Per — 7 7 a] ae Shieh = ens lane Senlvoniestinres eset SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN ae "ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN THE | WHITEWATER DISTRICT | EASTERN ARIZONA Parr 1. HOUSE TYPES * By FRANK H. H. ROBERTS, Jr. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN THE WHITEWATER DISTRICT EASTERN ARIZONA Part I. HOUSE TYPES By FRANK H. H. ROBERTS, Jr. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 19239 a SAI aN LEN a gn For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. - - + = = - = - Price 50 cents ae aD 1 ] 7 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Bureau or AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, Washington, D. C., May 9, 1938. Sm: I have the honor to submit the accompanying manuscript, entitled “Archeological Remains in the Whitewater District, Hastern Arizona, Part I: House Types,” by Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., and to recommend that it be published as a bulletin of the Bureau of Ameri- can Ethnology. Very respectfully yours, M. W. Sriruine, Chief. Dr. C. G. Axsor, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. ’ 2 , ¢ : a 7 : > ; ; <0 au a ms 5 : 7 bb. a Lf We 2’ eu O ay aw a “Aig 7 - > 7 : ” — - Ny ee Piha ee: >.) c Bia sin viriy, 4 Sp || bed {ULSD N a Z 7 : G ; -t = 7 7 ae a . ; oad i" mt ae . : - ; 7 ae D - on pel: as ae Ton ba 4 a Ui - ~ * ain LL nly rin ; For, a) ute) Mth Ii as Rel, Teena! ie [feel hfe Ad wy ye ra Ur ich a i V3 b Tage nie en at Piatt . . a / cans {} ha tery Uy ANS ' at ' ; del Agh Lea ie i - - : Ps @ a 7 ss 1M) os Yate a ney pay hs ‘ Alea )) y ‘ol [ 7 a : 7 _ : ae 7 tira ds de 4 cD I ‘= - WW un ie Diagram of pillar left:from fill in/structure’! 1_= 22222 -=---3 == PEPlanOlsStrucuure 2 2. oon eee ete ee oa ae = ee ee eee 2 Plan of structure 222222252 222225522245 - Sees ee eee eee rePlancOl Structure. 0. 2225-22 552s~ Saas oe Soe ee eee eee . Postulated reconstruction of cribbed roofing erected over pit of struc- » Plan of surface building \A__-2..-222.2--2. 252525 ee eee ee -Plan and section for pitsoven- 2522225222552. 2-252 o-6 2552 —eee . Sections through surface remains A, pit oven, and structure 3, and shelterang structure: less. so) ee ee ee meblaniolistructure4As is. 82225 oP eee See Ses oe ee ee + Planiofistructures’Saiand 5Sp.-2-- 2 622-25 eee eee eee . Surface remains B and associated pit remains__.-_.._-_------------- we Planiofstrueture.O2-22-2 25862. San ose see eee eee ee eee Plan OLMBStruceureis tt a2 enn 2 eee ee eee ee sePlanvolcstructure Os2=" 2. ee ee ee eee ee - Section: through structures 6, 7, and S-2--- 5-222 222 3s eee wehlan of, structure: 902.222 0 le oa ee ee a ee . Plan of structure 10 . Plan of structure 11 a pection through structures 9,10) and Wise aoe ae eee ee . Diagram of test pillar from fill in structure 10____._-....---------- . Postulated reconstruction of timber arrangement in superstructure erected) over pits9; LO} and lilies. 2S) ee ae ee eee ILLUSTRA'TIONS . Plan of granaries A and B and shelter in no. 15 group____-____-_-_~- . Plan of structure 16 house and granary assemblage______.-________- chs LEAR WY: COD EARS TAUCK UD RIL as ae at rr i Oe > elanof, granaries Avand B of the no. 16 group.---=2.-.._.- 2-22. Plans Olstructure ics ea ee el ee eS he SE ee RPLALATITOMBLEUMCLIEO al Oi esas Saree eee ee ape de els = Plan of Developmental: Pueblo village... =. -.-2 2242222222. 25222 Men OMG ae Aenea aa ese er et eee Ee A Se PPL lanorskivare, Upper soor levels 5 0 a oe ee PLanOloKiya original floor level’=o208 22. bee te se . Sections through portions of first and second units_________________ peeE Leer Ore cher UninG@amniba a= = ee eee Sk! RAE oh ete A eat Ore Kiva fOr UOT G Unis = saa koe ee ek Leen es peSecuions through portions, of third unit... 22222222252 5-25 2222222 ) Hdanvof large ruins of Great Pueblo period. 222-225. 22 5-2-4. 222 = = “eT FOREWORD The data furnishing the basis for the following report were ob- tained during the field seasons of 1931, 1932, and 1938. In the summer of 1930, while the writer was engaged in investigations at the Village of the Great Kivas on the Zuni Reservation in western New Mexico,! Mr. J. A. Grubbs, of Houck, Ariz., reported the ex- istence of a large group of ruins south of Allantown, Ariz. Upon completion of the project near Zuni in September of that year a general reconnaissance was conducted in the region bordering the Arizona-New Mexico boundary line between the Zuni Reservation and the Puerco River of the West. During the progress of this sur- vey Mr. Grubbs pointed out the ruins in question. In addition, many scattered small village remains were noted in the immediate vicinity of the principal cluster. The possibilities for securing valuable information on the growth and development of one component of the prehistoric sedentary Indian culture pattern were so apparent that permission was obtained from Mr. Grubbs, who had acquired the land upon which they are located, to carry on a series of excavations. Work was started in May 1931 and continued through to the end of September. During the 1932 and 1933 seasons the investigations were conducted in the months of June, July, and August. At the end of June 1931 the Laboratory of Anthropology at Santa Fe, N. Mex., joined with the Bureau of American Ethnology and throughout July and August the work was carried on as a joint project. Four graduate students in anthropology assisted in the re- searches during the time the Laboratory cooperated in the under- taking. They were holders of fellowships granted by the Santa Fe institution, for training in archeological field methods, and came from the departments of four universities. The men were: Carl F. Miller, University of Arizona; Solon T. Kimball, Harvard Uni- versity; Ralph D. Brown, University of Minnesota; and Dale S. King, University of Denver. The work of the 1932 season was carried on solely by the Bureau of American Ethnology, while that of 1933 was mainly under the auspices of the Laboratory of Anthropology, the writer being on leave of absence from the Bureau during the months of July and August. The personnel of the party for the third season consisted 1 Roberts, 1932. XII FOREWORD chiefly of graduate students, also holders of Laboratory fellowships. These men were: Erik K. Reed, Harvard University; Joe Finkelstein, | University of Oklahoma; Sidney J. Thomas, University of Texas; and Harold E. Cooley, University of Minnesota. Deric Nusbaum, Harvard University, joined the party during July and August as a volunteer worker. Linda B. Roberts supervised the cleaning and cataloging of speci- mens all three seasons. Secretarial work was performed by Ruth R. Butchart. Robert Kneipp, of Washington, D. C., assisted in the excavations and around camp during the 1931 season. Similar duties were performed in 1932 by David Jones, Jr., of Gallup, N. Mex. Carl F. Miller was also a member of the 1932 party and assisted in the preparation of maps and plans of the ruins. He devoted considerable time to a study of the timbers used in the structures and by means of the Douglass tree-ring chart determined the cutting dates of many of the beams. From this evidence it is possible to give ap- proximate dates for the construction of the houses. Workmen em- ployed in the digging were Navajo and Zuni Indians. The hearty cooperation of all concerned aided the advancement of the researches in no small degree. The main ruins have no name. The Navajos simply refer to them as “The Ruins.” They were unknown to the Zufiis and the white settlers in the vicinity do not have any particular designation for them. Up to the time this report was written no work had been done on the large Pueblo structures, consequently there is nothing about these buildings to suggest a name. Information and materials accumulated during the three seasons of investigations are so extensive that it is necessary to issue the report in two parts. In this, Part I, house types and antiquities per- taining to that phase of the subject are discussed. Lesser objects of the material culture, pottery, bone and stone implements, and other artifacts, are described in Part II, which will be published at some subsequent date. The writer wishes to take this opportunity to express his per- sonal appreciation, as well as that of the institutions concerned, to Mr. Grubbs for his generosity in permitting excavations on his land and for his cooperation in the promotion of the work. ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN THE WHITE- WATER DISTRICT, EASTERN ARIZONA Parr I. House Typrs By Franx H. H. Ropers, Jr. INTRODUCTION The main site, where most of the investigations described and dis- cussed in the following pages were conducted, is located on the ridge of mesas to the south of the Puerco River of the West and west of Whitewater Creek, an intermittent tributary of the Puerco. It is 314 miles (5.633 k) south of Allantown, Ariz. (pl. 1). Specifically, it lies in the southwest quarter of sec. 34, T. 22 N., R. 30 E., Gila- Salt River meridian, Apache County, Ariz. The other excavated ruins are situated along the foot of the escarpment, below the prin- cipal group, at the west side of the valley. Topographically, the district is characterized by comparatively broad valleys and flat-bottomed washes, and is cut by deep, narrow arroyos or ravines. The remains of horizontally laid sandstone beds, generally bordered by cliffs, form the high points.2. Inasmuch as there is a variety of colors in them, these sandstone cliffs constitute one of the scenic attractions of the region. There are a number of shades of red, ranging from dark to light, interspersed with layers of white. The brightness of the rocks contrasts with the diverse hues of the valley bottoms and the slopes of the mesas. The region is a part of the major topographical division called the Colorado Plateau. According to one classification the archeo- logical site is located just south of the southwestern end of the Manuelito Plateau subdivision, only a short distance east of the mouth of Black Creek, called Bonito Valley and Defiance Creek on some of the older maps, that forms the dividing line between the Manuelito Plateau and Defiance Plateau provinces. Another clas- 2 Gregory, 1916, p. 26. ® Gregory, 1916, map, pl. 1. 2 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buu 121 sification places it in the southern part of the Navajo section of the Colorado Plateau, an area characterized by young plateaus with smaller relief than the canyon lands section to the north, a region marked by recent erosion and retreating rock scarps.* In general it may be said that the topography in the immediate vicinity of the ruins consists of gentle valley slopes and comparatively flat mesa tops (pl. 2, a, b). The valleys are dotted with some sagebrush, greasewood, rabbit bush, and many kinds of weeds. Extensive grazing in recent years has thinned the grass and forage plants to a marked degree. The mesas are covered with cedar, pinyon, and some yellow pine trees. The latter are more prevalent on the higher elevations north of the Puerco than they are along the southern mesas. In the open spaces on the mesa tops there is much more brush than in the valley bottoms. Animals present in greatest numbers are the rabbit and prairie dog. There are some coyotes and porcupines, and a few fox and wildcat. Deer and antelope formerly roamed the countryside and the bear was not unknown. There are not many kinds of birds in the vicinity, although the raven, nighthawk, hawk, a sporadic eagle, the pinyon jay, owl, dove, and swallow are observed. At one time the turkey was plentiful, judging from the bones found in the refuse mounds. Insects are common and there are several kinds of snakes, although the latter do not occur in large numbers. The soil in the valley bottoms and on the mesa tops, where there has not been too great a sand drift, is capable of producing good crops when there is sufficient rainfall or where water is available for irrigation purposes. If the many ruins scattered throughout the district may be considered as a criterion, it at one time supported a rather numerous population. It is possible that prior to the cutting of the deep arroyo channel in the bottom of Whitewater Valley (pl. 2, 5), as well as that of the larger Puerco, the whole flats could have been devoted to fields for corn, beans, and other agricultural products such as the pre-Spanish occupants of the region raised. The run-off from the higher slopes could have been used for flood-water irrigation, thus providing, in addition to that normally falling on the fields in the form of rain, sufficient moisture to insure good crops. There are no evidences of definite irrigation ditches or reservoirs. Tradition and the memory of Indians is at best doubtful evidence with respect to conditions in the past, but a number of aged Navajo in this district insist that when they were boys there was no arroyo in Whitewater Valley and the Puerco flowed, during the periods when it carried water, in an ordinary stream bed and not in a deep channel such as it occupies at the present time. If such was the case *¥enneman, 1928, p. 342, map. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 PLATE 1 Ti veaby, nig TNS Ls Wwawwy, aS ie OES al, 2 az === aS 2 os, Sis Ta Henge iy < AN pwr’; eas YAW ‘wos i) = as < ‘ ey BET] Mm $ = ES : 23) jae = = \ N 3 \ = % . é wn ; Nl=¢9 t 4 ju" > = =§ igs le we \ o;m Boe: : wl, S z pinto NY ‘llty, PN >< z Eg j oc a say que Me en > xy 2 EE ling 2 ms am tS aS Se) z = % ++? SSS fo) a % 4 2) Se ~ é é om ae % xs 3 =f, = RAIL = = Pane 1S S Wi ulti we, ! yen te Ni 37 gueran west 0 SMILES = Map of the Whitewater district. Inset shows location of ruins with respect to general southwestern area. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 PLATE 2 a. Looking across Whitewater Valley toward Puerco River. 5. Arroyo in bottom of Whitewater Valley. ROBERTS J ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 3 when the site under investigation was occupied, the flats below the ruins would have provided an ample food supply. In this same connection it is interesting to note that reports by early explorers in the region do not mention deep-cut stream beds. It was only after the Whipple Railroad Survey party reached the district beyond Navajo Springs, 25 miles (40.234 k) west from the Allantown neigh- borhood, that reference is made to an arroyo of any depth.’ There is a notation that a bridge would be required at that place if a rail- road was built along the Puerco. Lieutenant Simpson crossed the Puerco of the West in 1849 en route from Canyon de Chelly to Zui. The crossing took place in the vicinity of the present settle- ment of Manuelito (pl. 1) and his diary contains a reference to the stream bed which was bordered by a few cottonwood trees.° No mention is made of the height of the banks but it may be assumed that it could not have been very great, since elsewhere in his journal Lieutenant Simpson always takes care to state the amount of work necessary to make deep gullies traversable for wagons and artillery. Had conditions at that time been similar to those existing today he undoubtedly would have made some mention of the fact, because in the entry for that date he specifically describes the labor which would be involved in making other portions of the route accessible. The problem of the water supply for the various villages whose remains occupy the immediate vicinity south of Allantown is one which has not yet been satisfactorily solved. There are a number of springs along the course of Whitewater Creek, but these are at a considerable distance from the groups of ruined houses. If the sup- ply was no closer during the period of prehistoric habitation the situation would have necessitated the transportation of water for a distance of about 2 miles (3.219 k). Some of the older maps indicate springs and pools along the course of the Whitewater in locations much nearer to the main archeological site than those now in existence. The filled-in remnants of old depressions suggestive of former ponds and places which probably were rather swampy may be seen along the banks of the arroyo. At the head of a small gully terminating at the base of the low cliffs forming the edge of the mesa about one- quarter of a mile (0.402 k) from the main site are indications of the former existence of aspring. There are large quantities of potsherds scattered about at this place and in every instance the fragments noted were from large jars such as were used for water and storage purposes. This suggests that the onetime occupants of the now ruined houses obtained a portion of their water supply at that place, an occasional container being broken in the process. It is likely that the cutting of the deep arroyo in the bottom of the valley lowered 5 Whipple, 1856, pt. II, sec. V, p. 28. * Simpson, 1850, p. 112. 4 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bou 121 the water table of the region sufficiently to cause the drying up of numerous springs located along the bordering cliffs. Furthermore, drifting sand may have buried such sources as had not previously dried up. At present the climate is marked by considerable variations. The winters are cold and the summers quite hot, but despite the heat of the summer sun the nights are as a rule chilly. Due, no doubt, to the 6,300 feet (1,920.238 m) altitude. Some winters are accompanied by unusually heavy snows; others are exceedingly dry. During the sum- mer season, particularly in the months of July and August, there normally are heavy rains which frequently flood the country and fill the generally dry stream beds with raging torrents. A second short rainy spell usually occurs in September. Throughout the re- mainder of the year, it may be said, precipitation is deficient. Under average conditions, however, there is sufficient moisture for the grow- ing of such crops as are necessary to sustain life. Over a long period of time the Indians of the uplands area developed types of corn, beans, pumpkins, and melons which germinate, flourish, and reach maturity during the short growing season which the region provides, and ex- cept in periods of drought or when hordes of insects descend on the fields, the yield is ample. There is nothing to indicate that there have been any pronounced climatic changes between the time of the first occupation of this district by the Indian peoples and the present and it seems logical to suppose that they coped with conditions not unlike those of today. The cultural remains present at the sites where the investigations were carried on represent a number of stages in the development of the sedentary peoples of the plateau region. At the local of the main cluster of ruins there are vestiges of three or four distinct and sequent phases. In order that there may be a better understanding of the significance of the various finds, a brief summary of the present status of southwestern archeology is advisable. Continued research in the ruins of the Southwest during the last 80 years has brought to light many data concerning the history of the region. Investiga- tions since the termination of the World War have been especially productive and the period since 1927 has been marked by a tremendous increase in knowledge. At the present time archeologists group the remains located in the States of New Mexico, Arizona, southwestern Colorado, Utah, eastern Nevada, western Texas, and northern Mexico into two major divisions characterized by differences in material culture, topographical environment, and geographical distribution. One division or province had its location in the uplands or plateau portion of the area; the other centered in the desert region. The uplands group is called the Anasazi, a Navajo name for the peoples ROBERTS } ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 5 who built and lived in the ruins which dot the plateau, and those in the lowlands are referred to as the Hohokam, the name used by the Pima to denote the ancient ones inhabiting the desert precincts. What may eventually prove to be a third and lesser province is one which hitherto has been thought to represent a regional variation of the Anasazi. There is a possibility that it may emerge as a sub- pattern resulting from a fusion of very early Hohokam and Anasazi in a peripheral area, but at present it is regarded tentatively as a separate entity and is called the Mogollon. The name is taken from a prominent range of mountains in the district where the remains are found. There are peripheral precincts where the patterns are not clear-cut. In these outlying reaches many features common in the nuclear districts are missing and there is a progressive fading of the basic patterns in proportion to the distance from the central portions of the provinces. These marginal regions are generally referred to as the “eastern, northern, western, and southern peripheries.” ‘They may in time be set apart as minor subdivisions, but at present they are considered as local variants of the major divisions. Developments in the two major provinces followed somewhat parallel lines, but until comparatively late horizons were for the most part seemingly independent. In the lesser, tentative third province the unfolding of the cultural pattern progressed through a series of stages broadly synchronous with those of the main two, but on the whole was more closely related to the Anasazi than to the Hohokam. The Anasazi remains are found in the regions of the San Juan River, the Rio Grande, the Upper Gila and Salt Rivers, the Little Colorado River, most of Utah, and a portion of eastern Nevada. The uplands of this plateau area with its rugged mesas, narrow canyons, and broader valleys furnished the setting for an interesting cultural florescence. From a very simple beginning the people who inhabited the region passed from a nomadic hunting existence to a relatively highly advanced mode of life. To simplify the study of this develop- ment the various stages through which the people passed have been grouped under two main headings, names better known than that of the main designation Anasazi, called Basket Maker and Pueblo. Each of these major divisions has been separated into a number of minor groups. The Basket Maker, which evidence has shown to be the older, has two, although until recently it was listed with three. The Pueblo, which followed and owed much to the Basket Maker, has five. The growth and development of the various stages did not follow a smooth and ordered progression, but advanced intermittently with periods of quiescence during which there was little change. It is the material from the intervals when conditions were static that furnishes the picture for each typical horizon. The boundary lines 68764392 6 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buun. 121 between periods are often vague and there is an overlap of charac- teristics which sometimes tends to be confusing. These occurrences generally may be explained through careful consideration of all of the factors involved. While the progression of stages in the culture sequence implies a certain degree of contemporaneity between sites of the same horizon, it does not imply necessarily that they will fall within identical chronological dates. There may have been, and no doubt frequently was, a difference in actual years in which objects were in vogue in various districts. For example, during a certain stage in one portion of the area a particular style in ceramic art may have been very popular, so popular, in fact, that it spread into other sections. Like groups of objects found at two widely separated ruins would indicate a degree of similarity in age between two sites. In a broad sense they belong to the same stage of progression and yet in actual years may have been separated by an appreciable inter- val. This tendency to a chronological discrepancy in direct propor- tion to the distance from a center of origin is well illustrated in our own culture. During the era prior to the development and improve- ment of the motion picture and radio, the styles of the day in New York were the styles of two and three years later in the more remote sections of the country. The popular music of Broadway did not reach the farthest corners until long after it had been forgotten in the music halls where it was introduced. This lag in cultural traits was even more marked in earlier times. Failure to consider this tendency has in the past caused some confusion in the minds of southwestern workers and students and for that reason is emphasized here. During the decade following the first conference of southwestern archeologists and workers in related fields, held at Pecos, N. Mex., in the latter part of August 1927, the classification adopted by that group was widely used by writers on the subject. The Pecos Classi- fication listed three divisions for the Basket Maker, denoted by the name and numerals I, II, ILI, and five for the Pueblo, again using the name and numerals I to V. Because of some confusion arising from the implications of chronology embodied in the numerical qualifiers, the writer suggested a new terminology in an article in the American Anthropologist’ and added one additional name in a subsequent review of southwestern archeology appearing in American Antiquity.® Inasmuch as this later classification has been accepted and used by a number of investigators it will be used in this report. It was de- veloped by the substitution of descriptive names, terms suggested by the characteristics of the period, for the numerical designations. Some of these names were provided as alternative titles at Pecos, others were used by certain workers prior to the first conference, and 7 Roberts, 1935. § Roberts, 1937. ROBERTS} ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA vi three were the writer’s own choice. They were applied to a modified form of the Pecos Classification published in a number of the writer’s previous reports in the bulletin series of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Thus at present the period designations and their earlier counterparts are as follows: Pecos Classification Bulletins 96 and 111 Revised nomenclature Basket Maker I______-- Basket Maker J____-__- Omitted. Basket Maker II___-_-__- Basket Maker IT_____-_ Basket Maker. Basket Maker III____-- Basket Maker III____- Modified Basket Maker. ppeble = so SSSR ae Huet - TT ee ee Se \ Developmental Pueblo. Agar heey , {phase a__| Great Pueblo jai (oi) 0 8 Re eeymlensa ont REO Pueblo III__,P : gceblo sisi {phase be= \ Regressive Pueblo. erebiG PV cee ee Pueblo IV.-{PP ae ?--|\ Renaissance Pueblo. nati Waseca eee eee Pueblo Vesa. oes Historic Pueblo. Basket Maker I was wholly postulated, no remains attributable to it having been found, and for that reason it has been dropped from the list. Hence all that was needed in making the change was to drop the II and retain the name Basket Maker, a term that typifies the outstanding characteristic of the stage. Changing Basket Maker ITT 40 Modified Basket Maker indicates that basically the complex is the same, although sufficiently altered in traits to warrant a separate designation. The combining of Pueblo I and Pueblo II under the single heading Developmental Pueblo shows that the culture was in the evolutionary stages leading up to the maximum development and avoids difficulties caused by the fact that one or the other was missing in some sections, a feature particularly noticeable in peripheral precincts. The use of Great for Pueblo III tersely describes the characteristic of the period. The term Regressive applies to the stage when there was a definite subsidence from the cultural peak of the great period accompanied by a short-lived era of instability and flux. This interval includes a portion of the latter part of Pueblo IIT and some of the early IV of the Pecos Classification, all of Pueblo IIT, phase 6, and a portion of IV, phase a, of the synthesis in Bulletins 96 and 111. Renaissance explains the nature of Pueblo IV in a general way and includes most of phase a and all of phase b. The significance of these features will become more apparent in the dis- cussion of the general growth of the cultural pattern in ensuing pages. The Historic Pueblo denotes the period extending from the era of Spanish colonization to the present. The first traces of the Anasazi thus far found in the plateau province are those of the Basket Maker, a semihunting, semiagricul- tural group. Archeologists postulate that in the beginning the re- 8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 gion was thinly populated by a widely distributed, simple nomadic hunting people. Their food consisted of game and such wild fruits and vegetable products as could be found. On occasions they may have erected flimsy brush shelters against the vagaries of the weather, but more probably relied on caves for such temporary protection from the elements as they deemed necessary. In the course of time they took up agriculture, having obtained corn (maize) and a know!l- edge of how to plant and cultivate it. Whence this product came or how it reached them is not known, although it is supposed that it was introduced from the Mexican area to the south. Eventually their crops became more abundant and as a consequence the people adopted more sedentary habits. Bountiful harvests mean a surplus of food which can be stored against future needs. Well-stocked granaries require a certain amount of protection which can not be provided if the owners wander too far afield. Hence small communi- ties assembled around the storage-bin nucleus. It is at this point that there is first definite knowledge of the people. The hypothetical series of events leading up to this stage constitute the Basket Maker I of the Pecos Classification, the conjectural stage omitted from the present revised nomenclature. Basket Maker granaries were small pits dug in the floors of caves and were lined with large stone slabs. They were covered with fun- nel or domelike superstructures of poles, brush, bark, and mud plaster. Little is known of the dwellings of this period, as only a few ruins, possibly attributable to it, have been noted and informa- tion obtained by excavation is not available. Numerous caves contain- ing granaries and other remains have been investigated and no houses found. Impermanent brush shelters which have left no traces may have been used in some cases. There is evidence that slab cists lined with grass and bark were sometimes used for sleeping places, but these hardly could be called houses. The main objects of the handicrafts of the period which have been preserved are excel- lent baskets, sandals, ropes, nets, twined and woven bags, and robes made from fur cloth. There was no true pottery, although at about the end of this stage unfired clay vessels with grass or cedar bark binder made their appearance. The idea of making clay vessels — probably came from the south, but the development was entirely local. The main weapons were an S-shaped club and a short javelin, the latter thrown by means of an atlatl or spear thrower. Modified Basket Maker is characterized by some additional fea- tures. True pottery with painted decoration was developed. Semi- subterranean dwellings of a comparatively permanent nature were erected. Several kinds of corn were grown where previously there ® Hargrave, 1935, p. 42. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 9 had been but one. Beans appeared in the list of agricultural prod- uce. Robes made from feathers were occasionally employed. San- dal types were changed and baskets became less important in the complex. The bow and arrow began to replace the spear thrower as a weapon. This feature probably correlates with another factor, one which had a marked influence on subsequent developments. Namely, new peoples were drifting into the area and it is possible that they were the bearers of this different kind of weapon, although it seems to have preceded them as a diffused cultural trait. This new group did not sweep over the plateau as an invading horde, but made a gradual penetration in successive small bands. Their arrival is recorded by differences in skeletal remains. The Basket Makers were long-headed or medium long-headed, while the newcomers were possessed of broad skulls. The latter are found only in burials made toward the end of the Basket Maker era. These immigrants seem- ingly brought little with them beyond the bow and arrow, possibly the grooved ax, and a capacity for cultural development. They took over, changed, and adapted to their own needs the material culture of the older inhabitants and launched the second major stage in the history of the Anasazi, that of the Pueblos. There were many changes during the course of the Developmental Pueblo stage. These were not brought about immediately, as the earliest phase was one of transition and instability. Eventually new features appeared and the foundations were laid for future develop- ments. Cotton and materials made from it became one of the im- portant items in the industry of the people. Pottery was more extensively made and the ceramics took on definite features typical of the period. Fur-string robes or blankets were replaced to an even greater degree by those made from feathers. The wild turkey was domesticated; previously the dog was the only tamed creature. The grooved ax became an important tool. Apparently cradling practices were changed as crania from the graves of this and subse- quent periods show an occipital flattening. Broad skulls found in association with Modified Basket Maker remains do not have such a deformation. In the nuclear parts of the province the single-room, semisubterranean dwellings gave way to structures with only slightly depressed floors instead of pits. The major portion of the house was above ground and had several contiguous rooms. In some cases the walls were of pole and plaster (jacal) construction, and in others horizontally laid stones were employed. These were replaced by masonry houses erected entirely above ground. Buildings of this nature were a single story in height, had flat roofs, and contained four, six, eight, sometimes even more, rooms. The rooms were placed in a long single row, a shorter double row, an L-shape, or in the more highly developed forms in the shape of a rectangular U the 10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buut. 121 wings forming an enclosed court at one side of the building. This kind of dwelling is called the single-clan or unit type. In the pe- ripheral districts semisubterranean houses continued in use for some time, although in modified form. Pits for the underground portion were dug deeper and entrance to the chamber was by means of a ladder through the smoke hole in the roof instead of by an entryway at one side. The latter was retained, however, in reduced and altered form and functioned as a ventilator. These structures eventually were abandoned in favor of others approximating the unit type. These new dwellings did not reach as high a degree of excellence as those in the nuclear districts. In the south and west, pole-and-mud houses and buildings consisting of irregular agglomerations of rooms whose walls were formed from large quantities of adobe mud and unworked boulders constituted the living quarters. In the Flagstaff, Ariz., area rectangular semisubterranean houses prevailed to the end of this horizon. The new-type dwellings necessitated some provision for a place in which to hold the religious rites and ceremonies that had previously been performed in the old circular domiciles. Instead of changing the rituals to meet the requirements of the new houses, each group provided one of the old style structures. It generally was placed at the south or southeast side some distance from the dwelling. Eventu- ally these special chambers became more formalized and developed into what is called the kiva. They did not become as highly special- ized in the peripheral districts and in some sections the circular form is entirely missing, yet its purpose was served by analogous rectangu- lar structures. During the period when these changes were taking place the people lived in small villages scattered throughout the province. Then a new trend set in. The population began to concentrate in large urban centers and the Great Pueblo period was at hand. Extensive ter- raced houses, several stories in height and containing many hundreds of rooms, were built on canyon floors, in the caverns in cliffs, and on mesa tops. The ceremonial chambers were included in the main block of the building and their former subterranean character was simulated by filling with earth the spaces between their circular walls and the rectangular ones enclosing them. Pottery forms and styles of decorations crystallized and became so highly specialized that each center had its own characteristic wares. The rise of these urban centers was more the result of an ever-growing tendency on the part of the people to abandon the outlying small houses and concentrate in various communities than to a sudden and marked increase in population. What caused this movement is not known. It probably was induced by a combination of factors. Severe droughts occur periodically in the Southwest and such an occurrence may have made ROBERTS } ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 11 some districts so unproductive that the occupants were forced to join their kinsmen in sections where conditions were less rigorous. In order not to encroach too much on tillable land the dwellings were consolidated and evolved into the typical pueblo or apartment house of the period. At the same time there was a constantly increasing pressure from the nomadic tribes of the borderlands. Drought conditions would make marked inroads on the supplies of seeds, nuts, wild fruits, even on game, and small unprotected villages with re- serves of corn and beans would be tempting plunder. That raids did occasionally take place is indicated around the peripheries of the province by the remains of unit structures which give evidence that they were pillaged and their inhabitants slain. For this reason the desire to gather in populous centers as a means of defense may have been an important element in the trend of affairs. The large towns thrived for a time and then began to decline. The Regressive period was setting in. In some of the centers the people, although reduced in numbers, carried on. Other communi- ties were abandoned. ‘There was a pronounced withdrawal from the more northern districts and a definite drift toward southern portions of the area. Causes for this phenomenon have not been determined. Unquestionably there were several. Encroaching and plundering nomads evidently became troublesome during this period, as many large ruins show that attempts were made to fortify the villages. Internal discord and factional strife may have arisen and as a result large groups moved out to settle elsewhere, a thing that has hap- pened in historic pueblos and no doubt did in earlier times as well. Then there were recurring droughts. A series of prolonged crop failures may have reduced the resistance of the people to such an ex- tent that they gave up the struggle and started off in search of better locations. Irrespective of what the actual causes were, there was a marked recession from the former cultural peak and the era was one of instability and migration. The northern part of the province, that traversed by the San Juan River and its tributaries, ultimately was deserted. New villages and communities developed along the Rio Grande and the Little Colorado River. After these were established the arts and industries took on new life and the Renaissance was under way. Outstanding in the Renaissance period was the growth of various centers along the Rio Grande and the Little Colorado River. The highest stage of development in these two regions was attained during this stage. It, like preceding horizons, had certain typical features in pottery types and other objects of the material culture that pro- vide criteria for identification. The arrival of the Spaniards in the latter part of the period, 1540, served as a check on the progress of the native culture, but the full impact of European influence was not 12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 felt until after the revolt, reconquest, and complete capitulation of the Pueblos in 1700. The Historic period begins then and continues through to the present. It is the era of the modern villages. The stage in general shows the gradual replacement of the Pueblo culture pattern by traits introduced by the white man, a process continuing with marked acceleration at the present time.’° Several diagnostic traits are used in identifying the various stages in the Anasazi pattern. The same traits apply whether the Pecos Classification or the revised one discussed in preceding pages is used. Skeletal material is thought significant for the two major groups, Basket Maker and Pueblo, although elements in the material culture are so well differentiated that they probably furnish a more reliable criterion. Indicative components in the complex are: House and vil- lage types, architectural features, textiles, baskets, sandals, picto-, graphs, stone and bone implements, kinds and styles of ornaments, and pottery. Pottery is considered to furnish the most abundant, con- venient, and reliable criterion, with the culinary or utilitarian wares the simplest for sequence determinations. The reason that pottery plays so important a part is that it is characterized by easily noted differences in style and form and it was an exceedingly sensitive ele- ment from the standpoint of variations in both time and place. These are factors, however, that will be discussed in greater detail in the second part of this report, that dealing with the artifacts, and need not be considered further here. The sequence of the several stages outlined in the foregoing pages is based on evidence obtained mainly from excavations. The most important type of proof was that of the stratigraphic relationship be- tween different forms in the complex. In places undisturbed layers of deposits containing objects of a particular form and style were found overlying other layers in which similar objects exhibited differ- ent characteristics. There was no question but that those from the upper level were more recent and the variation in objects furnished a definite standard by which to gauge their relative ages. In addition, changes and developments in articles of the same type were demon- strated. Modified Basket Maker remains have been found above those of Basket Maker in so many sites that there can be no doubt of their sequence. Elsewhere ruins of Pueblo structures have been noted resting on mounds covering the remains of Modified Basket Maker houses, and Developmental Pueblo dwellings have been discovered beneath the foundations of Great Pueblo buildings. Correlations between sites and districts were worked out through study of trade 19For a more detailed discussion of the evolution and growth of the Anasazi (Basket Maker-Pueblo) cultural pattern and a review of the archeological progress culminating in the Pecos Classification see Roberts, 1935. For references and examples of ruins and sites belonging to the various periods see Roberts, 1932. ROBERTS } ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 13 objects and their positions in local sequences. The entire structure of Anasazi history was erected on this foundation. That it is essen- tially correct has been shown by the development of a new method for determining not only relative age but actual dates. This new aid to the archeologist is dendrochronology, the tree-ring calendar dis- covered and perfected by Dr. A. E. Douglass. Dates obtained through this medium demonstrate that the stratigraphically deter- mined sequence is true in its main outline and that the relative ages of numerous large ruins and village sites, even of remains in different districts, were correctly deduced by the archeological method. Dr. Douglass, of the University of Arizona, in studying sun spots and their effects on climatic conditions, turned to the growth rings of trees in an effort to obtain evidence on the occurrence of drought periods and the intervals of moisture. In doing this he discovered that definite ring patterns, as distinct as human fingerprints, re- corded specific year groups and as a consequence developed a system whereby he can tell the year when a log was cut from a living tree. Beginning with trees whose actual cutting date was known, he has been able to devise a type ring chart going back to the beginning of the Christian era. To secure evidence to substantiate his own theories he was forced to resort to timbers from ruins for material antedating living trees and thus furnished the archeologists with a valuable time scale. When beams are found in ruins it is possible to check their rings against the type chart and, provided the outer surfaces have not been damaged or removed, tell the year of their cutting. The timber may not have been placed in a house immedi- ately after it was cut and occasionally a log was reused, but such factors can be checked by the archeological aspects of the site and a date is assured which approximates closely the year or years when the dwellings were erected. Explanations for certain features noted in the cultural pattern are also furnished by dendrochronological studies through informa- tion on the occurrence of drought and periods when conditions were more favorable. Dates for a number of the droughts correspond to definite phenomena in Anasazi history. One dry period correlates with the trend toward concentration in urban communities at the end of the Developmental period. Another was undoubtedly an important factor in the abandonment of some of the centers at the end of the Great Pueblo stage. The greatest expansion and growth in one of the leading centers of the Great Pueblo era took place in a 20-year period when conditions were favorable. When more dates are available and additional information has been obtained from several districts that are not too well known at present, an inter- 1 Douglass, 1932, 1935. 14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bown 121 esting study of the effects of weather on the movements of peoples can be developed. Present evidence only hints at the possibilities. There are no Hohokam remains in the Whitewater district, hence only a summary mention of the general character of the desert cul- tural pattern is necessary. According to present information there were six main stages in the Hohokam. They are called Pioneer, Colonial, Sedentary, Classic, Recent, and Modern. Although the two patterns overlapped to some extent along the hazy boundary line between the two provinces, the Hohokam and Anasazi were quite distinct until about the year 1000 A. D. After that date Anasazi from southern parts of the plateau began to drift into the Hohokam province and establish communities there. The two seemingly lived side by side for a time and then the northern group withdrew and returned to the uplands. During the Developmental Pueblo period there was a northward thrust of Hohokam into the periphery of the plateau province in the Flagstaff, Ariz., region. There are no dendrochronological dates for the Hohokam. Timbers used in house construction were of varieties of wood not adapted to tree-ring studies. The determination of periods depends in large measure on pottery types. Some dates can be suggested on the basis of trade objects, as in the case of the Anasazi penetration, but on the whole the status is much the same as that of the Anasazi prior to the perfection of the tree-ring calendar. The time factor is largely postu- lated. Present evidence is that the Pioneer stage was roughly con- temporaneous with Modified Basket Maker and the beginnings of Developmental Pueblo, Colonial with Developmental and early Great Pueblo, Classic with late Great Pueblo and Regressive, Recent with Renaissance, and Modern with Historic. The main differences between the Anasazi and Hohokam may be summarized briefly. The Hohokam practiced cremation; the Anasazi, in all stages, buried their dead. The Hohokam built rectangular single-unit houses of pole, brush, and plaster construction during all stages; while the Anasazi progressed from circular or rectangular single-unit dwellings of poles, brush, and plaster to multi-storied communal houses built of stone. The Hohokam progressed from floodwater irrigation to extensive canal systems for supplying their crops with water; the Anasazi depended mainly on floodwaters but in some sections did employ series of small ditches. The Hohokam had extensive carving in shell, which was rare in the Anasazi pattern. The Anasazi domesticated the turkey; the Hohokam apparently did not. Pottery made by the two groups differed in certain respects. The coiling method was used in both cases but the finishing processes varied. The Anasazi smoothed the surfaces of their vessels with scrapers and polishing stones; the Hohokam completed theirs by em- ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 15 ploying a paddle and anvil. The Anasazi painted wares over a long period were of the type with white background and black designs, followed by a series of polychrome forms; Hohokam painted vessels had red designs on a buff background, a factor that was responsible for the name first used to designate the group. Earlier papers call the pattern the Red-on-Buff Culture.” The Mogollon pattern seems to center in the San Francisco and Mimbres River valleys in southwestern New Mexico, although traces of it are found extending in all directions for considerable distances. The basic feature is that of a sedentary agricultural-hunting com- plex, the hunting aspect being more pronounced than in either the Anasazi or Hohokam. Several stages are recognized in the pattern. These are called Georgetown, San Francisco, Three Circle, Mimbres, and Animas. Chief characteristics of the Mogollon are that it had rounded semisubterranean houses followed by rectangular semisubter- ranean structures, then Pueblo type dwellings. Pottery was made by the coiling process with the scraper and polishing stone as finishing implements. The dead were buried as a rule, but there was some cremation. The atlatl and bow and arrow were used for weapons. In the beginning the people were a roundheaded group with low skull vault. ‘They did not practice cranial deformation. Later a round- headed group with high skull vault and deformed occiputs appeared in the area. os) ATE # RUINS f aD ONERS STRUCTURE is I 2. Ge. NO.3 She a x6) N = % Qe 6 , he e ses °5 STRUCTURE 5 Ke SHELTERS Ree Ee oS f me) 4 3 f t s TEST a t ¥ SECTION j a f . > . 3 ; A . 9 q ry) Os > ] ° TEST SHELTER z SECTION } oe 4 a ip ft % a rf $ % a STRUCTURE Sf “ NO.4 % a 4 tee, ? i ce wat REFUSE AND "isi orev een BURIAL MOUND STRUCTURES NO. Sa NO. 5b XD S< i vy CFIRE cy ~ PIT SURFACE STRUCTURE REMAINS we, NO. 9 A cs STRUCTURE nee Cs. NO. 10 : =O Opit C/ STRUCTURE ‘ NOU STRUCTURE oO NO. 6 {STRUCTURE FIRE : “ONO. 7 ° Wa OQ 0 PE ye *, STRUCTURE 4 4%, ‘> NO. 8 a) YY ¢ GRANARIES Pes ? ° A: 4 f ) ; ’ } 8 f RY: is f iis ( 19 H é REFUSE AND } 20 BURIAL MOUND 4 , A ree ee Bee 50 SCALE FEET FicurkH 1.—Group 1 pit and surface remains, Numbered dots indicate location of burials from the beginning of the use of pit structures. Traces of their pres- ence were found in pit dwellings at the Long H Ranch” and a num- ber of the structures excavated in 1931 and 1982, in addition to No. 1, gave unmistakable evidence of their use. It is not possible, of course, ¥ Roberts, 1931, pp. 33-34, 55. ROBERTS } ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 23 to determine just how these ladders were made. Examples found in Pueblo ruins of later horizons have consisted of two upright poles with the rungs lashed to them. In other cases the long timbers were notched and the rungs fastened in the notches with cords made from hide or yucca fibers. Somewhat similar methods of construction were no doubt used in the ladders in earlier times but until one is found intact their exact nature will not be known. The large number and variety of holes or pockets in the floor of No. 1 are indicated on the plan (fig. 2). It is not possible to deter- mine what all were used for, although most of them no doubt served as depositories for small objects employed in household industries. Bone and stone implements were recovered from a number of them, Objects of this type would easily be misplaced unless special efforts were made to provide them with a container. A simple solution of this problem would be to make a pocket in the floor or wall. For some reason or other the latter seems rarely to have had such a feature at this site. The floor furnished all the space needed for such purposes. The larger basin-like depressions (fig. 2, c, d, w) possibly served as places in which baskets or jars were set, although there was no indication that such had been the case. What function the curiously shaped depression ¢ may have been intended to fulfill is a question for which no answer has been found. At the time when the remains were excavated a small pitcher of the culinary variety of pottery was sitting in the end toward the ventilator side of the room. Several who saw the house suggested that loom sticks may have been placed across the depression in the arm-like projections at each side of the central portion. In view of weaving practices in general, as they are known throughout the Southwest, this does not seem to be a good explanation. There was nothing about the depression itself to furnish a clue. The hole marked A, figure 2, corresponds in its general size and posi- tion to similar ones found in most pit houses and in many present-day kivas. In the kivas or ceremonial chambers the feature is called the sipapu, because the modern Pueblos use that name or a close varia- tion of it to designate the hole. According to them it symbolizes the mythical place of emergence through which their ancestors are sup- posed to have passed in their journey from the inner portions of the earth, where they were created, to the surface of the world upon which they now live. Whether a similar interpretation was made in the past or not isa matter of conjecture. The belief is so firmly implanted in Pueblo mythology, however, that it may with considerable justifica- tion be assumed that the prehistoric people regarded the feature in the same light. A further support for this theory is derived from 94. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 the clear evidence that the later kivas represent definite survivals of the old subterranean house. ; . At the base of the ladder an upright stone was set in the floor mid- way between the fire pit and the ventilator opening in the wall (fig. IG ] m \ SS / 1 Uy ; Uf Uj, Ficurp 2.—Structure 1. a, holes for support posts; b, c, and d, storage basins; e, basin in floor; f, wall forming compartment ; g, basin in floor; h, sipapu; i, fire pit; jf, ash pit; %, ends of ladder poles; 1, deflector ; m, stone to protect ventilator opening; n, pole place- ment ; 0, small shaft in ventilator; p, Main ventilator shaft; q, pot rest or storage hole; r, 8, t, U, Vv. W, @, and y, storage holes and basin; 2, sand accumulation above old ground level. 2,7). This is an example of the deflector. It was so placed to prevent air, coming through the ventilator aperture, from blowing directly on the fire. One interesting feature in this structure consisted of a row of ROBERTS } ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 25 seven stones forming a bin-like enclosure at the southeast corner of the room (fig. 2, 7; pl. 3, a). One of the typical interior elements in Modified Basket Maker houses consists of a low wall of stone slabs separating the ventilator or, as was the case in many of the dwellings of that period, the entrance side of the chamber from the rest of the room. Sometimes the partition wall extended entirely across from support post to support post. Then again it was broken by a doorway in front of the passage opening into the wall. Occasionally a house is found that only has corner bins at that side of the room.?? The enclosure in one corner of No. 1 is very suggestive of the more com- plete examples found in the Chaco Canyon houses and possibly repre- sents a survival in the houses of a later day of a characteristic com- mon during a previous stage in house development. The purpose of such compartments is not known. ‘Two metates or grinding stones were found in the present example. This would suggest that the enclosure may have served as a mealing bin for the house. On the other hand it is quite possible that the stones were placed there during intervals when they were not in use, since one was leaning against the partition and the other against the wall. The bin may have served solely in the capacity of a storage place. Firewood, jars containing surplus food and other items connected with the daily life of the people could have been placed there where they would not interfere with the general trend of affairs in the main part of the structure. Some- what comparable enclosures in the earth lodges of some of the Plains Indians, dwellings which in many ways bear.a strong resemblance to the pit houses of the Southwest, despite the fact that they were largely surface structures, were employed for storing the supply of firewood in winter.” In a previous discussion of the partitioned-off portion of the pit house, the theory was advanced that the compartment may have had some ceremonial significance in addition to its utilitarian purposes. Persons not taking part in such religious observances as were per- formed in the main portion of the room may have gathered in the compartment where they could witness but would not intrude upon the rites. An analogous situation is described in a report on a council held in an earth lodge at the mouth of the Platte River in 1833. The writer, J. T. Irving, observed that the passage was completely crowded with women and children watching the progress of events within the structure.*? When it is recalled that the ventilator unquestionably was derived from and represents a modified survival of an older passageway entrance, the parallelism becomes more apparent. In the 2 Roberts, 1929, figs. 4, 5, 21, 22; pls. 4, 6, 7 a. 7 Bushnell, 1922, fig. 8. Coues, 1897, vol. 1, p. 337. Maximilien, 1843, vol. 3, fig. 4, facing p. 36. = Bushnell, 1922, p.117. Irving, J. T., 1835, vol. 1, p. 234. 26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 same connection it has been suggested that the so-called spectators’ bench in the regular kivas of the Hopi Indians may represent a modi- fied survival of the compartment.?* It should be pointed out, however, that there is no chronological hiatus between the modern and early forms, since many of the circular kivas of the Developmental and Great Pueblo periods have deep recesses or niches above the ventilator which apparently fit into the compartment-spectators’ bench sequence. There is no reason why the pit-dwelling compartments could not have functioned in all of the ways outlined. They undoubtedly had utilitarian value in the beginning, or they would not have been in- corporated in the structure. In the later ceremonial chambers the modified survival may well have served only a ritualistic function. The ventilator at the southeast side of the chamber consisted of a passage and shaft. The horizontal portion was dug through the earth as a tunnel. In some cases it was the custom to run a trench for the passage and then cover it over with poles, brush, and earth. In this particular instance the more difficult method was followed. The aperture from the room into the tunnel was oval in shape and was finished with a coating of plaster. Around the edges of the opening was an offset in which a cover slab could be placed. This was in position when the remains were excavated. The sill of the opening was some distance above the floor level and consisted of a thin slab of stone. The ventilator passage was practically hori- zontal; there was no upward slant at the outer end as is frequently found in structures of this type. The shaft was roughly circular in contour and was faced with large stone slabs. The ventilator for No. 1 was not large enough to have functioned as an actual entrance, hence it must have served purely as a means for bringing fresh air into the chamber. The ventilator had one feature not commonly found. This con- sisted of a small vertical shaft which rose from the ceiling of the passage, Just back of the main aperture into the chamber, and opened in the top of the pseudo bench just in front of the sloping super- structure poles (fig. 2, 0). Just what reason motivated the con- struction of this shaft is not clear. It may have functioned for ventilating purposes by distributing incoming air at a higher level than the ordinary opening in the wall did. Experiments with the two openings showed that one or the other had to be closed before the air would circulate properly. The aperture in the wall had a cover stone for that purpose and there was a thin slab over the top of the shaft. With one of these in place and the other removed the air passed through the uncovered opening in an appreciable draft. When both openings were left uncovered no movement of air 23 Roberts, 1929, p. 89. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 27 could be felt. Since this was the only structure in the entire group which had such a feature it is possible that some individual pecu- liarity in the house necessitated the arrangement. No other reason can be advanced for its presence in No. 1 when similar construction was absent in the other structures. The structural details of No. 1 were so clearly shown that the superstructure was restored in order that visitors to the site might see just what domiciles of that type were like. In doing this it was necessary to use new timbers because the original posts, beams, and poles were too greatly damaged by the fire which destroyed the struc- ture to permit their reuse. Every effort was made to follow the plans of the first builders, although in two factors it was necessary to deviate from them. One of these was in the matter of the use of reeds on top of the slanting wall poles. At the present time there is no source for such material in the general vicinity. Where the pre- historic inhabitants secured their supply is not known. It is possible that the occasional small ponds and marshy places in the valley bottom, referred to in the introduction, furnished places where reeds grew. The second variation consisted in the placing of two heavy beams in such a position that they rested on the earth at each side of the pit rather than on the support posts. This was done as a precautionary measure so that there would be no likelihood of the roof caving in when a number of visitors stood on it or when domestic animals belonging to the nearby Navajo chanced to cross it, factors which the early people did not have to consider. The preliminary framework of upright posts and beams for the flat portion of the roof is shown in plate 3, 6. The sloping side poles of the superstructure were then put in place and covered with brush and cedar bark as illustrated by plate 4,a@. The hole was then covered with earth and took on the appearance of a low, flat mound (pl. 4, 6). A view of one corner of the completed in- terior is illustrated by plate 5,a. The weathering qualities of such a roof were well tested by the winter of 1931-32 when unusually heavy rains and snows fell throughout the district. For a period of sev- eral weeks more than 3 feet (91.44 cm) of snow covered the house. Only a small amount of moisture penetrated to the interior during the melting period and a slight amount of repair was all that was necessary in the late spring of 1932. Had the structure been occu- pied and the usual amount of upkeep provided by the tenants, it would have come through the winter with practically no damage. When the debris of accumulation was removed from the interior of No. 1 a 3-foot (91.44 cm) square pillar was left near the center of the pit (pl. 5, 6). This was done wherever practicable in order that a careful study might be made of the fill and that a stratigraphic 28 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bou 121 test could be made of the potsherd material contained within such sections. Considerable information of interest was obtained in this way. The pillar for No. 1 was 6 feet 6 inches (1.981 m) from top to bottom. In making the study of the material which it contained the earth was removed stratum by stratum and put through a screen. pleats a, The top 6 inches (15.24 cm) consisted of a recent accumulation of | sand with a slight admixture of ashes (fig. 3, @). There was not a great amount of material, such as chips of stone and bone, in this layer and there were no potsherds. The contents indicated a wind deposit which probably was subsequent to the Indian occupation. SC4SLE FEET Fiaure 3.—Pillar left from fill in structure 1. N, W, S, and B, indicate north, west, south, and east corners. a to h, Strata in fill. The second stratum (fig. 3, 5) was considerably thicker than the first. It was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) from top to bottom. The main content was blow sand and ashes with some charcoal. Toward the lower half there was a marked increase in the number of pot- sherds present. In fact there was only one other layer in the entire pillar which contained more. This would suggest that there was considerable activity around the site at that time and the remains of many broken vessels found their way into the abandoned pit. The stratum did not give distinct evidence at this point of having typical refuse material in it and it does not seem that it can be attributed to house sweepings and other waste matter being dumped there. Rather would the character of the fil] at this point suggest a more or less natural gravitation of objects into a depression. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 PLATE a. Interior of structure 1. b. Main framework for restoration of structure 1. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 PLATE 4 a. Brush-and-bark covering over framework, restoration of structure 1. b. Completed structure showing rounding dome and smoke hole-hatchway entrance. PEATE > BULLETIN 121 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY structure, of portion of restored view a. Interior b. Pillar left in excavating pit, structure 1. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 PLATES ak et a. Masonry wall resting on slab foundation. 6. Pilaster in structure 2. ROBERTS } ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 29 The third layer (fig. 3, ¢) was 8 inches (20.82 cm) in depth and consisted of sand, ash, large fragments of charcoal, rocks, and broken stone implements. This stratum unquestionably recorded the deposi- tion of debris and waste material from a habitation, since there was a large showing of potsherds and broken animal bones. The layer immediately below (fig. 3, d) was also 8 inches (20.32 em) thick. It was separated from the one above by a fine streak of water-washed sand. Although insignificant in itself this mere line of deposit was of importance because it marked the old ground level. Everything above this line, both in the fill and beyond the borders of the house, represents an accumulation subsequent to the occupa- tion level when the pit was dug. The relation of this accumulation to the ground level around the pit is illustrated by the section through the house (fig. 2,2). The layer just below the sand streak consisted of ashes, charcoal, sand, broken bones, stone chips, and potsherds, typical refuse-mound content. Next below this deposit in the pillar (fig. 3, e) was a 2-inch (5.08 em) streak of water-washed sand. It contained no objects of stone, bone, shattered pottery, or charcoal. The deposit’ recorded a heavy amount of precipitation with the attendant washing of material into a depression. The sixth layer from the top of the pillar ranged from 6 inches (15.24 cm) to 1 foot 3 inches (88.1 cm) in thickness (fig. 3, /). The content consisted of sand and charcoal, which again suggested a typ- ical refuse deposit. There were large numbers of stone chips, spalls, broken bones, and potsherds. The next two layers were sterile as far as any traces of human occupation were concerned and have been combined in the diagram (fig. 3, 7). The first of the two was 1 inch (2.54 em) thick and was composed entirely of water-washed sand. This again indicates either a heavy rain or a deep fall of snow. The melting of the latter could easily carry such material into a pit. The 4 inches (10.16 cm) immediately below consisted of clean wind-blown sand. The 5 inches (12.7 cm) of these combined strata evidence a comparatively long interval in which there was little activity around this portion of the site. It is quite possible that it may even have been abandoned for a time. The next layer was the bottom of the pillar (fig. 83, 2). It meas- ured 2 feet 1 inch (63.5 em) in thickness and comprised burned roofing timbers, plaster from the roof, broken stones, ashes, and the general debris which follows a conflagration. The greatest number of potsherds in the entire pillar came from this level. Some of them were on the floor, but the majority were high enough in the fill to suggest that their presence was due to the use of the pit as a dump immediately following the fire. 30 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 The general significance of the fill in pit No. 1 may be summarized briefly as follows: The structure was destroyed by fire and im- mediately thereafter was used as a dumping place for refuse from other nearby habitations. Then for some unknown reason the site was abandoned for an interval sufficiently long to permit an ac- cumulation of 4 inches (10.16 cm) of clean sand. On top of this layer an additional inch (2.54 cm) of sand was deposited by water. People again began to move about and dwell in the immediate vicin- ity and evidence of their presence is to be found in the charcoal, ashes, and potsherds deposited there. This record is broken by the evidence of another interval of marked precipitation when only clean sand was washed into the pit. Following this there was a con- siderable period when refuse was deposited in the pit. The ac- cumulation settled and became compressed into a deposit 8 inches (20.32 em) thick and the pit was completely filled. A thin sheet of sand was then swept across the top by water, possibly the run-off from a heavy rain. Everything above this line probably represents deposits that accumulated through a combination of factors. Ma- terial no doubt drifted down from the ridge above and mixed with that collecting as a result of human activities. Ultimately the entire site was abandoned and the topmost layer resulted from action of the elements, wind and surface water depositing material at the spot where the house once stood. The significance of the potsherds from this section will be considered in detail in the second part of this report under the subject of pottery. Despite the large amount of charred roofing material obtained from the floor of No. 1, it has not been possible to determine the cutting date of the timbers by the Douglass method.2* A number of beam fragments from this house gave a good series of rings, but when this report was written they could not be fitted into the major chronological chart. The work on the beam material was done by Mr. Carl F. Miller under the supervision of Dr. Douglass. The diameter of the pit portion of No. 1 was 13 feet 5 inches (4.089 m) on the sipapu, fire pit, ventilator line. At right angles to this measurement it was 13 feet 814 inches (4.177 m) from wall to wall. There was no true bench to the structure but the poles form- ing the sloping part of the superstructure were set back from the edge of the wall an average of 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm), forming to all . intents and purposes what might be called a bench. The depth of the pit varied somewhat from side to side. The wall opposite the ventilator was 4 feet 11% inches (1.257 m) above the floor. At the ventilator side of the chamber the top of the wall was only 3 feet 81% inches (1.130 m) above the floor. This difference is due to the *% Douglass, 19382, 1935. The method of obtaining dates from the growth rings in the beams found in prehistoric houses is described by Dr. Douglass in these articles. