‘ 7 Pane SOO ene Sa . APU Eo Wr NERO : 7 7 aa italy cattenetires : i or . “Ne Rath 7 ‘ So ar tants : fa whe para reticeut eta} ‘ . ea ee oes . a Se ee ee eke Foto ts tah dap te : ; x “ On tee TE TaER LOCA tt Rit ke : - Mey a EAN URS eae wepten 7 . me ay Ve Bate Mewes Seems $y “NW , ey eas. . . fers te leicietaisisnv\ cis fae eis aisles. wie 28 Hew OU EUICOr SV SECU ike cicero e Salsas arale caus Gla tee a’yreia'e 30 (3) Mixed hardwoods of bottoms of secondary streams..... 30 Upland type: GUD ROSE Oat eo ele srerecars shaveraveiarsin/ this ic bisiensietelscniarele)e eye loi 32 CZ) We ONUD- Oaks ne actetreinin aserne citi leisieieie el sislaisie eis ier ss oie 35 Ge anid Ara WOGdSs tier ers clelarelecere ciate tk cieiyelvtesaia’ « 41 Subtype (a) upland mixed hordwoods.......... 42 SUDDEN UO) OAL DICKORV = perce) sie iaelels elelaye sits «let 54 Forest acres by counties—present (1924) and original............... 58 FEVERS. TRIS hs in ole ain th Sct. 5, Eee ra CIPRO te SnieE EO TRE SERS Fi ror a 64-72 Pari alio MG TO wiua pang -ViPlO STUUR archer v- sce pareve aisles cove lu\cyece e = aieis\arnusye ech s\sile-e oie 73 (1) Studies of growth rates of individual trees.................-06- 73 [Table 1, showing soil type best suited to certain species]...... 78-79 [Table 2, showing species best suited to specific soil type]...... 80 Table 3. Average growth-rates on specific soil-types for 20-year periods for 25 tree species to show soil type best suited to BD BCLOH am eerie ater TeONne cienreaiek clade werencich a laveieatalalalels ‘ets (efells eicsorsl evel 81-89 [Lists summarizing results of studies of average growth]...... 90-91 [Illinois counties classified on basis of soil reports: (1) those for which maps are available; (2) those for which unpublished information is available; (3) those for which no information js available]......- etaa data totand sista een siay einer a ave. Shee 92 C2 RS TUGTCS OL VLCLAS ore ioycre tay sveto ever eter tense) niet shaver alaV a) o/s! e\nivelnyslshaveleiai eleie/syets 92 PL OSt-OAKSILV POini tia eiaieclcietniaietaraimonicnnremeteiaus ei oratiat atic) ape) oles eracietate a: /aleys) arere\es © 93 GID a RV DG) cree crotere er nlwiaarierronarer bestest creo she ieler tals Shepiereisy=htloua)a\efetalore 94 Wpland Hard WOO EVD Omer eis creates cus ars eye sel ale otessiesete ca) she eicpeveyerieieye.e/«/abee 94 Botommlandecypes sowie citea cw teteser caters e cieteie's wiesiniaiecaia/e-ele eclclefere 95 Yield tables for even-aged stands im Illinois...................++ 95 (1) Upland types: OS E-CARD YMG tenets wi scl soitie: aie aiehaca sim ney Concha fay sieniotaenbiierallc seve ee aie 95 SOx Oa ke Uy Gm tabe nid cere cheese larrcoiutersia) aisisicvereieisla/ ai Sieisreie | as lees) Go] ag | g Ss |e B B | §o |$mo| ge > = = SOD Au 1S) n mn mn x {e2) = ] ot = al ° » R= Be SI ad cs) So eI ea Se ee ee as) Bole hese Peo a n n q ca] ca) n H |< No. of trees per acre .. 36 12 64 8 24 8 4 4 160 Av. D.B.H. inches .... 10 8 10 9.5 GH) 4 4 10 AMEE, Tt is, 57 50 60 5.5 4 49 45 50 Cu. Ft. per BCTOs ces sratace 513 | 106 | 828 70 68 10 25 39 |1,659 | 25.5 B.F. per acre! 772 80 820 Sie itera tltecetacctavalrenta wre 5S |1,796 | 27.6 This is a region where many factors favor the practice of forestry, not alone in the bottomlands, but on the uplands as well. The land is largely held by coal companies. They are heavy consumers of the kind of wood produced in this region, and import large quantities from dis- tant regions while their local holdings are not producing to full capacity. Fires which ravage the higher lands rarely damage these bottoms. Abun- dant natural regeneration insures heavy stocking, and permits the encour- agement of the faster growing species and the removal of inferior species. Based on an average annual growth of 40 cubic feet per acre, of which 29.6 cubic feet is merchantable material, and on the average requirement of .246 cubic feet of wood for a ton of coal mined, each acre of bottom- land can supply timber for 120 tons of coal annually for all time. Thus a mine with a yearly capacity of 100,000 tons requires 833 acres of such land continuously devoted to timber production. The Kaskaskia River System The Kaskaskia is a medium-sized river flowing through a flat region. In certain parts the gradient is as low as 10 feet to the mile for several miles away from the river, although definite bluffs occur where the stream has cut through glacial eminences and river terraces. The soils are gen- erally deep gray silt loams, though sandy soils are not uncommon. North of Carlyle, drainage districts are in the process of organization; south of Carlyle, few drainage projects have been attempted. One quarter of the area in good bottomland timber for the entire state is in the Kaskaskia bottoms. Of the 161,285 acres of bottomland forest in this region 64,678 acres, or 40 per cent, are growing timber of good saw-log size; and the average yield per acre is 2,169 B. F. as com- pared with the 1,393 B. F. average for all bottomlands of the state. Usually the stands near the river have been culled, and defective or low- 24 grade old trees and immature trees here form the forest. In the less accessible areas back from the river many stands of virgin timber remain. Finally, on accessible areas near the margin, even-aged stands of good saw-log size indicate that early cutting was heavy in such places. Near the channels and lower areas elm, soft maple, willow, honey locust, syca- more, and ash are the commonest trees. Farther back, on the better drained bottoms, pin oak often forms pure stands. The Kaskaskia for- ests have a higher percentage of ash, hickory, and white oak than any other bottomland forests of the state. They resemble those of the Big Muddy and Wabash bottoms in the high percentage (42) of “hard- woods”, oak and hickory, which make up the stand; but differ by the absence of red and black gums, swamp Spanish and Schneck’s oaks. Pecan is an occasional tree on the lower part of the river, extending up as far as Carlyle. Samples, aggregating 6.12 acres, taken in three coun- ties, show that the stands are largely made up of relatively few species (12) in the following per cents: ash, 25; white oak, 14; soft maple, 13; hickory, 13; elm, 11; pin oak, 11; black oak, 4; sycamore, 3; black wal- nut, 3; hackberry, 2; river birch, honey locust, and cottonwood occasional. Thus 91 per cent of the forest consists of hickory, ash, oak, elm, and soft maple. These forests are being worked up chiefly as lumber. They contain large amounts of low-grade species, such as pin oak, and lesser quantities of merchantable ash, hickory, and walnut. A sample acre taken in virgin timber shows the following composi- tion, yields, and sizes of individual trees which were characteristic of forests growing on the moderately well-drained flood lands. 5 White Pin Hick- | Hack- Species nate apni ory perry Ash Elm Total No. of trees per acre 6” D: BE and ups...) 8 14 10 2 5 11 45 B.F. yield per acre.... 427 7,588 25040 Jno... es 420 2,170 | 13,145 Cu. ft. yield per acre..| 101 1,546 673 23 155 529 3,027 Max. D.B.H., inches...) 22 39 25 9 20 32 Max. Fits Bitoopaeer ean 0 105 100 40 90 80 | The Mississippi River System Approximately one third the entire length of the Mississippi borders Illinois. The difference in latitude between the extremes of the state is more than five degrees. The mean annual temperature of the Cairo sta- tion (58° F.) averages 10° F. warmer than that at the Dubuque, Iowa, station (48° F.). The mean annual rainfall at Cairo (41.6 inches) aver- ages 6.6 inches greater than that at Dubuque (35.0 inches). The effect of these factors on the forest is to lessen the number of species in the association, and to cut down the growth-rates of the northern as com- pared with the southern forests. 25 From southern Union county to the Wisconsin border, there is ap- proximately 533,350 acres of bottomland on the Illinois side. This is less than the area in bottomland on either the Wabash River or the IIli- nois River. The soils are very variable, but usually approach clays in the southern part and sands in the northern. The forested area, totaling 72,010 acres, or 16 per cent of the total bottomland, is about the same as the forested area on the bottomlands of the Big Muddy River. Thirty- seven per cent of this area is in timber of good saw-log size; the average yield per acre for this bottomland is 1,930 B. F.; and more than half of the forested area is in five counties. Jo Daviess, Carroll, and Whiteside counties in the north have 21,538 acres of woods on the Mississippi bot- temland ; while at the southern extreme Union and Jackson counties have 21,351 acres of this bottomland forested. The forests of each of these regions will be described as representing the conditions at the northern and the southern extremes where the larger bodies of timber are found. In the southern part of the state, the bottomlands on the IIlinois side are from three to four miles wide. (See Map III.) Depres- sions and sloughs of old river channels are frequent throughout, but usually the elevation near the bluffs is slightly less than nearer the river. Also the deposition near the bluffs is very fine, and clays are common; while much of the recent deposit along the present channel is of a sandy nature. The soils on this river plain are usually very fertile; and, de- spite the unfavorable factors, much of this land now forested will be de- veloped, as virtually all is within organized drainage districts. At present, forests are found as rather continuous bodies averaging less than a mile in width on the heavier soils near the bluffs; as strips bordering the sloughs throughout the bottomlands ; and as a belt along the present river channel outside the levees. Based on 4.6 acres measured in Union county, the representation of species in per cent is as follows: soft maple, 33; ash, 18; cottonwood, 14; elm, 12; hackberry, 10; pin oak, 3; red gum, 3; pecan, 2; river birch, 2; willow, 1; with occasional swamp white, bur, and lyre-leaved oaks. The stands inside the levees, usually restricted to poorly drained de- pressions or heavy clay soils, are the remnants of the original bottomland forests. In their virgin state these forests were heavy stands of ash, elm, hackberry, soft maple, honey locust, various oaks, hickories, and gums, but logging operations have left very little of the original forests. At present these stands contain defective, or low-grade material, with valu- able trees present in varying amounts. The best stands average as high as 12,000 B. F. per acre. Logging is still conducted on a limited scale. “Softwoods” suitable for fruit-containers’ veneering grow very rapidly on these bottoms, and this region is the logical source of supply of this material for the adjacent fruit and truck gardening region. Pecan, being native to this region, is also encouraged and in places on these flood-plains the regular bottomland association is enriched by beech. 26 A sample plot taken in a 30-year-old stand shows the nature of the second growth now developing. 2 3 5 s 8 26 Species & =I 8 5 iC 3 5 é S42) 8 [8 |e |e) oe mo | od [oR | hohe ) Fl) ee No. of trees per acre| 204 88 40 16 12 12 8 380 Av. D.B.H., inches..) 7.0] 6.0 4.6 7.0 9.0 | 12.0 | 3.5 Ay Btaitteccesccees 70 60 55 76 77 90 50 Cu. Ft. per acre..... 1,995 | 512 | 156 | 137 | 152 | 475 14 | 3,441 | 114.7 B.F. per acre....... 2,02 LED |||S ats alee 176 | 464 |...... 2,836 | 945 The belt of forested land along the river is usually outside the levees. The width is rarely more than half a mile. Such forests are subjected to frequent flooding. New channels are constantly developing and old channels filling up. The recent deposit in this region is usually of a sandy nature, rich in organic substance. Under such conditions willow, cottonwood, and sycamore show abnormally rapid growth-rates. Al- though of limited area and relatively unstable, such land promises to pay higher returns per acre for managed timber-production than any other forested area in the state. Usually in unmanaged stands non-commer- cial willows control the site, with maple, sycamore, and cottonwoods as oc- casional trees. Cottonwood 18 years old is now being harvested from such stands, and sold to egg-crate manufacturers for veneers. Trees attain a height of a hundred feet, and an average D. B. H. of 12 inches at this age. The best trees attain a D. B. H. of 18 inches. Under man- agement with cottonwood given precedence, pulp-wood can be produced in 10 years, veneer and sawlogs in 18. Data from sample taken in an 18-year old unmanaged stand where cottonwood was almost wholly in control of the site follow. Av. Species Soeae Willow | Total | annual growth No. of trees per LCT Chern cere senerere 88 2 90 Av. D.B.H IMCHESG) jer< miss AG5 9 Av. Ht., feet..... 92. 90 : Cu. Ft. per acre..| 2,198.0 25 2,223 123.5 BES DOL ACKC rere) Opus Sawn tlleteneleys cial 5,174 287. The value of the stand as pulp-wood at the 18-year period is as fol- lows: 24.7 cords, valued on the stump at $1.25 per cord, totals $30,875 ; annual taxes at $ .40 per acre compounded at 5 per cent for 18 years total $11.25; returns as pulp-wood are $19.62 or $1.09 per acre per year. rad The timber on this plot which was merchantable for veneer logs was harvested. Thirty-eight trees per acre were cut with a total-scale of 5,174 B. F., Doyle rule: the stumpage value was $12.00 per M. This gives a gross return of $62.09 per acre. After the $11.25 cost of taxes and interest on taxes for 18 years has been deducted, this acre has returned $50.84 or $2.83 per year when devoted to the production of veneer logs. In addition to the 38 trees harvested for veneer, there remain 52 trees suitable for pulp, which contain 7.3 cords having a stumpage value of $1.25 per cord. Thus the acre has actually returned $50.84 over taxes, and has in addition a pulp-wood stand worth $9.12 giving the total re- turns, if cut clear, of $3.33 per acre annually from true waste land. In the northern three counties, Whiteside, Carroll, and Jo Daviess, the bottomlands on the Illinois side are narrower than in the south. They average about a mile from the bluffs to the river in Jo Daviess county and widen out in Whiteside county to three miles. The bottomland soils are usually sands and gravels, and much of the land is scarcely worth development. Here also, the Mississippi flows through many channels, and the wooded islands are usually less than six feet above the general river-level. The bottomlands in Jo Daviess county are about 40 per cent wooded, and the forests. frequently extend from the river to the bluffs. In Carroll and Whiteside counties the forests are on the islands, and along the river as a rather continuous belt with a maximum width of two miles, while the area near the bluffs is cleared. (See Map VI A.) Between 1830 and 1850 these forests were heavily culled to supply fuel and building material for settlers on the neighboring prairies, and fuel for steamboats, river towns, and the Galena mines of Jo Daviess county. By 1870 the Wisconsin white pine was supplying the building material for this region. In recent years cutting has been light, reproduc- tion by both sprouting and seedling abundant, and the stands are gen- erally overstocked with immature trees crowding in among the occasional old and defective trees. Much of this second growth is passing from pole-wood to sawlog size. The association is largely “softwoods”; and a half dozen of the less valuable species make up 95 per cent of the stand. Based upon measure- ments totaling 6.36 acres, the representation of species by per cents is as follows: soft maple, 39; elm, 22; willow, 14; river birch, 12; pin oak, Weashy 5. A sample taken in-a 25-year old sprout-seedling stand furnished the following data: Av. 4 Soft Pin River Species Elm Ash a Total |annual maple oak birch growth No. of trees per acre..| 224 240 152 24 8 648 Av. D.B.H., inches.. 4.4 3.7 4.2 5.0 12 Arve GEE. TeGt:. .os5 se cua 38 36 38 45 60 Cu. Ft. per acre...... 494 355 377 50 142 1,418 56.7 28 The Mississippi bottomland between the northern and southern ex- tremes has been developed. Forests are found rather generally on the low islands, outside the levees, and hold a very restricted area elsewhere. Also, river development, notably at Keokuk, has raised water levels over considerable areas, thus drowning out the forests outside the levees. In certain regions (Carroll and Henderson counties) sands are found on the flood-plain. Here the forest growth is altogether different from the usual bottomland association. It is described under the scrub oak type. In many instances the stands on the islands are cut regularly for cord- wood from which charcoal for gunpowder is derived. A pulp manu- facturing company has purchased several islands and is developing plan- tations of cottonwood and maple. The association is similar to that in the extreme northern area, the soils are usually fertile, and growth rates are excellent. The Illinois River System The bottomlands of the Illinois River are very definitely bounded on each side by bluffs from four to ten miles apart. The soils are light, pure sands being common. Formerly this river valley contained many large areas of shallow lakes and sloughs where reeds and willows pre- vailed. Drainage projects have reclaimed most of this valley with the exceptions of the lower twelve miles, of the region near the junction of the Sangamon, and of the region of the Big Bend at Hennepin. These areas have some 3,000, 4,000, and 16,000 acres respectively of bottom- land forested, but 77.4 per cent of the entire valley is cleared. The de- velopment of levees, in most places, has confined the river within a nar- row channel, while the Chicago Sanitary Canal has increased the volume of water. Consequently, those forests outside the levees or in undrained areas have been killed by excess flooding, and throughout the lower part of the valley forest conditions have been changed by changing water- levels. These forests have been culled heavily for saw-timber until there remains but 12,113 acres, or 9.8 per cent, in good saw-timber on a total of 122,651 acres forested. Even saplings and immature timbers are har- vested for pulpwood and cordwood. Based upon samples aggregating 4.78 acres taken in two counties, the representation in per cents by species is as follows: soft maple, 55; cottonwood, 18; elm, 11; pin oak, 4.5; pecan, 3.5; ash, 3; willow, 2; river birch, 2; with infrequent bur oak, hickory, sycamore, black walnut, and honey locust. Thus soft maple, cottonwood, and elm make up 84 per cent of the stands ; and oak-hickory comprise less than 5 per cent of the stands. With the adjustment of the average water-mark to new and higher levels, there has followed a readjustment of forest associations. The cottonwood, maple, and elm have at first controlled many of the new sites. Cottonwood, on light soils such as prevail over much of these bottomlands, outstrips all competitors in growth, and is the most profitable forest tree for such land. Measurements taken on a 20-year old stand seeded on an field show the following: 29 abandoned Av. Species Cotton-| Soft Willow, Elm | Total | annual wood | maple growth No. of trees per acre..| 260 428 48 88 824 Av. D.B.H., inches.... 7.61 2.87 7.25 1.95 Vins Flt yy. Wt diners c's ones 65 35 65 30 Gulati: per ‘acre=~5.< 5c 1,866.0 | 476.0 | 286 50 2,678 133.9 Mordbiges. ce ccek eee one 20.7 5.3 3.2 5 29.7 1.5 A sample acre taken in a 45-year old stand shows the relatively high yield for saw-timber, veneering, and pulpwood obtained in this period. | AV | : Species Cotton-| Soft Elm Ash | Total | annual : wood | maple growth No. of trees per acre.. 58 105 32 1 196 Av. D.B.H., inches.... 18 9 7 8 Boge TENG ities wane pee 95 60 52 60 Cu. contents per acre..| 3,379| 1,623 | 227 6 5,235 | 116.3 B. F. yield per acre....! 13,059 | 3,498 | 104 |....... 16,661 370 The acre taken in the 20-year old stand has produced 23.9 cords of cottonwood and willow of a size suitable for pulpwood purposes. The elm and soft maple form an unmerchantable under-story. This pulp- wood has a stumpage value of $1.25 per cord, or $29.88 per acre. The land was originally purchased for the shooting privileges. Taxes at forty cents per acre per year compounded for 20 years at 5 per cent total $13.23 per acre. This acre, if harvested at twenty years as pulpwood, will pay the carrying charges of taxes with interest on taxes; and will show a net return of $16.65 or $.83 per acre per year from land unsuitable for agri- culture. The sample taken in the 45-year old stand shows a production of 58.1 cords of cottonwood, soft maple, and elm suitable for pulpwood, or 16,600 B. F. of material suitable for veneer logs. Devoted to pulpwood, the stumpage value for 58.1 cords at $1.25 per cord is $72.62. Taxes, at $ 40 per acre, compounded over 45 years at 5 per cent total $55.88. Thus, this acre, if harvested for pulpwood at 45 years, returns $16.74 over the carrying charge of taxes with interest on taxes; or $ .37 per acre per year. Devoted to veneer or sawlogs, the 45-year old plot shows a yield of 16,600 B. F. per acre of this material. A stumpage value of $10.00 per M. gives the value of this acre for veneer material as $166.00, annual taxes at $ .40 per acre compounded at 5 per cent total $55.88. Thus, this acre, if harvested for veneer logs, returns $110.12 over carrying charges of taxes and interest on taxes, or $2.67 per year. 30 These figures serve to show that returns are dependent upon the form of product, and the period required to produce a wood crop, as well as on the amount of wood which can be grown annually. The an- nual increment of the twenty-year plot, 1.195 cords per acre, gives a net return of 0.83 per acre annually as pulpwood. The higher annual incre- ment of the 45-year old plot, 1.291 cords per acre, gives a net return of but $0.37 per acre annually as pulpwood; but harvested as veneering it gives a net return of $2.67 per acre annually. The Rock River System The upper stretches of the Rock River flow through a region of numerous lakes. The soils over the entire drainage basin are light, gravels and sands predominating. Consequently, this river is not sub- ject to extreme flood conditions, nor does it have extensive bottoms where water stands for several weeks. The forests in many respects resemble those described under the mixed hardwoods of bottoms of secondary streams. Approximately 92 per cent of the bottomland is cleared. The remaining bottomland forests, totaling 12,700 acres, are on the islands or as strips along the river margin. About 41 per cent of this area is in timber of good sawlog size, chiefly elm, ash, cottonwood, soft maple, bur oak, and basswood. Samples totaling 2.5 acres show the following representation of species by per cents: elm, 35; basswood, 20; ash, 16; soft maple, 11; black walnut, 11; hackberry, 5; and bur oak, 2. Very little of the Rock River region is in organized drainage dis- tricts, and probably the present forested area will be retained. The Rock- ford furniture factories offer a market for high-grade logs for furniture, or low grade for crating; but in general the bottomland forests have sup- plied very little material. A sample acre of virgin bottomland shows the association, sizes, and yield of such stands. j F Black | Soft Bass- | Hack-| Bur Sheries Be oo walnut} maple | wood | berry oak Total No. of trees per} CRON eis eietres 28 14 4 9 17 4 2 83 Max. D. B. H. inches ....... 30 21 23 13 19 17 16 Max. Ht., feet.. 90 85 90 60 70 77 75 Cu. ft. per acre.| 1,281 365 363 120 435 142 33 - 2,739 B.F. per acre...| 5,320 885 alata) 325 1,011 399 80 9,139 (3) MIXED HARDWOODS OF BOTTOMS OF SECONDARY STREAMS The bottoms of the minor streams of the state have accumulated the wash from adjacent slopes and the deposits from occasional floods. These soils are generally mixed loams, rich, deep, well drained, and highly valued for crop land. Originally forested, they are now cleared wherever in 31 units large enough to crop. It is a type intermediate between the as- sociation of the flood-plains of the large rivers and the upland types; and in general more nearly conforms to the sandy loam associations of the upland hardwood type than to any other. Such characteristically bot- tomland species as river birch, cottonwood, sycamore, and silver maple are associated with such typically upland species as basswood, hard maple, tulip-poplar, and red oak; or certain species common to both bottomland and upland, such as elm, hackberry, and honey locust, grow best on these well-drained bottoms. Black walnut makes its best growth throughout the state in this type. In the Ozark region, the species commonly found on these bottoms are beech, hard maple, red gum, tulip, shagbark and shellbark hickories, black and white walnuts, red and white oaks, white elm, hackberry, sycamore, honey locust, Kentucky coffee-tree, black gum, and white and green ash. About the same association occurs where such bottoms are wooded in the counties bordering the Wabash River, al- though pin oak becomes a common tree here. Along streams tributary to the Big Muddy, Kaskaskia, Saline, and Little Wabash rivers, this type has a higher percentage of the oaks. Pin and shingle oaks are the com- monest trees, with white, cow, bur, and red oaks, and shagbark, bitternut, and mocker-nut hickories of frequent occurrence, and black walnut, honey locust, hard maple, black cherry, river birch, and cottonwood occasional. Red gum does not occur in the Kaskaskia region; hard maple and bass- wood are not common in either the Big Muddy or Kaskaskia basins ; and tulip does not occur north of a line extending from southern Randolph county on the Mississippi side to southern Williamson and Saline coun- ties, thence up the Wabash to Vermilion county, and inland to eastern Hamilton and Wayne counties. Throughout the central and northern parts of the state, the bottoms along the secondary streams have appreciable quantities of elm. Near the heads of streams just off the prairies, soft maple and elm often form the entire stand; but honey locust, box-elder, hard maple, river birch, black and white walnuts; bur, white, swamp white, and red oaks; ash, black cherry, Kentucky coffee-tree, and shagbark and bitternut hickories may enter into the composition. Basswood, in some of these stands in La Salle county, makes up a high proportion of the forest and is a com- moner tree in the northern than in the southern part of the state. Hick- ory forms nearly pure stands on the bottoms along Bear Creek, Hancock county. It is doubtful if beech occurs native anywhere in the central or northern part of the state north of Vermilion county, with the exception of a very few trees in Lake and Ogle counties. A representation of species by per cents based on 14.4 acres of samples from the northern, central, and southern regions shows hard maple, 19; ash, 18; black oak, 17; white oak, 15; elm, 10; black walnut, 5; hickory, 4; basswood, 3; beech, 2; tulip, 2; cherry, 1; and black gum, honey locust, and Kentucky coffee-tree aggregating 2. Ash, black wal- nut, and hard maple occur more frequently in this type than in any other. 32 In certain parts of Boone, McHenry, and Lake counties, where stream erosion has not developed sufficiently to properly drain the recent- ly glaciated region, a marsh or meadow type of vegetation prevails on the bottomlands, and forests are on the elevations. In Lake and Mc- Henry counties some of these poorly drained bottoms have the tamarack* bog association common to Wisconsin. This is of ecological interest as representing one phase of the initial period of forest development, just as the few beeches in the ravines of Lake county are of interest as repre- senting the climax type or final state of forest development for the region. However, neither is important as a producer of wood, since there are only a few beeches, and since the tamarack, covering but 157 acres, is rarely more than 12” D.B.H. (Waterman, ’21.) UpLtanp TYPE (1) Post Oak The area included in this type lies largely between southern Shelby and southern Williamson counties in those regions drained by the Kas- kaskia, Big Muddy, Saline, and Little Wabash rivers. Thus it extends from within ten miles of the Mississippi on the west across the interior of the state to within twenty miles of the Wabash on the east. It is somewhat less than, but almost entirely within, the area covered by the Lower and Lower Middle Illinoisan glacial invasion. (See Map II, fac- ing p. 1.) Isolated areas of small extent are found in Knox, Massac, Hardin, Pike, Union, and other counties. During the ice invasion, preglacial eminences were ground down and valleys were filled. The retreating ice left a deep deposit of unstratified boulders, gravel, sand, silt, and clay similar to the glacial till of northern Illinois. Following a later ice invasion (the Iowan), which was limited to the northern part of the state, a very fine soil was carried by the wind and deposited extensively over the entire state. Later ice invasions buried and modified this loessal deposit in the central and northern parts of the state, but throughout the south-central region it averages from four to ten feet in depth and forms the very fine, poorly drained soils of this post oak region. These fine-textured, gray, surface soils are generally under- laid by a stratum of silty clay. The resultant poor drainage renders these soils of low agricultural value. The general flatness of the region is broken by occasional glacial mo- raines or preglacial eminences, rarely more than one hundred and fifty feet above the plain level, and by the valleys of the intersecting streams. The larger stream valleys have a wide level floor but a few feet below the general plain-level. Gradients are low and extensive bottomlands are common. About 12% of this region is bottomland, whereas the average for the entire state is 8%. Where the layer of loess has been eroded, as along the stream courses, the soil is a yellow-gray silt loam, changing to yellow silt loam as erosion progresses deeper. 33 Originally the forests completely covered the bottomlands and about 58 per cent of the uplands. About 63 per cent of the entire region was forested. At present 6.9 per cent of the uplands have forests, represent- ing in area 13.4 per cent of the area originally forested. This type extends over 8,600 square miles, and variation in the forest is consequently to be expected. Throughout this region the upland for- ests are of two rather distinct types, the post oak associations on the level lands (type 1), and the upland hardwood association on the slopes (type 3). The post oak flats have a light gray soil and a very tight subsoil. On the poorest soils post oak (Q. stellata) may grow pure or associated with black-jack oak (Q. marilandica). Improved drainage conditions bring black oak, shingle oak, and hickory associated with the post oak. In the basins within these upland flats, where moisture collects but where the subsoil is somewhat more pervious, pin oak often grows. The repre- sentation of species by per cents, as given in the tabulation, page 11, based on measurements of stands totaling 5.01 acres in five counties, is as fol- lows: post oak, 73.8; scrub oak, 11.9; hickory, 7.4; black oak, 5.1; shingle oak, .9; and pin oak, .5. On these soils all of these trees have a low growth-rate, and the stands usually have a great number of stunted, bushy trees to the acre. At 100 years, post oak averages 56 feet in height and 14 inches in diameter at the stump on these poor soils. Occasional trees may attain a height of 65 feet and a diameter up to 30 inches, but such trees represent defective and gnarled veterans upwards of 300 years old. (Plate VI, Figure 1.) Ordinarily the stands appear decadent at 100 years and do not produce trees of sawlog size. Sawlogs have been harvested from virgin stands ; but such forests contain comparatively few trees to the acre, such trees are over a century in age, and the prod- uct is of low quality. This combination of the very long period required to grow sawlogs, the low yield per acre secured, and the inferior quality of logs, makes sawlog production on post oak sites a very unprofitable undertaking. Throughout this region the coal mines use large quantities of small timber in the round for props, legs, bars, and mine ties. Seventeen counties of this region produce 73 per cent of the coal mined in Illinois. Based upon an average wood consumption for mine timbers of .246 cubic foot per ton, the mine timber consumption for this region was 14,438,753 cubic feet in 1921. A cubic foot of standing timber in the trees of the class from which mine timbers are produced will yield .74 cubic foot of mine timbers. Hence the consumption of 14,438,753 cubic feet at the mine is equivalent to 19,511,830 cubic feet of standing timber. The annual growth per acre, for 14 plots in post oak stands taken in this region, varied between 9 and 24 cubic feet with an average of 15.8 cubic feet. The product of the entire 386,418 acres of forested upland in the post oak region, if fully stocked, would supply about 31 per cent of the mine requirements. The mines draw upon the Ozark bottomlands and uplands as well as on the post oak region for material. 34 The returns from post oak land devoted to raising timber crops do not’ pay the taxes when the crop is harvested as fuel wood, and barely pay taxes when devoted to production of fence posts or mine timber. Over 30 years are required to grow trees large enough for fence posts and from 30 to 60 for mine material. The average annual production of 15.8 cubic feet per acre of standing timber is equivalent to 11.7 cubic feet of mine timber. The net stumpage value, based on the sale value from which is deducted the cost of logging plus 20 per cent, is $ .0418 per cubic foot. Thus the annual returns on an acre devoted to the pro- duction of mine timber are $.489. The taxes on such land average $ .50 per acre per year. If cordwood is harvested, the annual increment of 15.8 cubic feet per acre at a net stumpage value of $.0115 per cubic foot gives a return of $.18 per year. Since the taxes average $ .50 this land is costing the owner $.32 per acre yearly. The possibilities of finding a more profitable use for this type of land seem remote. It is in timber because experience has proven that it can not be farmed at a profit, but these areas are among the least productive for forest crops of any in the state. With improved drainage conditions post oak improves in both form and growth rate, and black, white, and shingle oaks and hickory are as- sociated. Much of this type of land has been cleared. The remaining stands show yields intermediate between the post-oak flat stands and the upland hardwood stands of the slopes. Samples from fully stocked stands are tabulated below. A 40-YEAR OLD STAND, PERRY CouNTY 5 Post | Scrub Pin a Av. annual Species aril ani ae Hickory| Total growth No. of trees per acre..... 232 236 4 4 476 Av. D. B. H., inches...... 4.6 Bio 7.0 2.0 Cu, TES DErNaAcresee cee ert 33 30 35 30 Be Wispercaerlicaeicetenterke 414 402 2 13 831 20.8 A 65-YEAR OLD STAND, FRANKLIN County : Post |Serub| Black White | ,,. Ay. ann. Species oak | oak | oak k pes Total growth | ee a No. of trees per acre...... 84 40 40 4 20 188 Av. D. B. H., inches...... 5.0 7.4 9.6 88.0 7.4 Av. Height, feet.......... 32 32 54 45 48 Cit fh, Wer BCre nice cei cise citenen PAO oeno ae sooacd Mcaceota 08 Big-toothed aspen.......... Bfenskstaesvere .06 5 65 Sycamoarestmcc cictcros cies vie a LL 08 0.4 Black locust............... Miiaiamahelojelselere © ecul piateactisee'o| (Sev clei oc0|ereretertavelend .06 Dotalstracseten caves ae 110.2 72.54 37.75 Per cent of Per cent of Per cent of oak-hickory oak-hickory oak-hickory equals 97.42) equals 65.56. equals 73.85. Based on 32.4 | Based on 63.2 | Based on 188.4 acres meas- acres meas- acres meas- ured in 20 ured in 15 ured in 3 counties. counties. counties. *In part of the field-notes all white, bur, chinquapin, and cow oaks were tabulated as white, and all red, black, shingle, and swamp Spanish as black, con- sequently the figures listed for white and for black oak in the above table contain Subtype (b) Oak-Hickory The total area of upland forests of the mixed hardwood type where oak-hickory makes up less than 90 per cent of the stand is estimated at also these other oaks. 55 594,379 acres. Throughout the northern and the central parts of the state are broad regions where oak-hickory makes up 90 per cent or more of the stand, and such an association occurs locally even in the Ozark uplands, loessal bluffs, and post oak region. The total forested area of this oak-hickory extreme is estimated as 1,209,734 acres. Throughout the post oak region the oak-hickory subtype is found on the slopes where the flat upland breaks to the stream bottom. The soils are usually yellow-gray silt loams. | White oak is the commonest tree, shingle and black oaks, hickory with occasional ash, basswood, cherry, hard maple, elm, and black walnut form the stand. North of this post oak region, the oak-hickory extreme prevails throughout the interior of the state. It is a region of undulating upland prairies and very deep glacial deposits. These prairies are naturally poorly drained so that, over the centuries when the prairie sod held the site, decay of grass roots has been but partial, and the rich black soils of the prairies have been built up. Below the dark prairie soils, yellow- gray and yellow silt loams are generally found. Where these soils are exposed on the slopes along the streams forests occupied the site; and on the steeper slopes of the numerous moraines, forests were found. Prai- ries, however, prevailed over 70 per cent of this region. About 82 per cent of the area originally forested is now cleared, and the forests remain- ing are small wood-lots retained on the rougher slopes. However, this is a region of relatively gentle slopes ; and much land now timbered can be converted to arable land or to permanent pasture. Soil classification, made by the University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station in twenty-two counties of this region, shows that 51 per cent of all timbered soils not bottomland are yellow-gray silt loams, and 33 per cent are yellow silt loams. These are comparatively heavy soils, and the yellow silt loams are those common to the less gentle slopes ; consequently, erosion is a possibility where this soil type is cleared. Gul- ly erosion was noted in Bureau, Fulton, Knox, Warren, Brown, McDon- ough, and Madison counties and was especially severe in Pike county. These oak-hickory stands are usually even-aged, and occur as narrow strips along the slopes and as isolated wood-lots. Shingle oak may oc- cur, but the commonest tree in the central region is black oak; in the northern, white oak. Oak and hickory often make up the entire stand. In the northern quarter of the state bur oak is a common tree in the as- sociation, and often forms the entire stand in wood-lots of counties along the northern border of the state. These bur oak stands are usually poor- ly stocked with short-boled, wide-crowned, and “limby” trees. Elsewhere the oak-hickory wood-lots usually show good stocking with trees up to small sawlog size and under 80 years of age. The usual drain on these wood-lots has been for posts and fuel. For these purposes inferior and smaller trees are customarily cut, leaving the better trees. These latter are, in most wood-lots, from 60 to 80 years old and entering into the saw- log class. The practice of grazing these wood-lots is almost universal. Statements from 430 woodland owners show that 92 per cent graze wood- 56 lands. Under this practice a sod is formed which effectively keeps out the reproduction necessary to replace the trees harvested. The presence of a sod, the lack of young trees to continue the forest, and the presence of timber of sawlog size tempt the owner to clear his land immediately rather than by the equally certain and slower process of grazing the woodlands. The number of trees per acre and the representation of species in the stands by per cents for this oak-hickory subtype is shown in the tabula- tion on page 54. Samples from fully stocked stands are shown (I, II, III, IV, V) as follows. I. A 62-YEAR OLD STAND, WHITESIDE COUNTY White} Black | ,,. Black | Av. ann. Species ear Bae Hickory cherry Total growth No. of trees per acre.......... 132 49 6 6 193 Av. D.B.H., inches.......... 8.0 11.8 6.7 13.0 Av. height, feet............. 70 70 65 70 Cue fh Der) ACT cc. scrantaieee 1,440 | 1,029 46 152 2,668 43 BoB per, Acree clusters erie 2,134 | 1,957 41 346 4,478 72 II. AN 85-yEAR OLD STAND, Mercer County White | Black : Ay. ann. Species ani Sar Hickory| Elm Total growth No. of trees per acre.......... 102 16 3 6 127 Av. D.B.H., inches.......... 11.9 11.9 6.7 5.8 Av. height, feet............. 80 80 60 55 Cu: ft. pervaeres 0. occ. 2,402 396 17 30 2,845 33.5 BeBe) DERVACTE eo clin Gitersince cers 6,229 SSlieplssr cracks elinicls kestere 7,116 84 III. AN 85-YEAR OLD STAND IN VERMILION CouNTY 3 White | Black | Red | Shingle zs Av. ann. Species eat ane aynin aie Hickory| Total growth No. of trees per acre| 48 55 | 6 1 19 129 Av. D.B.H., inches. 11.1 14.2) 14.0 13.0 9.6 Av. height, feet..... 70 70 70 70 67 Cu. feet per acre...| 900 | 1,751 | 184 26 256 3,117 36.7 B.F. per acre.......| 1,797 | 4,588 | 461 60 571 7,477 86 IV. Awn 80-YEAR OLD STAND, Pratr CouNTY . White Black Av. ann. Species alk cherry Elm Total srowllt No. of trees per acre........... 71 3 6 80 AyD beke LILCUL ES raeeeteintyete siete 13.8 6.3 6.7 Ay sheieht, TeeChe sala aaicieis wretercrerae 70 35 35 Gui TE DErMACKe en la) erate ih leeie = eeetss 2,062 15 16 2,093 26.2 eH POL ACLC! paterele elerotela tans 'stsieiets BISOD! © Gils ceive acticin okew ew efare 5,109 66 ——— oT V. A 90-YEAR OLD STAND, St. CLArR County White Black A é Ay. ann. 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Mason county. Illinois has 300,000 acres of sand. Dune sand, ee THE CROP. Twenty-year old white pine on dune sand. a WASTE LAND. Eroded upland, Carroll county. Eroded upland, Union county. Illinois has nearly 5,000,000 acres of broken upland where cover crops are essential. 66 PLATH III THE CROP A 70-year old stand of white oak on broken upland, Randolph county. A wood-lot on broken upland in Union county yielding high-grade veneer oak. ee ee 67 PLATE IV GRAZING DESTROYS WOOD-LOTS. Wood-lot in Lee county showing contrast between grazed and ungrazed areas, 68 PLATE V GRAZING DESTROYS , WOOD-LOTS. Wasteful. transitio n_of wood-lot to pasture, Grundy, county, airy : PLATE VI The scrubby small trees Perry county. the occasional large veterans growing to Virgin upland post-oak forest. usually live about a century, low. Yields are very three centuries. Wabash county. Large trees are red gum. Yields are very high. stand. Virgin bottomland 70 PLATE VII OUTPOSTS. Virgin bottomland cypress-tupelo gum stand. Massac county. (Photo by Waterman) Lake county. Tamarack bog. PLATE VIII OUTPOSTS. Northernmost group of short-leaf pine. Randolph county. OUTPOSTS. Southernmost stand of white pine. Ogle county. _ 73 Part II. Growth and Yield Studies The objects of the survey were twofold. The one included locating, mapping, and classifying the forests; the other was a study of the pro- ductiveness of different soils in terms of forest crops. Growth studies were made upon individual trees, and upon plots. The studies on individual trees were made with the object of determining the average rate of growth in height, diameter, and cubic contents for a given species upon a given soil type. When a comparison is made of all species growing upon a given soil type these average growth rates show which are the fastest growing trees for that soil type. See Tables 1 and 2, pp. 78-80. When a comparison is made of the rates of growth of a single species on different types of soil, there is shown the soil type best fitted for that species. See Table 3, pp. 81-89. The studies on plots were made to determine the number of trees and volumes per acre pro- ducd on a fully stocked stand for virgin plots and for even-aged plots at ten year intervals. (1) Srupres oF GrowtH Rates or INDIVIDUAL TREES The chief factors which influence the rate of growth of a tree are (1) atmospheric, including temperature, light, humidity, and precipita- tion as the most important; (2) soil, including water contents, gas con- tents, soil composition, soil temperature, exposure, slope, character of the surface and altitude; (3) biotic, or plants and animals which react upon forest vegetation. It is impossible to secure exact duplication of these dozen or more factors even in trees growing upon the same acre, hence there results a variation in the rate of growth of individual trees quite independent of the variation due to qualities inherent in different species. In the effort to standardize as far as possible those factors which influence the rate of growth of a given species, all measurements were made on plantation or forest-grown trees; the soil type as identified by the State Soil Survey was used as a basis for soil standardization; the measurements were worked up for trees growing in even-aged stands and all-aged stands separately ; and as many felled trees as possible were measured. Average, rather than abnormally rapid or slow growing trees, were measured. No division is made between data collected in different parts of the state, other than those derived from even or uneven aged stands and from the soil type. Under the soil survey made by the University of Illinois Agricul- tural Experiment Station, the soils have been classified as unglaciated or as belonging to a definite period of glaciation; and as bottomland and swamp, or upland timber and prairie; and some 150 different types have been identified in the 93 counties surveyed. A list of those counties for which information is available is given on page 83. This information gives, for any definite area, the soil types represented and a description of the physical and chemical characters for each type. The studies of growth rates are based upon this system of soil classi- fication and are carried on separately for bottomland and upland soils 74 as classified by the Soil Survey, but, with a single exception, separate studies were not made for growth. rates when the same soil type was found on unglaciated and glaciated areas, or on areas of different periods of glaciation. The growth rates for certain acidulous upland soils of the lower Illinoisan area of glaciation were found to be so markedly lower than for similar soil types elsewhere that a special grouping of studies on these soils is made under the title Illinoisan. The studies are incomplete in that the investigation of the growth rates for a given species was not made on each soil type upon which the species grows, nor were sufficient data collected to determine with finality the varying degrees to which growth is influenced by soil and site condi- tions, but the studies do show the general growth relations for the various commoner species of the state on the common soil types. A diameter of 10 inches inside the bark on the stump is adopted as the minimum diameter at which trees will be harvested for sawlogs or for railroad ties. Such a tree will produce but one first-class tie, and in saw- log operations a 12” stump D.I.B. more nearly represents the average cutting limit. Comparison of the periods required to attain this mer- chantable size (Table 1, pp. 78-79) brings out the facts that (1) on the same soil type, trees grown in even-aged stands require a shorter period than those grown in all-aged stands, that (2) there may be a very great difference in this period for different species on the same soil type, and that (3) the difference in this period for the same species growing on different soil types is not so marked. (1) That trees grown in even-aged stands require a shorter period than those grown in all-aged stands to attain such a relatively low diam- eter as 10 inches is shown by the following tabulation. Period required to at- tain a stump D.i.b. of Species Soil type 10 inches, years Even-aged | All-aged Asha o Saud sisters ahenereee Yellow-gray silt loam........... 50 78 i CK Or yee Fcicsjeectolerne Yellow silt loam................ 69 72 Swamp Spanish oak;Yellow-gray silt loam........... 54 58 Pin oak sccm neer Deep gray silt loam............ 40 50 White oak ......... Yellow fine sandy loam.......... 41 62 Yellow-gray silt loam........... 57 97 Yellow silt loam.............+05: 64 96 Black oak ......... Yellow silt loam................; 60 57 These six species are the only ones on which studies have been made for trees grown in both even and uneven aged stands on the same soil type. With the exception of black oak, the trees grown in all-aged stands had not yet made up for the period of initial suppression and over- come the lead of the trees grown in even-aged stands. The fact that ash on yellow-gray silt loam attained a merchantable size in 50 years grown in even-aged stands while it required 78 years to attain the same size in te) all-aged stands does not necessarily mean that the yields per acre are greater for the even-aged than for the all-aged, because during this initial period of suppression the area in all-aged forest is producing two crops, whereas the even-aged stand has full possession of the soil from the be- ginning. The importance of this study is rather in the fact that there is established a standard period required to produce merchantable sawlog or tie material when trees are grown under the more uniform conditions, such as prevail in fully stocked, even-aged stands. (2) That there may be a very great difference in the interval re- quired to attain merchantable size for different species on the same soil type is shown by the following tabulation. Interval required to produce 10” trees Soil type ; Min. ; Max. Species years Species years Yellow fine sandy silt loam............ Black walnut 36 |Hickory....| 86 Wellow-Pray: (Silt. LOAM. ..cccsc ic. avee wie wnt White pine...) 21 |Whiteoak..| 57 Mellow: silts LOaIM es lace sisleyeise cic cite soins PEUWULA TD) papas estes 37 |Hickory....| 69 REDEEM rete avates's (arava a ier eset sieteysicrerale Mieiene suste eee grote Black locust. 35 |Blackoak..| 53 Bottomland gray fine sandy loam...... Cottonwood.. teh Poa he eyes 101 Bottomland deep gray silt loam...... Pam oals veers 40 |Hickory....| 85 Bottomland: drab ‘Clay: . v.05. .0sd6 nes Water locust.| 26 |Tupelogum| 75 It so happens that, of all the species studied, the fastest and the slow- est diameter growth up to a 10-inch diameter was made on the same soil type. The cottonwood on bottomland gray fine sandy loam attained this average diameter in the remarkably short period of 8 years, and elm re- quired 101 years. This contrast is modified somewhat by the fact that the cottonwood was in an even-aged group while the elm had grown in an all-aged group—yet both grew in the same stand. In the case of bottomland deep gray silt loam, pin oak and hickory grew in the same all-aged stand, yet the hickory required twice the period of pin oak to attain a merchantable size. It is apparent that in general two to three crops of the fastest growing trees come into merchantable size in the period required to grow one crop of the slowest growing trees; and the waste of permitting these slow growing trees to monopolize the site be- comes more apparent when it is seen that these fast growing trees pro- duce also the more valuable crops, rated on a board foot basis. Although a minimum stump D. 1. B. of 10 inches is used as a stand- ard to measure the period required for a species to attain a merchantable size, the relative rating of trees for a given soil should include both diam- eter and height growth. The two are expressed in cubic contents, and the cubic contents grown for each 20-year period for all different species studied on a given soil type are shown in the tabulation, on pp. 72-80. 76 (3) That the difference in the period required to attain a merchant- able size for the same species growing on different soil types is not so marked is shown by the following tabulation. Intervals required to produce 10- Species Soil type inch trees Even-aged) All-aged (ASD. ews Bottomland deep gray silt loam...........|....+++++- | 42 See aiaeheehSa Bottomland drab (Clayiterssicncs otenseytne sarod #'s\| Since sro 53 Ag lacarshevarretsts Upland yellow fine sandy silt loam........|.......+.-+ | 66 HES Hee etek ets Upland yellow-gray silt loam.............. 50 78 Cottonwood. .|Bottomland gray fine sandy loam.......... 8 ia \ BOULGMIAD GE! UVeR WARM Gels sanrs etal els eicicix: Seielnls 12 nS -.|Upland brown prairie loam...............- 26 Hlm......... Upland yellow fine sandy silt loam........|..---++++ | 62 ap evens ey havea Bottomland! vdrab. Clay ssc st were caieere ce sce cee ee | 61 id Berccty SS Bottomland gray fine sandy loam..........)-++++++++> 101 Hickory..... Bottomland deep gray silt loam...........)...2-eeeee! 85 Sars On Ly Rested Upland yellow silt loam...... React sia sin tsveneya 69 72 nN OCS Upland yellow fine sandy silt loam........|.....+-++. 86 semanas Upland yellow-gray silt loam..............|..++seeee8> 93 Hard maple. .|Upland yellow fine sandy silt loam........|....- cia, 76 £ “,.|Bottomland yellow-gray silt loam..........|.---++e++ 93 Soft maple...|/Bottomland gray fine sandy loam.......... 26 a Ch SEO UEOLL AH Cena U AD InCLAWarorre aaah srebeteratin wisi crest ci{ionela itlavpiebsaaya 32 Pim oBkiewrvccere Bottoniland a Gra Clays cjac meses ste/s neil aicueiresal cs oa (ele petals 29 6S SER a Bottomland deep gray silt loam........... 30 40 Red oak...... Upland yellow fine sandy silt loam........|-------+++ | 52 CSN y ieekaeeer shee Upland yellow Silt loam 2 cee lsccc 6 .ceyeiain cays <|o's sic ee 56 aparece Upland yellow-gray silt loam.............. 52 56 OE eens Upland red-brown fine sandy silt loam......|.......... 66 Black oak..../Upland yellow-gray sandy loam............ 44 | Ef “...JUpland yellow-gray silt loam..............| 52 } «_« ....JUpland red-brown fine sandy silt loam...... hetecren cara 4 72 ms OF 9 Saray CIAO LLEVA SANT Cl treater static hy toretroreteseintiogs ane eleva rerete ls are 53 o San. vs plan FeO WSU LOAM sete lm wininipi=a0e!s,0 610 6) < 60 57 as “...jUpland Illinoisan yellow-gray silt loam..... | 63 | Post oak..... Upland light gray silt loam on tight clay..|.......... | 66 SEAS SO misyee Upland yellow-gray silt loam.............. 66 | os cava wentotelate Bottomland yellow-gray silt loam on clay...|....------ 74 White oak...|Upland yellow-gray sandy loam............ | 41 | 62 ie CaO aUhaltevieh scibtoyraspllin Weekes Foes dou oa aeoanees 64 96 ig « ... (Upland yellow-gray silt loam.............- 57 97 Tulip poplar.|Upland yellow fine sandy silt loam........|....-..++. 42 cs <4. Upland “VEllow Sib) LOAM. c\ ctcwtsuelelsifelersyers os |i ece''e\wpvie sil Bl Black walnut |Upland yellow fine sandy silt loam........).-...-++++ 36 5 ©) (Prairie. Prowresstlie LOAM yi emtn cities ites rae ciele 40 - *\ '|Praine black clay. LOaiis vise ctcste se oes =) 49 For the species studied, the difference in time required to attain a merchantable size is greatest for the elm and this difference is but 40 years. In the case of the white and the black oaks, where the studies have been the more complete, there is surprisingly little difference due to TT soil in the interval required to attain a merchantable diameter. Black oak in even-aged stands on upland yellow-gray sandy loam attained such a diameter in 44 years, on upland yellow-gray silt loam in 52 years, on dune sand in 53 years, on upland yellow silt loam in 60 years and on the heavy yellow-gray silt loams of the Illinoisan in 63 years. The influence of soil is more accurately reflected in the height growth than in diameter growth. Thus 55-year old black oak on upland yellow-gray sandy loam has a height of 61 feet, on upland yellow-gray silt loam of 55 feet, on upland yellow silt loam of 55 feet, on dune sand of 50 feet, and on the Illinoisan yellow-gray silt loam of but 40 feet. Since height and diameter determine the cubic contents, the ratings of the productiveness of soils for any given species is best expressed by cubic contents. 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UrLtanp SAnpy LoamMs Species Cubic contents at 60 years Hven-aged All-aged Black walnut ......... Stee 51.5 Tulip-poplar .......... Pee 26.0 Bla ckiOale jasciorpis scc.c wicle 27.1 White oak ........... 21.1 13.1 REG OBA: coy nvleialcienelen mciaiee 10.6 IBASBWOOG!, seiciansis(ceote emteee 11.2 TOUS Sos oo ears one epee 10.3 MALSTA We vevere tatatat onstetcin air bolws fe eieiaels 8.8 Hard maple .......... See 6.4 FTRCKOLY isye\cleisieloniclacsisiare AO or. 6.1 WSCOCH ayesarceie cteroaiavee ines ocecata’e 2.5 UPLAND YELLOW AND YELLOW-GrRAy Si~t LoAmMs Species Cubic contents at 60 years Even-aged All-aged White: pine) ..i5- vies ssi 63.6 Tulip-poplar .......... shictee 30.3 ROG MOB ayatevsretetarcteyonsters 17.8 15.5 Black oak ........... 16.0 13.6 Shingle oak .......... Sinaies ula Dad PNT) WTPAC eRe eee 15.9 5.5 MEVT CIOL Yi tasters cleis\ele cele musiere tA OS 5.0 Hard maple .......... 11.6 2.3 White oak ............ 10.7 2.7 UPLAND SAND Species Cubic contents at 60 years Even-aged All-aged White pine ........... 18.0 Black. Oak. ciissiesee se 13.6 Heavy Loams—ILiinoisan Species Cubic contents at 60 years Even-aged All-aged Blacks Oakes seein sane 8.1 POStrOaktee sisi cists epee 5.1 5.9 91 BorroMLaAnpD Licut Sorts Species Cubic contents at 40 years Even-aged All-aged Cottonwood .......... 96.7 SYVCRMIOTE cs tee cceraceie ss a siciets 62.9 DOLE OIMAGION Pras cite res <6 53.0 Tease si leisieiae sc steteie |. 1) letelecee 2.0 BorroMLAND HeEAvy Sorts Species Cubic contents at 40 years Even-aged All-aged Water locust ......... onoGc 28.5 Honey locust ......... Mieistere 25.8 DOLoMIN aU LOmratrinralel streets Pooled 23.4 PUT oty Oc ommapeta, stahateye aisiisrare 23.6 18.0 7A) Re, © cid Cope Os Aeieics 7.3 Schnechis Oak) " .022 98.3 (See 100 “ 030 100. 2. Formula: Oil 1 gallon, water %4 gallon, soap 1 pound Percent of oil in | Percent of Emulsion Water spray solution dead scale 1% gal. 100 gal. .010 89. oh wg? 100 “ 020 98.5 4y% “ 100 “ 030 99.4 (ine Ye 1007S -040 100. DE-EMULSIFICATION Sometimes an apparently good emulsion de-emulsifies, or “breaks”, and the commercial orchardist generally finds that this is due to one or more of the following causes: It is to be expected that an emulsion which contains a water phase would be injured by freezing temperatures which by breaking the ex- ternal or water phase frees the oil. However, it is entirely possible to make a stock emulsion that will withstand continued zero temperature with only negligible damage. Injury is proportional to an excess amount of water in the emulsion. A most carefully made emulsion may, after a long period, begin to de-emulsify. The air coming into contact with its surface causes evaporation of the water and results in the cracking of the film around the oil globules, and the droplets then coalesce. The presence of acids or large amounts of lime, as in lime sulfur, leads to the breaking down of an emulsion in such way that re-agita- tion will not restore it. 110 Perhaps the most common source of de-emulsification is the presence of calcium or magnesium in the water that is used as a diluent. The presence of these salts with the oil leads to the formation of an insoluble calcium or magnesium soap, which are products of reversion and tend to form “water in oil” emulsions. The addition of Bordeaux mixture to the diluted spray solution prevents this reaction. This recommenda- tion is based upon a statement made in the fore part of the discussion, that a colloid solution has two phases—a solid and a liquid. A fuller explanation is given in the following paragraphs. Although emulsions can be made with even extreme amounts of water or soap, there is a practical optimum amount of each of these constituents. Judging from our experiments, the optimum amount of soap is from one to two pounds per gallon of oil, and that of water from 4% to % gallon for each gallon of oil. It has been found neces- sary, in order to get a good emulsion, to use from 1% to 2 pounds of soap with many of the waters used by orchardists for spraying in this state. Emulsions made with varying amounts of soap and water were tested as to their ability to kill scale. The following tables show the results. Tas_e III Strength |Amount of| Number of ee of Number Percent of oils soap experiments examined alive alive 2% 1 pound 2 1554 19 1.2 2% 2 pounds 2 2083 31 1.4 TAsLe IV Strength | Amount of| Number of pats we of Number Percent of oils soap experiments Eeanined alive alive 2% ¥% gallon 4 4092 77 1.8 3% % gallon 4 4076 28 6 2% ¥% gallon 3 2082 50 2.4 3% ¥% gallon 4 3500 16 4 These tables would seem to indicate that as far as kiil of scale is concerned, there is little to choose between an emulsion made with either one or two pounds of soap and % gallon or % gallon of water per gallon of oil, but laboratory experiments showed conclusively that a stock emulsion made with 4% gallon of water to each gallon of oil was less likely to be broken down from cold, because of a lower freezing point. In addition to this, an emulsion made with %4 gallon of water requires less space for storage. Using this amount of water in the stock emulsion, a dilution of three gallons in a hundred of water would give slightly more than a 2% solution, and for a 3% strength, four gallons to the hundred would be sufficient. | , 2.) ee ae oe 111 COMBINATION OF OIL EMULSION WITH OTHER MATERIALS For practical reasons, it is desirable that a spray may be mixed with as many other spray materials as is possible. Obviously, it is highly desirable that Bordeaux mixture, a fungicide, should be one of the com- patible sprays. As already indicated, any substance that will go into the interface and increase the viscosity will cause emulsification, and the basic sulfate which is precipitated when lime and copper sulfate are poured together, does exactly this thing. The small particles of the pre- cipitate have only a slight tendency to unite with one another and are more readily wetted by the water than by the oil; hence they surround the oil globules in the spray solution, thus aiding the soap in holding them in suspension. Pickering, in 1907, discovered that oil could be emulsified with Bordeaux mixture. Some of his work was therefore duplicated in 1922 in our laboratory, and the product tried out in the field the following year. Since such a combination is theoretically and practically sound, an oil emulsion made by the formula, one gallon paraffin oil, 90 vis- cosity, one-fourth gallon of water, and two pounds of potash-fish-oil soap, was used at varying strengths with Bordeaux mixture at strengths of 3-9-50, 9-38-50, and 4-4-50. The results are shown in Table V. : TABLE V Percent Number of Number Number Percent Bordeaux of oil scales li dead li enined alive ea alive 3-9-50 2% 1088 20 1068 1.8 3-9-50 4% 1000 1 999 sll 3-9-50 8% 1000 0 1000 0 9-3-50 2% 1000 0 1000 0 9-3-50 4% 1000 0 1000 0 9-3-50 8% 1000 0 1006 0 4-450 2% 1000 5 955 45 4-450 3% 1000 0 1000 0 4-450 4% 1000 0 1000 0 4-4-50 8% 1000 0 1000 0 Check See 1015 669 346 65.9 This shows no decrease in the effectiveness of the lubricating oil emulsion as a scalecide when combined with Bordeaux mixture. The emulsion was also combined with lead arsenate (basic lead) at the rate of one pound to fifty gallons of diluted emulsion. The re- sults are shown in Table VI. TABLE VI Total number Treatment of scales geste ae ait SShahaeal alive ea alive 2% 1000 9 991 9 4% 1000 0 1000 0 COMPARISON OF BOILED EMULSIONS WITH LIME SULFUR AND VARIOUS MISCIBLE OILS During the spring of 1923, a number of tests were made with the various spray materials listed below. As the question of thorough- ness of application has often been raised in connection with control of San Jose scale, it was obvious that if our final results were to be de- pended on, all treated branches must have been very carefully covered. All sprays were applied with a small hand-sprayer, previously marked- off areas on the various branches being sprayed individually and from all angles, and spraying was continued until the operator was sure that the solution had covered every scale. This method eliminated the chance —always present in orchard experiments—of taking samples from a part of the tree which had been missed or only partly wet in spraying. Four to eight weeks after the sprays were applied, a number of scales, usually a thousand from each treatment, were examined under a bi- nocular microscope to determine the percent of scale surviving. These examinations were made by at least two persons within a few days after the sample branches were cut from the tree. The scales on these trees were carefully examined in the beginning of the experiment as were also the untreated checks on the same trees at the end of the work. TABLE VII Number scale Number Number Percent Treatment examined alive dead alive (total) Lime Sulfur (1-8) S20; BAUME! wenk is oes teetete 1000 110 890 11 Lime Sulfur (1-4).......... 1000 93 907 7 Sun Oil Co.’s Emulsion 1-10 1000 0 1000 0 ga tesa rica An cis cekAOIC 1000 1 999 mb P=BOM she Asien eatetsmerie tetra 1042 182 862 17.2 Good’s Mistoil LUD Oe arava eerctelratatohetisneraiete 1000 0 1000 0 Pe ey a hiceie Che otal tae asinine 1000 0 1000 0 LES Oe ikevai iota ately ote ave Uecs (cena , 1000 137 862 13.6 Pratt’s Scalecide PTO okies tertestas teeters. 300 0 300 0 1 Oe aac CO SOD Oe » 500 0 500 0 DSO! \ielanictete crete sitar eceeic ota 500 11 489 2.2 : 113 Table VII gives the results of applications of lime sulfur and of various miscible oils. Since these were applied in the same manner as the oil emulsions mentioned in Tables II to VI inclusive, an inspection of those tables will also give a comparison with the homemade emulsions. Taste VIII Percent GF Namber UE ee Number Number Percent oil in of experi- scales mine dead alive emulsion ments examined 1 4 4558 894 3664 19.6 2 4 3637 50 3587 1.3 3 8 7576 44 7532 45) 4 8 7600 2 6598 02 8 4 3600 0 3600 0.0 Check tists 1015 669 346 65.9 From the experiments made in 1922-23, it is apparent that in most cases, a 2% lubricating oil emulsion will give a satisfactory kill of scale if made from the proper oils and thoroughly applied. The effectiveness of the same oil at different strengths, is shown in Table IX. Judging from this record of treatment and of the examination of a fairly large number of scale coming from several experiments, it is evident that a 3% emulsion would be advisable in orchards where scale is very abundant and increasing, but that a 2% emulsion will take care of ordinary infes- tations when thoroughly applied. ExPERIMENTS IN HarTLINE OrcHARDS, ANNA, ILLINOIS, WINTER OF 1923-24 After the spring of 1923, oil emulsions enjoyed a greatly increased popularity due to their cheapness as compared with other oil sprays and to their efficiency as scalecides as proved in trial tests by growers and experiments in this and other states. A large number of oils were advertised as suitable for making the stock emulsions, and insecticide companies took advantage of the general turn from lime sulfur to oil sprays and pushed the sale of their prepared oils. Cold-mixed emulsions also were attracting more attention from the growers, and inquiries be- gan coming in for more information in regard to them. To find an answer to these questions, to gain further information, and to corrobo- rate points brought out during the work of the two previous seasons, a series of experiments was planned for the winter of 1923-24. These were located in the apple orchards of Willis Hartline at Anna, and the sprays were applied to trees that had become badly infested. The same method of application was employed as in 1922-23, all treatments being made with a hand sprayer, and great care taken that every scale should be covered. Table IX gives the results of this work. It will be noticed 114 that some of the fall sprays were repeated in spring. In most cases this was done to check up on fall applications which showed an appreciably higher percent of live scale than did oil emulsion made with a certain -90 viscosity paraffin oil, which we use as a standard because of the large number of tests which have been made with it. In Table IX, viscosity was ascertained by the Saybolt test. Good emulsions were obtained with all the oils used. ‘UOT ROYIS[NWa 1937e poppe (g-T) ANJ[Ns oUTT » we ePST ¥2/8Z-LT/Z FAT AYEIOA YHP : ‘AVISOOSIA 0OT-86 ‘TIO "2 ‘ON 90° 00ST a HAL Parner eens eee SONI 0 00ST #% fe ee eee DAME REAONT 0 00ST s #% ae eee SUSE ONT 0 00ST 5 ‘20 F Sy i RON 90° 00ST , ‘40 F POA Nas aes ee LO SON fa 00ST i ‘20 ¥ Te eae ae eC OLONT GT 00ST n ‘1e3 T 0S-9-4 ie ebro. 