I discovered perched upon the top of a tall hemlock, a beautiful
red Pine Grosbeak—the author of one of the most delicious songs
that I have ever heard. Its carmine or rose-colored plumage, and its
mellow notes, were a feast alike to the eye and ear; and, though I may
never hear the Pine Grosbeak sing again, I shall ever cherish towards
it feelings of admiration and gratitude for the revelation of beauty
and melody which I so keenly appreciated on that occasion. We can-
not but wish that this Grosbeak was a more frequent sojourner with
us; for its bright hues would add life and color to our sombre winter
scenery, and its fine song would afford us much enjoyment. -
Except the Red Crossbill (Lozia curvirostra, var. americana), there
are no birds so gentle as the present species. They appear to be
utterly devoid of fear of man. If their ranks are thinned by the gun-
ner, the survivors will rarely be driven away, but come close up to
the hunter and hop from branch to branch in his vicinity, scrutinizing
him closely and uttering a reproachful note like that of the Fox
Sparrow .( Passerrella iliaca) ; they often fly down to inspect the dead
bodies of their comrades lying upon the ground. Their flight is
floating and graceful. They eat seeds of coniferous trees, and of
various Weeds that grow in pastures or by the wayside. They search
in orchards for decayed apples, and eagerly extract the seeds; but
the seeds of maple, and berries of red cedar, are their staple articles
of food. They also eat other kinds of berries and buds. Wherever
~ there is a supply of goud water they congregate; for they are extrava-
gantly fond of bathing.
Wilson’ had a Grosbeak that was procured in the Highlands, upon
which he made the following interesting observations:!? ‘‘I have
kept one of these Pine Grosbeaks, a male, for more than half a year.
In the month of August those parts of the plumage which were red
became of a greenish yellow, and continue so still. In May and June
its song, though not so loud as some birds of its size, was extremely
clear, mellow and sweet. It would-warble out this for a whole morn-
ing together, and acquired several of the hotes of a Red-bird (Z.
cardinalis), that hung near it. It is exceedingly tame and familiar,
and when it wants food or water utters a continual melancholy and
anxious note. It was caught in winter near the North river, thirty or
forty miles above New York.”
Since Wilson’s time, the Pine Grosbeak has been found in the
Hudson Valley by various writers—among them Giraud, DeKay and
Lawrence. The former author wrote:'* “In the autumn of 1827,
12 American Ornithology, Vol. I, p. 82, 1808.
13 Birds of Long Island, p. 129, 1844.
202 a
large flocks of Pine Grosbeaks visited Long Island, Hoboken, and va-
rious places in the lower parts of New Jersey and New York. Since
that period until the present year, I have not seen or heard of its
occurring on Long Island. In the interval, a few have been observed.
in Rockland County, in which section, as with us, it was quite common
during the month of January of the present year [1844] .... Al- |
though large numbers were during the winter observed iu the vicinity |
of New York, very few adults were procured.”
Dimensions. — Average measurements of sixty-two specimens :—
length, 9°08; stretch, 13-90; wing, 4°36; tail, 3:67; culmen, ‘54; bill
from nostril, -43; gape, -60; tarsus, °88; middle toe, °63; its claw, *35.
69. Carpodacus purpureus, (Gmelin). PurpLe Fincn. A per-
manent resident;, breeds. Though not very numerous in summer, a
few commonly nest near my house, building in the tops of tall cedars
or Norway spruces. Mr. William K. Lente found its nest at Cold
Spring, in 1874. Mr. R. F. Pearsall found a nest at Bayside, Long
Island, on June 15, 1878; he thinks that it is ‘‘the most southern point
at which the species has been found breeding.” !4
These handsome birds are generally abundant in winter. Their
song, which is loud and sweet, is indulged in by both sexes through-
out the autumn and winter, as well as during the love season. Fe-
males are heard to sing, in winter, as commonly as the males. Adult
males, in winter, are sometimes very scarce, though the opposite sex
is well represented; this is frequently as marked as was the case with
the Pine Grosbeak and Lesser Redpoll, in the early part of the winter
of 1874-75. They are gregarious, often assembling in very large.
flocks. On some occasions they are quite wild, and, on being ap-
proached, all rise at once on wing with a loud, rushing noise, accom-
panied by certain peculiar wild notes, which produces quite a startling
effect. They feed upon seeds of the iron-wood ( Ostrya virginica), and
red cedar berries. When feeding in flocks, the rustle of their wings
is constant, and their united chirping produces a singular effect.
Their whirring flight and chattering notes remind one of the flight
of flocks of House Sparrows. I have found immense flocks in March,
eating the seeds of hemlock spruce (Abies canadensis).
The great bulk of this species passes north during the spring mi-
gration. As usual in: general migrations, the males precede their
partners by several days. At that season they often frequent ploughed
fields, in company with the Rose-breasted Grosbeaks and Indigo
Birds, where they do some damage by picking up the newly-sown
grain. Like the Blue Jay and some other birds, they appear to be
unusually lively during a rain-storm; and, in winter, at the commence-
ment of a snow-storm, they sometimes hie to the loftiest tree-top,
14See Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. 1V, p. 122, April, 1879.
—-
Tt... _ ¥ | aa a »F =. ~~ - — i
203
and begin to sing, as if from pleasure or excitement. They destroy
young buds, and, together with the Rose- breasted Grosbeak, eat large
quantities of the stamens and petals of cherry and apple blossoms.
In April, blossoms of the maple are eaten. Females in high condition,
like those of the Pine Grosbeak. sometimes have a distinct red suffu-
sion over the plumage.
In his ‘‘ Revised List of Birds of Central New York,” Mr. Rathbun
gives, concerning this species, the following: ‘*‘ An abundant summer
resident. Arrives in March — March 9, 1878. Common the second
week in April. Breeds. Departs in October.” I think that it will in
time be found there, at least occasionally, in winter; for I saw a few
at Locust Grove, in Lewis County, N. Y., during the last of December
and first of January, 1877-78.
Dimensions.— Average measurements of thirty-eight specimens:
length, 6°22; stretch, 10°16; wing, 3°24; tail, 2°29; culmen, -46; gape,
“58; tarsus,°68; middle toe, *53; its claw, 19.
70. Loxia leucoptera, Gmelin. WHITE-WINGED CROsSBILL. An
occasional visitor from the North.
Early in the winter of 1874-75, these birds appeared sparingly near
Cold Spring, where Mr. William K Lente saw them first, in the early
part of December, soon after the Pine Grosbeaks became numerous.
Mr. Frederic S. Osborn found them quite common during the winter,
at Garrisons; the earliest record of its occurrence noted in his journal
being December 28, 1874. I did not meet with any before January 14,
1875, when I found an immense flock near Fort Montgomery, in a
dark grove of hemlocks. They were in company, but not mixing,
with flocks of Red Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra, var. americana).
As they flew from tree to tree, they uttered a loud, rattling cry; and
they were far shyer than the Common Crossbill. After this the spe-
cies was frequently seen in different-sized flocks, and remained until
March 10, when they were in full song. ‘Their flight is strong and
swift; and they are so active and noisy, that a flock of a dozen
makes a tree appear as if filled with them. In spite of an apparently
malformed bill, theif song is one of remarkable beauty.
Wilson found a few White-winged Crossbills in the great pine for-
ests of Pennsylvania; and Bonaparte, in his “‘American Ornithology”
(Vol. II, p. 276, 1828), furnishes the following: ‘‘ During four years
it had escaped my careful attention, and now writing (in the first
week of November, 1827) they are so abundant, that I am able to
shoot every day great numbers out of flocks that. are continually
alighting in a copse of Jersey scrub-pine (Pinus inops), even. opposite
my window.” Giraud observes:'® **In this locality [Long Island]
16 Birds of Long Island, p. 131, 1844.
204
this species is not as frequently observed as the preceding [L. curvi-
rostra, var. americana], in the general habits of which it resembles.
Like the former, it prefers the northern part of the continent, and
only resorts to our milder climate when driven by severe weather.”
Dimensions.— Average measurements of ten specimens: length,
6°05; stretch, 10°18; wing, 3°27; tail, 2°41; culmen, ‘62; tarsus, ‘61.
71. Loxia curvirostra, var. americana, (Wilson). AMERICAN
RED CrossBILL. An occasional visitor, usually in winter; sometimes
abundant. ~
Red Crossbills were extremely common during the winter of 1874-5.
They were first seen in December, by my friend, the late Frederic S.
Osborn. I found three birds feeding on the seeds of pitch pines’ cones
(Pinus riyida) on January 11. After that they were seen commonly,
and continued to be abundant until the 10th of April, at which time
they were singing very sweetly. The Red Crossbills are surprisingly *
gentle, not in the least objecting to being approached to within a few
feet. I used frequently to visit a certain dense grove of hemlocks
(Abies canadensis), that was constantly inhabited by large flocks of
Crossbills of both species, for the purpose of watching their singular
habits. ‘The White-wings were somewhat shy and suspicious, and
extremely restless, constantly flying from the top of one tree to that
of another, and keeping up an incessant rattling cry; but the Red
Crossbills were found in larger numbers frequenting the lower droop-
ing branches, to which they clung in every variety of posture, glean-
ing busily the while, seldom roving about, and inclined to be noisy
and chattering, though their notes are very unlike those of the other
species, and more nearly resemble those of the European Sparrow.
Their dexterity in extracting the seeds from cones is quite remarkable,
and the shower of refuse materials sent down from a tree-top, is, of
itself, sufficient to apprise one of their presence.
The nest of this Crossbill was found at Riverdale, N. Y., by Mr.
Bicknell, and contained three eggs on April 30, 1875.1® Riverdale is
on the Hudson River, sixteen miles north of New York Bay. For a
very interesting account of the Red Crossbill at Riverdale, see Mr.
Eugene P. Bicknell’s article, in the ‘‘Nuttall Club Bulletin” for Janu-
ary, 1880, pp. 7 to 11.
I saw a large flock of Crossbills at Fort Miller, Washington County,
N. Y., on February 27, 1877.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of eighteen specimens: length,
6°19; stretch, 10°72; wing, 3:40; tail, 2°13; culmen, ‘66; tarsus, 62.
16 American Naturalist, Vol. X, No. 4, p. 237, April, 1876.
[To be continued.]
BULLETIN
OF THE
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VOLUME XITL.
1880.
SALEM, MASS.
PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS.
1881.
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CONTENTS.
Regular Meeting, Monday, January 19, 1880, F ‘ ; P
D. B. Hagar, lecture on Spelling Reform, notice of, 1. Remarks by
Prof. E. 8. Morse, 3. Explanation of Wilson’s Ozone Generator and
Diffuser, by James Kimball, 3.
Regular Meeting, Monday, February 16, 1880, _ _. P . :
Regular Meeting, Monday, March 1, 1880, _ . . - ‘ A
F. W. Putnam, lecture on the former Indians of Southern California,
as bearing on the origin of the Red Man in America, notice of, 4.
Meeting, Friday, March 11, 1880, E Fe * . :
Rev. Robert Collyer, lecture on an Episode in the life of Edward Fair-
fax, notice of, 6.
Regular Meeting, Monday, March 15, 1880, . ‘ ss ‘
Thomas H. Walker, lecture on the Philosophy and Theory of Punish-
ment, notice of, 9.
A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with annotations;
by Edgar A. Mearns (continued), . . 2 F . ;
Regular Meeting, Monday, April 5, 1880, : . . e
Remarks of Prof. Edward 8S. Morse on the persistence of Korean Art
in Japanese pottery, 26.
Regular Meeting, Monday, April 19, 1880, _ . ‘ P 4 r
Nathan Crosby, lecture on Essex County and Essex County Men, no-
tice of, 27.
Regular Meeting, Monday, May 3, 1880, ‘ re - ° s
Annual Meeting, Monday, May 17, 1880, : : Q
Election of Officers, 28; Remarks by F. W. Putnam, 29; Retrospect of
the Year, 30; Members, 30; Field Meetings, 32; Excursions, 33; Lec-
tures, 33; Meeting 3, 35; Concerts, 35; Library, 36; Horticultural
Exhibition, 47; Art Exhibitions, 48; Museum, 52; Publications, 53;
Manuscripts, 53; Financial, 53.
Meeting, Monday, May 24, 1880, . ‘ Z : . :
An Informal Talk on Sundry Architectural and Art Topics, by
Edward A. Silsbee, . 4 F ‘ . 7 . é ;
Notice of the late Rev. Jones Very, . ‘i ‘ P ‘ :
(iii)
Page.
Il
26
26
27
28
56
56
74
iv CONTENTS.
Reguiar Meeting, Monday, June 21, 1880, _ . : 3 ; :
Remarks on the death of Mr. Caleb Cooke, by the President, 76, Rev.
E. B. Willson, Mr. John Robinson, 78, Dr. Geo, A. Perkins, 79, Mr.
T. F. Hunt, £0; Resolutions, 80.
Notes on the Flora of Essex County, Mass., with Sketches of the
early Botanists, and a list of the Publications on these sub-
jects, by John Robinson, . . . ‘ ‘ : ° ;
Field Meeting at the Willows, Salem Neck, Tuesday, June 22,
1880, * ; . 3 ; 7 ° 7 5 ! »
Arriyal of John Winthrop, two itaaeed and fiftieth anniversary of, 98.
A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with annotations; .
by Edgar A. Mearns (continued), : . 4 ‘ d =
Regular Meeting, July 5, 1880, 5 : > r A 2 ‘
Regular Meeting, July 19, 1880, . . . A eA aed s
Field Meeting at Bradford, Friday, July 30, 1880, ° ‘ .
Bradford Academy, 130; Hannah Duston Monument in Haverhill, 132;
Haverhill Public Librar y, 133; Afternoon Session, 134; Remarks of
Dr. George Cogswell, 135, Rev. Mr. Kingsbury, Prof. E. S. Morse, J.
I). Tewksbury, Prof. Hall, Mr. Fish, John W. Perkins, Mr. Emery,
John Robinson, 136.
Field Meeting at Lowell Island, Thursday, Aug. 12,1880, . .
Sketch of Lowell Island, 137; Afternoon Session, 165; Remarks by the
President, 165, Rev. Sereno D. Gammell, 166, Mr. 'H. Saze. 167, Dr.
George A. Perkins. 168, Prof. E. 8. ses sie. 169, Rey. Joseph Banyard,
170, Mr. N. A. Horton, 170.
The gradual dispersion of certain Mollusks in New England, by
Edward S. Morse, ‘ > ° : s « é .
Excursion to New Castle, N. H., Friday and perch ae oe
tember 10 and 11, 1880, ‘ . A . > 4
Evening Session, 177; Remarks. by the President, 177; Account of the
Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona, by F, Ww. Putnam, 178;
the Homestead of Gov. Benning Wentworth, 184. ;
76
81
137
171
177
os
BULLETIN
OF THE
HssHxX INSTITUTE.
Vot. 12. SALEM, JANUARY-—JUNE, 1880. Nos. 1-6.
Reecutar Meetine, Monpay, Jan’y 19, 1880.
Meetrne this evening. Presipent inthechair. Rec-
ords read. Donations and correspondence announced.
Mrs. Margaret Braden and Arthur West, both of Salem,
were elected resident members.
Vice President, D. B. Hacar, read a paper on “Spell-
ing Reform.” He commenced by saying that it was too
late for sensible men to laugh at the spelling reform. He
named a large number of eminent scholars in England
and in America who are its advocates, and designated
prominent educational bodies who have officially favored
its consideration. He alluded to several well known lead-
ing newspapers as having adopted some of the proposed
new spelling, mentioning the Chicago Tribune, the Utica
Herald, the N. Y. Independent, the Journal of Education
and the Home Journal, and stated what had been done by
educational associations in behalf of the reform. The
following propositions were then advocated :
(1) That spoken language necessarily precedes written
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. xi 1 (1)
; .
2
language. (2) That the grand purpose of written lan-
guage is to represent to the eye the spoken language, as
heard by the ear. (3) That the written language should
be so constructed that the transition from the spoken to the
written, and, conversely, from the written to the spoken,
should be simple, uniform, and truthful. (4) That, to
this end, a phonetic system is the most direct, easy, and .
rational. (5) That in devising a written language for a
people hitherto without one, no sensible scholar would, at
the present day, think of framing it on any principle
other than the phonetic. (6) That the present orthog-
raphy of the English language is so lawless, so perplex-
ing, so confounding to all rational expectation, that -the
learner is compelled, from first to last, to guess at the
pronunciation of every new word he sees; that he cannot
be certain of correctness until assured by his teachers,
and possibly not even then.
Under this last point, numerous illustrations of irregu-
larity and inconsistence in English spelling were given.
It was shown that the present orthography of the English
language employs sixty-two signs, which have at least
one hundred and fifty-nine uses; whereas a pure pho-
netic system would, therefore, save a vast amount of time
in learning to read and spell.
Mr. Hagar then proceeded to answer the objections
usually urged against a reform of English orthography,
endeavoring to show that they were of little importance.
The paper closed by answering the question, What can
be done toward accomplishing the desired reform? Some-
thing could be done in the following ways: (1) By the
general discussion of the subject among teachers and
other friends of education. (2) By establishing spelling-
reform associations throughout the country. (3) By
concert of action among State and County educational
J
a ——
3
associations. (4) By procuring the appointment of Na-
tional and State Commissions to consider and report on
the subject. (5) By personally adopting in our corre-
spondence the spellings recommended by the American
Philological Association. (6) By freely using the pub-
lic press toward setting before the public the objects and
merits of the proposed reform. (7) By teaching the
children in the public schools to read from a phonetic text.
(8) By cherishing the pluck and aggressiveness of ear-
nest reformers.
Prof. E. S. Morse spoke of the Japanese language,
showing that students there had to surmount even greater
obstacles than obtain in the present English system.
Mr. James Krwpatt exhibited and explained Wilson’s
Ozone Generator and Diffuser. This apparatus is intended
to be used in destroying the impurities in the air of close
and poorly ventilated rooms, also the noxious emanations
produced by the decomposition of animal and vegetable
substances. It is a machine holding six small cups partly
filled with water, a stick of prepared phosphorus being
placed in eachcup. Upon the ignition of the phosphorus
a cover of porous porcelain is placed over the cups and
the apparatus is prepared to do its work.
ReeutaR Meetinc, Monpay, Fresruary 16, 1880.
PRESIDENT in the chair. Records read. Donations
and correspondence announced.
At an adjournment on Tuesday, Feb. 17, Charles Top-
pan, of Salem, was elected a member.
4
a
The Secretary read a communication from the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences, inviting the Essex Insti-
tute to select one or more delegates to attend the celebra-
tion of its 100th anniversary to be held in Boston on the
26th of May, 1880.
On. motion of Mr. F. W. Putnam, the selection of
delegates was referred to a committee, consisting of the
President and Secretary. .
A similar invitation was read from the Minnesota His-
torical Society, which will celebrate the 200th anniversary
of the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony, on the 3rd
day of July, 1880, to send a representative on that occa-
sion. The subject was referred to the same committee
with power to act. |
ReeutaR Meretinc, Monpay, Marcu 1, 1880.
Meetineé this evening. The PresipEnt in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.
Vice President F. W. Purnam made a communication
of peculiar interest, but of which only a brief abstract of
some portions is here given. His subject was “The former
Indians of Southern California, as bearing on the origin
of the Red Man in America.”
After giving an account of the discovery of the Penin-
sula of California, in 1534, by an expedition fitted out by
Cortés, he gave an historical résumé of the military ex-
peditions to Upper California, the establishment of the
missions by the Jesuits and Franciscans, and of their de-
grading influence on the Indians.
He then called attention to the facts relating to the
antiquity of man on the Pacific coast, and to the importance _
eo Ae 5
5
of the discovery in California of human remains and of the
works of man under beds of volcanic material, where they
were associated with the remains of extinct post-pliocene
animals, and to the necessity of looking to this early race
for much that it seems otherwise impossible to account.
He thought that what is called the “Eskimo element,” in ~
the physical characters and arts of the southern Cali-
fornians, was very likely due to the impress from a primi-
tive American stock, which is probably to be found now
in its purest continuation in the Innuit. In this connec-
tion he dwelt upon the probability of more than one type
of man. In following out this argument, he called atten-
tion to the distinctive characters in different tribes of In-
dians on the Pacific coast, and stated his belief that they
had resulted from an admixture of the descendants of dif-
ferent stocks. The Californians of three hundred years ago,
he thought, were the result of development by contact of
tribe with tribe through an immense period of time, and
that the primitive race of America, which was as likely
autochthonous and of pliocene age, as of Asiatic. origin,
had stamped its impress on the people of California. The
early races of America he believed were dolichocepali,
and the short-headed people he thought were made up of
a succession of intrusive tribes in a higher stage of devel-
opment, which in time overran the greater part of both
North and South America, conquering and absorbing the
long-headed people, or driving them to the least desirable
parts of the continent. He thought that the evidence was
conclusive that California had been the meeting ground
of many distinct tribes of the widely spread Mongoloid
stock; for in no other way could he account for the re-
markable commingling of customs, arts and languages,
and the formation of the large number of petty tribes
6
that existed in both Upper and Lower California when
first known to the Spaniards.
The speaker then gave a review of the arts of the Cali-
fornians and the physical characters and customs of the
people, showing that, notwithstanding the absence of
pottery, the tribes, when first known, had passed through
the several stages of savagery and had reached the lower
status of barbarism, as defined by Mr. L. H. Morgan in
his “Ethnical periods.” |
Mr. Putnam concluded by calling attention to the re-
cent explorations of the coast of southern California and
the adjacent islands, by the expedition under Lieut.
Geo. M. Wheeler of the U. S. Engineers, in charge of
the Survey West of the 100th Meridian, and the extended
explorations of the Santa Barbara Islands which had been
conducted by the Peabody Museum of Archeology at
Cambridge. The results of these explorations, he stated,
were now embodied in the seventh volume of the Reports
of the Survey under the charge of Lieut. Wheeler, and
published, by authority of Congress, under the direction
of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. A.
Fripay, Marcu 11, 1880.
MeetING this evening. The PReEsIDENT in the chair.
Rev. Ropert CotiyEer, of New York, read an interest-
ing paper entitled “An Episode in the life of Edward
Fairfax.”
The Prestpent, before introducing the-lecturer of the
evening, briefly alluded to William Fairfax, a lineal de-
aq
scendant of Thomas, the first Lord Fairfax, who was an
elder brother of Edward, an episode in whose life is the
subject of the paper under consideration. William Fair-
fax was the son of Hon. Henry Fairfax, sheriff of York-
shire, who was the son of Henry, the fourth Lord Fairfax.
Having received the appointment of collector of the port
of Salem, he came to Salem in 1725 from the Bahamas,
_ where he had married Sarah, daughter of Major Walker,
and was appointed Chief Justice of the Island. His wife
died in Salem in 1731, and subsequently he married
Deborah, daughter of Francis and Deborah (Gedney)
Clarke. In 1734 he accepted an offer from his cousin
Thomas, the sixth Lord Fairfax, to be the superintendent
of the estates in Virginia, which he had inherited from
his mother, who was a daughter of Lord Culpepper. He
then removed thither and took up his residence first in
Westmoreland County, but subsequently removed to a
plantation called Belvoir, near Alexandria.
During his residence in Salem he occupied the house
which was taken down some eight years since, on the
western corner of Essex and Cambridge streets, for the
erection on the site of a more eligible mansion. The
house was then owned by Philip English, or his daughter
Susannah Touzel.
For a more extended notice of the Clarke Family and
its connection with the Fairfax, the reader is referred to
a notice of the Clarke and Gedney families, prepared by
H. F. Waters, and printed in the Historical Collections
of the Essex Institute, Vol. XVI, part 4.
Mr. CoLiyER gave at first a very graphic account of
the ancient seat of the Fairfax family at Denton Park
in Yorkshire. He spoke of several of the members of
the family, particularly Thomas, the third Lord Fairfax,
8
who was the great General of the Parliament Army, 1645
to 1650—born in Denton, 17 Jan’y, 1611-12, died at
Belburgh, near York, 12 Nov., 1671, and Thomas the
sixth Lord Fairfax who resided for many years on his
estates in Virginia and was the intimate friend and patron
of Washington and who died at Greenway Court near.
Winchester, Va., in 1781, aged ninety-one years.
Edward Fairfax, the poet, born at Denton, Yorkshire,
and died in the Parish of Fewston about 1631. The
consideration of his writings was the leading and principal
topic discussed in this communication. He seems to have
preferred a life of study and retirement to that of military
service in which his brothers and other members of the
family were distinguished. Having married he lived
at. Fewston and there spent his time in literary pursuits.
His best known production is a translation of Tasso’s
poem of “Jerusalem Delivered,” which appeared in 1600
and was received with enthusiastic and continued appro-
bation. Its popularity has revived in the present century
and several’ editions have appeared in England and the
United States. His work on demonology entitled “A
Discourse of Witchcraft, as it was acted in the family of
Mr. Edward Fairfax of Fewston, in the county of York,
in the year 1621,” was particularly noticed and fully ex-
plained, giving a very interesting and instructive sketch
of the condition of witchcraft at that period.
Edward Fairfax was a firm believer in witchcraft. He
imagined that some of his children had been bewitched ;
and he had some of the witches brought to trial, though
without obtaining a conviction. He, however, only shared
in the common superstitions of the age and was settled
in the conscience of having the sure ground of God’s
word to warrant all he believed, and the commendable or-
dinances of the English church to approve all he practised.
9
ReeutaR Meetine, Monpay, Marcu 15, 1880.
REGULAR MEETING this evening. PRESIDENT in the
chair. Records read. Correspondence and donations
announced. :
Hon. Tuomas H. Waker of Pottsville, Penn., read
an interesting paper on “The Philosophy and Theory of
Punishment.” To this subject he had given much time,
‘ wide research and serious reflection. He began by
alluding to the lax system of prison discipline which
prevailed in Europe a century ago, when the jails were
nothing but moral pest-houses, where drunkenness and
prostitution were the pastime of the inmates; where the
innocent and guilty were huddled together in common
quarters. At this time Howard, the great apostle of
prison reform, came upon the scene of action in England.
He visited most of the prisons in Europe and presented
such a startling array of facts in reference to prison life,
that he was summoned before Parliament and examined
with great particularity in regard to his investigations.
The result was the appointment of a Parliamentary com-
mission and the establishment of the true theory of prison
discipline, the reformation of the criminal and the pro-
tection of society. Human nature was the same inside
the prison as outside, actuated by the same motives and
resentments. The criminal should, therefore, when prac-
ticable, be sentenced to solitary confinement at labor :—
solitary confinement in order that he may have opportu-
nity to repent of the enormity of his crimes and his re-
sponsibility to the State, and that any good impressions
which may be created shall not be dispelled by the scoffs
and frivolity of the hardened criminals; and labor, as
well as solitude, that he may be taught the value of
industry, and learn to appreciate the blessing of the
10
sentence pronounced upon man “In the sweat of thy
brow shalt thou eat thy bread.” Brief terms of improve-
ment as a rule were advocated, especially in the case of
the young, and at this point the very groundwork of the
whole system was reached. The intellectual and moral
education of the young was the most effective method of |
reform. Crime was hereditary like any other disease ;
our penitentiaries and jails are crowded with the ignorant
and depraved, and it would be good economy for the
state to gather up the homeless and fatherless children in
our large cities, and endeavor to make good men and
women of them. There has been a great advance in pro- |
viding for the physical comfort and treatment of the
inmates of our prisons. The sick are cared for in well-
lighted and cheery infirmaries. The insane criminals are
no longer confined in dungeons and fettered with chains,
but are sent to asylums for appropriate treatment. But
we need go a step farther; crime is a mental disease and
needs a careful diagnosis for its successful eradication,
and our system of prison discipline has much to learn in
this respect. riers
The lecturer closed with an eloquent. tribute to the
memory of Howard, to whom the world owes so much
for the alleviation of prison discipline.
At the adjournment on Tuesday, March 16, Mrs.
Jerome Carter and Miss L. F. Tyler, both of Salem, were
elected members. .
Votes of thanks were passed to Rey. Robert Collyer,
of New York, for his interesting paper “An Episode in
the life of Edward Fairfax,” and to Hon. Thomas H.
Walker, of Pottsville, Penn., for his valuable paper on
**Prison Discipline.”
——
A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with
Annotations.
By Epear A. MEARNS.
[Continued from page 204, Vol. XI.]
72. Z=giothus linaria (Linné). Rep-pott LINNET; LESSER
Rep-PoLt. An occasional winter visitant; sometimes very abundant.
In 1874, the Lesser Red-polls appeared in flocks about the first of
December, and were very abundant until April. For some time after
their first appearance, very few adults were seen, nearly all being
young birds; but soon old males with rosy breasts and ruby crowns
began to come in immense flights, till the swamps of birch-trees
which they inhabited, and upon whose seeds they fed, were absolutely
swarming with them. So great were their numbers that the supply
of birch seeds soon gave out, and then they scattered over the entire
region, feeding largely upon seeds of the alder, and of various weeds.
During the month of March, the Red-polls far exceeded in numbers
the aggregate of any single species that I have ever seen. They were
very tame, feeding close to the roadsides and in yards about houses;
and, go where one would, they were always found in abundance.
They were in full-song during the last month of their stay, and the
males were in particularly handsome plumage. Their notes resemble
those of the American Goldfinch (Chrysomitris tristis); but their
flight is swifter, and less undulating. They are easily domesticated,
and make nice pets.
Mr. William C. Osborn shot a female, on November 9, 1878, near
Garrisons; it was feeding in company with the Tit-lark (Anthus ludo-
vicianus), in a weedy field near the Indian Brook.
I saw a single Red-poll in a birch-tree in the Central Park, N. Y.,
on December 20, 1878. During the last week in December and the
first day of January (1878-79), they were quite numerous all through
the Highlands. Nearly all of the specimens shot were young males,
though one or two adult males and females were secured. Dr. Fisher,
on the other hand, found only femaies, at the same time, at Sing Sing,
N. Y. On February 8, 1879, Dr. Clinton L. Bagg found a number of
Red-polls in some weedy fields on Ward’s Island, N. Y.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of fifty-seven specimens :—
length, 5:32; stretch, 8°68; wing, 2°80; tail, 2°32; culmen, °36; tarsus,
‘56: middle toe, °36; its claw, °23.
- (11)
12
73. Chrysomitris pinus (Wilson). Pine GotprincH; PINE
LINNET. An occasional winter visitant; sometimes a winter resident,
and abundant.
In 1874 the Pine Linnets were found in the hemlocks, feeding upon
the cones, as early as October 16. They were frequently met with
throughout the winter in large flocks in the alder swamps, accompany-
ing flocks of Red-poll Linnets. Since then I have only seen them on
two occasions: in Lewis County, N. Y., January 1, 1878; and -on:
February 6 (same year), when they were numerous at Fort Montgom-
ery (four miles south of Highland Falls), associating and feeding with
large flocks of Yellowbirds (Chrysomitris tristis) upon the cones of the
hemlock.
A specimen was taken by Mr. Frederic S. Osborn at Garrisons, .
October 17, 1874; and Mr. William C. Osborn took specimens there
on November 16, 1878. Mr. Theodore Roosevelt took it August 27,
1874, in Franklin County, N. Y.! r
Dr. C. Hart Merriam’s notice of the ‘‘Breeding of the Pine Linnet
in Northern New York,” published in the ‘‘Forest and Stream and
Rod and Gun” (Vol. X, No. 24, p. 463, July 18, 1878), is so interesting
that I cannot forbear transcribing it entire: ‘‘Few birds are more
erratic in their habits than the siskin or pine linnet. Occurring to-
day, perhaps, in such numbers that one soon tires of shooting them,
they are gone on the morrow, and years may elapse before one is
seen again. There is, in their melancholy che-a, uttered at intervals
as small flocks pass in short, waving swoops, far overhead, something
sadly suggestive of the cold bleak winds that sweep their northern
homes. Yet they are warmly clad, and seem rather to enjoy the
wintry blasts that compel most birds to seek a milder clime; and their
roaming movements are apparently governed more by some idiosyn-
crasy in their roving dispositions, and abundance or scarcity of food,
than by the severity of the season in the region from which they
came.
During the past winter and spring they literally swarmed in Lewis
County, N. Y., and thousands of them bred throughout the heavy
evergreen forests east of Black River, while many scattered pairs
nested in suitable hemlock and balsam swamps in the middle district.