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 31 fact that No. 1 was placed on the side of a hill so that there was a certain amount of slope in the top of the wall. The holes for the support posts varied somewhat in size and in their distances from the wall. That at the north corner of the chamber was oval in shape with diameters of 11 inches (27.94 cm) and 9 inches (22.86 cm). It was 9 inches (22.86 cm) from the wall at one side and 1 foot 31% inches (39.87 cm) at the other. Its depth was 2 feet (60.96 cm). The hole at the east corner had diameters of 9 inches (22.86 cm) and 1014 inches (26.67 cm). It was 414 inches (11.48 cm) from one wall and 11% inches (29.21 em) from the other. It measured 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm) in depth. The hole at the south corner of the room was irregular in outline because of the fact that it had been formed by the use of two supports. It is likely that the original post placed at that corner may have needed rein- forcing, so a second one was placed there. Due to the irregularity, it is not possible to give the exact measurements of each segment. It will suffice to give the total length and greatest breadth. Across the long diameter it measured 1 foot 314 inches (39.37 cm). At its widest section it measured 9 inches (22.86 cm). The wall at this part of the room had more of a curve than for the two previous corners, so that the edges of the hole were about equidistant from it. The average distance was 7 inches (17.78 cm). One segment of the hole had a depth of 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm) and the other 1 foot 7 inches (4826 cm). The west post placement was more nearly circular than the others with diameters of 814 inches (21.59 cm) and 9 inches (22.86 cm). It was 1 foot (30.48 cm) from the wall and had a depth of 2 feet (60.96 cm). The fire pit was roughly circular in form with diameters of 2 feet (60.96 cm) and 2 feet 114 inches (64.77 cm). Its depth aver- aged 10 inches (25.4 cm). The oval depression which functioned as a depository for ashes was 214 inches (6.35 cm) from the fire pit. The depression had diameters of 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 em) and 1 foot 1014 inches (57.15 cm). Its average depth was 7 inches (17.78 em). The deflector stone stood 7 inches (17.78 cm) from the oval de- pression adjacent to the fire pit. The stone was 1 foot 314 inches (39.37 cm) long and ranged in thickness from 3 inches (7.62 cm) to 2 inches (5.08 cm). It stood 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) above the floor. The second stone placed upright in the floor 314 inches (8.89 em) from the ventilator opening suggested a secondary deflector. It was not high enough, however, to have functioned in such a capacity and probably was placed there to protect the sill of the opening. This stone had a length of 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) and a thickness of 114 inches (3.81 cm). It rose 5 inches (12.7 cm) above the floor. At each end of this stone was a small hole in the floor 32 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bun 121 which had contained a post, possibly so placed to aid in closing the ventilator opening. These holes were 1 and 2 inches (2.54 and 5.08 cm) from the ends of the stone. Their diameters ranged from 214 to 4 inches (6.25 to 10.16 cm). They were 4 inches (10.16 cm) deep. The sipapu was 8 feet 6 inches (1.066 m) from the fire pit and 3 feet 514 inches (1.054 m) from the wall at the side opposite the ven- tilator. The sipapu had diameters of 3144 and 4 inches (8.89 and 10.16 cm). The hole was not cylindrical but jug-shaped (fig. 2, h). As a consequence the diameter below the floor level was 8Y%4 inches (21.59 cm). The depth of the sipapu was 6 inches (15.24 cm). The various holes and pockets in the floor had a considerable range in size and depth. The hole 3, figure 2, had diameters of 1 foot 1% inch (31.75 em) and 9 inches (22.86 cm). The average depth was 10 inches (25.4 cm). The odd-shaped depression ¢ had two parts. The larger was 2 feet 114 inches (64.77 cm) long and 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) wide. The second had a length of 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 em) and a width of 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm). The average depth of the entire depression was 4 inches (10.16 cm). The basin d, figure 2, had a length of 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 em) and a width of 1 foot 21/, inches (36.19 cm). The curiously shaped pit with arms (fig. 2, e) had a length of 3 feet 7 inches (1.092 m) and a width of 1 foot 514 inches (44.45 cm). The arms ranged in length from 5 inches (12.7 cm) to 10 inches (25.4 cm). The average depth of the main portion was 10 inches (25.4 cm) and of the arms 2 inches (5.08 cm). The five-sided depression in the floor within the compartment formed by the row of upright slabs set between the east wall and the ladder had a width of 9 inches (22.86 cm) and a length of 1 foot 14 inch (81.75 em). Its depth was 3 inches (7.62 cm). The holes where the ladder posts were placed had diameters of 3 to 4 inches (7.62 to 10.16 cm) and 31% inches to 4 inches (8.89 to 10.16 em). One had a depth of 3 inches (7.62 cm) and the other 4 inches (10.16 cm). The holes at either end of the stone in front of the ventilator opening, n, figure 2, had diameters of 214 inches to 414 inches (6.35 to 10.79 cm). Their depths were 3 inches (7.62 cm) and 214 inches (6.35 cm). The oval-shaped hole gq, figure 2, had diameters of 1014 inches (26.67 cm) and 6% inches (16.51 cm). Its average depth was 314 - inches (8.89 cm). The hole r had diameters of 6 and 7 inches (15.24 and 17.78 cm) and a depth of 5 inches (12.7 em). The one imme- diately next to it, 8, measured 9 inches (22.86 em) by 814 inches (21.59 cm) on two diameters and was 10 inches (25.4 cm) deep. The irreg- ular hole ¢ measured 51% inches (13.97 em) and 614 inches (16.51 em) on two diameters. It was rather shallow, having a depth of but 3 inches (7.62 cm). The hole marked uw on the diagram was covered ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 33 with a small, thin stone slab when found. The cover was square with rounded corners and had been carefully worked. The hole was practically circular with diameters of 314 and 4 inches (8.89 and 10.16 cm). Its depth was 5 inches (12.7 cm). The hole v had diameters of 314 and 4 inches (8.89 and 10.16 cm). The depth was 6 inches (15.24 cm). The oval depression w near the south support post had a long measurement of 1 foot 1014 inches (57.15 cm) and a short one of 1 foot 2 inches (385.56 cm). The average depth was 414 inches (11.43 cm). The hole 2 had diameters of 5 and 7 inches (12.7 and 17.78 cm). Its depth was 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm). The oval hole y measured 514 inches (13.34 cm) on its long diameter and 234 inches (6.98 cm) across the short way. Its depth was 4 inches (10.16 cm). The enclosure formed by the row of stones f measured 5 feet 1 inch (1.549 m) by 3 feet (91.44 cm). The stones used to form the com- partment varied in size from one measuring 5 inches (12.7 cm) long to one which was 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 em) in length. Their average thickness, from which there was only a slight variation, was 114 inches (3.81 cm). There was also a difference in height. The tall- est was 1 foot 11 inches (58.42 cm) and the shortest 11 inches (27.94 cm). At the time when the house was in use, however, such discrepancies in height would not have been noticeable as a heavy coating of plaster extended along the tops of the stones and made a level rim. The opening into the ventilator measured 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) wide at the sill and 1 foot (30.48 cm) at the top. The opening was 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) high. The sill was 3 inches (7.62 cm) above the floor. The offset into which the cover slab fitted had an average width of 3 inches (7.62 cm) and a depth of 2 inches (5.08 cm). The small shaft rising from the ceiling of the tunnel and opening just inside the sloping roof poles was 814 inches (21.59 cm) from the aperture in the wall. This shaft had a diameter of 10 inches (25.4 cm). The tunnel of the ventilator from the opening in the room to the main shaft at its outer end measured 6 feet 214 inches (1.892 m). The tunnel had a width of 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) where it opened into the shaft and was 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) high. The shaft was slightly oval in contour with diameters of 1 foot 914 inches (54.61 cm) and 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm). Its depth below the ground level at the time of occupation was 3 feet 3 inches (99.06 em). It is 7 feet 8 inches (2.886 m) below the present ground level. STRUCTURE 2 Structure No. 2 was one of the few in the entire group that had a pit lined with large stone slabs. The use of slabs to form a facing 34 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu, 121 for the walls of the excavated portion of pit houses was a widespread practice during the Modified Basket Maker and early Developmental Pueblo periods. In some sections, however, the builders were content to cover the earth walls with a heavy coating of adobe plaster. This treatment would have been entirely satisfactory where the quality of the ground was such that the sides of a pit would hold their form. Where there was considerable sand and the likelihood of crumbling, some reinforcement was required and this generally took the form of large stones. In some districts material that could be used in this manner was not available and it was necessary to place a wainscoting of poles around the walls before the plaster was applied, or else to depend entirely upon the retaining capacity of the plaster itself. Just why there was so little use of slabs in this group of pit structures is not known. The low cliffs bordering Whitewater Valley a few hundred feet from the house remains would supply a limitless num- ber of such stones. Furthermore, the soil has a heavy sand content and walls of pits are prone to slump unless held in place by some other material. The plaster used on the walls of most of the houses was unusually thick and it is quite possible that the builders found that it was sufficient. The pit portion of No. 2 was roughly oval in form. One wall was almost straight but the others had a slight curve to them and the corners were rounded. The slabs used to line the pit varied in height. Some were low while others extended to the ground level. To com- pensate for the discrepancy, the spaces above the shorter slabs were filled in with a rough form of masonry (pl. 6, a). The use of hori- zontal masonry in this manner had a fairly early inception in the Southwest. Guernsey found examples in some of his Modified Bas- ket Maker houses,?*> and a number of those in the Chaco Canyon exhibited the feature.?* It is quite possible that the idea of building structures of coursed stones, which became one of the outstanding characteristics of Pueblo architecture, had its beginning in this way. With improved methods of laying stone and the development of the mason’s technique it became progressively a simple matter to erect structures entirely above ground and eventually to increase the num- ber of stories in the buildings. Structure 2 was of unusual interest because it gave evidence of two different occupations separated by an interval of some length of time. There were two distinct floors with a fill 1 foot (30.48 em) in depth lying between them. This fill for the most part suggested material requiring an appreciable period to accumulate. Lying on the origi- nal floor was a deposit of charcoal several inches deep. This layer * Guernsey, 1931, pl. 8, lower; p. 11. 26 Roberts, 1929, pl. 2, a; p. 15. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 35 also included ashes, potsherds, broken stones, bones, and other refuse. Above this the fill consisted of clean sand. The second floor was laid on top of this material. The upper surface of the sand layer had not been level, as was shown by the presence at several places of lenses of refuse representing intentional fills of dump-heap rubbish so placed that a smooth, flat base was provided for the plaster. As a part of the work of remodeling and to compensate for the lessened depth of the pit resulting from the new floor level, it was necessary to increase the height of the wall. This was accomplished by adding several courses of rough masonry to the top of the original wall, as is shown in plate 6, a, beginning at the 4-feet 2-inch mark on the measuring rod. The more recent courses did not exhibit as careful workmanship as the original ones. The floor plans were somewhat different. The upper was more elaborate than the lower. The two levels will be discussed separately. In excavating the house remains the second floor, or in other words, the more recent, was first uncovered. The various features of this level are shown by the diagram (fig. 4). The superstructure had been supported by four upright posts as shown by the holes in the floor (fig. 4, @). The position of these holes suggests that the roof was of the truncated type with flat center and sloping sides. Associated with the support at the south corner of the room was a feature of marked significance insofar as it offers a plausible expla- nation for the development of a structural element common to the kiva or ceremonial chamber of later cultural horizons, namely, the pilaster or stone pillar used to support the roof. A pillar of stone and adobe mud had been placed between the main support post and the wall at that side of the chamber, presumably as a brace for the timber (fig. 4,2, pl. 6, 5). This was possibly necessitated by the roof shifting out of alinement at that side of the room. The stones and plaster were fitted around the pole and its impression was still to be seen in the face of the pillar. It would be an easy step from a piece of construction of this kind to one slightly more elaborate in which the masonry could support the main roof beams and the upright timber be omitted entirely. The evolution of the pilaster, on the basis of the foregoing evidence, might be postulated as follows: In the earliest of the semisubterra- nean structures the main support posts for the roof were set in the floor some distance from the walls of the chambers. As time went on, the posts were placed almost, but not quite, against the wall. A tendency for the weight of the superstructure to push one of the posts out of alinement, toward the wall, led to reinforcing it with blocks of stone and mud plaster. From the first attempts to con- struct such a brace a fairly good pillar was evolved and then it was discovered that the pillar itself was fully capable of supporting the 36 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bunt 121 roof and that the wooden upright posts were not necessary. When circular dwellings of this type were no longer occupied as aac tions but were present in the village only in the form of a survival 4 SFT » Yr Uy Yi lj ?: Ficurn 4.—Structure 2. a, holes for superstructure posts; b, stone embedded in floor; c, compartment walis; d, stone posts; e, subfloor slabs reinforcing fire pit; f, fire pit; g, ladder box and ash pit; h, storage hole; i, pilaster behind support post; j, ventilator opening; k, ventilator shaft; m, fill over ventilator passage; n, plaster used to reduce passage size. in the ceremonial chamber, the roof supports were made of stone. Had No. 2 been the only structure in which this feature was present it might be attributed to an individual effort to remedy a weakness ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 37 in one particular pit house. Another one, however, gave evidence of a similar piece of construction and in addition had a pilaster with no upright timber in front. This will be considered in greater de- tail in the discussion of that structure, No. 3, and further comment is not necessary in connection with No. 2. The fire pit in the upper floor was roughly oval in shape and its lining was mainly of plaster. A small section of the periphery at the north side had a stone slab placed in it and there was one small stone along the western arc, but the remainder was entirely of plas- ter. The pit was reinforced, or it might be said was built up, by a series of slabs set in the fill which rested upon the original floor. The tops of most of these stones were covered with plaster and were not in evidence until the work of removing the upper floor was started. The stones are indicated in the drawing, figure 4, e. The fire pit on this floor level had not been used throughout the entire occupation of the chamber. It had been allowed to fill with ashes and charcoal. This accumulation was then overlaid with a sheet of clean sand upon which two small stones rested. The entire fill was then hidden by a coating of plaster. The fires lighted in the struc- ture during the last days in which it was inhabited were laid in the rectangular box that is generally considered as the ladder pit or depository for ashes. The secondary pit in this instance was faced on three sides with large stone slabs. The fourth, that toward the ventilator, was finished with plaster. When the debris was cleaned from this structure the rectangular box was partially filled with wood ashes containing some bits of charcoal. The stone and plaster sides showed clearly the marks of burning from the fires that had been kindled there at various times. This floor was not broken by many holes or cache pockets. There was no sipapu and only one hole that might have functioned for storage purposes. This single example was located near the south corner of the chamber (fig. 4, /). At the ventilator side of the room there was a suggestion of a compartment such as those described in the discussion of No. 1. The inclosure in this case, however, was not formed through the erection of a wall of upright slabs, but consisted of horizontally laid blocks of stone set in large quantities of adobe mortar. The plaster por- tion of the partition was not well preserved and in places large chunks had been broken out (pl. 7, a). The relation of these low walls to the support posts and fire and ladder pits is illustrated by the diagram, figure 4, c, and needs no further description. The walls themselves rested upon the floor and showed clearly that they were erected after it had been laid down. 68764—39-—-4 38 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buu 121 Close to the low walls forming the compartment were two rec- tangular-shaped blocks of stone placed in upright positions about mid- way of each partition. The stones were set In the floor in the main part of the chamber a few inches from the inclosure (fig. 4, d; pl. 7, a). What their purpose may have been 1s not known. Such fea- tures were rare in structures of this type previously excavated and how extensively they occurred cannot be determined until more re- mains have been uncovered. The suggestion that two pieces of wood were used in similar positions was noted in No. 9, discussed in later pages of this report. None of the other structures, however, seem to have had them. At the east side of the pit a large irregular slab of stone was placed flat in the floor. Its upper surface was flush with the floor level and it constituted the only piece of paving in the entire chamber (fig. 4, 0b; pl. 7, a). There was nothing to indicate what its significance may have been. A similar stone was embedded in the original floor in practically the same position and there seems little question but what they had a definite purpose. Other structures of this general type at various locations have also shown comparable stones in the fioor. Two suggestions may be offered as to their function. One specifically concerns the ceremonial side of the people’s life; the other, based on some evidence, concerns a more prosaic utilitarian phase. The suggestion from the ceremonial standpoint is that when the chamber was employed for religious observances a drum or basket functioning as a drum may have been placed there. Some of the kivas in the modern pueblos have such a feature. The other explana- tion is that a milling stone or metate may have rested upon the flat slab. The stone was incorporated in the floor to prevent such wear and tear as a heavy object, like a metate, would cause. In one struc- ture located elsewhere *? and in Nos. 5a and 15 at this site, grinding stones were found on the floor in the same relative positions as this slab occupied. In one case the metate rested upon such a stone, but the latter was not embedded in the floor. During the remodeling process in No. 2 the ventilator opening was reduced in size and the passage made correspondingly smaller. The method employed in restricting the aperture was that of placing a frame of stones inside the original opening. Two blocks were set upright along the sides. A new lintel was placed on them and a sill was set in at the bottom. All were covered with plaster to complete the frame of the opening. A new floor level for the aperture and passage was made necessary by the fill above the first level of occupa- tion. This is shown by the drawing of a section through the chamber and ventilator in figure 4. The reduction in the size of the passage *7 Roberts, 1931, p. 47. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 39 was accomplished through the use of thick layers of plaster. The relation of the remodeled passage to the original one is also illustrated by the drawing. Figure 4, n, shows the extent to which it was found necessary to apply the adobe plaster. Very little change was required as far as the shaft at the outer end was concerned. The only alteration made in it was the addition of a row of stones around the northern are. This was essential, as sand had drifted over the old ground level to such an extent that some means for preventing its falling into the shaft had to be provided. This was accomplished by setting additional stones on top of the slabs that had lined the original shaft. The passage for the ventilator was first constructed by means of the trench-and-cover method. It was not tunneled as in the case of No. 1. To make it, a deep trench was dug from the side of the house to the shaft. The excavation was covered with poles and slabs of stone and brush, and the space to the ground level was filled in with rubbish from a refuse mound. The original floor in No. 2 was similar in most respects to the one just described. There were some differences, however, as the plan (fig. 5) shows. The same holes were used for the main support posts for the structure; as a matter of fact it is not at all improbable that the same posts may have been in service in both occupations. The presence of the lower level was discovered when the post molds were being cleaned out. The old floor line was so plainly marked that the removal of the upper level was decided upon. The fire and ladder pits occupied practically the same position as on the later level. As previously noted, a stone was embedded in the floor at the east side of the fire pit. The bin or compartment feature at the ventilator side of the chamber was not as pronounced in the earlier structure as it was in the remodeled form. Instead of a low wall separating the ventilator portion of the room from the remainder of the chamber there was a ridge of adobe running from the base of each post at that side of the room to the ladder pit. Ridges in the floor in this position are quite common in Modified Basket Maker houses and also are present in structures belonging to the Developmental Pueblo phase. Where an actual compartment is absent, one frequently is indicated in this way. It was a not uncom- mon practice, in certain sections, to incorporate logs of wood in these ridges. There was no evidence of timber having been used in such a way in No. 2; the plaster alone sufficed. In this the ridges corre- sponded to the type present in the Chaco Canyon.”® The fire pit in the first floor tended to an oval shape with one side slightly flattened. No stones were used in it and the lining was 3 Judd, 1926, p. 113, fig. 29. »® Roberts, 1929, pp. 51, 57-58, 59. 40 BUREAU OF AMBRICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buu 121 entirely of plaster. The ladder box was a long rectangle in shape. The ends were abraded in such a fashion as to indicate clearly that the base of a runged ladder had rested there. In this floor one Ficurn 5.—Structure 2a. a, holes for main Support posts; b, stone embedded in floor; ce, adobe ridges forming compartment; d, sipapu ; e, fire pit ; f, ladder box ; 9g, Storage hole; h, groove in floor; i, pole mold; j, storage pit; %, ventilator opening; l, ventilator shaft; m, fill above ventilator passage. feature was present that was lacking in the later level, namely, a sipapu (fig. 5, d). In addition there was a second trench, similar to the ladder pit, in the floor just inside the compartment (fig. 5, 4). ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 41 At the bottom of this groove, near one end, was a hole whose sides bore the imprint of a pole. The only explanation which suggests itself for this feature is that there may have been a plaster deflector reinforced by a single upright bit of timber. Pole and mud, or wattle and plaster deflectors have been found at various places in the Southwest and it is possible that this structure may have had one. The floor around the edges of the depression indicated an upward slope as though plaster had extended up over some object. It is possible that the remains of such a deflector were removed when the second floor was placed in the pit. There were two holes in the floor at this place in the chamber (fig. 5, g, 7). Both were carefully plastered and possibly served for storage purposes. The ventilator during this stage of occupancy was larger than in the subsequent one. Its features were sufficiently described in the dis- cussion of the upper floor to obviate need for further comment. No. 2 was located at the end of the ridge upon which the first group of structures was built. It was not as deep as the others and as a consequence the pillar left in the center of the room when the debris was removed from it was not as tall. This condition was augmented by the fact that the pillar rested upon the upper or sec- ,ond floor level. It was 4 feet 6 inches (1.371 m) high and lke the one discussed for structure 1, 3 feet (91.44 cm) square. The strata were not as clearly marked as they were in No. 1 and for that reason an arbitrary 6-inch (15.24-cm) level was adopted as the best means for studying the material. The earth and ashes were removed every 6 inches (15.24 cm), put through a screen, and all of the objects found therein saved and tabulated. The general character of the fill from top to bottom in the pillar was sand with a large ash and charcoal content. The first layer or 6-inch (15.24-cm) level was composed in the main of sand and ashes. No charcoal was present. Other material, however, included pot- sherds, broken bones, and fragments of implements made from that material. In addition, there was some broken stone in the form of spalls and chips. The second stratum contained a large proportion of charcoal, numerous chalcedony chips, and other fragments of stone. There was not as much bone as in the first, but quite a few fragments were recovered. The showing of potsherds was not as marked in this level; in fact there was a decided diminution in the number present. On the other hand, this layer yielded material which was absent from the first stratum, namely, obsidian flakes. More charcoal was present in the third layer than in the second. There was approximately the same amount of broken bones, a slightly smaller number of stone chips, although the latter contained a good 4? BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buut. 121 percentage of obsidian flakes, and practically the same quantity of potsherds. The fourth level showed little change in the content of charcoal and bone in comparison with the third. It differed from the latter, however, in that the number of stone chips decreased. There was a sharp upturn in the amount of potsherds in the deposit at this point. In fact they doubled in number in the fourth stratum. The fifth level again remained consistent in the amount of charcoal present. There was an increase in the number of broken animal bones and also the quantity of stone chips. The potsherds dimin- ished, however, and there were only half as many in this layer as in the one above. In the sixth level from the top there was an increase in the char- coal content accompanied by a decrease in the amount of both bone fragments and stone chips. The potsherds were more numerous than those found in the level above but did not reach the peak of those in the fourth stratum. The sixth layer also contained large quanti- ties of building stone and spalls from such material. This was the first stratum in the fill where objects of this nature were present. Layer No. 7 contained an amount of charcoal equal to that present in the sixth. Furthermore, it showed a marked increase in the number of building stones and ordinary chips. The bone content was the same as that in 6 but the quantity of potsherds was sharply diminished. A somewhat smaller percentage of charcoal was observed in the eighth level than in the two above it. There was an increase in bone fragments and stone chips. The number of potsherds was also larger in this layer than in the one immediately above. The charcoal content in the ninth stratum was more plentiful than in the eighth; as a matter of fact this layer corresponded to the sixth and seventh in that respect. The amount of bone material in the ninth was the equivalent of that in the eighth. This was also true for the bone fragments and stone chips. There was a marked decrease in the number of potsherds. There are several points of significance in the data from the strati- graphic section. The greatest number of potsherds occurred in the first and fourth levels. The peaks in the quantity of bone fragments occur in the first, third, fifth, and last levels. The flint chips were found to occur in greatest numbers in the second, fifth, and eighth levels. The last two peaks coincide with those of the bone fragments. The presence of obsidian was confined to the second and third layers. The only shell obtained came from the seventh layer. The greatest amount of charcoal appeared in the sixth, seventh, and ninth strata. The first had none at all and the remaining levels were about equal in their content. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 43 The material thus outlined may be considered to indicate two dis- tinct intervals when considerable refuse was deposited in the pit. One of these occurred near the top of the pillar and the other about halfway between the top and the upper floor. There was a slight in- crease just above the floor, but the amount of refuse did not corre- spond to the larger deposits at higher levels. The gap between the moderate showing of refuse at the lowest level, on top of the later floor, and midway of the pillar was quite pronounced. That between the midsection and top of the pillar was not so evident. The data in general may be interpreted as indicating that for a short time after the house was abandoned it was used as a dumping place for refuse. Then for a considerable interval there was only a natural accumula- tion of material. Following this, refuse was again deposited in the depression. After a considerable amount of this rubbish had been dumped there, another interim of natural accumulation occurred. The duration of this process was comparatively short and it was im- mediately followed by another round of active deposition of refuse that was even greater in proportion than the preceding one had been. This stage was succeeded by a gradual tapering off in the amount of refuse thus disposed of and the top layer again seemed to be one resulting from natural accumulation. Just what the intervals when only slight amounts of refuse entered into the fill may indicate is problematical. They possibly may be interpreted as representing periods when there was little activity about the site. Perhaps, as was suggested in the case of structure No. 1, the inhabitants may have moved away for a time. In the first of the intervals this was of longer duration than in the second. The evidence furnished by the potsherds collected from the different levels has some bearing on the problem, inasmuch as a certain progression in form is noted. This will be discussed at some length, however, in connection with the subject of pottery and need not be brought forward at this place. The charcoal fragments from the fill above the second floor in No. 2 gave the dates 814 and 815, placing the second occupancy well along in the development of the Pueblo Pattern. Material from the fill between the original and upper floor levels could not definitely be dated. It apparently belongs to the cycle occurring about the middle of the eighth century. This would indicate that considerable time elapsed between the abandonment of the structure in its original form and the remodeling and reoccupation which took place in the ninth century. The pit for No. 2 had a diameter of 13 feet 314 inches (4.051 m) on the fire pit, ladder, ventilator line. At right angles to this diameter the chamber measured 18 feet 11 inches (4.241 m) from wall to wall. The depth varied at different points around the chamber. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buu. 121 44 This probably was due to the fact that the structure was built on a decided slope. For the upper floor at the ventilator side of the room the height of the wall was 38 feet 2 inches (96.52 cm) ; at the opposite side it was 3 feet 6 inches (1.066 m). At the west side of the chamber the wall was 4 feet 1 inch (1.244 m) above the floor and at the east 2 feet 9 inches (83.82 cm). The latter was in part attributable to the slope of the ground and to some extent to the weathering away of the surface at that point. The holes for the support posts averaged 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) in diameter. Their depth varied from 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 em) to 2 feet 3 inches (68.58 cm). Their distances from the wall were 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 cm) for the north hole, 4% inches (11.48 cm) for the east post, 10 inches (25.4 cm) for the south, and 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) for the west. The fire pit for the upper floor had diameters of 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 cm) and 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm). It was 614 inches (15.87 cm) deep. The rectangular pit measured 1 foot 144 inches (34.29 cm) by 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm). It had a depth of 5%4 inches (14.61 cm). There was no sipapu or deflector on this level. The only hole in the floor, in addition to the places where the posts had been set and to the fire and ladder pits, was the small circular one (fig. 4, 2) at the south side of the room. It had a diameter of 5 inches (12.7 cm) and was 7 inches (17.78 cm) deep. The low walls which formed the binlike compartment at the ven- tilator side of the chamber varied in width. That at the north side of the ladder pit averaged 1 foot (80.48 cm), while that at the south ranged from 8 inches (20.82 em) to 11 inches (27.94 em). The height also varied. That at the north end averaged 714 inches (19.05 cm) and the one at the south 1014 inches (26.67 cm). It is possible that there was not as great a discrepancy between the heights of the two at the time when the house was occupied because there were clear indications that a portion of the top of the north wall had been broken off. The north partition at the end next to the support post was 9 inches (22.86 cm) from the wall, and in front of the ventilator was 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm) from it. The south partition was 1 foot (30.48 cm) from the wall of the chamber at the end next to the roof post and 2 feet 214 inches (67.31 cm) separated it from the ven- tilator opening. The stones which formed the ends of the partitions near the ventilator opening had heights of 7 inches (17.78 cm) for the north one and 61% inches (16.51 cm) for the south. That at the north side had a thickness of 17% inches (4.76 cm), while the south stone measured 134 inches (4.45 cm). The pilaster erected behind the support post at the south side of the room was 10 inches (25.4 cm) thick. Along the wall it measured 814 inches (21.59 cm) and where the post stood 4 inches (10.16 cm). Its ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 45 height at the time when the room was excavated was 2 feet 8 inches (81.28 cm). There was sufficient material in the debris at the base, however, to indicate that it had originally risen to approximately the height of the wall. The ventilator opening was 7 inches (17.78 cm) wide at the bottom and 6 inches (15.24 cm) at the top. The aperture was 8 inches (20.32 em) high. The sill was 4 inches (10.16 cm) above the floor level. The passage from the opening in the wall of the chamber to the base of the shaft was 5 feet 1 inch (1.549 m) long. The opening into the shaft was 10 inches (25.4 cm) high and 9 inches (22.86 cm) wide. The shaft had a diameter of 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 cm) on the passage line and 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm) at right angles to it. The shaft was 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm) deep at the tunnel side and 2 feet (60.96 cm) at the other. The wall heights for the original occupation of No. 2 were 3 feet 9 inches (1.143 m) at the ventilator, and 4 feet 2 inches (1.270 m) at the opposite side of the chamber, 3 feet 9 inches (1.143 m) at the north, and 4 feet 10 inches (1.473 m) at the south side of the room. The latter measurement was taken from the top of the wall at its present level, which is that of the second occupation of the structure. Making allowances for the additions to the wall when the second floor was placed in the chamber, the original height above the floor at that side was 4 feet (1.219 m). The floor features associated with the first level of occupation had different measurements from those on the later one. The fire pit had diameters of 2 feet 4 inches (71.12 cm) and 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 cm). It was shallower than the upper pit and had a depth of only 3 inches (7.62 cm). The ladder pit was 314 inches (8.99 cm) from the fire pit. It had a length of 1 foot 714 inches (49.53 cm) and a width of 7 inches (17.78 em). On the fire pit side it had a depth of 3%4 inches (8.89 cm) and on the side toward the ventilator was 5 inches (12.7 cm) deep. This difference was due to the fact that the floor level in the compartment was higher than that throughout the rest of the chamber. The rectangular depression just inside the compartment, which it was suggested might represent the place where the deflector had stood, measured 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 em) long and 434 inches (12.065 cm) wide. It had an average depth of 114 inches (3.81 cm). The oval- shaped hole near one end of this groove (fig. 5,7) had diameters of 4 inches (10.16 cm) and 3 inches (7.62 em) and was 256 inches (6.67 cm) deep. The hole in the floor between the ends of the compartment ridges (fig. 5, g) had diameters of 314 inches (8.89 cm) and 41% inches (11.48 cm). It had a depth of 31, inches (8.26 cm). The sipapu was 46 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Butt 121 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) from the fire pit and 5 feet 514 inches (1.663 m) from the wall. The hole had diameters of 634 inches (17.15 cm) and 414 inches (11.43 cm). It was much deeper than the average with a measurement of 1 foot 414 inches (41.91 cm) from the floor level to its bottom. The adobe ridges which formed the compartment at the ventilator side of the chamber were more irregular in width than the walls to the similar inclosure on the upper level. The ridge at the north side was 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) wide at the base of the support post and tapered down to a width of 4% inches (11.43 cm) at the end in front of the ventilator opening. The average height of this ridge was 3 inches (7.62 cm). The south ridge was 81% inches (21.59 cm) wide at the base of the post and 6 inches (15.24 cm) across at the end in front of the ventilator. There was a circular hole in the floor at that end of the ridge which had a diameter of 6 inches (15.24 em) and a depth of 41% inches (10.48 cm). The average height of the south ridge was 8 inches (7.62 cm). The ventilator opening in its original form was 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) wide and 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 em) high. The sill was 3 inches (7.62 em) above the floor. The passage had the same length during this occupation as it had for the later one. The width of the tunnel where it entered the shaft was 914 inches (24.18 em) and its height 10 inches (25.4 cm). There was no difference in the diameters of the shaft between this stage and the later one. There was some variation in depth at the side where the tunnel opened into the shaft. During the original occupation this was only 2 feet 214 inches (67.31 cm) instead of 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm) as recorded for the later inhabitation. The depth at the side opposite the tunnel opening was the same. STRUCTURE 3 Structure No. 3 was located between Nos. 1 and 2, as shown on the ground plan (fig. 1). No indications of this ruin were ob- served on the surface and it was not until after Nos. 1 and 2 had been cleared completely of their accumulated debris and a trench was run between them that the third pit was found. The excavated portion of No. 3 was roughly D-shaped (fig. 6). The wall along the ventilator side was flattened to some extent and produced this form. The structure is of particular interest because it gave dis- tinct evidence of having been covered with a cribbed roof. It was the only one in the entire group which appeared to have had that type of covering erected over the pit. The roof had been destroyed by fire but the timbers were only partially consumed and as a con- sequence most of them were lying on the floor in positions which clearly indicated the manner in which they had been placed in the framework. ROBERTS } ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 47 The superstructure was supported by four posts set in the floor and one pilaster or masonry pillar. Two of the support posts had been braced with mud plaster placed between them and the wall in the same fashion that the post in No. 2 had been buttressed (pl. 7, 6). One curious factor in this connection is that in both Nos. 2 | e a ANZ a ]/ j// 3 Y y Yj Y y 7 2. V/s —Y/ _ Fieurn 6.—Structure 3. a, support posts for superstructure; 6, pilasters; c, storage basin; d, storage hole; e, sipapu; f, fire pit; g, ladder box; h, storage hole; i, stone embedded in floor; fj, secondary fire pit; k, ventilator shaft; m, sand accumulation above old surface. and 8 one of the same posts, that at the south corner of the room, had been braced. Whether this was a “happenstance” or had some marked significance is not known. It seems rather curious that posts in the same position in different houses would have needed bracing, although it is possible that the superstructure in each case 48 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bunn 121 may have been forced out of position as the result of winter snows resting upon the north side of the roof for a longer period than on the south. While this explanation is a plausible one there possibly was some other reason more specifically responsible, but what that may have been can not be stated. The cribbed portion of the roof conformed to the general type that has been observed throughout the northern portion of the Southwest, the plateau area. Logs were laid from support post to support post, including the masonry pilaster, around the wall of the chamber, forming a pentagonal framework. None of the beams passed over the center of the room, as in the case of those forming the main frame in the type of superstructure described for the other structures, but followed the periphery. In this example of cribbing, the timbers were placed in pairs, possibly because they were rather small, although single beams were frequently employed in building roofs of that type. Each succeeding row of logs was placed so that the beams cut across the corners of the preceding series. Each new set also formed a smaller pentagon and ap- proached nearer to the center of the chamber until the framework had been built up into a kind of dome (fig. 7). The portion above the central part of the room generally had a flat surface bordering the smoke hole and entrance hatchway. The proportion of crib- bing to flat construction varied from structure to structure. In some a large area constituted a flat ceiling while in others the cover- ing was almost entirely dome-shaped. In the case of No. 3 there probably was more of the cribbing, although it cannot be definitely so stated. Indications suggested such a condition but the evidence was not clear enough to warrant a positive assertion to that effect. As was mentioned in the introduction to the subject of houses, it has been thought that a cribbed roof was characteristic of kivas or ceremonial chambers. When No. 3 was in the process of excavation the belief was that it represented another structure similar to Nos. 1 and 2 which appeared to have functioned as dwellings. After the roof timbers were found on the floor in positions showing defi- nitely that the roof construction had been of the cribbed type, the question was raised as to whether or not this structure had func- tioned primarily as a domicile or as a ceremonial chamber. After all of the debris had been removed there was little in the pit to sug- gest a dwelling. Furthermore, indications were that it was much later than either of the adjacent pits. This evidence was later sub- stantiated by the date obtained from the timbers. The latter shows that No. 3 was erected 50 years after the remodeling activities in No. 2, at approximately 867 A. D. In view of this fact, and also of the similarity between pottery fragments found in this structure and those obtained from the nearby surface remains, it would seem that ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 49 No. 3 may have been the ceremonial chamber for the dwellers in that house (fig. 1, Surface Remains A). If this were true the presence of a cribbed roof can be explained on the grounds that it was kiva and true to type, although still in an early stage of development. On the other hand, it is possible that the pit-house builders adopted a crib style of roofing before the transition from semisubterranean to above-ground houses. As the structure under consideration rep- resents a stage approximately coinciding with the period of change in this district it may qualify as an example of the evolution in roofing practices. The shift from house to ceremonial chamber is shown in other structures dating from this same horizon, but this is the earliest cribbed roof at the site. There was no bench around No. 3. The sides of the pit extended from the surface of the ground to the floor without a break. In this the structure corresponded to those previously described. In- terior features were simple. Near the center of the room was a sipapu (fig. 6, €), fire pit, and ladder box (fig. 6, f, g). There were two storage pits near the west and north support posts (fig. 6, ¢, 2). At the base of the south post and extending along the wall of the chamber was a shallow depression lined with stone slabs (fig 6, 7) that appeared to have functioned as a secondary fire pit. It had not been used to any great extent, however. This may possibly be at- tributed to the fact that it was so close to the support post that it would have been a decided fire hazard. Its position, also, was such that smoke from it would have tended to cling about the ceiling and would not have passed out through the smoke hole as readily as could be desired. One function which suggests itself is that the pit was not employed for actual fires but rather as a container for live coals from the main pit near the center of the room. In such a capacity it could have served as a crude form of brazier. Charcoal fires of that type are not known to have been prevalent in the South- west, but they were in use in regions to the south and may have been employed occasionally in this district. Embedded in the floor at the south side of the fire pit, about mid- way between it and the south support post, was a slab of stone the top of which was flush with the floor (fig. 6,2). Except for being placed at a different side of the chamber, this stone corresponded to those described for both levels in No. 2 and may have served the same purpose. The fire and ladder pits in this structure (fig. 6, f, g) were com- bined in that they were surrounded by a rim of adobe plaster which inclosed both basins. Both were dug into the floor and were lined with plaster. A low ridge of the same material separated them. Two stones were set in the ridge and reinforced it. The ladder 50 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bou 121 pit had a fairly large stone incorporated in it near the east corner and another at the south. The fire pit was rather shallow but its depth was increased to some extent by the bordering plaster. There were no ashes in the ladder pit and its bottom and end showed clearly the marks of abrasion caused by the ladder poles. There was no deflector between the ladder pit and the ventilator, but pro- vision for shutting off the draft was made in the form of a small stone cover to place over the opening in the wall. There was no bin or compartment at the southeast side of the chamber, not even an indication of one. The pilaster at the north side of the room (fig. 7, 6) was constructed of large blocks of stone, but roughly shaped, laid in adobe plaster. The amount of plaster in proportion to the stone varied from course to course. In some cases it was quite thick; in others it barely separated the stone. The face and sides of the pilaster were not true. One stone in a course might project some distance beyond those immediately above and below, or another not extend to the edge of the pillar. This unevenness was lessened to some extent by the application of thick coats of plaster, so that when the structure was in use the pilaster had a fairly regular appearance. Despite its crude construction it seems to have functioned in a satisfactory manner so far as support- ing the roof was concerned. The ventilator was smaller than the average for such structures, although the shaft was comparatively large. The horizontal per- tion of the ventilator had been worked out by trenching. The aper- ture in the wall of the chamber was at a higher level than in most of the structures and had a sill of stone embedded in adobe plaster. The opening was reinforced with a rim of plaster, containing a slight offset in which the cover stone rested. There was an upward slant to the floor of the passage and the shaft at the outer end was almost circular in form. No stratigraphic study was made of the fill in No. 3 because the pillar which was left in the center of the room collapsed before it could be removed and put through a screen in the usual way. Pre- liminary notes made during the course of the excavation, however, record the fact that most of the upper half of the debris in the pit consisted mainly of clean wind-blown sand. There was very little refuse or broken material in the remaining portion above the burned timbers of the superstructure. There was little indication of the pit having served as a dumping place. As a matter of fact the fill suggested that in the interval shortly after the structure was de- stroyed by fire there was very little activity in its vicinity and the material which collected in the pit was an accumulation due to the action of surface water rather than human agents. The timber salvaged from the floor of the pit was carefullly studied and gave = Kon) ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA ‘g10qUII} ZulABl JO PoyJeU AMOYS 0} PeAOWa VpIs eUO ‘g oIN}ONIIS JO }{d AVAO pajoeI0 Buyooi paqqyio Jo wotjonajsuodeI peze[njsog—y wand 52 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buut, 121 the dates 842, 8525, and 867, which are from 38 to 52 years later than those obtained in No. 2. No. 3 measured 11 feet 9 inches (3.581 m) in diameter on the line through the sipapu, fire pit, and ladder pit. At right angles to this line it was 13 feet 2 inches (4.013 m) from wall to wall. At the ventilator opening the wall was 4 feet 4 inches (1.320 m) high. The fill above the old ground level was 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 cm) deep, so that the floor when the structure was excavated was 6 feet (1.828 m) below the present surface. At the opposite side of the chamber the wall was 4 feet 614 inches (1.384 m) high at the time of occupancy. When excavated the sand accumulation had increased — ihe measurement to 7 feet 3 inches (2.209 m). The posts used in structure No. 3 ranged in size from 5 to 9 inches (12.7 to 22.86 cm). The charred ends of all of them were present in the floor. The north post stood 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) from the wall. That at the east corner was 2 inches (5.08 cm) from it. The south pole was 314 inches (8.89 cm) from the wall and the space between was filled with adobe plaster. The third post was partially embedded in the wall. The pilaster at the east side of the chamber (fig. 6, b) measured 6 by 10 inches (15.24 by 25.4 cm), It was 3 feet 3 inches (99.06 cm) high when the pit was excavated. Around its base there was an adobe reinforcement over the floor. The edges of this feature started 1 foot 714 inches (49.53 em) from the base of the pillar at the north side, was 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm) from its face, and 1 foot (30.48 em) from its south side. This reinforcement was flush with the floor at its outer edge and rose to a level 2 inches (5.08 em) high at the base of the pilaster. The fire pit had diameters of 1 foot 314 inches (39.87 em) and 2 feet 44 inch (62.23 cm). It had a depth of 4 inches (10.16 cm). The rim around the pit had an average width of 8 inches (20.32 cm) and was 2 inches (5.08 cm) high. It sloped upward from its outer ber- ders to form a summit almost at the edge of the fire pit. The ridge separating the fire and ladder pits was 5 inches (12.7 cm) wide and 314 inches (8.99 em) high. The ladder pit measured 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm) by 1 foot 5 inches (43.18 em). It was 7 inches (17.78 cm) deep at the side toward the ventilator. The adobe rim at the end of the ladder pit was 61% inches (16.51 em) wide and 114 inches (3.81 cm) high. The sipapu (fig. 6, ¢) was 6 inches (15.24 cm) from the fire pit. It had diameters of 10 inches (25.4 cm) and 11 inches (27.94 cm), and a depth of 914 inches (24.18 cm). The hole at the east side of the fire pit, ladder pit combination (fig. 6, @) was 614 inches (16.51 cm) from the adobe rim around the pits. The hole had diameters of 10% and 11 inches (26.67 and 27.94 em). It had a depth of 6 inches (15.24 cm). The oval depression between the north roof post ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 53 and the wall (fig. 6, c) had diameters of 1 foot 5 inches (43.18 cm) and 11 inches (27.94 cm). Its average depth was 41% inches (11.43 em). The hole near the third post (fig. 6, 0) was 214 inches (6.35 em) from the wall; it had diameters of 9 inches (22.86 cm) and 10 inches (25.4 cm) on the floor level. At the depth of 21% inches (6.35 cm) below the floor a second inner hole with diameters of 5 inches (12.7 cm) and 314 inches (8.89 cm) extended downward 4 inches (10.16 cm). The oval-shaped depression near the south roof post (fig. 6, f) had diameters of 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm) and 11 inches (27.94 cm); it was 4 inches (10.16 cm) deep. The ventilator opening was 1 foot 21%4 inches (36.83 cm) high and 1 foot 114 inches (34.29 cm) wide. The sill of the opening was 8 inches (20.32 cm) above the floor. The ventilator passage had a length of 4 feet 9 inches (1.447 m). The shaft had diameters of 9 feet 31% inches (69.85 cm) and 2 feet 514 inches (74.93 cm). Its original depth was 3 feet 214 inches (97.79 cm). At the time of the excavation the sand which had drifted across the top of this part of the site increased the depth to 4 feet 6 inches (1.871 m). The pas- sage opening into the shaft was 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) wide and 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) high. SURFACE HOUSE AND BRUSH SHELTERS NEAR STRUCTURES i, 2, AND 38 Just west of the pit remains described in preceding pages were the ruins of a small surface house and three brush shelters. Only the foundations of the house and a few courses of stone remained (fig. 8). The structure appeared to have been one containing four rooms. Three of these were built in a row, while the fourth was erected at the north and projecting toward the east so that a small court was formed. A fragment of the wall south of this room ‘ex- tended on toward structure 8, suggesting to an even greater degree provision for a court. Only portions of the two inclosures at the north end of the building were present; the rest of the foundations presumably were washed away. The ruin was located on the edge of a slope whose surface gave indications of having been eroded to a considerable extent and there was sufficient wall material scattered over the slope to warrant belief that the walls necessary for the com- pletion of the building once stood there. The probable extent of these walls is indicated in the drawing (fig. 8) by dotted lines. The chamber that formed the east wing of this small dwelling contained a fire pit. The room at the south end, that is the remaining portion of it, had a paved floor. The other two rooms had little of interest about them. The masonry in the walls was rather crude. Most of the stones employed in the construction were used in their natural state, little attempt having been made to shape them. The builders 68764395 54 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bub. 12] used a large amount of adobe mortar to compensate for the irregu: larity of the stones. There was very little fallen wall material or the surface around the house. This lack may be explained on the grounds that the builders of the later structure probably robbed th older ruin of its stone for use in the newer construction. At twe places in the central room in the west tier the foundation and walls (4) IOFEET ee ae ee eee ee See Soe ee} Figur® 8.—Remains of surface building A. a and b, fire pits beneath foundations; ¢, fire pit in floor of room; d, opening into pit oven; e, f, and g, placements for portico posts; h, i, j, k, l, m, n, and o, placements for shelter posts; @, location of fragment of child’s skull; y, location of black-on-white bowl. extended across former fire pits (fig. 8, a, b). At the time the structure was built these pits were apparently on or just below the existing level of occupation. They were filled with stones and mud before the wall was carried across them (pl. 8, a). Another feature, that of a porch or portico, was indicated by the row of post molds or holes along the front of the structure. A similar feature was found near house 15 and inasmuch as the latter exhibited better the BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 PLATE 7 a. Compartment side of structure 2. b. Plaster pilaster behind wooden roof support in structure 3. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 PLATES a. Fire pit beneath wall of surface structure A. b. Opening into pit oven. Trowel indicates flue. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUISEETRIN 21 “PEATE.S a. Stone ventilator aperture in structure 6. 6. Fire pit in fill of structure 6. BULLETIN 4121 VREATE iO: BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY b. Portion of structure 11, RoBeErrs | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 55 nature of the construction, detailed discussion will be reserved for the section describing that dwelling. As was suggested in connection with structure 8, the latter may have been a ceremonial chamber. Tf it was a kiva for the small house, the combination would be a good example of an early form of the unit-type structure of the Developmental Pueblo period. Potsherds from the floor of the sur- face house are typical of the vessel styles associated with that era. The pit oven in the court formed by the angle in the surface house did not belong to the same period as the house (fig. 8,d). The top of the pit was on the level of occupation corresponding to that of structure No. 1 and seemed unquestionably to belong to that horizon. Above the oven was a layer of clean sand on which there was a harder layer of adobe clay. The foundations for the surface structure rested upon this level, which showed conclusively that they were of a later date than the oven (fig. 10, upper section). The oven was of particular interest for two reasons: one was associated with the actual form of the pit itself and the other its similarity to an example found previously on the Zufi Reservation in western New Mexico.2° The distinctive feature of both of these pits was a flue extending from one side to the ground level. The pit was jug-shaped with a narrow opening at the top (fig. 9). The interior gave evidence of hot fires having burned there until the plaster was baked to a bricklike consistency. The earth walls back of the lining were colored a distinct red by the heat. Just what ovens of this type were used for is not known. It is possible that they functioned in the same way as the pi-gummi ovens of the Hopi, in which a corn-meal mush bearing the same name is cooked. The latter ovens have been known for a long time but it is only recently that prehistoric examples have been found. In Mindeleff’s descrip- tion of the modern type he states that the flue was provided not, as might be expected, to increase the draft but in order that the fire burning in the interior might be poked and arranged from time to time.*t Mindeleff also suggested that baking pits of this type prob- ably were the stem upon which the domelike Spanish oven now found in all the pueblos was grafted. They are alike in principle and general form and it would be a simple step to shift from the one to the other. In general practice the methods of heating and of usage would be similar. The main difference, of course, is that one was beneath the ground level while the other was built above it. The custom was to light large fires in the pits and heat the walls to the desired temperature. The fire, charcoal, and ashes were then re- moved, the material to be cooked was placed inside, and the opening sealed. 8° Roberts, 1932, pp. 4446. %1 Mindeleff, 1891, pp. 163-164. 56 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [But 121 There was a slight difference between the example found on the Zuni Reservation and that uncovered at this location. In the Zuni pit the flue was oval to circular in form. It sloped obliquely upward and its outer end opened on the surface some distance from the main aperture of the oven.’ The flue of the oven in the court of Surface Figure 9.—Pit oven. a, flue; b, opening on ground level House A was a rectangularly shaped slit rising vertically from the main pit. The opening on the ground level was only a few inches away from the mouth of the oven (pl. 8, ; fig. 9, a). The brush shelters were simple arborlike structures erected on the ground level. They consisted of four upright posts which probably 2 Roberts, 1932, fig. 6. ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 57 supported flat roofs of brush. The framework may have been in- closed on two or three sides by poles and branches leaning against the framework, but there were no indications that side pieces had been embedded in the ground. The remains of these structures sug- gest that they were like the summer hogans and wickiups used by modern Indians in the region. The people may have lived in the pit structures in the winter and during the summer months spent most of their time on the surface outside. Evidence from early Pueblo villages in various sections has indicated that considerable use was made of such shelters or arbors, particularly for cooking and allied tasks. Harrington reports such remains in Nevada.** Hough found them near Luna, N. Mex.** Judd observed them in the course of his work in Utah,®> and an example was found by the writer in his work in southern Colorado.** It is even possible that during the growing season similar temporary shelters were erected on the val- ley bottom below and the people lived there during the time when the crops were reaching maturity. After the harvest they could have returned to the hilltop location for the winter season. All of the brush shelters indicated on the plot near the surface remains were not contemporaneous. Two of them lettered A and B on the plan (fig. 8) were on the same level as the surface house. @(, however, was on the level of occupation which corresponded to that of the pit oven and structure 1 (fig. 10, lower section). The shelter located some distance from the surface house group, southwest from struc- ture 1, and midway between it and No. 4, figure 1, also dated from the early horizon. The surface house had a total length of 25 feet (7.620 m) and a width at the north end of 15 feet 9 inches (4.800 m). Across the middle of the central room the total width was 7 feet 7 inches (2.311 m). The east room at the north end of the building had an east- west measurement of 7 feet 11 inches (2.413 m). The remaining east wall was 1 foot 5 inches (43.18 cm) long and that at the west 1 foot 11 inches (58.42 cm). The west room at the north end of the house was 5 feet 4 inches (1.625 m) wide and the remaining west wall was 5 feet 9 inches (1.752 m) long. The central room was 5 feet 8 inches (1.727 m) wide and 8 feet 514 inches (2.577 m) long. The south room had a width of 5 feet 7 inches (1.701 m) and the west wall, which was the longest remaining, measured 9 feet 3 inches (2.819 m). The opening to the pit oven was oval in shape. It measured 2 feet 7 inches (78.74 cm) on the long diameter and 2 feet 1 inch (63.5 2 Harrington, 1927, p. 267. 34 Hough, 1919, pp. 415-416, pl. 35. 3 Judd, 1926, p. 29. 86 Roberts, 1930, p. 72. 58 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 em) on the short. The pit had a depth of 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 em). At its bottom the diameter was 3 feet 11 inches (1.193 m). The flue was 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 em) from the mouth of the pit. The flue measured 9 inches (22.86 cm) by 3 inches (7.62 cm). It was 2 feet (60.96 cm) long. The bottom of the flue was 6 inches (15.24 cm) above the floor of the oven. SURFACE No. 3 Yj y Y 7/7 // _ _ aa Ee: ererrcR or = Sagas // No. | _ - __ ii... 7 structure 1. a, accumulation of sand above original surface of occupation. (4) IOFEET STRUCTURE 4 Structure No. 4 stood alone and was placed in the earth along the ridge some distance from the group of three pits and surface re- mains discussed in preceding pages (fig. 1). It had a roughly D- shaped pit; two sides were curved and two were practically straight (fig. 11). The pit was excavated with straight sides from ground level to floor and had no bench. There were four holes for posts near the corners of the chamber, indicating that the superstructure had been of the flat-ceiling, sloping-side-wall type common in the majority of the structures at the site. None of the timbers remained, however, and only the holes where the main posts stood were left to show that they had been present. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 59 _ The interior features of No. 4 were simple. There was a fire pit near the center of the room (fig. 11, ¢), a small irregularly shaped depression in the floor at the north side of the chamber (fig. 11, 5), and between the fire pit and ventilator opening a deflector (fig. 11, e). The latter was flanked at either end by additional upright stones embedded in the floor (fig. 11, d, f). The latter suggested the begin- nings of a bin or compartment. There was nothing to show that the ventilator side of the room had been completely separated from the remaining portions of the chamber, as in Nos. 1 and 2, hence, the two stones must be considered as augmenting the deflector rather than forming a compartment. The fire pit was a simple depression in the floor and was faced with plaster. No stones were used in its lining. In the floor box at the north side of the room (fig. 11, 6) stones were used to reinforce the sides. What this box may have been used for is not known. It probably functioned as a storage place, since there was no indication that fires had been laid in it. No traces could be found of a sipapu and there was no ladder pit. The surface of the floor between the fire pit and the deflector was roughened and abraded to some extent, sug- gesting that the base end of a ladder had rested there. Possibly the deflector stone itself kept the poles from slipping on the surface of the floor. The deflector consisted of an upright slab of stone. It is possible that the spaces between it and the other two stones (fig. 11, d, f) at one time had been filled with plaster, making the entire group one large deflector or fire screen, although no evidence of such plaster remained. The ventilator simply consisted of a tunnel and shaft. The feature distinguishing it from the ventilators in the structures previously described was that of the shortening of the tunnel. It was quite small in comparison with the others. The shaft at the outer end was comparable to those previously described. The main difference was that in No. 4 the bottom of the shaft had a pronounced slope from front to back, while in the others it was practically level (fig. 11, section). The passage portion of the ventilator was tunneled through the earth between the bottom of the shaft and the chamber, and the floor of the shaft sloped slightly downward toward the tunnel. The fill in No. 4 had nothing of significance to offer. The upper part of the pillar was clean sand and the lower was of sand slightly stained with ash. There were no distinct strata in it. Charcoal was largely absent and there were no potsherds. The pit unquestionably was never used as a dumping place. Furthermore, there was nothing to indicate the relationship between this and the other structures. The few potsherds on the floor were from culinary vessels of the Developmental Pueblo banded-neck type. 60 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 No. 4 had a diameter of 10 feet 414 inches (3.162 m) on the line | through the ventilator and fire pit. Across the other way it measured 12 feet 914 inches (3.898 m) from wall to wall. At the ventilator side the original depth of the pit was 3 feet 514 inches (1.054 m). There \N Y Y Y WY Yj Yj Wy UY i fff / 4, Y q YY Y Uy Y yy Yy ff” Y Yyy / yyy iffy if ff YAU fy UY Uy Y ffi MY; OSsfyffyryyyyywyuyvvv/, Yfffpyyyyyyyyyj$$. MMMM Fieur® 11.