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Experiment Station Library.
Class (33^.7-3. Number Jr So
Volume ^7
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Accession No. \ 1 (o 4 o
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Bulletin 151
November 1. 1910
NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
Twenty-First and Twenty-Second
REPORTS
NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE
OF
AGRICULTURE AND THE MECHANIC ARTS
DURHAM
NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND THE MECHANIC ARTS
NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
DURHAM, N. H.
Board of Control
HON. JOHN G. TALLANT, Chairman, West Concord
HON. WARREN BROWN, Hampton Falls
HON. N. J. BACHELDER, A. M., M. S., East Andover
HON. E. H. WASON, B. S., Nashua
PRES. WILLIAM D. GIBBS, D. Sc., ex officio, Durham
The Station Staff
JOHN C. KENDALL, B. S., Director.
FREDERICK W. TAYLOR, B. Sc. (Agr.), Agronomist.
CHARLES BROOKS, Ph. D., Botanist.
FRED RASMUSSEN, B. S. A., Dairyman.
B. S. PICKETT, M. S., •Horticulturist.
B. E. CURRY, A. B., Chemist.
T. R. ARKELL, B. S. A., Animal Husbandman.
W. C. O'KANE, M. S., Entomologist.
CHARLES W. STONE, A. M., Farmer, and Vice-director.
W. H. WOLFF, M. S., Assistant Horticulturist.
DAVID LUMSDEN, Assistant in Floriculture.
W. L. SLATE, Jr., B. S. (Agr.), Assistant in Agronomy.
T. O. SMITH, A. B., Assistant Chemist.
J. J. GARDNER, B. S., Assistant in Olericulture.
0. L. ECKMAN, B. Sc. (Agr.), Assistant Animal Husbandman.
CAROLIN A. BLACK, A. M., Assistant Botanist.
MIRIAM L. HOBBS, Purchasing Agent.
MABEL H. MEHAFFEY, Stenographer.
M. GENEVIEVE BURT, Bookkeeper.
MARY L. BURNHAM, Stenographer.
The bulletins of the Experiment Station are published at irregular intervals, and are sent free to all residents of New Hampshire requesting them.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Report of the Director 4
Financial Report July 1, 1908-June 30, 1910 8
Report of the Department of Agronomy 11
Farm Crop Report September 1, 1903-May 1, 1909 12
Variety Tests of Corn 14
Variety Tests of Small drains 16
Fertilizer Tests on Grass Land 16
Alfalfa in New Hampshire 17
Pasture Improvement . 18
Report of the Department of Botany 21
Fungicides and Spraying 21
Fungous Diseases 22
Report of the Dairy Department 23
Testing of Pure Bred Cows 24
Execution of Dairy Laws 24
Report of the Department of Chemistry 24
Lime Requirements of New Hampshire Soils 25
The Study of Soil Potash 25
Report of the Department of Horticulture 26
Variety Test of Plums 27
Variety Test of Apples 27
Variety Test of Lettuce 27
Lettuce Culture under Glass 27
Carnation Culture ' 27
Variety Test of Small Fruits 27
Fruit Bud Formation Project 28
Plant Breeding Project 29
Report of the Department of Animal Husbandry 31
Sheep Breeding 32
Early Lamb Production 36
Breeding Multi-nippled Sheep 37
Inheritance of Twins 37
Post-natal Variation in Growth 37
Sheep Feeding 38
Tobacco Feeding for the Eradication of the Stomach Worm in Sheep 39
(Hcemonchus contorlus)
Report of the Department of Entomology 39
Publications 41
The Apple Maggot 42
The Influence of Temperature on Insect Transformations and Hiber- nations 44
The Black Fly 45
The Antlered Maple Worm 45
The Oblique-Banded Leaf-roller 46
Publications of the Station 1888-1908 46
Meteorological Record July 1, 190S-June 30,1910 49
BULLETIN 151.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.
To the President New Hampshire College,
Dear Sir: I herewith submit the following report of the work of the Agri- cultural Experiment Station of the New Hampshire College for the biennial period from November 1, 1908, to November 1, 1910, together with the fiscal report for the years ending June 30, 1909, and June 30, 1910.
Changes in Staff.
There have been three changes in the heads of departments during the period covered by this report and one of these had to do with the administrative affairs of the station.
Prof. E. D. Sanderson, director and entomologist, gave up his duties as director January 1, 1910, but continued to act as entomologist until his resig- nation September 1, when Mr. W. C. O'Kane, assistant entomologist, was placed in charge of the department.
Prof. Fred W. Morse, vice-director and chemist, who had been connected with the college and station for some twenty-one years, severed his connections with the institution September 1, 1909. Mr. Bert E. Curry, associate chemist, was made acting chemist and on September 1, 1910, chemist.
Prof. W. H. Pew, animal husbandman, resigned September 1, 1909, to take up the position of assistant professor of animal husbandry at the Iowa State College. Mr. T. R. Arkell, an '08 graduate from Toronto University, engaged as associate editor of the Canadian Farm, was appointed September 1, 1909, animal husbandman to the station.
Other changes that have taken place during the past two years among the station workers will be noted later in the departmental reports.
Administration.
Since the writer has been in charge of the administrative affairs of the station only a few weeks, he will not undertake to discuss in this report the work of the station during the past two j^ears, but will depend upon the station staff to present in their departmental reports the main lines of station activity, progress made and some of the value and bearing it has on the agricultural interests of the state.
The business organization of the New Hampshire Station is in excellent shape and reflects credit upon the stewardship of the former director. The station st a IT comprises well-qualified, earnest, hard-working men who are devoting their best and entire energies to their duties. The station is appar- ently in a position where it can and will accomplish even more efficient service than ever before.
The policy of the station will be to decrease rather than to increase the number of project- that are undertaken in the different departments, even though there are many problems that are known to exist and that are being continually brought to our attention as being worthy of consideral ion. We are compelled to adopt this plan because we feel that the undertaking of more
Nov., 1910.] \\\i \i. REPORTS. 5
large investigations than facilities, funds and assistance arc prepared to pro- perly handle, tend- to encourage the turning out <»f work of a superficial nature.
However, new lines of invest igal ion will be taken up and t he scope of t he work
be increased jusl as rapidly as facilities, funds and assistance are provided to make it advisable.
It is the general plan to have each department select one main lino of re- search which has to do if possible with one of the leading branches of agri- culture in the state, and give to it or sonic pari of it their entire attention, taking up only such secondary subjects as have a direct bearing on the problem or that can he carried on without interfering in any way with the mosl ile- al completion of the main line of investigation.
This policy if strictly adhered to, should maintain the station and its work on a good solid foundation that will merit the confidence ami respect, not only of citizens of New Hampshire, but of other states as well, and this station will come to be recognized as a leader and authority on certain subjects and along certain lines of research.
By assuming this position it does not mean that, the station is planning to curtail its activities, but rather it is planned to increase its usefulness through the quality and nature of its work. There are a number of important branches of agriculture that have so far not been given serious consideration at this institution and cannot be taken up until proper provisions are made for it.
Increased Facilities Needed.
Forestry, that makes up so much of the natural wealth of the state, not only directly through the sale of products of the forest, but indirectly through the natural at t ractiveness of the country, that is responsible for bringing thousands of tourists to our state every year, presents a number of problems which the station cannot afford to ignore, but to properly conduct this work it will be necessary to add an extra man to our force who will devote his entire time and energy to forestry and it is most strongly urged that steps be taken to bring this about at the earliest date possible.
Owinu to a lack of suitable buildings and funds for the purchase of livestock, this station has been unable during recent years to carry on experiments that have to do directly with the swine industry which is so closely associated with dairying and holds such an important place in New Hampshire agriculture. Funds should by all means be provided for the construction of a piggery ami for the purchase of animals.
There is probably no line of agriculture of greater importance in New Hamp- shire than that of dairying and it presents many and varied problems that should receive serious consideration at the hands of the Experiment Station. The general interest which is taken in dairy husbandry in New Hampshire is shown by the rapidity with which our supply of bulletins that have to do with this subject become exhausted. It is of the utmost importance that some of the many problems connected with dairy husbandry be taken up and solved and the information be made available to the farmers as soon as possible. However, before extensive work in dairy production can be engaged in, it will be necessary that our present herd be increased in numbers and that better and more representative animals be provided.
6 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
More assistance is needed to enable investigations to be conducted in the handling and manufacturing of dairy products which should include the ser- vices of a bacteriologist.
The changing of the location of the railroad will destroy the present horse barn which will necessitate the construction of a new one and it is urged that provision be made in the new building for a few extra stalls that will permit the station to take up some lines of horse breeding which is so much needed in the state. Such a course would undoubtedly encourage many more of the New Hampshire farmers to go into the raising of more and better horses.
Poultry husbandry has net as yet received the attention at this station that its importance in the state would warrant There is probably more widespread interest in poultry than in any other one line of farm stock. Practically every farm and many town and suburban lots carry their flock of fowls and the station is continually being called upon to assist poultrymen to solve some of the many difficulties encountered along their line, which the station is not pre- pared to do owing to the fact that we have no poultry and no facilities for carrying on the work. It is desired, therefore, that means be provided for establishing a good poultry department as it is one of the urgent needs of both the college and the station.
Owing to the lack of sufficient office room in Morrill Hall, it would seem advisable to finish the top floor of the building which is now unused, so that it may be made available for offices and students' agricultural assembly rooms.
Attention should also be called to the needs of the Horticultural Depart- ment as indicated in their departmental report, for cold and cool storage accom modations. Also for furnishing and equipping rooms in the Creamery Building for bacteriology and certified milk work.
Exhibits. Provision should be made whereby the college and station may install ex- hibits at our leading New England fairs, granges and schools, that have an educational value and that will be illustrative of the character of the work carried on at this institution. This will fftsist in making the work of this in- stitution better known and appreciated by the people of the state whom it is endeavoring to serve.
Publications.
A large number of the most important publications of this station are now out of print. It requires time to conduct new experiments along these various lines and generally such experiments undertaken must of necessity deal with only a few phases of the subject. The federal funds can be used only for re- porting the results of experiments and how they are obtained. The state has so far not appropriated any funds for this purpose; hence, it is easy to see that it is out of the question for the station to meet more than a very small portion of the demands that are being made on it for advice and information through its bulletins.
As a partial remedy for this we would suggest that the state allow a smad sum of money to be used for the publication of information bulletins in which not only the work of this station could be set forth, but the work of other sta- tions as well, and also in the bulletins issued by the government, together with the best advice available on the subject. Such publications would be of great
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 7
value in assisting to disseminate the best information obtainable where it is most needed, desired, and where it would accomplish the most good.
Cooperation and Demonstration.
There is a large class of people in the state who are interested and engaged in agricultural pursuits who will not and cannot be reached directly by the college and station or its publications. It has been found that they can be reached and most effectively through some form of cooperation and by means of dem- onstrations that carry the work of the college and station directly to the doors of the men who will use it. Seeing is believing with the average farmer, but when once convinced, experience teaches, he will gladly put into execution 6uch methods and practices as have been shown to bring in the best results in his own neighborhood on his own or similar soils.
The station has already started in a limited way some cooperative and demonstration work in different parts of the state and it has received the most hearty endorsement. Many states are appropriating more money for exten- sion work alone than New Hampshire appropriates for the whole institution. As a result, there is in those states a wonderful agricultural awakening and progress in better and more successful farming methods. It is felt that in no other way can the agricultural interests of the state be better served and the work of this institution become more effective, than through the aid of exten- sion work. This has prompted the request which has been made for a small sum of money to start this line of work in New Hampshire.
The New Hampshire station is and has been for years, supported almost entirely by federal funds and the very least thing that would seem right for the state to do, is to furnish an amount at least equal to the amount of money furnished by the federal government, to supplement and to extend the scope and usefulness of the college and station by means of publications, introducing agriculture into oui public schools and by various forms of cooperation and demonstration throughout the state.
County Demonstrations and Experimental Plots.
It would be highly desirable if arrangements could be made so that the station could have the use of a small area of land in each county, such as might be found on many of our county farms, that would represent as nearly as possible the type of soil most prevalent in that county. This would assist in meeting the objections often raised against experiments conducted on the college farm or at any other place in the state.
For example, if it was desired to test varieties of corn as to yield and general adaptability in the state, the results derived from these county test plots should be much more reliable as representing conditions in the state, than if conducted on one type of soil and that not typical, here at the station.
Such an arrangement would enable the station to try out on different types of soils methods of culture, fertilizing, and crop rotations, which would create new centers of neighborhood interest in farming and should prove of much value in determining the agricultural needs of the state and in finding the best
means of meeting them.
Respectfully submitted,
JOHN C. KENDALL, November 1, 1910. Director.
8 N. H. a(;r. experiment STATION. [Bulletin 151
TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT OF THE HATCH FUND.
For the year ending June 30, 1909.
Receipts.
Cash received from United States treasurer $15, 000 . 00
Expenditures.
Cash paid for salaries $6,875.67
labor 2,602.73
publications 481 . 97
postage and stationery 407 . 05
freight and express 285 . 65
heat, light, water and power 913 . 50
chemical supplies 90 . 21
seeds, plants and sundry supplies 545 . 00
fertilizers 122 . 06
feeding stuffs 163 . 27
library 358.69
tools, implements, and machinery 85 . 21
furniture and fixtures 294 . 99
scientific apparatus . . . . ► 37 . 98
traveling expenses 864 . 96
contingent expenses 15 . 00
buildings and land 106 . 06
balance 750.00
$15,000.00
FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES GOVERN- MENT OF THE ADAMS FUND.
For the year ending June 30, 1909.
Receipts.
Cash received from United States treasurer $11, 000 . 00
Expenditures.
Cash'paid for salaries $7 , 370 . 21
labor 1,698.90
postage and stationery 19 . 81
freight and express 30.42
chemical supplies 144 . 25
seeds, plants and sundry supplies 220.81
fertilizers 30 . 75
feeding stuffs 403.98
library 100.75
tools, implements and machinery 12.94
furniture and fixtures 108 . 11
scientific apparatus 228 . 72
livestock 103.40
traveling expenses 75 . 80
buildings and land 451 . 15
$11,000.06
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 9
SUPPLEMENTARY STATEMENT OF FUNDS OTHER THAN THE HATCH AND ADAMS FUNDS.
For the year ending June 30, 1909.
Receipts.
Cash received, analytical fees, etc $4,078.44
Expenditures.
Cash paid for salaries #900 . 00
labor 1 ,767 . 31
publications 21 1 . 58
postage and stationery 75.47
freight and express 39 . 34
chemical supplies 24 . 79
seeds, plants and sundry supplies 522.34
fertilizers 73 . 15
feeding stuffs 82.31
library 46 . 50
tools, implements and machinery 126 . 32
furniture and fixtures 372 . 82
scientific apparatus 50 . 42
livestock 1 . 00
t raveling expenses 219 . 42
building and land 236 . 74
S4.749.51
TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT OF THE HATCH FUND.
For the year ending June 30, 1910.
Receipts.
Balance from appropriations 1908-1909 $750 . 00
Cash received from United States treasurer 14 , 250 . 00
$15,000.00 Expenditures.
Cash paid for salaries $6,469.81
labor 2,219.35
publications 1 , 838 . 04
postage and stationery 468 . 31
freight and express 192 . 68
heat, light, water and power 1,085.45
chemical supplies 22 . 08
seeds, plants and sundry supplies 359.88
fertilizers 387 . 40
feeding stuffs 166.17
library 496 . 71
tools, implements and machinery 14. 15
furniture and fixtures 205 . 05
scientific apparatus 63 . 97
traveling expenses 269 . 7 1
contingent expenses 1 ."> . 00
buildings and land 726 2 1
$15. (MM). nil
10 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
OF THE ADAMS FUND.
For the year ending June 30, 1910.
Receipts.
Cash received from United States treasurer S13.000.00
Expenditures.
Cash paid for salaries $7 , 479 . 64
labor 2,435.08
postage and stationery 66 . 65
freight and express 85 . 02
chemical supplies 253 . 48
seeds, plants and sundry supplies 335 . 47
fertilizers 147.48
feeding stuffs 766 . 55
library 130.28
tools, implements and machinery 7.00
furniture and fixtures 73 . 13
scientific apparatus 362 . 78
livestock 40.00
traveling expenses 176 . 62
buildings and land 640 . 82
$13,000.00
SUPPLEMENTARY STATEMENT OF FUNDS OTHER THAN THE
HATCH AND ADAMS FUNDS.
For the year ending June 30, 1910.
Receipts.
Cash received, analytical fees, etc $4 , 034 . 51
Cash furnished by college 509 93
$4,544.44 Expenditures.
Cash paid for balance due July 2, 1909 $671 .07
salaries 525 . 00
labor 1,390.87
publications 28 . 43
postage and stationery 99 . 95
freight and express 79 . 07
chemical supplies 211.93
seeds, plants and sundry supplies 139. 11
fertilizers 39 . 20
feeding stuffs 23 . 51
library 15 . 73
tools, implements and machinery 27 . 25
furniture and fixtures 118. 12
scientific apparatus 38 . 56
livestock 1-00
traveling expenses 750 . 05
contingent expenses 168 . 85
buildings and land 216.74
$4,544.44
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 11
AUDITOR'S STATEMENT.
The undersigned, duly appointed auditor of the corporation, hereby cer- tifies that he has examined the books and accounts of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station for the two fiscal years ended June 30, 1910; that he has found the same well kept and classified as above, and that the receipts for the two years from the treasurer of the United States are shown to have been $26,000 and $27,250, respectively, and the corresponding dis- bursements, $25,250 and $28,000, respectively, for all of which proper vouchers are on file and have been examined and found correct.
And it is further certified that the expenditures have been solely for the
purposes set forth in the acts of Congress approved March 2, 1887, and March
16, 1906.
(Signed) C. H. Pettee,
Auditor. Attest:
Walter M. Parker,
Custodian.
REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY.
F. W. TAYLOR.
I. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT.
The principal change in the organization of this department since the last hiennial report resulted from the administrative change in the management of the college farm beginning July 1, 1909. By the new arrangement the college farm is run as a commercial proposition under the direct supervision of a college farmer, thus relieving the station agronomist and animal husband- man of the managerial activities formerly necessitated by that work.
The following letter addressed to the director of the station, at his request, sets forth the records of the farm and agronomy department since the writer's connection with the institution.
Durham, N. H., June 1st, 1909. To E. D. Sanderson, Director,
New Hampshire Experiment Station,
as Superintendent of New Hampshire College Farm.
Dear Sir: — I have the honor to transmit herewith a summarized report
of the crops, finances and permanent improvements of the New Hampshire
College Farm from September first, 1903, to May first, 1909.
I'. W Taylor, Agronomist, as Manager of N. //. College Farm.
12
N. II. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION.
[Bulletin 151
Farm Crop Report.
The following table will show the number of acres, the total yield and the average yield per acre of the various farm crops including pasture from 1903 to 190S inclusive.
1903
1904
1905
l'jiiii
Hay, acres
Hay, tons
Hay, average per acre
Ensilage , acres
Ensilage . tons
Ensilage, average per acre
Field corn, acres
Field corn, baskets
Field corn, average per acre. . .
Corn stover, tons
Other grains, acres
Other grains bushels
Straw, tons
Potatoes and turnips, acres. . . Potatoes and turnips, bushels.
Mis. Exp. plots, acres
Hog and sheep lots, acres
Pasture, acres
Trans, to Hort. Dept., acres. .
Total acres, Agricultural Department.
126.00 150.00 1.19 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.00 36.50 4.00
173.50
108.40
149.30 1.37
10.10
73.50
7.20
8.00
414.00
51.80 6.00 3.50 0.00 5.20 1.50 210.00 1.50 0.00
43.50 0.00
107.40
140.20
1.35
12.60
118.20
9.40
5.00
540.00
108.00
8.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.50
3.00
43.50
ii on
106.00
149.50
1.41
8.50
56.00
6.60
4.50
322.00
71.00
6.10
1.00
42.00
l 1.60
1.00
225.00
1.50
3.50
45.00
2.00
1907
1908
80.40
120.70
1.51
11.00
109.80
10.00
7.80
262.00
33.60
9.00
8.50
320.00
7.50
1.00
245.00
2.00
4.00
54.50
3.50
73.0
95.8
1.3
12.5
132.0
10.6
5.5
652.0
118.0
10.7
5.0
60.0
4.2
0.5
102.0
1.5
4.0
66.0
2.0
173.50 173.00 173.00 172.20
170.0
It will be noted from the table that the total acreage of the farm used by the farm department has decreased 3.5 acres since 1903. This decrease has been due to an enlargement of the campus for the erection of new buildings and for the opening of a clay bank. The pasture acreage has been increased almost thirty acres. This was necessitated principally for accommodating the sheep flocks and partly for more cattle pasture. The area used for grain production and experimental plots has also increased since 1903. As a result of these various changes in the cropping system the hay-producing acres have been decreased from 126 acres in 1903 to 73 acres in 1908. There has been, however, a steady increase in the yield per acre of hay during the six- year period, seasonal variations being considered.
Hay Production.
In 1903 the only crop harvested by the farm department, with the excep- tion of a few small experimental plots of millets and alfalfa, was hay. The total yield of hay was 150 tons from 126 acres, being an average of 1.19 tons per acre. About four acres of corn had been planted but this was a complete failure and none was harvested.
In 1907 there was cut 120.7 tons of hay from 80.4 acres, an average of 1.51 tons per acre; in 1908, which was a very dry and unfavorable season for hay throughout the state, 95.8 tons were cut from 73 acres, an average of 1.3 tons per acre. Besides the hay crop in 190S there was produced 132 tons of ensilage, 652 baskets of corn, and other small grains for experimental purposes.
Appropriations.
For the five fiscal years ending June 30, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, the Board of Trustees appropriated an average of $660 per year from the college
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 13
funds for the current expenses of the farm department. For the year ending June 30, 1909, during which period the animal husbandry division was set off from the farm department and conducted as a separate department, the sum of s2()0 was appropriated for the current expenses of the farm department, and $700 for the expenses of the animal husbandry department. The item- ized accounts of the receipts and expenditures of the- farm department for the several years may be obtained from the president's financial report to the trustees as printed in the last three biennial reports of the college.
Farm Improvement Account.