They breed remarkably early, and construct large, compact nests,
which are usually placed high up on some hemlock or spruce, and
well concealed from view. I know of no nest, of equal size, so hard
to find. After days of patient search in the evergreen swamps of
this vicinity (Locust Grove), Mr. Bagg and myself discovered but a
1The Summer Birds of the Adirondacks in Franklin County, N. Y. By Theo-
dore Roosevelt, Jr., and H. D. Minot,
—_—— -
13
single nest. On the 13th of April we were hunting in a low swamp,
near White River, when a solitary pine linnet attracted our attention
by hopping about on some fallen logs. In a few moments she flew
into a large hemlock, which stood apart from the rest, and immedi-
ately disappeared. After carefully looking over the entire tree, a
limb at a time, Mr. Bagg noticed a bunch of something almost com-
pletely concealed by a cluster of small branches. We were not sure
that it was a nest at all till a well-aimed stick drove off the parent
bird, which was shot and proved to be the female. With great diffi-
culty the nest was secured, and it contained, at that early date (April
13), two nearly fledged young. It was tightly’ saddled on a large
limb, about thirty feet from the ground and nearly fifteen feet from
the trunk of the tree, and was so nicely hidden that, from a limb
directly above, I could not see it at all. One of the young was
skinned, while the other now constitutes a contented member of my
sister’s ‘‘happy family,” which previously consisted of an oriole
Cicterus baltimore), three thistlebirds (Chrysomitris tristis) and a
nonpareil (Cyanospiza ciris). He attained his full growth shortly
after his capture, and has since thrived on a mixed diet, though, like
his cousins the goldfinches, showing a decided preference for the
thickly-seeded spikes of the common plantain (Plantago major). Also,
like his brighter-plumaged companions, he constantly raises and
lowers the occipital feathers when at all alarmed.
In plumage he differs from the adult bird, in having the belly marked
with yellow, the wing-bars ochraceotis instead of whitish, and the
upper parts decidedly tinged with rufus. This rufus cast is due to the
fact that the bark-centred feathers of the back are, in the young,
margined with fulvous-brown, which is not the case with the old bird.
The nest is a very bulky structure for so small a bird, and its rough
exterior, loosely built of hemlock twigs, with a few sprigs of pigeon
moss (Polytrichum) interspersed, is irregular in outline, and measures
about six inches in diameter. The interior, on the contrary, is com-
pactly woven into a sort of felt, the chief ingredients of which are
thistledown and the fur and hair of various mammals. The cavity is
lined with horsehair, and measures two inches and a quarter in
diameter by an inch and a quarter in depth. This nest is much more
flat than that described by Dr. Brewer? from Cambridge, Mass., for
it measures but two inches in height at its highest point. A consid-
erable mass of dung adheres to the small twigs at one point in its
exterior, showing that the bird always ‘“‘headed” the same way, and
was not particularly cleanly in her habits. From the size of the
2 Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Vol. I, p. 482, 1874.
14
young it is clear that this nest could not have been completed much
later than the middle of March.
Not content to let the season pass without making a greater effort
to secure their eggs, I accepted on the 15th of April, an invitation
from my brother, C. Collins Merriam, to accompany him on an excur-
sion through the densely timbered region about Otter Creek (near the
eastern border of Lewis County) and Big Otter Lake (Herkimer
County), from which it takes its origin. This entire district lies
within the area commonly known as “‘Brown’s Tract,” and is Canadian
in fauna. Never before at any locality have I seen a species of bird
represented by such immense numbers of individuals as here attested
the abundance of the pine finch. In every part of the forest, from
early in the morning till after the sun had disappeared in the west,
there was not a moment that their voices were not heard among the
pines and spruce trees overhead. And yet, though among them
several days, we were not able to discover a single nest. Never have
I searched more faithfully for the eggs of any species, and never has
my diligence been rewarded with less success. I at first made a
systematic survey of a large number of trees, taking a limb at a time,
and then climbed so many that I was barely able to get back to camp,
but with no better results.
Their nests are placed so high and amidst such thick evergreen
foliage that it is almost impossible to findthem. As illustrating the
number of this species as well as of the red and white-winged cross-
bills (Loxia curvirostra var. Americana and L. leucoptera), it may be
worth recording that after firing twenty-two small charges of fine
dust shot at the cross-bills as they settled into the top of a single dead
hemlock, I picked up fifty-one birds, of which twenty-eight were red
cross-bills, eight white-winged, and fifteen pine linnets. I aimed at
cross-bills only, killing the linnets by chance. Mr. A. J. Dayan was
so fortunate as to secure two sets of their eggs from among the pines.
near Lyon’s Falls (in the Black River Valley). The first was com-
pleted March 11, and contained but three eggs on the 18th. The
second contained two fresh eggs April 20, and was left till the 25th,
but no more were deposited.”
Dimensions. — Average measurements of eleven specimens: length,
5:00; stretch, 8°63; wing, 2°76; tail, 1:90; culmen, 43; gape, °47;
tarsus, °52; middle toe, °45; its claw, °23.
74. Astragalinus tristis (ZLinné). AMERICAN GOLDFINCH;
YELLOWBIRD. A permanent resident; breeds; common.
This pretty species, in winter, associates in flocks, feeding upon
the seeds of birch, alder and hemlock, besides those of numerous
weeds. They are not generally recognized in their plain, but neat
winter dress, as the gayly-attired Yellowbirds of summer. In winter,
_- >”
hd ee
—
=
_
4
~m—>
15
large numbers are sold in the New York markets, in bunches, under
the name of ‘‘reed-birds.”
Dimensions.— Average measurements of twenty-nine specimens:
length, 5°10; stretch, 8°83; wing, 2°82; tail, 1°95; culmen, °40; gape,
*43; tarsus, ‘54; middle toe, °42; its claw, ‘21.
75. Plectrophanes nivalis (Linné). SNow Buntinc; WHITE
SNowBirD. An irregular winter visitant. It sometimes arrives early
in November, and remains until March. Mr. Thomas W. Wilson pro-
cured specimens on the railroad, at Constitution Island, as early as
November 8, 1875. Mr. William Church Osborn saw them near Gar-
risons, on November 9, 1878. I have seen flocks on the railroad as
late as March 12 (1875).
Large numbers of these white-clad visitors from Arctic climes oc-
. casionally appear upon the ice of the frozen Hudson: always in
severely cold weather, and very often during snow-storms. During
the latter part of the winter of 1874-5, when skating up the river, I
found large flocks frequenting the sleigh crossings on the Hudson;
and smaller bands were numerous along the railroad upon the left
bank. I encountered the first flock near Fishkill Landing, where they
were feeding, on the sleigh track crossing the river. A number of
them were brought down by the discharge of both barrels of my piece,
and most of those left alighted upon the nearest trees on shore, but a
few returned to their wounded companions, standing erect beside
them, and uttering their loud call-note, as if entreating them to come
away. They allowed me to come very near before they would forsake
their unfortunate companions, and only left them when life was ex-
tinct, unless sooner driven away. When these had rejoined the flock
-upon the bank, the entire body proceeded northward. Subsequently,
the species was common all along the Hudson. I did not molest them
again, but took good care of the wounded ones, and afterward brought
them safe home. They seemed starved, and ate greedily. Their
wounds healed very quickly, and, in a few days, they were able to fly
about. Soon they became very tame, and would come upon a table to
be fed. They were released in the dining-room, where they spent
most of the time among some house plants, at the windows; but,
from their visits to the table during meals, they became a source of
annoyance, and were shut up at those times. Towards spring they
became restless, and struggled to get out of their cages, and, on being
released, flew to the windows, pecked the glass, and uttered mournful
cries.
Upon the railroad, a few flocks are commonly found spending the
winter. These soon become begrimed, almost beyond recognition,
by contact with the grease and dirt of the track; but they become
very fat, for they are abundantly supplied with food,—the grain that
.
16
drops through chinks in*the cars. Contrary to their usual habits,
they-are quite arboreal, spending most of the time upon trees, above
the track, only descending occasionally to fill their crops, between the
passage of trains. Among the mountains on the right bank of the
river, I have rarely seen them. When shooting there on December
80, 1878, a flock of five flew overhead, uttering their wild notes, which
seem to me to have a very wintry significance, which is quite in keep-
ing with their white plumage and boreal habitat. They are said to
occur occasionally at West Point. oe
The Snow Bunting breeds in the Arctic regions of Europe, Asia and
America. A nest, with its complement of four eggs, taken at Akreyri,
Iceland, June 18, 1874, was sent to me, together with a number of odd
eggs, by Herr Alfred Benzon, of Copenhagen, and I take advantage
of this opportunity to describe them. The nest is quite bulky; com-
posed largely of dry grasses, with considerable long, fine, whitish hair
interwoven and lining the inside; also a few feathers of some water
fowl, and some of those of its own species. It was built upon the
ground, and still has some earth adhering toit. Its external diam-
eter is about 6:00 inches, internal, nearly 3:00; depth, 2°40 externally,
and 1:25 internally. The eggs belonging to this set, four in number, ~
were all accidentally broken, but I have mended one of them perfectly,
and the rest will answer for the purpose of description. They closely
resemble each other in coloration; their ground-color is distinctly
greenish-white, quite evenly marked with blotches of pale purplish-
brown, and less numerous dashes of umber-brown; the spotting is a
little more distinct at their larger ends. The mended egg measured
*88 by °65 of an inch.
Seven eggs, taken at Akreyri, Iceland, in 1872, are now before me,
Their ground-color varies from pale greenish to dirty white; some are
so thickly covered with rusty-brown markings as almost to conceal the
ground; others are sparsely or thickly spotted with dark umber-
brown or sepia, sometimes aggregated at the larger end, sometimes”
arranged circularly about that extremity, and sometimes pretty uni-
formly distributed over the whole egg. They measure, respectively,
‘94 X ‘67; *94 X 68; 90 X °64; “91 X *63; °85 X °65; °85 X +66; °88
X 62,
Dimensions.— Average’ measurements of ten specimens: length,
6°88; stretch, 12°47; wing, 4:07; tail, 2-70; culmen, °45; tarsus, ‘83.
76. Passerculus savanna (Wilson). Savanna SPARROW.
Common during spring and autumn; a few are seen during summer,
but: none in winter. It will probably prove to be a continuous resi-
dent; but of rare occurrence during the breeding season, and in
winter. During migrations they are especially numerous upon the
marshes. They make a whirring noise in fight, | are mob shy, and
their note-is-a low tweet.
17
Dimensions.—Average measurements of nine specimens: length,
5°68; stretch, 9°10; wing, 2°62; tail, 2°09; culmen, -43; gape, °47;
tarsus, :80.
77. Pocecetes gramineus (Gmelin). Bay-winerp Sparrow.
A summer resident; breeds. Arrives in March (380, 1878), and stays
till November. It is found in old, weedy fields, and has a pretty
little song in the spring.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of eleven specimens : length,
6°12; stretch, 10°35; wing, 3:06; tail, 2°38.
78.. Coturniculus passerinus (Wilson). YELLOW-WINGED
Sparrow. A summer resident; breeds. Abundant in most parts of
the Hudson Valley. In this vicinity there are few localities which
suit its habits, and it is, consequently, rare. Mr. Wm. Church
Osborn first apprised me of its occurrence, near Garrisons, in some
high, sandy fields, where it breeds every summer. A female shot
there, May 18, 1878, contained a full-sized ovum.
Dimensitons.—Average measurements of three specimens: length,
538; stretch, 8°52: wing, 2°38; tail, 1:79; culmen, *47; gape, ‘51;
tarsus, °87; middle toe, °57; its claw, °15.
79. Ammodramus caudacutus (Gmelin). SHARP-TAILED
Frycu. Ihave only found it during the month of October (16, 1874;
12, 1877), and at a single locality—on the salt marsh that joins Con-
sook Island to the west shore. Mr. Wm. Church Osborn shot a fine
male specimen, in the same place, on October 12, 1878.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of two specimens: length,
5°50; stretch, 7°50; wing, 2°24; tail, 2°00; culmen, -46; gape, °54;
tarsus, 87; middle toe and claw, °80.
80. Melospiza palustris (Wilson). Swamp Sparrow. A sum-
mer resident; breeds. Arrives from the south in March, and stays
till December. Occasionally seen in early winter. It will probably
be found to be an occasional winter resident in the Highlands, as it
is lower down the Hudson. It is found in swampy places inland,: about
the shores of ponds, and, most abundantly, on the salt marshes along
the river. It builds its nest in a tussock of grass, and lays its eggs
about the last of May (23, 1877). Its song is pretty, and differs from
those of our other Sparrows. Mr. Francis Butterfass showed me an
albinistic specimen that was about one-half white, which he shot at
Cold Spring, on the Hudson.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of fourteen specimens: length,
5°89; stretch, 790; wing, 2°34; tail, 2°32; culmen, °46; gape, °49;
tarsus, °86; middle toe, °61; middle toe and its claw, °85.
81. Melospiza fasciata (Wilson). SonG Sparrow. An abun-
dant resident species; breeds. Always present throughout even the
severest winters, in favorable situations; its abundance and disper-
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. xII 2 .
18
sion depending on the character of the winter. But these hardy
northerners depart in February, and are succeeded by the hosts of
its species which make up the great northward migration, which
begins late in February. It commences to build in April, and its
first clutch of eggs is commonly deposited late in that month. The
nest may be found in various situations—frequently attached to rushes
in the marshes. On April 27, 1878, a pair of Song Sparrows were
incubating their eggs, in an old nest of the Red-winged Blackbird
(Ageleus pheniceus). In the same season, young were seen flying by
May 18. It is not uncommon to find it sitting upon a late brood of
eggs during the month of August. Prof. James M. DeGarmo has a
nearly perfect albino, taken at Rhinebeck, on the Hudson.
Dimensions. — Average measurements of twenty-five specimens:
length, 6°30; stretch, 8°57; wing, 2°52; tail, 2:62; culmen, °49; tar-
sus, ‘82; middle toe, ‘67; middle toe and its claw, °85.
82. Junco hyemalis (Linné). Eastern SNowpirp. An abun-—
dant winter resident. Arrives in autumn about the end of September
(30, 1874; October 12, 1875; September 28, 1876; October 18, 1879),
and remains till May (1, 1873; 9, 1874; 8, 1875; 5, 1876; April 22,
1878; May 8, 1879; April 23, 1880). It breeds plentifully in the
Catskill Mountains, and doubtless on the Shawangunk range in
Orange County, N. Y. Mr. Wm. Church Osborn found it at Lake
Mohonk, Ulster County, N. Y., in July, 1877. The Snowbird sings
‘very sweetly before leaving us in the spring.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of twenty-four specimens:
length, 627; stretch, 9°78; wing, 3-03; tail, 2°71; culmen, -41; tar-
‘sus, ‘81; middle toe and its claw, °72.
83. Spizella montana (Forster). Tree Sparrow. A very
abundant winter resident. Arrives from the North about the end of
October (31, 1874; 30, 1876; November 7, 1877; October 26, 1878;
November 17 [or earlier], 1879), and departs in April (29, 1874; 29, -
1875; 29, 1876; 13, 1877; March 28, 1878; April 28, 1879; April 8,
1880). In the spring it has a very agreeable song, ending in a loud
trill. Its food, in winter, consists largely of the seeds of alder and
birch.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of twenty-eight specimens:
length, 6°36; stretch, 9:46; wing, 2°99; tail, 2°82; culmen, -41; gape,
‘47; tarsus, *80; middle toe, °56; middle toe and its claw, °76.
84. Spizella socialis (Wilson). CuiprpInc Sparrow. A very
abundant summer resident; breeds. Arrives from the South early in
April (12, 1874 [2, F. S. Osborn]; 7, 1875; 17, 1876 [15, de Nottbeck];
16, 1877; 8, 1878; 10, 1879; 5, 1880), and departs late in autumn (Oc-
tober 25, 1874; 29, 1876; 23, 1877; November 29, 1879). Begins to
lay about the middle of May (16, 1872; 17, 1873; 12, 1877. Tach nest ©
contained its full complement of eggs).
LS se r:t—“<—i—sSSC St‘ t,t;é<; Te
19
The Chipping Sparrow, like the Marsh Wren ( Telmatodytes palustris)
and some other species, has the habit of waking up in the night and
singing. This has also been noted by John Burroughs, C. Hart
Merriam, and other writers. Another occurrence, to which attention
has also been repeatedly called, is a singular accident to which this
species appears to be especially liable, viz.: the frequency with which
it meets a tragic end, in consequence of having accidentally become
inextricably entangled in the long hairs with which it lines its nest.
Three instances of the occurrence of this accident have come under
my own observation. Thé last was shown me by Miss Anna B.
Warner, of Constitution Island, in which case the bird was com-
pletely netted in the horsehair, which was wound about its wings
in the most intricate manner. In the other cases the birds were
found suspended from their nests by a single hair, which encircled
their necks. In one case the male bird attracted my attention by its
repeated cries of distress; and I found the female suspended in the
manner indicated, in which condition it had evidently remained fer
a day or two, as it was very putrid.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of eleven specimens: length,
5°37; stretch, 8°73; wing, 2°74; tail, 2:29; culmen, ‘36; tarsus, ‘64. .
85. Spizella pusilla (Wilson). Firtp Sparrow. An abundant
summer resident, arriving iu April (28, 1874; 21, 1875; 17, 1876; 26,
1879); begins to lay its eggs about the middle of May (16, 1876; 18,
1878). It has a very pleasant song.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of six specimens: length,
5°68; stretch, 8:14; wing, 2°50; tail, 2°55; culmen, *40; gape, °42;
tarsus, ‘74; middle toe, °50; middle toe and its claw, °65.
86. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin). Wurre-THROATED SPaArR-
Row. A very abundant spring and fall migrant, arriving, in spring,
towards the last of April, and remaining till late in May (5, 1873;
April 22 to May 16, 1874; April 30 to May 23, 1875; April 22 to May
28, 1876; April 2 to May 22, 1877; April 27 to May 18, 1878; April 23
to about May 30, 1879; April 14 to May 25, 1880). It reaches us, in
autumn, towards the end of September (30, 1874; 23, 1876; 23, 1878),
and stays till about the middle of November. Dr. A. K. Fisher saw
it at Sing Sing, on the Hudson, on December 1, 1878. It is a regular
winter resident in the Central Park, New York City. Mr. Eugene P.
Bicknell says,’ in an article read before the Linnean Society of New
York, and treating of some birds of Riverdale, on the Hudson: ‘A
flock of white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis), have been
about the place all winter, coming te roost in the evening among
some large spruce trees close to the house. A few others have
8“ The Country,” Vol. 1, No..23, p. 324, March 30, 1878.
20
wintered here, but I have failed to find them except in the vicinity
of private residences where an abundance of evergreens afford them
a suitable shelter.”
Dimensions.—Average measurements of eighteen specimens: length,
6'74; stretch, 9°46; wing, 2°89; tail, 2°86; culmen, °50; gape, °54;
tarsus, ‘90; middle toe, ‘66; middle toe and its claw, °88. ;
87. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forster). WHITE-CROWNED SPAR-
row. A rather rare spring and fall migrant. Observed from May 18
(1877) to 23 (4876). Mr. Thomas W. Wilson has taken specimens, at
Cold Spring, on the Hudson, on October 12 and 16, 1875, and May 12,
1876. :
Dimensions. — Average measurements of two adult females (Nos.
1,177 and 1,181, Highland Falls, N. Y., May 23, 1876, E. A. M.):
length, 6°88; stretch, 9°82; wing, 3°03; tail, 2°88; culmen, °50; tarsus,
*85; middle toe and its claw °81.
88. Passer domesticus (Linné). European Housrt Sparrow.
Introduced. Resident; breeds. It is a pest, here, as everywhere.
All intelligent landholders shoot it whenever it appears on their
premises. The grape-growers are especially vindictive against it.
My gardener complains that it destroys his green peas.
During winter, the English Sparrows frequent the marshes along
the Hudson, in large flocks; but, in general, they make their homes in
the towns, whence they sally forth to depredate in the country around;
but to return to the protection of their city homes at the slightest
alarm.
Mr. William Church Osborn furnishes the following interesting ob-
servation on its habits: ‘* An adult male Yellow-bellied Woodpecker
(Sphyrapicus varius) was taken dead, in a back yard on 36th-street,
New York City. It was overcome, after a stout resistance, by the
united attack of a number (twenty-two were counted that engaged in
the affair) of English Sparrows, one of their number having been left —
dead upon the field along with the luckless Woodpecker.”
Dimensions.—Average measurements of fifteen specimens: length,
6°33; stretch, 9°72; wing, 3:01; tail, 2°30; eulmen, °50; gape, 60;
tarsus, ‘76 middle toe, 63; its claw, °21.
89. Passerella iliaca (Merrem). Fox Sparrow. An abundant
spring and fall migrant. In spring, arrives early in March, and stays
till about the middle of April (March, 25, 1871; 21, 1873; 5 to April
30, 1874; 16 to April 28, 1875; 6 to April 14, 1876; 23 to April 2, 1877;
February 28 to April 4, 1878; March 12 to April 10, 1879; March 6 to
April 8, 1880). In autumn, arrives towards the end of October, and
stays till about the first of December (October 22 to November 25,
1874; October 28, 1876; November 9 to December 8, 1877; October
26, 1878; October 26 to November 30, 1879).
This handsome species is the largest of our Sparrows, and the first
a
21
strictly migratory species to appear in spring. It begins to sing soon
after its arrival. Its notes are full and rich; and, when singing, it is
apt to be perched on a tree-top, although it frequently sings in a
brush-heap. Its ordinary note is a low tweet, sometimes modulated
so as to resemble the Cedar-bird’s note; and it also gives a sharp,
metallic utterance like the Brown Thrasher’s (Harporhynchus rufus).
Its flight is accompanied by a loud whirring sound.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of twenty-three specimens:
length, 7°26; stretch, 11°14: wing, 3:39; tail, 2°85; culmen, °50; gape,
‘57; tarsus, °96; middle toe, -64; its claw, 31.
90. Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linné). Rosk-BREasTED GROs-
BEAK. A summer resident; breeds. Most abundant during its mi-
grations. Arrives early in May (13, 1873; 9, 1874; 13, 1875; 11,
1876; 16, 1877; 9, 1878; 10, 1879; 4, 1880), and stays through Sep-
tember (21, 1874).
This lovely bird is found in the open woods; but it also resorts to
fields and orchards in the springtime. - Its black-and-white colors
remind one strongly of the Bobolink; but, besides, its folded wing
conceals the rose-colored lining in the male, and yellow in his plainer-
clad mate; and,—most conspicuous,—a patch of brightest carmine
adorns the breast of the male. The Rose-breasted Grosbeak destroys
the fruit-blossoms in the orchards, being especially fond of those of
the cherry; and I suppose that it really does some damage to the
crops; this, to my mind, however, it more than compensates for, by
adding so much brightness and melody to the happiest of seasons.
But it has another bad habit: where fields, newly sown with the cer-
eal grains, are convenient to its woodland retreats—for it is a shy
bird —its species will collect in large flocks, and resort there contin-
ually, as long as there is a grain of seed to be had.
‘Dimensions.—Average measurements of sixteen specimens :—length,
8°12; stretch, 12-92; wing, 4-02; tail, 2-99; culmen, -69; gape, -76;
tarsus, ‘88; middle toe, °64; its claw, ‘27; middle toe and its claw, ‘83.
91. Passerina cyanea (Linné). Invico Birrp. A common
summer resident; breeds abundantly. Arrives early in May (10, 1872;
18, 1873; 12, 1874; 12, 1875; 20, 1876; 14, 1877; 4, 1878;-15, 1879; 7,
1880), and departs in September (20, 1876; 19, 1879).
These pretty birds are common in neglected fields, and in the edge
of the woods. I have known them to dwell, and rear their young, in
the densest swamps of the wilderness, but this is quite exceptional,
and they are rarely seen away from civilized parts. Their nests are
built in bushes — commonly in blackberries growing along fences, or
even in gardens of cultivated raspberries. Their song is very clear
and fine. They pillage the grain-fields in company with the Purple
Finch and Rose-breasted Grosbeaks. In autumn, associated in im-
22
mense flocks, they are seen feeding with the Blackbirds and Reedbirds
upon the salt marshes along the Hudson, when it is interesting to ob-
serve the various transitional phases of their plumage, so well ex-
hibited by an abundance of differing individuals.
Diba taSeh ee eranen measurements of sixteen specimens: length,
559; stretch, 8°52; wing, 2°58; tail, 2°11; culmen, 41; gape, "455
tarsus, ‘67; sidib: toe, ‘49; its claw, °19.
92. Cardinalis virginianus (Brisson). CarDINAL GROSBEAK;
VIRGINIA RepBirD. A bird flew close past me down a ravine in the
woods, on May 11, 1876. It uttered a note which I distinctly remem-
ber; it must have been a Cardinal Grosbeak, though I was not then
certain about its identity, thinking it might be the Summer Tanager
(Pyranga estiva). :
93. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linné). Grounp Rosin ; Mans
Rosin; TOWHEE BUNTING; CHEWINK. An abundant summer resident;
breeds. Arrives the last of April (27, 1872; May 8, 1873; May 7, 1874; ©
April 80, 1875; April 25, 1876; May 5, 1877; April 26, 1878; April 27,
1879; April 28, 1880), and stays till late in autumn (October 15, 1874;
11, 1875, Wilson, at Cold Spring; 25, 1876 [one that had been disabled
was captured on the 28th]).
Dimensions.— Average measurements of seventeen specimens :—
length, 8°35; stretch, 11°14; wing, 3°34; tail, 3-68; culmen, °55; gape,
‘71; tarsus, 1:09; middle toe, °73; its claw, -30; middle toe and its claw,
1.00.
Family, ICTERIDA.
94. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linné). BoBoLink; REED-BIRD;
Rice-prrp. A summer resident; breeds. Arrives early in May (12,
1873; 21, 1875; 23, 1876; 22, 1877; 5, 1878), and stays till about the
end of September (10, 1874; 22, 1876; 18, 1879). Not avery abundant
summer resident; but occurs in large flocks during August and Septem- —
ber, feeding upon the salt marshes along the Hudson.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of eight males :—length, 7°55;
stretch, 11°95; wing, 3°76; tail, 2°73; culmen, ‘60; tarsus, 1°10; mid-
dle toe and its claw, 1:06. Female:—length, 7°15; stretch, 11°25;
wing, 3°54; tail, 2°53; culmen, °58; gape, *61; tarsus, 1°07.
95. Molothrus ater (Gmelin). Cow-pirp; Cow-BLAcKBIRD.
A common summer resident; breeds abundantly. Arrives about the
first of April (29, 1873; 18, 1874 [Frederic S. Osborn, at Garrisons] ;
29, 1875; 17, 1876; 18, 1877; March 30, 1878; April 5, 1879; April 10,
1880), and disappears in August.
On Long Island, and in the vicinity of New York, Cow-birds spend
the winter; but they have not been seen in the Highlands at that
season. Mr. Jas. S. Buchanan took a perfect albino, at Newburgh,
23
on the Hudson. Cow-Blackbirds come to us in abundance early in
April, and may then be seen running swiftly and gracefully about,—
not hopping,—and picking up seeds in newly-planted fields. They
are reproductive parasites, as well as polygamists. One of their
eggs was hatched by the European House Sparrows, in Highland
Falls, N. Y.; the young Cow-bird thrived, and remained with the
Sparrows in the town for some time, and it was a common sight to
see them feeding it in the street. Their amours are conducted in an
amusing manner. The sexes associate indiscriminately, and in vary-
ing proportions. The males, in green-black and chocolate-brown
dress, commence the performance by walking about with their necks
arched, and decurved, so that their bills nearly touch the ground; then
a male approaches one of the females,— which are considerably
smaller, and brownish in color,— running at full speed, and, when close
to her, pitches forward till his bill nearly touches the ground: this
as if in salutation. The different males repeat this movement, and
the more ardent ones ruff up all their feathers, and drag their ex-
panded tails upon the ground, as they strut up to the side of their fav-
orites, with skins inflated to an indefinite and alarming extent by the
amorous passions within; meanwhile they utter various uncouth gut-
tural noises, some of which resemble the loud, *‘ cork-drawing ” notes
of the Corvide, while others are precisely like the sounds produced
by tilting a partly empty cask. The females pay little attention, fill
their crops, and utter an occasional note resembling that of the Cedar-
bird (Ampelis cedrorum).
Dimensions. — Average measurements of eleven males: length,
7°92; stretch, 13°57; wing, 4°24; tail, 3°01; culmen, °67; gape, ‘68;
tarsus, 1°02; middle toe, -72; middle toe and its claw, ‘94; claw
alone, ‘25. Average measurements of five females: length, 7°18;
stretch, 12°22; wing, 3°84; tail, 2°68; culmen, ‘61; gape, °63; tarsus,
“94; middle toe, -64; middle toe and its claw, ‘94; claw alone, °26.
96. Agelzeus phoeniceus (Linné). ReED-WINGED BLACKBIRD;
MarsH Biacksirp. A common summer resident; breeds. Arrives
about the beginning of March (first seen March 25, 1871; April 2,
1872; March 31, 1873; April 25, 1874; March 18, 1875; 6, 1876, Thomas
W. Wilson; April 7, 1877; March 27, 1878; 29, 1879; 28, 1880), and
departs before December (last seen November 17, 1877).
Dimensions. — Average measurements of twenty-two males; length,
9°51; stretch, 15:23; wing, 4°72; tail, 3°77; culmen, °93; gape, ‘97;
tarsus, 1:11; middle toe, -77; middle toe and its claw, 1:05. Average
measurements of eight females: length, 7-74; stretch, 12°56; wing,
3°92; tail, 3°01; culmen, ‘74; tarsus, 1°01.
97. Sturnella magna (ZLinné). MEaDOW-LARK; FIELD-LARK.
A resident species; but only occasional, and never abundant, in win-
.
24
ter; breeds in favorable situations. The migrants arrive, or pass
through, in March (April 10, 1873; 2, 1877; March 30, 1878; April 5,
1879; April 6, 1880).
Dimensions. — Average measurements of four males: length, 10°75;
stretch, 16°53; wing, 4°76; tail, 3:16; culmen, 1°35; gape, 1°45; tarsus,
1:72; middle toe, 1°15; middle toe and its claw, 1°53; claw alone, ‘35.
Female: length, 9°57; stretch, 14°86; wing, 4°22; tail, 2°75; culmen,
1°30; gape, 1°35; tarsus, 1°60; middle toe, 1°17; its claw, °40. ul
98. Icterus spurius (Linné). OrcHarp ORIOLE. A common
summer resident; breeds. Arrives early in May (9, 1872; 19, 1873;
13, 1874; 9, 1875; 7, 1876 [5, de Nottbeck, at Fishkill]; 15, 1877; 12,
1878; 8, 1879; 3, 1880), and remains till late in September (17, 1874).
Dimensions. — Average measurements of eleven males: length,
7°32; stretch, 1034; wing, 3°18; tail, 2°92; culmen, °65; gape, 74;
tarsus, ‘88; middle toe, °58; its claw, °26.
99. Icterus galbula (Linné, 1758). Battmore OrroLte. An
abundant summer resident; breeds plentifully. Arrives early in
May (9, 1872; 11, 1873; 9, 1874; 9, 1875; 7, 1876; 13, 1877; 3, 1878;
6, 1879; 2, 1880), and departs early in September (22, 1874.) In anest
of unusually large size, found in a pear-tree near my house by Louis
A. Zerega, in June, 1874, there were no less than eight eggs.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of twenty-three specimens:
length, 7°53; stretch, 11°72; wing, 3°52; tail, 2°84; culmen, ‘70; tar-
sus, °85.
100. Scolecophagus ferrugineus (Gmelin). Rusty GRAcKLE.
A common spring and fall migrant. Arrives from the South early in
March (30, 1873; 19, 1874; 17; 1875; 14, 1876; April 5, 1879; March
11, 1880), and all pass through before the end-of May. Returning in
autumn, they are found from September until December.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of ten specimens: length,
9°55; stretch, 14°60; wing, 4°61; tail, 3°52; culmen, ‘91; tarsus, 1:06; -
middle toe and its claw, ‘75.
101. Quiscalus purpureus (Linné). PurrpLte GRackLe; Crow
BLACKBIRD. A spring and fall migrant. I do not know that any
breed in the Highlands; but numbers do so about Newburgh, and
Fishkill-on-the-Hudson, just above the Highlands; and the species
nests plentifully lower down the river. It arrives in March (11, 1871;
6, 1874; February 29, 1877, Fishkill, de Nottbeck; March 8, 1878; 12,
1879). In autumn, it remains till November.
In the mountains, Crow Blackbirds are quite uncommon, although
they are abundant on both sides of us. In Orange County, I have
observed them in the greatest numbers. On the first of May last, I
took the stage at Newburgh, for Cornwall. The bridge at Moodna
Creek was being repaired, so the coach proceeded via Vail’s Gate.
25
On the way, were seen large numbers of Grackles, of varicties pur-
pureus et eneus. The stage was a horribly rickety, old rattletrap,
which still bore some slight vestiges of the conventional yellow
color with which it had originally been decorated; on its top were
piled some long, crooked, heavy iron rods, which rattled dangerously
overhead. This splendid vehicle was drawn by two lean and ghostly
horses, whose best days were passed a decade or more ago; as the
driver whipped them up the long hills, I could not help feeling that
I was doing violence to my humanity by sitting on the driver’s seat
instead of getting out and helping the horses pull, as my conscience
told me I ought to be doing. The roads and fences were lined with
sturdy, old cedars, and, in these, the grackles were ensconced. As
we drove past, almost brushing the branches, they hopped down
close to us, leered at our bony nags, peered into the coach and
screamed derisively at us, and spread their tails in high glee as
they called to their neighbors in advance to join in the merriment at
our expense, and they in turn jeered us as we passed by. I could not
help feeling ashamed, and, involuntarily, turned to see if our red-
nosed driver shared my emotions. The Crow Blackbirds were scat-
tered over the fields on both sides of the road. The bronzed variety
shone like gold in the sunlight, while the purple ones glittered bril-
liantly in their metallic plumage.
