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Bulletin 130

February, 1907

NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMExNT STATION

1 1

: I

INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS

IN 1906

In Cooperation with the State Board of Agriculture

t

U

NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE

OK

AGRICULTURE AND THE MECHANIC ARTS

DURHAM

138

small qua too great.

Place 2 4 gallons sulfur an slaking li too thick mixture v barrel he] When th( above qm foliage, dilution i

The sel for spray eases will making, preparati making tl

No.

Before

After I befi open

When most

Three api>li

Two 01 4.

First c Augi

Ihisboun oneiieii'

Bulletin

AGRl

VAt

Bulletin 145

December, 1909

NE\^ HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY

VARIETY TESTS OF OATS

BARLEY. WHEAT AND RYE.

" What shall the harvest be f '

By r. W. TAYLOR.

NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE

OF

AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS

DURHAM, N. H.

NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE

OF

AGRICULTURE AND THE MECHANIC ARTS.

NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DURHAM, N. H.

BOARD OF CONTROL.

Hon. JOHN G. TALLANT, Chairman, Pembroke

Hon. warren BROWN, Hampton Falls

Hon. N. J. BACHELDER, A. M., M. S., East Aiidover

Hon. E. H. WASON, B. S., Nashua

Pres. WILLIAM D. GIBBS, D. Sc., ex officio Durham

THE STATION STAFF.

E. DWIGHT SANDERSON, B. S., Director and Entomologist.

FREDERICK W. TAYLOR, B. Sc. (Agr.), Agronomist.

CHARLES BROOKS, Ph. D., Botanist.

FRED RASMUSSEN, B. S. A., Dairyman.

B. S. PICKETT. M. S., Horticulturist.

BERT E. CURRY, M. S., Associate Chemist.

T. R. ARKELL, B. S. A., Animal Hushandman.

, Assistant Horticulturist.

W. C. O'KANE, M. S., Assistant Entomologist. J. C. McNUTT, B. S., Assistant Animal Hushandman. DAVID LUMSDEN, Assistant in Floriculture. CHARLES W. STONE, A. M., Farmer. ¥. G. BUNTING, B. S. A., Assistant in Vegetable Gardening. E. H. THOMSON, B. S., Office of Farm Management, V. S. De- partment of Agriculture, in cooperation on Farm Surveys, ALBAN STEWART, A. M., Assistant Botanist. NETiLIE F. WHITEHEAD, Purchasing Agent. MABEL H. MEHAFFEY. Stenographer. MIRIAM L. IIOliBS, Assistant Bookkeeper. ESTHER LOUISE ADAMS, B. S., Librarian.

The bulletins of the Experiment Station are published at irreg- ular intervals, and are sent free to all residents of New Hamp- shire requesting them.

BULLETIN l--^5.

VARIETY TESTS OF OATS. BARLEY. WHEAT

AND RYE.

OATS.

The average annual production of oats in New Hampshire for the first eight years of the present decade has been, in round numbers, 400,000 bushels. As compared with the 4,500,000- bushel yield of IMainc. our neighbor on the east, and with the 3.000,000-bushel yield of Vermont, our neighbor on the west, our own production seems rather small, as in fact it is, consider- ing the opportunities for growing the crop which our soils and climate afford.

With a view of determining what varieties were most suitable, what might be their comparative yields, and what would seem to be the limiting factors in production in this state, the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station began a series of tests in 1904 with the common varieties of oats offered for sale by New England seedsmen.

In all the field tests for the several years reported on the fol- lowing pages the same kind and amount of fertilizers has been used. The following mixture of chemicals, containing 3.75 per cent, nitrogen, 10.75 per cent, phosphoric acid and 5 per cent, potash was applied each year at the rate of 400 pounds per acre at seeding time :

Nitrate of Soda, 200 pounds

Sulphate of Ammonia, 100 pounds

Tankage, "6-30" Grade, 500 pounds

Acid Phosphate, 1,000 pounds

Muriate of Potash, 200 pounds

The oats were in all cases sown as early in the spring as the ground could be prepared at the rate of 2 bushels per acre, the

142

N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Bulletin 145

seed and fertilizer being put in with a combined grass, grain and fertilizer drill. The tests were always made on the most uniform piece of ground that could be selected for that year, and although the type of soil varied from year to year, for any given year it was quite uniform on all of the plots. No manure was applied directly to the oat gi'ound, but as a rule the oats were sown on corn ground which had been manured the year previous.