—Structure 4. a, holes for main support posts; b, storage box in floor; ec, fire pit; d, standing stone; e, deflector; f, standing stone; g, ventilator shaft; h, sand accu- mulation above original surface. were 2 feet (60.96 cm) of fill above the old level which gave the pit a total depth of 5 feet 514 inches (1.663 m) when it was excavated. At the opposite side of the room the original wall rose 5 feet (1.524 m) above the floor level. The accumulation of sand above the orig- ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 61 inal surface was only 1 foot 914 inches (54.61 cm) deep. This, how- ever, gave the pit a total depth of 6 feet 914 inches (2.070 m) at the time when the debris was removed from its interior. The holes for the posts varied somewhat in size but not to as marked a degree as in the case of some of the other structures. The hole at the northwest corner of the room had diameters of 814 inches (21.59 em) and 10 inches (25.4 cm). It was 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) from the wall and was 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) in depth. The hole at the northeast corner had diameters of 714 inches (19.05 cm) and 8 inches (20.32 cm). It was 1 foot 5 inches (43.18 cm) deep and stood 10 inches (25.4 cm) from the wall. The southwest hole was more oval in shape with a long diameter of 9 inches (22.86 cm) and a short one of 6 inches (15.24 cm). It was only 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) deep and was placed 71% inches (19.05 cm) from the wall. The hole at the southwest corner was the smallest of the group and more nearly circular in contour; it had diameters of 714 inches (19.05 cm) and the depth was 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm). From the edge of the -hole to the wall measured 1 foot 314 inches (39.37 cm). The fire pit (fig. 11, ¢) had a diameter of 1 foot 5 inches (48.18 cm) on the ventilator line, and 1 foot 9 inches (53.84 cm) at right angles to it. Its depth was 614 inches (16.51 cm). ‘The slab-lined pit at the north side of the chamber (fig. 11, d) was practically midway between the two support posts at that side of the room. It was 2 feet 314 inches (69.85 cm) from the northwest pole and 2 feet 7 inches (78.74 cm) from the one at the northeast corner. It was 1 foot 714 inches (49.53 cm) from the wall and 2 feet 414 inches (72.39 cm) from the fire pit. The box itself measured 1 foot 3 inches (88.1 cm) by 1 foot Y% inch (31.75 cm). The box was 6 inches (15.24 cm) deep. The main deflector stone (fig. 11, e) stood 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) from the fire pit. The stone measured 1 foot 9 inches (53.384 cm) in length, had a thickness of 214 inches (6.385 em), and stood 11 inches (27.94 cm) above the floor. A space of 4 inches (10.16 cm) separated it from the stone at its north end. This stone (fig. 11, d) had a length of 61% inches (16.51 cm), a thickness of 2 inches (5.08 cm), and a height of 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm). The third stone in the group was 3 inches (7.62 cm) from the south end of the deflector (fig: 11 /). The stone had a total length of 1 foot 514 inches (44.45 cm), was 1% inches (8.81 em) thick, and stood 1 foot 11 inches (58.42 cm) above the floor. From the edge of the deflector to the ventilator opening measured 2 feet 14 inch (62.23 cm). The ventilator opening was 1 foot (30.48 cm) high and 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 em) wide. The sill was 3 inches (7.62 cm) above the floor. The passage was 1 foot 1014 inches (57.15 cm) long. Where it entered the shaft it was 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 em) high and 1 foot 62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bub 121 2 inches (35.56 cm) wide. The ventilator shaft was oval in shape with a long diameter on the passage line of 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm) and a short diameter of 2 feet 214 inches (67.31 cm). The original depth of the shaft at the passageway was 3 feet 41% inches (1.028 m). The 2 feet 214 inches (67.31 cm) fill of sand above the old ground level increased the depth to 5 feet 6 inches (1.676 m). At the time when the excavation was made at the back of the shaft the original depth was 2 feet 9 inches (83.82 cm), with a sand fill of 2 feet 414 inches (72.39 cm). The depth was increased to 5 feet 144 inches (1.562 m). STRUCTURES 5A AND 5B The remains of No. 5 were among the most interesting of the finds made during the season of 1931. ‘Two structures had occupied prac- tically the same position at different periods and for that reason were designated as 5a and 5b. Originally there had been a fairly large structure of the pit type located at that particular spot. After it was abandoned the pit became filled with refuse and debris to the ground level and a second structure was built. The pit portion of the second and later house was dug into part of the fill in the old structure. The remaining portion of the newer pit was excavated in undisturbed soil. The floor level of the second house was higher than that of the original. The ventilator and practically all of the east half of the room in the subsequent structure were in the fill of the first. The material in the pit did not provide a solid face for the walls of the second struc- ture and it was necessary to reinforce them with stone slabs and wattlework. The existence of the later and smaller structure was discovered while the workmen were cleaning the debris from the original house. The exploratory trench dug across the ridge at this point penetrated No. 5a at its southeast corner. The workmen then proceeded to fol- low the wall to the floor and were cleaning out the accumulation when the ventilator and east wall of No. 5b were discovered. Unfortunately the wall of the second structure which was in the fill of the first could not be left standing since all of the material that backed it had been removed. Its presence and relation to both structures was noted and measured, however, and the combination of two houses is shown in figure 12. Because of the unexpected development of finding one pit house partially overlying and within the confines of another it was not possible to retain a pillar for stratigraphic study. The pillar left at the start of the work was found to consist largely of the ventilator of structure 5b and for that reason was of little value from the view- point of a study of the strata. Good stratigraphic evidence on the ceramic sequence was furnished between the two floor levels. Pot- ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 63 sherds from No. 5a indicated an older, less developed ware than those from the floor of 5b. The walls of the pit of 5a were very irregular. The structure had a tendency toward a rectangular shape but some 0 SFEET OR ES | NSSSSNE5 RNAS: “teense RESON AS ANS Wo) cf nS ees SN RS Wes SS nN NS \ ~ nL SNS x hon RESO ERE NN SAWN S NAS SIS SS LSS USNS SNR SIN ASSAD INS NS SS | S 4 A 4 4 4 4 4 777 SS] b RSSSSENSS 5 “ NAN WRENN NAY NN S NY NAY SEN WSLS NS SS CIS NAN LAYS YY, * SS SSS NSN A NINZ Uy 7 My, tA “4 GY Gi YY Ye Ficurp 12.—Structures 5a and 5b. a, holes for main superstructure supports; }, fire pits; c, stone embedded in floor ; d, basin in floor; e, hole in floor; f and g, storage holes; h, ven- tilator shaft; i, sand accumulation above old surface. YY YY, V1 portions of the walls were concave and others convex, so that each side of the chamber was quite uneven. In its general features the struc- ture had been comparable to the others previously described. There 64 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 was no bench and the superstructure had been supported by four upright posts set in the floor at some distance from the corners. There was a fire pit near the center of the room (fig. 12, b). It was peculiar in shape, two sides and a portion of the third being prac- tically straight. The fourth was a long curve. It really consisted of the fourth and part of the third sides combined. One end and a portion of one side had a facing of stone; the rest of the pit was lined with plaster. A stone was set in the floor, similar to those in No. 2, be- tween the fire pit and the northeast roof post (fig. 12, ¢). Close to this stone was an oval pit (fig. 12,7). A circular hole was placed in the floor in front of the ventilator opening (fig. 12, e) and there were two additional small holes of the storage type at the south side of the — chamber (fig. 12, f, 7). There was no sipapu, no ladder pit, and no deflector. The floor between the fire pit and the ventilator opening was broken, however, and it is possible that there had been a ventilator stone that was pushed out during the reconstruction process associated with the erection of structure 5b. The stone in the floor between the fire pit and the northeast post probably served a similar purpose to that suggested for the stones in No. 2. All indications were that the smaller holes in the floor had served for storage purposes. Just what the purpose of the depression in the floor in front of the ventilator opening (fig 12, ¢) may have been is debatable. A small hole is frequently found in such a position in houses of this type. Some investigators have expressed the belief that they represent a sipapu placed in a different position from that usually found. In some of the structures at the Long H Ranch holes of this type were observed in which there were indications that timbers had been set there.’ In discussing this feature in the report dealing with those houses it was suggested that a pole had been embedded in that posi- tion to hold a cover stone in front of the ventilator opening. In the present example, however, the depression was more like a basin than a post hole and there was no indication that a piece of wood had been placed in it. What other purpose it may have served was not in- dicated. That it functioned as a sipapu does not seem logical inas- much as that feature, if present at this site, was consistently in the portion of the floor between the fire pit and the wall opposite from the ventilator. The ventilator in No. 5a was of the tunneled form with a short passage and rather large shaft. The exact limits of the passage and shaft could not be determined because there had been considerable weathering at that portion of the structure. They were approximately as shown in the drawing but may have varied a few inches from the size indicated. *7 Roberts, 19381. Roserts | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 65 The interior of structure 5b was without extensive furnishings. The only different feature found was a slab-lined fire pit placed in the fill above the old floor. The four holes near the corners of the structure showed that the roof had been supported by four upright posts and indicated that the covering of the pit was similar in form to those already described. The ventilator, because of its position wholly within the fill in 5a, was of the constructed type. The passage was covered with poles and brush in order that the fill would not fall into it, and the shaft was reinforced with sticks and plaster. As will be seen from the diagram (fig. 12) No. 5b was smaller than 5a. The exact relationship of the two structures, from the stand- point of the position of one lying within a part of the other, is clearly shown by the section at the lower half of figure 12. It will suffice to say that the potsherds from the floor of 5b were Develop- mental Pueblo, while those from 5a were Modified Basket Maker. This indicates that an interval of some length elapsed between the abandonment and filling of 5a and the digging of the pit and erec- tion of 5b, although in the general form of the two structures there is little variation to be observed. On the fire pit, ventilator line, structure 5a measured 12 feet 1 inch (3.683 m) from wall to wall and at right angles to that line the room was 12 feet 6 inches (3.810 m) across. The wall height at the ventilator side of the chamber was originally 3 feet 8 inches (1.117 m). With the accumulated sand the depth at the time of excavation was 5 feet 1 inch (1.549 m). The exact wall height at the opposite side of the room could not be determined because it had been dug away to make the pit for 5b. The point where pits 5a and 5b coincided, however, near the southwest support post placement of 5a, gave a wall height of 4 feet 9 inches (1.447 m). This probably approximates the original height for the west wall of 5a. The accu- mulation of sand over the remains of the structure made the depth from the ground level to the floor 6 feet 5 inches (1.955 m). When the debris was cleared from the pit the holes for the uprights for 5a showed that fairly heavy timbers had been employed to sup- port the superstructure. The hole at the northwest corner of the room was practically circular in form with a diameter of 11 inches (27.94cm). It was 1 foot (30.48 cm) from the wall and had a depth of 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm). The northeast hole was more oval in outline and had diameters of 11 and 9 inches (27.94 and 22.86 cm). It was 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) deep. The distance between the hole and the wall was 9 inches (22.86 cm). The southeast support-post hole was 11 inches (27.94 cm) in diameter and 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 em) deep. It was placed 11 inches (27.94 cm) from the wall. The southwest-post hole was circular in form with a diameter of 101% 66 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 inches (26.67 cm) and a depth of 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm). It was located 914 inches (24.13 em) from the wall. The fire pit measured 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) by 1 foot (380.48 cm) and was 4 inches (10.16 cm) deep. The hole in the floor (fig. 12, d) had diameters of 7 inches (17.78 cm) and 91% inches (24.13 cm). It had a depth of 7 inches (17.78 cm). The basinlike depres- sion in front of the ventilator opening (fig. 12, e) had a diameter of 81% inches (21.59 cm) and a depth of 31% inches (8.89 cm). The other two holes in the floor (fig. 12, f, y) had diameters of 4 inches (10.16 cm) and 514 inches (13.97 cm) and depths of 814 inches (21.59 cm) and 9 inches (22.86 cm). The ventilator opening was approximately 1 foot (30.48 cm) high, and 1 foot 5 inches (48.18 cm) wide. Its approximate length was ¥ feet 8 inches (81.28 cm). The shaft was roughly circular in form with a 3-foot 6-inch (1.066 m) diameter. The shaft had an origi- nal depth of 3 feet 3 inches (99.06 cm) and an accumulated depth of 4 feet 6 inches (1.371 m). The pit portion of structure 5b had a diameter on the fire pit, ventilator line, of approximately 10 feet (3.048 m). This measure- ment may have varied slightly since it was not possible to determine exactly where the interior surface of the wall had been. Across the opposite direction the room was 11 feet 3 inches (3.429 m) from side to side. The depth of the ventilator side can only be approxi- mated since a portion of the floor was removed before the measure- ments were taken. Roughly the wall stood 3 feet 3 inches (99.06 em) above the floor at the time of occupation. The later accumulation of sand on the surface increased this depth to 4 feet 1014 inches (1.485 m). At the opposite side of the chamber the original ground level was 4 feet 5 inches (1.346 m) above the floor. The drifted sand increased the depth to 6 feet 2 inches (1.879 m). The holes for the support posts were smaller than those in 5a. The northwest hole in 5b had a diameter of 6 inches (15.24 cm) and a depth of 1 foot (80.48 cm). The hole was 5 inches (12.7 cm) from the wall. The northeast post was set in a hole 6 by 714 inches (15.24 cm by 19.05 cm) in diameter. A portion of the depth of this hole had been in the fill above the floor of 5a, so that when the measurement was taken only 7 inches (17.78 cm) of the total re- mained. This hole had been approximately 3 inches (7.62 cm) from the wall. The southeast post hole had diameters of 61% and 11 inches (16.51 and 27.94 cm). It also had passed through the fill above the floor of 5a and only 5 inches (12.7 cm) of the total depth remained. The hole had been approximately 9 inches (22.86 cm) from the wall. The hole at the southwest corner of the room meas- ured 7 inches (17.78 cm) and 81% inches (21.59 cm) in diameter. Its depth was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) and its distance from the wall ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 67 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm). The fire pit measured 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) by 1 foot 214 inches (36.83 cm). It had an average depth of 814 inches (21.59 cm). Inasmuch as any measurements which might be given for the ventilator and ventilator shaft of 5b would be only a rough approxi- mation of the original figures they will not be included in the report. The diagram (fig. 12) shows very nearly the size of each and its relation to the rest of the structure and this will have to suffice since the exact data cannot be presented. STRUCTURE REMAINS OF SURFACE STRUCTURE NO. 10 STRUCTURE NO. tI STRUCTURE HO.8 REMAINS SO OF GRANARIES \ 2 JOFEET FigurRE 13.—Surface structure B and associated pit remains. STRUCTURES 6, 7, AND 8 A short distance along the ridge southwest from structure No. 5 were the remains of surface house B and a group of pits numbered 6, 7, and 8. The remains of the semisubterranean structures formed one of the groups of three connected houses previously mentioned in the introduction (fig. 18). Two of them, 6 and 7, were actually parts of one large structure, as there was a fairly large opening be- tween them. The third, No. 8, except for a narrow slitlike opening in the wall between it and No. 7, was independent of the other two. This opening was large enough to permit intercourse between the two chambers and it would have been possible to pass small objects 68 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buu 121 from one to the other through it. The aperture was too small, how- ever, to have permitted a person, or even a small child, to pass from one room to another. Anyone desiring to do so would have found it necessary to go outside by means of the smoke-hole hatchway from one and enter the other through the corresponding entrance. The structures, individually, corresponded closely to the general type of pit structure. Each constituted a unit and will be discussed as such. Structure No. 6 had a roughly rectangular pit with slightly curved walls and rounded corners. The wall at the ventilator side of the chamber was more irregular than the other three. This was probably due to the fact that the original aperture had been blocked and a new opening made. Like the structure previously described, No. 6 had no bench. The sides of the pit extended perpendicularly from the floor to the ground level. There were four holes near the corners of the chamber, indicating that the pit portion had a superstructure not unlike those previously described. The interior features were simple. There was a center fire pit, a ladder pit, sipapu, and storage hole in the floor (pl. 9, a). Between the ladder pit and the eastern support post a large slab of stone had been set in the floor to form a binlike compartment at that side of the chamber. In this respect the structure corresponded to No. 1 where, it will be recalled, there was a similar inclosure, although one that was more elaborately made. No. 6 contained one feature which was not present in the structures previously described, namely, a niche in the wall opposite the venti- lator side of the chamber (fig. 14, 6). The location of the niche in the wall a short distance above the floor suggests the Katcina Kihu found in kivas of the more fully developed Pueblo periods. The Katcina niches were usually of two shapes, cylindrical and rectan- gular. The example in structure 6 was not of these forms. The sec- tion through the pit (fig. 14) shows the shape. The evidence was that while it was in the position usually occupied by the Katcina Kihu, in which ceremonial paraphernalia was usually kept, it should not be considered in the same classification because indications were that a brace for the superstructure had been placed there. It is probable that the main superstructure framework began to sag toward that wall and in order to check the tendency to collapse a brace was supplied and the niche 6 was the place where it had rested. The niche was not the only provision made for bracing the superstructure. In the wall at the east corner there was another hole where a brace had been set (pl. 9, a). The latter had a decided slant and sug- gested that a timber with a forked end had been embedded there. The crotch being placed against the upright at about the height of the main stringers would have braced the framework in an efficient manner. ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 69 The fire pit in No. 6 was roughly circular in form (fig. 14, /). It had been dug through the floor into the undisturbed soil be- neath and the sides were plastered with adobe. Around its edges, on the floor, was a plaster ridge similar to the one discussed for structure No. 3. It differed from the latter, however, in that the rim did not include the ladder pit. The ladder pit was a shallow depression with carefully plastered sides and bottom. A small stone slab was set in it close to the edge on the ventilator sice in such a way that the base of the ladder might rest against it and not mar the wall. The nature of this object is illustrated in the drawing (fig. 14, 7). The stone may have served also as a step for persons using the ladder. One of the interesting features in connection with No. 6 was that of the ventilator. As mentioned before, for some reason or other the original passage was blocked and a new opening into the cham- ber provided. The relationship of the new aperture and passage to the old is shown in the drawing (fig. 14). As a result of the con- struction of the passage that part of the ventilator was lengthened. What advantage a longer passage might have had over a shorter one is not known, but the builders must have had good reason for making the change. The aperture from the chamber passage was unique as far as the structures at this site were concerned, because it had a stone frame for the opening (pl. 9, @). The stone employed in this capacity was a metate which had been used until the trough portion became very thin. A rectangular hole with rounded cor- ners was then pecked through the grooved portion of the stone and the ventilator opening thus provided. When the debris was removed from the interior of the pit a carefully worked cover stone was found in position over the opening. The use of stone as an aper- ture frame is not unknown in the Southwest, although examples of it are not common. In one of the kivas excavated at a site in Nutria Canyon, northwest from the Pueblo of Zuni, New Mexico, a somewhat similar treatment of the ventilator opening was observed. In this case, however, the stone used was a large flat slab and not an old metate. Furthermore, the vent frame was cut in the shape of a horseshoe rather than in the form observed in house 6.°*° Perforated stone slabs have been found at various sites, particu- larly in the Little Colorado region, but in most cases there has been little to indicate what their function may have been. Fewkes in some of his reports has suggested that they may have been built into walls of rooms to partially close the passageway, but he found no example in position. Most of those that he recovered were lying 8 Roberts, 1932, p. 73, pl. 13, a. 68764—39—_6 70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu, 121 over burials. The explanation, or rather suggestion, made in this connection was that the hole was for the escape of the soul or breath body.*® Hough during his investigations in the Milky Hollow dis- trict of Arizona, east of the Petrified Forest and southwest from the ose Ca seg IP 7 Ficurp 14.—Structure 6. a, holes for main roof supports; b, placement for roof brace; c, storage hole; d, sipapu; e, fire pit in fill; f, fire pit for 6; g, ladder pit; #, stone form- ing bin; i, ventilator stone; j, ventilator shaft; k, remains of granary; m, sand accumu- lation above old surface. present location, discovered perforated slabs that were used as tops on fire pits.*° Just north of the region where Hough made his dis- covery a group of students from Colorado College found similar 89 Fewkes, 1904, pp. 106, 160-162. “ Hough, 19038, p. 230. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA v1 specimens. During the course of his work at the old Zuni Village of Hawikuh, Hodge conducted some excavations in a small pre-Hawikuh site nearby and uncovered a perforated stone which was in position over the fire pit in a dwelling room. A similar find was also made in one of the early Hawikuh dwellings.*| The preparation of such stones for use over fire pits may have suggested the use of similar objects as a frame for the ventilator opening in houses. The idea seems plausible, in the light of present knowledge on the subject, since the former have been found in larger numbers than the latter. One curious feature about the ventilator for No. 6 was that the shaft at the outer end had an unusually large opening. In fact, the line measurement for the shaft was practically the same as the length of the original passage; the second one had been somewhat longer. Furthermore, this shaft was the only one in the whole group of structures excavated which had a rectangular form. Because of its size it suggests that its original purpose may have been that of an actual entryway rather than merely that of a ventilator. However, the shaft and tunnel could not have functioned as an entrance in the condition found when the chamber was excavated. The opening in the stone which framed the aperture was too small to permit the passage of a person other than a very small child. On the other hand, the original tunnel was large enough to have permitted its use as an entrance. Structure No. 6 may be an example of a dwelling occupied at the time when the change from entrance to ventilator was made and the means of gaining access to the house was through the smoke hole and down a ladder. Evidence from No. 6 suggests that the structure was built and occupied at about the stage when Modified Basket Maker was giving way to Developmental Pueblo. Jn view of this it would be quite possible for the ventilator changes to have been made as a part of the transition accompanying the readjustments occurring at that time. In the fill at structure 6 was a fire pit dating from a later stage in the occupancy of the site (fig. 14, e; pl. 9, 6). As far as could be determined from the general position of this fire pit, and the ma- terial in the fill, it belonged to the stage represented by surface house B. There was nothing unusual in any way about the pit itself. It was oval in outline, the sides were faced with stone slabs, and there was stone paving on the bottom. The pit was filled with ashes and charcoal and the stones gave evidence of considerable burning, so that it is probable that fires were lighted in it over a fairly long interval. The pillar left in this structure for stratigraphic study showed that for an appreciable period after it had been abandoned and gone into “ Hodge, 1923, pl. xvi, p. 26. 73 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 decay there was little activity in its immediate vicinity. The first 11% feet (45.72 cm) of fill above the floor was clean sand. From that point to the original surface the depression had been used as | a dump and the material was typically refuse-mound deposit. It contained a large amount of ashes, bits of charcoal, broken bones, potsherds, and stone chips. From the top of the secondary fire pit to the present ground level the fill was largely clean sand, probably blown over the house after that portion of the site was abandoned. Structure No. 6 measured 10 feet 6 inches (3.2 m) from wall to wall on the line through the sipapu, fire pit, and ladder pit. Across the opposite way it was 10 feet 8 inches (3.251 m) from wall to wall. The depth showed more variation than the foregoing measurements. At the ventilator side of the chamber the original ground level was 2 feet 8 inches (81.28 cm) above the floor level. Due to an accu- mulation of drift sand the depth at the time of excavation was 4 feet 9 inches (1.27 m). At the opposite side from the ventilator the wall from the floor to the original ground level measured 4 feet 314 inches (1.308 m). The accumulation of drift sand added 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) to this measurement, making a total of 5 feet 51% inches (1.663 m) for the depth at the time of excavation. The holes for the support posts showed some variation in size. That at the north corner of the room had a diameter of 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 em). Its depth was 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm). It was 1014 inches (26.67 cm) from the wall. A smaller post was used at the east corner since the diameter of the hole where it was placed was only 9 inches (22.86cm). The hole had a depth of 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) and was 41% inches (11.43 em) from the wall. The post at the south corner of the room was set against the wall of the chamber. The hole in which it stood measured 1 foot 114 inches (34.29 cm) on one diameter and 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) on another. The hole had a depth of 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm). The post had not completely filled the hole as a stone slab was set in it to help brace the timber. The hole at the west corner of the room had a diameter of 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm), a depth of 2 feet 114 inches (64.77 cm), and was 6 inches (15.24 em) from the wall. The fire pit (fig. 14, ) had a diameter of 1 foot 614 inches (46.99 em) on the ventilator line and 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) at right angles to it. The depth was 314 inches (8.89 cm). This measure- ment includes the adobe rim which had a height of 114 inches (3.81 em) above the floor. The rim ranged from 3 to 4 inches (7.62 to 10.16 cm) in width. The ladder pit (fig. 14, 7) was 10 inches (25.4 em) wide and 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 cm) long. It had a depth on the fire pit side of 1% inches (3.81 cm) which was provided in part by the plaster rim ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 7B of the fire pit. At the opposite side, from the bottom of the pit to the floor level was 5 inches (12.7 cm). The small stone set in the floor of the ladder pit was 3 inches (7.62 cm) high, 8 inches (20.32 em) long, and 114 inches (3.175 cm) thick. The sipapu (fig. 14, d) was 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) from the edge of the fire-pit rim. The hole had diameters of 314 inches (8.89 cm) and 21% inches (6.35 cm). Its depth was 6 inches (15.24 em). The storage hole, or perchance a second sipapu (fig. 14, ¢), was 41% inches (11.43 cm) from the sipapu. It had a diameter of 4 inches (10.16 cm) and a depth of 51% inches (13.97 em). This second hole was 2 feet 10 inches (86.36 cm) from the wall. The niche in the wall (fig. 14, 6) measured 6 inches (15.24 em) in width and 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm) from top to bottom along the wall. At the top it was 314 inches (8.89 cm) deep. Midway between top and bot- tom it was 4 inches (10.16 em) deep and at the bottom measured 8 inches (20.32 cm) from front to back. The bottom of the niche was 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) above the floor. From the top of the niche to the original ground level was 1 foot 414 inches (41.91 cm). The ventilator stone (fig. 14, 7) was 234 inches (6.985 cm) thick at the bottom and 14 inch (0.635 cm) at the top. It was 13 inches (33.02 em) wide at the bottom and top as it stood in the wall. The end embedded in the floor, however, tapered to a width of 814 inches (20.955 em) at the bottom. The total height of the stone was 22 inches (55.88 em), but only 16 inches (40.64 cm) rose above the floor when the stone was in position. The opening measured 8 by 10 inches (20.32 by 25.4 cm). The passage was 3 feet 914 inches (1.156 m) long. It had a width of 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) where it entered the shaft. At the room end it was 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) high, and at the shaft 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm). The shaft measured 3 feet 5 inches (1.041 m) by 1 foot 5 inches (43.18 cm). Its original depth at the passage side was 1 foot 11 inches (58.42 cm), but with the sand accumulation measured 3 feet 1014 inches (1.181 m) from ground level to the floor. At the back side of the shaft the original depth was 9 inches (22.86 cm), but at the time of excavation measured 3 feet 2 inches (96.52 cm) from top to bottom. The original passage had a length of 3 feet 9 inches (1.143 m). At the aperture end its width was 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm), and where it entered the shaft 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm). The fire pit built in the fill which accumulated in the room after it had been abandoned (fig. 14, e) was 2 feet 3 inches (68.58 cm) above the floor. The pit had diameters of 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm) and 1 foot 714 inches (49.53 cm). Its depth averaged 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm). Structure No. 7 was more irregular in shape than most of those excavated during the season’s investigations. This was in part due 74 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bun 121 to the fact that a segment of the north wall was cut by a portion of No. 6 which overlapped No. 7 at that place. The pit was dug into the ground and had no bench. Four posts were used to support the superstructure, as in most of other houses. One of these posts, how- ever, that at the north corner of the room, was not actually in No. 7 but instead was placed in the floor of No. 6. The interior features for structure 7 were quite simple. There was a sipapu and a fire pit j Hy yy Yy | FicurE 15.—Structure 7. a, holes for main support posts; b, placement for brace; ¢, stor- age hole; d, sipapu; e, fire pit; f, ventilator shaft; g, opening into 8; h, accumulation above original surface. near the center of the chamber and at the north side of the fire pit a small storage hole (fig. 15). The fire pit differed from those previously described in that it was both built up and dug into the floor (fig. 15,e). The floor level at the ventilator side of the chamber was somewhat higher than that throughout the remainder of the room. Consequently about half of the fire pit was dug into the higher floor level, while the other half was formed by a plaster ridge which encircled the pit. Only two RoBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 75 stones were used in its construction. One was set in the adobe rim at the north side of the pit, its top flush with that of the rim. The other was placed at the ventilator side in such a position that it probably served as a deflector. This was the only example of a de- flector stone actually incorporated in and forming a part of the fire it. 4 The stone did not rise as high above the floor as in some of the other structures, but it was of sufficient height to have served such a pur- pose. There was no ladder pit, although the floor between the fire- pit rim and the ventilator opening was abraded to a degree which indi- cated that the base of a ladder had rested there. The sipapu in this structure was almost rectangular in shape, a form not usually observed (fig. 15, d). The sides were practically straight, but the corners were rounded sufficiently to suggest the oval form. The inside and bottom were carefully plastered. Between the fire pit and the east support was a hole in the floor that was oval in outline (fig. 15,¢). It contained no evidence to show what its purpose was. As in the case of similar features in other floors it is possible that it served as a depository for small objects. A niche at one side of the chamber (fig. 15, 6) was very much like that described for structure 6, the main difference between the two being that this example was not at the center of the wall but was placed quite close to the west support post. Its location and general form are shown in the plan and section (fig. 15,). Like the previous one, it probably was the placement for a roof brace. The slitlike opening in the wall between structures 7 and 8 started just above the floor level and extended almost to the top of the wall. The opening penetrated the partition obliquely as is shown in figure 15, g. The sides of the slit were carefully plastered, an indication that the feature was intentional and not an accidental break in the narrow section of earth between the two chambers. The ventilator in No. 7 consisted of a simple tunnel and shaft. The passage had actually been tunneled through the earth and was not of the constructed type. The aperture was faced with plaster and the walls of the passage were treated in the same fashion. A single block of stone resting on the floor of the chamber served as a sill for the opening. The shaft at the outer end was oval in form. Structure No. 7 measured 8 feet 1 inch (2.463 m) from wall to wall on the fire pit, ventilator line. From the point on the north wall where it coincided with No. 6 to the opposite side of the chamber was 9 feet 114 inches (2.780 m). The wall at the ventilator side measured 2 feet 4 inches (71.12 cm) from the floor to the old ground level. The present ground level is 3 feet 3 inches (99.06 cm) above the bottom of the pit. At the opposite side of the room the floor was 2 feet 7 inches 76 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bou 121 (78.74 cm) below the old ground level. From the present ground level to the floor of the pit was 4 feet 1 inch (1.244 m). The north support post was set in the floor of No. 6 and touched the edge of the floor of No. 7. The latter was 1 foot 8 inches (88.1 cm) higher than that of No. 6. The hole for the support post had a diameter of 714 inches (19.05 cm). It was not very deep, however, measuring only 6 inches (15.24 cm) from the floor level to the bottom. It would seem that the builders had depended in part on the wall of the step between the two chambers for additional support. The hole for the support post at the east side had a diameter of 9 inches (22.86 cm) and a depth of 1 foot (30.48 cm). It was only 1 inch (2.54 cm) from the wall. The hole for the south support was broken out along one edge so that it had a long diameter of 1 foot (30.48 cm) and a short diameter of 7 inches (17.78 cm). Indications were, however, that it had originally been circular in form with an average diameter of 7 inches (17.78 cm). This post must have slanted somewhat, because the wall of the pit slightly overhung the hole and the top of the wall extended into the room 314 inches (8.89 cm) beyond a vertical line from the point where the floor and bottom of the wall met. The hole for the post was 114 inches (3.81 cm) from the wall at the floor level. It had a depth of 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm). The west support post seems to have been the smallest of the group because the remaining hole had diameters of only 5 inches (12.7 cm). It had a depth of 1 foot (30.48 cm). As in the case of the other support posts, this one was very close to the wall; there was only 1 inch (2.54 em) between it and the edge of the hole. The fire pit (fig. 15, ¢) measured 1 foot 214 inches (36.83 em) by 1114 inches (29.21 cm). It had a depth at the ventilator side of the chamber, where it was dug into the floor, of 6 inches (15.24 cm). At the opposite side, where it depended entirely upon the adobe rim for its depth, the measurement was 214 inches (6.35 cm). The rim around the pit ranged from 514 inches (13.97 cm) to 10 inches (25.4 cm) in width. At its inside edge, the highest part of the rim, it had an average height of 21% inches (6.35 cm). Just back of the stone slab, set on edge in the position of a deflector, the height of the rim was 314 inches (8.89 cm). ‘The stone was 1 foot 5 inches (48.18 em) long, 114 inches (8.81 cm) thick, and rose 6 inches (15.24 cm) above the floor. The top of the stone was 9 inches (22.86 cm) above the bottom of the fire pit. The sipapu (fig. 15, d@) was 11 inches (27.94 cm) from the edge of the fire-pit rim. The hole measured 8 inches (20.82 em) by 6 inches (15.24 cm) and had a depth of 51% inches (13.97 cm). The storage hole at the northeast corner of the room (fig. 15, ¢) was 101% inches (26.67 cm) from the fire-pit rim and 11 inches (27.94 cm) from the east support post. This hole had diameters of 9 inches (22.86 ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA Terk em) and 61% inches (16.51 cm), and had a depth of 314 inches (8.89 cm). The niche near the west support post (fig. 15, 6) was 6 inches (15.24 em) wide and 1 foot 914 inches (54.61 cm) high. At the top of the wall it was 214 inches (6.85 cm) deep, and at the bottom the back was 6 inches (15.24 em) from the face of the wall. It was 9 inches (22.86 em) above the floor. The top was on the line of the old ground level. The aperture between Nos. 7 and 8 (fig. 15, g) was 8 inches (20.32 em) wide and 2 feet 8 inches (81.28 cm) high. The wall between the two chambers at that point was 734 inches (19.68 cm) thick. The opening between 6 and 7 at the opposite side of the room was 4 feet 5 inches (1.346 m) wide. The ventilator opening was 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) wide at the bottom and narrowed down to 9 inches (22.86 cm) at the top. The aperture was 1 foot 1% inch (31.75 cm) high. The bottom of the passage was 31% inches (8.89 cm) above the floor. The stone which formed a sill for the aperture was 3 inches (7.62 cm) high, 21% inches (6.35 em) wide, and 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) long. The passage was 2 feet 11 inches (89.9 cm) long. Where it opened into the shaft it was 2 feet (60.96 cm) wide and had a height of 1 foot Linch (33.02 cm). The shaft was oval in form with diameters of 2 feet (60.96 cm) and 1 foot 5 inches (43.18 cm). Its original depth was 1 foot 11 inches (58.42 cm) at the passage side and 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm) at the back. At the time when the structure was excavated this depth had been augmented by a 914-inch (24.13-cm) layer of blow sand. The third structure in this group, No. 8, was typical of the pit houses at this location. The subterranean portion was dug into the earth and no bench provided. Three of the sides were fairly symmetrical ares but the fourth was very irregular and undulating (fig. 16). This was the ventilator side of the chamber and it is pos- sible that the construction of this feature may in part have been re- sponsible for the unevenness of the wall. The pit for this struc- ture was somewhat shallower than in the case of some of those previously described. The tendency of the people in the earlier southwestern horizons to construct their pit houses on a slope is well illustrated in the case of the remains of No. 8. The ventilator side of the structure was much lower than the’other and any surface water would have drained away from the house quite rapidly. This was also true of structures 6 and 7 and the sections in the sev- eral drawings illustrate this point better than could any extended descriptions. The covering over the pit of No. 8 was supported by four main posts set in the floor close to the corners of the chamber. The roof probably was of the flat ceiling, sloping sides type previously de- 78 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY {Buuw. 121 scribed. The interior features were simple indeed, as they consisted solely of a sipapu and a fire pit. The only other item of consequence was the opening in the wall between this structure and house 7. The fire pit was merely a depression in the floor with plaster sides and bottom (fig. 16, d@). The sipapu was a roughly circular hole in the floor close to the fire pit (fig. 16, c). The sides and bottom of this hole were also plastered. The ventilator was of the simplest form. The passage was tunneled through the earth to the oval- shaped shaft at the outer end (fig. 16, ¢). The aperture in the chamber wall was larger than the remaining portions of the passage. The ceiling of the latter was practically horizontal but the floor had a decided upward slant to the bottom of the shaft. The ventilator as a whole was not large enough to have functioned in the capacity of an entrance and must have served only to bring fresh air into the chamber. Structure 8 measured 9 feet 8 inches (2.946 m) from wall to wall on the fire pit, ventilator line. The diameter at right angles to the latter measurement was 8 feet 10 inches (2.692 m). At the venti- lator side of the chamber the wall was 1 foot 1114 inches (59.69 cm) high. Above the original ground level was an accumulation of sand which increased the depth of the pit at the time of excavation to 3 feet 414 inches (1.028 m). At the opposite side of the chamber the original wall height was 3 feet 2 inches (96.52 em). This was in- creased to 4 feet 4 inches (1.820 m) by the accumulation of sand that drifted over the site after the abandonment of the structure. The hole for a support post near the north corner of the room had diameters of 714 inches (19.05 cm) and 91% inches (24.138 em). The hole was 1 inch (2.54 cm) from the wall and had a depth of 914 inches (24.13 cm). The hole for the east post measured 914 inches (24.13 em) by 1014 inches (26.67 cm). Its depth was 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm). The hole was placed 134 inches (4.44 cm) from the wall. The hole for the south post had diameters of 9 inches (22.86 cm) and 81% inches (21.59 cm). Its depth was 11 inches (27.94em). The hole actually touched the wall. The west-support hole was 8 and 714 inches (20.32 and 19.05 cm) in diameter. Its depth was 1 foot (30.48 cm). As in the case of the hole at the south corner, this one also touched the wall. The fire pit (fig. 16, d@), with diameters of 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) and 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 em), was quite shallow, having a depth of only 4 inches (10.16 cm). The sipapu (fig. 16 c) was 7 inches (17.78 cm) from the fire pit and 3 feet 1114 inches (1.206 m) from the west wall of the chamber. The hole had diameters of 3 and 214 inches (7.62 and 6.35 cm). It was 5 inches (12.7 cm) deep. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 79 The slitlike opening in the wall between structures 7 and 8 was larger in No. 8 than it was in No. 7. The width at the side of the wall was 9 inches (22.86 cm) and the height 2 feet 10 inches (86.36 em). The greater height was made possible because of the fact that the floor of room 8 was 31% inches (8.89 em) lower than that in room 7. The ventilator opening was 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 em) wide and 1 foot 114 inches (34.29 cm) high. The sill of the opening was 214 YY YY Y//// Ficurb 16.—Structure 8. a, holes for main supports; b, opening into 7; ¢, sipapu; d, fire pit; e, ventilator shaft; f, recent accumulation of sand above original surface. inches (6.35 cm) above the floor. The passage was 2 feet 314 inches (69.85 cm) long and where it entered the shaft was 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 em) and 1 foot 14% inch (81.75 em). At the passage side its original depth was 1 foot 414 inches (41.91 cm), which was increased to 2 feet 11 inches (88.9 cm) by the sand drift. At the back of the shaft the original depth was 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) and that at the time of excavation 2 feet 1014 inches (87.63 cm). 80 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bunn. 121 In the preceding paragraphs the three structures forming this particular group have been discussed as single units. — They should be considered, however, from the standpoint of the series as a whole and the relationship existing between them. No. 8 stood suffi- ciently apart from the other two to constitute a single structure. Nos. 6 and 7 were so closely connected that, to all outward appear- ances, at the time when they were occupied they must have seemed to be a single building. The coverings over these two pits were predominantly of the flat ceiling, sloping side wall type of roof. However, the section where the two houses opened into each other could not have had the slant- ing poles and in all probability the space where the opening occurred must have had a flat roof. This could have been provided through the use of timbers extending from one rectangular framework to the Yyf7}) jy YY yy Yy UY Yi Yy Y Yyy / Vy l Yyy j y Ws WY MM Vy Y UY IOF EET Le Figure 17.—Section through 6, 7, and 8. a, sand accumulation above original surface; b, opening between 7 and 8; ¢, fire pit built on fill in structure 6. other, forming a continuous flat ceiling over that part of the pits. The sides could have been closed with no difficulty by using the customary sloping poles. The earth wall between Nos. 7 and 8 was sufficiently thick to have supported sloping timbers for each of the roofs. If the poles had been placed alternately one sloping to the framework in No. 7, the next to that of No. 8, etc., the sides for the coverings over the two pits would have been of the usual type and quite satisfactory. They would have met at the bottom in the form of a V which, if properly plastered, would have functioned as a gutter for drainage purposes. Despite the large opening between No. 6 and No. 7 each chamber seems to have functioned as a separate unit because the evidence was that each had had its own smoke hole and ladder. When the pits were first being excavated it was thought that either No. 6 or No. 7 was the older and had been abandoned before the other house was erected. All of the evidence, however, pointed to a con- temporaneity between the two. The fill extended from one through the opening into the other and fragments from the same pottery vessels were found on the fioors of both. Consequently it was con- Roserts } ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 81 cluded that they must have been occupied at the same time. If more privacy than such an arrangement permitted had been desired it would have been an easy matter to hang a blanket or erect a brush screen in the opening, but there was nothing to show that any type of partition had been placed there. The relationship between the floor levels of the three structures, 6, 7, and 8, is shown by the section (fig. 17). The drawing makes clear the marked change in level between Nos. 6 and 7 and shows that No. 8 was slightly lower than No. 7, although not in as pro- nounced a degree as in the case of the other structure. What the reason may have been for the break in levels between 6 and 7 is not known. Possibly the step was in the nature of a property line, inasmuch as there was no partition wall between the two chambers. It would have served to designate where one room left off and the other began, even though one was not completely separated from the other. A similar break in floor levels occurred between two of the structures in the group of three united rooms, discussed in fol- lowing pages, and because of its presence there it is thought that there was some specific significance to the feature, even though no satisfactory explanation for it is forthcoming. STRUCTURES 9, 10, AND 11 The group of three structures Nos. 9, 10, and 11 was located a short distance, 18 feet (5.486 m), east of structure No. 6 (fig. 18). This series of three was particularly interesting because while each was an individual unit complete in itself there were no partition walls between them, and all three formed one large structure. As in the description of the preceding group, each of the structures will be considered separately and then the group will be discussed as a whole. Structure No. 9 was roughly D-shaped in outline, although one side was quite uneven (fig. 18). As noted in some of the other structures, the wall that was most irregular was the one where the ventilator occurred. The pit was dug into the native earth with practically vertical sides. ‘There was no bench encircling it. The excavation was somewhat deeper than the subterranean portion of some of the other structures at the site, but in its general aspects was quite similar to them. The superstructure had been supported by four upright posts and in general seems to have been of the pre- vailing type. One side of the roof must have been an exception, be- cause of the fact that there was no wall between this structure and the next, through the omission of the sloping poles. Timbers lying flat and extending from the rectangular framework on top of the main support posts in this house to that in the next probably 82 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 covered the space at the south side, in the same manner as described for Nos. 6 and 7. This construction will be discussed more fully, however, in the consideration of the three structures as a single building. The interior features in No. 9 were somewhat more elaborate than SFEET ; 7 / UY ] Y fy Y Ficurg 18.—Structure 9. a, holes for main support posts; b, sipapu; ec, fire pit; d, fallen stone from compartment wall; e, holes for small poles; f, adobe plaster placement for compartment wall slabs; g, stones in compartment wall; h, location of support post for superstructure over 10; i, storage hole; j, ventilator opening and sill; k, ventilator shaft ; 1, placement for roof brace; m, sand accumulation above old surface. those in the three structures forming the group described in preced- ing pages. Near the center of the room was a slab-lined fire pit. Between the fire pit and the ventilator a group of upright stone slabs were arranged in such a manner as to suggest the former existence of a compartment similar to the one in structure No. 1. All of the Ropers] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 83 stones were not present when the house was excavated but a few of them were still in position and indications were that the low wall had extended from one support post to the other at that side of the chamber (pl. 10, a). There were several holes and depressions scat- tered about in the floor. One of these was the sipapu, placed about midway between the fire pit and the west wall of the chamber. An- other was probably for storage purposes and two additional ones gave evidence of having had posts set in them. The fire pit was not elaborately constructed (fig. 18, c). A hole of sufficient size was dug into the floor and the interior walls on three sides were lined with stone. The fourth side toward the ven- tilator opening was merely faced with a heavy coating of plaster. The bottom of the pit was also plastered. There was no ladder pit, although a small opening was present in the compartment wall be- tween the fire pit and the ventilator aperture and there were two shal- low depressions where the ladder ends probably rested. The opening in the compartment was flanked on either side by upright stones probably set in the floor, in the positions found, to protect the ends of the low wall from the feet of people ascending and descending the ladder. Evidence that small poles were set in the floor in the main part of the chamber about midway of each partition wall (fig. 18, e) sug- gests that in structure No. 9 there was a similar feature to the up- right stones set in approximately the same positions in No. 2. As was stated in the discussion of the latter, however, their purpose is not known. It is possible that they had some connection with the function of the binlike compartment at that side of the chamber, but what the relationship may have been is a problem still to be solved. In the case of No. 9 the small poles may have been incased in plaster and thus have presented about the same appearance as the stone ex- amples. The compartment walls were not only of stone (fig. 18, 7, 7), but in addition a large amount of adobe plaster was used and the intervening spaces between the slabs was completely filled with that substance. There was a niche in the wall of structure No. 9 like those de- scribed for Nos. 6 and 7. The niche was in the southwest corner, just back of the support post (fig. 18,7), and suggested that here also it was necessary to supply a brace to counteract a shifting of the roof framework. The niche in this case was higher in the wall than in the other chambers and more cylindrical in form. It appeared to have been dug in a shape that would conform to the contours of the timber. The ventilator for No. 9 had a tunneled passage. The block of earth above the horizontal portion of the ventilator was of sufficient size and compactness to hold its form without extensive reinforce- 84 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bubb. 121 ment and the pit was at a depth that would have required a consid- erable amount of digging had the passage been constructed by the trench and cover method. In view of this it would appear that the builders adopted the easiest method of procedure and simply tun- neled a passage. The aperture had a stone sill (fig. 18, 7) and a lintel of the same material. The sides of the opening were carefully plastered (pl. 10, a) at the outer end of the ventilator passage. The exact nature and size of the shaft was not determined because a large cedar tree was growing at approximately the place where it oc- curred and the information was not deemed of sufficient importance to warrant the destruction of the tree. The approximate location of the shaft was determined by cleaning out the passage and removing as much as possible of the debris that had collected in it. While exact measurements could not be obtained in this fashion the approxi- mation was enough to suffice. Only one pillar was left in removing the fill from the three struc- tures. This was in the center of No. 10 and since the fill was the same in all three pits the material in the pillar will be discussed in connection with all of the houses as a single building. Structure No. 9 had a diameter of 11 feet 1 inch (3.378 m) on the fire pit, ventilator line. Across the opposite way the distance from the north wall to a line drawn across between the two points that approximately designated the division between 9 and 10, was 11 feet 9 inches (3.581 m). At the ventilator side the original wall rose 3 feet 1114 inches (1.206 m) above the floor. Above this there was an accumulation of 10 inches (25.4 em) of sand which increased the depth to 4 feet 914 inches (1.460 m). At the opposite side of the cham- ber the wall was 3 feet 914 inches (1.155 m) from the old ground level to the floor. The sand accumulation increased the depth of the pit to 5 feet 614 inches (1.689 m) at the time of exacavation. The poles for the support posts in this structure had a greater size variation than in some of the other chambers. That at the northwest corner of the room measured 8 inches (20.82 em) and 9 inches (22.86 cm) in diameter. It had a depth of 1 foot (30.48 cm) and was 10 inches (25.4 em) from the wall. The hole at the north- east corner had diameters of 614 and 7 inches (16.51 and 17.78 cm). It was 91% inches (24.13 cm) deep and was placed 10 inches (25.4 em) from the wall. The diameters of the southeast hole were 614 and 7 inches (16.51 and 17.78 cm). The hole was 4 inches (10.16 em) from the wall and 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) deep. The hole at the south- west corner was broken out on the floor level but near the bottom it was possible to obtain the diameters, which were 10 inches (25.4 em) and 11 inches (27.94 cm). The hole had a depth of 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) and it was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 em) from the wall. ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 85 The fire pit (fig. 18, ¢) measured 1 foot 714 inches (49.53 cm) on the ventilator line and 1 foot 614 inches (46.99 cm) in the opposite direction. The pit was 5 inches (12.7 cm) deep. The slabs which lined the three sides projected above the floor level from 14 inch (6.35 mm) to 2 inches (5.08 cm). The probabilities are that when the structure was occupied the stones were covered with plaster and the discrepancies in their heights were compensated for by the plaster and the rim around the pit was practically level. The sipapu (fig. 18, 6) was 2 feet 1 inch (63.5 cm) from the fire pit and 3 feet 814 inches (1.130 m) from the wall. The hole was oval in form with diameters of 414 inches (11.43 em) and 314 inches (8.99 cm). It was 6 inches (15.24 cm) deep. The storage hole in the floor south of the fire pit (fig. 18,7) had a diameter of 3 inches (7.62 cm) and a depth of 214 inches (6.85 cm). The holes in the floor where small poles had been set near the com- partment (fig. 18, e) had diameters of 314 inches (8.89 cm) and a depth of 6 inches (15.24 cm). The stones forming facings for the ends of the low compartment walls were approximately the same size. The one at the end of the north wall was 1014 inches (26.67 cm) long and 2 inches (5.08 cm) wide. That at the end of the south wall was 10 inches (25.4 em) long and 2 inches (5.08 cm) thick. The one on the north wall was 514 inches (13.97 cm) in height and the other was 414 inches (10.79 cm). The space between them measured 11 inches (27.94 cm). The stones used in forming the bin ranged from 6 inches (15.24 cm) to 1 foot 1 inch (83.02 cm) in length, from 514 inches (18.97 ecm) to 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm) in height, and 1 inch (2.54 cm) to 3 inches (7.62 cm) in thickness. The adobe ridge in which they were set averaged 5 inches (12.7 cm) in height. In front of the ventilator aperture the end of the north partition was 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm) from the wall, and that of the south, 2 feet 3 inches (68.58 cm) from the opening. The ventilator opening measured 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) in width and was 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) in height. The sill was 31% inches (8.89 cm) above the floor. The passage had a length of 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm), was 11 inches (27.94 cm) high, and 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) wide where it entered the shaft. The shaft was ap- proximately 2 feet (60.96 cm) in diameter. Structure No. 10 had only two walls, one where the ventilator opened into the chamber and the other at the opposite side. Where the additional sides of the pit would normally have been the structure opened into Nos. 9 and 11. The division line between Nos. 10 and 9 was indicated by the juncture of the curving east-and-west walls of the two pits, but it was not a distinct boundary between the rooms. 68764—39-——7 86 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu, 121 The floor was continuous and showed clearly that it had been laid as a single operation, as it extended from one chamber into the other. In the plan (fig. 19) a boundary between structures 9 and 10 has been indicated by a dotted line. At the opposite side of the chamber there was a differentiation in rooms. The floor of No. 10 was y Yi y iy 4 y Mi fp Yj Yy Yi Uy Wij YU ff Y WM / VW11 4) Wf WY V1 14 YU Yj Figurb 19.—Structure 10. a, holes for OL support posts; b, sipapu; ¢, fire pit; d, ladder box; e, ventilator opening ; f, ventilator shaft ; g, accumulation of sand above original surface. distinct from that of No. 11 because the latter was at a higher level and as a consequence formed a line of demarcation between the two chambers. The interior features of structure No. 10 were very simple. There were the four holes for support posts, one of which, that at the north, really fell within the limits of house No. 9. Near the center of the room was a fire pit and ladder box and two sipapu holes. There ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 87 were no other depressions in the floor and there was no deflector in front of the ventilator opening. The superstructure supported on the four main posts probably had a flat ceiling and sloping poles on two sides. At the ends where there were no walls the roof was probably constructed in the manner suggested in the discussion of No. 9, namely, timbers were extended from the rectangular frame- works in each adjacent structure across the intervening space to the frame in No. 10 to form a flat ceiling above the sides where the sloping walls would normally have been. Small poles were un- doubtedly slanted from these beams to the ground so that the super- structure presented an unbroken exterior surface. The fire pit in the center of room No. 10 was roughly circular in form (fig. 19, ¢). It had been dug into the earth floor and its sides and bottom were faced with adobe plaster. Encircling it on the floor level was a rim of plaster that increased the depth and served as a coping to protect the edges of the pit. A stone slab was embedded in the face of the pit at the side toward the ladder box. This no doubt functioned as a reinforcement to prevent damage which might be caused by the ladder or people using it. At first it was thought that the stone originally was of sufficient height to serve as a deflector, but this did not seem to be the case. Had it extended some distance above the top of the adobe ridge it would have formed a deflector similar to the one embedded in the plaster rim around the pit in structure No. 7. That it had done so can not be assumed from the evidence in the pit, despite the fact the top of the stone suggested that it might have broken off. The ladder box (fig. 19, 7) was a simple oval-shaped depression ad- joining the fire pit. Its sides and bottom were plastered. The bottom and one edge, where the base ends of the ladder poles had rested, were roughened and broken. In the floor midway between the fire pit and the west wall of the chamber were two circular holes (fig. 19, b) occupying the position where the sipapu is normally found. It was not possible to tell which of the two had been intended for the sipapu. Both were carefully finished and there was little difference in their diameters and depths. Because of this both have been considered as sipapus. The ventilator was similar to those previously described, although the passage was somewhat longer than in some of the other structures and the shaft at the outer end was nearly circular in form. The pas- sage was of the tunneled type. Where it opened into the chamber a stone slab was embedded in the floor to form a sill. The floor of the passage sloped slightly upward to the bottom of the shaft. This slant was almost imperceptible to the eye and became apparent only when the section through the room was made with leveling instruments. 88 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bunt. 121 The pit of structure No. 10 measured 10 feet 6 inches (3.2 m) from wall to wall on the line passing through the ventilator, fire pit, and sipapu. Between the raised floor level separating Nos. 10 and 11 and a line drawn between the two points where the arcs of the walls for Nos. 9 and 10 intersected, the room measured 10 feet 5 inches (3.175 m). At the ventilator side of the chamber the pit had a depth of 4 feet 114 inches (1.257 m) below the old ground level and 5 feet 4 inches (1.625 m) below the present ground level. At the opposite side of the room the floor was 4 feet 214 inches (1.282 m) below the ground level at the time of occupation. From the present level to the floor was 5 feet 714 inches (1.714 m). The hole for the north support post had diameters of 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) and 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm). The hole was 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) from the point where the walls of Nos. 9 and 10 intersected. The hole for the east support post had diameters of 8 inches (20.32 cm) and 6 inches (15.24 cm). It had a depth of 1 foot 51% inches (44.45 em) and was placed 114 inches (3.81 cm) from the wall. The hole at the south corner of the room had diameters of 9 inches (22.86 cm) and 8 inches (20.82 cm) and was 4 inches (10.16 cm) from the wall. The hole near the west corner of the chamber touched the floor of structure No. 11. It had diameters of 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) and 11 inches (27.94 cm). It was 7 inches (17.78 cm) from the corner of the room and had a depth of 1 foot 414 inches (41.91 cm). The fire pit (fig. 19, ¢) in No. 10 had a diameter of 1 foot 5 inches (43.18 cm) on the ventilator line. At right angles to this measure- ment the pit was 1 foot 814 inches (52.07 cm) across. At the ventilator side the bottom of the pit was 4 inches (10.16 cm) below the floor, and at the opposite side was 3 inches (7.62 cm) below that level. This depth, however, was increased by the adobe rim which encircled the pit. The average height of the rim was 114 inches (3.81 cm). The width of the ridge varied from 5 inches (12.7 cm) to 814 inches (21.59 cm). The stone set in the face of the pit at the ventilator side was 1 foot 14 inches (34.29 cm) long, 21% inches (6.35 em) wide, and 8 inches (20.32 cm) high. The space between the fire pit and the ladder pit was 514 inches (18.97 cm). The ladder pit (fig. 19, d) was 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm) long, 11 inches (27.94 em) wide, and 6 inches (15.24 em) deep. From the edge of the ladder pit to the ventilator opening was 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm). The sipapu, or rather two holes which may have functioned in that capacity (fig. 19, 6), were 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 em) from the edge of the fire pit rim and 2 feet 11 inches (88.9 em) from the wall at that side of the chamber. The one at the north had a depth of 414 inches (11.43 cm) and the other was 614 inches (16.51 em) deep. The holes were 1 inch (2.54 cm) apart. ROBERTS j ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 89 The ventilator opening was 1 foot 314 inches (39.37 cm) wide and 1 foot 7144 inches (49.53 em) high. The stone slab which formed the sul for the opening was 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) long, 5 inches (12.7 cm) wide, and 114 inches (3.81 cm) thick. The passage had a length of 5 feet 9 inches (1.752 m). It was 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) wide where it opened into the shaft and was 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 cm) high. The shaft had diameters of 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm) und 2 feet 10 inches (86.386 cm) at the passage side. The original depth was 4 feet 744 inches (1.409 m) and the depth at the time of excavation was 5 feet 5 inches (1.651 m), the increase being due to sand accumulation on the surface. At the back of the shaft the orig- inal depth was 5 feet 2 inches (1.574 m) and the present depth 5 feet 814 inches (1.739 m). Structure No. 11 was somewhat more elaborate than No. 10 and in this respect corresponded better to No. 9. The pit was quite irregular in shape (fig. 20). The west wall was roughly crescentic in contour, but the east was decidedly uneven. The south side was comparatively straight, although of course there were rounded corners. At the north the chamber opened into structure No. 10. As in the case of the other rooms there were the holes for the four posts upon which the superstructure had rested. The covering was probably like that suggested for No. 9. It was typical of the flat ceiling, sloping-sided type except where it opened into room 10. As previously suggested, there possibly was a flat roof between the main frameworks of Nos. 10 and 11 and slanting poles were placed at either side to fill in the space between the ceiling and the walls of the excavation. The interior features of structure No. 11 (fig. 20) were fairly complete. Near the center of the chamber was a slab-lined fire pit, and at the ventilator side were the remains of a compartment similar to the one described for Nos. 1 and 9 (pl. 10, 0). At the center of the room were two holes in the floor, either one of which might have functioned as a sipapu. They were not in the same position, how- ever, with respect to each other as those in No. 10. There was no defiector and no ladder pit in this structure. The fire pit (fig. 20, ¢) had been dug into the surface of the floor to a depth which corresponded with that of the pits in other houses. The walls of this excavation were then lined with blocks of stone which were covered with adobe plaster. The plaster extended over the faces of the stone and down across the bottom of the pit. Both of the holes near the fire pit in the approximate position of the sipapu had been carefully plastered (fig. 20, ¢, d). Only the stone portion of the wall which formed the compartment at the ventilator side of the room was in position when the house was cleared of the debris which had accumulated in it. Some of the slabs were found lying where they had fallen and grooves in the floor 90 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bunn 121 gave evidence that there had been additional ones. All of the plaster that had been placed between and over the stones had slumped away as a result of moisture. There seems little question but what there was a complete partition at that side of the chamber, except for a space at the center between the fire pit and ventilator opening where there was a doorway. A metate was in the north end of the com- partment. In this connection it will be recalled that there were two eee L pheak eens Seen MSiarcnm i tnt Samad / Fieurb 20.