I have never known them to breed in the mountains; but in all the
low-lying meadow-country along the Hudson, they do so abundantly
—especially where coniferous trees abound.
Dimensions.— Average measurements of adult male: length, 12°50;
stretch, 17°75; wing, 5°55; tail, 5-40; culmen, 1:17; gape, 1°35; tar-
sus, 1°45; middle toe, 1:00; its claw, ‘34.
RecutarR Meetinc, Monpay, Aprit 5, 1880.
Meet1NG this evening. The Presipent in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.
Rev. George H. Hosmer, of Salem, and Rev. E. C.
Butler, of Beverly, were duly elected members.
Voted, That the thanks of the Institute be tendered to
Hon. George B. Loring for courtesies and civilities ex-
tended to members of the Institute and their friends,
during the recent visit to Washington, D. C.
Prof. Epwarp S. Morse made a communication on the
persistence of Korean art in Japanese pottery. His
remarks were illustrated by numerous examples of Korean
and Japanese ware. One very conspicuous character of
Korean pottery of three hundred years ago was the in-
laying of the ornamentation in white or black upon a gray
ground. The design being first cut out in delicate lines
or large areas in the case of leaves, or else impressed by
means of a stamp. These depressed portions were then
filled in with either white or black pigments. He showed
that wherever the Korean potters had settled in Japan as ~
in Satsuma, Higo, Hizen, Suwo, and other places, the
pottery still bears the impress of this peculiar method of
ornamentation.
Ree@uLtaR Mretine, Monpay, Aprit 19, 1880.
MeetineG this evening. The PrestpEent in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.
(26)
27
Hon. Naruan Crospy, of Lowell, read an interesting
and valuable paper entitled “Essex County and Essex
County Men.”
The paper is printed in the Historical Collections of
the Essex Institute, Vol. XVII, April, 1880.
RecuiarR Meeting, Monpay, May 38, 1880.
MEETING this evening. The PrestpEent in the chair.
Records read. Donations and correspondence announced.
William D. Dennis, of Salem, was elected a resident
member. °
R. A. Brock, of Richmond, Va., was duly elected a
corresponding member.
Messrs. James Kimball, T. F. Hunt, and H. W. Put-
nam, were appointed a committee to nominate a list of
officers to be balloted for at the Annual Meeting.
A vote of thanks was passed to Hon. Nathan Crosby,
for his paper on “Essex County and Essex County Men,”
read by him at a recent meeting of the Institute.
The Secretary was instructed to ask Judge Crosby for
a copy of the paper for publication.
Mr. Hunt stated that the “Roundabout Club,” of
Melrose, proposed to visit Salem on the 17th of June
next, and on the motion of the same gentleman, the
President and Secretary were made a committee to extend
the civilities of the Institute to the club.
Voted, To hold the “Winthrop” Field Meeting on the
22d of June next.
28
AnnuaL Meretine, Monpay, May 17, 1880.
THe Annuat MEETING, this evening at 7.30 o'clock.
The PRESIDENT in the chair. Records of last Annual
Meeting read.
The reports of Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, Librarian,
and the Curators and Committees were read and duly
accepted, and ordered to be placed on file.
Rev. George W. Gardner, of Marblehead, was elected
a member.
The Committee appointed at the previous meeting to
nominate a list of officers for the ensuing year reported
the following :
PRESIDENT:
HENRY WHEATLAND.
VICE-PRESIDENTS:
ABNER C. GOODELL, JR., WILLIAM Sutton,
FREDERICK W. PUTNAM, DanIEL B. HaGar.
SECRETARY: TREASURER:
GrorGce M. WHIPPLE. GEORGE D. PHIPPEN.
AUDITOR: ; LIBRARIAN:
RicHarRD C. MANNING. ~ WiLiraM P. UPHAM.
CURATORS:
History—JAMES KIMBALL, Botany—GEORGE D. PHIPPEN.
Manuscripts—WILLIAM P. UPHAM. Zoology—EDWARD S. MORSE.
Archeology—FREDERICK W. PUTNAM. | Horticulture—HENRY W. PUTNAM.
Numismatics—MATTHEW A. STICKNEY. | Music—JOSHUA PHIPPEN, JR.
Geology—ISAAC J. OSBUN. Painting § Sculpture—T, F, Hunt.
Technology—EDWIN C. BOLLES,
29
COMMITTEES:
Finance:
The PRESIDENT, Chairman ex off.
JAS. KIMBALL. J&S.O.SAFFORD. HENRY M. BROOKS. GEO. R. EMMERTON.
The TREASURER, ex off.
Library:
CHARLES W. PALFRAY. GEORGE F, FLINT. HENRY F. KING.
WILLIAM NEILSON, WILLIAM D. NORTHEND.
The LIBRARIAN, ex off. f
' Publication:
EDWARD S. ATWOOD. ABNER C. GOODELL, JR. EDWIN C. BOLLES:
JAMES KIMBALL. T. F.HUoUnNr.
JAMES A, EMMERTON-;
Lecture:
FREDERICK W. PUTNAM. Amos H. JOHNSON. ARTHUR L. HUNTINGTON.
FIELDER ISRAEL. ROBERT S. RANTOUL.
Field Meeting:
The SECRETARY, Chairman ex of.
GEORGE A. PERKINS, Salem. : GEORGE D. PHIPPEN, Salem.
GEORGE COGSWELL, Bradford. JAMES H. EMERTON, Salem.
_ FRAnNcIS H. APPLETON, Peabody. EBEN N. WALTON, Salem.
NATHANIEL A. HORTON, Salem, WINFIELD S. NEVINS, Salem.
EDWARD S. MORSE, Salem,
The PrestpeNtT appointed Messrs. Caleb Cooke and
William Neilson to receive and count the ballots. These
gentlemen attended to their duty, and reported that nine-
teen ballots were thrown all for the persons above stated,
and the ticket as nominated was declared elected.
Vick PresipENnT F. W. Putnam referred to the coming
Winthrop Field Meeting and read a humorous paper,
written by Mr. Horace Scudder and read by him at a late
club dinner. It was entitled “A Memorial Supper on the
death of the Memorable and truly Honorable John Win-
throp, Esq.”
30
THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR
compiled from the several reports read at the meeting,
presents the work of the Institute in the various depart-
ments since the last annual meeting.
Mempers.—Changes occur in the list of our associates. _
by the addition of new names, and the withdrawal of some
by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or by
death. Eleven resident members have died, and we have
received information of the decease of three of our corre-
spondents.
Alfred Peabody, son of Nathan and Hannah (Stickney)
Peabody, born Feb. 3, 1806; merchant; died at Salem,
June 13, 1879, aged 73 yrs., 4 mos., 10 days. Elected
a member March 26, 1851.
Edward Fitzgerald, physician in Salem ; born in Ireland
Jan. 1, 1826; son of Richard and Johannah (Fitzgerald)
Fitzgerald; died July 7, 1879. Elected a member
March 30, 1859. |
Thomas M. Saunders. In early life a captain and
supercargo in the East India trade; a merchant; son of
Daniel and Sarah (Gill) Saunders, born June 10, 1795;
died Aug. 19, 1879. Elected a member July 6, 1864.
Joseph A. Goldthwaite, son of Ezekiel and Mary
(Fuller) Goldthwaite ; born at Salem, Aug. 25, 1813; a
cooper, in early life; at the time of his decease, superin-
tendent of the Old Men’s Home, Salem; died Sept. 2,
1879, aged 66 years. Elected a member May 8, 1857.
Henry L. Williams; merchant and an ex-mayor of
Salem; son of Israel and Lydia (Waite) Williams, born
at Salem, July 23, 1817; died Sept..27, 1879. Elected
a member Sept. 16, 1867.
Benjamin F’. Mudge, son of James and Ruth (Atwell)
31
Mudge, of Lynn; born in Orrington, Me., Aug. 11, 1817;
graduated at Wesleyan Univ., 1840; a lawyer, and mayor
of Lynn in 1852; removed to Kansas in 1861—State
Geologist and Professor of Natural History in State Agric.
College; died at Manhattan, Kans., Nov. 21, 1879.
Elected a member April 23, 1856.
Nathaniel Brown, son of Nathaniel and Elizabeth
(Millett) Brown, of Salem; sea captain and merchant,
mayor of Salem; born March 19, 1827; died Dec. 10,
1879, aged 52 yrs., 8 mos., 22 days. Elected a member
July 6, 1864.
Charles Lawrence, son of Abel and Abigail (Page)
Lawrence, born at Salem, Oct. 7, 1795, graduated at
Harv. Univ. 1815; in early life went several voyages to
India, in later life retired on a farm in Danvers; died in
Danvers, Dec. 21, 1879, aged 84. Original member.
Josiah Newhall, son of Jacob and Ede (Marble)
Newhall, of Lynnfield, born in Lynnfield, June 6, 1794.
In early life a teacher, afterwards a farmer and horticul-
turist; died in Lynnfield, Dec. 26, 1879. Elected a
member Feb. 13, 1867.
Thomas Mayo Brewer, son of Thomas Brewer, born
Noy. 21, 1814, in Boston, graduated at Harv. Univ.,
1835; a physician, afterwards an editor and publisher,
distinguished as an ornithologist ; died in Boston, Jan. 23,
1880, aged 65 years. Elected a corresponding member
Oct. 26, 1859.
Richard Frothingham, son of Richard and Mary
(Thompson) Frothingham, born in Charlestown, Mass.,
Jan. 31, 1812, and was devoted during all his life to
literary pursuits; author of “History of Charlestown,”
“History of the Siege of Boston,” “Life of Gen. Joseph
Warren,” etc., many years co-editor of the Boston Post,
ex-mayor of Charlestown; died at Charlestown, Jan. 30,
1880.
32
Benjamin Hodges Silsbee, son of William and Mary
(Hodges) Silsbee; born at Salem, October 10, 1811;
graduated at Harv. Univ., 1831; merchant ; died Feb. =,
1880. An original member.
Lewis N. Tappan, son of Eben and Sallie (Hooper)
Tappan, born in Manchester, engaged in Mining opera-
tions, winters spent in Boston, summers in Manchester;
died in Leadville, Colorado, Feb. 25, 1880. Elected a
member Oct. 5, 1874.
William Dean Waters, son of Joseph and Mary (Dean)
Waters, born at Salem, Nov. 30, 1798; merchant ; died
at Salem, April 20, 1880.
Fretp Mrrrines.—Four during the summer. First,
near Ship Rock, South Peabody, on Friday, June 20,
1879, the afternoon session was held in the chapel near by.
Rev. George F. Wright, of Andover, spoke of the geology
cf that vicinity, Messrs. James H. Emerton and G. A.
Perkins, of Salem, on the plants collected, Rev. C. C.
Carpenter and Samuel Brown, of South Peabody, Rev. .
Messrs. Israel and Hosmer, of Salem, and the chairman,
on historical and general subjects. Second, at Andover,
Friday, June 27, 1879. The various places of historical
or scientific interest were visited during the forenoon,
under the direction of Rev. George F. Wright, of that
place. The afternoon session was held in the Free Con-
gregational Church. The speakers were Rev. George F.
Wright, Prof. William H. Niles, Rev. Francis H. Johnson,
Prof. Goldsmith, principal of the Punchard High School,
Mr. J. H. Emerton, Rev. Selah Merrill, and Rev. E. S.
Atwood. Third, at the Asylum Station in Danvers,
Thursday, July 31, 1879. The afternoon session was held
in Hathorne Hall, in the Asylum Building. Dr. May,
the superintendent, gave a description of the building,
method of heating, ventilation, etc. The President and
33
Mr. Andrew Nichols alluded to the historical associa-
tions of this locality. Rev. L. M. Livermore, Mr. J. H.
Emerton, Dr. George A. Perkins, Rev. Fielder Israel,
Rev. Mr. Wright, of Danvers, made appropriate remarks.
Fourth, at Bay View, Gloucester, the seaside residence
of Col. J. H. French, by whose invitation a very pleasant
meeting was held, Wednesday, Aug. 27, 1879. The
Cape Ann Literary and Scientific Society united with the
Institute on this occasion. Col. French, Dr. Conant,
President of the Cape Ann L. and 8. Society, Judge
Davis, Mr. J. H. Emerton, Judge Drake, of the Court of
Claims, Washington, D. C.; Prof. A. Hyatt, Dr. Davis,
and Mr. N. A. Horton were among the speakers.
Excursions.—Three excursions. rst, a summer
excursion, embracing the following interesting points:
Saratoga Springs, Watkins Glen, Seneca Lake, Niagara
Falls, River St. Lawrence and Thousand Isles, Montreal
and Lake Memphremagog, left Salem, Tuesday, July 15,
1879, and returned on Thursday, July 24. Second, the
autumnal excursion during the first week in September,
leaving Salem, Tuesday, Sept. 2, 1879, for Saratoga,
Lake George, Ticonderoga, Lake Champlain, Montpelier,
Vt., and the Franconia mountains, returning on Saturday,
Sept. 6. Third, to Washington, D. C., and Richmond,
Va., leaving Salem on Thursday, March 18, 1880, and
returning Saturday, March 27, with a side trip to Mount
Vernon and sufficient time to notice many objects of in-
terest in the two cities.
Lecrures.—A course of eight Geographical lectures
under the direction of the Lecture Committee, was as
follows: Ist, Monday, Sept. 29, 1879, Rev. E. S. Atwood,
3 ; 7
34
“Palestine.” 2d, Monday, Oct. 13, 1879, Rev. George T.
Flanders, “Spain, Morocco and Algiers.” 3d, Monday,
Oct. 27, 1879, Frederick E. Ober, “Lesser Antilles.”
4th, Monday, Nov. 10, 1879, S. G. W. Benjamin,
- “Portugal.” 5th, Monday, Dec. 1, 1879, Rev. E. C.
Bolles, “England.” 6th, Monday, Dec. 22, 1879, E. S.
Morse, “Japan.” 7th, Monday, Jan. 5, 1880, Thomas
Davidson, “Athens.” 8th, Monday, Jan. 12, 1880, Rey.
A. P. Peabody, “Russia.” These lectures were carefully
prepared and most of them were illustrated by lantern
views, and were instructive.
In addition to the above, three courses of lectures, and
one of readings of six each—free to the public—were
given; the only condition was that persons desiring to at-
tend should apply for tickets at the rooms of the Institute.
The results have been most gratifying. The class of people
for whom these lectures were intended has been reached,
and the hall has been filled with quiet, appreciative, and
attentive audiences.
Ist, six lectures by L. E. Beoxwirn, “The Lives and
Writings of the Prose Authors of the Age of Queen Anne,”
on Thursday afternoons, beginning Nov. 6, 1879; 2nd,
six lectures by CHARLES SEDGWicK MINOT, upon “Com-
parative Embryology,” on Tuesday afternoons, commenc-
ing Jan. 6, 1880; 3d, six lectures by Epnram Emerton,
“The Beginnings of Modern Life,” on Wednesday after-
noons, commencing March 3, 1880; Prof. Henry Kier,
French and German Readings, on Monday afternoons,
commencing Monday, Feb. 16, 1880.
In addition to the above we may include the three
lectures on “Old England,” by Rev. E. C. Boxizs, on
Wednesdays, March 24, 31, and April 7, 1880, and a
lecture by Rev. C. T. Brooxs, on the “Roman Oam-
35
pagna,” on Monday, March 8, 1880. These were not
under the direction of the Institute.
-Meetines.— Regular Meetings usually on the first and
third Monday evenings of each month. The following
communications received and lectures delivered may be
specified: Mr. James Samuelson, of Liverpool, on
“Darwinism” and on “The Classification of Animals ;”
William H. Tappan, of Manchester, “Gold and Silver
Mines and Miners,” the results of his experience in Cali-
fornia, Nevada, and Colorado; James ._H. Emerton,
“Animals living at the bottom of Salem Harbor,” the
results of dredging during the summer of 1879; W. S.
Nevins, “Mount Vesuvius and the ruins of Pompeii;”
D. B. Hagar, “Spelling Reform;” #. W. Putnam,
“The former Indians of Southern California, bearing on
the origin of the Red Man in America;” Z. 8. Morse,
“The influence of Early Korean Art upon Japanese
Pottery ;” Rev. Hdward Collyer, of New York, “An
Episode in the life of Edward Fairfax;” Thomas H.
Walker, of ‘Pottsville, Pa., “On Prison Discipline ;”
Nathan Crosby, of Lowell, “Essex County and Essex
County Men ;” Rev. Robert C. Mills, “Memoir of James
Upton ;” James Kimball, “On the Early manufacture of
Glass in Salem,” “Notes on the Richardson and Russell
Families ;” Henry F'. Waters, “The Gedney and Clarke
Families, of Salem, Mass. ;” William P. Upham, “Rec-
ords of the First Church at Salisbury, Mass., 1687-1754.”
Concerts.— Under the personal direction of the curator
of music five concerts have been given, with much credit
to the society as musical performances. The eleventh
season.
Ist, Monday, Nov. 3, 1879, Mrs. G. C. Adams, Miss
36
Ita Welsh, Mr. W. E. G. Evans and Dr. E. C. Bullard,
under the direction of Mr. J. Phippen, jr., curator of
music. 2nd, Monday, Dec. 8, 1879, Mr. W. H. Sher-
wood, pianist, M’me Luisa Cappiani, soprano, Miss Julia
A. Wells, contralto, and Dr. Albion M. Dudley, tenor.
3d, Monday, Feb. 2, 1880, by Miss Fannie Lovering,
soprano, Mr. Bernhard Listemann, violin, Mr. Alex.
Heindl, violoncello, Mr. J. Phippen, jr., piano-forte. 4th,
Monday, Feb. 23, 1880, Piano-forte Recital by Mr. John
A. Preston, assisted by Miss Sara W. Barton, soprano.
5th, an operetta, “The Crimson Scarf,” Friday, April 9,
1880. .
Mr. Joshua Phippen, jr., the Curator, gave in October
three piano-forte recitals ; these were quite successful and
drew together cultivated audiences.
Liprary.— The additions to the Library for the year
May, 1879-—May, 1880, have been as follows :—
By Donation.
FOHOS sy.cavcctacbtoncacectscvesocevsavcedvasvesvekahecdeeen 27
QUATEOS Sim aid'nb ois ciciiincca'nsstavccespisetoueecevvesecencenbpin 94
OGAVOR AscstasseSecasgasatcscancshes sep eas peter ese Specece 483
DUOdSCi OB dice ce cadsovcdewsenedcckcs te eeeseus a eegaae eee 415
SOXACCIMOS. 0. acccvcccscsevccosakssvscéveubevessveseessuly 301
OctOdecimos..csccscvicvactcvsdcvesorccdcdctsteceesevesvunc 52
Totalof bOUNG VOIUMEB ic scccsscoccsccscnscccdecsccvenas 1,372
Pamphlets and Serials.......+..0 iva ened hae wi neasivesdatives 6,494
Total.of Donations .s.ccccocccverone ndastdencpeakucceseeye 7,866
By Exchange.
QUATLOS a siscdincscesosccdesednedovacweeredes paceks cb ens xe 10
OORT ORs caine occ cncwsinnsceceasdaseceewewes sunmeasicenra tt ee 102
DUOGCCIMOB csc c ie ccccsnsescdcncudseunce tances sabveons sae 10
BOXUCCHNOB n.6 ccccins cccacecsvccesssesuenguuestwasl waesawes 2
OCGA BCHION a7 ccs vin cdc occccsccescnnsnd Madeus han eeaseanewhe 2
Total of bound VOIUMES......sescececccseccecssccnecevers 126
Pamphlets and Serials... csccccccccosvcesdecsssevcsecceces 1,881
Total Of EXChamges..ccccccceccccccceccsccvcccccdacvecsscs 2,007
37
By Purchase.
QUATEOR 6 oo sise ides oc csecnse cdavcccssbensadscusssecieeteceus 1
OCLBVOB scan choco 0000006 60s0ccveddaburdetsunsesneess cavencs 66
DUOAECHNOS nw ccceceekscdencccncdacvstivestdcesasusnorcests 50
BeOS COCINOE 0c ‘ ? 1
Albany, N. Y. State Library, ; . f 8
Alnwick, Berwickshire Naturalists’ Field Club, < 1
American Association Advancement of Science, . A 1
American Social Science Association, : : . < 1
Anagnos, M., Boston, Mass., a “ 2 = é 1
Andrews, Mrs. James H., . ‘ . < ‘ . 3 1
Andrews, Wm. P., . . : ° i ‘ : se
Anthony, J. G., Estate of the late, 3 n i 4 2D BUF.
Appleton, Wm. Sumner, . - - . BA s 2 1
Archer, Geo. B., Brooklyn, N. Y., : : P ; rs 1
Augsburg, Naturhistorischer Verein, . ; . > 1
Baetz, Henry, Milwaukee, Wis., ; ‘ . F . 1
Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society, é ° F 2
38
.
Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute, . P > é ‘
Bancroft, Cecil F. P., Andover, Mass., . i . -
Barton, Wm. G., 4 : c : ;
Batavia, Hataviaeseh Genovtantiag van Kunsten en We-
tenschappen, ° er . : °
Batavia, Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nedétiandech
India . : : é ; . 5 ; : :
Beedham, B., . A ze ers f ss ‘ . é
Belfast, Naturalists’ Field Club, A > > -
Bemis, Luke, West Chester, Penn., . Newspapers,
Bergen, Bergenske Museum, " . 2 °
Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender pcenntla; ae
Berlin, Verein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues, . :
Bolles, Rev. E.C., . : : . - Newspapers,
Bologna, Accademia delle Scienze, . A ° 3
Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein der preussischen Rhein-
lande, und Westphalens, . y .
Bordeaux, Académie des Sciences, Bulves-Laities: et larta:
Bordeaux, Société Linnéenne, . A . F
Boston, American Academy of Arts ane Screhoee, -
Boston, City of, . ° ; a 5 ‘ °
Boston; Mass. Historical goclet, : : : . .
Boston, Mass. Horticultural Society, . ° .
Boston, Mass. Institute of Technology . “ . :
Boston, Mass. Medical Society . ; . . :
Boston, N. E. Historic and Genealogical Sacieer 4 3
Boston, Public Library, z ; : 5 ae Neg te ‘
Boston, Scientific Society, 3 3 . A . ‘
Boston, Society of Natural History, . . . e
Boston, Society of Medical Improvement, . ‘ x
Boynton, Herbert W., Boston, Mass., > . ° .
Bradlee, Rev. C. D., x 4 . * 2 .
Braunschweig, Ar civ fiir Amthiopalowte . . . .
Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, : .
Briggs, MissM.E., .. .. ° c . Charts, Maps,
Bristol, Naturalists’ Society, r ; ; é : .
Brock, R. A., Richmon@,,. Va. 5 ‘ ? . Newspapers,
Brooks, Henry-M., . : eg OR ° . .
Brooks, W. K., Baldiaee, Ma., ‘ 4 .
Brown, Horace, 7 ° ‘ Wisse
Brunn, Naturforschender Verein, é :
Bruxelles, L’Académie Royale des Sclonéed des Pieces,
des Beaux Arts de Belgique, . ° > : .
Vols. Pam
1
2
5
1 13
L
1
eae
1
2
24
11 = 123
4 2
5
6
1 1
3
2
2
1
1
1 5
16
6
1 15
1
7 16
1
1 3
1
92 = 20
2
5 9
6 4
1
23 887
3
6
heed
39
Vols.
Bruxelles, Société Belge de Microscopie, ; ‘ 1
Bruxelles, Société Entomologique de Belgique, ‘ ‘
Bruxelles, Société Malacologique de Belgique, ° - I
Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, ; ;
Buffalo, Historical Society, Z A : : : ! 1
Buffalo, Young Men’s Association, 2 : : > °
Burnham, John H., Bloomington, Ill., . ‘ “ 1
Butler, George, . = “ : : ;
Caen, L’Académie Nationale den Sciences, vis et Belles-
Lettres, A : A i : a 1
Calcutta, Geological Beever of Tadia, - ; 2 ; 7
Caldwell, Augustine, Ipswich, Mass., = < -
Cambridge, Library of Harvard University, . “
Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, . c :
Cambridge, Nuttall Ornithological Club, F
Cambridge, Peabody Museum of American Avohibalnuy
and Ethnology, ° . . ‘ = ° 1
Canterbury, N. Z. Philosophical Institute, r F .
Case, L. P., Richmond, Ind., . ; 2 : ‘ ne
Cassel, hess fiir Naturkunde, . = ‘ - : °
Chandler, Gardner L., f ; ‘ z 3 : é
Chaney, Geo. L., Boston, Biase, vy 5 - . - 3
Chase, Benj., Auburn, N. H., ° . F ; 1
Cherbourg, Société Nationale der Sciences Watupeliea: 1
Chicago, Historical Society, . c 3 = 11
Christiania, Kongelige Norske Universitet, ° R : 2
Christiania, Videnskabs Selskabet, ; 7 : 3
Cole, Miss Caroline J., ; : ° “ : . 2
Cole, Mrs. N. D., . Afr ohe : ms ° 3 3
Collett, John, Sidianabolia: ii,, 3 - Oieig z 1
Columbia, Mo., State University Library A z 6 1
Conklin, Wm. a New York, N.Y., . ‘ ° .
Cooke, Caleb, . aire: , ¥ "2 ; 1
Cresson, Ezra T., Philadelphia, Pann. - : ° : 5 1
Crosby, Mrs. M. K., - : é $ . F 415
Cutter, Abram E., Chaviestowed; Mass., < < ‘ vs
Danzig, Mutaforschionds Gesellschaft, . . . .
Darmstadt, Verein fiir Erdkunde, F : ' ° l
De Borre, Alf. Preudhomme, Bruxelles, r Lay ay
Dodge, Robert, New York, N. Y., A j - ‘
Doolittle, Miss E., Troy, N. Y., 2 > 7 ‘ °
Dresden, Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, ‘‘Isis,”
Dresden, Verein fiir Erdkunde, . . . . .
eM bee oD
40
Vols.
Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, . > : . P é
Dudley, Charles B., Altoona, Penn., ; ; A ;
Dunning, Rev. Chas. U., Lawrence, Mass., . 5 é
Diirkheim, Die Pollichia, ; . ; : ° .
Edes, H. H., Charlestown, Mass., - . F “i 1
Emden, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, . ; . :
Emerton, James H., . . . - Newspapers,
Emilio, Luis F., San Francisco, Cal., ; : ‘
Emmerton, James A., : - : : * ‘ r
Erlangen, Phystkallacti-medicintscits Societat, . .
Essex Agricultural Society, ° . ° . .
Falmouth, Eng., Royal Cornwall Polykeehitie Society, .
Fearing, Andrew C., jr., Boston, Mass., . F ‘ . 1
Fewkes, J. Walter, Cambridge, Mass., . . ; .
Flanders, Rev. G. T., Lowell, Mass., . . Newspapers,
Fogg, Miss Ellen M., ; : ° 2 ‘ . e 1
Folsom, Chas. F., Boston, Mass., , p ' . - 1
Foote and Howon . Fs ; . Newspapers,
Foster, W. E., Providence, R. L, ‘ a - é ;
Fowler, H. Gilbert, and others, Auburn, N. Y., . ;
Frankfurt, Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft,
Frankfurt, Zoologische Gesellschaft, ‘ . ’ °
Freiburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, . ; 5 ‘
Genéve, Institut National Genevois, ; ; 2
Genéve, Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle, s
Giessen, Oberhessische Gesellschaft fiir Natur und Heil-
kiinde, ; r - : F - :
Gillis, James A., ‘ ; : . ; ca é 32
Goode, G. Brown, Middletown, Conn., 7 ° ; ‘
Goodell, A. C., jr,, . ~ : ° . F 1
Gorlitz, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, ¢ 2 ‘ ;
Gottingen, Kénigliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 2
Gould, John H., Topsfield, Mass., ° ; * 2 ; 3
Gould, Miss M. E., . ; . . . F s 21
Gray, Arthur F., Danversport, Mass., ° ° . °
Green, Samuel A., Boston, Mass., . y ‘ 4 r 10
Gulliver, Rev. John P., Andover, Mass., . . ° °
Halifax, Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, .
Hall, E, W., Waterville, Me, . . s : c 3
Halle, Kaiserliche Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche
Akademie der Naturforscher, . : sa aon | .
Hamburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, . ss
Hamburg, Verein ftir Naturwissenschaftliche Unterhaltoug,
Pam,
10
ae
on
Se
41
Hannover, Naturhistorische Gesellschaft, :
Harlem, Société Hollandaise des Sciences, Sue >: é
Hart, Chas. Henry, Philadelphia, Penn., ° 3 >
Hawkins, Dexter A., New York, N. Y., . ‘ 3
Hedge, F. H., jr., Lawrence, Mass., F : . -
Henry, Thomas Elder, Dalkey, Ireland, 2 F °
Hobart Town, Royal Society of Tasmania, . ‘ °
Hoffman, Mrs. Chas., . p ; Z : 4 :
Holmes, J. C., Detroit, Mich., ~ r ' 2 : r
Hoppin, James M., New Haven, Conn., : = ‘ -
Horton, N. A., 5 - : 5 : ‘i 3 .
Hotchkiss, Miss Susan V., New Haven, Conn., 4
Huguet-Latour, Maj., Montreal, . Fe z .
Hunt, T. F., 3 . Z ‘ ° P .
Ill. State ree icultural Baélety, ° . : : °
Israel, Rev. Fielder, . “ - ° . Newspapers,
Ives, H. P., > : - é ; = a > P
Ives, Mrs. Wm., . é ; 4 . Newspapers,
Jenison, O. A., Lansing, Mich., : ‘ ‘ . -
Jenkins, Chas. T., a “ ; 5 " ; ° ;
Jocelyn, Miss M. E. W., \ : : ‘ °
Johnson, Mrs. Samuel, - i . : ‘ 7 F
Kempf, Matthew, . oniwlbe Fe - ° °
Ketchum, Rev. Silas, Pauionouk: Conn., . : :
Kidder, Frederic, Boston, Mass., . - “ s
Kimball, James, . 3 ‘ . - Newspapers,
Kimball, Mark, Chicago, Te : 2 > . >
Kjdébenhavn, Botanisk Tidsskrift, °
Kjd6benhavn, Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selah,
Knox, John Jay, Washington, D. C., F : 2
Lander, Miss Elizabeth, . : ¢ . . ; F
Langdell, Miss Annie, - = . - . °
Langworthy, I. P., Boston, Mass., F é ° e
Larned, Josephus N., Buffalo, N. Y., . P F A
Lawrence, Geo. N., 7 ‘ : be ee ; 2
Lawrence, Public Library, . ° ° : °
Lee, Francis H., $ : - Newspapers,
Leeds, Philosophical and Titerary Society, 3
Le Mans, Société d’Agriculture, Sciences, et Arts de la
Sarthe, “ . ; . Z e
Leveridge, C. A., Dutwtien, N. Jey : : :
Liége, Société Royale des Selencen $ Fs é °
Lincoln, Francis H., Boston, Mass., - ‘ . °
Vols.
29
Pam,
Vols. Pam.
Lincoln, Solomon, jr., 4 . : : : . « “BF 86
London, Royal Society, . ‘ . , ;: : . 13
Lord, Mrs. Geo. R., : : “ : ° “ , 593
Lowell, Old Residents’ Historical Association, i A 1,
. Lund, Kongliga Universitetet, . " r a ‘ ‘ 2 12
Liineburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, . F . 1
Luxembourg, Institut Royal Grand Ducal, r é ality
Lyon, Société d’Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et ake
Utiles, pe - ‘ ‘ ° ‘ a ‘ i
Lyon, Société Linnéenne, 4 2 . - - : 1
Mack, Mrs. David, Belmont, Mass.,. . 3 ‘ a « | 20'S RSF
Mack, Miss EstherC., . A . : ‘ % ‘ 1
Mack, William, . * . r . : - ae 4
Madison, Wis. Historical Boolety, 0 are eine 1
Madrid, Observatorio, . “ * 7
Madrid, Sociedad Espafiola ae Historia Netaral, * F 1
Manning, R.C., . : 3 > & ‘ 3 1
Manning, Robert, : . 3 . . Newapasous 14
Manson, A. S., Boston, Mass., . ‘ 2
Marburg, Gesellschaft zur Befoyderune Ser Geeanution
Naturwissenschaften, 3 5 , * ‘ > 9
Marsh, O. C., New Haven, Conn., ° . A 4 1
Marshall, John W., Rockport, Mass., x & ° . 1
Martindale, Isaac C., 5 é ‘ ° ; * > 1
May, Calvin S., Danvers, Mass., 4 : é - 1
Mecklenburg, Verein der Freunde der Natnraeactitehte: 1
Meek, Henry M., . ms “ . : : : : 1
Mexico, Museo Nacional, POE Sables eal Mt aly 8
Milburn, Jos., Buffalo, N. Y., F m : “ . 3
Mills, Abraham, New York, N. Y., = . - ' i
Mills, Rev. R. C., 4 : : : : ; 3 7 183
Milwaukee, Wis., Natuttitetovisdhen Verein, 4 % 3
Montpelier, Vt., Historical Society, . “ % ‘ 1
Montpelier, Vt., State Library, . : : % : 11 l
Montreal, Canada, Geological Survey, ° . ° ; 2 3
Morse, E.S., . i ; ; . s 3 = 4 46
Miinchen Ko6niglich Hayeriscnan Akademie der Wissen-
schaften, 5 4 . : 19
Miinster, Westfalische Provinzial Naretis fiir Wissenschaft
und Kunst, H . : : : ° ° 1
Nagle, John T., New York, N. Y., UEP Ss We ged hg 2
Nashville, oer of Health, . ; . A : 1
Neuchatel, Société des Sciences Nekuveudis : ‘ - 1 1
43
Vols. Pam.