In view of the fact that the expenditure for the various 'permanent farm improvements which were being made from year to year did not appear as such in the regular financial reports a separate account of them has been kept in this office since July, 1906. The following is the summary of such accounts:
July, 1906, to July, 1907, farm improvement work $1 ,092.04
July, 1907, to July, 1908, farm improvement, work 1 , 576 . 01
July, 1908, to July, 1909, farm improvement work 259.25
Total $2,927.30
Paid, with Experiment Station Funds:
Sheep shed S84 . 04
Sheep fence 305 . 37
Corn crib 67.88
Poultry houses 85.98
Poultry fence 76 . 10
Sheep barn 1,136.15
Total $1,755.52
Paid, with Farm Department Funds:
Cementing barn cellar $28 . 95
Herdsman room 147 . 35
New horse stalls 21 . 35
Ditches and drains 323 . 63
Graveling barnyard 38 . 50
New wagon box 17 . 95
Xew hay rack 23 . 14
Iron sluice way ' 10 . 00
Cleaning up White lot 109.41
Pasture fence 68 . 03
Miscellaneous 383.47
Total $1,171.78
Among the miscellaneous expenditures are such items as, cutting brush, removing old stone walls, digging out stumps and trees, picking stubble stones and constructing and graveling farm roads. In the fall of 1904 the sum of $213.93 was expended for a system of underdrains in one of the experimental fields; this was paid for by the Experiment Station and is not included in the above account. Altogether more than a mile of farm roads have been built and 8,760 feet of drain tile installed since 1903. An average of about $400 per year of farm department funds and nearly $600 per year of Experiment Sta-
14 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
tion funds has been expended during the past three years for permanent improvements. During the three jrears previous to July 1, 1900, although no separate account was kept of such improvements, it is estimated that at least §500 per year was expended for that purpose.
Respectfully submitted,
F. W. Taylor,
Agronomist.
Mr. Jasper F. Eastman, assistant in agronomy, resigned his position, Sep- tember 1, 1909, to take post-graduate work at the University of Illinois. He was succeeded by Mr. W. L. Slate, Jr. (Ohio State University, '09), who now has the position in both station and college.
In the matter of equipment the most important additions have been the fitting up of a seed-testing room with seed sampler, germinating chamber and sample filing system; also additional units for the filing of experimental data, negatives and photographs, together with other minor tools and conveniences.
II. HATCH FUND PROJECTS.
1. Variety Tests of Corn.
Objects. (1) To determine the comparative yield of corn and stover of the usual varieties of field corn offered by seedsmen and of those commonly grown in various sections of the state. (2) To compare the maturing qualities of the several varieties. (3) To determine the yield per acre, average height, stage of maturity and ratio of ears to stalks of the com- mon varieties of ensilage corn offered by New England seedsmen. (4) To test the theory that a cross between two varieties is more prolific than either of the parents.
In 1909 twenty varieties of field corn were tested on one-fiftieth-acre plots* The yields varied from 23 to 40.6 bushels per acre. Fifteen of these varieties including both flint and dent types were obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture. This season completed a five-year cooperative test with that department of varieties of field corn.
A test made in 1909 of five crosses of dent on flint varieties secured in 190S as compared with the average yield of the sire and dam, showed an increase in favor of the cross in every case, the difference varying from 2.4 bushels to 11 bushels per acre.
In 1909 a test of thirteen varieties of ensilage corn on one-twenty-sixth-acre plots was made to determine the comparative yields and maturity. The yields varied from 14 to 18.6 tons per acre and the stage of maturity from 0 to 99 per cent.
In 1910 the variety work consisted in testing out on one-quarter-acre plots the four varieties selected from previous years' tests as being the most promising- In this same year a test was also made on onc-fifteenth-acre plots in duplicate of different qualities of manure and commercial fertilizer per acre on the yield of ensilage corn. The quantity of manure varied from 15 to 30 loads and the fertilizer from 400 to 1,600 pounds per acre. The detailed results of the fore-
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 15
going experiments with field and ensilage corn are to be published in bulletin form during the coming winter.
2. Ear-Row Tests of Corn.
Objects. (L) To show the difference in productivity between individual ears. (2) To secure a highly productive strain of corn by selection and cross-breeding of tested ears. (3) To determine to what extent early maturity can be induced. (4) To determine what tendency there is in this latitude for dent corn to assume the characterLstics of the flint type when kept isolated from the latter varieties. (5) To secure a pedigreed strain of dent corn adapted to New Hampshire soils and climate.
The following extracts, records and illustrations taken from a circular recently published by this department will set forth the methods used and results thus far obtained with the work:
The Ear-Row Method.
This method which was originated at the Illinois Experiment Station and which has since been modified and used by various other stations is funda- mental to all corn breeding work. Its simplicity, ease of application and definiteness of results readily commend it to the farmer who is trying to improve his strain of corn.
The method consists essentially of selecting ten to fifty ears of corn and planting them in as many different rows, an ear to each row, and later on comparing the yields per row. In our work here we have tested fifty ears each season. In making the selection of ears to go in the test we have followed no definite rule as to the size, shape, weight and markings of the ear, because the relative merits of these points are still more or less in question. The two qualifications which we have insisted upon in all ears are maturity and strong vitality, for the reason that these qualities are the most essential in all northern climates.
After the ears have been selected, a germination test of each is made by extracting ten kernels from different parts of the ear and testing them in moist Band or blotting paper. If any of the ten kernels fail to germinate the ear from which they came is discarded. The ears are then renumbered, weighed, meas- ured, and photographed in groups of five. They are then shelled and the weight of the cobs taken to determine the percentage of grain, after which the 6helled corn from each ear is placed in a separate jar or small bag, properly numbered, and is ready for planting. It would not be necessary and most likely not convenient for the average farmer to make all of these detailed records of each ear, but he ought, at least, to make 1 1 1 < * germination test and to weigh and measure the ears.
As before stated, the individual ears should be planted in separate rows, a convenient length for which is 100 hills, <>r about 350 feet. A row of corn 100 hills long with the hills three and one-half feel apart will equal approximately one thirty-sixth of an acre By planting four kernels to the hill a -ufliciently good stand should be secured so that the rows may later be thinned to an average of three stalks per hill. In the fall each row should be cut and shocked
16 N. H. AGE. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
separately, and, when cured, husked and weighed separately. The yields may either be kept in pounds per row or figured to bushels per acre.
By the method as above outlined, the breeding and selection work may be carried on indefinitely. New blood is tested out every year, and the best blood of each year's test is united with the accumulated pure blood of all the previous years' tests. In five years' time a strain of corn will be obtained whose ancestors for four generations are definitely known and have proven themselves to be good producers. In our own work we have this jrear secured the cross N. H. 400, and next year will have N. H. 500, a strain whose pedi- gree is known and can be written as shown in the diagram.
The variety of corn we have worked with is the Minnesota 13, a yellow dent type secured from the Minnesota Experiment Station in 1907. The strain of which we have now secured is believed by the writer to be one of the earliest strains of dent corn grown anywhere in the country. For the past two year3 it has been only a few days later than the earliest flint varieties grown here on the college farm, and in an average season it should mature most anywhere in the southern half of the state.
The ear-row tests and breeding can be conducted with any variety of corn, and although the work may seem to call for a lot of "fussing around" it will be found to be intensely interesting and in the end profitable. The writer would be glad to correspond with any who are sufficiently interested to make a beginning and to give them any suggestions or assistance possible.
3. Variety Tests of Small Grains.
Objects. (1) To determine the comparative yields of grain and straw of the more common varieties offered by the New England seedsmen. (2) To note the seasonal variations and the general adaptability of the dif- ferent varieties.
In 1909 the following tests were made: Nine varieties of oats on one- fifteenth-acre plots; five varieties of barley on one-fifteenth-acre plots; two varieties of spring wheat on one-fifteenth-acre plots; one variety of spring rye on one-fifteenth-acre plot; one variety of winter wheat on one three-quarter- acre plot. The detailed results of these tests and all those of preceding years were published as Bulletin No. 145, in December, 1909.
4. Fertilizer Tests on Grass Land.
The objects and scheme of this project were published in the last Biennial Report and need not be repeated here. The different fertilizers were applied April 2Gth and 27th and the grass cut July 7th and 8th in 1909. Owing to the dry season, the effects of the various chemicals were not as noticeable as in previous years, especially where the lighter applications were made. The average yield of the "no fertilizer" plots was one ton per acre. The largest yield was 1.8 tons with an application of 400 lbs. per acre of nitrate of soda. The smallest was .84 tons with an application of 220 lbs. of rock phosphate.
In 1910 the fertilizers were applied April 28th and 29th, and the grass cut July 11th and 12th. The average yield of the "no fertilizer" plots was 1.896 tons per acre. The heaviest yield was 3.41 tons with the application of
Nov., 1910.]
WNUAL REPORTS.
17
400 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre, and the light <>t 1.62 tone with 600 lbs. per acre of land plaster. No second crop was cut in either 1909 or 1910. The effect of lime has not been apparent on any of these plots, either in connection with the various chemicals used or on the "no fertilizer" plots.
This project has been very seriously interfered with by the recent moving of the railroad tracks, it being necessary to abandon eleven of the original plots and replace them by others in an adjoining field. The soil of these new plots is similar to that of the old ones and the grass was sown the same year, i. c, 1905. The now plots are being underdrained like the old oiks this fall. The following table will show the comparative average yield of hay from the plots with which no interference has been made for the four seasons during which the test has been conducted:
COMPARATIVE AVERAGE FOR 1907, '08, '09, "10.
|
Application per |
Hay per |
acre |
|
acre. |
||
|
200 lbs. |
2.700 tons. |
|
|
150 " |
2.376 ' |
|
|
175 " |
2.185 ' |
|
|
300 " |
1.910 ' |
|
|
5 tons |
2.208 ' |
|
|
400 lbs. |
3.1i:> ' |
|
|
300 •' |
2.656 ' |
|
|
350 " |
2.278 ' |
|
|
430 " |
2.271 ' |
|
|
220 " |
1.696 ' |
|
|
350 " |
2.396 ' |
|
|
220 " |
2.530 ' |
|
|
120 " |
1.963 ' |
|
|
125 " |
2.205 ' |
|
|
900 " |
2 335 ' |
|
|
10 tons |
2.410 • |
|
|
( 200 11 is. |
||
|
1 .'15 " |
2 . 576 ' |
|
|
\ 200 " ) 60 " |
2.560 " |
|
|
t 215 " ) 60 " |
2.020 " |
|
|
( 135 " |
||
|
145 " |
2.221 " |
|
|
( 40 " |
||
|
2.034 ' |
Nitrate of soda
Sulfate of ammonia
Tankage "9-20" grade.
Land plaster
Manure
Nitrate of soda
Sulfate of ammonia
Tankage "9-20" grade. Acid phosphate 11'
Rock phosphate
Basic slag
Ground bone
Muriate of potash
Sulfate of potash
Wood ashes
Manure
Nitrate of soda
Acid phosfate
\ Nitrate of soda
' Muriate of potash. . . .
\ Acid phosfate
) Muriate of potash . . .
i Nitrate of soda
, Acid phosfate
' Muriate of potash. . . No fertilizer
5. Alfalfa.
Objects. (1) To note the effect of seed inoculation on the catch and yield secured. (2) To determine the best time of year to sow the seed and the proper amount to sow per acre. (3) To see what type of soil is besl adapted. (4) To determine whether lime and what fertilizers are necessary. (5) To note what weeds are most injurious. (6) To see on what soils, in what sections, and by what methods successful stands can be secured in various parts of the state. (7) To study the comparative hardiness and foragevalue of individual plants grown from seed from different sources.
Three cuttings were made this season from the plot seeded in 1909 and a total yield of 3.45 tons per acre secured, and the plot is now in good condition. On another plot seeded in August, 1910, different rates of liming and inocu-
18 X. II. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATIOX. [Bulletin 151
lated versus uninoculated seed is being tested. A new alfalfa nursery for test- ing seed from different sources as well as individual plants has also been started this fall.
6. Pasture Improvement.
Objects. To determine to what extent, by what means and at what expense the average New Hampshire pasture can be improved.
This experiment was instituted in the spring of 1909. The old cow pasture east of the college library was divided into six sections of approximately equal size, and in such a manner that every section would contain at least two small areas sufficiently free from stones and ledges to permit of their being cut with a lawn mower. The several sections were treated as follows:
Section 1 used as a check, no treatment given.
Section 2 harrowed and reseeded.
Section 3 harrowed, reseeded and limed.
Section 4 harrowed, reseeded, limed and fertilized.
Section 5 plowed and reseeded in later summer with no fertilizer.
Section 6 to be pastured by sheep for three years.
The harrowing was done with a Cutaway harrow set at such an angle as to cut well, but not to invert too much of the sod, the ground being gone over three times alternately at right angles. The grass seed mixture used per acre was as follows:
Timothy, 10 lbs. Redtop, 5 lbs.
Kentucky Bluegrass, 10 lbs. White clover, 5 lbs.
The lime was the "Rockland-Rockport" brand and was applied at the rate of one ton per acre.
The fertilizer was made up of 700 lbs. nitrate of soda, 1,000 lbs. ground bone and 300 lbs. muriate of potash and was applied at the rate of 500 lbs. per acre.
The sixth section was fenced off and pastured by sheep during the seasons of 1909 and 1910 and will be again in 1911. As many sheep are kept on this section as it will support without additional grain feed. A record is being kept of the number of sheep and the length of time they are maintained on the section during each season. The various treatments for sections 2, 3, 4 and 5 were given only in the season of 1909, but their effect is to be noted and measured as accurately as possible for at least four years. The cost per acre of each of the several treatments has also been accurately kept.
As a means of measuring the effect of the several treatments, two of the most uniform spaces in each section, twenty-four feet square, have been fenced around, and in each enclosure an area equal to one-one-hundreth-acre has been measured off. This one-one-hundreth acre is cut as often as neces- sary during the season with a lawn mower, having an apron attached for col- lecting the cut grass. A record of the weight of green grass cut from each enclosed area is kept for each year and this is taken as a result of the amount of pasture furnished by that section for the year.
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 19
As this project is to continue for a period of four years no definii< results can be given until its completion. It appears, however, from the results thus far obtained that plowing and reseeding is the most efficient as well as the most economical method of increasing the yield of grass on these old pastures.
III. CO-OPERATIVE EXPERIMENTS.
The only cooperative experiments being conducted by this department in addition to those previously mentioned with alfalfa, are tests of methods to increase the yield of hay on old mowing lands. This work was begun in the spring of 1910 with the following particular objects in view: (1) To demon- strate by which of five simple methods the j'ields of hay on an average New Hampshire meadow can be most greatly increased. (2) To determine the cost of the increase produced by each method in the several communities. (3) To indicate whether lime has any effect on the soils in question in pro- moting the growth of clover. (4) To bring the Experiment Station and the college into a closer and more favorable contact with the farmers of the state.
Method op Procedure. Fields which had been in sod for several years, and which had as uniform soils and stands of grass as possible were selected and divided into six sections of one-half to one-quarter-acre each, depending upon the total amount of land available. Section 1 was top-dressed with barnyard manure at the rate of twelve loads per acre. Section 2 was top- dressed with a complete chemical fertilizer at the rate of 600 lbs. per acre. Section 3 received no treatment. Section 4 was top-dressed with nitrate of soda at the rate of 400 lbs. per acre. Section 5 was plowed and reseeded in the fall without fertilization. Section 6 was plowed and cultivated to corn or potatoes for one season and then seeded down.
The grass seed used consisted of a mixture of 40 lbs. of Timothy, 20 lbs. of redtop, 30 lbs. of red clover and 20 lbs. of alsike clover, and was applied at the rate of 30 lbs. to the acre.
This combination of tests will indicate first the effect of three common top- dressing materials; second, the effect of simply stirring the soil and reseeding; and third, the effect of cultivation and crop rotation. One half of the section simply plowed and reseeded was limed for the purpose of seeing to what extent the lime would induce the growth of clover. The various top-dressings are to be applied every spring during the period of the test, while sections 5 and 6 are to receive no treatment after being seeded down. The hay from each section is to be weighed carefully each year and an account of the value of the fertil- izers used and the cost of the grass seed and labor of seeding down is to be kept, so that the actual profit or loss of each treatment for the series of years may be known. The Experiment Station furnishes the grass seed and the fertilizers with the exception of the manure, outlines the details of the experiment, assists in keeping the notes, and has a representative visit those conducting the testa at the time their grass is cut.
The following fanners of the state are cooperating in those tests: Royal Jordon, Colebrook; Walter Eaton, Whitefield; Everett H. Smith, East Haver- hill; J. B. Foster, Quincy; D. T. Atwood, Plymouth; H. S. Townsend, Leba- non; and Nelson Merrow, Lancaster.
20
X. H. AGR. EXPERIMEXT STATI'V
[Bulletin 151
The following table shows the yields of hay from the various plots in the several localities for the season of 1910:
Name of Cooperator.
H.S.Townsend
D. T. & E. E. Atwood.
Everett H. Smith
J. B. Foster
Nelson Merrow
Royal Jordon
Walter Eaton
Average
|
Date of cutting. |
Nitrate Plot. |
Comp. Fert. Plot. |
Manure Plot. |
Nothing Plot. |
|
July 18 |
5,668 |
4,648 |
3,846 |
2,706 |
|
July 21 |
2,948 |
2,740 |
2,364 |
1 , 656 |
|
July 15 |
5,320 |
6,360 |
5,340 |
3,720 |
|
July 14 |
2,712 |
2,792 |
2,428 |
1,328 |
|
July 18 |
5,806 |
5,116 |
3,876 |
3,494 |
|
July 20 |
2,478 |
2,650 |
1,752 |
1,114 |
|
July 8 |
4,000 |
3,000 |
2,500 |
2,000 |
|
4,137 |
3,901 |
3,158 |
2,288 |
Note. — Results as tabulated are in pounds of hay per acre.
IV. EXTENSION WORK.
The amount of work of this nature which the department has been able to do has been limited both for lack of appropriate funds and time for its exemi- tion. During the past two years the writer has given about forty public addresses at grange, farmers' institute and other meetings. Numerous requests for addresses at other gatherings have been denied because of the pressure of college and regular routine work. A few visits have been made in an advisory capacity to farms in various sections of the state, but the majority of requests for such visits have had to be refused on account of the lack of time and oppor- tunity to make them.
The correspondence of the department has about doubled during the past two years, about eleven hundred replies having been made to letters for infor- mation since November 1, -1909. The greatest volume of correspondence come? in the spring and has reference to the purchase and use of fertilizers, the planting of seeds and the improvement of mowing lands.
The only fair at which an exhibit has been made since 1908 was the Tnion Grange Fair held at Plymouth, N. H., in October of this year. The exhibit included two cases of grains and forage crops, 12 half-bushel cans of threshed grains, exhibition jars of fertilizers and grass seeds, and a series of glass tubes illustrating graphically the results on hay yields from top-dressing.
One of the most urgent needs of the department is an appropriate fund for extension work because it is felt, from the limited amount which has already been done, that there is no line of work which appeals more directly to the farmer and which will result in bringing the farmers and the Experiment Sta- tion into closer contact and sympathy.
Other needs of the department commented upon elsewhere in this report are :
1. Suitable land for field crop experiments.
2. A small plant house for soil fertility work.
3. A second assistant for experimental work.
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 21
V. PUBLICATIONS.
The publications issued by the department in bulletin or circular during the past two years are as follows:
Soil Studies, Bulletin, school series, May, 1908.
- < d Testing, Bulletin, school series, January, 1909.
Variety Tests of Oats, Bulletin. Number 145, regular series, December, 1909.
Alfalfa in New Hampshire, Circular No. 9, June, 1910.
Breeding and Selection of Corn, Circular No. 10, October, 1910.
Results of Seed Tests, Bulletin No. 14S, regular series, September, 1910.
The last named publication gives the results of 238 seed examinations made during the year under the provisions of the new state Pure Seed Law. The agronomist of the station has been appointed the agent of the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, who has charge of the administration of the law, and has been instructed to make the official tests and publish the results annu- ally as a regular bulletin of the Experiment Station.
REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY.
CHARLES BROOKS.
The work of the department has continued as outlined in earlier reports. Most of the time of its staff has been given to the study of plant disea- Investigatious have been made to determine the nature of these diseases and experiments carried on to find methods of control.
The department has recently been given charge of one wing of the college greenhouse and is now able to carry on investigations to much better advan- tage than formerly.
Fungicides and Spraying.
The interest in spraying has increased enormously in New Hampshire within the past few years and there has been an urgent demand for fuller information in regard to safeness and efficiency of fungicides. Bordeaux mixture has proven very efficient in controlling diseases, but has often pro- duced serious injury on foliage and fruit. It would mean a great saving to the people of the state if the various fungicides could be tested under New- Hampshire conditions and accurate data obtained as to their value. Informa- tion of this sort when brought within reach of those interested, should prevent much of the loss in the state resulting from the use of inefficient and uns materials. The department has been endeavoring to obtain such information. In the summer of 1909 spraying experiments were made on the control of scab and leaf spot in two Mcintosh orchards in Deerfield, N. II. The past summer similar experiments have been conducted in the Baldwin orchards of A. K. Marsh and George E. Gowen of Stratham, N. H. The self-boiled, commercial and home-made lime-sulfurs have been tested alone and combined with various insecticides. They have given practically no injury under con- ditions that resulted in serious damage from Bordeaux. In 1908 and 1909 they held the diseases in check as well as Bordeaux, but the work of the past season
22 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
has shown that, owing to the readiness with which sulfur mixtures are washed from the tree, frequent applications will be necessary to control diseases in rainy seasons. No fungicide has proven so uniformly efficient as Bordeaux.
Arsenate of lead has given no injury when combined with lime-sulfur. Slight injuries have resulted from Paris green in commercial lime-sulfur when there was no excess of lime. Arsenite of lime has given no injury when used with lime-sulfur accompanied by an excess of lime.
Some of the above results have already been made public in Press Circular No. 13 and Bulletin No. 144 and other data will be published later.
Fungous Diseases.
A study has been made of diseases as they have occurred. Special attention has been given to some of the diseases of the apple, tomato and bean. The investigations on the apple and tomato diseases are being carried on under the Adams Fund.
Leaf Spot of Apple. — Notes have been taken and inoculation experiments made to determine the time when infection takes place. The results indicate that the fungus seldom gains entrance to the host after the middle of June but that on water sprouts and other tender growth the leaves may be infected several weeks later. The fact that the disease makes its beginning so early in the season shows the importance of early sprayings. The past season has been a good one for the demonstration of the relation of Sphaeropsis cankers to leaf spot. The leaves beneath these cankers have frequently been found to be covered with spots while those near by would be practically free from the disease. The destruction of these cankered limbs would do much toward preventing the leaf spot as well as the black rot of the fruit, for these two diseases have been found to be due to the same fungus as produces the cankers.
Apple Scab.— The spraying experiments mentioned above have shown the importance of the applications before the blossoms open in the control of apple scab. Apples but slightly affected with this disease when allowed to stand in the barrels for considerable time before being placed in cold storage, have been found later to have developed the disease to such an extent that they were scarcely marketable. It is important that, apples should be stored as soon after gathering as possible even if entirely free from disease.
Fruit Spot of Apple. — This disease was rather fully discussed in an earlier report and is still under investigation. It has not been so serious the past season as in other years.