—Structure 11. a, holes for main support posts; b, stone in compartment wall; c and d, holes in floor in position of sipapu; e, fire pit; f, stone in compartment wall ; g, storage basin; h, stone mold; i, ventilator shaft; 7, accumulation of sand above original surface. milling stones in the bin in structure 1. That in No. 11 had been placed against the wall of the compartment but the collapse of the latter had permitted it to fall to the floor. The floor space for No. 11 was distinct from that of Nos. 9 and 10 inasmuch as it was at a higher level (fig. 21). In this respect it corresponded to the relationship between structures 6 and 7 where a difference in levels was also noted. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 91 The ventilator was of the tunneled form. As in the case of some other examples there was a slight although almost imperceptible upward slant to the passage floor. The shaft at the outer end was damaged and it was impossible to obtain full information concerning its character. It apparently was almost circular in form and rather large when compared with some of the others, but beyond this noth- ing could be ascertained. The pit for No. 11 measured 11 feet 1 inch (3.378 m) on the sipapu, fire pit, ventilator line. At right angles to this measure- ment there were 9 feet 1014 inches (3.009 m) between the south wall and the edge of the floor between Nos. 10 and 11. At the ven- tilator side of the chamber the floor was 3 feet 5 inches (1.041 m) below the old ground level and 4 feet 7 inches (1.397 m) below the present surface. At the opposite side of the room the pit had a depth of 3 feet 7 inches (1.092 m) below the surface at the time of occupation. The present ground level is 4 feet 9 inches (1.477 m) above the floor. As was the case in some of the other structures, there was con- siderable variation in the size of the holes in which the main support posts were set. The hole at the north corner of the chamber had diameters of 11 inches (27.94 cm) and 10 inches (25.4 cm). The depth was 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) and the edge of the hole was 21% inches (6.35 cm) from the wall. The east hole had diameters of 6 inches (15.24 cm) and 7 inches (17.78 cm). It had a depth of 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 em) and was 914 inches (24.13 cm) from the wall. The south hole was decidedly oval in form, with diameters of 914 inches (24.13 cm) and 51% inches (13.97 cm). The hole was 1 foot (30. 48 cm) deep and was placed 1 foot 214 inches (36.83 cm) from the wall. The west hole had diameters of 9 inches (22.86 cm) and 10 inches (25.4 cm). The depth was 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm), and the distance between the edge of the hole and the wall of the chamber measured 1 inch (2.54 cm). The fire pit (fig. 20, ¢) measured 1 foot 414 inches (41.91 cm) on the ventilator line. In the opposite direction its greatest width was 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm). The pit had a depth of 6 inches (15.24 cm). The two holes in the floor at the west side of the fire pit were closer to the pit than ordinarily was found to be the case. The first, or one immediately adjacent (fig. 20, d), was only 21% inches (6.35 cm) from the fire pit. The hole had diameters of 81% inches (21.59 cm) and 7 inches (17.78 cm). The depth was 41% inches (11.48 cm). The second hole (fig. 20, ¢), was 2 inches (5.08 cm) from the first, 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) from the fire pit, and 3 feet 5 inches (1.041 m) from the wall of the room. It had diameters of 92 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 9 inches (22.86 cm) and 91% inches (24.138 cm). Its depth was 31% inches (8.89 cm). The only depression in the floor, in addition to the fire pit and the two holes near it, was located at the north end of the south partition wall (fig. 20, g). The diameters of the hole were 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 em) and 11 inches (27.94 cm). The depth was 4 inches (10.16 cm). The stones employed in the construction of the low wall forming the compartment varied in size. The one standing between the east support and the wall of the chamber (fig. 20, 6) was 8 inches (20.82 em) long, 5 inches (12.7 cm) wide, and 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) high. The space between the end of the slab and the edge of the hole for the post measured 1 inch (2.54 cm). The only slab remaining in position between the hole for the east post and the pas- sage way between the fire pit and the ventilator opening (fig. 20, /) Y Y yy Yff IOFE. (Sep Ficur® 21,—Section through structures 9, 10, and 11. a, accumulation of drifts and above old surface. was 6 inches (15.24 cm) long, 4 inches (10.16 em) wide, and 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) high. The stone that had stood between this one and the east support post had a length of 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 em), a width of 7 inches (17.78 cm), and a thickness of 3 inches (7.62 cm). The opening in the center of the partition wall measured 1 foot 11 inches (58.42 em). The north stone in the south portion of the partition was 9 inches (22.86 cm) long, 314 inches (8.89 cm) thick, and its top was 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) above the floor. The next stone stood 2 inches (5.08 cm) from the preceding one. It was the largest in the group, with a length of 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm), a thickness of 314 inches (8.89 cm), and a height of 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm). This stone had slumped out of position but the place where it originally stood was plainly evident (fig. 20, 4). The next stone in the group was separated from the one just described by a space of only 1 inch (2.54 cm). This slab had a length of 1 foot (30.48 cm), a thickness of 214 inches (6.35 em), and stood 1 fcot 6 inches (45.72 m) above the floor. ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 93 The ventilator opening was 1 foot 834 inches (52.71 cm) wide at the bottom. At the top it measured 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm). ‘The height of the aperture was 1 foot 4% inches (41.91 cm). The sill of the opening was 614 inches (16.51 cm) above the floor. The pas- sage was 2 feet 5 inches (73.66 cm) long. The shaft at the outer end was approximately 2 feet 11 inches (88.9 cm) in diameter. The original depth of the shaft was 2 feet 10 inches (86.86 cm), and at the time of excavation the floor was 3 feet 11 inches (1.193 m) below the ground level. The pillar left in the center of structure No. 10 to facilitate a study of the fill in the pits had a height of 5 feet 2 inches (1.574 m). There were 8 distinct strata in the pillar and the material contained in each layer was quite dissimilar in character to that in the others (pl. 11, @). The first stratum at the top consisted of rather coarse, clean yellow sand that apparently had been carried into the pit by wind action. The layer was somewhat uneven, as the diagram (fig. 22, a) shows. A shallow ditch ran through the top of the fill along the line that approximately cut the group of three structures through the longitudinal center. This may be attributed to the fact that the pits were located on the side of the ridge where there was a double slope, one extending from the west walls of the chambers toward the ventilator sides of the structure and the other from No. 11 toward No. 9. The original ground level at the north side of No. 9 was somewhat lower than that at the south side of No. 11 (fig. 21). In addition, there originally had been a second ridge just beyond the series of ventilator shafts. At the time when the houses were occupied there was a small gully between the edges of the ventilator shafts and the slope of the second ridge. It no doubt carried away all surface drainage from around the structures. After they were abandoned, fell into decay, and the pits had become filled with ac- cumulated debris, the wind shifted sand across the site and piled it up against the ridge to the east. As a result its western slope was extended until it covered the old ventilator shafts and shifted the drainage channel, for the small area involved, several feet. It then passed over the subterranean portion of the houses, cutting the gutter indicated in layer a in the central face in the group of three shown in the diagram (fig. 22). That this took place subsequent to the abandonment of the site was indicated by the fact that there were no potsherds, bone fragments, stone chips, or charcoal in the layer. Layer a@ varied in thickness from 6 inches (15.24 em) at the center of the ditch to 1 inch (2.54 cm) at the corner of the pillar. The thinnest portion was at the east side where there was an upward slope toward the east ridge beyond the ends of the ventilators. The second layer in the pillar (fig. 22, 6) was composed of dis- colored sand mixed with a considerable amount of humus. This layer 94 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 121 also appeared to be subsequent to the occupation of the site. Pre- sumably there had been considerable vegetation on the surface of } for a fairly long period of time prior to the deposition of the top stratum of clean sand. This vegetation with the attendant decay of the plant matter was what gave the color to the sand and was responsible for the humus content. As will be seen from the drawing (fig. 22, 6), this layer was somewhat irregular in outline. It was thickest on the west side and as in the case of the upper layer sloped upward toward the east. The stratum ranged in thickness from 61% inches (16.51 em) to 1: foot (30.48 cm). Stratum ¢ was of interest because it was not continuous through- out the course of the three pits, in an east-and-west direction. It occurred as a lens extending from north to south along the east SCALE FEET Ficure 22.—Test pillar from fill in structure 10. N, W, 8, and E, indicate north, west, south, and east corners. side of the fill, The material apparently washed into the pits. The layer immediately below had been deposited with a pronounced downward slope toward the eastern edge, and ¢ evened up the sur- face of the fill. It extended across from approximately the high point on d, the stratum below, to the east edge of the excavation. Stratum ¢ contained some fragments of charcoal, some ash-bearing sand, and occasional nodules of adobe. In its general appearance it was somewhat darker than the stratum immediately above. From the point where it coincided with stratum d, layer ¢ expanded to a depth of 10 inches (25.4 cm) at the south side of the pillar and narrowed to 6 inches (15.24 cm) at the east side. At the west side of the pillar strata } and d touched. Stratum d was composed of light-colored sand containing occa- ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 95 sional fragments of charcoal but no ashes. There were no indica- tions of human handicrafts, such as worked bones, stones, or pottery fragments. As in the case of the two upper layers and the lens e, stratum d@ apparently was deposited at a time when there was little, if any, activity about the site. At the west side of the pillar this stratum measured 7 inches (17.78 cm) thick. Near the center it increased to 10 inches (25.4 cm) and at the east side narrowed to 534 inches (14.61 cm). Stratum e was of particular interest because it consisted mainly of refuse material such as is deposited around an occupied site, and in addition had a long oval depression through its center somewhat similar to the drainage channel described for the first level. As a matter of fact, it would be more appropriate to say the top layer of stratum f contained the hollow and that the refuse material com- prising stratum e had been deposited in the depression and over the general surface surrounding it. Stratum e consisted largely of ash- bearing sand with a heavy content of charcoal. In addition, bone fragments, potsherds, and stone chips and spalls were abundant. This material was unquestionably waste matter from a habitation. Stratum e was thickest at the east side where it measured 1 foot (30.48 cm) in depth, and was thinnest at the south corner where there was only 3 inches (7.62 cm) of material. The channel or ditch in the center gave that portion of the stratum a thickness of 8 inches (20.32 cm). The next layer, stratum f, was composed chiefly of clean sand with sporadic fragments of charcoal and a few pieces of sandstone. There were no ashes, no bone, nor stone chips, such as resulted from the manufacture of stone implements, and potsherds. The layer as a whole gave the impression of a natural deposit that had accumulated from the action of wind and water. The layer had drifted from the southern end into the elongated depression caused by the pits and tapered off toward the north and east where the thinnest por- tion occurred. It was in the top of this layer that the hollow dis- cussed in connection with stratum e occurred. Stratum f ranged in depth from 3 inches (7.62 cm) to 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm). Stratum g was practically identical with f insofar as content was concerned. The distinction between the two was based on a thin layer of compact clay and sand that had formed the top surface of g prior to the deposition of f. The narrowest portion of g was at the east side of the pillar. Unlike /, there were no indications of a channel across the surface of g. No doubt this may be attributed to the fact that it was at a sufficient depth below the portion of the house pits to prevent a flow of water across its surface. Any water which ran into the pits at this period would of necessity have to remain there, The greatest depth in the stratum was found toward 96 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bub. 121 the south of the fill. Its surface sloped downward toward the north and upward toward the east. At the southwest corner of the pillar the deposit measured 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm). At the east side it was only 8 inches (7.62 cm) deep, and at the north 10 inches (25.4 cm). The lowest layer in the fill, stratum , consisted of clean sand that gave evidence of having been deposited by wind and water action. The sand was a distinct yellow in color. The line of demarcation between the top of A and the bottom of g was very distinct. Stratum h contained no traces of human presence, except at the very bottom which was the floor of the houses and where a few potsherds and some implements were found. The outstanding feature of the de- posit was that it reached its greatest depth along the east side of the fill and was little more than perceptible at the west side. In addi- tion, it sloped slightly upward toward the north. In other words, the first material that found its way into the pits where structures 9, 10, and 11 had been was banked up against the east and north walls of the series of three connected excavations. This would sug- gest that at the time of the deposition of this part of the fill the prevailing wind had been from the southwest, blowing the material against those two sides. Stratum h ranged in thickness from 114 inches (3.81 cm) along the west wall to 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 em) at the east. From the data present in the fill of structures 9, 10, and 11, it is apparent that the pits were used as a dumping place for waste ma- terial from habitations at only one time during the interval in which the excavations were being filled to the ground level. This took place at about the middle period, as the refuse-bearing stratum was practically midway in the pillar. This evidence seems to war- rant the conclusion that for some time after the combined struc- tures were abandoned the area immediately adjacent to them was un- occupied, since no signs of human endeavor found their way into the pits. Then for a certain period people dwelt nearby and used the pits for a dumping place. When this ceased the depressions con- tinued to fill in a natural manner with no assistance from human hands. The potsherd evidence obtained from stratum e indicates that the refuse material may be closely correlated with the remains of the small surface structure to the west of the group. This also dem- onstrates that the three pit structures preceded the surface house and probably represent an earlier stage in the development of the local cultural pattern. The combination of three structures into one large dwelling shows an interesting development in the matter of house construc- tion and thus far in the Southwest this group constitutes the only example of such a procedure. As previously mentioned, the early ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 97 inhabitants of the district included in the Long H Ranch, some 42 miles (67.592 k) southwest from the Allantown site, grouped their pit houses in clusters of three but made no attempt to actually join them into one large structure.*? Another example mentioned was that of Martin’s houses in southern Colorado.** Significant features in the combination of structures 9, 10, and 11, as well as in 6 and 7, were that despite the fact that one long, narrow room was obtained, the units that went into its make-up were individually complete (pl. 11, 6). This may be considered as an indication that the people were ready to combine their houses, but that they were not yet at the stage where they were willing to give up house characteristics that had long been present in the single dwellings. Another factor of some importance is raised by this evidence of the joining together of three structures. In the early days of south- western archeology a theory became fairly well established to the effect that the rectangular-roomed communal buildings of the Pueblo people developed out of the practice of combining a number of cir- cular houses into one large structure and the subsequent discovery that a better building could be erected if the walls of the chambers were straight instead of curved.*4 Later work, particularly in the more northern parts of the area, contributed evidence which went against this theory and demonstrated that the rectangular house de- veloped before the practice of combining many chambers into one large building.*® If the present two groups comprising structures 6, 7, 9, 10, and 11 constitute a prototype for the communal building erected above ground in later cultural horizons it is evident that in this particular district the evolution of the house followed a differ- ent course from that observed for the more northern parts of the area. Furthermore, it would indicate that the old theory was not after all entirely wrong. However, the Allantown site contains one group of structures that seems to offer an example of a more logical step in house development. Because of this, the facts would sug- gest that the groups of combined pit structures, one containing two houses and the other three, were peculiar local developments that did not have a direct bearing on the subject of communal houses in general. They had a limited development, possibly the culmination of a purely local trend, that apparently had no influence whatever on subsequent Pueblo structures. At first consideration it would seem that the problem of erecting a superstructure over three pits combined in the manner of Nos. 9, 10, and 11 would be a difficult undertaking. As a matter of fact, “ Roberts, 1931, fig. 1, pp. 25-40. #8 Martin, 1930, pp. 29-38, pl. vit, fig. 2. 44 Cushing, 1896. Roberts, 1929, p. 147; 1930, p. 62. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 98 the construction probably was quite simple and would have been easier to accomplish had the builders not retained as far as possible all of the characteristics of individual and separate dwellings. The presence of four upright support posts in each chamber would ma- terially strengthen the roof, but the covering could have been con- structed with four less posts had the builders made two serve, instead of four, at each opening between the chambers. The rectangular frameworks placed on the upright posts in each chamber probably carried flat ceilings over the central portion and no doubt supported smaller poles whose upper ends rested against the main stringers and whose base ends rested upon the ground back of the edges of the pit (fig. 23). In this respect the superstructure would in general have been similar to those erected over single pits. The only place where a difference would have occurred was at the sides where the chambers opened into each other and here, as previously mentioned, there prob- ably was an extension of the flat portion of each roof by means of timbers laid across the opening from chamber to chamber. Small poles bridged the space between these and the ground. While the postulated method of construction, as shown in figure 23, probably errs in minor details, it is thought that in general the reconstruction is fairly accurate and should give a good idea of the superstructure framework erected over the three pits. SURFACE HOUSE B AND GRANARIES Surface house B was located 23 feet 6 inches (7.162 m) west of the Nos. 9-11 group, and its south end was 4 feet (1.219 m) from the 6-8 structures (fig. 13). As in the case of surface house A, little remained of B. There were only a few courses of stone in position above the foundation and portions of the east and south walls were entirely missing. There was some question at the time of excavation as to whether or not the walls actually represented the remains of a house or indicated an enclosed court which had low walls and was without a roof. The absence of building stones in the debris sug- gested that the walls had not risen to any great height. On the other hand, it is possible, as was mentioned in the discussion of sur- face house A, that the building was stone-robbed at the time when the large Pueblo structures were erected, the builders making use of all available material in the vicinity. The stones used in laying these walls were only partially shaped for building purposes. The faces were not carefully dressed and the blocks were irregular in form. If structure B was originally a house it consisted of a building con- taining only one long narrow room (fig. 24). There were no indica- tions of walls or partitions. It is possible that the interior may have been separated into smaller chambers through the medium of wattle- 99 ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA ROBERTS ] ‘A[Iva}O O1OU UOTJONI}SM0D MOYS 0} SuyMevIp JO juoIy 38 poqyImo0 sjsod ja0ddns ureu yo smog ‘TT Pus ‘OT ‘6 S}d 19A0 pojoeI9 aINJoONAJSAVANs Ul JUSMIISULIIY JIqUIY} JO WOTJONA}SMOIeI po}E[NjsOg—Ese AAAS A rfl 100 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 and-daub walls, but if they were ever present no traces of them remained. At the south end of the masonry walls were the remains of a stor- age cist (fig. 24, a). This cist was roughly rectangular in form, judging by what remained of it, and although the sides were fairly straight the corners were rounded. This place probably was a gran- ary in which corn was stored. Just what type of superstructure was erected over it is not known. Possibly a framework of poles and brush was placed over it and the exterior surface was covered with plaster. The main timbers probably sloped from the ground level 0 IOFEET Ears 7, - <5 Batre 3 Y Yy , / _ Tf Yj / YY JY YY YY Fieurn 24.—Surface remains B in first group. Granary pits at a, b, c, and d; exterior fire pit at e. YY to a point directly over the center of the cist where they joined. This would have formed a conical-shaped structure that in general appearance would have been not unlike the present-day sweat houses of the Navajos. Granaries of similar construction have been found in various portions of the Southwest, some of them practically intact.** Because of this it seems logical to postulate that the method of construction in the present case was similar. The floor of the gran- ary was paved with large slabs and around its periphery additional stones were set up on edge to make a low wall. A portion of the 46 Morris, 1925, p. 270. ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 101 floor and bounding wall at the east side was missing but the major outline was present. Within the inclosure formed by the rectangular wall were the re- mains of a similar cist (fig. 24,0). If the surface structure had been a house it is hard to explain why a granary had been built within it. On the other hand, it is possible that the feature in the north end of the structure does not represent such a granary but merely a slab- lined depression in the fioor which served either for storage pur- poses or as a mealing bin. Outside the inclosure at the north end was what remained of two additional cists (fig. 24,¢,d@). In addition, there was an exterior fire pit 5 feet (1.524 m) from the northeast corner of the masonry walls (fig. 24, e). In general it may be said that the surface remains at this portion of the site corresponded in age to the group designated surface house A. They gave evidence of being later than the nearby pit structures 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. This was demonstrated by the fact that the foundations of the stone walls and the granaries were at a higher level than the surface of occupation at the time when the pit struc- tures were inhabited. This is shown by the section through the building (fig. 24). The masonry inclosure was 29 feet 10 inches (9.093 m) long and 8 feet 8 inches (2.641 m) wide, outside measurement. Inside the walls the length was 28 feet 8 inches (8.737 m) and the width 7 feet 3 inches (2.209 m). The average height of the remaining stones — was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm). The storage bin at the south end of the structure measured 6 feet (1.828 m) across. The upright slabs around the sides had an average height of 9 inches (22.86 cm). The north wall of the granary was 5 inches (12.7 cm) from the south wall of the masonry structure. The bin in the north end of the masonry inclosure measured 4 feet 2 inches (1.270 m) by 6 feet (1.828 m). Its floor was 6 inches (15.24 cm) lower than that of the inclosure. The slabs which bordered the pit had an average height of 1 foot (30.48 cm). Located along the top of the ridge southwest from surface house B was a group of three granary pits (fig. 18). These pits were situ- ated 21 feet 3 inches (6.477 m) from the surface remains and were 14 feet 6 inches (4.419 m) from pit structure No. 8. Two of the pits were roughly oval in form while the third was definitely rec- tangular. Two of the pits had slab facings on their walls while the third merely had a coating of plaster. All three had been de- stroyed by fire and there were large quantities of charred corn in them. Indications were that the upper portion of these structures had been of pole, brush, and plaster construction, such as that de- 68764398 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buun. 121 102 scribed for the granary a, in connection with surface house B. Great chunks of plaster burned to a bricklike consistency were found in the pits. These blocks of fired clay bore the imprints of the poles and brush upon which they had rested. A few potsherds found in the fill of the pits indicated that they had been contem- poraneous with the semisubterranean structures rather than with the surface remains. The two oval structures had diameters of 5 feet 11 inches and 5 feet 3 inches (1.803 and 1.600 m), and 3 feet 8 inches and 4 feet (1.117 and 1.219 m). The rectangular structure measured 5 feet feet 10 inches by 5 feet 9 inches (1.778 by 1.752 m). The depths varied. The northernmost pit in the group had an average depth of 8 inches (20.32 cm), the rectangular one had a depth of 1 foot (30.48 cm), and the southernmost of the group was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) in depth. Group No. 2 STRUCTURE 12 Structure 12 was the first of the remains uncovered in the second group. It is located along the edge of the ridge north of the Great Pueblo ruins and at a considerable distance from the group discussed in preceding pages (fig. 25). A large portion of the east wail had been carried away by erosion, but the damage was not sufficient to destroy all the evidence essential to a reconstruction of the structure. The pit was much deeper than in many of the other examples and for that reason the major outline of the subterranean portion of the structure was still intact. Structure 12 was the largest of the en- tire group and differed from the others in that it had a bench en- circling the upper borders of the pit. The pit was definitely D- shaped and more regular in outline than the majority of the excava- tions (fig. 26). The back of the bench was not as uniform as the main wall of the chamber but nevertheless conformed rather closely to its perimeter. The superstructure erected over this pit was different from the types previously described. Because of the size of the pit additional timbers were needed to cover it. There had been four main support posts placed in the floor near the corners of the chamber. In addi- tion there was a series of posts around the back of the bench. These also seemed to have functioned in a support capacity. Three of them were actually present and there were indications of a fourth where a portion of the bench had been carried away. Along the eastern ~ and southern sides too much of the bench was missing to enable definite determination that such posts had been present. On the basis of the distances between those found it may be suggested that ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 103 there were possibly two more—one near the east corner and one at the south. This would have made a total of six for the structure. The timber portions of the roof had been destroyed by fire and as a consequence there were large sections of charred beams scattered about the floor. The positions of the various fragments were carefully FT) oN sy GRANARIES 4 STRUCTURE fe ° alr aga / Pottery Pa voose we a Cache ROCKS ol vu —. c AN 2 Fie 75" GRANARIES © alorkey if PIT sf Barlat se = / ees REFUSE MOUND SHELTER $4 FEET TO GREAT PUEBLO RUINS | cA 50 SCALE FEET Figur» 25.—Group 2 pit and surface remains. Numbered dots indicate location of burials. plotted in the hope that they would indicate the type of roof employed. The results were not entirely satisfactory, although they do give some clue (fig. 27). One definite conclusion based on their evidence is that the roof was not cribbed. As a postulation the most plausible 104 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 form of construction seems to be as follows: The four main pests set in the floor of the chamber carried a rectangular framework such as previously described for the smaller pit structures. In addition, the posts set in the back wall of the bench probably had stringers extending from the top of one to the top of another around the periphery. This is indicated by two factors. Two of the outer up- rights were forked at their upper ends. This, together with a line of ashes and burned plaster extending along the top of the bench between two others, is considered evidence for the use of stringers. The outer framework was not as high as the central one; in fact it stood only a short distance above the surrounding ground level. Smaller poles were sloped upward from it to the central framework and downward to the ground level around the pit. These in turn sup- ported light timbers placed crosswise, paralleling the outer framework. On top of them bark, brush, and a coating of plaster completed the covering. This superstructure would compare quite favorably with that of the large earth lodges of the Plains Indians.*7 The central portion probably had a flat ceiling, as in the case of the other struc- tures, although it might have been partially cribbed with a flat por- tion near the center for the entrance and smoke-hole hatchway. The finished roof according to such construction possibly had an appear- ance closely approximating that shown in the postulated reconstruc- tion (fig. 28). The interior features for structure 12 were elaborate (pl. 12, a). Near the center of the chamber was a circular fire pit that had a bordering rim of adobe and a stone slab reinforcement at the ladder side (fig. 26, 7). Near the fire pit was a second smaller depression in the position normally occupied by the ladder box (fig. 26, &), but in this case it unquestionably functioned as a depository for ashes. This smaller depression was also bordered by a rim of plaster and at the ventilator side had a large stone incorporated in the wall. This slab was the deflector. The ladder used in gaining access to the cham- ber was of the runged type and the base ends of the side poles were still embedded in the floor between the deflector and the ventilator opening when the room was cieared of its accumulated debris (fig. 26, m). The charred ends of the posts were set at an angle which showed that the smoke-hole hatchway must have been located directly above the fire pit. There were numerous holes and depressions in the floor. In the space between the fire pit and the wall at the proper location for a sipapu there were two circular holes (fig. 26, 7). Originally there had been two similar holes in about the same positions but these had been filled in and plastered over and two more provided. At one “ Bushnell, 1922, pl. 38, a; pl. 40, pp. 132, 133, and 135. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULEERGIN 121 PEATE 11 b. View across structures 9, 10, and 11. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 a. Floor in structure 12, showing ladder holes, deflector, ash and fire pits. 6. Plastered-over depression in floor of structure 12. PLATE 12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 PLATE 13 a. Pillar from fill, fire pit in fill, and logs on floor of structure 12. b. Structure 13a. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 PLATE 14 b. Portion of floor area, structure 13b. ‘Rogers ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 105 Oty IOFEET ~eeeee-! , ; | j oe Figure 26.—Structure 12. a, holes for main support posts; b, secondary supports at back of bench; c, paving on floor; d, plastered-over hole in floor; e, storage hole; f, plastered- over basin; g, storage hole in floor; h, storage basin; i, sipapu holes; j, fire pit; k, ash pit ; 2, deflector ; m, ends of ladder poles; n, cover stone for ventilator; 0, shelf for cover stone and hole for small post to hold stone; q, plaster ridges on bench; r, plastered over hole; s, plastered over basin suggestive of subfloor kiva vault; ¢, plastered-over holes; u, ventilator shaft; v, sand accumulation. 106 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bunn 121 time or another several holes had been treated in like manner. There was one series of three with a possible fourth which had formed a rectangle encompassing the central portion of the room (fig. 26, d, 7, t). The fourth may have been in approximately the position occu- pied by the small hole (fig. 26, 7), but a comparatively large area had been dug out of the floor at that place, refilled and plastered over (fig. 26, f). As a consequence all indications of a larger hole could have been obliterated. What these holes may have been for is not known, but the fact that they had once been present in so regular a grouping indicates something more than a casual placing of pockets for storage purposes. The thought occurred that pos- sibly structure 12 may at one time have been considerably smaller and posts have been placed there to support a superstructure over a lesser pit. When the excavation was enlarged to the size of No. 12 it was found necessary to change the position of the uprights and to employ larger timbers. This is offered only as a suggestion, however, since there was no evidence to warrant the conclusion that alterations of so extensive a nature had been made. That such a conclusion would not be entirely unwarranted, however, is demon- strated in the case of structures 18a and 13b discussed in following pages. At the east side of the chamber two stones were embedded in the floor, their tops flush with its upper surface. Along the fire-pit side of these stones was a shallow, oval-shaped depression in the floor. The purpose of this combination (fig 26, ¢) was not clear. The feature in general was similar to one found in structure 13b de- scribed in a following section of the report. It may be suggested that a metate or grinding stone rested on the slab, while the depres- sion served as a container for corn to be ground or possibly as a catch basin for the meal as it dropped from the stone. The de- pression was bordered on the fire-pit side by a third stone laid in the floor (fig. 26, f). Between the east support posts and the wall was an oval-shaped depression (fig 26, 2) that probably functioned as a storage place for small objects. At the southwest side of the fire pit there originally was a curi- ously shaped depression which had been filled in and plastered over (fig. 26, s; pl. 12, b). How long this depression had been in use be- fore it was abandoned and covered with flooring could not be de- termined. The pit itself consisted of two parts. The large circu- lar portion at the southwest side was quite shallow, while the long oval segment next to the fire pit was comparatively deep. The nature of this combination is shown in section 2, s, figure 26. In the shallow circular part were two small holes that apparently had contained upright sticks. The latter were not of sufficient size ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 107 to have had any connection with the superstructure and must have had some specific purpose apart from any association with the roof. What that may have been can be answered only by specula- tion. The important factor in connection with the presence of this floor feature lies in the fact that its general position and location corresponds in marked degree to the subfloor vaults found in kivas in ruins throughout this general district and also to the subfloor vaults generally present in great kivas or superceremonial cham- bers.*? These vaults are generally rectangular in shape and of greater depth than the depression in structure 12. Their purpose Figur 27.—Positions of burned timbers on floor of structure 12. in kivas has never been determined and as a consequence they can throw little light on the present occurrence, but the analogy should be mentioned. The significant feature is that such a depression had been present in a position corresponding to that of the kiva vaults. Future investigations may in time furnish data that will definitely explain why they were placed in ceremonial chambers. It would be interesting to know what reason the occupants of structure 12 had for discarding the depression and filling it in. Unfortunately, that is one of many things that must remain unknown. There were low ridges of adobe plaster at two places on the top of the bench. These are particularly worthy of comment because of “ Roberts, 1932, pp. 58-60, 69-70, 88-90. 108 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY {Buub. 121 the fact that they suggest a prototype for a feature commonly found in the kivas in the ruins in the Chaco Canyon,*® at Aztec, and at other sites belonging to the Chaco cultural pattern.** A series of low masonry boxes inclosing sections of logs are frequently noted in such ceremonial structures. These are located at intervals along the top of the bench. Generally there are four to six in the smaller kivas, the number increasing with the size of the structure. No tim- bers were incorporated in the plaster ridges in this structure, but in view of the fact that they extended out toward the face of the bench from the posts set in the wall at the back it may be suggested that there was a close correlation between them and the other forms. This tends rather definitely to indicate a relationship between them and the Chaco type. It is possible that the latter type was definitely derived from such an architectural feature, although in the White- water examples no definite function was indicated comparable to that of the Chaco forms serving as a base for the bottom tier of logs in a cribbed roof. The ventilator in this structure had a low step of adobe plaster in front of the opening in the wall (fig. 26, 0). The top of this ridge contained a groove in which to set a cover stone. The stone was even in position over the aperture when that portion of the room was uncovered. In addition to the groove there was a small hole where a piece of wood was placed in an upright position to aid further in keeping the cover in position. The aperture was carefully finished with adobe plaster. The passage was long and comparatively small. _ It had been constructed by the trench-and-cover method. The floor sloped slightly upward toward the shaft at the outer end and the width increased in the same direction. The shaft was oval in form. Only a small portion of it remained, however, because it was located at the side of the structure where erosion had been most active and a large portion of the earth was washed away. Structure 12 in general suggested much more the kiva or cere- monial chamber than did any of the other pit remains, with the ex- ception of structure 3. Furthermore, potsherds found in it were of a more developed type of ceramics than those secured from the others. The date of the structure obtained from the timbers, 918+3,°? shows a later horizon. As a matter of fact the timbers covered a span of 74 years, the dates being 844 to 918. Inasmuch as a little over one- third of the material gave the 844 date it is probable that those tim- bers were reused and may have come from a smaller structure located on the same spot, as was suggested by other features men- tioned in preceding pages. Considering all of the evidence, the # Judd, 1925, p. 88, figs. 99, 100. Pepper, 1920, pp. 104, 106. © Morris, 1924, p. 243, ‘1 Jeancon, 1922, p. 18. ® Miller, 1935, p. 31, listed as House A-1, 109 ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA ROBERTS | ‘WRISBIP OY} 9} vOT[dUIOD 0} JOU SB OS SUIMBAIP WOIJ Po}IWIO SIOqUIT] JUOAJ JO OMIOG “ZT AIN}JONAJS BAO popodta ainjonajsdodns JO UoTJoONA}SUODII Po9}VINJsoOqg—'gZ GUNS 110 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 conclusion was reached that structure 12 was a ceremonial cham-— ber, probably belonging to the late Developmental Pueblo horizon at the site. Remains of late Developmental structures are incor- porated in the large ruins southwest from the pit of 12. It is pos- sible, of course, that people lived in pit dwellings at this place until late Developmental Pueblo times, as dates from structure 15 over- lap a number of those from the beams in No. 12, but such was not a common practice. In the Flagstaff, Ariz., area farther west, pit houses prevailed all through the Developmental period.% The fill in the subterranean portion of this structure was somewhat different in character from that found in most of the pits. The first layer in the pillar (fig. 29, a) consisted of wind-blown sand. It contained some fragments of tabular sandstone, and potsherds were comparatively numerous. The stratum was uneven, probably due to the house being on the slope of the hillside. At the east corner of the pillar it measured 5 inches (15.27 cm), at the north corner 814 inches (21.59 cm), at the south 9 inches (22.86 cm), and at the west was 1 foot 41% inches (41.91 cm) thick. The second level (fig. 29, 6) was not a complete stratum, but part of a lens of material that did not extend entirely across the pit, on the southwest side. At the north corner of the pillar the top and bot- tom lines met; on the south face the lens extended only a few inches beyond the median line. The layer contained considerable charcoal, some adobe nodules, blow sand, and toward the bottom several streaks of water-deposited sand. Potsherds were not numerous and there was no stone or bone. The maximum thickness of the layer was at the east corner of the pillar where it measured 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) ; at the south it was 614 inches (16.51 cm). Layer c was practically the same in content as 6, except for the fact that it contained less charcoal. The main line of demarcation between the two was a distinct streak of water-deposited sand and clay. This line was on an old surface of occupation at about the level of the top of the bench. On this same surface, in another part of the room, was a fire pit that had been placed in the fill at a considerable height above the old floor (pl. 13, a). The material in stratum ¢ was charcoal, adobe nodules, sand, and some clay. There were a few sandstone spalls and some bone fragments. Potsherds were present, but were not as numerous as in the layer above. Measurements for this stratum were: north corner 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm), east corner 1014 inches (26.67 cm), south corner 914 inches (24.13 cm), and west corner 81% inches (21.59 cm). Strata a and ¢ came together at the west corner because of the lens nature of stratum 0. 58 Hargrave, 1930. RoBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 111 The next two strata, d and e, were clearly defined by streaks of charcoal. The material in the layers was the same as that for stratum c. The main differences were that there was a slight increase in the amount of stone fragments present in d, with a sharp drop in e. The number of potsherds present in d was the same as that for ce, but a marked decline was noted in e. At the top of d, in the face of the pillar between the east and north corners (fig. 29), was a small pocket filled with water-deposited sand. This apparently was the remnant of a shallow puddle where water had collected in a de- pression when the top of d was the surface of the ground at that point. Stratum d measured: 6 inches (15.24 cm) at the north corner, SCALE FEET Ficurn 29.—Pillar left from fill in structure 12. E, W, N, and S. indicate east, west, north, and south corners. 7 inches (17.78 cm) at the east corner, 8 inches (20.32 cm) at the south corner, and 7 inches (17.78 cm) at the west corner. Stratum e had thicknesses of 1014 inches (26.67 cm) at the north corner, 1 foot 214 inches (36.83 cm) at the east corner, 1 foot 214 inches (36.83 cm) at the south corner, and 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) at the west corner. Stratum f was characterized by considerable quantities of burned sand, charcoal, lumps of clay, and a good showing of bone frag- ments. There was no stone and a total absence of potsherds. The layer was rather thin, except near the center of the east-south and west-north faces where a channel in the top of g increased the thick- ness. The stratum measured 514 inches (13.88 cm) at the north 112 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buby. 121 corner, 534 inches (14.60 cm) at the east corner, 4 inches (10.16 cm) at the south corner, and 414 inches (11.43 cm) at the west corner. Along the course of the small channel the thickness was 9 inches (22.86 cm). This latter feature probably represented the remains of a natural drainage ditch, as there was water-deposited sand in its bottom. Stratum g was separated from f by a layer of charcoal. The stratum contained numerous lumps of clay, adobe nodules, some burned sand, and wood ashes. The amount of bone was the same as that for the level above, but in addition there were fragments of stone and a few potsherds. Stratum g measured 8 inches (20.32 cm) at the north corner, 7 inches (17.78 em) at the east corner, 4 inches (10.16 cm) at the south corner, and 514 inches (13.97 cm) at the west. The small channel noted in the discussion of f completely cut through g and at that point strata f and hf touched. The channel was 5 inches (12.7 cm) wide. Stratum fh was separated from g by a definite line of charcoal and ash. The layer had a larger content of sand than was the case in g and in addition some ashes, bits of charcoal, lumps of adobe, and balls of clay. There was a total absence of bone, stone, and potsherds. The layer measured: 814 inches (21.59 cm) at the north corner, 334 inches (9.53 cm) at the east corner, was missing at the south corner, and 714 inches (19.05 cm) at the west corner. About midway of the west-south face an old depression in the top of the layer below increased the thickness of h to 11 inches (27.94 cm). This pocket was 8 inches (20.32 em) across and its bottom was filled with water-deposited sand. Stratum 7 rested on the floor of the structure and consisted largely of burned plaster, charred beams, chunks of adobe, sand, and ashes. There were numerous fragments of sandstone, chips of chert and chalcedony, bits of bone, and a fairly good showing of potsherds. This layer was also irregular in thickness due to an uneven top sur- face with humps and pockets attributable in the main to the timbers and charred bits of roofing in the debris and to features on the floor. The layer measured: 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) at the north corner, 8 inches (20.32 cm) at the east corner, 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) at the south corner, and 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) at the west corner. The evidence in the content of the pillar points to two main fac- tors. The first, that the fill accumulating in the pit after the struc- ture was destroyed by fire and up to the level of the bench top, stratum c, was the result of a gradual and natural process. There was no intentional dumping of refuse and waste matter from occu- pied quarters in the pit during this interval. At no stage, however, was there complete absence of traces attributable to human activity and for this reason it may be concluded that the site in general was Ropers] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 113 still occupied while the hole was being filled. The second feature is that the interval that followed the period marked by the surface of occupation on the level with the top of the bench, the top of stratum c, was characterized by deposits containing a large amount of refuse and debris, in this case definite dump material. This seems to correlate with the major period of expansion that included exten- sive construction work around the large stone buildings located southwest from structure 12. The potsherds from the upper levels of the pillar check with those from the Great Pueblo ruins and suggest a probable contemporaneity between the two. Structure 12 measured 21 feet 6 inches (6.553 m) from wall to wall below the bench on the fire pit, ventilator line. Across in the opposite direction the measurement was 22 feet 8 inches (6.908 m). The bench varied in width from 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 cm) to 2 feet 10 inches (86.86 cm). At the ventilator side of the chamber the existing wall stood 2 feet 3 inches (68.58 cm). This, of course, does not represent the original height at that side of the room, since a portion of the structure had been carried away by erosion. At the opposite side from the ventilator the top of the bench was 4 feet 8 inches (1.422 m) above the floor. The back of the bench was 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) high. There was an accumulation of sand above the original ground level which added 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm) to the latter measurement. The base ends of the main support posts were still in the floor when the pit was uncovered, hence it is possible to give the actual measure- ments for the posts themselves. The north post had a diameter of 10 inches (25.4 cm) ; it was 1 foot (80.48 cm) from the wall. The timber was removed from the hole in order that the wood might be saved for study purposes. After this was done it was found that the hole had a depth of 2 feet 10 inches (86.86 cm). The east support post had a diameter of 1014 inches (26.67 cm) and was 81% inches (21.59 em) from the wall. The hole in which it was set was 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm) in depth. The south support post had a diameter of 1014 inches (26.67 cm), stood 9 inches (22.86 em) from the wall, and was set at a depth of 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 cm). The post near the west corner was 11 inches (27.94 cm) in diameter, stood 1 foot (30.48 em) from the wall, and was set at a depth of 2 feet 5 inches (73.66 cm). The posts which were present in the bench were more variable in size than the central supports. That at the north side of the chamber had been placed in a hole 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) in diameter. The post itself, however, measured only 10 inches (25.4 cm). The middle one of the three remaining posts stood in a hole 1114 inches (29.21 cm) in diameter from front to back and 1 foot (30.48 cm) from side to side. The post placed in it had a diameter of 814 inches 114 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bont. 121 (21.59 cm). The post near the south corner of the chamber was the smallest of the group; it was only 5 inches (12.7 cm) in diameter and was set in a hole which measured 734 inches (19.68 cm) across. Most of the larger timbers used in the superstructure had average diam- eters of 6 inches (15.24 cm). The smaller poles averaged 3 inches (7.62 cm) in diameter. The fire pit (fig. 26, 7) had a diameter of 2 feet 1 inch (63.5 cm) on the ventilator line and 2 feet (60.96 cm) at right angles to it. The bottom of the pit was only 4 inches (10.16 cm) below the floor level, but the depth was increased to 8 inches (20.32 cm) by the encircling rim of adobe. The rim ranged from 7 inches (17.78 em) to 11 inches (27.94 em) in width. Its average height was 4 inches (10.16 cm). The stone slab incorporated in one side was 1 foot 914 inches (54.61 em) long, 4 inches (10.16 cm) thick, and 9 inches (22.86 cm) high. The ladder box or ash pit (fig. 26, %) had a depth of 3 inches (7.62 cm). The adobe rim which encircled it ranged from 114 inches (3.81 cm) to 3 inches (7.62 cm) in width, and had an average height of 114 inches (3.81 cm). The deflector slab which was placed at the ventilator side of this depression was 1 foot 5 inches (48.18 em) long at the bottom and 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) at the top. It had a thickness of 15% inches (4.18 cm), and stood 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) above the floor. The ladder poles (fig. 26, m) were set in the floor 6 inches (15.24 cm) from the deflector. The holes were 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) apart, indicating that the ladder was approximately 1 foot (30.48 em) wide. The posts were 41% inches (11.43 em) and 434 inches (12.06 cm) in diameter. At the time when the debris was cleared from the floor the charred butts stood 814 inches and 8%, inches (21.59 and 22.23 cm) above the floor. The sipapu holes (fig. 26,7) were 3 feet 5 inches (1.041 m) from the fire pit and 6 feet 6 inches (1.981 m) from the wall. The hole nearest the fire pit had a diameter of 8 inches (20.82 cm) and a depth of 5 inches (12.7 cm). The second was 3 inches (7.62 cm) from the first. It had diameters of 6 inches (15.24 em) and 9 inches (22.86 cm) and a depth of 1 foot (30.48 cm). The various holes scattered about in the floor had a considerable range in measurements. The hole d, figure 26, had a diameter of 6 inches (15.24 cm) and a depth of 6 inches (15.24 cm) ; e was 4 inches (10.16 cm) in diameter and 834 inches (22.22 em) deep; g was 314 inches (8.89 cm) in diameter and 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) deep; h had diameters of 5 inches (12.7 cm) and 10 inches (25.4 cm), and a depth of 3 inches (7.62 cm) ; r had a 7-inch (17.78 em) diameter and a depth of 9 inches (22.86 cm) ; ¢ measured 9 inches (22.86 cm) and 10% inches (26.67 cm) on two diameters, and had a depth of 11 inches (27.94 cm). ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 115 The large depression in the floor at the west side of the fire pit (fig. 26, s) which had been plastered over gave the following meas- urements: The oval portion had diameters of 4 feet 5 inches (1.346 m) and 5 feet 21% inches (1.587 m). Its average depth was 214 inches (5.71cm). The two small holes in this portion of the depression had diameters of 314 inches (8.89 cm) and depths of 514 inches (13.97 cm) and 9 inches (22.86 cm). The rectangular pit at the side of the circular depression had sloping sides so that the bottom was smaller than the top. Along the top it measured 4 feet 7 inches (1.397 m) long and from 1 foot (30.48 cm) to 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) in width. At the bottom the length was 4 feet (1219 m) and the width 10 inches (25.4 cm). The average depth was 11 inches (27.94 em). The two small projections at the top of the east edge of this rectangular depression were 5 inches (12.7 cm) and 6 inches (15.24 em) long. They were 4 inches (10.16 cm) wide. The depth aver- aged 2 inches (5.08 cm). The edge of the rectangular pit was 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) from the fire-pit rim. The oval depression at the east side of the chamber which had flat stones at either side (fig. 26, c) had a long diameter of 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm) and a short one of 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm). The depth was 8 inches (20.32 cm). The plaster ridges on the bench in front of the back support posts (fig. 26, 7) ranged from 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 cm) to 2 feet (60.96 cm) in length and from 9 inches (22.86 cm) to 1 foot (30.48 cm) in width. The height was 2 inches (5.08 cm). The adobe step in front of the ventilator opening (fig. 26, 0) was 1 foot 101% inches (57.15 cm) long and 10 inches (25.4 cm) wide. It was 314 inches (8.89 cm) high. The small hole in which a post for the ventilator cover was set had a diameter of 214 inches (6.35 cm) and a depth of 5 inches (12.7 cm). The groove in which the cover stone was placed had a depth of 1 inch (2.54 cm) and a length of 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm). It was 114 inches (3.81 cm) wide. The ventilator opening was square and measured 1114 inches (28.57 cm). The sill was at the same height as the bottom of the groove for the cover stone. It was 214 inches (6.35 cm) above the floor level. The stone used to close the aperture measured 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) long by 1 foot 34 inch (32.38 cm) wide and 1% inches (3.17 cm) thick. The ventilator passage was 7 feet 6 inches (2.286 m) long. Where it entered the shaft it was 1 foot (80.48 em) high and 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) wide. The shaft had diameters of 2 feet 4 inches (71.12 cm) and 1 foot 11 inches (58.42 em). The maximum depth was only 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm), but at the time of occupation this probably was about 6 feet (1.828 m). 116 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buty. 121 STRUCTURES 13A AND 13B Structures 12a and 13b were somewhat similar in nature to da and bb in that 18a had been erected at the spot where they were lo- cated, then abandoned and filled in. Later the larger pit was dug at the same place and completely covered the older pit. In the process of investigation 13b was the first encountered. After it had been completely cleared a slight depression which encompassed most of the central part of the room was noted in the floor. A small section of the plaster was removed along the border of this depression and it was noted that there was a wall extending downward from that level. With this discovery the remaining material was dug out and a smaller — pit uncovered. Inasmuch as the latter represented the older structure it will be discussed first. The pit for 13a was smaller than the average for the site. It was roughly circular in form and in general corresponded to the majority of pits around the site (fig. 30; pl. 18, 5). The house presumably had a superstructure similar to the others. Four posts had been set near the corners of the room to support the roof. Each one of these posts, judging from the holes which remained, stood almost against the wall. The interior features of the structure consisted of a fire pit, ladder box, sipapu, and five storage holes in the floor. In addition there was a wall pocket or cupboard near the west support post. The fire pit in 18a was a simple basin that had been dug into the floor and lined with plaster (fig. 30, ¢). It was encircled by a rim of adobe plaster similar to those noted in some of the other houses. The adjacent ladder box (fig. 30, 2) consisted of a shallow depression in- closed on three sides by an extension of the fire-pit rim. The fourth side, that toward the ventilator opening, was not inclosed. As a mat- ter of fact a rim was not necessary along that part of the pit because the base ends of the ladder had been embedded in the floor. The sipapu (fig. 30, f) was located at the northwest side of the fire pit and con- sisted of a small circular hole. It differed from the many examples described in that it was jug-shaped. The walls and bottom were care- fully plastered. Nearby were two other holes that could have served as additional sipapus (fig. 30, d, e) or for storage purposes. At the north side of the fire pit was such a hole (fig. 30, ¢). Near the east support post was a shallow, basinlike depression (fig. 30, 6) that no doubt functioned in a similar capacity. The same was true for that marked 2, figure 30. Perhaps the most interesting feature in the pit was the storage pocket in the wall (fig. 30, 7). This is one of the few examples at the site of such a provision for placing objects out of the way. The pocket was dug into the wall, its bottom slightly lower than the floor level. It was roughly oval in form and its sides, floor, and ceiling ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 17, - < - Pod eee =~ e -~ ae nee CK aerial MAAS 'k Y Ficurp 30.—Structure 13a. a, holes for superstructure support posts; b, ¢, d, and e, stor- age holes; f, sipapu; g, fire pit; #, ladder box ; i, storage basin; j, storage pocket in wall; k, ventilator opening in chamber; J, ventilator shaft; m, accumulated sand. Dotted lines indicate position of 13b. 68764—39-——_9 118 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bou 121 were carefully covered with plaster. A slab of stone was provided to close the opening. This was in position at the time when the pit was excavated. ‘There was an almost imperceptible depression in the floor in front of the opening that may have been provided to facilitate the placing of the cover stone. Wall pockets of this type are not uncom- mon in some sections of the Southwest,>+ but for some reason were not made use of to any extent at this site. In some cases these recesses have bottoms slightly below the floor; in others they are slightly above the general level of the room. At the time when the cupboard was opened it contained nothing beyond a few potsherds and several cores from which stone chips, probably for use in the making of arrow- heads, had been struck. The ventilator was small and the passage was of the constructed type, that is a trench had been dug and then covered over with stones, plaster, and earth to form the horizontal portion of the ventilator. The opening at the room end was framed with stone. There was a stone lintel and stone sill and large slabs placed at either side extended back along the walls of the passage for some distance. The shaft was oval in form. In the photograph (pl. 13, }) the upper end is shown encircled by stones. The latter were not found in that position but were placed there to emphasize the presence of the opening. The fill in house 13a indicated that the pit had not been used as a habitation for some time previous to the construction of 18b. On the floor was a thick layer of turkey droppings. Several broken eggs were found near the north post and the skeleton of one bird was lying near the center of the chamber. This indicates that the in- closure was used as a turkey pen. After it had been employed for that purpose the occupants of the site apparently decided to con- struct a second house on the same spot and accordingly filled the pit with refuse material and clean sand. Although it cannot be stated definitely that such was the case, it would seem that the fill was obtained through the process of enlarging the pit to make the second structure, 18b. When the remaining portion of 13a was com- pletely filled an adobe plaster floor was laid across it. It was the set- tling of the material filling 18a and an attendant sinking of the floor that indicated the presence of the earlier structure when 13b was excavated. The pit for 18a measured 6 feet 1 inch (1.854 m) on the sipapu, fire pit, ventilator line, and 9 feet 914 inches (2.983 m) at right angles to it. At the ventilator side of the chamber the floor of 13a was 2 ee 1919, p. 196. Guernsey and Kidder, 1921, p, 25. Roberts, 1929, p. 40; 1930, Pp. f Rosmrrs | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 119 feet (60.96 cm) below that of 13b. At the opposite side the bottom of pit 18a was only 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 cm) below that of 1b. The holes for the support posts varied somewhat in size. ‘That in the north corner was irregular in shape and measured 914 inches (24.138 em) by 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm). The hole had a depth of 1 foot 1 inch (383.02 cm). At one point on its periphery it touched the wall of the chamber. The hole at the east corner had diameters of 8 inches (20.82 cm) and 1 foot (80.48 cm). It had a depth of 7% inches (19.05 cm). The edge of the hole did not touch the wall, although it was only % inch (1.27 cm) from it. The hole at the south corner of the room had diameters of 814 inches (21.59 cm) and 9 inches (22.86 cm). The hole had a depth of 8 inches (20.32 cm) and touched the wall. The west hole had diameters of 1 foot (30.48 em) and 1 foot % inch (81.75 cm). It had a depth of 1 foot 1 inch (33.02). This hole not only touched the wall but was partially in- corporated in it. The fire pit (fig. 30, 7) had a diameter of 1 foot 4% inches (41.91 cm) on the ventilator line and 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) at right angles to it. The pit had a depth of 7 inches (17.78 cm) below the floor level. This was increased 2 inches (5.08 cm) by the encircling rim. The rim ranged from 5% inches (13.97 cm) to 71% inches (19.05 cm) in width. Its average height around the edges of the pit was 2 inches (5.08 cm); the outside borders merged with the floor. The ladder pit, or rather the rectangular inclosure in which the base ends of the ladder were inclosed (fig. 30, 2), measured 1 foot VY% inch (31.75 cm) by 1 foot 144 inches (34.29 cm). The holes in which the ladder poles were placed had diameters of 3 inches (7.62 cm) and 3% inches (8.89 cm). ‘The holes had depths of 34% and 4 inches (8.89 and 10.16 cm). A small hole adjacent to the one in which the east ladder pole had rested, and that probably was used for storage purposes, had a diameter of 314 inches (8.89 cm) and a depth of 21% inches (6.35 cm). The sipapu (fig. 30, /) was 7 inches (17.78 cm) from the fire pit and 3 feet 4 inches (1.016 m) from the wall at the opposite side. The hole had a diameter of 4 inches (10.16 cm) on the floor level, but this was increased to 514 inches (13.97 cm) below the floor be- cause of the jug-like form in which it was made. The hole had a depth of 8 inches (20.82 cm). The storage holes located near the sipapu (fig. 80, d, e) had diameters of 6 inches (15.24 cm) and 7 inches (17.78 cm). Their depths were 5 and 6 inches (12.7 and 15.24 cm). The large depression at the northeast side of the fire pit (fig. 30, c) was 614 inches (16.51 cm) from the edge of the rim. It had diam- eters of 1 foot 1 inch (83.02 em) and 1 foot (30.48 cm). It was 6 120 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buwt, 121 inches (15.24 cm) deep. The storage hole near the northwest corner of the pit (fig. 30, 2) was 11 inches (27.94 cm) from the edge of the rim. It had diameters of 8 inches (20.82 em) and 814 inches (21.59 em). Its depth was 5 inches (12.7 cm). The depression near the hole for the east post (fig. 30, 6) had diameters of 1 foot (30.48 cm) and 10 inches (25.4 cm). Its depth was 3 inches (7.62 cm). The storage recess in the wall near the west support post (fig. 30, j) measured 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm) by 1 foot 5 inches (43.18 cm). Its height was 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm). The ventilator opening had a width of 9 inches (22.86 cm) and a height of 1014 inches (26.67 cm). The sill was 54% inches (18.97 cm) above the floor level. The sill projected into the room 3% inches (8.89 cm) from the edge of the opening. The passage had a length of 2 feet 914 inches (85.09 cm). At the shaft end it had a width of 9 inches (22.86 cm) and a height of 1014 inches (26.67 cm). The shaft measured 2 feet (60.96 cm) in diameter on the passage line and 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm) at right angles to it. The bottom of the shaft was 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 cm) below the floor level of 18b. Only a portion of the pit of structure 13b remained. It had been built on the edge of a sharp slope and weathering agents had washed away a large part of the surface in the interval between the time when it was abandoned and the remains were uncovered in the sum- mer of 1931. Not only had surface water carried away a consider- able portion of the slope but a large part of the walls along the eastern side of 18b had also disappeared. Enough remained, how- ever, to give a general idea of the nature of the structure (pl. 14, a, 6). On the whole it compared quite closely with the others de- scribed in preceding pages. The main difference between 13b and a majority of the others was that the pit was presumably much shallower. The old ground level was only 2 feet (60.96 em) above the floor. The shallowness of the excavation may in part account for the apparent ease with which the eastern walls were carried away. Despite the lack of depth to the pit there probably was not any marked difference in the type of structure erected over it. Evidence was that four upright posts had carried the main framework (fig. 31, a) for the roof and that this covering had a flat central portion and sloping sides. The main difference between the superstructure in this instance and the others of like type probably was in the length of the slanting side poles. When the pit was shallow these timbers would of necessity have been longer and more of the structure would have appeared above the ground level. Except for this there need not have been any marked difference. The longer poles would tend to create more pressure on the central framework than under ordinary circumstances and an additional brace seems to have been required. ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA IVA Figure 31.—Structure 13b. a, holes for main support posts; b, beam placement; ¢ and d, storage holes; e, groove in floor; f, storage basin; g, wall pocket or Katcina niche; h, basin covered by floor plaster; i, stones embedded in floor; j, basin in floor; k, fire pit; l, ladder box; m, deflector stone; 7 and o, storage basins; p, drift sand. Dotted lines show position of 13a. 122 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu, 121 Evidence was that this was provided by a timber extending from the base of the wall at the north side of the chamber to the upper framework. The beam placement was present at 0, figure 31. ‘This corresponds to some extent with the situations described for struc- tures 6, 7, and 9, where the use of braces was noted. The pit of 13b more nearly approached the circular form than did many of those previously described. The interior features of the house comprised fire and ladder pits and a number of storage holes in the floor (fig. 31). There was a small niche or pocket in the west wall (fig. 31, g), suggestive of the Katcina Kihu in later- day ceremonial chambers. This was in contrast to the placements for roof braces noted in previous pits in that it unquestionably was for storage purposes. The size, shape, and finish indicated such a function and despite the fact that it was on the floor level it may have been a form of the Katcina niche, a place where ceremonial ob jects were kept. Such wall pockets also occupied an analogous posi tion to the niche for ceremonial articles in the wall opposite fron: the doorway in some of the Plain’s earth lodges.*® Near the center of the chamber was a small section of paving on the floor that consisted of four stones (fig. 31, 2), embedded in the plaster so that their upper surfaces were flush with the top of the floor. Between the flagging and the fire pit was a shallow basin (fig. 31, 7), probably associated in purpose with the paving. A me- tate may have rested on the flagging and the concavity im the floor have served as a storage place for grain or a catch basin for the pre- pared meal dropping from the end of the grinding stone. This roughly oval-shaped depression was of particular interest from a constructional point of view. It was not a simple basin formed by plastering the interior of a shallow pit dug below the floor level. It had been made with a substantial foundation. The latter consisted of an octagonal cist formed by lining a hole in the fill in 18a with small stone slabs (fig. 31, j, section). The interior of the cist con- tained stones and mud plaster, tamped to form a solid, compact mass, All indications were that the latter was contemporaneous with the construction of the cist, not the result of later remodeling. The elaborateness of the feature shows that it had a definite purpose re- quiring a certain degree of durability. The fire pit (fig. 31, %) was roughly rectangular in form and lined with stone slabs. The ladder pit (fig. 31, 7) was also rectangular in shape and had stone borders on three sides. These stones were set in the floor so that they extended above it for several inches. The house had no sipapu and there were no remaining traces of a ven- tilator. The position which it would have occupied with respect to 5 Mindeleff, 1891, p. 121. ° Bushnell, 1922, p, 158. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 123 the rest of the structure was such, however, that it might easily have been carried away when the hillside was eroded. The fact that the end slab in the ladder pit was of sufficient height to have functioned as a deflector (fig. 31, m), suggests that there probably was a ven- tilator at that side of the chamber. The storage holes (fig. 31, c, d, f, n, 0) scattered about in the floor were larger than average and had carefully plastered sides and bottoms. One depression located near the west wall of the chamber had been filled in and plastered over (fig. 31, 2). The crescent- shaped groove in the floor near the north support post (fig. 31, e) was an unusual feature. What purpose it may have had is not known. Nothing was found in it to suggest an explanation for its peculiar contour. The fill in the pit consisted largely of drift sand containing some charcoal. Across the top was a thin layer of stone spalls sugges- tive of mason’s debris from the nearby large stone buildings. At a number of places around the site the fragments of stone that were left after the building blocks were shaped were thrown out and the deposit here seems to have been of that nature. This would indicate that 13b antedated the large surface dwellings by an interval of some length. At one place in the fill a peculiar cache was found. This consisted of a large number of concretions, fossils, bones, some stone cylinders, and sandstone balls, suggestive of a medicine man’s para- phernalia. The collection was just below the surface layer of broken stones and apparently belonged to the stone-house stage of occupation. Complete measurements for 13b cannot be given because of the miss- ing east wall. From north to south, however, the structure measured 20 feet 3 inches (6.172 m), which is a longer diameter than that found in a majority of the structures. The wall along the west side was only 2 feet (60.96 cm) high, measuring from the floor to the original ground level. The accumulation of drift sand and debris above the old ground level, however, increased the depth at the time of excavation to 5 feet 9 inches (1.752 m). The north hole for a main support post had diameters of 914 inches (24.18 cm) and 714 inches (19.05 cm). The depth was 1 foot (8048 cm). The hole for the east post had been carried away when that portion of the house was destroyed. The hole for the south post measured 9 inches (22.86 cm) and 10 inches (25.4 cm) in di- ameter. It had a depth of 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm). The south post stood 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) from the wall. The hole for the west post had diameters of 8 inches (20.82 cm) and 91% inches (24.13 cm) and a depth of 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm). It stood 10 inches (25.4 em) from the wall. The placement for the roof brace (fig. 31, 6) had 124 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buuu, 121 diameters of 7 and 9 inches (17.78 and 22.86 cm). It was 10 inches (25.4 cm) deep. The niche in the wall (fig. 31, 7) measured 7 inches (17.78 cm) in width and 1 foot (30.48 cm) in height. It was 1 foot (30.48 cm) deep. The fire pit (fig. 31, %) measured 1 foot 11 inches (58.42 cm) by 2 feet 3 inches (68.58 cm) and it had a depth of 6 inches (15.24 cm). The ladder pit (fig. 31,7) was 7 inches (17.78 cm) from the fire pit. The depression measured 1 foot 11 inches (58.42 cm) by 1 foot 111% inches (59.69 em). Its depth was 4 inches (10.16 cm). The slab forming the end of the box toward the side where the ventilator would normally have been located stood 1 foot (30.48 cm) above the floor level (fig. 31, m). The oval depression adjoining the paving (fig. 31 7) had a long diameter of 2 feet 4 inches (71.12 cm) and a short one of 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm). At the center the pit had a depth of 814 inches (21.59 cm). The crescent-shaped groove (fig. 81, e¢) in the floor had an average width of 21% inches (6.35 cm). The groove was 3 inches (7.62 cm) deep. . The small circular hole adjacent to the groove (fig. 31, d) had diameters of 6 inches (15.24 cm) and 7 inches (17.78 cm). Its depth was 6 inches (15.24 em). The larger, roughly oval-shaped hole near the south end of the crescent groove (fig. 31, ¢) had diameters of 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) and 11 inches (27.94 em). Its depth was 8 inches (20.32 cm). The plastered-over basin (fig. 31, 2) measured 2 feet (60.96 cm) by 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm). Its original depth was 6 inches (15.24 cm). The large pit just north of the west support post (fig. 31, ) had diameters of 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm) and 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm). Its depth was 8 inches (20.32 cm). The pit southeast from the west support post (fig. 31, 0) had a long diameter of 2 feet 114 inches (64.77 cm) and a short diameter of 1 foot 1014 inches (57.15 em). The depth was 1 foot (30.48 em). The large pit at the northeast corner of the room (fig. 31, 7) was 2 feet 3 inches (68.58 cm) and 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm) in diameter. It had a depth of 2 feet (60.96 cm). STRUCTURE 14 AND DANCE COURT Structure No. 14 was located on top of the ridge some distance west of 12 and southwest from 13a and 18b (fig. 25). The sig- nificant factor about the remains of No. 14 was that they were partially covered by a rather unusual feature in the form of a dance court. The latter had been placed there after structure 14 ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 125 had gone into ruin and its pit had become filled with debris. ‘That this was not done immediately, however, was indicated by the pres- ence in the fill of No. 14 of a small stone cist that was subsequent Y é Lf 7 -_ 7 Figurp 32.—Structure 14. a, holes for main support posts; b, wall pocket; e¢, fire pit; d, ladder box; e, ventilator opening; f and g, exterior opening to ventilator shaft; h, platform of dance court dais; i, floor of dance court. Yi Yy Yj Yy Yy Y// UY to the abandonment of the structure but also antedated the court. The latter probably belonged to a phase associated with the early stages in the development of the large stone structure. The pit for structure No. 14 was roughly rectangular in shape, although the corners were rounded and the side where the ventilator 126 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 121 opened into the chamber was slightly irregular in the same manner as discussed for most of the other structures (fig. 82). The pit was rather shallow and in that respect corresponded to the lack of depth noted for structure 18b. The pit had been covered with a super- structure presumably similar to the fiat-ceiling, sloping-sided type already described. There were four holes near the corners of the chamber where the main supports had been placed that indicate a roof of the usual form. The interior features were simple indeed (pl. 15, a). There was a fire pit (fig. 32, ¢), near the center of the room and not far from it a ladder box (fig. 82, d). A small pocket in the wali near the east support post probably served for storage purposes (fig. 32, 0). This feature was not as elaborate or extensive as the one in 13a and differed from it in that it was partially below the floor level. There were no storage holes in the floor of the chamber and there was no sipapu. Both the fire pit and the depression where the base ends of the ladder rested were simple basins cut in the fioor and covered with plaster. No stones were used in their construction. Perhaps the most interesting part of the construction of No. 14 was that of the ventilator. The passage leading from the chamber to the shaft was comparatively small and had been tunneled through the earth. The shaft at the outer end exhibited a characteristic which was unique in that it extended to a considerable depth below the bottom of the passage (fig. 32, section). As a matter of fact there was more shaft below than above the level (fig. 82, g). What the significance or purpose of such an arrangement was is not known. The only explanation that seems logical is that the builders intended to dig a deeper pit and prepared a ventilator shaft with that idea in mind. After the shaft had been excavated to the desired depth a change in plans was made and the pit for the structure was not carried to a similar depth. The shaft opening on the ground level suggested a figure 8 in contour (pl. 15, 6). One segment of the “8” (fig. 82, #) extended only a short distance below the surface while the other furnished the main portion of the shaft (fig. 32, 7). Here again, as in the case of the unusual depth below the passage, there is no explanation for the peculiarity of construction. Potsherds found on the floor of the structure indicated that it belonged to the same general horizon as the other pit remains, namely, early Developmental Pueblo. The overlying dance court was late Developmental Pueblo in its horizon. The dance court was so called because no other designation seemed more appropriate. Whether the place actually was used for such a purpose or not can not be stated. The court consisted of a well-laid adobe floor placed slightly below the surface of the ground (pl. 16, a). The floor was circular in contour and bordered by a series of small ROBERTS] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 197 upright stone slabs (fig. 33). Near the center were three depressions placed in a row extending roughly on a north-south line. The north- ernmost of these pits (fig. 33, g), that was nearest the center of the paved circle, had been used as a place for fires. The middle one (fig. 33, 4) was filled with wood ashes but gave no indication that fires dO eg oO ° IO FEET "Uf Scone Yy, Uy Uy UY Y YY Lj Yj Ly Yy V7 — UY Y ff y Yyy YY yyy ; YY Yy Yi YJ MW YY WY YY WYW@Z@¥WV#™lt- FicurE 33.—Dance court. 4, masonry wall; b, dais; c, fire pit; d@ and e, stones embedded in floor; f, basin in floor; g, fire pit; %, ash pit; 7, basin in floor. Dotted lines show loca- tion of structure 14. had been built in it. It presumably functioned as a depository for the ashes from the main fire pit. There was nothing whatever to indicate the purpose of the third depression (fig. 83,7). It was very shallow and although a few stones had been placed along one side it contained nothing but clean blow sand. A fourth basin was present at some distance east of the fire pit (fig. 33, 7). The sides and bottom 128 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bun 121 of this hole in the pavement were carefully plastered. Except for an accumulation of drift sand the pit was empty when the floor was — cleaned. At two places stone slabs were embedded in the floor, their tops flush with the plaster paving (fig. 33, d, ¢). There was nothing to indicate why they should have been so placed and no evidence as to their function. At the north side of the circle, at a slightly higher elevation, were the remains of a masonry wall that seemed to have formed part of an enclosure (fig. 33, a; pl. 16, 6). The evidence was not as satis- factory as might be desired but all indications were that the masonry constituted the remnants of a three-sided structure that inclosed a form of dais along that portion of the circle. The side toward the court was open. This raised platform would have been a convenient place from which to watch dances or ceremonies being performed in the circle. Neither the dais nor the circle itself gave indications of a super- structure. It is possible that the platform had been covered with a flat roof and all evidence of it had disappeared. It does not seem likely, however, that the circle could have been roofed over without leaving some indications of a superstructure. In view of these facts it seems logical to conclude that the court was not covered and that all ceremonies or dances held there must have been in the open. There is no direct evidence to warrant such a deduction but it is hard to ignore the suggestion of the basic plan of a great kiva or super- ceremonial chamber in these remains.®? The size of the circle, to- gether with the raised platform and inclosure at the north end, bears a striking similarity to the broad outlines of such structures. Many of the interior features of the latter are, of course, absent. As a postulation it may be suggested that during Developmental Pueblo times at this location such ceremonies and observances as later took place in the great kiva, one of which is present at the north end of the nearby Great Pueblo ruins, were held in the so-called dance court. At only one other location in the Southwest has a comparable fea- ture come to light. It was discovered during the same season, 1981, by Earl H. Morris in the course of his investigations in the Chuska Mountains along the Arizona-New Mexico border. Data concerning the latter are not available, as yet, and no comparisons can be drawn. From what Mr. Morris has said concerning the remains he discovered, it would seem that there was a close parallel between the courts at the two sites. Structure 14 measured 10 feet 10% inches (3.814 m) on the fire pit, ventilator line. Across the opposite direction it was 11 feet 914 inches (3.593 m) from wall to wall. At the ventilator side of the chamber the 57 Roberts, 1932, pp. 50, 51, 98; discusses the problem of great kivas in general. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUIRE EWING ZI (REATIE: 15 a. Structure 14. b. Ventilator shaft for structure 14. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 PLATE 16 J a. Dance court as seen from end of Great Pueblo ruin. a oe hes 3g : wae : “i . ry és be “ = ‘ . S : i 4 ; ‘ oF 7, + 6. Portion of structure 14 underlying dance court and dais. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUEEERIN121) (PEATE 17 b. Series of slanting side poles for roof of structure 15. Ys 2 ATE 18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121, RE E a. Bow] below roof timbers of structure 15. 6. Jar containing carbonized ears of corn lying on top of roof debris in pit of structure 15. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 129 floor was 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) below the level of the court and at the opposite side 3 feet 3 inches (99.06 cm) below the ground level. The hole for the north post measured 1 foot 144 inch (381.75 cm) on its long diameter and 1014 inches (26.67 cm) on the short. The hole had a depth of 1 foot (30.48 cm) and was 10 inches (25.4 em) from the wall. The hole for the east support post had diameters of 9 inches (22.86 cm) and 11 inches (27.94 cm). The depth was 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) and the edge of the hole was 514 inches (13.97 cm) from the wall. The hole at the south corner of the room had diameters of 9 inches (22.86 cm) and 81% inches (21.59 cm). The hole was 6 inches (15.24 em) from the wall and had a depth of 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm). The hole at the west corner was the largest of the group with a long diameter of 1 foot 114 inches (34.29 em) and 1114 inches (29.21 cm). The depth was 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) and the hole was 6 inches (15.24 cm) from the wall. The fire pit (fig. 82, c) had diameters of 1 foot 414 inches (41.91 em) and 1 foot 514 inches (44.45 cm). Its greatest depth was 6 inches (15.24 cm). The ladder pit (fig. 32, @) was 7 inches (17.78 cm) from the fire pit and measured 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) by 1 foot (80.48 em). It had a depth of 3 inches (7.62 cm). The pocket in the wall near the east corner (fig. 82, b) had a diam- eter of 8 inches (20.32 cm). The opening in the face of the wall was 6 inches (15.24 cm) wide. The bottom was 2 inches (5.08 cm) below the floor level and the top 6 inches (15.24 cm) above it. The back wall sloped from the bottom to the top so that at the top of the opening the pocket had no depth. The ventilator opening (fig. 32, e) was 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) wide and 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) high. The passage was 3 feet 9 inches (1.143 m) long. Where it opened into the shaft the passage measured 1 foot (30.48 em) in width and was 1 foot 214 inches (36.83 em) high. The shaft measured 2 feet 4 inches (71.12 cm) across the passage line. On the ground line it measured 3 feet 9 inches (1.148 m) from wall to wall. Ata depth of 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm), however, the diameter at right angles to the passage line narrowed to 2 feet 9 inches (83.82 cm). The main part of the shaft had a depth of 4 feet 1 inch (1.244 m) below the level of the court at the passage side and 8 feet 11 inches (1.193 m) at the back wall. The dance court had a diameter on the north-south line of 36 feet 8 inches (11.176 m) and on the east-west line measured 37 feet 6 inches (11.4830 m). The floor of the court overlapped the house No. 14 pit, 2 feet 9 inches (83.82 cm) at the east corner of the older structure and 7 feet (2.133 m) along the southwest wall. The fire pit at the center of the floor (fig. 33, 7). was 2 feet 4 inches (71.12 cm) in diameter and had a depth of 41% inches (11.43 cm). Between it and the ash pit was a space of 714 inches (19.05 cm). The ash pit (fig. 33, h) 130 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bunt. 121 had diameters of 1 foot 914 inches (54.61 cm) and 2 feet 3 inches (68.58 cm). Its depth was 456 inches (11.75 em). The third depres- sion (fig. 38, 2) was 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) from the ash pit. It had diameters of 1 foot 514 inches (44.45 cm) and 1 foot 1134 inches (60.32 cm). The depth was 6 inches (15.24 cm). The fourth pit (fig. 38, f) was 8 feet (91.44 cm) from the central fire pit. It had diameters of 1 foot 1014 inches (57.15 cm) and 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm). Its depth was 11 inches (27.94 cm). The remaining wall of the inclosure (fig. 33, a) at the north side of the circular floor was 14 feet (4.267 m) long and averaged 10 inches (25.4 cm) in width. It was only 1 foot (30.48 cm) in height. The east end of the wall was 4 feet (1.219 m) from the circle and the west end 7 feet 2 inches (2.184 m) from the pavement. The floor of the inclosure had been 1 foot 5 inches (43.18 cm) above that of the court. SHELTER AND GRANARIES The remains of a shelter 22 feet 6 inches (6.858 m) northwest from structure 12 and approximately midway between the dance court and structures 13a and 18b (fig. 25) were the best preserved of any found. The floor was roughly oval in outline (fig. 34) and although depressed below the surrounding ground level was not deep enough to be called a pit. The low earth walls sloped up from the floor level to the ground, giving the depression a saucerlike cross section. Indications were that the floor basin possibly resulted from continued sweeping of the area with an attendant removal of par- ticles of earth on each occasion, rather than being intentionally dug. The floor was not plastered; the surface was merely hard-packed through use. Holes for posts to support a superstructure were present at four places near the periphery (fig. 34, @) and indicated a flat-roofed covering. The positions of these holes approximately coincided with the four major points of the compass. There were no traces of slanting side timbers, hence it is not known whether the place was merely an arbor or had walls of flimsy construction. Because the floor features here were more elaborate than in the other shelters previously described, the first thought was that the structure was a shallow-pit dwelling, but when no traces of pole, brush, and plaster walls could be found this idea was abandoned. The structure probably was an outdoor summer kitchen for one of the nearby domiciles. Floor features consisted of a fire pit, storage holes, the mold left by a stone, and a niche in the wall that presumably was a seat for a roof brace. The fire pit consisted of a simple basin dug into the floor. It was practically circular in form and the sides were more vertical than usual, although the walls did slope in to some extent ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 131 at the bottom. There was no rim around the edges of the pit on the floor level. When uncovered the basin contained wood ashes and small bits of charcoal. The sides and bottom were burned a deep red color. Close to the fire pit, on the northeast side, was a peculiarly 0 SAEEST:- bid ane Dee) aD AE eT Fiqure 34.—Brush shelter. a, holes for support posts; 0, stone in floor; c, storage pit in floor; d, fire pit; e, storage hole in floor; f, placement for roof brace; g, slab in wall. shaped depression and hole (fig. 34, ¢) that possibly served for stor- age purposes or in connection with a mealing stone. There was nothing to indicate its exact function. The outer portion was shal- low, the bottom curving down gradually to the edge of the inner 132 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buy, 121 hole in funnel-like fashion. The trough extending from one side (fig. 34, c’) was blocked off from the main portion of the basin by a small stone set in the earth at that point. There is one suggestion in connection with the trough, namely, that it was a placement for a stone, corresponding to that at the opposite side (fig. 34, 6). The latter gave clear evidence that the base end of a slab, subsequently removed, was embedded there. If a similar stone stood at the former spot the two would have formed a rough bin behind the funnel- shaped basin. The small circular hole in the floor at the southeast side (fig. 34, ¢) was unquestionably for the storage of small objects. The niche, suggestive of a placement for a roof brace, was located near the west support post. The bottom of the niche (fig. 34, 7) was on the floor level. The sides were vertical, but the back sloped from top to bottom at an angle coincident with that which a slanting pole placed there would assume if its upper end joined the frame- work for the roof. A single slab of stone was set in the low wall near the west post (fig. 34, 7). This was the only example of stone facing in the structure and at no place around the remainder of the periphery were there indications that similar slabs had been set but subsequently removed. There was nothing to indicate why the one was placed there. On a line through the north and south support posts the diameter of the floor measured 9 feet 7 inches (2.921 m) and from wall to wall through the east-west posts was 9 feet 6 inches (2.895 m). The average depth of the floor below the old ground level, that of the period of occupation, was 8 inches (20.32 cm). The present surface is 3 feet 9 inches (1.143 m) above the floor level on the south side and 3 feet 214 inches (97.79 cm) on the north. The holes for the support posts did not vary greatly in size. In general they were smaller than those in most of the house structures. That at the north side had a diameter of 714 inches (19.05 em) and a depth of 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm). It was 214 inches (6.35 em) from the edge of the depression. The east hole was 614 inches (16.51 cm) in diameter and 1 foot 51% inches (44.45 em) deep and stood 214 inches (6.35 em) from the wall. The hole at the south side had an 8-inch (20.32 cm) diameter, a depth of 1 foot 614 inches (46.99 cm), and was 14% inches (3.81 cm) from the edge of the pit. The hole for the west post was oval in form, the long diameter being parallel with the wall, and measured 6 inches by 714 inches (15.24 by 19.05 cm). The depth was 1 foot 5 inches (43.18 cm) and the distance from the wall 1 inch (2.54 cm). The fire-pit diameters were 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) and 1 foot 6% inches (46.99 cm) on the floor level. The sloping of the sides near the bottom reduced the diameter to 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm). The depth of the pit was 45 inches (11.75 cm). RopeRts ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 133 The funnel-shaped basin (fig. 34, c) had diameters of 1 foot 41% inches (41.91 em) and 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm). The greatest depth was around the edges of the central hole and measured 2%% inches (60.82 cm). The central hole had a diameter of 714 inches (19.05 cm) and a depth of 5 inches (12.7 em) below the bottom of the encircling basin. The groove (fig. 34 c’) was 714 inches (19.05 em) long by 3 inches (7.62 em) wide and had a depth of 114 inches (3.17 cm). The stone at the basin end was 3 inches (7.62 cm) long, 1 inch (2.54 cm) thick at the west end and 11% inches (3.81 em) thick at the east end, and stood 35 inches (9.21 cm) above the bottom of the basin. The long oval-shaped groove (fig. 34, 6) that had been the place- ment for a stone slab had a length of 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm), a width of 3 inches (7.62 cm), and ranged in depth from 214 inches (6.35 cm) at the south end to 3 inches (7.62 cm) at the north. Near the center its depth was 314 inches (8.89 cm). The storage hole (fig. 34, e) was 514 inches (13.97 cm) in diameter and had a depth of 5 inches (12.7 cm). The roof-brace placement at the west side of the floor (fig. 34, f) was 41% inches (11.43 em) across the opening in the low wall and measured 41% inches (11.43 cm) from front to back. The mound of accumulated sand, stones, and other material above the remains of the shelter suggested a number of interesting items in the growth of the site. After the abandonment of the shelter the area was covered with a layer of sand deposited, for the most part, by wind action. The remains of the superstructure of the shelter may have formed enough of an obstruction to constitute a nucleus around which a low dune developed. The area was then used from time to time as a “workshop” where stones employed in construction work were shaped and dressed. Mason’s debris was scattered all through the deposit and that in the lower levels seem- ingly correlated with the similar material, tabular bits of sandstone, noted in the top layer fill in structure No. 12, although the latter represented only the outer fringes of the accumulation. The main stone-dressing activity apparently centered to a large extent in the section overlying the shelter. After the mound had grown to a height of approximately 2 feet 3 inches (68.58 cm) above the old ground level, building operations increased and the top 1 foot 3 inches (88.1 cm) consisted almost entirely of such debris. This is shown in the section drawings (fig. 35, 2, 3). Potsherds scattered through the layer of stones indicated that the deposit corresponded in time to the interval when considerable construction work was under way on the Great Pueblo dwellings. 68764—39—_10 134 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bub 121 One concentration of building stones, in the mound (fig. 35, e, e), presents a puzzling problem. The level where they occurred was only 6 inches (15.24 cm) above that of the old ground surface and they centered about the location of the shelter. When they were encountered in the excavation work it was thought that they had been used in walls for the structure, but the evidence was otherwise. The layer of wind-blown sand between them and the ground around iy, =u YY Yi); WyYyyy yy Re Uf YY py YY YY YY Yy Yyy Yf YYyyy Wy Yj MMW Yi 10 Lititiisiiy SCALE FEET b ee aaa eae as == ISS COURT p= SS OO esl SHELTER Bes Uf Y YY Yy Yy Y ff /; // Wy Yf Y yy YY Y YY | _ . S af Ficurn 35.—Sections for structure 12, dance court and shelter. the edges of the shelter floor demonstrated that there was a definite chronological break between the two features. To attribute the situation to coincidence does not seem an entirely satisfactory ex- planation, yet after careful consideration of all aspects of the case there can be no other conclusion. Farther along the side north from the shelter were the remains of two granaries. They were located 24 feet (7.815 m) northwest from structure 13b. Fire had destroyed both of them and the pit por- tions were filled with carbonized corn and charcoal from the super- Ropers | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 135 structures. In general they were quite similar to the granary pits discussed in preceding pages. Shallow excavations had been cov- ered with a pole, brush, and plaster superstructure. One of the pits was lined with stone slabs, while the walls of the other were cov- ered with mud plaster. The latter had slumped away from the walls, hence the exact dimensions of the pit could not be learned. There was nothing in either pit to link them with any particular structure. Judging from the normal location of granaries, with re- spect to other houses at the site, they would appear to belong with 13a or 13b. The stone-lined pit was 5 feet 6 inches (1.676 m) long and 4 feet 6 inches (1.871 m) wide. At the south end it had a depth of 10 inches (25.4 cm) and at the north end 1 foot (30.48 cm). The sec- ond pit was slightly more pentagonal in outline and measured ap- proximately 5 feet by 5 feet (1.524 by 1.524 m). Its depth was 2 feet. (60.96 cm) at the south end and 2 feet 314 inches (69.85 cm) at the north. The pile of loose rocks located 27 feet (8.230 m) northwest from these granary pits (fig. 25) apparently consisted of material gath- ered for use in construction work. The stones were arranged in an orderly fashion, although simply piled there, and were not the remains of a fallen house. Perhaps they had been carried there from the sandstone ledges along the edge of the mesa and were wait- ing to be shaped and dressed for inclusion in a structure that was never built. There was nothing to show what stage in the history of the site was represented by this feature, although their location and the nature of the surrounding earth suggest that it was subse- quent to the existence of the not far distant structure No. 15. STRUCTURE 15 AND ASSOCIATED GRANARIES The remains of structure 15 and the nearby granaries and shelters present an interesting example of a prototype for a unit or single- clan form of dwelling (fig. 25). The group as a whole is especially significant from the standpoint of the evolution of a characteristic late Developmental Pueblo type of house. Structure 15 was a typical pit dwelling of the form more commonly found in the regions north and east from the Allantown district, particularly the Chaco Canyon area. The pit was roughly circular in form and had an encircling bench (fig. 36). Both bench and inner pit were dug into the earth, although the bench was quite shallow. The back wall was just high enough to serve as a footing for the sloping side timbers of the superstructure. The top of the bench was covered with adobe plaster, but the back wall was not so treated and its face was merely the native earth. The wall of the main pit, however, had a facing 136 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 121 SFEET Uf Yy YY Ys YM WW Y y Yi, FicURD 36.—Structure 15. a, holes for support posts; b, stone embedded in bench top; c, metate on floor; d, small storage hole; e, sipapu; f, fire pit; g, basin in floor; /, fire pit ; i, ash pit; j, deflector; k, step and ladder brace; 1, basin in floor; m, storage hole in floor; n, storage basin; 0, compartment wall; p, hole for post to brace cover stone; q, ventilator opening; r, base of ventilator shaft; s, ventilator opening on ground: t, present surfa¢e; u, sand accumulation; v, original surface; w, wooden support for masonry ; 2, floor in granary; y, surface of accumulated material in shaft. Y Uy y GUM Yy Yyy YM Yj RoBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA eye of stone slabs. These were covered with plaster. The latter had fallen away in some places, although it was still in position around most of the periphery. The superstructure had been of the characteristic flat-center, slop- ing-sided type. It differed from most examples, though, in one fea- ture. There were five main support posts instead of four. Three of these were set into the face of the bench, while the other two stood out from the wall but were incorporated in the low partition forming a compartment at the ventilator side of the room (fig. 36, a). The construction of the superstructure was easily determined here because the house had been destroyed by fire. Most of the timbers were only charred, the collapse of the roof smothering the flames before the wood was wholly consumed, and were lying in positions that clearly indicated their original locations (pl. 17, a). The five uprights carried a series of stringers that formed a pentagonal framework. Several large joists extended across the central portion from one side of this framework to the other and in turn supported smaller poles. The opening in the roof above the fire pit was rec- tangular in shape, the long measurement being on the fire pit, venti- lator line. Stone slabs framed the opening and formed a protective border around its edges. The sloping ceiling consisted of a series of main beams slanting from the back of the bench to the heavy stringers on the uprights. Smaller poles were placed, running hori- zontally around the framework, on top of these (pl. 17, 6). The plaster and earth outer covering was applied directly to the timbers to complete the roof. When the structure was destroyed by fire two pottery vessels were sitting on the roof, one not far from the edge of the smoke-hole- hatchway, the other farther down the roof slope. They were found in the fill just above the burned timbers. One was a bowl (pl. 18, a) and the other a flat-topped jar filled with ears of corn (pl. 18, dD). The corn was charred by the heat of the conflagration. Why the vessels were sitting on the roof can only be answered by postulation. The surfaces of the low-rounding superstructure mounds probably served as gathering places for the families living there and it would be natural that objects, for one reason or another, were occasionally left outside. Of course it is possible that an attempt was being made to salvage belongings from the fire and that these were carried as far as the roof and then abandoned. On the other hand, one of the women of the household may have been returning from the granary with her jar of corn and the bowl and seeing smoke pouring from the dwelling, rushed to determine the cause, setting the vessels down in the process. The interior features of No. 15 were elaborate and more complex than in many of those previously discussed. The fire pit was dug 138 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bunn 121 into the earth and was roughly oval in contour (fig. 36, h). On one side two stones were set into the wall to reinforce it, but most of the periphery was covered with a heavy coating of mud plaster, burned a deep red in color. A low ridge of plaster encircled the pit on the floor level. When the chamber was excavated the pit was half filled with ashes and some small fragments of charcoal. On either side of the pit, in the floor, were two basins (fig. 36, 9, 1), of unknown purpose. They had rounded bottoms and were carefully plastered. They may have functioned as pot rests, vessels being placed there so that the heat from the fire would keep their contents from cooling too rapidly. Next to the fire pit, in the position normally occupied by the ladder box, was a rectangular-shaped basin with rounded ends (fig. 36, 4) OR ridge of plaster separated it from the fire pit. At the side toward the ventilator the wall of the basin was reinforced by a stone slab that also served as a deflector (fig. 36, 7). The basin apparently functioned as a depository.for ashes, as it was a little more than half filled with such material when first uncovered. The ashes could not be attributed to the burning of the superstructure as they were fine and powdery and free from charcoal fragments. They were the kind produced by long and continuous burning of wood in a pit and un- questionably were intentionally placed in the basin. A similar feature was noted in some of the other houses or structures. The ends of the ladder rested against a large stone set just inside the compartment (fig. 36, &). The poles were not embedded in the floor, but they had worn small, cuplike depressions in the surface of the plaster. The bracing stone was low and its top probably served as a step for anyone ascending or descending the ladder. Placed as it was, the ladder blocked the opening into the compartment and on entering or leaving the chamber it would have been necessary for one to step over the low partition. The position of the deflector stone (fig. 36, 7) between the ladder and the fire pit was not common. A majority of the structures showed the reverse, the deflector being between the ladder base and the ventilator opening. In the main part of the chamber there were two storage holes in the floor. They were on opposite sides of the fire pit and its adjacent basins (fig. 36, d, m). They were similar in form to those described for other houses. The sipapu was present in the customary position (fig. 36, e) and exhibited no unusual features. At the west side of the chamber, close to one of the main supports, was a large basin in the floor that slightly undercut the wall above it (fig. 36, n). The sides and bottom were carefully plastered and the top was encircled by a -low ridge of plaster that raised the rim somewhat above the floor level. There was nothing in the basin at the time of excavation to ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 139 show the purpose. It would have been a convenient place to keep a variety of things, however. The metate or milling stone on the floor at the east side of the chamber (fig. 36, c; pl. 19, @) was in position when found. The heat from the burning roof timbers cracked the stone, but the pieces had not fallen apart. One hand stone (mano) was lying in the trough. Several additional manos were on the floor at one side of the metate. They varied from coarse, through medium, to fine in quality and no doubt were used for grinding meal of different grades. The metate stone was raised above the floor by a base consisting of three stones. This additional height would make it possible to set a shallow basket or tray under the open end of the trough and catch the meal as it dropped from the grinding stone. Metates frequently occupied such a position in houses of this period. It was not until the following or Great Pueblo era that the practice developed of placing several such stones in a bin. The compartment at the southeast side of the chamber was formed by a series of stone slabs placed on end in the floor. Several were broken when the roof crashed in and others were cracked from the heat. They originally had been of approximately the same height, any discrepancy being compensated for by the heavy coating of plaster that covered the stones. There was a break or doorway to the low wall at the place where the ladder stood. There were no interior features in the compartment. The ventilator was well made and had several features that differed from those previously described. In common with several, however, it had been reduced in size. The original opening into the chamber was considerably larger than that of the remodeled form. The first aperture had a framing of stone; the second and smaller one was entirely of plaster. In the final form there was a step or ledge that formed a rest for a stone cover for the opening. This ledge was on the level of the original floor of the passage. Just in front of the vent, in the compartment floor, was a hole in which a small post had been set to hold the cover stone in place (fig. 36, 7). The front wall of the bench above the opening projected into the room to a degree not noted elsewhere (fig. 36, section). Whether this was intentional or had resulted from a sagging and displacement in the bench, with attendant repair work, is not known. The front edge was reinforced with a short log of wood (pl. 19, 6), but it could not be determined whether it dated from the remodeling of the ventilator or had been placed there at some subsequent time. The wood was charred from burning and some of it fell away when the debris was being removed from the pit. The full length had carried it well across the opening and about midway of the upright stone slab that formed part of the original aperture (pl. 19, 6), the stone at the right in the photograph. 140 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buby. 121 The passage was short and also had been reduced in size. This was accomplished through use of large quantities of mud plaster. The width was narrowed and the floor raised to a higher level. It was not possible to determine the status of the original passage roof because the old one was removed and a new one installed. The original floor sloped upward to the bottom of the shaft at the outer end, while the later one was almost level. The passage was of the constructed type. The shaft at the outer end had several features differing some- what from others previously described. The lower and main part was oval in outline and much larger than many of those discussed in preceding pages. The walls from the old ground level to the bottom of the shaft were native earth covered with plaster. Several courses of stone were laid around the aperture on the surface, pre- sumably to heighten the shaft. A similar condition, although in smaller degree, was mentioned in connection with structure No. 2. The presence of the masonry may indicate an attempt to prevent drifting sand from falling into the opening and blocking the shaft, or an effort to improve the ventilating functions. The extensive dome-like structure shown in the upper section of the drawing (fig. 36) does not belong to the dwelling proper. It is of later date. Subsequent to the destruction of the house by fire the ventilator shaft drifted full of sand to the height of the old ground level, as indicated by the dotted line in the shaft (fig. 36, y). The circle of rocks remained and was used as the foundation for a storage structure. The latter was built of stones laid in progres- sively contracting courses to produce the beehive-shaped structure uncovered in the digging. Before erecting the upper part, dump- heap material was placed in the bottom to level and raise the floor. The latter consisted of adobe plaster laid on top of the fill and smoothed to form an even surface (fig. 86, 2). There was nothing to show the stage to which this structure belonged. Whether it was erected shortly after the destruction of the house or following an interval of some length is not known. That the upper courses were of later date was clearly shown by a difference in the color of the mud mortar used in the masonry. That in the original section was a dark yellow, discolored by smoke stains, while in the upper part it was red and not smudged. The entire dome was covered with plaster when completed. Most of it had fallen away, how- ever, and only patches were clinging here and there when the re- mains were uncovered. The encircling courses of stone that were Jaid around the top of the shaft in the first place were an addition made after the completion of the ventilator in the original form. The stones in the are on the house side of the shaft rested partially ROBERTS] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 141 on the ground and partially on two timbers (fig. 36, w) that extended across that part of the excavation. The wood was in an advanced stage of decay when found and was only held in place by surrounding dirt. There were no traces of charring, indicating that the flames in the burning structure had not touched them. A significant factor in this connection is that the plaster on the walls of the original part of the shaft showed direct effects of fire, while the stones above did not. The latter were smoke stained, but they had not come into actual contact with flames. This suggests that the structure was damaged to some extent on an occasion prior to the addition of the stones to the shaft and later final destruction of the dwelling. The last conflagration probably produced the smoke stains on the stones. There were some indications in the dwelling proper of an earlier period fire to substantiate those in the ventilator shaft. Several places where the plaster had broken away from the face of the bench and from the bench top, the underlying material gave evidence of burning. These lead to the conclusion that there were two periods of occupation, each terminated by fire. After the first the structure was rebuilt and after the second it was abandoned. The shaft in its original status was large enough to serve as an antechamber and with the unreduced passage could have been the entrance to the house. When the passage was made smaller it would not have been possible for a person to crawl through the aperture into the room. The conditions warrant the suggestion that in this house there is a record of the shift from antechamber, passage entrance to access by means of a ladder through the smoke-hole- hatchway in the superstructure. This shift, if such actually occurred, correlated with the first burning of the house and subse- quent remodeling. The fill in the main part of No. 15 consisted largely of charred timbers, burned plaster, and drift sand. At no time was the pit used as a dumping place for refuse. When the hole had filled to the old original ground level a definite surface of occupation de- veloped and a fire pit was placed there (fig. 36, f). This pit was lined with stone slabs and had a large stone for its bottom. The slabs around the sides projected slightly above the ground level, with the result that the fire basin was deeper than the hole in which it was placed. This pit probably corresponded in time to the gran- ary or bin erected above the old ventilator shaft. The accumula- tion of sand above the fire pit and the beehive-shaped structure ap- parently dates from a period subsequent to the abandonment of both. The quantity of burned timber in the pit of No. 15 supplied ample material for dendrochronological studies and determining the age 142 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bunn 121 of the structure. The latest date obtained was 888, and the earliest 857, a spread of 31 years.* That the life span of the structure should be considered as of that duration is questionable. The logs of earlier date may have been taken from another structure. There is, of course, a possibility that they were part of the original super- structure and were employed in the rebuilding that took place when the ventilator was reduced in size and the encircling stones laid around the ground-level opening at the top of the shaft. To assume that such was the case is not warranted by the evidence, but it does suggest an interesting possibility. On the basis of the latest date it can be said definitely that the house was occupied, that is its final period of inhabitation, circa 888. This antedates by 30 years struc- ture No, 12 and its 918. There was an overlapping in dates for cer- tain logs in the two, however, as was mentioned in connection with the discussion of No. 12. How long both were occupied from the period of their latest dates until destroyed by fire is not known. That No. 15 was burned before No. 12 is indicated by the difference in potsherds found on the floors of each. Those from No, 12 defi- nitely represent a later type. Structure No. 15 had a diameter of 13 feet 1 inch (3.987 m) below the bench on the ventilator, fire pit, sipapu line, and 19 feet 1 inch (5.816 m) above the bench. At right angles to this line the inner diameter, below the bench, was 15 feet (4.572 m) and the outer, in- cluding the bench top, measured 20 feet 2 inches (6.146 m). On the ventilator side of the chamber the top of the bench was 2 feet 814 inches (82.55 cm) above the floor. At the opposite side it was 3 feet 1 inch (93.98 cm). The back wall of the bench was 6 inches (15.24 em) high. The floor at the ventilator side was 3 feet 9 inches (1.143 m) below the original ground level and 8 feet 714 inches (2.628 m) below the present surface. At the opposite side of the room the floor was the same distance below the old ground level, 3 feet 9 inches ea m), but was only 7 feet 914 inches (2.374 m) below the recent evel, The holes for the support posts varied somewhat in size, but this was in part due to the edges being broken at the floor level. The timbers used for the main uprights apparently were about the same size. They seem to have approximated closely a 614-inch (16.51-cm) diameter. The post at the north side of the chamber was set into the face of the bench for a little over half of the diameter. The plaster of the bench had touched the timber all along its surface and showed the log had a 6-inch (15.24-em) diameter. The hole in the floor at the base of the bench was slightly oval in form with 6-inch (15.24-em) and 7-inch (17.78-cm) diameters. The depth was 8 Miller, 1934, p. 16, designated as House 4/82. ROBERTS } ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 143 only 6 inches (15.24 cm). The enclosing bench wall furnished con- siderable support for the timber, hence greater depth was probably not essential. The hole for the support post in the east compart- ment wall measured 6 inches (15.24 cm) by 10 inches (25.4 cm). The depth was 1 foot 9 inches (53.84 cm), a much deeper placement than that in the bench. The post in the west compartment wall was set in a hole with diameters of 8% inches (21.59 cm) and 914 inches (24.18 cm) and a depth of 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm). The post at the southwest side, in the bench face, had a diameter of 61/ inches (16.51 cm). The charred butt was still in place and was not removed, so that the depth of the hole is not known. The timber in the western arc of the bench face also measured 614 inches (16.51 cm) in diameter. The hole in the floor was 6 inches (15.24 em) in depth. The fire pit (fig. 36, h) measured 2 feet 614 inches (77.47 cm) on the sipapu, ventilator line and 2 feet 1 inch (63.50 cm) across in the other direction. At the sipapu side it had a depth of 10 inches (25.4 cm) and at the ventilator side 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm). The plaster ridge separating it from the basin containing ashes was 1 inch (2.54 cm) thick at the narrowest point. The ash basin had a length of 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm) and a width of 1114 inches (29.21 cm). At the fire-pit side it had a depth of 1 inch (2.54 cm) and in front of the deflector stone it was 114 inches (3.81 cm) deep. The deflector stone (fig. 36, 7) measured 8 inches (20.32 cm) by 2 inches (5.08 cm) and stood 1 foot (30.48 cm) above the floor. The sipapu (fig. 36, ¢) was 2 feet 314 inches (69.85 cm) from the fire pit. It was slightly oval in form with diameters of 7 and 8 inches (17.78 and 20.32 cm). The depth was somewhat greater than in many of the examples and measured 934 inches (24.76 cm). The hole in the floor (fig. 36, d) had a diameter of 5 inches (12.7 em) and a depth of 2 inches (5.08 cm). The hole was practically midway between the fire pit and the wall, being 3 feet 2 inches (96.52 em) from the latter and 3 feet (91.44 cm) from the former. It was only 9 inches (22.86 cm) from the end of the metate stone. The hole in a corresponding location at the opposite side of the room (fig. 36, m) had a diameter of 3 inches (7.62 cm) and a depth of 4 inches (10.16 cm). This hole was 2 feet 3 inches (68.58 cm) from the fire pit and 38 feet 3 inches (99.06 cm) from the wall. The basins on either side of the fire pit (fig. 36, g, 7) differed in size. The length for g was 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm), the width 514 inches (13.97 cm) at the small end and 614 inches (16.51 cm) at the large. The average depth was 5 inches (12.7 cm). This basin was 61% inches (16.51 cm) from the fire pit. Basin / had a length of 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm), a width of 914 inches (24.13 cm) at the broad end and 814 inches (21.59 cm) at the narrow. The depth averaged 4 144 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bunn. 121 inches (10.16 cm), and the distance between the basin and the fire pit measured 814 inches (21.59 cm). The storage place at the base of the wall (fig 36, 2) had diameters of 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) and 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm). It undercut the face of the bench 114 inches (3.81 em). The basin had a depth of 4 inches (10.16 cm). The plaster rim around the top averaged 3 inches (7.62 cm) in width and at the edge of the basin was 1 inch (2.54 cm) above the floor level. The metate (fig. 36, ¢) had a maximum length of 1 foot 814 inches (52.07 cm) and a maximum breadth of 1 foot 414 inches (41.91 em). The trough in the stone measured 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) long on a median line and was 10 inches (25.4 em) wide. The bulk of the stone was 5 inches (12.7 em) thick and it was raised 3 inches (7.62 cm) above the floor level. The stones forming the walls of the compartment varied in height, width, and thickness (fig. 36, 0). Some of the stones had been broken when the roof fell, so that the measurements given are not in all cases their original height. At the southwest corner of the compartment the wall height was 2 feet 5 inches (73.66 cm) and at the northeast end was 1 foot 11 inches (58.42 cm). These measurements include the adobe plaster covering over the stones. Beginning at the northeast end of the compartment wall (fig. 36), the stones measured: First, 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 em) long, 234 inches (6.98 cm) thick, and 1 foot 9 inches. (53.34 cm) high. Second, 9 inches (22.86 em) long, 1 inch (2.54 em) thick, and 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 em) high. Third, 9 inches (22.86 cm) long, 214 inches (6.35 em) thick, and 8 inches (20.32 cm) high. Fourth, 814 inches (21.59 em) long, 314 inches (8.89 em) thick, and 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) high. Fifth, 5 inches (12.7 em) long, 314 inches (8.89 cm) thick, and 1 foot (30.48 cm) high; the opening in the wall in front of the ven- tilator was 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 em) wide. The sixth stone was 3% inches (8.89 em) long, 2 inches (5.08 cm) thick, and 8 inches (20.32 cm) high. The seventh measured 744 inches (19.05 em) long, 314 inches (8.89 cm) thick, and 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 em) high; the small brac- ing stone next to No. 7 was 5 inches (12.7 cm) long, 3 inches (7.62 em) thick, and 3 inches (7.62 em) high. The eighth stone was 1 foot (30.48 cm) long, 1 inch (2.54 cm) thick, and 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 em) high. The ninth was 914 inches (24.18 em) long, 214 inches (6.35 cm) thick, and 2 feet 1 inch (63.5 cm) high. The tenth stone was 1 foot (30.48 cm) long, 214 inches (5.71 cm) thick, and 2 feet 3 inches (68.58 em) high. Roserts ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 145 The ladder brace, just inside the compartment (fig. 36, %) was 1 foot 914 inches (54.61 em) long, 4 inches (10.16 cm) thick, and rose 6 inches (15.24 cm) above the floor. The hole where a small pole had been set as a reinforcement for the end of the compartment wall at the southwest side of the door- way (fig. 836) was 314 inches (8.89 cm) in diameter and had a depth of 3 inches (7.62 cm). There was nothing to indicate what the height of the pole had been. The hole in front of the ventilator opening, where a post to hold a cover stone in place over the vent had been set, measured 2 inches (5.08 cm) and 3 inches (7.62 cm) in diameter and had a depth of 2 inches (5.08 cm). The hole (fig. 36, ») was against the riser to the vent sill. The ventilator aperture, in its final form, was 10 inches (25.4 cm) wide and 9 inches (22.86 cm) high. The sill was 5 inches (12.7 cm) above the compartment floor. The offset for the cover slab was 314 inches (8.89 cm) deep at the sill. The original opening into the pas- sage was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) wide. The height could not be determined. The passage was 3 feet 2 inches (96.52 cm) long. Where it entered the shaft it was 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 em) wide and 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) high. The original width was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm). The shaft had a diameter of 3 feet 11 inches (1.193 m) on the passage line and 3 feet 2 inches (96.52 cm) at right angles to it. The bottom of the pit was 2 feet 11 inches (88.9 em) below the original ground level and 8 feet 5 inches (2.565 m) below the present surface. The circle of stones first placed around the opening on the surface was 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) high. The completed structure (fig. 36, s) rose 3 feet 6 inches (1.066 m) above the ground level. Inside the total height, from the adobe floor to the opening, was 2 feet 11 inches (88.9 cm). The opening at the top was approximately 2 feet (60.96 cm). The fire pit built on top of the fill in the pit of No. 15, and dating from the same period as the stone structure above the vent shaft, was 2 feet 3 inches (68.58 cm) by 2 feet 5 inches (73.66 cm) and had a depth of 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm). The edges of the stone slabs lining the pit projected above the surface of the level of occupation 3 inches (7.62 cm). The bottom of the pit was 2 feet 9 inches (83.82 cm) above the floor of the dwelling. The top of the pit was 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm) below the present surface. The group of granaries associated with structure No. 15 consti- tuted one of the more significant features at the site. They were lo- cated 19 to 25 feet (5.791 m to 7.620 m) north and west from the dwelling and were built in an orderly row (fig. 37). The pit por- tions were rectangular and there was evidence to show that they had been covered with pole, brush, and plaster superstructures of the 146 BURBAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bunn. 121 truncated pyramidal type. The walls in this type had only a slight slant and the roofs were flat. No internal supports were used. The corner posts were placed just at the edge of the pit and carried a a a SE ee pe “Nae Sq 7 B yd \ ’ = S oo os, a Re MPSS ty? Z oN @ aero ¥ We os “ aS | ~2 SHE LAWER x Soe, eK IEA 6 es ioe S, v ane ef ‘ Re x E op “ G “9 S KE c Ms A Bo ° i ve No, 15 <7 rs og Siaee Ke 0° 7} OR ye eS Ro ited O \ om yA ee ee TNS os 8-7 SHELTER (Cs iw Ss Py Ss, wee ic us 9, ib a5 4 ~ X - H ¥ of Sey O IOFEET “ . a ed Y/ Zh é No. 15 : Yy y Uff Ey ; YY. MY : Y Y >yn Wy fifjiiyyy Y fy fy TVW) Hy Yi yyy Wry yy yyy yy MME YM EEE CC@E@EC@_@ FVE@q@eEAMMMM@##?##iL FIGURE 37.—Plan of No. 15 group of house, granaries, and shelters. framework that supported both side poles and horizontal roofing timbers. The pits of all but one had been lined with stone slabs. The single exception may have had them at one time. Fire had destroyed the structure, however, and it is possible that the stone was removed ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 147 for use elsewhere. The outlines of the pit were not sharp and clear as the earth walls had slumped in places and traces of the stones that might have been there were lost. This structure (fig. 37, C) was filled with corn when it burned and several inches of charred grain and cobs covered the floor. Granary /# also burned and some of the stones were missing from its pit. There were signs on the walls, though, to show that stones were used there. In several of the ex- amples a number of courses of horizontally laid stones were used to augment the height of the slabs and approximately half of one wall in another (fig. 37, B) consisted of this type of masonry. The floors of a number of the pits (A, D, and G) were completely paved with slabs, while in others scattered flagstones were embedded in the plaster. Two of the structures showed that small fires had been kindled on the floor near the center of the pit, although there was no actual fire basin present. This is an indication that on occasions, when they were not fulfilling their functions as storage places, the eranaries were used as temporary habitations. Two surface shelters were associated with the granaries. One of these was erected in front of the two at the north end of the row (fig. 87, A, B; pl. 20, a). An area on the surface was enclosed by a series of stone slabs set upright in the ground (fig. 38). In the center of this space was a stone-lined fire pit. Six upright posts, two placed midway along the front and back sides and four near the corners, had supported a rude arbor, probably a brush roof similar to those previously described. Except for the sides of the granaries, which would have served in that capacity at the back of the enclosure, there was nothing to indicate the former existence of any kind of walls. The rude structure thus formed would shelter the people from the sun and give some protection during light showers, but it would not have been very serviceable in times of severe storms. The remains of a similar shelter were present at the south end of the group. The latter was not as well preserved, although there were indications that the floor had been enclosed by slabs and that six posts were used to support the covering. The fire pit associated with this second struc- ture was not in the enclosed space but just outside, between it and the dwelling. The important factor about this group of granaries is the manner in which they foreshadow the row of contiguous rooms and associated ceremonial chamber in the unit-type house of subse- quent years. When the general plan and grouping of the No. 15 complex is compared with others discussed in following pages this becomes more apparent. The granary pits varied somewhat in size and depth. A was 5 feet 10 inches (1.778 m) long and 5 feet (1.524 m) wide. At its north end it was 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm) deep and at the south end 2 feet 5 inches (73.66 cm). The distance between it and B was 1 148 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bon 121 f 8 BO” . Q \ A \ Ms [o g \ °8 zs ees SHELTER 0 SEES d S 773 b = Eien V/ YY Dy y/ WG : (La Co 7 a d —Y///" : i _ UMMM MLL YY U1, Uji Yj / Yj ] YY ¥ .