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AYTWRIOA %06' ‘AJUSOOSTA GLT ‘IO “1S ON fit 00ST 5 ‘Te3 I 0S-9-F OF ‘ON SB [10 OURS “FP ON oT 00ST i AYTHBIOA il | HAL |%0G' ‘AiSOOSTA 68T ‘TIO ‘0% ‘ON 1 00ST A ‘1e3 T 0S-9-% 6g ‘ON SB [10 ewes “EP “ON 6 00ST $2/08/T AYTIRIOA HAL |%es' ‘AiSOOSIA OOT ‘WO “6g ‘ON g 00ST ” ‘ZO 4 ” ” ” ” ” «69 ‘ON ce 00ST : ‘20 F OG Nae asi sates ieee SRO SONI 3 00ST * ‘20 fin ien faer es RON v 00ST i ‘1e3 1 0S-9-4 Fe ar mayne ae wer nes COLON ia OOTL €2/61-LT/8 #41 Ree eee he a NS 9% O0FT ¥2/18/T Laan enh eee OGONT 9° 00ST $2/08/T 1e3 1 0S-9-F ens p aatiats ee OR EONT i 00ST - 20 % Tosh po eee eReEONT ¢ TOST ¥2/68/1. ‘20 % 5) a oe we RON VP 000T mn ‘1e3 T_0G-8-9 @Z ‘ON SB [IO eS “gz “ON GZ 000T +f FAL APTIRIOA %GE'T ‘AYISOOSTA {IZ ‘IO “Go ‘ON (ake 000T 1 ‘1e3 TL 0S-9-F TZ ‘ON SB [10 oWeS “FZ ON 9° 000T 5; | FAT AYTHELOA %6G ‘AISOOSTA 0OT ‘WO “TZ ON LT 000T i | ‘1e3 T 0g-9-4 02 ‘ON Se [TO omeg “GZ ON LT 000T | ff | FAT AQITHRTOA | | %LL' ‘AYSOOSIA LPT ‘WO “02 ON rad oo0T | ii | ‘1e3 1 0-9-4 ST ‘ON SB [JO aweg "97 ‘ON LT | FAT AP[MEOA %IGT ‘TIO ‘8T ‘ON ‘KYISOOSTA Q&T a i i ei (a) 00ST » €2/08/T A}IITIVVIOA Lae nal %8se ‘AUSOOSTA GTT ‘TIO ‘88 °ON 90° 00ST ” &L ‘ON SB [10 owes “G) ‘ON 0 00ST €¢/61-LI/E 0Z-T ‘ooouns “gL ‘ON 0 00ST ” x GG-T TL “ON 8® [TO elles “ZL ON eS 9 00ST a 0G-E worstnut bo “901 SUIBITITM-UIMIeyS “TL ‘ON Lt OOFT €¢/61-LT/€ FHL feo eRe en » ‘T9 “ON 9¢ 00ST $G/TE/T 3 FAL GF ON SB [10 owes ‘9F ON - og 00ST $2/0€/T Tes T 0S-9-fF AVITPLTOA %EL'L ‘AYSOOSTA 8h ‘TIO “Sh ‘ON 0 00ST ” : PVM sian aii ess "LLON 90° 00ST &6/61-LI/€ TG “ON SB [10 DUBS 9) ‘ON queul “WWOT} JOE | suyurexa deos SYOIM § 0} SPNCSIS AD queum}ee1} OUIT]-9} BJ 9.1N}XTU aYEULOSBD | A sy (pay 9 98[B9S Vsor i ae jo o}eq -[ns UO1]T xnesplog 20000009) 79) U ae -loads a@STMA9Y4}O SSsetuN YSUerjs ueg Surary | T°UUON USe}0d |o,7 ye saseo [Te ul pasn sTIO) Jo }ua010g esesop pur STIO SUIAI] JUe0Ied pue ‘poulmexe ajeos JO Laquinu “yuatIyeeI} Jo a1eq If0 Jo Uo[[es Jed JuNOWR pue JeyIS;NU pepnpou09g—xX] wavy, 119 A ComPArISON OF OiLs FoR Oi EMULSION Good emulsions were made with all grades of oil used, but five of them show a somewhat too high percent of live scale in the fall tests. Comparing the scale kill with the analyses of oils, it will be found that the most effective oils fall within certain limits. After a conference with government entomologists who had been working on the control of San Jose scale with oii emulsions at Bentonville, Arkansas, and at Vincennes, Indiana, and with the Entomologist of the Purdue Agricultural Ex- periment Station, a joint statement was issued in the fall of 1924 to the effect that the best results had been obtained with oils within the following limits : Specific gravity ....... 87 to .93 at 20°C. IMolatilitiy me tiae oe creciber Not above 2% at 110° C. for 4 hours. (Saybolt test.) WASGOSLEV) Gas ntciexctrat 90 to 250 seconds at 100° F. (Saybolt test. ) A CoMPARISON OF BoILep Fisu-o1L-SoAP EMULSIONS AND COLD-MIXED EMULSIONS 1. Scale Kill Table X, summarizes all the tests made in the Hartline orchard with boiled fish-oil-soap emulsions of 2% strengths and all those with cold- mixed emulsions except where lime sulfur was combined with them. This table shows the cold-mixed emulsions to be not quite so effective as the boiled emulsions. This table, however, gives only a rough com- parison of all types of cold-mixed emulsions used with certain types of boiled emulsion. TABLE X Number of | Number of * Number of & Percent Type of emulsion z scales live : tests made | oxamined scales alive Boiled F. O. soap, 2%.... 25 33,747 513 1.5% @old-mixed: 2%... 28 37,202 996 2.7% 2. Cold-mixed Oil Emulsions The argument in favor of cold-mixed emulsions is the ease with which they can be made. They do not require boiling, nor handling while hot, and they can usually be more cheaply made than a boiled soap emul- sion. In most cases they do not have as high a wetting power as the soap emulsions, and this makes them much less effective against certain kinds of insects, such as aphids. 120 3. Ease of Dilution The ease with which any spray material mixes in the tank is an im- portant consideration. Some stock emulsions look good, but upon dilu- tion with water, free oil, which may be injurious to plants, appears on the surface. In the case of the cold-mixed emulsions with Bordeaux mixture as the emulsifying agent, the stock emulsion rises to the top of the spray solution, though no free oil may appear. This difficulty can be overcome by diluting the stock emulsion with a weak Bordeaux instead of water. A 1-1%4-50 Bordeaux holds it at an equilibrium. It is possible that with the agitator in a spray tank running, this difficulty would not be so serious, but the stock emulsion rises quickly, and it is not at all certain that with the agitator in the bottom of a full tank, a good mixture could be made. 4. Stability On the whole, cold-mixed emulsions are not as stable as boiled emul- sions, as shown by our experience of the past four years. The cold- mixed stock emulsions, upon standing, break down faster than the boiled emulsions, especially in cold weather. For this and other reasons, there is a greater likelihood of injury with the cold-mixed emulsions than with the boiled emulsions. 5. Compatibility with Fungicides The boiled soap-oil emulsions will mix with Bordeaux, but not with lime sulfur. Most cold-mixed emulsions will mix with both Bordeaux and lime sulfur. While there is some precipitation in the cold-mixed emulsions with lime sulfur, yet effectiveness does not seem to be impaired, as will be seen by applications 69 and 70 in Table IX (pp. 115, 117). 6. Kinds of Cold-mixed Emulsions and Methods of Making Bordeaux. —Cold-mixed Bordeaux-oil emulsion is made by pumping _together, without heating, oil and Bordeaux mixture. Most of that used in our experiments was made with equal parts of oil and Bordeaux. Three pumpings gave a product appreciably better than that made with two. In most of our work, a 4-6-50 Bordeaux (using hydrated lime) was used. Calcium Caseinate-—Kayso, or any form of calcium caseinate, usually makes a good emulsion. It is probably the easiest to make of any of the commonly used cold-mixed emulsions, and one of the cheapest. The formula generally used is two gallons of oil and one gallon of water in which is mixed four ounces of calcium caseinate. Calcium caseinate should be used fresh to get the best results. Iron Sulfate-Lime—tron sulfate and lime can be used in place of the copper sulfate and lime of the Bordeaux mixture. In our experi- ; ; 12 ments, this emulsion was made up in-exactly the same way. The same difficulty of the emulsion rising to the top appeared, but was overcome by diluting with a 1-14-50 iron sulfate-lime mixture instead of water. Colloidal Clays—Certain colloidal clays—Kaolin, Fuller’s earth, Bentonite, and several others—have been used successfully for making cold-mixed oil emulsions. Those made with these clays were only tested in a very limited way in the work here recorded, but very good results were obtained. Work of the entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and in other states indicates that excellent emulsions can be made with these colloidal clays. In some respects these are superior to most other types of cold-mixed oil emulsions, and they are much cheaper than the boiled soap oil emulsion. They are made up in the form of a thin paste rather than a fluid, and this is objectionable for some uses. VEGETABLE-OIL-SOAP EMULSIONS In treatments Nos. 54, 55, 56, 80, 81, and 82 of Table IX (see p 115), the results of spraying with emulsions made with vegetable-oil soap as a substitute for fish-oil soap are given. They are apparently just as effective scalecides as the emulsions made with potash-fish-oil soap, and are slightly cheaper. SUMMER SPRAYS WITH OiL EMULSION, 1923 AND 1924 FOLIAGE TESTS, SUMMERS OF 1923 AND 1924 Oil emulsions had, of necessity, been used for a number of years on citrus trees while in foliage. During the summer of 1922, they were used on apple foliage with little or no burning in experimental work by the Bureau of Entomology in the Bentonville, Arkansas, section, and in work done by this office near Olney, Illinois. During the summer of 1923, foliage injury tests were made at Carbondale with a number of different trees, shrubs, and other plants. Apple, cherry, grape, lilac, mul- berry, maple, peony, peach, pear, potato, rose, tomato, and walnut were sprayed during June on clear hot dry days, the temperatures ranging from 89° to 91° F., with 2% strengths of (1) boiled fish-oil-soap emul- sion, (2) the same with Bordeaux mixture, 4-4-50, and (3) cold-mixed Bordeaux oil emulsion, and the only seen injury to plants in these tests was severe burning of the foliage on potato and tomato, and a slight blackening of a few leaves on rose and maple. On cooler cloudy and humid days, with temperatures ranging from 80° to 83°, the following were injured. With boiled fish-oil-soap emulsion alone iReachiee ostciica- nics Slight to defoliation Pear .............50% of leaves specked black MoMatos 215 sis.sc geo 15% of leaves partly blackened TROSGUi tec) overare oi tiate« 40% of leaves slightly burned Walnut ...........50% of leaves peppered with black dots Maple were teers tee 2% of leaves slightly blackened 122 With boiled fish-oil-soap emulsion in 4-4-50 Bordeaux Peach sos saves erecta Same as on p. 121 Peat cutarejesscac reece 1% of leaves slightly burned Wealtattty ituyseriashese Same as on p. 121 Maples. 702i tren ns ts 259% of leaves injured With cold-mixed Bordeaux-oil emulsion Peach’ ycjoc ciate Same as on p. 121 Peataiccatiics Mere 90% of leaves burned, 15% severely, 8% killed dlomatonaemnsuas 10% of leaves partly blackened ROSE econ Cee een 50% of leaves burned Wialitttiaenee eerie Same as on p. 121 Maple eine 10% of leaves burned severely During the summer of 1924 the following sprays were confined to apple, cherry, grape, peach, plum, potato, and’ tomato. Boiled fish-oil-soap emulsion alone, 1% and 2% with paraffin oil of 90-100 viscosity. Boiled fish-oil-soap emulsion, plus Bordeaux 4-6-50. Boiled fish-oil-soap emulsion, plus Bordeaux 4-6-50, and ar- senate of lead 2-50. All the above repeated, using a paraffin oil of 212-220 viscosity. Calcium caseinate cold-mixed emulsion, 1% and 2% with oil of 90-100 viscosity. Skim milk cold-mixed eomualston, 1% and 2% with oil of 90- 100 viscosity. The injury, listed according to plants sprayed, was as follows: Apple, Cherry, Grape...No injury by any spray under any con- dition of weather. Pedchiasccer tee From 30% to 90% defoliation with boiled fish-oil-soap emulsion, 90 vis- cosity, paraffin oil at 2% strength with and without the addition of Bordeaux and arsenate of lead. This occurred both in hot dry weather, and in cooler, cloudy, humid weather. Only slight injury with 1%. Using 1% with oil of 212-220 viscosity, no defoliation was observed. No injury with the cold-mixed emulsions. Plan aicikens tye ee No injury. Potato, iirc. ate ce 2% strengths of everything except the milk emulsions, gave moderate to se- vere burning. 1% strengths pro- duced very little burning, and usually none. se 123 dliomata, Woayecrsisse w ceters In most cases injured moderately to se- verely, both the leaves and fruit, by both 1% and 2% applications. The apples used in these tests were Winesaps, in the nursery row. Larger trees in the University orchard at Olney were sprayed with the regular orchard equipment in the summer of 1923 by the Horticul- tural Department of the University of Illinois. On apples receiving from one to three summer applications, very slight burning of the foliage was seen in all blocks, but nothing serious. Dr. B. A. Porter, using summer sprays on various varieties of apples at Vincennes, found injury serious only on Grimes Golden. Scale Tests with Oil Emulsion, Summer of 1923 Three series of tests were made during the summer of 1923 with 2% strengths of (1) boiled-fish-oil-soap emulsion; (2) boiled fish-oil-soap emulsion, with Bordeaux; and (3) cold-mixed Bordeaux-oil emulsion. In these experiments, the leaves were all removed from the sprayed branches so that every scale could be hit; and reinfestation was pre- vented, as far as possible, by bands of tanglefoot around the bases of the branches. In the first two of these series, the percent of scale found alive upon examination ranged from .2% to 2.5%. In an ad- joining orchard which was being sprayed with a 3% strength of oil emul- sion during the time of one of the tests, 16.8% of the scale was found alive, showing the effect of the foliage in preventing thorough applica- tion, and indicating that under orchard conditions, summer applications would not be very effective. The third series of tests gave 10% of the San Jose scale alive, even where the foliage was removed so that every scale was hit. EXPERIMENTS IN Ep KeLtey OrcHArp, ANNA, ILLINOIS, WINTER OF 1924-25 During the winter of 1924-25, a series of tests was run with the object of comparing the efficiency of light and heavy oils when used in boiled and cold-mixed emulsions. All applications were made with the hand sprayer, as previously described. The fall sprays were applied December 1-9, and examined from six to eight weeks later for live scale. The spring application was made February 7, and examined six weeks later. Table XI gives the results of these sprays. 124 TasLe XI Treatment Scale Live (Oil emulsions, all at 2% strength) examined scale Paraffin oil, 90-100 viscosity 42% volatility Boiled fish-oil-soap emulsion ........... 1500 7 Boiled corn-oil-soap emulsion ........... 1500 3 Cold-mixed (with Bordeaux) emulsion. . 1500 2 ep ( ” Kayso ) wv - 1500 14 “a Ga ere. ) a 1000 33 Paraffin oil; 100 viscosity : .83% volatility Boiled fish-oil-soap emulsion ........... 1500 8 Cold-mixed emulsion (calcium caseinate) 1500 1 Paraffin oil, 212 viscosity 1.35% volatility Boiled fish-oil-ssoap emulsion ............ 1500 a Cold-mixed (with Bordeaux) emulsion.. 1000 0 Boiled corn-oil-soap emulsion .......... 1500 al Cheek, | Jiarttarry U6 ie rcyererelcvesslntars sete sterevetne 1000 293 Paraffin oil, 192 viscosity 12% volatility Boiled fish-oil-soap emulsion ............ 1500 2 Boiled corn-oil-ssoap emulsion............ 1500 0 Cold-mixed (with Bordeaux) emulsion.. 1500 2 ” ( ” calcium caseinate) OIMUISTONM ede evesns otnicteles el cies meister eee rmiaeaings 1500 2 Cold-mixed (with egg) emulsion........ 1500 60 Check, Pebruary 7.025. 0css00cc0eccewe ce 1500 195 Check; March (1825.62). tae wee cen tee 1628 170 Free-mulsion 1 to 10 (Sherwin-Williams GOs) Var oats pve taea carey cratepa Weceaaesemc in fora os Eat 1000 1 This table would seem to indicate that there is no difference in Percent alive Be 5 koe E 5 BH SSOR HoH effectivness between oils within the range of those used in these ex- periments. Vegetable-oil soap-emulsions in these tests show as well as those made from fish-oil soap. Cold-mixed emulsions excepting the egg emulsion appear to be as effective as the boiled emulsions. Efforts to make an egg emulsion that would mix well and would stand up over twenty-four hours were unsuccessful with the waters available. Sherwin-Williams Free-mulsion, while it gave a satisfactory “kill”, showed a considerable amount of free oil. 125 THE Errect or Cotp WINTERS ON SAN JosE SCALE AND SCALE SPRAYS _ An examination of the foregoing tables will show considerable vari- ation from year to year in winter mortality. The counts of live scale for the four years on untreated branches were as follows: Year Percent alive 1921-22 50.4 (March) 1922-23 65.9 (April) 1923-24 41.4 (March) : (29.3 (January) 1924-25 13.0 (February ) 10.0 (March) It would seem entirely plausible that with the weakening effect of a cold winter on scale, the sprays would be more effective. The tables pre- sented here seem to indicate that this is true. In the fall tests in 1923, given in Table VIII, the percent of live scale runs higher than in the spring tests (1924) given in the same table. During this season we had a rather unusual experience in making scale counts. Previously, after applying sprays, a month had been found long enough to wait for the drying up of the scales that had been killed. Following the fall applications of this year, however, there was a period of abnormally cold weather, and on starting our counts after the usual interval, the oil-sprayed branches showed from 22 to 386 percent of the scale apparently alive. After another four weeks, branches with the same treatment showed only 1.3% to 1.8% live scale, indicating that the scales had been kept in cold storage, as it were, the continuous cold preventing their drying sufficiently to show any discoloration. The win- ter of 1924-25 was the most severe on the San Jose scale of any winter since 1917-18, and the record of only 10% live scale on the check branches in southern Illinois in March is remarkably low. The effect of this win- ter-killing is indicated by the very small percent of live scale shown in Table XI for that year, in which none of the treatments, with the excep- tion of two very poor emulsions, gave less than 99% dead scale. SuMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS This report gives the results of four years experiments on the con- trol of San Jose scale at various points in southern Hlinois. The superiority of oil sprays over lime sulfur was demonstrated, 11% of the scale remaining alive after being hit with lime sulfur, as compared with less than 2% with most of the oil sprays. Boiled emulsion’ was as effective as the various miscible oils used. Cold-mixed oil emulsions were about as effective as the boiled emul- sions, but somewhat more unstable. The most reliable type of homemade emulsions are the boiled soap- emulsions. 126 Vegetable-oil soap was as effective in making the boiled emulsions as fish-oil soap. Emulsions made from oils with viscosities below 80, have not shown uniformly good kill of scale. There were apparently no differences in effectivness on San Jose scale in emulsions made from oils of 90 to 220 viscosity. Tests with boiled potash-fish-oil-soap emulsions in summer showed very little injury to apple foliage, considerable injury to peach, and to a few other plants under some conditions. Due to the difficulty in reaching the scale when the trees are in foliage, summer sprays are not recom- mended except in case of very severe scale infestation. Where oil emulsions were properly mixed and applied, no injury to trees has resulted. On the basis of these experiments and observations, the following recommendations are made: 1. Oil emulsion is recommended as a cheap and effective spray for the control of San Jose scale. The formula for the stock emulsion found best in our experimental work is as follows: OTe tives ala ronalate a5 1 gallon Potash-fish-oil-soap ..... 1 to 2 pounds Water (ania ein acerscisbewete, Y% gallon Heat to boiling, and pump twice at a pressure of 75 pounds, or more. The strength recommended is 2.4% (3 gallons in 100), or, in case of se- vere and increasing infestation, 4 gallons in 100 gallons of water. The best oil to use, judging by our experiments and those of investigators in Indiana and Arkansas, is a lubricating oil coming within the following limits : Specific gravity.. .87 to .93 at 20° C. Volatility....... Not above 2% at 110° C. for 4 hours. Viscosity....... 90 to 250 seconds (Saybolt test) at 100° F. 2. If cold-mixed emulsions are used, they may be made according to the following formulae :— Bordeaux, Cold-mixed Pump together equal parts of oil and 4-4-50 Bordeaux mixture, sending the material at least three times through the pump. For a 2% strength, dilute four gallons in one hundred. Calcium Caseinate, Cold-mixed Pump together two gallons of oil and one gallon of water in which is dissolved four ounces of calcium caseinate. For a 2% strength, use three gallons in one hundred. STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION DIVISION OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY STEPHEN A. FORBES, Chief Vol. XVI. BULLETIN Article III. Notes on Homoptera from Illinois, with Descriptions of New Forms, chiefly Eupteryginae BY W. L. McATEE PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS July, 1926 STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION DIVISION OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY STEPHEN A. FORBES, Chief Vole XVI BULLETIN Article III. Notes on Homoptera from Illinois, with Descriptions of New Forms, chiefly Eupteryginae BY W. L. McATEE PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS July, 1926 STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION A. M. SHeEtton, Director BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION A. M. SHELTON, Chairman WiLuiAM TRELFASE, Biology JoHNn W. Atvorp, Engineering Henry C. Cowtgs, Forestry Cuartes M. THompson, Representing Epson S. Bastin, Geology the President of the University of Witu1aAmM A. Noyes, Chemistry Illinois THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION STEPHEN A. Fores, Chief ScHNEpP & BARNES, PRINTERS SPRINGFIELD, ILL. 1926 52063—800 See ee Articce III.—Notes on Homoptera from Illinois, with Descriptions of New Forms, chiefly Eupteryginae. By W. L. McATEE. The records given herein supplement those in a previous paper (Bul. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Survey, Vol. XV, Art. II, April, 1924, pp. 39-44) along similar lines, and constitute a report on various lots of Homoptera, chiefly Eupteryginae submitted to the writer for determination. The species of the genus Typhlocyba are treated in a previous paper (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 68, Art. 18, pp. 1-47), and those of the genus Empoasca are held pending revisional study. Famity PSYLLIDAE Genus CALopHyA Loew Calophya pallidula new species With well-developed genal cones, contiguous at base, rather acute and outcurved at apex, this species is more closely related to C. flavida Schwarz than to any other species. It is of about the same size (body 1.5 mm., fore wing, 1.9 mm.), but is pale greenish yellow instead of “honey yellow” or fulvous, the wings hyaline, not fumose, and the pterostigma shorter, about 34 the length of the cell it bounds costally, instead of 44 as in C. flavida. Holotype and paratype (1) females, Meredosia, Illinois, May 29, He Holotype and paratype deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey. FaMmiILty FULGORIDAE Genus Cepusa Fowler C. fedusa McAtee——Cedar Lake, Aug. 4, 1906; also Nos. 580 and 15196. C. kedusa McAtee.—Antioch, Aug. 1, 1924, T. H. Frison. Genus Oriocerus Kirby O. wolfii Kirby—Metropolis, Ill., Sept. 3, 1924, T. H. Frison. This species, according to its describer, has only one appendage to the antenna in the males. The male at hand has two appendages but otherwise agrees with the original description and with the identification of the species by Fitch (Trans. N. Y. State Agr. Soc. 16, 1856, p. 394) in contrasting it with his O. amyotii. Because of the usual imperfection of specimens the taxonomic value of these appendages is not well understood, and it seems best at present to base determination on other characters. 128 Otiocerus wolfti var. nubilus new variety A female specimen with the mesonotum and adjacent parts of the clavi infuscate is made the holotype of this new variety. The brown vitta of tegmen is almost obsolete, and the dark marking at apex of clavus more conspicuous than usual. Holotype, female, Metropolis, Ill., Sept. 3, 1924, T. H. Frison. Holotype deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey. Famity JASSIDAE Genus ALEBRA Fieber A. albostriella var. pallidula Walsh—Urbana, June 17, 1916, July 9, 1920; Ashley, Aug. 7, 1917; Elizabeth, July 8, 1917; also Nos. 4520 and 25021. Grand Junction, Mich., July 15, 1914. A. albostriella var. agresta McAtee—Mt. Carmel, July 3, 1906; Urbana, July 16, 1916, Aug. 27, 1915; White Heath, July 5, 1916; Dubois, Aug. 8, 1917; Ashley, Aug. 7, 1917. A. albostriella var. bicincta DeLong.—Dubois, Aug. 9, 1917. A. albostriella var. fuwmida Gillette—Urbana, July 9, 14, 1920; St. Joseph, June 27, 1915; White Heath, July 5, 1916, on Crataegus. Genus Drkraneura Hardy D, angustata Ball and DeLong.—Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916; Paxton, July 30, 1916; Urbana, Sept. 8, 1916, on locust; Brownfield, Aug. 17, 1916; Dongola, May 10, 1916. D. abnormis Walsh.—Urbana, Sept. 24, 1916. D. fieberi Low.—Urbana, June 2, July 29, Sept. 3, 5, 20 on hack- berry, 24, 1916; Brownfield, Aug. 17, 1916; Dongola, May 10, Aug. 23, 1916; Paxton, July 30, 1916; Ingleside, July 21, 1916; White Heath, July 5, 1916; St. Joseph, Sept. 38, 1916; Clayton, Sept. 30, 1916; Plain- view, May 11, 1916, on plantain; Savanna, June 12, 1917; Alto Pass, May 8, 1917; Meredosia, May 29, 1917; Dubois, May 24, 1917. D. cruentata var. cruentata Gillette, red form.—Forest City, April 3, 1917; Muncie, July 4, 1919; also No. 25018. D. cruentata var. cruentata Gillette, yellow form.—Dongola, May 9, 12, 1916. D. cruentata var. rubricata McAtee—Muncie, July 4, 1919; Auger- ville, Nov. 17, 1919. D. maculata Gillette—Dongola, May 10, 1917; Urbana, Sept. 2, 20, 1916, on hackberry. Genus EupTeryx Curtis E, flavoscuta var. flavoscuta Gillette—Savanna, June 13, 1917. E. flavoscuta var. clavalis McAtee—Oregon, June 19, 1917. E. flavoscuta var. nigra Osborn.—Dubois, May 22, 1917; also No. 565, and Mineral Spring, Ind., June 24, 1916. . 129 Genus Hymettra McAtee H. trifasciata var. trifasciata Say.—Meredosia, May 30, 1917; Savanna, June 14, 1917; Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916; Oregon, June 21, 1917; Urbana, March 24, 1916, among leaves, Nov. 3, 1916; White Heath, April 17, 1909; Dubois, Aug. 8, 1917; Clayton, Sept. 28, 30, 1916; Hopedale, Oct. 2, 1917; Danville, March 12, 1910. H. trifasciata var. balteata McAtee—Muncie, July 4, 1919. H. trifasciata var. albata McAtee——Dongola, Aug. 23, 1916. Genus EryTHRONEURA Fitch E. vulnerata var. vulnerata Fitch, red form—Algonquin, April 18, 1896, May 4, 1895; White Heath, April 30, 1916; Forest City, April 3, 1917; Dongola, Aug. 22, 23, 1916; Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916; Clayton, Sept. 30, 1916; Brownfield, Aug. 17, 1916; also Nos. 10819, 14873, 17397, 17399, 25018, 25019, and 25799 E. vulnerata var. vulnerata Fitch, fulvous form.—Algonquin, April 18, 1896; Dongola, May 9, 12, Aug. 22, 23, 1916; Dubois, May 22, 1917; Brownfield, Aug. 17, 1917; Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916; Savanna, June 13, 1917; Clayton, Sept. 30, 1916. E. vulnerata var. decora McAtee—Urbana, March 24, 1916, among leaves, Sept. 6, 20, 24, 1916; Dongola, Aug. 28, 1916; Metropolis, Aug. 18, 20, 1916; St. Joseph, Sept. 3, 1916; Dubois, July 2, 1909; White Heath, April 30, 1916; Algonquin, Sept. 25, Oct. 16, 1895; also Nos. 14889, 23671, 25018, and 25019. E, obliqua var. obliqua Say, red form.—White Heath, April 30, 1916 ; Forest City, April 3, 1917; Urbana, March 24, 1916, April 15, 1909, April 29, May 5, 1916, April 24, 1924, Sept. 2, 1916; Savoy, May 4, 1916; Muncie, July 4, 1919; Dongola, May 10, 1916; Olney, Sept. 21, 1916, on apple; also Nos. 15482 and 25048. E. obliqua var. obliqua Say, yellow form—White Heath, June 24, 1916, on oak; Dubois, May 14, 15, 1916; May 22, 1917; Dongola, May 11, 13, Aug. 22, 23, 1916; Urbana, July 7, 1915, Sept. 9, 1916; Meredosia, May 28, 1917; Olney, Sept. 21, 1916, on apple; also No. 25781. E. obliqua var. clavata DeLong.—Dubois, May 22, 24, 1917. E. obliqua var. dorsalis Gillette, red form—Urbana, March 24, 1916, among leaves, April 29, 1916, April 24, 1924; Muncie, July 4, 1919; Olney, Sept. 21, 1916, on apple; Clayton, Sept. 30, 1916; Forest City, April 3, 1917; Barry, March 28, 1924; also Nos. 156, 3707, 14034, 14271, 15747, 19036, 25760, and 25837. E. obliqua var. dorsalis Gillette, dusky form.—Urbana, Nov. 3, 1916. Nov. 10, 1915; Dongola, May 9, 12, Aug. 23, 1916; Meredosia, May 28, 1917; White Heath, April 30, 1916; also Nos. 10867, 15540, and 25742. E. obliqua var. stolata McAtee—No. 10591. E. obliqua var. parma McAtee——White Heath, April 30, 1916. E. obliqua var. noevus Gillette, red form.—Muncie, July 4, 1919; Urbana, March 24, 1916, among leaves, April 24, 1924, April 29, 1920; 130 White Heath, April 30, 1916; St. Joseph, Nov. 10, 1906; also Nos. 156, 238, 266, 25048, and 25756. E. obliqua var. noevus Gillette, yellow form.—Dubois, May 15, 1916; White Heath, April 30, 1916, May 7, 1909; Muncie, June 3, 1917; Don- gola, May 10, 1917; Urbana, March 24, 1916, among leaves; also No. 50235. E. obliqua var. fumida Gillette, red form—Muncie, Feb. 7, 1925, June 3, 1917, July 4, 1919; White Heath, April 30, 1916; Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916; Algonquin, Oct. 11, 1895; Urbana, April 24, 1924, April 29, 1916, Sept. 8, 1916, on locust, Nov. 13, 1915; Dongola, May 9, 13, 1916; Meredosia, May 29, 1917; Forest City, April 3, 1917; Dubois, May 14, 1916. E. obliqua var. fumida Gillette, yellow form.—Urbana, June 17, Sept. 5, 9, 1916; April 24, 1924; Clayton, Sept. 30, 1916; Dongola, May 12, Aug. 23, 1916; Dubois, May 22, 25, 1917; Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916; White Heath, April 30, 1916, Aug. 12, 1920; Savanna, June 11, 1917. Erythroneura obliqua var. bitincta new variety Like E. obliqua var. obliqua yellow form, with the anterior markings, that is of head and thorax, including those on base of scutellum, and of tegmina especially along costa, obliterated by a brownish black wash, and the tegmina from just anterior to apices of clavi apically, blackish. Upper part of face dusky yellowish, remainder of lower surface of head, and of thorax, brownish black, legs mostly stramineous, venter yellowish. Length, 3 mm. Holotype, male, Toronto, Canada, Aug. 8, 1924, E. D. Ball. Holotype deposited in the collection of E. D. Ball. E. obliqua var. eluta McAtee—Urbana, Aug. 3, 1916; Dongola, Aug. 22, 1916. E. rubroscuta Gillette, red form.—Urbana, April 18, 1918, April 23, 1919, April 23, 29, July 20, 1920; Augerville, Oct. 18, 1919; Muncie, Aug. 15, 1917. E. robroscuta Gillette, yellow form.—Urbana, April 23, 1919, April 29, 1920. E. abolla var. accensa McAtee, red form.—White Heath, April 30, 1916. E. abolla var. accensa McAtee, yellow form—Urbana, April 18 1919, July 12, 1920; Dongola, May 12, 1916; Dubois, May 24, 1917. E. abolla var. abolla McAtee, red form—Muncie, July 4, 1919; Altc Pass, May 8, 1917; White Heath, April 30, 1916; Meredosia, May 30, 1917; Urbana, March 24, 1916, among leaves. E. abolla var. varia McAtee, red form—White Heath, April 30, 1916; Urbana, March 24, 1916, among leaves; Dubois, May 22, 1917; also No. 3171. E. abolla var. varia McAtee, yellow form—Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916. 131 Erythroneura abolla var. lemnisca new variety Like E. abolla var. accensa yellow form, except that the scutellum, and disk of pronotum and vertex are occupied by a broad dusky vitta. In the paratype, the coloration of tegmina anterior to crossveins has hardly any reddish in it (in this respect resembling var, iconica) but this may be due to incompletion of the coloring process. Length, 3 mm. Holotype, female, Urbana, IIl., July 12, 1920, C. P. Alexander ; para- type, Urbana, Ill., Brownfield Woods, April 29, 1920. Holotype and paratype deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey. Erythroneura mallochi McAtee : Erythroneura mallochi McAtee, W. L., Bul. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Survey, 15, Art. U, April, 1924, p. 41 [Meredosia, IIll.]. Meredosia, May 29, 1917; Dongola, May 10, 1917, May 12, 1916; Metropolis, Aug. 18, 1916; Forest City, April 3, 1917. This addi- tional material reveals that this species has a red-marked form, the prin- cipal vittae of tegmina, the markings on head and pronotum, and even the scutellar triangles in some cases being red, usually of a bluish cast with purer red edgings. Erythroneura repetita new species Belongs in Group 4 of my 1920 paper (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 46, pp. 269-271, Aug. 26, 1920), and is nearest to E. mallochi McAtee in form, venation, and coloration. Ground color of vertex pale yellow, with an irregular vitta each side the median line deeper yellow ; pronotum pale yel- low overlaid by olive-brown except for anterior margin, a spot on each lat- eral margin, and three ovoid spots across disk; scutellum yellow with the basal triangles blackish, and two discal spots brownish; tegmen whitish hyaline with the base faintly dusky, a broad band from costal plaque, across corium and clavus, widening slightly toward the commissure, and apical cells except their extreme bases, a spot on costa in middle of cell 2, and apices of cells 3 and 4, dusky. Front bordered laterally by dusky stripes, and clypeus dusky basally as in E. mallochi. Under side of thorax, a band across base of dorsum, and apex of ovipositor, black; apex of dorsum brownish; abdomen otherwise, and legs and under side of head pale yellow. Length, 3 mm. The holotype female was loose in one of the boxes in which the col- lection was received, so can be labeled only Illinois. Holotype deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey. E. aclys McAtee—Urbana, May 1, 1920, April 24, 1924; White Heath, April 28, 30, 1916; Homer, June 17, 1917. E. illinotensis var. illinoiensis Gillette, red form.—Danville, March 12, 1910; St. Joseph, Sept. 3, 1916; White Heath, May 7, 1909; Brown- field, Aug. 18, 1916. E. illinoiensis var. illinoiensis Gillette, yellow form.—Brownfield, Aug. 18, 1916. 132 E. illinoiensis var. spectra McAtee.—Dongola, May 13, 1916; Du- bois, May 15, 1916. E. morgani DeLong.—Dongola, May 13, Aug. 22, 23, 1916; Brown- field, Aug. 17, 1916; White Heath, April 30, 1916; Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916; Meredosia, May 30, 1917. E. hartii Gillette—Olney, Sept. 21, 1916, on apple; White Heath, May 28, 1916, on apple; Savoy, May 4, 1916. Erythroneura pyra McAtee Erythroneura pyra McAtee, W. L., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 133, Dec, 29, 1924 [Berwick, Iowa]. Closely allied to E. hartw Gillette, and copying it in markings, except that the red markings surrounding the pale saddle-spot are confined to clavus anteriorly and extend no farther posteriorly than costal plaque, whereas in E. hartii they cover the corium also, and extend to the cross- veins or beyond. Inner clasper angulate inwardly, then outwardly, the angles more or less acute, the inwardly angling apical process slender and acute; process of 9th segment long, slender, bowed outwardly subapically, where it is armed below by a large aciculate process, apex also aciculate; aedeagus stout, shaft shorter than the basal cavity. Length, 3 mm. Muncie, Ill., July 4, 1919; Urbana, Ill, July 20, 1920, C. P. Alex- ander. Yellow-marked forms, Urbana, Ill., April 23, 1919, April 29, May 1, 1920; in copula the latter date. The following comparative statement about the genitalia of E. hartii may be made: Inner clasper rather the shape of a human lower leg, with the knee, heel, and toe more or less acute; process of 9th segment simply decurved, falcate, thinner apically as viewed from above; aedeagus slender, recurved apically, shaft much longer than the basal opening. Erythroneura mitella new species In venational characters this species belongs in the same group (1V of my paper on the genus, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 46, 1920, pp. 269-271) as E. pyra, but the coloration is much like that of some varieties of E. comes Say, as a heavily marked specimen of var. vitifex Fitch. Ground color of head and thorax pale yellow, of tegmina hyaline whitish. Vertex with yellowish to reddish curved lines near eyes, and forming a more or less ovate marking in middle; pronotum with an irregular Y on disk, and a heavy triangle on each anterior angle orange-red; basal triangles of scutellum yellow, outlined by red, apex red; tegmen with a broad band from costal plaque to commissure, narrowing on clavus over about the middle of which it forms an oblique marking, and a narrow band on clavus only at a point one-fourth from apex, pinkish red; a longitudinal vitta along outer margin of clavus basally is yellowish red; a triangle on costa near base of corium, orange-red and a band from posterior end of costal plaque to crossveins scarlet, a more or less inclosed oval area, and the costal border whitish. A dark spot in hind end of costal plaque, and in base of fourth apical cell. 133 Inner clasper somewhat enlarged and angulate subapically, the angle with a downwardly projecting short tooth, apex bifid into aciculate pro- cesses, the axial one longer; process of 9th segment, long, slender, acicu- late apically, distinctly outcurved subapically, forming with its fellow a caliper-like figure; aedeagus moderately stout, swollen medially, shaft longer than the basal opening. Length, 3 mm. Two of the females have the anterior markings yellow. Holotype, male, White Heath, April 30, 1916; allotype, Urbana, Nov. 3, 1916; paratypes, White Heath, April 30, 1916; Dongola, May 10, 23, 1916; Dubois, Aug. 8, 1917; Alto Pass, May 7, 1917. Holotype, allotype, and five paratypes deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey. Two paratypes deposited in the collection of W. L. McAtee. E. scutelleris Gillette, red form—Urbana, April 15, 1909, March 24, 1916, among leaves; White Heath, April 17, May 17, 1909, April 28, 30, 1916; Forest City, April 3, 1917; Dongola, Aug. 23, 1916; Muncie, July 4, 1919. E. scutelleris Gillette, yellow form.—Dongola, Aug. 23, 1916; White Heath, May 7, 1909, April 30, 1916; Dubois, May 22, 1917; Meredosia, May 28, 1917; Urbana, Sept. 6, 19, 1916. Erythroneura scutelleris var. insolita new variety With the pronotum and scutellum chiefly dark, and with a dark dot in apex of costal plaque, and base of fourth apical cell, as customary in the species, but practically without other markings. Length, 3 mm. Holotype, female, Muncie, July 5, 1914; allotype, Dongola, Aug. 23, 1916. Holotype and allotype deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey. E. basilaris var. basilaris Say, red form.—White Heath, April 15, 30, 1916; Muncie, July 4, 1919; Urbana, March 24, April 29, 1916, April 24, 1924; Sept. 8, Oct. 22, 1916; Forest City, April 3, 1917. E. basilaris var. basilaris Say, yellow form.—White Heath, Oct. 10, 1915, June 11, 1916; Urbana, Sept. 3, 8, Nov. 3, 1916, April 24, 1924, July 4, 1915; Meredosia, May 28, Aug. 19, 22, 1917; Dongola, May 14, Aug. 23, 1916; May 10, 1917; Dubois, May 15, 1916, May 23, 1917. E. maculata var. maculata Gillette, red form.—Dongola, May 13, Aug. 22, 23, 1916; Savoy, May 23, 26, 1916; Urbana, Sept. 21, 1916, on apple, April 15, 1908, April 23, 1919, May 1, 1920; Forest City, April 3, 1917; White Heath, May 7, 1909; St. Joseph, Nov. 10, 1906; Homer, April 1, 1909; Algonquin, Oct. 15, 22, 1895; Meredosia, Aug. 22, 1917; Muncie, July 4, 1914; also Nos. 17867, 25069, 25756, 40309, and 43384. E. maculata var. maculata Gillette, yellow form—Dongola, May 10, 12, 13, Aug. 22, 1916, May 9, 1917; Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916; Mere- dosia,, May 20, 28, 1917; Dubois, Sept. 21, 1916, on apple, May 22, 1917; Alto Pass, May 8, 1917; Danville, July 30, 1917, on sycamore; Algonquin, 134 June 8, 1907; Clayton, Sept. 30, 1916; Urbana, May 1, July 9, 1920; Homer, June 4, 1916; Oregon, June 19, 1917. E. maculata var. era McAtee, red form.—Forest City, April 3, 1917, on hickory; Dubois, May 22, 1917. E. maculata var. bella McAtee, red form.—Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916, on sycamore; Dongola, May 11, 1916; Muncie, June 3, 1917, on hickory. E. maculata var. osborni DeLong.—Dubois, May 22, 25, Aug. 8, 1917; Urbana, June 17, 1916. E. maculata var. apicalis DeLong.—Dongola, May 10, 13, 1916, Aug. 22, 23, 1916; Urbana, May 21, 1916; Danville, July 20, 1917, on syca- more; Muncie, June 2, 1917; Dubois, 22, 23, 1917. E. maculata var. bigemina McAtee.—Dongola, May 10, 13, Aug. 23, Aug. 24, on grape, 1916; Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916; Lake Villa, June 21, 1916; Dubois, Aug. 8, 1917; Urbana, July 9, 1920; Savanna, June 12, 1917; Ashley, Aug. 7, 1916. E. maculata var. gemina McAtee.—Utbana, Sept. 24, 1916; Dongola, May 12, 1916. E. ligata var. pupillata McAtee——Urbana, July 13, 14, 1920. E. infuscata Gillette—White Heath, April 22, 1917; Dongola, May 13, 1916. E, vitis var. vitis Harris——White Heath, April 22, 1917, April 30, 1916; Algonquin, Aug. 21, 1911; Muncie, July 4, 1919; Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916; Meredosia, May 28, 1917; Urbana, April 24, 1924, Oct. 26, Nov. 3, 1916; Clayton, Sept. 28, 1916, on grape; St. Joseph, Sept. 3, 1916; Dubois, Aug. 8, 1917; Forest City, April 3, 1917. E, vitis var. corona McAtee—Muncie, July 4, 1919; Meredosia, May 28, 29, 1917; Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916; White Heath, June 3, 1916; Ur- bana, March 24, 1916, among leaves, Aug. 27, 1916, Nov. 22, 1906; St. Joseph, Nov. 10, 1906; Brownfield, Aug. 17, 1916; White Heath, April 30, 1916; also No. 13408. E. vitis var. bistrata McAtee—Dongola, Aug. 22, 1916; White Heath, May 18, 1917. E. vitis var. stricta McAtee——Clayton, Sept. 28, on grape, Sept. 30, 1916; Forest City, April 3, 1917; Dubois, May 22, 24, 1917; White Heath, April 30, 1916; Meredosia, May 28, 29, 1917; Urbana, Aug. 4, 1916; Metropolis, Aug. 18, 1916; also Nos. 10819, 13620. E. tricincta var. tricincta Fitch, red form.—Urbana, March 24, 1916, among leaves; Forest City, April 3, 1917; Muncie, Dec. 13, 1913. E. tricincta var. tricincta Fitch, yellow form—Algonquin, June 8, 11, 1907; Meredosia, May 29, 1917; Dubois, May 25, 1917; Dongola, May 10, 1916. E. tricincta var. calycula McAtee, red form.—Muncie, July 4, 1919; Urbana, Nov. 22, 1906. E. tricincta var. calycula McAtee, yellow form—Dubois, May 16, 1916; Savanna, June 14, 1917; White Heath, May 7, 1909; also No. 10819. 135 E. tricincta var. diva McAtee——Meredosia, May 28, 29, 1917; White Heath, April 30, 1916, May 18, 1917. E. tricincta var. integra McAtee, red form.—Muncie, July 4, 1919; Urbana, March 24, 1916, among leaves. E. tricincta var. integra McAtee, yellow form.—Dongola, May 10, 1917; Alto Pass, May 7, 1917; also No. 10819. E. tricincta var. cymbium McAtee—Dongola, May 10, 1917; Ur- bana, Oct. 11, 1914, April 29, 1916; White Heath, May 7, 1909; also Nos. 10819 and 14034. E. tricincta var. disjuncta McAtee.—Meredosia, May 28, 1917; White Heath, May 7, 1909. Erythroneura tricincta var. complementa new variety Crossbands one and two bright red, three dusky, differing from var. diva McAtee in crossband one being confined to pronotum; subsidiary markings yellow. Length, 2.75 mm. Holotype, female, Ocean Springs, Miss., Aug. 4, 1921, C. J. Drake. Holotype deposited in the collection of W. L. McAtee. E. comes var. comes Say, red form.—White Heath, April 30, 1916; also No. 25019. E. comes var. comes Say, red form—White Heath, April 30, 1916; Dongola, Aug. 24, 1916, on grape; Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916. E. comes var. vitifex Fitch, red form—White Heath, April 30, 1916, May 7, 1909; Brownfield, Aug. 17, 18, 1916; Clayton, Sept. 30, 1916; Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916; St. Joseph, Sept. 3, 1916, on grape; Algon- quin, May 18, 1897; Clay City, Sept. 2, 1909; Forest City, April 3, 1917; Muncie, July 4, 1919; Urbana, April 24, 1924; also Nos. 25017 and 25019. E. comes var. vitifex Fitch, yellow form.—St. Joseph, Sept. 3, 1916, on grape; Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916; Clayton, Sept. 30, 1916; Meredosia, May 28, 1917; Dubois, May 22, 1917; Clay City, Aug. 17, 1911; White Heath, April 30, 1916; Brownfield, Aug. 17, 1916; Alto Pass, May 7, 1917; Dongola, Aug. 22, 23, 1916. E. comes var. palimpsesta McAtee.—Several topotypes, Forest City, April 3, 1917. E. comes var. elegans McAtee.—Urbana, Ill., May 5, July 3, 4, Sept. 4, 6, 1916; Aug. 25, 1924; Elizabeth, July 7, 1917; Algonquin, May 31, 1913; Muncie, July 4, 1914; Meredosia, Aug. 30, 1917; White Heath, April 30, 1916. E. comes var. rubra Gillette—Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916; Brown- field, Aug. 18, 1916; Dongola, Aug. 23, 1916; Havana, May 1, 1912. E. comes var. rubrella McAtee—Dongola, Aug. 22, 23, 1916; Forest City, April 3, 1917; White Heath, May 7, 1906; Oregon, June 20, 1917; Meredosia, Aug. 19, 1917. E. comes var. reflecta McAtee——Forest City, April 3, 1917; Urbana, March 24, 1916, among leaves, Aug. 28, 1915; Metropolis, Aug. 18, 20, 1916; White Heath, May 7, 1909, April 27, 1917; Havana, May 1, 1912; 136 Dongola, May 13, 1916; Meredosia, May 28, 1917; Savanna, June 14, 1917. Erythroneura comes var. pontifex new variety Like E. comes var. reflecta McAtee (Bul. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Sur- vey, 15, Art. II, April 1924, p. 43 [Md., Va., Ill., Ia., Kans.]), but with two black finger-shaped vittae on vertex overlying an inverted heart- shaped brownish marking; a marking somewhat similar to latter can be seen through the disk of pronotum. Length, 3 mm. Holotype, female, Dubois, Ill., May 24, 1917. Holotype deposited in the collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey. E. comes var. delicata McAtee, yellow form.—St. Joseph, Sept. 3, 1916, on grape. Erythroneura comes var. octonotata Walsh Having examined copious material of the genus from Illinois, which in all probability must contain some representatives of octonotata de- scribed by Walsh from that state, I have decided to use the name for some whitish hyaline specimens with slight orange-yellow color-markings, and a dark dot in middle of clavus, in addition to the usual ones in apex of costal plaque, apex of second apical, and base of fourth apical cell. In effect it is the variety delicata McAtee with a dark dot in clavus. White Heath, April 30, 1916; Brownfield, Aug. 17, 1916. Two specimens of var. delicata from the District of Columbia region show a faint dark spot in the clavus. E. comes var. accepta McAtee, red form.—Urbana, Aug. 4, 7, 1916, on grape; St. Joseph, Sept. 3, 1916. E. comes var. accepta McAtee, yellow form—Urbana, Aug. 4, 1916, on grape; Dongola, Aug. 23, 1916. E. comes var. compta McAtee, red form—Muncie, July 4, 1914; White Heath, May 7, 1909; Brownfield, Aug. 17, 1916; Urbana, Sept. 9, 1916; Forest City, April 3, 1917. E. comes var. compta McAtee, yellow form—Urbana, Aug. 29, 1914, Aug. 4, 1916, on grape; Dongola, Aug. 23, 1916; Brownfield, Aug. 17, 1916; Clay City, Aug. 17, 1911; St. Joseph, Sept. 3, 1916, on grape. E. comes var. rufomaculata McAtee.—Dongola, Aug. 23, 1916; Ur- bana, Sept. 6, 1916; Brownfield, Aug. 17, 1916. E. comes var. ziczac Walsh, red form—Algonquin, July 17, 1895, Aug. 20, 24, 1894, Sept. 5, 9, 1894, Oct. 18, 1895; White Heath, April 30, 1916; St. Joseph, Sept. 3, 1916, on grape. E. comes var. ziczac Walsh, yellow form—Algonquin, April 15, 1896, July 8, 1895, Aug. 28, 1894; Metropolis, Aug. 20, 1916; also No. 25799, STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION DIVISION OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY STEPHEN A. FORBES, Chief Vol. XVI. BULLETIN Article IV. A List of the Insect Types in the Collections of the Illinois State Natural History Survey and the University of Illinois BY THEODORE H. FRISON PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS February, 1927 Hin.’ BULLETIN OF THE ILLINOIS STATE NATURAL HISTORY-SURVEY, Vor. XVI, Arr. IV. ERRATA Page 138, line 10 and line 14 from bottom, for Dane read Dann. Page 139, line 5, for Dane read Dann. Page 180, line 5 from bottom, delete D. Page 198, line 19 from bottom, for March read March 16, 1918. Page 221, line 22, for data read date. Page 278, lines 17 and 18 from bottom in right-hand column, for 150 read 158. Page 285, line 24 in left-hand column, for Franch read French. ee 2a STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION DIVISION OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY STEPHEN A. FORBES, Chief Vol. XVI. BULLETIN Article IV. A List of the Insect Types in the Collections of the Illinois State Natural History Survey and the University of Illinois BY THEODORE H. FRISON URBANA, ILLINOIS February, 1927 STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION A. M. SHetton, Director BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION A. M. SHELTON, Chairman WILLIAM TRELEASE, Biology JoHn W. Atvorp, Engineering Henry C. Cowtres Forestry Kewnpric C. Bascock, Representing the Epson S. Bastin, Geology President of the University of Illi- Wirtiam A. Noyes, Chemistry nois THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION STEPHEN A. Forses, Chief ATTEN Crease EES ScuNppp & BARNES, PRINTERS SPRINGFIELD, ILL. 1927 59061—800 CONTENTS PAGE OVUM ATCEAO TU oe-vee rate ccnerene: wictist tara che cast rarer ero Ne airan ste vonlesene nas evelisie: sy cio,eite lobia a aay ato elgels 137 Types in the Collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey....... 142 Types in the Andreas Bolter Collection of Insects (Natural History MTA EV ORAL iy OL) DELETES Ire wtatat ete: actie-alalnuncaldta ln allvigiseveisie ale ey en's, eral s 232 Types in the A. D. MacGillivray Collection of Tenthredinoidea (Depart- ment of Entomology, University of Dlinois) 0.5 ce. ce. sacl ccs eee cee 234 MEA ONUE RMR eto Re iar. ie ecu me iaseotalccut muerte toe Btenp insta cei abe Gnas (< enlene aie rere aid ia: 8 tele 269 ArticLte 1V.—A List of the Insect Types in the Collections of the Illinois State Natural History Survey and the University of Illinois. By TueEoporeE H. Frison, Illinois State Natural History Survey. INTRODUCTION The ever-increasing requests by technical workers in the field of entomology for information concerning the insect types in the collections of the Illinois State Natural History Survey and the University of IIli- nois have led to the preparation of this paper. The reasons for such re- quests are readily apparent to any one acquainted with the problems and difficulties today confronting the scientific investigator in the fields of - taxonomy and nomenclature. The enormous number of insects already described, comprising a total far in excess of the number of all other known kinds of animals, is augmented each year by the recognition and description of hundreds of species new to science. This multiplicity of kinds of insects has greatly increased the difficulty of their classification and brought to light many problems whose best solution rests upon a restudy of the actual type specimens—the specimens used by the author of a species in formulating the original description. Thus it happens that at the present time the types of insects have come to possess a great practical value as well as a historical significance. A complete realization of the value of exacting type-designations and the proper labeling and preservation of the types did not come to most of the earlier entomologists. In fact, it is only within comparatively recent years that much emphasis has been placed upon exacting type-designa- tions, disposition of types, full data concerning locality, date of capture of specimens and the many other facts now commonly added to the orig- inal description of a new species. It was but natural, then, that when the task was undertaken of list- ing, locating, labeling and isolating the types in the collections here to insure their safety, no uniformity of type designations was found in the material. Various workers can be accredited for the numerous types, some described at an early date and others comparatively recently. To meet this situation the writer undertook the selection of lectotypes wher- ever this was deemed necessary or advisable. This procedure is in line, although not specifically covered, by that recommendation of the Interna- tional Rules of Zoological Nomenclature suggesting that “only one speci- men be designated and labeled as type”. Furthermore, it makes paratypic material available for exchange and for loan to specialists, as well as eliminating certain undesirable situations that may arise from the ex- changing of cotypes. 138 The insect collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey contains the most complete collection of Illinois insects in existence and ranks high among the best general collections in this country. Its pos- session is a valuable asset to the state and an aid to all lines of research conducted by the Survey. The collection is the result of a wise policy of many years’ accumulation and direct collection of insect material. For the benefit of those interested in the historical phase of the insect collec- tion of the Illinois State Natural History Survey a short sketch of its origin and development is given. The State Entomologist’s Office of Illinois was established in 1867 with Benjamin Dane Walsh as Acting State Entomologist. William LeBaron, soon after the accidental death of Walsh, was appointed to the position of State Entomologist in 1870 and held this office until 1875. Then Cyrus Thomas succeeded William LeBaron as State Entomologist and continued in office until the appoint- ment of Stephen Alfred Forbes in 1882. The appointment of Stephen Alfred Forbes brought about, in a sense, the merger of the Office of the State Entomologist and the State Laboratory of Natural History, since he was Director of the latter institution. In 1917, the State Entomolo- gist’s Office was definitely merged by law with the State Laboratory of Natural History to form the Illinois State Natural History Survey Di- vision of the State Department of Registration and Education, and Stephen Alfred Forbes was appointed as its Chief. During the period of 1867 to the present time many descriptions of new species have been published in the twenty-nine reports of the State Entomologist’s Office, the Bulletin of the State Laboratory of Natural History, and its successor, the Bulletin of the Illinois State Natural His- tory Survey. Concerning these publications I quote from an introduction written for a list of exchange and available publications and published in 1924 by Stephen Alfred Forbes. “Twenty-nine reports of the State Entomologist were published be- tween 1868 and 1916, the first by Benjamin Dane Walsh, the second to the fifth by William LeBaron, the sixth to the eleventh by Cyrus Thomas, and the twelfth to the twenty-ninth by Stephen Alfred Forbes. Later articles of like object and character to those in these reports are published as bulletins and circulars of the State Natural History Survey. “The State Laboratory of Natural History began publication of its Bulletin in 1876, the first number of what became Volume 1 of this series being issued as a bulletin of the Illinois Museum of Natural History. All subsequent numbers were issued as bulletins of the above Laboratory until 1917, after which the series was continued as the Bulletin of the Illinois State Natural History Survey. Volumes 1 to 12 have been pub- lished under the first of these titles, and 13 and 14, together with Articles 1-3 of Volume 15, under the second.* The State Laboratory of Natural History has also published three volumes and an atlas of final reports on * Now Volume 16, Article 3. —_—— i cl i 139 the ornithology and ichthyology of the state, all reprinted in a second edi- tion, as were also the First, Eighteenth, and Twenty-third reports of the State Entomologist’s Office.” The insect collection of the Natural History Survey now contains no material definitely known to have been collected by Benjamin Dane Walsh and only a few specimens from the LeBaron collection. Of the Thomas material, almost nothing now remains except his collection of Aphididae which was acquired in very poor condition as reported by J. J. Davis in Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. II, 1913, pp. 97-121. The present collection, then, consists almost entirely of speci- mens collected since 1883 and to Stephen Alfred Forbes and Charles H. Hart belong the main credit for its development and present importance. In addition to the material acquired by the direct collecting of members of the staff of the Survey and its forerunners, considerable material has been added by the acquisition of several private collections. The most notable of these is the first W. A. Nason collection acquired in 1908. The Survey is also the recipient of much material generously donated by specialists and amateurs and has profited through the medium of ex- change. At the conclusion of the list of types in the insect collection of the Illinois State Natural History Survey, there is added a list of the types in the insect collections belonging to the University of Illinois. These collections are available for study by members of the Survey Staff in keeping with the cooperative policy which also places the facilities and insect collection of the Survey at the service of the University. The Natural History Museum of the University of Illinois possesses the An- dreas Bolter and second W. A. Nason collections of insects. Both of these collections were gifts to the University, the former in 1900 and the latter in 1920. The Bolter collection is the only one of the two which contains any types. The Department of Entomology of the University acquired the A. D. MacGillivray collection of Tenthredinoidea in 1924. his is one of the most important collections of sawflies in North Amer- ica and is exceedingly rich in types. The Bolter and second Nason collections are now housed in the Natural History Museum of the Uni- versity, and the A. D. MacGillivray collection is with the types of the Natural History Survey. Some special comments are necessary concerning the contents and preparation of this article. Attention has already been directed to the selection of lectotypes to stand for single types in the case of cotypic series. The designation of lectoallotype has been given to a single speci- men of the opposite sex from the lectotype of a cotypic series. The remainder of the cotypic series, after the selection of single types, have been regarded as paratypes. Where the describer of a new species has clearly indicated the selection of a type and an allotype no selections have been necessary. In cases where the describer of a new species based his description upon a unique, that specimen is considered as the type with- out the presence of such a statement in the literature. Where both sexes 140 are specifically described in the original description, based in each case upon single specimens, those specimens have been considered as the type and the allotype. No transposition of original designations of type to holotype, or vice versa, have been made. They are listed here as given in the original description, since from the standpoint of taxonomy they are the same. In some instances no single types have been selected from cotypic material. This is because of either the extremely poor condition of the cotypes or because the selection of the lectotype rightfully belongs to some other institution. Where it has been deemed advisable to select a lecto- type of a species mounted in balsam on a slide with other specimens of the same or different species, the specimen so selected has been surrounded by a circular cut on the cover glass. A few specimens have been con- sidered as allotypes that furnished the basis for the description of a previously undescribed or unknown sex of a species already known. This is not in conformity with the use of this term as employed by some (where the allotype must be one of the paratypes), but has the sanction of others. The International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature do not specifically cover this point. The type series of A. A. Girault in the Survey collection require still further comment. Girault, in litt., has occasionally used terms in an en- tirely different sense from their accepted use at the present time. In this paper his use of cotype is construed to be equivalent to paratype. Speci- mens listed by him in his original description, but not specifically listed by him as “type” or “cotypes”, are considered as paratypes. When more than one specimen in a type series was designated as “type” by Girault, a single specimen has been selected as the lectotype and the remaining specimens as paratypes, depending as in all other cases upon the priority rights of this institution to the single type. All type specimens listed in this paper have been labeled and isolated from the general reference collection to insure their continued preserva- tion. It is oftentimes the case that some structural part of an insect is mounted in balsam on a slide and the remaining portion on an insect pin or a card-point mount. Note is made of this fact in the labeling of all specimens so mounted so that they are securely linked together. The abbreviations used for citations to places of original descrip- tions are those commonly used in entomological publications. The ref- erences have been given in full because of the character of this article. The letter-files of the Survey have been critically searched for informa- tion regarding the precise dates of publication of the Reports of the State Entomologists. These dates, with one exception, have never been deter- mined previously. Their significance lies in their bearing upon questions of priority as evidenced by a recent paper of P. R. Myers published in the Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 26, No. 9, December, 1924, pp. 222-224. The dates assigned to them are based upon the first definite acknowledgments of these Reports contained in our letter-files or other letters bearing upon their publication or distribution. NN — ee 141 The abbreviation “Acc. No.” refers to the Accession Catalogue of the Survey and “Hart Acc. No.” to a small Accession Catalogue of the late Mr. C. A. Hart. The “Slide No.” refers to the Survey collection of slides. The data pertaining to the places and dates of types, as well as full information regarding other matters of importance or interest, are given with each type, allotype, and paratype. Much of this information has never been published and in some cases even the locality of a type has not been heretofore recorded. A few errors in the literature regard- ing the localities of types, etc., have been corrected. Collectors’ names, where known, are given in parentheses following each record. For the sake of completeness and usefulness, notes on synonymy have been added and genotype designations indicated. No new synonymy, however, is here- in published. The sequence of orders and families of the Natural History Survey and the Bolter collections is arranged in a purely arbitrary man- ner. The family arrangement of the A. D. MacGillivray collection of Tenthredinoidea is in accord with his published classifications of 1906 and 1916. Generic and specific names in all cases are arranged alphabetically under family and order groupings. Since most of the species of sawflies described by MacGillivray are represented by types in his collection, Mr. S. A. Rohwer has suggested the desirability of publishing a list of the species the types of which are not in the collection here, place of their description, and their present location if known. This list is published as an appendix to this article. It is probable that several species, the types of which have not been located, are in the MacGillivray collection without identifying labels or a present clue as to their identity. The following persons have greatly aided in the preparation of this list by furnishing me with references, notes on synonymy, and other in- formation and favors of a varied character: E. T. Cresson, Jr., L. H. Weld, F. C. Baker, C. L. Metcalf, F. H. Benjamin, H. Morrison, C. W. Johnson, J. J. Davis, R. A. Cushman, J. R. Malloch, J. M. Aldrich, A. B. Gahan, and particularly S. A. Rohwer. 142 TYPES IN THE COLLECTION OF THE ILLINOIS STATE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OrperR ORTHOPTERA Family TETTIGONIIDAE {nsara sinaloae Hebard Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. LI, December 18, 1925, p. 293. Paratype—¢: Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico, August 18, 1918 (J. A. Kusche). Right hind leg is missing. Montezumina sinaloae Hebard Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. LI, December 18, 1925, p. 297. Paratypes—@: Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico, August 11-12 and 21, 1918 (J. A. Kusche). Right hind leg of one male is missing. Family GRYLLIDAE Nemobius funeralis Hart Ent. News, Vol. XVII, No. 5, May, 1906, p. 159. Type—¢: College Station, Texas, December 26, 1905 (C. A. Hart). Now considered as a southern race of Nemobius griseus Walker. Oecanthus forbesi Titus Can. Ent., Vol. XXXV, No. 9, September, 1903, p. 260. Type—¢: Urbana, Illinois, September 6, 1891 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No, 17424. According to Blatchley this is synonymous with Oecanthus nigricornis quadripunctatus (Beutenmiiller), the latter having priority. Family LocustipaE Amblytropidia insignis Hebard Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIX, November 21, 1923, p. 198. Paratypes—¢: Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama, July 12-15, 1916 (D. HE. Har- rower). Conalcaea coyoterae Hebard Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVIII, July 25, 1922, p. 55. Paratypes—@: Prescott, Arizona, August 5 and 14, 1917 (O. C. Poling). Cyclocercus gracilis Bruner Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Orthoptera, Vol. II, February, 1909, p. 307. Paratype.—¢: Tampico, Mexico, December, 1906. Melanoplus calapooyae Hebard Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, December 14, 1920, p. £85. Paratypes— ¢ and ?: Calapooia Mountains, Lake County, Oregon, August 11, 1909 (M. Hebard). 143 Melanoplus macneilli Hart Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, Art. VII, January, 1907, p. 261. Lectotype——¢: Moline, Illinois, on sand hill, September 9, 1905 (C. A. Hart and F. Shobe). Lectoallotype—g¢?: Moline, Illinois, on sand hill, September 9, 1905 (C. A. Hart and F. Shobe). Paratypes.— ¢ and 9: Mboline, Illinois, on sand hill, September 9, 1905 (C. A. Hart and F. Shobe). According to Blatchley this species is synonymous with Melanoplus flavia- tilis Bruner, the latter having priority. Melanoplus microtatus Hebard Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLV, September 25, 1919, p. 285. Paratypes—¢ and 9: Del Monte, Monterey County, California, Septem- ber 9-10, 1910 (M. Hebard). Melanoplus oreophilus Hebard Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, December 14, 1920, p. 382. Paratypes—@ and 9: Cloud Cap Trail, Mt. Hood, Oregon, August 13-0, 1910 (M. Hebard). Melanoplus scudderi var. texensis Hart Ent. News, Vol. XVII, No. 5, May, 1906, p. 158. Lectotype—¢: College Station, Texas, December 26, 1905 (C. A. Hart). Lectoallotype—?: College Station, Texas, December 26, 1905 (C. A. Hart). Paratypes—¢@ and 2: College Station, Texas, December 24-27, 1905 (C. A. Hart); Houston, Texas, January 6, 1906 (C. A. Hart). Melanoplus viridipes eurycercus Hebard Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, December 14, 1920, p. 392. Paratypes.