Tomato Diseases. — Investigations are being made upon several tomato diseases. It is thought that when the data is complete the results will be of both scientific and practical interest.
Cooperation.
The spraying experiments of the summer of 1909, described above, were carried out in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture, each party bearing one half the expense of the work.
For the past two years the head of the department has worked in coopera- tion with the Bureau of Plant Industry in attempting to secure a more com-
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 23
pletc knowledge of the diseases of the state. By this means the department has had the franking privilege for specimens of diseased plants and has thus often been able to secure more material, larger specimens and a better knowl- edge of the diseases as they occurred.
Relations to the Public.
A number of Rikcr Mounts have been prepared illustrating the most serious plant diseases of this section. These have been sent out to fairs, horticultural meetings, etc. The department has had a series of lantern slides made showing the diseases of the apple and the results from spraying. These have been used in illustrating lectures upon this subject.
The correspondence of the department has had a marked increase within the past two years. Most of the inquiries have been in regard to the identity and prevention of diseases, but there have been frequent requests for the identification of weeds and other plants.
Needs of the Department.
One of the great needs of the department is an opportunity to become more familiar with the conditions of the state. Its slat ion expenses are met almost entirely from funds that must be used for research work and there is, therefore, little opportunity for its staff to give time to demonstration work, to the pre- paration of illustrative material or to a study of conditions in various parts of the state. Much of the time of the department is required to meet its teaching obligations and there have frequently been calls for the investigation of diseases reported to be serious at times when the college and research work required the entire time of its staff. A small increase in the amount of money paid to the department for salaries would enable it to place one member of its staff entirely on station work. This, together with a fund that could be used in extension work, would enable it to be of much greater service to the public by making it possible to visit different parts of the state, to learn about diseases as they occur, to carry on research work in harmony with the needs of the state, to make demonstration experiments, and to give more time to the preparation of demonstration material.
REPORT OF THE DAIRY DEPARTMENT.
FRED RASMUSSEN.
During the past two years the Dairy Department has not been officially connected with the Experiment Station, for the following reasons:
(1) The equipment and facilities were inadequate for doing experimental work.
(2) The department staff consisted of one man whose time was required for teaching and for work on a new dairy building, which lias just been com- plete! 1.
The department has, however, taken care of considerable correspondence, supervised the official testing of dairy cows and execution of dairy laws.
24 X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
Testing of Pure Bred Cows.
Requests have been received from several breeders of Guernsey, Jersey, Hoist fin and Ayrshire cattle for the supervision of the station in conducting weekly or yearly tests of their animals under the rules of their respective associations. Since the issuing of the last Biennial Report, the following a have been completed; 45 Holstein, 26 Ayrshires, 9 Guernseys and 6 Jerseys, a total of 74 as compared with a total of 20 for the two previous years.
Execution of Dairy Laws (Act of 1901).
The act demands that any person who operates the Babcock test, or any other test, for determining the butter-fat or solids in milk and cream, as a basis for apportioning the value of same, must hold a certificate from the proper station official showing the holder competent and well qualified to perform such work. The law further provides that all glassware used in connection with the testing must be tested for accuracy of graduations.
During the last two years thirty-six candidates have been examined and granted milk-testing certificates..
Three thousand and seventeen pieces of glassware were examined for accuracy of graduation of which sixty-eight pieces or 2.25% were inaccurate or defective.
There are many problems both along the line of the production and handling of milk as well as in the manufacturing of dairy products, the investigation of which would be of benefit to the dairymen in the state. With the new dairy building completed and nearly equipped the department has excellent facilities for carrying out experimental and research work. It is, however, impossible for the department to carry on experimental work until additional assistants are employed. It is especially urged that as soon as possible a dairy bacteriologist be connected with this department and that provision be made for at least one half an assistant's time for experimental work.
REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY.
B. E. CURRY. T. O. SMITH.
Since the last report was issued the following changes have taken place in the Department of Chemistry. On September 1, 1909, Prof. F. W. Morse severed his connection with the department. In April, 1910, Mr. T. O. Smith was appointed assistant chemist and in September, 1910, B. E. Curry was appointed chemist.
The miscellaneous work has been increasing in amount during the last biennial period. During this time 255 samples of fertilizers and 226 samples of feeding stuffs have been analyzed for the State Hoard of Agriculture. During the preceding period 160 samples of feeding Stuffs and 210 samples of fertilizers were analyzed, an increase of GO samples of feeding stuffs and an
Nov., 1910 ] ANNUAL REPORTS. 25
increase of 45 samples of fertilizers; or, a 40r,' and 20' , increase, respectively. The expense of this is met by the State Board of Agriculture.
Frequent requests are received from individuals for analysis of fertilize] feeds, soils, etc. When the results of these analyses are of public or general interest they have generally been made. Analyses of materials of only individual or personal interest are not usually made. At present no pro- vision is made for such work in the department.
Analytical assistance has been supplied for other departments in the station \\ ben needed for experimental purposes.
In the general analytical work, especially in the analysis of fertilizers and feeding stuffs, the department has had the assistance of Messrs. W. L. Adams, C. H. Reynolds, J. E. Robinson and C. H. Robinson.
Investigations under the Hatch Act.
Time Requirements of New Hampshire Soils.
During the past year the department has begun a study of the lime require- ments of New Hampshire soils. General observations point to the fact that lime is useful only for a part of the soils. At the same time lime is being generally recommended from soma sources for all kinds of soils regardless of profit or loss to the farmer.
The object of this work is to study such soils as respond to applications of lime and determine what differences exist between these and soils that are not affected by lime.
As a beginning about thirty series of plots or small fields have been seeded to grass and clover and a portion of each has been limed. These plots con- sist of the various types of soils found generally throughout the state.
Data now at hand which has been obtained from observations made on boulder clay, loam overlying clay, and one or two lighter types of soil, do not show any effects from applications of lime. Observations now at hand do not point to a general need for lime, but do emphasize the necessity for more information about the lime requirements of our soils before the use of lime becomes general. From information now at hand it is certain that at least a part of our soils will not give returns for money expended for lime.
Experiments carried on with Adams Funds.
The Study of Soil Potash.
The progress of this work up to October, 1909, is included in Bulletin No. 1 1_'. Since that time the investigations have been extended to lighter types of soils and now the department has under observation types varying from heavy clay loam to very light sandy soils. Xo general conclusions can as yet be drawn from the observations on the lighter types.
Results obtained from the heavier clay soils are as follows : For grass and clover potassium fertilizers are not essential to the growth of good crops. The application of potassium salts doee not affect the yields nor the composition of the crop. These observations poinl to the fact that the pota^>ium in the clay soils is sufficiently soluble at all times to furnish plenty of potassium for the needs of growing ^ra-s and clover. The practice'
26 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
importance of this is due to the fact that it shows that potassium can be eliminated from the grass fertilizers for clay soils and without affecting the yields.
During the past year observations have been made to determine the effects of tillage on the soil potash. The moisture content of the soils on the cultivated and uncultivated plots remained the same throughout the growing season. Also the water soluble material extracted from the soils from the cultivated and uncultivated plots was the same. So far as any observations could be made on the plots in question, the growth of the crop, amount of soil moisture, amount of water soluble soil, organic and inorganic extracts, were independent of the cultivation. This will be continued another season.
Cooperative experiments as such are not being carried on by the Chemistry Department. On the other hand observations are being made on different soils on farms in different localities. Most of these are made on newly seeded grass fields. Plots in about thirty-five different places are now under obser- vation.
During the last biennial period the department has cooperated with other stations in working up data for new methods for determining nitrogen and potassium.
It has been the custom of the department to make the analyses for the feeding stuffs and fertilizer inspection during the summer months and to depend upon student help. The large increase in the amount of this sort of work makes this method no longer satisfactory. In order to do this work justice new arrangements must be made, so that the work may be commenced earlier and the results published at least before the sales of feeding stuffs and fertili- zers begin for the succeeding season.
REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE.
B. S. PICKETT.
ORGANIZATION.
The experimental work of the Department of Horticulture has been carried on during the past two years under the immediate supervision of the head of the department, assisted by men in the several branches of pomology, oleri- culture and floriculture. The following changes have been made in the staff:
In February, 1910, W. H. Wolff, M. S., Pennsylvania State College, suc- ceeded Mr. W. H. Wicks as assistant in pomology, Mr. Wicks having accepted a position as professor of horticulture in the University of Idaho.
In July, 1909, T. G. Bunting, B. S. A., Ontario Agricultural College, was appointed assistant in olericulture. After a year of very satisfactory service, Mr. Bunting resigned to accept a position with the Canadian government; and was replaced on September 1, 1910, by J. J. Gardner, B. S., Massachusetts Agricultural College.
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 27
INVESTIGATIONS UNDER THE HATCH ACT. Variety Test of Plums.
The variety plum orchard was sot in the spring of 1908, this being its third season of growth. A number of varieties blossomed this spring, but owing to cold weather during blossoming time, insects could not pollinate the flowers, and no crop was set. The trees in this orchard are making a remarkably vigorous growth, the shoots for all varieties averaging thirty inches at least.
Variety Test of Apples.
The variety apple orchard is a young plantation that previous to 1908 received little care of any kind. It is located on a rocky ledge where cultiva- tion is very difficult. The sod in this orchard was broken up in the fall of 190S and the land has gradually been brought into a state of tilth. The trees are now making a satisfactory growth and several varieties including Mcin- tosh, Wealthy and Hyslop crab came into bearing for the first time this year
Variety Test of Lettuce.
This project consisted in the preparation of a monograph on the varieties of lettuce. All varieties cataloged in American seed catalogs and the standard varieties cataloged in European catalogs were tested. Altogether four crops have been grown.
Lettuce Culture under Glass.
The experiments on the cultivation of lettuce under glass included tests of several standard fertilizers and a comparison of the value of romaine or cos lettuce and head lettuce for greenhouse culture. The results of the fertilizer tests resulted in new evidence favoring the use of stable manure as a fertilizer for this crop. In the comparison of the two types little difference was noticed. Romaine or cos lettuce proved rather the more profitable crop but this was found to be due to market conditions as much as to advan- tages in culture.
Carnation Culture.
These experiments were made to determine the relative values of several fertilizers applied as top dressings, to carnation plants grown on raised benches in the greenhouses, and to determine the difference in the keeping quality of flowers from the various treated plots.
Plants responded quickly to treatments with nitrate of soda, Clay's fertilizer and poultry manure. The best results were obtained in the plots which were fertilized with nitrate of soda and with Clay's fertilizer. In the plots fertilized with poultry manure, the flowers appeared late and were inferior in keeping quality. In keeping quality the flowers raised on the plot treated with bone meal proved superior to all others. Second in rank as regards keeping quality were the plots treated with Clay's fertilizer.
In all cases the fertilized plots produced flowers superior in size and quality to those produced where no fertilizers were used.
Variety Test of Small Fruits.
This experiment was planned in 1909 and was to have been commenced in the spring of 1910. Owing to the lack of funds, however, no arrangements
28
N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION.
[Bulletin 151
could be made for the commencement of this work, great value to the fruit industry of the state.
Such a test would be of
EXPERIMENTS UNDER ADAMS FUND. Fruit Bud Formation Project.
All the work arranged for under this project has been carried out exactly as outlined throughout the entire season and the results have been striking and thoroughly satisfactory. The general plan of this experiment consists in the comparison of various cultivation and fertilizer treatments, in an apple orchard consisting of some three hundred trees. The experiment has now been in progress for three seasons. No results of marked value could be observed previous to 1910, but during the present season, very marked differ- ences have appeared in the various plots, among the most striking of which are the following.
The rate of wood growth in plots cultivated every other year was approxi- mately double that of plots not cultivated, and in plots which were cultivated every year the rate of wood growth was double that of plots cultivated every other year. No marked difference was shown in rate of wood growth between plots cultivated, but unfertilized, and plots which were both cultivated and ferti- lized. At the date of writing the records on the crop have not been completed. A careful estimation of the amount of blossoms made by three separate exami- nations of the individual trees throughout the orchard (a better index probably than a record of the number of fruits produced so far as a study of fruit bud formation is concerned) indicated the relative number of fruit buds formed in the various plots. The differences were as follows:
Plot
Fertilizer
Cover Crop
Culture
Per cent of full liloom
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XI'o
XP
XI"
XP
None. None. None. None.
None In sod.
None. . . _ Culture odd years. . .
In sod even years None Alternate with II. . .
None Culture till Sept. 15.
None Crimson clover July 10. .
Normal amounts N. K. P Crimson clover July 10. .
Normal amounts N. K. P Crimson clover July 10. .
Excess P Crimson clover July 10. .
Excess N Crimson clover July 10. .
Excess K Crimson clover July 10. .
Lime cross plot Crimson clover July 10. .
Excess K and Lime Crimson clover July 10. . . Culture till July 10
Excess N and Lime Crimson clover July 10. . . Culture till July 10
Excess P and Lime Crimson Hover July 10. . . Culture till July 10
Normal and Lime Crimson clover July 10. . . Culture till July 10
Culture till July 10. . Culture till July 10. Culture till July 10. . Culture till July 10 Culture till July 10 Culture till July 10 Culture till July 10
9.1
38.6
57.0
42.7
59.1
43.1
53.4
39.1
44.5
62.7
57.6
77.6
52.25
39.0
56.8
Nov., 1910.] A.NNUAL REPORTS. 29
The total crop harvested from this orchard amounts to 550 barrels. The apples from individual trees have all been oounted, bo that accurate data will be yielded.
To make this experiment thoroughly effective, we need to obtain tempera- ture records al various points in the orchard, records of amount of rainfall, and determinations of the moisture content of the soil in the various plots throughout the growing season. This experiment is so promising al the present, time that the writer feels that the expenditure of a considerable sum of money in making these suggested determinations is very advisable.
Plant Breeding Project.
Included under this heading are the experiments in breeding of squashes, muskmelons and carnations, together with the studies in the correlations between fruit and foliage in the strawberry. The work under this head is too voluminous to be readily summarized in a short report. Strong confirma- tion has been obtained of the working of Mendel's law in hybrids between dif- ferent well-marked types of squashes and muskmelons. Very complete sets of data have been obtained as a result of these studies. Photographic records have been carefully preserved and some valuable negatives made by the Lumiere process of colored photography have been made showing not only the varying proportions in form, but also the varying colois that were found in succeeding generations of hybrids.
The work in carnation breeding has been less systematic and has resolved itself into two phases, first a search for pure types and, second, for valuable variations that would be useful in commercial work. During the past season pure color types were isolated and crosses made between them. These are expected to show Mendelian proportions in the F:i generation. One valuable new crimson carnation was discovered last season, and is being propagated at the present time.
The gathering of data connected with the correlation experiments has been completed and is now being summarized. The work includes the records on the fruit and foliage on 931 seedling strawberry plants. Each of these plants was grown by the hill system. The berries were gathered separately, each berry was weighed and its volume determined by a bouyancy test It was also described as to form, color, embedment of seeds, character of base, character of apex and color of seeds. Immediately after fruiting, all the leaves from each plant were gathered, tied in bundles, and preserved in for- malin. Twenty representative leaves chosen at random were measured from each plant by means of a planimeter. It is expected that as a result of these measurements it may be determined whether correlations exist between the size of leaves and the size of fruits and the total amount of foliage and the totabamount of fruit.
Demonstrations.
Demonstrations in orchard practice have been conducted at Manchester, Goffstown and Warren.
The first demonstration was given in the orchard of S. Corey and Son, Manchester, X. H. It consisted in the pruning of apple trees. Mr. W. H.
30 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
Wolff, who had charge of this demonstration, reported a good attendance, and the Manchester press spoke highly of the success of the demonstration.
The second of these at the fruit farm of Albert Freeman was very largely attended by farmers around Manchester. It consisted in a talk on the spray- ing of apple trees, together with a practical demonstration of the preparation of Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead and it$ application to trees.
The third demonstration was held at the farm of Stanley K. Lovell of Goffs- town. A still larger number of people were in attendance than at the previous demonstrations. The work was of practically the same character as at the Freeman place.
The fourth demonstration was less largely attended, as it was out of the usual district for apple growing.
A demonstration of considerable importance was held at the College at Durham during the meeting of the Farmers' One Week Course. In this all operations in the renovating of an old apple tree were performed, including pruning, cultivation of the ground, fertilizing, and scraping of tree trunk.
I am convinced that in no other way can orchard practice be so considerably improved in so inexpensive a manner as by the making of these demonstrations. In all the cases above referred to, the initiative was taken by the parties at whose orchards the demonstrations were given and even the advertising of the same was undertaken by the parties interested. These facts are an indication of the favorable response that this line of extension work is certain to meet with from the fruit growers of the state.
Extension. — During the past two years the head of the department has spoken at ten farmers' institute meetings, ten grange meetings and twelve or more meetings of other organizations within the state. Other members of the staff of the department have addressed as many more meetings of granges and various other organizations.
The department has exhibited twice during the past year at agricultural exhibitions, one at Plymouth, N. H., and the other at the exhibition of the New Hampshire Horticultural Society at Manchester. Neither of these exhibits was large, owing to the fact that no funds are available for the gather- ing together of material for such an exhibit. Considerable interest, however, was evoked as a result of these exhibits, and if funds can be obtained to enlarge the scope of these exhibits, a promising field of work will be opened for the department.
Correspondence. — The amount of correspondence is large and is rapidly increasing. The most important, though not the most voluminous part consists in replies to requests for information on various subjects connected with horticulture. Many persons have become regular correspondents, owing, I am convinced, to the fact that painstaking care is exercised in replying to every individual inquiry. The writer estimates the inquiries received by this department at 800 during the present year and at 500 for the year 1909. There has been a larger correspondence carried on by the department during the years 1909 and 1910 than in all the previous history of the department combined. I wish to call attention to the importance of this means of popu- larizing the college among the people of the state.
Nov., 1910.] W'N'UAL REPORTS. 31
Needs of the Department.
Assistance. — I recommend that an assistant be appointed to have charge of the work in the greenhouses involved in the several experimental projects, which from time to time may require the use of the greenhouses; and that a graduate student assistant be employed to assist in carrying out the details of many of the projects under way.
I'* rmaru ut Improvements. — The department is much in need of a cool and cold storage house provided with the proper packing rooms for vegetables and fruits. The need of adequate storage for [vegetables has never been tieated in an experimental way by any agricultural experiment station. The cold storage of fruits has received attention from four experiment stations in other states, but has not been adequately touched upon by this Experiment Station. The writer believes that the practicability of a storage house using wood, paper and dead air spaces as insulating materials and ice as a refrigerant should be demonstrated for the benefit of the orchan lists of this state, who at the present time are compelled to unload their fruits at harvesting time at such prices as the dealers may choose to set.
The most important need of the Department of Horticulture is suitable land on which to carry out experimental work. There does not exist on the farm of the New Hampshire College any area of land sufficiently large, of uniform physical character or content of fertility to be suitable for the obtain- ing of accurate results from variety tests, fertilizer experiments, methods of cultivation, or other experimental data immediately connected with the culture of crops of the garden or the orchard. This is a matter of such importance that it cannot be too strongly emphasized in this report. The remedy must consist in the lease or purchase of suitable areas of land for the purpose of experimentation.
REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL
HUSBANDRY.
T. R. ARKELL.
Organization and Equipment.
Experimental work in this department is confined entirely to investigations in the breeding and feeding of sheep. Owing to the lack of proper accommo- dations it is not possible to maintain hogs. Before effective experimental work can be accomplished with hogs, it is necessary that a suitable hog-barn be erected, since at the present time no building whatever is provided for this purpose. This department also has crying need for a poultry plant. The high prices for eggs and dressed poultry that prevail in the state through- out the entire year and the proximity to the great Boston market make poult ry raising a most important industry. The Experiment Station can be of little material assistance in this regard to fanners in the Btate unless it be equipped with a poultry plant wherein investigations may be pursued to discover methods of management most adaptable to New Hampshire conditions.
32 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
One of the first duties of the animal husbandman, after his appointment in September, 1909, was the erection of a sheep barn large enough to accommo- date seventy-five head. This barn is provided with a small root cellar in one end, and also with a compartment, the walls of which are securely double boarded so as to form a still-air space, where lambs can be dropped without danger from cold even in the most inclement winter weather.
Another valuable addition to the equipment of the department is a fibre- testing machine which was purchased in March, 1910. This appliance is used for obtaining the tensile strength, elasticity and length of wool fibres which factors must be determined in order to gain information anent the man- ner of inheritance of the many characteristics that comprehend what is com- monly called wool quality. Consequently, for prosecution of the sheep breeding work, the department is now well equipped.
Prof. J. C. McNutt, who had acted as assistant in this department since 1908, resigned his position in August to accept a similar one in North Carolina College of Agriculture. We have, however, been most fortunate in securing for this position Prof. O. L. Eckman, an '04 graduate of Ohio State University.
Investigations.
All investigations are included in three main projects:
1. Sheep Breeding (Adams Fund).
2. Sheep Feeding (Hatch Fund),
a. Clover hay versus New Hampshire native hay;
b. Value of turnips in the ration.
3. Tobacco Feeding for the Eradication of the Stomach Worm in Sheep, Hcemonchus conlortus. (Hatch Fund.)
1. Sheep Breeding.
This project is being carried on under the Adams Fund in cooperation with Dr. C. B. Davenport, station for experimental evolution, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.
The primary object of the experiment is to discover the manner in which characters are inherited with relation to the Mendelian law. However, coincidentally with the prosecution of the original plan, four new branches have been opened up and carried on:
a. Crosses and methods of management best adaptable for early or "hot- house" lamb production.
b. Experimental breeding of multi-nippled sheep inter se and upon the ordinary two-nippled breeds in order to discover the behavior of these two classes of nipples in heredity.
c. Compilation of data in respect to the inheritance of twins which is being pursued by means of circular letters sent to all the leading sheep breeders in America and by a study of the flock books.
(1. Determination of post-natal variation in the growth of sheep and partic- ularly in the growth of the large bones of the extremities.
The experiment whs commenced in 1908 when four rams of the Dorset, Hampshire, Shropshire and Southdown breeds were mated with seventyi- eight ewes: the Dorset ram with nineteen ewes; the Eampshire ram with
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 33
twenty-six ewes; the Shropshire nun with thirteen ewes; anil the Southdown ram with twenty ewes. The flock with the Dorset ram included six Dorset ewes, eight Merino ewes, two Southdown ewes and three New Hampshire native ewes; with the Hampshire ram, four Hampshire ewes, fourteen Merino ewes and eight New Hampshire native ewes; with the Shropshire ram, three Shropshire ewes, six Merino ewes and four New Hampshire native ewes; and with the Southdown ram, eight Southdown ewes, five Merino ewes, three Dorset ewes and four New Hampshire native ewes. In 1909 similar matings, using in all instances the same sheep as in the previous year, were made. As it is by no means a good plan to breed ewes as lambs, no matings of the F, generation were made until this fall, and then only those dropped in 1909 were used. Consequently, so far we have obtained no individuals of the Fa genera- tion. This year two Leicester yearling ewes and a Rambouillet ram were purchased. Matings will be made with these two breeds. This cross should afford most interesting data especially in regard to wool characteristics, as the Leicester possessing one of the coarsest of fleeces and the Rambouillet the finest, such a combination should afford a most patent clew to the manner in which wool characters behave in heredity.