Nevins, W. S., ‘ ‘ : : 8 8
Newark, N. J., Historical Rasisty. y ° . 5 A 1
Newhall, Miss ElizaG., . A 5 > S : ‘ 1
New Haven, Conn., Aeadesty of Arts and Sciences, . : 1
New Haven, Yale College Library, : : F ° 1
New York, Academy of Sciences, . 2 ' = F 4
New York, American Chemical Society, é ; é 1
New York, American Geographical Society, A : “ 2 4
New York, American Water Color Society, . ‘ 1
New York, Chamber of Commerce, . = . ‘ i 1
New York, Genealogical Biographical Society, r ’ 4
New York, Historical Society, . . F “ * ° 1
New York, Mercantile Library Association, . ° . 1
Nichols, The Misses, . F . ‘ ° ° ° 6
Noble, Edward H., . > ‘ ‘ ° ‘ ‘ . 39 21
Norfolk, John R., ; ‘ 2 2 ; : a - 44 89
Oliver, Henry K., ' ‘ ¢ F ‘ ms x : 26 62
Orange, N. J., N. E. Society, = . : F : 1
Packard, Mrs. A. §S., jr., ¢ ‘ : F . , 1
Paine, H. D., New York, N. Y., . - ° . ‘ 3
Palfray, Chas. W., . . «© «+ + « Newspapers, 143
Paris, Athenée Oriental, ‘ r Ahi re * - . 1
Paris, L’Institution Ethnographique, * H i : 4
Paris, Société Américane de France, . : ‘ . ° 1
Paris, Société d’Acclimatation, ; 5 F : . 16
Paris, Société d’Anthropologie, Gel eee ‘; ‘ ‘ 5
Paris, Société des Etudes Historiques, . ‘ - 5 10
Peabody, John P., 3 ; . . P . 12
Peabody, Mass., Péabods Tisticnte 3 S : . 1
Peet, Rev. S. D., Clinton, Wis., . ; . - 3
Peirce, Henry B., Secretary of State, tout Masai: Ps 4
Pennsylvania, University oF Medical Department, . i 1
Perkins, Geo. A., ~ . : ‘ P 49
Perkins, Henry, Philadelphia, Pa, uy , ‘ x 7 +) 16 65
Perry, Wm, Stevens, Davenport, Iowa, é < ‘ 1
Petterd, Wm. F., . : E * 3 1
Philadelphia, American Philosophical Sbolety, P > 3
Philadelphia, Library Company, - . : F 2
Philadelphia, Mercantile Library Company, . : F 1
Philadelphia, Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, 3
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Historical Society, : - 5
Phillips, Henry, jr., Philadelphia, Pa., ‘ = 6
Phoenix, S. Whitney, New York, N. Y., : e ‘ 3
44
Vols. Pam.
Pickering, Mrs. Chas., Boston, Mass., F 4 = 1 1
Pickering, Miss Mary, A ° “ . Newspapers, 9 11
Pierce, B. O., Beverly, Mass., . : 5 : ~ ‘ 1 3
Pool, Wellington, Wenham, Mass., ; : e . 3
Pooré, Ben. Perley, Washington, D.C., . ‘ ‘ ; 1
Pope, Miss Lydia, . ‘ : F ~ i ig 1
Porter, Robert P., Chicago, IIl., A : . ° k 1
Prince, Geo. H., St. Petersburg, . Boe
Princeton, N.J., E.M. Museum of Geology and ‘scala 1
Procter, Joseph O., Gloucester, Mass., 4 : > 1
Providence, Rhode Island Historical Society, . : ‘ 1
Putnam, Rev. A. P., Brooklyn, N. Y., . < : ‘ 1
Putnam, F. W., . é : . Newspapers, 84
Quebec, Titerar 'y and Historical Society, : . 1
Regensburg, K6nigliche bayerische botanische Gesellschaft, 1 1
Rhees, Wm. J., Washington, D. C., ; : . ‘ 1
Rice, Wm., Springfield, Mass., . fs : ‘ . ° 1
Robinson, John, : # A : .- Newspapers, 2 185
Ropes, N., Cincinnati, O., . A = “ 2 i 3 1 1
Ropes, Miss S., P A > ; ; 1
Ropes, Rev. Wm. L., aoaearaes) Mass., ; ~ : ‘ 1
Sale, Chas. L., Chelsea, Mass., - ‘ < Fs ‘ 1
Sale, John, OER, Mass., ms ‘ : . F ’ 2 3
Salem, Ladies’ Centennial Committee, . |. > : 6
San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences, ‘ ‘ a
San Francisco, Mercantile Library Association, . ° ° 1
S’Gravenhage, Nederlandsche a bins inten’ Vereeni-
ging, . ‘ : . : ° . 3
Shepard, Jas. E., Cavecenée: ‘Masi: ae ; if f ‘ 1 51
Shepard, Miss Nellie J., New York, N. Y., ; : : 5
Silsbee, Mrs. B.H., °. sh Tare’ cas Sy VGY Sieh
Sinclair, Chas. A., Bostou Mass. ws ‘ ‘ . ° ; 1
Soule, Chas. C., Boston, Mass., ; ss “ " 1 9
Spofford, A. R., Washington, D. C., F ; : y ts
Stearns, Robert E. C., San Francisco, Cal., . ‘ ‘ 1
Stearns, Samuel, ee Mass., . > : P ° 1 2
Stearns, W. A., - F > : ¥ . 4
Steiger, E., New York, N. 'y., ; ; : ‘ 1
St. Gallen, St. Gallische Naturwiswensohasichs Gesell-
schaft, ° . A ‘ > ‘ : > 1
Stickney, Miss Cornelia, $ ewe ag ’ ‘ 17
Stilson, Rev. Arthur C., Ottumwa, loam ° . > . 1
‘St. Louis, Mo. ‘Aeadeiay of Science; |i vr AeseG Aa 1
-"
45
Vols.
St. Louis, Mo. Public School Library, ; : “ ;
Stone, Miss Mary H., ‘ ‘ : . Newspapers,
St. Paul, Minnesota Historical Society, A P , mols
St. Pétersburg, Académie Impériale des Sciences, F
St. Petersburg, Imperial Botanical Garden, ; : 2
Stroyer, Rev. Jacob, ‘ ‘ . f ‘
Sydney, Royal Society of New Sonth Wales, : . ‘ 2
Tanaka, His Excellency Mr., Tokio, Japan, . : ° 2
Tasmania, Government of, ‘ % : 1
Taunton, Eng., Somersetshire Abetieniootent and Natural
tory Pes, is ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ . 1
Taunton, Mass., Old Colony Historical Society, . :
Taunton, Mass., Public Library, Z S | ‘ :
Taylor, Wm. B., Washington, D. C., ‘ ° . < 1
Tenney, Mrs. H. A., Lansing, Mich., - : : ‘ 1
Thomson, Peter G., Cincinnati, O,, r : : é
Topeka, Kansas Historical Society, . ' Fs é :
Townsend, John P., New York, N. Y., r -
Trondhjem, Kongelige Norske Videaskahers Selskab,
Tuttle, Chas. W., Boston, Mass., .
Unknown, . ‘* ‘ ; ; F < 3 a *
Upham, Wm. P., ;: ‘ ; : . Newspapers,
Upton, Jas., Estate of the late, _ : - 2 % Fees tS,
Upton, Winslow, Detroit, Mich., . ‘ . ‘ : 1
U. S. Bureau of Education, e P ‘ ‘ 2
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, . é 4 : : ‘
U. S. Dept. of Interior, St ; a the et ar. 18
U.S. Dept. of State, - 2 ‘ . 3 ; . 1
U. S. Engineer Dept., r > r : Z ; 2 rf
U. S. Naval Observatory, : ; - ‘ ; ’ 4
U. S. Patent Office, $ : fs : ; ‘ P
Riess kp. Dept... ™s : : . ; : “ 1
U. S. Treasury Dept., - ‘ - , : : : 3
Utica, Oneida Historical Society, . F ‘ : A
Verrill, A. E., New Haven, Conn., ‘ e : : :
Wadsworth, H. A., Lawrence, Mass., . i maw 1
Wallis, Al. C., Upsala, = a : P - i
' Walter, Jos. R., Wilmington, Del., 7 ; . F
Walton, E. N., ‘ : ‘ : ‘ F -
Washington, D. C., Smithsonian Institution, : ‘ 1
Waters, E. Stanley, . - Fe ‘ ° . °
Waters, J. Linton, . i : . - . : P
Waterville, Me., Colby University, . : : = 3
Pam.
2
noe
10
53
Watson, Miss C. A., : ° é ‘ . ‘
Welch, Wm..L.;) . . < ‘ ‘ ‘ ; Ps
Wheatland, Miss E., ‘ $ ° . Newspapers,
Wheatland, H., . ° P ; . Newspapers,
Wheatland, Miss MarthaG., . a 7 ‘ ‘
Whipple, Geo. M., . ‘ 2 a . Newspapers,
Whipple, S. K., Newburyport, Mass., . ‘ ° .
White, Rev. Wm. O:, Boston, Mass., - : 3 3
Wien, K. K. Zoologisch botanische Gesellschaft, >
Wien, Verein zur Verbreitung Naturwissenschaftlicher
Kentnisse, ; 3 A - : A :
. Wilder, Marshall P., Dorchester, Mass., . ° : 5
Wilkins, Mrs. Chas., = ; 5 ‘ 3 4 ;
Wilmington, Delaware Historical Society, ‘ 3 .
Willson, Rev. E. B., 4 ; ‘ ‘ é 3
Winthrop, Robert C., Boston, Weaaae "s : * Fr
Woods, Mrs. Kate T., : : 5 > ° ° é
Worcester, American Antiquarian Society, F ; >
Worcester, Society of Antiquity, . : : F .
Wurzburg, Physikalish-medicinische Gesellschaft, . .
Zurich, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, . > ° .
\
Vols. Pam.
1 1
2 4
14 21
2 1
1
1
1
2 5
1
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2
146
2
1 2
ae
The following have been received from editors or pub-
lishers :—
American Bookseller. [Arts. Lynn Reporter.
American Journalof Scienceand Musical Herald.
American Naturalist. Nation.
Bangs’ Catalogue. Nature.
Beverly, N. J. Banner. Our Dumb Animals.
Boston Herald. Peabody Press.
Canadian Entomologist. Peabody Reporter.
Canadian Naturalist. Quaritch’s Catalogue.
Cape Ann Bulletin. Review, P. H. S.
European Mail. . [Journal. Sailors’ Magazine and
Familiar Science and Fanciers’ Salem Gazette.
Francis’ Catalogue. Salem Observer.
Gardener’s Monthly. - Salem Post.
Ipswich Antiquarian Papers. Salem Register.
Lawrence American. Turner’s Public Spirit.
Librarian. Vox Humana.
Zoologischer Anzeiger.
[Friend.
Seamen’s
47
Horticutture.—The annual Horticultural Exhibition
opened on Tuesday, Sept. 9, 1879, and closed on Thurs-
day evening, Sept. 11. The display was good, the
flowers, ferns, pot plants and gladioli being very beautiful.
There was-a good show of vegetables and fruits; of the
latter, the pears took the lead in the number of varieties.
David Wentzell had some handsome Gravenstein apples
and other fruit, also a good display of vegetables; F. H.
Appleton a fine collection of the products of “ Broadfield’s
Farm ;” the Plummer Farm School some giant Ruta-bagas
Mangel-wurtzel, and Stone Mason cabbage, etc.; R. B.
Gifford and Samuel W. Pease some mammoth early Craw-
ford peaches; Henry Poor some fine clusters of grapes,
Hamburgs and Black Prince; T. Putnam Symonds a
good cluster of Hartford Prolifics; Mr. Wilkinson, figs.
The centre of the hall was occupied with potted ferns
and plants from the greenhouses of John Robinson and
H. W. Putnam; Charles A. Putnam a beautiful pyramid
of gladioli, at the head of the hall a handsome ‘collection
of asters, coleus, and pinks.
Among the exhibitors were the following :—Charles A.
Ropes, seventy-five dishes of fruit, George Pettingell, |
forty-nine dishes, Aaron Nourse, thirteen, David Went-
zell, twenty. Fruit from George Bowker, E. H. Noble,
John Osborne, T. P. Symonds, Miss S. Ropes, Wm. H.
Dennett, Wm. Mack, George D. Putnam, Ezekiel Goss,
Miss E. P. Richardson, William L. Welch, Joseph
Symonds, James P. Cook, Mrs. M. Wilkinson, J. W.
Barton, George D. Glover, Mrs. Wm. F. Gardner, C.
A. Buxton, John W. Grant. Cut flowers from Mrs. C.
A. Ropes, H. W. Putnam, Mrs. C. H. Miller, Mrs. W.
F. Gardner, Mrs. E. D. Kimball, Mrs. J. P. Cook,
Joseph Symonds, Wm. H. Whipple, B. D. Hill. Ferns
from John Robinson. Pot plants from John Robinson,
48
Henry Poor, Dr. H. C. Merriam, Miss Wilkinson, Mrs.
J. P. Cook.
Art Exurpitions.— There have been during the past
year, two exhibitions by the artists and amateurs of Salem
and its immediate vicinity—under the direction of the
Curator of Art. The first was held on Wednesday, - |
Thursday, and Friday, June 11, 12 and 13, 1879. The
collection was confined, with one or two exceptions, to the
works of the artists of Salem, and as such was extremely
gratifying to all who are interested in sesthetic culture —
comprising some fine oil paintings, beautiful sketches
in water colors, charcoal, and crayons ; tiles and decorated
china, some charming results of the Potters’ wheel, almost
equalling Limoges and Faience ; a good exhibit of pottery
from the Beverly establishment ; some excellent mechani-
cal drawings, original designs for oil cloths, etc., the work
of the pupils of our public schools. Some fifty-three ar-
tists represented were residents of Salem, contributing
over two hundred paintings and specimens of decorative
art.
The following is a list of the principal pieces on exhibi-
tion :—
St. John the Baptist and other pictures, Miss Mary R.
Kimball; head (oil), pencil drawings, Mrs. Horace S.
Perkins; oil paintings, C. C. Redmond; Cashmere goat,
Sybil (copy), Chilian milk venders, D. M. Shepard; oil
paintings, J. Mackintire; rocks at Marblehead, Julia S.
Warden; water colors, C. P. Brown; souvenir of Lex-
ington, Henry Chapman; head in charcoal, water colors,
storks, pottery, Miss M. M. Brooks; house, seven gables, |
Geo. M. White; dog’s head, tile, G. B. Haskell ; old
Notch house, Miss Agge; pencil drawing, H. R. Stone;
Beverly shore, oil pictures, pastel, Miss Louisa Lander ;
a
49
wild flowers, Miss C. Grant; water colors, Miss A.
Cassino; charcoal sketch, Miss J. F. Barker; violets,
apple blossoms, and other pictures, Miss E. B. Gardner ;
crayon, storks, W. W. and F. L. Morse; drawings, Mrs.
H. C. Weston; drawings by M. Kilham, A. L. Cone,
E. French, B. Whitney, L. Atwood, S. S. Kimball, S. S.
Kelley, J. J. Redmond, A. Porter, H. E. Carlton, C. S.
Sanborn, M. L. Hill, H. G. Hale, F. L. Morse, F. Moody,
H. Effie, C. S. Bliss. Oil panels, Miss E. K. Bolles ; panels,
Miss A. B. Holden; oil (hare), Mrs. G. P. Osgood ;
fuchsia, Miss S. S. Kimball; Japanese tea pot, C. K.
Bolles; views in Beverly, A. E. Downes; sketches in
oil, Miss H. FX Osborne; water colors, Miss L. L. A.
Very; collection of pencil and pen drawings by J. H.
Emerton; charcoal drawings, G. L. Chandler; six char-
coal sketches, Miss S. E. Smith; collection of thirty-nine
sketches in oil and charcoal, from nature and objects, by
Miss S. E. Smith and pupils; three oil paintings, C. P.
Brown; stork, cast from model, Miss M. E. Stanley; oil
panel, charcoal and other sketches, Miss H. K. Osgood ;
six oil paintings, Misses Williams; oil panels, Miss
Kinsman; charcoal sketches, Miss Phippen; Sorento
carving, W. W. Northend; pen and ink panel, Miss
Northend; wild flowers, Miss E. D. Williams; tea pot
and tray, Miss Cassino; decorated mirror frame, Miss A.
Perkins ; apple blossoms, Miss M. A. Cook ; lilacs, pansies,
(panels), horse chestnuts (oil), Miss S. E: C. Oliver;
heads, oil, quick sketches, Miss H. F. Osborne ; five water
colors, Miss K. Peirson ; four oil pictures, C. C. Redmond ;
thirteen oil pictures, George Newcomb ; collection of seven
sketches in water colors, by Chas. F. Whitney and pu-
pils; popular and choice decorations, Misses Lander,
Hood, Chadwick, Perkins, Williams, Machado, Willson,
Cleveland, Smith, Silsbee, Brooks, Pratt, Osgood, King,
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. xII 4
50
Phillips, Mr. G. B. Haskell, Mr. W. W. Northend ; em-
broidery, Misses Peirson, Chadwick, Forrester, Mrs. E.
S. Johnson, Mrs. J. Robinson ; tiles painted in oil, pupils
of Miss S. E. Smith.
The Second Exhibition opened on Thursday, April —
29, 1880. The collection embraced some three hundred -
and fifty contributions, covering a wide range in variety
of oil, water-color, crayon, charcoal and sepia sketches,
elegant Kensington work, decorated china, plaques and
panels, pottery and screens with laces and embroidery.
Among the artists whose works were represented are
the following:—clay models and oil ‘paintings,- Miss
L. L. A. Very; two oil paintings, Miss Ida Caller; oil
painting, Miss H. F. Osborne, and one from Miss A.
Machado; two paintings, ornamented plate, Miss L. B.
Hood; marine view, Clark Oliver of Lynn; seven paint-
ings, G. L. Chandler; two views, Mrs. N. A. Frye;
“Low Tide,” H. A. Hallett; tile and decorated china,
Mrs. N. A. Frye; decorated fans, etc., Miss Charlotte
Chase; two pencil studies, Miss Mary L. Webb; table
cover, door panel, and fire screen, Miss C. L. Grant;
oil painting, Thomas Pitman; two paintings, Helen
Philbrick; do. Miss C. S. Philbrick; ornamented tile,
Miss M. P. Ober; ornamented tile and china, Abby G.
Pingree ; two views, J. W. Averill; lace work, Mrs. H.
M. Toppan; ornamented fans,-Miss E. Phillips, Mrs. J.
C. Lee, and Mrs. F. H. Lee; six paintings, Martha O.
Barrett of Peabody; painting of flowers, Miss E. E.
Barrett ; water colors, Miss M. Taylor and M. A. Fornis ;
four oil paintings, Mrs. C. N. Clark; paintings and em-
broidery, Miss M. R. Stevens; charcoal drawing and pen
and ink sketch, J. W. Thyng and Miss 8. C. Harris; panel
pictures, Mrs. George H. Jacobs; water colors and char-
51
coal drawings, Miss H. M. King; pen and ‘ink drawings,
Mrs. N. G. Symonds; flowers, Miss E. R. Plaisted; oil
painting, Mr. C. C. Redmond ; ornamented tile and panels,
Miss H. L. Kimball ; oil paintings, Miss S. E. Pratt ; orna-
mented china, etc., from Miss E. W. Chadwick and Miss
A. B. Holden; deco1ated plate, Miss A. F. Perkins;
three easels, Mrs. Chas. W. Perkins; charcoal drawings,
Miss E. A. Nichols; “Derby wharf,” C. P. Brown;
ornamented tile, Henry A. Chapman ; embroidered work,
Mrs. G. F. Ropes, Susie O. Currier; inlaid work, C.
E. Larrabee; oil sketches, Miss H. K. Osgood; panel
pictures, Mrs. G. P. Osgood; table cover, Miss M. W.
Farrington ; charcoal sketch, Mrs. E. S. Johnson; crayon
drawing, Miss A. H. Short; landscapes on fans, Miss A.
Sweetser; oil colors and plate, Miss E. T. Dike; em-
broidered work, Mrs. G. B. Jewett; twelve cards, Miss
Lucy H. Cleveland ; ornamented vases, C. A. Lawrence ;
crayon and pen sketches, Arthur M. Frye; panel, Miss
E. F. Earle; plate, Miss Lander; lion’s head from a cast,
Miss A. A. Agge; lambrequin, Miss Ella W. Fisk ; crayon
work, Miss M. E. Dockham; blankets, Miss A. Pitman;
oil painting, plates, cups and saucers, Mrs. E. S. Johnson ;
india ink drawings, Mrs. H. H. Davis; paintings, by Miss
S. E. C. Oliver and eight of her pupils; sketch of E. I.
Marine Hall, interior view, by J. H. Emerton; em-
broidered work, by Mrs. P. T. Pickering and Miss E.
R. Pickering ; oil colors, Miss E. B. Gardner, and Misses
E. B. and Bessie Gardner; apple blossoms, Miss Gold-
thwaite; water colors, Miss M. M. Brooks; crayon por-
traits, C. H. Fillebrown ; fans, Mrs. R. C. Manning ; paint-
ing, Miss A.L. Pike; oil colors, J. S. Warden ; panels, Mrs.
C.W.Smith ; fans and lace, Misses M.G.and E. Wheatland ;
apples, Annie Forrester ; fancy work, Miss E. Forrester ;
paintings, Miss Nellie Phippen; pen and ink drawing,
52
fancy cards, Geo. M. White; screens and panels, Miss
Holden; fans, Miss Susan E. English; water colors and
fan, M. E. Stanley and Miss Ada Pitman; flowers, Mrs.
Jos. Symonds ; oil paintings, Misses M. E. and A. O. Wil-
liams ; drawing on wood, Miss Rosie Symonds; fan, Mrs.
H. S. Perkins; water color studies, Mrs. C. W. Smith;
embroidery, Miss Nellie F. Clarke; bracket, S. C.-
Weston; water colors, G. W. Harvey of Gloucester ;
sofa pillow, Miss F. L. Pitman; Kensington work, Miss
A. Chadwick; worsted work, Miss L. Eaton; tile and
stand, Miss E. W. Chadwick ; interior of Dr. Bolles’ study,
Kimball Bolles ; two drawings, each of a locomotive, one
by George H. Goodell aged nine years and the other by
Henry Gardner aged seven years, were very noticeable
under such circumstances. A screen by Miss Edith Ran-
toul; a case of fine specimens of pottery in original de-
signs, made from Salem clay and baked in this city, by
Miss Louisa Lander, occupied the centre of the hall.
Miss L. has been for some time experimenting in glazes,
and has discovered one which appears to be fully equal to
that of the celebrated Limoges ware for depth and bril-
liancy of color. An imitation of Japanese ware was also
good.
Musrum.—The specimens in Natural History including
those in Ethnology and Archeology, which have been given
during the year, are on deposit with the trustees of the
Peabody Academy of Science, in accordance with pre-
vious arrangement. These have been reported at our
meetings and have been duly acknowledged to the several
donors. In addition to the above those of an historical
character or possessing artistic interest have been arranged
in the rooms. ‘The following may be specified as contrib-
utors: John Robinson, Miss M. E. Briggs, Charles T.
53
Perkins, Miss Ravel, Miss E. B. Gardner, James Kimball,
J. H. Huntington, Robert Brookhouse, Miss F. P. Ashton
Snow, Edw. Stanley Waters, W. Kite, Caleb Buffum,
E. C. Bolles, David Nichols, A. S. Peabody, Mrs. N. D.
Cole, T. B. Nichols, H. K. Oliver.
PusuicaTions have been issued as heretofore,—the
BULLETIN, vol. xi, and HistorrcaL COLLECTIONS, vol. xvi.
The exchange list, with few exceptions, continues the
same as last year.
Manvuscrirts from Miss Mary E. Briggs, Mrs. James
Pope of Melrose, Miss Caroline R. Derby’s estate, George
E. Emery of Lynn, Mrs. Joseph S. Cabot, James A.
Gillis, Caleb Buffum, John A. Norfolk, and T. F. Hunt.
Financiau.—The Treasurer’s Report exhibits the re-
ceipts and expenditures of the past year, presented in
detail, but here condensed for printing.
RECEIPTS.
Balance on hand, commencement of year........ eiaisin bai’ Seine $254 76
General Account.
Salem Athenzum 4 expense, 1878—$136 9@ }
it 1879 127 87 Sceeeeeessesesene $264 17
PPTVIGENG- ANG YOCUIN tAKe ss scccccesicacdovescce besestecsteestsce 31 77
Assessments, 888 00; Publications, 582 67; Donations, 47 50,—=1,518 17
Lectures, Concerts, Excursions and Hall,...scsccssessseccsees 2,904 10
—— = $4,718 81
Historical Fund.
WNGSress Of investment. oscccvcccececcdcccesevenswenes ee sbstane * 43 50
y
Natural History Fund,
Interest of investment,.....+. eececcceveccosces eevcccnsccvcccecs 28 00
Davis Fund.
Interest of investment,........ses006 Ccewerecpscccsccevoccccones 482 85
54
Ditmore Funda.
Taterest Of iInVeSstMeNt,.occccoecevseseeces shdoactcsseseavaceanep 180 00
Manuscript Fund.
Iriterestiof INVEStMENE 6 iccvcnericceteseule na sastiopceeonsnnavacne 40 08
Ladies’ Fair Fund.
Interest Of INVESEMENE,....soccssscoccencenoccoccoctsasssdsseoss 60 00
Derby Fund.
Rent Of 1and,.-.ccccsccasconseccens wisnvevevns seuss wevevere weed 30 00
Wm. B. Howes Fund.
Received from CXecutrix,...cccccccccsccccccccccescesccscsess $24,400 00
Interest received Since INnVeStMeNt,..ccccccesecccccsccccevens 895 00
we 24,795 00
$30,633 00
EXPENDITURES.
General Account.
Salem Athenzum, rent 1878—$350
“ 1879— ry Poneto $700) 00
Salaries, $2,045 00; Publications, $1,668 93 —...-ecccesuceseees 3,713 93
Fire Insurance $60; Books 107 §2 =.....seseceeees apevauesetues! ) Gt ea
Sundry ACCOUNES,.crccccccccersccevcccscsveseceseees seceerecece 368 80
we 4,950 55
Historical Fund.
Book Dinding,...crccccevcccccccccescvcsccvnccscsvscsesssssscese 116 00
Natural History Fund.
Book indi, ..,\s0.sKassecedbedn dans axronontoter ko meaenees 21 50
Davis Fund.
Interest Warren Savings Bank [Funded ].....+scccsssecceesees * 102 85
Ditmore Fund.
BY J. POKING, ANNUICY,.cccccoccascecnncdvacpaveebnrwhaedel cu sins 100 00
- Manuscript Fund.
Interest Five Cents Savings Bank [Funded]..+ececceceee eeeece 40 08
Howes Fund.
Amount invested, per Separate Report,....e.seeeseee sonasnante 24,496 91
Paid on account Of Old NOLO... coccrcecccesvscvevcscctveciceces 300 00
Balance in hands Of Treasurer,....cceccccccccccens: cccbevesesie 505 11
55
On Friday, the 22d of June next, will occur the two
hundred ‘and fiftieth anniversary of the landing of John
Winthrop on these shores. It is proposed to hold the first
Field Meeting at that time. Robert S. Rantoul, Esq., has
accepted an invitation to deliver the address ; Miss Lucy
Larcom to prepare a poem. Other gentlemen will be
present and take part in the exercises of the day, and it
is hoped that the occasion may be a successful commem-
orative event. The meeting will be held at the Pavilion
on Salem Neck.
ADDITIONS TO THE Lrsrary and the several collections
are constantly being made by donations and from other
sources. The subject of increased accommodation for
the valuable material, so fast accumulating will, ere long,
require the consideration of the officers, members, and
friends of the Institute; whether the present is the most
suitable time to make a general effort to provide means
for a fire-proof building is an important question to de-
cide. That the society needs and ought to have such a
building, no one will deny.
The TREASURER reports the payment of the generous
bequest of the late Wm. B. Howes to the Institute, and
makes a clear and full report of the finances.
In concluding this retrospect of the doings of the In-
stitute during the year, it is hoped that these annual ex-
hibits, of a steady and healthful growth in the right
direction, and of a gradual advance in the promotion of
its various objects, will secure the respect and good
wishes of the community at home and abroad.
56
Monpay, May 24, 1880.
MEETING this evening. The PresrpEentT in the chair.
Records read.
Mr. Epwarp A. SILsBEE gave
AN INFORMAL TALK, ON SUNDRY ARCHITECTURAL ~
AND ART TOPICS.
Coming from Boston there is an old house standing
alone in a beautiful open spot sloping to the water. It
is very old. Like the venerable men who came down
to us from a former generation, this has descended from —
many. It is refreshing and unchanged in an ever-new
land. Long may it remain. I look upon it with affec-
tion. Two centuries speak through it. It takes us back
to witchcraft. Its black color the winds and weather
have painted. It is flat on the ground. One massive
chimney is stacked in the centre, clustered in masses and
solid as the earth. It is simple asa Doric temple and not
unworthy as a human record to stand beside it. The
bleak centuries have howled about it and raved, life has
gone on there and it has threaded its way to our time.
Fire has spared it.
Bare, bald, unornamented, these houses are like mon- |
uments of the past. They plead with posterity. They
seem to say to us: “Disturb us not, respect old age.”
It touches us with pathos. It is a voice of Pilgrim days,
of Indians, of Quakers, a new continent, a worthy be-
ginning when life was barely lodged here and struggling
for a place to plant itself, and the nation was young and
civilization new. The Indians saw its raising. The Pil-
grim struggled with the savage. Where there are so few
symbols, such a paucity of relics, and the centuries are so
rare, indeed, we cannot afford to neglect them, these old
57
houses. They are our century flowers, as the medizval
cathedrals are Europe’s and as significant, in their way, of
the stern unconquerable faith that brought them here.
I insist upon them for they are memorable to the eye
and to the feeling.
One catches me, as I go to the Beverly station, with its
impressive bulk, and one huge chimney showing above
the trees. How they reproach the puniness of later times,
monoliths, no one divided their mass or exhausted their
simplicity. A history and character are in them, they are
gothic. Our life is raw enough, and new, and needs to be
tempered by the past. Character is like geology, the
world is built into it. Where we have so little old, what
with constant fires, and changes, and building over and
over on the same spot (it seems as if the American re-
sented an old thing, or were ashamed of it; and inside our
houses, what wont our women do)? we should preserve
what we have. We need it in our bustling modern life.
Every appeal the past makes is refining, humanizing. It
seems our buildings are tents from which we remove as
easily. The American is a kind of Bedouin for shiftiness
of place. The past is obliterated ruthlessly.
One cannot exaggerate their impressiveness. The pur-
itan might come out of them to-morrow. They are the
only mementoes we have. Two hundred years old! what
else have we so old as that? Why, everything is five
or fifty years old here at best! As expressive are they
in their homely worth as the cathedrals of their enriched
and stately worship. The tooth of time has gnawed at
them in vain. They feast the eye and repose the mind.
The slope in front is dotted with apple trees, itself a
curly dot. This busy sturdy tree is just like the people,
and of most expressive growth. Like a bustling house-
wife, it has a domestic air, like fowls—a barnyard tree.
It seems to belong to the house, to be one of the family,
58
no tree comes so near to us; there is thrift in every branch.
It has something to do. It is not idle or lazy like the
elm, for dawdling and showing off. Well, that’s better
than the weeping willow, a pure bit of sentimentalism
in nature. The elm is another type, very varied, some-
times great and noble, more often scrawny, coarse and
rank, of poor foliage and vegetable growth, not well
knit, forked rather than right-angled, of a feathery plumy
shape, not appropriate for tree form. It is like our thin
sentimentalism and rage for effect. We are not yet knit
in the fibre of maturity. The elm has not half the char-
acter of the apple.
This house of which I speak is at the entrance of Re-
vere, to the left. Coming through the town there is an-
other on the same side of similar age. Here is a chimney
of very pretty design, terminating in two pierced or looped
pinnacles with a solid member between.
The situation and the ride altogether are lovely. Hills
of exquisite slope, mild declivity, as Byron says: fair,
wide-stretching views open as the sky, an unoccupied
country; the ocean peering in the land; thicketed rocks,
purple crimson-stained meadows, salt grass, and the
sturdiness and strength of things seize you like a passion.
Salt marshes season our very bones.