—¢ and 9: Derrick City, McKean County, Pennsylvania, June 6, 1915 (M. Hebard). Mesochlora unicolor Hart Ent. News, Vol. XVII, No. 5, May, 1906, p. 157. Lectotype—¢: College Station, Texas, December 23, 1905 (C. A. Hut). Lectoallotype—9?: College Station, Texas, December 26, 1905 (C. A. Hart). Paratypes—¢@ and ¢: College Station, Texas, December 23-27, 1905 (C. A. Hart). Oedaleonotus phryneicus Hebard Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLV, September 25, 1919, p. 266. Paratypes— 4 and 9: Del Monte, Monterey County, California, Septem- ber 9-10, 1910 (M. Hebard). Sinaloa pulchella Hebard Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. LI, December 18, 1925, p. 288. Paratypes—¢ and ¢: Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico, September 2, 1918 (J. A. Kusche); Villa Union, Sinaloa, Mexico, September 27, 1918 (J. A. Kusche). Spharagemon saxatile Morse Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., Vol. XX VI, February 21, 1894, p. 229. Paratype—¢@: Wellesley, Massachusetts, July 29, 1892 (A. P. Morse). Trimerotropis saxatilis McNeill Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXVIII, No. 1215, 1901, p. 440. Lectotype—@: Union County, Illinois, July 23, 1884 (G. H. F-.e ich). Paratype—¢@: Union County, Illinois, July 23, 1884 (G. H. French). Left hind leg of lectotype is missing. Family TETRIGIDAE Telmatettix minutus Hancock The Tettigidae of North America, R. R. Donnelley and Sons Co., Chicago, Illinois, 1902, p. 134. Paratype—¢: Cordova, V. C., Mexico, 1-1899. 144 Family BLATTIDAE Panchlora cahita Hebard Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVIII, January 2, 1923, p. 174. Paratypes—¢: Venvidio, Sinaloa, Mexico, August and August 11-12, 1918 (J. A. Kusche). OrvdER ODONATA Family AESCHNIDAE Gomphus lentulus Needham Can. Ent., Vol. XXXIV, No. 10, October, 1902, p. 275. Type—¢: Flora, Illinois, June, 1898 (J. F. Garber). In fair condition. Genitalia mounted on card point on separate pin. Family LIpELLULIDAE Somatochlora macrotona Williamson Ent. News, Vol. XX, No. 2, February, 1909, p. 78. Type—¢: Duluth, Minnesota. Allotype—¢?: Duluth, Minnesota. Paratypes—¢: Duluth, Minnesota. Orper EPHEMERIDA Family EPHEMERIDAE Baetis harti McDunnough Can. Ent., Vol. LVI, No. 1, January, 1924, p. 7. Holotype ¢: Urbana, Illinois, July 11, 1878 (C. A. Hart). Ace. No. 24491. Paratype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, July 11, 1878 (C. A. Hart). Ace. No. 24491. Baetis pallidula McDunnough Can. Ent., Vol. LVI, No. 1, January, 1924, p. 8. Holotype—¢: Muncie, Illinois, Stony Creek, May 24, 1914. Paratype—¢: Muncie, Illinois, Stony Creek, May 24, 1914. Campsurus primus McDunnough Can. Ent., Vol. LVI, No. 1, January, 1924, p. 7. Holotype—¢: Grand Tower, Illinois, August 14, 1898 (C. A. Hart). Ace. No. 24529. Paratype—¢: Grand Tower, Illinois, August 14, 1898 (C. A. Hart). Ace. No. 24529. Heptagenia integer McDunnough Can. Ent., Vol. LVI, No. 1, January, 1924, p. 9. Holotype—¢: Alton, Illinois, at light, August 27, 1913 (C. A. Hart). Paratype—¢@: Alton, Illinois, at light, August 27, 1913 (C. A. Hart); Ur- bana, Illinois, at light, June 14, 1887 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 12092. Pseudocloeon veteris McDunnough Can. Ent., Vol. LVI, No. 1, January, 1924, p. 8. Holotype ¢: Urbana, Illinois, near Salt Fork Creek, May 13, 1898 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 24400. Allotype—®: Urbana, Illinois, near Salt Fork Creek, May 13, 1898 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 24400. 145 Orper THYSANOPTERA Family HrtTEROTHRIPIDAE Heterothrips arisaemae Hood Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, Art. II, August 22, 1908, p. 362. Paratype—9Q: Urbana, Illinois, Brownfield Woods (Augerville), in flow- ers of Jack-in-the-pulpit—(Arisaema triphyllum Torr.), May 18, 1907 (F. C. Gates). Slide No. 3265. The genotype of Heterothrips Hood (Monobasic). Family PHLOEOTHRIPIDAE Allothrips megacephalus Hood Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, Art. II, August 22, 1908, p. 373. Paratype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, under bark of cottonwood tree, November 19, 1907 (R. D. Glasgow). Slide No. 3266. The genotype of Allothrips Hood (Monobasic). Lissothrips muscorum Hood Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, Art. II, August 22, 1908, p. 365. Paratype—9: Muncie, Illinois, in moss, June 16, 1908 (J. D. Hood). Slide No. 3267. The genotype of Lissothrips Hood (Monobasic). Neothrips corticis Hood Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, Art. II, August 22, 1908, p. 372. Paratype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, under bark of soft maple trees, January 19, 1908 (J. D. Hood). Slide No. 3268. The genotype of Neothrips Hood (Monobasic). Plectrothrips antennatus Hood Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, Art. II, August 22, 1908, p. 370. Paratype ¢: Urbana, Illinois, on window, June 23, 1908 (J. D. Hood). Slide No. 3269. The genotype of Plectrothrips Hood (Monobasic). Trichothrips americanus Hood Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, Art. II, August 22, 1908, p. 366. Paratypes— ¢ and @: Urbana, Illinois, under bark of rotton maple stump, March 24, 1907 (J. D. Hood). Slide No. 3270. Trichothrips angusticeps Hood Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, Art. II, August 22, 1908, p. 367. Paratype 9: Urbana, Illinois, under bark of rotton box-elder stump, April 23, 1907 (J. D. Hood). Slide No. 3271. Trichothrips buffae Hood Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, Art. II, August 22, 1908, p. 369. Paratype—9Q: Urbana, Illinois, under bark of soft maple tree, February 22, 1908 (J. Zetek and F. C. Gates). Slide No. 3272. This species was transferred by Hood in 1912 to the genus Rhynchothrips Hood. Trichothrips longitubus Hood Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, Art. II, August 22, 1908, p. 368. Paratype—g9: Carbondale, Illinois, sweepings, May 19, 1908 (C. A. Hart). Slide No. 3273. Family IpoLoTHRIPIDAE Idolothrips flavipes Hood Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, Art. 2, August 22, 1908, p. 377. Paratype— 4: Dubois, Illinois, sifted from fallen oak leaves, April 28, 1908 (C. A. Hart and L. M. Smith). Slide No. 3274. This species has been transferred to the genus Gigantothrips Zimmerman by Watson (Florida Agr. Exp. Station Tech. Bull. 168, December, 1923, pith): 146 Orper HEMIPTERA Family GERRIDAE Gerris comatus Drake and Hottes Ohio Journ. Sc., Vol. XXV, January, 1925, p. 48. Paratype—¢: Ames, Iowa, July 24, 1924 (C. J. Drake). Gerris incurvatus Drake and Hottes Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 38, 1925, p. 72. Paratype—¢: Illinois River, Hennepin, Illinois, September 13, 1912. Gerris nebularis Drake and Hottes Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 38, May 26, 1925, p. 70. Paratypes.—? and ¢: Big Muddy River, Waltonville, Illinois, July 20, 1913. Gerris notabilis Drake and Hottes Ohio Journ. Sc., Vol. XXV, No. 1, January, 1925, p. 46. Paratype—9: Pingree Park, Colorado, August 18, 1924 (C. J. Drake and F. C. Hottes). Paramorphotype—¢: Oaktown, Illinois, along railroad in swamp, August 15, 1905. Gerris pingreensis Drake and Hottes Ohio Journ. Sc., Vol. XXV, No. 1, January, 1925, p. 49. Paratypes—¢: Pingree Park, Colorado, August 16 and 22, 1924 (C. J. Drake and F. C. Hottes). Family Mrripar Deraeocoris aphidiphagus Knight BKighteenth Rep. State Ent. Minn., December 1, 1920, p. 134. Paratypes—@: Augerville (Brownfield Woods, Urbana), Illinois, June 6, 1915 (J. R. Malloch); Urbana, Illinois, June 16, 1885 (C. A. Hart); Northern Illinois (A. Bolter). Acc. No. 6050. Deraeocoris quercicola Knight Highteenth Rep. State Ent. Minn., December 1, 1920, p. 138. Paratypes—¢@ and @: Champaign, Illinois. June 12-15. 1888 (C. A. Hart); Elizabeth, Illinois, July 6, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Hart Ace. Nos. 322 and 328. Plagiognathus flavicornis Knight State Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur. Conn., Bull. 34, 1923, p. 436. Paratypes—9: Sun Lake, Lake County, Illinois, bog August 9, 1906 (C. A. Hart); Cedar Lake, Lake County, Illinois, bog, August 4, 1906 (C. A. Hart). Plagiognathus nigronitens Knight State Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur. Conn., Bull. 34, 1923, p. 435 Paratypes— 4: Hennepin County, Minnesota, August 12, 1919 (H. H. Knight); Little Bear Lake, Grand Junction, Michigan, July 15, 1914. Plagiognathus politus var. flaveolus Knight State Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur. Conn., Bull. 34, 1923, p. 434. Paratypes—92: Urbana, Illinois, September 13, 1909; Algonquin, Illinois, August 30, 1894 (W. A. Nason). Plagiognathus punctatipes var. dispar Knight State Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur. Conn., Bull. 34, 1923, p. 451. Paratype.—¢: Dixon, Illinois, May 31, 1914. 147 Family NapiDAE Nabis elongatus Hart Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, Art. VII, January, 1907, p. 262. Type— 4: Havana, Illinois, along sandy shore of Illinois River, June 9, 1906 (C. A. Hart). Now considered a synonym of Nabis propinquus Reuter. The name elon- gatus is also preoccupied. Family RepuvripArE Stenolemus spiniger McAtee and Malloch Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 67, No. 2573, 1925, p. 33. Paratype—?: Brownsville, Texas (Dorner). Family TINGIDAE Corythucha aesculi Osborn and Drake Ohio Biol. Surv. Bull. 8, Vol. 11, No. 4, June, 1916, p. 232. Paratype—9: Columbus, Ohio, May 2, 1915 (C. J. Drake). Corythucha padi Drake Ohio Journ. Sce., Vol. XVII, No. 6, April 16, 1917, p. 215. Paratype—g¢?: Missoula, Montana, May 20, 1916 (J. R. Parker). Corythucha salicata Gibson Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, April 14, 1918, p. 90. Paratype—¢: Hood River, Oregon, on willow, August 4, 1908 (J. C. Bridwell). Merragata foveata Drake Ohio Journ. Sc., Vol. XVII, No. 4, February 17, 1917, p. 103. Paratype—9?: Summit, Ohio, August 31, 1916 (C. J. Drake). Piesma cinerea var. inornata McAtee Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIV, No. 3 (7), June, 1919, p. 87. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Algonquin, Illinois, August 23-24, 1895 (W. A. Nason). Family ANTHOCORIDAE Lasiochilus hirtellus Drake and Harris Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 39, July 30, 1926, p. 33. Paratypes— # and 9: Brownsville, Texas, South Texan Garden, at light, June 23, 1908; Brownsville, Texas, April 11 (G. Dorner). Family LyGArIpAE Geocoris frisoni Barber Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXI, Nos. 1-2, February-April, 1926, pp. 38-29. Holotype— 4: Havana, Illinois, Devil’s Hole, August 30, 1917. Allotype—¢?: Havana, Devil’s Hole, August 15, 1907. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Arenzville, Illinois, bluff sand, August 14, 1913; Bishop, Illinois, June 22, 1906, Meredosia, Illinois, sand pit, August 22, 1917, Havana, Illinois, Devil’s Hole, September 11, 1910 and Sep- tember 28, 1913; Havana, Illinois, Devil's Neck, June 7, 1905 (C. A. Hart). Family ARADIDAE Aradus implanus Parshley Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVII, April 9, 1921, p. 45. Paratype—¢: Funk’s Grove, Illinois, April 30, 1884 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 1511. Aradus robustus var. insignis Parshley Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVII, April 9, 1921, p. 42. Paratype.—9?: Brownsville, Texas, under board, December 16, 1911 (C. A. Hart). 148 Family CorEIDAE Catorhintha flava Fracker Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. XVI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 171. Holotype—¢4: Brownsville, Texas, December 9, 1910 (C. A. Hart). Allotype—9Q: Lake Lomalta, Texas, November 27, 1910 (C. A. Hart) Family PENTATOMIDAE Euschistus subimpunctatus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. VII, June, 1919, p. 191. Type—g¢?: Anna, Illinois, July 22, 1888. Acc. No. 3791. Thyanta elegans Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art VII, June, 1919, p. 218. Type—¢4: Loma, Texas, July 7, 1908. Allotype—¢?: Lake Lomalta, Texas, November 27, 1910. Family CyDNIDAE Corimelaena agrella McAtee Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. VII, June, 1919, p. 216. Paratypes—¢@ and @: Kentucky; Plummers Island, Maryland, May 18, 1913 (W. L. McAtee). Corimelaena harti Malloch Bull. 111. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. VII, June, 1919, p. 215. Type.—¢: Makanda, Illinois, by sweeping, June 26, 1909 (C. A. Hart). Allotype—9?: Makanda, Illinois, by sweeping, June 26, 1909 (C. A. Hart) Corimelaena interrupta Malloch ; Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIII, Art. VII, June, 1919, p. 214. Type—4: Brownsville, Texas, November 23, 1911, swept from pastures in South Texas Garden (C. A. Hart). Paratype—¢: Brownsville, Texas, November 23, 1911, swept from Pas. tures in South Texas Garden (C. A. Hart). Corimelaena minutissima Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. VII, June, 1919, p. 214. Type—¢4: Sarita, Texas, on sand hills, December 1, 1911 (C. A. Hart). Corimelaena polita Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv.,; Vol. XIII, Art. VII, June, 1919, p. 213. Type—9¢@: Brownsville, Texas, July 10, 1908 (C .A. Hart). Galgupha aterrima Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIIJ, Art. VII, June, 1919, p. 211. Type—4: Odin, Illinois, on pink sorrel, May 12, 1902 (EH. G. Titus). Ace. No. 31440. Lectoallotype—9?: White Heath, Illinois, June 18, 1906. Paratypes—¢ and 9: Havana, Illinois, along road to Devil’s Hole, August 15, 1907; Dongola, Illinois, May 10, 1917; Grand Tower, Illinois, June 27, 1906; Northern Illinois; Southern Illinois; Normal, Illinois, June 14, 1882; Urbana, Illinois, June 30, 1888 (J. Martin and C. A. Hart); Cobden, Iliinois, April 12, 1883; two without data. Acc. Nos. 3057, 14585 and 3198. OrpER HOMOPTERA Family CrIcADIDAE Tibicen semicincta Davis Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXIII, No. 1, March, 1925, p. 41. Paratype—4: Baboquivari Mountains, Pima County, Arizona, June, 1924 (O. C. Poling). 149 Family MEMBRACIDAE Ceresa turbida Goding Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. XIV, January, 1894, p. 406. Paratype—¢: Colorado (Gillette). Now considered as a synonym of Ceresa basalis Walker. Telamona irrorata Goding Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. XIV, January, 1894, p. 418. Cotype—¢: Galesburg, Illinois (C. W. Stromberg). Now listed as Telamona dubiosa Van Duzee, irrorata being preoccupied. Family CrcADELLIDAE Cicadula nigrifrons Forbes Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., September 2, 1885, p. 67. Lectotype—¢: Anna, Illinois, on corn, July 14, 1884 (S. A. Forbes). Ace. No. 4427. Lectoallotype—¢?: Anna, Illinois, on corn, July 14, 1884 (S. A. Forbes). Acc. No. 4427. Paratypes—¢ and 9: Anna, Illinois, on corn, July 14, 1884 (S. A. Forbes); Mt. Carmel, Illinois, on oats, May 28, 1884 (H. Garman). Acc. Nos. 4427 and 1793. This species is now placed in the genus Thamnotettix Zetterstedt. Cicadula quadrilineatus Forbes Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., September 2, 1885, p. 68. Lectotype—¢: Marshall, Illinois, from wheat, May 22, 1884. Acc, No. 1871. Lectoallotype—¢?: Marshall, Illinois, from wheat, May 22, 1884. Acc. No. 1871. Paratypes.— ¢ and 9: Marshall, Illinois, from wheat, May 22, 1884; West Union, Illinois, on wheat, May 24, 1884. Acc. Nos. 1871 and 1888. Lectotype, Lectoallotype and 14 paratypes mounted on card points, re- mainder of type series in alcohol. This species is now considered as a synonym of Cicadula sexnotata (Fallen), the latter having priority. Dikraneura cockerelli Gillette Psyche, Vol. VII, Suppl. 1, December, 1895, p. 14. Paratypes—@2: New Mexico (1990). Dikraneura communis Gillette Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 20, No. 1138, April 20, 1898, p. 718. Paratype—g¢: Urbana, Illinois, May 14, 1889 (J. Marten). Ace. No. 14873. This species is now considered as a synonym of Dikraneura mali (Pro- vancher). In fair condition. Empoa albopicta Forbes Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., May 31, 1884, p. 181. Lectotype.— ¢: Centralia, Illinois, on apple leaves, August 6, 1883. Ace. No. 3706. Lectoallotype—g9?: Centralia, Illinois, on apple leaves, August 6, 1883. Acc. No. 3706. Paratypes.—¢ and 9: Centralia, Illinois, on app’e leaves, August 6, 1883. Acc. No. 3706. Lectotype, lectoallotype and 8 paratypes mounted on card points, re- mainder of paratypes in alcohol. This species is now considered synony- mous with Empoasca mali (LeBaron), the latter having priority. Erythroneura abolla var. lemnisca McAtee Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. III, July, 1926, p. 131. Holotype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, Cottonwoods (University Woods), July 12, 1920 (C. P. Alexander). Paratype—9?: Urbana, Illinois, Brownfield Woods, April 29, 1920. 150 Erythroneura comes var. palimpsesta McAtee Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XV, Art. II, April, 1924, p. 43. Holotype—¢4: Forest City, Illinois, April 3, 1917. Allotype—@: Forest City, Illinois, April 3, 1917. Erythroneura comes var. pontifex McAtee Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. III, July, 1926, p. 136. Holotype—¢: Dubois, Illinois, May 24, 1917. Erythroneura comes var. reflecta McAtee Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XV, Art. II, April, 1924, p. 43. Paratype—g¢?: Centerville (Monticello-Mahomet), Illinois, along Sanga- mon River, August 16, 1914. Erythroneura comes var. rufomaculata McAtee Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XV, Art. II, April, 1924, p. 43. Holotype—¢?: Clay City, Illinois, August 17, 1911. Paratype-—9: Clay City, Illinois, August 17, 1911; Urbana, Illinois, on grape, November 23, 1914; Illinois, No. 1992. Erythroneura ligata var. pupillata McAtee Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XV, Art. II, April, 1924, p. 42. Holotype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, hibernating, February 21, 1900 (H. O. Woodworth). Acc. No. 25069. Paratype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, on window, July 7, 1915; Urbana, IIli- nois, in moss and bark, March 4, 1888 (C. A. Hart). Hart Acc. No. 152. Erythroneura lunata McAtee Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XV, Art. II, April, 1924, p. 41. Holotype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, on tree trunk, November 11, 1915. Allotype-——¢@?: White Heath, Illinois, May 7, 1909. Erythroneura mallochi McAtee Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XV, Art. II, April, 1924, p. 41. Holotype—@: Meredosia, Illinois, May 30, 1917. Erythroneura mitella McAtee Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. III, July, 1926, p. 132. Holotype—¢: White Heath, Illinois, April 30, 1916. Allotype—9?: Urbana, Illinois, November 3, 1916. Paratypes—¢ and 9: White Heath, Illinois, April 30, 1916; Dongola, Illinois, May 10, 1916; Alto Pass, Illinois, May 7, 1917; DuBois, Illinois, May 23 and August 8, 1917. Erythroneura oculata McAtee Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XV, Art. II, April, 1924, p. 39. Holotype—@: Brownsville, Texas, in sweepings from weeds, November 30, 1910 (C. A. Hart). Erythroneura repetita McAtee Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. III, July 1926, p. 131. Holotype—¢@: Illinois. Erythroneura scutelleris var. insolita McAtee Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. III, July, 1926, p. 133. Holotype—9?: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, July 5, 1914. Allotype—¢@: Dongola, Illinois, August 23, 1916. Erythroneura sexpunctata Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XVI, No. 1, February, 1921, p. 25. Type—¢: Muncie, Illinois, along Salt Fork, December 13, 1913 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). According to McAtee (Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XV, Art. II, p. 40, April, 1924), this is synonymous with ZH. tecta McAtee. Gypona albimarginata Woodworth Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. II, October, 1887, p. 31. ° Type—¢: Urbana, Illinois, July 15, 1887 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No, 12915. Now considered as a synonym of Gypona scarlatina var. limbatipennis Spangberg. ald Jol Gypona bimaculata Woodworth Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. II, October, 1887, p. 82. Type—¢: Urbana, Illinois, July 31, 1886 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 10726. The specific name of woodworthi was proposed by Van Duzee because bimaculata was preoccupied. This species is now considered as a synonym of Gypona scarlatina var. pectoralis Spangberg. Gypona bipunctulata Woodworth Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. II, October, 1887, p. 30. Type—9Q: No data. Now considered as a synonym of Gypona melanota Spangberg. Gypona nigra Woodworth Bull. lll. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. II, October, 1887; p. 31. Lectotype— ¢: Champaign, Illinois, on weeds, July 24, 1885. Acc. No 6814. Paratype.—¢@: Normal, Illinois, on wild plum, August, 1883; one para- type with no data. Acc. No. 3531. Now considered as a synonym of Gypona melanota Spangbers. Tettigonia similis Woodworth Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. II, October, 1887, p. 25. Type—¢?: Bloomington, Illinois, May 9, 1884. Acc. No. 1687. Now considered as a synonym of Cicadella gothica (Signoret). Typhlocyba antigone McAtee Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 68, Art. 18, June 10, 1926, p. 35. Holotype—¢@: White Heath, Illinois, on oak, June 24, 1916. Typhlocyba appendiculata Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 4, April, 1920, p. 95. Type—¢: Elizabethtown, Illinois, July 8, 1917. Allotype—®Q: Elizabethtown, Illinois, July 8, 1917. Paratype: Urbana, Illinois, on oak, July 17, 1916 (J. R. Malloch). Typhlocyba athene McAtee Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 68, Art. 18, June 10, 1926, p. 31. Holotype: Urbana, Illinois, on tree-trunk, June 7, 1916 (J. R. Mal- loch). Typhlocyba gillettei var. apicata McAtee Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 68, Art. 18, June 10, 1926, p. 25. Paratypes— 4 and 9: Urbana, Illinois, tree-trunks and forestry, June 7, 9, 17, 1916; White Heath, Illinois, on oak, June 24, 1916; Elizabeth, [li- nois, July 7, 1917. Typhlocyba gillettei var. casta McAtee Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 68, Art. 18, June 10, 1926, p. 26. Paratypes.—¢@ and @: Urbana, Illinois, tree-trunks, June 8-9, October 23, 1916, July 9, 13, 14, 1920; White Heath, Illinois, on oak, June 24, Ju'y 5, 1916; Elizabeth, Illinois, July 6, 1917; Algonquin, Illinois, June 10, 1896, October 13, 1895; Crystal Lake, Illinois, July 21, 1916; Monticello, Illi- nois, along Sangamon River, June 28, 1914. Typhlocyba gillettei var. saffrana McAtee Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 68, Art. 18, June 10, 1926, p. 26. Paratype-—@: White Heath, Illinois, July 5, 1916. Typhlocyba hartii Gillette Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 20, April 20, 1898, p. 754. Paratype—9: Urbana, Illinois, swept from rye, May 14, 1889 (J. Marten) Ace. No. 14873. Now placed in the genus Erythroneura Fitch. Typhlocyba lancifer McAtee Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 68, Art. 18, June 10, 1926, p. 19. Paratype 4: Urbana, Illinois, June 4, 1916. 152 Typhlocyba nicarete McAtee Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 68, Art. 18, June 10, 1926, p. 36. Holotype—¢: White Heath, Illinois, on oak, June 24, 1916. Paratypes—¢ and 9: White Heath, Illinois, on oak, June 24, 1916; q Urbana, Illinois, forestry, June 17, 1916. Typhlocyba phryne McAtee Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 68, Art. 18, June 10, 1926, p. 34. Holotype— 9: Urbana, Illinois, July 9, 1920. Typhlocyba piscator McAtee Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 68, Art. 18, June 10, 1926, p. 7. Holotype—: Elizabeth, Illinois, July 8, 1917. Typhlocybka pomaria McAtee Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 68, Art. 18, June 10, 1926, p. 29. Paratypes.—@: Clayton, Illinois, September 30, 1916; Urbana, Illinois, September 20, 1916; Olney, Illinois, on apple, September 21, 1916. Typhlocyba rubriocellata Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc. Vol. XV, Nos. 2 and 3, April-June, 1920, p. 48. Type—9Q: Augerville Grove (Brownfield Woods), Urbana, Illinois, June 20, 1919 (J. R. Malloch). Typhlocyba rubriocellata var. clara McAtee Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 68, Art. 18, June 10, 1926, p. 21. Holotype.—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, Cottonwoods (University Woods), on Aesculus, July 30, 1920. Family FULGORIDAE Bruchomorpha bicolor Metcalf Journ. Elisha Mitchell Se. Soc., Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 3 and 4, May, 1923, p. 186. Holotype.— g: Brownsville, Texas, palm jungle sweepings, November 21, 1911 (C. A. Hart). Allotype—@: Brownsville, Texas, palm jungle sweepings, November 21, 1911 (C. A. Hart). Paratype—?: Brownsville, Texas, palm jungle sweepings, November 21, 1911 (C. A. Hart). Bruchomorpha decorata Metcalf Journ. Elisha Mitchell Se. Soc., Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 3 and 4, May, 1923, p. 188. Holotype—¢: Brownsville, Texas, palm jungle sweepings, November 21, 1911 (C. A. Hart). Allotype—¢?: Brownsville, Texas, palm Jungle sweepings, November 21, 1911 (C. A. Hart). Paratype—9?: Brownsville, Texas, palm jungle sweepings, November 21, 1911 (C. A. Hart). Bruchomorpha vittata Metcalf Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sc. Soc., Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 3 and 4, May, 1923, p. 185. Holotype—9?: Brownsville, Texas, palm jungle sweepings, November 21, 1911 (C. A. Hart). Paratype—¢: Brownsville, Texas, palm jungle sweepings, November 21, 1911 (C. A. Hart). Euklastus harti Metcalf Journ. Elisha Mitchell Se. Soc., Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 3 and 4, May, 1923, p. 195. Holotype— 4: Grand Tower, Illinois, August 8, 1891 (C. A. Hart and Shiga). Acc. No. 17202. The locality of this type was erroneously recorded in the original descrip- tion by Z. P. Metcalf as Alto Pass, Illinois, August 13, 1891. 153 Herpis australis Metcalf Journ. Elisha Mitchell Se. Soc., Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 3 and 4, May, 1923, p. 196. Holotype 4: Brownsville, Texas, November 4 (G. Dorner). In the original description the date is November 11. Now considered as a synonym of Cedusa praecor Van Duzee. Liburnia alexanderi Metcalf Journ. Elisha Mitchell Se. Soc., Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 3 and 4, May, 1923, p. 209. Paratypes— ¢: Dongola, Illinois, meadow, August 24, 1916; Metropolis, Illinois, August 18, 1891 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 17232. Original description gives Urbana, Illinois, instead of Metropolis for latter record. Now placed in the genus Delphacodes Fieber. Liburnia fulvidorsum Metcalf Journ. Elisha Mitchell Se. Soc., Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 3 and 4, May, 1923, p. 210. Holotype—¢: Brownsville, Texas, South Texas Garden, December 19, 1910 (C. A. Hart). Paratype—¢: Brownsville, Texas, South Texas Garden, December 19, 1910 (C. A. Hart). Now placed in the genus Delphacodes Fieber. Erroneously record2d in original description as collected on December 10. Megamelanus lautus Metcalf Journ. Elisha Mitchell Se. Soc., Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 3 and 4, May, 1923, p. 200. Holotype 4: Loma, Texas, sweepings, December 11, 1910 (C. A. Hart). Allotype—¢: Loma, Texas, sweepings, December 11, 1910 (C. A. Hart). Paratype. ¢: Loma, Texas, sweepings, December 11, 1910 (C. A. Hari). Microledrida flava Metcalf Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sc. Soc., Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 3 and 4, May, 1923, p. 183. Holotype— ?: Brownsville, Texas, palm jungle sweepings, November 21, TCC. AS Hart): Myndus truncatus Metcalf Journ. Elisha Mitchell Se. Soc., Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 3 and 4, May, 1923, p. 184. Holotype—¢: Elizabeth, Illinois, July 6, 1917. Oecleus productus Metcalf Journ. Elisha Mitchell Se. Soc., Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 3 and 4, May, 1923, p. 184. Holotype—¢: Dongola, Illinois, August 23, 1916. Paratype.—@: Metropolis, Illinois, August 19, 1916. Oliarus texanus Metcalf Journ. Elisha Mitchell Se. Soc., Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 3 and 4, May, 1923, p. 181. : Holotype.— 4g: Brownsville, Texas, palm jungle sweepings, November 21, 1911 (C. A. Hart). Allotype—¢: Brownsville, Texas, palm jungle sweepings, November 21, 1911 (C. A. Hart). Paratypes—— ¢ and 9: Brownsville, Texas,, in pasture, South Texas Gar- den, November 23, 1911 (C. A. Hart), December 9, 1911, sweepings (C. A. Hart). Oliarus vittatus Metcalf Journ. Elisha Mitchell Se. Soc., Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 3 and 4, May, 1923, p. 181. Holotype ¢: Brownsville, Texas, in pasture, South Texas Garden, No- vember 19, 1911 (C. A. Hart). Allotype—g9?: Brownsville, Texas, in pasture, South Texas Guirden, De- cember 8, 1911 (C. A. Hart). 154 Otiocerus wolfii var. nubilus McAtee Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Sur., Vol. XVI, Art. III, July, 1926, p. 128. Type—9Q: Metropolis, Illinois, September 3, 1924 (T. H. Frison). Pissonotus fulvus Metcalf Journ. Elisha Mitchell Se. Soc., Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 3 and 4, May, 1923, p. 206. Holotype.—¢: Paxton, Illinois, July 30, 1916. Allotype—g¢?: Paxton, Illinois, July 30, 1916. Traxus fulvus Metcalf Journ. Elisha Mitchell Se. Soc., Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 3 and 4, May, 1923, p. 189. Allotype—9?: Brownsville, Texas, November 21, 1910 (C. A. Hart). Paratypes—®¢?: Brownsville, Texas, sweepings from weeds, November 24, 1910 (C. A. Hart), palm jungle sweepings, November 21, 1911 (C. A. Hart), November 26, 1910 (C. A. Hart). Family CHERMIDAE Calophya pallidula McAtee Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hits. Surv., Vol. XVI, Art. III, July, 1926, p. 127. Holotype.— 9: Meredosia, Illinois, May 29, 1917. Paratype-——¢?: Meredosia, Illinois, May 29, 1917. Trioza pyrifoliae Forbes Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., September 2, 1885, p. 98. . Lectotype ¢: Normal, Illinois, on pear leaves, May 7, 1884, Ace. No. 1624. Lectoallotype—¢?: Normal, Illinois, on pear leaves, May 7, 1884. Ace. No. 1624. Paratypes— 9: Normal, Illinois, on pear leaves, May 7, 1884. Acc. No. 1624. Family APHIDIDAE Aphis cucumeris Forbes Twelfth Rep. State Ent. Ill., November 20, 1883, p. 83. Type—¢Q: Normal, Illinois, on muskmelons, July 19, 1882 (S. A. Forbes). Slide No. 1557. Wingless. In fair condition. Mounted in balsam. Now considered to be synonymous with Aphis gossypii Glover. Callipterus caryaefoliae Davis Ent. News, Vol. XXI, No. 5, May, 1910, p. 198. Lectotypic slide—Winged viviparous females: Lake Forest, Illinois, on hickory, June 24, 1909 (J. J. Davis). Acc. No. 43266. Slide No. 1838. In fair condition. Mounted in balsam. Callipterus quercifolii Thomas Highth Rep. State Ent. Ill., 1879, p. 112. Cotypes.—9@: Sauk City, Wisconsin, on red oak leaves, June (Bundy). Acc. No. 47317. Several specimens in alcohol in vial. In poor condition. Stated by Davis (1913) to be synonymous with Chaitophorus quercicola Monell. Callipterus ulmicola Thomas Highth Rep. State Ent. Ill, 1879, p. 111. Cotypes—¢@: Sauk City, Wisconsin, on elm, June (Bundy). Ace. No. 47318. Several specimens in alcohol in vial. In poor condition. Now considered as synonymous with Callipterus ulmifolii Monell (Davis, 1913), eS a SY eee ee OO ee ee ee 155 Chaitophorus flavus Forbes Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., May 31, 1884, p. 42. Lectotype—Winged 9: Champaign, Illinois, on sorghum, July 25, 1883 (S. A. Forbes). Acc. No. 4968. Slide No. 3152. Paratypes.—Adults and nymphs: Champaign, Illinois, on sorghum, July 25, 1883 (S. A. Forbes). Ace. No. 4968. Slides No. 3151, 3153—3156. In poor condition. Lectotype and nineteen para'ypes mounted in balsam on six slides, remainder of paratypes in alcohol in two vials. Now placed in the genus Sipha Passerini. Chaitophorus negundinis Thomas Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. I, No. 2, June, 1878, p. 10. Cotypes.—Winged and wingless 9: Peoria, Illinois, on Negundo accroides, June (Miss E. A. Smith). Slide No. 2775. In poor condition. Mounted in balsam. Forda occidentalis Hart : EKighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., March 4, 1895, p. 96. (Reprint, 1920, p. 84). Lectotype.—Wingless viviparous 9: Champaign, Illinois, in blue-grass sod, attended by Lasius niger, April 28, 1894 (McElfresh). Acc. No. 19910. Paratypes.—Wingless viviparous 9: Urbana, Illinois, April 4, 1894 (J. Mar- ten); Urbana, Illinois, April 10, 1894, on Capsella bursa-pastoris, at- tended by Formica fusca gagates (Surface). Acc. Nos. 19840 and 19807. Lectotype in alcohol and paratypes in balsam on slide and in alcohol. In very poor condition. Geoica squamosa Hart Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., March 4, 1895, p. 102. (Reprint, 1920, p. 90). Lectotype—Wingless viviparous 9: Champaign, Illinois, on roots of corn, October 20, 1887 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 14197. Slide No. 3164. Paratypes—¢ (?) and @: Normal and Champaign, Illinois, on various grasses and often associated with ants, February to November, 1883 to 1890. Acc. Nos. 1204, 1421, 2203, 3240, 3246, 4583, 5356, 5752, 6528, 7226, 7290, 8164, 10118, 10144, 10154, 10159, 10238, 10983, 12321, 12322, 12486, 12665, 12666, 12667, 12706, 14197, 14358, 16013, 17772, 19758, 19807, 19840, 19911. Slide Nos. 3161-3163, 3165-3169, 3172 and 3173. In very poor condition. Paratypic mnterial in various stages of develop- ment mounted in balsam on ten slides and in alcohol in vials. Idiopterus nephrelepidis Davis Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. II, No. 3, September, 1909, p. 199. Lectotypic slide—Winged and wingless viviparous 9: Chicago, Illinois, May 2, 1908, on sword fern in greenhouse (J. J. Davis). Aec. No. 42533. Slide No. 3117. The genotype of Idiopterus Davis (Monobasic). Megoura solani Thomas Eighth Rep. State Ent. Ill., 1879, p. 73. Type.—Winged 92: Carbondale, Illinois, on tomato, May 26, 1878 (C. Thomas). Slide 2772. In poor condition. Pemphigus fraxinifolii Thomas Eighth Rep. State Ent. Ill., 1879, p. 146. Cotypes.—Winged viviparous 9 and immature forms: Sauk City, Wiscon- sin, on Frarimus quadrangulata June (Bundy). Slide 2762. In very poor condition. Several specimens in alcohol in a vial. Now placed in the genus Prociphilus Koch. Pemphigus rubi Thomas Eighth Rep. State Ent. Ill., 1879, p. 147. Cotypes—Winged ¢: Carbondale, Illinois, on raspberry, April 12, 1878 (G. H. French). Slides Nos. 2767 and 2768. Mounted on balsam on two slides. In poor condition. 156 Phymatosiphum monelli Davis Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. II, No. 3, September, 1909, p. 197. Lectotype slide—Winged viviparous females and pupae: St. Louis, Mis- souri, on buckeye, May 15, 1908 (J. T. Monell). Ace. No. 40469. Slide No. 3119. Paratypic slide-—Winged viviparous females: St. Louis, Missouri, on buck- eye, June 30, 1908 (J. T. Monell). Acc. No. 40469. Slide No. 3120. Mounted in balsam on two slides. Rhizobius spicatus Hart Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., March 4, 1895, p. 105. (Reprint, 1920, p. 92). Cotypes.—Wingless viviparous females and nymphs: Normal, Illinois, from corn, December 5, 1883 (S. A. Forbes); Tamaroa, Illinois, on corn roots, October 5, 1893 (J. Marten); Urbana, Illinois, from corn and grass roots, April 10, 1886 (C. M. Weed) and July 20, 1886 (S. A. Forbes). Ace. Nos. 1223, 8602, 10641, 19678 and 19679. In very poor condition. In alcohol in vials. Rhopalosiphum tulipae Thomas Eighth Rep. State Ent. Ill., 1879, p. 80. Cotypes.—Winged and wingless 9: Sauk City, Wisconsin, on Tulipa ges- neriana (Bundy). Acc. No. 47320. Specimens in alcohol in vial associated with specimens of Macrosiphum tulipae Monell. In very poor condition. Stated by Davis (1913) to be identical with Myzus persicae Sulzer. Schizoneura panicola Thomas Eighth Rep. State Ent. I1l., 1879, p. 138. Cotypic slide—Winged and wingless 9: St. Louis, Missouri, from roots of Panicum glabrum, November 30, 1877 (H. Pergande). Slide No. 2770. In very poor condition. Mounted in balsam. Schizoneura pinicola Thomas Kighth Rep. State Ent. Ill., 1879, p. 137. Type.—Winged 9: Carbondale, Illinois, on tender shoots of young white pines, April 20, 1878 (C. Thomas). Slide No. 2774. In very poor condition. Mounted in balsam. Now considered as a syno- nym of Mindarus abietinus Koch. Siphonophora acerifoliae Thomas Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. 1, No. 2, June, 1878, p. 4. Cotypes ?: Sauk City, Wisconsin, on Acer rubrum (Bundy). Slide 2764. Two winged viviparous females and one immature form mounted in balsam on a slide; several additional cotypic (?) specimens in alcohol in vial. In very poor condition. Mr. Davis, in Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. II, p. 99, says that ‘these may be the types’. Material re- ceived from Bundy is not mentioned in original description. The host record of Acer rubrum indicates that these specimens are probably not the type. Now placed inthe genus Drepanaphis Del Guercio. Siphonophora heucherae Thomas Eighth Rep. State Ent. Ill., 1879, p. 66. Cotypes.—_Immature and winged 9: Sauk City, Wisconsin, on Heuchera hispida, June (Bundy). Slide Nos. 3174 and 3175. Two balsam slide mounts and numerous specimens in alcohol in vial. In very poor condition. Now placed in the genus Macrosiphum Passerini. Siphonophora minor Forbes Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., May 31, 1884, p. 101. Lectotype-—Winged ¢?: Normal, Illinois, on strawberry, June 19, 1883 (S. A. Forbes). Ace. No. 3397. Slide No. 3157. Paratype.—Nymphs: Normal, Illinois, on strawberry, June 21, 1883 (S. A. Forbes). Acc. No. 3399. Slide No. 3158. 157 Mounted in balsam on two slides. In poor condition. Now placed in the genus Macrosiphum Passerini. Tychea brevicornis Hart Eighteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., March 4, 1895, p. 97. (Reprint, 1920, p. 86). Cotypes.—Wingless viviparous 9: Normal, Illinois, on corn roots, July 28, 1884 (S. A. Forbes); Champaign, Illinois, in ants’ nest in pasture, October 25, 1886 (C. M. Weed). Acc. Nos. 4583 and 10947. Slide No. aulale One balsam slide mount and several specimens in alcohol in two vials. Now placed in the genus Pemphigus Hartig. In very poor condition. Tychea erigeronensis Thomas Highth Rep. State Ent. I1l., 1879, p. 168. Cotypes ?—Immature: Champaign, Illinois, on “roots of Endive and Erigeron canadense” (T. J. Burrill). Slide No. 2769. In poor condition. Mounted in balsam. Now placed in the genus Trama Heyden. Stated by Davis (1913) as “probably types’. Family ALEYRODIDAE Aleurodes aceris Forbes Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. I1l., September 2, 1885, p. 110. Cotypes.—?: Tamaroa, Illinois, April 10, 1884 (S. A. Forbes). Acc. No. 1368. Remains of three cotypic adults in very poor condition preserved in alcohol. Because of the condition of these specimens no lectotype has been se- lected. Now known as Alewrochiton forbesii (Ashmead). The specific name of forbesii was proposed for this species by Ashmead because aceris was preoccupied. : Family CoccipaE Aspidiotus aesculi Johnson Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, Art. XIII, October 1896, p. 386. Cotypes.—¢@ and 9: Stanford University, California, on Aesculus califor- nia, 1892 (W. G. Johnson). Ace. No. 29423. Cotypic material on sections of small branches sealed in five glass tubes. Placed by MacGillivray in the genus Diaspidiotus Leonardi. Aspidiotus comstocki Johnson Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, Art. XIII, October, 1896, p. 383. Lectotypie slide—Adult 9: Mt. Carmel, Illinois, on leaves of Acer sac- charinum Wang, August 2, 1895 (Dr. J. Schneck). Ace, No. 21412. Slide No. 2201. Paratypic slides——Immature forms and adult 9: Mt. Carmel, Illinois, on leaves of Acer saccharinum Wang, April-August, 1895 (Dr. J. Schneck). Acc. Nos. 21244, 21366, 21412 and 21413. Slides 2200, 2202-2204 and 2199. Also numerous paratypic scales on leaves in six sealed test tubes. In fair condition. MacGillivray has placed this species in the genus Aspidiella Leonardi. d Aspidiotus forbesi Johnson Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, Art. XIII, October, 1896, p. 380. Lectotypie slide—Adult?: Champaign, Illinois, on cherry trees, Septem- ber 25, 1895 (W. G. Johnson). Acc. No. 21547. Slide 2163. Lectoallotypic slide.—Adult ¢: Champaign, Illinois, on cherry trees, July 25, 1895 (W. G. Johnson). Acc. No. 21391. Slide No. 2161. Paratypic slides——Immature forms and adult 9: Champaign, Illinois, on cherry trees, December, 1894, to April, 1896 (W. G. Johnson). Ace. Nos. 21056, 21342, 21360, 21472, 21547 and 29434. Slide Nos. 2160, 2162, 2164, 2173 and 2174. 158 Also numerous paratypic scales on sections of branches of cherry in ten sealed test tubes. In fair condition. MacGillivray (1921) has placed this species in the genus Aspidiella Leonardi. Aspidiotus hartii Cockerell Psyche, Supplement, Vol. VII, September, 1895, p. 7. Cotypes— ¢ and 9: ‘Trinidad, British West Indies, Royal Botanical Gar- den (Hart). Acc. No. 20323. Cotypic material on small pieces of yams sealed in five glass tubes. Placed by MacGillivray in the genus Aspidiella Leonardi. Aspidiotus piceus Sanders Ohio Naturalist, Vol. IV, No. 4, February, 1904, p. 96. Cotypes—¢ and 9: Painesville, Lake County, Ohio, on Liriodendron tulipifera, July 7, 1903 (J. G. Sanders). Numerous cotypic scales on pieces of bark sealed in four glass tubes. Mac- Gillivray (1921) has placed this species in his genus Diaspidiotus. Aspidiotus ulmi Johnson Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, Art. XIII, October, 1896, p. 388. Lectotypic slide—®®: Urbana, Illinois, on Ulmws americana Linn., Sep. tember 25, 1895 (W. G. Johnson). Acc. No. 21546. Slide No. 2176. Paratypic slide—®Q: Urbana, Illinois, on Ulmus americana Linn., June 6, 1895 (W. G. Johnson). Acc. No. 21359. Slide No. 2175. Numerous paratypic scales on pieces of bark of white elm sealed in four glass tubes. Acc. No. 21261. In fair condition. MacGillivray (1921) has placed this species in his genus Hendaspidiotus. Chionaspis americana Johnson Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, Art. XIII, October, 1896, p. 390. Lectotypie slide—Adult 9: Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, April-‘September, 1895, on Ulmus americana Linn. (W. G. Johnson). Acc. No. 21536. Slide No. 2180. Lectoallotypic slide—Winged ¢@: Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, April-Sep- tember, 1895, on Ulmus americana Linn. (W. G. Johnson). Acc. No. 21481. Slide No. 2195. Paratypic slides—Adults and immature forms: Champaign-Urbana, IIli- nois, April-September, 1895, on Ulmus americana Linn. (W. G. Johnson). Acc. Nos. 21258, 21271, 21481, 21502, 21522, 21528 and 21536. Slide Nos. 2177-2179, 2180-2194 and 2196-2198. Also numerous paratypic scales on leaves and sections of branches of elm in thirteen sealed glass tubes. In fair condition. MacGillivray (1921) has placed this species in his genus Fundaspis. : Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders Ohio Naturalist, Vol. III, No. 6, April, 1903, p. 413. Cotypes.— ¢@ and ¢: Columbus, Ohio, on Gleditsia triacanthos, March 11, 1903 (J. G. Sanders). Numerous cotypic scales on pieces of bark sealed in five glass tubes. Coccus sorghiellus Forbes Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., September 2, 1885, p. 71. Cotypes.—Wingless 9: Champaign, Illinois, from sorghum roots, August 4, 1884 (S. A. Forbes)., Acc. No. 4667. Slide Nos. 3124 and 3125. Two slides with cotypes mounted in balsam and one vial with several co- types in alcohol. Because of poor condition of specimens no lectotype has been selected. Now placed in genus Pseudococcus Westwood. , Coccus trifolii Forbes Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., September 2, 1885, p. 72. Cotypes.—Wingless 9: Normal, Illinois, on roots of white clover, May 3, 1884 (S. A. Forbes). Acc. No. 1533. Slide No. 3150. In poor condition in vial in alcohol and one cotype mounted in balsam on slide in 1917. Because of condition of specimens no lectotype has been selected. Now placed in genus Trionymus Berg. ee 159 Orper COLEOPTERA Family CLERIDAE Enoclerus liljebladi Wolcott Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVIII, July 25, 1922, p. 73. Paratype ?: Pentwater, Michigan, dead pine trees, July 14, 1920 (E. Liljeblad). Family MorpeLLipaE Mordella albosuturalis Liljeblad Can. Ent., Vol. LIV, No. 3, March, 1922, p. 54. Paratypes—? and 9: Callistoga, near Mt. St. Helena, California, July 14, 1918 (C. L. Hubbs). Mordella hubbsi Liljeblad Can. Ent., Vol. LIV, No. 3, March, 1922, p. 55. Paratype—¢: Switzer’s Trail, St. Gabriel Mt., California, June 10, 1910 (F. Grinnell, Jr.). Mordellistena pulchra Liljeblad Can. Ent., Vol. XLIX, No. 1, January, 1917, p. 12, 9. Can. Ent., Vol. LIII, No. 8, August, 1921, p. 185, @. Paratype— ¢: Edgebrook, Illinois, on flowers of Helianthus, September 6, 1917 (E. Liljeblad). Family SCARABAEIDAE Anomala kansana Hayes and McColloch Ent. News, Vol. XXXV, No. 4, April, 1924, p. 139. Paratype—¢: Manhattan, Kansas. Phyllophaga fraterna var. mississippiensis Davis Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XII, August, 1920, p. 330. Type—é@: Agricultural College, Mississippi, April 17, 1917 (R. H. Bush). Allotype—Q: Agricultural College, Mississippi, on pecan, April 24, 1915. Paratypes—?@ and @: Agricultural College, Mississippi, April 2-3, 1918 (C. M. Griffin), April 14, 1917. Phyllophaga hirticula var. comosa Davis Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XII, August, 1920, p. 337. Type—4: Manhattan, Kansas, at electric light, June 16-21, 1917 (J. W. McColloch). Allotype—?: Manhattan, Kansas, at electric light, June 16-21, 1917 (J. W. McColloch). Paratypes— 4 and 9: Manhattan, Kansas, at electric light, June 16-21, 1917 (J. W. McColloch). Phyllophaga impar Davis Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XII, August, 1920, p. 335. Type.—¢@: Southern Pines, North Carolina, April, 1910 (A. H. Manee). Phyllophaga parvidens var. hysteropyga Davis Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XII, August, 1920, p. 336. Type.—¢g: Victoria, Texas, at light, April 6-June 26 (J. D. Mitchell). Phyllophaga pearliae Davis ; Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XII, August, 1920, p. 332. Type—¢: Clarksville, Tennessee, May 15, 1918 (H. Fox). Allotype—¢?: Clarksville, Tennessee, April 29, 1918 (H. Fox and M. Kis- liuk). Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Clarksville, Tennessee, May 24, 1917 (H. Fox and Wyatt); Louisville, Kentucky, on honey locust, May 21, 1913 (J. J. Davis). 160 Phyllophaga perlonga Davis Bull. lll. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XII, August, 1920, p. 329 Type—é: Agricultural College, Mississippi, at electric light, March 31, 1916 (C. C. Greer). Allotype— 9: Agricultural College, Mississippi, March 31, 1916 (H. M. K.). Paratypes.— ¢@ and 9: Agricultural College, Mississippi, at electric light, March 31, 1916 (C. C. Greer and H. M. K.). Phyllophaga soror Davis Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XII, August, 1920, p. 333. Type—¢: Raleigh, North Carolina, July 13-25, 1916 (R. W. Leiby). Allotype-——¢?: Raleigh, North Carolina, July 13-25, 1916 (R. W. Leiby). Paratype—9: Raleigh, North Carolina, July 13-25, 1916 (R. W. Leiby). Phyllophaga foxii Davis Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XII, August, 1920, p. 334. Type ¢: Tappahannock, Virginia, from locust, April 26, 1915 (H. Fox). Allotype——@: Tappahannock, Virginia, from locust, April 26, 1915 (H. Fox). Paratype—®9?: Tappahannock, Virginia, from locust, April 26, 1915 (H. Fox). Serica mystaca Dawson Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXX, No. 3, September, 1922, p. 160. Paratypes.——_g and 9%: Carbondale, Illinois, on oak at night, May 26, 1910; Northern Illinois; Illinois.- Family CERAMBYCIDAE Oberea ulmicola Chittenden Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, Art. I, February 20, 1904, p. 4. Paratypes——g and @: Decatur, Illinois, breeding in elms, May 26, 1902, and July 1, 1903 (E. S. G. Titus and F. M. Webster). Eggs, larvae, pupae and some of the adults of type series are ‘n alcoho’. Family CHRyYSOMELIDAE Donacia curticollis Knab Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. VII, Nos. 2 and 3, October, 1905, p. 122. Lectotype—9: Fourth Lake, Lake County, Illinois, on bulrushes, August 2, 1887 (H. Garman and C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 14046. Paratype—¢?: Fourth Lake, Lake County, Illinois, on bulrushes, Augu t 2, 1887 (H. Garman and C. A. Hart); Fourth Lake, Lake County, Illi- nois, on bulrushes, August 5, 1887 (H. Garman); Normal, Illinois, Sep- tember, 1880. Acc. Nos. 265, 14046 and 14057. Family CurRCULIONIDAE Sphenophorus minimus Hart Sixteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., April 28, 1890, p. 65. Lectotype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, from driftwood, July 30, 1888 (C. A. Hart and J. Marten). Acc. No. 14585. Lectoallotype—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, from driftwood, July 30, 1888 (C. A. Hart and J. Marten). Acc. No. 14585. Paratype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, from driftwood, July 30, 1888 (C. A. Hart and J. Marten). Acc. No. 14585. 161 Orpver LEPIDOPTERA Family PHALONIIDAE Hysterosia merrickana Kearfott Can. Ent., Vol. XXXIX, No. 2, February, 1907, p. 59. Cotypes—¢Q?: Algonquin, Illinois, August 4-5, 1904 (W. A. Nason). This species has been sunk as a synonym of Hysterosia terminana Busck. Though labeled by Kearfott as cotypes these specimens presumably have the status of paratypes. Family PyrALIDIDAE Pyrausta caffreij Flint and Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. X, June, 1920, p. 304. Type—¢: Bloomington, Jllinois, September 30, 1919 (J. R. Malloch). Allotype—9?: No data. In very poor condition. Genitalia of types in alcohol. According to Hein- rich (1921) the male is synonymous with Lowvostege similalis Guenée and according to Barnes and Benjamin (1925) the female with Lowostege obliteralis Walker (authors, Walker query) (—marculenta G. and R.). Family GEOMETRIDAE Aspilates behrensaria Hulst Ent. Amer., Vol. II, No. 11, February, 1887, p. 210. Cotype— 9: Soda Springs, Siskiyou, California, July 21 (J. Behrens). In poor condition. This is now considered as synonymous with Drepanu- latrix unicalcararia Guenée. Biston ypsilon Forbes Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., September 2, 1885, p. 95. Type.—¢@: Warsaw, Illinois, April 8, 1884 (S. A. Forbes). Acc. No, 4172. Reared by Professor S. A. Forbes from a larva found feeding on apple June 26, 1883. Coenocalpe polygrammata Hulst Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIII, 1896, p. 288. Cotype (?).—9@: Montana. In fair condition. This locality is not given in original description, but specimen bears a “Type” label in the handwriting of Hulst. Now placed in genus Perizoma Hibner. Diastictis floridensis Hulst Can. Ent., Vol. XXX, No. 6, June, 1898, p. 164. Cotype (?)—4: Enterprise, Florida, April, 1897. In fair condition. This specimen is labeled “Type” in the handwriting of Hulst, but this locality is not given in original description and Hulst distinctly states that he did not have the male and his generic assign- ment therefore doubtful. This is now considered as synonymous with Mellilla inextricata Walker. Family Nocrumar Heliolonche indiana Smith Ent. News, Vol. XIX, No. 9, November, 1908, p. 423. Cotype—®: Hessville, Indiana, May 30, 1908 (E. Beer). Pallachira hartii French Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, Art. II, March, 1894, p. 9. Lectotyne—*: Urbana, Illinois, at light, August 20, 1886 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 18739. 162 Lectoallotype—9?: Champaign, Illinois, at light, July 27, 1886 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 18739. Paratypes.—9?: Urbana, Illinois, at light, August 17, 1892 (C. A. Hart). Acc. Nos. 10712 and 10773. . In poor condition. Now placed in genus Hormisa Walker. Hartii has been synonymized as pupillaris Grote, which appears to be a northern form of orciferalis Walker. Papaipema beeriana Bird Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 5, May, 1923, p. 106. Paratypes.— ¢@: Chicago, Illinois, reared from larva in Lacinaria, Sep- tember 21, 1922 (A. K. Wyatt); Riverside, Illinois, reared from larva in Lacinaria, September 7, 1922 (E. Beer). Pseudaglossa forbesi French Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, Art. II, March, 1894, p. 8. Lectotype—9?: Savanna, Illinois, July 21, 1892 (McBlfresh). Ace. No. 18510 Paratype—9?: Savanna, Illinois, July 21, 1892 (McElfresh). Acc, No. 18510. Now placed in the genus Camptylochila Stephens. In fair condition. Rhizagrotis polingi Barnes and Benjamin Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepidoptera, Vol. 5, June 24, 1922, p. 41. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Dixieland, Imperial County, California, March 1-15, 1922 (O. C. Poling). Orver DIPTERA Family TIpuLIDAE Dicranota iowa Alexander Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 4, April, 1920, p. 78. Holotype—¢?: Sioux City, Iowa, April 17, 1916 (A. W. Lindsey). Elliptera illini Alexander Pomona Coll. Journ. Ent. and Zool., Vol. XII, No. 4, December, 1920, p. £6. Holotype—¢@: Makanda, Illinois, June 4, 1919 (C. P. Alexander). In fair condition. Limnophila imbecilla illinoiensis Alexander Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 8, October, 1920, p. 226. Holotype— 4: Homer Park, Illinois, June 13, 1920 (T. H. Frison). Nephrotoma sphagnicola Alexander Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 5, May, 1920, p. 110. Holotype—9?: Antioch, Lake County, Illinois, in tamarack-sphagnum bog, June 5, 1919 (T. H. Frison). Ormosia frisoni Alexander Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 8, October, 1920, p. 224. Holotype— 4: Muncie, Illinois, margin of prairie cat-tail swamp, May 15, 1920 (C. P. Alexander). Paratypes— ¢ and 9: Muncie, Illinois, margin of prairie cat-tail swamp, May 15, 1920 (C. P. Alexander and T. H. Frison). Tipula flavibasis Alexander Can. Ent., Vol. L, No. 12, December, 1918, p. 414. Paratopotype— ¢: Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas, June 28, 1918 (C. P. Alexander). Tipula mallochi Alexander Pomona Coll. Journ. Ent. and Zool., Vol. XII. No. 4. 1920, p. 90. Holotype—¢: Alto Pass, Illinois, June 5, 1919 (C. P. Alexander). Allotopotypes—¢@: Alto Pass, Illinois, June 5, 1919 (C. P. Alexander). Paratypes— ¢ and 9: Dubois, Illinois, June 3, 1919 (C. P. Alexander). 163 Family CHIRONOMIDAE Bezzia albidorsata Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 349. Type—¢@: Algonquin, Illinois, July 12, 1895 (W. A. Nason). Bezzia apicata Malloch Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXII, No. 4, December, 1914, p. 284. Type—d¢: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creex, May 24, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Bezzia cockerelli Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 346. Type—g¢?: Modern, Colorado, May 28 (T. D. A. Cockereil). Bezzia dentata Malloch Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXII, No. 4, December, 1914, p. 284. Lectotype—¢?: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 21, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—¢: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 28, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—9?: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 28, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Bezzia flavitarsis Malloch Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXII, No. 4, December, 1914, p. 283. Type—g¢?: Monticello, Illinois, bank of Sangamon River, June 21, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). 5 Allotype—¢: Little Bear Lake, Grand Junction, Michigan, July 15, 1914 (C.°A. Hart). Camptocladius flavens Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 511. Lectotype—4: Havana, Illinois, Chautauqua Park, along Illinois River, April 29, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—¢?: Havana, Illinois, Chautauqua Park, along Illincis River, April 29, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢ and 9: Havana, Illinois, Chautauqua Park, along Illinois River, April 29, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); St. Joseph, Mli- nois, along Salt Fork, May 17, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malioch); South Haven, Michigan, shore of Lake Michigan, July 14, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Slide Nos. 3014 and 3015. In good to poor condition. Genitalia of one male paratype and one en'ire female paratype mounted in balsam on slides. Camptocladius flavibasis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 511. Type—¢Q: Urbana, Illinois, on window, August 23, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Camptocladius lasiophthalmus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 509. Lectotype—9?: Dubois, Illinois, along creek valley, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratype—9?: Dubois, Illinois, along creek valley, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 3023. Abdomen of paratype mounted in balsam on a slide. Camptocladius subaterrimus Malloch . Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 512. Type—¢: Grand Tower, Illinois, along Mississippi River, April 21, 1914 é (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 3022. Abdomen and genitalia mounted in balsam on a slide. 164 Camptocladius lasiops Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 508. Lectotype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, about garbage near house, November 29, 1913 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 3017. Lectoallotype—9?: Urbana, Illinois, about garbage near house, Novem- ber 29, 1913 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Urbana, Illinois, about garbage near house, No- vember 29, 1913 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch), in yard, September 6-7, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); March 29, 1914, October 5-6, 18, 1914, at light (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide Nos. 3018-3020. Abdomen and genitalia of lectotype, one male paratype, one femae para- type and heads of two paratypes (male and female) mounted in balsam on slides. Chironomus abbreviatus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 451. Lectotype—¢@: Havana, Illinois, September 10, 1910. Slide No. 2522. Paratype—¢@: Havana, Illinois, August 18, 1896 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 24046. Slide No. 2523. Genitalia of both type specimens mounted in balsam on slides. Chironomus abortivus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 465. Lectotype—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, at light, September 5, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2553. Lectoallotype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, at light, September 5, 1914 (C. A, Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes— 2 and @: Urbana, Illinois, at light, September 5, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Havana, Illinois, along Illinois River, April 27-28, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); South Haven, Michigan, at light, July 15, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Slide No. 2571. Genitalia of lectotype and one male paratype mounted in balsam on slides. Chironomus alboviridis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 482. Type.——@: Urbana, Illinois, at light, June 6, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Type specimen bears date label of June 6, instead of July 6 as given in original description. Chironomus basalis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 441. Lectotype— 4: Dubois, Illinois, on vegetation along bank of creek valley, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—9: Dubois, Illinois, on vegetation along bank of creek valley, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.— ¢ and 9: Dubois, Illinois, on vegetation along bank of creek valley, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2555. Genitalia of one male paratype mounted in balsam on a slide. Chironomus claripennis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 439. Lectotype— 4: South Haven, Michigan, along shore of Lake Michigan, at light, July 14, 1924 (C. A. Hart). Slide No. 2580. Lectoallotype—¢?: South Haven, Michigan, along shore of Lake Mich- igan, at light, July 14, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Paratypes.— ¢ and 9: South Haven, Michigan, along shore of Lake Mich- igan, at light, July 14-15, 1914 (C. A. Hart); Grand Tower, Illinois, on bank of Mississippi River, April 21, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Genitalia of lectotype male mounted in balsam on a slide. Chironomus colei Malloch Proc. Calif. Acad. Sc. (Fourth Series), Vol. IX, August 26, 1919, p. 255. Paratype—4: Forest Grove, Oregon, at light, June 3, 1918 (F. R. Cole). 4 — oe ee eS eS 165 Chironomus crassicaudatus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 453. Type—¢: Peoria, Illinois, at light, October 22, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Slide No. 2980. Paratype—¢: Lake Lomalta, Texas, November 27, 1910 (C. A. Hart); Katherine, Texas, sweeping, December 3, 1911 (C. A. Hart). Slide Nos. 2516 and 2517. Genitalia of all types mounted in balsam on slides. Chironomus curtilamellatus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 474. Type—¢: South Haven, Michigan, at light, July 15, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Slide No. 2981. Genitalia mounted in balsam on a slide. Chironomus digitatus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 483. Lectotype—9?: Thompson’s Lake, Havana, Illinois, reared from larva, May 14, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Acc. No. 45797. Paratypes——?: Havana, Illinois, flying over surface of Illinois River, May 4, 1895 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 13289. Pupal exuvia, from which lectotype was reared and from which pupal de- scription was made, is mounted in balsam on slide No. 2567. In fair condition. Chironomus dimorphus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 464. Lectotype.— ¢: Carbondale, Illinois, creek valley, April 23, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—¢?: Carbondale, Illinois, creek valley, April 23, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—g¢ and 9: Carbondale, Illinois, creek valley, April 23, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Dubois, Illinois, creek valley, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 30, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Genitalia of two male paratypes mounted in balsam on slides. Chironomus dorneri Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, #. 471. Type—¢: Brownsville, Texas, ‘3-11’ (G. Dorner). Abdomen, except basal segments, missing as stated in original description. Chironomus fallax Johannsen N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 86, June, 1905, p. 210. 9 Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 435. ¢ and Q. Allotypes—¢: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 28, 1914 (Cc. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Momence, Illinois, at light, July 17, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Centerville [White Heath], Illinois, along Sangamon River, August 16, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2536. Genitalia of one male mounted in balsam on a slide. Momence specimens collected July 17 and not July 14 as stated in original description of male. Description of male is by J. R. Malloch. Chironomus fasciventris Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 438. Lectotype: Dubois, Illinois, at light, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—9¢?: Dubois, Illinois, at light, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). 166 Paratypes.— g and 9: Dubois, Illinois, at light and on vegetation along creek valley, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2976. Genitalia of one male paratype mounted in balsam on a slide. Chironomus fulvus Johannsen. N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 86, June, 1905, p. 224. 9 Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 478. @ and 9 Allotypes.—@: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); South Haven, Michigan, lake shore, July 14, 1914 (C. A. Hart); Cedar Lake, Indiana, July 17, 1914 (C. A. Hart); Havana, Illinois, in slough and at lights, September 20-21, 1895 (A. Hempel); Havana, Illinois, along Illinois River, May 1, 1896, and September 18, 1895 (C. A. Hart). Ace. Nos. 13705, 13709, 13711 and 13818. Slide Nos. 2570 and 2599. Description of male is by J. R. Malloch. Genitalia of two males mounted in balsam on slides. Chironomus fuscicornis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 466. Type—¢4: Havana, Illinois, on house-boat, June 15, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2547. Allotype.— 9: Havana, Illinois, on house-boat, June 15, 1914 (J. R. Mal- loch). Paratypes— 4 and @: Berrien Springs, Michigan, St. Joseph River, July 16, 1914 (C. A. Hart); Plummers Island, Maryland, July 6, 14, August 17, 1912 (W. L. McAtee). Slide No. 2548. Genitalia of type and one male paratype mounted in balsam on slides. Chironomus fusciventris Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 465. Type—4: Delavan Lake, Wisconsin, September 7, 1892 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 18810. Slide No. 2584. Genitalia mounted in balsam on a slide. In the original description Sep- tember 9 is given, whereas date of unique type is September 7. Chironomus griseopunctatus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 428. Type—¢?: Momence, Illinois, at light, July 17, 1914 (C. A. Hart). In fair condition. Chironomus griseus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 468. Lectotype—¢: South Haven, Michigan, along lake shore, July 14, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Slide No. 2579. Paratype.—¢: South Haven, Michigan, along lake shore, July 15, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Abdomen and genitalia of type mounted in balsam on a slide. Chironomus harti Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 457. Type.—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, at light, September 5, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Chironomus illinoensis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 471. Lectotype 4: Carbondale, Illinois, creek valley, April 23, 1914 (C. A Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2545. Lectoallotype—9: Carbondale, Illinois, creek valléy, April 23, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.—@ and 9: Carbondale, Illinois, creek valley, April 23, 1914 (Cc. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Golconda, Illinois, in depot, April 19, 1914. 16% In good condition, except abdomen of one male paratype is missing. Geni- talia of lectotype mounted in balsam on a slide. Chironomus illinoensis var. decoloratus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 472. Lectotype.— 4: Havana, Illinois, Spoon River, September 18, 1895 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 13705. Paratype—¢: Havana, Illinois, Spoon River, September 18, 1895 (C. A. Hart). Ace. No. 13705. Slide No. 2546. One slide mount of the genitalia (all that remains) of the paratypic male. In fair condition. Date of capture is erroneously given as September 19 in original description. Chironomus incognitus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 480. Type.—@: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2581. Genitalia of type mounted in balsam on a slide. Chironomus indistinctus Malloch Bull. Il. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 477. Lectotype.—¢@: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2593. Paratypes.