From the several different matings of parent stock we have obtained alto- gether one hundred individuals of the Fj generation, forty-nine of which we shall be able to use for mating inter se this year to obtain the F2 generation. The greatest number of F, individuals from any one cross has been gotten from that of the Hampshire and Rambouillet. In this respect the Southdown and Dorset cross comes next. It is with these crosses that the principal work in wool testing is being performed. The Southdown-Rambouillet cross, at least in numbers, has not proven very productive, most of the offspring as well being rams, which naturally minimizes the number of F2 individuals we can obtain. The crosses of pure-bred rams upon native ewes has produced most excellent results. These native ewes are simply ordinary grade stock found all too prevalently in New Hampshire, that for generation after genera- tion have been bred in a desultory fashion and represent a heterogeneous mixture of many of the pure-bred classes of sheep. They were chosen in the experiment mainly to prove the fact that it does not follow that what in a Mendelian sense is a pure character can exist only in the so-called pure- bred animals.
Many matings have also been made with pure-bred animals, and the inheri- tance of separate characteristics noted. We hope subsequently to be able to prove patently to breeders that in the improvement of pure-bred sheep they can make advantageous use of Mendel's law and that the law operates just as clearly in what is known as pure-bred types as where distinctly opposite characters are crossed.
Twenty-six characteristics have been distinguished and records of these are kept for each sheep. Diagrammatic drawings are made to indicate particular features, where a verbal description cannot adequately explain relative differ- ences. For example, distribution of wool on head, ears and legs are described in this manner A special chart has been prepared for this purpose on which all the characteristics for each individual are associated and shown together.
34 N. lr. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
Color of pigment of skin and wool are indicated as to position on the body by a diagram and as to extent by a numerical percentage grade. All of these diagrams are so made that they can subsequently be reproduced in print Accurate measurements are taken of the length and circumference at base of horns, if present, the result being represented in a ratio of length to cir- cumference. In fact, no measurement is taken of any part of the anatomy without comparing it in ratio with some other. It is the only means of being able to recognize, between animals, relative differences of many features.
Hair color has involved a very great amount of detailed study; owing to the fact that most of the parent native ewes were heterozygous in this respect in the first instance We anticipate, however, little difficulty in distinguishing its action in heredity, as it plainly follows the general rule, namely, dominance of the greater pigmentation over the lesser The Fx heterozygotes produced from a cross between sheep, possessing respectively very dark and pure white hair color, usually present a mosaic appearance. However, in every instance there is a clear preponderance of the black color. It also appears from experi- mental evidence we have on hand that skin pigmentation in sheep is inherited in a similar fashion. This knowledge to sheep breeders should prove a decided boon, as the dark skin is a feature that shepherds greatly dislike and have long fought against.
The inheritance of horns, so far as the F! generation is concerned, from which we alone can judge, seems peculiar, although in harmony with T. B. Wood's sheep-breeding experiments (October, 1909, issue of the Journal of Agricul- tural Science) . When a horned sheep is crossed upon a hornless, — it matters not which sex bears the horns, — all the male Fj offspring are horned, while all the female Fj offspring are hornless or virtually so. In no case are the horns of the Fj rams so strong or large as those of the homed parent, although in every case they were much greater than what are commonly called scurs. Only about twenty per cent, of the F! ewes developed any appearance of horns and these were but slight, loose scurs. The explanation involves many complications, and we shall not_ dwell upon it at any great length in this report. The foregoing evidence shows that the inheritance of horns in sheep is apparently in some manner connected with sex. It is, evident, however, that the horned condition is dominant; its absence, or the polled con- dition, recessive; but that in females something essential to the somatic devel- opment of horn is missing. It is possible that the production of horn depends upon a positive character or determiner + a material elaborated by the male germ glands and that in the absence of such material the horn fails to develop.
From a study of the Fa offspring, distribution of wool, as applied especially to the face, ears and legs, seems to be inherited in a most simple fashion. When a sheep heavily wooled upon poll and/ace is crossed with one not wooled, the F | displays wooling on poll andjace but in less degree than the mosl heavily wooled parent. This applies in similar fashion to distribution of wool on ears and legs. Therefore, from this evidence this theory may be declared; namely, the more extended or greater distribution of wool dominates over the less extended or sparser covering.
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 35
The following diagram clearly illustrates this feature:
d4 I father
? 63 rMher— - * 105 ft Offspring
Diagrammatic drawing showing the inheritance of wool covering on head: Wool covering of Fi offspring is midway between that of both parents.
Data gathered from the Ft generation tend to indicate that skin folding or wrinkling, which is a conspicuous character of the Merino type of sheep, is dominant over the non-folded or smooth skin of the medium and long-wooled breeds. A Merino crossed upon a non-wrinkled sheep always produced off- spring exhibiting skin folds, although in no case were the wrinkles so heavy or so many as possessed by the Merino parent.
It is not necessary to elaborate here upon the inheritance of wool color. Our results correspond in every detail to those already worked out in this re- spect. Investigations have proved pretty clearly that the white wool is domi- nant over the black. We shall subsequently be able to show systematic records that will thoroughly establish this fact.
Wool testing employs exceeding and detailed labor. It is necessary that the component characteristics making up the entire fibre be separated and their action in heredity distinguished before a true idea anent wool inheritance can be formed. The length, crimp, tensile strength and elasticity of each separate wool fibre is obtained in one operation by means of a special machine built for that purpose. The crimp is approximated by getting the length of the fibre in its natural, crimped condition and the taut length and cal- culating in percentage the difference between the two.
One thousand fibres taken from the fleece of every sheep in, as nearly as can be determined, the same positions on thejDody are tested. Acknowl- edgment of assistance in this respect is due to the report of the wool specialist, eighteenth report of Wyoming Experiment Station. The average diameter and weight of the fibres of every fleece are also obtained. The percentage of yolk in a fleece is determined by the usual wool scouring method reduced
36
N. H. AGR. EXl'KKIMKXT STATION.
[Bulletin 151
to laboratory conveniences. Only a small sample, twenty-five grams, taken from the shoulder is used. A sufficient_numbcr of records have not as yet been taken to permit the prediction of results.
Body measurements are mostly made by means of large calipers specially constructed for the purpose. These measurements are taken twice a year and regulated so as to have the ages of the sheep correspond in every instance. The system followed in making measurements and correlating the different parts in terms of a ratio can best be set forth in the following reproduction of part of the record blank used in the experiment for the original tabulation and description of characters:
|
NOSE |
NECK |
TRUNK |
FORE LEG |
||||||||
|
o terv _:3 |
a O C3 >_ S3 j£3a |
Ratio TD |
Length: HornRdg. to 1st Thor. Vert. |
Cir. Mid. between Horn Ridge and 1st Thor. Vert. |
Ratio L |
Length: 1st Thor. Vert, to Tail Head. |
■r. go Is oo Is |
_g 13 a> .O a to • G) a t. so |
Ratio TD |
J3 i |
Ratio Leg L |
|
S a 02 |
SL |
C |
DVD |
Trunk L |
|||||||
|
HIND LEG |
LEG BONES |
a '3 -a |
Length of Croup: Apex of Ilium to Tail Head. |
Ratio Loin |
Hind Leg: Circum. as high as possible. |
Ratio |
||||||
|
j: |
Ratio LegL |
Fore |
Ratio Ulna |
Hind |
Ratio Tibia |
Tibia |
||||||
|
so |
Trunk L |
Ulna |
Knee to Foot |
£ |
Croup |
|||||||
|
3 |
KtoF |
Tibia |
Knee to Foot |
KtoF |
Cir. H. Leg |
|||||||
Section of record chart, showing the system of taking and recording measurements.
The foregoing represents but a cursory review or outline of the manner of prosecuting this breeding experiment. Data showing complete results cannot be published until after obtaining of the F^ generation next year.
(a) Early Lamb Production.
Owing to the fact that it was necessary to keep most of our largest ram lambs in 1910 for subsequent matings in the breeding experiment, only six "hot-house" lambs were dressed and sold and these not until April 14. These lambs represented two Dorset-Rambouillet crosses and one Dorset-Native cross, one Southdown-Rambouillet cross and two Shropshire-Native crosses.
Five of the lambs weighed between 28 and 30 pounds, dressing an average of 488 per cent. The price received was $9.00 a carcass. The sixth lamb,
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 37
a Shropshire-Native, weighed 50 pounds alive, dressing only 22 1-2 pounds or 45 per cent. Ready sale could not be found for this carcass which was sold even on a rising market for only S3.00. This clearly demonstrates that the Boston market at least does not want early lamb carcasses weighing less than 25 pounds, and from close observation of the market demands the writer can advisedly state that the highest prices always go to carcasses weighing between 28 and 30 pounds.
From our experience we have found that early lambs shrink in dressing from 50 to 55 per cent, and on an average about 52 per cent. Consequently, lambs should have a live weight of about 60 pounds before being sent to the shambles. It takes from ten to twelve weeks to get lambs to this weight. On the whole, thus far, the best results at this station in raising early lambs have been obtained by crosses of the Hampshire or Shropshire ram upon a .Merino, Merino Grade or Dorset Horn ewe. The long-wool crosses have not proved nearly so satisfactory. Matings were made early in July this year, and it is hoped that many lambs will be dropped that can be killed and sold in February when the highest prices usually prevail.
(b) Breeding Multi- nip pled Sheep.
Through the kindness of Dr. Alexander Graham Bell and Dr. C. B. Daven- port, this station was presented this year with two multi-nippled sheep, a ram and ewe, each possessing seven apparent nipples. The ram has been mated with about forty ordinary two-nippled grade ewes. This should afford ample data for a thorough study of the inheritance of nipples.
(c) Inheritance of Twins.
At the present time sheep breeders, especially those catering to a fancy trade in pure-bred stock, prefer single lambs to twins. The reason for this is that few dams can be found that are able to nurse successfully two lambs. One good lamb that can be sold for a high price in the fall is better than two small, stunted lambs that must be kept through the winter and are sold the next spring or summer at a combined price, frequently little better than that received for one the season before.
With the advent of sheep possessing as many as four active nipples these conditions will change, for such a sheep is easily capable of producing suffi- cient milk for the support of two lambs. Naturally, then, since nothing occurs in nature in a hit-or-miss fashion, arose the possibility of being able to control the number of lambs at a birth. The principles underlying the inheritance of twins must, however, first be determined. Work in compiling data in this regard was begun last summer and will be pursued throughout the winter by means of circular letters to sheep raisers and a study of the many record books of breeders' associations.
(d) Post-natal Variation in Growth.
The frequency whereby we have considered it necessary to measure sheep in the breeding experiment in order to gain an average result has led us to study weekly the growth of lambs from birth, with the purpose in view of discovering the extent of variation, if any, in the growth of the different visible parts of the body.
38
N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION.
[Bulletin 151
Three lambs were selected at birth and accurate measurements, according to the system hitherto described, were taken weekly. This work is still in operation. Upon completion early this winter results will be published.
2. Sheep Feeding.
a. Clover hay versus New Hampshire native hay.
b. Value of turnips in the ration.
These experiments were carried on under the Hatch Fund. The feeding experiments pursued by this department during 1909-10 comprehend a series of actual feeding tests to discover the relative feeding values for sheep of clover hay and the ordinary hay mixture, designated native hay, that is, grown in New Hampshire, and coincidently to determine which renders the greatest economy in mutton production; also to discover the feeding value of turnips in conjunction with a ration of grain and hay.
In the clover and native hay feeding tests four lots of sheep were used, five in each lot. Two lots comprised lambs, the others being aged ewes. Both lots of lambs were fed an equal quantity of grain of a similar character and of roots. In addition one lot was given clover hay; the other an equal quantity of native hay. With the aged ewes the same plan was followed except that the hay composed the bulk of the ration, turnips only being fed besides. The value of turnips was tested by feeding grain and clover hay to one lot of sheep, while to the ration of another lot, made up of similar kinds of grain and hay, turnips were added. The grain and hay, however, given to the latter was reduced in quantity so as to make the two rations correspond as nearly as possible in total amount of dry matter and digestible protein, carbohydrates and fat.
These experiments were completed most satisfactorily in early summer. A bulletin will be issued directly, setting forth complete results. Conse- quently, it is not necessary to dwell in detail upon them in this report. Suffice it to say that it was clearly demonstrated by the results obtained that clover hay as a feed for sheep greatly excelled the native hay, producing greater gains in weight at considerably less cost. It was also proven that turnips in a ration were a boon, having a visible effect in decreasing the cost of mutton production.
The following table is self-explanatory and reveals in concise form the salient results of the experiment:
AVERAGE WEIGHT AND COST OF FEED FOR 100 POUNDS INCREASE IN WEIGHT.
Experiment
Dry Ration.
v. Turnips
CJovcr hay..
r. Native hay.
Clover hay .
r. Native hay.
|
Lot |
Grain lbs. |
|
1 |
344 |
|
2 |
198 |
|
3 |
142 |
|
4 |
218 |
|
5 |
|
|
6 |
Turnips Native Hay lbs. lbs.
1,322
569
873
2,173
6,152
655
3,076
Clover Hay lbs.
688 330 427
1,086
Total
$11.96
9.60
7.66
12.40
16.24
42.87
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 39"
3. Tobacco Feeding for the Eradication of the Stomach Worm in Sheep
Haemonchus contortus).
For years all manners of remedies have been tried for the prevention and destruction of the stomach worm in sheep. Pome have proven fairly suc- cessful; others, even after a limp period of general use, have been discarded aa ineffectual or, if effective, difficult to administer satisfactorily. Within recent years the feeding of tobacco for this purpose has gained high favor with many shepherds. However, little evidence emanating from systematic experimental work and setting forth the vermifugal qualities of tobacco when the crude unaltered product is fed, has thus far been recorded. By actual feeding tests this station hopes to discover the true merits of tobacco in this regard. The experiment was commenced last summer.
The main source of tobacco is the stems or midribs that are taken from the leaves when cigars are made. These can be bought from any cigar manu- facturer at an exceedingly low price, usually about half a cent a pound. Sev- eral different methods have been tried of placing the tobacco before the sheep, so that they will eat abundant quantities of it at will. Results so far show- that they take to it most readily when the material is dipped in salty water. This is kept constantly before the sheep. They receive no other salt. The sheep become very fond of it and will eat large quantities. No injurious effect has as yet been observed upon the sheep. For the experiment aged ewes and lambs, showing every indication of being badly infested with stomach worms, were purchased. The test will be continued for a year or more, until some satisfactory result can be attained.
Extension.
The animal husbandman and his assistant delivered a number of lectures on livestock topics at grange and other farmers' meetings during the past year. These lectures represent a most popular means of bringing before farmers instruction in up-to-date agricultural methods. Extensive growth in the corre- spondence handled by this department last year has been a source of keen satis- faction. Letters of inquiry have been received and answered upon almost every phase of the livestock industry. Moreover, this department is at all times willing to give assistance to farmers seeking information upon the feeding, management and diseases of all classes of animals and poult ry.
REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY.
w. c. o'kane.
The work of this department for the biennial period ending October 30, 1910, falls into three groups, as follows:
1. Major investigations. These are exhaustive studies, earned on under the Adams Fund, and are undertaken with the purpose of conducting extended experiments that shall cover all aspects of the subject involved
40 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
The subjects chosen for these investigations are such as promise far-reacliing and important data,, both from the scientific and from the practical viewpoint. The experiments necessarily may extend over two or more seasons, and it is important that the work be carefully planned and that it be conducted without interruption and with adherence to a well-defined program.
Two such investigations have been» under way in this biennial period, — an investigation of the Apple Maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella, Walsh; and a study of the influence of temperature on insect hibernations and transformations. Each of these is summarized below.
2. Minor investigations. Usually these are suggested by important insect outbreaks, as, for example, that of the Antlered Maple Worm in the hardwood forests of this state in 1907, 1908 and 1909. They are carried on under the Hatch Fund. Investigations of this nature are not planned on so exhaustive a scale as those in the first group mentioned above, and usually are concluded within one or two seasons.
Two investigations of this nature have been made within the last biennial period,— a study of the Oblique-banded Leaf-roller, Archips rosaceana, Harris; and experiments in the control of the Black Flies, or Buffalo Gnats, Simulium sp. These are briefly summarized below.
3. Miscellaneous work. This includes the identification of numerous specimens of insects sent in by correspondents, the recommendation of means of control for insect pests, and kindred duties.
Organization and Equipment.
Changes in the personnel of the department are elsewhere noted.
The new insectary, or outdoor laboratory, is the most notable addition to the equipment, and has proved of the greatest usefulness in the work of the department. Many experiments and studies could not be carried on satis- factorily without it. The insectary was pictured and described in detail in Scientific Contributions No. 3 of this station.
Additional items of equipment are needed from time to time in the major investigations. These have been provided.
Correspondence.
A constantly increasing number of citizens, both farmers and city dwellers, are learning to make use of this department. Many insects are sent in for identification, and many requests forwarded for instruction as to means of avoiding or controlling insect injury. The writer believes that these requests are of much value in bringing about closer relations between the station and the people of the state, and in affording this department an opportunity for immediate, practical usefulness.
To assist in this work and to supplement the department letters, the writer respectfully recommends that a series of uniform leaflets be issued on the commoner insect pests. It is believed that one sheet for each would be suffi- cient, that the subject-matter should be plain and concise, and that explana- tory illustrations should invariably be used. It is further suggested that these leaflets be punched in the margin, so that they may be inserted in a loose-leaf binder, the complete file, therefore, being the equivalent of a com-
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 41
pact, working hand-book on insect pests. \\ itli this arrangement, any impor- tant change in the means of control of a given insect could be followed by the issuance of a new sheet which would take the place of the one formerly in use. [1 is important that the correspondence <>f this department be thoroughly cross-indexed, and that adequate records be kepi of specimens sent in for identification. For this work additional assistance is needed.
Publications of this Department.
«
Publications by this department in the current biennial period were as follows :
Bulletin 143, Xew Hampshire Experiment Station, December 1909, pp. 48, Fig. 29; "The Codling Moth and How to Control it by Spraying," by E. D. Sanderson
This bulletin gives in popular form the practical results of the investigation of 1907 and 1908 published in detail in the nineteenth and twentieth reports There are many calls throughout the state for the information contained in this bulletin
Scientific Contributions No. 3, New Hampshire Experiment Station, 1909, pp. 16, plates 5; I. "The Oblique-banded Leaf-roller," by E. D. Sanderson and A. D. Jackson; II. "A New Insectary," by E. D. Sanderson.
The first of these gives in detail the results of an investigation of an insect outbreak at Madbury, N. H.
The second describes and pictures the new insectary of this department. (Reprinted from the Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. II, December, 1909.)
Scientific Contributions No. 4, New Hampshire Experiment Station, 1910, pp. 28, Fig. 21; "The Relation of Temperature to the Growth of Insects," by E. D. Sanderson
A discussion of some of the data obtained in experimental work conducted by this department, as a part of the investigation of the relation of temperature to insect growth and hibernation. (Reprinted from the Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. Ill, April, 1910.)
Other Publications.
By W. C. O'Kane:
"Work on the Apple Maggot," Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. Ill, April, 1910, pp. 169-172. An outline of the investigation planned and in progress at this station.
'Heating the Railroad Worm," The New England Homestead August 13, 1910, pp. 1, Fig. 2. A popular account of the life history of this pest and recom- mendations as to means of control.
"Spray Formulas in Terms of Kitchen Utensils," The Garden Magazine, June, 1910, pp. 294-296, Fig. 10. Directions for the preparation of spray materials in small amounts suitable for the garden or for limited areas.
"The Ohio Powdery Mildews," The Ohio Naturalist, Vol. X, No. 7, May, 1910, pp. U')6-176, pi. 2. Technical descriptions and lists of food plants of the twenty-four species of powdery mildews known to exist in Ohio.
42 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
Demonstration Work.
In the summer of 1909 cooperative demonstration experiments were con- ducted at several points in the state.
In each case a representative of the station had immediate charge of the spraying. The station furnished the apparatus and materials.
Records were kept by most of the growers where such spraying was done, and from these the benefit or profit of the spraying was estimated. The results were uniformly gratifying, and it is believed that such demonstrations are of much practical value.
Some of the details of this work are recorded in Bulletin 143, pp. 93-96.
INVESTIGATIONS UNDER THE ADAMS FUND.
The Apple Maggot.
The principal investigation of the current year has been a study of the Apple Maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella, Walsh; or, as often designated, the Rail- road Worm. To this work the station entomologist has given the greater part of his time. In addition a student assistant was employed for several hours each day through the spring months, and two student assistants were employed continuously throughout the summer.
To carry on the work to better advantage two field stations were established. One of these, near Barrington post office, was maintained during the early part of the summer Later a new station was chosen, about three miles dis- tant, and the student assistant who had been at work at the first station was transferred to the second. The maintenance of these stations greatly assisted in the work, since only in this way could the conditions be secured that were necessary for some of the experiments.
Gratifying progress has been made in this investigation. It is believed that the knowledge of this pest acquired this summer will be of practical value in formulating means of control.
A part of the experimental work is practically complete, and in this the data on hand are extensive enough to warrant definite conclusions. These experi- ments do not need to be repeated.
Another part of the work was along new and untried lines. In this the results need verification and amplification, and it is highly desirable that fur- ther experiments be carried on throughout next season. The nature of this part of the work will be indicated below. Again, certain new and important lines of investigation have been suggested by various features of this year's work, and these should receive attention next year.
For each of the above, careful preparations have been made, and the pro- posed work is already blocked out.
A brief summary of the results secured to date is as follows:
A study of the amount of damage done by the Apple Maggot disclosed the fact that fully 95 per cent, of the orchards of the state are more or less infested.
Certain varieties are especially susceptible to attack. Others are infested only occasionally. One or two varieties are practically immune. Studies were made of seventy-one varieties of apple in this regard.
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 43
A series of experiments were conducted to determine whether fruit of a given variety infested with the maggot would deteriorate any more quickly in cold storage than other fruit of the same variety not so infested. It was found that as a rule the deterioration is more rapid in the case of infested fruit.
Throughout July and August studies were made to determine the extent of the egg-laying season. It was found that the first eggs are laid soon after the flies begin to emerge, about July 2 to 5, and that egg laying continues through July and August, and probably into September. This is true regard- less of variety, except, of course, that eggs are not laid in early apples after they have ripened and dropped from the tree.