TESTS OF OATS IN 1904.

Size of plots. — 204 x 21^ feet, one tenth acre.

Soil. — Brown loam 6 to 8 inches, underlaid by blue clay.

Date of seeding. — IMay 6.

1 Variety Name.	Source of seed.	Lbs. of straw per acre.	Type of panicle.
Lincoln Black Gotham "Welcome Mortgage Lifter Michigan Wonder . Tmp. Prize Cluster. . . English Wonder Silver Mine Black Tartarian White Maine . . White Russian Golden Fleece. ....	Breck Currie Bros John. & Stokes John. & Stokes Hammond Currie Bros	2920 2800 2900 2810 2705 3190 2805 2800 2710 2.500 2110 2890 3200	Closed. Spreading. Closed. Spreading. Spreading. Spreading.
Hammond Iowa Seed Co Breck John. & Stokes John. & Stokes Maule 's	Spreading. Spreading. Closed. Closed. Spreading. Spreading.
Mold's Black	Maule's	Closed.

Note. — All the varieties made a promising growth during the early summer. By July 22 all were headed out, but showed considerable smut. During the last week of July the rust struck them with such fatal results that the straw broke down at the fourth or fifth joints and no kernels matured. On August 10 the plots were cut with a mower, the straw dried, drawn to the barn and weighed.

Dec, 1909.]

OATS, BARLEY, WHEAT AND RYE.

143

TESTS OF OATS IN 1906.

Size of plots. — 264 x 16i/^ feet, one tenth acre.

Soil. — Clay loam.

Date of seeding. — May 4.

Variety Name.

Source of seed.

		•si		bu. aiu.
		83 o3		!r>&
ao	° Ph	X Oj	fl.=4H
		pq	;5	. O 4.3

Remarks.

Grey Winter Breck . .

Lincoln Breck . . .

Black Tartarian Breck 42

Long's White Tartar Breck ....

Lothian Breck ....

Hamilton Farquhar

Welcome Farquhar.

Common Western. . ..Feed Bin.

36 0	Aug. 20	19.7	2020	34 5
37 0	Aug. 3	24 1	1930	36 5
42 0	Aug. 3	30 3	2480	35 5
37.0	Aug. 3	35 3	2390	40 5
44 0	Aug. 10	28.8	2800	37.5
42 0	Aug. 13	31.6	2490	39 5
40.0	Aug. 3	38.1	3060	39 5
,39.0	Aug. 3	29.7	1730	31.0

No rust. Mucli rust. Some rust. Some rust. Little rust. Some rust. Much rust. Much rust.

TESTS OF OATS IN 1907.

Size of plots. — 109 x 20 feet, one twentieth acre.

Soil.— Clay.

Date of seeding. — May 6.

Variety Name.

Source of seed.

0'S

^

CM

c

be

PI

a a.

1 05	6	_• a
grain er acr	traw r acr	0 .s IT) Si
M <V	P<«tH
. p<	. A	O
Bus	00

Remarks.

Bristol Black

Fifty-pound Black

Irisli White

Clydesdale

Hamilton

Welcome

Lincoln

Long's White Tartar Common Western .

Rennie Co.	41.0
Ronnie Co	41.5
Rennie Co . .	35 0
Ross Bros	32 5
Farquhar .	41 5
Farquhar .	37 0
Breck	32 0
N. H. Col.	39 0
Feed Bin .	36.0

Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug.

10 65 63 12i65 12|59 1268 852

68 40

0 354029 7 3480 29

0 2610 31 7 3330 31

1 3510 34 5 2200 33 5 2350 32 72540 32 3221028

0 Some rust. 0 Some rust. 5 Little rust. 0 Some rust. 5 Some rust. 5; Little rust. 5jSome rust. 0 Some rust. 0 Much rust.

144

N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Bulletin 145

TESTS OF OATS IN 1908.

Size of plots. — 208 x 21 feet, one tenth acre.

Soil. — Clay loam, few ledges.