—@: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Havana, Illinois, Matanzas Lake, May 2, 1914. Slide Nos. 2563-2565. In fair to poor condition. Abdomen and genitalia of lectotype and those of three paratypes mounted in balsam on slides. Chironomus macateei Malloch Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 28, March 12, 1915, p. 45. Paratypes.— ¢ and 9: Plummers Island, Marlyand, August 10-17, 1912, and June 28, 1914 (W. L. McAtee). Slide No. 2595. Genitalia (all that remains) of a paratype mounted in balsam on a slide. Chironomus neomodestus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 475. Lectotype—¢@: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2592. Paratypes—¢: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2591. Genitalia of lectotype and of one male paratype mounted in balsam on a slide. . Chironomus nigrohalteralis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 440. Lectotype ¢4: Havana, Illinois, along river, April 28, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype——9?: Havana, Illinois, along river, April 28, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.— ¢: Havana, Illinois, along river, April 28, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2538. Genitalia of one male paratype mounted in balsam on a slide. Chironomus nigrovittatus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 456. Lectotype.—¢: Berrien Springs, Michigan, St. Joseph River, July 16, 1914 (C. A, Hart). Slide No. 2574. Lectoallotype—9?: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes— 4 and 9: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914 J. R. Malloch); South Haven, Michigan, at light, July 15, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Slide No. 2594. 168 ‘ The lectotype has been selected from a male listed as a paratype by Malloch. This is because the description of the species is based mainly upon a male, and no males are to be found among the St. Joseph, IIli- nois, specimens. In contradiction with the original description the male selected as lectotype was labeled as the type by Malloch and also the slide with its genitalia. Chironomus nitidellus Coquillett Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 28, No. 1225, March 27, 1901, p. 608. ¢@ Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 468. @ and 9. Allotypes—®: Berrien Springs, Michigan, along St. Joseph River, July 16, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Description of the female is by J. R. Malloch. Chironomus obscuratus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 479. Lectotype—¢: Dubois, Illinois, in creek valley, April 24, 1914 (C. A Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2552. Lectoallotype—9Q: Dubois, Illinois, in creek valley, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Dubois, Illinois, in creek valley, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Lily, Illinois, along Mackinaw River, June 11, 1914 (C. A. Hart). In fair condition. Genitalia of lectotypic male mounted in balsam on a slide. Chironomus parvilamellatus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 479. Lectotype.— 4: Grand Tower, Illinois, on bank of Big Muddy River, April 22, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2600. Paratypes.— 4: Grand Tower, Illinois, on bank of Big Muddy River, April 22, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2982. Abdomen and genitalia of lectotypic male and one paratypic male mountel in balsam on slides. Chironomus pseudoviridis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 450. Lectotype—@: Urbana, Illinois, at light, September 5, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—?: Urbana, Illinois, at light, September 5, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Urbana, Illinois, at light, September 5, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); South Haven, Michigan, lake shore, July 14, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Slide No. 2534. Genitalia of one paratypic male mounted in balsam on a slide. Malloch in original description lists month of collection of Urbana, Illinois, speci- mens as August, whereas specimens were collected in September. Chironomus quadripunctatus Malloch Bull. lll. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 437. Type—4: Lake Delavan, Wisconsin, September 7, 1892 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 18810. In fair condition. Chironomus serus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 481. Lectotype.—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, at light, October 2, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2585. Lectoallotype—?: Urbana, Illinois, on window, September 27, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Urbana, Illinois, at light, October 2-3, 1914, on win- dow, September 27, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Urbana, IIlli- nois, May 22, 1906; Havana, Illinois, at light, September 13, 1895 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 13572. Slide No. 2590. a 169 Genitalia of lectotype and of one male paratype mounted in balsam on two slides. Chironomus subaequalis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI,, May, 1915, p. 440. Lectotype-—¢: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2539. Lectoallotype—¢?: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.— ¢@ and 9: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (Cc. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Genitalia of lectotype mounted in balsam on a slide. Chironomus tentans var. pallidivittatus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 445. Lectotype-—g¢: Havana, Illinois, August 7, 1895 (E. B. Forbes). Ace. No. 13519. Paratype—¢: Havana, Illinois, August 8, 1896 (C. A. Hart and C. C. Adams). Acc. No. 24022. Slide No. 2583. Genitalia of paratypic male mounted in balsam on a slide. Chironomus tenuicaudatus Malloch Bull. Il. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 475. Lectotype—¢: Havana, Illinois, along river, April 28, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.—¢@: MHavana, Illinois, along river, April 27-28, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Urbana, Illinois, fair grounds, May 20, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2569. Genitalia of one male paratype mounted in balsam on a slide. Chironomus utahensis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 438. Paratype—¢: Kaysville, Utah, April 7, 1912 (E. R. Kalmbach). Slide No. 2508. In fair condition. Genitalia mounted in balsam on a slide. Chironomus varipennis Coquillett Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 25, No. 1280, September 12, 1902, p. 94. ¢@ Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 427. ¢@ and 9. Allotypes—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, in an aquarium, May 6, 1890 (C. A. Hart). Ace. No. 15661. Description of the female is by J. R. Malloch. Ceratopogon fusinervis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 308. Lectotype—g¢: Grand Tower, Illinois, along river, April 21, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—9: Grand Tower, Illinois, along river, April 21, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢ and 9: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Urbana, Illinois, fair grounds, May 20, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Havana, Illinois, Matanzas Lake, May 2, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 28, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Dubois, Illinois, April 24, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2952. One paratypic male mounted in balsam on a slide. Corynoneura similis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 413. Type—¢?: Havana, Illinois, along river, April 30, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Allotype—¢%: Havana, Illinois, along river, April 30, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2876. 170 Paratype—9: Brownsville, Texas, South Texas Garden sweepings, No- vember 18, 1911 (C. A. Hart). Allotype mounted in balsam on a slide. Cricotopus flavibasis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 502. Lectotype-——¢: Urbana, Illinois, at light, October 6, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 3054. , Allotype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, at light, October 9, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, at light, October 5, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Genitalia of lectotype mounted in balsam on a slide. Cricotopus slossonae Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 506. Type—¢?: Algonquin, Illinois, June 4, 1894 (W. A. Nason). Paratype—¢?: Mt. Washington, New Hampshire (Mrs. A. T. Slosson). In fair condition. Culicoides crepuscularis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 303. Type—¢: Dubois, Illinois, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2923. . Lectoallotype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, on window, May 18, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢ and ¢?: South Haven, Michigan, at lights, July 15, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Type male mounted in balsam on a slide. Culicoides haematopotus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 302. Lectotype— 4: Urbana, Illinois, at light, May 24, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype.—¢@:' Urbana, Illinois, biting hands, May 24, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢ and 9: Urbana, Illinois, at light, May 24, 1914 (J. R. Mal- loch); Urbana, Illinois, on window, June 30, 1914 (J. R. Malloch); Mun- cie, Illinois, bank of Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Slide No, 2924. One paratypic male mounted in balsam. Culicoides hierglyphicus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 297. Paratype —9: Ash Creek, Graham Mountain, Arizona, altitude 3200 feet, May 30, 1914 (EH. G. Holt). Culicoides multipunctatus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 296. Lectotype—9@: Urbana, Illinois, at light, October 2, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, at light, October 3, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Diamesa borealis Garrett Seventy New Diptera (Privately published), Cranbrook, British Columbia, December 31, 1925, p. 6. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Cranbrook, British Columbia, May 10 and October 9 (C. Garrett). Euforcipomyia hirtipennis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XI, Art. IV, December, 1915, p. 313. Lectotype—®@?: Urbana, Illinois, on window, June 30, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Paratype.—@: Urbana, Illinois, on window, June 30, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). The genotype of Euforcipomyia Malloch (original designation). ial Euforcipomyia longitarsis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XI, Art. IV, December, 1915, p. 314. Type.—@: Urbana, Illinois, on window, August 24, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Forcipomyia aurea Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 318. Lectotype—?: Momence, Illinois, at light, July 17, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Lectoallotype——g: Momence, lllinois, at light, July 17, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Slide No. 2921. Paratype—¢: Centerville [White Heath], Illinois, along Sangamon River, August 17, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype mounted in balsam on a slide. Forcipomyia elegantula Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XI, Art. IV, December, 1915, p. 311. Lectotype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, on window, June 28, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype.—¢: Urbana, Illinois, on window, August 13, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Paratype—9Q: Urbana, Illinois, on window, August 5, 1915 (J. R. Mal- loch). Forcipomyia pergandei var. concolor Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 319. Lectotype-——¢?: Grand Tower, Illinois, at light, April 22, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—9: Grand Tower Illinois, along river, April 21, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Urbana, Illinois, on window, July 4, 7, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). The dates of April 21 and July 4 should have been listed in original de- scription. Hartomyia antennalis (Coquillett) Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 28, No. 1225, March 27, 1901, p. 606. 9 Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 343. ¢@ and 9. Allotypes.— 4: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 30, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Urbana, Illinois, fair ground, near Salt Fork, May 23, 1915 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). The description of the male is by J. R. Malloch. Hartomyia lutea Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, No. 1, February, 1918, p. 18. Type.— 9: Elizabeth, Illinois, July 7, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Hartomyia pallidiventris Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 344, Lectotype—9: Urbana, Illinois, fair grounds, near Salt Fork, May 20, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Paratype—9?: Lafayette, Indiana, July 25, 1914 (J. M. Aldrich). The paratype differs from type in having the dorsum of the abdomen darkened. Hartomyia picta (Coquillett) Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, No. 2, June, 1905, p. 60. ¢ Bull. Il. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 341. ¢ and 9? Allotypes— 4: Urbana, Illinois, fair grounds, near Salt Fork, May 20, July 4, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). The description of the allotypes is by J. R. Malloch. The genotype of Hartomyia Malloch (original designation). Heteromyia aldrichi Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 326. Type.—9: Moscow, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich). Heteromyia hirta Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 330. Lectotype—9?: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). 172 Lectoallotype—¢: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Paratype—9: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, July 5, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Heteromyia opacithorax Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 329. Type—¢: St. Joseph, Illinois, along bank of Salt Fork, May 17, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Paratype—g¢?: Dubois, Illinois, creek valley, April 24, 1914 (J. R. Mal- loch). Heteromyia tenuicornis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 328. Type.—@: Polk County, Wisconsin, July (Baker). Johannseniella flavidula (Malloch) Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. IV, June, 1914, p. 230. Lectotype—@:- Havana, Illinois, Illinois River, reared from pupa, May 3, 1895 (C. A. Hart). Lectoallotype—¢: Havana, Illinois, Illinois River, reared from pupa, May 3, 1895 (C. A. Hart). Paratypes— ¢ and 9: Havana, Illinois, Illinois River, reared from pupae, May 2-25, 1895 (C. A. Hart); Algonquin, Illinois, May 11, 1894 (W. A. Nason). Slide Nos. 2940 and 2941. One paratype mounted in balsam on two slides. Now placed in the genus Johannsenomyia Malloch. Johannsenomyia aequalis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 336. Type——@: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, July 5, 1914 (J. R. Mal- loch). Paratype. ¢: Centerville [White Heath], Illinois, along Sangamon River, August 16, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Johannsenomyia albikasis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XI, Art. IV, December, 1915, p. 315. Lectotype—9?: White Heath, Illinois, along Sangamon River, May 8, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—¢: White Heath, Illinois, along Sangamon River, May 8, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.— ¢@ and 9: White Heath, Illinois, along Sangamon River, May 8, 9,16, 30, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Johannsenomyia annulicornis Malloch Ent. News, Vol. XXIX, No. 6, June, 1918, p. 230. Type—g¢Q: Lake Villa, Illinois, lake shore, July 21, 1916 (C. A. Hart). Johannsenomyia argentata (Loew) Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1861, p. 310. 9 Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XI, Art. IV, December, 1915, p. 317. é and 9 Allotypes—é¢@: White Heath, Illinois, May 30 and July 11, 1915 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). The description of the male is by J. R. Malloch. Johannsenomyia caudelli (Coquillett) Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 333. Allotypes—¢%: Lafayette, Indiana, May 2, 1914 (J. M. Aldrich); Grand Tower, Illinois, Big Muddy River, May 5, 1914; St. Joseph, Illinois, Salt Fork, May 10, 1914; Carmi, Illinois, Little Wabash River, April 18, 1914. Acc. Nos. 45775 and 45781. Allotypes described by J. R. Malloch for first time in key. 173 Johannsenomyia halteralis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 338. Lectotype— 4: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 21, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—¢@: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 21, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes——¢: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 30, 1914 (J. R. Malloch); Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, July 5, 1914 (J. R. Malloch); Lilly, Illinois, along Mackinaw River, June 11, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Johannsenomyia macroneura Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 337. Type—g¢?: Lawrence, Kansas. Metriocnemus annuliventris Malloch Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXVIII, March 12, 1915, p. 46. Lectotype—¢: Stanford University, California, March 18, 1906 (J. M. Aldrich). Slide No. 3093. Paratype—¢: Stanford University, California, March 18, 1906 (J. M. Aldrich). Genitalia of lectotype mounted in balsam on a slide. Metriocnemus brachyneura Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 498. Type— 4: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 3094. Allotype—¢?: Madison, Wisconsin, at light, August 26, 1913 (A. C. Bur- rill). Paratypes—g@ and 9: Madison, Wisconsin, at light, August 26, 1913 (A. C. Burrill). Slide Nos. 3095. Genitalia of type and one paratypic male mounted in balsam on two slides. Orthocladius bifasciatus Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, No. 2, April, 1918, p. 42. Lectotype—¢: Stratford, Illinois, June 22, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—9?: Stratford, Illinois, June 22, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Orthocladius (Dactylocladius) albidohalteralis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 528. Type—¢?: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 30, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Orthocladius (Dactylocladius) brevinervis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 526. Type—é@: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2989. Paratypes—¢@: East Peoria, Illinois, along farm creek, April 10, 1912 (Cc. A. Hart); Havana, Illinois, mouth of Spoon River, at light, April 22, 1898 (C. A. Hart). Ace. No. 24353. Slide No. 2988. Genitalia of type and one male paratype mounted in balsam on two slides. Orthocladius (Dactylocladius) pleuralis Malloch Eull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 527. Type—é: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 17, 1914 (J. R. Mal- loch). Slide No. 2999. Genitalia mounted in balsam on a slide. Orthocladius (Orthociadius) flavoscutellatus Malloch Bull. lll. State. Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 523. Type—4: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2991. In poor condition. Genitalia mounted in balsam on a slide. (C. A. Hart). Slide No. 2992. Genitalia mounted in balsam on a slide. Orthocladius (Orthocladius) nigritus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 225. Paratypes.—¢@: Cabin John Run, Maryland, February 16, 1913 (W. D. Appel). Slide Nos. 2993 and 2994. Portion of abdomen and genitalia of both specimens mounted in balsam on slides. Orthocladius (Orthocladius) pilipes Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 522. Lectotype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, swarming about evergreens, March 21, 1889 (John Marten). Acc. No. 14781. Slide No. 2997. Paratypes.— ¢: Urbana, Illinois, swarming about evergreens, March 21, 1889 (John Marten). Acc. No. 14781. Slide Nos. 2996 and 2998. In good to poor condition. Abdomen and genitalia of lectotype and of two. paratypes mounted in balsam on three slides. Orthocladius (Orthocladius) subparallelus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 522. Lectotype.—¢: Grand Tower, Illinois, along Mississippi River, April 21, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 3000. Paratypes.—¢: Grand Tower, Illinois, along Mississippi River, April 21, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Abdomen and genitalia of lectotype mounted in balsam on a slide. Orthocladius (Trichocladius) distinctus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 518. Lectotype-—¢@: Havana, Illinois, Chautauqua Park, April 29, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—9: Havana, Illinois, Chautauqua Park, April 29, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.—¢ and 9: Havana, Illinois, Chautauqua Park, April 29, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 3058. Genitalia of one paratypic male mounted in balsam on a slide. Orthocladius (Trichocladius) distinctus var. basalis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 519. Lectotype-—¢: Havana, Illinois, along shore of Illinois River, April 28, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—¢?: Havana, Illinois, along shore of Illinois River, April 28, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes— 4 and 9: Havana, Illinois, along shore of Illinois River, April 28-80, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Grand Tower, Illinois, along Big Muddy River, April 22, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Rock Island, Illinois, at light, October 21, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Peoria, Illinois, at light, October 22, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3 (not May 30 as stated in original description), 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slides Nos. 3025-3027. Genitalia of two male paratypes, and one male and two female adult para: types, mounted in balsam on three slides. Orthocladius (Trichocladius) distinctus var. bicolor Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 519. Lectotype—4: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914 (J. R Malloch). Paratype—¢: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914 (J. R. 174 Orthocladius (Orthocladius) lacteipennis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 524. Type——¢: South Haven, Michigan, shore of Lake Michigan, July 14, 1914 ' { Malloch). EE — 175 Orthocladius (Trichocladius) infuscatus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 517. Type. ¢@: Peoria, Illinois, at light, October 22, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Slide No. 3059. Genitalia mounted in balsam on a slide. Orthocladius (Trichocladius) nitidellus Malloch Bull. lll. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 515. Type—¢: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 17, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2990. Abdomen and genitalia mounted in balsam on a slide. Orthocladius (Trichocladius) nitidus Malloch Bull. lil. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 515. Type.—¢: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 28, 1914 (C A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 3060. Abdomen and genitalia mounted in balsam on a slide. Orthocladius (Trichocladius) striatus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 517. Type—¢@: Dubois, Illinois, creek valley, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 3061. Abdomen and genitalia mounted in balsam on a slide. Orthocladius (Psectrocladius) vernalis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 520. Type.——¢: Dubois, Illinois, creek valley, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 3057. Genitalia mounted in balsam on a slide. Palpomyia illinoensis Malloch Bull. lll. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. IV, June, 1914, p. 219. Type—Q: Algonquin, Illinois, May 25, 1894 (W. A. Nason). Originally assigned specific name of illinoisensis, but later emended by author to illinoensis. Palpomyia nebulosa Malloch Bull. Il. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 322. Type—¢?: Grand Junction, (Columbia) Michigan, Little Bear Lake, July 1h, POts. (CA: Hart). Paratype—9?: Peclk County, Wisconsin, July (Baker). Parabezzia petiolata Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 359. Lectotype—¢: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, July 5, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, July 5, 1914, and May 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). The genotype of Parabezzia Malloch (original designation). Probezzia fulvithorax Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 354. Lectotype—¢9: Urbana, Illinois, at light on windows, July 7, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype— 4: Urbana, Illinois, at light on windows, July 7, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—?2: Urbana, Illinois, at light on windows, July 7, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Grand Junction (Columbia), Michigan, Little Bear Lake, July 15, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Probezzia incerta Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 358. Lectotype-——@: Monticeilo, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 30, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Paratype—?2: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamen River, June 21, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). 176 Probezzia infuscata Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XI, Art. IV, December, 1915, p. 316. Lectotype—9?: White Heath, Illinois, along bank of Sangamon River, May 16, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype— 4: White Heath, Illinois, along bank of Sangamon River, May 16, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢ and 9: White Heath, Illinois, along bank of Sangamon River, May 9, 16 and 30, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Probezzia obscura Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 355. Type—@: Ithaca, New York, July 15, 1901 (O. A. Johannsen). In fair condition. Probezzia pallida Malloch Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 27, July 10, 1914, p. 138. Type—¢?: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Allotypes—¢: White Heath, Illinois, on bank of Sangamon River, May 16, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.— ¢@ and 9: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 21, 1914 (J. R. Malloch); White Heath, Illinois, on bank of Sangomon River, May 16, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Description of males first given by Malloch in Bull. Ill. State. Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XI, Art. 1V, December, 1915, p. 318. Protenthes claripennis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 387. Lectotype—%: South Haven, Michigan, lake shore, July 14, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Slide No. 2458. Lectoallotype—¢?: South Haven, Michigan, lake shore, July 14, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Paratypes.— 4 and @: South Haven, Michigan, lake shore, July 14, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Genitalia of lectotype mounted in balsam on a slide. Protenthes riparius Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 389. Type.—¢: Havana, Illinois, Thompson’s Lake, May 1, 1912. Slide No. 2484. Allotype—¢?: Havana, Illinois, April 20, 1898 (C. A. Hart). Ace. No. 24349. Paratypes— 4 and 9: Havana, Illinois, April 19, 1898 (C. A. Hart); Havana, Illinois, on house-boat, April 30, 1912. Acc. No. 24347. Genitalia of type mounted in balsam on a slide. Pseudochironomus richardsoni Malloch Bull. lll. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 500. Lectotype—@: Havana, Illinois, Chautauqua Park, April 29, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—¢: Havana, Illinois, Chautauqua Park, April 29-May 30, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Havana, Illinois, Chautauqua Park and Thomp- son’s Lake, April 29-May 30, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Mo. mence, Illinois, at light, July 17, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Slide Nos. 3048, 3049, 3051 and 3052. The genotype of Pseudochironomus Malloch (original designation). Gen- italia of two male paratypes, heads of three female paratypes and pupal exuviae of type specimens mounted in balsam on eight slides. Pseudoculicoides johannseni Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 311. Lectotype—@: Palo Alto, California. Slide No. 2935. 177 Paratypes—¢?: Palo Alto, California. Slide No. 2936. Genitalia of lectotype and one paratype mounted in ba'sam on two slides. Pseudoculicoides major Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 311. Type—¢: Urbana, Illinois, at light, July 2, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2932. Allotype—¢?: Ithaca, New York (O. A. Johannsen). Genitalia of male type mounted in balsam on a slide. Serromyia crassifemorata Malloch Bull. lll. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. IV, June, 1914, p. 218. Lectotype—?: Mt. Carmel, Illinois, May 28, 1884 (H. Garman). Acc. No. 1789. Paratype—¢?: Mt. Carmel, Illinois, May 28, 1884 (H. Garman). Ace. No. 1789. Tanypus cornuticaudatus Walley Can. Ent., Vol. LVII, No. 11, November, 1925, p. 277. Paratypes— ¢ and 9: Ottawa, Canada, July 26, 31, 1924 (C. H. Curran). Tanypus decoloratus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 370. Lectotype—¢: Havana, Illinois, Thompson’s Lake, May 1, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Ace. No. 45796. Lectoallotype—9@: Havana, Illinois, at light, September 12, 1895 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 13570. Paratype—¢: Muncie, Illinois, bank of Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Larval and pupal exuviae of lectotypic male mounted in baisam on Slide No. 2443. Tanypus hirtipennis Loew Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1866, p. 5. @ Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 367. ¢ and 9 Allotypes—¢: Urbana, Illinois, May 20, 1906; Dubois, Illinois, in creek valley, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Golconda, Illinois, April 18, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Grand Tower, Illinois, along ditch, April 22, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide Nos. 2455, 2463 and 2464. The description of the male is by J. R. Malloch. Genitalia of three allo- types mounted in balsam on three slides. Tanypus illinoensis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 376. Lectotype—¢: Havana, Illinois, May 1, 1895 (C. A. Hart). Ace. No. 13819. Lectoallotype—?: Havana, Illinois, September 27, 1895 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 13721. Paratypes—¢ and 9: Havana, Illinois, May 1-September 27, 1895-1896 (C. A. Hart and E. B. Forbes); Lake Delavan, Wisconsin, September 5-7, 1892 (C. A. Hart); Carbondale, Illinois, April 27, 1908; Algonquin, Illi- nois, May 13, 1896 (W. A. Nason); Havana, Illinois, September 10, 1910. Acc. Nos. 11589, 13519, 13552, 13705, 18721, 13818, 13819, 13837, 13849, 13856, 13964, 13972, 18799, 18810, 18811, 22080, 22083, 24016, 24022 and 45782. Slide Nos. 2466 and 2468. Apical abdominal segments and genitalia of two male paratypes mounted in balsam on two slides. Tanypus inconspicuus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 371. Lectotype ¢: Easton, Illinois, Central Ditch, May 1, 1914. Lectoallotype—9Q: Easton, Illinois, Central Ditch, May 1, 1914. 178 Paratypes.— @ and 9: Easton, Illinois, Central Ditch, May 1, 1914. Slide No. 2469. In good to fair condition. Apical abdominal segments and genitalia of one paratypic male mounted in balsam on a slide number 2469. Tanypus mallochi Walley Can. Ent., Vol. LVII, No. 11, November, 1925, p. 273. Paratypes—é@ and 9@: Ottawa, Canada, July 4, 1923 (C. H. Curran); Aylmer, Quebec, Canada, September 7, 1924 (C. H. Curran). Tanypus marginellus Malloch Bull. lll. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 374. Lectotype—¢: Dubois, Illinois, in creek valley, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 2459. Paratype.—¢: Dubois, Illinois, in creek valiey, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Abdomen and genitalia of lectotype mounted in balsam on a slide. Tanytarsus confusus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 490. Lectotype—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, Fair Grounds, May 20, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, Fair Grounds, May 20, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—g and ¢: Urbana, Illinois, at light, October 2, 3, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Havana, Illinois, along river, April 28, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Momence, Illinois, at light, July 17, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 3069. Genitalia of paratypic male mounted in balsam on a slide. Tanytarsus dubius Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 496. Lectotype—¢@: Havana, Illinois, Chautauqua Park, April 29, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—¢?: Havana, Illinois, Chautauqua Park, April 29, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Havana, Illinois, along Illinois River and at Chautauqua Park, April 28-29, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 3063. * Genitalia of one paratypic male mounted in balsam on a slide. Tanytarsus flavicauda Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 493. Lectotype——¢: Carbondale, Illinois, along creek valley, April 238, 1914 (Cc. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 3078. Lectoallotype-—¢@: Carbondale, Illinois, along creek valley, April 23, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢@ and 9:' Carbondale, Illinois, along creek valley, April 23, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Havana, Illinois, along river, April 28, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypic females collected April 28 and not April 29 as stated in original description. Genitalia and portion of abdomen of lectotype mounted in balsam on a slide. Tanytarsus muticus Johannsen N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 86, June, 1905, p. 294. @ Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 494. 9 Allotype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, at light, October 6, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Description of the female is by J. R. Malloch. Tanytarsus neoflavellus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 489. Lectotype—¢: Dubois, Illinois, April 25, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). 179 Paratypes.—¢@: Dubois, Illinois, along creek valley and at light, April 24, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Female also described in original description but no specimens of this sex were found in collection. Tanytarsus politus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 493. Lectotype.— ¢: WHaston, Illinois, along Central Dredge Ditch, May 1, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 3089. Paratypes.— 2%: Easton, Illinois, along Central Dredge Ditch, May 1, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Genitalia of lectotypic male mounted in balsam on a slide. Tanytarsus similatus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 494. Lectotype— 4: Madison Wisconsin, May 1, 1910 (J. G. Sanders). Slide No. 3084. Allotype—g¢?: Madison, Wisconsin, May 1, 1910 (J. G. Sanders). Paratype.—¢: Madison, Wisconsin, May 1, 1910 (J. G. Sanders). Genitalia of lectotype mounted in balsam on a slide. In fair condition. Tanytarsus viridiventris Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, May, 1915, p. 491. Lectotype—%: South Haven, Michigan, shore of Lake Michigan, July 14, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Paratypes.—¢: South Haven, Michigan, shore of Lake Michigan, July 14, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Slide No. 3083. Genitalia of one paratype mounted in balsam on a slide. Family MycrtTopHILiDAE Boletina punctus Garrett Sixty-one New Diptera (Privately published), Cranbrook, British Columbia, February 7, 1925, p. 5. Paratypes—g¢ and 9: Creston, British Columbia, July 4 (C. Garrett). Bolitophila subteresa Garrett Sixty-one New Diptera (Privately published), Cranbrook, British Columbia, February 7, 1925, p. 7. Paratype.— 9: Michel, British Columbia, Wilson Creek, September 9 (C. Garrett). Macrocera distincta Garrett Sixty-one New Diptera (Privately published), Cranbrook, British Columbia, February 7, 1925, p. 8. Paratypes.— g: Cranbrook, British Columbia, July 10 and 14 (C. Garrett). Macrocera variola Garrett Sixty-one New Diptera (Privately published), Cranbrook, British Columbia, February 7, 1925, p. 7. Paratypes.— ¢ and 9: Cranbrook, British Columbia, September 9 (C. Garrett); Marysville, British Columbia, July 1 (C. Garrett). Mycomya magna Garrett Ins. Inse. Mens., Vol. XII, Nos. 4-6, April-June, 1924, p. 64. Paratype.—¢g: Fernie, British Columbia, July 24 (C. Garrett). Mycomya vulgaris Garrett Ins. Inse. Mens., Vol. XII, Nos. 4-6, April-June, 1924, p. 63. Paratypes— 4 and 9: Fernie, British Columbia, July 23-24 (C. Garrett). Sceptonia johannsoni Garrett Seventy New Diptera (Privately published), Cranbrook, British Columbia, December 31, 1925, p. 15. Paratypes—g and ¢@: Marysville, British Columbia, August 1 (C. Gar- rett). 180 Sciophila parvus Garrett Sixty-one New Diptera (Privately published), Cranbrook, British Columbia, February 7, 1925, p. 10. Paratype—9Q: Cranbrook, British Columbia, June 2, 1920 (C. Garrett). Zygoneura fenestrata Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, June, 1914, p. 233. Lectotype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, on window, November 7, 1913 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, on window, November 7, 1918 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 1841. Paratypes.— ¢@ and 9: Urbana, Illinois, on window, November 7, 13, 14, 1913 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Slide No. 1848. Lectoallotype and one male paratype mounted in balsam on two slides. Zygomyia interrupta Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, June, 1914, p. 234. Type—¢: Urbana, Illinois, on window, November 18 1913 (J. R. Malloch). Family [ron i ipDae Lasioptera muhlenbergiae Marten Ohio Agr. Exp. Station, Tech. Ser., Vol. 1, No. 3, Art. IX, April, 1893, p. 155. Cotypes.— ¢ and 9: Urbana, Illinois reared from fusiforn stem gall May 9-June 2, 1892 (J. Marten). Also pupae and pupal exuviae of cotypes. Now considered as synonymous with Asteromyia agrostis Osten Sacken. Numerous male and especially female cotypes preserved in alcohol. In poor condition. Acc. Nos. 17979, 17980, 17981, 17999, 18011, 18041, 18122. Family Brprion1IbDAE Forbesomyia atra Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. VI, June, 1914, p. 235. Type-—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, on window, November 7, 1913 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). In fair condition. The genotype of Forbesomyia Malloch (original desig- nation and monobasic. ) Family ScaToPsIDAE Aspistes harti D Malloch Ent. News, Vol. XXXI, No. 10, December, 1920, p. 275. Type— 4:' Havana, Illinois, Quiver Lake, May 5, 1896 (C. A. Hart). Ace. No. 13819. Allotype—®?: Havana, illinois, Quiver Lake, May 5, 1896 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 13819. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Havana, Illinois, Quiver Lake, May 20, 1894 (C. A. Hart); Meredosia, Illinois, May 28, 1917 (J. R. Malloch); Havana, Illi- nois, June 3, 1918 (J. R. Malloch); Oregon, Illinois, June 19, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Acc. No. 131438. Mr. Malloch, D when describing this species, wrote that the accession cata- logue containing the data concerning some of the type specimens was missing. The fortunate recovery of the accession catalogue containing the Illinois aquatic records has enabled me to publish the data pertain- ing to the type, allotype and two paratypes. i ee Sie i 181 Family SIMULIIDAE Prosimulium mutatum Malloch Bull. U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. No. 26, 1914, p. 20. Paratypes—?: Jamesburg, New Jersey, April 30, 1911; Homer, Illinois, April 25, 1909. Simulium arcticum Malloch Bull. U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. No. 26, 1914, p. 37. Paratypes— 2: Kaslo, British Columbia, June 13 and July 4 (H. G. Dyar and R. P. Currie). Simulium forbesi Malloch Bull. U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. No. 26, April 6, 1914, p. 63. Type—9Q: Havana, Illinois, White Oak Run, June 7, 1912 (A. W. J. Pome- roy). Acc. No. 45753. Paratypes—9?: Havana, Illinois, Chautauqua Park, June 1, 1912 (A. W. J. Pomeroy); Havana, Illinois, White Oak Run, June 7, 1912 (A. W. J. Pomeroy). Ace. No. 45753. Though the male is stated to be described from many specimens, no males were found in the collection labeled forbesi by Malloch. Simulium johannseni Hart Twenty-seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., 1912, p. 32. Lectotype—¢?: Havana, Illinois, on house boat, shore of Illinois River, April 26, 1912. Lectoallotype—¢?: Havana, Illinois, on house boat, shore of Illinois River, April 26, 1912. Paratypes—g¢@ and 9: MHavana, Illinois, on house boat, shore of Illinois River, April 26, 1912. Simulium parnassum Malloch Bull. U. S. Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. No. 26, 1914, p. 36. Paratype—¢?: Skyland, Page County, Virginia, July 15, 1912 (H. G. Dyar). Simulium venustoides Hart Twenty-seventh Rep. State Ent. Ill., 1912, p. 42. Lectotype—¢: Algonquin, Illinois, July 8, 1896 (W. A. Nason). Lectoallotype.?: Algonquin, Illinois, October 20, 1894 (W. A. Nason). Paratypes—¢ and @:' Algonquin, Illinois, April, May, August, Septem- ber and October, 1894-1896 (W. A. Nason). This species is now considered as synonymous with Simulium piscicidum Riley. Family BLEPHAROCERIDAE Philorus markii Garrett Seventy New Diptera (Privately published), Cranbrook, British Columbia, December 31, 1925, p. 5. Paratype—¢: Fort Steele, British Columbia, July 21 (C. Garrett). Family STRATIOMYIIDAE Eupachygaster henshawi Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X1I, Art. III, March, 1917, p. 338. Type ¢?: Savoy, Illinois, May 4, 1914 (J. R. Mallech). Ace. No. 46357. Reared June 17, 1914, from larva found under bark of apple tree. Eupachygaster punctifer Malloch Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. VIII, No. 4, December, 1915, p. 316. Type—9?: Algonquin, Illinois (W. A. Nason). 182 Johnsonomyia aldrichi Malloch Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. VIII, No. 4, December, 1915, p. 313. Allotype.— 9: Victoria, Texas, April 9, 1914 (Bishopp No. 3266). In fair condition. The genotype of Johnsonomyia Malloch (original desig- nation and monobasic). Nemotelus bellulus Melander Psyche, Vol. X, October-December, 1903, p. 183. Cotype—9: Galveston, Texas, June, 1900 (A. L. Melander). Nemotelus bonnarius Johnson Psyche, Vol. XIX, No. 1, February, 1912, p. 4. Paratypes—¢ and 9%: Farewell Creek, South Saskatchewan, Canada, August, 1907 (Mrs. V. A. Armstrong). Nemotelus bruesii Melander Psyche, Vol. X, October-December, 1903, p. 179. Cotypes—¢@ and 9: Austin, Texas, April 8 and 12, 1900 (A. L. Melander and C. T. Brues). Nemotelus trinotatus Melander Psyche, Vol. X, October-December, 1903, p. 180. Cotypes—¢ and 9: Austin, Texas, May 11, 1900 (A. L. Melander and C. T. Brues). Nemotelus wheeler Melander Psyche, Vol. X, October-December, 1903, p. 182. Cotype—@: Galveston, Texas, June, 1900 (A. L. Melander and W. M. Wheeler). Odontomyia snowi Hart Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, Art. VI, December, 1896, p. 256. Type—¢4: Champaign, Illinois, along railroad tracks, July 2, 1890 (C. A. Hart and J. Marten). Acc. No. 15784. : Oxycera albovittata Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XII, Art. III, March, 1917, p. 330. Type—¢?: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, July 5, 1914 (J. R. Mal- loch). Oxycera aldrichi Malloch Bull. Il. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XII, Art. 1II, March, 1917, p. 329. Type.—@: Lafayette, Indiana, June 23 (J. M. Aldrich). Oxycera approximata Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XII, Art. III, March, 1917, p. 326. Type-——@: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, July 5, 1914 (J. R. Mal- loch). Xylomyia pallidifemur Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XII, Art. III, March, 1917, p. 343. Lectotype— 4: Urbana, Illinois, in woods, June 17, 1890 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 15751. Lectoallotype—®9: Urbana, Illinois, in woods, June 1, 1890 (C. A. Hart). Ace. No. 15700. Paratype-—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, in woods, June 2, 1890 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 15702. Family AsILIDAE Laphria sicula McAtee Ohio Journ. Se., Vol. XIX, No. 2, December, 1918, p. 165. Paratype—¢: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 30, 1914. Family DoLicHoPoDIDAE Chrysotus anomalus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. IV, June, 1914, p. 238. Type— 4: New Orleans, Louisiana, April 23, 1885 (S. A. Forbes). Ace. No. 5513. 183 Chrysotus ciliatus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. 1V, June, 1914, p. 236. Type—¢: Champaign, Illinois, along side of railroad tracks, June 22, 1888 (C. A. Hart and J. Marten). Acc. No. 14504. Chrysotus flavisetus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. IV, June, 1914, p. 239. Lectotype.— 4: Champaign, Illinois, along side of railroad tracks, June 22, 1888 (C. A. Hart and J. Marten). Acc. No. 14504. Lectoallotype—9?: Champaign, Illinois, along side of railroad tracks, June 22, 1888 (C. A. Hart and J. Marten). Acc. No. 14504. Paratypes.— 9: Champaign, Illinois, along side of railroad tracks, June 22, 1888 (C. A. Hart and J. Marten). Acc. No. 14504. Chrysotus spinifer Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. IV, June, 1914, p. 238. Type—¢: Algonquin, Illinois (W. A. Nason). Hydrophorus pilitarsis Malloch Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part C, July 14, 1919, p. 51ce. Cotypes.— @ and 9: Teller, Alaska, August 6, 1913, and July 29, 1913 (F. Johansen). In fair condition. Hygroceleuthus idahoensis Aldrich Kansas Univ. Quart., Vol. 2, No. 3, January, 1894, p. 154. Cotype.— 4: Moscow, Idaho. Now placed in the genus Dolichopus Latreille. Medeterus caerulescens Malloch Ent. News, Vol. XXX, No. 1, January, 1919, p. 8. Type—¢: White Heath, Illinois, reared April 26, 1918, from larva found under bark on April 18 (J. R. Malloch). Allotype—?: White Heath, Illinois, reared April 26, 1918 from larva found under bark on April 18 (J. R. Malloch). Family EmMprpmar Tachydromia harti Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. LI, No. 11, November, 1919, p. 248. Type—¢: Havana, Illinois, June 5, 1918 (J. R. Mailoch). Allotype—?: Havana, Illinois, June 5, 1918 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.—@: Havana, Illinois, June 5, 1918 (J. R. Malloch). Rhamphomyia conservativa Malloch Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, July 14, 1919, p. 48c. Paratypes.—¢@ and 9: Bernard Harbour, Northwest Territories, Canada, July 18-19, 1915 (F. Johansen); Young Point, Northwest Territories Canada, July 18, 1916 (F. Johansen). In poor condition. Family PHoriDAE Aphiochaeta aristalis Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. IX, No. 3, June, 1914, p. 57. Type—4: Havana, Illinois, September 20, 1895 (A. Hempel). Acc. No. 13709. Aphiochaeta bisetulata Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. X, No. 3, July, 1915, p. 65. Type: Urbana, Illinois, June 14, 1914 (E. H. Swigert). Aphiochaeta nasoni Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. IX, No. 3, June, 1914, p. 58. Type— 4: Algonquin, Illinois, November 16, 1896 (W. A. Nason). 184 Aphiochaeta pallidiventris Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIV, No. 2, April, 1919, p. 47. Type—@: Cobden, Illinois, May 9, 1918 (J. R. Malloch). Aphiochaeta plebeia Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soe., Vol. IX, No. 3, June, 1914, p. 59. Type—@: Urbana, Illinois, reared from decaying vegetation, July 18, 1885. Acc. No. 6889. Lectoallotype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, reared from decaying vegetation, July 18, 1885. Ace. No. 6889. Paratype.—¢: Urbana, Illinois, reared from decaying vezetation, July 18, 1885. Acc. No. 6889. Aphiochaeta quadripunctata Malloch Ent. News., Vol. XXIX, No. 4, April, 1918, p. 147. Type—¢: Elizabeth, Illinois, July 8, 1917. Apocephalus pictus Malloch Ent. News., Vol. XXIX, No. 4, April, 1918, p. 146. Type— 4: Havana, Illinois, August 30, 1917. Beckerina luteola Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. LI, November, 1919, No. 11, p. 256. Type—9?: Cobden, Illinois, May 9, 1918 (J. R. Malloch). Hypocera vectabilis Brues Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Hung., Vol. 11, 19138, p. 336. Paratypes.— ¢@ and @: Abyssinia. Male in good condition, but head of female is missing. Phora egregia Brues Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Hung., Vol. 9, 1911, p. 534. Paratype—®¢?: Fuhosho, Formosa, July (Sauter). Platyphora flavofemorata Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XI, Art. IV, December, 1915, p. 353. Type— 4: White Heath, Illinois, taken in copula on sandy bank, August 22,1915 (J. R. Malloch). Allotype.—@: White Heath, Illinois, taken in copula on sandy bank, Au- gust 22, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Type and allotype mounted on the same card point mount. Family SyrPHIDAE Cnemedon trochanteratus Malloch Proc, Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 20, No. 5, May, 1918, p. 127. Type—¢@: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914. Melanostoma pallitarsis Curran Can. Ent., Vol. LIII, No. 4, April, 1926, p. 83. Paratypes—@ and @: Freeport, Illinois, July 4, 1917; Cedar Lake, Lake County, Illinois, August 4, 1906; Mahomet, Illinois, April 28, 1925 (GAM as & Frison). Family CLUSIIDAE Clusia occidentalis Malloch Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 20, No. 5, January, 1918, p. 4. Type— 4: Washington State (T. Kincaid). In fair condition. Family ScATOPHAGIDAE Amaurosoma katmaiensis Malloch Ohio Journ. Sc., Vol. XX, No. 7, May, 1920, p. 284. Paratype-—9?: Katmai, Alaska, June, 1917 (J. H. Hine) 185 Amaurosoma nuda Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XVII, No. 3, June, 1922, p. 78. Paratype.—?: Cape Charles, Labrador, July 30, 1906. Amaurosoma unispinosa Malloch Ohio Journ. Se., Vol. XX, No. 7, May, 1920, p. 285. Paratype—9Q: Katmai, Alaska, July, 1917 (J. H. Hine). Gimnomera atrifrons Malloch Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 22, No. 1, January, 1920, p. 37. Type-——¢@: St. Anthony Park, Minnesota (O. Lugger). Gimnomera fasciventris Malloch Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 22, No. 1, January, 1920, p. 38. Type—4: Meredosia, Illinois, in sand-pit, May 29, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Allotype-—@Q: Meredosia, Illinois, in sand-pit, May 29, 1917 (J. R. Mal- loch). Paratype 9: Meredosia, Illinois, in sand-pit, May 29, 1917 (J. R. Mal- loch). Gimnomera incisurata Malloch Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 22, No. 1, January, 1920, p. 37. Type——¢: Dubois, Illinois, May 10, 1918 (J. R. Malloch). Allotype—?¢?: Dubois, Illinois, May 10, 1918 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.—4 and 9: Dubois, Illinois, May 10, 1918, and May 25, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Orthochaeta dissimilis Malloch Psyche, Vol. XXXI, No. 5, October, 1924, p. 194. Type.—@: Algonquin, Illinois, June 3, 1898 (W. A. Nason). Paratype—9?: Urbana, Illinois, May 7, 1907. Pseudopogonota aldrichi var. pallida Malloch Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 22, No. 1, January, 1920, p. 36. Paratypes.— 4: Craigs Mountain, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich); Marshall Pass, Colorado, July 28, 1908, elevation 10856 feet (J. M. Aldrich). Scatophaga grisea Malloch Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 22, No. 1, January, 1920, p. 34. Type—¢: Logan, Utah, May 20, 1914 (H. R. Hagan). Allotype—¢?: Wells, Nevada, July 12, 1911. Family HELtomyziDar Acantholeria oediemus Garrett Ins. Inse. Mens., Vol. IX, Nos. 7-9, July-September, 1921, p. 131. Paratypes.—¢@ and 9: Cranbrook, British Columbia, June 6-7, July 21, August 14, October 18 (C. Garrett). Amoebaleria fraterna var. hyalina Garrett Sixty-one New Diptera (Privately published), Cranbrook, British Columbia, February 7, 1925, p. 4. Paratype-——?: Michel, British Columbia, August 1 (C. Garrett). Amoebaleria gigas Garrett Ins. Inse. Menstruus., Vol. IX, Nos. 7-9, July-September, 1921, p. 126. Paratype— 4: Cranbrook, British Columbia, May 2, 1919 (C. Garrett). Now considered as Amoebaleria tincta form pilosus Coquillett. Amoebaleria (Eidoamoeba) luteoala Garrett Seventy New Diptera (Privately published), Cranbrook, British Columbia, December 31, 1925, p. 3. Paratype—¢@Q: Algonquin, Illinois, November 3, 1909 (W. A. Nason). The genotype of the subgenus Hidoamoeba Garrett (original designation). Anarostomoides petersoni Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XI, No. 1, February, 1916, p. 15. Type.——¢@: Urbana, Illinois, University Forestry, November 13, 1915 (A. Peterson). 186 Allotype—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, University Forestry, November 11, 1915 (A. Peterson). The genotype of Anarostomoides Malloch (original designation and mono- basic). Now placed in the genus Crymobia Loew. Anorostoma coloradensis Garrett Ins. Inse. Mens., Vol. XII, Nos. 1-3, January-March, 1924, p. 28. Paratype—¢4: Colorado (1389). Pseudoleria crassata Garrett Seventy New Dipteria (Privately published). Cranbrook, British Columbia, December 31, 1925, p. 3. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: MHavana, Illinois, Gleason’s sand dune, April 30, 1914. Pseudoleria vulgaris Garrett Seventy New Diptera (Privately published), Cranbrook, British Columbia, December 31, 1925, p. 2. Paratype—¢?: Cranbrook, British Columbia, May 20, 1921 (C. Garrett). Suillia loewi Garrett : Sixty-one New Diptera (Privately published), Cranbrook, British Columbia, February 7, 1925, p. 3. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Marysville, British Columbia, July 14 and August 1 (C. Garrett). Family BorporiDAE Borborus scriptus Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. X, No. 3, July, 1915, p. 64. Type-—¢: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 17, 1914 (J. R. Mal- loch). Leptocera (Collinella) fumipennis Spuler Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. XVII, No. 1, March, 1924, p. 110. Paratypes—¢ and Q:' Algonquin, Illinois, August 1, October 5 and 27, 1895 (W. A. Nason). Leptocera (Leptocera) hoplites Spuler Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. XVII, No. 1, March 1924, p. 115. Paratype—¢: Washougal, Washington, May 25, 1910 (A. L. Melander). Leptocera (Scotophilella) abundans Spuler Journ, N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XX XIII, No. 3, September, 1925, p. 151. Paratypes—¢: Moscow Mountain, Idaho, June 17, 1918 (A. L. Melander) ; Moscow Mountain, Idaho, July 4, 1915 (A. L. Melander); Paradise Park, Mt. Rainier, Washington, August, 1917 (A. L. Melander). Leptocera (Scotophilella) albifrons Spuler Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXIII, No. 3, September, 1925, p. 147. Paratype.—¢: Algonquin, Illinois, April 11, 1896 (W. A. Nason). Leptocera (Scotophilella) elegans Spuler Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXIII, No. 3, September, 1925, p. 149. Paratypes—9@: Urbana, Illinois, reared from horse manure, August 1, 1908 (J. Zetek); Champaign, Illinois, from garbage, November 6, 1908 (J. G. Sanders). Acc. Nos. 39218 and 40264. Leptocera (Scotophilella) gracilipennis Spuler Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXIII, No. 2, June, 1925. p. 78. Paratype— 4: Algonquin, Illinois, April 11, 1896 (W. A. Nason). Leptocera (Scotophilella) longicosta Spuler Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXIII, No. 3, September, 1925, p. 155. Paratypes—@ and 9: Algonquin, Illinois, November 4, 1895 and Novem- ber 11, 1896 (W. A. Nason); Urbana, Illinois, in breeding cage, May 6, 1891 (J. Marten); Urbana, Illinois, reared from horse manure, August 1, 1908 (J. Zetek). Acc. Nos. 16263 and 39211. In poor to good condition. 187 Leptocera (Scotophilella) ordinaria Spuler Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXIII, No. 3, September, 1925, p. 159. Paratype—@: Muir Woods, California, August 7, 1915 (A. L. Melander). Leptocera (Opacifrons) sciaspidis Spuler Psyche, Vol. XXXI, Nos. 3 and 4, June-August, 1924, p. 124. Paratypes— 4: Mt. Constitution, Washington, July 31 (A. L. Melander). Leptocera (Opacifrons) wheeleri Spuler Psyche, Vol. XXXI, Nos. 3 and 4, June-August, 1924, p. 128. Paratype—®: Havana, Illinois, on shore of river, December 13, 1894 (F. Smith and Hottes). Acc. No. 13135. Leptocera (Thorocochaeta) johnsoni Spuler Can. Ent., Vol. LVII, No. 5, May, 1925, p. 121. Paratype—9?: Seattle, Washington (A. L. Melander). Family SAPROMYZIDAE Melanomyza intermedia Malloch Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 25, No. 2, February, 1925, p. 50. Paratypes—— ¢ and 9: White Heath, Illinois, June 25-26, 1914; Summer, lllinois, August 2, 1914; Urbana, Illinois, University Woods (Cottonwood Grove), July 27, 1917; White Heath, Illinois, July 11, 1915; Odin, Illi- nois, in meadow, May 28, 1910. Minettia americana Malloch Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 25, No. 2, February, 1925, p. 53. Paratype—¢: White Heath, Illinois, May 18, 1889 (J. D. Marten). Acc. No, 14988. Phorticoides flinti Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soe., Vol. X, No. 4, October, 1915, p. 87. Lectotype— @:' Urbana, Illinois, on sap from a wound on elm tree, Au- gust 30, 1915 (J. R. Malloch and W. P. Flint). Paratype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, on sap from a wound on elm tree, Sep- tember 1, 1915 (J. R. Malloch and W. P. Flint). The genotype of Phorticoides Malloch (original designation and mono- basic). Sapromyza aequalis Malloch Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 27, March 20, 1914, p. 36. Type—¢@: Algonquin, Illinois, August 8, 1895 (W. A. Nason). Paratype?— ¢: Urbana, Illinois, June 28, 1889 (C. A. Hart). Hart Acc. No. 514. Sapromyza blaisdelli Cresson Ent. News., Vol. XXI, No. 3, March, 1920, p. 66. Paratype—?: San Francisco, California, May 27, 1908 (F. E. Blaisdell). Sapromyza cilifera Malloch Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., Vol. 27, March 20, 1914, p. 33. Type—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, swept from box-elder, May 24, 1888 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 14376. Sapromyza (Sapromyzosoma) citreifrons Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 6, June, 1920, p. 127. Type——¢4: Savanna, Illinois, June 13, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.— ¢: Cobden, Illinois, May 9, 1918 (J. R. Malloch). Sapromyza fratercula Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 6, June, 1920, p. 128. Paratype.—¢: Powderville, Montana, June 15, 1916 (M. Hanna). Sapromyza fuscibasis Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 6, June, 1920, p. 126. Type—é¢: White Heath, Illinois, July 11, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Allotype—?: Summer, Illinois, August 2, 1914 (C. A. Hart). 188 Paratypes.— ¢ and 9: White Heath, Illinois, July 11, 1915 (J. R. Mal- loch); Summer, Illinois, August 2, 1914 (C. A. Hart); Dubois, Illinois, August 8, 1917 (J. R. Malloch); Urbana, Illinois, September 15, 1891 (J. Marten); St. Joseph, Illinois, June 27, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Ace. No. 17499. : Sapromyza harti Malloch Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 27, March 20, 1914, p. 32. Lectotype—¢: Quincy, Illinois, swept from sand bar, August 12, 1889 (C. A. Hart). Hart Acc. No. 553. Lectoallotype— 9 :' Quincy, Illinois, swept from sand bar, August 12, 1889 (C. A. Hart). Hart Ace. No. 553. Paratypes— 2 and 9: Quincy, Illinois, swept from sand bar, August 12, 1889 (C. A. Hart); Quincy, Illinois, August 8, 1889 (not August 14 as stated in original description ) (C. A. Hart). Hart Acc. No. 544 and 553. Sapromyza inaequalis Malloch Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., Vol. 27, March 20, 1914, p. 35. Type—4: Urbana, Illinois, May 9, 1911 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 16287. Allotype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, May 28, (not May 27 as given in original description), 1911 (C. A. Hart). Ace. No. 15693. Sapromyza incerta Malloch Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 27, March 20, 1914, p. 36. Paratype—?: Aldridge, Illinois, August 11, 1891 (C. A. Hart and Shiga). Acc. No. 17212. Sapromyza littoralis Malloch Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 27, March 12, 1915, p. 47. Lectotype—é@: South Haven, Michigan, sweeping along lake shore, July 14, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Lectoallotype—9?: South Haven, Michigan, sweeping along lake shore, July 14, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Paratypes—¢ and ¢@: South Haven, Michigan, sweeping along lake shore, July 14, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Sapromyza nubilifera Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 6, June,.1920, p. 126. Type.——¢: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 21, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Allotype——@: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 28, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢ and 9: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 21, 1914; Mahomet, Illinois, along Sangamon River, August 6, 1914; Urbana, Illinois, forestry, June 17 and 23, 1916; Urbana, Illinois, June 20, 1915 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Sapromyza pernotata Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 6, June, 1920, p. 128. Type—d@: Cedar Lake (Lake County), Illinois, in tamarack bog, August 4, 1906. Paratype—d¢@: Cedar Lake (Lake County), Illinois, in tamarack bog, August 4, 1906. Sapromyza seticauda Malloch Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 27, March 20, 1914, p. 34. Type—¢: Havana, Illinois, July 14, 1910. Sapromyza similata Malloch Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 27, March 20, 1914, p. 30. Type—?: St. Joseph, Illinois, sweepings, June 9, 1912. Lectoallotype—¢: Michigan. 189 Paratypes.—¢@ and @: Algonquin, Illinois, June, July, September, 1895- 1897. (W. A. Nason); Merchantville, New Jersey; Quincy, Illinois, swept from sand bar, August 12, 1889 (C. A. Hart); Urbana, Illinois, Pond Grove, June 13, 1889 (C. A. Hart); Normal, Illinois, swept from weeds, June 3, 1884. Acc. No. 2089. Hart Acc. Nos. 500 and 553. Family LoNCHAEIDAE Lonchaea aberrans Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 6, June, 1920, p. 131. Type—¢?: Parker, Illinois, April 17, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Allotype—¢: Algonquin, Illinois, May 4, 1895 (W. A. Nason). Paratype—¢: Southern Illinois (Carlinville). Collected by C. Robertson and previously determined by S. W. Williston as ,‘polita Say”. Lonchaea nudifemorata Malloch Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 27, March 20, 1914, p. 38. Lectoallotype— 9: Algonquin, Illinois (W. A. Nason). Paratype—?: Algonquin, Illinois (W. A. Nason). Lonchaea ruficornis Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 6, June, 1920, p. 129. Type.—?: Savanna, Illinois, June 14, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Lonchaea striatifrons Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 11, November, 1920, p. 246. Paratypes—¢@: Santa Clara County, California (Baker); San Diego County, California (Harkins Collection). Lonchaea vibrissata Malloch Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 27, March 20, 1914, p. 37. Type.—@: Algonquin, Illinois, October 16, 1894 (W. A. Nason). Paratype—9@2: Algonquin, Illinois, May 10, 1897 (W. A. Nason). Lonchaea winnemanae Malloch Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 27, March 20, 1914, p. 38. Allotype—?: Algonquin, Illinois, May 23, 1895 (W. A. Nason). Family OrTALIDAE Stenomyia nasoni Cresson Ent. News, Vol. XXIV, No. 7, July, 1913, p. 320. Paratype—¢: Algonquin, Illinois, June 28, 1908 (W. A. Nason). Family SEPSIDAE Sepsis neocynipsea Melander and Spuler Wash. Agr. Exp. Station, Bull. 143, April, 1917, p. 28. Paratypes— 9: Homer, Illinois, March 1, 1909. Sepsis signifera var. curvitibia Melander and Spuler Wash. Agr. Exp. Station, Bull. 143, April, 1917, p. 28. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Algonquin, Illinois, May 3, 1894 (W. A. Nason); Mahomet, Illinois, October 25, 1913. Family CHLOROPIDAE Anthracophaga distichliae Malloch Journ. Econ. Ent. Vol. 11, No. 4, August, 1918, p. 386. Cotype—9?: Long Beach, California, reared from bract-covered gall on Distichlis apicata, July 7, 1916 (E. Bethel). 190 Botanobia bispina Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, No. 5, December, 1918, p. 109. Type—¢: Urbana, Illinois, in copula, September 20, 1916 (J. R. Malloch). Allotype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, in copula, September 20, 1916 (J. R. Mal- loch). Type and allotype mounted upon the same card point. Botanobia hinkleyi Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. XLVII, No. 1, January, 1915, p. 12. Type.—9@: Dubois, Illinois, creek valley. by sweeping evergreens, April 24, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes— 9: Dubois, Illinois, creek valley, by sweeping evergreens,,. April 24, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Botanobia spiniger Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, No. 5, December, 1918, p. 109. Type—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, Augerville (Brownfield) woods, June 23, 1916. (J. R. Malloch). Paratype—¢?: Meredosia, Illinois, August 20, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Chloropisca glabra var. clypeata Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 4, April, 1914, p. 119. Lectotype—¢?: Algonquin, Illinois, September 21, 1894 (W. A. Nason). Lectoallotype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, swept from Catalpa, June 21, 1888. (J. Marten). Acc. No. 14488. Paratype—9?: Urbana, Illinois, in woods, July 15, 1887 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 12915. Subsequently raised to specific rank by Malloch. Chloropisca obtusa Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 4, April, 1914, p. 118. Type—¢?: Champaign, Illinois, swept from grass, May 28, 1889 (J. Mar- ten). Acc. No. 15013. In fair condition. Chloropisca parviceps Malloch Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash., Vol. 17, No. 3, Sept. 18, 1915, p. 158. Type—@: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 30, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—9?: Mahomet, Illinois, along Sangamon River, August 6, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Centerville [White Heath], Illinois, along Sangamon River, August 16, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Dasyopa pleuralis Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, No. 1, January, 1918, p. 20. Lectotype—¢: Meredosia, Illinois, in sand pit, August 19, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—¢@: Meredosia, Illinois, in sand pit, August 19, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢ and 9: Meredosia, Illinois, in sand pit, August 22, 1917 (J. R. Malloch); Bluffs, Illinois, August 19, 1917 (J. R. Malloch); Dubois, Illinois, August 9, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). The genotype of Dasyopa Malloch (original designation and monobasic). Gaurax apicalis Malloch Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 17, No. 3, September 18, 1915, p. 160. Type.