In determining these points trees of several varieties were selected in locali- ties where flies had been observed the previous season. Clusters of fruit were encTosed in cheesecloth bags prior to the beginning of the egg-laying season. Certain clusters were then exposed to infestation each week, the bags being replaced at the end of the week. An examination of the ripe fruit at harvest time disclosed the total period of egg laying, and to some extent indicated the period of greatest activity.
Experiments were made to determine whether maggots may mature in winter fruit, such as the Baldwin. It was found that where such fruit becomes infested, the early drops, that is those falling in August, may easily become sufficiently mellow to permit the maggots to mature. On the other hand, badly infested Baldwins gathered early in October failed to mature a single maggot. The same was found to be true of Russets. It is the early drops, therefore, that should be disposed of, in the case of winter varieties.
The surest means of control for the Apple Maggot has always been the practice of keeping all drops picked up. There have been no records, however, which would indicate how often the dropped fruit should be gathered.
Experiments were arranged, therefore, to determine this point for ten typical varieties of apples. Trees were selected that bore abundant crops of infested fruit. All the drops under each tree were gathered once every twenty-four hours. These drops were then maintained under observation, and records kept showing when the maggots began issuing from them, when they issued in greatest numbers, and how long they continued to emerge.
It was found that in t"he case of 6uch varieties as the August Sweet or the Early Harvest some maggots began to emerge within thirty-six hours, though they did not come out in large numbers until three or four days had elapsed since the apple fell from the tree. With varieties such as the Gravenstein a week elapsed before the maggots began issuing in any considerable numbers. In the case of winter fruit, such as the Westfield, practically no maggots emerged until after the apples had been off the tree from two to four weeks.
In practice, therefore, a grower may readily eliminate the pest from a given block of trees if he will arrange to keep all drops picked up at appropriate intervals. In the case of such early maturing fruit as the August Sweet it may be advisable to make use of livestock, such as swine, to care for the drops as they fall. Usually this can be done by erecting a temporary fence around the tree or trees that are infested, and enclosing one or more pigs within In the case of fall fruit it will suffice if all drops are cleaned up twice a week. With winter fruit once in two weeks will "suffice.
44 N. ll. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
There is nothing to indicate, so far, that the adult flies normally travel any great distance. All data on hand tend to indicate that the flies are rather sluggish and are apt to remain near the place where they emerged.
It has been proposed at various times to eliminate the Railroad Worm from a given block of trees by plowing the pupae under in the spring, the idea being to bury them so deep that the flies could not make their way to the surface of the ground.
Some experiments performed at the Rhode Island station indicated that this plan was not feasible. Further experiments the past season at this station corroborate the results in Rhode Island, and warrant the statement that it is out of the question to bury the pupae so deep by plowing that the flies will be unable to reach the surface.
Certain experiments in spraying were undertaken tins season. The principle involved was that of poisoning the adult fly by the use of a mixture of arsenic, molasses and water distributed over the leaves of the tree by means of a com- mon spray pump. This plan has been followed successfully in the case of similar insects occurring in other countries.
Through the cooperation of growers this plan of spraying was tried at several different points. In most the results were negative. It seems probable that in these instances the possible value of the treatment was obscured by the proximity of other infested trees not so treated. Also owing to the pressure of other work the grower was unable to apply the spray as often as would be needed in order to keep the poisoned sweet ready for the flies throughout their egg-laying season. In one instance, however, the treated tree stood alone, and this tree was given repeated sprayings as primarily planned. The variety was August Sweet and the fruit had been worthless for years. This tree yielded this season practically perfect fruit.
There is sufficient reason, therefore, for making further tests of this treat- ment next season. To this end certain trees or blocks of trees have been selected, and the proper conditions provided to insure definite tests next season.
Certain details in the habits and life history of this insect are imperfectly known. These matters have been under study the past year, but another season's work will be needed.
There is a question, also, as to the possible existence of more than one species of this fly in the orchards of New Hampshire.
By way of summary, the past year's work has added materially to our knowl- edge of this insect, and it is believed that another season will bring to a close the major part of this investigation.
The Influence of Temperature on Insect Transformations and
Hibernations.
For several years this department conducted an exhaustive investigation of the influence of temperature on insect transformations and hibernations. In all, many thousands or hundreds of thousands of insects were handled. An immense amount of data was secured which shed much interesting light on the laws and conditions governing'and attending certain phases of insect growth and activity.
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 45
These experiments were under the immediate direction of Prof E. D. San- derson. They weir brought to a close this pasl Beason.
A part of the data secured have already been summarized and published as Scientific Contributions l and l of this station.
INVESTIGATIONS UNDER THE HATCH FUND. The Black Fly.
Experiments were conducted in the summer of 1909 looking toward some means of control of the black flies or "buffalo gnats" in the summer resort regions of New Eampshire, particularly in the AN lute Mountains. The place chosen for this work was the town of Randolph, and the streams treated were the Moose River and some of its tributaries.
The treatment consisted of the application of a soluble oil known as "Phino- tas Oil" to these streams. This oil, mixing readily with the water, came into contact with the larvae of the black fly attached to stones under the surface of the water, and killed them.
The serious difficulty in this treatment lay in the possible injury to trout, but an experiment of the summer of 1909 seemed to indicate that this danger might be avoided by using nets stretched across the stream to turn the fish back and prevent them from descending the stream with the oil and thus remaining too long in it.
In May and June of the past year, 1910, further experiments were per- formed in the same streams. It was desired to establish definitely the dosage necessary to kill the black fly larva?, and to determine whether the fish might be entirely protected from injury.
The experiment was successful. The proper dosage and duration of treat- ment were ascertained, and it was demonstrated that with proper precautions this treatment can be safely and economically applied. A section of stream was so treated, with the result that practically all larva? were exterminated, and no fish were injured.
The Antlered Maple Worm.
In the summer of 1909 the so-called Antlered Maple Worm, Heterocampa gutivitta, was under observation and study by this department. A serious outbreak of this pest in 1908 had defoliated the hardwood through a large area of the state. The outbreak was repeated in 1909. The results of this department's investigations were published in full in the biennial report for 1906-08
The past season, 1910, witnessed an almost complete cessation of the abnor- mal numbers of this insect. Specimens were observed at various points, but they were not in sufficient numbers to cause injury or comment. In one area a fairly large number of the larva? were observed, but when they were still small heavy storms washed them from the trees and apparently they did not regain their foothold.
The cause of the sudden reduction in numbers whether due to climatic conditions, natural enemies, bacterial disease or some other adverse circum- stance is not known. However oscillations of this nature are not at all uncommon and in the case of this insect the sudden cessation noted was not surprising.
46 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
The Oblique-Banded Leaf-roller.
A serious outbreak of this insect occurred in the summer of 1909 in large greenhouses at Madbury, N. H. Thousands of rose plants were defoliated and the monetary damage done was large.
An investigation of this insect, its habits and possible means of control was at once started. Interesting and valuable data were secured. The futility of certain remedial measures was demonstrated and the value of other plans was determined.
The results are given in full in Scientific Contributions No. 3 of this station.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
1888-1908
Bulletin. Bulletins.
No. *1. Ensilage. Whitcher, G. H. April, 1888. 16p.
No. 2. Feeding experiments, Whitcher, G. H. June, 1888. 14p.
No. 3. When to cut corn ensilage. Whitcher, G. H. July, 1888. 9p.
No. 4. The science and practice of stock feeding. Whitcher, G. H. November, 1888. 31p.
No. 5. Fertilizers and fertilizing materials. Whitcher, G. H. March, 1889. 18p.
No. 6. Experiments with fertilizers. Whitcher, G. H. April, 1889. 32p.
No. *7. Tests of dairy apparatus. Whitcher, G. H. March, 1889. 16p.
No. 8. Feeding experiments. Whitcher, G. H. November 1889. 17p.
No. 9. Effect of food upon milk. Whitcher, G. H. February, 1890. 16p.
No. *10. Cooperative fertilizer experiments. Whitcher, G. H. March, 1890. 16p.
No. *11. Pig-feeding experiments. Whitcher, G. H. November, 1890. 14p.
No. 12. Fertilizer experiments. Whitcher, G. H. March, 1891. 13p.
No. *13. Effect of food on butter. Wood, A. H., and Parsons, C. L. May, 1891. lip.
No. 14. Ensilage in dairy farming. Whitcher, G. H. May 1891. 8p.
No. *15. Patent cattle-foods. Whitcher, G. H., and Morse, F. W. December, 1891. 7p.
No. 16. Effect of food on composition of butter fat. Morse, F. W. September, 1892. 20p.
No. 17. Stock feeders' guide. Whitcher, G. H. October, 1892. 13p.
No. *18. Effect of food on milk. Wood, A. H. November, 1892. 16p.
No. 19. Spraying apples and pears against fungi. Lamson, H. H. February, 1894. 13p.
No. 20. Effect of food on milk. Wood, A. H. March, 1894. 8p.
No. 21. Farm yard manures and artificial fertilizers. Whitcher, G. H. April, 1894. 16p.
No. 22. Prevention of potato blight. Lamson„H. H. May, 1894. 8p.
No. *23. Some dangerous fruit insects. Weed, C. M. November, 1894. 22p.
No. 24. Flow of maple sap. Wood, A. H. February, 1895. 9p.
No. 25. The composition of maple sap. Morse, F. W., and Wood, A. H. March, 1896. 13p.
No. 26. Analysis of fertilizers and wood ashes. Morse, F. W. March, 1895. lOp.
-No. *27. Spraying experiments in 1894. Lamson, H. H. April, 1895. 16p.
No. 28. Remedies for the horn fly. Weed, C. M. June, 1895. 4p.
No. *29. Remedies for the flea beetle. Weed, C. M. June, 1895. 7p.
No. 30. An experiment in road making. Pettee, C. II. July, 1895. 19p.
No. 31. Seventh annual report. Murkland, Charles S. November, 1895. 24p.
No. 32. Studies of maple sap. Morse, F. W. September, 1895. 16p.
No. 33. Two shade tree pests. Weed, C. M. November, 1895. 9p.
No. 34. Surface and sub-irrigation out of doors. Rane, F. W. August, 1896. 27p.
No. *35. The codling moth and apple maggot. Weed, C. M. May, 1896. 6p.
No. 36. Analysis of three common insecticides. Morse, F. W. June, 1896. 4p.
No. 37. Crimson clover. Rane, F. W. July, 1896. 4p.
No. »38. The tent caterpillar. Weed, C. M. August, 1896. 15p.
No. 39. The army worm. Weed, C. M. September, 1896. 13p.
No. 40. Eighth annual report. Murkland, C. S. November, 1896. 16p.
No. *41. Potatoes; varieties, fertilizers and scab. Rane, F. W., and Hunt, Leigh. February, 1897. lOp.
No. 42. Tomato growing in New Hampshire. Rane, F. W., and Hunt, Leigh. January, 1897. lOp.
No. *43. Some inferior wood ashes. Morse, F. W. February, 1897. 5p.
No. 44. The canker worm. Weed, C. W. April, 1897. lOp.
No. 45. Fruit and potato diseases. Lamson, H. H. May, 1897. Up.
No. 46. Experiments with a steam drill and methods of road maintenance. August, 1897. 29p.
No. *47. Strawberries in New Hampshire. Rane, F. W. October, 1897. 26p.
No. *48. Ninth annual report. Murkland, C. S. November, 1897. 30p.
No. *49. The inspection of fertilisers in 1897. Morse, F. W. January, 1898. 18p.
No. *50. Dehorning cattle. Lamson, H. H., and Rane, F. W. February, 1898. 9p.
•Out of print.
Nov., 1910.] ANNUAL REPORTS. 47
Bulletin. Bulletins.
No. *51. Sweet corn in New Hampshire. Ilane, F. W. March, 1898. 15p.
No. *52. Growing muskmelons in the North. Rane, F. W. April, 1898. 24p.
No. *53. The farm water supply. Morse, F. W. May, 1888. lip.
No. *54. The winter food of the chickadee. Weed, C. M. June, 1898. lop.
No. *55. The feeding habits of the chipping sparrow. Weed, C. M. July, 1898. lOp.
No. *56. Poisonous properties of wild cherry leaves. Howard, C. D., and Morse, F. W. August, 1898. lOp.
No. *57. Experiments with roots and forage crops. Rane, F. W. September, 1898. 28p.
No. *58. Cost of raising calves. Morse, F. W. October, 1898. 8p.
No. '59. Tenth annual report. Murkland, C. S. November, 1898. 53p.
No. *60. Green corn under glass. Rane, F. W. January, 1899. 16p.
No. *61. Inspection of fertilizers in 1898. Morse, F. W. February, 1899. lip.
No. *62. Forcing pole beans under glass. Rane, F. W. February, 1899. 7p.
No. '63. Third potato report. Rane, F. W. March, 1899. 37p.
No. 64. Forest tent caterpillar. Weed, C. M. April, 1899. 22p.
No. *65. Notes on apple and potato diseases. Lamson, H. H. May, 1899. lOp.
No. 66. Experiments in pig feeding. Burkett, Charles W. September, 1899. 15p.
No. 67. Spiny elm caterpillar. Weed, C. M. October, 1899. lop. il.
No. 68. Eleventh annual report. Markland, C. S. November, 1899. 49p.
No. 69. Inspection of fertilizers, in 1899 in cooperation with the State Board of Agriculture. Morse, F. W.
January, 1900. 14p.
No. *70. Experiments with muskmelons. Rane, F. W. January, 1900. 27p.
No. 71. Corn culture. Burkett, C. W. February, 1900. 12p.
No. 72. Insect record for 1899. Weed, C. M. February, 1900. 14p.
No. *73. Experiments with tomatoes and potatoes. Rane, F. W. March, 1900. lip.
No. 74. Growing strawberries in New Hampshire. Rane, F. W. April, 1900. 20p.
No. 75. The forest tent caterpillar. Weed, C. M. May, 1900. 26p.
No. 76. Utilizing the greenhouse in summer. Rane, F. W. June, 1900. lOp.
No. 77. Experiments in road surfacing. Pettce, C. H. September, 1900. 15p.
No. 78. Bovine tuberculosis. Lamson, H. H. October, 1900. 17p.
No. 79. Twelfth annual report. Markland, C. S. Nov. 1900. 38p.
No. 80. Inspection of fertilizers in 1900. Morse, F. W. January, 1901. 8p.
No. *81. Insect record for 1900. Weed, C. M. February, 1901. 12p.
No. *82. Feeding farm horses. Burkett, C. W. July, 1901. 25p.
No. 83. The value of meadow muck. Morse, F. W. August, 1901. 4p.
No. 84. Forcing dwarf tomatoes under glass. Rane, F. W. September, 1901. lOp.
No. 85. Remedies for the canker-worm. Weed, C. M. October, 1901. lOp.
No. 86. Growing watermelons in the North and classification of watermelons. Rane, F. W. November,
1901. 30p.
No. 87. Thirteenth annual report. Murkland, C. S. November, 1901. 25p.
No. 88. Inspection of fertilizers in 1901. Morse, F. W. January, 1902. lip.
No. 89. The squash bug. Conradi, A. F., and Weed, C. M. February, 1902. 15p.
No. 90. Insect record for 1901. Weed, C. M. March, 1902. 16p.
No. 91. Killing woodchucks with carbon bisulphide. Weed, C. M. May, 1902. 4p.
No. 92. Silage studies. Morse, F. W. September, 1902. 14p.
No. 93. The cold storage of apples. Morse, F. W., and others. October, 1902. 25p.
No. 94. Remedies for fleas. Conradi, A. F. October, 1902. 4p.
No. *95. How to grow a forest from seed. Rane, F. W. November, 1902. 14p.
No. 96. Fourteenth annual report. Murkland, C. S. November, 1902. 31p.
No. *97. Inspection of fertilizers in 1902. Morse, F. W. January, 1903. 12p.
No. *98. The inspections if feeding stuffs for 1902. Morse, V. W. February, 1903. 23p.
No. 99. A selected list of vegetables for the garden. Rane, F. W. March, 1903. 18p.
No. M00. White fly of greenhouse. Conradi, A. F., and Weed, C. H. March, 1903. 8p.
No. 101. Fungous diseases and spraying. Lamson, H. H. April, 1903. 12p.
No. 102. Insect record for 1902. Weed, CM. May, 1903. lOp.
No. 103. Standard milk. Morse, F. W. October, 1903. 4p.
No. 104. Fifteenth Annual Report. November, 1903. 15p.
No. 105. Fruit growing with a selected list of varieties. Rane, F. W. January, 1904. 24p.
No. '106. Forestry. Rane, F. W. February, 1904. 16p.
No. *107. Brown-tail moth in New Hampshire. Weed, 0. M. February, 1904. 15p.
No. 108. Inspection of fertilizers in 1903. Morse, F. W. March, 1904. lOp.
No. 109. The pernicious or San Jose scale insect in New Hampshire. Weed, C. M. March, 1904. lOp.
No. 110. Experiment in orchard management in New England. Rane, F. W. March, 1904. 21p.
No. 111. Ten experiments with potatoes and potato culture. Rane, F. W., and Hall, II. F. April, 1904.
23p.
No. 112. Experiments in destroying black-flies. Weed, C. M. May, 1904. 8p.
No. 113. Corn meal middlings and separator skim-milk for fattening pigs. October, 1904. 7p.
No. 114. Babcock test for New Hampshire farmers. Weld, I. C. November, 1904. 13p.
No. *115. Sixteenth annual report. December, 1904. 19p.
No. 116. The inspection of feeding stuffs. Morse, F. W. January, 1905. 8p.
No. 117. Inspection of fertilizers in 1904. Morse, F. W. January, 1905. 8p.
No. 118. Tile drainage. Taylor. 1. W. March, 1905. 32p.
No. 119. Forestry. Kane, F. W. March, 1905. 20p.
No. 120. Dairy industry in New Hampshire. Weld, I. C. September, 1905. lOp.
No. 121. Gypsy moth. Sanderson, E. D. Deoember, 1906. 22p.
No. '122. Brown-tail moth in New Hampshire. Sanderson, E. D. February, 1906. 28p.
No. M23. Inspection of fertilizers in 1905. Morse, F. W. February, 1906. 8p.
No. *124. Inspection of feeding stuffs in 1905. Morse, F. W. March, 1906. 8p.
•Out of print.
|
Bulletin. |
|
|
No. |
125. |
|
126. |
|
|
No. |
127. |
|
No. |
•128. |
|
No. |
129, |
|
No. |
•130. |
|
No. |
131. |
|
No. |
132 |
|
No. |
133 |
|
No. |
•134 |
|
No. |
135 |
|
No. |
136 |
|
No. |
137. |
|
No. |
138. |
|
No. |
139. |
|
No. |
140. |
|
No. |
141. |
|
No. |
142. |
|
No. |
143, |
|
No. |
144. |
|
No. |
145. |
|
No. |
146. |
|
No. |
147. |
|
No. |
148 |
|
No. |
149. |
48 N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
Bulletins.
Vegetable novelties. Rane, F. W., and Hall, H. F. March, 1906. 28p.
The care of composite milk samples. Weld, I. C. April, 1905. 4p.
The feeding of farm stock. Taylor, F. W. September, 1906. 24p.
Brown-tail and gypsy moth. Sanderson, E. D., and Howard, L. 0. January, 1907. 22p.
The seventeenth and eighteenth annual reports. January, 1907. 4 lp.
Inspection of fertilizers. Morse, F. W. February, 1907. 8p.
Spraying the apple orchard. Sanderson, E. D., and others. April, 1907. 48p.
A plan for improving the quality of milk and cream furnished to New Hampshire creameries. Weld,
I.C. May, 1907. lip. Inspection of feeding stuffs in 1907. Morse, F. W. November, 1907. 8p. Fertilizer analyses, 1907. Morse, F. W., and Curry, Bert E. December ,1907. *p. The respiration of apples and its relation to their keeping. Morse, V. W. February, 1908. 8p. Gypsy and brown-tail moths. Sanderson, E. D. February, 1908. 63p. StrawberrieB for New Hampshire. Hall, H. F. May, 1908. 36p. Humus in New Hampshire soils. Morse, F. W. June, 1908. 13p. Caterpillars injuring apple foliage in late summer. Sanderson, E. D. July, 1908. 22p. Analyses of feeding stuffs and fertilizers. Morse, F. W., and Curry, B. E. December, 1908. 16p. A study of farm buttermaking in New Hampshire. Kasmussen, Fred. September, 1909. 36p. The availability of the soil potash in clay and clay loam soils. Morse, F. W., and Curry, B.*E.
December, 1909. 22p. The codling moth and how to control it by spraying. Sanderson, E. D. December, 1909. 48p. Some apple diseases. Brooks, Charles. December, 1909. 32p. Variety tests of oats, barley, wheat and rye. Taylor, F. W. December, 1909. 16p. Analyses of fertilizers. Curry, B. E. December, 1909. 12p. Analvses of feeding stuffs. Morse, F. W., and Curry, B. E. December, 1909. 20p. Results of seed tests for 1910. Taylor, F. W. September, 1910. 24p. Results of the feed inspection for 1910. Curry, B. E., and Smith, T. 0. October, 1910. 12p.
Annual Reports. t First Annual Report 1889. In the Eighteenth Report of the Board of Trustees of the New Hampshire Col- lege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. 1889. 99p. tSecond Annual Report 1890. In the Nineteenth Report of the Board of Trustees of the New Hampshire
College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. 1890. p. 77-122. Third and Fourth Annual Reports 1891-1892. In the Twentieth Report of Board of Trustees of the New
Hampshire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. 1893. p. 137-287. Fifth Annual Report 1893. In the Twenty-first Report of the Board of Trustees of New Hampshire College
of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. 1893. p. 85-241. Sixth Annual Report 1894. In the Twenty-second Report of the Board of Trustees of New Hampshire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. 1894. p. 118-173. All subsequent reports of the Station appear as Bulletins. See Bulletin list. Nineteenth and Twentieth Reports. In the Twenty-ninth Report of the Board of Trustees of New Hamp- shire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. 1908. p. 246-680.
Technical Bulletins.
No. 1. An annotated catalogue of the butterflies of New Hampshire. Fiske, W. F. 1901. 80p.
No. *2. Classification of American muskmelons. Rane, F. W. March, 1901. 32p.
No. 3. Food of the invrtle warbler. Weed, C. M., and Dearborn, Ned. November, 1901. 32p.
No. *4. Effect of acetylene gas-light on plant growth. Rane, F. W. October, 1902.
No. 5. A partial bibliography of the economic relations of the North American birds. Weed, CM. 41p.
No. 6. A study of the parasites of the American tent caterpillar. Fiske, W. F. 1903. 58p.
Nature Study Leaflets.
No. 1. Pollination of flowers. Weed, C. M. 1902. 12p.