There was poetry in the old scattered colonial times,
though nobody has found it out. Hawthorne is too sub-
jective, introspective to do it justice. He would deck
it out in colors of romance which it will not bear. We
need a Walter Scott with homelier touch, and a simple ob-—
jectivity and picturesqueness. It is the ocean and the
land at play which produce this coast about Boston, as
if they dallied with each other, and did not know which
was which, and were locked in sweet embraces. No
lovelier mingling of marsh and hill exists.
These houses are apart from all other periods. They
a
59
brought the feelings which originated them with them.
They root themselves in the ground from which they
grow. The mass is a simple unity. Nothing has been
done here so severely full of character. They are the
earliest and best things in design the country possesses.
Doric in simplicity, Gothic in skyey feeling, the vast
slope of the roof makes a splendid line of continuity.
Nothing in Europe is finer than their simple expressive-
ness and detached character. They grow from the soil.
This was gothic feeling, to begin from the ground. It
plants itself like a tree or a mountain, and clasps the soil
in which it roots itself. Classic is lodged, superimposed,
and has no principle of growth, nor is it so near to the
earth and representative of it. They are large, at least
in effect—Doric did not depend for its grandeur on size—
majestic. They hold us bya spell of the imagination like
early records. The imagination wants a background in
which she can paint something. She is worried in the
present. They are generally isolated, or were originally.
They were generous of land in those days. They rule the
domain, are emphatically mansions of a primitive type,
boulders from a mightier past. Like the grim towers
and castles of the middle age which lie like a vast skeleton
over Europe, they reflect another age. The baths, the
bridges, the huge amphitheatres scattered over southern
Europe and along the Mediterranean are the mastodon of
Rome —an extinct species. The pyramids, like mountain
tombs in a desert land, are the bones of Egypt. The age
they represent is gone completely as the feudal time.
How finely were they in character with that great man
the puritan.
It is mass makes architecture, and proportion, the ar-
rangements of it, and the cunningness of line and parts.
This great lean-to is like a hood to the house, as if it
60
were drawn over it to cover it, and looks marvellously
comfortable smothered in storm as they must have been
in those days, and away from neighbors. Like an ark,
it shelters from winds and weather. They are the only
tender memorials of the first primitive time we have.
There are no graves. Whenever I see one of these
houses I am carried back two hundred years in a twink-'
ling, transported out of this present and landed in the
dim past. Can anything else do it for us here? does any-
thing else?
Walking the other day in North Andover, I was de-
lighted with the design of a chimney. In that house
the inmates were scalped by the Indians. An architect
had stopped the previous season to sketch it. Richly
clustered it was like a bit of gothic times.
A hundred years passed, the colonists were rich. Or-
nateness came and social charm. The houses were still
flat on the ground, and the lawn came in at the window.
There was much dignity preserved and breadth to the
end of the century, and then character passed out. Houses
were perked on underpinnings and no sense of design
left. They were comfortable, but not architectural. The
time of the Hancock house and Pickman house, in this
town, was the first ornate period and the best. It seems.
to me there have never been houses here possessing more
quiet dignity. and charm. They were fifty feet away
from the street. A rich scroll ornamented the ample
doorway, and often a leaden image between. How this
fascinated the boys! The massive knocker did away with
the vulgar tintinabulation of bells.
The pineapple house on Brown street was my boyish
landmark, and how sweet and tender that house still is,
put by in a side street. In 1810 the houses were ten feet
from the street, and one approached them by flaring stone
61
steps. Imposing as this was, it was not domestic. The
old charm and rusticity of placing had gone. They still
build in England on the grass and always have. Why we,
who have the drier climate, should ascend into the air I
cannot tell. Perhaps the snow banked against the wooden
house rotted it, but they did not find this out for a hundred
and fifty years. At any rate it ruins houses for beauty
to place them away from the soil, the grass, the shrubs.
These should nod into the windows and bower the porch,
as if they belonged to the family, and the sweep of lawn
and floor should be one—at least for beauty and senti-
ment, and I believe it can be reconciled with health. In
1800 the house of Judge Endicott was raised but it is
still away from the street. A beautiful doorway and
sweet house next Mr. Willson’s church, down street, was
raised in the same way; the roofs of these houses were
full of cheer; much may be made'of roofs. They are
in themselves an architecture. How they disappeared
afterward; nothing was made of them until these late
years, when they have been overdone with no correct pure
feeling. Walking along the delightful old streets of
Salem, or any similar New England town, this feature,
with the benignity of it, and the tender placing on the
ground, charm one. How vulgar the later building,
gingerbread ornaments, bed-post details and designs
turned out by the lathe!
Until, in these late years, education is ridding us of this
display of cheap commonplace ; but now the architect runs
wild with us, as formerly the builder. Breadth, propor-
tion, repose, we rarely see it now as it prevailed to 1800
—simple dignity. This has given way to such countless
variety of styles that I hold it a reproach to architecture,
that it never does anything of its own but constantly re-
produces, imitates, selects. In their day the styles suf-
62
ficed, and expressed something, the feelings of the oceu-
pants and the time. Now we are Chinese or Peruvians in
the same breath. Architecture cannot be a living art
when it chooses so widely. They could not build but as
they did in the good periods. They knew nothing better,
or other.
Salem was fortunate in possessing one architect of great’
merit at a later date. Macintire had the genius of the re-
naissance. His designs are most refined and delicate.
He has left the best church of the steeple spire order
that can be seen in New England. This is the one in
Chestnut street. The fine steps have been taken away and
the door injured. A charming design was the house of
Mr. Rogers, opposite the market. The upper part is still
beautiful. The Assembly house in Federal street is an-
other. The old common gates were very stately, and
showed true style.
There was a period of Doric taste, Tusean Doric, which
has left admirably proportioned roofs and noble porches.
The Stearns house has one, and there is one in Chestnut
street. These are the sifted results of centuries of archi-
tectural feeling. Wherever one has attempted to replace
them with other designs or proportions one has made a sad
bungling. These old styles, if once meddled with, are
ruined. Such was the case with the Boardman house, built
by my grandfather, opposite the eastern gate of the com-
mon, once excellent for porches and proportion. The
proportion of the roof remains. General Washington
was astonished, on his visit to Salem, that a sea captain
could build such a house. In those primitive days it was
the largest around the mall. |
As an illustration of the styles, and the contrast they
present, the imaginative significance of them, it is in-
structive to study two late churches in Boston, the one
63
in Arlington street and the other in Berkeley. The one
is composite, the other gothic. The Arlington street is
a very poor production in its own style, has no just pro-
portion nor elegance and is a clumsy copy of St. Martin’s
In The Fields, in Trafalgar Square, London. The
steeple spire can never have much inspiration in it though
it may have elegance. Spires are gothic. They are the
fine fruit of its aspiration. Gothic is a thirst, a climbing,
an aspiration. Great interiors, with ribbed and bended
roofs, are like hands folded in prayer, and stretched to
heaven. Every moulding is an emotion, pinnacles are
ecstasy, niches are psalms, shafts are anthems, stained glass
the heaven itself, sunset or the dawn. Gothic is like soul .
in style, classic mind; the one poetry, the other prose;
gothic feeling, classic thought. One is of heaven, the
other earth. However broken, the snatches of it enchant,
like strains of music. Asa natural vegetation, it entwines,
shoots, and embraces. It is mysterious, exuberant, un-
ending. It is like a monument to nature built by man.
In no other style has the spire a razson d’ étre. Others
are piled up, imposing, but not inspired. Grace, majesty,
proportion, design, do not supply this motive of soaring,
vaulting growth, and piercing exultation. They are cold.
Gothic is as multitudinous as nature. She might have done
it herself. It is like three centuries of Shakespeare. In
its greatness, all men’s lives were in it, and all their lives.
Other styles eke out their outlines with clumsy expedients,
urns, and vases, and knobs. Gothic produces every part
out of every other part, naturally, as nature works. It is
evolved, integral, fused. In other styles ornaments are
lodged, attached, in this they grow. One is constructed,
the other lives. Composite styles miss the inevitable, as
Wordsworth says, Goethe’s lines do. They haye de-
scended from ancient times, and nothing akin anciently
64
had place; no feelings of mystery strove and struggled
for expression, nor were they possessed with the passion
of the infinite, which is the principle of gothic. Faith did
not flame in the air. The earth sufficed, and they sym-
bolized it. All notes of action seem natural to gothic.
The members multiply, cluster, divide ; they mantle, reach,
rush, throng and cling upward. It was the literature of.
the middle age. The people read in it, as in a book ; their
sanctuary and catechism. Religion is in every turn, and
twist, and point, and pinnacle ; and so was life. It is fer-
vid, swift, kindling, and has well been called frozen
music. It has a unity like faith itself. It is embodied
religion. Nothing touches us like this ecstasy and prayer
that it is—a message sent to heaven, pointing to the other
world—so impassioned, it cleaves space as if it would get
away from the earth, and longed for some other sphere—
its sempiternal heritage. Its coignes of vantage ensnare
the mind,
Now all this is seen in Europe when we study cathe- —
drals, and compare them with the studied styles. One
comes with this impression, and applies it to the opposite
orders here. There is sufficient ground for the distinction
and significance, or lack of it, in styles, if we compare the
two churches named, which constantly catch the eye every
time we cross the open spaces in Boston; and they force
themselves upon the attention. The evening sky makes
all beautiful. A radiant atmosphere spreads, and they all
point into space, or lift themselves, with one common sen-
timent of serenity and adoration. In cooler moments we
observe their excellences and defects. Campaniles have
added a new feature to the city, and the Venitian archi-
tect has enriched it with the poetry of styles. It com-
bines the repose of classic with the warmth of gothic or
flowingness, the life and verticalness. All is curve, yet
65
it is playful, elegant, graceful and not thin. Balanced,
it touches with sweetness and rhyme the prose of other
orders. They seem cold beside it. Surely no other fa-
cades crowding a city ever held one as Venice does.
One wanders in it as in an enchanting place, lifting itself
above the water, as it does, where everything enriches by
contrast, as if it had been created above the sea by the
curve and impulse of its wave, restrained and fixed in laws
of beauty as nature herself works. We are never tired
there of the order. It is too beautiful to satiate, and it
is elegantly distributed and changed. Infallible laws
governed Gothic, as they did Greek, and both partook of
nature at the source, each in itsown kind. Every time one
passes a Venetian front here, one is stirred, a strain comes
over one, and the eye kindles, and the feeling is touched.
This is the case when we come upon that angle by the
common where the group of the Boylston house andthe next
building stands, and compare it with all other styles; or
simply view a touch of the incomparable arch and group-
ing wherever it is applied, and used tolerably. Like Ve-
netian painting, it was the sole creation of Venice, and it
has never been surpassed. The wondrous city created
two things, its architecture and its painting, and it left
literature aside. It was like a radiant bridge from an-
tiquity to the present time, impinging on the East. The
works of Mr. Cummings, adapted here, not always equal,
have planted this noble style, and they aré the most im-
posing civic things in the city it seems to me.
Or Interiors : — They are ingenious and overcharged,
as in literature Tennyson is oversweet, Browning over-
rough, Emerson overpithy. The great style has repose.
Le défaut de ses qualités, as the French say. We are suf-
focated with bric-a-brac, tortured into picturesqueness.
Gothic has been let loose in the house. We sigh for the
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XII 5
66
relief of older styles before mankind became graphic.
Beautiful objects, beautiful ornaments should be kept in
place. It is an embarras to have too much even of a good
thing, to live ina museum. We cheapen all these things
by heaping them, and displaying them. The eye is wearied,
the taste surfeited. To live with such distractions is a
mistake akin to being always in romantic spots, pictur- -
esque situations, the sublime, rough, wild or savage. . It
is not for constant, contemplation. The mind wants sim-
plicity to dwell with, and nature in her every-day, her
morning gown. Grassy sweeps and turfy banks, trees,
flowers, shrubbery, and quiet dells and nooks. It strains
at the sublime and unusual, and is not always in a mood
of the picturesque. On the Beverly shore I prefer the
smooth places with roughness near. Nothing gives such
quiet satisfaction as grass, lawns, shrubs, habitableness.
A barberry bush is well enough, only not to livein. They
pall upon us. They are not for every day, and at all
hours. There is delightful invention, the architect, the
decorator have all been at work. We are not left alone
a moment. They are alive all about us. It is charming,
what they have done to beguile monotony of its dulness,
tameness of its insipidity, and to stimulate surprise. They
besiege us, they must show off their hand. This will settle
down at last to some recognized styles having unity and
principle in them and repose. Now all is heterogeneous,
one almost says, mongrel, hybrid—ornament at all haz-
ards. The world never saw such a chaos. Whims are
flying about like flies. Yet itis very delightful in parts,
and the freshness and independence are hopeful.
Or Monuments in Boston, this may be said, the largest
and most important is the cheapest commonplace. Bor-
rowed from a poor and late clerical monument at Rome
it worsens that. The figures are meagre, not monumental ;
67
the ornament—eagles, bands, wreaths—of the stalest. It.
is a splendid position. What an opportunity lost! The
surmounting figure cannot move for her clothes. The
artist’s Glover is better and alive, and has force, mastery.
So the horticultural hall decorative statues are good, being
adapted from antiquity. The other figures in the town
are feeble enough, or tame—Sumner, Quincy, Webster,
Everett. If Lincoln is better, the group lacks composi-
tion and design. The Washington monument is a tame-
trotting, picture-book horse and man. There should be
in all monuments a certain fire, force of character and in-
spiration. It is like writing an ode, you cannot fail, you
are lost. If you attempt the heroic you must be equal
to it. A monument is a lyric, a commemoration, a poem ;
_ there must be some touch of enthusiasm in it to make it
a success. It is an ambitious effort. It strikes a high
key, the art should respond. Simple representation and
historic portrait, unless done with cunningest hand, will
not do. The best things in this kind are the two statues,
one of Sophocles and one unknown, in the Naples and
Lateran museums, and the Demosthenes (casts are in the
atheneeum), and Frederick the Great at Berlin. These
have that intense seizing of character with heroic feeling,
like Titian’s portraits. The same passion is lacking in
this monument of Washington, that we-miss in poetry here.
Of Milton’s three words, two are wanting, sensuous, pas-
sionate. The pedestal is thin. It has ‘that fatal quality
of commonplace. Yet it is vigorous in parts, far removed
from vulgarity, and a dignified work. As to portrait
statues, the worst I have seen, are the buckram men in
bronze put up outside of Westminster Abbey. We cannot
have genius every day, and sculpture is scarcely a living
art in any representative or vital sense. It only deals in
portraiture with any success. The command of the figure
68
is rare. Ward seems to have it, but he strikes us as lack-
ing refinement and ideality. It is a good piece of work of
his above the ether monument. Instructive it is to com-
pare this monument with the one on the common; as
instructive as the two churches are in sight from these
points of view, the Arlington, the Berkeley street ; in each
case to show excellence or defect of style. The ether. 5
monument seems to want freedom, and is technical, as
the other lacks all education and design. No one can
pass the two churches without seeing the grace and feel-
ing of the one, and the parody the other is of all grace
and proportion. It simply mocks the gothic with ugly
parallels.
Among the old things, are the wooden images, which
used to be in Salem, elegant, rustic, graceful objects.
One remains in the Derby house grounds nearly opposite
the City Hall. These appear to have been Italian in sen-
timent, and are like much existing in Italy now, and which
always has existed there since the Roman times, and the
Greek and Etruscan before it. That country loves objects
out of doors and against the air, and one said once there
were more statues than men at Rome. They are dug up
as we dig arrowheads here, the relics of the former in-
habitants. There is iron work too, and excellent old
fences of stately and ornamental design. These are the
lost styles. They have a true interest as the old furniture
has. How much they spoke to their time and represented
it! How much elegance there was in them, refinement
and taste! Stately often, imposing and chaste. Wain-
scoting, panels, cornice-work, beadings, majestic sweeping
staircases, and landings like a palace, embayed windows,
window seats, balusters, scrolled, of fairy lightness, and
rails-that curved, descended, crooked and twined upon them-
69
selves. In Mr. Peabody’s house in Danvers, we cannot
believe we are in this century. It is a bit of colonial
England, and still transports us to the mother country.
Later, style was lost utterly for fifty years.
There is good iron work down Central street, and in
front of Dr. Cate’s house. One fine fence remains by
the Osgood house in South Salem. Posts remain else-
where of beautiful design as at the Baldwin house. How
important these things are, and what effect they have
upon the imagination, especially upon childhood, let us
measure by picture books. They are a living picture
book. Micklefield’s Indian, and the image over the Pick-
man house door, the wooden images on the Crowninshield
farm in Danvers, and the grotesque carving over the
engine house there, the carving on the upper common
gate, the pine apple with its bright imitative color, the
figures in the Derby-houses’ grounds, and the carvings
on Matintire’s works,—slender in amount as they all
were, were to a Salem boy forty years ago what St.
Mary’s Redcliffe was to Chatterton, they created him and
enriched his imagination. Hawthorne need not have
complained of Salem, nor James for him. Had he been
born in Lynn, Lowell, or some other fiercely new Ameri-
can town, he never would have been Hawthorne. Essex
county, out of the vortex, and from its old stock, history
and wealth, has had more genius than any other county ;
and Salem at this hour with this Institute, and in some -
measure through it, has more the ripeness and tone of
the old world,—maturity, ease, taste and comfort, and
leisure and repose, and what they bring, — than any other
town.
Boston now is getting filled with open air statues and
monumental work, which, to the boy, will inspire him with
historic suggestion and imaginative delight. Our hitherto
bare life of the last half century is getting artistical.
70
Coincident with this disappearance of styles inside and
out, was a decay of manners as a fine art. We shall
have to study them anew. The younger sort have all
their own way, the older are not seen.
A pretty style of house and ground was the old end-
wise house. Of these there were charming examples,
Judge White’s, Mr. Bancroft’s, Dr. Prince’s and many
others. How sweet the grounds showed in front of them.
They were frank, and let the public into all the family en-
joyment and confidence. Many still remain, and they are
among the distinctive features of old towns.
Tue Porcuss areamong the sweetest bits we cansee now, .
where they have not been altered or replaced, when they
ave sure to be ruined. Not one has been added in modern
times that is not erude and shapeless. You might as well
attempt to alter an old table or chair of the good periods,
and give it another crook or design than what it has. The
sense was lost, and we wandered in a sterile vacancy of
design, and of heaviness and enrichment without beauty,
both asto house fronts and porches, window headings, fences,
roofs, doorways, and especially furniture, for fifty years.
Two old brick houses interest one. One entertained
Washington, (the late Mrs. Saunders remembered being
in the cotillion with him there), the house of Dr. Fiske. -
Here the ground or base moulding told an architect the
other day it was the same period as one of the early halls
at Harvard College. The old Derby brick house in Derby
street is more like a-bit of old England than anything in
the town. Beverly has charming bits. The refinement
of the old manner, the educated ornament delights one
precisely as old furniture does. It has an elegance, a
chasteness, a sobriety, a salience and reserve, not being
overloaded, a variety withal, that hold one by a kind of
spell of interest and fascination. The horror of later
things in wood had not arrived. We have been overrun
71
with the cheapest of quack styles, as the country generally
has. It would not do to specify them. Upper Essex
street, Federal street, Beverly, South Salem have much
to show. The good house of Mr. Cox built early in this
period and interregnum, Mr. Lee’s, and one lately put
up at the corner of Norman street, are a protest and relief.
Certainly it is earnestly to be desired that we should do
better in wood than we have done. Meantime, in this
town, the old houses quiet the very feeling, and appeal
pathetically against the intervening time. The house of
Mr. W. H. Foster has charming steps in threes, and ex-
cellent old finishing touches, with extreme simplicity.
One might enumerate many a refined bit and shy old
house in Salem and Beverly. There is a noble one as you
go to the cove, in the latter town, of square shape, ample
dimensions and double porches, and where one is reconciled
to white paint, and beside it a dear old veteran that wants
to go into the ground, and has almost gone there, it is so
old, and they both are expressive, to a degree that shames
modern structure. They stand coquetting with each other
and are monuments of centuries, impressive as time itself,
and eloquent with character, and mass and sentiment.
Hawthorne might write a romance about them. They
are worth a whole modern town.
THe JAPANESE, half-women in organization, have the
sensibilities of Eastern races to color, and the harmony.
Cashmere shawls, Chinese porcelain, illustrate this. An
island like England, of about the size and population, on
the edge of a great ocean, in the temperate zone, at the
same distance from the equator on the other half of the
globe, and bordering a continent; feudal too, with beau-
tiful nature, and the same love of gardening, there is the
same sensibility in their little art as in the English poets’.
Their delicate feminine hands have a perfect manipula-
tion.
v
72
Emerson says, in his Humble Bee
‘¢ All was picture as he passed.”
This is true of the Japanese. They get a subject out of
nothing. In a collection of ivories at the Burlington
Club, there seemed an epitome of human life: nature
feeling, art feeling, poetic feeling, the grotesque, gothic
creativeness, the sentiment of Dutch pictures, incident,—
a world in little, a Shakespearian range. We have only
to examine fans to sce their sensibilities to the impression.
In my last talk with Mr. Hunt, I saw how much he was
drawn to Japanese, and in the beautiful Gloucester harbor.
I think I see the influence of it. They have naturalistic
feeling as the Greeks had design. They have changed
ornamentation everywhere. A’ friend of mine, who has a
collection gathered on the principle of poetic motive, tells
me, he never takes a walk, but he sees grasses and weeds,
and a hundred aspects of nature, Japanese have taught him.
Whether this virginal island will now be destroyed for
naivelé of motive and unspoilt feelings, remains to be
seen. The Greeks when they lost their great art were
conquered. The Japanese are springing on.
Since I was last here we have lost Mr. Very. A
genius, as rare as Hawthorne, suddenly stopped in his —
early years. It is the quality of his work that transmits
aman. The only analogue I can find for Very is Fra
Angelico. No two men were ever purer-hearted, and so
consecrated. It made their genius. Fra Angelico is
worth whole ages afterward. Corot illustrates this. He
outweighs the whole American landscape. Gray is the
truest poet of the last century. How little he wrote!
Very may remind us of Blake too. .Spontaneity is the
secret of genius. In Wendell Phillips’ speeches, in Miss
Preston’s translation of Miréio is this quality. It is as
easy as breathing. The old diction is very threadbare.
——e
73
Emerson in avoiding it rushes into the other extreme. It
is an inspiration from temperament as Hunt’s was. Fra
Angelico was very limited, but he was divine. This
golden thread of passion makes Parson’s verse distinctive,
and gives him grace—a quality we have not had. Re-
ligious poetry is usually valueless as literature. The
didactic is not an inspiration in art. There are two or
three notes of earnest poetry in New England by women.
It is natural the genius of New England should take that
turn, and that it should be through women. After fifty
years who has grown? Shelley, because he lends you his
soul to see with, and his art was equal. As the soul writes
through Very, nature wrote through Shelley. If it is the
west wind he writes about, the west wind writes it. If
Very describes the columbfne, its slender grace and trem-
ulous nature are inthe verse. He seems to me to be worth
bushels of American poetry. When I was entering the
bay and Dean Stanley was aboard, I pointed out Salem
to him and told him I would give him the volume, now
out of print, of his early poems ; so I did when I got back
to England. Mr. Very himself gave me the book with
his name in it. Two days after we landed, Mr. Very
was present at the hall. I crowded into the gallery at
the last moment, and could see him on the floor of the
‘ house. I noticed his very intellectual head. There was
no such head in the audience. So high and such fine
lines. His things must grow. He is a quiet genius but
unique, the least indebted, the most underived. Ameri-
can poetry is a dreary second-rate, it has struck out no
new note. But such poetry, the pure effluence of the
spirit, never can be popular, or even comprehended or
felt by the many. I think of Daniels’ lines quoted by
Coleridge : :
‘Unless, ‘above himself, erect himself he can,
How poor a thing is man!”
74
Notr.— Rev. JONES Very died at his residence on Federal Street,
Salem, on Saturday morning, May 8, 1880, after an illness of a fortnight.
He was the son of Capt. Jones and Lydia (Very) Very, and was
born in Salem, Aug. 28, 1813. In 1823 and 4, he accompanied his
father on the last two voyages of the latter to Europe. He graduated
at Harvard University in the class of 1836, with high honors, and was
a Greek tutor in that Institution in 1886-8.
The following extracts from two letters may appropriately be in- -
sertedin this connection. One from Mr. Very to Mr. Conrad incident-
ally gives a clew to his own college habits. He writes :—
‘Me (Chisholm) was a member with Thomas Barnard West, of
Salem, and myself, of a small society for religious improvement,
which held meetings once a week, during most of my college course.
I remember these meetings with great satisfaction as hours well and
properly spent; and I doubt not that they were so remembered by all.
who participated in them.”
The other by one of his former pupils, received by the family on
the day of his burial, shows the estimation in which he was held as
an instructor, who writes :—
‘“‘You were my teacher of Greek in 1837-8, and your manner of
instructing made a favorable impression on my mind, and produced a
leaning to that language which still lasts. You were unwearied in
drawing our attention to tenses and making us translate literally —
two important points in learning languages of which however Mr.
F * * * * * quite lost sight. The charm with which you surrounded
Greek vanished from Harvard with you. You felt the spirit of the
Greek people, and were ready to communicate it to such as had ears
to hear.” * * *
He studied for the ministry and was approbated as a preacher in
1843, though never ordained over a society or settled as a pastor, he -
had occasionally performed the clerical duties.
He had acquired distinction as a poet, especially as a writer of
sonnets and occasional pieces, some of which were contributed to the
papers and periodicals. In 1839 he published a volume of Essays and
Poems, which has been considered a book of great merit. Griswold,
in his Poets and Poetry of America, says, ‘‘ His Essays are fine
specimens of learned and sympathetic criticisms; and his sonnets and
other pieces of verse are chaste, simple and poetical.” His deceased
brother, the Rev. Washington Very, and his sister, L. L. A. Very,
shared his poetical talent.
He was of a guiet, reflecting and sedate turn of mind, and, though
retiring, was very affable and companionable. He early gave himself
up to a religious enthusiasm, which so possessed him that he left
Cambridge and returned to Salem, where he had since lived in retire-
75
ment, writing sonnets when the mood seized him, but taking no part
in public life.
The family is traced back to Bridget Very,! who came from England
with her two sons and a daughter, and who was a member of the
First Church in Salem in 1648. She and her son Samuel? lived on the
north side of Cedar Pond, near the Danvers almshouse, where they
owned a large tract of land, and where her descendants resided for a
century or more. Many of them removed to Salem and became ship-
masters. ° ;
In the first volume of the Historical Collections of the Institute,
is an interesting account of a genealogical ramble by the subject of
this notice. He says: ‘‘ that it [the land] bore the name of the Very
lot. I was shown: by an aged man, the cellar where the first house
stood. No house had been there since his recollection, but the stones
were still there overrun with blackberry vines. There too was the
well, covered now by a stone. A few old moss-covered apple trees
in the midst of a new growth of oaks and pines showed where, two
centuries ago, the strong hands and brave hearts of the early settlers
had cleared the land and made them a home.”
Samuel Very,? born in England about 1619, married Alice, dau. of
John Woodis, Woodhouse or Woodice, had:
Benjamin Very,®? married Jemima, dau. of Joseph Newhall, of
Lynn; had:
Isaae Very,* born July 30, 1715; married Elizabeth Giles in 1736;
a corporal under Col. Ichabod Plaisted in 1756; died at Sandy Hook
in the army, 1778; had sons Isaac and Samuel. . .
Samuel Very,® born in Salem, Dec. 10, 1755; married in 1776, Han-
nah Putney. She died Feb. 4, 1799. He was a master and owner of
a vessel, but kept a store many years in Salem at the corner of Essex
and Boston streets; died in 1824, aged 69; had: Lydia, born June 14;
1792; married her cousin Jones Very, and was the mother of the
subject of this notice.
Isaac Very,® born in Salem 1745; married for his 3d wife, Rachel
Jones, of Charlton. He resided some years in Charlton and Spencer,
the latter part of his life in Salem; was master of a vessel and an
officer of the Customs, Salem. He died in 1831, aged 86; had:
Jones Very,® born in Spencer, Mass., Nov. 17, 1790, and followed
the seas from early life. As a shipmaster he sailed in the employ of
the Hon. William Gray from 1817 to 1821 in the Brig Concord; from
1821 to September, 1824 in the barque Aurelia. He married Feb. 13,
1813, his cousin Lydia Very, above mentioned. He resided at the
corner of Essex and Boston streets, in Salem. He died Dec. 22, 1824.
[Ep.
Reeutar Meetina, Monpay, JuNE 21, 1880.
Meeting this evening at 8 o’clock. The PREsiDENT in
the chair. Records read. Donations and correspondence
announced.
The Prestpent referred to the sudden. and unexpected
death of an associate member, Mr. Caleb Cooke, which
occurred at his residence in this city on Saturday evening,
June 5, 1880. His disease was typhoid fever, and it
terminated fatally after a confinement to the house of a
few days.
The PresmpEnt then alluded briefly to some incidents
in thé life of Mr. Cooke, his interest in scientific pursuits,
his labors in the cause of science and general culture, and
his acts of benevolence so freely and cheerfully done.
Mr. Cooke was the son of William and Mary (Fogg
Cooke, and was born in Salem, Feb’ry 5, 1836. His |
father was a mariner and for several years was an officer
on board of vessels engaged in the West African trade,
and died in California when the son was in his boyhood.
He was educated in our public schools and commenced his
active life, a clerk in the bookstore of the late Henry -
Whipple. ,
Continuing iu that situation for a short time, he retired,
and after spending about one year with Mr. George F.
Read, in the study of the languages, especially the Latin,
he devoted himself principally to the pursuit of Natural
History which had long been his desire and inclination.
He was elected a resident member of the Essex Insti-
tute May 11, 1853, and was connected with that Institution
until his decease, and for more than twenty-one years of
this time he held some official position or a membership
(76)
77
on some important committee. For several years he was
a pupil of Agassiz, and under his tuition pursued his
studies with a class of young men who have since dis-
tinguished themselves in zodlogical and geological science.
In 1859 he went. to Para, South America, and sub-
sequently to Zanzibar and Madagasear;. on the latter
voyage, sailing in the barque Porsia. from Salem, Nov. 5,
1860 and remaining for several years on the eastern coast
of Africa, collecting specimens for the Museum of Com-
parative Zodlogy, Cambridge. He was compelled to leave
this field of bis labors on acconnt of sickness from the
African fever, but almost recovered his health during his
passage home. While he was absent, Prof. Agassiz and
Senator Sumner procured him the appointment of U. S.
Consul at Mozambique, but the Commission passed him
in transit and he never acted under it, although his name
was borne upon the rolls for several years.
From the organization of the Peabody Academy of
Science in 1867, until his death, he was an assistant, and
one of the Curators of the Museum under its charge.
He was a member of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science and also of the Boston Society
of Natural History.
In 1875 he assisted Dr. G. M. pres: of the State
Geological Survey of Indiana, in a hydrographic survey
of a dozen or more of the Inakes in the northern part
of that State, where his experience in the collecting and
preservation of specimens of natural history, and in
seining and dredging, was of great value.
He also became greatly interested in the work of the
Salem Fraternity, organized in the spring of 1869, and
was active in the establishment of its library and reading
room, becoming chairman of the committees of those de-
partments, and devoting himself constantly and earnestly
to the welfare of that institution. He possessed many
78
admirable traits of character. No one was more ready
to communicate information, or take more:pains to confer
a favor than he. He was a useful man in the line of his
specialties.
Rev. E. B. Wittson spoke in the highest terms of
Mr. Cooke’s labors in behalt of the Institute and of the
Fraternity, and also of his many marked personal charac- —
teristics; frank, hating cant, impatient of conventionali-
ties, sunny tempered by nature, but quick and of variable
moods, he scorned wordy goodness, and called for deeds
before his confidence was to be had. His valuable services
in the management of the Salem Fraternity were particu-
larly alluded to by Mr. Willson. Almost from the begin-
ning his hand was in it, and as the zeal of others slackened,
he only gave to it his more constant care. Every day
he devoted hours to it, especially during the week-day
evenings ; these were the leisure hours from other pursuits
which were his main business. His heart was in the
work. Something new to be tried was always seething in
his brain; more library room ; more books; more periodi-
cals, papers and pictures ; another room for women, more
workers on committees ; more work for the workers; but
he went first himself, and staid last. On the steady band
of workers that has carried on the Salem Fraternity for |
these eleven years, his death falls like a momentary faint-
ness which darkens the eyes to the way before them.
Mr. Jonn Rosinson spoke of the long personal friend-
- ship which had existed between Mr. Cooke and himself,
and particularly dwelt upon his pleasant and kindly ways,
always seeking to do a favor before it could be asked of
him. He spoke of his fondness for children, and the ease
with which he made them familiar with him, and related
an incident which occurred only one week before Mr.
Cooke’s death.
79
It was customary every year for them to go to a certain
choice locality where the Arethusa was particularly abun-
dant, to collect the flowers and astonish their friends with
a profusion of the blossoms of this beautiful and usually
searce plant. The trip was generally made on foot, but
as the distance was nearly ten miles and it was desired to
return before noon of the day selected, a carryall was
obtained, an early start made, and two little girls taken
to fill the spare seats. The flowers were found in great
abundance and in a few hours the party were on their way
home, Mr. Cooke and both little girls on the front seat.