—¢@: Mahomet, Illinois, along Sangamon River, August 6, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Gaurax flavidulus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X1, Art. IV, December, 1915, p. 361. Type—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, on cypress limb, July 4, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Gaurax interruptus Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XI, Art. IV, p. 363. Type-—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, on cypress tree, July 5, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). 191 Gaurax pallidipes Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XI, Art. IV, December, 1915, p. 362. Type—é: Urbana, Illinois, on cypress tree, July 4, 19145 (J. R. Malloch). Gaurax splendidus Malloch Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol 17, No. 3, September 18, 1915, p. 161. Type—¢: White Heath, Illinois, along Sangamon River, May 30, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Lasiosina canadensis Aldrich Can. Ent., Vol. L, No. 10, October, 1918, p. 337. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Aweme, Manitoba, Canada, August 21, 1916 (N. Criddle); Treesbank, Manitoba, Canada, May 30, 1915.: Madiza (Siphonella) setulosa Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, No. 5, December, 1918, p. 110. Type.—@:' Freeport, Illinois, July 4, 1917. Lectoallotype.—Freeport, Illinois, July 2, 1917. Paratypes—@ and 9: Mahomet, Illinois, October 10, 1915; Urbana, IIli- nois, on window, June 17, 1915; Princeton, Illinois, June 24, 1915; Eliz- abeth, Illinois, July 7, 1917. Meromyza flavipalpis Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 4, April, 1914, p. 117. Lectotype— ¢: Champaign, Illinois, along railroad, June 22, 1888 (J. Mar- ten and C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 14504. Paratype—¢: Champaign, Illinois, along railroad, June 22, 1888 (J. Mar- ten and C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 14504. 4 In fair condition. Gilbertson (So. Dakota Agr. Exp. Station, Bull. 217, November, 1925, p. 3) on the authority of Aldrich has sunk this species as a synonym of Meromyza americana Fitch. Neogaurax fumipennis Malloch Ent. News, Vol. XXVI, No. 2, March, 1915, p. 108. Type—9¢?: Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (E. H. Swi- gert). Now placed in the genus Pseudogauraz Malloch. Oscinis criddlei Aldrich Can. Ent., Vol. L, No. 10, October, 1918, p. 341. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Treesbank, Manitoba, Canada, July 23 and August 6, 1915 (N. Criddle); Aweme, Manitoba, Canada, August 1, 1916 (N. Crid- dle). Oscinoides arpidia Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soe., Vol. XI, No. 4, October, 1916, p. 87. Type—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, forestry, June 1, 1916 (J. R. Malloch). The genotype of Oscinoides Malloch (original designation and monobasic). Oscinoides arpidia var. atra Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, No. 1, January, 1918, p. 19. Type-——@: Dubois, Illinois, May 23, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Oscinoides arpidia var. elegans Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, No. 1, January, 1918, p. 19. Type—¢4: Freeport, Illinois, July 4, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Oscinoides arpidia var. humeralis Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, No. 1, January, 1918, p. 19. Type—g¢?: Dubois, Illinois, May 22, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Family DrosopiiipAE Amiota setigera Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, No. 2, April, 1924, p. 51. Type—¢: Savoy, Illinois, at sap on apple tree, May 23, 1916 (J. R. Mal- loch). 192 Allotype—9Q: White Heath, Illinois, August 12, 1920 (J. R. Malloch). Paratype D—9Q: White Heath, Illinois, August 12, 1920 (J. R. Malloch). Head of paratype is missing. Phortica minor Malloch Ent. News, Vol. XXXII, No. 10, December, 1921, p. 312. Type.—¢: Dubois, Illinois, June 5, 1920 (J. R. Malloch). Paratype—4: Dubois, Illinois, June 3, 1919 (J. R. Malloch). Family GrEoMyzIDAE Aphaniosoma quadrivittatum Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XJ, Art. IV, December, 1915, p. 357. Type.—9?: Urbana, Illinois, on window, June 9, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.—9: Urbana, Illinois, on window, June 15, 25, 29 and July 6, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Chyromya concolor Malloch Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 16, No. 8, March, 1914, p. 181. Lectotype.— g: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 21, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype-——¢?: Monticello; Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 21, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes— ¢ and @: Monticello, Illinois, along Sangamon River, June 28, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, May 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Algonquin, Illinois, June 1 and 10, 1894 (W. A. Nason). Chyromya nigrimana Malloch Proce. Ent. Soe. Wash., Vol. 16, No. 3, March, 1914, p. 181. Lectotype— 4: Urbana, Illinois, fair grounds, along Salt Fork, May 20, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—g¢?: Urbana, Illinois, fair grounds, along Salt Fork, May 20, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.—¢ and 9: Urbana, Illinois, fair grounds, along Salt Fork, May 20, 1914 (J. R. Malloch); St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3 and 17, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Family AGRoMYZIDAE Agromyza albidohalterata Malloch Psyche., Vol. XXIII, No. 2, April, 1916, p. 52. Type—é: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 17, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Agromyza angulicornis Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. L, No. 3, March, 1918, p. 79. Type-—¢@: Waukegan, Illinois, on short of Lake Michigan, August 25, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Agromyza aprilina Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XI, Art. IV, December, 1915, p. 359 Lectotype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, cottonwood grove, April 16, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype— ¢: Urbana, Illinois, cottonwood grove, April 16, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.—9? and ¢: Urbana, Illinois, cottonwood grove, April 16 and 20, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Agromyza aristata Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. XLVII, No. 1, January, 1915, p. 13. Type—¢?: Havana, Illinois, Gleason’s Sand Dune, April 30, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). 193 Allotype—¢: Havana, Illinois, along river, April 30, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢ and 9: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Golconda, Illinois, along Ohio River, April 18, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Agromyza assimilis Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. L, No. 3, March, 1918, p. 80. Type—¢: Waukegan, Illinois, on short of Lake Michigan, August 25. 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Agromyza citreifemorata Watt Trans. New Zealand Inst., Vol. 54 (n. s.), December 14, 1923, p. 478. Paratype—9?: St. John’s Hill Reserve, Wanganui, New Zealand, reare\ from mine in leaf of Myoporum laetum (M. N. Watt). Agromyza deceptiva Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. L, No. 3, March, 1918, p. 78. Type—9¢?: Alto Pass, Illinois, May 8, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Agromyza destructor Malloch Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 18, No. 2, August 4, 1916, p. 93. Lectotype ¢?: Los Banos, Philippine Islands (C. F. Baker). Paratypes.—?: Los Banos, Philippine Islands (C. F. Baker). In fair condition. Agromyza felti Malloch Ent. News, Vol. XXV, No. 7, July 14, 1914, p. 310. Paratypes.— ¢: Hudson Falls, New York, reared from leaves of Campto- sorus rhizophyllus, May 27, 1910. Dr. E. P. Felt states in a letter that the type series contained fifteen speci- mens instead of seven as stated in original description. Agromyza flavocentralis Watt Trans. New Zealand Inst., Vol. 54 (n. s.), December 14, 1923, p. 474. Paratype——¢?: Dunedin, New Zealand, Botanical gardens, reared from mine in leaf of Veronica (M. N. Watt). Agromyza flavolateralis Watt Trans. New Zealand Inst., Vol. 54 (n. s.), December 14, 1923, p. 471. Paratype—¢: Dunedin, New Zealand, Botanical gardens, reared from mine in leaf of Melicytus ramiflorus (M. N. Watt). Agromyza flavopleura Watt Trans. New Zealand Inst., Vol. 54 (n. s.), December 14, 1923, p. 481. Paratype—¢: Dunedin, New Zealand, Botanical gardens, reared from mine in leaf (M. N. Watt). Agromyza flavopleura var. casta Watt Trans. New Zealand Inst., Vol. 54 (n. s.), December 14, 1923, p. 482. Paratype—é: Wellington, New Zealand, Botanical gardens, reared from mine in leaf of Asplenium lucidum (M. N. Watt). Agromyza fumicosta Malloch Ent. News., Vol. XXV, No. 7, July 14, 1914, p. 310. Type.—9: . Normal, Illinois, swept from blue grass, May 3, 1884 (S. A. Forbes). Ace. No. 1525. Specimen is wrongly recorded in original description as collected in 1894 instead of 1884. Agromyza gibsoni Malloch Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 49, No. 2097, July 24, 1915, p. 106. Paratypes—9? and ¢@: Tempe, Arizona, reared from alfalfa, Webster No. 12239 (E. H. Gibson). Agromyza indecora Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. L, No. 4, April, 1918, p. 132. Lectotype—¢@: White Heath, Illinois, June 24, 1916 (J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—®9?: White Heath, Illinois, June 24, 1916 (J. R. Malloch). 194 Paratypes— 4 and 9: White Heath, Illinois, June 24, 1916, and June 29, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Agromyza infumata Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. XLVII, No. 1, January, 1915, p. 15. Type—é: Dubois, Illinois, creek valley in woods, April 24, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Specific name subsequently changed by Malloch (1915) to subinfumata be- cause infumata is a primary homonym of infumata Strobl and Zerny. Hendel proposed the new name fumosa for this species in 1923, apparent- ly overlooking the prior change by Malloch in 1915. Agromyza nigrisquama Malloch Psyche, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, April, 1916, p. 53. Type—¢@: Monticello, Illinois, along bank of Sangamon River, June 28, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Hendel (1923) has proposed the new name of calyptrata for this species be- cause nigrisquama Malloch is a primary homonym, Agromyza pleuralis Malloch Ent. News, Vol. XXV, No. 7, July 14, 1914, p. 311. Type—g¢@: Urbana, Illinois, University grounds, swept from catalpa, June 21, 1888 (J. Marten). Acc. No. 14488. In original description the year is wrongly given as 1898 instead of 1888. Agromyza riparia Malloch Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 49, No. 2097, July 24, 1915, p. 105. Lectotype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, near Salt Fork, July 4, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, near Salt Fork, July 4, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢ and 9: Urbana, Illinois, near Salt Fork, July 4, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Algonquin, Illinois, June 19, 1894, July 25, 1895, September 15, 1895, October 3, 1895 (W. A. Nason); St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 10, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Hendel (1923) has proposed the new name of riparella for this species because riparia Malloch is a primary homonym. Agromyza similata Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. L, No. 5, May, 1918, p. 178. Type.—¢: Dubois, Illinois, May 24, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Agromyza subangulata Malloch Psyche, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, April, 1916, p. 51. Type ¢: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Agromyza subvirens Malloch Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 49, No. 2097, July 24, 1915, p. 105. Lectotype—@: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 17, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—¢@: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 17, 1914 (Cc. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—@: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 17, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Algonquin, Illinois, May 17, 1894 (W. A. Nason). Agromyza umbrina Watt Trans. New Zealand Inst., Vol. 54 (n. s.), December 14, 1923, p. 467. Paratypes.—¢@: Dunedin, New Zealand, Botanical gardens, reared from mine in leaf of Veronica (M. N. Watt). Agromyza youngi Malloch Ent. News, Vol. XXV, No. 7, July 14, 1914, p. 312. Paratypes—¢@: Albany, New York, reared from Taraxacum densleonis (D. B. Young). Sunk as a synonym of Agromyza nasuta Malloch by Malloch (1924). 195 Leucopis americana Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XIV, January 1921, p. 354. Type—é¢: Urbana, Illinois, reared from larva found feeding on aphids on Spirea vanhouteti, June, 1917 (J. R. Malloch.) Acc. No. 46568. Allotype-—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, reared from larva found feeding on aphids on Spirea vanhouteii, June 1917 (J. R. Malloch.) Acc. No. 46568. Paratypes—®¢?: Urbana, Illinois, reared from larvae found feeding on aphids on Spirea vanhouteii, June 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Acc. No. 46568. The head of one paratype is missing. Puparium from which type emerged is on card point mount. Leucopis major Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XIV, January, 1921, p. 352. Type—?: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—9?: St. Joseph, Illinois, along Salt Fork, May 3, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). In the original description the allotype is mentioned and the hypopygium figured, but the specimen was not found. An empty vial containing the label “Leucopis major Malloch Allotype” in Malloch’s handwriting was found which indicates specimen was dissected and is now lost. Leucopis minor Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XIV, January, 1921, p. 354. Type—é@: Dubois, Illinois, August 9, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Leucopis orbitalis Malloch Bull, Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XIV, January, 1921, p. 352. Type—g¢? Dundee, Illinois, reared by J. R. Malloch from pine twig in- fested with Aermes, June 7, 1916 (McMillan). Acc. No. 46343. Paratypes—9: Dundee, Illinois, reared by J. R. Malloch from pine twig infested with Kermes, June 7, 1916, (McMillan). Acc. No. 46343. Leucopis parallela Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XIV, January 1921, p. 353. Type—? Muncie, Illinois, along Stony Creek, July 5, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Leucopis pemphigae Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XIV, January, 1921, p. 350. Type—¢4: Carbondale, Illinois, reared July 15, 1909, from larva from Pemphigus gall collected on July 6, 1909. Acc. No. 42313 Allotype—¢?: Carbondale, Illinois, reared July 15. 1909, from larva from Pemphigus gall collected on July 6, 1909. Ace. No. 42313. Paratypes—9@?: Carbondale, Illinois, reared July 15 and 27, 1909, from larvae from Pemphigus gall collected on July 6, 1909. Acc. Nos. 42313 and 42344. Two female paratypes in poor condition. Leucopis piniperda Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XIV, January, 1921, p. 351. Type—¢: Urbana, Illinois, in university forestry, April 29, 1916 (J. R. Malloch). Allotype—9: Urbana, Illinois, on tree trunk, July 5, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Two legs of type are missing and allotype is in very poor condition. Leucopomyia pulvinariae Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XIV, January, 1921, p. 356. Paratypes—¢ and 9: Shushan, New York, reared from larvae found feeding on the Pulvinaria vitis Linnaeus, July 6, 1916, No. a3076, New York State College; Chicago, Illinois, from Pulvinaria, Spring, 1907; Algonquin, Illinois, July 4, 1894 (W. A. Nason). 196 The paratype from Algonquin is in alcohol in a vial. In the original description the year of the Algonquin specimen is wrongly given as 1892 instead of 1894. The genotype of Leucopomyia Malloch (original designation and monobasic). Limnoagromyza diantherae Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XV, No. 5, December, 1920, p. 147. Type.—? Muncie, Illinois, August 15, 1917 (T. H. Frison and J. R. Malloch). Allotype.— 4: Lafayette, Indiana, June 11, 1915 (J. M. Aldrich). Paratypes—@ and 9: Muncie, Illinois, August 15, 1917 (T. H. Frison and J. R. Malloch); Lafayette, Indiana, June 11 and 18, 1915, and June 2, 1917 (J. M. Aldrich); Urbana, Illinois, along Salt Fork, July 11, 1898 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 24491. In the original description one paratype is listed as accession number 24401. This should be accession number 24491 and recovery of missing accession catalogue permits data to be given here. The genotype of Limnoagromyza Malloch (original designation and monobasic), Meoneura nigrifrons Malloch Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., Vol. 28, March 12, 1915, p. 47. Type— 2: Urbana, Illinois, on window, September 6, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Allotype—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, on window, September 6, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). ; Neoleucopis pinicola Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. XIV, January 1921, Pp. 357. Type— 4: Stratford, Illinois, taken on pine tree and probably predaceous on aphids, June 22, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Allotype—9?: Urbana, Illinois, on pine, May 23, 1885. Acc. No. 5690. Paratypes—@: Stratford, Illinois, taken on pine trees and probably predaceous on aphids, June 22, 1917 (J. R. Malloch); Urbana, Illinois, on pine tree, July 31, 1916 (J. R. Malloch). The genotype of Neoleucopis Malloch (original designation and monobasic). Pseudodinia polita Malloch Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 49, No. 2101, July 16, 1915, p. 152. Lectotype.—9: Centerville [White Heath], Illinois, along Sangamon River, August 16, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype— 4: Centerville [White Heath], Illinois, along Sangamon River, August 16, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes——9?: Centerville [White Heath], Illinois, along Sangamon River, August 16, 1914 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Urbana, Illi- nois, August 30, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). In the original description the date of August 17 is erroneously given instead of August 16, and September 30 should be August 30. Family ANTHOMYIIDAE Allognotha semivitta Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 282. Type— 4: Meredosia, Illinois, sand regions, August 19, 1917 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype.—?: Meredosia, Illinois, sand regions, May 29, 1917 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes— 4 and 9: Meredosia, Illinois, sand regions, August 19, 1917 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Havana, Illinois, sand regions, August 30-31, 1917 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Northern Illinois. 197 Anthomyia dorsimaculata Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 336. Cotype— 4: Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico, 8000 feet elevation, July (H. H. Smith). Malloch (1921) has transferred this species to the genus Pegomyia R.— Desvoidy. Aricia bicolorata Malloch Proc. Calif. Acad. Se. Vol. IX (Fourth Ser.), No. 7, August 26, 1919, p. 253. Paratype—9Q: Washington State (T. Kincaid). In fair condition. Aricia latifrontata Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 270. Paratypes— 4: Beulah, New Mexico, top of range, June 28, 1902; Boze- . man, Montana, June 20, 1906. Aricia poeciloptera Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 271. Paratype—9: Cloudcroft, New Mexico, May 23, 1902. Specific name subsequently changed by Malloch (1920) to neopoeciloptera and transferred to the genus Helina R.—Desvoidy. Ariciella flavicornis Malloch Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 31, June 29, 1918, p. 66. Type—é¢: Brownsville, Texas, November 22, 1910 (C. A. Hart). Subsequently synonymized by Malloch (1921) as Avriciella rubripalpis (V. D. Wulp) Malloch. The genotype of Ariciella Malloch (original desig- nation and monobasic). Bigotomyia californiensis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVIII, June 12, 1923, p. 236. Paratypes.— ¢@ and 9: San Antonio Canyon, Ontario, California, July 25, 1907 (J. S. Hine). Charadrella macrosoma Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 341. Cotypes—g@ and 9%: Northern Yucatan, Mexico (Gaumer). Clinopera hieroglyphica Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 307. Cotype—?: Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico, January (H. H. Smith). The genotype of Clinopera Van der Wulp (designated by Coquillett, ae Coenosia aliena Malloch Ent. News, Vol. XXXII, No. 5, May, 1921, p. 134. Type—¢?: Gallatin County, Montana, August 23, 1917. Date of capture is erroneously given as August 22 in original description. Coenosia anthracina Malloch Ent. News, Vol. XXXII, No. 5, May, 1921, p. 134: Type—?: Gallatin County, Montana, elevation 5400 feet, August 15, 1912. Coenosia cilicauda Malloch Ent. News, Vol. XXXI, No. 4, April, 1920, p. 103. Paratypes.— ¢ and @: Huntley, Montana, July 23, 1917; Bozeman, Mon- tana, Montana Experiment Station, July 7, 1917. Subsequently transferred to the genus Macrocoenosia Malloch by Malloch. Coenosia denticornis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 164. Type—9: Saskatchewan, Canada, Farewell Creek, July, 1907. Coenosia femoralis Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 345. Cotype.—¢: Orizaba, Mexico, December, 1887 (H. H. Smith and F. D. Godman). . 198 In fair condition. This species is now considered (Malloch, 1921) as a synonym of Bithoracochaeta leucoprocta Wied. Coenosia fraterna Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 282. Paratypes—¢@: Blitzen River, Oregon, July 6, 1906. Coenosia frisoni Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 165. Type—¢: Urbana, Illinois, University Woods (formerly Cottonwood Grove), July 20, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Coenosia laricata Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 166. * Type—¢?: Cedar Lake, Lake County, Illinois, in a tamarack grove, August 4, 1906. Coenosia macrocera Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. 11, May, 1903, p. 344. Cotype— 9: Sierra de las Aguas Escondidas, Guerrero, Mexico, 9500 feet elevation, July (H. H. Smith). Coenosia punctulata Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 343. Cotype—¢@: Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico, 8000 feet elevation, July (H. H. Smith). Emmesomyia apicalis Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XII, No. 5, December, 1917, p. 115. Type—?: Dubois, Illinois, May 23, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Allotype.—¢@: White Heath, Illinois, June 3, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes— 9: Savanna, Illinois, June 13, 1917 (J. R. Malloch); Don- gola, Illinois, May 12, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). In the original description the paratype from Savanna is erroneously re- corded as collected on June 3 instead of June 13. Emmesomyia unica Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soe., Vol. XII, No. 5, December, 1917, p. 114. Type—9Q: Savoy, Illinois, May 23, 1916 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—9?: Algonquin, Illinois, June 12, 1897 (W. A. Nason); Homer, Illinois, Homer Park, June 17, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). The genotype of Emmesomyia Malloch (original designation). Eremomyioides fuscipes Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 182 . Type—é Urbana, Illinois, Augerville Woods (Brownfield Woods), March. Allotype—?: Urbana, Illinois, Augerville Woods (Brownfield Woods), March 17, 1918 (T. H. Frison). Paratypes—?: Urbana, Illinois, Augerville Woods (Brownfield Woods), March 5, 16-18, 1918 (T. H. Frison and J. R. Malloch); Homer, Illinois, March 21, 1909. Date of capture of type male erroneously given as March 11 in original description. Eremomyioides similis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 183. Type—¢: Tuscola, Illinois, March 29, 1918 (J. R. Malloch). Allotype— 4: Urbana, Illinois, Cottonwood Grove (University Woods), April 16, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢?: Tuscola, Illinois, March 29, 1918 (J. R. Malloch); Dane County, Wisconsin, April 10, 1900 (W. S. Marshall). Eulimnophora cilifera Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 145. Type— 4: Waukegan, Illinois, August 24, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Allotype—¢@: Algonquin, Illinois, October 2, 1895 (W. A. Nason). 199 Paratypes—¢ and 9: Waukegan, Illinois, August 24, 1917 (J. R. Mar loch); Urbana, Illinois, University forestry, October 22, 1916 (W. A. Nason); Algonquin, Illinois, September 3, 1894 (W. A. Nason). One male paratype with no data. Eulimnophora dorsovittata Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 146. Type—?: Kingston, West Indies, April, 1891 (C. W. Johnson). Fannia canadensis Malloch Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIII (Ninth Ser.), No. 76, April 1924, p. 423. Type: Gold Rock, Ontario, Canada, Rainy River District, July 21, 1905 (H. H. Newcomb). Fannia latifrons Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Art. IV, June, 1914, p. 240. Type—¢: Elliott, Illinois, July 10, 1906 (E. O. G. Kelley). Fannia lasiops Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 169. Type.—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, Augerville (Brownfield) Woods, March 30, 1918 (J. R. Malloch). Fannia spathiophora Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 294. Type—®?: Gold Rock, Ontario, Canada, Rainy River District, July 21, 1905 (H. H. Newcomb). Paratype—®: Ontario, Canada, Gold Rock, Rainy River District, July 21, 1905 (H. H. Newcomb). Fannia trianguligera Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 292. Paratypes—¢: Alamogordo, New Mexico, May 7, 1902. Hebecenma affinis Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. LIII, No. 9, September, 1921, p. 214. Paratypes—¢ and 9: Mt. Greylock, Massachusetts, June 15, 1906; Bar Harbor, Maine, July 30, 1919. Helina algonquina Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XVII, No. 3, June, 1922, p. 96. Type—é4: Algonquin, Illinois, May 20, 1908 (W. A. Nason). Helina bispinosa Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 142. Type—¢: Waukegan, Illinois, August 24, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Helina consimilata Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 144. Type—¢: New Bedford, Massachusetts (Hough). Helina johnsoni Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 141. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Provincetown, Massachusetts, June 29, 1891; Au- burndale, Massachusetts, June 16 (C. W. Johnson). Helina linearis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 139. Type—¢: Bozeman, Montana, elevation 4800 feet, July 7, 1902. Left wing is missing. Helina mimetica Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 142. Paratype—®?: Glen House, New Hampshire, June 14, 1916. Helina nasoni Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 138. Type—¢@: Algonquin, Illinois, August 16, 1895 (W. A. Nason). Helina nigribasis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 143. Type—¢: Dongola, Illinois, May 12, 1917 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). 200 Allotype—9?: Dongola, Illinois, May 12, 1917 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—@ and 9: Dongola, Illinois, May 12, 1916, May 9, 10 and 12, 1917 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Dubois, Illinois, May 24, 1917 (Cc. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Carlinville, Illinois, May 18 (C. Robertson). Helina nigrita Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 139. Type.—@: Monida, Montana, July 27, 1913. Helina spinilamellata Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 140. Type-——@: Bozeman, Montana, July 17, 1916. Helina tuberculata Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. LI, No. 12, December, 1919, p. 277. Type—¢?: Rigolet, Labrador, July 18, 1906. Allotype—@: Alberta, Canada, Lake Louise, July 15, 1908 (C. S. Minot). Hydrophoria collaris Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 333. Cotype—@ Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico, 8000 feet elevation, July (H. H. Smith). Malloch (1921) has transferred this species to the genus Pegomyia R.— Desvoidy. Hydrophoria flavipalpis Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 334. Cotype—4@: Sierra de las Aguas Escondidas, Guerrero, Mexico, 7000 feet elevation, July (H. H. Smith). Malloch (1921) has transferred this species to the genus Hmmesomyia Malloch. Hydrophoria nigerrima Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 169. Paratypes—¢ and 9: Mt. Rainier, Washington, on snow, 7000-9000 feet elevation, August, 1917 (A. L. Melander); Mt. Rainier, Weshington, Paradise Park, August, 1917 (A. L. Melander); Mt. Rixford, California, on snow, 12000 feet elevation, August 12, 1914 (R. L. B.). Hydrophoria polita Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 170. Type— 2: Bozeman (Copperopolis), Montana, elevation 5400 feet, July 28, 1902 (J. M. Aldrich). Allotype—@ Bozeman (Copperopolis), Montana, 5400 feet elevation, July 23, 1902 (J. M. Aldrich). Paratype—?@: Wells, Nevada, July 12, 1911 (J. M. Aldvich). Nothing remains of paratype but part of thorax and wings. Hydrophoria proxima Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 171. Paratype.—Princeton, Maine, July 12, 1909 (C. W. Johnson), Hydrophoria subpellucida Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 296. Paratypes—@ and @: Alamogordo, New Mexico, June 30 and May 15, 1902. Hydrophoria transversalis Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 334, Cotypes— ¢@ and 9: Sierra de las Aguas Escondidas, Guerrero, Mexico, 7000 feet elevation, July (H. H. Smith); Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico, 8000 feet elevation, July (H. H. Smith). In poor condition. Stein has sunk this species as a synonym of pictipes Bigot and placed it in the genus Taeniomyia Stein. Malloch (1921) con- siders that this species belongs in the genus Pegomyia R.—Desvoidy. 201 Hydrophoria uniformis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 297. Type—¢: Dubois, Illinois, May 25, 1917. Lectoallotype.—¢? Dubois, Illinois, May 238, 1917. Paratypes.— ¢ and 9: Urbana, Illinois, April 5-7, 1909; Savoy, Illinois. March 26, 1917. Hydrotaea cristata Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, No. 4, October, 1918, p. 94. Type—é¢: New Bedford, Massachusetts. Hydrotaea houghi Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XI, No. 5, December, 1916, p. 110. Lectotype—g: Homer, Illinois, April 24, 1909. Lectoallotype—? Homer, Illinois, April 24, 1909. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Claremont, New Hampshire, October 16, 1915; London, Ontario, Canada, 1896; Opelousas, Louisiana, March, 1897; Ur- bana, Illinois, June 20, 1888, (J. Marten); Urbana, Illinois, April 5-30, 1909; Tifton, Georgia, October 16, 1896; Algonquin, Illinois, June 10, 1895 and April 24, 1897 (W. A. Nason). Ace. No. 14488. Hylemyia augustiventris Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 315. Paratype 4 Cloudcroft, New Mexico, June 16, 1902. In fair condition. Hylemyia attenuata Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 188. Type—¢: Claremont, California (Baker). Hylemyia bicaudata Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 193. Type.—¢@: Grand Tower, Illinois, along Mississippi River, April 21, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.— 4: Grand Tower, Illinois, along Mississippi River, April 21, 1914 (J. R. Malloch); Algonquin, Illinois. Hylemyia bicruciata Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 190. Type 4: Great Caribou Island, Labrador, July 27, 1906. Hylemyia brevitarsis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 309. Paratypes.—@: Lagunitas Canon, Marin County, California, March 29, 1908. Hylemyia cilifera Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 311. Type—¢: Gallatin County, Montana, June 13, 1917. Hylemyia curvipes Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 316. Type—¢: Grand Tower, Illinois, along river, April 21, 1914. Paratypes.—g: Grand Tower, Illinois, Big Muddy River, April 22, 1914; Lafayette, Indiana, May 1, 1918. Hylemyia duplicata Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 308. Paratypes.—¢@ and 9: Berkeley Hills, Alameda County, California, April 20, 1908. Hypopygium and armature of fifth abdominal segment of another para- type without data preserved in alcohol. Hylemyia extremitata Malloch Proc. Calif. Acad. Sc., Vol. 1X, No. 11 (4th Ser.), December, 23, 1919, p. 309. Type—¢: Gallatin County, Montana, 5500 feet elevation, July 19, 1911. 202 Hylemyia gracilipes Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 187. Type—4: Lima, Montana, July 1, 1913. Paratypes—¢: Lima, Montana, July 1, 1913. Hylemyia inaequalis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 190. Type—@: Oregon, Illinois, June 19, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Paratype—¢é: Oregon, Illinois, June 20, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Hylemyia innocua Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 186. Type—¢4: New Bedford, Massachusetts (Hough). Allotype—@: New Bedford, Massachusetts (Hough). Paratypes—¢ and 9: New Bedford, Massachusetts (Hough). Hylemyia marginella Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 311. Type—é@: Tennessee Pass, Colorado, July 24, 1917 (J. M. Aldrich). Paratype—¢: Beulah, New Mexico, top of Las Vegas Range, June 28, 1902. Hypopygium and fifth abdominal sternite only of another paratype male preserved in alcohol. Hylemyia montana Malloch Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 32, June 27, 1919, p. 134. Paratypes.— @: Denver, Colorado, July 19, 1914 (O. E. Jackson); Crow Agency, Montana, July 10, 1916 (R. Kellogg); Armstead, Montana, July 3, 1913; Bozeman, Montana, July 10 and 15, 1912. Hypopygium and fifth abdominal sternite of one paratype preserved in al- cohol. Hylemyia normalis Malloch Proc. Calif. Acad. Se., Vol. IX, No. 11 (4th Ser.), December 23, 1919, p. 309. Type—¢: Armstead, Montana, July 3, 1913. Paratypes— 4: Lima, Montana, July 1, 1913; Dillon, Montana, July 5, 1913; Powderville, Montana, July 6, 1916; Musselshell, Montana, July 30, 1917. Hylemyia occidentalis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 191. Type.—@: Washington, April 4, 1893 (T. Kincaid). Paratypes.— ¢: Washington, April 12, 19 and 20, 1893 (T. Kincaid). Hylemyia pedestris Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. LI, No. 12, December, 1919, p. 274. Paratype—¢@: Godbout, Quebec, Canada, July 25, 1918 (HE. M. Walker) Hylemyia piloseta Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p, 313. Type—4: Corvallis, Oregon, April 26, 1908 (L. Hill). Paratype.—¢@: Mary’s River, Oregon (Webster). Hypopygium and armature of fifth abdominal sternite are preserved in al cohol. Hylemyia pluvialis Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. L, No. 9, September, 1918, p. 310. Typ2.—¢: Gold Rock, Ontario, Canada, Rainy River District, July 21 (H. H. Newcomb). Hylemyia recurva Malloch Proc. Calif. Acad. Se., Vol. TX, (4th Ser.), December 23, 1919, p. 308. Paratypes—¢@: Huntington Lake, Fresno County, California, 7000 feet elevation, July 10-27, 1919 (F. C. Clark). Hylemyia setifer Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 192. 203 Paratypes.—¢: Gallatin County, Montana, July 24, 1917; Bozeman, Mon tana, July 23, 1914; Tennessee Pass, Colorado, July 23, 1917 (J. M. Ald- rich); Hot Springs, Montana, July 3, 1917. Hylemyia spinilamellata Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 12, 1918, p. 312. Type.—¢: Silver Lake, Utah, July 10. Lectoallotype—9: Beulah, New Mexico, top of Las Vegas Range, June 28, 1902. The name of Hylemyia spinidens was subsequently proposed for this spe- cies by Malloch (1920) because spinilamellata was preoccupied. Hypopy- gium and armature of fifth abdominal sternite of type preserved in al- cohol. Hylemyia substriatella Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 309. Type—¢: Falls Church, Virginia, October 14, 1913 (C. T. Greene). Hypopygium and armature of fifth abdominal segment of male preserved in alcohol. Hylemyia tridens Malloch Ohio Journ. Sc., Vol. XX, No. 7, May, 1920, p. 284. Paratype. ¢: Savonoski, Naknek Lake, Alaska, August, 1919 (J. S. Hine). Leucomelina deleta Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 329. Cotype—¢: Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico, 8000 feet elevation, July (H. H. Smith). ; Malloch (1921) has transferred this species to the genus Limnophora R.— Desvoidy. Leucomelina minuscula Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. Il, May, 1903, p. 330. Cotype—¢?: Otoyac, Vera Cruz, Mexico, April (H. H. Smith). In poor condition. Malloch (1921) indicates but does not definitely state that this species belongs to the genus Limnophora R.—Desvoidy. Limnophora angulata Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 151. Paratypes—9Q: West Coast of Greenland, 1891 (Mengel and Hughes on the Peary Expedition). Limnophora acuticornis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 147. Paratype—9: Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, July, 1908. Limnophora clivicola Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 155. Type—é: Makanda, Illinois, resting on stone, June 4, 1919 (C. P. Alex- ander and J. R. Malloch). Allotype-—9?: Makanda, Illinois, resting on stone, July 5, 1919 (C. P. Alex- ander and J. R. Malloch). Paratype—4: Makanda, Illinois, resting on stone, July 5, 1919 (C. P. Alexander and J. R. Malloch). Limnophora extensa Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 150. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: West Coast of Greenland, 1891 (Mengel and Hughes on the Peary Expedition). Male in poor condition. Limnophora obsoleta Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 150. Paratypes—d@ and @: West Coast of Greenland, 1891 (Mengel and Hughes on the Peary Expedition). 204 Limnophora pearyi Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 151. Paratype.—¢@: West Coast of Greenland, 1891 (Mengel and Hughes on the Peary Expedition). In fair condition. Limnophora socia Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 326. Cotype—¢?: Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico, 8000 feet elevation, July (H. H. Smith). Malloch (1921) has transferred this species to the genus Helina R.—Des- voidy. Limnophora tetrachaeta Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 153. Type—¢4: Blitzen River, Oregon, July 6, 1906. Paratype.—¢@: Blitzen River, Oregon, July 6, 1906. Hypopygium and fifth abdominal sternite of paratype are preserved in al- cohol. Macrophorbia houghi Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 173. Type—¢@: New Bedford, Massachusetts, May 10, 1896 (Hough). Paratype-——¢: Sherborn, Massachusetts, April 30, 1912. The genotype of Macrophorbia Malloch (original designation and mono- basic). Melanochelia angulata Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. LIII, No. 3, March, 1921, p. 63. Lectotype—¢@: Umanak, Greenland, July 14, 1914 (M. C. Tanquary). Lectoallotype—¢?: Umanak, Greenland, July 28, 1914 (M. C. Tanquary and W. E. Ekblaw). Paratype— 9: Umanak, Greenland, August 4, 1914 (M. C. Tanquary). The data associated with these types is here published for the first time, the species being described in a key without mention of locality or date of capture. Melanochelia imitatrix Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. LIII, No. 3, March, 1921, p. 64. Type— 4: Nain, Labrador, August 18. Muscina tripunctata Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 305. Cotype.—¢@: Northern Yucatan, Mexico (Gaumer). According to Malloch this species belongs to the genus Neomuscina Town- send. . Mydaea armata Malloch Trans. Amer. Hnt. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 135. Type.—@: Gallatin County, Montana, 8000 feet elevation, July 12, 1900 (E. Koch). Mydaea brevipilosa Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 135. Type—?: Algonquin, Illinois, July 2, 1904 (W. A. Nason). Paratype—¢@: Savanna, Illinois, June 18, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). The type is erroneously stated to be a female in the original description. Mydaea concinna Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 317. Cotype—?: Xucumanatlan, Guerrero, Mexico, July, 7000 feet elevation H. H. Smith). Malloch (1921) has erected the new genus Smithomyia for this species. The genotype of Smithomyia Malloch (monobasic). ey a EEE — ee 205 Mydaea discimana Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 136. Type—9¢?: New Bedford, Massachusetts (Hough). Mydaea neglecta Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 136. Type—2@: Ramsey, New Jersey, June 5, 1916. Allotype—?: New Bedford, Massachusetts, August 30, 1896 (Hough). Paratypes—¢ and 9: Plummer’s Island, Maryland, May 10, 1916 (W. L. McAtee); Ramsey, New Jersey, June 5, 1916; North Mountain, Penn- sylvania, September 1; Falls Church, Virginia, June 28, 1912 (C. T. Greene); Rowayton, Connecticut, June 16, 1909; Broad Top, Texas; New Bedford, Massachusetts, August 30, 1896 (Hough); Chester, Massa- chusetts, July 25, 1913. Mydaea obscura Van der Wuip Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 317. Cotype—¢: Northern Yucatan, Mexico (Gaumer). Malloch (1921) has erected the new genus Neomusca for this species. The genotype of Neomusca Malloch (monobasic). Mydaea persimilis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 134. Type—g¢?: Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, July 15, 1908. Erroneously recorded as collected on August 15 instead of July 15. Neochirosia setiger Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XII, No. 2, April, 1917, p. 36. Lectotype— 4: White Heath, Illinois, along Sangamon River, April 28, 1916 (J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—¢?: White Heath, Illinois, along Sangamon River, April 28, 1916 (J. R. Malloch). Paratype—?: White Heath, Illinois, along Sangamon River, April 30, 1916. In the original description the month of capture of the type series is erroneously given as May instead of April. The genotype of Neochirosia Malloch (monobasic). Neohylemyia proboscidalis Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XII, No. 2, April, 1917, p. 38. Type—¢@: Quincy, Illinois, on sand-bar along Mississippi River, August 10, 1889 (C. A. Hart). Hart Acc. No. 547. The genotype of Neohylemyia Malloch (original designation and mono- basic). Pegomyia acutipennis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 301. Paratypes.—— ¢ and 9: Alamogordo, New Mexico, May 2, 1902; Cloudcroft, New Mexico, May 16, 1902. Pegomyia emmesia Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 179. Type—¢: Savanna, Illinois, June 14, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Allotype—9?: Savanna, Illinois, June 11, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Savanna, Illinois, June 13-14, 1917 (J. R. Malloch) ; Blizabeth, Illinois, July 7, 1917; Oregon, Illinois, June 20, 1917 (J. R. Malloch); Urbana, Illinois, July 21, 1889 (C. A. Hart). Hart Acc, No. 530. Pegomyia fringilla Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 181. Paratypes— 4 and 9: Urbana, Illinois, Augerville Grove (Brownfield Woods), April 18, 1919 (J. R. Malloch); Savoy, Illinois, on apple blos- soms, May 4, 1916 (J. R. Malloch); Falls Church, Virginia, flying, April 27, 1915 (C. T. Greene). 206 Pegomyia fuscofasciata Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 178. Paratype 4: Southbridge, Massachusetts, July 27, 1912. Pegomyia labradorensis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 176. Type—é4: Nain, Labrador, August, 1918. Pegomyia littoralis Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XV, No. 5, December, 1920, p. 127. Paratypes——¢@: Bar Harbor, Maine, July 21-22, 1919 (C. W. Johnson). Pegomyia quadrispinosa Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 181. Type—@: Gallatin County, Montana, 9400 feet elevation, July 9, 1900 (C. Koch). Allotype—9?: Monida, Montana, June 27, 1913. Pegomyia spinigerellus Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 178. Type: Havana, Illinois, Gleason’s sand dune, April 30, 1914 (J. R. Malloch). Paratype— 4: Meredosia, Illinois, sand pit, August 22, 1917 (J. R. Mal- loch). Pegomyia subgrisea Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 180. Type—¢: Bozeman, Montana, June 14, 1906. In the original description the month is erroneously given as July instead of June. Pegomyia unguiculata Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 176. Paratypes—¢@: Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, July 15, 1908 (C. S. Minot). Phaonia albocalyptrata Malloch Chio Journ. Sc., Vol. XX, No. 7, May, 1920, p. 267. Paratype—¢: Savonoski, Naknek Lake, Alaska, July, 1919 (J. S. Hine). Phaonia basiseta Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 133. Type—@: Bozeman, Montana, June 18, 1913. Lectoallotype—¢: Waubay, South Dakota, June 6, 1918. Paratypes—g and 9: Waubay, South Dakota, June 6, 1918 (J. M. Aldrich). The type is erroneously recorded as a male in the original description. Phaonia brevispina Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVIII, January 12, 1923, p. 269. Type—4: Urbana, Illinois, on tree trunk, August 1, 1916 (J. R. Malloch). Allotype—9®: Urbana, Illinois, at sap exuding from. tree trunk, Septem- ber 5, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Phaonia citreibasis Malloch Ohio Journ. Sc., Vol. XX, No. 7, May, 1920, p. 268. Paratype— 4: Savonoski, Naknek Lake, Alaska, July, 1919 (J. S. Hine). Phaonia harti Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVIII, January 12, 1923, p. 266. Type.— 4: Urbana, Illinois, reared from larva found under bark, March- April, 1916 (J. R. Malloch). Acc. No. 46619. Allotype—g¢?: Urbana, Illinois, reared from larva found under bark, March-April, 1916 (J. R. Malloch). Acc. No. 46619. Paratypes—— ¢@ and 9: Urbana, Illinois, June 1, 1890 (C. A. Hart); Ur- bana, Illinois, reared from larvae found under bark, March-April, 1916 (J. R. Malloch); Great Falls, Virginia, May 2, 1917 (W. L. McAtee). Acc. Nos. 15701, 46617-46619 and 46665. eee Phaonia laticornis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVIII, January 12, 1923, p. 279. Type 4: Hampton, New Hampshire, May 20, 1907 (S. A. Shaw). Allotype—¢: Cedar Lake, Lake County, Illinois, bog, August 6, 1906 (Cc. A. Hart). In the original description, evidently due to a typographical error, a statement regarding the locality of the type male is omitted. Phaonia monticolla Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 266. Paratype—¢: Beulah, New Mexico, top of range, June 28, 1902. Date of this paratype is erroneously given as June 24 in original descrip- tion of species. Phaonia nigricauda Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 268. Paratypes— @ and 9: Redwood Canyon, Marin County, California, May 17, 1908. Phaonia subfusca Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVIII, January 12, 1923, v. 273. Type—¢@: Pulaski, Illinois, meadow, June 2, 1910 (C. A. Hart). Allotype—¢?: Pulaski, Illinois, meadow, June 2, 1910 (C. A. Hart). Paratypes—¢ and 9: Pulaski, Illinois, meadow, June 2, 1910 (C. A. Hart). One male paratype in poor condition. The date of capture of type series is erroneously given as July 2, 1910, in the original description, Phaonia texensis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVIII, January 12, 1923, p. 271. Type—¢: Brownsville, Texas, South Texas Garden, at sugar, November 23, 1910 (C. A. Hart). Allotype—@: Brownsville, Texas, South Texas Garden, December 17, 1910 (C. A. Hart). Paratypes.— ¢: Brownsville, Texas, South Texas Garden, December 17, 1910 (C. A. Hart). Phorbia fuscisquama Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 340. Cotype—@: Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico, 8000 feet elevation, July (H. H. Smith). Malloch (1921) has transferred this species to the genus Phaonia R.—Des- voidy. Phorbia prisca Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 340. Cotype—¢?: Ciudad, Durango, Mexico, 8100 feet elevation (Forrer). Phyllogaster littoralis Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. XLIX, No. 7, July, 1917, p. 228. Type—¢?: Grand Tower, Illinois, on willow, July 12, 1909. Lectoallotype—9: Waukegan, Illinois, on beach, August 23, 1906. Paratypes——9: South Haven, Michigan, on shore of Lake Michigan, July 14, 1914 (C. A. Hart); Algonquin, Illinois, July 10, 1895 (W. A. Nason). Pogonomyia aldrichi Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 281. Type—é¢: Moscow, Idaho, May 22, 1913 (J. M. Aldrich). Pogonomyia aterrima Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 335. Cotype—¢?: Ciudad, Durango, Mexico, 8100 feet elevation (Forrer) Pogonomyia flavinervis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. XL, Art. IV, Decembe™, 1915, p. 356. Lectotype.— 4: Northern Illinois. Lectoallotype—¢?: Algonquin, Illinois, May 24, 1895 (W. A. Nason). 208 Paratype—9Q: Algonquin, Illinois (W. A. Nason). Synonymized as Pogonomyia nitens (Stein) by Aldrich (1918). Dr, Al- drich informs me, however, that “flavinervis is still the name for this species” because nitens is preoccupied. Pogonomyia latifrons Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 281. Type-—@: Tennessee Pass, Colorado, July 24, 1917 (J. M. Aldrich). Pogonomyia minor Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 280. Paratypes.—g and 9: Beulah, New Mexico, top of Las Vegas range, June 28, 1902; Tennessee Pass, Colorado, July 25, 1917 (J. M. Aldrich); Farewell Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada, June, 1907. Pogonomyia similis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 279. Paratypes.— g¢ and 9: Bozeman, Montana, June 20, 1906; Beulah, New Mexico, top of Las Vegas Range, June 28, 1902; Tennessee Pass, Colo- rado, July 25, 1917 (J. M. Aldrich); Bozeman, Montana, 4800 feet ele- vation, July 7, 1902; Gallatin Mountains, Montana, 6000 feet elevation, June 1, 1914. Pogonomyza proboscidalis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.; Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 185. Paratypes—g and 9: Delaware County, Pennsylvania, May 21, 1905; Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, June 4, 1905. Prosalpia angustitarsus Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 184. Paratypes——¢ and 9: Southwest Harbor, Maine, July 13, 1918 (C. W. Johnson); Machias, Maine, July 22, 1909 (C. W. Johnson). Schoenomyza aurifrons Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 288. Type-—— 4: Mexico City, Mexico, July, 1897. Schoenomyza convexifrons Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 287. Paratypes—9Q and ¢@: Milbrae, San Mateo County, California, March 20, 1908. Schoenomyza dorsalis var. partita Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 289. Paratypes—¢ and 9: Lagunitas Canyon, Marin County, California, March 29, 1908. Schoenomyza dorsalis var. sulfuriceps Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLIV, October 28, 1918, p. 288. Paratypes—@ and 9: Berkeley Hills, Alameda County, California, March 22, 1908; Yosemite Valley, California, May 22, 1908. Spilogaster copiosa Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 321. Cotypes—— g and @: Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico, 8000 feet elevation, July (H. H. Smith). Malloch (1921) has transferred this species to the genus Helina R.—Des- voidy. Spilogaster parvula Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 321. Cotype—9?: Tepetlapa, Guerrero, Mexico, 3000 feet elevation, October (H. H. Smith). Malloch (1921) has transferred this species to the genus Helina R.—Des- voidy. Spilogaster rubripalpis Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera,- Vol. II], May, 1903, p. 320. Cotype—¢?: Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, June (H. H. Smith). —e 209 Malloch (1921) has transferred this species to the genus Ariciella Malloch. A. flavicornis Malloch is a synonym of rubripalpis Van der Wulp, the latter having priority. Spilogaster signatipennis Van der Wulp Biol. Centrali-Americana, Insecta-Diptera, Vol. II, May, 1903, p. 322. Cotypes—¢ and 9: Sierra de las Aguas Escondidas, Guerrero, Mexico, 9500 feet elevation, July (H. H. Smith); Omilteme, Guerrero, 8000 feet elevation, July (H. H. Smith). Malloch (1921) has transferred this species to the genus Helina R.—Des- voidy. Tetramerinx brevicornis Malloch Can. Ent., Vol. XLIX, No. 7, July, 1917, p. 226. Type—9Q: Waukegan, Illinois, on shore of Lake Michigan, August 23, 1906. Allotype— 4: Waukegan, Illinois, on shore of Lake Michigan, August 24, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—g and 9: Waukegan, Illinois, on shore of Lake Michigan, August 23, 1906; Waukegan, Illinois, on sand on shore of Lake Michi- gan (J. R. Malloch). Subsequently transferred by Malloch (1920) to the genus Limnophora R.— Desvoidy at the time of description of allotype. Trichopticus conformis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 157. Paratypes.—_¢@: Boisdale, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, July 18-19; Spruce Brook, Newfoundlaid, August 8-12; Youghall, New Brunswick, Canada, . July 4-7, 1908 (A. Gibson). Hypopygium and fifth abdominal sternite only of a paratype are preserved in alcohol. Trichopticus latipennis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 158. Paratypes.—¢@: North Adams, Massachusetts, June 18, 1906; Great Bar- rington, Massachusetts, June 16, 1915 (C. W. Johnson). Xenocoenosia floridensis Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 163. Paratypes—g and 9: St. Augustine, Florida, April 19, 1919 (C. W. Johnson). Xenocoenosia major Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 163. Paratype—g¢?: St. Augustine, Florida, April 12, 1919 (C. W. Johnson). Xenomydaea buccata Malloch Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVI, June 12, 1920, p. 144. Type—¢: Monida, Montana, June 27, 1913. Allotype—g9Q Tennessee Pass, Colorado, July 24, 1917 (J. M. Aldrich). Family TacHINIDAE Peleteria campestris Curran Trans. Royal Soc. of Canada, Third Series, Vol. XIX, 1925, p. 247. Paratype.— 4: Horseshoe Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, 6000 feet altitude. Peleteria confusa Curran Trans. Royal Soc. of Canada, Third Series, Vol. XIX, 1925, p. 253. Paratypes——9?: Waterbury, Connecticut, on foliage, September 26, 1914; Mt. Holyoke Gap, Massachusetts, September 17, 1914 (C. H. T. Town- send). Peleteria townsendi Curran Trans. Royal Soc. of Canada, Third Series, Vol. XIX, 1925, p. 252. 210 Paratypes—¢ and 9: Mexico City, Mexico (Juan Muller); Chihuahua, Mexico, at flowers of Rudbeckia, Mound valley, August 24, 1909 (C. H. T. Townsend). Orpver HYMENOPTERA Family TENTHREDINIDAE Dolerus neostugnus MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, No. 2, April, 1923, p. 55. Paratype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, April 12, 1898. Euura salicicola Smith North Amer. Ent., Vol. I, 1879, p. 41. Cotypes— ¢ and 9: Peoria, Illinois, bred from Salix alba, sn 15, 1878 (EB. A. Smith). Metallus rubi Forbes Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., September 2, 1885, p. 87. Lectotype— ¢: Normal, Illinois, reared from mines in leaves of Yrasp- berries, August 12, 1884. The genotype of Metallus Forbes (monobasic). Nematus robiniae Forbes Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, September 2, 1885, p. 116. Type—9: Normal, Illinois, reared from larva on black locust (Robinia pseudacacia), July 4, 1884. Acc. No. 4572. This was considered by Marlatt as a synonym of trilineata Norton but Rohwer (1912) considers it a good species and places it in the genus Pteronidea Rohwer. Tenthredo messica MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, No. 3, September, 1897, p. 107. Paratype—¢: Olympia, Washington, June 13, 1894 (T. Kincaid). Family ARGIDAE Nematoneura malvacearum Cockerell Insect Life, Vol. VII, No. 8, December, 1894, p. 252. Paratype—¢: Sante Fe, New Mexico, August, 1894 (T. D. A. Cockerell). The species has been transferred to the genus Neoptilia Ashmead by Roh- wer (1912). Family BRAcoONIDAE Adialytus maidaphidis Garman Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill, September 2, 1885, p. 31. Lectotype—9@: Champaign, Illinois, reared from Aphis maidis Fitch, No- vember 7, 1884 (H. Garman). Lectoallotype—@: Champaign, Illinois, reared from Aphis maidis Fitch, November 6, 1884 (H. Garman). Acc. No. 47310. Paratypes—é and 9: Champaign, Illinois, reared from Aphis maidis Fitch, November 6, 1884 (H. Garman). Acc. Nos. 5857 and 47310. Slide Nos. 3145 and 3146. Two female paratypes mounted in balsam on two slides and three female and two male paratypes in alcohol. According to Gahan this species is synonymous with Lysiphlebius testaceipes Cresson, the latter having priority. Apanteles canarsiae Ashmead Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 4, No. 3, March, 1897, p. 127. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Normal, Illinois, bred from Psorosina (Canarsia) hammondi Riley, August 10-14, 1894 (W. G. Johnson). Acc. No. 20063. 211 Apanteles crambi Weed Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. I, August, 1887, p. 8. Lectotype—¢: Champaign, Illinois, bred from Crambus zeellus Fernald or Crambus trisectus Walker (—exsiccatus of Weed), June 19-21, 1886 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 10478. Lectoallotype—¢: Champaign, Illinois, bred from Crambus zeellus Fern- ald and Crambus trisectus Walker (=ezsiccatus of Weed), July 15, 1886 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 10630. Paratypes— ¢: Champaign, Illinois, bred from Crambus zeellus Fernald and Crambus trisectus Walker (—exrsiccatus of Weed), July 15, 1886 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 10630. Apanteles ornigis Weed Bull. 11. Sjate Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. I, August, 1887, p. 6. Lectotype-——¢?: Normal, Illinois, bred from larva of Ornix geminatella Packard, May 3, 1886 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 8890. Lectoallotype—¢: Normal, Illinois, bred from larva of Ornix geminatella Packard, May 3, 1886 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 8890. Paratypes—9?: Normal, Illinois, bred from larvae of Ornix geminatella Packard, April 27 and May 3, 1886 (C. M. Weed). Acc. Nos. 8832 and 8890. Apanteles orobenae Forbes Twelfth Rep. State Ent. Ill. November 20, 1883, p. 104. Lectotype—¢?: Anna, Union County, Illinois, bred from Evergestis (Oro- bena) rimosalis Guenée, September 15, 1882 (S. A. Forbes). Acc. No. 2851. Lectoallotype—¢@: Anna, Union County, Illinois, bred from Evergestis (Orobena) rinosalis Guenée, September 15, 1882 (S. A. Forbes). Acc. No. 3129. Paratypes—¢ and 9: Anna, Union County, Illinois, bred from Evergestis (Orobena) rinosalis Guenée, September 15, 1882 (S. A. Forbes). Acc. No. 2851. Slide Nos. 3143 and 3144. Seventeen specimens were found labeled as types, though original descrip- tion mentions but twelve. Five male and two female paratypes pre- served in alcohol in two vials. Two paratypes, one male and one female, mounted in balsam on two slides. Apanteles sarrothripae Weed Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. I, August, 1887, pb: Lectotype—9?: Normal, [llinois, bred from Sarrothripus revayana Scovoli (=lintnerana of Weed), July, 1884 (C. M. Weed). Ace. No. 2459. Lectoallotype—¢: Normal, Illinois, bred from Sarrothripus revayuna Scopoli (—lintnerana of Weed), July, 1884 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 2459. Paratype—92: Normal, Illinois, bred from Sarrothripus revayana Scopoli (=lintnerana of Weed), July, 1884 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 2459. Bassus acrobasidis Cushman Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 58, No. 2834, November 8, 1920, p. 289. Paratype— 4: Brownwood, Texas, reared from Acrobasis species, Quain- tance No. 16787, July 4, 1918 (A. I. Fabis). Clinocentrus americanus Weed Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. IV, October, 1887, p. 43. Lectotype—?: Champaign, Illinois, bred from Peronea (Teras) minuta Robinson, June 5, 1886 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 10293. Lectoallotype—¢: Champaign, Illinois, bred from Peronea (Teras) minuta Robinson, June 5, 1886 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 10295. Paratypes—9Q: Champaign, Illinois, bred from Peronea (Teras) minuta Robinson, June 5, 1886 (C. M. Weed). Acc. Nos. 10293 and 10295. Clinocentrus niger Ashmead Bull. 1. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, Art. VII, December, 1895, p. 27€ 212 Paratypes.— ¢: Havana, Illinois, taken from the surface of leaves of Lemnaceae on the shore of Quiver Lake, September 23, 1894 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 13068. Placed by Gahan in the genus Ademon Haliday. Microplitis hyphantriae Ashmead Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 4, No. 3, March, 1897, p. 164. Paratypes—9: Champaign, Illinois, reared from larvae of Hyphantria cunea Drury, August 12, 1885 (S. A. Forbes). Acc. No. 7209. Microplitis mamestrae Weed Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. I, August, 1887, p. 2. Lectotype—¢?: Normal, Illinois, reared from larva of Ceramica (Mames- tra) picta Harris, August 23, 1884 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 4920. Cocoon from which lectotype was reared is mounted on card point. Acc. No. 4922. Protomicroplitis garmanj Ashmead Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 28, No. 1206, October 13, 1900, p. 182. Paratypes—9?: Tolono, Illinois, July 25, 1885 (C. A. Hart and Shiga); Metropolis, Illinois, August 19, 1895 (C. A. Hart and Shiga). Ace. Nos. 6783 and 17235. Placed by Muesebeck (1922) in the genus Microgaster Latreille. Specific name in original description spelled germani but emended by Muesebeck to garmani. Family IcHNEUMONIDAE Coelinius meromyzae Forbes ‘Thirteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., May 31, 1884, p. 26. Lectotype—9: Cuba, Illinois, reared from Meromyza americana Fitch, May 15, 1883 (S. A. Forbes). Acc. No. 3314. Lectoallotype—@: Cuba, Illinois, reared from Meromyza americana Fitch, May 15, 1883 (S. A. Forbes). Ace. No. 3314. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Cuba, Illinois, reared from Meromyza americana Fitch, May 6-15, 1883 (S. A. Forbes). Acc. Nos. 2996, 3302, 3305, 3306 and 3314. Slide Nos. 1543-1547. Now placed by Viereck in the genus Coelinidea Viereck. Most of the speci- mens in good condition. Anatomical features of one paratype mounted in balsam on slides. Cremastus cookii Weed Ent. Amer., Vol. IV, No. 8, November, 1888, p. 150. Lectotype—9?: Anna, Illinois, May 29-31, 1883 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 3238. Lectoallotype—¢: Anna, Illinois, June, 1883 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 3361. Paratypes.— ¢@ and ?: Anna, Illinois, June 6, 1884 (C. M. Weed); Urbana, Illinois, by sweeping strawberry fields or reared from Ancylis (Phozx- opteris) comptana Froelich, July, 1885 (C. M. Weed). Acc. Nos, 2466 and 6278. ; Lectotype and allotype in fair condition, paratypes in poor condition. Cremastus cookii var. rufus Weed Ent. Amer., Vol. IV, No. 8, November, 1888, p. 150. Lectotype—¢@: Anna, Illinois, reared from Ancylis (Phoxropteris) comp- tana Froelich, June 6, 1884 (C. M. Weed). Ace. No. 2374. In fair condition. Cremastus forbesi Weed Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. III, October, 1887, p. 42. Type—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, reared from Peronea (Teras) minuta Robin- son, June 13, 1886 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 19386. 213 Cremastus hartii Ashmead Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, No. 7, December, 1896, p. 277. Lectotype—9?: Havana, lllinois, Quiver Lake, September 14, 1894 (C. A. Hart and Newberry). Acc. No. 13029. Lectoallotype— 4: Havana, Illinois, Quiver Lake, September 14, 1894 (C. A. Hart and Newberry). Acc. No. 13028b. Glypta phoxopteridis Weed Ent. Amer., Vol. IV, No. 8, November, 1888, p. 151. Type—¢?: Anna, Illinois, bred from larva of Ancylis (Phoxopteris) comp- tana Froelich, July 14, 1884 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 4859. Limneria, (Siphonophorus) canarsiae Ashmead Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 4, No. 3, March, 1897, p. 126. Type.—¢?: Normal, Illinois, bred from Psorosina (Canarsia) hammondi Riley, July 23, 1886 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 10671. Head of type is missing. Limneria elegans Weed Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. III, October, 1887, p. 40. Lectotype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, reared from Perona (Teras) minuta Rob- inson, June 12, 1886 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 10341. Limneria teratis Weed Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. II], Art. III, October, 1887, p. 40. Lectotype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, bred from Perona (Teras) minuta Rob- inson, June 9, 1886 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 10341. Paratype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, bred from Peronea (Teras) minuta Rob- inson, June 10, 1886 (C. M. Weed). Acc. No. 10355. Abdomen and wings of paratype are missing. Pimpla minuta Weed Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. III, October, 1887, p. 41. Type—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, reared from Peronea (Teras) minuta Robin- son, June 5, 1886 (C. M. Weed). Ace. No. 10295. Only wings, thorax and two legs of type remain. Spilocryptus canarsiae Ashmead Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 4, No. 3, March, 1897, p. 124. Lectotype—¢@: Champaign, Illinois, bred from cocoon of Psorosina /Ca- narsia) hammondi Riley, September 15, 1894 (W. G. Johnson). Ace. No. 21006. Family SCELIONIDAE Hoplogryon bethunei Sanders Can. Ent., Vol. XLII, No. 1, January, 1910, p. 15. Type—¢: Aurora, Illinois, in a nest of Formica subrufa, June 15, 1909 (G. E. Sanders). Acc. No. 39771. Phanurus tabanivorus Ashmead Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, Art. VII, December, 1896, p. 274. Paratypes.