Date of seeding. — ]\Iay 12.

Note. — On account of very dry weather oats did not fill well.

Variety Name.

Source of seed.

(-1 ta

^ o

^

be

«f-i

o

P

.3 o teg

pq

CO a;

. a

a:

^.3

© ^ . o

^

Remarks.

"Welcome Farqiiliar

Hamiltou Farquhar

Bristol Black Reuuie Co

Fifty-pound Black RennieCo

Dodd's White Rennie Co

Clydesdale Ross Bros

Long's White Tartar Breck .... Lincoln .... .... Breck ....

Kherson Field Co .

Golden Fleece [Harris Co

Early Swedisli JGartou Co

Common Western Feed Bin

37 42 40 42 88 33 36 34 33 36 37 37

Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. July Aug. Aug. Aug.

24

25 15 13 20 24

431 4 31 27 34 4 23 3 21 1 28

I86OI35

1900 3650 3040 1882 2660 2097 2025 1350 1470 1155 2340

29 28 34 32 32 33 29 28 29 29 30

Some mst. Some rust. Little rust. Some rust. Much rust. Some rust. Rust slight. Some rust. Little rust. Some rust. Little rust. Much rust.

TESTS OF OATS IN 1909.

Size of plots. — 1381/2 x 21 feet, one fifteenth acre.

Soil. — Clay.

Date of seeding. — ISlay 13.

Variety Name.

Source of seed.

6	• be	6	. F	d
per b seed.	of penin	•3o eg «	4 ■l-> (h	per b grain.
r°	oi Q		. ft

Remarks.

Lincoln Gregory . . .

New Swedish Gregory. . .

Golden Sheaf IScli. & Fot

American Wliite Sch. & Fot

Hamilton Fan[uliar

Welcome Farquhar

King Oats Breck ...

Long's White Tartar N. H. Col. Kherson N. H. Col.

84 51 Aug.

34 0 Aug. 33 5 Aug. 39 5 Aug. 44.0 Aug.

35 0 Aug.

36 5 Aug. 33 5 Aug. 28 Oi. July

935

9L3I

9 28

12 34

10 31

8 40

9 39 7 33

30 36

1777'33 1710 30. 19S7 33 2115 30 1365 29. 1507 32 1,5()0 30 1342 31 1545 1 30

O'Side out. 0 Spreading. 5 Sidi' out. 5 Side out. 5 Spreading. 5 Side out. 5 Side out. 5 Side out. 5 Spreading.

Dec, 1909.]

OATS, BARLEY, WHEAT AND RYE.

145

Note. — On account of July drouth oats headed out short and did not fill well, very little rust.

In the following table are given the average of the five most promising varieties as compared with each other and with '' com- mon western" or oats taken from the feed bin at seeding time.

SUMMARY OF TESTS OF OATS, 1904 TO 1909.

Variety Name.

	&		,
	•<3 .		0
>	u g	^ g	■^ a
e8	Scg	gg	S^'S
•y	:«H CS	-B c3	9J t^
o	o U	»^	PhSj
u	pq	1^	r°

S ^ _;

■r, '^ t"

Long's Wliite Tartar

Hamilton

Welcome

Lincoln

Kherson

Common Western. .

4	42.1	2092	34 4
4	39 3	2316	33 1
4	88.7	2156	35 2
4	37 1	2020	32 9
2	35 6	1450	29 2
3 .	32 9	2060	29.8

49 7 58.9 55.7 54 5 40.7 62.6

Long's White Tartar has a light colored berry, of good length and plump. The straw is not heavy and it does not rust badly.

Hamilton has a rather small and short berry with a light yellow color. The straw is stitf and coarse and is not much affected by rust.

Welcome is an old and popular variety with a light yellow berry, plump and of medium length. The straw is fairly stiff, but rather subject to rust.

Lincoln is a white oat with a short, plump berry. It is an old standard variety with straw of good length and strength, but subject to rust.

Kherson is one of the newer varieties imported from Russia about a dozen years ago, and is now a very popular variety in Kansas. The berries are dark yellow in color, small but numer- ous. The straw is short with broad leaves. These oats ripened a week or ten days earlier than any of the common varieties in the test. On account of its early maturity it is not much subject to rust, and although it has been tested for only two years it seems like a promising variety for grain production.