All the way the children were particularly merry, and
Mr. Cooke merrier if possible than they. All sung,
laughed, and drove by turns, and when nearly in town,
if became necessary to quiet the fun lest it should too
much surprise the sober passers-by. Mr. Cooke never
was happier, and had not for two months seemed so
well. The same Arethusas were not all faded the day he
was laid in his grave.
Mr. Robinson spoke of the public loss caused by Mr.
Cooke’s death, and said that his long familiarity with the
specimens and customs at the Museum of the Academy,
would render it impossible to fill his place as he left it.
But beyond this, Mr. Robinson said he felt the personal
loss to be greater, for Mr. Cooke was one upon whom he
always felt able to call at any and all times for favors or
assistance of any sort, with the assurance of an immediate
and cheerful response.
Dr. Grorcre A. Perkins said, that his personal recol-
lections of Mr. Cooke were of the pleasantest kind, his
eminent fitness for the position he was called to fill had
often impressed itself upon him, and it would be safe to
say that no specimen or specimens, in any of the collec-
80
tions of our scientific societies, escaped his memory or
care, and all could be produced by him at. a moment’s
notice. His uniform good nature under trying circum-
stances, and the pleasure he appeared to take in furnishing
any desired information, made it exceedingly pleasant, to
recall the memory of the visits, the speaker had made to
the rooms of the Peabody Academy of Science, during the .
period of his official connection with that institution. —
Mr. T. F. Hunt also made appropriate remarks regard-
ing Mr. Cooke, his life and work, and on his motion
Voted, That the President, Rev. E. B. Willson, and
Mr. John Robinson be appointed a Committee to prepare
suitable resolutions on the death of Mr. Cooke—the same
to be entered upon the Records of the Institute, and a
copy to be sent to the family of the deceased.
The following PREAMBLE and REso.LutTion were reported
by the committee, and recorded in conformity to the above
vote:
‘Whereas, The recent sudden decease of an associate
member, Mr. Caleb Cooke, who had been interested in
scientific studies from his early youth, and an active
member of the Institute since May, 1853, and for more
than twenty-one years holding some official position or a
membership on some important committee, requires from.
the Institute a grateful acknowledgment of his valuable
services so cheerfully and freely given, at all times, in the
promotion of the objects of its organization.
Stesolved, That the Essex Institute desires to place
upon record this testimonial of respect to the memory of
its late associate, whose ardent zeal and indefatigable
labors in scientific research, and especially in various acts
of benevolence and general culture in this community, have
secured the esteem and respect of all, and will cause his
name to be long remembered in this, his native city.
BULLETIN
OF THE
PSS Bx - LW Stas ee
Vor. 12. Satem, Jury, Aua., Sepr., 1880. Nos. 7, 8, 9.
NorTes ON THE FLorA or Essex County, Massacuu-
SETTS, WITH SKETCHES OF THE EARLY BOTANISTS,
AND A LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS ON THESE SUB-
JECTS.
BY JOHN ROBINSON.
Essex County offers to the botanist a field attractive and
interesting in many ways. The open country, deep woods,
and numerous swamps contain the usual number of species
found in such localities, while a large river, the Merrimac,
furnishes a valley in which grow many plants not else-
where found in the county. There are upwards of fifty
ponds, from four to four hundred acres in extent, rich in
water plants and subaquatics. Though there is no con-
siderable hill or mountainous district, it is sufficiently far
north to have several representatives of higher latitudes
and even a few alpine and sub-alpine species in the flora.
Along the seashore is found an abundance of plants
peculiar to the region of salt-water marshes and beaches,
while in the ocean and inlets grow about one hundred and
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN. XII 6 en ¢-2 9)
82
fifty species of alge. These last named collecting grounds
offer an opportunity to study, from fresh specimens, classes
of plants from which the inland botanist is almost wholly
debarred.
The land plants of the county belong decidedly to the
northern flora although not so arctic in their character as
the lichens and alge. There is an almost total absence -
of many species common from Cape Cod southward and
often found just south of Boston. In contrast to this
the Magnolia glauca is still quite abundant at Glou-
cester, but not found again north of New Jersey. At
Cape Ann is the southern limit of the little Sagina no-
dosa, and there also is found Potentilla tridentata, familiar
at the Isle of Shoals and on Mt. Washington. Essex
County seems also to be the southern limit, for this
region, of Pinus resinosa (Red Pine), Abies nigra (Black
Spruce), Vaccinium Vitis-Idea, Viola rotundifolia, etc.,
as it is the northern limit of Cupressus thyoides (White
Cedar), Quercus prinoides (Chinquapin Oak), Polygonum
Caryi, Draba Caroliniana, Lygodium palmatum (Climbing
Fern), and others. At Boxford is what has proved thus
far to be the only New England station for Salix candida,
and another bog willow, Salix myrtilloides, is occasionally
met with. At Andover a locality for Calamagrostis Pick-
eringii was discovered in the summer of 1879 ; this species
has only been known before at the White Mountains.
Among the sedges and grasses, plants too frequently neg-
lected will be found, many not heretofore supposed to grow
in the county, and a careful comparison of this list with
our botanies will show that the range of many species has
been extended. Although much careful work has been
done there yet remains much to be accomplished ; for, be-
sides the few species that may be added’ to the list of
flowering plants, there are many species of lichens and
83
mosses not thus far collected, and the fungi and fresh-
water alge are purposely omitted altogether. The phan-
erogams and vascular cryptogams are quite fully studied,
and to the Characee and marine alge but comparatively
few additions may be expected.
The early settlement of the county renders this a par-
ticularly favorable region for the observation of introduced
plants. From the earliest settlement to the present time,
foreign species have continued to arrive, many of which,
like the early colonists, came with the evident intention
of remaining; for, as the genista, barberry, white-weed
and buttercups show, they flourish here and increase to
an extent which it would be difficult for them to exceed
elsewhere. The study of these introduced plants might |
be called historical botany and should not be confounded
with the study of the natural distribution and changes of
plants. The early colonists came to establish a home:
they did not come for gold, diamonds, or lead even, and in
coming severed old home-ties and connections. That
the fruit and other vegetable productions of the new land
were among the first things to which attention was given,
the records of early writers amply testify. We are apt
to consider the men of two hundred and fifty years ago
as a stern company; yet, besides the fruits and plants
which might possess economic or medicinal value, this
latter use being ever uppermost in the minds of botanical
explorers of that day, they did not overlook the curious
or the beautiful.
‘The earlier accounts tell of the gardens that were al-
most immediately established upon the settlement of the
country, and invoices of the articles to be sent to the col-
onists from the managers in Europe contain such things
as the seeds of grains, stone fruits, quince, apple, pear,
woadwax, barberry, etc. Besides these, living plants
84
must have been sent out from Europe, as is shown by the
record of “Our Ancient Pear Trees” (Robert Manning
in Proc. Am. Pom. Soc., 1875).
Some of these plants purposely introduced have failed
to prove of use, or their time of usefulness has gone by,
and they have been suffered to run wild, and at the same
time a hundred others have like “stowaways ” come unin=
vited. They have been introduced among the seeds of
useful plants, in packing material, and as garden flowers.
Many of the introduced species still remain restricted to
certain localities, and others, although more widely dis-
seminated, are in such situations as to make their origin —
self-evident, while others are so distributed as to appear to
all intents and purposes as natives. Again, by the clear-
ing of the forests, the general cultivation and changes in
the condition of the soil, many native plants best able to
endure the changes, or those to which the changes have
proved beneficial, have been given positions of undue
prominence in the flora; while other species, which at the
time of the settlement of the country were much more
abundant, have now become less numerous, or have entirely
disappeared. It is a matter of considerable difficulty to
picture to ourselves the country as it appeared two hun-
dred and fifty years ago. It is probable that extensive :
forests reached. to the ocean shore and, excepting the river
marshes and clearings made by the fires of the aborigines,
occupied the whole territory. The Indians cultivated
corn, pumpkins, beans, tobacco and a few other plants.
It is possible that some species of foreign plants had been
introduced previous to the settlement by the whites
through trade or by adventures, but this is uncertain.
The study of the introduced plants is aided by the work
of Mr. John Josselyn (New England Rarities Discovered),
a reprint of which, with valuable notes by Professor Ed-
See ee
85
ward Tuckerman, is now available. Josselyn visited
New England several times ; when on the longest sojourn,
1663-1671, he landed at Boston and soon went to Black
Point, Scarborough, Maine, where most of his obser-
vations were made. Josselyn was an excellent observer
and although his writings are filled with the usual strange
stories current in old works upon new and unexplored
countries, they contain the first accounts of any conse-
quence regarding the New England flora. This author did
not, perhaps, make many observations in Essex County,
yet his work contains but few species that do not grow
here and its chief value consists in its arrangement and
separation of the plants indigenous from the introduced
weeds, thus giving what then appeared to be the plants
which came with man or, as he called them, “Such plants as
have sprung up since the English planted and kept cattle
in New England.” This, with the occasional observations
by other writers, gives usa fair idea of what plants had
established themselves here rather more than two hundred
years ago. According to Professor Tuckerman, the next
date by which the student may fix the introduction of
foreign species is 1733, when the list of plants observed
by Rev. Manasseh Cutler, of Ipswich, was published
(Mem. Am. Acad. Vol. I). Since that date observations
are more frequent and the more recently introduced
species can be traced quite accurately. It is also quite
probable that plants which at one time were quite common
weeds have disappeared altogether. Dr. Cutler mentions
the Amarantus known by the common name of “ Prince’s
Feather” or “ Love-lies-bleeding,” as “amongst rubbish,”
but to the writer’s knowledge it is never met with
excepting in old-fashioned gardens. The Hyoscyamus
niger and Artemisia Absinthium (Wormwood), spoken of
by Dr. Cutler and other earlier writers as common in waste
86
places, are now very rare or unknown. The last mention
of Nicotina rustica is by Dr. Osgood in 1853, but it is
doubtful if he observed it as late as that ; his observations
were very probably made in previous years, and no one has
since noticed it. The introduction of new manufactures
is likely to bring with it plants which may be persistent
enough in the region where they are introduced but un--
known elsewhere. Such is the case at “Tapleyville,”
Danvers, where, in the vicinity of a carpet factory estab-
lished forty years ago, are to be found several species of
foreign plants unknown in any other town of the county,
and perhaps not elsewhere established.
Two or three plants observed along the shore of the
Merrimac river suggest a close connection with the mills
at Lowell and Lawrence, one of them being a southern
sedge. Many plants are emigrating eastward from our
western states, travelling as it were by rail. The Rud-
beckia hirta, now quite common in fields hereabouts, ac-
cording to Dr. Pickering, did not reach Philadelphia
until 1826, and this vicinity until perhaps 1855.
The latest arrival noticed (1878) is that of Eleusine
Indica, a weedy, oriental grass which is common at New
York city and Philadelphia. It has made its appearance
along the railroad tracks at the Pennsylvania Pier,
Salem, having travelled thenee by the P. and R. R.
R. Co’s steamers, which regularly bring coal from Phila-
delphia. This last comes under the head of “ballast
plants,” a very full account of which may be found in the *
Torrey Bulletin for November, 1879.
SKETCH OF SOME OF THE EARLY BOTANISTS.*
Tue study of botany in Essex County, we may in fact
say New England, dates from the time of Dr. Manasseh
Cutler at the close of the last century. . Previously the
plants had only been noticed by writers upon more gen-
eral subjects of natural history, or casually mentioned in
letters written from this country to England. But from
Cutler’s time there has been a steady succession of bot-
_anists, chiefly amateurs, who have kept alive an interest in
the subject, even at times making it the prominent topic
considered at the literary and scientific societies and clubs
of the region. It will only be attempted here to give a
brief sketch of the older botanists who have contributed
most to the knowledge of the subject in the county.
Francis Higginson, in a letter written from Salem in
1629-30 (Mass. Hist. Coll., I, 121), speaks of the plants
which he had noticed growing in the vicinity, and men-
tions several species which probably now exist in the same
localities as observed by him at that early date; one, the
Rubus odoratus (Flowering Raspberry or Mulberry) still
flourishes in the “Great Pastures,” and the Osmorrhiza
longistylis (Chervil or Sweet Cicely) has been noticed
until very recently at “Paradise,” near Salem.
William Wood, in the New England Prospect, speaks
extendedly of the early gardens and the numerous useful
plants native to the country, mentioning what he saw at
Ipswich, Salem, Marblehead, etc. ; Parkinson and Jerard
* The writer is indebted to Dr. Henry Wheatland for his assistance in obtaining
notices of the early botanists of the county, chiefly from the Proceedings and
Historical Collections of the Essex Institute, from which a large portion of this
sketch is made. ‘ ?
(87)
88
enumerate New Englarfd plants; John Josselyn, pre-
viously referred to, gives an account of the native and
introduced species; and other early writers, including
John Winthrop, speak of the excellent quality of the
native fruits and the beauty of the flowers, particularly
dwelling on the superiority and abundance of the wild
strawberries.
None of these can, however, be spoken of or claimed
as Essex County botanists, and it is not until after the
close of the American Revolution that we find any serious
or scientific study of the plants of the county.
Dr. Manasseh Cutler was born at Killingly, Connecti-
cut, May 8, 1742, graduated at Yale College in 1765,
afterward studied law, and was admitted to the bar in
1767. He soon studied for the ministry and was settled
at the Hamlet Parish in Ipswich, which was set apart from
that town and named Hamilton for Alexander Hamilton
whom Dr. Cutler greatly admired. He served as a chap-
lain during the war of the revolution and on his return
studied medicine which he afterwards practised among his
parishioners. The efforts of Dr. Cutler secured the pas-
sage, in 1787, of the famous ordinance by which freedom
was declared in the northwestern territories and he soon
after organized the first band of pioneers that emigrated
from the east to Ohio. The next year he followed
them driving himself the entire distance in a sulky, being
accompanied by a few friends. Upon ‘his return from
the west, or in 1800, he was chosen to represent old Essex
in Congress where he served two terms. While in Phil-
adelphia in 1787, he visited at the house of Benjamin
Franklin, and afterward wrote an account of the great
statesman which was considered as one of the best, being
copied by Sparks in his life of Franklin. Dr. Cutler
prepared, in 1783, “An account of some of the vegetable
89
productions, naturally growing in this part of America,
botanically arranged,” which was published in the first
volume of the Memoirs of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences in 1785. He here described some
three hundred and fifty species of flowering plants sug-
gesting several points which have been followed by later
botanists. It was Dr. Cutler’s intention to extend this
work, and there are in existence several manuscript vol-
umes which he prepared toward this end. These valua-
ble manuscripts are in the possession of Prof. Edward
Tuckerman, who intends that their final destination shall
be the library of Harvard; and it is to be hoped that they
may at some future day be printed, with such notes as
would be required to make them of use to the present
generation of botanical students. Dr. Cutler’s death oc-
curred in 1823, after more than fifty years’ service in one
parish. He has been called the father of American botany,
a term certainly appropriate for the times and for this
region, where his mantle fell on the shoulders of Osgood,
Nichols, Oakes, and Pickering.
Dr. George Osgood, son of George and Elizabeth
(Otis) Osgood, was born at Fair Haven, March 25, 1784.
He studied medicine with his father and settled in Dan-
vers in 1804, where he had for many years an extensive
practice. Dr. Osgood acquired, by his association with
Cutler, Nichols and Oakes, a taste for and knowledge of
botany which lasted him through life. -He contributed to
Dr. Bigelow much valuable information while the latter
was preparin&® his “Florula Bostoniensis,” and in 1853
published in the Salem Observer a local list of flowering
plants. He died May 26, 1863.
Dr. Andrew Nichols was born in the rural part of Dan-
vers, Nov. 22, 1785. He was the son of Andrew and
Eunice (Nichols) Nichols, and studied medicine under
90
Dr. Waterhouse, settling in that part of Danvers, now
Peabody, in 1808, where he practised successfully, remain-
ing there until his death, March 31, 1853.
He was particularly interested in the local natural his-
tory of this region, and in 1816 delivered a series of
lectures on botany, the first of such in this part of the
country. Dr. Nichols was one of the founders of the
Essex County Natural History Society and its president,
retaining unabated till death his interest in his favorite
study.
William Oakes must be acknowledged as the pea
eminent botanist of Essex County birth. He was the
son of Caleb Oakes and was born at Danvers, July 1,
1799. He was educated at Harvard receiving the degree
of A. B.in 1820. He early developed a taste for natural
history relinquishing the practice of law, his chosen pro-
fession, to study this branch of science.
Mr. Oakes’ work was chiefly in New England, collecting
extensively in Essex County, Mass., Vermont, the White
Mountain region, and southeastern and western Massa-
chusetts. He prepared the list of plants of Vermont for
Thompson’s history of that state; and his work at the
White Mountains was so thorough that recent collectors,
with all the advantages of improved roads and easy access
to every portion of that region, have failed to add but few
to the number of species which he discovered there. It was
his intention to have published a flora of New England,
but was deterred by the appearance of Beck’s Botany.
He afterwards became deeply interested in a work, with
illustrations by Sprague, upon White Mountain scenery,
which was published in 1848; but not untilafter his death
which occurred July 31, 1848, the preface of the work
having been written July 26, only five days previous.
Mr. Oakes was impulsive and generous ; thoroughly in
91
earnest in his favorite study, he seriously impaired his
fortune to carry out his schemes more perfectly. Like
many other men of note, he was hardly appreciated while
living, but no monument which .could have been erected
would have made his memory more cherished or his worth
more appreciated by the present generation of botanists
than that which he left behind,—an extensive collection
of most beautifully prepared botanical specimens, with an
identification absolutely correct, besides many valuable
notes and observations. Prof. Tuckerman dedicated to
him a pretty little plant common in the region of Plymouth,
but it afterwards had to be transferred to another genus ;
and now for the first time in any flora, it becomes a pleasant
duty to give by its name, “Oakesia,” the little bellwort, a
common Essex County plant, which Prof. Watson of
Cambridge has found necessary to separate from the
genus to which it has heretofore been referred in his re-
vision of the family Liliacez, and has feelingly dedicated
to the memory of William Oakes.
Dr. Charles Pickering, son of Timothy and Lurena .
(Cole) Pickering and grandson of Col. Timothy Pickering
of revolutionary fame, was born at Starucca Creek on the
Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, in 1805. He was educated
at Harvard in the class of 1823, graduating at the medical
school in 1826. In 1838 he was appointed naturalist to
the U.S. (Wilkes) Exploring Expedition ; and to perfect
his knowledge of animals and plants in foreign parts, he
made very extensive journeys after his return from that
expedition. He was the author of several works of great
value which in their preparation required much untiring
research ; among them are “Geographical distribution of
Animals and Plants” and “Chronological History of
Plants,” the latter work occupying the last sixteen years
of his life in its preparation.
92
During his college life Dr. Pickering spent much of his
time at Wenham, at the homestead of his grandfather,
Col. Pickering, and here he was in the habit of botanizing
in company with William Oakes, a favorite locality being
the “Great Swamp.” It is but right that Essex County
should claim a share of the honor of his name, for it was —
here that his attention was drawn to botany, and in the
Chronological History of Plants, page 1063, we find the
following entry “1824 * * In this year, after an excur-
sion in 1823, with William Oakes diverting my attention
from entomology, my first botanical discovery.” Dr.
Pickering died at Boston, March 17, 1878. The writer
will always remember with pleasure and gratitude the
many hours spent with Dr. Pickering during 1876 and
77, while he patiently sought out, among his early
manuscript notes and his letters from William Oakes, the
species and stations noticed while botanizing in Essex
County more than fifty years before.
Rev. John Lewis Russell, son of John and Eunice (Hunt)
Russell, was born at Salem, Dec. 2, 1808. He was at
Harvard in the class of 1828, and graduated at the divinity
school in 1831. After occupying pulpits in Chelmsford,
Hingham, Brattleboro, Kennebunk and various other
places, he returned in 1853 to Salem, where he resided,
preaching occasionally, until his death June 7, 1873.
Mr. Russell was particularly devoted to cryptogamic
botany, publishing accounts of his investigations from
time to time as he proceeded, besides many popular arti-
cles on various families of plants. He lectured frequently
on botany and was for many years vice-president of the
Essex Institute. |
Mr. Russell contributed much to the general knowledge
of botany in Essex County, but his most extensive collec-
tions were made in other places.
=a ’ d
8 Tale —
93
The only attempt at an enumeration of county plants,
as such, is that of Mr. Cyrus M. Tracy, of Lynn. It
was intended to give a list of the flowering plants found
in that region and contained 546 species. Besides pos-
sessing a very happy gift as a botanical lecturer, Mr. Tracy
has contributed several valuable articles upon local botany
to the publications of the Essex Institute and elsewhere.
Mr. Geo. D. Phippen, of Salem, whose notes on the
native plants have materially aided the writer, has often
presented the subject of botany at meetings of the In-
stitute, and has written several articles of interest upon
the subjects which have been published in various
places. Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, of Georgetown, a most
excellent botanical collector, published a list of the plants
of that region in the Georgetown Advocate in 1876. Mr.
Calvin Pool, of Rockport, prepared a somewhat smaller
list of plants of Cape Ann, which was published in
“ Pigeon Cove and vicinity ” in 1873. Mr. S. B. Buttrick,
of Salem, whose years do not diminish his interest in
botany, and who is ever on the alert to find some rare
flower, has contributed several lists of plants to the
earlier numbers of the Proceedings and Bulletin of the
Essex Institute, as also have Dr. G. A. Perkins, of
Salem, chairman of the botanical section of the Peabody
Academy of Science, Mr. George F. H. Markoe, for-
merly of Salem, now of Boston, Rev. Ariel P. Chute,
formerly of Lynnfield, and many others. Dr. Henry
Wheatland, although not claiming to be a botanist, has
often aided those who did, by his assistance in revising
their articles for the publications of the Institute while act-
ing as the editor. Mr. S..P. Fowler, of Danvers, one of
the older botanists and a companion of Oakes and Osgood,
in many rambles, has made frequent observations regarding
the trees and shrubs, and has cultivated extensively many
94
of our native plants. Of those who have contributed to
swell the list of known county species of plants and who
have not published any writings on the subject, it will be
impossible to speak separately. They must be content to
feel that they have aided the cause of botanical knowledge as
they certainly have, and are deserving their share of credit
for so doing. There are many who have collected and:
prepared specimens which will always serve as pleasant
. reminders of their work. Among such are Mr. B. D.
Greene, who added several plants to the flora frony near
Tewksbury; Mr. Wm. P. Richardson and Mr. S. Bass,
who botanized near Salem ; and more recently Mrs. Alex.
Bray, Mrs. Charles Grover, Mrs. J. Babson and Mrs.
Davis, who have added many species to the list of Cape
Ann Alge; Mr. Frank Lufkin of Pigeon Cove, who has
noticed many plants new to that region; Mr. John H.
Sears, of Danvers, whose specialty, the forest trees, has
been the means of -bringing together at the Museum of the
Peabody Academy of Science one of the best local collec-
tions of native woods in any museum; Mr. W. P. Conant,
who has added many species of Cyperaceee and Gramines
and a rare Botrychium to the flora; besides many others
whose names will appear in the list associated with the
plant which they have been fortunate to discover.
To those whose assistance either by their writings, by
specimens contributed, or who have rendered any assist-
ance by information or other attention, the writer desires
to express his warmest thanks. It would be impossible for
him to specify those who have aided him or their manner
of so doing, and he can only thank all collectively which
he does most sincerely.
Publications in which notices of interest relating to the Bota-
nists or the Plants of the County may be found.
MeMorIrs OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, Vol. J.
Boston, 1785. CuTier’s List or PLANTS.
BIGELOW’S FLORULA BOSTONIENSIS, Ist, 2nd and 3d editions.
CATALOGUE OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS OF MASSACHUSETTS in HitTcH-
COCK’s REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY, ETC., OF MASSACHUSETTS, 1833.
Gray’s Manvat, Ist, 4th and 5th editions.
Gray’s Frora or NortH America. Part I.
Essex INSTITUTE PROCEEDINGS, BULLETIN, AND HIsToRICAL COLLEC-
TIONS.
AMERICAN NATURALIST, BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT.
EMERsoN’s TREES AND SHRUBS OF MASSACHUSETTS.
TUCKERMAN’S JOSSELYN’S NEW ENGLAND’sS RARITIES DISCOVERED.
TRANSACTIONS or AM. ANTIQ. Society, Vol. IV.
Tracy’s Fiona OF LYNN, etc.
PICKERING’S CHRONOLOGICAL History OF PLANTS. _
WaATSON’s REVISION OF THE LILIACE2 IN Proc. Am. ACAD. ARTS AND
ScIENCES. Vol. XIV.
WatTson’s BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX TO N. A. Borany.
DECANDOLLE’s PRODROMUS (occasional reference to Oakes).
EatTon’s Ferns OF NORTH AMERICA.
(95)
96
Harvey’s Nereis BOREALI-AMERICANA. R :
Fartow’s List OF MARINE ALG or U. S. in Rept. Fisn Com., ,
1875, AND Proc. AM. ACAD. OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. Vol. X.
Fuint’s GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS. “
TRANSACTIONS OF THE Mass. Hort. Soc.
History or THE Mass. Hort. Soc.
Oakes’ CATALOGUE OF VERMONT PLANTS IN THOMPSON’S HISTORY
OF VERMONT. Pages 173-208.
HaLstrp’s CHARACE IN Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. XX.
List OF THE PLANTS OF GEORGETOWN AND VICINITY, by Mra,
Horner, in GEORGETOWN ADVOCATE, 1876.
List oF PLANTS NEAR DANVERS, by Dr. Geo. Osgood, in SALEM
OBSERVER, 1853.
Hovey’s MaGazing or HorricuLture (various articles by Oakes
and Russell).
List oF PLanrs oF PiIGKON Cove, by Calvin Pool, in ‘‘ Prianon Cove
AND VICINITY.”
THESE notes are introductory to an Enumera-
tion of the Plants of Essex County that has been
prepared, after a careful examination of the work
of the earlier botanists and diligent search in
almost every portion of the county for species
not previously noticed, and will appear in a
separate issue, as an occasional publication of the
Institute.
With so few persons devoting themselves to
the study of botany or the collection of speci-
a
97
mens, particularly of the lower orders of plants,
it would be impossible to present an absolutely
complete list, and perhaps with even the greatest
facilities no one has succeeded in so doing for
any region.
Almost the only extended collection of dried
specimens of county plants were those of the
late Mr. Oakes, so that there really exists no
very great foundation upon which to build, other
than the herbarium recently collected, and the
writings of the more reliable among the earlier
botanists, who for nearly a century have now
and then appeared upon the scene.
Of the plants enumerated, almost all are rep-
resented in the herbarium of the Peabody Acad-
emy of Science at Salem, and where the species
has not been collected and its occurrence is only
known by the testimony of some writer, it is so
stated in the list.
Several errors have been detected in early
local lists and corrected, and such notes added
to the paper as seem of interest locally or
otherwise.
The writer would express his indebtedness to
Prof. Asa Gray, Prof. G. L. Goodale and Prof.
Sereno Watson, for their numerous kindnesses
and assistance rendered him during the past five
years while preparing this flora, and also to
Messrs. Edwin and Charles E. Faxon for their
kindness in revising the final proofs.
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XII. 7
98
Firtp Meretinag at THE WriLLows, SALem NEocK,
TUESDAY, JUNE 22, 1880.
Tue two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the arrival
of John Winthrop, at Salem, with the charter and records
of the Massachusetts Bay Company, occurring on June 22, -
1880, it was deemed meet and appropriate that the first
field meeting of the season should be held on that day,
at the Pavilion on Salem Neck, from which is obtained
an extensive view of the bay, and of the shore along
which the fleet sailed ere the anchors were dropped in
the waters of New England; and that the exercises
of the occasion, instead of a discussion on subjects of
general scientific and historical interest, should be devoted
to a recital of incidents connected with this important
event, or such other topics as the time and place might
suggest. ;
A description of the appearance of Salem harbor, at
this early period in our history, may be gleaned from the
following extracts from the diary of Rev. Francis Higgin-
son, who, under date of “Fryday, June 26, 1629,” writes :
“The sea was abundantly stored with rockweed and yel-
low flowers like gillyflowers. By noon we were within
3 leagues of Capan, and as we sayled along the coast
we saw every hill and dale, and every island full of gay
woods and high trees. The nearer we came to the shoare
the more flowers in abundance, sometymes scattered
abroad, sometymes joyned in sheets 9 or 10 yards long,
which we supposed to be brought from the low meadows
by the tyde. Now what with fine woods and greene
trees by land, and their yellow flowers paynting the sea,
made us all desirous to see our new paradise of New
England, whence we saw such forerunning signals of fer-
CA
99
tilitie afarre off.” On Monday, June 29, 1629, he writes:
“we passed the curious and difficult entrance into the
large and spacious harbour of Naimkecke, and as we
passed along it was wonderful to behould so many islands
replenished with thicke wood and high trees and many
fayre green pastures.”?
The appearance of this shore, so pleasantly described
by Mr. Higginson, has undergone great changes since his
day, and more especially during the past thirty or forty
years. It is now included within the limits of Beverly,
Manchester, and Gloucester, and is a much frequented and
very delightful summer resort, many of the wealthiest
and most prominent families of the country, including
merchants, bankers, artists, professional men and persons
of leisure from the great cities, making this their summer
home.
The fragrant pine woods, the oaks, the birches, and the
green fields come down even to the beaches, to the rocks,
and to the seaweed, and mingle the freshness of the coun-
try with the ocean breezes. The elegant villas, with their
quaint architecture, dot the coast, and enliven the dark
green of the woods with their red roofs. Every secluded
cove has its favorite yacht; the beaches are hard and
smooth, and the shouts and laughter of the bathers mingle
harmoniously with the rote of the surf, and the hoary
cliffs of primitive rock extend into the sea, scarred,
wrinkled and worn. |
The belt of woods extending parallel to the coast, diver-
sified with ponds, rivulets, rocky hills and meadows, the
1 >
1Mr. Higginson arrived near midsummer; at this period of the year, great num-
bers of jelly-fishes (the Cyanea arctica, Aurelia flavidula. and other species) are
observed on the surface of the water near the coast. Possibly specimens of these
animals, some having the resemblance of flowers, may have attracted the notice
of the voyager, and have thus been mentioned in his journal.
2 See Hutchinson’s Collection of Papers, pages 41 and 44.
100
habitat of many rare floral gems (of which may be spec-
ified the Magnolia glauca, a representative of a more
southern flora, and the Linnea borealis, that of the alpine),
affords many picturesque views and delightful rural by-
paths and lanes, adding much to the attractions of this
pleasant summer retreat.
The Pavilion is located on or near the six acres of land
granted by the town of Salem, to Rev. John Higginson
- in 1661. This land he conveyed by deed (Reg. Deeds,
Essex, vol. iii, fol. 396), 25, 9, 1670, to Thomas Savage,
who on August 6, 1675, transferred the same by deed of
gift to his daughter Sarah and her husband, John Higgin-
son, jr., with lands adjoming which he had purchased of
other parties, in all about twenty-eight acres (Reg.
Deeds, Essex, vol. iv, fol. 383).
A grandson of John Higginson, jr., the fourth John
Higginson’ in succession (the four were living at the
period from the birth of the youngest Jan. 10, 1697-8,
to the death of the eldest in Dec. 9, 1708) conveyed
this estate April 8, 1730, to Benj. Ives* (see Reg. Deeds,
Essex, vol. lv, fol. 92).
3 Rey. John Higginson, born at Claybrook, Aug. 6, 1616, came with his father to
Salem in 1629, and in 1641 assisted Rev. Henry Whitfield (whose daughter Sarah
he married) in the ministry at Guilford, Conn. He returned to Salem in 1659 and ~
was ordained as pastor of the church, which his father had founded some thirty
years before, and continued the respected minister until his death Dec. 9, 1708.
' If John born at Guilford, 1646, a merchant, settled in Salem; Lieut. Col. of the
regiment, a member of the Governor’s council, etc., died March 23, 1719.
III John born Aug. 20, 1675, educated a merchant, lived in Salem, died April 26,
1718.
IV John born Jan. 10, 1697-8, graduated at Harvard College, 1717; sustained chief
offices of the town, County Register, etc.; died July 15, 1744.
For a sketch of this family see Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., vol. V, p. 33.
4 Benjamin Ives was the son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Metcalf) Ives, and was
baptized at the First Church, Aug. 9,1702. He md. Anna, dau. of Roger Derby,
and in 1715 bought of the family of Thomas Beadle deceased, the estate now
bounded by Essex, Pleasant, and East streets. He became a prominent merchant
of his time and bought much real estate in’ Salem. Capt. Ives died in the prime
of life, in the full tide of a prosperous career, about Julyg1752.
101
After the death of Benjamin Ives in 1752, the estate
with additional purchases, including land obtained from
the town by vote of the citizens, in exchange for Pignal’s®
or Roache’s Point, on which is located the present alms-
house, amounting to forty acres, and also land from
Abbot,* 16 Aug., 1738 (Reg. Deeds, Essex, vol. Ixxiv, fol.