No. 2. Mission of the birds. Weed, C M. 1902. 8p.
No. 3. Plant travelers. Weed, C. M. 1902. 8p.
No. *4. New Hampshire wild flowers. Weed, C. M. 1903. 16p.
School Bulletins. No. 1. Agricultural education through rural schools. Sanderson, E. D. 1908. 20p. No. 2. Soil studies. Taylor, F. W. 1908. 22p. No. 3. Seeds and seedlings. Brooks, C. 1908. 14p.
Circulars.
No. 1. Mixing chemical fertilizers on the farm. Morse, F. W. 1908. 4p.
No. 2. Testing soils for fertilizer needs. Taylor, F. W. 1908.
No. 3. The apple leaf-aphis. Sanderson, E. D. 1908. 6p.
No. 4. Oyster-shell scale. 1908. 4p.
No. 6. San Jose scale. Sanderson, E. D. 1908. 12n.
No. 6. A circular of information concerning the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station. 1908.
lop.
No. 7. Some essentials in farm butter-making. Rasmussen, F. 1908. 2p.
No. 8. The box park for apples. Wirks, W. H. September, 1909. 8p.
No. 9. Alfalfa in We* Hampshire. Taylor, F. W. June, 1910. 4p
No. 10. Breeding and selection of com. Taylor, F. W. October, 1910. 8p.
•Out of print.
tAlso published separately.
Nov., 1910.]
ANNUAL REPORTS.
19
Meteorological Record: Month of July, 1908.
Temperature.
a
3
.§
|
PBECtPITATION. |
||||
|
-o |
||||
|
|d |
||||
|
B'-S |
||||
|
a |
||||
|
a > |
||||
|
a |
s |
o fc |
||
|
•g |
M |
_3 |
*| |
|
|
.S |
.3 |
= |
o o e ■— |
|
|
1 |
a B |
a |
to o |
|
|
IM |
IM |
§ |
3 |
|
|
o |
a> |
o |
f |
JS *j |
|
.§ |
1 |
1 |
o |
|
|
E- |
t- |
aj |
a |
3
t
■8 1
U
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
|
84 |
50 |
34 |
|
92 |
57 |
35 |
|
83 |
61 |
22 |
|
82 90 90 93 86 82 78 92 |
62 67 66 65 64 51 47 52 |
20 23 24 28 22 31 31 40 |
|
98 |
66 |
32 |
|
91 |
68 |
23 |
|
85 |
63 |
22 |
|
78 |
62 |
16 |
|
75 |
61 |
14 |
|
80 |
43 |
37 |
|
90 |
59 |
31 |
|
79 |
61 |
18 |
|
78 |
60 |
18 |
|
76 |
54 |
22 |
|
79 |
59 |
20 |
|
86 |
60 |
26 |
|
79 |
63 |
16 |
|
65 |
56 |
9 |
|
83 |
53 |
30 |
|
92 |
55 |
37 |
|
n |
.58 |
21 |
|
82 |
56 |
26 |
|
60 |
32 |
|
|
95 |
67 |
28 ! |
4 p. m. 6.45 p. m.
6 p. m.
.028
.03
.06
.12
.44 .56 .01
.93 .01 .24 .46 .02
S. E. S. E. S. S. E. S. E. S. S. W. S. S. W.
S. N. W.
S. S. E.
s. w. s. W.
w.
W.
s. w.
X. w.
s. s. w.
s. w.
E. S. E. S. S. E. S. S. E. E. N.E.
E.
E. S. E.
W. S. W.
W. N. W.
E. N. E.
E. E. S
E.
S. E.
Clear Partly cloudy Tartly cloudy
udy Partly cloudy
Clear Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Partly cloudy
Clear Partly cloudy Partly cloudy
Cloudy Partly cloudy
Clear Partly cloudy Partly cloudy Partly cloudy
( loudy
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
|
Sum 2614 |
1826 |
3.16 |
||
|
Mean 84.3 |
58.9 |
• |
||
t Including rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Temperature— Mean maximum, 84.3; Mean minimum, 58.9; Mean, 71.6; Maximum, 98; Date, 12; Minimum, 47; Date. 10; Greatest daily range, 40.
Precipitation— Total, 3.16 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, .93; Date, 22.
Ni mberofDats — With .01 inch or more precipitation, 12; Clear, 16; Partly cloudy, 10; Cloudy, 5.
Dates of— Thunderstorms, 2.
50
N. II. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
Meteorological Record: Month of August, 1908.
5
<
|
Tempera tube. |
||
|
i |
||
|
| |
a |
a |
|
2 |
2 |
a |
|
Precipitation. |
||||
|
■o |
||||
|
id |
a |
|||
|
o g |
o |
|||
|
■1; |
-** 8 |
|||
|
8 |
§£ |
.= -3 |
||
|
a ^3 |
a |
2 o |
-a a |
|
|
a 3 o u |
-♦J a o |
.S o a |
6= M ra a |
|
|
c |
ria |
Q |
p-i |
-a
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
|
78 |
63 |
15 |
|
81 |
60 |
21 |
|
81 |
53 |
28 |
|
73 |
56 |
17 |
|
72 |
62 |
10 |
|
86 |
64 |
22 |
|
73 |
62 |
11 |
|
82 |
61 |
21 |
|
79 |
52 |
27 |
|
82 |
58 |
24 |
|
84 |
60 |
24 |
|
83 |
56 |
27 |
|
91 |
66 |
25 |
|
87 |
67 |
20 |
|
80 |
64 |
16 |
|
73 |
56 |
17 |
|
63 |
54 |
9 |
|
77 |
62 |
15 |
|
76 |
49 |
27 |
|
70 |
51 |
19 |
|
77 |
43 |
34 |
|
71 |
53 |
18 |
|
76 |
60 |
16 |
|
76 |
48 |
28 |
|
76 |
44 |
32 |
|
60 |
51 |
9 |
|
65 |
51 |
14 |
|
64 |
46 |
18 |
|
71 |
39 |
32 |
|
83 |
42 |
41 |
|
73 |
57 |
16 |
10 a. m. 3 a. m.
7 p. m.
8 00 p. m.
8.30 p. m.
.03 1.20 2.30
.21
.21 .07
.14
.10
1.16 .01
N..N.R N. N. W. S. S. E. S. S. E.
S. E. W. N. W. W. S. W.
S. W.
s.
S. S. E. S. S. E.
S.E.
B.W. W. N. W.
N. W. N. N. W.
S.E.
N.W. W. S. W.
N. W.
S. W.
S.W.
N.W. W. N. W. N. N. W.
S.E. E. S. E. E. S. E. E. S. E. E. S. E. E. S. E.
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Sum
Mian
2363 76.2
1710 55.1
5.43
f Including rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Temperature— Mean maximum, 76.22; Mean minimum, 55.16; Mean, 65.69; Maximum, 91; Date, 13; Minimum, 39; Date, 29; Greatest daily range, 41.
Precipitation— Total, 5.43 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, 2.30; Date, 6.
Number op Dats — With .01 inch or more precipitation, 10; Clear, 20; Partly cloudy, 0; Cloudy, 11.
Dates of Thunderstorms, 4, 6 and 11.
REMARKS.
Slight frost, 29.
Nov., 1910.]
WMAL UK TOUTS.
51
Meteorological Record: Month of September, l'.'os.
a g
Temperatikk.
s •a
09
s
a s
.2
|
PRECIPITATION. |
||||
|
-a |
||||
|
^r |
||||
|
ft* |
||||
|
a |
||||
|
• |
. |
c r: |
||
|
B |
s |
fe |
||
|
1 |
M |
-c |
*-e |
|
|
3 |
J |
.9 |
o o |
|
|
I |
-c a 9 |
.a |
eo o |
|
|
o |
o |
a |
1 |
ij |
|
OB |
o |
■s |
3f |
|
|
.1 |
1 |
| |
o |
§■"8 |
|
s |
E- |
■I. |
Q |
-a
cs O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
|
83 |
46 |
|
71 |
62 |
|
66 |
53 |
|
76 |
44 |
|
80 |
47 |
|
66 |
57 |
|
58 |
|
|
70 |
44 |
|
81 |
37 |
|
85 |
60 |
|
86 |
63 |
|
76 |
55 |
|
80 |
47 |
|
72 |
52 |
|
67 |
41 |
|
70 |
37 |
|
82 |
56 |
|
83 |
52 |
|
75 |
51 |
|
67 |
41 |
|
76 |
39 |
|
80 |
53 |
|
82 |
41 |
|
84 |
53 |
|
74 |
60 |
|
84 |
48 |
|
88 |
59 |
|
70 |
57 |
|
70 |
54 |
|
60 |
34 |
37 9 13 32 33 9 12 26 44 25 23 21 33 20 26 33 26 31 24 26 37 27 41 31 14 36 29 13 16 26
.13
3.40 a. m.
.26
5.15a. m.
.66
S. S. E. S. S. E.
N. W.
N. W. S. S. W. B.S. E.
N. W.
N. W.
w .8 W.
w.
w.
N. N. B.
E. S. E. N. N. E.
N. E. E. S. E. N.N. E.
N. W.
N. W.
N. E.
w. s. w.
s. w.
s.
N. E. 8.E. S. W. S.E. W. N. W. s. E.
Clear
( iuudy
Partly Cloudy
Clear
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear Partly cloudy Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
|
Sum |
2274 75.8 |
1501 50.0 |
1.05 |
||||
|
Mean |
|||||||
t Including rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Temper^tike— Mean maximum, 75.8; Mean minimum, 50.0; Mean, 62.9; Maximum, Ks; Date. 27; Minimum, 34; Date, 30; Greatest daily range, 44.
Precipitation— Total, 1.05 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, .66; Date, 29.
Number of Days— With .01 inch or more precipitation, 3; Clear, 23; Partly cloudy, 4; Cloudy, 3.
Dates or — Killing frost, 16, partial; Thunderstorms, 24, 29; Auroras, 30.
REMARKS.
Very smoky much of the time throughout the last three weeks.
52
X. H. AGH. EXPERIMENT STATION.
[Bulletin 151
Meteorological Record: Month of October, 1908.
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Tempekatire.
S '.3 2
|
60 |
35 |
25 |
|
53 |
40 |
13 |
|
63 |
37 |
26 |
|
58 |
34 |
24 |
|
65 |
29 |
36 |
|
64 |
31 |
33 |
|
64 |
30 |
34 |
|
73 |
46 |
27 |
|
62 |
41 |
21 |
|
58 |
40 |
18 |
|
72 |
44 |
28 |
|
61 |
39 |
22 |
|
63 |
22 |
41 |
|
73 |
32 |
41 |
|
74 |
38 |
36 |
|
78 |
42 |
36 |
|
i 83 |
47 |
36 |
|
85 |
50 |
35 |
|
68 |
45 |
23 |
|
48 |
32 |
16 |
|
57 |
27 |
30 |
|
65 |
27 |
38 |
|
69 |
28 |
41 |
|
68 |
37 |
31 |
|
63 |
52 |
11 |
|
56 |
49 |
7 |
|
68 |
52 |
16 |
|
:,7 |
41 |
16 |
|
55 |
49 |
6 |
|
52 |
36 |
16 |
|
40 |
31 |
9 |
|
Precipitation. |
|||
|
-3 |
|||
|
u |
|||
|
03 |
|||
|
a > |
|||
|
8 |
o § |
||
|
_a |
fc-s |
||
|
a |
J |
o o |
|
|
a |
00 © |
||
|
v— a> |
|||
|
t*4 o |
| |
3 |
|
|
g |
|||
|
.1 |
a < |
o a CO |
Q |
.46
.49
1.57
|
a |
|
|
o |
|
|
S |
|
|
.b |
|
|
-a "2 |
Sf |
|
a |
•o |
|
S |
o |
|
ra |
2 |
|
> |
§ |
|
i. |
ja |
|
A |
a |
S.E.
N. W.
W. N. W.
W.
s.
s.
s. s.w.
S. B. W.
S.E.
w.
N. W.
w.
\v. s. W.
N. W.
S.
s.
N. W. N. E.
E. S. E E. S. E. E. S. E. S.S.E,
S. S. E.
s. s. E.
S.E.
X. W.
E. N. E.
X. E.
X. W.
W.
Clfur
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear Tartly cloudy Partly cloudy Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear Cloudy Cloudy Partly cloudy Cloudv Cloudy Partly cloudy
Clear
|
Sum |
1975 63.7 |
1183 38.1 |
3.66 |
||||||
|
Mean |
|||||||||
t Including rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MOXTHLY SUMMARY.
Tkmpkiuti uk -Mean maximum, 63.7; Mean minumum, 38.1; Mean, 50.9; Maximum, 85; Date, 18; 22; Date, 13; Greatest daily range, 41.
Precipitation — Total, 3.66 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, 1.57; Date, 27.
XuuberofDats — With .01 inch or more precipitation, 4; Clear, 22; Partly cloudy, ">; Cloudy, 4.
Minimum.
Nov.. 1910.]
ANNUAL REPORTS.
53
Meteorological Record: Month of November, 1908.
. s
Tempeuati he.
£
J
,S
1
o
a
I
I
1
9
|
1 |
35 46 54 57 37 43 47 44 •17 43 45 45 40 47 39 42 45 32 36 43 47 58 56 65 52 58 58 47 49 48 |
' 28 20 31 27 20 24 35 33 26 30 41 35 29 28 28 19 23 24 16 28 16 24 29 30 36 37 45 38 37 31 |
7 26 23 30 17 19 12 11 21 13 4 10 11 19 11 23 22 8 20 15 31 34 27 35 16 21 13 9 12 17 |
N. \\. N. W. W. S. w. N. W. W. N.W. w s. w W.S.W. X N. W. \\ X. W. W. X. W. x. i;. w. w. W. N. W. w. s. w. N. W. X. .X. w. N. N. W. N. W. \Y. S. W. w. s. w. w. s. w. s. w. E. E w. n". w. w. W. N. W. W. |
||||||
|
2 |
||||||||||
|
3 |
||||||||||
|
4 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
5 |
||||||||||
|
6 |
||||||||||
|
7 |
||||||||||
|
8 |
Cloudy Cloudv Clcudy Cloudy Clear |
|||||||||
|
9 |
||||||||||
|
10 |
.16 .14 |
|||||||||
|
11 |
||||||||||
|
12 |
||||||||||
|
13 |
Clew |
|||||||||
|
14 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
15 |
.47 |
Clear |
||||||||
|
16 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
17 |
< !lear |
|||||||||
|
18 |
.18 |
1.50 |
1.50 |
Cloudy |
||||||
|
19 |
||||||||||
|
20 |
.38 |
Clear |
||||||||
|
21 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
22 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
23 |
Partly cloudy |
|||||||||
|
24 |
( liar |
|||||||||
|
25 |
tr. .10 |
"idy |
||||||||
|
26 |
i.lv |
|||||||||
|
27 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
28 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
29 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
30 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
|
|
Sum 1405 |
868 |
1.43 |
|||
|
Mean 46 8 |
28 9 |
||||
t Including rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MONTHLY BUMMARY.
Temperature— Mean maximum, 46.8; Mean minimum, 28.9; Mean, 37.9; Maximum, 65; Date, 24; Minimum, 16; Date, 19 and 21; Greatest daily ram
Precipitation— Total, 1 .43 inches: Greatest in 24 hours, .47; Date 16
rw — Total fall, 1.5 inches. Ni'mberof Days— With .01 inch or more precipitation, 6; Clear, 21; Partly cloudy, 1; Cloudy, 8.
54
N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION.
[Bulletin 151
Meteorological Record: Month of December, Kids.
|
TeMPERATH'K. |
Precipitation. |
d o |
||||||||
|
T3 C |
• |
|||||||||
|
a = |
4^ |
|||||||||
|
C |
S |
gg |
^3 |
>> |
||||||
|
o |
a a |
be c |
.3 O a |
fe to |
■3 |
-3 |
||||
|
— * |
.0 |
■a |
a ° |
S |
O |
|||||
|
t> |
a |
a |
a |
4a |
g |
a |
fc |
|||
|
a s g |
3 a 1 |
p |
0) a a |
O 9 a |
o ai a |
a 3 o a |
3 "S o |
'3 |
1 J3 |
|
|
Q |
s |
2 |
(3 |
E- |
H |
CO |
as |
a. |
5 |
1
2
a
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
64 51 25 43 37 22 54 38 33 27 28 37 31 37 48 40 29 27 32 36 42 30 18 26 41 42 38 37 36 30 38
37 25 12 13 14 2
16 24 14 10
—3 16 14 14 26 25 15 14 13 18 20 14 5
—7 14 25 23 28 20 13 26
27 26 13 30 23 20 38 14 19 17 25 21 17 23 22 15 14 13 19 18 22 If. 13 19 27 17 15 9 16 17 12
.04
1.60
.83
.40
.07
.33
7 inches
W. W.N.W.
W. N. W. W. N. W.
N. W.
X. W.
S. E. W. N. W. W. N. W.
X. W.
N. W. W. X. w. W. X. w.
N.W.
X. w.
X. w.
X. w.
X. w. X. X. w.
X. w. W. X. w. W. X. w. W. X. w. W. X. w.
X. w.
x.w. w.
x.w.
x.w.
x.w.
x.w.
Clear Clear eieu
Clear Clear
Clear Cloudy Clear
Clear
Clear Cloudy Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear Partly cloudy
Clear Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Cloudy Partly cloudy
|
1117 36. |
500 16 1 |
3.27 |
|||||||
|
Mean |
|||||||||
t Including rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MOXTHLY SUMMARY.
Temperature— Mean maximum, 36;* Mean minimum, 16.1; Mean, 26.1; Maximum, 64; Date, 1; Minimum, — 7; Dite, 24; Greatest daily ran?e, 38.
Precipitation— Total, 3.27 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, 1.60; Date, 7.
Snow— Total fall, 7 inches; on ground 15th, 6 inches; At end of month, 3 inches.
NuMBsa o? DiY.j— With .01 inch or more precipitation, 6; Clear, 21 ; Partly cloudy, 5; Cloudy, 5.
Nov., L910 |
\\\i \\. REPORTS.
55
Meteorological Record: Month of January, L909.
5
i
a
Temperatire.
Precipitation.
a
a
a
|
T3 § . |
||
|
Is |
||
|
8 .1 |
ll |
|
|
-*j |
.a |
■o |
|
i |
2 |
•sg |
|
J |
"S o a |
-1 5..M |
|
-*— |
do |
<U OS |
a o •a
=a
s?
o
s
-
I
5
l
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
34 32 38 46 53 55 40 18 32 36 51 47 19 22 43 18 26 30 33 27 46 56 45 34 38 28 34 32 32 28 26
11
6
13
34
33
38
8
3
4
26
33
17
4
6
17
— 0
-0
— 0
15
15
10
36
31
18
33
20
13
11
14
15
10
I
23
26
25
12
20
17
32
15
28
10
18
30
15
16.
26
18
26
30
18
12
36
20
14
16
5
8 21 21 18 13 16
|
. |
||||
|
.18 .30 |
||||
|
.53 |
2H |
3 inches |
||
|
.56 |
||||
|
.14 |
||||
|
.22 |
10 12} 2 in. |
|||
|
. |
\ w N. W. N. W. N.W. N.W. N. W. N. W. N. W
s. w.
s. w.
w. s. w.
N.W.
N.E.
N. E.
N. W.
N.W. N. N. E.
N.W.
N.W.
N.W.
N. W.
S. W. W. S. W.
N. W. N.E.
N.W. W. N. W.
N.W.
W. N. W.
N.
N.W.
Clear
Clear
Clear
Partly cloudy
Cloudy
Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Partly cloudy
Clear
Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Partly cloudy
Partly cloudy
Clear
Cloudy
Clear
Cloudy
Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Partly cloudy
Clear
Cloudv
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Clear
Sum 1099 Mean 35 . 4
494 15.9
1 93 12} i
t Including rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Temperattjre^ — Mean maximum, 35.4; Mean minimum, 15.9; Mean, 25.7; Maximum, 56; Date, 22; Minimum, 0; Date, 16, 17 and 18; Greatest daily range, 36.
Precipitation— Total. 1.93 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, .56; Date, 19.
Snow — Total fall, 12.5 inches; on ground 15th, 3 inches; At end of month, 12 inches.
SiuBER op Dats— With .01 inch or more precipitation, 6; Clear, 17; Partly cloudy, 8; Cloudy, 6.
56
N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION.
[Bulletin 151
Meteorological Record: Month of February, 1909.
2
J3
Temperature.
Precipitation.
a
s
u a
1
M
.9 -o
a
I
*
o a /.
1.1 e g ° t
a o
_ O O o
is
I
«
■e o
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
|
17 |
—4 |
21 |
|
31 |
—7 |
38 |
|
24 |
—0 |
24 |
|
32 |
—6 |
38 |
|
56 |
9 |
47 |
|
53 |
33 |
20 |
|
45 |
23 |
22 |
|
42 |
21 |
21 |
|
29 |
5 |
24 |
|
41 |
17 |
24 |
|
31 |
24 |
7 |
|
40 |
13 |
27 |
|
50 |
28 |
22 |
|
47 |
20 |
27 |
|
25 |
15 |
10 |
|
26 |
15 |
11 |
|
28 |
14 |
14 |
|
26 |
17 |
9 |
|
33 |
11 |
22 . |
|
36 |
33 |
3 |
|
43 |
28 |
15. |
|
43 |
18 |
25 |
|
41 |
19 |
22 |
|
39 |
33 |
6 |
|
39 |
15 |
24 |
|
26 |
11 |
15 |
|
39 |
18 |
21 |
|
38 |
22 |
16 |
.01
1.41
.52 .84
.80
.45
5 inches
N.W.
N. W. W. N. W. W. N. W.
N. W.
S. W.
N. W. N. N. W.
N. W.
N. N. E.
W.
N. W.
S.W. E.
N. E.
N. E. W.
N.W.
N.W.
s. s. w.
N.W. N. N. W.
S. E.
E. S. E.
W. N.W.
W. N. W.
w.
W. N. W.
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Partly cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
|
Sum |
1020 36.4 |
435. 15.5 |
4.03 |
1 |
||||||
|
Mean |
* |
|||||||||
t Including rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Temperature — Mean maximum, 36.4; Mean minimum, 15.5; Mean, 26; Maximum, 56; Date, 5; Minimum, — 7; Date, 2; Greatest daily range, 47.
Precipitation— Greatest in 24 hours, 1.41; Date, 10.
Snow— Total fall, 1 inch; on ground 15th, 5 inches; At end of month, traces.
Number op days — With .01 inch or more precipitation, 6; Clear, 20; Partly cloudy, 1; Cloudy, 7.
Dates op — Thunderstorms, 16; sleet, 16, 24.
REMARKS.
On 20th gauge was overturned by means unknown. Amount estimated by comparison with other localities.