Common Western is not a variety, but represents the oats

146 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 145

bought in the open market for feed. The weight per bushel is usually high on account of the oats being clipped and con- taining more or less barley. The results would indicate that a greater yield of from five to ten bushels per acre can be obtained by sowing a regular variety of seed oats than by using the uncertain mixtures from the fed bin.

THE RUST OF OATS.

This disease is the result of a fungus which attacks the leaves and stems of the oat plant about the time it is heading out or in some cases several weeks before. Its presence is made mani- fest by the yellowish or reddish brown appearance of the oats which is caused by the clusters of fungus spores. The effect of the disease is a weakening of the vitality of the plant to such an extent that it fails to produce seed and frequently breaks down and dies. In some sections of the state the rust is unquestion- ably the worst pest of the oats. Although its depredations are somewhat periodic, being more disastrous some years than others, the most destructive attacks come in seasons of unusual moisture and warmth during the month of June, which induces the oats to make a large, quick growth. Whether this quick, succulent growth renders the plant more susceptible to the attacks of the fungus or whether the stated weather conditions are more con- genial for the growth of the fungus, the writer is unable to say — perhaps both premises maintain.

Since no remedy for the disease is known, all that can be done in a practical way to combat it is to select those varieties for seeding which are in a measure, at least, rust resistant. Among these are Long's White Tartar, Hamilton and Kherson. The time of seeding also seems to have an appreciable effect upon the extent of rusting. The writer has frequently observed that early sown fields of oats have suffered less from rust than late sown ones.

Til 1906, for the purpose of getting some data regarding the date of seeding as affecting the rust on oats, a series of small plots, 5x7 feet, were planted with the same variety (Welcome) at intervals of one week from April 20 to June 8. The plots being small, the yield of grain was not measured, but carefully estimated after an examination of the panicles.

Dec, 1909.]

OATS, BARLEY, WHEAT AND RYE.

147

Date of Seeding.	Date of ripening.	Amount of rust.	Est. bus. grain.
April 20	August 3 August 8 August 13 August 14	None	50
April 27	None Slight Slight Considerable Much Much Very bad	55
May 4 May 11	55 50
May 18	August 19 August 22	40
May 25	30
June 1	August 26 September 6	25
June 8	15

OAT SMUT.

Like the rust, the oat smut is a fungus disease which becomes conspicuous at blossoming time. The fungus is so easily recog- nized by the dirty, black, powdery^ appearance of the diseased panicles that no description of it is thought necessary in this connection. The loss from smut is much greater than is com- monly supposed for three reasons :

1. The smutted stalks are usually shorter than the healthy ones, and are therefore not so easily observed.

2. The sheath leaves sometimes hide the smutted heads, which are then considered only as immature or barren plants.

3. The smut ripens several days before the healthy oats, and, unless the field is examined before cutting, many of the smut spores will have been blown away and the smutted stalks conse- quently overlooked.

In the earlier tests of the oat varieties at this station it was found that the percentage of smutted heads varied from 2 to 17 per cent., and that not a single commercial variety was free from it. During the past three seasons we have taken the precaution to treat all of our seed oats with formalin with the result that in only a very few cases have any smutted heads been found.

Formalin Treatment. — Take as many gallons of water as you have bushels of oats to treat. For each 12 gallons of water add one quarter pound of concentrated *formalin and mix thoroly.

• Concentrated formalin is a forty per cent, solution of formaldehyde gas Ib water. The liquid is clear and resembles water, except that it has a very sharp, pungent, penetrating odor. In buying, the concentrated or forty per cent, solution, should be insisted upon.

148 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 145

Spread the oats upon a clean floor or in a wagon box to a depth of about 3 inches. With an ordinary sprinkling can or by da.shing it with the hand from a bucket sprinkle the formalin solution over the layer of oats until the top is quite wet. Stir with a garden rake or shovel and repeat the sprinkling and stir- ring until all of the oats have been moistened, which will require about one gallon of solution for each bushel of grain. After the wetting has been completed stir the oats frequently so that they may dry rapidly without any germination being started. The oats may be treated either during the winter or just previous to sowing. Whatever receptacle is used for the oats after treat- ment should also be treated — if sacks, immerse them in the solu- tion and then dry, if a bin sprinkle some of the solution on the sides and floor.