—Granaries A B ter o. 15 group. hole for support post; 1F q urface; ¢€ 1 surface ; Wy s and and shel in N a, hole fo upport post; d, present 8 , sand fill; f, original su supports for re ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 149 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm). B was 6 feet 4 inches (1.930 m) long, 4 feet 9 inches (1.447 m) wide, and 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) deep at both ends. C@ was approximately 6 feet (1.828 m) square, but exact measurements could not be determined. The depth at the ends of the pit was 2 feet 8 inches (81.28 cm). D was 7 feet 3 inches (2.209 m) long, 6 feet 4 inches (1.930 m) wide. The depth at the north end was 1 foot (30.48 cm) and at the south end 9 inches (22.86 cm). That was the shallowest pit in the group. / was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 em) from D, had a length of 7 feet 6 inches (2.286 m), a width of 4 feet 6 inches (1.371 m), and a depth of 2 feet (60.96 cm) at both ends. # was only 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) from F. Its length was 6 feet (1.828 m), its width 4 feet 4 inches (1.320 m), the depth at the north end 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm) ard at the south 2 feet 8 inches (81.28 cm). G was 19 feet (5.791 m) from F. The length of G was 5 feet 6 inches (1.676 m) and the width 4 feet 6 inches (1.371 m). The depth was 1 foot (30.48 cm) at both ends. H was 8 feet (2.438 m) from G. The stone had been removed from the sides of the pit but its outline was distinct. It had a length of 8 feet 2 inches (2.489 m) and a width of 5 feet 6 inches (1.676 m). Like G, the depth at each end of H was 1 foot (30.48 cm). The shelter in front of granaries A and B covered an area 10 feet (3.048 m) by 12 feet (3.657 m). The enclosing slabs averaged 8 inches (20.382 cm) in height. The posts that supported the arbor averaged 6 inches (15.24 cm) in diameter. The fire pit near the center of the floor space had diameters of 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm) and 2 feet (60.96 cm) and was 10 inches (25.4 cm) deep. The shel- ter between granary G and the dwelling had a floor area 9 feet (2.748 m) by 12 feet (3.657 m). The posts used to support the arbor averaged 3 inches (7.62 cm) in diameter. This was about half the size of those noted for the other structure and the smallest noted for the entire site. The arbor that they supported could not have been as heavy as that for other similar structures at this loca- tion. The stones around the floor area, that is, those still in posi- tion, indicated that the wall height for the enclosure had averaged 1 foot (30.48 cm). STRUCTURE 16 AND ASSOCIATED GRANARIES The group consisting of No. 16 and its adjacent storage structures (fig. 39), represented an earlier stage in the sequence than the No. 15 group. Some of the features noted in the latter were present in the Ne. 16 assemblage in cruder and less developed form and clearly showed certain steps in the evolution of characteristic ele- ments in the unit-type structure. The granaries were built in a row to the west and south of the house and differed to some extent 68764—39——11 150 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bou. 121 iN “a na " Hea \ % fale | 4 g fire Se | Ya O pit i a nae . l rt C : val 2 : vA ae IOF Ba o oF ROBmRTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 151 irom those described for the preceding group. The main interest here, however, is in connection with the mode of entrance to the dwelling structure. This was not through the roof, as in most of those previously described, but through the opening at the south- east side that generally is considered as the ventilator. Structure No, 16 was of the semisubterranean type with a roughly circular pit and bench (pl. 20, 6). Both pit and bench were dug into the earth. As in the case of No. 15, the excavation for the bench was shallow and its back wall irregular, so much so, in fact, that the top of the bench was much wider in some places than in others. The walls of the main pit were not lined with slabs; they were simply covered with a thick coating of plaster. The super- structure was presumably of the truncated pyramidal type supported by a rectangular framework resting on uprights. There had been four main supports, but one had been reinforced by another smaller post. Two of the posts, one being that with a secondary brace, were set in the floor some distance from the wall of the main pit, while the other two, at the compartment side, practically touched the face of the bench. A few of the sloping side poles had their ends em- bedded in the earth at the back of the bench to hold them in posi- tion. Others merely rested in the angle formed by the back wall and the top of the bench. The portion of the periphery where the timbers were set in holes was that where the back wall of the bench was very low and the additional feature of the embedded ends may have been a necessary precaution against possible slipping when the superstructure was covered with earth and plaster. Only a few ex- amples of the setting of sloping side poles in this manner were found at this site, although it was a common practice in other localities. Interior finishings were not as complex as in some of the struc- tures. The fire pit consisted of a simple circular basin (fig. 40, e) near the center of the floor space. No stones were used in its con- struction and the sloping sides and bottom were covered with plaster, a continuation of the layer that formed the floor. There was no ladder box, for reasons associated with the difference in the mode of entrance, and no basin for ashes. There was no separate de- flector, the compartment wall functioning in that capacity. There were only a few holes in the floor. One of these (fig. 40, c) was the Sipapu, one was for storage of small articles (fig. 40, 6), and the third, more of a depression or small basin than an actual hole, was probably a pot rest (fig. 40, d). It was so placed that a round- bottomed vessel set there would not only maintain an upright posi- tion but it was close enough to the fire to keep its contents warm. The sides of the sipapu and the storage hole were vertical and both sides and bottom in each were carefully plastered. In the case of 152 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY {Bubu. 121 the storage hole this must have been difficult to accomplish as it was of small diameter and it would have required a small hand to work inside and properly apply the plaster. There had been a compartment at the southeast side of the cham- ber, but most of the stones used in its wall had been removed. This possibly took place when the structure was abandoned. The molds where the stones stood were much in evidence, however, and the out- line of the wall was easily traced on the floor (fig. 40, 7). Six slabs had been used to form the wall and their surfaces and the spaces between were covered and filled with adobe plaster. At the west end of the wall a space large enough for an additional stone was entirely blocked in with the mud mortar. The wall had been continuous and since there was no break or opening near the center, between the fire pit and the aperture to the vent passage, a deflector stone was not needed. There was a small bin in the east end of the compartment. It was formed by cutting into the face of the bench and by blocking off the end of the compartment by the use of additional stone slabs (fig. 40, f). The floor in the bin was considerably higher than either that of the compartment or the main part of the chamber. The level was raised through the use of stones and mud mortar. The bottom of the bin was partially paved with small slabs set in the plaster. There was a shallow basin in the compartment floor directly in front of the vent-passage opening (fig. 40, A). In this instance it was not a post placement of the type described for some of the other structures, yet it could have served as a rest for a brace leaned against a stone slab blocking the aperture. It also might have functioned as a rest for a round-bottomed vessel, though its position would seem to be somewhat inconvenient for such use. What its actual purpose was is not known. A stone was set in the floor in the opening into the vent passage (fig. 40,7). Whether this was a sill placed there to protect the edge of the passage floor, which was at a higher level than that of the com- partment, or had risen some distance above the floor as a sort of secondary deflector could not be determined. The stone was broken and there was nothing to indicate its height at the time of occupancy, although the edge of the passage floor indicated that it had at least been flush with its surface if not somewhat higher. As previously mentioned, this passage had constituted the entrance to the dwelling. At its outer end it was wider than at the opening into the pit and its floor sloped upward from the room. Embedded in the floor at the outer end were the decayed butts of ladder poles (fig. 40, %) and for this reason it is concluded that the feature was an actual entrance rather than a ventilator. The side and end walls of the passage did not rise vertically. They sloped outward so that the passage was wider at the top than at the bottom. This would have facilitated Ropers | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 153 y 7 Upp. f y ; a _ 7/77/77 // yy Yy ly YY // i WY ff YW Y// Y) Y/ Y 1 Y/ Ficurp 40.—Structure 16. a, holes for main roof supports; 6b, small storage hole; ec, sipapu; d, pot rest; e, fire pit; f, storage bin; g, groove for compartment wall; h, basin in floor ; i, sill in passage opening; j, passage; k, holes for ladder poles; 1, placements for side poles; m, present surface; n, old surface; o, sand fill. 154 BUREAU OF AMBRICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bunt, 121 movement, as greater space would be provided for the body and shoulders of the person using it. The ladder had sufficient slant to make ascent and descent easy. The passage was of the trench type and had been covered with small poles along that part of its length where it cut through the bench, thus forming a short tunnel. The cross timbers were probably covered with adobe plaster, possibly a continuation of the surface extending along the bench top. The outer end was in the highest point of ground in the vicinity of the structure and surface water would have drained away from it on all sides. Everything considered, this construction undoubtedly made an efficient and convenient means of access to the house. The fill in structure 16 had a number of significant features. From the floor to just above the bench top it was a natural accumulation consisting of wind-blown sand with a slight admixture of ashes and sporadic ‘pieces of charcoal. There were no potsherds, stone chips, nor bone splinters in this portion of the deposit, showing that it was not refuse material. Just above the bench level were several streaks of water-washed sand and silt similar to those noted in the fill in some of the other pits. In this instance they were at a con- siderably higher level and if they were produced by the same phenomena as in the others would indicate a greater age for this structure. This was borne out by other factors suggesting that such was the case. Above the water-deposited layers was one of reddish- colored sand, wind-blown material. This in turn was overlain by sand mixed with ashes and charcoal. Numerous potsherds, stone chips, and bone fragments were scattered through this portion of the deposit. This was dump-heap material that had drifted down across the pit from the nearby refuse mound (fig. 25) subsequent to the abandonment of the house. The remains of a double burial, two children, were above the bench at the southwest side of the cham- ber (fig. 25, No. 30). The interment was made after the pit had filled to the bench level, as was shown by the fact that the bones were in the red sand above the layers of water-deposited material. Furthermore, it was prior to the drifting of the refuse material from the adjacent mound, as the latter extended across the burial pit in an unbroken line. The skeletons were poorly preserved and had no mortuary offerings with them, so it is not possible to place them in the general sequence for the site on the basis of associated objects. They may represent the stage of the No. 15 unit, but such cannot be established. When the grave was dug a portion of the back wall of the bench was removed, which accounts for the greater width of the feature at that part of its periphery. There were no timbers in No. 16 of sufficient worth to give dendrochronological dates; the butts of the ladder poles were too ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 155 decayed, and the actual age of the structure is not known. A few potsherds found on its floor (similar ones came from one of the nearby granaries) were of the type present in the lowest level in, all test sections. Hence relatively the structure may be considered as early in the sequence, even though the definite years represented are not known. Structure 16 had a diameter of 9 feet 7 inches (2.921 m) on the sipapu, fire-pit line below the bench. Above the bench it measured 14 feet 6 inches (4.419 m). Below the bench, at right angles to the first measurement, the diameter was 9 feet 9 inches (2.971 m), and on the same line above the bench 14 feet 5 inches (4.394 m). The top of the bench ranged from 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 cm) to 3 feet 514 inches (1.054 m) in width. At the passage side of the room the bench top was 3 feet 10 inches (1.168 m) above the floor and the back wall of the bench was 4 inches (10.16 cm) high. The floor was 4 feet (1.219 m) below the old ground level and 6 feet 2 inches (1.879 m) beneath the present surface. At the opposite side the top of the bench was 3 feet 8 inches (1.117 m) above the floor and its back wall was 5 inches (12.7 cm) high. The floor of the chamber was 3 feet 4 inches (1.016 m) beneath the original ground level and 5 feet 4 inches (1.625 m) below the present. On the other diameter, at the west side of the room the bench top was 2 feet 9 inches (83.82 cm) above the floor and the back wall of the bench was 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) high. The floor was 4 feet 1 inch (1.244 m) below the original surface and 7 feet 7 inches (2.311 m) beneath the present. At the east side the top of the bench was 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm) above the floor and the back wall was 4 inches (10.16 cm) high. The floor was 3 feet 2 inches (96.52 cm) below the old surface and 4 feet 9 inches (1.447 m) beneath the present. The holes at the back of the bench, for the slanting side poles, were from 3 to 4 inches (7.62 to 10.16 cm) in diameter. The holes for the support posts were slightly irregular in outline and in the case of one the edges were broken at the floor line. The hole at the north side of the chamber had diameters of 614 inches (16.51 cm) and 10 inches (25.4 em) and a depth of 814 inches (21.59 em). The hole was 9 inches (22.86 cm) from the face of the bench. The hole at the east side of the chamber had diameters of 6 inches and 7 inches (15.24 and 17.78 cm) and a depth of 1014 inches (26.04 em). It was at the edge of the wall. The hole for the south post was also against the wall and had diameters of 714 inches (19.05 cm) and 10 inches (25.4cm). Its depth was 1 foot 114 inches (33.65 cm). The west hole, the double one, measured 8 inches (20.82 cm) by 11 inches (27.94 cm). It was 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) from the wall. The fire pit (fig. 40, ¢) had diameters of 1 foot 5 inches (43.18 cm) and 1 foot 314 inches (89.37 cm). The depth of the pit was 514 156 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buut. 121 inches (13.97 cm). The sipapu (fig. 40, c) was 8% inches (21.59 cm) from the fire pit. It had diameters of 6 inches (15.24 em) and 7 inches (17.78 cm) and a depth of 10 inches (25.4 em). The small storage hole (fig. 40, ) was 8 inches (7.62 cm) from the sipapu. The diameter was 3 inches (7.62 em) and the depth 4 inches (10.16 cm). The pot rest (fig. 40, 2) was 24% inches (6.35 cm) from the fire pit. It was 6 inches (15.24 cm) in diameter and 34 inches (8.89 cm) deep at the center. The bin at one end of the compartment measured 2 feet 3 inches (68.58 em) by 1 foot 5 inches (43.18 cm). The floor was 1 foot 1% inch (31.75 cm) higher than that of the room and the bin had a depth of 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) on the room side. At the back, however, the top of the bench was 2 feet 1 inch (63.5 cm) above the bottom of the bin. The stones remaining in the bin, in order from top to bottom in the diagram (fig. 40), measured 1 foot 21% inches (36.83 em) long, 2 feet 214 inches (67.31 cm) high, 4 inches (10.16 em) thick; 414 inches (11.48 cm) long, 2 feet 3 inches (68.58 cm) high, 3 inches (7.62 em) thick; 5% inches (13.97 cm) long, 1 foot (30.48 cm) high, 1 inch (2.54 cm) thick; 6 inches (15.24 cm) long, 10 inches (25.4 em) high, 54 inch (1.58 em) thick; 1 foot 114 inches (34.29 cm) long, 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm) high, and 234 inches (6.98 cm) thick. The basin in the floor of the compartment (fig. 40, 2) had diam- eters of 614 inches (16.51 cm) and 9 inches (22.86 cm) and a depth of 4 inches (10.16 cm). The basin was 8 inches (20.32 cm) from the opening into the entrance passage. The entrance to the passage was 1 foot 314 inches (39.37 em) wide at the bottom and 1 foot 614 inches (46.99 em) wide at the top. ‘The top part of the trench broadened to 2 feet (60.96 em) a short distance back of the doorway. The top of the bench was 8 feet 6 inches (1.066 m) above the floor of the passage at the opening. The stone sill (fig. 40, 7) was 1 foot 114 inches (34.29 cm) long, 2 inches (5.08 em) thick, and 21% inches (6.85 cm) high. The floor of the passage was 4 inches (10.16 em) higher than the floor of the compartment. The passage trench was 4 feet 8 inches (1.422 m) long at the bottom and 5 feet 8 inches (1.727 m) at the top. When in use, the tunnel portion was 38 feet (91.44 cm) long and the manhole was 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 em) by 2 feet 8 inches (81.28 cm). The holes where the ladder ends rested (fig. 40, &) were against the end wall. One had diameters of 4 and 6 inches (10.16 and 15.24 em) and the other 7 and 9 inches (17.78 and 22.86 em). The bottom of the trench at the ladder placement was 3 feet 9 inches (1.143 m) below the old ground level and 5 feet 10 inches (1.778 m) below the present surface. The trench was 1 foot 814 inches (52.07 cm) wide at the bottom of the ladder and 2 feet 7 inches (78.74 cm) at the top. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 157 The row of granaries was 9 feet 6 inches (2.895 m) west of struc- ture No. 16. Midway between the surface structures and the dwell- ing was a surface fire pit lined with stone slabs (fig. 39). There were no traces of a shelter or arbor like that in front of the No, 15 eranaries, A and B. The fire was merely built in the open. The granaries differed from those in the group near structure 15 in that they were roughly oval or circular in form. They were of the same B — oO SFEET a. So So 3 B = a] =< ab | ° Y] W yyy Ficurn 41.—Granaries A and B of the No. 16 group. a, mano or hand milling stone; b, metate stone; c, fire pit; d, storage basin; e, present surface; f/f, original ground level. SSN general construction, however, in that the walls of the pits were faced with stone slabs and there were a few examples of the use of hori- zontally laid stones above the vertical ones. Not all of the slabs lining the walls extended to the floor levels. Some of them were set into the wall so that their tops were flush with the ground, while the bottoms were several inches above the pit floor. The granaries had pole, brush, and plaster superstructures. The latter, in two ex- amples, seem to have been pyramidal rather than flat-topped. The 158 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLt. 121 evidence for this was not as clear-cut as could be desired and it is possible that the other form was used. The other two (fig. 39, A, B) were of the truncated type, described in the discussion of the No. 15 group, as indicated by the timber molds at the edges of the pits. Two of the granaries (fig. 39, A, B) were connected by a small doorway. This is unusual but is probably attributable to the fact that they were used, at least temporarily, as a dwelling. One of the pits (B) had a metate and mano lying on the floor at the center of the chamber and the other (A) had a small fire basin in the floor near the opening between the two pits (fig. 41). This basin was dug into the floor and had simple earth walls. It had sufficient use to burn the soil a deep red. Close to the fire pit and nearer the center of the pit was a depression in the floor that was almost filled with wood ashes. Whether the feature was originally intended for such uss or had another purpose before serving as a depository for ashes could not be determined. It seems rather curious that so large a place should be provided for an ash receptacle in so small a structure unless the residue was definitely being retained for some specific pur- pose. Parts from two large storage jars were also in this room. Pieces from one of them were found on the floor in No. 16, a factor that is good evidence for the contemporaneity of the structure. Granary C (fig. 39) had the same general shape and size as B. The floor had been paved with small, thin slabs of stone. The chief matter of interest in connection with the structure was in the fact that it overlay a circular pit containing a triple burial (fig. 25, Nos. 26, 27, 28). A young adult female and two children were interred there before the granary was created. There were no accompanying mortuary offerings to provide a clue to the stage to which they belonged. Only one of the skulls was in a condition to give any indications of its general characteristics and since it was undeformed, that fact suggests that the group was among the earlier settlers at the site. The burials were only 9 inches (22.86 em) below the floor of the storage bin, but there was clear evidence that the pit for the bin was dug at some time subsequent to the placing of the bodies there. An almost identical situation was discovered in connection with granary D. It also was above a burial, the only difference being that two instead of three individuals had been placed there. The skeletons were in a fairly good state of preservation and represented an aged female and an adolescent child (pl. 21, a). They had been placed side by side, in tightly flexed positions, in an oval pit. There were no mortuary articles in the grave and as in the case of the other burial there was nothing definite to show the phase of cultural development that they represented. Both were long-headed indi- BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUEFERINEG 21, RPEATE SKS Q | a. Pit and floor of structure 15. b. Compartment wall and ventilator of structure 15. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 PLATE 20 6. Pit and floor of structure 16. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 PLATE 21 a. Double burial beneath granary floor in structure 16 group. b. View across Developmental Pueblo village. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 PLATE 22 5. Wall construction in second unit. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 159 viduals, however, and in view of the fact that they had been buried before the construction of the granary it seems logical to conclude that they belonged to the oldest stage or the Modified Basket Makers. It is possible that in both this burial and that beneath the other granary baskets or woven materials were interred with the bodies as offerings and that all traces of them had disappeared through the course of subsequent centuries. The use of baskets and woven bags for such purposes was quite common in the Modified Basket Maker horizon, as has been demonstrated by burials found in caves and protected places where the complete dryness of the sur- rounding earth has preserved the materials. The bones of these indi- viduals were 1 foot (30.48 cm) beneath the paved floor of the gran- ary. They were in clean sand and unquestionably were buried before the construction of the granary. The latter was not in as good a state of preservation as the others in the group. Most of the flag- stones for the floor were in position but a number of the wall slabs had fallen in and a few were missing. It was possible to trace the main outlines of the pit, however, and establish the fact that it was roughly oval in outline and approximately the same size as some of the others. The main significance in this group of storage structures, as was the case for those associated with No. 15, is in their position with relation to the semisubterranean dwelling and the evidence that two of them had been used as living quarters. The complex again dem- onstrates the beginning of the unit type, but in slightly cruder form than in the No. 15 group. The surface fire pit was approximately midway between granary C and structure No. 16. It was 3 feet 6 inches (1.066 m) from (@ and 4 feet (1.219 m) from the back of the bench of No. 16. The pit was a simple rectangular box lined with stone slabs. A single stone sufficed for each of three sides, but two were used for the fourth. The pit was 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm) by 1 foot 9 inches (53.84 cm) and 10 inches (25.4 cm) deep. The old ground level, the top of the slabs in the pit, was 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm) below the present surface. Granary A was 8 feet (2.438 m) long, 6 feet (1.828 m) wide, 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) deep at the north end and 2 feet (60.96 em) deep at the south. The depression containing ashes was oval in outline with diameters of 3 feet 1 inch (93.98 cm) and 2 feet 3 inches (68.58 em). The depth was 414 inches (11.48 em). This basin was 6 inches (15.24 cm) from the east wall of the granary pit. The fire pit was only 314 inches (8.89 cm) from the ash basin. The pit was 1014 inches (26.67 cm) by 1 foot 114 inches (34.29 cm) on its di- ameters and had a depth of 3 inches (7.62 cm). The pit was 1 foot 1 inch (83.02 cm) from the east wall, 1 foot 11 inches (58.42 cm) 160 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuuL, 121 from the west, and 9 inches (22.86 cm) from the doorway. It was far enough to one side not to have interfered with use of the opening. The doorway was 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 cm) wide. Granary B was also 8 feet (2.488 m) long. The width varied. At the north end it was 4 feet (1.219 m) and at the south, just before the walls began to curve to form the end, 4 feet 6 inches (1.871 m). The depth at the north end was 2 feet (60.96 cm) and at the south 1 foot 914 inches (54.61 cm). Granary @ abutted B and was built subsequently to it. @ hada length of 8 feet (2.438 m), was 3 feet 914 inches (1.155 m) wide at the end near B and 5 feet 114 inches (1.562 m) wide at the other. It was much shallower than either A or B. At the north end, next to B, it was 8 inches (20.82 cm) deep and at the south end 1 foot 1% inches (34.29 cm). Granary D was 4 feet 7 inches (1.397 m) from @. The wall slabs were either entirely missing or had fallen from their positions, so that the measurements are for the pit and for that reason are some- what larger than they would have been with the stones in place. The pit had a length of 9 feet 3 inches (2.819 m) and a width of 6 feet 5 inches (1.955 m). The depth was shallow, being 7 inches (17.78 cm) at the north end and 814 inches (21.59 cm) at the south. ApDITIONAL Pir REMAINS STRUCTURE 17 Pit structure No. 17 was located on the floor of the valley below the main site. It was uncovered during the excavation of the small Developmental Pueblo village investigated in the 1933 season. The structure had been a typical pit dwelling, roughly circular in form with somewhat more irregular walls than noted in many of those described in preceding pages (fig. 42). The walls were of earth covered with a thick layer of adobe plaster. There was no encircling bench of the excavated type, but the sloping roof poles had been set far enough back from the top of the wall to supply the equivalent of such a feature. The superstructure appeared to be of the same type as that described for other pit structures. Four posts placed near the walls at approximately the cardinal points of the compass car- ried the main framework for the flat roof and slanting sides. The interior features compared for the most part with those of other structures, except that there were more recessed subfloor wall pockets in this dwelling and a storage bin formed from stone slabs at one side of the chamber. There was no compartment in front of the ventilator opening. The usual combination of sipapu, fire pit, and ladder basin was present. The sipapu (fig 42, d) was farther from the fire pit than in most cases, The diameter was approximate- ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 161 ly the same as noted for a majority of the examples, although the hole was not deep. The sides and bottom were carefully plastered. j sone : LL _ Ficurp 42.—Structure 17. a, holes for support posts; 6, subwall pocket; c, storage pit; d, sipapu; e, fire pit; f, basin for ashes and ladder; g, deflector ; h, sill in ventilator opening; i, subwall pocket; j, storage bin; k, pot rest; m, ventilator shaft; n, present ground level; o, original surface. The fire pit was dug into the floor. It was D-shaped with the straight side toward the ladder pit. The face of the pit at that side d e ey a 7/ / CMT? 162 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 was reinforced with a stone slab (fig. 42, ¢) and a small stone was set into the wall of the arc at the south corner. The remainder was of adobe plaster applied to the earth wall of the basin. The ladder pit served a double purpose. The lower end of the ladder rested in it and it was used as a depository for ashes. This basin also was D-shaped (fig. 42, f). The straight side was toward the ventilator and was reinforced by the deflector stone (fig. 42, g)- The latter was embedded in the floor and wall of the basin and rose above the floor of the chamber to a height sufficient to prevent air coming through the opening from blowing directly on the flames. The butts of the ladder poles rested in shallow depressions in the bottom of the basin at the ends of and against the stone. Whether these “cups” were intentional or merely the result of the abrasive action of the timbers could not be determined. Depositing ashes in the same basin with the ladder was not common. They must have been placed there when cold, otherwise they would have ignited the wood, The two recessed subfloor wall pockets were at opposite sides of the room (fig. 42, , 7). When they were first noted, in the process of excavation, it was thought that they were placements for supple- mentary roof braces like those described for some of the houses in the first group. Careful inspection of the cleared holes, however, indicated that such was not the case, as their sides and bottoms were carefully plastered and bore no timber imprints. The recessed por- tions in the bench face sloped at approximately the angle that a roof brace would have followed, but the main part of the holes in the floor had vertical sides. Slightly more than half of one pocket (6) was beneath the wall, while practically all of the other (¢) occupied that position. These features certainly provided convenient places for the storage of small objects. One end of the roughly oval-shaped basin in the floor near the north corner of the chamber (fig 42, c) also extended beneath the wall. It was recessed in much the same way as the two smaller holes. The sides of this depression were vertical, the bottom was level, and both sides and bottom had been plastered. There was no border- ing rim on the floor as in the case of some of the basins in other structures. The purpose of this feature in structure 17 was not learned, as there was nothing in it when the room was excavated. It could have served as a repository for corn, baskets, jars, or other articles used by the people. The bin at the southeast side of the chamber (fig. 42, 7) was con- structed of three upright stone slabs augmented by large quantities of adobe plaster. One end was joined to the wall of the pit, while the other stopped short of a juncture and a space was left open to form a small doorway. The offset in the wall of the pit at the ROBERTS | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 163 point where the partition forming the bin joined it produced a larger area inside that feature than would have been the case had the wall followed its normal are along that section of the periphery. This might be considered as indicating that the builders had the bin in mind when the main pit was dug and provided the concavity for that purpose, although it is possible that the jog in the wall suggested the construction of the bin and it was a subsequent addition to the structure. There was no evidence to show which was the case. One of the subfloor storage pockets (¢) was in the back of this bin. The only additional interior feature was a pot rest (fig. 42, &) at the southeast side of the chamber. This shallow depression in the fioor was circular in contour and its sides curved downward to the center of the hole. The diameter and curve of the basin were of the proper proportions to accommodate one of the large culinary or storage jars typical of the stage represented by this type of structure. The ventilator opening was too small to have functioned in any capacity except that of an inlet for air. The aperture was several inches above the floor level and had a stone sill (fig. 42, h). The sides and top of the opening, which was arched, were covered with plaster. The passage was of the tunneled form with a circular shaft at the outer end. The latter had been damaged by flood waters at some time after the abandonment of the house and it was difficult to determine its original size. Structure No. 17 was filled with refuse and dump material that was deposited there soon after the abandonment of the dwelling. In- dications were that this accumulation came from the unit in the vil- lage that was north of the pit structure and that the latter was built during the occupancy of the semisubterranean structure. It is pos- sible that the group using No. 17 had joined in the construction of the nearby unit and that they had moved into it when it was com- pleted. The absence of all artifacts and the fact that the refuse material was lying on the floor, without any intervening layer of sterile material, suggests that the occupants deliberately moved out and took their belongings with them, while the remainder of the site continued to be inhabited. The position and stratigraphy of the fill was such that the deposition of material in an open pit was indicated and this leads to the conclusion that the superstructure was removed at the time of the abandonment. Perhaps the timbers were needed in new construction work and were salvaged from the old structure. There was no decayed wood in the holes for the main supports nor were there any traces of timbers throughout the fill. The holes where the uprights stood were broken around the edges, particularly the one at the north, as though the timbers had been pulled out. At least two granaries had been associated with No. 17. They were located several feet west of the structure in a position approxi- 164 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buuu. 121 mating that noted for some of the other dwellings. One was largely obliterated as the result of subsequent activities, but the other was intact. Both were of the rectangular form with slab-lined pits. The one that remained was found beneath the occupation level of the second unit in the village. One end of the pit extended under the foundations and part of the fioor of one room in the surface dwelling. The main factor of interest in this connection is the addi- tional evidence that the above-ground structures were of later date than the pit-granary form. This particular granary had a central basin in the floor similar to those described for some of the others. Whether it was originally intended for use as a fire pit or had some other purpose could not be determined, but there was evidence that small fires had been lighted at one end of the depression. Traces of the timber placements for the superstructure were meager, although a few scattered holes along the walls indicated that the covering over the pit was of the type described for the rectangular granaries associated with structure No. 15. The location and relationship be- tween this granary and the later unit dwelling is shown in the plan of the Developmental village (fig. 44) in a subsequent section of this report. Structure 17 had a diameter of 10 feet 7 inches (3.226 m) on the ventilator, fire pit, sipapu line. At right angles to this measure- ment the diameter was 11 feet 11 inches (3.682 m). At the ven- tilator side of the room the floor was 4 feet 10 inches (1.473 m) be- low the level of the old surface of occupation and 6 feet 10 inches (2.082 m) below the present top of the ground. At the opposite side of the chamber the depth was 5 feet 214 inches (1.587 m) below the old surface and 7 feet 514 inches (2.272 m) below the present. The holes for the main support posts were somewhat larger than those in a number of the structures. That at the north side of the chamber had diameters of 1 foot (30.48 em) and 11 inches (27.94 em) and a depth of 2 feet (60.96 cm). The back edge of the hole touched the wall. The hole for the east post had a diameter of 10 inches (25.4 em) and a depth of 1 foot 414 inches (41.91 em). It was 3 inches (7.62 cm) from the wall. The south hole was 9 inches (22.86 cm) in diameter and 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 em) deep. It was 6 inches (15.24 cm) from the wall. The hole for the upright at the west side of the room was 11 inches (27.94 em) in diameter and 1 foot (30.48 cm) deep. It was located near the end of a low par- tition forming the storage bin and was 4 inches (10.16 cm) from the wall. The fire pit (fig. 42, ¢) was 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm) long, 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 em) wide, and 11 inches (27.94 cm) deep at the center. In front of the stone facing at the ventilator side of the pit the depth was only 7 inches (17.78 cm). The large stone in the pit ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 165 lining was 11 inches (27.94 cm) long and 2 inches (5.08 em) thick. The smaller stone was 5 inches (12.7 cm) long and 1 inch (2.54 em) thick. The ladder box (fig. 42, f) was 5 inches (12.7 cm) from the fire pit. It measured 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) by 1 foot 5 inches (48.18 em). It had a depth of 9 inches (22.86 cm). The deflector slab (fig. 42, 7) formed the face of the ladder basin at the ventilator side. This stone was 1 foot 414 inches (41.27 cm) high, above the floor level; was 1 foot 314 inches (39.37 cm) wide at the base, 10 inches (25.4 cm) wide at the top, and 114 inches (3.17 em) thick. The sipapu (fig. 42, d) was 4 feet 1 inch (1.244 m) from the fire pit. The hole had a diameter of 5 inches (12.7 cm) and a depth of 4 inches (10.16 cm). It was closer to the wall than in most cases, being but 1 foot (30.48 cm) removed from it. The irregular-shaped depression in the floor (fig. 42, c) had a maximum length of 2 feet 4 inches (71.12 cm) and a width of 1 foot 9 inches (53.84 cm). It projected 5 inches (12.7 cm) under the wall of the room. The average depth of the basin was 10 inches (25.4 cm). The subfloor wall pocket at the north side of the chamber (fig. 42, b) was 514 inches (13.97 cm) wide, extended under the wall for 6 inches (15.24 cm), and was 5 inches (12.7 cm) deep. The recessed upper portion in the face of the wall began 5 inches (12.7 cm) above the floor level. The second recessed pocket (fig. 42,7) was larger. It extended under the wall for a distance of 9 inches (22.86 cm) and was 11 inches (27.94 cm) wide at the opening. The lower portion, the subfloor pocket, was 11 inches (27.94 cm) in diameter and 4 inches (10.16 cm) deep. The recessed portion in the face of the wall started 1 foot (30.48 cm) above the floor level. The bin at the southwest side of the room (fig. 42, 7) was 3 feet 6 inches (1.066 m) long and 1 foot (30.48 cm) wide. The opening at one end was 10 inches (25.4 cm) wide. The three stones used in the wall varied in size. The first, that at the north end of the partition, was 814 inches (21. 59 cm) wide, 9 inches (22.86 em) high, and 1 inch (2.54 cm) thick. The top of the stone indicated that it had been broken off, so the original height was probably greater than the meas- urement given. The second stone was 1 foot (30.48 em) wide, 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm) high, and 3 inches (7.62 cm) thick. The third had a width of 1 foot (30.48 cm), a height of 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm), and a thickness of 1 inch (2.54 cm). The pot rest (fig. 42, 4) was 8 inches (20.82 cm) in diameter and 2 inches (5.08 cm) deep at the center. The sides curved downward to the center from the edges of the basin. The ventilator opening was 1 foot (30.48 cm) high and 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) wide. The sill was 414 inches (11.48 cm) above the floor level. The stone forming the sill was 1114 inches (29.21 cm) 687643912 166 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bunn 121 long, 5 inches (12.7 em) wide, and 1 inch (2.54 cm) thick. The floor of the tunnel was 1 inch (2.54 em) below the top of the sill. The tun- nel was 8 feet 514 inches (1.054 m) long. Where it entered the shaft it was 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) wide and 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) high. The exact dimensions of the shaft could not be determined, but it closely approximated a diameter of 2 feet (60.96 em). The bottom of the shaft was 4 feet 5 inches (1.346 m) below the old ground level and 6 feet 3 inches (1.905 m) below the present surface. The single intact granary had a length of 5 feet 3 inches (1.600 m) and a width of 4 feet 3 inches (1.295 m). At one end it was 2 feet (60.96 cm) deep and at the other 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm). The floor was 3 feet 6 inches (1.066 m) below the present ground level. The basin in the center of the floor measured 2 feet 8 inches (81.28 em) long, 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 em) wide, and 414 inches (11.43 em) deep. The granary was 5 feet 9 inches (1.752 m) from the structure. STRUCTURE 18 The second of the pit structures not located on top of the ridge at the main site was associated with the unit-type ruins 1 mile (1.609 k) up Whitewater Valley from the village where No. 17 was situated. No. 18 was a fully developed structure of the same gen- eral type as those described in preceding pages. The pit more nearly approximated the circular form than many of the others, but in the main it differed little from them. There were no indications of a definite bench. The sloping side poles of the superstructure were set back from the edge of the wall, however, so that there actually was a shelf around the pit between the top edge and the roof timbers. The superstructure was supported on four uprights set close to the wall of the chamber. This arrangement placed the rectangular framework of stringers close to the periphery of the pit and as a result the sloping portion of the ceiling was at a sharper angle than in some examples; the side walls more nearly approxi- mated the vertical. Interior features were few. Near the center of the floor space was a circular fire pit (fig. 48, f) that was merely a basin dug into the earth. No stones reinforced the walls; they were simply covered with plaster. There was no ladder box and no deflector. The plas- tered floor midway between the fire pit and the ventilator opening was slightly depressed and the surface was abraded in such a way as to suggest that the lower end of a ladder rested there. There was nothing to indicate whether it had been of the pole-and-rung type or of the notched-log variety. Because there was good evidence for the former in so many of the structures it is probable that the same kind was used here. _Roperts} ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 167 e f YY Yj / / / UY / jj ; YYW Yy Ficurn 43.—Structure 18. a, holes for roof supports; b, storage pit in floor; c, storage basin; d and e, sipapus; f, fire pit; g, ventilator shaft; h, present surface; i, old ground level. hi 168 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buuu. 121 At the north side of the chamber was an oval basin in the floor (fig. 48, c) comparable to others noted in various structures. The sides of the basin were vertical and the bottom was approximately level. Around the edges the floor level had an almost imperceptible raise suggestive of a rim, but it was not actually such a feature. This basin was rather shallow. It probably was similar in function to those noted in other structures, although its real purpose was not learned. Between this basin and the wall was an oval trough (fig. 43, b) with curved sides and rounded bottom. The feature may have served as a rest for a series of round-bottomed vessels, or it may have had some special function in connection with the larger bin. The only other holes in the floor were those in the position of the sipapu (fig. 48, d, e). Here, as in other examples previously cited, either hole could have been the sipapu or both may have served in that capacity. There is a possibility that they were not contem- poraneous; that one was used, then filled in for some reason or other and the second one provided. If that was the case, any evidence of such was missed in the digging. The holes were approximately the same size, the same depth, their sides were vertical, and both sides and bottoms were covered with plaster. The ventilator opening was trapezoidal in shape. The sill and lintel were stone slabs but the sides were plaster. The sill was raised above the general floor level. A plaster offset, encircling the aperture at the back, probably served as a rest for a cover stone. The passage was tunneled, the floor sloping upward toward the shaft. The latter was roughly oval in form. Structure 18 had been abandoned and the roof timbers were either removed or had completely decayed, because there were no indica- tions of them in the pit. The lack of timber prevented any dendro- chronological dating of the structure. Potsherds found on the floor were of the same types as the material from the houses on the main site and the structure unquestionably belongs to the early part of the Developmental period. The pit was filled with wind-blown mate- rial from the top of the wall to the floor. It had not been used as a dumping place for refuse. The accumulation was wholly a natural one. The main feature of interest in No. 18 is in the fact that it gives independent evidence for the greater antiquity of the semisubterra- nean type of dwelling as compared to the surface type of building. The proof is in the stratification at the site. The pit remains did not underlie any part of the later unit. Their earlier existence, how- ever, was clearly demonstrated in another way by conditions as con- vincing as an actual superposition. After the pit structure was abandoned, its roof decayed and fallen in, and the pit filled with drift ROBERTS] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 169 material, a layer of reddish clay was washed down from the talus slope above and swept across the site. The foundations of the nearby unit house rested on top of the clay stratum, while the filled pit was beneath it. As a matter of fact the latter was only accidentally dis- covered when a workman, following the top of the red layer, broke through into the older structure. When the hole for the kiva of the unit dwelling was dug it passed through the clay layer, which also demonstrates the later horizon for the unit. There probably were eranaries accompanying No. 18, but they were not definitely located. A few upright slabs were found in scattered positions beneath the floors in two of the rooms in the nearby unit house. These probably were remnants of granaries, although activities associated with the erection of the surface building had so modified the area that their ac- tual outlines could not be traced. They were in proper location with respect to the pit structure and they extended below the red clay, so that they seem to date from the same period as that house. Structure 18 had a diameter of 10 feet 7 inches (3.225 m) on the ventilator, fire pit, sipapu line. The measurement at right angles to this line was 10 feet 9 inches (3.276 m). At the ventilator side of the chamber the floor was 3 feet 3 inches (99.06 cm) below the old ground level and 7 feet 5 inches (2.260 m) below the present surface. At the opposite side of the room the floor was 2 feet 10 inches (86.36 em) below the former surface and 7 feet 4 inches (2.235 m) below the recent ground level. The floor at the north side of the rcom was 3 feet 1 inch (93.98 cm) below the old surface and 6 feet 8 inches (2.032 m) below the present. The measurements at the south wall were slightly greater, with the depth below the old surface 3 fret 2 inches (96.52 cm) and below the recent ground level 7 feet 10 inches (2.387 m). The holes for the support posts showed that the timbers used had approximately the same diameters, as the differences were not great. The hole at the north side of the room had diameters of 9 inches (22.86 em) and 1014 inches (26.67 cm) and was 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 em) deep. The hole was 114 inches (3.81 cm) from the wall. The east hole had diameters of 8 inches (20.82 cm) and 814 inches (21.59 cm) and a depth of 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm). It was 3 inches (7.62 cm) from the wall. The south hole was oval in shape on the floor level but tapered to a circular form near the bottom. At the floor the diameters were 1 foot (30.48 em) and 6 inches (15.24 em). From midway of the depth to the bottom the diameter was 6 inches (15.24 cm). The hole was 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) deep and was 2 inches (5.08 cm) from the wall at its east end and 7 inches (17.78 cm) away at the west. The hole at the west side of the chamber was 9 inches (22.86 cm) in diameter and 1 foot (30.48 cm) deep. It touched the wall. 170 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buu. 121 The fire pit (fig. 48, f) was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) in diameter at the floor level and 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) at the bottom of the basin where the sloping sides reduced the measurement. The pit had a depth of 5 inches (12.7 cm). The two holes at the location of the sipapu (fig. 48, d, ¢) were 1 foot 3 inches (88.1 cm) and 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 cm) from the fire pit and 2 feet 14 inch (62.23 cm) and 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm) from the wall. Hole d was 4 inches (10.16 cm) in diameter and 6 inches (15.24 cm) deep. Hole e was 11% inches (3.81 cm) from d and had a diameter of 3 inches (7.62 cm) and a depth of 6 inches (15.24 cm). The large oval-shaped basin (fig. 43, ¢) had diameters of 2 feet 414 inches (72.89 cm) and 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm). The average depth was 5 inches (12.7 cm). The adjacent elongated depression (fig. 48, b) was 21% inches (6.35 em) from 0. It had a length of 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm). For 5 inches (12.7 cm) of its length it had a width of 414 inches (11.48 cm), while for the remainder it was 6 inches (15.24 cm). The depth was 414 inches (11.48 cm). The sides and ends curved downward to form the rounded bottom. The ends of the trough were 5 inches (12.7 cm) and 8 inches (20.32 cm) from the wall of the room. The ventilator aperture was 1 foot 514 inches (44.45 cm) wide at the bottom, 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) wide at the top, and 1 foot 21% inches (36.83 cm) high. The sill was 2 inches (5.08 cm) above the floor of the chamber. The slab of stone used in the sill measured 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) in length, 6 inches (15.24 cm) in width, and 114 inches (3.81 cm) in thickness. The lintel was 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) long, 6 inches (15.24 em) wide, and 1 inch (2.54 em) thick. The plaster offset, for a cover stone around the opening, was set back 334 inches (9.52 cm) from the edge. The ridge was 2 inches (5.08 cm) wide and 11% inches (3.81 cm) high. The ventilator passage was 2 feet 114 inches (64.77 cm) long. The opening into the shaft was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 em) wide and 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm) high. The diameter of the shaft was 3 feet (91.44 cm) on the north-south axis and 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm) on the east-west. The bottom was 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm) below the old surface and 6 feet 10 inches (2.082 m) below the present. Unit-Tyrr STRUCTURES The remains of three definite unit-type structures were investigated. Two of these comprised the early Developmental Pueblo village at the foot of the talus below the main site and the third, a late Developmental form, was one mile (1.609 k) up the Whitewater on the south side of the valley. These units are interesting from several standpoints. They represent three stages in the growth of the type ° os COURT f vo Bt = FIRE PIT 7 e °° [= Ss We Oveire pir / A WALLS WITH SLape / FOUNDATIONS WALLS ENTIRELY “4 OF MASONRY B8TO—29 (Pace p. 171) Mover 44. ° 5 Orire iT ors Nah MAIN REFUSE MOUND — 7 FIRE PIT / #1 ee f dl al > a in : » ; 3 me ill PIT FIRE PIT A " aperrente erat soyetil® " 18 Cpe PIT cJ 8 rine pir ; / a / rate \ Y Ga, / / MS te eTurkey Burial ; 4 {FIRE PIT os / BRUSH % ot A SHELTER ins e nm ea ™ ° ‘ ue ° 1 Sou. rhe Mian of pe Tlereloomental: efllage with wutts and), .Mambored) ote indlodta Lada!Ton Gt burlaln 1 SCALE FEET adog Burial [ft — WALLS WITH sy, cl Yi FOUNDATIONS N WALLS EN TIRELM fae OF MASONRY a 68764—39 (Face p. 171) Ficurn 44.—Plan ¢ ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 171 and show the general trend of development. In addition, they demonstrate clearly certain changes taking place in specific features during the progress from one form to another. Each unit consisted of a number of above-ground enclosures and a semisubterranean or subterranean chamber. The general plan was much the same for all three. The surface buildings were located northwest from the under- ground structures and the surface area between the two forms showed extensive use for general occupation purposes. All three units were situated on sloping ground, so that there was drainage away from the structures on at least three sides. This was an essential con- sideration for below-ground chambers and also had decided ad- vantages as far as the surface buildings were concerned. This was particularly true of the two units in the one village because the floors of the rooms in both of the surface houses were depressed below the general ground level. Even in the case of the dwelling in the third unit, where the floors were on the surface level, it prevented standing water from seeping into the mud mortar and softening the foundations. The village containing the two units (fig. 44; pl. 21, b) was of par- ticular significance because it recorded a shift in function in the subterranean structures and a definite change in the status of the sur- face rooms. The culmination of this transition and the subsequent perfection of the features involved were exemplified in the third unit. The latter, in many respects, evidenced so marked an improvement in some constructional phases that it seems as though there must have been additional stages between it and the second in the series. The elapsed time from the date of the first to that of the third, as well as the character of some of the lesser objects of the material culture, also suggests that there may have been intervening steps. The differences, however, are in the nature of refinements rather than major changes, and for that reason do not have any marked effect on the main outline of the growth of the unit type. There are additional small house ruins in the valley located be- tween the two groups herein described, and it is quite likely that some of them may contain evidence of the evolutionary processes. Surface indications, the potsherds particularly, are that at least two of these sites represent a time intermediate between the second and third units. UNIT NO. 1 The first unit in the series was located at the northeast end of the Developmental village (fig. 44). It consisted of a surface structure containing three rooms, a portico, and a small court; several outside fire pits, the remains of brush shelters, and a semisubterranean cham- ber, marked Kiva A on the plan. There is some question about 172 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [ Buu. 121 the correctness of this designation, as there is no doubt but what the structure did serve as a dwelling during a part of the unit’s his- tory. Some of its features, however, were indicative of a ceremonial chamber, and for that reason it was so named. As a matter of fact the structure represents the evolutionary stage when the shift from secular to ceremonial functions was taking place and because of that it is difficult to assign it to either category. The refuse mound for the unit was situated across an old water- course some distance east of the buildings. This channel, indicated by the dotted lines in the diagram (fig. 44) carried the run-off of surface water from the higher slopes following heavy rains. Some time after the first unit was built the channel was blocked and the water diverted to the valley bottom south and east from the dwell- ings, possibly for use in flood-water irrigation of the fields, and the old bed gradually filled with an accumulation of blow sand and rubbish from the settlement. At a much later period, after the aban- donment of the entire village, one or two large floods swept across the southeastern half of the site and a new channel was cut through a portion of the refuse mound belonging to the second unit. The latter has no bearing on the site so far as any archeological features are concerned. The surface structure was approximately rectangular in plan, al- though its walls were not straight and the rooms were somewhat irregular in form. The three definite rooms (1, 3, and 5, fig. 44) were built in a single row. In front of them were the portico and the small court. The rooms were about the same size and their original floors were 6 inches (15.24 cm) below the level of the sur- rounding ground. None of the three contained fire pits and there is some question as to whether they should be regarded as living quarters or storage places. In view of their size, which was con- siderably greater than that of the usual granary, it seems as though they must have served, on occasions at least, as domiciles. Many of the rooms in later Pueblo buildings do not have fire pits, hence their presence or absence is not necessarily a requirement for a secular chamber. Because of the several fire pits in the portico and court, as well as those associated with shelters, it may be that all of the culinary tasks were performed there and that no provision was made for such activity in the actual rooms. Under these conditions there would be no need for fire in the rooms, except in winter weather when the people may have retired to the nearby semisubterranean structure. The latter possibility will be considered in greater detail in the discussion of the kiva. There was little fallen material in the fill in the rooms and not much in the accumulation of earth around the outside walls. There are two possible explanations for this condition. One is that the ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 173 upper walls were mainly of adobe mud that had melted down and washed away, hence there was little indication of their former ex- istence. The other is that the house was stone-robbed to supply ma- terial needed in the building of the second unit. The latter seems more logical. Even when mud walls are entirely eroded away sufli- cient material usually collects on the floors and around the founda- tions to suggest their former presence. Since there was almost no slumped plaster in the rooms the walls probably consisted for the most part of masonry and the upper courses of stone were removed after the structure was abandoned. Enough of the walls remained, however, to show the type of foundation and the nature of the con- struction directly above. The shallow rectangular pit forming the base of the rooms was lined with upright stone slabs placed around the periphery in the same manner as those used in the granary and some of the house pits. Large quantities of adobe plaster were em- ployed in conjunction with the slabs. Above these were several courses of horizontally laid stones. The outside portion of the masonry rested on the surface of the ground, while the inside was supported by the tops of the lining slabs. Where the latter pro- jected above the ground level they were incorporated in the bottom courses of the masonry. Little attempt was made to dress or shape the blocks of stone employed in the walls and there was a minimum of chinking. There was no definite nor consistent breaking of joints and such bonding as occurred between the two rows of stones form- ing the thickness of the wall was purely accidental. The builders apparently relied on generous applications of mud plaster to strengthen the construction. Only one of the rooms, No. 5, had the remains of a doorway. It was near one corner and opened to the court at the southeast side of the building. The other two rooms probably had openings in their walls at the portico side. There was not sufficient construction left to demonstrate this fact, but their existence was indicated by upright stones placed close to the wall in positions suggesting steps. The latter were present in the second unit under conditions clearly show- ing that they undoubtedly were to aid people stepping into or out of the chambers and a similar purpose is postulated for those in this series of rooms. There were no evidences of windows because of the meager height of the wall remnants, but an item that raises an in- triguing line of thought was found in room 3. A slab of translucent selenite measuring 8 inches (20.32 cm) long, 3 inches (7.62 cm) wide, and 34 inch (1.90 cm) thick was picked up from the floor midway of the outer wall. In Pueblo structures of late periods small win- dows were glazed with pieces of this material and the question arises as to whether or not the builders of this structure used the example found there in some comparable way. Thus far no evidence has 174 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bow, 121 come to light indicating that the practice was known in pre-Spanish times and until a slab of selenite is actually found in place over an opening in an early wall it probably is assuming too much to sug- gest that such was the case in this instance. The possibility is merely mentioned to call attention to the fact that some architectural fea- tures in fully developed Pueblo buildings may have had a compara- tively early origin. There was nothing to indicate what type of roof covered the rooms. In view of the fact that there were no post molds and no signs of embedded poles around the walls it seems logical to suppose that the roof timbers were supported by the walls and that the covering was flat. From the standpoint of construction that type of roof would not have caused the builders any great structural difficulties. Large beams placed across the short way of the rooms would have supported smaller poles, brush, and a plaster upper surface that would be satisfactory. The floor of room 1 was paved with stone slabs and room 3 origi- nally had a similar feature, but a second floor was placed in the latter chamber at some subsequent date and the level raised several inches. The later floor was smoothed plaster supported by a foun- dation of stones resting on the old floor. These stones were large, unworked blocks fitted together as closely as their uneven surfaces would permit. Small stones were placed in the interstices as chinking. The plaster above the stones was 2 inches (5.08 cm) thick. The floor in room 5 was hard-packed mud plaster applied to the native earth of the bottom of the shallow pit. There was a slight offset in one wall of room 3 that had no ap- parent purpose. From the southwest corner of the chamber for a distance of approximately 3 feet (91.44 cm) the wall was much thicker than for the remainder of its length. It is possible that the builders decided a thinner wall would suffice, or that the structure was erected from the ends toward the center, and some of the build- ers were more generous in their use of material than others. On the other hand, there may have been a certain amount of reconstruction and remodeling in the house that produced the feature and this not be apparent in the remaining ruins of the structure. Whatever the cause, there does not seem to be any definite function for the jog. The portico (fig. 44, 2) was suggestive of the arbor associated with two of the granaries in the No. 5 pit-structure group. The floor space was enclosed by a low wall that formed « rectangular enclosure, although a wide opening was left at the southeast corner toward the semisubterranean structure. A roof or shade of some kind was erected over this space. Three upright posts set near the front or outside wall of the enclosure supported this covering. The other ends of the main beams probably rested on the walls of rooms 1 and Rosurrs | ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 175 3, aS there were no indications of support posts along the wall. One post was placed some distance from the wall in the south half of the arbor as an additional brace. Five fire pits are shown in the drawing (fig. 44). All were not contemporaneous, however. As in the case of room 3, the portico had two different floors. Four of the pits belonged to the original level and one to the later. There was no evidence to show it, but the upper level may correspond to the second one in room 3 and have been laid at the same time. Four of the pits were slab lined, but the fifth was a simple plaster-covered basin. The fill between the two floors was earth containing some refuse material, except for a small area underlying the later fire pit where a foundation of stone was provided to furnish support for the stone sides of the pit and also to serve as a paved bottom. The mud- plaster surface of the upper floor was applied directly to the top of the fill. There were two storage bins in the southwest corner of the portico. One was built in the corner and the other was along the wall adjacent to it. The corner example had a slab-covered exterior surface, a thick wall of adobe, and a smoothly plastered interior. Its bottom was below the floor level of the room. Three slabs that were part of the original wall formed the back of the bin. The other consisted of upright slabs covered with plaster. The enclosure in the corner would have been an excellent place for stor- ing grain, while the other would have satisfied a number of needs. The court (fig. 44, 4) was somewhat comparable to the portico, only not as elaborate. It was entirely open on the side toward the semisubterranean structure and may not have been covered. There were no indications of upright posts to support a roof, although timbers extending over the space could have rested on the walls at the ends if the latter were high enough to function in that capacity. There was no evidence to show that either the north or south walls had risen to the required height, but they were not as low as the north and east walls of the portico. The north wall of the court was erected at the same time as the walls for rooms 3 and 5. This was demonstrated by the fact that it was tied into them in the sense that it was all part of the same construction. The wall at the south end of the court was built after room 5 was completed and abutted the corner of the building. The same type of construction was used in it, although the floor was not depressed. The bottoms of the upright foundation slabs were sunk in the earth for several inches and the horizontal stones laid around them, so as to suggest an all- masonry wall. There were two fire pits in the court, one near the front at the northern end and the other near the back corner at the south end. Both were on the same level and appeared to have been used con- temporaneously. Stone slabs served as lining in both pits, but some 176 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bu, 121 were missing from one wall in the pit near the corner. The only additional feature was an upright stone slab near the doorway to room 5. ‘This stone was not properly placed to form a deflector or screen for the doorway, and in addition to that was too low to have served in that capacity. No step was needed at that place and since there was nothing to indicate its purpose no explanation can be given for its presence. Just outside the portico was a surface fire pit that gave the appear- ance of being a double pit. Investigation showed that a slightly smaller and somewhat older pit had been replaced by a larger one. The later example partially cut into the side of the older one and some of the stones were removed from it, possibly for use in the new pit. Charcoal and ashes filled the bottom half of the new pit. On top of this deposit were a number of charred fragments of deer bones and a lower jaw trom a dog. The latter bore no traces of fire and must have fallen or been thrown into the pit after the embers were cold. Furthermore, no fires were lighted there subsequent to its deposition. The deer bones no doubt represent scraps from a meal. Whether or not the dog jaw has a similar connotation is open to question. The Pueblos probably ate dogs at times of great need, but the practice does not seem to have been as common with them as with some other Indian groups. It certainly was not a general custom in this district because numerous articulated dog skeletons were discovered under conditions showing that they were intentionally buried. Stray bones were so rare that they constitute a practically negligible percentage in the kitchen-midden material. In no case were examples found that had been split for the marrow, a consistent characteristic of the bones from other kinds of animals. The chances are that the jaw in ques- tion had been picked up from the refuse mound where it had either washed out or been uncovered by digging, perhaps for a burial, and was tossed into the pit. The sides of this pit were faced with stone slabs and the bottom was paved. The few slabs at the south end of the building just outside of the wall of the court, 4, gave little indication of their purpose. They probably were the remnants of a granary or storage enclosure. Not enough was left of the construction, however, to be certain just what they represent. There was some alteration of the surface attendant on the erection of the building and the short wall forming the en- closure. This activity probably was responsible for the lack of evidence relating to the significance of these particular stones. Along the ridge southwest from the surface building and the semi- subterranean structure were the remains of several shelters. They are shown on the plan of the village (fig. 44) in the area between the two units designated Court. Every indication was that the group of fire pits and holes for arbor posts nearest to Kiva A and the buried ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA alvive watercourse were contemporaneous with the first unit. There is some question about those just below the legend, Court, and it is possible that they date from the period of the pit structure, No. 17, although they may have bridged the transition from that to the first unit. Accumulations of wind-blown sand and some refuse material on the surface of occupation indicated that they did not correlate with the second unit group, as potsherds identical with those from the latter occurred above the thin deposits. These shelters seem to have been much like those previously described. There were holes for upright posts to support a shade or covering and fire pits for cooking. There were no evidences of side walls. Two of the shelters were separated by a row of upright slabs extending north from enclosure No. 6, and the two on the edge of the watercourse were partially delimited in like manner. Further evidence for use of such places as general outdoor foci of domestic activity is noted in the metate located adjacent to one of the fire pits. This grinding stone was not in the position noted as a result of fortuitous events. It was definitely placed there and rested on a base of stones similar to the metate placement described for struc- ture 15. All of the fire pits associated with these remains were lined with stone. Some of the pits were round, others rectangular. A number of the holes where support posts stood were reinforced by small stone slabs. The structural remains marked 6 in the plan of the site (fig. 44) present a problem that cannot be solved satisfactorily from the meager evidence obtained from the excavations. There was nothing to show definitely its relationship to other elements in the village and there is some question about its function. In many respects it seems as though there should be a correlation between it and the nearby pit structure, No. 17, yet there were slight indications that it could be regarded as more closely associated with the first unit. The only definite factor is that it antedated the second unit and seemingly was abandoned and covered over by accumulated debris and rubbish before the second unit was built. In the fill in the structure there were no potsherds of a type that was characteristic of the second unit, despite the fact that it was very near that unit. Since potsherds of that particular form were exceedingly abundant about the site their ab- sence from enclosure 6 is a good indication of its antecedent status. There were two stages or two phases in the occupation of 6. Origi- nally it had had a fairly large shallow pit. Later the size was reduced by the erection of an inner wall of stone slabs surmounted by rough masonry. The space between the old and new walls was filled in with debris and refuse. Both the large and small forms had been covered with some sort of superstructure supported on three uprights. This feature was unique for that district. Whether the uprights merely supported a flat shade or arbor such as suggested 178 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Burn, 121 for the brush shelters or a three-sided truncated roof comparable to the four-sided type described for the pit structures could not be determined. There were no traces of slanting side poles, although | they could have been used without leaving marks around the edges of the pit. Near the center of the floor space was a fire pit of the generalized D-shape. The edge of the basin was reinforced at one side by a stone slab, but the remainder of the periphery was native earth sur- faced with a coating of plaster. The most interesting interior feature, however, was a subfloor cache pit at the west side of the enclosure. The circular opening into this storage place was against the wall. The cache pit proper was jug-shaped, although the opening was de- cidedly off center, and extended under the floor and beyond the wall of the enclosure. The location and size in relation to the main part of No. 6 are shown by the dotted lines in the drawings (figs. 44 and 49). At one side of the storage pit, just below the opening, was an upright slab of stone so placed that it formed a step to aid in getting down into it. Some such provision was necessary because it was not possible to reach the farther limits from the top of the opening. To place corn or other materials around the wall, or to remove objects located there, would require a person’s being in the pit and a step of this type was practically essential because the small size of the opening and the depth of the pit made access without some form of footrest a difficult process. The pit was carved out of the earth. The upper walls sloped down and away from the opening and met the vertical lower walls 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) above the floor. Except for the step, no stone was used in its construction. The walls and bottom were covered with plaster. A cover of some kind was probably provided for the opening. None was found, but it does not seem likely that the pit was used without one. Stone slabs were frequently employed in that capacity, par- ticularly when openings were in the floor of an enclosure. Absence of such a feature is not conclusive evidence that nothing of the kind was used. A cover stone might have been removed to serve some purpose in another structure when No. 6 was abandoned. The cache pit in No. 6 was the only example found inside a struc- ture in this district. A somewhat similar pit was present at the site of the third unit, but it was removed some distance from the build- ings. Comparable granary or storage pits occur at various places in the Southwest. In one of the units of a Developmental village in southern Colorado there was a large storage pit in the floor of a lean-to or shed that offers an analogous combination of structure and eranary.