Nov., 1910.]
\\\ I \L REPORTS.
57
Meteorological Record: Month of March, 1909.
s
Temperature.
3
Precipitation.
|
-a |
|||
|
Sri |
|||
|
M |
|||
|
a £ |
|||
|
s |
z h |
||
|
I |
.a a .3 |
o o |
|
|
a |
.9 |
(D o |
|
|
4m o O 1 |
a 3 O J |
3 o |
° S J3'2 |
|
H |
CO |
Q |
a
|
-a
|
1 2 3 4 5 6
:
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
33 47 42 30 33
43 38 38 37 42 37 43 43 38 39 39 37 42 38 39 37 43 49 38 44 4!) 43 47 46 49
9 23 22 18 21 14 14 27 15 29 33 25 24 24 26 15 23 24 26 28 24 22 30 26 28 34 26 33 35 35 36
24 24 20 12 12 23 29 11 23 8 9 12 l'i 19 12 24 16 13 16 10 15 15 13 23 10 10 23 10 12 11 13
.17
.25
.13
.09
.70
N. N. W.
S. B. \. E.
N. E. W. N. W. H V W.
X. W.
N. W.
N.
W. N. W.
w.
s. w.
W. N. W.
N. W.
s.
W. X. w.
w. x. w.
X. w. x. w.
X. w.
N. N. W.
x. w.
E. S. E. s. W.
s. w.
N.
W. N. W.
W. N. W.
N. W.
Clear Cloudy
Partly cloudy Cloudy
Clear Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Clear Clear
< Hear Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Clear Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Partly cloudy
Clear Clear
Clear Clear
|
Sum |
769 40.6 24.8 |
1.34 |
2 |
||||||
|
Mean |
|||||||||
' Including rain, hail, sleet and melted snow
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Temperature — Mean maximum, 40.6; Mean minimum, 24.8; Mean, 32.7; Maximum, 49; Date, 24, 27, 31; Mini- mum, 9; Date, 1 : Greatest daily range, 29. , Precipitation-— Total. I.:i4 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, .70; Date, 25-26.
v — Total fall, 2 r round 15th, 0 inches; At end of month, 0 inches.
Xtmber op Days— With .01 inch or more precipitation, o; Clear, 22; Partly cloudy, 3; Cloudy, 6.
58
X. ll. A.GR. EXPERIMENT STATION". [Bulletin 151
Meteorological Record: Month of April, 1909.
o.
Temperature.
J
X
s
a
|
Precipitation. |
||||
|
-o |
||||
|
Id |
d |
|||
|
n gro vatio |
rectio |
|||
|
8 |
°£ |
-o |
||
|
bo |
■a |
fc*| |
13 |
|
|
| a 3 |
.a |
o o B — 00 o |
g win |
|
|
"o |
a |
S3 • |
n |
.5 |
|
IV a |
1 O |
g-tj |
reva |
|
|
P |
CO |
p |
* |
J3
u
1
2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
|
44 |
32 |
12 |
|
42 |
20 |
22 |
|
38 |
30 |
8 |
|
47 |
30 |
17 |
|
63 |
.41 |
22 |
|
73 |
39 |
34 |
|
67 |
48 |
19 |
|
62 |
41 |
21 |
|
45 |
29 |
16 |
|
42 |
32 |
10 |
|
43 |
30 |
13 |
|
59 |
18 |
41 |
|
69 |
38 |
31 |
|
63 |
51 |
12 |
|
57 |
37 |
20 |
|
58 |
38 |
20 |
|
53 |
35 |
18 |
|
57 |
35 |
22 |
|
56 |
36 |
20 |
|
57 |
39 |
18 |
|
47 |
34 |
13 |
|
65 |
37 |
28 |
|
57 |
40 |
17 |
|
51 |
35 |
10 |
|
50 |
25 |
25 |
|
49 |
34 |
15 |
|
48 |
24 |
24 |
|
47 |
35 |
12 |
|
48 |
24 |
24 |
|
37 |
34 |
3 |
.01
.01 .16
.62 1.26
.05 .02
.43
.01
.70
'.is
N. W. S. S. E. E. N. E. S. S. E. S. S. E. S. S. W. S. s. w. VV. N. W. W. N. W.
N. W.
N. N. W.
N. W.
s. w. s. s. w.
N.E.
N. E.
S. S. E.
S. E.
S. S. E.
E. S. E.
S. E.
S. E.
W. N. W.
N. W. N.N. W. N.E. N.E. S. E. S. E. E. S. E.
Clear
Clear Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear Cloudy- Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear Cloudy Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Partly cloudy
Cloudy
Cl.-ar
Partly cloudy
Cloudy
Clear Cloudy
Clear
Partly cloudv
Cloudy
Clear Cloudy
|
Sum |
1594 53.1 |
1021 31. |
3 45 |
||||||
|
Mean |
|||||||||
t Including rain, hail, Bleet, and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Tkmpkicati-ke — Mean maximum, 53.1; Mean minimum, 31; Mean, 27.08; Maximum, 73; Date, 0; Minimum, 18 Date, 12; Greatest daily range, 41.
1'REfipiTATioN- Total. 3.45 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, 1.20; Date, 15.
Ni mher or Days— With .01 inch or more precipitation, 11; Clear, 18; Partly cloudy, 3; Cloudy, 9.
Dates of — Thunderstorms, 19.
Nov., l'.ini.
ANNUAL REPOB rs.
59
Meteorological Record: Month of May, L'.l >'.».
|
Teuperatcre. |
Precipitation. |
Prevailing wind direction. |
||||||||
|
S |
1 M .-! |
i |
9 M 1 |
1 •a J! O 31 J |
a -5 a 3 t*4 c £ |
a 3 o | |
1 "3 a '.a o a 03 |
h of snow on ground :it time of observation. |
i © i Ja |
|
|
1 |
41 53 62 66 57 77 62 65 51 81 72 68 76 81 73 56 53 53 56 57 56 50 61 75 63 75 75 57 66 88 1 76 |
31 35 35 44 34 41 41 4n 34 44 55 39 45 48 50 47 43 44 40 43 32 41 40 45 43 35 44 49 :,1 57 55 |
10 i 18 27 22 23 36 21 25 17 37 17 20 31 33 23 9 in 9 16 14 24 9 21 30 20 40 31 8 15 11 21 |
.Hi |
E. x w S.S.W. w. S. S. \\ . S. w. N. N.W. B I S. S. w . N. W. W. N. \Y. N.W. S.S.E. S.E. E. N. E. E. N. E. S.E. S. S. E. S. S. E. S.E. S. W. N. N I W. N.W. S W. S. E. N.E. N. W. N. W. |
Cloudy |
||||
|
2 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
3 |
Partly cloudy |
|||||||||
|
4 |
Partly cloudy |
|||||||||
|
5 |
Partly cloudy |
|||||||||
|
6 |
||||||||||
|
7 |
.08 .04 |
mdy |
||||||||
|
8 |
Partlv cloudy |
|||||||||
|
9 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
10 |
.02 .13 |
Partly cloudy |
||||||||
|
11 |
Partly cloudy |
|||||||||
|
12 |
||||||||||
|
13 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
14 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
15 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
16 |
.23 .10 .01 |
Cloudy |
||||||||
|
17 |
Cloudy |
|||||||||
|
18 |
Cloudy |
|||||||||
|
19 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
20 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
21 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
22 |
.08 |
Tartly cloudy |
||||||||
|
23 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
24 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
25 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
26 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
27 28 |
.71 .02 |
Partly cloudy Cloudy |
||||||||
|
29 |
ludy |
|||||||||
|
30 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
31 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
Sum |
1 1932 j 63.9 |
1325 42.7 |
1.66 |
|||||||
|
Mean |
||||||||||
t Including rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Tempf.kati iu: -Mean maximum. 63.9; Mean minimum, 42.7; Mean, 53.3; Maximum, SI; Date, 10, 14; Minimum, 3 1 ; date, 1 ; Greatest daily range, 40.
Precipitation— Total. 1.66 inches; Greatest in 21 hours, .71; Date, 28.
Ni mm ok DiTH With ni inch or more 7.r, . 13; Clear, 16; Partly cloudy, 8; Cloudy, 7.
Dates of— Killing frost, 21, moderate.
REMARKS.
Growth slow throughout month; but no severe frost at any time.
60
N. II. A(iH. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
Meteorological Record: Month of June, 1909.
|
Temperate hk. |
|||
|
a |
|||
|
3 |
|||
|
.| |
E |
||
|
1 |
.a |
0 |
a 1 |
.a
to
|
PITATION. |
|||
|
-o |
|||
|
a |
|||
|
o9 |
|||
|
a > |
S |
||
|
8 |
;l |
1 |
|
|
.3 .a is o a m |
.9 |
||
|
4S O a < |
to .9 1 1 |
o
s
i
l
.'
3
4
5
6
7
8
U
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
|
72 |
43 |
29 |
|
76 |
43 |
33 |
|
86 |
51 |
35 |
|
73 |
44 |
29 |
|
60 |
52 |
8 |
|
72 |
45 |
27 |
|
70 |
52 |
18 |
|
66 |
48 |
18 |
|
73 |
48 |
25 |
|
57 |
40 |
17 |
|
77 |
48 |
29 |
|
84 |
53 |
31 |
|
77 |
53 |
24 |
|
85 |
59 |
26 |
|
75 |
64 |
11 |
|
81 |
44 |
37 |
|
77 |
47 |
30 |
|
67 |
52 |
15 |
|
71 |
41 |
30 |
|
84 |
52 |
:;.' |
|
89 |
65 |
23 |
|
93 |
65 |
28 |
|
90 |
68 |
22 |
|
92 |
67 |
25 |
|
94 |
65 |
29 |
|
82 |
62 |
20 |
|
83 |
60 |
23 |
|
79 |
55 |
24 |
|
79 |
63 |
16 |
|
68 |
48 |
20 |
.15
.31
.12
.01 .44
.83
.60
N. N. E. X. W.
w. S. w. \. w.
E. S. E.
N. E.
S. E.
N. N. E.
S.E.
S. S. E.
W. N. \Y.
\Y. N.W.
s. W.
S. B. W.
W. N. W.
s. w.
s. s. w.
s. w.
\Y.
w. s. w. w.
s. w.
W. N. W. W. X. w.
s. w.
N. \\.
S. S. E.
N. E.
N. E.
Clear
Partly cloudy
Clear
Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
( Hear
Cloudy
Partly cloudy
Clear
Partly cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Clear Partly cloudy
Clear
I Hear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear Partly cloudy Partly cloudy
Clear
|
Sum |
2332 77.7 |
1597 53.2 |
2.46 |
|||||||
t Including rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MOXTHLY SUMMARY.
Temperatcre— Mean maximum, 77.7; Mean minimum, 53.2; Mean, 65.5; Maximum, 94; Date, 25; Minimum, 40; Date, 10; Greatest daily range, 35.
l'iiK( ipitation— Total, 2.46 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, .83; date, 17.
Number of Days— With .01 inch or more precipitation. 7; < Hear, 21; Partly cloudy, 7; Cloudy, 2.
Dates of— Thunderstorms, 28.
Nov., UU().|
ANNUAL UK POUTS.
6]
Meteorological Record: Month of July, 1909.
s
TEMPERATlItE.
Precipitation.
4
|
-a |
|
|
id |
|
|
O o |
|
|
fc'l |
|
|
i |
SE |
|
•s |
|
|
.9 |
fel |
|
.9 |
o o |
|
~a |
«— a) |
|
■B |
!i |
|
J3 — |
|
|
a |
&"£ |
|
a |
i
-a .9
!
i
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
|
82 |
59 |
23 |
|
73 |
60 |
13 |
|
7-' |
56 |
16 |
|
70 |
58 |
12 |
|
74 |
47 |
27 |
|
68 |
46 |
22 |
|
72 |
46 |
26 |
|
77 |
47 |
30 |
|
77 |
46 |
31 |
|
83 |
49 |
34 |
|
84 |
55 |
29 |
|
79 |
56 |
23 |
|
92 |
65 |
27 |
|
89 |
65 |
24 |
|
86 |
58 |
28 |
|
77 |
62 |
15 |
|
80 |
60 |
20 |
|
84 |
53 |
31 |
|
72 |
50 |
22 |
|
74 |
53 |
21 |
|
73 |
54 |
19 |
|
70 |
50 |
20 |
|
65 |
58 |
7 |
|
74 |
58 |
16 |
|
76 |
49 |
27 |
|
88 |
52 |
36 |
|
91 |
57 |
34 |
|
94 |
62 |
32 |
|
96 |
62 |
34 |
|
94 |
70 |
24 |
|
85 |
61 |
24 |
.71
.27 .13
.15
.07
22
.14
M
w. s. w.
s. w.
8. S. B.
N. W.
N. W.
w.
S. E.
S. E.
S. S. E.
S. S. E.
S. S. W.
S. S. W.
8. \\
W. N. W.
W. N. W.
8. 8. I
N. N. W.
W.
N. W.
S. E.
E. N. E.
S. 8. E.
S. S. E.
s. w.
W. N. W.
S. W. 8. W.
s. w.
s. w
NX. W.
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Clear
( 'loudy
Partly cloudy
Clear
( Hear
i
<l(>;ir
Partly cloudy
l'artlv cloudy
Partly cloudy
cloudy
Clear
Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Partly cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudv
( 'loudy
Clear Clear Clear
Clear
Partly cloudy Partly cloudy
|
Sum |
1724 55.6 |
1 73 |
|||||||
|
Mean 7fl 7 |
|||||||||
t Including rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Temperature— Mean maximum, 79.7; Mean minimum, 55.6; Mean, 67.6; Maximum, 96; Date, 29; Minimum, 46; Date, 6, 7 and 9; Greatest daily range, 36.
Precipitation— Total. 1.73 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, .71; Date. 3.
Nlsiber of Days— With .01 inch or more precipitation, 8; Clear, 17; Partly cloudy, 8; Cloudv, C>.
Dates op— Thunderstorms, 16 and 30.
62
N. II. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION.
[Bulletin 151
Meteorological Record: Month of August, 19J9.
l
2
*3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Temperattre.
g
5
is
tf
|
76 |
57 |
19 |
|
79 |
48 |
31 |
|
81 |
46 |
35 |
|
78 |
47 |
31 |
|
64 |
58 |
6 |
|
77 |
59 |
18 |
|
87 |
55 |
32 |
|
94 |
61 |
33 |
|
88 |
68 |
20 |
|
79 |
69 |
10 |
|
76 |
51 |
25 |
|
83 |
46 |
37 |
|
78 |
52 |
26 |
|
75 |
50 |
25 |
|
71 |
42 |
29 |
|
65 |
51 |
14 |
|
63 |
54 |
9 |
|
70 |
55 |
15 |
|
83 |
61 |
22 |
|
87 |
55 |
32 |
|
78 |
56 |
22 |
|
74 |
53 |
21 |
|
82 |
49 |
33 |
|
81 |
52 |
29 |
|
93 |
53 |
40 |
|
84 |
64 |
20 |
|
74 |
50 |
24 |
|
83 |
63 |
20 |
|
80 |
52 |
28 |
|
69 |
53 |
16 |
|
67 |
35 |
32 |
Precipitation.
be
.1
.a
O
•§
4
-£3
.a
a
t
o
a
02
5 a
a >
c a
-e'-s
.80 .14
.02 "i!87*
.b -a
S. E. E. S. E. E. S. E.
S. E.
E. N. E.
S. E.
S. E.
W. N. W.
W. N. W.
N. W. N. N. \V. N. N. W.
S. S. S. E. S. S. E. S. S. E. S. S. E. N. N. E. N. N. E.
W.
W. N. W.
S. S. E.
W. N. W.
S. E.
S. E.
W.
w.
S. E.
S. E. N. W. N. W.
•a *o
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear Cloudy Cloudy i Hear ' Clear Partly cloudy Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear Cloudy
Clear
Clear Cloudy Cloudy Cloudy Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clrar Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear Cloudy
Clear
Clear
|
Sum |
2419 ' 1565 78.03! 50 5 |
2.83 |
||||||
|
Mean |
||||||||
tlncluding rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Tempehati-re— Mean maximum, 78.03; Mean minimum, 50.5; Mean, 64.26; Maximum, 94; Date, 8; Minimum, 35; Date, 31; Greatest daily range, 40.
I'm. iin vim-. Total, 2.83 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, 1.87; Date, 18.
Number of Days— With .01 inch or more precipitation, 4; Clear. 20; Partly cloudy, 6; Cloudy, 5.
Nov., 1910.]
ANNUAL REPORTS.
63
Meteorological Record: Month of September, 1909.
Tt MI'tKATI HE.
c3
|
Precipitation. |
||||
|
-0 |
||||
|
2n |
||||
|
M |
||||
|
00 |
||||
|
ti |
8 |
o J; |
||
|
-1 |
ti |
J3 |
*•§ |
|
|
'5 |
.a |
.3 a |
o o CD Q |
|
|
,2 |
B |
(H O |
||
|
1*4 O |
IM o |
g |
3 |
^ |
|
1 |
1 |
o f |
o |
a- |
|
H |
E- |
CO |
a |
o
I
a
S
a
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
|
73 |
50 |
|
1 67 |
49 |
|
83 |
44 |
|
84 |
42 |
|
75 |
56 |
|
ra |
53 |
|
76 |
37 |
|
73 |
48 |
|
67 |
49 |
|
62 |
47 |
|
77 |
55 |
|
68 |
47 |
|
73 |
34 |
|
76 |
50 |
|
64 |
54 |
|
73 |
53 |
|
78 |
53 |
|
73 |
50 |
|
63 |
44 |
|
67 |
30 |
|
71 |
45 |
|
67 |
49 |
|
83 |
60 |
|
73 |
58 |
|
67 |
53 |
|
56 |
50 |
|
67 |
'53 |
|
67 |
56 |
|
72 |
46 |
|
74 |
37 |
23 18 39 42 IS 19 39 25 18 15
21 39 26 10 20 25 23 19 37 26 is 23 15 14 6 14 11 26 37
.09
.56
.02
.03
.70 .08 .81 .79
27
S. s. B.
V w.
\Y. N. W.
S.
N. W.
N. W.
W.
N. N. W.
S. E. S. E. E. S. E.
N. B. E. S. E S. S. W.
S. E.
S. E.
S. E. E. S. E.
k. n. b.
E. S. E.
S. E.
S.E.
S. E.
N. W.
N. W. X. N. \V. N. N. E. N. N. E. N. N. W.
s. s. w.
Cloudy
I leu
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
( Hear
Clear
Clear Partly cloudy Partly cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
i lleai
Clear
( 'ioudy Partly cloudy Partly cloudy
Cloudy Partly cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
|
Sum |
2139 1452 71.3 48.4 |
4.34 |
|||||
|
Mean |
|||||||
t Including rain, bail, sleet, and melted enow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Temperatcre — Mean maximum, 71.3; Mean minimum, 48.4; Mean, 59.8; Maximum, 84; Date, 4; Minimum, 30; Date, 20; Greatest daily range, 12.
Precipitation— Total, 4.34 inches; Greatest in 24 hours. 81; Date, 26.
Number of Days — With .01 inch or more precipitation, 1 1 ; Clear, 15; Partly cloudy, 5; Cloudy, 10.
64
X. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION,
[Bulletin lol
Meteorological Record: Month of October, 1909.
Temperature.
<a
S
f X
a
|
Precipitation. |
|||
|
"3 |
|||
|
§ . |
|||
|
o c |
|||
|
M |
|||
|
s |
o £ |
||
|
ja e .3 |
|||
|
a |
.a |
||
|
M |
o « |
||
|
0 a> a |
3 o a |
o |
|
|
H |
< |
a |
Qa |
-3 -3
1
2 3 4 5 6
;
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
|
63 |
40 |
23 |
|
62 |
46 |
16 |
|
62 |
47 |
15 |
|
65 |
50 |
15 |
|
73 |
35 |
38 |
|
73 |
45 |
28 |
|
79 |
43 |
36 |
|
81 |
45 |
36 |
|
84 |
43 |
41 |
|
83 |
47 |
36 |
|
61 |
46 |
15 |
|
64 |
54 |
10 |
|
63 |
35 |
28 |
|
63 |
32 |
31 |
|
55 |
38 |
17 |
|
55 |
32 |
23 |
|
56 |
32 |
24 |
|
56 |
36 |
20 |
|
48 |
36 |
12 |
|
54 |
23 |
31 |
|
56 |
36 |
20 |
|
62 |
44 |
18 |
|
55 |
40 |
15 |
|
57 |
40 |
17 |
|
54 |
48 |
6 |
|
57 |
33 |
24 |
|
67 |
37 |
30 |
|
60 |
40 |
20 |
|
44 |
34 |
10 |
|
46 |
30 |
16 |
|
52 |
32 |
20 |
.04 .45
.56 M
W. 3. W.
w. s. w.
N. N. E.
N. X. X. w. W. N. W.
w. s. w.
S. W.
s. w. s. w.
s.
S. E. W. N. \V.
x. w. x. w.
W. X. \v.
W. X. w.
\Y.
X. W.
w.
N. E. S. S. E.
X.
X. W.
N.
W.
\v.
W. N. W.
W. N. W.
W. N. W.
W.
Clear
i l.'.ir
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Cioudy Partlv cloudy
Clear
Clear
Cloudy Partlv cloudy
Cloudv
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear'
Clear
Partly c'oudy Clear
Clear
Clear
|
Sum |
1811 58.4 |
1219 39.3 |
! 1.89 |
||||||
|
Mean |
|||||||||
t Including rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Temperature — Mean maximum, 58.4; Mean minimum, 39.3; Mean, 48.8; Maximum, 84; Date, 9; Minimum, 23; Date, 20; Greatest daily range. 41.
Precipitation — Total, 1.89 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, .84; Date, 24.
Number of Days— With .01 inch or more precipitation, 4; Clear, I'.t; Partly cloudy, 3; Cloudy, 8.
Nov., 1610.]
\\\IAI. REPORTS.
65
Meteorological Record: Month of November, L909.