This method of treatment is easy, simple and cheap. Formalin may be purchased at any drug store for 50 to 60 cents per pound, thus making the cost for material only about 1 cent per bushel of grain. The cost of labor ought not to exceed 2 cents per bushel, making a total of 3 cents per bushel for the treatment complete.

From the results obtained here and from observations made elsewhere in the state it is estimated that the average amount of smut in oat fields grown from untreated seed is at least 5 per cent. This means that the annual loss from this cause alone is 20,000 bushels for the state, which at the average price of 60 cents per bushel is $12,000. Surely "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure."

BARLEY.

In 1908 the station happened to have on hand some extra sam- ples of different varieties of barley obtained upon the Chicago market the year previous. These were sown in one-twentieth acre plots on a heavy clay soil, at the rate of 2 bushels per acre, on May 13. The plots were manured and 350 pounds per acre of a "4-10-5" mixture of chemicals used. All the varieties came up nicely, but on account of the severe July drouth the straw was short and the heads did not fill well.

In 1909 five varieties were obtained from New England seeds- men and were sown May 13 in one-fifteenth acre plots on a stony

Dec., 1909.]

OATS, BARLEY, WHEAT AND RYE.

149

loani soil. No manure was used, but 500 pounds per acre of the "oats" mixture of chemicals was applied. On account of dry weather the straw was so short that it was almost impossible for the harvester to tie it. The heads were very well filled, but all the varieties were found to be impure, the beardless variety espe- cially being badly mixed.

The following tabulation will show the detailed results of the test;

1908 TESTS OF BARLEY.

Variety Name.

Source of seed.

o Q

be

2-Rowt'(l Brewing

Mauscheuri

Oderbrucker

Naked Wliite ....

Chicago Chicago Chicago Chicago

Aug. 4 . July 30. Aug. 1 Aug. 3 .

<£	0)
.afe	^«
s ^	g 03
b^	13 u
-t a;	cc 0) 1
;; f^	. P< 1
	X
0	^
pq	>^

fee

^

22,88	1 2580 '
18 74	1400
12 08	1740
5 4 1	1.580

53.0 49.5 51 0 61 0

1909 TESTS OF BARLEY.

Variety Name.

Source of seed.

O

bo a

ft

03

6	1 a;
^ tH	t- S-,
•i§	i^ 1
&§3	i3 u \
CO (D
• ft	. ft
tc	X
E3	,Q
m	iJ

6 3

ft«M

. o

^

Beardless

Mausclieuri

Caswell

2-Rowed Brewing Black Hulles .

Gregory . . . Gregory . . . Gregory . . . Sell. & Fot. Chicago

July 30 .	29.06	1710
July 30	18 90	1972
Aug. 10	2(> 10	2347
Aug. 10	18.75	1800 .
Julv30.	18 40	1380 1

34.5 45 0

49 0

50 5 60 2

In SO far as yield, pleasantness of handling, and ease of thresh- ing goes, the above tests show the Beardless variety to be in the lead. More extended trials, however, would be necessary to report conclusively upon the general adaptability of the differ- ent varieties to our conditions.

150 N, H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 145

WINTER WHEAT.

Ill view of the fact that little or no wheat has been grown in the state in recent years, the writer was curious to know just how well it would withstand the winters and what the yield might be. Accordingly^ small plots have been sown and har- vested during the past three seasons, the results being given below in tabular form. The variety used was Dawson's Golden Chaff, a beardless winter sort with bronze chaff and a white berry. The seed was sown at the rate of two bushels per acre with the grain drill; 400 pounds per acre of acid phosphate was used as fertilizer ; grass seed was sown on the plots in the following April, and without exception a good catch was secured.

The best yield was 30.75 bushels per acre obtained in 1907; the poorest was 10.3 bushels in 1908. This low yield was due in part to late seeding and the severe alternate freezings and thaw- ings in the early spring. For the best results the seed should be sown between the 10th and the 20th of September. Corn or potato ground can be used to advantage for winter wheat by sim- ply disking it thoroly. If plowed it should be rolled several times before seeding since wheat requires a fine but rather compact seed bed.