176), passed into the possession of his son John Ives, who
conveyed the same to Richard Derby’ May 16, 1758 (see
Reg. Deeds, Essex, vol. cxliv, fol. 40).
After the death of Richard Derby this property was
assigned to John Derby towards his portion of his father’s
estate, who conveyed the same by deed to Edward Allen,
Dec. 13, 1793 (see Reg. Deeds, Essex, vol. clvii, fol. 73).
After the death of Edward Allen, July 27, 1803, and of
his wife Margaret, Aug. 13, 1808, this estate passed into
the possession of his son Edward Allen, who sold the
same to Josiah Orne, Feb. 26, 1810 (see Reg. Deeds,
Essex, vol., elxxxviii, fol. 177). Josiah Orne, April 6,
1816, conveyed the same to Jonathan Dustin of Danvers
(see Reg. Deeds, Essex, cex, fol. 86). Eliza Sutton,
Hazen Ayer and Serena his wife, in her own right, all
of Peabody, being heirs of the late Jonathan Dustin,
5This name appears in deeds, but it should be “ Picton” named for Thomas
Picton to whom the land was originally granted. Sometimes spelled Pigden.
6 The following Deposition from the State Records probably refers to the same
person :—John Abbot of Salem, Shoreman, aged seventy years, testifyeth and
deposeth that during my acquaintance of many years with Mr. Philip English of
Salem who is now a Prisoner in the said Town Gaol, I have heard him the said
English declare that he was bred & born in the Communion of the Church of Eng-
land, and that he would go to no other publick worship willingly, & if he had
opportunity to go to a Church agreeable to which when the Church was erected at
Marblehead he the said English & I have gone frequently thither together from
that time down to this, & further there lying a ferry between this Town & Marble-
head over which the ferryman could by no means be prevailed upon to carry us
every Lord’s day, he, the safd English, has several times spoke to me to be partner
with him in a Boat that we might go thither constantly to Church.
Salem, Feb. 29: 1724-5. ,
7For a sketch of the Derby Family, see Hist. Coll., Essex Inst., vol. ILI, pp.
154, 201, 283.
102
conveyed the same to Daniel B. Gardner, jr., of Salem,
Sept. 24, 1875 (Reg. Deeds, Essex, vol. deccexli, fol.
233), who had the land surveyed, streets and avenues laid
out, and many lots sold, upon which have been built a
large number of seaside cottages.
In 1876, the streets and avenues were constructed. In
1877, the Naumkeag Street Railway Company extended
its tracks from the junction of Essex and Webb streets
to the Willows. Cars went over the road June 9, of that
year— on the following day it was opened for the public
travel. Parties interested in the railroad bought land of
Mr. Gardner, June 19, 1878 (Reg. Deeds, Essex, vol. m, |
fol. 204), and during the following spring and early
summer erected the Pavilion (the place of meeting), which
was opened to the public on the 17th of June. This
building contains on the lower floor a refreshment saloon,
a large hall 35 by 80 feet, with anterooms attached —on >
the second floor, a large dining hall and kitchen, with
small private dining rooms. The tower has rooms in sey-
eral stories, and above the balcony, is a camera obscura,
giving an extensive marine view, including the adjacent
shores and the islands in the harbor. During the present
season the Coliseum, a large circular building, has been
erected for entertainments and public meetings —the
grounds have been enlarged by the purchase of Mr.
Gardner, of additional land adjoining, March 4, 1880 (Reg.
Deeds, Essex, vol. mxxxii, fol. 246), and very much im-
proved by the planting of shrubbery, ornamental trees,
and flowering plants, making paths, fountains, etc. Ad-
ditional improvements are in contemplation the coming
season.
This portion of the neck has been known in the past
as “ The Higginson Farm,” “ The Allen Farm,” and more
recently “The Juniper.” Some years since, there was a
103
large group of juniper trees, but for several years they
have been gradually decaying —a few yet linger among
the cottages, so few that one would hardly conjecture that
this place derived its name from their presence. Hos-
pital Point and the land adjoining on the northern boun-
dary of the above, owned by the city, was set apart by an
order of the city council, adopted May 9, 1859, “to be
kept open and dedicated as a Public Square for the use of
the inhabitants of Salem forever, under such regulations
as the council shall from time to time establish.” This
place has been known as “ The Willows,” from a double
row of willows planted about the beginning of the, present
century, under the direction of Capt. Israel Williams.
On the 8th of July, 1878, an ordinance was passed by
the council, and approved by the mayor on the day fol-
lowing, for “ Ball Playing,” assigning for this purpose a
piece of land enclosed as a part of the “ Poor Farm,” lying
west of “The Willows” so called, and running west and
including the rising ground to the western line of the fort.
On this land trees of various kinds have been set out,
and these grounds will probably be opened to the public
at no distant day.
During the forenoon, an opportunity was afforded, to those
interested in our early history, of visiting the various places
of interest, and of recalling some of the old landmarks
that are now rapidly disappearing under the hands of
modern improvement. On Winter Island and other places
near by, buildings were erected, wharves constructed,
and vessels built for the purpose of carrying on the fish-
eries which flourished from an early period to 1735, when
it was entirely discontinued in this locality, and now
scarcely a vestige of this former occupancy and industry
remains.
Previous to 1714, Winter Island was owned by the
104
commoners (except a narrow strip on the northeastern
end which was attached to the Higginson farm), and was
leased to various individuals — after the vote of 1714, it
came into possession of the town and was used as a pas-
ture with the neck, after the discontinuance of the fisheries
until 1824, when it was transferred to the Poor Farm.
In 1863, it was ceded to the United States government
for coast defences.
In 1870, the Secretary of War permitted the Trustees
of the Plummer Farm School for boys to establish their
institution there, and the city conveyed to the same parties
whatever interest it might have in the premises.
This institution was founded by Miss Caroline Plummer
of Salem, who died May 15, 1854, and is intended for the
instruction, employment, and reformation of juvenile of-
fenders in the city of Salem. The residue of her estate,
after the payment of other bequests and debts, was appro-
priated to this purpose. Sum received, $25,462.23; the
Trustees are appointed by the mayor and aldermen, and
are incorporated by an act of the legislature, passed May
21, 1855. First meeting of the Trustees was held Nov.
26, 1855, when by-laws were adopted and officers elected.
The present building was finished for occupancy May 20,
1870. The city government appropriated $8,000 for this
object. Charles A. Johnson was appointed the superin-
tendent, and now holds the office. First boy was admitted
Sept. 1, 1870—the present number is thirty. The pres-
ent amount of invested funds is $50,000.
The traditional site of Clifford’s tavern was on the left
of the road just after passing the causeway. The Town
Records (vol. for 1659-1680, page 306) inform us that
“at a meeting of the selectmen, Nov. 25, 1679, the select-
men consent unto and approve of Sergt Jno. Clifford to
keepe a victualling house att Winter Island.”
105
In 1805, the question of the town’s right to sell this
island was introduced at a town meeting, and a committee,
consisting of Joseph Story (afterwards Justice U. S.
Sup. Court) and others, was directed to report on the
subject —the report was favorable and was submitted at a
meeting held Aug. 12 (see Salem Gaz., Aug. 16-20, 1805),
and was not accepted. Samuel Putnam (afterwards a Judge
Mass. Sup. Court) expressed views in opposition, and it is
intimated that Wm. Prescott entertained similar opinions.
Some fifty years afterwards the subject of selling Winter
Island was again agitated and referred by the city council
to the city solicitor for his opinion (see Report on the
sale of the Neck Lands, communicated to the city council,
Dec. 27, 1858, by W. C. Endicott, the city solicitor (now
Judge Mass. Sup. Court).
This document, in addition to the legal opinions therein
expressed, contains a history of the Neck Lands, in par-
ticular, and notices of the commoners’ grants, the cir-
stances under which they were made, the policy pursued
by them at that period, and also the town’s connection
with these lands. It is well known that all the lands in
this vicinity were originally held by the commoners, the
proprietors of lands lying in common and undivided. At
meetings held in 1713 and 1714, votes were passed,
granting to the town, the roads, the burial places, the
neck, the common, and other unappropriated lands, lying
within the body of the town. Grants were also made to
the poor for a pasture under the care of the selectmen,
and to the ministry in the several parishes, also, that all
the common lands be measured and divided among the
commoners, according to the number of cottage rights
each one held. Several distinct proprietaries were formed
under an act of the legislature, The Great Pasture,
Sheep Pasture, etc. Scarcely a vestige now exists of
this old custom of holding lands in common. In this
106
connection, reference may be made to a Report on
“The common lands of the city of Salem,” prepared
by Hon. C. W. Upham, during his mayoralty, and printed
in the Reports for the financial year 1852.
Several forts and breastworks have from time to time
been built, but only two now remain, Fort Lee on the high-
lands of the Neck, and Fort Pickering on Winter Island. —
According to tradition, Fort Lee was originally planned
by Gen. Charles Lee, who gave instructions regarding
its construction, and that it be designated by his name.
Charles Lee was a major general in the Revolutionary
army, born at Dernhall, Cheshire, England, in 1731,
died at Philadelphia, 2 Oct., 1782. He accompanied
Washington to Cambridge, where he took command of
the army 3 July, 1775; at this time he was employed with
others in arranging for the defence of the harbors along
this coast. |
Fort Pickering was built soon after the settlement ;
frequent allusions are found in our Records. In 1699, it
was called Fort William, sometimes Fort Ann. Oct. 30,
1799, the name was changed by order of the war depart-
ment to Fort Pickering, in honor of T. Pickering of
Salem, a member of Washington’s military family during
the war, and of his cabinet during his presidency. It has .
been several times put in order, when war was pending,
mounted with cannons and garrisoned with troops; on
the return of peace, the guns were removed and the
troops disbanded.®
Perhaps the most interesting of these earthworks, be-
cause now threatened with obliteration at no distant day,
though still easily traced, is the one at the Juniper.
There seems to have been an old block house there in
1758. Barracks had been erected there, April 22, 1776,
® See Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., vol. V.
-
107
and in 1787, Juniper’s battery is named in a report of
the French engineer, Rochefontaine, who was then ex-
amining the fortifications of New England. At this
period, the old forts seem to have been much frequented
by children from the east end of the town, who resorted
there for games of props and wrestling, and on holidays
found cakes and other articles of saGiaalisalt for sale
there. (See Hist. Coll. Essex Inst., vol. VI, p. 85.)
Another incident of interest is preserved in the “famous
records” kept at the barber’s shop of Benjamin Blanchard
on Essex, opposite Cambridge street; in which records,
local events were entered from day to day, by the emi-
nent patrons of that resort. An entry under date of
Jan’y 17, 1809, reads as follows:
“Col. Lee, Collector of Customs, at the head of about
seventy men,.went to the Hospital on the Juniper, to
prevent the Embargo laws from being violated. It was
Rpnerees a vessel belonging in Beverly would sail that
evening.” The suspected cant did not sail that evening,
but escaped the Collector’s vigilance a night or two after,
and it was said that her Federalist owners, as a blind,
claimed that she had been run away with, and advertised
a reward for information which would convict any un-
authorized persons of having taken possession of her.
The Hospital at the Juniper was established in 1792( ?)
and was destroyed by fire on the 16th of October, 1846,
and the playground which the boys of Salem selected a
century ago is now a place of wholesome recreation
for the southern half of Essex County.
The inspiration of the occasion was not wholly in the
memories of the past, but bright sunlight, refreshing
breezes, the lovely green of the shore and the deep blue
of the bay, dotted with the white sails of many yachts,
engaged in their annual regatta that morning, added
108
much to the enjoyment of the large number who partici-
pated in the celebration.
At 1p. ™. lunch was served in the dining hall; at 2. 30
o'clock the afternoon session was held in the hall below.
The President in the chair.
The Presrpent introduced, in brief and appropriate
words, Robert S. Rantoul, Esq., who delivered the ad-
dress which is printed in the Historical Collections of the
Institute, Vol. XVI, Part 3, with the other exercises of
the meeting, consisting of a poem written by Miss Lucy
Larcom, and read by Rev. De Witt S. Clark, of the -
Tabernacle Church, Salem; remarks from Col. T. W.
Higginson of Cambridge, Hon. G. Washington Warren
of Boston, Hon. G. B. Loring of Salem, Hon. H. K.
Oliver, mayor of the city, Seth | Low, Esq., of New York
City ; letters were read by Rev. E. S. Atwood of the South
Church, Salem, from Hon. Chas. Levi Woodbury of
Boston, John G. Whittier of Danvers, Hon. Robert
Chas. Winthrop of Boston, Hon. Leverett Saltonstall of
Newton, Prof. A. P. Peabody of Cambridge, and Hon.
Marshall P. Wilder of Dorchester. The exercises appro-
priately closed with the reading by Rev. George H.
Hosmer, of the East Church, Salem, of a communication,
prepared by Stanley Waters, an associate member, giving
a succinct account of the life of Rev. William Bentley,
D.D., a former minister of that church, a distinguished
antiquarian and historical scholar, and well known for his
attainments in philology and general literature; this
gathering also commemorates his birth-day. He was
born in Boston, June 22, 1759. The paper also contains
a narration (found among Dr. Bentley’s papers) of a
drive of Benjamin Ward, in company with his grand-
father, Miles Ward, about the town, in 1760.
A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands, with
Annotations.
By Epaar A. MEARNS.
[Continued from page 25, Vol. XiI.]
Family, CORVID AE.
102. Corvus frugivorus (Bartram). Common Crow. A per-
manent resident; breeds.
Crows are partially migratory; and whether those that breed here
are permanent residents, or are replaced in winter by individuals
which breed farther north, is a mooted question; the latter hypothesis
seems most probable, however. There is a regular spring and fall
migration, when they move in immense flocks. On the evening of
December 5, 1876, I saw a flock that almost rivalled an historic flock
of Wild Pigeons. The Crows were flying southward, and settling in
an evergreen wood beside the Hudson. I immediately started
towards the spot, and, as I neared it, they all arose. The flock that
I saw alight at first was but a small fraction of the entire number that
then rose into the air; there were thousands of them. Save the loud,
rushing sound produced by their flight, which sounded like the
roar of a large waterfall, they were nearly silent. As they circled
overhead, a few caws, like words of command from chosen officers,
were heard; but the rank and file uttered no sound. Soon they
alighted again in a deciduous forest not far distant, only to be again
alarmed at something and take to flight; but they finally settled near
the same place for the night, without a caw or a wing-flap to indicate
the whereabouts of that sable army of usually garrulous birds. These
migratory flocks begin to appear in October, and continue until the
commencement of winter. In February, flocks are seen passing
northward.
There is a mountain in the Highlands, on the east side of the Hud-
son, where, late in summer, thousands of Crows come nightly to
roost in the cedars; all come from the east, and I do not think that
any of our resident Crows join their camp.
Crows are expert fishers. In winter, they watch at the fissures in
the ice along shore, at low tide, and claw out whatever fishes are
_ passing. I have known two Crows to capture upwards of twenty
good-sized gold fishes (Crassius auratus) in less than an hour’s time.
(109)
110
Crows usually begin to build early in April. Mating begins in
Murch, when they are more noisy and less shy, than at other times.
The eggs, as a rule, are deposited from the middle of April to the
middle of May. A nest was found on April 14, 1873, containing six
eggs; another on May 24, 1873, with four fresh eggs. Their com-
plement varies from four to seven. The old birds are very assiduous
in the care of their young; the latter make a great outcry while being
fed; the mother may often be seen flying in circles about the nest,
talking to the little ones, and modulating her voice whimsically. 5
Crows eat the eggs of other birds. I caught one in the act of
destroying those of the Night Heron (Nyctiardea grisea nevia). He
came silently and stealthily into the swamp, but my shot cut short
his rapacious career just as he was about to indulge his gluttonous
appetite at such great cost to the poor Herons, and he tumbled in-
gloriously into the mud.
Dimensions.— Average measurements of six males: length, 19°30; .
stretch, 37°70; wing, 12°18; tail, 7°52; culmen, 1°92; gape, 2°22; tar-
sus, 2°40; middle toe, 1°51; middle toe and its claw, 1:98. Average
measurements of six females: length, 1860; stretch, 36-05; wing,
11°82; tail, 7°12; culmen, 1°76; gape, 2°02; tarsus, 2°28; middle toe,
1°38; middle toe and its claw, 1:85. Measurements of largest male
(No. 234, g ad., October 8, 1874, Highland Falls, N. Y., E. A. M.):
length, 19°75; stretch, 39°00; wing, 13°31; tail, 8°06; culmen, 1-96;
gape, 2°26; tarsus, 2.40; middle toe and its claw, 1°98. Measurements
of sinallest female (No. 2,011, 2 ad., March 18, 1880, Highland Falls,
N. Y., E. A. M.): length, 18°10; stretch, 34°50; wing, 10°85; tail,
6 85; culmen, 1°73; gape, 1°98; tarsus, 2°27; middle toe and its claw,
1 80.
103. Corvus ossifragus (Wilson). Fisu Crow. Occasional
upon the Hudson River. Observed from Riverdale to Cornwall.
I recorded its capture at Highland Falls, in the Bulletin of the Nut- —
tall Ornithological Club (Vol. III, No. 1, pp. 45-46, for January, 1878),
op the 7th of May, 1877, when I shot a female specimen. I have
ceme across but one other Fish Crow on the Hudson River. On
May 1, 1880, at Cornwall. [heard a note several times repeated, which I
recognized as that of the Fish Crow. Afterwards, one flew towards
me and passed quite near, so that I had a distinct view of it; its note,
at the same time, was unmistakable, but I had no gun with me to
make assurance doubly sure.
Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell, the only other observer who has noted this
Crow upon our river, writes as follows:' ‘As will be seen from the
following remarks, there is no doubt that a pair of these birds have
1 Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. II, No. 3, p. 131, July, 1878.
111
been in the vicinity during the past season. I first noticed them on
February 24, being attracted by their small size, and for several weeks
thereafter they were often seen, their peculiarities of note and habit
at once distinguishing them from the common Crow. Their favorite
resort seems to he a growth of tall and partially decayed locusts bor-
dering a fresh-water pond, and on two of these trees standing to-
gether, somewhat apart from the others, the birds were to be found
almost every morning, but, owing to their shyness and the openness
of the ground, I was unable to approach within gunshot. In alight-
ing, they usually chose the very topmost branches of the trees, and
when approached manifested their suspicion by a restless and excited
motion of the wings, which appeared to be more pointed than in the
more stoutly built C. Americanus. Their note was an abrupt, ex-
pressionless croak, usually delivered singly and at regular intervals.
Though other Crows were often seen in the vicinity, this pair kept
aloof by themselves, and several times I saw them chased by a clam-
orous party of their larger relatives. Latterly, they have been rarely
noticed, and then always singly, thus indicating that they are breeding
in the vicinity.”
In 1844, De Kay first gave the Fish Crows as inhabitants of New
York State, observing? that ‘‘they are occasionally seen on the shores
of Long Island, but are generally confounded with the Common
Crow.” His statement was not, until quite recently, fully substan-
tiated, and has been quite generally discredited by writers. Mr.
Clarence H. Eagle set the matter at rest, however, by publishing (in
the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. III, No. 1, p. 47,
for January, 1878) the following notice of its capture: ‘On the 17th
of July, 1873, I shot a fine female of this species near Rockaway, L. I.
The bird was flying around, but kept apart from a flock of Com-
mon Crows in the vicinity.” Mr. Theodore Roosevelt furnished the
next record of its capture on Long Island (Notes on some of the
Birds of Oyster Bay, L. I., March, 1879). Hesays: ‘ Dec. 30, 1874,
Ishot amale. There was then a good deal of snow on the ground.
It was by itself, although the Common Crows were assembled in great
flocks.” Messrs. Louis A. Zerega and H. A. Purdie (see Bulletin N.
0. C., Vol. V, No. 4, pp. 205 to 208, and 240, October, 1880) have
recently thrown much light upon the northern distribution of this
species, and it is now established to be a regularly breeding summer
resident on Staten Island, where Mr. H. A. Wheeler has observed it
from March to November, and observes that during the past five
years he has always found it breeding on Staten Island, but seldom
finds more than half a dozen nests in a season, if as many as that.
2 New York Zo@dlogy, Part II, p. 135, 1844.
112
Mr. De L. Berier does not regard it as rare on Long Island. Mr.
Zerega has found it to be a common permanent resident along the
shore of Sandy Hook Bay and at Seabright, N. J., and infers that it
breeds in those places.
I found a large flock of Fish Crows near Garden City, Long Island,
N. Y., on October 29, 1880. There were others straggling about, but
not associating with the Common Crows, which were also abundant.
Dimensions.— Measurements of No. 1,360, 2 ad., May 7, 1876,
Highland Falls, N. Y., E. A. M.: length, 16-00; stretch, 33:20; wing, ©
10°84; tail, 6-20; culmen, 1°37; gape, 1°65; tarsus, 1°85; middle toe,
1°30; its claw, °47.
104, Cyanocitta cristata (Linné). Brug Jay. A permanent
resident; breeds. Large flocks move north in spring, and south in
autumn.
Dimensions.— Average measurements of fourteen specimens: length,
11°74; stretch, 16°77; wing, 5:14; tail, 5:19; culmen, 1°09; gape, 1-20; .
bill from nostril, 71; tarsus, 1°39; middle toe, -79; its claw, 36.
Average of eight males: length, 11:92; stretch, 16:96; wing, 5-23;
tail, 5°27; culmen, 1°08; gape, 1°19; bill from nostril, -70; tarsus,
1:45. Average of six females: length, 11°63; stretch, 16°66; wing,
5°08; tail, 5:14; culmen, 1:09; gape, 1:21; bill from nostril, -72; tar-
sus, 1°38; middle toe, -79; its claw, ‘36. $
Fanily, TYRANNIDA.,
105. Tyrannus carolinensis (Linné). Kinepirp; BEE-MARTIN.
A common summer resident; breeds. Arrives during the first half
of May (4, 1872; 14, 1873; 11, 1874; 9, 1875; 8, 1876; 18, 1877; 1,
1878; 9, 1879; 8, 1880), and remains until September.
Dimensions.— Average measurements of eleven specimens: length,
8°51; stretch, 14°61; wing, 4°64; tail, 3°55; culmen, ‘74; bill from —
nostril, ‘55; gape, ‘98; tarsus, -75; middle toe, °57; its claw, °28.
106. Myiarchus crinitus (Linné). GREAT-CRESTED FLYCATCHER.
A common migrant, and rather abundant summer resident; breeds..
Arrives in May (22, 1874, 16, 1875; 18, 1876; 28, 1877; 8, 1878; 9,
1879; 8, 1880), and stays till about the end of September (24, 1878;
19, 1875).
Great-crested Flycatchers are extremely pugnacious. I once shot
one that was fighting with another of its species, and seemed to be a
veteran warrior, for his rectrices were reduced to a single one, while
his general appearance reminded me of that of a dissipated tom-cat.
My shot only wounded it, and it flew upwards in a spiral, and then
slowly descended to the ground in the same manner, screaming and
snapping its bill, the whole distance. When I started to secure it, it
113
flew directly at me, biting, snapping its bill, and uttering piercing
screams. ‘
Dimensions.— Average measurements of six specimens: length,
9-01; stretch, 13°49; wing, 4°14; tail, 3°75; bill from nostril, -62;
culmen, ‘77; gape, 1:09; tarsus, -84; middle toe, °50; its claw, ‘26.
107. Sayornis fuscus (Gmelin). Puape-sirp; PEwEE FLy-
CATCHER. A common summer resident; breeds. Arrives early in
March (17, 1871; 26, 1872; 19, 1873; 21, 1874; 29, 1875; 28, 1876 [26,
de Nottbeck at Fishkill]; 26, 1877; 13, 1878; 13, 1879; 2, 1880), and
remains until about the first of November (October 15, 1874; 23,
1876; 26, 1879). Ihave found its nest completed by April 10 (1880).
In 1878, its full complement of eggs was laid April 20, and the first
egg of their second brood was deposited on May 20th. A pair for
several years built their nest in a shaft of an iron mine, in a dark
and extremely humid situation; this nest contained no less than six
eggs, on May 3, 1880.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of fourteen specimens: length,
6:99; stretch, 11°03; wing, 3:38; tail, 2°89; bill from nostril, -41; cul-
men, °60; gape, °75; tarsus, °67; middle toe and its claw, 59; toe
alone, °40.
108. Contopus borealis (Swainson). OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.
A common spring and fall migrant. Arrives late in May, and passes
through before June (May 25 to 28, 1876; 25 to 29, 1877; 16 to 25,
1878; 9, 1879); seen in autumn from the 27th of August to the 18th
of September (August 27 to September 18,1875; September 5 to 15,
1876; September 1, 1879).
I first saw the Olive-sided Flycatcher in September, 1872, when I sur-
prised several of them that were engaged in their favorite pastime of
plucking each other in mid-air, amidst a din of screams and vitupera-
tions, and settled their quarrel by summarily disposing of two of the
belligerents in my basket. Since then, I have found it nearly every
spring and autumn, and frequently, during the latter season, in con-
siderable numbers. In spring, when it is rather scarce, it is usually
seen singly, or in pairs, perched upon a dry limb on top of some tall
tree, sitting remarkably erect, with its crest raised. Itis frequently
very wild, and hard to shoot.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of five specimens: length,
7°39; stretch, 12°68; wing, 4°05; tail, 2-70; bill from nostril, -54; gape,
‘97; tarsus, °60; middle toe, -46; middle toe and its claw, -70.
109. Contopus virens (Linné). Woop Pewrer. A common
summer resident; breeds. Arrives from the South about the middle
of May (12, 1873; 12, 1874; 11, 1875; 19, 1876; 17, 1877; 20, 1878; 14,
1879; 13, 1880), and takes its departure late in September (21, 1874;
14, 1876; 11, 1880).
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XI. 8
.
114
Dimensions.—Average measurements of eight specimens: length,
6°53; stretch, 10°61; wing, 3°34; tail, 2°62; bill from nostril, +42;
culmen, °65; gape, ‘83; tarsus, °50; middle toe, *32; middle toe and
its claw, °48.
110. Empidonax pusillus traillii (Audubon). TratLw’s Fiy-
CATCHER. A rather uncommon spring and fall migrant, and occasional
in summer; probably breeds.
This active, noisy species is usually present during the latter part
of May (12 to 31, 1875; 22 to 28, 1876; 25, 1878; 13, 1880), and passes”
south in autumn. Messrs. Roosevelt and Minot found it summering
in the Adirondacks, in Franklin County, N. Y.* Dr. Thomas M,
Brewer described its eggs (Proceedings of the United States National
Museum, p. 4, April 29, 1879) taken in Catskill mountains, N. Y., by
Dr. James C. Merrill.
Dimensions.— Average measurements of three adult males: length,
6°09; stretch, 9°36; wing, 2°87; tail, 2°33; bill from nostril, °35; gape, ~
‘70; tarsus, ‘66; middle toe and its claw, *58; toe alone, °42.
111... Empidonax minimus (Baird). Least Frycatrcugr. A
very common summer resident; breeds. Reaches us from the South
about the beginning of May (15, 1874; 10, 1875; 8, 1876; 7, 1877; 2,
1878; April 29, 1879; 26, 1880), and departs during the last of Sep-
tember and first part of October (latest observation October 8, 1874).
Dimensions.—Average measurements of twelve specimens: length,
5:41; stretch, 8:15; wing, 2°51; tail, 2°21; bill from nostril, *31; gape,
*65; tarsus, ‘65; middle toe and its claw, *49; toe alone, °32.
112. Empidonax flaviventris (Baird). YELLOW-BELLIED FLy-
CATCHER. A common spring and fall migrant. Arrives early in May,
and passes on before June (May 9, 1873; 31, 1875; 23 to 28, 1876;
17, 1877; 22, 1878; 14, 1879; 13, 1880). In autumn, passes south dur-
ing September (latest observation September 28, 1875).
Dimensions.— Average measurements of seven specimens: length,
5°63; stretch, 8:70; wing, 2°65; tail, 2:16; tarsus, °59.
Family, CAPRIMULGIDZi.
113. Caprimulgus vociferus (Wilson). Wuirpoorwmt. A
very common summer resident; breeds. Reaches us from the South
about the beginning of May (April 23, 1872; May 6, 1873; 12, 1874;
10, 1875; 11, 1876; April 27, 1877; 24, 1878; May 4, 1879; April 22,
1880), and departs during September. My latest date is September
80, 1875, when I procured a female specimen. In 1878, its notes
were heard during September, as late as the 23d. Its cry is not as
’The Summer Birds of the Adirondacks, in Franklin County, N. Y., No. 61,”
1877.
115.
frequently heard after the beginning of August, as during the early
part of summer.
I append the following note from my journal: ‘‘May 14, 1877.
This evening I approached a wall behind which a pair of Whippoor-
wills were crying; every minute they would fly out after insects, in
small circles, immediately continuing their notes on settling again,
so that scarcely any interruption was perceptible. Between each
whip-poor-will, they uttered a cavernous chuck as usual, and then
a low, guttural hollow caw-ca-ca ca-ca — hic-hic-hic —ca-ca-tic, etc.
These ludicrous sounds, probably their love notes, were uttered in
a low, hollow tone. I shot the male, at- which the female flew close up
to me, then removed a short distance, and commenced a loud whip-
poor-will in seemingly a joyous tone; but this is probably their one
way of expressing every strong emotion.”
Dimensions.— Average measurements of seven specimens: length,
9°75; stretch, 18°60; wing, 6°08; tail, 4°65; culmen, °37; bill from
nostril, -30; gape, 1-34; tarsus, -70; middle toe, °64; its claw, °24.
114. Chordeiles popetue (Vieiilot). NicurHawK. A rather
common summer resident; breeds. Arrives towards the end of April
(May 12, 1872; April 14, 1873; May 15, 1875; 18, 1877; April 27, 1878;
18, 1879; May 38, 1880), and departs late in September (October 3,
1874; September 15, 1875; 15, 1876). Large flocks pass through
during migrations.
Dimensions.— Measurements of No. 681, 9 ad., May 17, 1875, E. A.
M.: length, 10:00; stretch, 24:00; wing, 7°88; tail, 480; culmen,
*25; tarsus, °55.
Family, CYPSELIDA.
115. Chetura pelagica (Linné). Cuimney Swirt; “CHIMNEY
SwaALLow.” An abundant summer resident; breeds. Arrives about
the end of April (28, 1872; May 6, 1873; 8, 1874; 3, 1875; 6, 1876;
April 26, 1877; 28, 1878; May 4, 1879; April 27, 1880), and departs the
last of September (30, 1877; 28, 1878; 29, 1879; 18, 1880).
Chimney Swifts begin to build during the last week of May, when
they may be seen breaking off the small, dry twigs with which they
build their nests, while on wing. The eggs are laid early in June.
During migrations they associate in large flocks, roosting in some
large, high chimney. They retire just at dusk, dropping down chimney
very much as Rails settle into the grass.
. Dimensions.— Average measurements of thirteen specimens: length,
5:43; stretch, 12-46; wing, 4 94; tail, 1-90; bill from nostril, °15; gape,
*59; tarsus, 49; middle toe, -29; middle toe and its claw, °45; claw
alone, *22.
116
Family, TROCHILID ZS.
116. Trochilus colubris, (Linné). Ruspy-THROATED HUMMING-
BIRD. A common summer resident; breeds. Arrives early in May
(2, 1872; 11, 1878; 10, 1874; 11, 1875; 6, 1876; 12, 1877; 4, 1878), and
departs in September (29, 1874; 20, 1876; 25, 1880).
Our Humming-bird is fond of visiting the marshes along the
Hudson. The bulrush-tops are sometimes used to line its nest with;
and the flowers growing there are a great attraction. It is a very
fierce little creature when angered. I have seen one attack a pair of
Downy Woodpeckers upon the tree which it had chosen for its nest,
and drive them off, exhibiting the utmost rage. Once I saw one dart
furiously at a small red balloon which a boy was flying in a field. It
often alights on telegraph wires.
Dimensions.— Average measurements of six specimens: length,
8°74; stretch, 4°12; wing, 1°54; tail, 1°15; culmen, *67; gape °80;
tarsus, ‘18; middle toe and claw, °24.
Family, ALCEDINIDA.
1217. Ceryle alcyon (Linné). Brttrep Kinerisnuer. A common
summer resident; breeds. Arrives in March (26, 1872; 31, 1873; 18,
1874; April 2, 1875; 11, 1876; March 26, 1878; April 9, 1879; 5, 1880),
and stays till late in November (4, 1874; 30, 1878). It probably
occurs on the lower part of the river in winter.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of fourteen specimens: length,
13:02; stretch, 22°16; wing, 6°17; tail, 3°60; bill from nostril, 1°85;
gape, 2°92; tarsus, -42; middle toe, ‘59; its claw, :38.
Family, CUCULIDA.
118. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wilson). BLACK-BILLED
Cuckoo. A very common summer resident; breeds plentifully.
Arrives in May (13, 1874; 20, 1875; 20, 1876; 18, 1877; 4, 1878; 9,
1879; April 26, 1880), and stays through September (25, 1874; 16,
1879).