J
>
o
Tempera -i
|
flHIIOK. |
|||
|
-a |
|||
|
a . |
|||
|
2 a |
|||
|
ft* |
|||
|
d |
|||
|
a > |
|||
|
S |
- h |
||
|
I a |
.a o .9 a |
a_ |
|
|
a. |
|||
|
lM O 1 |
o 3 |
o |
ejith C at tim |
|
H |
CO |
a |
I
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
S
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
-1
25
26
27
28
29
30
|
62 |
27 |
25 |
|
57 |
44 |
13 |
|
61 |
4:. |
16 |
|
57 |
32 |
25 |
|
51 |
35 |
16 |
|
48 |
20 |
28 |
|
48 |
23 |
25 |
|
46 |
20 |
26 |
|
50 |
18 |
32 |
|
61 |
30 |
31 |
|
75 |
38 |
37 |
|
71 |
44 |
27 |
|
49 |
27 |
22 |
|
54 |
48 |
6 |
|
67 |
30 |
37 |
|
61 |
36 |
25 |
|
53 |
37 |
16 |
|
54 |
30 |
24 |
|
37 |
18 |
19 |
|
54 |
27 |
27 |
|
67 |
40 |
27 |
|
61 |
37 |
24 |
|
63 |
40 |
23 |
|
30 |
28 |
2 |
|
42 |
23 |
19 |
|
44 |
30 |
14 |
|
42 |
23 |
19 |
|
50 |
22 |
28 |
|
45 |
29 |
16 |
|
37 |
17 |
20 |
.00
IS
.06
1.28
.20
2 inches
W.
S. E.
S. S. W.
W. 8. w.
w.
N. W.
8.
N. N. W.
N. B.
s. \\ .
B. w.
E.
\\.
W.
8. 8. E
\\ . N. W.
S. E.
w. x. \v.
W. N. W.
W. S. W.
8. W.
B. >. E.
l-;. .\. e.
N. E. N. N. E.
N. W.
N. W.
N. W. N. N. E. N. N. E.
Clear Cloudy Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear Partly cloudy ( 'lear Clear Clear Clear Cloudy
Clear
Partly cloudy Cloudy
Clear Clear
Partly cloudy
Clear Partly cloudy
Cloudy fudy
Cloudy Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Clear
Sum Mean
1587 52.9
30.6
2 47
t Including rain, hail, sleet and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Temperature — Mean maximum, 52.9; Mean minumum, 30.6; Mean, 41.75; Maximum, 67; Date, 15 and 21; Minimum, 17; Date, 30; Greatest daily range, 37.
Precipitation — Total, 2.47 inches; Greatest in 24 ooura, 1.28; Dad-. 25,
w — Total fall, 2 inches; on ground 15th, 0 inches; at end of month, 0 inches. Ni mber op Days— With .01 inch or more precipitation, 6; Clear, lti; Partly cloudy, 5; Cloudy, 9.
66
N. H. AGR. EXPEBIMBNT STATION. [Bulletin 151
Meteorological Record: Month of December, 1909.
|
Temperature. |
Precipitation. |
|||||||||
|
T3 |
||||||||||
|
a . |
□ |
|||||||||
|
3 a |
o |
|||||||||
|
o o |
||||||||||
|
&l |
9 |
|||||||||
|
s $ J* 8 |
= a 1 |
j |
CP I 3 |
'61! s .a o 1 |
c I 5 o J |
I 1 |
i jej tM o |
§i *1 o o aw* °a ■='f §■-3 |
.a '3 |
IM o 2 s § |
|
Q |
s |
ii |
« |
H |
E- |
Ki |
Q |
£ |
o |
|
1 |
39 36 40 40 49 52 53 38 32 33 28 32 35 43 48 38 34 34 32 33 32 28 37 31 31 28 24 27 30 10 23 |
15 21 32 26 33 25 23 23 17 17 16 8 16 35 33 27 23 22 13 15 23 18 23 20 4 24 15 2 —7 —6 —1 |
24 15 8 14 16 27 30 15 15 16 12 24 19 8 15 11 11 12 19 18 9 10 14 11 27 4 9 25 37 16 24 |
N. |
Clear |
|||||
|
2 |
N. N. E. N. N. E. N. N. N. W. W. N. W. W. N. W. W. N. W. W. w. s. w. W. N. W. N. W. N. S. W. w. w. w. w. w. N.W. \Y. X. W. W. X. w. N.W. N.W. N. N. E. N.W. W. W. W. |
Partly cloudv |
||||||||
|
3 |
Cloudy |
|||||||||
|
4 |
Partly cloudy |
|||||||||
|
5 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
6 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
7 |
.58 |
Cloudy |
||||||||
|
8 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
9 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
10 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
11 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
12 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
13 |
1.25 |
|
Cloudy |
|||||||
|
14 |
1.93 |
Cloudy |
||||||||
|
15 |
Partly cloudy |
|||||||||
|
16 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
17 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
18 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
19 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
20 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
21 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
22 |
|
Partly cloudy |
||||||||
|
23 |
Partly cloudy |
|||||||||
|
24 |
Partly cloudy |
|||||||||
|
25 |
Partly cloudy |
|||||||||
|
26 |
.38 |
11.3 |
11.3 |
Cloudy |
||||||
|
27 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
28 |
Partly cloudy |
|||||||||
|
29 |
.02 |
.6 |
Partlv cloudy |
|||||||
|
30 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
31 |
Clear |
|
117(1 37.7 |
555 17.9 |
2 91 |
13.15 |
||
t Including rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MOXTHLY SUMMARY.
Temperature — Mean maximum, 37.7; Mean minimum, 17.9; Mean, 27.8; Maximum, 53; Date, Date, 29; Greatest daily ranee, 37.
Pbbctpttation — Total, 2.91 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, 1.93; Date, 14.
-Tula] fall. 13.15 inches; on ground 15th, 0 inches; At end of month, 0 inches. Number or Days— With .01 inch or more precipitation, 5; Clear, 17; Partly cloudy, 9; Cloudy, 5.
Minimum, — 7;
Nov., miii.]
\\\i \\. REPORTS.
67
Meteorologioa] Record: Month of January, L910.
Temperature
I
PRECIPITATION.
|
8 |
|
|
4 |
|
|
w |
|
|
3 |
|
|
= |
|
|
4* a |
|
|
3 a I |
1 o a |
|
/. |
= >
= o to o
a o
i
-a
73
.9
■£
.1
| g
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
|
„ |
—5 |
30 |
|
■17 |
—0 |
47 |
|
29 |
22 |
7 |
|
3 |
—1 |
7 |
|
14 |
—17 |
31 |
|
39 |
—8 |
47 |
|
37 |
22 |
15 |
|
37 |
9 |
28 |
|
36 |
8 |
28 |
|
29 |
17 |
12 |
|
32 |
22 |
10 |
|
32 |
11 |
21 |
|
35 |
4 * |
31 |
|
18 |
4 |
14 |
|
32 |
11 |
21 |
|
45 |
17 |
28 |
|
34 |
13 |
21 |
|
45 |
19 |
26 |
|
40 |
33 |
7 |
|
43 |
20 |
23 |
|
48 |
18 |
30 |
|
47 |
20 |
27 |
|
47 |
30 |
17 |
|
47 |
20 |
27 |
|
38 |
20 |
18 |
|
46 |
20 |
26 |
|
36 |
23 |
13 |
|
39 |
30 |
9 |
|
35 |
27 |
8 |
|
35 |
23 |
12 |
|
33 |
23 |
10 |
II.'
1.35 .10
.05
.20
.53
.20
.02 !43
W. N. W.
S. W.
W.
N. W.
N. W.
W. N. W.
X. E.
X. W.
X. w.
X. X. E.
X. w.
X \Y.
X. W.
X. N'. E.
X. M.E.
N.
X.
N.
W.
w.
\V. X. w.
S. S. E.
s. W.
s. w.
E. X. E.
w. s. w.
X X. B.
w.
W. s. W.
Clew
iudy
Cloudy Cloudy Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear Cloudy Cloudy
Clear
Clear Cloudy
Clear
Clear Cloudy Cloudy Cloudy Cloudy Cloudy
( ilear Cloudy Partly cloudy ■ idy
Clear Partly cloudy
Sum Mean
1103 35.5
! 14 1'
641 20.6
8.5
t Including rain, bail, sleet, and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Tkmperatpre— Mean maximum 35.5; Mean minimum 14.2; Mean, 24.85; Maximum, 48; Date, .'1; Minimum, -17: Date, 5; Greatest daily range, 47.
Precipitation — Total, 2.9 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, 1.35; Date, 6;
1 otal fall, 8.5 inches; on ground loth, 8 inches; At end of month, 1 inch. Nihber or Days— With .01 inch or more precipitation, 9; Clear, 15; Partly cloudy, 2; Cloudy, 14.
C,S
N. II. A.GR. EXPERIMENT STATION.
[Bulletin 151
Mi teorological Record: Month of February, 1910.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
|
33 |
15 |
18 |
|
36 |
8 |
28 |
|
36 |
23 |
13 |
|
33 |
22 |
11 |
|
33 |
12 |
L'l |
|
15 |
2 |
13 |
|
14 |
—8 |
22 |
|
36 |
5 |
31 |
|
45 |
13 |
32 |
|
33 |
14 |
19 |
|
29 |
5 |
24 |
|
29 |
7 |
22 |
|
27 |
7 |
20 |
|
33 |
6 |
27 |
|
35 |
10 |
25 |
|
53 |
23 |
30 |
|
23 |
18 |
5 |
|
28 |
13 |
15 |
|
27 |
—2 |
29 |
|
38 |
2 |
36 |
|
52 |
lfl |
33 |
|
37 |
23 |
14 |
|
28 |
16 |
12 |
|
21 |
12 |
—9 |
|
25 |
—12 |
37 |
|
24 |
—11 |
35 |
|
54 |
24 |
30 |
|
55 |
38 |
17 |
|
Temperature. |
Precipitation |
|||||||||
|
-s |
||||||||||
|
a . |
||||||||||
|
3 S |
a |
|||||||||
|
O o |
o |
|||||||||
|
Q"3 |
-»^ |
|||||||||
|
03 |
g |
|||||||||
|
c > |
||||||||||
|
o |
tii |
s |
o £ DO |
a |
||||||
|
^- |
= |
a |
.9 a |
o o |
||||||
|
u |
■o |
CO o |
■£ |
o |
||||||
|
b |
a 3 |
s |
XI |
0) |
1 |
— |
- = |
J |
9 |
|
|
a E xt |
a 1 |
s |
o 1 |
O S |
3 1 |
i 1 |
xi'S |
'3 > to u |
i |
.76
.81
.67
.30
.40
16
15
hi'.
N. N. W.
X.
N.
N. N. E.
N. W.
\V. W. X. W. W. X. w.
w. w.
\V. X. w.
N. N. E.
w. s. w.
W. N. W.
W. W. N. W.
X. W.
N. X. E.
X. w.
w.
w.
E. X. E.
N. W.
W.
W.
W. X. W.
s. s. w.
S.W.
Cleat
Clear Cloudy Cloudy
Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear Partly cloudy
Clear
( Hear Cloudy
Clear
( liar
Clear
Partly cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear Cloudy Cloudy
Clear
Clear
I lear Cloudy Cloudy
Sum Mean
33.1
404 14.4
628
12 I
2.94 is'.
t Including rain, hail, sleet and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Temperature — Mean maximum, 33.1; Mean minimum, 14.4; Mean, 23.75; Maximum, 55; Date, 28; Minimum -12; Date, 25; Greatest daily range, 37.
ii'iTATioN— Total 2.94 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, .81 inches; Date, 12. Snow— Total fall, 4S.5 inches; on ground 15th, 20 inches; At end of month, 6 inches. Number of Days— With .01 inch or more precipitation, 5; Clear, 16; Partly cjoudy, 4; Cloudy, 8.
Nov.. 1910.]
ANNUAL REPORTS.
il'.i
Meteorological Record: Month of March, 1910.
1
s
Temperature.
.1 = 2
3
Precipitation.
J
.1
I
.9 ,S
I
o a
|
1 |
36 38 49 44 51 48 46 37 43 43 38 42 46 39 44 46 31 35 52 62 48 .-,7 53 64 48 54 58 73 53 46 |
30 31 26 22 ■ 33 27 37 18 16 18 19 29 17 18 18 7 13 32 30 28 35 23 51 38 34 28 34 43 38 |
6 |
.02 |
N l. E. \ W. 3. E. \ I N. \. W. w s. w. w. VV. N. VV. w s. w. VV. B. VV. N. \ W. VV. 8. W. X. \\ . X. w. x. w. s. s. \\ . s. s. w. X. w. 3. u s. W. s. E. VV. s. w. S. 8. w . x w. I 3. W. VV. X. W. E. S. E. |
( 'loiidy |
||||
|
2 |
7 21 is 29 23 13 10 6 25 22 24 27 10 J 7 28 13 28 39 30 18 29 18 41 25 10 20 30 39 10 8 |
Cloudy |
||||||||
|
3 |
< Hear |
|||||||||
|
4 |
||||||||||
|
5 |
Partlv cloudy |
|||||||||
|
6 |
i Ilear |
|||||||||
|
7 |
02 |
Cloudy |
||||||||
|
8 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
9 |
Cleai |
|||||||||
|
10 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
11 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
12 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
13 |
.05 |
Clear |
||||||||
|
14 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
15 |
||||||||||
|
16 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
17 |
Cloudy |
|||||||||
|
18 |
||||||||||
|
19 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
20 |
* |
Clear |
||||||||
|
21 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
22 |
oudy |
|||||||||
|
23 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
24 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
25 |
Partlv cloudy |
|||||||||
|
26 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
27 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
28 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
29 |
Clear |
|||||||||
|
30 |
Partlv cloudy |
|||||||||
|
31 |
. 05 |
Cloud v |
||||||||
|
Sum 1500 844 |
.14 |
|||||
|
Mean 4^ 1 27.2 |
||||||
t Including rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Temperature— Mean maximum, 48.4; Mean minimum, 27.2; Mean, 37. 8; Maximum, 76; Data 25; Minimum, 7; Date, 18; Greatest daily range, 41.
Pku.-ipitatiox— Total, .1 1 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, .05; Date, 13 and 31. »
Xi mber of Days— With .01 inch or more precipitation, 4; Clear, 23; Partly cloudy, 5; Cloudy. 3-
70
N. H. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION. [Bulletin 151
Meteorological Record: Month of April, 1910.
I
Temperature.
|
1 |
64 |
32 |
32 |
|
?, |
63 |
29 |
34 |
|
3 4 |
63 |
32 |
31 |
|
64 |
25 |
39 |
|
|
5 6 |
72 |
45 |
27 |
|
72 |
39 |
33 |
|
|
7 |
63 |
39 |
24 |
|
8 |
46 |
38 |
8 |
|
9 |
52 |
34 |
18 |
|
10 |
53 |
36 |
17 |
|
11 |
53 |
33 |
20 |
|
12 |
47 |
34 |
13 |
|
13 |
57 |
26 |
31 |
|
14 |
64 |
28 |
36 |
|
15 |
61 |
43 |
18 |
|
lfi |
66 |
34 |
32 |
|
17 |
48 |
23 |
25 |
|
18 |
53 |
39 |
14 |
|
19 |
65 |
42 |
23 |
|
55 |
43 |
12 |
|
|
21 |
58 |
32 |
26 |
|
22 |
56 |
42 |
14 |
|
23 |
61 |
42 |
19 |
|
24 |
61 |
43 |
18 |
|
2(5 |
52 |
41 |
11 |
|
26 |
56 |
43 |
13 |
|
27 |
68 |
45 |
23 |
|
28 |
50 |
37 |
13 |
|
29 |
49 |
26 |
23 |
|
30 |
56 |
40 |
16 |
SO
—
I
J
|
ITATION. |
|||
|
-a |
|||
|
3, a |
a .2 |
||
|
Q'-S |
|||
|
o £ |
.S3 |
||
|
8 |
o s |
-3 |
|
|
-8 .a |
13 3 '5 |
||
|
.a "3 |
oo o |
||
|
i |
.a |
||
|
o 1 |
1 |
i-s |
a > |
|
cS |
Q |
£ |
.05
.20
.13 .03
.51 .02 .03 .03
1.06
.41
S. E. W. N. W.
\. w.
S. S. E.
S. S. E.
S. E.
E. S. E.
X. w.
N. W.
N. W.
N. W.
W. N. W.
X. W.
W. N. W.
W. N. W.
N. W.
S. E.
S. E.
S. E
S. E.
E. S. E.
N. E.
X. E.
E.
E.
E.
S. E.
N.W.
s. w.
S. S. E.
J3
Cloudy
Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Partly cloudy
Partly cloudy
Partlv cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
|
Sum | 1758 Mean 58.6 |
885 29 5 |
2.47 |
|||||||
tlncludinn rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMAEY.
ii-KiiATt-RE— Mean maximum, 58.6; Mean minimum, 29.5; Mean, 44; Maximum, 72; Date, 5 and fi; Minimum. 23; Date, 17; Createst daily range, 39.
ii'ii urn-. -Total, 2.47 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, 1.06; Date, 26. Ni ubbb Of Dare— With .01 inch or more precipitation, 10; Clear, 15; Partly cloudy, 4; Cloudy, 11.
Nov.. 1910.]
\\\l \L REPORTS.
71
Meteorological Record: Month of May, 1910.
Tempera TTiit:.
a!
s
&
11'lTATIoN.
|
T3 |
|||||
|
Id |
|||||
|
? 2 |
|||||
|
CS |
|||||
|
p > |
|||||
|
61 C |
1 |
s |
°& |
||
|
C |
M |
■a |
s_3 |
||
|
c 1 |
) |
a 4) |
.9 .9 |
o o co o |
|
|
IM |
•M |
§ |
E3 J8 |
||
|
V |
§ |
| |
— 3 |
||
|
J |
| |
| |
s |
aj sj |
|
|
£ |
H |
CO |
n |
•43 I
-o
a
'S
o
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
|
57 |
42 |
15 |
|
49 |
36 |
13 |
|
58 |
40 |
18 |
|
53 |
42 |
11 |
|
50 |
38 |
12 |
|
58 |
29 |
29 |
|
68 |
35 |
33 |
|
77 |
38 |
39 |
|
63 |
52 |
11 |
|
65 |
49 |
16 |
|
64 |
53 |
11 |
|
62 |
34 |
28 |
|
52 |
35 |
17 |
|
62 |
40 |
22 |
|
63 |
37 |
26 |
|
64 |
41 |
23 |
|
78 |
38 |
40 |
|
63 |
42 |
21 |
|
63 |
16 |
17 |
|
82 |
44 |
38 |
|
60 |
52 |
8 |
|
61 |
17 |
14 |
|
65 |
48 |
17 |
|
87 |
53 |
34 |
|
79 |
63 |
16 |
|
78 |
61 |
17 |
|
73 |
48 |
25 |
|
73 |
-53 |
20 |
|
69 |
61 |
8 |
|
63 |
!.-, |
18 |
|
61 |
48 |
13 |
IIS
.21 .13
.02 !02'
.06
.37 M
.32
E. N. E. E. B. E.
E. P. E. N.N. B. N. X. E. E. X. E. W. N. \V. W. S. W.
B. \\ W. N. W.
w. s. w.
N. E. E. N. E.
E. X. X. E. X. X. E. S. S. E. S. S. W. W. X. w.
X. w.
S. E. E. X. E.
S. E. S. '
8. W.
3. w. s. s. w. X. X. E. S. S. E. E. N. E.
B. W.
Clear
Partly cloudy
( 'ioudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
Cloudy
( llear
< llear
Cloudy
Partly cloudy
i llear
Clear
Clear
Partly cloudy
Partly cloudy
Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy
( 'l.mdy
Cloudy
Partly cloudy
Partly cloudy
Clear
Partly cloudy Clear
|
Sum. |
82 1 |
1290 41.1 |
1.27 |
|||||
|
Mean |
||||||||
t Including rain, bail, sleet, and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Temperati-re— Mean maximum, 62.1; Mean minimum, 41.1; Mean, 51.6; Maximum, S7; Date, 24; Minimum, 29; Date, 6; Greatest daily ranee, 40.
Pb» ipitatios -Total, 1.27 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, .37; Date, 18.
Ml mber of Days— With .01 inch or more precipitation, 9; Clear, 12; Partly cloudy, 7; Cloudy, 12.
N. II. AGR. EXPERIMENT STATION.
[Bulletin 151
Mel lorological Record: Month of June, 1910.
TEMPERATl"RE.
a
|
Precipitation. |
|||
|
T3 |
|||
|
id |
|||
|
2 ° |
|||
|
S'i3 |
|||
|
a > |
|||
|
8 |
o 8 |
||
|
ti |
J3 |
*•§ |
|
|
a |
a |
o o |
|
|
•■8 a |
a |
a> o |
|
|
3 |
l** QJ |
||
|
■ |
a |
;__; |
° a |
|
o |
o |
.2 |
■TJ'-S |
|
Tim |
a < |
o a CO |
(3 |
.13
-a a
T3
—
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
|
63 |
47 |
|
67 |
43 |
|
73 |
42 |
|
73 |
40 1 |
|
57 |
39 |
|
57 |
45 ; |
|
04 |
43 |
|
67 |
43 |
|
83 |
47 |
|
55 |
52 |
|
54 |
49 |
|
59 |
47 |
|
79 |
49 |
|
83 |
58 |
|
78 |
54 |
|
69 |
48 |
|
63 |
54 |
|
74 |
57 |
|
83 |
57 |
|
87 |
54 |
|
91 |
60 |
|
88 |
60 i |
|
82 |
68 j |
|
73 |
49 |
|
74 |
50 |
|
84 |
50 |
|
80 |
60 |
|
82 |
63 |
|
76 |
56 |
|
83 |
57 |
16 24 31 33 18 12 21 24 36 3 5 12 30 25 24 21 9 17 26 33 31 28 14 24 24 34 20 19 20 26
S2 .24
.26 .55 .40
.67 .15
.07
.11
S. S. W.
S. W. W .8. W.
S. E.
S. E.
E. S. E.
E. S. E.
W. N. W.
N. \Y. E. N. E. E. N. E. E. N. E. \\ . S. W.
w. s. w.
N. W.
E. N. E. E. N. E. N. N. E. N. N. E. N. N. W.
N. W.
N. W. W. N. W.
N. W.
E. S. E.
W. N. W.
W. S. W.
s. w.
N. W.
N. W.
Clear
Clear Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clouily
Partly cloudy
Clear
( 'lear Cloudy Cloudy Cloudy Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Cloudy
Cloudy
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear Partly cloudy
Clear
I Hear
Cloudy
Partly cloudy
Clear
Clear
|
2201 1540 |
3.27 |
||||
|
73 4 51.3 . |
|||||
t Including rain, hail, sleet, and melted snow.
MONTHLY SUMMARY.
Temperature— Mean maximum, 73.4; Mean minimum, 51.3; Mean, 62.3; Maximum, 91; Date, 21; Minimum, 39; Date, 5; Greatest daily range, 36.
PiiKCiPiTATioN — Total, 3.27 inches; Greatest in 24 hours, 82; Date, 6.
Ni UBBB o» DaTB -With .01 inch or more precipitation, 9; Clear. 18; Partly cloudy, 5; Cloudy, 7.
■ill
fillip
11
imit
mWi
B
mm
m\
immn\
nil illr
•If?*! tl-£**»t?tf t*tft»
Hm*i
iPJSliu
f m : i fr t
11
III IB 1, /AiSliinMi
■