A mixture of wheat and winter vetch makes an excellent green forage crop for dairy cows. This may be sown at the rate of l^/^ bushels of wheat and three pecks of vetch per acre. If the season is not unfavorable from 6 to 8 tons of green feed per acre can be secured.

SPRING WHEAT.

If wheat is desired for feeding poultry or other stock and it is not convenient to sow it in the fall a spring variety may be grown. In 1907 and 1908 a si)ring sort known as Fyfe was sown, and in 1909 Fyfe and Blue Stem were tried. The average yield of the four trials was 16.0 bushels per acre, the dry season of 1909 being unfavorable. The spring wheat should be sown at the rate of 7 to 8 pecks per acre, and should be gotten into the ground just as early in the spring as possible.

A fertilizer containing a liberal amount of nitrogen and phos- phoric acid, say 4 and 10 per cent, respectively, will give the best

Dec, 1909.]

OATS, BARLEY, WHEAT AND RYE.

151

results; the quantity to apply will depend upon the fertility and the previous treatment of the land.

The following table presents in a summarized way the results of a three years' test with winter and spring wheat.

WINTER WHEAT.

.				.
	■u	6C	bb	aiu acre	£
o X	^	a ^
ft		teof see	teof ripe	s. gr per	1^
t^	s	^	03	0	t-t
Eh	M	fl	fi	M	^ i

1906-'07 1907-'08 1908-'09

Average tliree years .

Clay

Loam

Loam

.75 A 'Sept. 15 .85 A. Oct. 3 .70 A. Sept. 22

July 22' July 20 July 26

30 75 2580'60. 10 30 1460,60. 21.50 1825161.

20.85 1955 60 3

SPRING WHEAT.

1— I	-i^	bi)	bo		?
?r	o	.3	a	- o	S
'S	ft o		c|	1^ bt ct
K	a>	-£	^•c	• ft	&P-
>.	N	S3	:3	S
H	02	Q	Q	m	m

0 ft

•^^

^

1907

1908

1909, Blue Stem 1909, Fyfe

Clay	^.A.	May	6	Aug.	19
Loam	yV A. 'May	12	Aug.	12
Clay	^5 A. Mav	13	Aug.	20
Clay	i^A.	May	13	Aug.	20
	1	1
					1

18 3 30101 56.

17 2 2190 57.

13 5 1147 61.

15.1 1387; 61.

Average three years 1 . 16 0 1783 58

lO

152

N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Bulletin 145

SPRING RYE.

A test to determine the yield of spring rye was made in 1908 on a one-tenth acre, and in 1909 on a one-fifteenth acre plot. The seeding was with the grain drill. At the rate of 7 peeks per acre, May 12, 1908, and ^lay 13, 1909, 500 pounds per acre of fertilizer was used.

SPRING RYE TEST.

Source of seed.

1908 1909.

Harris Breck .

Date of ripening.

Aug. 5 Aug. 10

Bus. grain per acre.

Lbs. straw per acre.

Wt. per bus. grain.

18.30 20.10

2360

2182

56 5 56 0

Dec.. 1909.] OATS, BARLEY, WHEAT AND RYE. 153-

SUMMARY.

1. While New Hampshire may never be able to compete with the great Northwest in the production of the staple cereal crops, the fact is nevertheless evident that very satisfactory yields of these crops can be obtained here in normal seasons. The high prices of grain feeds prevailing during the recent years are the results of changing economic conditions, and the New Hampshire farmer who adapts him- self to these new conditions will find it more and more necessary to produce a larger share of the feeds at home.

2. In average seasons 40 bushels of oats per acre can be grown, and in favorable seasons a yield of 50 to 60 bushels can be expected.

3. The rust of oats can be partially controlled by selecting the more resistant varieties, and by early seeding.

4. The oat smut can be entirely eradicated by treating the seed with formalin solution.

5. Barley can be grown successfully with yields ranging from 18 to 28 bushels per acre.

6. Satisfactory yields of both winter and spring wheat can be ob- tained; the former variety will withstand the winter weather and outyield the spring variety.

7. Spring rye can be grown with fair success.

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