—¢ and 9: Havana, Illinois, reared from eggs of Tabanus atratus Fabricius, September 13, 1894 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 13016. Family PLATYGASTERIDAE Alaptus aleurodis Forbes Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Il]., September 2, 1885, p. 110. Lectotype—¢?: Tamaroa, Illinois, reared from Alewrodes on soft maple, August 4, 1884 (S. A. Forbes). Acc. No. 5139. Paratype—¢?: Tamaroa, Illinois, reared from Alewrodes on soft maple, August 4, 1884 (S. A. Forbes). Acc. No. 5139. Generic name Elaptus used at time of description was a misspelling for Alaptus. Now considered as synonymous with Amitus alewrodinis Halde- man. 214 Platygaster hiemalis Forbes Psyche, Vol. V, No. 144, April, 1888, p. 39. Lectotype—¢: Edgewood, Illinois, reared from puparia of Phytophaga destructor (Say) sent by Samuel Bartley, October 18, 1887 (S. A. Forbes). Acc. No. 14148. s Paratype. ¢: Edgewood, Illinois, reared from puparia of Phytophaga destructor (Say) sent by Samuel Bartley, October 18, 1887 (S. A. Forbes). Acc. No. 14148. Family CyNIPIDAE Acraspis compressus Gillette Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. XI, April, 1891, p. 197. Type gall—aAmes, Iowa. One of the two type specimens was originally mounted on a card point with this gall, but imago itself is now missing. Now placed by Weld (1926) in the genus Zopheroteras Ashmead. Antistrophus bicolor Gillette Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. XI, April, 1891, p. 197. Type—¢: Normal, Illinois, July 6, 1884. Acc. No. 2584. Accession catalogue states “Cynips from Silphiwm integrifolium” Now placed in the genus Aylax Hartig. Antistrophus laciniatus Gillette Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. XI, April, 1891, p. 194. Lectotype—9?: Champaign, Illinois, bred from gall “on receptacle of the flowers of Silphium laciniatum’’, collected April 18, 1889 (J. Marten). Acc. No. 15073. Lectoallotype—¢: Champaign, Illinois, bred from gall “on receptacle of the flowers of Silphiwm laciniatum’”’, collected April 18, 1889 (J. Marten). Ace. No. 15073. Type gall—Champaign, Illinois, “on receptacle of the flowers of Silphiwm laciniatum,;’, collected April 18, 1889 (J. Marten). Acc. No. 15072. Now placed in the genus Aylax Hartig. Antistrophus minor Giilette Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. XI, April, 1891, p. 196. Lectotype—9?: Champaign, Illinois, bred from the stems of Silphium laciniatum, collected January 4, 1885. Ace. No. 5500. Lectoallotype— ¢: Champaign, Illinois, bred from the stems of Silphium laciniatum, collected January 4, 1885. Acc. No, 5500. Paratype—9¢?: Champaign, Illinois, bred from the stems of Silphiwm laciniatum, collected January 4, 1885. Acc. No. 5500. Now placed in the genus Aylaxw Hartig and assigned the specific name of gilletti Kieffer because minor Gillette is preoccupied. Antistrophus rufus Gillette Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. XI, April, 1891, p. 195. Lectotype—9?: Champaign, Illinois, bred from cells in “stems of Silphium laciniatum”, collected January 4, 1885. Acc. No. 5500. Lectoallotype—¢: Champaign, Illinois, bred from cells in “stems of Silphium laciniatum’’, collected January 4, 1885. Acc. No. 5500. Paratypes—¢ and 9: Champaign, Illinois, bred from cells in “stems of Silphium laciniatum’”, collected January 4, 1885. Acc. No. 5500. Type gall—: Champaign, Illinois, in “stems of Silphium laciniatum”, collected January 4, 1885. Acc. No. 5500. Now placed in the genus Aylax Hartig. Antistrophus silphii Gillette Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. XI, April, 1891, p. 192. a tt beatin 215 Lectotype—®2: Champaign, Illinois, bred from galls on “Silphium inte- grifolium”, collected February 6 or March 25, 1890 (Mally and J. Mar- ten). Ace. No. 15605. Lectoallotype—¢@: Champaign, Illinois, bred from galls on “Silphiwm integrifolium”, collected February 6 or March 25, 1890 (Mally and J. Marten). Ace. No. 15605. Paratypes—¢ and @: Champaign, Illinois, bred from galls on “Silphium integrifolium,” collected February 6 or March 25, 1890 (Mally and J. Mar- ten). Acc. Nos. 15605 and 15665. Type galls—: Champaign, Illinois, galls on ‘“Silphium integrifolium”, collected February 6 or March 25, 1890 (Mally and J. Marten). Aulacidea solidaginis Girault Ent. News, Vol. XIV, No. 10, December, 1903, p. 323. Cotypes—¢ and 9: Blacksburg, Virginia, reared from gall on golden- rod [Lactuca], June 2-8, 1903, No. 49 (A. A. Girault). Synonymized by Beutenmiller (1910) as Aulacidea tumida Bassett. Aulax bicolor Gillette Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. XI, April, 1891, p. 201. Lectotype—9?: Urbana, Illinois, July 9, 1885. Acc. No. 6422. Paratype—9?: Mt. Carmel, Illinois, taken in a wheat field, May 27, 1884. Ace. No. 1781. In the original description Champaign is given as the locality instead of Urbana, also the year of the Mt. Carmel specimen is 1884 and not 1885. Now placed in the genus Aulacidea Ashmead. Callirhytis corallosa Weld Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 59, No. 2368, June 27, 1921, p. 216. Paratype—?: Ft. Sheridan, Illinois, reared from gall on Quercus macro- carpa Michaux or Quercus alba Linnaeus, October 6, 1914 (L. H. Weld). Now considered by Weld (1922) as a synonym of Callirhytis badia (Bas- sett). Callirhytis elliptica Weld Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 59, No. 2368, June 27, 1921, p. 228. Paratype—Agamie 9: Glencoe, Illinois, found ovipositing on buds of Quercus alba Linnaeus, May 11, 1919 (L. H. Weld). Callirhytis ellipsoida Weld Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 59, No. 2368, June 27, 1921, p. 227. Cotypes.—Agamic 9: Wilmette, Illinois, from galls on Quercus bicolor Willdenow, April 16, 1910 (L. H. Weld). Callirhytis enigma Weld Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 59, No. 2368, June 27, 1921, p. 219. Paratypes—¢?: Winnetka, Illinois, reared from gall on Quercus rubra Linnaeus, October 22, 1914 (L. H. Weld); Madison Florida, cut out from gall on Quercus catesbaei Michaux, December 4, 1919 (L. H. Weld). Callirhytis marginata Weld Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 59, No. 2368, June 27, 1921, p. 225. Cotype—9?: Ft. Sheridan, Illinois, reared from gall on Quercus coccinea Muenchhausen, April 25, 1915 (L. H. Weld). Callirhytis maxima Weld Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 59, No. 2368, June 27, 1921, p. 217. Cotypes—g¢?: Ft. Sheridan, Illinois, reared from galls on Quercus macro- carpa Michaux, October 19, 1914 (L. H. Weld). Callirhytis rubida Weld Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 59, No. 2368, June 27, 1921, p. 224. Paratype—¢?: Ravinia, Illinois, cut out from gall on one of red oaks, October 22, 1916 (L. H. Weld). Compsodryoxenus illinoisensis Weld Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 59, No. 2368, June 27, 1921, p. 234. 216 Paratypes—9: Winnetka, Illinois, cut out from galls on Quercus macro- carpa Michaux, October 25, 1914 (L. H. Weld); Ft. Sheridan, Illinois, cut out from galls on Quercus macrocarpa Michaux, October 24, 1914 (L. H. Weld). Coptereucoila marginata Gillette Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. XI, April, 1891, p. 203. Lectotype—¢@: Quincy, Illinois, November 14-15, 1884. Acc. No. 5437. Paratype—9: Normal, Illinois, May 9, 1884. Acc. No. 1661. Now placed in the genus Kleidotoma Westwood. Diastrophus scutellaris Gillette Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. XI, April, 1891, p. 191. Type—?: Danville, Illinois, May 20, 1884. Acc. No. 1881. Now placed in the genus Gonaspis Ashmead and considered as a variety of potentillae Bassett. Disholcaspis globosa Weld Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 59, No. 2368, June 27, 1921, p. 196. Cotypes—Agamic 9: Ft. Sheridan, Illinois, reared from gall on Quercus alba Linnaeus, October, 1914 (L. H. Weld). Disholcaspis terrestris Weld Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 59, No. 2368, June 27, 1921, p. 198. Paratypes——Agamic @: Ironton, Missouri, reared from galls on Quercus stellata Wangenheim, December 1, 1917 (L. H. Weld). Dryophanta lanata Gillette Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. XI, April, 1891, p. 198. Lectotype—¢?: Ames, Iowa, Iowa Experiment Station. Type gall—: No data. Now placed by Weld (1926) in the genus Callirhytis Foerster. Eucoila septemspinosa Gillette Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. XI, Avril, 1891, p. 204. Type—9®: Quincy, Illinois, August 10, 1889 (C. A. Hart). Hart Ace. No. 547. Reassigned Illinois State Natural History Survey No. 25798. Now placed in the genus Psilodora Foerster. Eucoilidea rufipes Gillette. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. XI, April, 1891, p. 205. Type—9@: Morris, Illinois, July 19, 1883 (F. M. Webster). Acc. No. 3637. Solenaspis singularis Ashmead Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIII, 1896, p. 183. Paratype—Algonquin, Illinois, July 25, 1895 (W. A. Nason). Now placed in the genus Xyalosema Dalla Torre and Kieffer. Synergus magnus Gillette Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. XI, April, 1891, p. 202. Type—9¢Q: Lansing, Michigan, reared from a gall of Amphibolips cookii Gillette. Synergus villosus Gillette Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, Art. XI, April, 1891, p. 202. Lectotype—¢?: Michigan. The locality of “Iowa” given for this species in original description was in error. Family CHALCIDIDAE Ceyxia paraguayensis Girault Zool. Jahrb., Abt. fiir Syst., Vol. 31, Heft 3, 1911, p. 385. Paratype—¢: Asuncion, Paraguay, May 4, 1905 (J. D. Anisits). Ace No. 44184. Paraguaya pulchripennis Girault Zool. Jahrb., Abt. fiir Syst., Vol. 31, Heft 3, 1911, p. 396. 217 Paratype—®Q: Villa Morra, Asuncion, Paraguay, November 9, 1905 (J. D. Anisits). Acc. No. 44182. Slide No. 1492. Antenna, anterior and posterior legs only of one paratype mounted in bal- sam on a slide. The genotype of Paraguaya Girault (original designation and monobasic). Spilochalcis anisitsi Girault Zool. Jahrb., Abt. fiir Syst., Vol. 31, Heft 3, 1911, p. 386. Paratypes—? and ¢: Paraguari, Paraguay, January 19, 1906 (J. D. Anisits). Acc. No. 44179. Slide No. 1494. One antenna each of paratypic male and paratypic female mounted in bal- sam on a slide. Tumidicoxa hyalinipennis Girault Zool. Jahr., Abt. fiir Syst., Vol. 31, Heft 3, 1911, p. 381. Paratype.—@ Asuncion, Paraguay, April 10, 1905 (J. D. Anisits). Ace. No. 44183. Family EuryToMIDAE Eurytoma paraguayensis Girault Zool. Jahr., Abt. fiir Syst., Vol. 31, Heft 3, 1911, p. 390. Paratypes.—9: Asuncion, Paraguay, reared from an ichenumoid cocoon of a parasite of a lepidopterous larva, March 24, 1905 (J. D. Anisits). Acc. No. 44180. Slide Nos. 1438 and 1439. Antenna and leg (all that remains) of one female paratype mounted in balsam on two slides. Family ENcyRTIDAE Aenasioidea latiscapus Girault Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 5, May, 1911, p. 173. Lectotype—9: Urbana, Illinois, June 25, 1908, reared from Kermes pubescens Bogue on oak (A. A. Girault). Ace. No. 40285. : Paratypes—9: Urbana, Illinois, reared from Kermes pubescens Bogue on oak, June 25, 1908 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 40285. Slide Nos. 1388 and 1874. Four female paratypes in poor condition mounted in balsam on two slides. The genotype of Aenasioidea Girault (original designation and monobasic). Anagyrus nubilipennis Girault Psyche, Vol. XVI, No. 4, August, 1909, p. 76. Lectotype—9: Carbondale, Illinois, reared from “overwintered females of Eulecanium nigrofasciatum (Pergande) on peach’, June 9, 1908 (L. M. Smith). Ace. No. 37537. Lectoallotype—¢%: Carbondale, Illinois, reared from “overwintered fe- males of Eulecanium nigrofasciatum (Pergande) on peach’, June 9, 1908 (L. M. Smith). Ace. No. 37537. Paratypes.—¢@: Carbondale, Illinois, reared from ‘overwintered females of Hulecanium nigrofasciatum (Pergande) on peach”, June 9-20, 1908 (L. M. Smith). Ace. Nos. 37537, 37546 and 37550. Aphycus stomachosus Girault Psyche, Vol. XVI, No. 4, August, 1909, p. 77. Lectotype—9: Carbondale, Illinois, reared from “overwintered females of Eulecanium nigrofasciatum (Pergande) on peach twigs’, June 21, 1908 (L. M. Smith). Acc. No. 37559. Slide No. 1293. Lectoallotype—¢: Carbondale, Illinois, reared from “overwintered fe- males of Eulecanium nigrofasciatum (Pergande) on peach twigs’, June 20, 1908 (L. M. Smith). Ace. No. 37552. Slide No. 1300. 218 Paratypes—g and ¢@: Carbondale, Illinois, reared from ‘overwintered females of Hulecanium nigrofasciatum (Pergande) on peach twigs”, June 20-30, 1908 (L. M. Smith). Ace. Nos. 37551, 37552, 37559 and 37580. Slide Nos. 1293, 1800, 1301 and 1304. In fair condition. Lectotype mounted in balsam on slide with paratypes, and lectoallotype on.slide with five male paratypes. Remainder of para- types mounted in balsam on two slides, except five female paratypes which are on card points. Cristatithorax pulcher Girault Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 5, May, 1911, p. 170. Lectotype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, reared from Kermes pubescens Bogue on oak, July 1, 1908 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 37590. Slide No. 1287. Paratype 9: Urbana, Illinois, reared from Kermes pubescens Bogue on oak, July 1, 1908 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 37590. Thorax, legs and abdomen of lectotype mounted on card point; head and one antenna in balsam on a slide. Antenna only of a female paratype mounted in balsam on a slide. The genotype of Cristatithorax Girault (original designation and mono- basic). Microterys speciosissimus Girault Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 5, May, 1911, p. 175. Lectotype—9: Urbana, Illinois, bred from Kermes pubescens Bogue on oak, June 23, 1908 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 37561. Paratypes—9: Urbana, Illinois, bred from Kermes pubescens Bogue on oak, June 23 and July 7, 1908 (A. A. Girault). Acc: Nos. 37561 and 37593. Slide No. 1305. One female paratype mounted on card point has head missing. Head and antenna only of another female paratype mounted in balsam on a slide Rhopoideus fuscus Girault Can. Ent., Vol. XLIV, No. 1, January, 1912, p. 5. Paratypes.— 9: Chicoutime, Quebec, Canada, July 3, 1911; St. Gabriel de Brandon, Quebec, Canada, July 3, 1911. Ace. Nos. 45080 and 45085, Slide Nos. 1471, 1500, 1501 and 1502. The “supposed host is Tortrix fumiferana Clemens, but a coccid is indi- cated instead.” Girault lists two of these specimens as “Homotypes” but they are a part of the type series and therefore are considered as paratypes. All spécimens mounted in balsam on four slides. Signiphora fasciata Girault Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 45, No. 1977, May 22, 1913, p. 219. Paratypes— ¢ and 9%: Cuantla, Morelos, Mexico, from ‘Jnglisia sp. on cotton”, July 1, 1897 (Koebele). Acc. No. 45088. Slide No. 1529. In poor condition. Mounted in balsam on a slide. Signiphora fax Girault Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 45, No. 1977, May 22, 1913, p. 223. Paratypes— 9: San Juan, Porto Rico, parasites of Aspidiotus [Mycetaspis] personatus (Comstock) on Guanabana, January, 1899 (A. Busck). Acc. No. 45091. Slide No. 3262. Mounted in balsam on a slide. Signiphora flava Girault Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 45, No. 1977, May 22, 1913, p. 213. Paratype—9?: Mexico, from “Aspidiotus camelliae Signoret on Acacia”, December 15, 1905 (A. L. Herrara). Acc. No. 45096. Slide No. 1514. Mounted in balsam on a slide with a male of Signiphora aleyrodis Ashmead, Signiphora flavella Girault Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 45, No. 1977, May 22, 1913, p. 214. Paratype—9: Cuautla, Morelos, Mexico, from “Aspidiotus sp. on Ciruela’, July 1, 1897 (Koebele). Acc. No. 45092. Slide No. 1510. 219 In poor condition. Mounted in balsam on a slide with seven females and one male of Signiphora mexicana Ashmead and females of Peris- sopterus mexicana Howard. Signiphora maculata Girault Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 45, No. 1977, May 22, 1913, p. 221. Paratypes.—@: Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, reared from Lepidosaphes alba (Cockerell), June 21, 1911 (Patricio Cardin). Acc. No. 45084. Slide No. 1517. In fair condition. Mounted in balsam on a slide. Signiphora pulchra Girault Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 45, No. 1977, May 22, 1913, p. 215. Paratypes— ¢ and 9: Anna, Illinois, reared from Aspidiotus uvae Com- stock on cultivated grape, July 17, 1908 (L. M. Smith); Urbana, Illinois, reared from Diaspis rosae, August 15, 1895 (W. G. Johnson); Urbana, Illinois, reared from Aspidiotus sp. on currant and the cherry Aspidiotus (forbesi ?), July 30 and August 13, 1895 (W. G. Johnson); Washington, D. C. bred from Aspidiotus uvae Comstock, May 15, 1911 (J. F. Zimmer). Acc. Nos. 21401, 21458, 21477, 39119 and 45083. Mounted in balsam on five slides. Family EupELMIDAE Isosoma allynii French Can. Ent., Vol. XIV, No. 1, January, 1882, p. 9. Cotype—¢9: Carbondale, Illinois, French Collection, July 29, 1881. Head missing. Species now assigned to genus Hupelmus Dalman. Family PTEROMALIDAE Arthrolytus aeneoviridis Girault Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 11, November, 1911, p. 372. Lectotype—9?: Ames, Iowa, August-November, 1908 (R. L. Webster). Acc. No. 40289. Paratypes—¢ and 9: Ames, Iowa, August-November, 1908 (R. L. Web- ster). Acc. No. 40289. Slide Nos. 1392-1394. Five female paratypes in poor condition mounted on card points. Antennae and heads of two male and three female paratypes mounted in balsam on three slides. Catolaccus cyaneus Girault Zool. Jahrb., Abt. fiir Syst., Vol. 31, Heft 3, 1911, p. 400. Paratypes—9: Asuncion, Paraguay, October 10, 1905 (J. J. Anisits). Acc. No. 44181. Slide No. 1491. Three female paratypes mounted on a single card point, and antennae and posterior leg of an additional female paratype mounted in balsam on a slide. The abdomen of one paratype on card point mount is missing. Epipteromalus algonquinensis Ashmead Mem. Carn. Mus., Vol. I, No. 4, 1904, p. 319. Paratypes—?: Algonquin, Illinois, June 27, July 3 and 6, 1895 (W. A. Nason). The genotype of Epipteromalus Ashmead (original designation and mono- basic). Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders Psyche, Vol. XVII, No. 4, August, 1910, p. 149. Lectotype—¢9: Urbana, Illinois, reared from puparium of Musca domes- tica Linnaeus, October 24, 1908 (A. A. Girault and G. E. Sanders). Ace. No. 40250. 220 Lectoallotype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, reared from puparium of Musca do, mestica Linnaeus, October 24, 1908 (A. A. Girault and G. E. Sanders). Acc. No. 40250. Paratypes.— ¢@ and 9: Urbana, Illinois, reared from puparia of Musca do- mestica Linnaeus and Phormia regina (Meigen), April, September, Oc- tober and November, 1909 (A. A. Girault and G. E. Sanders). Acc. Nos. 20269, 39965, 40146, 40150, 40153, 40169, 40171, 40205, 40217, 40231, 40242, 40243, 40244, 40245, 40246, 40247, 40248, 40249, 40250, 40258, 40268. Slide Nos. 1377, 1397, 13898 and 1399. The genotype of Musdidifurax Girault and Sanders (original designation and monobasic). The anatomical features of several paratypic females are mounted in balsam on four slides. Nasonia brevicornis Ashmead Mem. Carn. Mus., Vol. I, No. 4, 1904, p. 317. Paratypes—9Q: Algonquin, Illinois, May 11 and July 3, 1895 (W. A. Na son). This species is now placed in the genus Mormoniella Ashmead. The geno- type of Nasonia Ashmead (original designation and monobasic). {[so- genotypic through synonymy. Pteromalus ? fulvipes Forbes. Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., September 2, 1885, p. 47. Lectotype—¢?: Robinson, Illinois, May 25, 1884. Acc. No. 2309. Lectoallotype—¢: Du Quoin, Illinois, August 7, 1883. Acc. No. 3806. Paratypes.— ¢ and 9: Robinson, Illinois, June 14, 1884; Du Quoin, IlLli- nois, August 7, 1883; Marshall, Illinois, June 25, 1884. Acc. Nos. 3806, 4357 and 4566. This species is now placed in the genus Nemicromelus Girault. Pteromalus gelechiae Webster Twelfth Rep. State Ent. Ill., November 20, 1883, p. 151. Lectotype—¢: Southern Illinois, reared from a larva of Sitotroga (Gele- chia) cerealella Olivier, 1882 (F. M. Webster). Acc. No. 3168. Lectoallotype—9: Southern Illinois, reared from a larva of Sitotroga (Gelechia) cerealella Oliver, 1882 (F. M. Webster). Acc. No. 3168. Paratypes.— ¢ and 9: Southern Illinois, reared from the larvae of Sito- troga (Gelechia) cerealella Olivier, 1882 (F. M. Webster). Acc. No. 3168. Slide Nos. 3147 and 3148. Four paratypes are mounted in balsam on two slides, ten on card points, and the remainder in alcohol. Now considered as synonymous with Dibrachys clisiocampae Fitch, the latter having priority. Pteromalus pallipes Forbes Fourteenth Rep. Ill. State Ent., September 2, 1885, p. 46. Lectotype.—¢?: Du Quoin, Illinois, bred from puparia or larva of the Hes- sian fly, Phytophaga destructor Say, June 5, 1884. Acc. No. 2200. Paratype—?: Du Quoin, Illinois, bred from puparia or larva of the Hes- sian fly, Phytophaga destructor Say, June 5, 1884. Acc. No. 2200. The specific name of forbesi was assigned to this species by Dalla Torre because pallipes Forbes was preoccupied. Trimeromicrus maculatus Gahan Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, No. 2068, December 16, 1914, p. 162. Paratype—9: Yuma, Arizona, reared from alfalfa seed-pod infested with Bruchophagus funebris, October 25, 1913 (T. D. Urbahns). The genotype of Trimcromicrus Gahan (original designation and mono- basic). ; Tritneptis hemerocampae Girault Psyche, Vol. XV, No. 5, October, 1908, p. 92. I EE EE EEE EE EEE ee ee eee 221 Lectotype—9: Chicago, Illinois, reared from pupa of Hemerocampa leu- costigma (Smith and Abbot), April 23, 1908 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 37512. Lectoallotype—¢: Chicago, Illinois, reared from pupa of Hemerocampa leucostigma (Smith and Abbot), April 23, 1908 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 37512. Paratypes.— 9: Chicago, Illinois, reared from pupae of Hemerocampa leu- costigma (Smith and Abbot), April 23, 1908 (A. A. Girault). Ace. No. 37512. The genotype of Tritneptis Girault (original designation and monobasic). Uriella rufipes Ashmead Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIII, 1896, p. 222. Paratypes—@ and 9: Algonquin, Illinois, June 26, July 4 and 28, August 11 and 23, 1894 (W. A. Nason). The genotype of Uriella Ashmead (original designation and monobasic). According to Kurdjumov (1913) this genus is synonymous with Phaena- era Thomson. Urios vestali Girault Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, No. 3, September, 1911, p. 176. Type.—@: Illinois, in the nest of an ant, May. Acc. No. 45066. Slide Nos. 1466-1467. In a later publication the data for this type is given as April 1, 1911, Devil's Hole, near Havana, Illinois, in an ant’s nest (Pheidole vine- landica Forel). In poor condition. Head and antennae mounted in balsam on two slides; abdomen, thorax and legs mounted on two card points on same pin. The genotype of Urios Girault (original designa- tion and monobasic). Zagrammosoma multilineata var. punicea Girault Archiv. ftir Naturg., Vol. 77, Band I, Suppl. 2, 1911, p. 123. Lectotype—9: Washington, D. C., reared from Tischeria malifoliella Clemens, August 7, 1905 (A. A. Girault). Ace. No. 44261. Paratypes—9Q: Washington, D. C., reared from Tischeria malifoliella Clemens, August 7, 1905 (A. A. Girault). Ace. No. 44261. In fair condition. Family ELASMIDAE Elasmus meteori Ashmead Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 4, No. 3, March, 1897, p. 128. Paratypes.— 9: Champaign, Illinois, bred from cocoons of Meteorus vul- garis Cresson, August 27, 1894 (W. G. Johnson); Tonti, Illinois, bred from cocoons of Meteorus vulgaris Cresson, September 5, 1894 (W. G. Johnson). The head of one paratype is missing. Family EuLopHipar Aphelinus varicornis Girault Psyche, Vol. XVI, No. 2, April, 1909, p. 29. Lectotype-——¢?: Chicago, Illinois, reared from Schizoneura (Eriosoma) ecrataegi Oestlund, November, 1908 and December 12, 1908 (J. J. Davis). Acc. No. 40284. Slide No. 1363. Paratypes—9Q: Chicago, Illinois, reared from Schizoneura (Eriosoma) crataegi Oestlund, November, 1908 and December 12, 1908 (J. J. Davis). Acc. Nos. 40284 and 40291. Slide Nos. 1363, 1370 and 1387. 222 In fair condition. Girault in listing the types also mentions “eight females tag-mounted’’. I found six card point mounts of the eight mentioned in the original description, but unfortunately all the specimens of the adults originally so mounted were missing. Mounted in balsam on three slides; the lectotype being mounted on the same slide with three para- typic females. This species is now considered by Gahan (1924) as a synonym of Aphelinus mali Haldeman, the latter having priority. Astichus bimaculatipennis Girault Can. Ent. Vol. XLIV, No. 1, January, 1912, p. 8. Type—¢?: Ames, Iowa, reared as a probable hyper-parasite of Alceris [Peronea] minuta Robinson, July 27, 1908 (R. L. Webster). Ace, No. 40290. Slide No. 13853. In poor condition. Head and antennae mounted in balsam on a slide; thorax and part of appendages on a card point. Transferred by Gahan (1917) to the genus Sympiesis Foerster. Coccophagus cinguliventris Girault Psyche, Vol. XVI, No. 4, August, 1909, p. 79. Lectotype—g¢?: Carbondale, Illinois, reared from overwintered females of Eulecanium nigrofasciatum (Pergande), June 7, 1908 (L. M. Smith). Acc. No. 37536. Slide No. 1298. In fair condition. Mounted in balsam on a slide. Encarsia versicolor Girault Psyche, Vol. XV, No. 3, June, 1908, p. 53. Lectotype— 9: Urbana, Illinois, reared from Aleyrodes [Trialeurodes] vaporariorum Westwood, March 20, 1908 (J. J. Davis). Acc. No, 37474. Slide No. 1268. Lectoallotype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, reared from Aleyrodes [Trialewrodes} vaporariorum Westwood, March 20, 1908 (J. J. Davis). Ace. No. 37474. Slide No. 1291. Paratypes.— ¢@ and 9: Urbana, Illinois, reared from Aleyrodes [Trialeu- rodes] vaporariorum Westwood, March 20, 1908 (J. J. Davis). Acc. No. 37474. Slides No. 1268 and 1269. Mounted in balsam on three slides. Lectotype on same slide with eight female paratypes. Mestocharis williamsoni Girault Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, No. 3, September, 1911, p. 179. Lectotype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, reared from puparia of conopid on Bombus americanorum Fabricius [== Bremus pennsylvanicus (De Geer) ], May 20, 1911. Acc. No. 45067. Lectoallotype— 4: Urbana, Illinois, reared from puparia of conopid on Bombus americanorum Fabricius [Bremus pennsylvanicus (De Geer)], May 20, 1911. Acc. No. 45067. Paratypes.—9?: Urbana, Illinois, reared from puparia of conopid on Bom- bus americanorum Fabricius [Bremus pennsylvanicus (De Geer)], May 20, 1911. Ace. No. 45067. Lectotype and three paratypes in fair condition, lectoallotype and two paratypes in poor condition. Prospaltella fasciativentris Girault Psyche, Vol. XV, No. 4, December, 1908, p. 117. Lectotype—g¢?: Urbana, Illinois, reared apparently from Chionaspis fur- fura Fitch, April 3, 1908 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 37481. Slide No. 1270. Paratypes.—?: Urbana, Illinois, reared apparently from Chionaspis fur- fura Fitch, April 3, 1908 (A. A. Girault); Urbana, Illinois, reared apparently from Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, July, 1907 (J. A- West). Acc. No. 37481. Slides No. 1296 and 1270. In fair condition. Mounted in balsam on two slides. Prospaltella fuscipennis Girault Psyche, Vol. XV, No. 4, December, 1908, p. 120. Lectotype—g¢ Marion, Illinois, reared from Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) obscurus (Comstock) on oak, August 11-13, 1908 (W. P. Flint). Acc. No. 39306. Slide No. 1271. Paratypes.—¢?: Marion, Illinois, reared from Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) obscurus (Comstock) on oak, August 11-13, 1908 (W. P. Flint). Ace. No. 39306. Slide No. 1271. In fair condition. Mounted in balsam on one slide. Prospaltella perspicuipennis Girault Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, No. 4, December, 1910, p. 234. Lectotype.—¢: Centralia, Illinois, August 27, 1909 (A. A. Girault). Ace. No. 41679. Slide No. 1419. Paratype—®: Centralia, Illinois, August 31, 1909 (A. A. Girault). Ace. No. 41679. Slide No. 1418. Mounted in balsam on two slides. Tetrastichodes hyalinipennis Girault Zool. Jahrb., Abt. fiir Syst., Vol. 31, Heft 3, 1911, p. 404. Paratypes—¢@ and @: Villa Morra, Asuncion, Paraguay, February 27, 1905 (J. D. Anisits). Ace. No. 44178. Slide No. 1472. The legs, fore wing and antennae of one paratypic female mounted in balsam on a slide. Tetrastichus caerulescens Ashmead Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 4, No. 3, March, 1897, p. 130. Type—g¢: Champaign, Illinois, bred from Habrobracon gelechiae Ash- mead and the primary parasite of Psorosina (Canarsia) hammondi Riley, September 6 and 21, 1894 (W. G. Johnson). Acc. No. 21032. Allotype— 4: Champaign, Illinois, bred from Habrobracon gelechiae Ash. mead and the primary parasite of Psorosina (Canarsia) hammondi Riiey, September 6-21, 1894 (W. G. Johnson). Acc. No. 20087. Head of allotype is missing. Tetrastichus carinatus Forbes Fourteenth Rep. State Ent. Ill., September 2, 1885, p. 48. Lectotype—9: Anna, Illinois, bred from Phytophaga (Cecidomyia) de- structor (Say), Jume 24, 1884. Acc. No. 4358. Lectoallotype—¢: Anna, Illinois, bred from Phytophaga (Cecidomyia) destructor (Say), June 24, 1884. Ace. No. 4358. Paratypes—¢ and 9: Anna, Illinois, bred from Phytophaga (Cecidomyia) destructor (Say), June 24, 1884. Acc. No. 4358. Paratypes in poor condition, two of them being in alcohol. Tetrastichus johnsoni Ashmead Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIII, 1896, p. 233. Paratypes—9: Urbana, Illinois, reared from a mud wasps’ nest, Pompilus sp., July 30, 1895 (W. G. Johnson). Acc. No. 21404. Trichaporus aeneoviridis Girault Can. Ent., Vol. XLIV, No. 3, March, 1912, p. 75. Lectotype-— 9: Centralia, Illinois, supposedly reared from a larva otf Epicnaptera (Malacosoma) americana (Harris) and apparently a pri- mary parasite of it, May 27, 1908 (L. M. Smith and A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 37543. Paratypes—¢?: Centralia, Illinois, supposedly reared from larvae of Epicnaptera (Malacosoma) americana (Harris) and apparently a pri- mary parasite of it, May 27, 1908 (L. M. Smith and A. A. Girault). Ace. No. 37543. Slide No. 1283. Antenna of one female paratype mounted in balsam on a slide. 224 Family TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE Abbella subflava Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, May 29, 1911, p. 11. Paratypes.— 9: Centralia, Illinois, August 25, 1909 (A. A. Girault); Litch- field, Illinois, July 13, 1910 (A. A. Girault); Pullman, Washington. Acc. Nos. 41683 and 44164. Slide Nos. 1413, 1414 and 1421. Mounted in balsam on three slides. The genotype of Abbella Girault (original designation). Aphelinoidea plutella Girault Ent. News, Vol. XXIII, No. 7, July, 1912, p. 297. Type—¢?: Centralia, Illinois, August 26, 1909 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 41680. Slide No. 1415. Mounted in balsam on a slide with the lectotype of Aphelinoidea semi- fuscipennis Girault. Aphelinoidea semifuscipennis Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, May 29, 1911, p. 4. Lectotype.—Centralia, Illinois, August 25-26, 1909 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 41680. Slide No. 1415. Paratype—¢?: Centralia, Illinois, August 25-26, 1909 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 41680. Slide No. 1416. Mounted in balsam on two slides. The lectotype is mounted on the same slide with the type of Aphelinoidea plutella Girault. Chaetostricha flavipes Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, April 17, 1911, p. 75. Paratype—9?: Fort Valley, Georgia, reared, June 25, 1905. Acc. No. 44194. Slide No. 1490. Mounted in balsam on a slide. Japania ovi Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, April 17, 1911, p. 45. Paratype—9?: Reared from leafhopper eggs on banyan in China, Ace. No. 44185. Slide No. 1460. Mounted in balsam on a slide. The genotype of Japania Girault (orig- inal designation and monobasic). Neotrichogramma acutiventre Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, April 17, 1911, p. 40. Cotypes—g and 9: Japan, reared from eggs of “Chilo simplex’, March, 1910 (S. J. Kuwana). Acc. No. 44169. Slide No. 1430. Subsequently synonymized by Girault (1911) as Neotrichogramma (Tricho- gramma) japonica (Ashmead). The genotype of Neotrichogramma Girault (original designation and monobasic). Oligosita americana (Ashmead) Girault Psyche, Vol. XVI, No. 3, October, 1909, p. 107. Lectotype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, reared from jassid egg deposited within the stem of Elymus, May 27, 1905 (R. L. Webster). Acc. No. 41078. Slide No. 1376. Paratypes.—?:' Urbana, Illinois, reared from jassid eggs deposited with- in the stems of Elymus, May 27, 1905 (R. L. Webster). Acc. No. 41078. Slide No. 1376. Mounted in balsam in one slide. Girault (1909) described species but as- signs authorship of species to Ashmead. Oophthora simblidis Aurivillius Ent. Tidskr., Vol. XVIII, 1897, p. 253. Cotypes—@ and ¢: Blido, Sweden, 1896. Acc. No. 44188. Slide No. 3261. Transferred to the genus Pentarthron (Riley) Packard by Girault (1911). Synonymous with Trichogramma evanescens Westwood according to Hen- riksen (1918). The genotype of Oophthora Aurivillius (monobasic). ee eee 225 Pentarthron euproctidis Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XX XVII, April 17, 1911, p. 46. Paratypes.—9: Europe, bred from Euproctis chrysorrhaea Linnaeus, Gypsy Moth Parasite Laboratory (2006-G. M. L.). Acc. No. 44190. Slide No. 1447. Mounted in balsam on a slide. Pentarthron retorridum Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, April 17, 1911, p. 52. Paratypes.—¢ and @: Ames, Iowa, reared from the eggs of Nelewcania (Meliana) albilinea (Htibner), September 3, 1910, Experiment 528 (T. M. M.); Ames, Iowa, reared from the eggs of Neleucania (Meliana) albilinea (Hiibner), September, 1910, Experiment 602 (R. L. Webster); Ames, Iowa, reared from the eggs of Neleucania (Meliana) albilinea (Hubner), August 30, 1910, Experiment 535 (T. M. M.). Ace. No. 44186. Slide Nos. 1432, 1433 and 1445. Mounted in balsam on three slides. Trichogrammatoidea lutea Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, May 29, 1911, p. 19. Paratypes.—9: Natal, Africa, reared from egg parasite of Carpocapsa sp., March 20, 1901 (Claude Fuller). Acc. No. 44167. Slide No. 1431. Mounted in balsam on one slide. Trichogrammatella tristis Girault Archiv. fiir Naturg., Jahrg. 77, Band I, Suppl. 2, 1911, p. 127. Paratypes— 4 and 9: Tunapunta, Trinidad, reared from eggs of Horiola arquata, February, 1911 (F. W. Urich). Acc. No. 44254. Slide No. 1470. Mounted in balsam on a slide with three female paratypes of Tumidifemur pulchrum Girault. The genotype of Trichogrammatella Girault (original designation and monobasic). Tumidiclava pulchrinotum Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, May 29, 1911, p. 8. Paratype.—?: Urbana, Illinois, sweepings in meadow, June 8, 1910 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 44162. Slide No. 1454. Mounted in balsam on a slide. The genotype of Tumidiclava Girault (orig- inal designation and monobasic). Tumidifemur pulchrum Girault Archiv. fiir Naturg., Jahrg. 77, Band I, Suppl. 2, 1911, p. 125. Paratypes.— 9: Tunapunta, Trinidad, reared from eggs of Horiola arqu- ata, February, 1911 (F. W. Urich). Acc. No. 44256. Slide No. 1470. In fair condition. Mounted in balsam on a slide with three male and four female paratypes of Trichogrammatella tristis Girault. The genotype of Tumidifemur Girault (original designation and monobasic). Uscana semifumipennis Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XX XVII, May 29, 1911, p. 23. Paratypes.—@ and 9: Beeville, Texas—Honolulu, Hawaii, October 30, 1909 (F. Fulloway). Ace. No. 44166. Mounted in balsam on a single slide. The genotype of Uscana Girault (original designation and monobasic). Uscanella bicolor Girault Archiv. flir Naturg., Jahrg. 77, Band I, Suppl. 2, 1911, p. 129. Paratype—9?: Tunapunta, Trinidad, reared from egg of Horiola arquata, February, 1911 (F. W. Urich). Acc. No. 44255. Slide No. 1468. The genotype of Uscanella Girault (original designation and monobasic). Uscanoidea nigriventris Girault Archiv. fiir Naturg., Jahrg. 77, Band I, Suppl. 2, 1911, p. 130. Paratypes— ¢ and 9: Paraiso, Isthmus of Panama, reared from eggs of “apparently jassids”, January 20, 1911 (E. A. Schwarz). Acc. No. 44226. Slide No. 1488. 226 In fair condition. Mounted in balsam on a slide. The genotype of Uscan oidea Girault (original designation and monobasic). Westwoodella clarimaculosa Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XX XVII, April 17, 1911, p. 67. Type—¢?: Pulaski, Illinois, May 14, 1910 (C. A. Hart and A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 44198. Slide No. 1463. Mounted in balsam on a slide. In a subsequent publication this species was considered by Girault (1911) as a color variety of Westwoodella san- guinea Girault. Westwoodella comosipennis Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, April 17, 1911, p. 66. Paratype—9Q: No locality for this specimen is given. Type in United States National Museum is from “Ithaca, New York”. Acc. No. 44187. Slide No. 1462. Mounted in balsam on a slide. Westwoodella sanguinea Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, April 17, 1911, p. 58. Type—¢?: Centralia, Illinois, August 25, 1909 (A. A. Girault). Ace. No. 41681. Slide No. 1410. Paratypes.—?: Urbana, Illinois, June 8, 1910 (A. A. Girault); Dalton, Illinois, June 15, 1910 (A. A. Girault). Acc. Nos. 44162 and 44244. Slide Nos. 1453 and 1454. Mounted in balsam on three slides. Westwoodella subfasciatipennis Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, April 17, 1911, p. 43. Allotype—¢: Pullman, Washington, reared from green jassid egg, Oc- tober 18, 1909. Acc. No. 44191. Slide No. 1450. Mounted in balsam on a. slide. Family MyMariIDAE Alaptus caecilii Girault Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. I, No. 3, September, 1908, p. 189. Paratypes—¢ and 9: Los Angeles, California, reared from eggs ot Psocus, July 21, 1888 (D. W. Coquillett). Acc. No. 37491. Slide No. 1303. Mounted in balsam on a slide. Alaptus eriococci Girault Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. I, No. 3, September, 1908, p. 191. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: Los Angeles, California, reared from Hriococcus araucariae Maskell, September 5, 1887. Acc. No. 37490. Slide No. 1302. Mounted in balsam on one slide. Alaptus intonsipennis Girault Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, No. 4, December, 1910, p. 244. Lectotype—9@?: Bloomington (Hendrix), Illinois, July 22, 1910 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 44115. Slide No. 1417. Paratype—¢?: Bloomington (Hendrix), Illinois, July 22, 1910 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 44115. Slide No. 1417. Mounted in balsam on one slide. Anagrus armatus var. nigriventris Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XX XVII, October 18, 1911, p. 291. Lectotype—¢: Centralia, Illinois, August 25, 1909 (A. A. Girault). Ace. No. 44220. Slide No. 1483. Paratype——9: Centralia, Illinois, August 25, 1909 (A. A. Girault). Ace. No. 44220. Slide No. 1482. Mounted in balsam on two slides. Anagrus epos Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, October 18, 1911, p. 292. PPM aw Lectotype—?: Centralia, Illinois, September 4, 1909 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 44222. Slide No. 1461. Allotype—?: Centralia, Illinois, September 4, 1909 (A. A. Girault). Ace. No. 44222. Slide No. 1461. Paratypes—¢?: Centralia, Illincis, September 4, 1909 (A. A. Girault); Urbana, Illinois, October 8, 1910 (A. A. Girault). Acc. Nos. 44222 and 45077. Slide Nos. 1441 and 1461. Lectotype, lectoallotype and paratypes mounted in balsam on the same -slide and according to the label of Girault with a specimen of Alaptus caeculii Girault. One paratype mounted in balsam on a slide with seven females of Camptoptera pulla Girault. Anagrus spiritus Girault Ent. News, Vol. XXII, No. 5, May, 1911, p. 209. Type.—9¢?: Fort Collins, Colorado, probably from egg of Aphis pomi, 1904 (S. A. Johnson). Acc. No. 41009. Slide No. 1400. Allotype—¢: Fort Collins, Colorado, probably from egg of Aphis pomi, 1904 (S. A. Johnson). Acc. No. 41009. Slide No. 1400. Accession number 41009 and not 40809 as stated by Girault in original description. Mounted in balsam on one slide. Anaphes hercules Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XX XVII, October 18, 1911, p. 285. Type 9: Urbana, Illinois, June 8, 1910 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 44242. Slide No. 1504. Mounted in balsam on a slide with one paratypic female of Polynema con- sobrinus Girault. Anaphes nigrellus Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XX XVII, October 18, 1911, p. 282. Type—?: Urbana, Illinois, June 26, 1909 (J. D. Hood). Ace. No. 44228. Slide No. 1520. Mounted in balsam on a slide. Anaphoidea pullicrura Girault Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, No. 4, December, 1910, p. 252. Type—g?: Centralia, Illinois, August 26, 1909 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 41686. Slide No. 1435. Mounted in balsam on a slide. Anaphoidea sordidata Girault Journ, N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XVII, No. 4, December, 1909, p. 169. Type—9¢?: Centralia, Illinois, from egg of the common weevil Tyloderma foveolata (Say), June 26, 1909 (A. A. Girault). Ace. No. 41651. Slide No. 1423. Lectoallotype— 4: Centralia, Illinois, from egg of the common weevil Tyloderma foveolata (Say), June 27, 1909 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 41651. Slide No. 1422. Paratype— 4: Centralia, Illinois, from egg of the common weevil Tylo- derma foveolata (Say), July 4, 1909 (A. A. Girault). Ace. No. 41656. Slide No. 1425. Mounted in balsam on three slides. The genotype of Anaphoidea Girault (original designation and monobasic). Camptoptera pulla Girault Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. II, No. 1, March, 1911, p. 27. Lectotype—9¢?: Urbana, Illinois, July 15, 1908 (J. D. Hood). Ace. No. 39116. Slide No. 1307. Mounted in balsam on a slide. Gonatocerus fasciatus Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, October 18, 1911, p. 265. Lectotype—¢?: Arlington, Virginia, July 6. Acc. No. 44238. Slide No. 1479. 228 Paratype.— 9: Arlington, Virginia, July 6. Acc. No. 44238. Slide No. 1479. In fair condition. Mounted in balsam on one slide. Gonatocerus pygmaeus Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, October 18, 1911, p. 269. Paratype.—?: Mississippi. Acc. No. 44249. Slide No. 1484. In fair condition. Mounted in balsam on a slide. Gonatocerus rivalis Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, October 18, 1911, p. 257. Paratypes.— 9: Butler, Illinois, July 21, 1910 (C. A. Hart and A. A. Girault); Pulaski, Illinois, May 14, 1910 (C. A. Hart and A. A. Girault). Acc, No. 44212. Slide Nos. 1477 and 1478. Polynema citripes (Ashmead) Girault Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, No. 1, March, 1911, p. 19. Cotypes.—9: Centralia, Illinois, on window, August 25, 1909 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 44175. Slide Nos. 1339 and 1436. One bears data “Cosmocoma citripes Ash. female Type from Ind.”. De- scription is by Girault, but Ashmead was given credit for the species. Mounted in balsam on two slides. Polynema consobrinus Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, October 18, 1911, p. 309. Lectoallotype— %: Pekin, Illinois, August 14, 1883 (S. A. Forbes). . Ace. No. 3816. Paratypes.— ¢ and 9: Normal, Illinois, June 15, 1883 (S. A. Forbes); Urbana, Illinois, April 30 and June 8, 1910 (A. A. Girault); Chicago, Illi- nois, September 15, 1908 (J. J. Davis). Acc. Nos. 3391, 40029, 44242 and 44245. Slide Nos. 1333, 1401, 1452 and 1504. Mounted in balsam on four slides. One of the female paratypes is mounted on a slide with paratypes of Polynema enchenopae Girault, and another female paratype is on a slide with the type of Anaphes hercules Girault. Polynema enchenopae Girault Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, No. 1, March, 1911, p. 15. Paratypes.— ¢ and 9: Chicago, Illinois, September 15, 1908 (J. J. Davis). Acc. No. 40029. Slide No. 1401. Mounted in balsam on a slide with one female paratype of Polynema conso- brinus Girault. Polynema sibylla Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XX XVII, October 18, 1911, p. 311. Paratype—¢?: Algonquin, Illinois, May 10, 1896 (W. A. Nason). Ace. No. 44246. Slide No. 1348. Mounted in balsam on a slide. The head is missing. Polynema striaticorne Girault Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, No. 1, March, 1911, p. 12. Paratypes.— ¢ and 9: Geneva, New York, reared from membracid eggs, April 30, 1908. Acc. No. 44176. Slide No. 1437. Mounted in balsam on one slide. Polynema zetes Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, October 18, 1911, p. 314. Type.—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, July 27, 1910 (A. A. Girault). Acc, No, 44248. Slide No. 1446. Mounted in balsam on a slide. Stephanodes psecas Girault Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XX, No. 1, March, 1912, p. 41. Lectotype—¢:' Butler, Illinois, July 15, 1910 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 44209. Slide No. 1485. : Paratype—¢?: Urbana, Illinois, June 8, 1910 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 44209. Slide No. 1485. 229 In fair condition. Subsequently placed by Girault in the genus Polynema Haliday. Mounted in balsam on a slide. Stethynium faunum Girault Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXVII, October 18, 1911, p. 298. Type-——9?: Bloomington (Hendrix), Illinois, June 14, 1910 (A. A. Girault). Acc. No. 44244. Slide No. 1453. Mounted in balsam on a slide with one paratypic female of Westwoodella sanguinea Girault. Stichothrix bifasciatipennis Girault Psyche, Vol. XV, No. 4, December, 1908, p. 115. Paratype—¢?: Washington, D. C., reared from eggs of Anaripha exigua (Say), May 6, 1905 (T. Pergande). Acc. No. 37487. Slide No. 1297. Mounted in balsam on a slide. Placed by Girault at a later date in the genus Polynema Haliday. Family TreHipAr Neotiphia acuta Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. I, October, 1918, p. 9. Lectotype—¢: Texas. Lectoallotype—¢?: Texas. Paratypes.—¢: Texas. The genotype of Neotiphia Malloch (original designation and monobasic). Tiphia affinis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. I, October, 1918, p. 19. Lectotype—¢@: Galena, Illinois, July 8, 1917 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Mal- loch). Lectoallotype—¢@: Galena, Illinois, July 8, 1917 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.—¢: Galena, Illinois, July 8, 1917 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Mal- loch); Dubois, Illinois, August 10, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Head of one of the paratypes is missing. Tiphia arida Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. 1, October, 1918, p. 20. Type—?: Havana, Illinois, Devil’s Hole, August 13, 1903 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 35530. Tiphia aterrima Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. 1, October, 1918, p. 19. Lectotype—9: Urbana, Illinois, September 6, 1891 (C. A. Hart). Ace. No. 17424. Paratypes.—@: Urbana, Illinois, September 6, 1891 (C. A. Hart). Ace. No. 17424. Tiphia clypeolata Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. 1, October, 1918, p. 16. Paratype—¢@: Dubois, Illinois, August 10, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Tiphia conformis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. 1, October, 1918, p. 22. Lectotype.—¢@: Quincy, Illinois, on thistles, August 13, 1889 (C. A. Hart). Hart Acc. No. 554. Lectoallotype—@: Quincy, Illinois, on thistles, August 13, 1889 (C. A. Hart). Hart Ace. No. 554. Paratype.—¢?: Brownsville, Texas, November 24, 1911 (C. A. Hart). Lectoallotype has abdomen missing. The male has been selected as the lectotype because of the poor condition of the single female from the “Type locality” of Quincy. Tiphia inaequalis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. 1, October, 1918, p. 22. 230 Lectotype.— ¢: Dubois, Illinois, August 9, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.—¢: Dubois, Illinois, August 9, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Tiphia punctata var. intermedia Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. 1, October, 1918, p. 21. Lectotype—¢?: Carlinville, Illinois (C. Robertson)... Tiphia robertsoni Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. 1, October, 1918, p. 23. Lectotype-—9?: Carlinville, Illinois, August (C. Robertson). Paratypes—?: Urbana, Illinois, July 23, 1891 (McElfresh and C. A. Hart); Urbana, Illinois, September 9, 1892 (Kahl); Urbana, Illinois, August 30, 1914; Muncie, Illinois, September 7, 1914; Alto Pass, Illinois, August 13, 1891 (Shiga and C. A. Hart); Falls Church, Virginia, Sep- tember 6-10 (N. Banks). Acc. Nos. 17000, 17216 and 20243. Tiphia rugulosa Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. 1, October, 1918, p. 15. Lectotype—¢: Urbana, Illinois, University Forestry, November 10, 1915 (J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—¢?: Homer, Illinois, July 20, 1907 (C. A. Hart). Paratype.— 9? :' Urbana, Illinois, University grounds, June 25, 1888 (J. Marten and C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 14512. Tiphia similis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. 1, October, 1918, p. 18. Lectotype—¢: Waukegan, Illinois, August 25, 1917 (J. R. Malloch). Paratype—?: Cherry Valley, Illinois, August 17, 1883. Acc. No. 3960. Tiphia subcarinata Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. 1, October, 1918, p. 15. Paratype—¢: Grand Junction, Michigan, July 15, 1914 (C. A. Hart). Tiphia texensis Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. 1, October, 1918, p. 20. Cotype—¢@: Dallas, Texas. Tiphia tuberculata Malloch Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv., Vol. XIII, Art. 1, October, 1918, p. 14. Lectotype— 4: Meredosia, Illinois, by sweeping foliage of blackjack oak along margin of a sand pit, August 22, 1917, (T. H. Frison, C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Lectoallotype—¢?: Meredosia, Illinois, by sweeping foliage of black-jack oak along margin of a sand pit, August 22, 1917 (T. H. Frison, C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes—¢ and 9: Meredosia, Illinois, by sweeping foliage of black- jack oak along margin of a sand pit, August 22, 1917 (T. H. Frison, c. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Dubois, Illinois, August 8, 1917; Havana, Illinois, August 30-31, 1917; Bluffs, Illinois, August 19, 1917 (J. R. Malloch and C. A. Hart). Slide No. 3142. Genitalia of one male paratype mounted in balsam on a slide. Family SpHECIDAE Ammophila argentata Hart Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, Art. VII, Part III, January, 1907, p. 266. Lectotype-—9?: Topeka, Illinois, Devil’s Neck, June 7, 1905 (C. A. Hart). Paratype—¢?: Havana, Illinois, Devil’s Hole, August 22, 1906 (C. A. Hart). Acc. No. 35693. Paratype has head missing. Now placed in the genus Sphex Linnaeus. 231 Family ANDRENIDAE Andrena (Micrandrena) amplificata Cockerell Can. Ent., Vol. XLII, No. 11, November 11, 1910, p. 368. Paratype—9: Steamboat Springs, Colorado, May 27 (T. D. A. Cockerell). Andrena banksi Malloch Bull. Brook, Ent. Soc., Vol. XII, No. 4, October, 1917, p. 89. Type—g¢Q: Fedor, Texas, March 13, 1903 (Birkmann). Allotype—¢: Great Falls, Maryland, April 27 (N. Banks). Paratypes.— ¢: Maryland, near Plummer’s Island, on flowers of Prunus, April 22, 1917 (H. L. Viereck); Great Falls, Maryland, April 27 (N. Banks). Andrena costillensis Viereck and Cockerell Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 48, No. 2064, November 28, 1914, p. 50. Paratype 9: Eldora, Colorado, at flowers of Grindelia, August 19, 1910 (T. D. A. and W. R. Cockerell). Andrena flexa Malloch Bull. Brook, Ent. Soc., Vol. XII, No. 4, October, 1917, p. 92. Type: Dubois, Illinois, on flowers of raspberry or Crataegus, May 15, 1916 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Paratypes.—9: Dubois, Illinois, on flowers of raspberry and Crataegus, May 15, 1916 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch); Dubois, Illinois, on flowers of raspberry and Crataegus, May 24, 1917 (C. A. Hart and J. R. Malloch). Andrena lappulae Cockerell Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXII, Art. XXV, 1906, p. 437. Paratype— 4: Florissant, Colorado, on flowers of Lappula floribunda, July 19 (T. D. A. Cockerell). Labeled by author as a cotype. Andrena micranthrophila Cockerell Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXII, Art. XXV, 1906, p. 432. Paratype: Colorado, east of Lake George, on flowers of Chamaerhodos erectus, June 18 (T. D. A. Cockerell). Labeled by author as a cotype. Andrena regularis Malloch Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XII, No. 4, October, 1917, p. 91. Paratype—g: Ithaca, New York, May 19, 1914. Slide No. 3259. Genital structures of male paratype only mounted in balsam on a slide. Family HaticTipAE Halictus euryceps Ellis Ent. News, Vol. XXV, No. 3, March, 1914, p. 98. Paratypes—9?: Beulah, New Mexico, at flowers of Polemonium, August 25, 1899 (W. Porter) and end of August (T. D. A. Cockerell). Labeled by author as cotypes. Family MErGACHILIDAE Megachile willughbiella kudiensis Cockerell Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, Vol. XIII, No. 77, May, 1924, p. 529. Paratype—¢?: Kudia River, Amagus, Siberia, July, 1923 (T. D. A. Cockerell). Labeled by author as cotype. Family CoLLETIDAE Caupolicana malvacearum Cockerell Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 9, Vol. 17, No. 98, February, 1926, p. 214. Paratype—¢: Tingo, Peru, August 18 (T. D. A. Cockerell). 232 TYPES IN THE ANDREAS BOLTER COLLECTION OF INSECTS (Natural History Museum, University of I|linois) Order COLEOPTERA Family CLERIDAE Priocera lecontei Wolcott Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., Vol. VII, May, 1910, p. 356. Type.—sex?: California. Orver LEPIDOPTERA Family HEPraLIpAE Hepialus confusus Hy. Edwards Papilio, Vol. IV, Nos. 7 and 8, September, 1884, p. 122. Type—9@: Sitka, Alaska. In fair condition. The specimen is labeled simply “Sitkha”. Family GLlyPHIPTERYGIDAE Thia extranea Hy. Edwards Ent. Amer., Vol. III, No. 10, January, 1888, p. 181. Cotype—¢@: Los Angeles, Southern California, on flowers, April, 1879 (A. J. Bolter). The genotype of Thia Hy. Edwards (monobasic). Now placed in the genus Thelethia Dyar. Family PyRALIDAE Zophodia epischnioides Hulst Can. Ent., Vol. XXXII, No. 6, June, 1900, p. 178. Cotype—¢: Las Vegas, New Mexico. No locality or number of specimens in type series stated by Hulst in orig- inal description. Labeled “Type” in handwriting of Hulst. Family GEOMETRIDAE Diastictis speciosa Hulst Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIII, September, 1896, p. 332. Cotype—¢?: Hot Springs, New Mexico, 7000 feet altitude, August. Now placed in the genus Meris Hulst. Hydriomena neomexicana Hulst Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIII, August, 1886, p. 285. 233 Cotype—¢?: Colorado (Bruce). Now placed in the genus Camptogramma Stephens. Plemyria georgii Hulst Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIII, August, 1896, p. 280. Cotype— 4: Victoria, Vancouver. Now placed in the genus Thera Stephens. Selidosema albescens Hulst Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIII, September, 1896, p. 355. Type—?: Seattle, Washington. Sympherta julia Hulst Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIII, September, 1886, p. 338. Cotype?—%: Duluth, Minnesota. Described from a number of specimens from varicus collectors and lo- calities. This male is labeled “Type” in the handwriting of Hulst, but this locality is not given in the original description. This species is now considered as synonymous with loricaria Eversmann and placed in the genus Dysmigia Warren. Family NoropoNTIDAE Heterocampa superba Hy. Edwards Papilio, Vol. [V. Nos. 7 & 8, September, 1884, p. 121. Type—¢@: San Antonio, Texas. The specimen is labeled simply ‘‘Tex.”. Now considered as a synonym of Heterocampa subrotata Harvey. Macrurocampa dorothea Dyar Can. Ent., Vol. XXVIII, No. 7, July, 1896, p. 176. Type—¢?: Las Vegas, New Mexico. ; Now placed in the genus Fentonia Butler. Family Noctrumar Pseudalypia crotchii var. atrata Hy. Edwards Papilio, Vol. IV, Nos. 7 and 8, September, 1884, p. 121. Type.—?: In fair condition. This specimen is very probably the type, since this species was described from the Bolter Collection and no type exists in the Henry Edwards Collection. Contrary to the original description, the specimen is a female and not a male as stated and it bears a locality label “San Diego, April 23, ’79, S. California’ instead of “Los Angeles”. Now considered as a form of Pseudalypia crotchii Hy. Edwards. Family ARCTIIDAE Halisidota significans Hy. Edwards Ent. Amer., Vol. III, No. 10, January, 1888, p. 182. Type: Las Vegas, New Mexico. The specimen is labeled simply “N. Mex.”’. Now placed in the genus Aemilia Kirby and considered as a subspecies of roseata Walker. 234 TYPES IN THE A. D. MACGILLIVRAY COLLECTION OF TENTHREDINOIDEA (Department of Entomology, University of Illinois) Family XYELIDAE Macroxyela bicolor MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIV, No. 10, October, 1912, p. 294. Type——@: Columbus, Ohio (J. S. Hine). Paratype—¢: Columbus, Ohio (J. S. Hine). Macroxyela distincta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIV, No. 10, October, 1912, p. 295. Type—9Q: Ithaca, New York, April 13, 1897 (J. C. Martin). Allotype—4: Ithaca, New York, April 13, 1897 (J. O. Martin). Paratypes—9?: Ithaca, New York, April 28, 1897 (J. O. Martin). Macroxyela obsoleta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIV, No. 10, October, 1912, p. 294. Type—¢@: Ithaca, New York, April 13, 1897 (J. O. Martin). Xyela intrabilis MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, No. 2, May, 19238, p. 53. Type—@: Wyandanch, Long Island, New York, April 22, 1917 (F. M. Schott). Family PAMPHILIIDAE Acantholyda modesta MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, No. 2, May, 1923, p. 53. Type—9: Wyandanch, Long Island, New York, July 4, 1917 (F. M. Schott). Caenolyda onekama MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 8. Type—9: Onekama, Michigan, on shore of Lake Michigan, July 17, 1914 (A. D. MacGillivray). Cephaleia criddlei MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIV, No. 10, October, 1912, p. 296. Type—¢?: Aweme, Manitoba, Canada, July 31, 1906 (N. Criddle). Cephaleia dissipator MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, pp. 8-9. Type—¢: Guelph, Ontario, Canada, No. 839 (T. D. Jarvis). Paratype— 4: Guelph, Ontario, Canada, No. 839 (T. D. Jarvis). In fair condition. Cephaleia distincta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIV, No. 10, October, 1912, p. 296. Type—¢: Mount Washington, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). Cephaleia jenseni MacGillivray . Can. Ent., Vol. XLIV, No. 10, October, 1912, p. 297. Type—¢@: Eagle Bend, Minnesota, July, 1909 (J. P. Jensen). Itycorsia angulata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIV, No. 10, October, 1912, p. 295. 235 Type—®?: Axton, New York, June 12-22, 1901 (C. O. Houghton and A. D. MacGillivray). Paratype.—9?: Wallingford, Connecticut, July 7, 1911 (J. K. Lewis). Itycorsia balanata MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 18. Type 9: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon (Siler). Itycorsia balata MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 18. Type-—g¢?: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon (Nelson). Itycorsia ballista MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 19. Type—¢?: Corvallis, Oregon, May 5, 1901. Abdomen partially missing. Pamphilius dentatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIV, No. 10, October, 1912, p. 297. Type——?: Wilbraham, Massachusetts, June 10, 1902 (J. O. Martin). Lectoallotype—%¢: Hamden, Connecticut, May 24, 1910, (B. H. Walden). Paratypes— ¢ and 9: Hamden, Connecticut, on blackberry, May 24, 1910 (B. H. Walden); Wallingford, Connecticut, June 8, 1911 (B. H. Walden). Pamphilius fletcheri MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIV, No. 10, October, 1912, p. 298. Paratype—g¢?: St. John, New Brunswick, larvae on leaves of raspberry, 1899. Pamphilius fortuitus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 27. Type—gQ: Olympia, Washington, July 5, 1896 (T. Kincaid). Paratype—9: Olympia, Washington, July 5, 1896 (T. Kincaid). Pamphilius persicum MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXXIX, No. 9, September, 1907, p. 308. Type—¢?: Yalesville, Connecticut, on peach, June 14, 1906 (B. H. Wal- den). Spelling of specific name emended by MacGillivray from persicwm to per- sicus. Pamphilius transversa MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIV, No. 10, October, 1912, p. 297. Type—4: Franconia, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). In original description it is stated that the female is described, but the type is a male. Pamphilius unalatus MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XV, No. 4, October, 1920, p. 112. Type.—@?: Ithaca, New York, May 20, 1919, reared (H. Yuasa, 183-1). Family TENTHREDINIDAE Acordulecera maculata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 5, May, 1908, p. 169. Type—?: Slaterville—Caroline, New York, June 14, 1904. Lectoallotype—?: Caroline-Harford, New York, June 15, 1904. Paratypes—? and ¢: McLean, New York, July 2-3, 1904, and Caroline —Harford, New York, June 15, 1904. The type locality is reported as “Ithaca, N. Y.’’ in the original description. Acordulecera marina MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 5, May, 1908, p. 170. Type—@: Salineville, Ohio. Acordulecera maura MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 5, May, 1908, p. 168. Type—g¢?: North Mountain, Pennsylvania, June 2, 1897 Paratype—9?: Ames, Iowa, June 11, 1897. 236 Acordulecera maxima MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 5, May, 1908, p. 168. Type.— 9: Ithaca, New York, May 26, 1899. Acordulecera media MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 5, May, 1908, p. 168. Type—¢?: Algonquin, Illinois (W. A. Nason). Acordulecera meleca MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XVI, No. 1, February, 1921, p. 23. Type— 4: Ithaca, New York, bred, May 10, 1919, No. 196-2-1 (H. Yuasa). Paratype—¢: Ithaca, New York, bred, August 19, 1918, No. 196-2-1 (H. Yuasa). Acordulecera mellina MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 5, May, 1908, p. 169. Type—¢?: Mount Washington, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). Acordulecera minima MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 5, May, 1908, p. 168. Type—9Q: Edge Hill, Pennsylvania, May 13, 1900 (G. M. Greene). Paratype—9?: Ithaca, New York, June 12, 1891. Acordulecera minuta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 5, May, 1908, p. 169. Type—¢@: Ames, Iowa, June, 1897 (HE. D. Ball). Paratype—9: Ames, Iowa, June, 1897 (EH. D. Ball). Acordulecera mixta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 5, May, 1908, p. 169. Type-——¢?: Columbia, Missouri, May 19, 1905 (C. R. Crosby). Lectoallotype—¢: Ashbourne, Pennsylvania, May 24, 1900 (H. L. Vier- eck). Paratypes— 9? and @: Ithaca, New York, July 2, 1902; Salineville, Ohio; Delaware County, Pennsylvania, May 25, 1905 (Cresson); Ames, Iowa. June 23, 1896 (HE. D. Ball). The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Acordulecera munda MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 5, May, 1908, p. 169. Type—¢?: Ithaca, New York, bred, February 26, 1898 (C. Young). Paratype—9Q: Ithaca, New York, February 28, 1898 (C. Young). Acordulecera musta MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XVI, No. 1, February, 1921, p. 23. Type—¢4: Ithaca, New York, bred, May 29, 1919, No. 144-5-1 (H. Yuasa). Allantus universus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 6. Type—¢@: Highlands, North Carolina, September, 1906 (FF. Sherman). Paratype—¢?: Highlands, North Carolina, September, 1906 (F. Sherman). Amauronematus vacalus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 6. Type—?: Corvallis, Oregon, May 13 (F. M. McE). Amauronematus vacivus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 28. Type—4: Orono, Maine, August 19, 1913, Sub. 61. Amauronematus valerius MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 6. Type—4: Hood River, Oregon, August 2, 1914 (L. Childs). Amauronematus vanus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 27. Type—¢: Orono, Maine, July 26, 1913, Sub. 133. Amauronematus venaticus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 29. Type.—¢: Orono, Maine, July 20, 1913, Sub. 6. ; ; } 23% Amauronematus veneficus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4,, December, 1923, p. 169. Type—?: Katmai, Alaska, June, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Amauronematus venerandus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, No 1, March, 1921, p. 30. Type—¢: Orono, Maine, Sub. 27. Amauronematus ventosus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 169. Type—Q: Valdez, Alaska, June 4, 1919 (J. S. Hine). Amauronematus verbosus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 29. Type—g¢?: Orono, Maine, Sub. 162. Amauronematus veridicus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 170. Type-——9?: Katmai, Alaska, July, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Amauronematus vescus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 30. Type-——9?: Orono, Maine, Sub. 112. Paratypes—9?: Orono, Maine, Sub. 112. Amauronematus visendus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 28. Type—g¢?: Orono, Maine, Sub. 29. Lectoallotype—¢@: Orono, Maine, Sub. 16. The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Aphanisus lobatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 295. Type—g¢?: Ormond, Florida (A. T. Slosson). The genotype of Aphanisus MacGillivray (original designation). Aphanisus muricatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 296. Type. 9Q: Ithaca, New York, May 3, 1895. Aphanisus nigritus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 296. Type-——2: Riverton, New Jersey, May 1, 1898 (H. L. Viereck). Aphanisus obsitus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 7. Type—g¢9: Moscow, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich). Aphanisus occiduus MacGillivray Univ. Il. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 138, 1923, p. 7. Type—9Q: Juliaetta, Idaho, May 7, 1899 (J. M. Aldrich). Aphanisus odoratus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 296. Type—g¢Q: Ithaca, New York, May 11, 1898. Aphanisus parallelus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 7. Type—g9Q: Colorado (C. F. Baker). Astochus aldrichi MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 4, April, 1914, p. 137. Type—9?: Juliaetta, Idaho (J. M. -Aldrich). Transferred by Rohwer (1918) to the genus Lawrentia Costa. Astochus fletcheri MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 3, March, 1914, p. 108. Type—9: Kaslo, British Columbia, May 28, 1906 (J. Fletcher). The genotype of Astochus MacGillivray (original designation). Transferred by Rohwer (1918) to the genus Lawrentia Costa and synony- mized as Laurentia edwardsii var. ruficorna (MacGillivray). 238 Blennocampa abjecta MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XVI, No. 1, February, 1921. p. 22. Type-—@: Ithaca, New York, bred, August, 1917, No. 71-1 (H. Yuasa). Blennocampa abnorma MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 296. Type ¢: Ithaca, New York, April 10, 1897. Blennocampa absona MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XVI, No. 1, February, 1921, p. 22. Type—g¢?: Orono, Maine, bred, on leaves of Oenothera, August 12, 1913, Sub. 186. Lectoallotype—¢: Orono, Maine, bred, on leaves of Oenothera, August 12, 1913, Sub. 186. Paratype—g¢?: Orono, Maine, bred, on leaves of Oenothera, August 12, 1913, Sub. 186. The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Blennocampa acuminata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 297. Type.