It begins nesting in May. The young are covered with curious-
looking pin-feathers, which gives them an appearance like that of the
wire swab used in gun-cleaning. The old bird is a close sitter, and,
when obliged to leave its nest, moves off slowly upon the branches,
with wings and tail outspread. Sometimes it will come quite close to
the observer, and then utter for several minutes a low, mournful coo,
coo, coo, coo, and then an outpouring of harsh, loud notes that quickly
bring the mate to its side, all the while keeping its wings and tail ex-
117
panded, and crouching low upon the branch. Its ordinary notes are
quite commonly heard at night as well as during the day.
Dimensions.— Average measurements of nine specimens: length,
11°83; stretch, 16°55; wing, 5°50; tail, 6°26; bill from nostril, -74;
gape, 1°27; tarsus, 1:02; middle toe, :79; middle toe and its claw,
1:06.
119. Coccyzus americanus (Linné). YELLOW-BILLED Cuckoo.
A summer resident; breeds; much less numerous than the Black-
billed Cuckoo. Arrives early in May (14, 1876; 6, 1878; 10, 1880),
and stays until late in September (23, 1874).
Dimensions —Average measurements of four female specimens:
length, 12°20; stretch, 17°04; wing, 5-70; tail, 6°20; bill from nostril,
‘76; gape, 1°31; tarsus, 1-10.
Family, PICIDA.
120. Picus villosus (Linné). Harry Wooprecker. A per-
manent resident; sometimes abundant; breeds, but not plentifully. —
A nest which I found on Consook Island, in the Hudson River, on
May 5, 1878, was built in a natural cavity in a smali tree, about four
feet from the ground, and contrary to Hairy’s usual habit, it was
warmly built of grass and strips of bark, whereas the eggs are com-
monly deposited right on the chips, without any attempt at a nest.
The entrance was through a knot-hole, and neither it nor the interior
had been enlarged by the birds. The nest rested on a mass of decayed
black muck at the bottom of the hole.
Dimensions. —Average measurements of twelve specimens: length,
9°40; stretch, 15°66; wing, 4°78; tail, 3°30; culmen, 1°22; bill from
nostril, 1:00; gape, 1°32; tarsus, ‘84; middle toe, ‘57; its claw, °40.
121. Picus pubescens (Linné). Downy Wooprecker. A per-
manent resident; abundant; breeds.
The Downy Woodpeckers, though always abundant, are especially
so during the first warm days of spring-time, when they become
almost gregarious, and are apparently on the move northward. Their
full complement of eggs is usually deposited during the first two
weeks of May, although I have found their eggs as late as May 30
(1876).
Downy is a very active, industrious bird, and perhaps this is the
reason why he experiences no special discomfort from cold during the
bleak winter season. At night he is comfortably housed in a hole,
which he digs expressly for that purpose. What a knowing cove he
is! Always, so far as my experience goes, he places the entrance to his
burrow so as to face the sunny south. Though Downy is a wanderer
like the rest of his tribe, yet, whenever he takes a journey into a far —
118
a
eountry, his first labor is to construct a home wherein to spend the
eold, dark night. I have often watched him at work, and have found
that he is apt to remain for several days in the vicinity of his burrow.
Let me give a chapter of Downy’s history, copied from my note-book:
I first saw him at half-past four o’clock, on the afternoon of February
20, 1878. At that time he had burrowed a very little way into a pear-
tree — just made a beginning — at a height of about four feet from the
ground. When I returned, in less than a couple of hours, he had
entirely disappeared from view, except when he came to the top of
his mine, «nd dropped the chips which resulted from his labors down
below. When I visited the place by daylight, I found a smoothly-fin-
ished cavity such as is used for the purpose of nidification, and the
ground covered with chips, but no Downy was in sight. Shortly after
sunset I again visited the nest, and found him snugly ensconced
within the cavity, with his bill warmly tucked away amongst the
feathers, which latter were ruffed up so as to look like a black and
white ball, with a red-napped head tucked in the middle. While
sleeping. his whole frame heaved at every breath, so profound was
his slumber. I summoned a friend to come and see my Woodpecker:
after watching him a while, our voices awoke him, when he flew
swiftly out, and lit upon a pear-tree close by, whence, after a lapse of
five minutes, during which time he remained perfectly motionless, he
returned to the burrow.
March 1st, I visited Downy at 5.50 o’clock a. M., and found him
still sleeping soundly, although the Bluebirds were already singing,
and the Crows flying in flocks overhead. I waited for one hour to
find out his time of rising. At 6.50 o’clock, I heard an admonitory
tapping upon the inside of the tree —a waking-up process analogous
to our bathing and dressing, doubtless. A moment later, his head
appeared at the entrance to his burrow, whence, after a jerky salu-
tation to the first sunrise of spring, he hied him forth to his day’s toil.
At first, he lit on a pear-tree near by, tapped sleepily at the branch,
ascended t6 the top of it, looked curiously at me, and then took a
long flight over into the woods, where I soon heard his loud notes.
Downy is not an early riser! On March 3d, I made the following
note: ‘This evening at half-past five o’clock, I visited the Downy
Woodpecker, and found him sound asleep in his hole, clinging to the
side of the cavity, with head thrown over to one side and nestling
amongst the feathers, showing conspicuously the crimson feathers of
the nape. The feathers of the breast were deeply creased down the
middle. As my warm breath reached him, his chest stopped heaving,
and, with a swiftness that was astonishing as contrasted with his
previous deep slumber, he threw out his neck and head, but, as I in-
stantly retired, he did not leave the burrow, nor, probably, find out
119
what had awakened him. He retires to the burrow every evening at
sunset, or sooner. On March 6th, I noted: ‘*‘A female Bluebird
was worrying and making a great disturbance about the Downy’s
hole, which she, apparently, had occupied during the day, but which
he had again appropriated to sleep in. All of the Snowbirds in the
neighborhood had assembled, and were contributing to the fracas all
that they were able in the way of din; meanwhile, Picus looked out of
the circular entrance to his house, collected and calm, but flew away
at my approach to the woods and did not return till late.
Dimensions.— Average measurements of twenty-nine specimens:
length, 6°83; stretch, 11°98; wing, 3°70; tail, 2°53; culmen, ‘68; gape,
‘79; tarsus, ‘65; middle toe and its claw, °60.
122. Sphyrapicus varius (Linné). YeLLOW-BELLIED Woop-
PECKER. Resident, except during the summer months; abundant
during spring and fall migrations, but rarer in winter.
This handsome Woodpecker is frequently seen in our forests and
orchards. Like most of its family, it possesses a variety of notes,
one of which resembles the common cry of the Blue Jay. Mr. Peter
de Nottbeck informed me that he has frequently found it during au-
tumn, eating the corn in the fields; it was while thus feeding that he
usually secured his specimens. Early in October, 1880, 1 saw these
birds migrating along the beach, at Great South Bay, Long Island, in
large numbers. Sometimes they lit on the low pines, or even on the
ground. They were passing westward in straggling flocks which
were almost constantly in view.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of nineteen specimens: length,
8°56; stretch, 15°37; wing, 4°87; tail, 3:20; culmen, :92; gape, 1:07;
tarsus, ‘78; middle toe and its claw, °85.
123. Centurus carolinus (Linné). REp-BELLIED WOODPECKER. °
Occasionally found in summer. I recorded (in the Bulletin of the
Nuttall Club, Vol. III, No. 3, p. 146, 1878) the capture of a specimen
at Cornwall, on the Hudson, in September, 1870. A second specimen
was shot at Coid Spring, on the Hudson, by Mr. Francis Butterfass.
124. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (JLinné). Rep-HEADED
WooppPreckrer. Occurs during spring and fall, and more rarely in
winter. Not known to breed in the Highlands, but breeds commonly
a little to the west of them. Occasionally, the young are quite num-
erous in autumn; but the species is rarely met with at other seasons.
Dimensions.— Average measurements of nine specimens: length,
9°75; stretch, 17°90; wing, 5°52; tail, 3°30; culmen, 1°17; gape, 1°37;
tarsus, ‘87; middle toe, *72; its claw, :39.
125. Colaptes auratus (Linné). GoLDEN-wINGED WOODPECKER.
FLICKER; HIGH-HOLE. A permanent resident, but of irregular occur-
rence, and generally rare in winter; breeds plentifully. Arrives in
120
full force during Marcli; has its first brood on wing by the middle of
June; departs before December, excepting those which spend the
winter north.
Dimensions.— Average measurements of fifteen specimens: length,
12°60; stretch, 20°75; wing, 6°25; tail, 4°63; culmen, 1°42; gape,
1:57; tarsus, 1:14; middle toe, ‘87; middle toe and its claw, 1°27.
Family, STRIGIDZ. z
126. Bubo virginianus (Gmelin). Great Hornep OwL; ‘‘Hoor
Ow..” A permanent resident; breeds. Have heard its notes at mid-
day, in cloudy weather.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of two malespecimens: length,
21°44; stretch, 53°88; wing, 14:48; tail, 8-63; culmen, measured from
frontal feathers, 1:55; from cere, 1:10; tarsus (about), 2°30; middle
toe, 2°00; its claw, 1°12.
127. Scops asio (Linné). Scrercn OwL; Morrtep Own. A
permanent resident; abundant; breeds.
On May 30, 1875, I founda Screech Owl’s nest in the hollow bole
of a buttonwood-tree, about fifteen feet from the ground. On
thrusting my hand into the cavity, it was instantly seized by the old
bird, which I drew out of the hole and flung away from me with the
utmost dispatch, without reflecting that I was allowing an interesting
specimen to escape; but I removed one of the younglings, and after-
ward captured both of the parents, which were in the gray plumage,
as were their three young. Two of the young were kept all summer
as pets, and were allowed perfect freedom; towards autumn they left
the place, but one of them was found in the woods and brought back,
but soon left us again; they were never heard of afterwards. The
parent birds were shot at night. On my first nocturnal visit, both
birds flew close about my ears, and uttered a curious, deep, guttural
sound, like one of the notes of the Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus
erythrophthalmus) ; sometimes they darted with great swiftness close
to my head, and snapped their bills sharply as they passed. I killed
the female, and shot the male on the following night, when I was as-
sailed in the same manner as on the previous evening.
On the following season, a pair of Golden-winged Woodpeckers
(Colaptes auratus) took possession of the owl-tree, and held it until
the spring of 1879, when I was again attacked by a pair of Screech
Owls, when walking past the tree one dark night. On examination, a
single young bird, and an addled egg, were found in the tree; the
latter was, of course, appropriated on the spot. The old birds
snapped their bills as usual, but also uttered an indescribable cry
which was new tome. A few days later, I visited the nest in the day-
121
time, and captured the female in the hole along with the young one.
After a prolonged search, the male was descried sitting in the crotch
of a white-oak tree, in the midst of a clump of branchlets; his ‘‘ears”
were very conspicuous, and his neck fully extended, as he attempted
to obtain a better view of me. Both parents were red; but the young
one was gray, like those obtained from the same tree four years pre-
viously.
The red, and gray-plumaged birds are about equally numerous.
Some specimens are intermediate.
Dimensions.— Average measurements of nine specimens: length,
9°40; stretch, 23°61: wing, 6°40; tail, 3:°09;_culmen, -63; gape, °98;
tarsus, 1-54; middle toe, 1:80; its claw, ‘48.
128. Asio americanus (Stephens). AMERICAN LONG-EARED
Ow. A permanent resident; breeds. Mr. Francis Butterfass in-
formed me that it was abundant about Cold Spring, where he often
shot specimens. It breeds on Constitution Island, where I surprised
a family of young ones, accompanied by their parents. It was at
mid-day; the Owls sat in a group, with necks elongated, and ears
erect. The sun shone bright, but, when disturbed, they flew without
~ apparent inconvenience.
Dimensions. — Measurements of No. 2,021, # ad. April 9, 1880,
Constitution Island, Hudson River, N. Y., E. A. M.: length, 14°30;
stretch, 36°00; wing, 11-00;. tail, 6-00; culmen measured from frontal
feathers, 1°06; bill from nostril, °54; gape, 1:20; tarsus, 1°55; middle
toe, 1:11; middle toe and claw, 1°65. Measurements of No. 2,062 9
ad. June 23, 1880, Constitution Island, E. A. M.: length, 14:90;
stretch, 37:75; wing, 11:00; tail, 640; culmen measured from frontal
feathers, 1°15; from cere, *70; gape, 1°32; tarsus, 1°68; middle toe
and claw, 1°85.
129. Asio accipitrinus (Pallas), SHort-mareD Own. Occa-
sional in spring and fall.
130. Strix nebulosa (Forster). Barrep Own. A permanent
resident; breeds. Its notes may sometimes be heard during day-time.
Dimensions.—Measurements of No. 1,328, 2 ad. October 23, 1876,
Highland Falls, N. Y., E. A. M.: length, 19°25; stretch, 44-75; wing,
12-00; tail, 8-88.
131. Nyctea scandiaca (Linné). Snowy Own. Occasional in
winter. One was captured in Orange County, about January 20, 1877.
Has been reported from numerous points along the Hudson as far up
as Fort Edward, in Washington County.
I saw this splendid Owl in the wild state on the 29th of October,
1880, near Garden City, on Long Island, N. Y. It flew from near the
railroad: watching it from the car, I saw it alight on the ground
amongst some sandy knolls, covered with red bunch-grass. On arriy-
122
ing at the nearest station, I started back, for the purpose of shooting
it, but was disappointed in not finding it where it was seen from the
train. It was found, however, about a mile farther east, surrounded
by Crows (Corvus americanus), upon a sandy spot, where it looked
like a patch of snow, in the midst of its black tormentors. The Crows
scattered as I approached, and the Owl also flew slowly off, keeping
just above the grass. It was followed by a part of the Crows, and
soon lighted amongst the tussocks of grass. I crept up to within range,
and shot it with No. 4 shot, and gave the hindermost of the retreating :
Crows the benefit of the left barrel, which was loaded with Bs. ‘The
Owl was not dead when I reached it, but made a fine display of courage
when caught. Its eyes were wonderfully bright and full of fire; and
it. snapped its bill, and clawed fiercely; I offered it an empty shell,
when reloading, which it seized and bit viciously. Ituttered a squeal-
ing and also a grunting noise.
Dimensions.—Measurements of No. 815, g ad. December 1, 1875
(shot on the south side of Long Island, N. Y., by Wm. Birch): length,
23°50; stretch, 58°31; wing, 14°75; tail, 9°38. Its stomach was dis-
tended with feathers. Measurements of No. 2,108, g ad. October 29,
1880, Garden City, Long Island, E. A. M.: length, 22.85; stretch, 59°00;
wing, 15°75; tail, 9°50; culmen, measured from frontal feathers, 1°53;
from cere, 1:00; gape, 1:98; tarsus (about), 1:90; claw of the middle
toe, 1:18. Stomach entirely empty.
Family, FALCONIDZ.
132. Circus hudsonius (Linné). Marsa Hawk. A permanent
resident; breeds. It occurs regularly in winter; particularly numerous
in that of 1874-75, when numbers were observed in the bluish plum-
age. It breeds upon the marshes which connect Constitution, Consook
and Iona islands to the main-land. One nest on Consook Marsh, which -
had been recently deserted by the young, was placed in the middle of
the marsh; the ground around it was packed hard, and was bare of
grass.
133. Accipiter fuscus (Gmelin). SHARP-sHINNED Hawk. A
permanent resident; breeds.
Next to the Broad-winged, this is our most abundant Hawk. It
builds upon trees, for the most part, though some nests are placed on
ledges of rocks. During the spring movement, this species sometimes
migrates in large flocks.
Dimensions.—Average measurements of three males: length, 11°45;
stretch, 21:00; wing, 6°60; tail, 5-37; gape, -65; tarsus, 1:96; middle
toe, 1:19. Measurements of female: length, 14:00; stretch, 25°75;
wing, 7°70; tail, 6°65; tarsus, 2°11.
123
134. Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte). Cooprzr’s Hawk. A sum- |
mer resident. Probably occurs in winter. Breeds abundantly.
I found a nest May 10, 1876, and fired a charge of dust shot into it
to make it certain whether the nest was occupied, or not; the parent
bird flew swiftly away, and, though I waited a long time for its return,
it did not come back. Visiting the nest another time, I shouted and
made as much din as possible about the tree; after a while the bird
arose and looked over the edge of the nest, and then resumed its place
upon it; a moment later it flew swiftly away. I fired after it, and the
shot took effect in its breast and head; stretching its legs away down,
and raising its wings high and beating them swiftly, it moved slowly
in a wide circle, very high in the air; it came around above the nest,
and then dropped just at my feet. Although not very severely injured,
it made no display of courage. The nest, built in the quadruple fork
of a chestnut-tree at a height of about forty feet, was composed of
sticks, all of which were of small size; there was not a feather in it,
and no pretence of a lining, save a few pieces of white-oak bark; its
depression was slight. The eggs, four in number, were quite fresh:
white, with a strong greenish tinge, with a few brown blotches on two
of them.
A nest found May 2, 1878, was built in a basswood-tree (Tilia amer-
icana), beside a swampy pool in the midst of a wood. When ap-
proached, the female left her nest, and alighted on the opposite side of
the morass; she was joined by her mate, and both set up a singular
barking cry, repeated in rapid succession, and resembling, as much as
anything, the prolonged utterance of the Flicker (Colaptes auratus).
Then the male approached, and, circling overhead, lit on a tree near
the nest, but soon retreated to the opposite side of the pool; both
birds continuing their singular cry. The male bird was shot as he
soared overhead, and his mate withdrew, and did not return that day.
The nest was somewhat bulky, and contained four eggs. It was
rather more concave than usual; built of small sticks, lined with a
few pieces of rough bark, with no additional materials. The eggs
differed from those previously described only in having no spots, which
latter are unusual.
One nest contained only three eggs.
Dimensions. — Measurements of No. 1,226, Q ad., May 10, 1876,
Highland Falls, N. Y., E. A. M.: length, 19°75; stretch, 35°00; wing,
10°13; tail, 8°75.
135. Astur atricapillus (Wilson). AmMeERIcAN GosHAWK. A
winter resident, and spring and fall migrant. Seen in spring as late
as April 28 (1877).
The Goshawk is rather frequently met with; but, owing to its shy-
ness, is rarely killed. I obtained a single specimen from the Catskill
124
mountains; and Mr. Wm. Church Osborn procured one at Garrisons,
on the Hudson. Miss Anna B. Warner obtained a fine adult male on
Constitution Island, on December 27, 1880. The gunners occasionally
kill one. It likes to stay about the river marshes in winter.
Dimensions.—Measurements of No. 2,005, 2 juv. December 2, 1879,
Catskill mountains, N. Y., BE. A. M.: length, 23°75; stretch, 44°25;
wing, 13°10; tail, 11°00; culmen, ‘90; gape, 1°40; tarsus, 2°88; middle
toe, 1:81; its claw, ‘77. Measurements of No. 2,170, @ ad., December.
27, 1880, Constitution Island, Hudson River, N. Y., E. A. M.: length,
21°50; stretch, 41°50; wing, 12°50; tail, 9°50; tail, 9°50; culmen,
measured from frontal feathers, 1:12; from cere, -83;. cere; 40; gape,
1:25; tarsus, 2°88; middle toe and claw, 2°23; middle toe alone, 1°75;
its claw, °67; hallux, ‘97; its claw, 1°08; inner toe, 1°00; its claw,
1:00; outer toe, 1°12; its claw, 53. Iris, bright carmine.
136. Falco peregrinus nevius (Gmelin). Duck Hawk; AMeRr-
CAN PEREGRINE Fatcon. A permanent resident; breeds.
I saw a fine mounted specimen in the possession of Mr. Daniel
Ward, of Cornwall, which was shot while sitting upon a willow-tree
in front of his residence, beside the Hudson. I have seen it frequently,
but, chiefly through lack of skill in the use of the gun, have killed no
specimens in the Highlands, though I procared one on the beach oppo-
site Sayville, on Great South Bay, Long Island, on the 6th of Octo-
ber, 1880. There were several Duck Hawks on the beach, preying on
small birds. The specimen shot had been feeding upon various
passerine birds, which had first been roughly picked, and swallowed
in large pieces. Whole legs of the Robin, Alice’s Thrush, Catbird>
and Warblers were found in its crop.
Upon the cliffs between West Point and Cornwall, the young are
sometimes seen or heard; but the nest has not been found, and would
probably prove to be inaccessible should it be discovered.
Dimensions.—Measurements of No. 2,100, 2 juv. October 6, 1880,
Sayville, Long Island, N. Y., E. A. M.: length, 19°40; stretch, 45°50;
wing, 14-00; tail, 8-25; culmen from frontal feathers, 1:09; from cere,
*85; cere alone, °30; bill from nostril, *81; gape, 1°85; tarsus, 2°23;
middle toe and claw, 2°78; toe alone, 2°15; claw, ‘75.
137. ASsalon columbarius (Linné). Piakon Hawk. By no
means rare in autumn, winter and spring. My only specimen taken
in the Highlands was shot in the act of destroying a hen.
Dimensions.— Measurements of No. 2,085, Q juv. September 16,
1880, Highland Falls, N. Y., E. A. M.: length. 12°60; stretch, 26°40;
wing, 8°25; tail, 5°75; bill, measured from frontal feathers, ‘72; from
cere, ‘59; from nostril, -54; gape, ‘85; tarsus, 1°57; middle toe, 1:45;
middle toe and its claw, 1:80; claw alone, °48.
138. Tinnunculus sparverius (Linné). Sparrow Hawk. A
125
rare resident species. Never abundant except occasionally during
migrations.
On February 18, 1879,-Dr. Clinton L. Bagg saw a Sparrow Hawk at
the foot of 110th street, at the East River in New York City, where it
seemed to be chasing the House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). It
appeared to be in nowise frightened at the numerous workmen about
the docks, and flew about amongst them, and out over the river, fre-
quently perching on some iron pillars on shore.
Dimensions.—Measurements of No. 1,355, g ad. April 25, 1877,
Highland Falls, N. Y., E. A. M.: length, 10°42; stretch, 22°38; wing,
7°37; tail, 4°85; culmen, measured from cere, -45; gape, .70; tarsus,
1:40; middle toe and claw, 1°21.
139. Buteo borealis (Gmelin).. Rep-TaireD Hawk. A perma-
nent resident; abundant; breeds.
This handsome Buzzard feeds on mice, moles and shrews, which it
finds in meadows. Though it likes to sit on a hay-pole and swoop
down upon such small fry, itis often quite formidable, carrying off
fowls from the barn-yards. It is able to capture even the Ruffed
Grouse (Bonasa umbellus). I once saw a Red-tail fly a quarter of a
mile, bearing a full grown Ruffed Grouse in its claws. I followed, and
fired a shot at it, which caused it to let its prey drop to the ground
from the tree where it was feeding; it afterwards appeared to regret
leaving the Grouse, which was quite neatly picked, and had one side
of the breast partly eaten.
Mice, shrews and moles are especially abundant upon the salt
marshes which join numerous so-called islands in the Hudson River to
the main-land. Upon the edges of these marshes and on the hay-poles,
our three Buzzard Hawks (Buteo borealis, B. lineatus and B. pennsyl-
vanicus) are ever present during the hard times in winter, hungry and
shy, and ever ready to pounce upon the first unlucky quadruped that
makes its appearance on the scene. It is pleasant to see them swoop
upwards from the ground and alight upon a haystack, closing their
wings instantly as their strong claws grasp the top of the pole, and
striking at once a perfect balance, without a wing-stroke or a sudden
movement.
Dimensions.—Measurements of adult female: length, 21°90; stretch,
51:00; wing, 14:75; tail, 9°00; culmen, 1°07; cere, *54; gape, 180;
tarsus, 3°34; middle toe, 1:60; its claw, ‘88.
140. Buteo lineatus (Gmelin). Rep-sHouLDERED Hawk. A
permanent resident; abundant; breeds.
141. Buteo pennsylvanicus (Wilson). BroaD-wINGED Hawk.
Our most abundant Hawk. A permanent resident, but only occasional
in winter; breeds.
Migrants begin coming early in March, and, ere long, large flocks
126
appear, flying swiftly overhead, or soaring circularly. On wing, it
gives several screams uttered in rapid succession, followed by a squeal-
ing note. It feeds on small quadrupeds, and salamanders. None of
the numerous specimens dissected contained feathers, or other evi-
dence of its feeding on birds.
In the spring of 1871, a nest was built in the wood adjoining my
house, from which I took one of the young birds; it became a very
interesting pet, quite gentle, and fond of me, but refusing to submit
to being handled by any one else; but it was prone to wander abroad,
and so was lost.
On May 8, 1872, I shot a male Broad-winged Hawk upon its none
wounding it badly. It clawed me severely when I attempted to cap-
ture it. The nest was simply a repaired Crow’s nest, from which I
had taken a suite of eggs the year previously. The eggs, as in every
nest that I have seen, were two in number. I shot the female several
days later, and found it to be in immature plumage, although mated
with an old bird. During the same season, another pair built a nest
in the same wood, but both birds were shot before the eggs were
laid. This nest became the home of still another pair of Broad-wings
on the following season. They laid only two eggs, which were re-
markable for being almost unspotted. When I climbed to the nest,
the male bird flew to a branch over it, uttering loud, squealing cries,
and thence darted swiftly past me, in uncomfortably close proximity
to my head, so that I could feel the rush of air when he passed; then,
perching above me again, he would lower his head, partly spread his
wings, and incline his body downwards, uttering a whining whistle as
he prepared to make another swoop. He looked very formidable. I
heartily wished myself at the bottom of the tree. Only when I had
reached the nest did the female leave it; then she merely withdrew
to an adjoining limb, and replaced herself upon the nest as soon as I
began to descend. Then the anxiety of the male (greatly to my.
delight) appeared to be much lessened. I left the eggs, hoping that
more would be deposited, but in this I was disappointed. Several
days later, I took the eggs, and found embryos considerably devel-
oped.
This Hawk commonly selects a deserted Crow’s nest to build upon;
but [ have known them, several times, to build a new nest. I have
twice found immature birds breeding, in which the stripes er
the belly.
Dimensions.— Average measurements of two adult males: length,
15°85; stretch, 35°85; wing, 10°58; tail, 6-65; culmen, measured from
cere, ‘74; cere, 48; tarsus, 2°50; middle toe; 1:33; middle toe and
claw, 1:84; claw alone, °65. Average of three adult females: length,
17°08; stretch, 37°65; wing, 11°75; tail, 7-03; culmen, measured from
127
cere, ‘77; cere, °50: tarsus, 2°75; middle toe and claw, 1°90; claw
alone, °64. Average of two young males: length, 15°93; stretch,
35°62; wing, 10°78: tail, 6°85; culmen measured from cere, *68; cere,
45; gape, 1°20; tarsus, 2°35; middle toe and claw, 1°70; toe alone,
1:18; claw, 58 Average of two young females: length, 16°45; stretch,
36°69; wing, 11:08; tail, 7°15; culmen measured from frontal feathers,
1:12; from cere, -77; bill from nostril, *72; gape, 1°37; tarsus, 2°43; _
middle toe and claw, 1°83; middle toe, 1°33.
142. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis ((melin). AmEr-
ICAN ROUGH-LEGGED Hawk. Occurs rarely during migrations. I
have also found it at Fort Miller, on the Hudson, in November, 1876.
143. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis (Gmelin). AMERICAN
OsprREY; Fish Hawk. A common spring and fall migrant; occasional
during summer. Its nest was found upon the cliffs north of West
Point, many years ago. A few years since, Mr. Harold Herrick found
a nest near Yonkers, on the Hudson, which contained eggs.
Dimensions.--Average measurements of four specimens: length,
23:10; stretch, 64°00; wing, 18°25; tail, 8-40.
144. Aquila chrysaétus canadensis (Linné). American
GOLDEN EaGuLe. Occasionally observed during spring, autumn and
winter. It was formerly known to nest upon the cliffs on the west
side of the Hudson, north of West Point; and it is not impossible
that it still does so. Two Golden Eagles have been shot in the High-
lands during the past few years. I have seen it on several occasions,
but never in summer. In March, 1876, two of these Eagles were
found in a certain spot in Putnam County for several weeks, but I did
not succeed in shooting them. In April, 1872, I saw one twice, whose
tail was all white, save a narrow terminal bar of black.
145. Haliaétus leucocephalus (Linné). Wuire-HEeapEep Ea-
GLE. A permanent resident; breeds.
The White-headed or Bald Eagle constitutes a marked and roman-
tic feature of the superb scenery of this part of the Hudson, lending
another charm to a scene already grand and impressive, but rendered
sublime and awe-inspiring by the presence of this noble bird, seen
perched upon some blasted tree above the massive cliffs, or soaring
in higher atmospheric regions, far above reach of the coming tem-
pest, while its shrill scream falls faintly upon the ear, answering the
loud, quavering cry of its nearer mate.
In winter, when the river is frozen, the Eagles are seen soaring
above the mountains, searching for the scanty prey upon which they
are obliged to subsist when fish, their favorite food, is unattainable;
but later, when the ice is in motion in the Hudson, carried swiftly by
the current, numbers of them may be seen sitting in pairs upon trees —
low down by the river’s edge, watching for their finny prey, or else
.
128
floating upon the ice in the stream, in company with Crows and Gulls.
In summer, their favorite perch is upon some withered tree on the
mountain’s side, from which, at intervals, they descend to the river,
or some secluded lake, to seek their food. When the ice first breaks
up in the Hudson, the Eagles are sometimes extremely abundant. At
that season I have counted more than twenty-five that were in view
at once,
Dimensions. — Average measurements of two adult males: length,
82°85; stretch, 84:10; wing, 22°00; tail, 11-90; bill from frontal feath-
ers, 2°48; cere, °74; gape, 2°77; tarsus, 3°50; middle toe, 2°72;. its
claw, 1°37; inner toe, 1°66; its claw, 1°62; outer toe, 1°86; its claw,
1:17; hallux, 1:53; its claw, 1°69. Weight, 10 lbs., 4 oz., avoir.
Average measurements of two adult females: length, 35°50; stretch,
89:00; wing, 24°00; tail, 12°25. Weight, 12 lbs., avoir.
Family, COLUMBIDA.,
146. Ectopistes migratoria (Linné). Passencrer PIGEON. “A
permanent resident. A few breed; and a few occur in winter.
Dimensions.—- Average measurements of five adult males: length,
16°67; stretch, 24:30; wing, 7°88; tail, 7°80; culmen, ‘72; gape, 1:12;
tarsus, 1:14; middle toe, 1:16; its claw, °37; middle toe and claw,
150. Average measurements of five adult females: length, 15°92;
stretch, 23:96: wing, 7°76; tail, 7°27; culmen,°70; gape, 1°06; tarsus,
1:07; middle toe, 1:09; its claw, ‘35.
147. Zeneedura carolinensis (Linné). Mournina Dove; Car-
oLtInaA Dove. A permanent resident; breeds. Only occasional in
winter. ;
Dimensions.--Average measurements of five specimens: length,
11°85; stretch, 17:90; wing, 5°72; tail, 5°50; culmen, °53; bill from
nostril, *86; gape, *76; tarsus, ‘86; middle toe, ‘80; its claw, °24;
middle toe and claw, 1:00.
Fanily, TETRAONIDAs.
148. Bonasa umbellus (Linné). Rurrep Grouse; PHEASANT;
PARTRIDGE. An abundant resident species; breeds.
Family, Perdicide.
149. Ortyx virginiana (ZLinné). American Quart; BoB-wnTe.
A permanent resident; breeds.
BULLETIN
OF THE
Bere > nT NS Ee UE Ba
Vor. 12. Sarem, Ocr., Nov., Dec., 1880. Nos. 10, 11, 12.
ReeuLtar Meeting, Monpay, Jury 5, 1880.
ApsourneD to Thursday, July 8. Presipent in the
chair. Records read. Correspondence and donations an-
nounced.
Rev. G. M. Harmon, of Peabody, was elected a resi-
dent member.
Adj.
Recutar Merrtine, Monpay, Jury 19, 1880.
Meetine this day at 7.30 Pe. mM. The President in the
chair. Records read. Correspondence and donations
announced.
B. O. Pierce, of ‘Beverly, and Ira J. Potter, of Ips-
wich, were elected resident members.
Adj.
ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XI. 9
130
Fretp Meretine At Braprorp, Fripay, Jury 30, 1880.
By the polite invitation of Dr. George Cogswell of
Bradford, an associate member of the Institute, a meeting
was held at the Riverside Farm, in that town, this day.
The weather was remarkably fine, and the attendance
large. The Farmers’ and Mechanics’ Institute of Haver-
hill and Bradford joined in the exercises of this inter-
esting occasion. The members and their friends from
Salem and vicinity left the Eastern railroad station at 8.15
A. M., ina special train for Danvers, thence by the Bos-
ton & Maine railroad to Bradford, arriving at 9.30 A. M.-
Barges and other vehicles were in readiness to take the
party, some two or three miles above the village, to the
grounds of Dr. Cogswell, which are situated very attrac-
tively upon a bend in the Merrimac river, and consists of
several hundred acres. From the house is an extensive
view of the river with its interesting traditions and lovely
scenery. The city of Haverhill being built upon a gentle
acclivity, the houses and other buildings being inter-
spersed with trees, gives an additional charm to the pros-
pect.