*? In most cases, though, they are outside and do not con- 58 Roberts, 1930, p. 9, fig. 5. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 179 stitute a part of any structure. An interesting factor in connection with these storage pits is that they appear to occur in the earlier hori- zons in different areas in the Southwest rather than in the well-estab- lished phases. Just why this should be, or what its significance is, has not yet been determined. It is possible that need for them was removed in the later type of structures with their various lower back rooms available for storage purposes. Not enough work has been done in sites representing Developmental stages to warrant attempts at definite conclusions on the storage-pit feature or its importance in the cultural complex. The cache pit in No. 6 was filled with some refuse and considerable wind-blown sand. There were no potsherds in the material. This is rather curious when their occurrence on the floor and in the fill of the associated enclosure is considered. Their absence may be either wholly accidental or due to the fact that the lower pit had become completely filled before any waste matter found its way into the upper structure. No great importance can be attached to the cir- cumstance because there is no question but that the cache pit and No. 6 were contemporaneous. The problem of what No. 6 represents is a puzzling one. Whether it should be regarded as a variant form of pit dwelling, a brush shel- ter, or an enlarged granary is a difficult question to answer. Particu- larly since there is so little satisfactory evidence. The general fea- tures are more suggestive of the brush-shelter type of construction, yet the depressed floor level and slab facing on the walls of the pit are more like those of the granaries or dwellings. The pit is larger than the general run of granaries and not quite as large as the major- ity of those for domiciles. The presence of a true fire pit bespeaks a dwelling place but the shallow pit, the lack of any form of venti- lator, and the peculiar triangular frame for a superstructure set it apart from the usual form for such structures. When all of the vari- ous phases of the problem and the numerous ramifications of each are considered it seems that the most logical conclusion is that the enclosure was an adjunct to the nearby pit structure. It was a more elaborate development of the shelter than customary, possibly was used over longer periods of the year, and for that reason exhib- ited more of the characteristics of a true house. The shallow depth for the pit was not altogether unusual; it will be recalled that both 18a and 14 were characterized by a similar condition, but the absence of a ventilator in such a house is rare and for that reason the shelter idea is given preference. Shallow pits of approximately the same size and depth were present at the Long H Ranch, but the houses did have ventilators.°° There is no good proof for the foregoing conclu- sion, however, and it is presented solely in the form of a questionable © Roberts, 1931, pp. 43-48, houses A and B. 180 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 explanation. The granary function of No. 6 was served by the sub- floor cache pit. Kiva A was similar in some respects to the semisubterranean struc- tures discussed in preceding pages, but in others it was quite distinct. The pit did not approximate a circular form as closely as most of those in this area, as it tended to the rectangular with rounded corners. The upper portion of the pit was encircled by a narrow bench. Both pit and bench were dug into the earth. The entire periphery of the chamber at the floor level was encircled by upright slabs. Horizontally laid masonry rested on top of the vertical stones, which were not uniform in height, and carried the wall to a higher level. The stones used in the courses above the slabs were of different sizes and shapes. Some were large, others small, some tabular in form, and others cubical. They exhibited very little dressing or shap- ing and apparently were laid in the wall just as they came from the quarry. On the whole they were larger and more variable than usual for kiva construction. A few small pieces of stone were employed as chinking, but the latter was not extensive. The top of the masonry at the bench level was covered with a good coating of plaster. The top of the earthen part of this feature was not so treated, however, and was quite irregular in comparison to the narrow ring of the wall. The main part of the wall, from the bench to the floor level, was originally well plastered. At the time of excavation, though, large patches had fallen off. The superstructure that covered the pit was of the truncated pyramidal type supported by four upright posts placed near the corners of the room, but set out from the wall. There was a series of small holes around the back of the bench where the butt ends of the slanting poles rested. The post pockets at the corners were larger than the others, indicating, presumably, that heavier timbers were used in those positions. One of these corner placements, that at the southeast, was reinforced by a stone slab set in the front side of the hole. The structure had one unusual feature in the presence of a few irregular pockets in the back wall on the bench level between the sloping poles. These served for the storage of smal] objects, as was shown by the presence in them of some bone awls and punches and two small pottery ladles. The fire pit near the center of the room (fig. 45, g) was D-shaped. A stone slab was set in the side toward the ash box and ventilator. The remainder of the basin was surfaced with mud plaster. The pit was encircled by a plaster ridge or rim that was a continuation and a part of a ridge that extended from wall to wall and separated the floor space into two approximately equal parts (fig. 45, f). Similar plaster ridges are frequently found extending from the fire pit to the bottoms of the main support posts at the ventilator side of the ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 181 chamber, but the occurrence of such a feature passing straight across the approximate center of the room is rare. The nearest comparable 2) —2 ooo e 7 a ee Ficurn 45.—Kiva A. a, holes for roof supports; b, storage pit; c, storage hole; d and e, sipapus; f, plaster ridge on floor; g, fire pit, h, old ladder pit ; i, ladder pole depressions ; j, storage pocket; k, pot rest or storage pocket; J, ventilator aperture; m, poles rein- forcing ventilator opening; n, ventilator shaft; 0, slanting timber placements; Dp, q, 1, storage pockets on bench top; s, present surface; ¢, old ground level. a Judd, 1926, p. 113; Roberts, 1929, pp. 25, 29-50, 54, 57-58 ; 1931, pp. 26-29. 68764—39-—18 182 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bown 121 example was in a small house belonging to the Modified Basket Maker stage located in the Chaco Canyon.*? The function or significance of such ridges is not known. In the Modified Basket Maker houses they appear to be derived from the placement for the slabs that formed the compartment on the ventilator side of the chamber and seemingly represented that feature in delimiting a certain portion of the floor area. In some cases logs were buried in the floor to form a foundation for these radiating ridges. Undoubtedly there was a good reason for their inclusion in houses, but what it was has not been learned. The ridge in Kiva A was the only example found in the Allantown district. No wood was used in its construction; it consisted wholly of plaster. Adjoining the fire pit in the position usually occupied by the ladder box was a pentagonal pit that could have served such a> purpose, although it apparently did not (fig. 45, 2). The pit was covered with a stone slab. When the room was excavated there was a layer of fine wood ashes on top of the stone, yet only a small amount in the pit. The latter seemingly had sifted through the cracks between the stone and the edges of the pit. The bottom and sides of the latter were not stained in the manner common to those where ashes have remained for any length of time, hence it did not serve as a depository for them. ,The ladder stood on the floor of the chamber between this pit and the ventilator opening, as shown by two small basins worn in the plaster where the butts of the poles rested (fig. 45, 7). The pit originally may have functioned as a ladder rest, as a slight abrading of the bottom at the ventilator end indicated. Then for some reason the position of the ladder was changed and the pit covered with the stone. Why it was not used as an ash depository as in some other houses is not known. It might have served as a storage place on occasions, particularly for small objects, but that is purely conjectural, as none were found in it. There was no deflector and no signs that one had been present during the eccupancy of the structure. There were several holes at various places in the floor of the chamber. At the location of the sipapu there were two, d and e, either one of which could have represented that symbolic feature. Both were shallower than usual and somewhat smaller in diameter. Their sides and bottoms were carefully plastered. Close to the wall north of them was another small hole, c, that evidently was for the storage of minor objects. Its sides and bottom were also plastered. Near the base of the support post at the northeast corner of the room was an irregularly shaped basin, b. It was deeper than many of those occupying similar positions in other structures. The walls ® Roberts, 1929, pp. 57-58. Roserrs ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 183 were vertical and the bottom comparatively level. The walls and bottom did not form a sharp angle, rather a curved one. Both walls and bottom were covered with plaster. The basin near the post at the southeast corner, 7, was at the base of the wall. One side of the depression was bordered by part of the slab forming the wall at that point on the periphery. The basin was oval in contour and quite shallow. The sides curved downward from the edge on the floor level to the maximum depth near the center. Perhaps this was a pot rest. The shallow basin, &, near the support post at the southwest corner also seems to have been for a pot rest. The diam- eter and depth suggest that it was the placement for a large culinary or storage jar. When the room was excavated a thin-slab metate of the open-end form was leaning against the wall near the basin and the support. post. The ventilator passage and shaft were dug as a trench and then covered over. No tunneling was used in its construction. The end of the trench where it penetrated the wall of the room widened to a marked degree, but it was reduced in size by the erection of a crude masonry framework for the opening. This stonework cut off more of the trench at the west side than at the east, as may be seen from the dotted lines in the drawing (fig. 45). The aperture proper was framed by plaster reinforced by poles. Two small poles were set in the wall at either side of the opening and a short timber was laid across their tops on a level with the top of the bench. The cross- piece was above the lintel of the opening, which was a stone slab. The construction was covered with plaster so that at the time the chamber was occupied the timber was not exposed to view. The sill of the opening was above the floor level and was paved with a stone slab. The walls of the passage were lined with up- right slabs; the ceiling consisted of slabs and the floor was paved with them. The walls and floor were covered with plaster for about half the length of the passage. The bottom of the ventilator shaft was lined with upright slabs surmounted by horizontally laid stones. The latter were drawn in course by course as the masonry extended upward until the opening on the ground level was quite small. The work was not as good as it might have been and the small hole at the top was somewhat off center. The floor of the passage sloped slightly downward from the aperture in the cham- ber to the bottom of the shaft. This was not the case in many of the structures, although such a slope would have merit, in that rain or surface water falling into the shaft would collect at the outer end and not run into the room. There was little danger of the latter, however, as the ground sloped sharply away from the top of the shaft toward the old watercourse. 184 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLy, 121 There were several interesting features in the fill in Kiva A. When the pit was excavated a pillar 3 feet (91.44 cm) square was left at the center, like those described for some of the other struc- tures, and a careful check made of various phenomena recorded there. Through the central portion of the pillar the layers were thinner than those at the top or bottom and contained more refuse material, particularly stone chips, charcoal, bone fragments, and potsherds. Indications were that an interval of some length passed between the abandonment of the structure and the use of the pit as a dumping place. After the refuse had filled it to a level ap- proximately midway between the top of the bench and the old ground level it was no longer used for that purpose and subsequent layers resulted from natural agencies. Indications were that the presence of the old pit had been marked by a depression for a con- siderable length of time and that water had gathered and stood there at intervals. Subsequent to the abandonment of the village all traces were obliterated by wind-blown sand and drift from the higher levels. On two occasions during the period when the pit was functioning as a depository for refuse some structure in the village was damaged by fire. This was shown by the layers of sand mixed with charcoal, bits of burned stone, and fragments of burned plaster, debris re- sulting from reconstruction activities. The levels at which this material occurred were sufficiently separated to suggest that a num- ber of years elapsed between the conflagrations. One of the last layers laid down prior to the discontinuance of dumping waste matter in the pit consisted almost entirely of stone spalls, broken building stones, and pieces of mud plaster. This debris probably - came from the nearby surface building and may indicate the period when it was dismantled for the material used in its construction. If such is the case it suggests that the second unit was occupied for some time before the first was robbed of its stone and timbers. The fact that it also occurred just above the last layer of debris from a burned structure carries the implication that the abandoned first unit supplied the material needed to replace the portion of the sec- ond unit damaged by the flames. That such actually took place is not known, of course, but in view of the evidence the conclusion that it did does not seem to be unwarranted. One strange find in the fill was not included in the stratigraphic pillar. It consisted of a human skeleton lying along the bench at the west side of the chamber. A portion of the skull rested on the bench. The remaining bones were just below that level and some- what scattered, but not sufficiently disarticulated to indicate the burial of an already decomposed body. There were no leg or foot bones, however. The pelvic bones were present and in good state of ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 185 preservation. They were normal in every respect. The acetabula, the cup-shaped articular cavities in the hip bones where the ends of the thigh bones rest, were undamaged and showed that the individ- ual originally had legs. All of the remaining fill was carefully sifted but not one additional bone was recovered. There are several intriguing questions concerning the remains that cannot be an- swered in a satisfactory manner. Was the skeleton buried where found, or did it tumble into place after the pit was partially filled? If the latter, where did it fall from and what happened to the legs? The bones were not in a definite grave dug into the fill. They were on a former surface and overspread with refuse. Indications were that the legless body was deposited there and covered with material scraped from the surrounding area. Why it had no legs is not definitely known, but what became of them can be answered in part by finds in the second unit and therein lies a possible explanation for their absence. A left femur or thigh bone of proper size for this individual was uncovered in the corner at the outside of the building where the walls of Nos. 7 and 9, figure 44, meet. One end of the bone was gnawed. The teeth marks were too large to be those of a rodent and possibly were made by a dog. At the back of the recess between Nos. 9 and 11, in the northwest corner formed by the walis 9 and 10, a complete left foot, including the ankle bones, was uncovered. The foot had been sealed in the corner, after being covered with earth from the refuse mound, by a thick coating of plaster. The bones, except for two in the ankle, were articulated and showed that the member had been interred while held together by flesh and ligaments. These two occurrences open an interesting field for speculation. The teeth marks on the femur suggest that the body in the pit of Kiva A had not been covered as thoroughly as the situation demanded and that some of the village dogs may have dug into the grave and pulled out the legs and torn them apart. Then some of the grisly fragments were gathered up by the inhabitants of the village and reburied in the spots close to the building instead of in the refuse mound or old house pit. Perhaps they thought that by so disposing of them they would be protected from further violation. This is, of course, pure conjecture and may not be an even approximate re- construction of what happened. The leg bone and the foot may have belonged to entirely different individuals. The burial of parts of the body occurred sporadically throughout the Southwest and it is possible that these represent some such happening rather than that they are missing members from the legless skeleton. Since they are the proper size for that individual, however, and the leg bone shows markings from animal teeth, the conclusion that they belong together is not unreasonable. Unfortunately the condyle on the femur that 186 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuuL. 121 would rest in the socket in the pelvic bone was the end that had been gnawed off. As a consequence it is not possible to obtain the evi- dence that would settle the question, that of fitting the one into the other. An almost identical situation was encountered at the opposite side of the chamber just above the floor level where a partial dog skeleton came to light. Both hind legs and one front leg were missing from these remains. The skull and other bones were present and articu- lated. The same questions raised by the human remains apply to those of the animal, but even less convincing explanations can be offered in answering them. No stray bones that could be attributed to the dog were found elsewhere. It is possible that after the creature’s demise and the disposal of the body in the old house pit rodents made away with the legs. There was nothing to show that, however. In view of the number of dog burials about the site it does not seem likely that the remains were just tossed into the pit. The nature of the earth around the bones was such that a gradual accu- mulation was indicated. Hence intentional burial probably was not practiced in this instance. One plausible explanation is that the dog fell into the pit, possibly while the superstructure or portions of it were still in place, died there and before drifting sand had covered the remains they were mutilated by other animals. The problem is not an important one and has no definite bearing on the cultural status of the community, but it is an example of one of the interesting incidentals occasionally noted in an archeological site. The complete skeleton of a dog was found on the floor of a pit structure in the Chaco Canyon under conditions suggesting that the animal was trapped and perished in an abandoned dwelling.** The somewhat analogous occurrence at this site is an additional indication that the prowling proclivities of the Indian dogs were likely to lead them into a combination of circumstances that were fatal. The status of Kiva A, whether dwelling or ceremonial chamber, is difficult to establish. If it was associated with a cluster of simple granary remains, like those near structures 15 and 16, it unquestion- ably would be called a domicile. On the other hand, if found with a well-developed surface house there would be no hesitancy in con- sidering it a ceremonial structure, although one in which certain fea- tures were not as highly specialized as in most examples. The sig- nificance in this seeming paradox is the evidence that it gives for a transition in function in the semisubterranean structure. Also that at the present stage of knowledge of the Southwest it is not possible to tell from the internal nature of a structure, dating from this period in the growth of the cultural pattern, whether it was house or kiva. Conclusions must be aided and governed by the associated ®& Roberts, 1929, p. 66. Roserts] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 187 remains. The fact that the nearby surface building had features that qualified it for use as a dwelling tends to argue for a ceremonial function for the underground chamber. The latter, however, was so similar to pit structures on the site that definitely were dwellings that it is difficult to disregard that aspect of the problem. The trun- cated pyramidal superstructure was characteristic of the form found on dwellings, but the horizontally laid wall masonry is a feature more commonly present in kivas. The floor depth below the top of the bench and original ground level was somewhat greater than customary for houses, although the chamber was not as deep as the average kiva. Considered from all points of view the structure is intermediate in type between a dwelling and a ceremonial cham- ber. There is no definite proof to show that such was the case, but it seems probable that the pit structure was built first and used as a habitation, then the surface rooms were constructed and there was a gradual shift from one to the other. The few scattered evi- dences that regular slab-pit granaries occupied the site of the sur- face building prior to its erection suggest that possibility. Even - after the surface rooms were occupied the people may have reverted to the old underground house during the winter season. As was pointed out in the discussion of the surface building, there was no provision for fires in the rooms and it is doubtful that those blazing in the pits in the floor of the portico or the court would have given off enough heat to warm the house in cold weather. Charcoal suitable for dendrochronological studies was scarce in the fill in the kiva. Sections from two of the slanting roof poles were salvaged from holes at the back of the bench. One of these could not be correlated with the ring chart and a number of outside rings were missing from the other. The closest approximation to a date is 845. Due to the range in the timbers for other houses it is evi- dent that too much stress cannot be placed on the 845. There is no way of knowing whether it is at the earlier or later end of a series covering a long span of years, such as 31 in No. 15 or 74 in No. 12, or falls midway in some comparable sequence. There is also the possibility that the particular pole was salvaged from the nearby abandoned pit structure, No. 17, and hence older than the kiva. It will be recalled that the former structure gave evidence of having been dismantled. On the basis of evidence from some types of potsherds the kiva appears to be roughly contemporaneous with the final stage in No. 15, yet other types indicate that the correlation should be with the first stage described for that structure. If syn- chronous with the final stage the date for the kiva would be some 40 years later. Several interesting questions are raised by the 845 date and it is tantalizing not to know what interpretation to place on the struc- 188 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 ture. If 845 is correct for the year when the house was built it sug- gests that the people in this unit were more advanced in architec- tural development than those in No, 15. The implications are that they not only had adopted a surface structure with contiguous rooms at a time when the others were still building the old stvle granaries and only occasionally using them as habitations, but that they pre- ceded them in this advance by two generations. Considering the proximity of the two structures this does not seem reasonable. Of course, as pointed out in the discussion of the kiva, it is fairly evi- dent that the surface building was erected subsequent to the semi- subterranean chamber and allowing for a lapse of a number of years between their construction the discrepancy would not be as great, although still of marked character. On the other hand, when com- pared with the 867 of No. 3, the 845 does not seem as far out of line. Especially when it is recalled that some of the timbers there showed cutting dates of 842 and 852 and that No. 3 apparently was a kiva for a surface structure quite comparable to that in this unit. Here ‘again is the indication that No. 15 was a laggard unit. This has further significance in the fact that the dominant type of potsherds in the 15 assemblage was a form centering to the north and west from the Allantown district, the western type of Developmental pottery generally called Kana-a black on white. From this it seems that 15 may represent an addition to the community of a group that was not as progressive in house building and was somewhat con- servative in the adoption of new forms. Other evidence about the site showed that the form of pottery in question was later in its appearance in this district than other Developmental forms. The 845 date, if considered as being indicative of No. 17 rather than the kiva, correlates quite well with other aspects of the remains in the district in that the pit structure compares favorably with others closely approximating the same age. Considered from the broad point of view, the import of the whole matter probably is that the 45-year interval represented by these structures covers the period when the transition in house types and other cultural traits was at its maximum. The combination of circumstances and implications raised by this particular piece of charcoal emphasizes the fact that too much importance must not be placed on a house date based on a single specimen of wood. As an indication of the approximate period represented it is helpful, but it is not to be considered con- clusive. The surface building in this unit had a maximum length of 32 feet (9.754 m) and a width of 18 feet 6 inches (5.6838 m). Inside measurements for room 1 were: length 8 feet 6 inches (2.591 m), width 6 feet 6 inches (1.981 m). Room 2 (the portico), length 18 feet 10 inches (5.740 m), width 8 feet 9 inches (2.667 m). The open- Rovers] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 189 ing at the southeast corner was 4 feet (1.219 m) wide. Reom 3 was 11 feet (3.352 m) long and 7 feet (2.133 m) wide. The offset at the southwest corner was 3 feet (91.44 cm) long and 9 inches (22.86 cm) wide. Room 4 (the court) was 10 feet 3 inches (3.124 m) long. The wall at the north end measured 5 feet 9 inches (1.752 m) in length and that at the south end 4 feet 9 inches (1.447 m). The doorway between 4 and 5 was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) wide. Room 5 had a length of 9 feet 6 inches (2.895 m) and a width of 6 feet 3 inches (1.905 m). The fire pits in room 2 in order from north to south measured as follows: The first, diameters 2 feet (60.96 cm) by 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 cm), and depth 6 inches (15.24 cm); the bottom was 5% inches (18.97 em) above the old floor. The second diameters 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) by 1 foot 3 inches (88.1 cm) and depth 514 inches (13.97 cm). The third, diameters 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) by 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) and depth 6 inches (15.24 cm). The fourth, diameters 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 cm) by 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 em) and depth 7 inches (17.78 cm). The fifth, the plaster pit, diam- eters 2 feet 3 inches (68.58 cm) by 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm) and depth 514 inches (13.97 cm). The holes for the support posts for the arbor over the portico did not show a marked range in size; that at the northeast corner had a diameter of 6 inches (15.24 cm) and a depth of 814 inches (21.59 cm); the post stood 1 foot (30.48 cm) from both walls. The hole midway along the front wall had a diameter of 6 inches (15.24 cm) and a depth of i0 inches (25.4 cm). It was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) from the wall. The two holes near the fire pit at the southeast opening had diameters of 7 inches (17.78 em) and 6 inches (15.24 em) and depths of 914 inches (24.13 em) and 4 inches (10.16 cm). The larger hole was 11 inches (27.94 em) from the wall and 9 inches (22.86 cm) from the fire pit; the smaller hole was 4 inches (10.16 em) from the larger and 8 inches (7.62 cm) from the fire basin. The hole for the post near the back of the south end of the room had a diameter of 1014 inches (26.67 cm) and a depth of 634 inches (17.14 em). It was 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm) from the back wall. The rectangular-slab bin along the wall near the southwest cor- ner measured 2 feet 6 inches (76.2 cm) by 1 foot (30.48 cm). The slabs were 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) and 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 cm) high. The granary in the corner of the portico had inside meas- urements of 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) by 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 cm), with a depth of 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm). The plaster rim or wall had an average thickness of 614 inches (16.51 cm). The fire pits in the court (No. 4, fig. 44) were approximately the size of those in the portico. That at the north near the front of the space had diameters of 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm) and 1 foot 101% 190 BUREAU OF AMERICAN HTHNOLOGY [Buut. 121 inches (57.15 cm) at the top, and 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) and 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 cm) at the bottom. The depth was 5 inches (12.7 em). The pit was 9 inches (22.86 cm) from the north wall. The pit at the southwest corner had diameters of 1 foot 9 inches (53.384 cm) and 1 foot 10 inches (55.88 cm) at the top and 1 foot (30.48 cm) and 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) at the bottom. The depth was 7 inches (17.78 em). The pit was only 3 inches (7.62 cm) from the west wall and 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) from the south. The stone slab set in the floor of the court was 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) long, 61% inches (16.51 em) high, and 3% inches (8.89 cm) thick. It stood 9 inches (22.86 cm) from the wall. The old pit beneath the floor close to the stone had diameters of 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) and 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 cm), with a depth of 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm). The fire pit in front of the building, just outside of the portico, measured 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 em) by 2 feet (60.96 cm) and had a depth of 10 inches (25.4 cm). The older pit, which it replaced, measured 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) by 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 cm) and was 1 foot (30.48 cm) deep. The old pit was 9 inches (22.86 cin) from the portico wall and the later one was 2 feet (60.96 cm) away. The remains of the brush shelter with the two fire pits and the metate, located on the edge of the old watercourse, were 12 feet (3.657 m) from the corner of the surface building. The rectangular pit measured 1 foot 9 inches (53.84 em) by 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm) and was 314 inches (8.89 cm) deep. The metate was 1 foot (30.48 em) from the fire pit. The metate was 1 foot 111% inches (59.69 cm) long, 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) wide at the open end and 1 foot (30.48 cm) wide at the closed end. The trough was 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) long, 10 inches (25.4 cm) wide, and 4 inches (10.16 em) deep. The stone was 414 inches (11.48 cm) thick. The second fire pit measured 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm) by 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 cm) and had an average depth of 714 inches (19.05 cm). The standing stones that partially separated the floor area around the two pits had a combined length of 1 foot 10% inches (57.15 cm) and steod 111% inches (29.21 cm) above the floor. The holes for the support posts for the arbor erected over the pits ranged between 6 and 7% inches (15.24 and 17.78 cm) in diameter. Their depths were 1 foot (30.48 cm). The fire pit south of the above group measured 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) by 1 foot 3 inches (88.1 cm) and was 1 foot (30.48 cm) deep. ‘The wall of upright slabs to the west of this pit, separating the general area of occupation marked “Court” on the diagram (fig. 44), had a length of 12 feet (3.657 cm). The fire pit on the west side of this wall measured 1 foot 2 inches (85.56 cm) by 1 foot 3 inches (88.1 cm) and was 8 inches (20.32 cm) deep. The sur- ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 191 rounding holes for posts ranged from 714 inches (19.05 cm) to 9 inches (22.86 cm) in diameter and from 10 inches (25.4 cm) to 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) in depth. The original enclosure at No. 6 had diameters of 9 feet (2.743 m) and 10 feet 6 inches (3.200 m). The smaller room was 6 feet (1.828 m) by 9 feet 3 inches (2.819 m). The floor of the original room was 2 feet 1 inch (63.5 cm) below the old ground level at the south side. The stone wall for the reduced enclosure rose 2 feet 1014 inches (86.99 cm) above the floor at the south side, 2 feet 9 inches (83.82 cm) at the east, 3 feet 514 inches (1.047 m) at the north, and 2 feet 5 inches (73.66 cm) at the west. The single hole for a support post in the corner of the old room was 8 inches (20.82 cm) in diameter and 1 foot 7144 inches (49.53 em) deep. The hole at the south corner in the smaller room was 514 inches (18.97 em) and 6% inches (16.51 cm) in diameter and 6 inches (15.24 cm) deep. The hole near the east corner was 4 inches (10.16 em) and 5 inches (12.7 cm) in diameter and 434 inches (12.06 cm) deep. The hole at the north corner was 5 inches (12.7 cm) in diameter and 614 inches (16.51 cm) deep. The fire pit measured 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 em) by 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm) and was 7 inches (17.78 em) deep. The stone that faced one side was 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 em) long, 3 inches (7.62 cm) thick, and projected 2 inches (5.08 em) above the floor. The opening into the cache pit or granary beneath the floor of No. 6 was 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 cm) in diameter. The bottom of the pit was 3 feet 8 inches (1.117 m) below the floor of No. 6. The bottom of the cache pit was oval in contour with diameters of 4 feet (1.219 m) and 4 feet 10 inches (1.473 m). The wall was approxi- mately vertical for a distance of 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) above the floor, then curved inward to the circular opening in the upper floor. The stone slab set in the pit floor just below the opening was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) high, 814 inches (21.59 em) wide, and 314 inches (8.89 cm) thick. Kiva A had a diameter of 15 feet 10 inches (4.826 m) on the sipapu, fire pit, ventilator line above the bench and 18 feet 5 inches (4.089 m) below it. Along the direction of the plaster ridge on the floor the diameter was 16 feet (4.876 m) above the bench and 13 feet 9 inches (4.191 m) below it. On the ventilator side of the chamber the floor was 8 feet 714 inches (2.628 m) below the present ground level and 7 feet 714 inches (2.323 m) below the old surface. At the north- east end of the plaster ridge the floor was 7 feet 714 inches (2.323 m) below the present surface and 6 feet 7 inches (2.006 m) below the old ground level. At the southwest end of the ridge the depth was 7 feet 214 inches (2.196 m) from the present ground level and 6 feet 214 inches (1.891 m) from the old surface. 192 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buut. 121 The holes for the support posts were larger in this structure than in many of the others. That near the north corner had diameters of 10 inches (25.4 cm) and 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) and a depth of 2 feet 34 inch (62.86 cm). It was 1 foot 814 inches (52.07 cm) from the wall. The hole for the east post was 1 foot (30.48 cm) and 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) in diameter and 2 feet 14 inch (61.59 em) in depth. The hole was 6 inches (15.24 cm) from the wall. The hole for the support at the south corner was 8 inches (20.32 cm) and 9 inches (22.86 cm) in diameter and 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 cm) deep. It was 6 inches (15.24 cm) from the wall. The western post was set in a hole with diameters of 914 inches (24.13 cm) and 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm). The hole was 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) from the wall. The fire pit in the floor of the kiva (fig. 45, g), had diameters of 1 foot 1014 inches (57.15 em) and 1 foot 1114 inches (59.69 cm). The bottom of the pit was 834 inches (22.22 cm) below the floor level. The surrounding rim of plaster increased the depth, however, to 1014 inches (26.67 cm). The stone in the edge of the pit was 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) long, 314 inches (8.89 cm) thick, and its top projected 1 inch (2.54 cm) above the plaster rim. The rim ranged from 4 inches (10.16 cm) to 7 inches (17.78 cm) in width and had an average height of 114 inches (3.81 cm) above the floor. The ladder box or pit covered with the stone slab (fig. 45, 4) was sep- arated from the fire pit by the stone slab. This pit measured 1 foot 21% inches (36.83 cm) by 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) and had a depth of 1 foot 21% inches (36.83 em). The cover slab was 1 foot 414 inches (41.91 cm) by 1 foot 5 inches (43.18 cm) and 1 inch (2.54 em) thick. At one side of the room the plaster ridge (fig. 45, f) was quite regu- lar in width and did not vary greatly from the 414-inch (11.43 cm) average. The continuation at the opposite side, however, ranged be- tween 214 inches (6.35 cm) and 4 inches (10.16 cm). The height was quite consistent along the whole length and deviated only slightly from the 114-inch (3.81-cm) average. The cache or storage pit in the floor near the north support post (fig. 45, 6) had diameters of 1 foot 3 inches (88.1 cm) and 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm). The depth was 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm). The hole was 9 inches (22.86 cm) from the hole for the support post and 1 foot (80.48 cm) from the wall. The small pocket (fig. 45, c) had diameters of 21% inches (6.35 cm) and 314 inches (8.89 em) and a depth of 21% inches (6.85 cm). It was 814 inches (21.59 cm) from the wall. The two holes occupying the position of the sipapu were of slightly different size. The larger (fig. 45, d), was 4 inches (10.16 cm) and 41% inches (11.48 cm) in diameter and 23% inches (6.03 cm) in depth. The hole was 2 feet 5 inches (73.66 cm) from the wall. The smaller hole (fig. 45, ¢), had diameters of 3 inches ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 193 (7.62 cm) and 31% inches (8.89 cm). The depth was 2 inches (5.08 em). Hole e was 3 inches (7.62 cm) from d and 8 feet 5 inches (1.041 m) from the fire pit. The two cuplike depressions in the floor where the ends of the ladder poles rested (fig. 45, 2) were 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) and 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) from the end of the slab-covered pit in the position of the ladder box. The depressions were 1 foot 1 inch (33.02 cm) apart. They had diameters of 314 inches (8.89 cm), sug- gesting that 3-inch (7.62-cm) poles were used in the ladder. The depressions were 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) from the base of the ven- tilator opening, giving ample foot space for a person using the ladder. The oval-shaped basin (fig. 45,7) at the base of the wall near the east support post had diameters of 1 foot 3 inches (38.1 cm) and 7 inches (17.78 cm). The sides sloped downward from the rim of the basin to a depth of 214 inches (6.35 cm) near its center. The basin touched the wall along one side. It was only 3 inches (7.62 cm) from the edge of the hole for the post. The similar floor feature (fig. 45, &) near the south support post had diameters of 8 inches (20.32 cm) and 1014 inches (26.67 cm). Its depth was greater, being 41% inches (11.48 cm). The hole was 314 inches (8.89 cm) from the edge of the hole for the post and 6 inches (15.24 cm) from the wall. The ventilator opening (fig. 45, 7) was 914 inches (24.13 cm) wide and 1 foot 4 inches (40.64 cm) high. The sill was 1 foot (30.48 cm) above the floor of the chamber. The original trench where it cut through the wall of the room was 2 feet 7 inches (78.74 cm) wide. The stonework reducing this size and forming a frame for the aper- ture was 1 foot (30.48 cm) wide at the west side of the opening and 9 inches (22.86 cm) at the east side. On the west side the construc- tion extended back into the tunnel 1 foot 8 inches (50.8 cm), where there was a 5-inch (12.7-cm) jog. On the east side the masonry ex- tended only 1 foot 214 inches (36.88 cm) along the tunnel wall. The jog was the same size as that on the opposite side, 5 inches (12.7 cm). The poles employed to reinforce the framework filling in the trench opening (fig. 45, m) had diameters of 214 inches (6.85 cm) and 3 inches (7.62 cm). The stone slab used as a riser from the floor of the chamber to the sill of the aperture was 1 foot 1% inch (31.75 cm) high. The slight projection of its top above the sill was compen- sated for when the structure was occupied by the adobe plaster that covered the sill. The passage, from the aperture to the place where it entered the bottom of the shaft, was 3 feet 4 inches (1.016 m) long. The width at the outer end was 1 foot 5 inches (48.18 cm). The height of the opening was 1 foot 7 inches (48.26 cm). The bottom of the shaft measured 1 foot 9 inches (53.34 cm) by 2 feet 11% inches 194 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buu 121 (64.77 cm). The bottom of the shaft was 7 feet 9 inches (2.362 m) below the present ground level and 5 feet 11 inches (1.803 m) below the old surface. The opening on the ground level (fig. 45, n) had diameters of 1 foot 1 inch (83.02 cm) and 1 foot 114 inches (84.29 cm). a bank of the buried watercourse was only 1 foot 6 inches (45.72 cm) from the outside edge of the ventilator opening. The side of the old channel dipped sharply to the bottom, which was 4 feet (1.219 m) below the present ground level and 2 feet 2 inches (66.04 cm) below the former surface of occupation. The pockets on the bench between the base ends of the slanting roof poles were of different sizes. The circular one (fig. 45, 0) at the west corner was 514 inches (13.97 cm) in diameter and 3 inches (7.62 cm) deep. The back edge of the pocket was against the back wall of the bench. Pocket p, figure 45, undercut the back wall of the bench to some extent. About half the pocket was beyond the line of the wall. The pocket was 9 inches (22.86 cm) long, 6% inches (16.19 em) wide, and 4 inches (10.16 em) deep. It cut into the wall a distance of 314 inches (8.89 em). The largest pocket of the group was q, figure 45, which was entirely in the wall at the back of the bench. It had a length of 1 foot 914 inches (54.61 cm) and a width of 814 inches (21.59 cm). The bottom of the pocket was 2 inches (5.08 em) below the top of the bench. The opening into the pocket was 1 foot 2 inches (35.56 cm) long and 4 inches (10.16 cm) high. The pocket near the south corner (fig. 45, 7) was smaller. It also was entirely subwall in its form. The total length was 8 inches (20.32 em) and the width 41% inches (11.43 em). The opening was 5 inches (12.7 cm) long and 3 inches (7.62 cm) high. The bottom of the pocket was only 1 inch (2.54 em) below the level of the bench top. The diameters for the holes for the butts of the roof timbers were consistently in the range of from 3 inches (7.62 em) to 41% inches (11.43 cm). The majority varied only slightly from a 314- inch (8.89-cm) diameter. UNIT NO. 2 The second unit, also a part of the Developmental village, was larger and more complex than the first one (pl. 22, a). It consisted of a surface structure containing six rooms, the remains of several shelters, and a subterranean chamber designated Kiva B on the plan of the village (fig. 44). There is little question in this case but that the circular structure had a ceremonial function, particu- larly in the final phase of its occupation. The refuse mound was east of the house remains. A portion of it was beyond the water- course. Originally all of it had been separated from the house site by the channel, but as it grew in size some of it contributed ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 195 to the fill in the old stream bed and ultimately spread across it. The mound was much larger than that for the first unit. It cov- ered a larger area and also was deeper. The north end probably consisted in part of material deposited by people using the shelters of the first unit and of that deposited by the one-time inhabitants of the pit structure. Slightly more than the southern half unques- tionably was the accumulation of refuse from the second unit. This part of the mound was by far the deepest and, even making allow- ances for an increase in the size of the group living there, indi- cates a longer period of occupation. One noticeable feature in connection with the second unit is that of the outside fire pits. They not only were around the house, be- tween it and the kiva, but were scattered over the surface of the refuse mound. In one or two cases there were indications that some sort of shade had been erected nearby. Most of them, however, were used without any such accompanying construction. Whether they were used for cooking fires or were simply places where people gathered, in the manner of modern Indians, for warmth and light in periods of relaxation and sociability could not be learned. As a matter of fact they probably served both purposes, although it is likely that most of the culinary activity centered around those where the walls of the surface building served as a windbreak or the users were protected by an arbor. The buried watercourse passed much closer to the second unit than to the first. Part of the kiva was even constructed in and below the channel. The blocking of the stream some distance above the unit and diversion of the run-off from the higher slopes, as previously mentioned, made possible the placing of the kiva in that location. Otherwise the structure would have been exposed to danger of dam- age from flood waters and a seepage of moisture into its pit. The slope of the bank and the bed of the channel no doubt reduced the amount of digging necessary for the kiva pit, but also required some provision for compensation for the lack of depth at that side. The location was satisfactory from the standpoint of the surface water drainage because the slope was sufficient to carry away the ac- cumulations from falling rain and melting snow. As long as the diversion wall above the village held there was little likelihood of in- undation from the old channel. After the abandonment of the site the wall fell into disrepair and water began flowing toward the kiva along the former course. The accumulations of refuse and other debris were such, however, that the flow was shifted to the right and a new channel cut. On one or two occasions, probably following cloudbursts, enough water came down to overflow the banks and sweep sand and gravel across the ventilator portion of the kiva. 196 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BuLL. 121 The surface structure in this unit approximated a rectangular block in plan, although there was a small wing at one end and a niche or recess at one side. The rooms were in a double tier with four in one row and two and the niche in the other. The rooms were not uni- form in size. They fall roughly into three groups, however, with — Nos. 7, 10, and 12 corresponding quite closely in general measure- ments, 9 and 11 being approximately the same, and 8 standing alone. Three of the rooms were definitely equipped for dwelling purposes in that they contained fire pits and some form of storage bins. The other three had no such features. They were the smaller chambers and it is quite possible that they were storage places rather than actual living quarters. Granting such to be the case it is interest- ing to note the proportion of one dwelling room to one store room. On the basis of comparison with practices among some of the mod- ern village dwellers in the area the division in this structure suggests that the group here may have consisted of three units or families, a family consisting of husband, wife, and children. The relationship in general possibly was that of mother and father with unmarried children in one apartment and a married daughter with her husband and children in each of the other two. The likelihood of some such status is indicated by the evidence that two of the dwelling rooms, 9 and 11, as well as two of the storage rooms, 7 and 12, were subse- quent additions to the original nucleus of 8 and 10. While it cannot be proved definitely that such was the order, foundation and floor levels, in relation to the old surface, indicate that 12 was added first, then 11, followed by 7, and finally by 9. Whether a part of the re- modeling process when 9 was built or the result of some other oc- currence could not be learned, but there was considerable reconstruc- tion in the wall separating 8 and 9. Construction methods and wall types were much the same in the second unit as those in the first. There was more horizontally laid masonry in the second. The floors in the rooms were below the general ground level and the foundations were laid along the walls of the shallow room pits. The central portion of the structure, par- ticularly rooms 8 and 10, was characterized by the use of large, un- worked blocks of stone (pl. 22, 6). This was true for both the slab foundation and the horizontally laid walls. In the later addi- tions smaller stones were employed, the proportion of mud mortar to building blocks was greater, and small spalls were inserted as chinking. There was abundant use of mortar and small stones in a sort of rubble finish on the exterior of many of the walls. This was particularly noticeable on those with the upright slab founda- tions. The probabilities are that the necessity of compensating for the uneven tops of the slabs and providing a comparatively level base led to the development of that style finish. Added to this was the Roperts] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 197 uneven nature of a wall made up of heterogeneous shapes and sizes of stones and the tendency to lay them so that the inside face was smooth. Alining them along one side would make the irregulari- ties more pronounced on the other and the use of mud and small fragments of stone would furnish a satisfactory means of obtaining a more regular surface. The practice of chinking with small tab- ular bits of stone may have developed out of this constructional feature. There does not appear to be any marked significance in the difference in wall types. The fact that there was a blending and mixture of all three variations in the same wall and that the steps leading from one form to another were obvious in the house suggests a local development rather than an influence from the outside or a change resulting from alien increments to the village. Room 7 was a simple enclosure with a flagstone floor. The only interior feature was an upright stone set in the floor midway of the length of the wall on the side toward the kiva side of the building. This is one of the stones that is thought to represent a step. This function was suggested not only by the position and height of the stone, but by the worn surface on the top as well. The ridges and rough spots were smoothed in a manner quite indicative of the tread of feet. AJl other surfaces on the stone were rough. Occur- ring midway of the wall it suggests that the opening or doorway into the chamber was at that point and that the center of the wall was the customary place for a doorway. No evidence of that feature remained in the wall itself, although it seems likely that the sill could not have been much above the level of the remaining wall. One end of room 7 partially overlay the pit of one of the granaries that is thought to be correlated with the remains of pit structure No. 17. The floor of room 7 cut into the fill in the granary to some extent, but its floor was 1 foot 3 inches (388.1 cm) above the floor of the granary. The original ground level dropped away rather abruptly at this end of the building and the north wall of the granary pro- jected above the old surface to a greater degree than usual for such structures. Three of the walls in room 7 were of the slab foundation and horizontal masonry type. The fourth was wholly of horizontal masonry. It was the end of the original building, the outside of room 8. The two side walls of No. 7 abutted it. Room 8 was one of the dwelling chambers. The enclosure was long and narrow. There was sufficient fallen material in the fill to show that the walls had risen to the height of a single story, approx- imately 6 feet 6 inches (1.981 m) above the old ground level. This added to the depth of the floor would give ample head room for the inhabitants. The upper part of the fill was mainly hard-packed sand and adobe mixed with wall stones. The adobe probably was slumped 68764—39——14 198 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 plaster from the wall and roof and the sand wind-deposited mate- rial. From the floor to approximately 1 foot (30.48 cm) above the fill was sand with some admixture of ashes. The nature of this layer suggested that the room was unoccupied for some time before the walls fell in, the sand being blown in through the doorway. On the floor were numerous potsherds and stone implements. The walls of the room were built of large, unshaped blocks of stone laid in courses. There was little chinking in three of them but the fourth, that sep- arating 8 and 9, did have small spalls in addition to the larger blocks. So many of these were used in places that they became courses of small stones rather than chinking. This wall, as pre- viously mentioned, appeared to be of later construction than the others in this room and probably correlated with the remainder of room 9 rather than with 8. This wall rested in part on the base of the original wall for room 8, but the faces of the two did not coincide, and as a result there was a narrow offset along that side of the room just above the top of the stone step (pl. 23, a). The step in room 8 was similar to those in the other chambers. It was a rectangular block, unworked, set in the floor approximately midway of the eastern wall. The top was slightly worn and smoothed from use. The fire pit for the room was nearby. From the position of the step, it would appear that the fire pit had been almost in front of the doorway. The pit was partially lined with stones and partially faced with plaster. A bin or storage box once stood in the north- west corner. The slab walls for this enclosure were missing, but the stone paving for the floor was still intact. Traces of the wall slabs were noted in the floor along the edges of the paving stones. Rec- tangular, corner bins of this type, made by using upright slabs, were common in Zuhi in comparatively recent times and occasionally one is built even now. ‘They served for the storage of beans, corn, and the like.°* There was a small stone at the end of the room that had no apparent purpose. Its top was flush with the floor. It was not a part of the bin. There was nothing beneath it. The stone had simply been set in the floor at that place for some purpose not indicated by the remains. There were no other features in the enclosure. Room 9 was one of the later additions to the house. It was the largest enclosure in the building and had more internal features than the others. There were a number of interesting items in its construc- tion. Three of the walls consisted, for the most part, of large, hori- zontally laid blocks of stone alternating with small, thin stones like the construction shown in the upper part of the wall in the photo- graph (pl. 23, @). The south end of the room presents a problem in *% Mindeleff, 1891, p. 210. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 PLATE 23 6. Corner bin in room 11. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 121 PLATE 24 a. Corner of building outside room 11 and bin. 6 6. Original floor in Kiva B BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BOULECE MINTZ s SeiAiE 25 b. Katcina niche in wall of Kiva B. BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BUILEERAGIN ta) SRPEATE a. Subwall storage bin in Kiva B. 6. Ventilator openings in Kiva B. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 199 that there is a question as to whether or not it actually had a com- plete wall. The enclosure was finished at that end by a row of up- right stone slabs. What form of construction had risen above the tops of these slabs, if any, is a matter of some doubt. From the amount of debris composed of small stones and chunks of mud mortar found along the bases of the slabs on both sides of the row, it would seem that a rubble wall of the type previously described once stood there. Yet the tops and sides of the slabs were so completely devoid of any adhering material of this nature that there was no actual evidence to show that it once rested on and around them. For that reason a statement that there was a wall of such construction is not wholly warranted. On the other hand, it is questionable that the end of the room was left open, except for the low barrier of standing stones, and as a consequence the best conclusion seems to be that there was a rubble wall. It is possible, of course, that the enclosure was a shed rather than a room. Support posts for the roof were set at three places in the room. One was incorporated in the outside wall not quite midway of its length and the other two were along the inside wall at approximately one- third its length from each end. These uprights may have been placed there to carry the main weight of the roof at the time the room was built or they may have been installed later as braces for a sagging ceiling. The fact that the one on the outside was built into the wall is good evidence that it was a part of the original construction, or at least was set there early in the occupancy of the room. Several possi- bilities are suggested by the combination of factors here indicated. There was a slight variation in the type of masonry in the outer wall on each side of the post. That extending to the northeast corner and thence to the corners of rooms 7 and 8 was all of one form, while that between the post and the end of the upright slab wall was noticeably different, although conforming to the same general style. This sug- gests that the original room may have terminated at the post and then subsequently was enlarged by the erection of the shorter length of wall and the slab construction at the end. Certain irregularities in the floor and below it, on a line between the outer post and the one opposite near the inner wall, may have resulted from the razing of an end wall, which would substantiate the above postulation. The reinforcing of corners by the use of timbers was not a common practice in this district and it is curious that two examples should be found in this room. One explanation for the occurrence is that in the beginning room 9 was a portico like No. 2 in the first unit and that it was later built into a room, the support posts for the roof being included in the rising walls. In its final stage it unquestionably was a room, because the fallen wall material was too extensive for a court. Another possibility is that a bit of misfortune was re- 200 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bow 121 sponsible for the condition found, including the new wall between rooms 8 and 9. Because of the additional roof weight that would be directly correlated with the larger size of room 9, the original wall for room 8 may have buckled. The attendant reconstruction would account for the type of masonry in the wall between 8 and 9, also its thickness and the use of uprights to aid in supporting the roof, the enlarging process taking place at the same time. There is no definite evidence that any of these explanations are correct. They are postulations offered merely to call attention to certain possibilities in the history of the room. There were two fire pits in room 9. The larger was in the approx- imate center and the smaller at one side. Both were partially lined with stones and partially faced with mud plaster. At the time when the debris was cleared from the floor the smaller pit was filled to the brim with fine wood ashes. Practically no charcoal was present in the ash. The larger pit was only half filled with ashes and charcoal. The situation suggests that the smaller pit was functioning in the capacity of an ash depository, while the large one was actually serv- ing as a place where fires burned. Just why there was the definitely intentional saving of ashes as noted in so many instances in this district is not known. There were several uses for them, however. The adobe plaster occasionally was mixed with ashes, which gave it a harder, more cohesive quality. They also may have been needed in other pursuits for which there is no evidence. The modern Zui, in preparing hominy, mix a quantity of wood-ash paste in a pot of cold water and then put corn, removed from the cob, in it. The pot is set over a fire and after the corn has come to a boil it is stirred with a stick. The stirring and boiling remove the hulls. Wood-ash lye was also used in the preparation of the well-known Pueblo wafer bread. Similar culinary practices may have prevailed in earlier times and some of the ashes have been preserved for such purposes in this village. The storage bin or granary in the southwest corner of the room was built of stone slabs set on end. They were placed in a curved row that cut off the corner. Five stones were used in the construc- tion. They no doubt were covered with plaster at the time of occu- pancy of the house. The bottom of the bin was below the floor level, as in the case of that in No. 2 in the first unit. The shape of the feature, when considered in the light of the jog in the wall at that end of the room, suggests that it might have been in existence | prior to the completion of the chamber and then incorporated in it during the remodeling. There was no evidence either for or against this possibility, but the general form is indicative of it. When the 6 Stevenson, 1904, p. 367. Roserrs] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 201 slabs in the recess along the wall of room 11 are included it looks very much as though there had been a large circular granary in front of rooms 8 and 10 and that it was partially dismantled when room 9 was erected. In fact, the end wall of 9 may have cut across the granary instead of the smaller bin being incorporated in it. To provide a level floor in room 9, because of the natural slope of the ground which dropped away rather abruptly from in front of the original structure, it was necessary for the builders to fill in along the outside wall. Approximately one-third of the floor space was treated in this way. Refuse-mound material and broken stones were employed for that purpose. The mud-plaster flooring was laid on top of this fill (fig. 49). The outer wall was close to the wall of the pit for the subterranean structure, but with the roof in place and covered with earth the latter would have had no effect on the sur- face house. As a matter of fact the area was probably leveled off so that the roof of the kiva formed a dooryard in front of the dwelling. Room 9 did not have one of the stone steps like those in the other rooms. For that reason there is no indication of the location of the doorway. The most suitable place for an opening would have been at the south end of the room next to the corner storage bin. If it was placed there a step would not have been needed, as the building up of the floor level at that side of the room brought it to about the ground level and a person entering the chamber would not be re- quired to step down into it as on the others. That may explain the absence of the step. Room 10 was a simple chamber of the storage type. Its walls were similar in construction to those of room 8, except for the one at the south where a slab foundation type was used. This wall ap- peared to be a part of the original structure, although it is possible that it was rebuilt when room 12 was added. Digging the pit for the floor of the latter enclosure could have produced some settling in the masonry, with the result that a new piece of construction was deemed advisable. The only additional feature of interest in the masonry was in the northwest corner of the room, where the normal juncture of the walls was modified by a short, diagonal series of courses that gave the floor plan a pentagonal instead of a quad- rangular form. There was nothing to indicate whether this thick- ening of the walls was intentional or accidental. Midway of the wall on the side toward room 11, in the position occupied by the stone step in other rooms, a small post had been set in the floor. Its original height is not known. Because of its location it is possible that it was also a step, although one of wood rather than stone. On the other hand, it may have been a brace to hold a covering in place over the doorway. Since it stood some distance from the wall the step interpretation seems more logical. The floor in this room was 202 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (But. 121 mainly smoothed plaster, but there were two slabs embedded in the surface at the north end of the enclosure. When the interior of room 10 was being cleared of its accumulated debris an unusual mass of beads was found on the floor. They were all in one group, as though they had been in a pouch or container of some perishable substance that had disintegrated after being covered with earth. There was no apparent reason for their presence in the room. Probabilities are that they either were dropped and not re- covered or that the bag was hidden there and then for some reason or other was not retrieved. The beads are all made from shell, some pink, some white, some red, and a few a slight orange shade. There was a variety of sizes from the standpoint of diameter, but none were very large. Most of them were a simple disc in form. A few were shaped like a figure 8 with the perforation for stringing through the smaller end. There was a marked consistency in thickness and they averaged 20 beads to the inch. There was no way of telling whether they had been strung or what kind of necklace, if strung, they formed. When threaded on a single strand they made a string 37 feet 4 inches (11.379 m) long. There were approximately 9,000 beads in the group. In addition to the beads, a number of pieces of azurite and malachite and a few fragments of turquoise were present in the assemblage. They, too, seemed to have been in the same container as the beads. The recess or niche between rooms 9 and 11 gave no evidence that it had ever been roofed. It would have been a simple matter, how- ever, to lay timbers across from the end of one room to the end of the other and thus provide a covering for the space. Under the cir- cumstances no traces of such a roof would remain and it is impossi- ble to say what the nature of the enclosure was when the building was occupied. It may have been open to the heavens or it could have been topped with timbers and brush. With a roof it would have made a serviceable adjunct to the house. Various objects could have been kept there out of the weather. The indication of a bin at the back of the recess has been mentioned already in connection with room 9. If the upright slabs placed here were not a part of a former granary they at least partially enclosed the southwest corner at the rear of the recess and contributed to its qualifications as a place for keeping things. It was in the corner in this enclosure that the human foot, mentioned in the discussion of the skeleton in Kiva A, was found sealed behind adobe plaster. Room 11 was similar to room 9 in its general size and shape. It did not have any support posts, however, and the wall construction was mainly of the slab foundation rather than the horizontal block type, although there was some of the latter in two places. A little more than half of the north wall was built in that fashion and a ROBERTS ] ~ ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 203 section near the southeast corner also consisted of large blocks laid horizontally from the ground up. The slab-founded walls in this enclosure had a larger percentage of rubble exterior finish than any other part of the structure. This was particularly true of the one at the south end. The fire pit in the room was merely a small cir- cular basin in the floor. It was not as deep nor as large in diameter as those in rooms 8 and 9 and it had no stone facing. Close to the fire pit, in almost the center of the room, was a metate or milling stone. Midway of the outside wall was a hole in the floor where a post had been placed. It occupied a position similar to that of the post in room 10 and may also have been a wooden rather than a stone step. On the opposite side of the wall, outside of the room, a stone similar to the steps in several of the rooms was set in the ground close to the base of the wall. It unquestionably was a step and indicates that the doorway to the chamber was in that portion of the outer wall. A person could easily have stepped from the stone through the opening and onto the short wooden post inside. The southwest corner of the room was approximately bisected by a large stone slab. It appeared to be all that remained of a bin or storage place comparable to those in the corners of 2 and 9. The rest of the enclosing wall probably was of rubble construction. There was sufficient debris, composed of small irregularly shaped rocks and chunks of mud plaster, on the floor in that vicinity to suggest that such had been the case. The actual limits of the bin could not be determined. The mud and rock part of the wall appar- ently fell before the remainder of the room had collapsed and the floor was so damaged that traces of the wall’s footing were not discernible. The most interesting feature in room 11 was the granary or stor- age place incorporated in the wall near the southwest corner. While in a broad sense it was comparable to those in rooms 2 and 9, it actually was unique for the district. Although smaller, its general form was much like that of the regular detached granaries. A shal- low pit was lined with slabs placed upright around its edges. The slabs projected some distance above the ground level and were topped with courses of horizontally laid masonry. The actual wall was thicker than the slabs and from the ground level to the beginnings of the horizontal courses the additional “body” was supplied by rub- ble construction. There were a few scattered places where two or three stones were laid in a semblance of horizontal masonry; but the bulk of the wall around the slabs was of the rubble type. A door- way connected the granary with the room (pl. 23, 6). The sill of the opening consisted of a stone slab set on edge. The jambs at each side were single upright slabs to a height of 1 foot 6 inches 204 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu. 121 (45.72 cm) and 2 feet (60.96 cm) above the floor. Above these the sides of the opening had been the horizontal block masonry. The floor of the closet was 9 inches (22.86 cm) below the floor of the room and was paved with thin slabs of stone. The fallen wall material in the granary and along its outside walls indicated that it had risen to approximately the same height as the room. Corner closets or eranaries of this type are not common. A good example of one was found in a Great Pueblo ruin on the Zuni Reservation.