— 9: Chicopee, Massachusetts, April 26, 1897 (J. O. Martin). Blennocampa adusta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 297. Type—¢@: Wellesley, Massachusetts, April 21, 1891 (A. P. Morse). Blennocampa amara MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 161. Type—g?: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, May 21, 1917 (F. S. Carr). Blennocampa angulata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 297. Type——¢@: Wellesley, Massachusetts, April 26, 1892 (A. P. Morse). Blennocampa antennata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 296. Type—9¢?: Durham, New Hampshire (W. and F.). Blennocampa aperta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 297. Type-—— 9: West Haven, Connecticut, April 25, 1905 (E. B. Whittlesey). Blennocampa atrata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXV, No. 10, October, 1893, p. 239. Type—¢?: Olympia, Washington, May 7, 1893 (T. Kincaid). Blennocampa typicella MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 8. Type—4: Corvallis, Oregon, March 14, 1915 (L. Childs). Caliroa labrata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 10, October, 1909, p. 360. Type—4: Mountains near Claremont, California (C. F. Baker). Caliroa lacinata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 10, October, 1909, p. 357. Type—9: Algonquin, Illinois, June 8, 1894 (W. A. Nason). Caliroa lata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 10, October, 1909, p. 361. Type—¢@: Ithaca, New York, July 22, 1890. Caliroa laudata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 10, October, 1909, p. 356. Type.—@: Vancouver, British Columbia, June 19, 1903. Caliroa lineata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 10, October, 1909, p. 350. Type—¢@: Columbia, Missouri, July 15, 1905 (C. R. Crosby). Caliroa liturata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 10, October, 1909, p. 349. Lectotype—9?: Florida (A. T. Slosson). —- = 239 Paratype—9: Florida (A. T. Slosson). Both species were mounted upon the same card point by MacGillivray and labeled “Type”. One specimen remounted. Caliroa lobata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 10, October, 1909, p. 355. Type-—9?: Oswego, New York, July 25, 1895 (C. S. Sheldon). Caliroa lorata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 10, October, 1909, p. 352. Type——@?: Mount Tom, Massachusetts, July 16, 1898 (A. P. Morse). Caliroa loricata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 10, October, 1909, p. 351. Type—g?: Columbia, Missouri, September 2, 1905 (C. R. Crosby). Caliroa lunata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 10, October, 1909, p. 353. Type—gQ: Ithaca, New York, May 27, 1890. Caliroa nortonia MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XX VI, No. 11, November, 1894, p. 324. Type—¢: Millersville, McLean, New York, May 30, 1890. Transferred to the genus Phrontosoma MacGillivray in 1908 and the specific name emended to nortoni. Ceratulus spectabilis MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 12, December, 1908, p. 454. Paratypes—¢? and ¢@: Dallas, Texas, bred from larvae on Cissus incisa, August 6—October 1, 1908, Hunter No. 1619 (E. S. Tucker). The genotype of Ceratulus MacGillivray (original designation and mono- basic). Cimbex americana var. nortoni MacGillivray * State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Conn., Bull. 22, 1916, p. 104. Type—Q: Ithaca, New York, June 3, 1903. Paratype—g@Q: Ithaca, July 28, 1897. Claremontia typica Rohwer Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 11, November, 1909, p. 397. Cotypes—9 and ¢: Mountains near Claremont, California (C. F. Baker). The genotype of Claremontia Rohwer (original designation and mono- basic). Cockerellonis occidentalis MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 10, October, 1908, p. 365. Type sex? Ruidosa Creek, New Mexico, 6,600 feet elevation, on fronds of Pteris aquilina, July 1 (EH. O. Wooton, 8). The sex of the type is not indicated in the original description and the abdomen of the type is missing. The genotype of Cockerellonis Mac- Gillivray (original designation). Synonymized by Rohwer (1911) as Briocampidea arizonensis Ashmead. * This variety was described without the customary statement that it was new. It is proceded by an asterisk, which according to a statement on page 15 of the same publication means that it was “originally described from Connecticut”. At the orginal place of publication (p. 104) the only locality given is ‘‘Connecticut (E. [dward] N. [orton] )"’ but reference is made to the specimen figured as figure 1 plate xii of Howard's Insect Book. The specimen figured by Howard is in the Nattonal Museum and was reared by H. G. Dyar, under his number 2D, from larvae collected at Box- bury, Mass. This specimen was probably never studied by MacGillivray nor is it probable that the specimens collected by Norton were before MacGillivray when he made his Key to the forms of Cimbez. It seems better, therefore, to consider the specimen from Ithaca, N. Y., which was labeled by MacGillivray as type to be the type of his variety even though it does not agree with the only locality given in the only place of publication. To do otherwise would make it impossible to have an acceptable type for the variety. S. A. RoHWwer. 240 Craterocercus cervinus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 9. Type—¢?: Durham, New Hampshire, 1397 (Weed and Fiske). Paratype—9: Durham, New Hampshire, 1397 (Weed and Fiske). The paratype, labeled as such by MacGillivray, has no locality label. Craterocercus circulus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 9. Type.—@: Lake Forest, Illinois (J. G. Needham). Craterocercus cordleyi MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 9. Type—¢@: Corvallis, Oregon, May 6. Craterocercus infuscatus MacGillivray State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Conn., Bull. 22, 1916, p. 106. Type—9?: Ithaca, New York. Now placed in the genus Priophorus Dahlbom. Dimorphopteryx desidiosus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 18, 1923, p. 10. Type—®@ North Fork of Swannanoa, Black Mountains, North Carolina, May. Dimorphopteryx enucleatus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 10. Type—g¢?: Franconia, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). Dimorphopteryx ithacus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 10. Type—¢?: Ithaca, New York, June 28, 1898. Dimorphopteryx morsei MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 11. Type—@: Sherborn, Massachusetts, July 25, 1904 (A. P. Morse). Dimorphopteryx oronis MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 11. Type—g¢Q: Orono, Maine, July 24, 1913. Dimorphopteryx salinus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 11. Type—¢@: Salineville, Ohio. Dimorphopteryx scopulosus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 12. Type—@: Fern Rock, Pennsylvania, June 9, 1905. Dolerus acritus MacGillivray Can. Ent. Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 130. Type—¢@: McLean, New York, May 8, 1891. Dolerus agcistus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 129. Type—g¢: Lake Forest, Illinois (J. G. Needham). Paratype—¢@: Durham, New Hampshire, 1397 (W. & F.). Dolerus apriloides MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 126. Type @: Ithaca, New York, June 19, 1897. Dolerus borealis MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXV, No. 10, October, 1893, p. 238. Type.—¢?: Olympia, Washington, May 22, 1892 (T. Kincaid). Dolerus cohaesus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 128. Type.—@: Otto, New York, July 19, 1882 (J. H. Comstock). Dolerus colosericeus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 125. Type—@: St. Anthony Park, Minnesota, May 1, 1896 (R. H. Pettit). 241 Dolerus conjugatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 128. Type—9¢?: Fulton County, New York, June 1, 1901 (C. R. Crosby). Paratypes—@ and ¢: Ithaca, New York, July, 1896, and July 9, 1904; Wellesley, Massachusetts, May 27, 1891 (A. P. Morse). No males were specifically mentioned in the original description, but male specimens labeled as paratypes by MacGillivray were found in the collection. The locality “Ithaca, New York” is not mentioned in the original description. Dolerus dysporus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 128. Type—9¢?: Ithaca, New York, April 26, 1896. Paratypes.—9: Chicopee, Massachusetts, May 4, 1902 (J. O. Martin). Dolerus graenicheri MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 3, March, 1914, p. 107. Type—9: Layton Park, Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, May 1, 1901 (S. Graenicher). Dolerus icterus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 127. Type—¢?: Saranac Inn, New York, June 26, 1900 (J. G. Needham). Dolerus inspectus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 128. Type— 4: Ithaca, New York, July, 1896. Dolerus inspiratus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 3, March, 1914, p. 105. Type—9: New Haven, Connecticut, May 30, 1911 (A. B, Champlain) Paratypes—@: New Haven, Connecticut, May 30, 1911 (A. B. Cham- plain); Eagle Bend, Minnesota, July, 1905 (J. P. Jensen). Dolerus konowi MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 3, March, 1914, p. 106. Type—?: Olympia, Washington, June 20, 1893 (T. Kincaid). Lectoallotype—¢: Olympia, Washington, April 20, 1894 (T. Kincaid). Paratype—¢@: Olympia, Washington, July 2, 1893 (T. Kincaid). The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Dolerus lesticus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 3, March, 1914, p. 105. Type—9?: Durham, New Hampshire, 2435 (Weed and Fiske); Hampton, New Hampshire, May 1, 1904 (S. A. Shaw). Lectoallotype—¢@: Durham, New Hampshire, 2435 (Weed and Fiske); Hampton, New Hampshire, May 1, 1904 (S. A. Shaw). Dolerus luctatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 127. Type—®?: Ithaca, New York, May 28, 1895. Dolerus minusculus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 126. Type—®: Ithaca, New York, May 31, 1891. Dolerus monosericeus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 126. Type—9?: West Springfield, Massachusetts, April 26, 1896 (J. O. Martin), Lectoallotype—¢: West Springfield, Massachusetts, April 26, 1896 (J. O. Martin). The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Antennae of the lectoallotype are missing. Dolerus napaeus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 3, March, 1923, p. 65. Type—9@: Corvallis, Oregon, on college campus, May 10, 1914 (G. F. Mo zette and Johnson). 242 Dolerus narratus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 3, March, 1923, p. 65. Type—9: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon, May 14, (A. L. Lovett). Lectoallotype.— @: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon, May 23, (Zwicker). Paratype—¢@: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon, May 23 (Zwicker). The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Dolerus nasutus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 3, March, 1923, p. 65. Type—9: Corvallis, Oregon (Laura Hill). Lectoallotype—¢@: Corvallis, Oregon, April 20, 1908 (Laura Hill). Paratype—®: Renton, Washington, May 22, 1914 (H. F. Wilson). The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Dolerus nativus MacGillivray Ins. Insc. Mens., Vol. XI, Nos. 1-3, 1923, p. 32. Type.—¢@: Entermille, Oregon, April 29, 1917 (Baker). Dolerus nauticus MacGillivray Ins. Insc., Mens., Vol. XI, Nos. 1-3, 1923, p. 35. Type.—9@: Corvallis, Oregon (W. J. Kocken). Dolerus necessarius MacGillivray Ins. Inse. Mens., Vol. XI, Nos. 1-3, 1923, p. 35. Type—9: Kings Valley, Oregon, April 5, 1916 (A. L. Lovett). Paratypes—9?: Kings Valley, Oregon, April 5, 1916 (A. L. Lovett). Dolerus necosericeus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. 20, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 13. Type—¢@: Orono, Maine, July 3, 1913. Dolerus nectareus MacGillivray Ins. Inse. Mens., Vol. XI, Nos. 1-3, 1923, p. 33. Type— 4: Entermille, Oregon, April 29, 1917 (Baker). Dolerus nefastus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 3, March, 19238, p. 66. Type—9@: Corvallis, Oregon, April 20, 1908 (Laura Hill). Paratype—®@: Corvallis, Oregon, April 20, 1908 (Laura Hill). Dolerus negotiosus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 164. Type—@: Savonoski, Naknek Lake, Alaska, July, 1919 (J. S. Hine). Dolerus nemorosus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 164. Type—¢@: Katmai, Alaska, June, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Dolerus neoagcistus MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, No. 2, April, 1923, p. 55. Type—®@: Southfields, New York, May 3, 1914 (F. M. Schott). Dolerus neoaprilis MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 126. Type—¢@: Nebraska (F. Rauterberger). In fair condition. Dolerus neocollaris MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 127. Type—¢: Fulton, New York, April 27, (C. R. Crosby). Lectoallotype—¢: Ithaca, New York, April 23, 1896. Paratype—9@?: Ithaca, New York, April 20, 1895. The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Dolerus neosericeus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 125. Type—9Q: Ithaca, New York. Dolerus neostugnus MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, No. 2, April, 1923, p. 55. Type—¢@: Urbana, Illinois, April 12, 1898. Paratype—9?: Urbana, Illinois, April 12, 1898. oe? 243 Dolerus nepotulus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 3, March, 1923, p. 68. Type—¢: Linn County, Oregon, May 17, 1913 (Lewis). Dolerus nervosus MacGillivray Ins. Inse. Mens., Vol. XI, Nos. 1-3, 1923, p. 31. Type—¢@: Colorado Lake, Oregon, May 29 (HE. V. Storm). Dolerus nescius MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 12. Type—g¢9: Kendrick, Idaho, April 14, 1900 (J. M. Aldrich). Dolerus nicaeus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 3, March, 1923, p. 68. Type—9?: Chilliwack, Cultis Lake, British Columbia, May 31 (F. C. Ewing). i Dolerus nidulus MacGillivray Ins. Insc. Mens., Vol. XI, Nos. 1-3, 1923, p. 31. Type—9Q: Corvallis, Oregon, May 16, 1916 (A. M. Scott). In poor condition. Dolerus nimbosus MacGillivray Ins. Inse. Mens., Vol. XI, Nos. 1-3, 1923, p. 33. Type—g9: Eugene, Oregon, April 9, 1896. Lectoallotype—¢: Eugene, Oregon, April 9, 1896. Paratypes— ¢@ and ©: Eugene, Oregon, April 9, 1896. The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Dolerus nivatus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 164. Type—¢@: Katmai, Alaska, July, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Dolerus nocivus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 12. Type—¢?: Ames, Iowa, May 12, 1918 (H. A. Scullen). Dolerus nocuus MacGillivray Ins. Insc. Mens., Vol. XI, Nos 1-3, 1923, p. 34. Type.—¢?: Mary’s Peak, Oregon, May 19, 1912 (L. G. Gentner). Dolerus nominatus MacGillivray Ins. Insc. Mens., Vol. XI, Nos 1-3, 1923, p. 34. Type—¢?: Oregon. MacGillivray in the original description of this species records the locality as “Oregon”. The label on the specimen reads ‘*? Oregon”. Dolerus novellus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 3, March, 1923, p. 67. Type—g¢?: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon, June 3, 1920 (Hardman). In fair condition. The abdomen, hind wings, hind legs are mounted on a card point. Dolerus novicius MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 3, March, 1923, p. 67. Type—¢?: Hood River, Oregon, July 28, 1914 (Childs). Dolerus nugatorius MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 3, March, 1923, p. 66. Type.—9: Pee Dee, Oregon, July 4, 1905 (Vincent). Lectoallotype—@: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon, May 14 (A. L. Lovett). The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Dolerus numerosus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 3, March, 1923, p. 67. Type—¢?: Corvallis, Oregon, May 3, 1912 (H. S. Walters). Lectoallotype.— @: Corvallis, Oregon, May 19, 1912 (H. S. Walters). The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Dolerus nummarius MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 159. 244 Type—¢Q: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, June 3, 1916 (F. S. Carr). In the original description, due to a typographical error, the last sentence is incomplete. The specimen bears a label with the statement “near tibialis and nervosus’’, which is likely the information MacGillivray meant to give in the incompleted sentence. Dolerus nummatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 159. Type.—¢?: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, June 2, 1917 (F. S. Carr). Dolerus nundinus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 159. Type.—¢: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, June 6, 1917 (F. S. Carr). Dolerus nuntius MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1928, p. 158. Type—g¢9: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, May 21, 1917 (F. S. Carr). Dolerus nutricius MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 159. Type—¢: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, June, 1917 (F. S. Carr). Dolerus nyctelius MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XX XI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 163. Type—¢4: Kodiak, Alaska, June 10, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Dolerus parasericeus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 125. Type—9@: Ithaca, New York, June 17, 1897. Dolerus plesius MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 129. Type—¢: Lake Forest, Illinois (J. G. Needham). Dolerus polysericeus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 125. Type—9Q: May 11, 1895, Ithaca, New York. Dolerus refugus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 127. Type.—¢@: Ithaca, New York, May 1, 1895 (J. H. Comstock). In fair condition. Dolerus simulans Rohwer Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 1, January, 1909, p. 10. Paratype—9: Florissant, Colorado, July 21, 1907 (S. A. Rohwer). Dolerus stugnus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 4, April, 1908, p. 129. Type—9Q: Ithaca, New York, June 28, 1898. Dolerus tectus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 3, March, 1914, p. 104. Type—¢@: New Haven, Connecticut, May 4, 1904, on Salix (H. L. Vie- reck). Paratype ¢: New Haven, Connecticut, May 4, 1904, on Salix (H. L. Vie- reck). The paratypic male, labeled by MacGillivray, is not as such specifically mentioned in the original description. Emphytus gemitus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 163. Type—g¢?: Kodiak, Alaska, June 10, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Emphytus gillettei MacGillivray Fifteenth Rep. Colo. Exp. Sta., 1902, p. 113. Type—¢: Denver, Colorado, from strawberry, May 30, 1902 (S. A. John- son). Emphytus halesus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 13. | ' EE 240 Type—9Q: Corvallis, Oregon, May 13 (Goding). Paratype—¢?: Corvallis, College Campus, Oregon, May 21, 1913 (Denny). Emphytus haliartus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 14. Type—¢@: Corvallis, College Campus, Oregon, May 29, 1917 (A. L. Lov- ett). Emphytus halitus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 14. Type—¢: Freeport, Illinois, July 16, 1898 (J. G. Needham). Emphytus haustus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 14. Type 4: Grand Island, New York, June 9, 1908 (M. C. Van Duzee). Emphytus heroicus MacGillivray Univ. Il. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 14. Type—¢: Hamburg, New York, June 6, 1909 (M. C. Van Duzee). Emphytus hiatus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 15. Type—¢?: Ithaca, New York, May, 1911. Emphytus hiulcus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 15. Type—¢?: Colorado (C. F. Baker). Emphytus hospitus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 15. Type—?: Hampton, New Hampshire, May 20, 1904 (S. A. Shaw). Emphytus hyacinthus MacGillivray Univ: Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 16. Type—®:' Forest Hills, Massachusetts, May 18, 1917. (A. M. Wilcox). Allotype— 4: Forest Hills, Massachusetts, May 18, 1917 (A. M. Wilcox). Emphytus yuasi MacGillivray Psyche, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, April, 1921, p. 31. Type—?: Ithaca, New York, May 28, 1919, reared (H. Yuasa, 171-1). Empria cadurca MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 158. Type.—?: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, June 2, 1917 (F. S. Carr). Lectoallotype—¢@: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, June 2, 1917 (F. S. Carr) Paratype— 4: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, June 2, 1917 (F. 8. Carr). Empria caeca MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 308. Type—g9: Ithaca, New York. In fair condition. Empria caetrata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 305. Type—9¢?: Ames, Iowa, April 21, 1896 (E. D. Ball). Empria calda MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 307. Type—¢?: Durham, New Hampshire, June, 1904 (J. C. Bridwell). Empria callida MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 306. Type—9?: Ithaca, New York, June 9, 1906. Empria callosa MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 305. Type—9¢Q: Ithaca (Slaterville-Caroline), New York, June 14, 1904. Empria candidula MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 310. Type—9?: Ithaca, New York, May 25, 1895. 246 Empria canora MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 310. Type—¢: Sherborn, Massachusetts, May 30, 1895 (A. P. Morse). Empria capillata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10, October, 1911, p. 341. Type—¢@: Peck, Idaho, April 8, 1900 (J. M. Aldrich). Empria caprina MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 307. Type—9Q: Ithaca, New York, May 22, 1898. Male also described in original description, but no male so labeled found in collection. Empria captiosa MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 308. Type—9Q: Ames, Iowa, May 6, (EH. D. Ball). Empria carbasea MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10, October, 1911, p. 341. Type—¢Q: Olympia, Washington, April 15, 1896 (T. Kincaid). Empria cariosa MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 309. Type—¢@: Slaterville-Caroline, New York, June 14, 1904. Empria casca MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 310. Type—@: New Haven, Connecticut, May 24, 1905 (W. EH. Britton). Empria casta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 308. Type—¢@: Salineville, Ohio. . Male also listed in original description, but no male so labeled found in collection. Empria castigata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 309. Type—¢?: Battle Creek, Michigan (J. M. Aldrich). Empria cata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 307. Type—¢@: Mount Washington, New Hampshire (W. F. Fisk). Empria cauduca MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 309. Type.—¢@: Ithaca, New York, May 5, 1895. Empria cauta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 311. Type.—¢@: Ithaca, New York, June 17, 1897. Empria cava MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 306. Type—9: Lancaster, New York, May 31, 1908 (M. C. Van Duzee). Empria cavata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 305. Type—¢?: Oswego, New York, May 27, 1896 (C. S. Sheldon). Empria celebrata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 308. Type—9: Buffalo, New York, June 5, 1897 (EH. P. Van Duzee). Empria celsa MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 306. Type—¢Q: Ithaca, New York, May 10, 1896. Empria cerina MacGillivray Psyche, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, April, 1921, p. 34. Type—9: Ithaca, New York, May 26, 1919, reared (H. Yuasa, 107-5-2). Paratype— 4: Ithaca, New York, May 26, 1919 reared (H. Yuasa, 107-3). eee ee ee —_ QQ y—— se ae wT 247 The male labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype is mentioned in the original description only by number “107-3”, and is therefore not se- lected as a lectoallotype. Empria cetaria MacGillivray Psyche, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, April, 1921, p. 33. Type—g¢Q: Ithaca, New York, July 14, 1918, reared (H. Yuasa, 119-1-2). Paratype—9?: Ithaca, New York, July 14, 1918, reared (H. Yuasa, 119 1-2). Empria cirrha MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, 16. Type—9?: Mary’s Peak, Oregon, May 30 (Ballard), In fair condition. Empria cista MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 16. Type—¢9: Corvallis, Oregon, April 18, (Peterson). Empria cistula MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 16. Type—g9Q: Mary’s River, Oregon, April 20 (Glenis). Empria cithara MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 17. Type—9¢?: Mary’s Peak, Oregon, veh 19, 1912 (L. G. Gentner). Empria columna MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, No. 2, May, 1923, p. 54. Type.—9Q: Ira, Summit County, Ohio (J. S. Hine). Empria conciliata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10, October, 1911, p. 344. Type—¢?: Chimney Gulch, Colorado, April 22, 1899 (BE. J. Oslar). Empria concisa MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10, October, 1911, p. 346. Type—¢Q?: Pullman, Washington (C. V. Piper, No. 13). Empria concitata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10, October, 1911, p. 342. Type—¢: Olympia, Washington, May 7, 1893 (T. Kincaid). Originally described by MacGillivray as the male of Monostegia kincaidii MacGillivray, but transferred to the genus Hmpria Lepeletier and given the specific name of concitata in 1911. Empria concreta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10, October, 1911, p. 344. Type—¢?: Colorado (C. F. Baker). Empria condensa MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10, October, 1911, p. 342. Type.—@: Polk County, Wisconsin, July (C. F. Baker, No. 6498). In fair condition. Empria condita MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10, October, 1911, p. 342. Type—¢?: Colorado (C. F. Baker). Empria conferta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10, October, 1911, p. 344. Type—¢?: Colorado (C. F. Baker). Empria confirmata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10, October, 1911, p. 341. Type—¢?: Olympia, Washington, April 17, 1892, catkin of Salix flavescens (T. Kincaid). Originally included by MacGillivray in the type series of Monostegia kin- caidii MacGillivray, but transferred to the genus Hmpria Lepeletier and given the specific name of conjfirmata in 1911. 248 Empria contexta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10, October, 1911, p. 345. Type ¢?: Colorado (C. F. Baker). Empria contorta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10. October, 1911, p. 343. Type —9: Chimney Gulch, Colorado, April 23, 1899 (E. J. Oslar). Empria costata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 3, March, 1914, p. 103. Type——9: New Haven, Connecticut, May 11, 1911 (B. H. Walden). Empria culpata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10, October, 1911, p. 343. Type—9: Olympia, Washington, May 8, 1894 (T. Kincaid). Empria cumulata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10, October, 1911, p. 343. Type—9?: Olympia, Washington, May 23, 1892 (T. Kincaid). Empria cuneata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10, October, 1911, p. 345. Type—9Q: Olympia, Washington, May 21, 1891 (T. Kincaid). Empria cupida MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10, October, 1911, p. 346. Type—¢?: Olympia, Washington, June 13, 1894 (T. Kincaid). Empria curata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 10, October, 1911, p. 345. Type—¢@?: Olympia, Washington, June 17, 1894 (T. Kincaid). Empria evecta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLIII, No. 9, September, 1911, p. 310. Type—¢?: Sandy Hook, New Jersey. Empria fragariae Rohwer Journ. Ec. Ent., Vol. VII, No. 6, December, 1914, p. 479. Paratypes—9: Storm Lake, Iowa, May 2, 1912 (R. L. Webster); Ames Iowa, April 16, 1913 (R. L. Webster). Euura bakeri Rohwer Can. Ent., Vol. XLII, No. 2, February, 1910, p. 51. Paratypes—? and @: Mountains near Claremont, California (C. F. Baker). Euura brachycarpae Rohwer Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 6, June, 1908, p. 176. Paratypes—Q and ¢: Florissant, Colorado, July 7, 1907 (S. A. Rohwer). Euura maculata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 10, October, 1914, p. 366. Type—¢@: Columbus, Ohio, No. 169 (J. S. Hine). Euura minuta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 10, October, 1914, p. 366. Type—¢?: Ames, Iowa (E. D. Ball). Euura moenia MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 17. Type—¢@: Corvallis, Oregon, 1910. Paratypes—¢ and 9: Corvallis, Oregon, 1910. The male is not specifically mentioned in the. original description but was labeled as a paratype by MacGillivray. Hemitaxonus dediticius MacGillivray Psyche, Vol. XXX, No. 2, April, 1923, p. 77. Type—¢?: Corvallis, Oregon (G. F. Moznette). Hoplocampa padusa MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 18, 1923, p. 17. Type—¢: Corvallis, Oregon (A. L. Lovett). Paratypes.—¢: Corvallis, Oregon (A. L. Lovett). ee Sate ee ee See ee, _ 249 Hoplocampa pallipes MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXV, No. 10, October, 1893, p. 239. Cotype—¢9: Skokomish River, Washington, on Amelanchier, May 8, 1892 (T. Kincaid). Hylotoma onerosa MacGillivray Psyche, Vol. XXX, No. 2, April, 1923, p. 80. Type—?: Moscow, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich). Lectoallotype—¢4: Okanogan County, Washington, July 16, 1896 (C. W. Sutton). Paratype.—@: Revelstoke, British Columbia, July 14, 1912 (R. C. Osburn). The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Hylotoma sparta MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 18. bs Type—¢?: Olympia, Washington, June 4, 1894 (T. Kincaid). Lectoallotype— ¢: Corvallis, Oregon (A. L. Lovett). Paratype.—9?: No data. The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Hylotonma spiculata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXXIX, No. 9, September, 1907, p. 308. Type—@: Oak Creek Canyon, Arizona, 6000 feet elevation, August (F. H. Snow). One antenna is missing. Hypargyricus infuscatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 290. Type—¢@: Ithaca, New York. The genotype of Hypargyricus MacGillivray (original designation), Hypolaepus viereckii Bradley Can. Ent., Vol. XXXV, No. 2, February, 1903, p. 47. Paratypes.—9: Westville, New Jersey, September 12, 1897. Isiodyctium (sic) atratum MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 290. Type—¢?: Ames, Iowa, May 10, 1897 (E. D. Ball). The generic name should have been Ysodyctiwm Ashmead, which is now considered as a synonym of Periclista Konow. Leucope!lmonus annulatus MacGillivray State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Conn., Bull. 22, December 1, 1916, p. 83. Type—¢@: Franconia, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). The genotype of Leucopelmonus MacGillivray (monobasic). This species has subsequently been sunk as a synonym of Leucopelmonus confusus (Norton) by MacGillivray (1919). Loderus accuratus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 19. Type—¢?: Orono, Maine, June 13, 1912. Loderus acerbus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 19. Type.—¢?: Orono, Maine, June 23, 1913. Loderus acidus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 20. Type.—¢@: Orono, Maine, June 12, 1913. Loderus acriculus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 20. Type—¢?: Orono, Maine, August 6, 1913. Paratype—g¢?: Orono, Maine, July 7, 1913. Loderus alticinctus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 20. Type——¢@?: Orono, Maine, June 30, 1913. 250, Loderus ancisus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 21. Type—¢?: Orono, Maine, June 12, 1913. Paratype—¢?: Orono, Maine, June 12, 1913. Loderus nigra Rohwer Can. Ent., Vol. XLII, No. 2, February, 1910, p. 49. Cotype—¢: Mountains near Claremont, California (C. F. Baker). Macremphytus bicornis MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 21. Type—¢: Wellesley, Massachusetts, June 1, 1917 (A. M. Wilcox). Macremphytus lovetti MacGillivray _ Psyche, Vol. XXX, No. 2, April, 19238, p. 77. Type—9Q: Rock Creek, Corvallis, Oregon, July 14, (A. L. Lovett). Macrophya bellula. MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, No. 2, April, 1928, p. 55. Type—9: Greenwood Lake, New Jersey, June 10, 1917 (F. M. Schott). Macrophya bilineata MacGillivray * State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Conn., Bull. 22, 1916, p. 96. Type—¢?: Algonquin, Illinois, May 29, 1895 (W. A. Nason). Paratype—9?: Algonquin, Illinois, June 12, 1894 (W. A. Nason). Labeled by MacGillivray in collection as type and paratype. Macrophya confusa MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 4, April, 1914, p. 139. Type— 9: Pennsylvania, 1572 (C. F. Baker). Macrophya fistula MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XV, No. 4, October, 1920, p. 114. Type—¢@: Ithaca, New York, bred, May 27, 1918, 59-4-1 (H. Yuasa). Paratype—9Q: Ithaca, New York, bred, May 24, 1918, No. 59-4-1 (H. Yuasa). Macrophya flaccida MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XV, No. 4, October, 1920, p. 113. Type—9?: Ithaca, New York, bred, May 14, 1918, No. 11-1 (H. Yuasa). Macrophya flicta MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XV, No. 4, October, 1920, 114. Type—¢@: Ithaca, New York, bred, May 13, 1919, No. 1363-64 (H. Yuasa). Macrophya magnifica MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXV, No. 10, October, 1893, p. 240. Type—¢@: Olympia, Washington, June 4, 1892 (T. Kincaid). Paratype ¢?: Olympia, Washington, June 4, 1892 (T. Kincaid). Subsequently transferred to the genus Tenthredo Linnaeus by MacGillivray. Macrophya melanopleura MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 4, April, 1914, p. 139. Type—9Q: Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst, Massachusetts, July 29, 1895. Macrophya minuta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 10, October, 1895, p. 286. Type——¢: Plattsburg, New York, June 8, 1894 (H. G. Dyar). Macrophya mixta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 3, March, 1895, p. 77. Type—¢?: Mount Washington, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). Macrophya nidonea MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 3, March, 1895, p. 77. Type.—¢: Franconia, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). * These cannot be types. Type probably in collectinn of the Connecticut Agri- cultural Experiment Station and should be labeled Milldale, Connecticut, May 21, 1906, W. E. Britton. S. A. RoHWER. ee 251 Macrophya obaerata MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 21. Type—¢@: Corvallis, Oregon (Finch). Macrophya obnata MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 138, 1923, p. 22. Type—®¢?: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon, May 14 (A. L. Lovett). Macrophya obrussa MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 22. Type.—¢: Mary’s River, Corvallis, Oregon, May 20 (Hurst). Paratype—¢: Corvallis, Oregon, College campus, May 21 (Gooding). Macrophya ornata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 4, April, 1914, p. 139. Type—¢: Ithaca, New York, May 29, 1896. Macrophya pleuricinctella Rohwer Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 9, September, 1909, p. 332. Cotypes.—@: Stanford University, California (C. F. Baker); Claremont, California (C. F. Baker). Macrophya pulchella alba MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 10, October, 1895, p. 285. Type—¢2: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Paratype—¢: Ithaca, New York, May 16, 1894. No mention is specifically made of a paratypic male in the original descrip- tion. Raised to specific rank by Rohwer in 1912 and this assignment followed by MacGillivray in 1916. Macrophya punctata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 10, October, 1895, p. 285. Type—¢?: Plattsburg, New York, June 14, 1894 (H. G. Dyar). Macrophya truncata Rohwer Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 9, September, 1909, p. 331. Cotypes.—? and ¢: Claremont, California (C. F. Baker). Messa alsia MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 22. Type—?: Ithaca, New York, May 16, 1897. Messa alumna MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 23. Type—g¢?: Northern Illinois. Messa amica MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 23. Type—?@2: North Evans, New York, August 2, 1908 (M. C. Van Duzee). Messa anita MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 23. Type—g¢?: Wisconsin. One antenna is missing. Messa appota MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 24. Type—¢: Buffalo, New ‘York, June 27, 1908 (M. C. Van Duzee). One antenna is missing. Metallus bethunei MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 10, October, 1914, p. 366. Type—@: Jordan Harbour, Ontario, Canada, bred from leaf-mining larva on blackberry, July 5, 1910 (L. Caesar). Lectoallotype— 4: Saint Kits, Ontario, Canada, bred from leaf-mining larva on blackberry, August 12, 1911 (L. Caesar). Paratypes.—9? and @: Saint Kits, Ontario, Canada, bred from leaf-mining larvae on blackberry, August 12, 1911 (L. Caesar). co] 52 Metallus rohweri MacGillivray Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. II, No. 4, December, 1909, p. 267. Type—9?: Block Island, Rhode Island, August 28, 1891 (A. P. Morse). Mogerus emarginatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 10, October, 1895, p. 281. Type—¢: Boston, Massachusetts. Now assigned to the genus Periclista Konow. Monoctenus juniperinus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVI, No. 11, November, 1894, p. 328. Type—¢?: Ithaca, New York, June 9, 1894 (R. L. Junghanns). Monophadnoides circinus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 24. Type—¢@: Olympia, Washington, May 3, 1897 (T. Kincaid). Monophadnoides collaris MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 295. Type—¢@: Ithaca, New York, June 30, 1885 (G. F. Atkinson). Lectoallotype—¢: Ithaca, New York, May 22, 1898. The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Monophadnoides concessus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 294. Type.—@: Ithaca, New York, May 27, 1897. Monophadnoides conductus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 18, 1923, p. 24. Type—92: Santa Clara County, California, May, 1902 (Coleman). Paratype—?: Santa Clara County, California, May, 1902 (Coleman). Monophadnoides consobrinus MacGillivray : Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 294. Type—¢?: Durham, New Hampshire (W. and F.). Monophadnoides consonus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 25. Type—9?: Olympia, Washington, April 17, 1896 (T. Kincaid). Monophadnoides conspersus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 294. Type—¢@: Ithaca, New York, May 24, 1898. Monophadnoides conspiculata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 293. Type—9@: Ithaca, New York, May. Monophadnoides conspicuus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 293. Type—¢?: Mc Lean, New York, May 31, 1897. The locality is erroneously given in the original description as “Me Lean, Mass.” Monophadnoides constitutus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 25. Type-—92: Ottawa, Quebec, Canada, May, 1912 (Germain). Monophadnoides contortus MacGillivray Psyche, Vol. XXX, No. 2, April, 1923, p. 78. Type—¢@: Corvallis, Oregon, May 7 (Ballard). Monophadnoides coracinus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 295. Type— 4: Wellesley, Massachusetts, May 27, 1891 (A. P. Morse). Monophadnoides cordatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 294. Type—¢@: Illinois, 950 (W. A. Nason). Monophadnoides corytus MacGillivray Psyche, Vol. XXX, No. 2, April, 1923, p. 79. Type—?: Corvallis, Oregon, April 13 (A. L. Lovett). i i eee 253 Monophadnoides costalis MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 295. Type.—®?: Wellesley, Massachusetts, June 8, 1891 (A. P. Morse). Most of the antennal segments are missing. Monophadnoides crassus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 294. Type——¢?: Durham, New Hampshire (W. and F.). Monophadnoides curiosus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 25. Type.—@: Olympia, Washington, May 15, 1897 (T. Kincaid). Paratype—?Q: Olympia, Washington, May 18, 1896 (T. Kincaid). Monophadnoides kincaidi MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 19238, p. 26. Type—9?: Olympia, Washington, April 7, 1895 (T. Kincaid). Monophadnoides shawi MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1928, p. 26. Type—2?: Hampton, New Hampshire, May 15, 1904 (S. A. Shaw). Lectoallotype—¢: Hampton, New Hamphire, May 20, 1898 (S. A. Shaw). Monophadnus aequalis MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 292. Type—¢?: Ithaca, New York, May 3, 1896. Monophadnus aeratus MacGillivray Psyche, Vol. XXX, No. 2, April, 1923, p. 79. Type.—¢@: Corvallis, Oregon, April 13 (Gooding). Monophadnus assaracus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 26. Type—¢: Rock Creek, Oregon, March 19. Monophadnus atracornus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXV, No. 10, October, 1893, p. 239. Type—92: Olympia, Washington, April 30, 1890 (T. Kincaid). Monophadnus bipunctatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 292. Type——9?: Ithaca, New York, May 9, 1895. Monophadnus distinctus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol@XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 291. Type—®?: Lake Forest, Illinois (J. G. Needham). Monophadnus minutus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 291. Type—¢?: Milwaukee, Wisconsin, June 4, 1902 (C. E. B.). Monophadnus planus MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XVI, No. 1, February, 1921, p. 23 Type.—¢: Franconia, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). Monophadnus plicatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 292. Type—g¢?: Ames, Iowa (E. D. Ball). Lectoallotype—¢: Ames, Iowa (E. D. Ball). The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Monophadnus ruscullus MacGillivray Psyche, Vol. XXX, No. 2, April, 1923, p. 80. Type.—é: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon (Middlekauff). Monophadnus transversus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 292. Type—9Q: Michigan. Monostegia kincaidii MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXV, No. 10, October, 1893, p. 239. Type—@?: Olympia, Washington, May 7, 1893 (T. Kincaid). 254 Subsequently transferred to the genus Empria Lepeletier. MacGillivray in 1911 considered that his description of this species in 1893 applied to a “composite of several species’ and the types of Empria confirmata Mac- Gillivray and Empria concitata MacGillivray were originally labeled as paratypes of kincaidii MacGillivray. Monostegia martini MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 10, October, 1908, p. 366. Type—¢@: Westfield, Massachusetts, May 14, 1899 (J. O. Martin). Neocharactus bakeri MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 293. Type— 4: Santa Clara County, California (C. F. Baker). The genotype of Neocharactus MacGillivray (original description and mono- basic). Neopareophora martini MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 289. Type —¢?: West Springfield, Massachusetts, May 7, 1888 (J. O. Martin). The genotype of Neopareophora MacGillivray (original designation). The antennae are missing. Neopareophora scelesta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 289. Type—¢?: Black Mountains, North Carolina, June (W. Beutenmiiller). Paratype—¢: Black Mountains, North Carolina, June (W. Beutenmiil- . ler). Neotomostethus hyalinus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL., No. 8, August, 1908, p. 290. Type—¢@: Me Lean County, New York, May 31, 1898. The genotype of Neotomostethus MacGillivray (original designation and monobasic). Pachynematus absyrtus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 18, 1923, p. 27. Type—9¢Q: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon, May 23 (Zwicker). Pachynematus academus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 18, 1923, p. 27. Type.—¢@: Corvallis, Oregon, September 26, 1906 (Farrell). Pachynematus allegatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 162. Type—¢?: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, May 13, 1915 Ce S.-Carr)* Pachynematus corticosus MacGillivray N. Y. Sta. Mus., Bull. 47, September, 1901, p. 584. Type—g¢@: Saranac Inn, New York, sweeping, August 4, 1901. Pachynematus rarus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 30. Type—¢@: Orono, Maine, August 19, 1913, Sub. 229. Paratype—g¢?: Orono, Maine, August 19, 19138, Sub. 229. - Pachynematus refractarius MacGillivray Journ, N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 31. Type—¢2: Orono, Maine, September 9, 1913, Sub. 252. Pachynematus remissus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. X XIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 32. Type.— 9: Ithaca, New York, bred, June 9, 1918, No. 150-3 (H. Yuasa). Paratypes.—9?: Ithaca, New York, bred, July 4-9, 1918, Nos. 150-1-1 and 150-1 (H. Yuasa). Pachynematus repertus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 31. Type—¢@: Ithaca, New York, bred, July 16, 1918, No. 177-1-2 (H. Yuasa). Pachynematus roscidus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soec., Vol. XXIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 31. — eee i, en aie, i di — pag 250 Type—¢?: Adirondack Mountains, New York, August 15 (C. O. Hough- ton). Paratype—g¢?: Orono, Maine, August 9, 1913, Sub. 227. The antennae of the type and the abdomen of the paratype are missing. Pachynematus rufocinctus MacGillivray State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Conn., Bull. 22, 1916, p. 117. Type—¢?: Orange, Connecticut, May 21, 1911 (A. B. Champlain). Lectoallotype—¢: New Haven, Connecticut, May 15, 1911 (A. B. Cham- plain). Paratype-—9?: New Haven, Connecticut, May 15, 1911 (A. B. Champlain). Pachynematus venustus MacGillivray Proc. Calif. Acad. Sc., Vol. XI, No. 14 (4th Series), November 2, 1921, p. 190. Paratypes—@ and @: St. George Island, Alaska, June 30, 1920 (G. D. Hanna). Pachynematus vernus MacGillivray Proce. Calif. Acad. Se., Vol. XI, No. 14 (4th Series), November 2, 1921, p. 191. Paratypes.— ¢:' St. George Island, Alaska, June 30, 1920 (G. D. Hanna). Parabates histrionicus MacGillivray Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Voi. II, No. 4, December, 1909, p. 263. Type—¢?: Olympia, Washington, July 9, 1892 (T. Kincaid). The left pair of wings are missing. The genotype of Parabates MacGilliv- ray (original designation). Paracharactus obscuratus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 293. Type—g@: West Springfield, Massachusetts (J. O. Martin). Lectoallotype.— @ Ithaca, New York, May 16, 1897. The genotype of Paracharactus MacGillivray (monobasic and original desig- nation). The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Paracharactus obtentus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 19238, p. 28. Type—g¢?: Corvallis, Oregon, May 5, 1901. Paracharactus obversus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 28. Type—¢?: Corvallis, Oregon, May 10, 1912 (H. S. Walters). Paracharactus offensus MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 28. Type—9?: Rock Creek, Oregon, March 19. Pareophora aldrichi MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 28. Type—g¢?: Peck, Idaho, on Solomon’s Seal, April 8, 1900 (J. M. Aldrich). Lectoallotype— ¢: Peck, Idaho, on Solomon’s Seal, April 8, 1900 (J. M. Aldrich). Paratypes.— 9: Peck, Idaho, on Solomon’s Seal, April 8, 1900 (J. M. Ald- rich). Pareophora guana MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 28. Type—¢: Algonquin, Illinois (W. A. Nason). Pareophora guara MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, No. 2, April, 1923, p. 54. Type—9¢?: Marion County, Arkansas, May 2, 1897 (T. M. McE.). Periclista, confusa MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 291. Type—¢?: Ithaca, New York, April 26, 1892. Periclista electa MacGillivray Psyche, Vol. XXX, No. 2, April, 1923, p. 80. Type—¢:' Corvallis, Oregon, oak twig, April 13, 1908. The antennae are missing. 256 Periclista entella MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1928, p. 29. Type.—é: Corvallis, Oregon, campus, April 18 (Peterson). Periclista leucostoma Rohwer Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 11, November, 1909, p. 397. Cotypes— 9 and ¢: Claremont, California (C. F. Baker). Periclista occidentalis Rohwer Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 11, November, 1909, p. 398. Cotype.—¢: Claremont, California (C. F. Baker). Periclista patchi MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 29. Type—¢Q: Orono, Maine, July 13, 1905. Perineura kincaidia MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 1, January, 1895, Mie Type —?: Olympia, Washington, May 28, 1893 (T. Kincaid). Perineura turbata Rohwer Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 41, October 14, 1911, p. 408. Paratypes—¢@ and 9: North Fork of Swannanoa River, Black Mountains, North Carolina, May (N. Banks). This species has been subsequently sunk as a synonym of Leucopelmonus confusus (Norton) by MacGillivray (1919). Phlebatrophia mathesoni MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 10, October, 1909, p. 345. Type.—¢?: New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, reared from larvae in leaf-mines on birch (R. Matheson). Paratypes—?: New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, reared from larvae in leaf- mines on birch (R. Matheson). The genotype of Phlebatrophia MacGillivray (original designation). Phrontosoma atrum MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 10, October, 1908, p. 367. Type ¢: Ames, Iowa, May 11, 1897 (EH. D. Ball). The genotype of Phrontosoma MacGillivray (original description). Phrontosoma collaris MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 10, October, 1908, p. 367. Type.— @: Ames, Iowa, May 11, 1897 (H. D. Ball). Phrontosoma daeckei MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 10, October, 1908, p. 367. Type—¢@: Glenside, Mtg. County, Pennsylvania (E. Daecke). Platycampus victoria MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 3, March, 1920, p. 61. Paratypes.—@: Victoria, British Columbia, May 29-June 26, 1918, bred from larvae on Lombardy poplar (W. Downes). Recently sunk as a synonym of the European Trichiocampus viminalis Fall. Platycampus vierecki MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 3, March, 1920, p. 60. Type.—¢?: Cloudcroft, New Mexico, June 18, 1902 (H. L. Viereck). Poecilostoma convexa MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 11, November, 1909, p. 402. Type—¢?: New Brunswick, New Jersey (J. B. Smith). Transferred to the genus Empria Lepeletier by MacGillivray in 1916. Polybates slossonae MacGillivray Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. II, No. 4, December, 1909, p. 265. Type.—¢@: Franconia, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). One antenna is missing. The genotype of Polybates MacGillivray (original designation and monobasic). Pontania atrata MacGillivray Rep. Can. Arctic Exped., 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 6G. 257 Paratype—¢?: Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, Canada, bred from Salix arctica, July, 1915 (F. Johansen). Pontania daedala MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 33. Type.—¢@: Ithaca, New York, bred, August 21, 1917, No. 7-6 (H. Yuasa). Paratype—9?: Ithaca, New York, bred, August 21, 1917, No. 7-6 (H. Yuasa). Pontania decrepita MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 33. Type—9Q: Ithaca, New York, bred, July 21, 1917, No. 35-2-5 (H. Yuasa). Pontania dedecora MacGillivray Journ, N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 32. Type—9Q: Ithaca, New York, bred, May 24, 1919, No. 185a-2. Paratype—g¢?: Ithaca, New York, bred, May 7, 1919, No. 8-51 (?)-1-1 (H. Yuasa). Pontania demissa MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 33. Type—¢?: Ithaca, New York, bred, May 13, 1919, No. 191-1-1 (H. Yuasa). Paratype—@2: Ithaca, New York, bred, May 13, 1919, No. 191-1-1 (H. Yuasa). Pontania derosa MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 34. Type.——9Q: Ithaca, New York, bred, May 13, 1919, No. 142-1-1 (H. Yuasa). Pontania destricta MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soce., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 168. Type—9?: Katmai, Alaska, June, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Pontania devincta MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 34. Type—¢?: Orono, Maine, August 1, 1913, Sub. 9. Lectoallotype—¢@: Orono, Maine, Sub. 226. The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Pontania dotata MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. X XIX, No. 1, March, 1921, p. 34. Type—¢: Ithaca, New York, bred, August 25, 1918, No. 8.48 (?)-1-1 (H. Yuasa). Paratype—¢: Ithaca, New York, bred, August 25, 1918, No. 8.48 (?)-1-1 (H. Yuasa). Pontania lorata MacGillivray Rep. Can. Arctic Exped., 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 8G. Paratype.—¢: Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, Canada, bred from galls of Salix arctica, July, 1915, No. 255 (F. Johansen). Pontania subatrata MacGillivray Proc. Calif. Acad. Sc., Vol. XI, No. 14, (4th Series), November 2, 1921, p. 189. Paratypes.— @: St. George Island, Alaska, June 30, 1920 (G. D. Hanna). Pontania sublorata MacGillivray Proc. Calif. Acad. Sec., Vol. XI, No. 14 (4th Series), November 2, 1921, p. 190. Paratypes—?: St. George Island, Alaska, June 30, 1920 (G. D. Hanna). Priophorus acericaulis MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXXVIIi, No. 9, September, 1906, p. 306. Type—®?: New Haven, Connecticut, May 15, 1906 (B. H. Walden). Paratypes.—?: New Haven, Connecticut, May 3-May 15, 1916 (B. H. Wal- den). Now placed in the genus Caulocampus Rohwer. The genotype of Caulocampus Rohwer (original designation and mono- basic). 258 Priophorus modestius MacGillivray Ent. News, Vol. XXXII, No. 2, February, 1921, p. 49. Type-——¢@: Orono, Maine, August 9, 1913, Sub. 109. Priophorus moratus MacGillivray Ent. News, Vol. XXXII, No. 2, February, 1921, p. 50. Type—g¢?: Orono, Maine, August 12, 1913, Sub. 1. The “Sub. q.” mentioned in the original description is evidently a typo- graphical error. Priophorus munditus MacGillivray Ent. News, Vol. XXXII, No. 2, February, 1921, p. 50. Type—9Q: Orono, Maine, August 9, 1913, Sub. 174. Pristiphora ostiaria MacGillivray ; Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 10, October, 1920, p. 236. Type——9Q: Ithaca, New York, August 16, 1918, No. 212-1-1 (H. Yuasa). Lectoallotype.—¢: Ithaca, New York, August 15, 1918, No. 212-1-1 (H. Yuasa). The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Profenusa collaris MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 10, October, 1914, p. 364. Type—9?: Geneva, New York, bred from larvae mining the leaves of cherry, May 4, 1911 (P. J. Parrott). Lectoallotype—¢: Ithaca, New York, on Crataegus, May 17, 1911 (A. Rutherford). Paratypes.—?: Geneva, New York, bred from larvae mining the leaves of cherry, May 4, 1911 (P. J. Parrott); Ithaca, New York, on Crataegus, May 17, 1911 (A. Rutherford). The genotype of Profenusa MacGillivray (original designation and mono- basic). ‘ Prototaxonus typicus Rohwer Can. Ent., Vol. XLII, No. 2, February, 1910, p. 50. Cotype—¢: Mountains near Claremont, California (C. F. Baker). The genotype of Prototaronus Rohwer (original designation). Pseudoselandria oxalata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 3, March, 1914, p. 104. Type—g¢Q: Wisconsin (S. Graenicher). In fair condition. The genotype of Pseudoselandria MacGillivray (original designation). There is also a male with the same data determined as this species in the collection, but it is not mentioned in the original de- scription. The old type label on the female bears both “¢” and “9?” characters, indicating male specimen was received at same time as fe- male type. Pteronidea edessa MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 30. Type—@: Sterensville, Missouri, April 12, 1911 (J. M. Enschede). The antennae are missing. Pteronidea edita MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 10, October, 1920, p. 235. Type—@: Ithaca, New York, bred, July 29, 1917, No. 5-1-6 (H. Yuasa). Pteronidea edura MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 10, October, 1920, p. 233. Type-—@: Ithaca, New York, bred, July 16, 1918, No. 8.45 (?) -1-1 (H. Yuasa). Pteronidea effeta MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 10, October, 1920, p. 234. Type-——¢@: Orono, Maine, bred, poplar, August 9, 1913, Sub. 158. Pteronidea effrenatus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 171. Type.—¢?: Katmai, Alaska, July, 1917 (J. S. Hine). 259 Pteronidea effusa MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 10, October, 1920, p. 233. Type—¢?: Orono, Maine, bred, July 26, 1913, Sub. 110. Pteronidea egeria MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 161. Type ¢?: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, April 24, 1916 (F. S. Carr). The antennae are missing. Pteronidea egnatia MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 162. Type—9®:' Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, May 19, 1917 (F. S. Carr). Pteronidea electra MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 30. Type.—@?: Corvallis, Oregon, May 23, 1913 (Denny). Pteronidea elelea MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 162. Type ¢?: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, May 7, 1917 (F. S. Carr). Pteronidea emerita MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 10, October, 1920, p. 234. Type—¢?: Orono, Maine, bred, birch, August 1, 1913, Sub. 139. In poor condition. Pteronidea enavata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 10, October, 1920, p. 236. Type—g¢?: Orono, Maine, Sub. 25. Pteronidea equatia MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 30. Type—¢@: Corvallis, Oregon, May 17, 1915 (D. E. Brown). Pteronidea equina MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 10, October, 1920, p. 235. Type—¢?: Orono, Maine, August 1, 1913, Sub. 71. Paratype—¢?: Orono, Maine, Sub. 71. Pteronidea erratus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 170. Type—9¢?: Kodiak, Alaska, June 10, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Pteronidea erudita MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 10, October, 1920, p. 234. Type @: Orono, Maine, bred, willow, August 12, 1913, Sub. 12. Pteronidea evanida MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 10, October, 1920, p. 233. Type—¢?: Orono, Maine, bred, July 28, 1913, Sub. 119. Lectoallotype— 4: Orono, Maine, bred, July 26, 1913, Sub. 111. Paratype—¢?: Orono, Maine, bred, August 1, 1913, Sub. 119. The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Pteronidea exacta MacGillivray -Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 10, October, 1920, p. 235. Type—¢@: Orono, Maine, bred, Sub. 172. Pteronidea excessus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 170. Type—¢?: Katmai, Alaska, July, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Antennal segments mostly missing. Rhadinoceraea similata MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 290. Type—¢?: Agricultural College, Michigan, June 3, 1896. Lectoallotype—¢: Ithaca, New York. The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Rhogogastera respectus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 165 Type—¢?: Katmai, Alaska, July, 1917 (J. S. Hine). 260 Rhogogastera respersus MacGillivray Journ N. Y. Ent. Soe., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 165. Type—¢: Katmai, Alaska, July, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Rhogogastera ruga MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 160. Type—®@: Edmonton, Alberta, Alaska, May 30, 1917 (F. S. Carr). Schizocerus johnsoni MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 11, November, 1909, p. 403. Type—¢@: Riverton, New Jersey, June 27 (C. W. Johnson). Selandria bipartita Cresson Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. VIII, January, 1880, p. 12. Paratype—¢@: Texas. Transferred to the genus Periclista Konow by Konow (1905). Antennae missing. Selandria caryae Norton Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. IV, May, 1872, p. 83. Allotype—¢: No data associated with specimen. Transferred by MacGillivray (1916) to the genus Hrythraspides Ashmead. Antennae missing. Selandria diluta Cresson Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. VIII, January, 1880, p. 12. Paratype—9?: Missouri. Transferred by MacGillivray (1916) to the genus Jsodyctium AshmeaG which is now considered as a synonym of Periclista Konow. Right antenna missing. Selandria floridana MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 10, October, 1895, p. 281. Type—¢: Ormond, Florida. MacGillivray has transferred this species to the genus Polyselandria Mac- Gillivray. The genotype of Polyselandria MacGillivray (original designa- tion). Simplemphytus pacificus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 10, October, 1914, p. 363. Type—¢?: Troutdale, Oregon, reared from larvae boring in stems of cherry, December 8, 1913 (H. F. Wilson). Paratypes—®9? and ¢: Troutdale, Oregon, reared from larvae boring in stems of cherry, February 27, 1914 (H. F. Wilson). Though a male is included in the type series it is not recorded in the original description as such, and therefore it has not been selected as a lectoallotype. The genotype of Simplemphytus MacGillivray (orig- inal designation). Strongylogaster pacificus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XX'V, No. 10, October, 1893, p. 241. Cotype—¢@: Olympia, Washington, May 21, 1892 (T. Kincaid). Cotype— 4: Olympia, Washington, May 7, 1893 (T. Kincaid). Strongylogaster primativus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XX'V, No. 10, October, 1893, p. 241. Cotype—¢?: Olympia, Washington, May 18, 1892 (T. Kincaid). In fair condition. Transferred to the genus Tenthredopsis Costa by Mac- Gillivray in 1894. Strongylogaster rufoculus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVI, No. 11, November, 1894, p. 327. Type—¢@: Ithaca, New York, June 5, 1890. In the collection MacGillivray had transferred this to the genus Strongy- logastroidea Ashmead. 261 Strongylogastroidea confusa MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 10, October, 1908, p. 369. Type—®: West Springfield, Massachusetts, June 22, 1897 (J. O. Martin). Strongylogastroidea depressata MacGillivray Psyche, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, April, 1921, p. 31. Type-—¢@: Orono, Maine, reared (H. Yuasa, Sub. 39). Strongylogastroidea potulenta MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 31. Type—?¢?: Poughkeepsie, New York, June 26 (R. L. Junghanns). This type is stated to be a male in the original description, but it is a female. Strongylogastroidea rufinerva MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 18, 1923, p. 31. Type—¢?: Glen to Half-way House, White Mountains, New Hampshire, July 8, 1891 (A. P. Morse). Strongylogastroidea rufocinctana MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 31. Type-—¢@: Richmond Hill, Long Island, New York, June 1, 1903. Strongylogastroidea rufocinctella MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 32. Type—9Q: Hampton, New Hampshire, June 1, 1906 (S. A. Shaw). The type is stated to be a male in the original description, but it is a female. Stronglogastroidea rufula MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 32. Type—Q: Ithaca, New York, August 11, 1904. Stronglogastroidea shermani MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 32. Type—9: Hendersonville, North Carolina, June, 1907 (F. Sherman, Jr.). Strongylogastroidea spiculatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 10, October, 1908, p. 369. Type—¢?: Ellenville, New York, June 9, 1898 (C. Young). Strongylogastroidea unicinctella MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull. Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 33. Type—¢@: Ithaca, New York, August 10, 1904. Taxonus borealis MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 3, March, 1895, p. 78. Type—g¢?: Mount Washington, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). Transferred by MacGillivray to the genus Strongylogastroidea Ashmead. Now considered as synonymous with Tazonus wnicinctus Norton. Taxonus inclinatus MacGillivray Psyche, Vol. XXX, No. 2, April, 1923, p. 78. Type—é¢: Corvallis, Oregon, May 13 (Hardman). Taxonus innominatus MacGillivray N. Y. State Mus., Bull. 47, September, 1901, p. 585. Type—g9: Saranac Inn, New York, August 3, 1900. Tenthredo aequalis MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 10, October, 1895, p. 284. Type—9?: Colorado, 1342 (C. F. Baker). Tenthredo aldrichii MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXXII, No. 6, June, 1900, p. 183. Type—9?: Juliaetta, Idaho, May 1, 1899 (J. M. Aldrich), Tenthredo alphius MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXXII, No. 6, June, 1900, p. 182. Type—9?: Olympia, Washington, July 3, 1896 (T. Kincaid). Tenthredo atracostus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXXII, No. 6, June, 1900, p. 183. Type—9?: Craigs Mountain, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich). 262 Tenthredo atravenus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 10, October, 1895, p. 283. Type—¢: Juliaetta, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich). Tenthredo bilineatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 10, October, 1895, p. 282. Type—9?: Ithaca, New York, July 1, 1894. Tenthredo capitatus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, No. 3, September, 1897, p. 108. Type—9Q: Olympia, Washington, May 25, 1894 (T. Kincaid). Tenthredo causatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXXII, No. 6, June, 1900, p. 178. _ Type—é: Ithaca, New York, June 19, 1897. Tenthredo dubitatus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. V, No. 3, September, 1897, p. 103. Type—¢: Jay, Vermont, July 15, 1891 (A. P. Morse). Specific name emended to dubitata by MacGillivray in 1916. Now con- sidered as a color variant of Tenthredella grandis (Norton). Tenthredo fernaldii MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXXII, No. 6, June, 1900, p. 177. Type—¢?: Amherst (Hatch Experiment Station), Massachusetts, July 8, 1895 (C. H. Fernald). Specific name emended to fernaldi by MacGillivray in 1916. Now considered as a color variant of Tenthredo [Allantus] dubia (Norton). : Tenthredo hyalinus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, No. 3, September, 1897, p. 108. Type—¢: Plattsburg, New York, June 12, 1894 (H. G. Dyar). Tenthredo junghannsii MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXXII, No. 6, June, 1900 ,p. 179. Type—¢?Q: Ithaca, New York, June 19, 1895 (R. L. Junghanns). Paratypes—9?: Ithaca, New York, June 19, 1895 (R. L. Junghanns). Tenthredo lateralba MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, No. 3, September, 1897, p. 108. Type—?: Colorado, 1342 (C. F. Baker). Tenthredo linipes MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, No. 3, September, 1897, p. 104. Type— 4: Olympia, Washington, June 1, 1894 (T. Kincaid). Paratypes—@: Olympia, Washington, May 16, 1897 (T. Kincaid), Tenthredo lunatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXXII, No. 6, June, 1900, p. 180. Type—¢@: Olympia, Washington, May 10, 1894 (T. Kincaid). Tenthredo magnatus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, No. 38, September, 1897, p. 107. Type—d: Olympia, Washington, July 30, 1893 (T. Kincaid). Tenthredo messica MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, No. 3, September, 1897, p. 107. Type—¢: Olympia, Washington, July 2, 1893 (T. Kincaid). Paratype—¢: Olympia, Washington, June 13, 1894 (T. Kincaid). Tenthredo messicaeformis Rohwer Can. Ent., Vol. XLI, No. 5, May, 1909, p. 147. Paratype—¢: Top of Las Vegas Range, New Mexico, June 28, (T. D. A. Cockerell). Antennae are missing. Tenthredo neoslossoni MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XLVI, No. 4, April, 1914, p. 138. Type—¢@: Franconia, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). Now considered as a synonym of Jenthredella cogitans (Provancher). 