*® The lat- ter is probably a century or more later in date and it is curious that so advantageous a feature in house form was not more widely used, particularly since it was known for so long a period. Constructional complications and the tendency to a weakening of the walls may have overbalanced the convenience of such a storage place to the extent that it did not attain to popular use. Room 12, like 7 and 10, had no interior features of note. The walls were of the slab-foundation type and that on the side toward room 11 was very irregular. There was no apparent reason for the uneven surface or the unusual thickness of the construction. The wall at the end of the building rested upon and incorporated in its foundations a few slabs from an older granary. It is possible that a similar condition prevailed along part of the wall between rooms 11 and 12 and that the variability of both surface and thickness were due to the inclusion of parts of an older structure. This was not apparent on the exterior surfaces of the wall, however, and the con- struction was not disturbed. There was no step in room 12. Whether there ever had been one, or one was present and subsequently removed, could not be deter- mined because the enclosure had been used as a burial place and the interment had caused some disturbance of its original status. The surface of the floor was broken in several places along the base of the wall in the approximate location for a step, judging from the posi- tions of those in other chambers, and any traces of its placement that might have survived were obliterated. The burial was that, of an adult, probably a male, and was peculiar in that the body had been placed front down with the face turned to one side. The legs were tightly flexed. The left arm extended along the side and the right was crossed over the back. The positions of the arm bones suggested that the person had been bound, his hands tied behind his back. The individual appeared to have been dumped on the floor and then covered with refuse, stones, and mud plaster. The latter was poured around and over the stones but not smoothed. It set and held the covering firmly in place over the remains. Why the person was buried in this manner would make an interesting story. The 6 Roberts, 19382, p. 31, fig. 1. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 205 fact that there were no accompanying mortuary offerings and that the individual apparently was tied suggests a captive or prisoner of war. Being disposed of in a room rather than interred in the refuse mound, as was the case with most of the burials, indicates some ex- ceptional circumstances, possibly a desire to conceal the fact that the person had been disposed of or had succumbed. There was nothing to show how long before the abandonment of the house the interment took place. The people may have lived there for some time subsequent to that event or it is possible that it was a contribut- ing factor in the group’s moving. One other skeleton exhibiting a similar position, sprawled face down with the arms crossed over the back and the left foot drawn up as thongh tied to the lashings that held the wrists, was uncovered in a shallow pit beyond the limits of the refuse mound (fig. 44, No. 4). This burial also lacked funerary offerings and the implication is that it was the final resting place of an unwelcome alien or a vanquished foe. At the southwest corner of the building, adjacent to room 11 and its granary, was a partially enclosed area containing a fire pit. This sheltered spot, in the lee of the house, probably served as an outdoor kitchen. A masonry wall extended from the granary several feet toward the southeast, forming a protection on that side. At the corner formed by the juncture of the slab-founded and horizontal masonry walls in room 11 a single large stone slab was set on end to aid in delimiting the area. First impressions were that this had been an additional room, but no evidence was found for the other two walls or that the construction had ever been more exten- sive. A stone placed near the horizontal masonry wall was anal- ogous in position and shape to the steps in the various rooms. It does not seem to have had this purpose, however. It would have been serviceable as a seat or a place to set objects used in cooking. The fire pit was roughly circular in form and faced with stones (pl. 24, a). Close to the fire pit, on the north side, was a long stone slab, em- bedded in the floor of occupation. The top of the stone was flush with the level of the surrounding area. Underneath the stone were the remains of a young child. The body had been placed in a shal- low pit. The arms were folded across the chest and the knees drawn up close to the body; it was a tightly fiexed burial. Small poles were laid across the top of the pit and the slab placed on them. The stone was large enough to extend beyond the rim of the pit and it is likely that the grave was sealed by the use of mud plaster around the edges of the stone. Children were often buried close to a hearth in the Southwest and there undoubtedly was some significance in the custom. The actual reasons for the practice are not known, but by analogy from a similar custom among the modern Indians in the area several suggestions can be offered. One explana- 206 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buu 121 tion is that when buried near the center of domestic activity the little one will be less lonesome. Another is that it is an effort to keep the family circle unbroken, a custom that has been world-wide in its distribution among peoples of less developed cultures. Or it might be that the mother wanted the remains kept as near to her as possible as the result of some purely maternal reaction to the loss of a cherished offspring. Another youngster was interred in the area on the opposite side of the wall, not as close to a fire pit as the former, but well within the boundaries of all household activi- ties. Both of these burials belonged to the final stages of occupancy of this unit because the mortuary offerings of pottery consisted of vessels of the type correlating with the final phase of the Develop- mental village. The area bounded by room 11, the granary, the extension wall from the granary, and the kiva was also a center of domestic activ- ity. There was a slab-lined fire pit in the approximate center of the space and the old surface was packed and stained from the tramp of many feet. There were several standing stones near the fire pit. Their purpose was not apparent, but they undoubtedly had some connection with the pit. Possibly they were merely provided as places on which to put pots or baskets so that they would be off the ground. There were no traces of support posts and the area probably had no shade or covering erected over it. There was a similar center for outdoor cooking in the corner formed by rooms 7 and 9. The slab-lined fire pit located there was more than half filled with ashes and small fragments of charcoal. Nu- merous splinters of burned bone occurred in the pit and on the sur- face around its rim. An arrowhead and a bone scraper were found at the base of the wall of room 9 near the corner. Southeast from the surface structure, across the old channel and at the edge of the present watercourse, were the remains of a brush shelter. This example was more elaborate than many and quite reminiscent of the one located at the main site on top of the ridge close to structures 12 and 18. This shelter was suggestive of a small pit dwelling in some respects but it was not deep enough, although the floor was below the surrounding ground level, and had no form of ventilator. The shade or arbor erected over the shallow pit was supported by four upright posts set near the cor- ners of the depression. There were no indications that side walls were provided. Slanting poles may have been used to form a wind- break on two or more sides, but there were no traces on the ground around the edges of the floor pit that could be regarded as an indication of the presence of such timbers. The fire pit was at one side of the floor space close to the north support post. The pit was D-shaped. The flat side was faced with a stone slab and the ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 907 curved face was covered with plaster. A plaster rim encircled the pit on the floor level. Two stones were placed near the west corner of the pit. One was set in the floor 6 inches (15.24 cm) from the wall in a position suggesting that it might have been a step. The other was lying on the old ground level and its location in relation to the first was such as to indicate that it may have been a tread to protect the edges of the pit from damage when people stepped up or down. There were two storage places along the southwest wall. One was a circular pit in the floor (fig. 46, d) and the other a subwall recess (fig. 46,¢e). The storage pit was merely a hole in the floor with vertical sides and approximately level bottom. Both the sides and the bottom were covered with plaster. The pocket in the wall was close to the circular pit. It was cut in the native earth, the back wall sloping down to form a curved back. The bot- tom was a continuation of the general floor level of the main part of the shelter. The pocket was not deep nor high but would have been a convenient place to keep various objects. One question in connection with this shelter and that on the ridge above concerns the possibility that they actually were the basal portions of houses rather than mere shelters. The depressed floors and the definite provision of storage places suggests something more permanent than an ordinary summer kitchen. As pointed out in the discussion of both places, there were no evidences of slanting side poles from the framework at the top of the main posts to the ground back of the edges of the floor pits. The character of the ground is such, however, that any traces left by the butts of tim- bers placed in that way could be obliterated without much diffi- culty. Hence the possibility that faint indications of poles were missed in the digging. Both structures could have had flimsy jacal walls and all traces of them have vanished. If such was the case the more elaborate floor features would not be out of place. Jacal con- struction was not unknown in the region, as evidences of houses made in that way were found at the Long H Ranch in a horizon ap- proximately contemporary with that in this village.°’ As a conse- quence, some form of it could have been used here, although there was nothing to show that such had been the case. The most logical conclusion to draw from the evidence is that the places were brush shelters, but the possibility of their being remnants of another form of house should be borne in mind. Kiva B contained a number of interesting features and is the first of the underground structures thus far considered to exhibit most of the characteristics of a ceremonial chamber. The struc- ture had two distinct phases with a marked difference in certain * Roberts, 1931, pp. 86-88. 208 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buwt. 121 “y I] 7. . Seren; L Les a f FIGuR age nee ie qa ae eee a pie eae alee Be level. RopERTs] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 209 constructional elements in each. As far as this locality is concerned, Kiva B probably marks the transition stage in which there was a definite shift from the older pit-type dwelling to the strictly cere- monial chamber. This was evidenced by a change in the type of roof construction and a modification of some other features to the extent that they produced a complex comparable in all respects to the circular ceremonial rooms of later horizons. The pit for Kiva B was roughly circular in form and was in- closed by a definite bench (fig. 47). The bench was partially dug and partially built up. At several places around the periphery the excavation for the lower portion of the pit had cut back too far into the bench and it was necessary to fill in with refuse and rubble behind the masonry wall that formed the face of the bench. On a little more than half the circumference of the upper and back wall of the bench masonry construction was used to compensate for the lack of depth resulting from the slope of the ground toward the old watercourse. This stonework was not a part of the original structure. It was put there during the remodeling process when the character of the chamber was changed. During the first stage the addition to the back wall was not needed, as the low earth face was sufficient. When the alterations were made, however, the bench level was raised and the builders had to add to the wall height, The face of the bench or wall of the main part of the chamber was of stone construction. On about three-fourths of the periphery the wall consisted of horizontally laid stones resting on the tops of upright slabs (pl. 24, 6); the remainder was horizontal masonry from top to bottom. Some of the slabs used in the facing were so tall they extended almost to the bench top and had only one or two courses of stones above them; others were very short and were topped by many layers. The horizontal masonry in this structure was better than that in Kiva A. Smaller stones were used for the most part and there were some indications of attempts at shaping and dressing a number of the blocks. The covering over the pit in its final stage of use consisted of a cribbed roof, the form of superstructure characteristic of later-day ceremonial rooms. None of the timbers were present when the remains were uncovered, but the top of the bench clearly showed the imprint of logs lying along it in the positions that the bottom row of timbers would occupy in a cribbed roof. Furthermore, there were no holes for upright support posts in the floor that correlated with this phase. The original roof, however, was of the truncated pyram- idal type with sloping side poles and flat center supported on four uprights. The holes for the uprights were found in the old floor below the plaster of the upper floor and when the addition to the top of the bench was removed to the old bench level some of the 210 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buwe. 121 placements for the slanting side poles were uncovered (pl. 25, a). These occurred sporadically around the bench. In some cases the Ono oe 5 2 : se “Witt pa 7 7] =) = LE YU’ b ae Yr ead i a ) —. oe aon / _ 7 wv 7 Ff | a, storage hole in floor; 6, Katcina niche; ¢, stor- FIGURE 47.—Kiva B, upper floor level. age hole in floor; d, sipapu; e, fire pit; f, storage hole; g, ash pit; h, stone in floor; i, stone in floor; j, subfloor ventilator trench; k, ventilator shaft; m, post incorporated in bench; n, present ground level; 0, original surface. butts rested in the angle formed by the back wall and the top of the bench; in others they were set in the shallow holes. When the old style superstructure was in place there was little — need for a high back wall to the bench. As long as there was enough Roserts] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 211 of a face to hold the side poles in position, nothing more was required. The brush, earth, and plaster covering would be carried to the ground level and a low bench wall would be an advantage in that all necessary provision for drainage would be supplied without the use of too much fill material. Due to the domelike nature of a cribbed roof and the practice of filling in with larger quantities of dirt until the surface surrounding the hatchway was comparatively level, a much higher back wall was needed to hold the earth covering the logs. This reason, coupled with the fact that the original back wall was decreased in height by the construction of a new top on the bench, made it essential to build up the back wall on the ven- tilator side and explains the courses of horizontally laid masonry found there. On the side toward the house the pit was deep enough to answer all requirements. When the fill over the cribbed roof was put in place, however, the workmen did not stop at the old ground surface but carried the level higher, so that a comparatively flat area was formed in front of the surface building. In all probability the dooryard, from the walls of rooms 9 and 11 to the kiva entrance, was approximately level during the final period of occupancy in the unit. Interior features varied somewhat in the two stages of occupancy. Those belonging to the later period, that of the cribbed roof, con- sisted of the fire pit, sipapu, a Katcina niche, several small holes in the floor for storing minor articles, two stones embedded in the floor, and a ventilator. The fire pit (fig. 47, ¢) was D-shaped and lined throughout with small stone slabs. The stones projected above the floor and were incorporated in an encircling rim of adobe plaster. This pit was built over and around the pit belonging to the older floor level. In comparison with those in many of the houses it was shallow. The stones and plaster rim were colored from the fires that burned there and the lower part of the pit was filled with ashes and small fragments of charcoal. None of the latter were of sufficient size to furnish material for dendrochronological studies. The posi- tion normally occupied by the ladder box or ash pit, in the pit houses, was taken over by the end of the subfloor ventilator. At one side of this feature, however, was a small rectangular pit (fig. 47, g) that contained some ashes. The pit was shifted to one side, but it had approximately the same relative position with respect to the fire pit as in structures where there was no ventilator opening of the type found here. The sipapu (fig. 47, d) was a simple circular hole with vertical sides. The sides and bottom were carefully plastered. The holes a, c, and f were mere plain, plastered storage places of the kind described for the other structures. One of them, /, was in the loca- tion of one of the support posts for the superstructure of the original DPA BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buit. 121 chamber. It was not as large in diameter as the hole for the post and its bottom penetrated only a short distance into the fill. The flat stone embedded in the floor at one side of the fire and ash pits (fig. 47, 2) was in approximately the same position and about the same size as others noted in the discussion of various structures. As previously suggested, these stones may have been rests for a drum or basket serving as a drum, like those in some of the kivas in modern pueblos. This function would be in keeping with the indi- cation of ceremonial character for the chamber. Of course, it may have had some use entirely distinct from religious observances. The second stone (7) stood several inches above the floor. Its lower end passed entirely through the upper floor and was embedded in the hole for the support post that formerly stood there. There was nothing to suggest the purpose of this stone. The Katcina niche was located in the wall at the side of the room opposite from the ventilator (fig. 47, 5). It was placed high up in the masonry, just above the top of one of the upright facing slabs (pl. 25, 6). The niche was a rectangular box lined with small stone slabs. Similar niches are frequently found in the walls of later- date kivas at the same side of the chamber. They are also present in the kivas of today in the Hopi country and at Acoma. The name is taken from the Hopi term for them. They may or may not have had a comparable designation in olden times. The full Hopi name is Katcina Kihu, the house of the Katcinas, the Katcinas being imper- sonations of the gods. During the progress of a ceremony, the masks worn by certain dancers are placed in the niche when not in actual use. The significance among the Acoma is slightly different; it is considered as the “doorway” through which the spirits of the gods enter and leave the kiva. Also, when prayers are offered up to the deities of the Sun and the Moon, and of the northern, eastern, and western mountains, they are made into that opening. Occasionally in ruins, pipes, pieces of turquoise, and fetishes are found in the niches. There was no way of telling whether or not the niche in this structure was present in both stages of occupancy. It may have been provided when the alterations were made or it could have been a part of the original chamber. They are rare in the older pit dwellings, however, and it is more likely that it was a later addition. The ventilator in this structure is interesting because it is the only example of the subfloor type found in the excavations. In addition to the usual form with an aperture in the wall, there was a trench extending across the floor from the side wall to the fire pit. This trench started below the normal vent opening in the wall. It was the same width as the tunnel portion of the main ventilator and was lined with thin stone slabs. When the chamber was in use it had been covered with a series of stone slabs that were plastered over to ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 213 conform with the general floor surface. Near the fire pit was a rectangular opening that provided passage for the air coming in Y/f FicurE 48.—Kiva B, original floor level. a, holes for main roof posts; 6b, stone in floor; c, storage box; d, sipapu; e, fire pit; f, ladder box; g, stone embedded in floor; h, stor- age pit; i, storage hole; j, subwall storage box; %, stone in floor; m, stones embedded on bench top; n, holes for slanting side poles; 0, ventilator shaft; p, present ground level; qd, original surface. through the tunnel beneath the floor. This subfloor feature was not part of the original house. It was installed when the changes were made at the time of putting in a new floor and adding to the 68764—39-—15__, 914 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Buwu. 121 bench height. This was shown by the fact that the wall slabs of the trench cut through the old floor and the plaster rim around the old fire pit was broken out to make room for the end stone. There was some reconstruction work around the base of the vertical aperture in the wall and the floor of the passage was dug out to the extent that it was below the ends of some of the slabs lining the walls just back of the old opening. Subfloor ventilators of this type are not uncom- mon in kivas of later stages in Pueblo development. They rarely occur in the earlier phases, however, and the present example is one of the oldest to come to light thus far. The type is not unusual for this general region. Two kivas excavated by Hodge near Hawikuh,®* and two at another site on the Zufi Reservation ® exhibited the feature. One of the latter was quite comparable to the present in that it exhibited the same double nature with a horizontal vent in the floor and a vertical opening in the wall. There probably is some significance to the subfloor type of ventilator, but what that may be has not yet been determined. Thus far there have been no indications of causes or reasons for its development nor definite evidence of its particular group affiliations. The passage through the wall of the structure and the shaft at the outer end were essentially the same for both ventilators. The original tunnel was built up. Hough, 1919, pp. 414415. % Roberts, 1930, p. 33. Roserts} ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 259 to a northern and eastern influence, there are some traces of elements reaching them from the Little Colorado region to the west and others trom the south and southeast. Dates obtained from charred beams found in different structures provide some interesting data on several aspects of the growth of the Pueblo peoples. Approximately 2 centuries are represented by the remains excavated and described in the preceding pages. This omits, of course, the Great Pueblo ruins for which no dates are available. The earliest building date is that for structure 2 and the latest that for the third unit. Timber from structure 2 gave dates 814 and 815, the latter being considered as the year for the erection of the struc- ture because it is the latest in the remains. One timber from the kiva in the third unit recorded the cutting date as 1011--2 or a maximum of 1013. A fragment from the house in the third unit is recorded as 994+20, or a maximum of 1014. Using the minimum of 814 and maximum of 1014 gives exactly 200 years. The third unit was no doubt occupied for a number of years after it was completed, but from the standpoint of the evolution of the house type that is not important. The significant thing is that the unit type in the full sense of the word was fully established by 1014 in this district. Dur- ing the span of 2 centuries the domicile changed completely from a simple pit dwelling and associated granaries to an above-ground house and associated ceremonial chamber. When regarded more spe- cifically, however, the transition covered a shorter interval. Struc- ture 3, it will be recalled, was considered as a kiva for a unit group and its building date was 867 or soon thereafter. Kiva A in the first unit in the Developmental Village contained the single date 845. There is some question about this date, but inasmuch as the latter structure gave every indication of being first a house, then a cere- monial chamber, and as an accompaniment of the change associated granaries were replaced by actual dwelling rooms, the year may not be far off if considered as representative of the original construction. This is given some support by the fact that one beam from structure 3 showed a cutting date of 842 and that a number of those in struc- ture 12 read 844. Although the latter were no doubt reused timbers in structure 12, they show that considerable activity was taking place at about 845. On the other hand, structure 15 with its associated granaries, a group that illustrates an elementary stage in the evolu- tion, yielded the building date of 888, although this relates to a re- construction following a fire and not the original building of the house. In this connection it was pointed out that structure 15 pos- sibly was the dwelling of an immigrant group coming in from tha northwest and for that reason was somewhat of a laggard in develop- ment. The occupants might have been a conservative element in the community and slow to adopt new ideas. Still, on the basis of 960 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bunn. 121 these several remains it can be said that the trend toward the unit- type dwelling had its inception shortly after the middle of the ninth century and in at least one example had attained a definite pattern by 867. The second unit in the Developmental Village produced no dates. On the basis of potsherd comparisons between it and struc- ture 12, with its readings of 918, there is little doubt but that it closely approximates that year. The second unit was not a fully developed example of the perfected type, yet it exhibits sufficient characteristics to warrant its being considered an illustration of a crystallizing plan of construction. Thus it seems logical to conclude that the major developments took place in a span of from 50 to 60 years. The ap- proximately 80 years elapsing between the erection of the second unit and the third unit were marked by refinements in the plan, not by any major changes. Whether the development and transition was as rapid in other sections or not still has to be determined. At pres- ent there is not enough evidence on this stage for other districts to warrant conclusions. Because of indications that the Whitewater region was influenced by the larger centers to the northeast and that it was marked in some degree by a peripheral lag, it seems that the development may have been more rapid here than would have been the case had it resulted from independent efforts. Nevertheless it is a good illustration of the extent of change that can take place in a short space of time, even among people considered to be groping their way toward a higher cultural level. The dendrochronological dates from the individual structures sug- gest a number of interesting items and also raise several troublesome questions. Perhaps the most important single factor in this connec- tion concerns the stress that should or should not be placed on the significance of a date for a ruin based on only one or two timbers. Three of the structures in the Whitewater series contained beams that covered a span of from 25 to 74 years for a single building. Those from 3 ranged over a 25-year interval, those from 15 included 31 years, and those from 12 incorporated the 74-year group. With the information available from the work at the site it is possible to con- clude that this condition is due to the use of old timbers and beams salvaged from abandoned houses, but under other circumstances an entirely erroneous conception could be given by a limited set of dates. For example, if only 3 or 4 fragments of charcoal had been saved from structure 12 and, as could easily happen, they were all from the early end of the series, the implications would indeed be mislead- ing. From such evidence the remains would naturally be placed ap- proximately 74 years earlier than their actual date and in the present instance that length of time would more than cover the interval dur- ing which there were marked changes in the cultural pattern. When ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 261 the rapidity of change is considered even the quarter of a century represented by the wood in structure 3 could make a tremendous dif- ference in interpretations of evidence and the problem of correlations. For that reason it seems that dendrochronological dates, accurate and helpful as they are, must be used with a great degree of discretion and when only a few are available from a site they should be regarded more as an approximate indication of age rather than a definite demonstration of the precise interval of time encompassed by the remains. Even with such reservations, the years recorded will be of considerable assistance in solving numerous problems. In the present group of ruins little emphasis could be placed on the 845 from Kiva B were it not for the complementary evidence from other structures and also from various archeological manifestations that augment the dendrochronology. As it is, the correlation between the date and the structure is not above question, as was pointed out in the discussion of the second unit. The question of how to interpret the dates from a single structure is not easily answered. From the standpoint of accepted archeological practice the latest material is the date determinant and for general purposes the mere statement that the last year recorded was such and so would suffice for the age of the house. Yet there may be some- thing of significance in a series covering an interval of some length and proper interpretation of it may have much more value than the actual terminal date. The timbers from structure 2 show 814 and 815 and probably represent the span of a single year. The explanation that seems most logical is that the house was built in 815 from timbers cut in 814 and 815. In this case the problem is relatively simple. The house in the third unit yielded timbers with dates from 994 to 1004. The erection of the house would, according to rule, be placed at 1004, but when the series is studied it is noted that all but the 1004 beam have dates either 994 or 995. Hence it seems that the actual building date was probably 995 and that the single timber cut 9 years later represents a replacement or bit of repair work necessitated by the wear and tear of occupancy. While it is not important in this particular instance, it is not inconceivable that such a 9-year difference might have a pronounced effect on the validity of the conclusions made with respect to specific features at a site. The 74-year span in structure 12 furnishes another example of a problem in explanation and the choice of procedure in the use of the evidence. The terminal date for the structure is 918, the earliest 944. In the discussion of the structure it was suggested that timbers from an older house, probably a smaller one occupying the same 68764—39-——18 262 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bunn. 121 spot, were used in the construction work of 918, or shortly there- after. This is a good explanation and likely a correct one. Examin- ing the series of beam years, however, the student is struck by the fact that there is more to be considered than the building of a structure in 918 making use of a number of logs cut in 844. There is one cut in 845, one cut in 853, several that show 862 as the year when they were felled, another with the date 870. Now the question is, how are these to be regarded? Was the original structure built in 845 from timbers cut for the most part in 844? That seems a logical conclusion. Then, was the 853 specimen a timber replacement repairing a damaged section of the roof? Such an explanation is entirely plausible. But the 862 group is more difficult to interpret. Were extensive repairs called for at that time in the original struc- ture, or were timbers salvaged from still another house to complete the material needed in the 918 construction? Either would be a satisfactory answer, yet there is nothing to indicate which is more likely the correct one. Again it might be asked, can not the 862 series represent the actual time when the structure was built and the 870 and 918 dates be those of repairs? Offhand the reply would seem to be yes. Turther investigation, however, shows that the 870 tim- ber was one of the main support posts for the superstructure and it probably was not a replacement or bit of repair work. Hence the erection of the structure in 862 could be ruled out and as it pre- sumably was after 870 and 918 is the next date present that appears to be the logical one for the remains. The other features can not be wholly ignored, though, and there is still the problem of how they should be interpreted and what emphasis should be placed on them. Perhaps mention of the various possibilities is enough. The writer frankly is at a loss to know just how to use such information to the best advantage. The situation is further complicated by the fact that it frequently is necessary for the dendrochronologist to write his dates with a plus or minus sign qualification. This means that the year is as given but that several more should be added, just how many not being known, up to the limit of the qualifier. When the date is used should the qualifier be dropped consistently or should the maximum be added in every case and that made the number? A majority of the archeologists seem to be in a similar quandary and there is no standard followed in all cases. From a conservative point of view the safest plan is probably that of habit- ually adding the qualifier to the date. From a comparative standpoint the dates from the Whitewater ruins indicate certain interesting factors. The earliest, 815, from iROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 263 ‘structure 2 is from a house showing much less development than a pit Structure in the Chaco Canyon that produced the date 777+10, or a maximum of 787.° The structure in the local series that was more nearly comparable to that in the Chaco was No. 15 with its 888-415, or a maximum of 903. Then structure 12 with 918+3, or a maximum of 921 rather closely establishes the date for the second unit. In the Chaco Canyon both architecture and ceramics were much farther _ along by 921 than they were in this district. Pueblo Bonito had been started and types of pottery had appeared that were still un- known in the vicinity of Allantown. The maximum date for the third unit was 1014, 994+20. By 1014 Pueblo Bonito was definitely # Great Pueblo center and various features characteristic of that stage were well established in the Chaco, but many of them ap- parently had not reached this location. The ruins at the Village of the Great Kivas on the Zufii Reservation gave a date of 1015+-15, or a 1030 maximum. The general pattern at that location was Chacoan, and while not as advanced as that in the Chaco at 1080, did have some things not present in the 1014 unit on the Whitewater. How- ever, the beginnings of the Great Pueblo stage at the main part of the site may have antedated slightly the beginnings at the Zufi com- munity, as was pointed out in the discussion of those structures. On the basis of this data it seems quite clear that the ruins in the White- water district south of Allantown represent a peripheral lag in the Chaco pattern and, despite many recent expressions of opinion to the contrary, the flow of influence was from the Chaco toward Allan- town and not the reverse. The evidence indicates that the move- ment was slower in earlier than in later times and that when the Great Pueblo stage was reached the lag was not very pronounced. Actual dates from the large ruins here might change the picture somewhat, but the information at hand suggests the trend was as described. Stratigraphic tests made from pillars left from the fill in various structure pits and in different parts of several refuse mounds are mainly important for a study of the ceramic sequence and for changes in artifact types. The fill in a number of the houses indicated cer- tain intervals when the area immediately adjacent to them was un- occupied. This probably means that the people had moved else- where on the site or in the surrounding district rather than that the region was completely deserted. During the earlier stages of the Developmental period there was more of a tendency to shift about than was the case after the larger, more permanent type of dwelling became established. For this reason the ruins in a district suggest a larger population than actually inhabited it. In the present 1n- stance it is not improbable that the people, for one reason or another, * Judd, 1924, house No. 2; Douglass, 1935, p. 51. 264 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Buu, 121 moved from the top of the ridge to the valley bottom, then back to the ridge again, or to another valley location before returning to higher ground. Most of the burials for the various groups and units were made in the refuse mounds. In some cases the interment was in a room cr beneath an occupied area, as mentioned in the discussion of the various structures. The flexed type of burial predominated and in a majority of them funerary offerings of pottery vessels and other objects accompanied the remains. Most of the skeletons were in a poor state of preservation and out of a total of 150 only 15 are suitable for anthropometric studies. The material is in the hands of Dr. T. D. Stewart, assistant curator of the Division of Physical Anthropology, United States National Museum, and a complete re- port on it is to be included as an appendix to the second part of the report on the Whitewater district. Burials of another type, those of turkeys and dogs, are common in the refuse mounds of the dis- trict. In a majority of cases the interment appears to have been intentional, not an accidental covering over of a dead fowl or animal, and the body frequently was accompanied by offerings of one kind or another. Potsherds rubbed down to form shallow dishes, com- plete miniature vessels in some graves, and corn or animal bones, according to whether it was a turkey or a dog, were the customary objects for that purpose. The location of all burials is shown on the maps of the various groups and units. The food supply for the district consisted of corn, beans, seeds from a species of wild grass,®* pinyon nuts, rabbits, deer, and antelope. It is questionable that the turkey was used for food. Most of the turkey bones found were parts of articulated skeletons in definite burials. Other vegetal products were no doubt utilized, but those named are the only ones that were found in the houses or refuse deposits. Every example recovered was charred, which probably ac- counts for the preservation. On the basis of what is indicated there is no question but what the group here had the same economic pat- tern as the rest of the Pueblo peoples. They were mainly agricul- turalists, supplementing their diet by such hunting as the country afforded. Estimates of population for the district are not possible because only a portion of the ruins was excavated and it is not known how many were contemporaneous or what the total number for any one stage may have been. The most that can be said is that the unit- type structures probably housed from 10 to 20, the pit dwellings 6 to 10, the smaller of the large structures from 50 to 60, the larger 8 Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt. (Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roem and Schult.) Ricker), identi- fied by Dr. Melvin R. Gilmore, Ethnobotanical Laboratory, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan. ROBERTS ] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 265 from 150 to 200. As suggested in the discussion of the Great Pueblo ruins, the maximum for that community was probably about 250 people. Ifthe Whitewater Valley proper is considered, the area with- in a radius of 2 miles (3.219 k) of the large ruins probably never contained more than 300 people at any one time. The average was not likely that large. Suggestions concerning the district as a whole, however, must wait until further work has produced more evidence than is available at the present time. aati Hida, porn ae gh “Shey ee n, i AH, ; ig: nde oh 4 4 » a pave is a bea'tel as yw an pe A ey tii a ¥ eae Bie ay "i nal ae Kh P 1, LITERATURE CITED BUSHNELL, D. I., Jr. 1922. Villages of the Algonquian, Siouan, and Caddoan Tribes West of the Mississippi. Bulletin 77, Bureau of American Ethnology, Wash- ington. Cougs, Exxiorr. 1897. New Light on the Early History of the Greater Northwest. The Manuscript Journals of Alexander Henry and David Thompson,. 1799-1814, vols. 1-1, New York. CUMMINGS, BYRON. 1915. Kivas of the San Juan Drainage. American Anthropologist, n. 8. vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 272-282, Lancaster. CusHine, F. 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Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. x1, no. 1, Cambridge. GUERNSEY, S. J., and Kipper, A. V. 1921. Basket-Maker Caves of Northeastern Arizona. Papers of the Pea- body Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. vu, no. 2, Cambridge. HARGRAVE, L. L. 1930. Prehistoric Earth Lodges of the San Francisco Mountains. Museum Notes, Museum of Northern Arizona, vol. 3, no. 5, Flagstaff. 1933. Pueblo II Houses of the San Francisco Mountains, Arizona. Bul- letin 4, Museum of Northern Arizona, pp. 15-73, Flagstaff. 1935. Report on Archeological Reconnaissance in the Rainbow Plateau Area of Northern Arizona and Southern Utah. Based upon Field- work by the Rainbow Bridge-Monument Valley Expedition of 1933. University of California Press, Berkeley. HARRINGTON, M. R. 1927. A Primitive Pueblo City in Nevada. American Anthropologist, n. 8. vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 262-277, Menasha, Wis. Haovry, BE. W. 1932. Roosevelt 9:6, A Hohokam Site of the Colonial Period. Medallion Papers, x1, Globe, Ariz. 1936 a. Some Southwestern Pottery Types, Series IV. Medallion Papers, xx, Globe, Ariz. 1936 b. The Mogollon Culture of Southwestern New Mexico. Medallion Papers, xx, Globe, Ariz. HEWETT, BH. L. 1922. The Chaco Canyon in 1921. Art and Archeology, vol. xtv, no. 3, pp. 115-131, Washington. Hopes, F. W. 1923. Circular Kivas Near Hawikuh, New Mexico. Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. vu, no. 1, Hendricks-Hodge Expedition, New York. Hooron, E. A. 1930. The Indians of Pecos Pueblo, a Study of their Skeletal Remains. Papers of the Southwestern Expedition, no. 4, Department of Archeology, Phillips Academy, Andover. Yale Press, New Haven. HoucH, W. 1903. Archeological Field Work in Northeastern Arizona. The Museum- Gates Expedition of 1901. Annual Report of the Smithsonian In- stitution for 1991, Washington. 1919. Exploration of a Pit House Village at Luna, New Mexico. Proceed- ings of the United States National Museum, vol. 55, no. 2280, pp. 409-431, Washington. IRv1NG, J. T., JR. 1835. Indian Sketches, taken during an Expedition to the Pawnee Tribes. 2 vols., Philadelphia. ROBERTS] ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN ARIZONA 269 JEANCON, J. A. 1922. Archeological Research in the Northeastern San Juan Basin of Colorado during the Summer of 1921. State Historical and Natural History Society and the University of Denver, Denver. 1929. Archeological Investigations in the Taos Valley, New Mexico, during 1920. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 81, no. 12, pub. no. 8015, Washington. Jupp, N. M. 1924. Two Chaco Canyon Pit Houses. Smithsonian Report for 1922, pp. 399-413, Washington. 1925. Archeological Investigations at Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico. ©Ex- ploration and Field-work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1924. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 83-91, Washington. 1926. Archeological Observations North of the Rio Colorado. Bulletin 82, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington. 1930. Pueblo Bonito and its Architectural Development. Proceedings of the 28d International Congress of Americanists, pp. 70-73, New York. Kipper, A. V. 1924. An Introduction to the Study of Southwestern Archeology, with a Preliminary Account of the Excavations at Pecos. Department of Archeology, Phillips Academy, Andover. Yale Press, New Haven. MARTIN, P. S. 1930. The 1929 Archeological Expedition of the State Historical Society of Colorado in Cooperation with the Smithsonian Institution. The Colorado Magazine, vol. yv11, no. 1, pp. 1-40, Denver. 1936. Lowry Ruin in Southwestern Colorado. Anthropological Series, Field Museum of Natural History, vol. 23, no. 1, pub. no. 356, Chicago. MAXIMILIEN (ALEX. P.), Le PRINCE DE WIED-NEUWIED. 1843. Voyage dans L’intérieur de L’Amerique du Nord. (vol. 1 published 1840, vol. 2, 1841, vol. 3, 1843), Paris. MILLER, C. F. 1934. Report on Dates on the Allantown, Arizona, Ruins. Tree Ring Bulle- tin, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 15-16, Flagstaff. 1935. Additional Dates from Allantown. Tree Ring Bulletin, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 31, Flagstaff. MINDELEFF, V. 1891. A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola. Highth An- nual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, Washington. Morris, H. H. 1919. Preliminary Account of the Antiquities of the Region between the Mancos and La Plata Rivers in Southwestern Colorado. Thirty- third Annual Report, Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 155-206, Washington. 1921. The House of the Great Kiva at the Aztec Ruin. Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History, vol. xxv1, pt. 2, New York. 1924. Burials in the Aztec Ruin, the Aztec Ruin Annex. Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History, vol. xxv1, pts. 3 and 4, New York. 270 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY (Bowe, 121 Morris, EB. H. 1925. Exploring in the Canyon of Death. National Geographic Magazine, vol. XLv11I, no. 3, pp. 263-300, Washington. Pepper, G. H. 1920. Pueblo Bonito. Anthropological Papers American Museum of Nat- ural History, vol. xxvul, New York. Pruppen, T. M. 1914. The Circular Kivas of the Small Ruins in the San Juan Watershed. American Anthropologist, n. s, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 33-58, Lancaster, Pa. Roserts, F. H. H., JR. 1929. Shabik’eschee Village: A Late Basket Maker Site in the Chaco Can- yon, New Mexico. Bulletin 92, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington. 1930. Early Pueblo Ruins in the Piedra District, Southwestern Colorado. Bulletin 96, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington. 1931. The Ruins at Kiatuthlanna, Eastern Arizona. Bulletin 100, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1932. The Village of the Great Kivas on the Zunfi Reservation, New Mexico. Bulletin 111, Bureau of American Ethnology, Wash- ington. 1935. A Survey of Southwestern Archeology. American Anthropologist, n. s. vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 1-35, Menasha, Wis. 1987. Archeology in the Southwest. American Antiquity, vol. mr, no, 1, pp. 3-83, Menasha, Wis. ‘Simpson, J. H. 1850. Report of an Expedition into the Navajo Country in 1849. In Re- ports of the Secretary of War, Senate Executive document no, 64, 31st Congress, 1st session, pp. 55-64, Washington. STEVENSON, MATILDA C. 1904. The Zuni Indians: Their Mythology, Esoteric Fraternities, and Cere- monies. Twenty-third Annual Report, Bureau of American Eth- nology, Washington. WHIPPLE, A. W. 1856. Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to Ascertain the Most Prac- tical and Economical Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Vol. m1, Senate Executive Document no. 78, 33d Congress, 2d session, Washington. “WIinsuHr, G. P. 1896. The Coronado Expedition, 1540-1542. Fourteenth Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, Washington. ALLANTOWN, AkIz., ruins near___ ANASAZI: burials custom Of2 2222 -=- dwellingsiofi= seit] ae oS use Of the name 22222) ANASAZI REMAINS, location of___ ANIMALS of region of ruins_____ ARCHEOLOGY, SOUTHWESTERN, Ssum- INDEX Page | 1 14 14 4-5 MALVAOL SLAs Ole ee 4-5 ASH PITS, evolution of__-_-_____ 255 ASHES: pits for saving of___-_____ 230, 231 UES Oh ae ee 200 Aztec, N. Mex., reference to ruin OR ae ae es 218 AZTEC RUINS, mention of kiva in-__ 247 BaskeErT MAKER CULTURE, develop- TGR O aa ee 7-9 Braps, discovery of mass of_____ 202 BENCH: ‘development of__-__-___--- 257 ‘discussion of significance of. 254 Ge UGitne) ea 209 ridges of plaster on______ 107-108 BINS: ULPOSC NOL! 2 === = se 25 SECON OTA A pee ae er ey So 25 Biocks, stone, purpose of, un- LO A a 38 Brown, RartpH D., assistance rendered Dyas -—- = = oS xI See also SHELTER REMAINS} SHELTERS. BRUSH SHELTERS : description Of = =2- =o. = 56-57 probable use, of-—-_ == 57 BURIALS: in and under refuse mound 239 ATT OOM el 2a a 204 in structure 16__--_-..--- eee 154: INMOZOllON ess 15 Ofenildren= 22. ==) =2-— == 205-206 Ol Osea = os ee es 186, 264 of parts of bodies, occur- TenCe Of. ee 185-186 Of tUTKCYS2 23-2 ee 230, 264 offerings interred with---_- 264 SUMMALYs Olas es eae 264 ander granaries____---_---- 158 unusual position in-_------- 204 See also SKELETON. BusHNELL, D. I., Jg., cited_-.-_- 25, 104, 122 Page SUTCHART, RuTH R., work of___ xII CAcHH) found. in fill] 123 CACHE pit, jug-shaped, descrip- ClONP Of S22 tae se at beeen 178 CARVING, SHELL, mention of_____ 14 Casa Rrinconapa, mention of kids in’ tees ee ae ee ee ee 247 CEREMONIAL CHAMBER: evolution) (0122222 =e 48, 257 See also Kiva. CHAco CANYON: pit structure, date of_______ 263 reference to__-_______ 218, 233, 247 reference to masonry of_____ 250 CHeETTRO KETTLE, mention of Great; Bowllin= 2. = eee 247 CLANS, number of, suggested by Kiva ss See oe ee ee 249 CLIMATE, description of_________ 4 COMPARTMENT, stone-walled____- 89-90 Coorry, Harorp E., assistance rendered) Dy2222—. ee xII Corners, reinforcement of__._ 199-200 Court: description (of222_—-— 175-176 Unit 3, description of_____ 231-232 CovER STONES, use of, for ventila- LOPS on ea eee eee 19 CREMATION, practice of_-------- 14 CULTURAL STAGES, determination ofssequence Of222=2—--- =~ =.= 12 CumMMINGS, Byzon, cited__-----~- 233 CusHing: EE: cited=22-— = 97 DANCE COURT: deseription,of-=-——_--_-——= 126-128 discussion: 0f-=—---_—-—-——-— 258 measurements of__-----~- 129-130 possible: use of2— == == 128 remains covered by-----~-- 124 suggestive of great kiva__.__. 128 DATES: covered by remains____-. 259-2638 cultural lag shown by_--- 262-263 DEFLECTOR: example Of-o2- 22> see 24 incorporated in fire pit----- 75 materials used for_-------- 41 TISO Of en ee eee ae 19 nsewot,, inekivas=-==22-—-—— 215 DENDROCHRBONOLOGY : as an aid to archeologists_- x dates obtained by-------- 259-260 discussion of dating by--- 260-263 271 212 DEPRESSIONS IN FLOORS: Page corresponding to kiva vaults. 107 problematical _----- 23, 64, 104-106 unusual construction of--__.. 122 DEVELOPMENTAL PUEBLO STAGE: discussion. of-—— 9-10 remains belonging to__----- 110 ruins showing trend of____ 253-254 DEVELOPMENTAL VILLAGE, investi- PatiOncOh] oes ee eee 17 Dogs: burialsiofss=— 22 eS 186, 264 use Of: for fo0d=2=—=—==—--— 176 Dovetass, A. E., scientific work Of Stee ere 2 ee eee 13 DoucLass METHOD of dating from treerrings 222252 2-=22--- 30 DWELLINGS: construction Of = 14 Mogollon, dating of_-_------ 15 used as turkey pen_--__---- 118 See also Strucrures; SuUR- FACE HOUSES. ENcLosurE, plaster-rimmed, dis- CUSSION OR tee eee 236-237 ENTRANCE: description: 0fa— = aes == 151 measurements of__--------- 156 ventilator replaced by------ 151 FENNEMAN, N. M., cited_--_---- 2 FEWKES, J. WALTER: ChLCU oe ee 218, 250 perforated stones found by_- 69 FILL: eache founds in=—= =e 123 conclusions drawn from____- 112- 113, 118, 163 invkiviay StudyzOrea = 238-239 of Kiva A, examination of_ 184-185 of Kiva B, significance of___ 220 of Kiva B; study of-=-=-== 218-220 significance of__ 30, 42-438, 50, T1-72 significant features of______ 154 stratigraphic study of-----__ 27- 29, 93-96, 110-112 use made of tests of________ 263 FINKELSTEIN, JOE, assistance ren- dered p py sana ee ae ees ae x FIRE PITS: association of, with dwell- LTD GS pee ee ee 172 combined with ladder pit____ 49 description of________ 37, 74-75, 87 Outisidesuse0r 2 ae 195 perforated stones covering__ vel plastered rim) of 222 49, 69, 74, 87, 180 secondary, discussion of_____ 49 INDEX Fire Pirs—Continued. Page slab-lined =. -=22 eee 65. surface, investigation of--___ 176 FLOOR: of Kiva B=. eee 216 plaster ridges on---_----- 180-182 See also Depressions; Pay- ING. Foop SUPPLY, remains indicating. 264 GinMorE, MELVIN R., reference to- 264 GuLapwIn, W. and H. S., cited_-_ 15. GRANARIES : Basket Maker = 8 construction 0f2=2=--=———— 100-101 contiguous rooms suggested by 22h.22 ee eee 147 description: of222 2 134— 135, 157-160, 163-164 description of group of. 145-149 development of-22-2 === 257 measurements of2-222222=2 ils ay 147-149, 159-160, 166: or corner closets, description Offs. 8 eee Eee 203-204 remains of. 100-101 significance in group Of_-_-- 159 use of, as dwellings__----_ 158, 159 See also STORAGE. GREAT KIVA: dance court suggestive of-.__ 128 discussion of purpose of__ 247-248 measurements of___------ 246-247 GREAT PUEBLO PERIOD: development of--_2==2====== 10-11 ruins representing___------ 253 GREAT PUEBLO RUINS: conclusions drawn from___ 258-259 description: of 244-251 GREAT PUEBLO STRUCTURES: dites i EEE 252-253. measurements of___-_ 247, 249, 251 GREGORY, Ho ‘cited2==2 1 Grusps, J. A.: acknowledgment to_--------_ xII information furnished by_-- Xo ELARGRAVE, I a cited2=22 === 110 Harrincton, M. R., cited__-----_ 20, 57 HanrvarD UNIversitry, mention of_ x1, xIt ETAURY; (Ee W., cited === === 15, 255: HAWIKuH, reference to archeo- logical work ate 22s vel HEMATITE, use of, in kiva floor-_ 216 EEWwEtr Hes eciede == 247 Hopen, F. W., reference to work 6f..52- = eee ee 71, 214 HOHOKAM : cremation practiced by_---- 14 cultural stages in_--------_- 14 INDEX HowoKamM—Continued. Page dwellings) of2 22 -2ss eerie 14 user of theynamese2 22-2222 _ = 5 HOLES AND DEPRESSIONS: problematical==ss sas 104-106 See also DEPRESSIONS. Hominy, use of ashes in prepara- LOT Ofte = ee ee 200: ETOOTONA HWA. CLLCd == ane es 239 Horr: Ciied eee Sea See 57, 258 reference to kivas of_-______ 218 HovueH, WALTER, reference to in- Mestigations Of ee _ se 70 [TRRIGATION, progress in___----~- 14 IEVING oer Cited sos aoe 25 JEANCON, J. A., cited_____ JONES; DAVID, work ‘ofs22_ =~ XII Jupp, N. M., cited--___ 57, 108, 182, 218 Katcrina KIHU: explanation: of222- 2 ees = 212 niche compared with-_______ 68 KATCINA NICHES, discussion of__ 212 Kempe Ava. -cited sos 22/58 218 KIMeALL, Soton T., assistance RENGELed Dyes a2 XI Kine, Datp S., assistance ren- deredaby= se sre ee anes xI KITCHEN. Outdoor —_-__ ee 205 Kiva A: deseriptiony of=———--—-—-— = 180-188 discussion of date of___--- 187-188 discussion of status of__-_- 186-187 MasOnbyeiNosee se 180 measurements of_..----~- 191-194 superstructure of____--_-_-- 180 Kiva B: descriptionsof=--— ee 207-218 measurements of__------- 223-226 Kiva, UNIT 3: deseription! of22222 228. =e 232-238 measurements of_-------- 242-244 Kiva VAULTS, depressions corre- sponding. tos-2 = fee s2 a eee 107 KIvAs: Chaco, feature suggestive of. 107 number of clans suggested Yee ee ee 249 timbers in: wallet... 22=—= 233 See also CEREMONIAL CHAM- BER. Knerpp, Rospert, work of ------ xII LABORATORY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, Santastie: work of-- 2+ see- eos x LADDER BOX: change in function of------- 21 combined with fire pit------ 49 255 development of------------ LADDERS : Page kiva, placement of_________ 215 Pits foresees See eb 21, 49 two-pole-and-rung type_____ 21 types of, in uses. 22a 255 Lowry RUIN, mention of kiva at_. 247 Luna, mention of dance pit at___ 258 Martin: 2S: cited==22as es 20, 247 MASONRY : of Great Pueblo structures.__ 250 OL Kava Bas been eanee 209 superior grade of_____--_ 232-233 use of, in pit houses_______- 33-84 See also WALLS. Mesa Verve, reference to_-_-____ 218 METATE AND MANOS, found in po- SitLON === ee ek ae 139 MILiEr, Cary F.: assistance rendered by----~-~ xt Citediz 6. . Pete 110, 142, 239 WOTrk0 fe ea es ae x1, 30 MINDELEFF, V., cited____-__ 55, 122, 198 MopIriep BASKET MAKER HOUSES: feature Ofee- St esse ese 25 horizontal masonry in-----~ 34 Mopiriep BASKET MAKER PERIOD: discussion of === 8-9 traces indicating___---_--~~ 253 MOocoLLon : correlation of, with Anasazi_ 15-16 correlation of, with Hoho- kame Sees. ee) 15-16 cultural stages of___-------- 15 use of the name 5 MoGoLLON CULTURE, character- isticsiof- == - > See sees Se 15 Morris, Haru H.: cited se 108, 218, 247, 248 reference to work of_----~-- 128 NICHE: as a feature of kivas_-__- 217-218 between rooms2—===2s22>=2= 202 kiva, discussionofopening to. 218 suggestive of Katcina Kihu- 122 See also KATCINA NICHES. NusBauM, Derio, assistance ren- dered. by eee XII Oven. See PIT OVEN. Pecos CLASSIFICATION, adoption Of Se ee ee PAVING, remains of-==-----—- === 122 PERFORATED STONE SLABS, discus- Sion) Of2 2a ee 69-71 PERIODS, CULTURE, Classificationof. 6-7 Prepra River, mention of dance plaza -on==—- ===. === --- = 258 PILASTER : construction of_---------- aE 50 274 INDEX PILasTeR—Continued. Page | PUEBLO-TYPE STRUCTURE: Page evolution: (ofS 35-36 description 0f22--— == 248-249 examples of development See also PUEBLO COMMUNAL Of 2 e8ten ets eS 254-255 BUILDINGS. use (0122 a2 a2 ee ee ee 35 | Purrco River, discussion of PIT DWELLINGS, structures com- Stream’ bed of2-22 = 2-3 parable to.22) 2a. See bee 19} Reep, Ertk K., assistance ren- Pit oven, description of__-_--__- 55 dered (by-2- 22 xIz Pir REMAINS: REFUSE MOUNDS: D-shaped =v22= ab kere? 46, 58, 102 conclusions drawn from_-_—__- 262. description of 22222. 32s 21, 58 examination 012.2 251-252 investigation, (of=22222-2)2— 20 Great Pueblo, discussed___ 251-252 kiva suggested by_--------- 108 location of___ 172, 194--195, 227, 245. significance of fill in-___-__- 30, 42 purpose of trenching of____- 20: PIT STRUCTURES : REGRESSIVE PERIOD, Causes of_____ 11 changes made in_-.--.._-.- 257 | REMAINS: conelusions drawn from___-- 168— southwestern, divisions of_. 4-3 169, 254 See also RUINS. connected, discussion of___-- 80-81 | RENAISSANCE PERIOD, development connected, group of, de- attained in. 2-22-22 11-12 periped Ss 2. ee eee 67-80 | RIDGES, ADOBE: elaborate interior features compartments outlined by__- 39 Ofis 2 oats Sse nee 187-138 on bench2- = 23544. = a5 107-108 partially superimposed_-_-___- 62} Roperts, FRANK H. H., Jr., cited_ 6, theory concerning combina- 12, 19, 20, 25, 56, 57, 67, 69, 107, Hons *Of: S22 (as See 255 127, 182, 204, 207, 214, 218, 247, three forming one= 222 s2222— 81 248, 250, 255, 256, 258. three-in-one, discussion of___ 96-98 transition in function of__ 256-257 See also Pir DWELLINGS; Pit REMAINS ; STRUCTURE No. 1_ POPULATION : estimated, of Great Pueblo__. 249, 18 250 estimated, of Unit 3_-__-- 239-240 estimates concerning______ 264-265 Portico, description of_-_-_______ 174 Posts; bracing 0f_ 222 2--- eee 35, 47 POT REST: description: /of=22e=s-222 === 163 in (Kiva Ac.22t ub thee 183 POTSHERD MATERIAL, Stratigraphic LeSt Of sel Soa See 27-28, 41-42 POTTERY : cultural stage determined by_ 12 method of making__________ 14-15 Mogollon= sss eee 15 See also PoTSHERDS. PRUDDEN, T. M., cited___________ 218 PuEBLO Bonito: Gatevois = 22 ee ee 263 mention of kiva in-_________ 247 PUEBLO COMMUNAL BUILDINGS, de- velopment of2=5 se Sek aes 97 PUEBLO CULTURE, development of_ 7, 9-11 PUEBLO GRANDE, NEVADA, refer- CFENCe (oO f2u ar a a ee Roserts, Linpa B., work of-_--__ xm ROOF, CRIBBED : explanation for 222222352" 49 of kiva — 2.2.2 Se eee 235 presence of: 2225-2) 2s 46 significance: of 22222222 48 ROors : construction 0f2222==-ses2= 48 kiva, cribbed. type_--_---_-= 235 Kiva B, description of__-__ 209-211 use;made of22 2 we Sees 137 See also Roor, CRIBBED. ROOMS : in tiers, description of_.__. 248-249 of surface structure______ 197-206, 229-231 rectangular block of._____ 248-249 Steps in= 2 eae 197, 198, 201, 203 RUINS: location(of2 2228)" Aaa 1 periods represented in______ 15 time covered by_-----_~-__- 259 unnamed: 22 Eine eee x SELENITE, use of, for windows_.__ 174 SHELTER REMAINS: conclusions drawn from___— 133 descriptionjoL. 2 130-182, 147, 176-177, 206 measurements of --__--__ 132-133, 149, 222-223 INDEX SHELTER REMAINS—Continued. Page problematical feature of__-__ 1381 question concerning ~-_--__-~ 207 Simpson, J. H., deductions drawn Tromediarys OL =. 3 SIPAPU: pue-shapeds— 2-2 o = 116 occurrence Of222> "= 2s 40, 49 rectangular example of__-_-_ 15 Symbolismvote= =. 23 SKELETON, parts of, in Kiva A_ 184-185 SLABS, STONE: imbedded in floor__.__-_____ 38, 39 possibles user of- == 22 ee 38 use of, in pit houses________ 33-34 Sor, quality of, around ruins___-_ 2 Stewart, T. D., material assigned [10 ce Sas A pie A 264 STONE, PERFORATED, use of, to framerapertures 225-2 s= 69 STORAGE: wall-pocket for- =.= == 116-117 See also GRANARIES ; STORAGE BINS; STORAGE CIST; STOR- AGE PITS ; STORAGE ROOM. STORAGE BINS: description ofl2-=2-=.-=—= 200-201 OLE Riva Dien 2 ae ee 217 SToRAGE crsT, description of-__ 100-101 STORAGE PITS: discussions of = =- == 178-179 jue-shaned eee eee 232 STORAGE ROOM: description: of 201 See also GRANARIES. STORAGE STRUCTURE: beehive-shaped —~_-_.----.--~ 140 See also GRANARIES. STRATIGRAPHY of fill, conclusions arawnet rome as 2 ee 96 Srrucrure No. 1: description of == 21-30 measurements of_-_-------- 30-33 Structure No. 2: OREeS Ole ose we ie ees ee 43 description 0f22= == — 2 83-46 measurements of__--------- 43-46 two occupations of__------- 34-35 StructTurE No. 3: Gatess Ofs2e4 sha st Sees 48, 52 description: Of==-2=- == 46-53 measurements oOf__--------~ 52-53 SrrucTurE No. 4: description of === === 58-62 measurements of__--------- 60-64 Structure No. 5a: description of2——— === 62-65 measurements of----------- 21a: Strucrure No. 5b: Page descriptiongof{2=== ae 26-65 measurements of__.._...___ 66-67 StrucrureE No. 6: description. of 67-72 measurements of___________ 72-%3 STRUCTURE No. 7: descriptionsof =e 73-75 measurements of___________ 75-76 STRUCTURE No. 8: description2o0f=2-2- 77-18 measurements of .__._______ 78-79: SrrucrurE No. 9: description (of2 =e 81-84 measurements of___--______ 84-85: Srructure No. 10: descriptionsof= == aan 85-87 measurements of_.__-__-__- 88-89 Structure No. 11: description. os 89-91 measurements of___-_----__ 91-93: Structure No. 12: dates of {222 ee 108 description of 102-110 kiva suggested by_-__-_____ 108 measurements of____----- 113-115: SrructTure No. 18a: description of==_= == 116-120 measurements of___-_--_- 118-120: SrructureE No. 13b: description of =====--~= 120-123. _ measurements of-----—--— 123-124 Structure No. 14: deseriptionof==—-—— = 124-126 measurements of__------- 128-129 SrructurRe No. 15: datevol-les ss eee 141-142 description’: of--2--=- ss 135-141 measurements of_-------- 142-145 Structure No. 16: description of = 149-156 measurements of_-------- 155-156 relative age of-—-=_=+ === ss 155. unusual entrance to-_------- 151 Srructure No. 17: deseription) 0f=—=---- = 160-164 measurements of--------- 164-166 SrructTureE No. 18: deseription of===22—3=—=— 166-169 measurements of--_------ 169-170 STRUCTURES : eonnection 0f2=-—-—--=—--=—— 19-20 construction of2==—-—-————=— 18 general characteristics of--_ 18-19 interior features of-__------ 19 opening in wall between--~-~ 75 problematical ~-.--------- 250-251 Pueblo-type----------- 97, 248-249 276 SrrucTUuRES—Continued. Page unidentified, remains of__-_- aber; use7or the term: 22s 17 See also CEREMONIAL CHAM- BER; KivA; PIT sTRUC- TURES; SHELTERS; SUPER- STRUCTURES } SURFACE HOUSES; SURFACE STRUC- TURES. SUPERSTRUCTURES : change made in_-----=~---_-~ 257 CONStIUCHION Of 2s eee 104, 187 description of=-=--2. = 27, 102-104 discussion of-2-— 4 2s 35= 255-256 of Kiva B=. han 209-211 of three-in-one pits__----~-- 97-98 restoration. of —- 34 eset ss SURFACE HOUSES: description of_____-- 53-56, 88—100 measurements of___ 57-58, 101-102 SURFACE STRUCTURE, UNIT 2: construction of=2=24— es 196-197 description of-—_—-— = 196-206 measurements of_-------- 220-222 rooms, of... =+ 2 eae ee 196 SURFACE STRUCTURE, UNIT 3: deseription of —2.22= 4s 227-231 measurements of___------ 240-242 THOMAS, SIDNEY J., assistance rendered, bys ---245!_ 24 ees XII TOPOGRAPHY, of region of ruins__ 1-2 Towers, discussion of____-__-- 250-251 TURKEY PEN, remains of-__--__- 118 TURKEYS: burials of =~ Awe 230, 264 domestication of22) =2_->= 14 UniT No. 1: deseription; of22=2") Sates 171-194 surface building, measure- ments Of... 46 aes 188-191 Unit No. 2: description of 2.22222 s22s 194-226 number of families in-______ 196 Unit No. 3: Gates ,of223=2 tae 2b Av aor 239 diseussiony of aaa 227-240 measurements of ________ 240-244 UNIT-TYPE DWELLING: evolutiontof2=—— = anus 256-258 time involved in evolution of. 260 UNIT-TYPE STRUCTURES: GISCUSSiONUOf====" == wane 170-171 general description of______ 171 UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, mention Of 2s se LU oul ae goes xI UNIVERSITY OF DENVER, mention ORE eee er tue Se cotintal xI INDEX Page JNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, men- tion’ ofsi22. 22 Se eee xIt UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA, men- tion! ofc 33 eee XII UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, mention of. = XI VENTILATOR: construction 012 50 description of____ 19, 75, 88-84, 108 devyelopnent oe 257 of kiva, description of____ 183, 237 origin: of.) See 25 remodeling” Ofs=2— 38-389 subfloor type oL==2-—- 212-214 unusual construction of_____ 126 unusual features of. 26, 71, 139-141 VILLAGE OF THE GREAT KiIvAS, dates “of- 22233 ae 252, 263 VILLAGE REMAINS, change re- corded by_ 2 2 2 eee i71 WAINSCOTING of walls, discus- Si0M: Of --22 5.0220 ece ee 233-235 WALL NICHE: possible explanation of__--- 68 Purpose’ Of22 22 ass 83 See also WALL POCKETS. WALL POCKETS: for, storage] === 116-117, 162 in Kiva, usesof-22 ee 180 WALLS; construction of___ 173, 196, 198-199 horizontal masonry in_-_--- 196 rubble finish on 196 timbers incorporated in-__ 199, 233 wainscoting of === 233-235 WATERCOURSE: buried... se i ee 172, 195 diversion of water from____~_ 172 WATER SUPPLY, discussion of__... 34 WEAPONS, mention of____--___-- 15 WHIPPLy, A. W.,. cited = sess 3 WHIPPLE RAILROAD SURVEY, refer- ence {0.--.-22. 22258 Aes 3 WINDOWS, discussion of_--__-- - 173-174 WINSHIP, G. P., cited_-=_22-_-2- 233 ZUuNI: culinary practices at---_--~ 200 granary found at. == 204 reference to Great Kivas of. 218 reference to storage bins of 198 ZUNI Kiva, perforated slab used intsoo 2 2 ee eee 69 ZUNI RESERVATION : baking pit found on_------~- 56 mention of kivas on---_---- 247 reference to masonry of_---- 250 Sa = e? 7 ‘oe N + _ m .¥ a 7 iv 0 a = , 7 ied i = E an —— = . a a : ’ . 7 _ = | a oh 7 - ~ » 3 ; - a © ‘< | a ee Za i ' = “a ® . = - = . - : r - y - — 7 =a i ) im) . 4 oi 7 i | oaee | en Dias we co a? ‘ i 7 i a _ 7 ! ’ _ #9 : : nauk vt Sas Bil % r | a hi , aA an ae a aki eT 3 9088 01421 8655