263 Tenthredo nigricoxi MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXXII, No. 6, June, 1900, p. 181. Type.—¢: Olympia, Washington, May 9, 1894 (T. Kincaid). Tenthredo nigrifascia MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXXII, No. 6, June, 1900, p. 184. Type—¢?: Olympia, Washington, May 28, 1895 (T. Kincaid). Tenthredo nigritibialis MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, No. 3, September, 1897, p. 107. Type—¢: Olympia, Washington, July 9, 1893 (T. Kincaid). Tenthredo nova MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, No. 3, September, 1897, p. 105. Type—¢?: Mount Washington (A. T. Slosson). Tenthredo obliquatus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, No. 3, September, 1897, p. 105. Type—?: Olympia, Washington, July 16, 1893 (T. Kincaid). Lectoallotype—¢: Olympia, Washington, May 28, 1893 (T. Kincaid). Now considered as a variety of Tenthredella elegantula Cresson. The lectoallotype was labeled by MacGillivray as a paratype. Tenthredo olivatipes MacGillivray | Can. Ent., Vol. XXXII, No. 6, June, 1900, p. 180. Type-—?: Olympia, Washington, July 2, 1893 (T. Kincaid). Tenthredo pallicola MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 3, March, 1895, p. 80. Type—?: Mount Washington, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). Tenthredo pallipectis MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, No. 3, September, 1897, p. 106. Type—¢: Olympia, Washington, July 2, 1893 (T. Kincaid). Tenthredo pallipunctus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 10, October, 1895, p. 282. Type—¢Q: Colorado, 782 (C. F. Baker). Tenthredo perplexus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, No. 3, September, 1897, p. 104. Type—¢?: Olympia, Washington, May 23, 1894 (T. Kincaid). Tenthredo rabida MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 110. Type—¢?: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon, July 14, (L. G. Gentner). Tenthredo rabiosa MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 112. Type—©2: Philomath, Oregon, May 16 (A. L. Lovett). Tenthredo rabula MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 112. Type—¢: Corvallis, Oregon (Hunter). Tenthredo racilia MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XX XI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 112. Type—é: Corvallis, Oregon (L. K. Couch). Tenthredo ralla MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 111. Type—@: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon, July 14 (A. L. Lovett). The antennae are missing. Tenthredo redimacula MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 3, March, 1895, p. 78. Type—9?: Mount Washington, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). Paratype— 9: Mount Washington, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). Tenthredo reduvia MacGillivray ‘ Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 108. Type—?: Corvallis, Oregon, July 1, 1905 (Foster). 264 Tenthredo refactaria MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 113. Type—¢?: Union County, Oregon, June 22, 1922 (A. L. Lovett). Tenthredo reflua MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 111. Type—¢: Bellfountain, Oregon, May 27, 1922 (A. L. Lovett). Tenthredo refuga MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 167. Type—¢?: Katmai, Alaska, July, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Paratype—9?: Katmai, Alaska, July, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Tenthredo regula MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 166. Type—9?: Katmai, Alaska, July, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Tenthredo reliquia MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XX XI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 168. Type—9?: Katmai, Alaska, July, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Paratype—9?: Katmai, Alaska, July, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Tenthredo remea MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 107. Type—¢@: Corvallis, Oregon, May 16, 1914 (Finch). Tenthredo remissa MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 114. Type—4: Corvallis, Oregon, June 3, 1908. Tenthredo remora MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 108. Type— 4: Corvallis, Oregon, May 24, 1912 (F. C. Shepard). Now considered as a synonym of Tenthredella signata (Norton). Tenthredo remota MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 3, March, 1895, p. 81. Type—9Q: Franconia, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). Tenthredo reperta MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 19238, p. 115. Type—9?: Juliaetta, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich). Paratype.—¢9: Lewiston, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich). Tenthredo replata MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 115. Type—¢?: Ormsby County, Nevada, July (C. F. Baker). Tenthredo repleta MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 111. Type—¢Q: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon, July 14, (L. G. Gentner). Paratypes.—?: Mary’s Peak, Corvallis, Oregon, July 18, 1914 (L. G. Gent- ner), Rock Creek, Oregon, July 14, (A. L. Lovett). The paratype from Rock Creek, Oregon, is not mentioned by locality in the original description. It is labeled as a paratype by MacGillivray and is undoubtedly the specimen referred to in the original description as col- lected by A. L. Lovett, because the other two specimens were collected by L. G. Gentner. Tenthredo reposita MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 116. Type— 4: Bellfountain, Oregon, May 27, 1922 (A. L. Lovett). Tenthredo reputina MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 114. Type—¢: Bellfountain, Oregon, May 27, 1922 (A. L. Lovett). Paratypes—¢: Bellfountain, Oregon, May 27, 1922 (A. L. Lovett). Tenthredo reputinella MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 33. Type—¢: Mount Washington, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). a a 265 Tenthredo requieta MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 167. Type—9?: Katmai, Alaska, June, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Tenthredo resegmina MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 115. Type— 4: Bellfountain, Oregon, May 27, 1922 (A. L. Lovett). Tenthredo resima MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 109. Type—®@: Mary’s River, Corvallis, Oregon, May 3 (Hardman). Tenthredo resticula MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 168. Type—¢?: Katmai, Alaska, July, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Paratype—¢?: Katmai, Alaska, July, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Tenthredo restricta MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 110. Type—¢: Alsea, Oregon, June 4, 1922 (A. L. Lovett). Tenthredo resupina MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 113. Type—¢: Bellfountain, Oregon, May 27, 1922 (A. L. Lovett). Tenthredo reticentia MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 114. Type.—¢?: Corvallis, Oregon, May 30, 1912 (E. O. Dalgren). Paratypes.—9: Alsea, Oregon (A. L. Lovett). Tenthredo retinentia MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent..Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 166. Type—®¢@: Kodiak, Alaska, June 10, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Tenthredo retosta MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 109. Type—4: There is no locality label associated with the specimen. Mac- Gillivray lists it as “? Corvallis, Oregon; received from A. L. Lovett.” Tenthredo retroversa MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 1923, p. 167. Type—¢4: Katmai, Alaska, July, 1917 (J. S. Hine). Tenthredo rhammisia MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1928, p. 33. Type.—?: Sea Side, Oregon, August 15, 1914 (L. G. Gentner). Tenthredo rima MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.; Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 19238, p. 110. Type.—2: Corvallis, Oregon, April 16, 1896. Tenthredo ripula MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 109. Type—¢4: Corvallis, Oregon, May 27, 1914 (R. K.). Tenthredo rota MacGillivray < Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 34. Type.—¢@: Colorado. Tenthredo rotula MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 34. Type.—¢: Potsdam, New York, June, 1899 (C. O. Houghton). Tenthredo rubicunda MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 34. Type.—¢?: Franconia, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). Tenthredo rubrica MacGillivray Univ. Il. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 35. Type.—?: Moscow, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich). Tenthredo rubricosa MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 19238, p. 35. Type—¢: Algonquin, Illinois (W. A. Nason). 266 Tenthredo rubripes MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXXII, No. 6, June, 1900, p. 178. Type.—@: Ithaca, New York, June 19, 1897 (R. L. Junghanns). Paratype—¢: Ithaca, New York, June 3, 1897 (R. L. Junghanns). Tenthredo rubrisommus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXII, No. 6, June, 1900, p. 181. Type—¢@: Grangeville, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich). Tenthredo rudicula MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1928, p. 35. Type—¢: Orono, Maine. Tenthredo rufostigmus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 10, October, 1895, p. 283. Type ¢: Craig’s Mountain, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich). Tenthredo ruina MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 36. Type—g¢@: Vollmer, Idaho, May 30 (J. M. Aldrich). Tenthredo ruinosa MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 36. Type-—¢@?: Southwestern Colorado, July 23, 1899 (E. J. Oslar). Tenthredo ruma MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 36. Type——¢: Jeannette, Pennsylvania (H. G. Klages). Tenthredo rumina MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 160. Type—?: Edmonton, Alberta, July 29, 1916 (F. 8. Carr). A large part of the antennae is missing. Tenthredo rurigena MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 36. Type—@?: Colorado. Tenthredo russa MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 37. Type—¢: Harrison, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich). Tenthredo rustica MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, 1923, p. 113. Type—é: Union County, Oregon, June 22, 1922 (A. L. Lovett). Tenthredo rusticana MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 37. Type—¢?: Black Mountains, North Carolina, June (W. Beutenmiuller). Tenthredo rusticula MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXI, No. 4, December, 19238, p. 166. Type—¢: Katmai, Alaska, July, 1917 (J. 5S. Hine). Tenthredo ruta MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 138, 1923, p. 37. Type-—@: Pullman, Washington, May 5, 1905 (C. V. Piper). Tenthredo rutata MacGillivray Univ. Ill. Bull., Vol. XX, No. 50, August 13, 1923, p. 38. Type—¢@: Culvers Lake, New Jersey, May 29. Tenthredo rutila MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 160. Type—¢ Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, June, 1917 (F. S. Carr). Tenthredo savagei MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXXII, No. 6, June, 1900, p. 184. Type—¢?: Juliaetta, Idaho (J. M. Aldrich). Tenthredo secundus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, No. 3, September, 1897, p. 105. Type—9Q: Mount Washington, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). Paratype—9?: Mount Washington, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). eer 267 Tenthredo sicatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXXII, No. 6, June, 1900, p. 179. Type—¢: Washington (C. V. Piper). Tenthredo simulatus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, No. 3, September, 1897, p. 105. Type.——9?: Winchendon, Massachusetts, July 1, 1892 (A. P. Morse). Tenthredo slossonii MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXXII, No. 6, June, 1900, p. 179. Type—¢@: Franconia, New Hampshire (A. T. Slosson). Spelling of specific name emended to slossoni by MacGillivray in 1916. Now considered as a synonym of Tenthredella signata (Norton). Tenthredo smectica MacGillivray Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XV, No. 4, October, 1920, p. 113. Type—9Q: Ithaca, New York, bred, May 29, 1919, 8-11-2 (?)-2 (H. Yuasa). Tenthredo stigmatus MacGillivray Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, No. 3, September, 1897, p. 108. Type—¢: Seattle, Washington, June 4, 1895 (S. Bethel). Tenthredo terminatus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 10, October, 1895, p. 283. Type—¢9: Colorado, 1365 (C. F. Baker). Tenthredo ventricus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 10, October, 1895, p. 284. Type—¢@: Colorado, 860 (C. F. Baker). Tenthredo yuasi MacGillivray, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Vol. XV, No. 4, October, 1920, p. 112. Type—g@: Ithaca, New York, bred, May 20, 1919, 8-46-1 (H. Yuasa). Tenthredopsis ruficorna (MacGillivray) Can. Ent., Vol. XXV, No. 10, October, 1898, p. 242. Type—¢?: Olympia, Washington, May 22, 1892 (T. Kincaid). Subsequently made the genotype of Kincaidia MacGillivray (original desig- nation). Thrinax pullatus MacGillivray Psyche, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, April, 1921, p. 34. Type—¢: Ithaca, New York, May 21, 1918, reared (H. Yuasa, 20-1). Tomostethus nortonii MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XL, No. 8, August, 1908, p. 291. Type—9Q: Ames, Iowa (E. D. Ball). Trichiocampus pacatus MacGillivray Ent. News, Vol. XXXII, No. 2, February, 1921, p. 48. Type—¢: Ithaca, New York, bred, August 20, 1919, No. 88-1 (H. Yuasa). Trichiocampus paetulus MacGillivray Ent. News, Vol. XXXII, No. 2, February, 1921, p. 48. Type—g¢?: Onekama, Michigan, bred from larva on Populus, August, 1914 (A. D. McGillivray). Trichiocampus palliolatus MacGillivray Ent. News, Vol. XXXII, No. 2, February, 1921, p. 49. Type.— 9: Ithaca, New York, bred, July 4, 1918, No. 15-4-1-1 (H. Yuasa). Now placed in the genus Priophorus Dahlbom (Yuasa, 1922). Trichiocampus patchiae MacGillivray Ent. News, Vol. XXXII, No. 2, February, 1921, p. 48. Type—¢?: Orono, Maine, bred, August 9, 1913, Sub. 100. Paratype—¢?: Orono, Maine, bred, August 9, 1913, Sub. 100. Trichiosoma confundum MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, July, 1923, p. 161. Type—¢?: Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, June 15, 1917 (F. S. Carr). Trichiosoma confusum MacGillivray State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Conn., Bull. 22, 1916, p. 103. Type—é?: Saranac Inn, New York, June 17, 1900. 268 Lectoallotype—9?: No data. Paratype— 4: Adirondack Mountains, Axton, New York, June 12-22, 1901 (A. D. MacGillivray and C. O. H.). This species is now considered a synonym of Trichiosoma bicolor Norton. Trichiosoma spicatum MacGillivray State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Conn., Bull. 22, 1916, p. 103. Type—¢: Mount Katahdin, Maine. Paratypes.—¢@: Mount Katahdin, Maine, and Clarentont, New Hampshire. Unitaxonus repentinus MacGillivray Psyche, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, April, 1921, p. 32. Type—¢@: Ithaca, New York, July 5, 1918, reared (H. Yuasa, 129-1-2). Allotype—¢: Ithaca, New York, July 2, 1918, reared (H. Yuasa, 129-1-2). Paratype—9?: Ithaca, New York, July 1, 1918, reared (H. Yuasa, 129-1-2). The genotype of Unitaronus MacGillivray (original designation). Unitaxonus rumicis MacGillivray Psyche, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, April, 1921, p. 33. Type ¢: Ithaca, New York, reared (H. Yuasa, 91-2-1). FAMILY SIRICIDAE. Urocerus indecisus MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXV, No. 10, October, 1893, p. 243. Type—¢@: Olympia, Washington (T. Kincajd). Urocerus riparius MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXV, No. 10, October, 1893, p. 244. Type—: Skokomish River, Washington, May 3, 1892 (T. Kincaid). 269 APPENDIX Types of some of the species of Tenthredinoidea described by Dr. A. D. MacGillivray are in the custody of other institutions. A few types which should be in his private collection were not found. The fol- lowing list gives in alphabetical sequence the names of these species, and places of original descriptions and locations of types if known. Amauronematus aulatus MacGillivray Rept. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 16g. Type in Canadian National Collection. Amauronematus cogitatus MacGillivray Rept. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 15g. Type in Canadian National Collection. Amauronematus completus MacGillivray Rept. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 138g. Type in Canadian National Collection. Amauronematus digestus MacGillivray Rept. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 14g. Type in Canadian National Collection. Amauronematus indicatus MacGillivray Rept. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 14g. Type in Canadian National Collection. Amauronematus magnus MacGillivray Rept. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 17g. Type in Canadian National Collection. Amauronematus varianus MacGillivray Rept. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 16g. Type in Canadian National Collection. Bivena maria MacGillivray Can. Ent. Vol. XXVI, No. 11, November, 1894, p. 327. Location of type? Euura abortiva MacGillivray Rept. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 4g. Type in Canadian National Collection. Euura arctica MacGillivray Rept. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 5g. Type in Canadian National Collection. Lyda olympia MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXV, No. 10, October, 1893, p. 243. Location of type? Macrophya bilineata MacGillivray State Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur. Conn., Bull. 22, 1916, p. 96. The type can not be in the MacGillivray Collection as indicated by Mac- Gillivray. It should be in the Collection of the Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. See notes under this name in text. Macrophya slossonae MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 3, March, 1895, p. 78. Location of type? 270 Messa atra MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXV, No. 10, October, 1893, p. 238. Location of type? Pachynematus venustus MacGillivray Proc. Calif. Acad. Se., Vol. XI, No. 14 (4th Series), November p. 190. Type in Calif. Acad. of Sciences. Pachynematus vernus MacGillivray Proc. Calif. Acad. Se., Vol. XI, No. 14 (4th Series), November p. 191. Type in Calif. Acad. of Sciences. Parabates inspiratus MacGillivray Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., Vol. II, No. 4, December, 1909, p. 264. Type in Calif. Acad. of Sciences. Pontania delicatula MacGillivray Rept. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 86. Type in Canadian National Collection. Pontania deminuta MacGillivray Rept. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 9g. Type in Canadian National Collection. Pontania quadrifasciata MacGillivray Rept. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 10g. Type in Canadian National Collection, Pontania stipata MacGillivray Proc. Calif. Acad. Se., Vol. XI, No. 14 (4th Series), November -p. 188. Type in Calif, Acad. of Sciences. Pontania subatrata MacGillivray Proc. Calif. Acad. Se., Vol. XI, No. 14 (4th Series), November p. 189. Type in Calif. Acad. of Sciences. Pontania sublorata MacGillivray Proc. Calif. Acad. Sc., Vol. XI, No. 14 (4th Series), November p. 190. Type in Calif. Acad. of Sciences. Pontania subpallida MacGillivray Ss Rept. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 11g. Type in Canadian National Collection. Pontania sueta MacGillivray Proc. Calif. Acad. Se., Vol. XI, No. 14 (4th Series), November p. 188. Type in Calif. Acad. of Sciences. Pontania trifasciata MacGillivray Rept. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 11g. Type in Canadian National Collection. Rhogogastera reliqua MacGillivray Rept. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. 3G, November, 1919, p. 4g. Type in Canadian National Collection. Taxonus montanus MacGillivray No description of this species found. Referred to by name only Ent., Vol. XL, No. 10, October, 1908, p. 366. Tenthredo frigida MacGillivray Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, No. 3, March, 1895, p. 80. Location of type? Tenthredopsis transversa MacGillivray ’ Can. Ent., Vol. XXV, No. 10, October, 1893, p. 242. Location of type? 2, 1921, 2, 1921, 2, 1921, 2, 1921, 2, 1921, 2, 1921, in Can. and invalid names in italics. INDEX This index includes all scientific names referred to in this article, except those of the insect hosts or the plants from which the typic speci- mens were reared or collected. Order, family and generic names are in bold face type, valid specific and varietal names in Roman, synonymous The generic name following the author’s name indicates the genus under which the species is listed. A Pace IEW MOTE Annas BOA Carn ete 224 subflava Girault............ 224 abbreviatus Malloch, Chirono- TENTS) Gao INO ano One eIOTOr 164 aberrans Malloch, Lonchaea.... 189 abietinus Koch, Mindarus....... 156 abjecta MacGillivray, Blenno- OITA 0 ap nett ae een dace Bets Oo RAS OR 238 abnorma MacGillivray, Blenno- OTOCTT SG Te gn et eae cena rE on eas 238 abolla var. lemnisca McAtee, HOP VPIMOMEMT EL! nfalns o cvstcsuisusrs siete 149 abortiva MacGillivray, Euura... 269 abortivus Malloch, Chironomus. 164 absona MacGillivray, Blenno- NEANYAII IR re tessa eae, else. Se Saas nine) sie 238 absyrtus MacGillivray, Pachy- REQUIATIUIS), cr ctcvers snus cleo ccsfersversie 254 abundans Spuler, Leptocera (Scotophilella) ws 5.5 cesses cen 186 academus MacGillivray, Pachy- IGUILATUISS, basis oie steno: of Snitene eas a''o, ate" 'ehe co 254 Acantholeria Garrett .......... 185 oediemus Garrett ......... 185 Acantholyda Costa ............ 234 modesta MacGillivray ..... 234 accuratus MacGillivray, Loderus 249 acerbus MacGillivray, Loderus. 249 acericaulis MacGillivray, Prio- MIF OLUS ace) o saree mishersreie sizjerace sai ece 257 acerifoliae Thomas, Siphono- HGCA ee canes he dine Sacteie wiaicae niet 156 aceris Forbes, Aleurodes........ 157 acidus MacGillivray, Loderus... 249 Acordulecera Say.............. 235 maculata MacGillivray..... 235 marina MacGillivray........ 235 maura MacGillivray........ 235 maxima MacGillivray....... 236 media MacGillivray........ 236 Pacr meleca MacGillivray........ 2386 mellina MacGillivray....... 236 minima MacGillivray....... 23 minuta MacGillivray....... 236 mixta MacGillivray......... 236 munda MacGillivray........ 236 musta MacGillivray......... 236 Acraspis (Mayr .cicis sce se mens hi 214 compressus Gillette........ 214 acriculus MacGillivray, Loderus 249 acritus MacGillivray, Dolerus... 240 acrobasidis Cushman, Bassus... 211 acuminata MacGillivray, Blenno- CANINA teas tec cles-emolcheikton Lon acuta Malloch, Neotiphia....... 229 acuticornis Malloch, Limno- PONG | oss nieve hc Gee cee oe faca crerele 203 acutipennis Malloch, Pegomyia. 205 acutiventre Girault, Neotrichio- PSU AUTINIV A ela yahe tere polskeiens caterepeieeiciaie pis 224 Ademon:- Haliday ......c. 6. cer aee. 212 niger (Ashmead)........... 212 Adialytus Foerster............. 210 maidaphidis Garman........ 210 adusta MacGillivray, Blenno- CEUINUTN Aes revere teenie eye cies sya'a tea aleyal rere 238 ermillar RG DWisso crecticstecistone cistece « 233 roseata Walker............ 233 significans (Hy. Edwards).. 233 Aenasioidea Girault............ 217 latiscapus Girault.......... rAM aeneoviridis Girault, Arthroly- GUS 2 Sersele wink ocala esr alee elses ie 219 aeneoviridis Girault, Trichaporus 22 aequalis MacGillivray, Mono- DHACTUST Gaescis pieuciotses oe eels eres 253 aequalis MacGillivray, Tenth- MSM Oates ceteteteteiwcleievataieveneisye 261 aequalis Malloch, Johannsen- NEA lw gnc ghee ecu h ox eee oot wie 172 aequalis Malloch, Sapromyza... Pace aeratus MacGillivray, Mono- DUGOUUA | nic = wieletniv tee wie ate. sles 253 Aeschnidae ........... mye cremaretane 144 aesculj Johnson, Aspidiotus.... 157 aesculi Osborn and Drake, Cory- PUNCH AN erie picts te seialnlanetessiaeisiaiele 147 affinis Malloch, Hebecenma..... 199 affinis Malloch, Tiphia.......... 229 agcistus MacGillivray, Dolerus. 240 agrella McAtee, Corimelaena... 148 Agromyza Fallen..............- 192 albidohalterata Malloch..... 192 angulicornis Malloch....... 192 aprilina Malloch........... 192 aristata Malloch........... 192 assimilis Malloch........... 193 calyptrata Malloch......... 194 citreifemorata Watt........ 193 deceptiva Malloch.......... 193 destructor Malloch.......... 193 Pelvin Wiall@ehe cise verses sieeycie 193 flavocentralis Watt......... 193 flavolateralis Watt......... 193 flavopleura Watt........... 193 flavopleura var. casta Watt. 193 fumicosta Malloch.......... 193 gibsoni Malloch............ 193 indecora Malloch........... 193 Infumata Malloch.......... 194 nasuta Malloch............ 194 nigrisquama Malloch....... 194 pleuralis Malloch........... 194 riparella Malloch........... 194 riparia Malloch............ 194 similata Malloch........... 194 subangulata Malloch....... 194 subinfumata Malloch....... 194 subvirens Malloch.......... 194 UMNUD Tina Weare nce cle eretelele)<12 194 youngi Malloch............ 194 INGVOMYZIGAC. vasrete oveiatayeiove = laisiafalete 192 agrostis Osten Sacken, Astero- NAN * A oigeO mando da ae eaLtiS OIA 180 Alaptus Walker............. 213, 226 alewrodis Forbes............ 213 caecilii Girault............. 226 eriococci Girault........... 226 intonsipennis Girault....... 226 albescens Hulst, Selidosema... 233 albibasis Malloch, Johannseno- TUUVAalae sey aha vera telaveneeienenemarsteheneteh ales 172 albidohalteralis Malloch, Ortho- cladius (Dactylocladius)...... 173 albidohalterata Malloch, Agro- MIRAE Aa RAUanO a BOAO LOCO 192 albidorsata Malloch, Bezzia..... 163 272 Pace albifrons Spuler, Leptocera (Scotophilella) .............. 186 albimarginata Woodworth, Gy- DONA oe: niaints.« v's low hen .. 150 albocalyptrata Malloch, Phaonia 206 albopicta Forbes, Empoa.......- 149 albosuturalis Liljeblad, Mordella 159 alboviridis Malloch, Chironomus 164 albovittata Malloch, Oxycera... 182 aldrichi MacGillivray, Astochus. 237 aldrichi MacGillivray, Pareo- }0) (Xo): ee eee ca 255 aldrichi Malloch, Heteromyia.. 171 aldrichi Malloch, Johnsonomyia 182 aldrichi Malloch, Oxycera...... 182 aldrichj Malloch, Pogonomyia.. 207 aldrichi var. pallida Malloch, Pseudopogonota .........,... 185 aldrichiji MacGillivray, Tenth- TEGO). 52 ace Su cette eee 261 Aleurochiton Tullgren.......... 157 aceris (Forbes)............ 157 forbesii (Ashmead)...... Reps Aleurodes Latreille............. 157 aceris’ HOrbDess ....cto. cimelareeenee 157 aleurodinis Haldeman, Amitus.. 213 aleurodis Forbes, Alaptus....... 213 alexanderi Metcalf, Liburnia.... 153 Aleyrodidae ..........c ee eeeeee 157 algonquina Malloch, Helina..... 199 algonquinensis Ashmead, Epi- pteromalus: fit... Jo cele 219 aliena Malloch, Coenosia....... 197 Allantus: Jurine.. 1... s\n 236 universus MacGillivray..... 236 allegatus MacGillivray, Pachy- NEMAtUS\"=..\.00 < etsaha eee 254 Allognotha Pokorny............ 196 semivitta Malloch.......... 196 Allothrips Hood................ 145 megacephalus Hood........ 145 allynii French, Isosoma........ 219 alphius MacGillivray, Tenth- TOMO ao coic seid dee celer cha reye eterna 261 alsia MacGillivray, Messa....... 251 alticinctus MacGjllivray, Lode- TUS! ose, oi ovo ietalel shore got coat 249 alumna MacGillivray, Messa.... 251 amara MacGillivray, Blenno- (ctheahiy: eo eS ORG Cnc a © 238 Amauronematus Konow......236, 269 aulatus MacGillivray....... 269 cogitatus MacGillivray..... 269 completus MacGillivray.... 269 digestus MacGillivray...... 269 indicatus MacGillivray..... 269 eee Fe ee ee eee a magnus MacGillivray....... vacalus MacGillivray....... vacivus MacGillivray....... valerius MacGillivray....... vanus MacGillivray......... varianus MacGillivray...... venaticus MacGillivray..... veneficus MacGillivray..... venerandus MacGillivray... ventosus MacGillivray...... verbosus MacGillivray...... veridicus MacGillivray..... vescus MacGillivray........ visendus MacGillivray...... Amaurosoma Becker........... katmaiensis Malloch........ FEU EAMONN: ci aievsvaiers saicvssaie’e unispinosa Malloch..,...... Amblytropidia Stal............. PISIEMIS HOAs sce cycle 31's ors americana Ashmead, Oligosita.. americana Fitch, Meromyza.... americana Johnson, Chionaspis. americana Malloch, Leucopis... americana Malloch, Minettia... americana var. nortoni MacGil- Rigray,) CUnMpeR 6.2. oc vee eens americanus Hood, Trichothrips. americanus Weed, Clinocentrus. amica MacGillivray, Messa..... Pi LOCA EAO GW xi 5c toh so a a ui siaieye-stn ate setigera Malloch........... Amitus Haldeman.............. aleurodinis Haldeman...... aleurodis (Forbes)......... Ammophila Kirby.............. ALOUtAGa LATE. (6.6: «)sic/s'e arse Amoebaleria Garrett............ fraterna var. hyalina Gar- Bese pare se ees owt ava' so Wigs) Garretts «saci sects es luteoala Garrett MOCHA), Mase ie as wis cizrorey, sraie tincta form pilosus Coquil- LEU Bene bide nds Ac annne aaa amplificata Cockerell, Andrena (Micrandrena) Anagrus Haliday............... armatus- var. GPa the eyomv creeks «tees EDOS: Gira wyo2 = cjecern to nyp-0 aims Spiritus, /GIrawle ccs oi sss cial Anagyrus Howard.............. nubilipennis Girault........ Anaphes Haliday............... hercules” Girawlt.cic cc. sree 224 191 158 195 187 239 145 211 251 191 191 213 213 213 Pace nigrellus Girault........... 227 Anaphoidea Girault............. 227 pullicrora, Girauvlt. 45).-5 <0. 227 sordidata Girault........... 227 Anarostomoides Malloch........ 185 petersoniji Malloch.......... 185 ancisus MacGillivray, Loderus.. 250 Andrena, Wabricius.... .j.......0.+..- 2oL amplificata Cockerell (Mi- CEANALENMA))) ois. hiv cow senreiecase 23 nanksy MMalloehics. 238 Aphaniosoma Becker........... 192 quadrivittatum Malloch..... 192 Aphanisus MacGillivray........ 237 lobatus MacGillivray....... 237 muricatus MacGillivray..... 237 nigritus MacGillivray....... 237 obsitus MacGillivray....... 237 occiduus MacGillivray...... 237 odoratus MacGillivray...... 237 parallelus MacGillivray...., 237 Aphelinoidea Girault........... 224 plutella Girault............. 224 semifuscipennis Girault..... 224 Aphelinus Dalman.............. 221 mali Haldeman............. 222 varicornis Girault.......... 221 ADHICIGAC oa wirisceisaclecm ss cele (aie 154 aphidiphagus Knight, Deraeo- COVIS ene cieeneiatersie tite nrcteretetatel a? 146 Aphiochaeta Brues............. 183 aristalis Malloch........... 183 bisetuiata Malloch.......... 183 nasoni Malloch............. 183 pallidiventris Malloch....., 184 plebeia Malloch............ 184 quadripunctata Malloch..... 184 PAB AIS SETTA CUS 525) cieie lee enc fers ae 61 154 cucumeris Forbes..........- 154 gossypii Glover............ 154 Aphycus (Mayrisnsneccs vac seine 217 stomachosus Girault........ 217 apicalis Malloch, Emmesomyia. 198 apicalis Malloch, Gaurax....... 190 apicata Malloch, Bezzia........ 163 Apocephalus Coquillett...... eee 184 pictus Malloch............. 184 appendiculata Malloch, Typhlo- hid 0 ee REO IORIT AAC SER CN eRe 151 appota MacGillivray, Messa.... 251 approximata Malloch, Oxycera.. 182 aprilina Malloch, Agromyza..... 192 Pace apriloides MacGillivray, Dolerus 240 Aradidae.. .fe6cc\oshccieas siete BARE epg: Aradus Fabricus............. os LAT implanus Parshley.......... 147 robustus var. insignis Parsh- Tey acc de coins olete oleae 147 arctica MacGillivray, Huura..... 269 arcticum Malloch, Simulium.... 181 Arctiidae: <2 0.0.5. sscove eaten 233 argentata Hart, Ammophila.... 230 argentata Loew, Johannseno- IYI sbeebs 0 cis ce een el ee aaemnene 172 ARQGIGAG wisn cio siete sterols « oie in eagerness BaD Aricia MacQuart............... 197 bicolorata Malloch.......... 197 latifrontata Malloch........ 197 poeciloptera Malloch........ 197 Ariciella Malloch.......... A 197 flavicornis Malloch.......197, 209 rubripalpis (Van der Wulp) Soe eee iss cies bate OeeOge arida Malloch, Tiphia.......... 229 arisaemae Hood, Heterothrips.. 145 aristalis Malloch, Aphiochaeta.. 183 aristata Malloch, Agromyza..... 192 arizonensis Ashmead, Hriocamp- YMOD 0 hess sisate a oe, ses ee 239 armata Malloch, Mydaea........ 204 armatus var. nigriventris Gir- ault,. Anagrus: <.'.2 2/35 seme 226 arpidia Malloch, Oscinoides..... 191 arpidia var. atra Malloch, Osci- TLOIDES iinstovsicie -c)e etal Ne ee 191 arpidia var. elegans Malloch, Os- cinoides. .......0: ica. sees 191 arpidia var. humeralis Malloch, Oscinoides® v5 ..)2% cial eee TSH Arthrolytus Thomson........... 219 aeneoviridis Girault........ 219 Asilidae’: .(..i..2...3:,0 Soo eee 182 Aspidiella Leonardi............. 157 comstocki (Johnson)....... 157 forbesi (Johnson).......... 157 hartii (Cockerell).......... 158 Aspidiotus Bouché>............. 157 aesenli Johnson... ..\. 0. eee 157 comstocki Johnson......... 157 forbesi Johnson............ 157 hartii Cockerell............ 158 piceus Sanders............. 158 ulmi Johnson?) .-. 5 eae 158 Aspilates Treitschke........... 161 behrensaria Hulst.. ,...... 161 Aspistes Meigen................ 180 i ee EP eae FT =i 2 Pagn assaracus MacGillivray, Mono- MS LCLALONUL Sv ore taiaste (a. cre tesa cohere ace lers 253 assimilis Malloch, Agromyza.... 193 Asteromyia Felt................ 180 agrostis Osten Sacken...... 180 muhlenbergiae (Marten).... 180 Astichus Foerster.............. 222 bimaculatipennis Girault... 222 Astochus MacGillivray.......... 237 aldrichi MacGillivray....... 237 fletcheri MacGillivray....... 237 aterrima Malloch, Galgupha.... 148 aterrima Malloch, Tiphia....... 229 aterrima Van der Wulp, Pogono- TEOn 212) C8 RESERRCIAL Senn ORAS eae OR 207 athene McAtee, Typhlocyba..... 151 atra MacGillivray, Messa....... 270 atra Malloch, Forbesomyia..... 180 atracornus MacGillivray, Mono- NOTUELCUTUEL Stay ee soya eahces ats s lanepeken ers 253 atracostus MacGillivray, Tenth- MESO Claitate te vaicoys, ate) s nsifulsranedors taliaheaspatene 261 atrata MacGillivray, Blenno- PBVVES ES Ageia sev Wopdiaeaie svete aiarsmoaslavee kis 238 atrata MacGillivray, Pontania... 256 atratum MacGillivray, Isiodyc- RARERIT RI STC) cya ataterc| acanslsrenaieheracatels 249 atravenus MacGillivray, Tenth- MVCN, cro) Nore tersea\sicaid ben. She-aiatels sia ete 262 atrifrons Malloch, Gimnomera.. 185 atrum MacGillivray, Phrontos- ATTN ick saa nsie ak ches ess jetoisce,@sayanecetece 256 attenuata Malloch, Hylemyia.... 201 Aulacidea Ashmead............. 215 bicolor (Gillette)........... 215 solidaginis (Girault)....... 215 tumiday Bassett <.cja< + i0is,0,0c0va10 215 aulatus MacGillivray, Amaurone- AYRELULStaliore rev val blnisis ois sea, eve)steceysieye 269 JANES oe (USE Tg 8 Fs oie eren 215 BICOLOT NGIMeL ie erste. 2)erteyca ors 215 aurea Malloch, Forcipomyia.... 171 aurifrons Malloch, Schoenomyza 208 australis Metealf, Herpis....... 153 AY lax Pl artigy.:.i disci custeenslecs és 214 bicolor (Gillette)........... 214 gilletti Kieffer............. 214 laciniatus (Gillette)........ 214 minor (Gillette)............ 214 Tutus (Gillette))..0.3...2¢80s.. 214 B badia (Bassett), Callirhytis..... 215 Braetis Lea chistes c:act seajerae ce na 144 harti McDunnough......... 144 pallidula McDunnough....... 144 Pace bakeri MacGillivray, Neocharac- ULE sac aoa Cian Aparna Ane 254 bakeri Rohwer, Euura.......... 248 balanata MacGillivray, Itycor- LAU aye atetccesecauevajececate teins age crsvehereh 235 balata MacGillivray, Itycorsia,. 235 ballista MacGillivray, Itycorsia. 235 banksi Malloch, Andrena....... 231 basalis Malloch, Chironomus.... 164 basalis Walker, Ceresa......... 149 basiseta Malloch, Phaonia...... 206 Bassus Wabricius.) 2.0.2. ..1.< 211 acrobasidis Cushman....... 211 Beckerina ovallocht)s sje s)2-cicieae 184 lnteola. IWallochicys vc.).:<1/0e 184 beeriana Bird, Papaipema...... 162 behrensaria Hulst, Aspilates.... 161 bellula MacGillivray, Macrophya SOTO E TD GO On DIC CRIA Cor 250 bellulus Melander, Nemotelus... 182 bethunei MacGillivray, Metallus 251 pbethunei Sanders, Hoplogryon,. 213 Besziay lemon crane tepslare cies selarate 163 albidorsata Malloch........ 163 ApiCatal WUANOCD Gc care elsr« ters 163 cockerelli Malloch.......... 163 dentata Mallo@h............ 163 flavitarsis Malloch......... 163 Biblomidae, vectors cietctnciererecine ie 180 pbicaudata Malloch, Hylemyia... 201 bicolor Gillette, Antistrophus... 214 bicolor Gillette, Aulax.......... 215 bicolor Girault, Uscanella....... 225 bicolor MacGillivray, Macro- PROCES Mi cede tees oan entation ch alia Sieh nem 8 234 bicolor Metcalf, Bruchomorpha.. 152 bicolor Norton, Trichiosoma.... 268 bicolorata Malloch, Aricia...... 197 bicornis MacGillivray, Macrem- DHYtUS. sets hee Gaeaece as cn eees 250 bicruciata Malloch, Hylemyia... 201 bifasciatipennis Girault, Sticho- Ulaterh ot a Ane B ateeeoniad aaa tioecte 229 bifasciatus Malloch, Orthocladi- MLSS meet Seatac htieta ie Telere eisrdis cas 00s (aieia le ain 173 Bigotomyia Malloch............ 197 californiensis Malloch...... 197 bilineata MacGillivray, Macro- IVORVE)) Solblonioe.o e.ciickood Oooo 250, 269 bilineatus MacGillivray, Tenth- WOM cites ei daceteiaieleinieierstereys cvarsye 262 bimaculata Woodworth, Gypona. 151 bimaculatipennis Girault, Asti- CHa eatetvers ersiateronerstotets sPerete 222 bipartita Cresson, Selandria.... 260 Pace bipunctatus MacGillivray, Mono- MATING sie teiaitaysnicsciac dieses ete oie 253 bipunctulata Woodworth, Gypona 151 bisetulata Malloch. Aphiochaeta 183 bispina Malloch, Botanobia..... 190 bispinosa Malloch, Helina...... 199 Biston each. io .episs cies joie fase 161 ypsilon Forbes............. 161 Bithoracochaeta Stein........., 198 femoralis (Van der Wulp).. 198 leucoprocta Wied........... 198 Bivena MacGillivray............ 269 maria MacGillivray......... 269 blaisdelli Cresson, Sapromyza... 187 Blattidae sires ieee sian srateetoveicin arate 144 Blennocampa Hartig............ 238 abjecta MacGillivray....... 238 abnorma MacGillivray...... 238 absona MacGillivray........ 238 acuminata MacGillivray.... 238 adusta MacGillivray........ 238 amara MacGillivray........ 238 angulata MacGillivray...... 238 antennata MacGillivray..... 238 aperta MacGillivray........ 238 atrata MacGillivray........ 238 typicella MacGillivray...... 238 Blepharoceridae ............... 181 Boletina Staeger............... 179 punctus Garrett............ 179 Bolitophila Meigen............. 179 subteresa Garrett.......... 179 bonnarius Johnson, Nemotelus.. 182 Bonboridae cae cisscciocis care cerees. fav 186 Borborus Meigen............... 186 scriptus Malloch........... 186 borealis Garrett Diamesa....... 170 borealis MacGillivray, Dolerus.. 240 borealis MacGillivray, Taxonus.. 261 Botanobia Lioy................. 190 bispina Malloch............ 190 hinkleyi Malloch........... 190 spiniger Malloch........... 190 brachycarpae Rohwer, Euura... 248 brachyneura Malloch, Metrioc- TVOMIUTLS Eecatetsne fe isratersceerctsvenstatenctones 173 Braconidae)” s\.n:stsscecieere ote errs 210 brevicornis Ashmead, Nasonia.. 220 brevicornis Hart, Tychea....... 157 brevicornis Malloch, Tetramer- TUR he een os re abetapetae sass, ueneicheve 209 brevinervis Malloch, Orthocla- dius (Dactylocladius)........ 173 brevipilosa Malloch, Mydaea... 204 brevispina Malloch, Phaonia.... 206 brevitarsis Malloch, Hylemyia.. 201 Bruchomorpha Newman...... -. 152 bicolor Metcalf............. 152 decorata Metcalf........... 152 vittata Metcalf............. 152 bruesii Melander, Nemotelus.... 182 buccata Malloch, Xenomydaea.. 209 buffae Hood, Trichothrips...... 145 Cc cadurca MacGillivray, Empria.. 245 caeca MacGillivray, Empria.... 245 caecilii Girault, Alaptus........ 226 Caenolyda Konow.............. 234 onekama MacGillivray...... 234 caerulescens Ashmead, Tetrasti- CBUWS) Sin. See 223 caerulescens Malloch, Mede- TOLUS | so. cs. po alee eee 183 caetrata MacGillivray, Empria,. 245 caffreti Flint and Malloch, Py- Tausta clsrper class 252 costalis MacGillivray, Mono- PHAdMOIMESy selects ces cette cies 253 costata MacGillivray, Empria... 248 costillensis Viereck and Cocker- GLU AeA dr omar ser eleto pete ics iolalsiarsceus 231 coyoterae Hebard, Conalcaea... 142 crambi Weed, Apanteles........ 211 crassata Garrett, Pseudoleria... 186 crassicaudatus Malloch, Chiron- OUD as tetercioseteiele sine nie es ee 165 crassifemorata Malloch, Serro- ANVIL Chi vie aictanereseraieiaye relate’ Gilet al rie sain, alr eyg crassus MacGillivray, Mono- PHAANOTM ES) Wri ecesipie ore wis susie seals 253 Craterocercus Rohwer.......... 240 cervinus MacGillivray...... 240 circulus MacGillivray....... 240 cordleyi MacGillivray...... 240 infuscatus MacGillivray..... 240 Cremastus Gravenhorst......... 212 cookii Weed............... 212 cookii var. rufus Weed..... 212 forbesi Weed.............. 212 hartii Ashmead............ 213 erepuscularis Malloch, Culi- COMM CBs rec )3 te sunleeeio leur ialecstatarssts ce 170 Cricotopus Van der Wulp...... 170 flavibasis Malloch.......... 170 slossonae Malloch.......... 170 Pace criddlei Aldrich, Oscinis........ 191 eriddlei MacGillivray, Cepha- LO1a 2 v.55 sis aie ence ston ee ee 234 cristata Malloch, Hydrotaea.... 201 Cristatithorax Girault.......... 218 pulcher Girault............. 218 crotchii H. Edwards, Pseuda- Ly pla. io... 0. ac case 233 crotchii var. atrata Hy. Ed- wards, Pseudalypia........... 233 Crymobia Loew...............- 186 petersoni (Malloch)........ 185 cucumeris Forbes, Aphis........ 154 Culicoides Latreille............. 170 crepuscularis Malloch...... 170 haematopotus Malloch...... 170 hierglyphicus Malloch...... 170 multipunctatus Malloch.... 170 culpata MacGillivray, Empria... 248 cumulata MacGillivray, Empria. 248 cuneata MacGillivray, Empria.. 248 cupida MacGillivray, Empria... 248 curata MacGillivray, Empria.... 248 Curculionidae <.:.0.... = scene 160 curiosus MacGillivray, Mono- phadnoides: <2).:-: «.c1s ssustacimitens 253 curticollis Knab, Donacia....... 160 curtilamellatus Malloch, Chiron- OMMUS? 15 cso 55s seine snetabe pel ee 165 curvipes Malloch, Hylemyia.... 201 cyaneus Girault, Catolaccus.... 219 Cyclocercus Scudder........... 142 gracilis Bruner............. 142 Cydnidae is. os.0y0 «cen ose 148 Cynipidae® cecn.c.c., cclstcetiaeiete 214 D daeckei MacGillivray, Phron- tOSOMA: © 5. <\s sic'oss.c/0)s,01n on ES 256 daedala MacGillivray, Pontania. 257 Dasyopa Malloch............... 190 pleuralis Malloch......,.... 190 deceptiva Malloch, Agromyza... 193 decoloratus Malloch, Tanypus.. 177 decorata Metcalf, Bruchomor- Dla se oe Sly a ihe oe 152 decrepita MacGillivray, Pon- Vt 0 ee Cin CIBIEcre.o ioc 257 dedecora MacGillivray, Pon- tania’ o!-. oes nis acornmeciee rep eeee 257 dediticius MacGillivray, Hemi- TAXONUS 2506.05, cesicew avers 248 deleta Van der Wulp, Leucome- VM oo occ iaieis & oVepsnaragrale iene 203 delicatula MacGillivray, Pon- CANIA We aac s-ove steer eters Xt ebb otttens 270 ae Pacr Delphacodes Fieber............. 153 alexanderi (Metcalf)....... 153 fulvidorsum (Metcalf)...... 153 deminuta MacGillivray, Pon- MAMTA aticicis visas castes, me tse apes 270 demissa MacGillivray, Pontania. 257 dentata Malloch, Bezzia........ 163 dentatus MacGillivray, Pamphi- TREN EL 6 Sed ad eee ei rier eas 235 denticornis Malloch, Coenosia.. 197 depressata MacGillivray, Strongylogastroidea ......... 261 Deraeocoris Kirschbaum........ 146 aphidiphagus Knight....... 146 quercicola Knight........... 146 derosa MacGillivray, Pontania.. 257 desidiosus MacGillivray, Dimor- BUT ODUAUVERS me retesetaretatia shasetere erotic 240 destricta MacGillivray, Pontania 257 destructor Malloch, Agromyza.. 193 devincta MacGillivray, Pontania 257 Diamesa Meigen............... 170 borealis "Garretts. =o. ec 170 diantherae Malloch, Limno- SERS VIA haloes witha lag we alls atar ames 196 Diaspidiotus Leonardi.......... 157 aesculi (Johnson).......... 157 piceus) (Sanders)).. <2. 60... 158 Drastictis Hilibner. 50)... 161, 232 LOTRMCISTS. TEMS cs 5 «<1 sheets one 461 speciosa ‘Hulst<: <2. .:2-.5: 232 Diastrophus Hartig............. 216 scutellaris Gillette......... 216 Dibrachys Foerster............. 220 clisiocampae Fitch......... 220 gelechiae (Webster)........ 220 Dicranota Zetterstedt........... 162 iowa Alexander............ 162 digestus MacGillivray, Amau- MOWCIIALUS We te Wis etesl crateig ere 269 digitatus Malloch, Chironomus.. 165 Dikraneura Hardy.............. 149 cockerelli Gillette.......... 149 communis Gillette.......... 149 mali Provancher........... 149 diluta Cresson, Selandria....... 260 Dimorphopteryx Ashmead...... 240 desidiosus MacGillivray.... 240 enucleatus MacGillivray.... 240 ithacus MacGillivray....... 240 morsei MacGillivray........ 240 oronis MacGillivray........ 240 salinus MacGillivray........ 240 scopulosus MacGillivray.... 240 dimorphus Malloch, Chironomus 165 BIIDECTAS fe iveiec cio ctnels 2 sisiiers «\ele.6 162 281 PAGE discimana Malloch, Mydaea.... 205 Disholcaspis Dalla Torre and GIGS) Ant Wn edit POOR 216 Plobusa Wieldece.staswece ss 216 terrestris Weld............ 216 dissimilis Malloch, Orthochaeta. 185 dissipator MacGillivray, Cepha- Gigi arn avetrrcrteis eis cereal rieccreier en eels 234 distichliae Malloch, Anthraco- RUDGE ele tees ce etetents cieceus areis avers 189 distincta Garrett, Macrocera.... 179 distincta MacGillivray, Cepha- IVEY, BE Beet CuO t ACIS, NERC ORCEL BG 234 distincta MacGillivray, Macro- RV. Claaeacil esters cd siaviom tea. 234 distinctus MacGillivray, Mono- DHOMMHS! AF ek ee ecards ew cee 253 distinctus Malloch, Orthocladi- WS (Ce LTIGNOCIAGUES) sac nos as es 174 distinctus var. basalis Malloch, Orthocladius (Trichocladius). 174 distinctus var. bicolor Malloch, Orthocladius (Trichocladius). 174 Dolerus Jurinesn. (2 gle. 06. - 210, 240 acritus MacGillivray........ 240 agcistus MacGillivray...... 240 apriloides MacGillivray..... 240 borealis MacGillivray....... 240 cohaesus MacGillivray...... 240 colosericeus MacGillivray... 240 conjugatus MacGillivray.... 241 dysporus MacGillivray...... 241 graenicheri MacGillivray... 241 icterus MacGillivray........ 241 inspectus MacGillivray..... 241 inspiratus MacGillivray..... 241 konowi MacGillivray....... 241 lesticus MacGillivray....... 241 luctatus MacGillivray....... 241 minusculus MacGillivray.... 241 monocericeus MacGillivray. 241 napaeus MacGillivray....... 241 narratus MacGillivray...... 242 nasutus MacGillivray....... 242 nativus MacGillivray....... 242 nauticus MacGillivray...... 242 necessarius MacGillivray... 242 necosericeus MacGillivray.. 242 nectareus MacGillivray..... 242 nefastus MacGillivray...... 242 negotiosus MacGillivray.... 242 nemorosus MacGillivray.... 242 neoagcistus MacGillivray... 242 neoaprilis MacGillivray..... 242 neocollaris MacGillivray.... 242 neosericeus MacGillivray... 242 Pacp neostugnus MacGillivray.210, 242 nepotulus MacGillivray..... 243 nervosus MacGillivray...... 243 nescius MacGillivray....... 243 nicaeus MacGillivray....... 243 nidulus MacGillivray....... 243 nimbosus MacGillivray..... 243 nivatus MacGillivray....... 243 nocivus MacGillivray....... 243 nocuus MacGillivray....... 243 nominatus MacGillivray.... 243 novellus MacGillivray...... 243 novicius MacGillivray...... 243 nugatorius MacGillivray.... 243 numerosus MacGillivray.... 243 nummarius MacGillivray.... 243 nummatus MacGillivray.... 244 nundinus MacGillivray..... 244 nuntius MacGillivray....... 244 nutricius MacGillivray...... 244 nyctelius MacGillivray...... 244 parasericeus MacGillivray... 244 plesius MacGillivray........ 244 polysericeus MacGillivray... 244 refugus MacGillivray....... 244 simulans Rohwer........... 244 stugnus MacGillivray....... 244 tectus MacGillivray......... 244 Dolichopodidae ................. 182 Dolichopus Latreille............ 183 idahoensis (Aldrich)....... 183 Donacia Fabricius.............. 160 curticollis Knab............ 160 dorneri Malloch, Chironomus... 165 dorothea Dyar, Macrurocampa.. 233 dorsalis var. partita Malloch, Schoenomy avin. vce. enauleals 208 dorsalis var. sulfuriceps Mal- loch, Schoenomyza........... 208 dorsimaculata Van der Wulp, AMPH ODUVIA Wels nictorela cistnieeie sel ve 197 dorsovittata Malloch, Eulimno- DHOTS Ute toralotte eee tee sal carers 199 dotata MacGillivray, Pontania.. 257 Drepanaphis Del Guercio....... 156 acerifoliae (Thomas)....... 156 Drepanulatrix Gump............ 161 behrensaria (Hulst)........ 161 unicaleararia Guenée....... 161 Drosophilidae ...........-.+-+- 191 Dryophanta Foerster........... 216 Janata Gillette.) ass) » 216 dubia Norton, Tenthredo (AI- TATIEWS)) espe ries pera caleteteteivis s eeistsy ete 262 dubiosa Van Duzee, Telamona.. 149 282 PAGE dubitata MacGillivray, Tenth- TOGO |. o:siis iciars aipelsvereli oe 262 dubitatus MacGillivray, Tenth- TOMO) 6 v0 aisie.p erate eee . 262 dubius Malloch, Tanytarsus. . . 178 duplicata Malloch, nies . 201 Dysmigia Warren......... Peofices oh) 4utia CAuIst) <.iin eee ee 233. . loricaria Eversmann. . 233 dysporus MacGillivray, Dolerus. 241 E edessa MacGillivray, Pteroni- GOB: + o's. ace dhs lerel ahs ee 258 edita MacGillivray, Pteronidea. 258 edura MacGillivray, Pteronidea. 258 edwardsii var. ruficorna (Mac- Gillivray), Laurentia........ “ap, effeta MacGillivray, Pteronidea. 258 effrenatus MacGillivray, Pteroni- GO is: cvs.0.9 sip eos ee Oe 258 effusa MacGillivray, Pteronidea. 259 egeria MacGillivray, Pteronidea. 259 egnatia MacGillivray, Pteroni- GOA = oo cic aisiecn's Ulevssalalelle ee nena 259 egregia Brues, Phora........... 184 Eidoamoeba Garrett............ 185 luteoala Garrett............ 185 Elasmidae: \:\....6.°s.j.:ssase aie 221 Elasmus Westwood............. 221 meteori Ashmead.......... 221 electa MacGillivray, Periclista,. 255 electra MacGillivray, Pteronidea 259 elegans Malloch, Thyanta...... 148 elegans Spuler, Leptocera (Sco- tophilella) .:<,.:50.c.0ttesje hyena 186 elegans Weed, Limneria........ 213 elegantula Malloch, Forcipomyia 171 elelea MacGillivray, Pteronidea. 259 ellipsoida Weld, Callirhytis..... 215 Elliptera Schiner. . 2. «cys 162 illini Alexander............ 162 elliptica Weld, Callirhytis...... 215 elongatus Hart, Nabis.......... 147 emarginatus MacGillivray, Moge- DUS) isis sasd gets orejoial eee leeds ete 252 emerita MacGillivray, Pteroni- GES. oo c's 55 cis ayere mashes Sere 259 emmesia Malloch, Pegomyia.... 205 Emmesomyia Malloch........198, 200 apicalis Malloch............ 198 flavipalpis (Van der Wulp). 200 unica Mallochy..:. aac eue 198 Emphytus? 301g) )7is)-) cette veintapeene 244 gemitus MacGillivray....... 244 gillettei MacGillivray....... 244 ——— eS Es eee Pace halesus MacGillivray....... 244 haliartus MacGillivray...... 245 halitus MacGillivray....... 245 haustus MacGillivray....... 245 heroicus MacGillivray...... 245 hiatus MacGillivray........ 245 hiuleus MacGillivray........ 245 hospitus MacGillivray...... 245 hyacinthus MacGillivray.... 245 yuasi MacGillivray......... 245 Ieee HRY WAGrins pia rio io nein aicirRooe 183 Jl) el HKG ale Giciodos aU ried 149 atoepicta. Worbes..... 1-2... 149 Emporsca: Walsh. cc c.Jenos. Je 149 albopicta (Forbes)......... 149 mali (LeBaron) «oc... .s 149 Empria Lepeletier....... 245, 254, 256 ecadurca MacGillivray....... 245 caeca MacGillivray......... 245 caetrata MacGillivray...... 245 calda MacGillivray......... 245 callida MacGillivray........ 245 callosa MacGillivray........ 245 ecandidula MacGillivray..... 245 canora MacGillivray........ 246 capillata MacGillivray...... 246 caprina MacGillivray....... 246 captiosa MacGillivray....... 246 carbasea MacGillivray...... 246 cariosa MacGillivray........ 246 casca MacGillivray......... 246 casta MacGillivray......... 246 castigata MacGillivray..... 246 cata MacGillivray.......... 246 cauduca MacGillivray....... 246 cauta MacGillivray......... 246 cava MacGillivray.......... 246 cavata MacGillivray........ 246 celebrata MacGillivray..... 246 celsa MacGillivray......... 246 cerina MacGillivray........ 246 cetaria MacGillivray........ 247 eirrha MacGillivray......... 247 cista MacGillivray.......... 247 cistula MacGillivray........ 247 cithara MacGillivray....... 247 columna MacGillivray...... 247 conciliata MacGillivray...,. 247 concisa MacGillivray....... 247 concitata MacGillivray. .247, 254 concreta MacGillivray...... 247 condensa MacGillivray...... 247 condita MacGillivray....... 247 conferta MacGillivray...... 247 confirmata MacGillivray.... SOIR Fei aPC AC LAR 247, 254 Page contexta MacGillivray...... 248 contorta MacGillivray...... 248 convexa (MacGillivray)..... Sra, fle Uitte hie alarowiets aoe 248, 256 costata MacGillivray........ 248 culpata MacGillivray....... 248 cumulata MacGillivray...... 248 cuneata MacGillivray....... 248 cupida MacGillivray........ 248 curata MacGillivray........ 248 evecta MacGillivray........ 248 fragariae Rohwer.......... 248 kinecaidii (MacGillivray).... 253 enavata MacGillivray, Pteroni- Oa acrtercus svete ietere here fateve cle acahare. etal 259 Encarsia Foerster.............. 222 versicolor Girault.......... 222 enchenopae Girault, Polynema.. 228 SHATWICEO” madispcico coon odouSoden 217 enigma Weld, Callirhytis........ 215 Enoclerus Gaban..........0...2. 159 liljebladi Wolcott........... 159 entella MacGillivray, Periclista. 256 enucleatus MacGillivray, Dimor- DDODUCL VRS Sarcctaiteici ie eels s/areterai 240 [Sol Verne gdh on noctooccdeckedct 144 Ephemenidaei aa cnies-(eteer se 144 Epipteromalus Ashmead........ 219 algonquinensis Ashmead.... 219 epischnioides Hulst, Zophodia.. 232 epos Girault, Anagrus.......... 226 equatia MacGillivray, Pteronidea 259 equina MacGillivray, Pteronidea 259 Eremomyiodes Malloch......... 198 fuscipes Malloch........... 198 Similis; Mallochineecicers «<7 198 erigeronensis Thomas, Tychea.. 157 Eriocampidea Konow............ 239 arizonensis Ashmead....... 239 occidentalis (MacGillivray). 239 eriococei Girault, Alaptus....... 226 erratus MacGillivray, Pteronidea 259 erudita MacGillivray, Pteroni- CE Be cry teietensy tatavatny che wiawre olaveyetel > 259 Erythraspides Ashmead......... 260 Carvae, CNOTtOn)) cnc ams cms 260 Erythroneura Fitch.......... 149, abolla var. lemnisca McAtee comes var. Palimpsesta Mc- Atee comes var. pontifex McAtee comes var. reflecta McAtee. comes var. rufomaculata McAtee ligata var. pupillata McAtee lunata McAtee............. 151 149 150 150 150 150 150 150 Pacp mallochj McAtee..........- 150 mitella McAtee............ 150 oculata McAtee............ 150 repetita McAtee............ 150 scutelleris var. insolita Mc- ATe@G onimietine lsemreretekioetotele 150 sexpunctata Malloch, Ery- CHTON CUTAN ane oistelesteisl selon! 150 tecta McAtee.............. 150 Eucoila Westwood.............. 216 septemspinosa Gillette...... 216 Eucoilidea Ashmead............. 216 rufipes Gillette............. 216 Euforcipomyia Malloch......... 170 hirtipennis Malloch......... 170 longitarsis Malloch......... 171 Euklastus Metcalf.............. 152 Harti MMercali ci cine < eine .eiei-) 152 Eulimnophora Malloch.........- 198 cilifera Malloch............ 198 dorsovittata Malloch....... 199 Eulophidae: areietstere sche ere) tee eco es 221 Eupachygaster Kertesz......... 181 henshawi Malloch........... 181 punctifer Malloch.......... 181 Eupelmidae) rien iaty-ctre --ileratarais sj 219 Eupelmus Dalman............., 219 allynta QT en Gh) is ca snares ote! 219 euprocitidis Girault, Pentarthron 225 euryceps Ellis, Halictus........ 231 Eurytoma Illiger............... 217 paraguayensis Girault...... 217 Eurytormiaeiine-rcpctaleieistereeslicte vs yerels 217 Euschistus Dallas.............. 148 subimpunctatus Malloch.... 148 Euura Newman......... 210, 248, 269 abortiva MacGillivray...... 269 arctica MacGillivray........ 269 bakeri Rohwer............. 248 brachycarpae Rohwer...... 248 maculata MacGillivray...... 248 minuta MacGillivray........ 248 moenia MacGillivray....... 248 salicicola Smith............ 210 evanescens Westwood, Tricho- PUAN) Fcc lste aerate mieneyetarele Later 224 evanida MacGillivray, Pteroni- (OKCk ate Bt een ie SAP eee cree 259 evecta MacGillivray, Empria.... 248 exacta MacGillivray, Pteronidea 259 excessus MacGillivray, Pteroni- Wed e, arcmishates seekers ache 259 extensa Malloch, Limnophora.. 203 extranea Hy. Edwards, Thia... 232 extremitata Malloch, Hylemyia. 201 284 E PAGE fallax Johannsen, Chironomus.. 165 Fannia R.-Desvoidy............. 199 canadensis Malloch......... 199 lasiops Malloch............. 199 latifrons Malloch.......... . 199 spathiophora Malloch....... 199 trianguligera Malloch....... 199 fasciata Girault, Signiphora..... 218 fasciativentris Girault, Prospal- TOA iieie eo bbe Selene eho 222 fasciatus Girault, Gonatocerus.. 222 fasciventris Malloch, Chirono- MUS) 2. dis.c's clnie eve, J. steer 233 fernaldi MacGillivray, Tenth- TOGO 5.6 atessteecce ude ee sie 262 fernaldii MacGillivray, Tenth- TODO is esas ole ice Mee 262 fistula MacGillivray, Macrophya. 250 flaccida MacGillivray, Macro- phy. sc: «cis «eine neta en 250 flava Fracker, Catorhintha...... 148 flava Girault, Signiphora....... 218 flava Metealf, Microledrida..... 153 flavella Girault, Signiphora..... 218 flavens Malloch, Camptocladius. 163 flaviatilis Bruner, Melanoplus... 143 flavibasis Alexander, Tipula.... 162 flavibasis Malloch, Camptocla- Gius. 2.2.4 wee 163 flavibasis Malloch, Cricotopus.. 170 flavicauda Malloch, Tanytarsus. 178 flavicornis Knight, Plagiogna- TDUS 000552 e Sei areeet eee 146 flavicornis Malloch, Ariciella.... 197 flavidula Malloch, Johannsen- OMYyla: a... sh Name rete eee 172 flavidulus Malloch, Gaurax...... 190 flavinervis Malloch, Pogonomyia 207 flavipalpis Malloch, Meromyza... i91 flavipalpis Van der Wulp, Hydro- PHOTIA. ws:. s21c ee slate @ 200 flavipes Girault, Chaetostricha.. 224 flavipes Hood, Idolothrips....... 145 flavipes Hood, Gigantothrips.... 145 flavisetus Malloch, Chrysotus... 183 : : : : ———- PaGcEe flavitarsis Malloch, Bezzia...... 163 flavocentralis Watt, Agromyza.. 193 flavofemorata Malloch, Platy- PIM tiacx chev ctetasay cu evaleystenaya evera aus ses 184 flavolateralis Watt, Agromyza.. 193 flavopleura Watt, Agromyza.... 1938 flavopleura var. casta Watt, PNET OTINO TAs Uarete ince mi Siero esscevst seuss ie 193 flavoscutellatus Malloch, Ortho- si cladius (Orthocladius)........ 178 flavus Forbes, Chaitophorus..... 155 jletcheri MacGillivray, Astochus. 237 fletcheri MacGillivray, Pamphi- LANES Ue CNe teat ais cater staystee ore ais (oscars. a 235 flexa Malloch, Andrena......... 231 flicta MacGillivray, Macrophya.. 250 flinti Malloch, Phorticoides..... 187 floridana MacGillivray, Selan- THT eet See Re AOR APS 260 floridensis Hulst, Diastictis..... 161 floridensis Malloch, Xenocoeno- TEU mepciets colieSel et aualnua wmeiets: sfesege aes aie 209 forbesi Dalla Torre, Pteromalus 220 forbesi Franch, Pseudaglossa... 162 forbesi Johnson, Aspidiotus.... 157 forbesi Malloch, Simulium...... 181 forvesi Titus, Oecanthus........ 142 forbesi Weed, Cremastus....... 212 forbesii (Ashmead) Aleurochi- BOUIN ta eee lata ica eg tens ais, oy ms tan se la 157 Forbesomyia Malloch........... 180 ee Ve LO GIN a sett spe acetates crepecers 180 Forcipomyia Meigen............ algal Burea MAM OCH A. ..c.cc- cpersis e010 171 elegantula Malloch......... 171 pergandei var. concolor Mal- MOG Hamat iereletarcrtarsre suetecc ezauol< 171 Onda ELOVGGIh peat ccieisyeirsuexn ec 155 occidentalis: “Hart............ 155 fortuitus MacGillivray, Pamphi- lite "5 8 ORAS Sa Gace cinereent ae 235 foveata Drake, Merragata....... 147 foxij Davis, Phyllophaga....... 160 fragariae Rohwer, Empria..... 248 Fratercula Malloch, Sapromyza. 187 fraterna Malloch, Coenosia..... 198 fraterna var. hyalina Garrett, PAIN OCD ALOT Ae eve afeferats 1s terayeiters ake 185 fraterna var. mississippiensis Davis, Phyllophaga........... 159 fraxinifolii Thomas, Pemphigus. 155 frigida MacGillivray, Tenthredo 270 fringilla Malloch, Pegomyia.... 205 frisoni Alexander, Ormosia..... 162 frisoni Barber, Geocoris........ 147 frisoni Malloch, Coenosia....... 198 PAGE HICPTICEE. Gooopooboodene dao4o6 152 fulvidorsum Metcalf, Liburnia.. 153 fulvipes Forbes, Pteromalus.... 220 fulvithorax Malloch, Probezzia.. 175 fulvus Johannsen, Chironomus.. 166 fulvus Metcalf, Pissonotus..,... 154 fulvus Metcalf, Traxus......... 154 fumicosta Malloch, Agromyza.. 193 fumipennis Malloch, Neogaurax 191 fumipennis Spuler, Leptocera (@OWMOUAT eae eccccs eee ase 186 Fundaspis MacGillivray......... 158 americana (Johnson)... 158 funeralis Hart, Nemobius....... 142 fuscibasis Malloch, Sapromyza.. 187 fuscicornis Malloch, Chironomus fusinervis Malloch, Ceratopogon fuscipennis Girault, Prospaltella fuscipes Malloch, Eremomyioi- ROS praca ot er ouny rar erevehayate sre abe ulmicola Chittenden........ obliquatus MacGillivray, Tenth- redo obliteralis Walker, Loxostege... obnata MacGillivray, Macrophya obrussa MacGillivray, Macro- IDV Aaa terran casjatanale aa cvetelorelan obscura Van der Wulp, Mydaea. obscuratus MacGillivray, Para- eo AE RGR Mets oharaind ota aa oka Soy Slate obscuratus Malloch, Chironomus obsitus MacGillivray, Aphanisus obsoleta MacGillivray, Macroxy- SL erspetayaio sort cciey helsiasarte revere: arora ors obsoleta Malloch, Limnophora.. obtentus MacGillivray, Para- CH ARACTIIISI uate a tenehete. sueveiasiavers ere obtusa Malloch, Chloropisca.... obversus MacGillivray, Para- CHAVACUUS Bed nets ctertin ciel cvelelelatals occidentalis Hart, Forda....... occidentalis MacGillivray, Cock- Brellomisign acct cicisce cn etiae occidentalis Malloch, Clusia.... occidentalis Malloch, Hylemyia. occidentalis Rohwer, Periclista. occiduus MacGillivray, Aphani- SUL SMP ee ere iets sbinchs: Ae onrane ale oculata McAtee, Erythroneura.. Odonata Odontomyia Meigen............ SHO Wis ELAM barons cievelorciavere chelate odoratus MacGillivray, Aphani- sus Oecanthus Serville............. fey ce, AMOIG!S » Sioeanio cio micros nigricornis quadripunctatus (Beutenmiiller) Decleus stale. cicctteraris se tiara lo productus Metcalf.......... Oedaleonotus Scudder.......... phryneicus Hebard......... oediemus Garrett, Acantholeria. offensus MacGillivray, Parachar- actus 244 244 244 244 244 251 160 160 263 161 251 251 176 205 255 168 237 234 203 255 190 255 155 239 184 202 256 237 150 144 182 182 237 142 142 142 153 153 143 143 185 PAGE OliarUe SAL ene ere avert 153 texanus Metcalf............ 153 vittatus Metcalf............ 153 Oligosita)-Haliday cic) Oi). tie! 224 americana Ashmead. 5 224 olivatipes MacGillivray, Tenth- MOCO ciretsietaes nee mieemratecete ls et 263 olympia MacGillivray, Lyda..... 269 onekama MacGillivray, Caeno- LY ae eres ie are a ep eats Sian 234 onerosa MacGillivray, Hylotoma 249 Oophthora Aurivillius.......... 224 simblidis Aurivillius........ 224 opacithorax Malloch, Hetero- DVT CER Re Tek a eee sere eal 172 orbitalis Malloch, Leucopis..... 195 orciferalis Walker, Hormisa.... 162 ordinaria Spuler, ca (Scotophilella) 187 oreophilus Hebard, Melanoplus. 143 Ormosia Rondani.............. 162 frisonj Alexander........... 162 ornata MacGillivray, Macrophya 251 ornigis Weed, Apanteles........ 211 orobenae Forbes, Apanteles..... 211 oronis MacGillivray, Dimorphop- POLY HG laee meee ce ie lets 240 Ortalidaes ecko cena ce eek 189 Orthochaeta Becker............ 185 dissimilis Malloch.........; 185 Orthocladius Van der Wulp..... 1738 albidohalteralis Malloch (Dactylocladius) we LS. bifasciatus Malloch. Ae WAS) brevinervis Malloch ‘(Dacty- JOCIAGINS) i Necectemtel-leleleleteress 173 distinctus Malloch (Tricho- CLAGIUS) Wie erie satentiectels es 174 distinctus var. basalis Mal- loch (Trichocladius)...... 174 distinctus var. bicolor Mal- loch (Trichocladius)...... 174 flavoscutellatus Malloch (Orthocladius) .......... 173 infuscatus Malloch (Tricho- Gladius) ic tyoem tae eee rere 175 lacteipennis Malloch (Ortho- Gladius): i icthicdeee oe 174 nigritus Malloch (Ortho- CLACIUS) i a yareisinceematthenele ayer 174 nitidellus Malloch (Tricho- Cladiws) hc ihoniae eee eine 175 nitidus Malloch (Tricho- eladius)) 15.035 sees Beas ce 175 pilipes Malloch (Orthocla- Ch EM eigaien ae Soe ror to ho 174 296 PaGE pleuralis Malloch (Dactylo- cladius): ss... steesl enue Be legs} striatus Malloch, (Tricho- cladius) <2. < «sek teen 191 ostiaria MacGillivray, Pristi- DOTA 2:2), se'<'0) sc lsise celeron eee 258 Otiocerus KArby.. .\..:cccsiekisneeian 154 wolfii var. nubilus McAtee.. 154 ovi Girault, Japania............ 224 oxalata MacGillivray, Pseudose- landrial 05, Asser MOM O ms soi! Oxycera Meigen............+.-. 182 albovittata Malloch......... 182 aldrichi Malloch............ 182 approximata Malloch....... 182 Pp pacatus MacGillivray, Trichio- CATNPUS: :. 0)0 04 selene, ole aie 267 Pachynematus Konow....... 254, 270 absyrtus MacGillivray...... 254 academus MacGillivray..... 254 allegatus MacGillivray...... 254 corticosus MacGillivray..... 254 rarus MacGillivray...... Sie ee refractarius MacGillivray... 254 remissus ,MacGillivray...... 254 repertus MacGillivray...... 254 roscidus MacGillivray...... 254 rufocinctus MacGillivray.... 255 venustus MacGillivray. ..255, 270 vernus MacGillivray... ..255, 270 pacificus MacGillivray, Simplem- phytus pacificus MacGillivray, Strongy- TOBASCEL. 4. cisinve ore eve cece ete .. 260 padi Drake, Corythucha.. oe LAT padusa MacGillivray, Howie campa ...... vijay bfaner ever s aval aaa . 248 paetulus MacGillivray, Trichio- campus ........ of 2ialele area 267 Pallachira Grote.............4.. 161 hartii French....... e eace «Sram Ode So ee PAGE pallicola MacGillivray, Tenth- PES LOE Vers ietexeurssieis ere ietehitenedeievalaceyelers 263 pallida Malloch, Probezzia...... 176 pallidifemur Malloch, Xylomyia. 182 - pallidipes Malloch, Gaurax..... 191 pallidiventris Malloch, Aphio- TE) CRS BS BAe aan aor cencices 184 pallidiventris Malloch, MHarto- BYUVACUA Sah walsh cies alesse ates = ieie lees 5) ily(al pallidula McAtee, Calophya..... pallidula McDunnough, Baetis.. 144 palliolatus MacGillivray, Trichi- CATES chet) ocaysaicteverere)a)o8 eve are 267 pallipectis MacGillivray, Tenth- BRU Gleave Miscaiuic eiaye/ Petar etasiefae opts 263 pallipes Forbes, Pteromalus..... 220 pallipes MacGillivray, Hoplo- (Here E I en COI cea eRe Choe 249 pallipunctus MacGillivray, Ten- TURE CLOW aya lehcepeteints cispaig scayetaty ches 263 pallitarsis Curran, Melanostoma 184 Palpomyia Meigen.............. 175 illinoensis Malloch......... 175 nebulosa Malloch........... 175 [P2lrrte Miceli coeiosoneeocnmonce 23 Pamphilius Latreille............ 235 dentatus MacGillivray...... 235 fletcheri MacGillivray...... 23 fortuitus MacGillivray...... 235 persicum MacGillivray...... 235 transversa MacGillivray.... 235 unalatus MacGillivray...... 235 Panchlora Burmeister.......... 144 CANT AMP ELO DAT Cayce terse isfeli sate 144 panicola Thomas, Schizoneura.. 156 Papaipemas Smithin.. ..- 2... 162 PeerIate Ind. ce asistecaes.< «5K 162 Parabates MacGillivray......255, 270 histrionicus MacGillivray... 255 inspiratus MacGillivray..... 270 Parabezzia Malloch............. 175 petiolata Malloch........... 175 Paracharactus MacGillivray..... 255 obscuratus MacGillivray..., 255 obtentus MacGillivray....... 255 obversus MacGillivray...... 255 offensus MacGillivray....... 255 Paraguaya Girault.............- 216 pulchripennis Girault....... 216 paraguayensis Girault, Ceyxia.. 216 paraguayensis Girault, Eury- EO TIAE maar ace ores sie tise aia eer st aie 217 parallela Malloch, Leucopis..... 195 parallelus MacGillivray, Aphan- SLES cen ecciate ais lecotsieiaredsieetelecoiy itis 237 29 PAGE parasericeus MacGillivray, Dol- MIN. case cineielaieiatele sihenc aiaioiriavaze 244 Pareophora Konow............- 255 aldrichi MacGillivray....... 255 guana MacGillivray......... 255 guara MacGillivray......... 255 parnassum Malloch, Simulium.. 181 parviceps Malloch, Chloropisca. 190 parvidens var. hystero pyga Davis, Phyllophaga........... 159 parvilamellatus Malloch, Chiron- OVE oterernvsateysioiavenaate ald Save) Sh etoy aus 168 parvula Van der Wulp, Spilo- ASLO Me crstante ecarsin’s levees sic ecestits vase 208 parvus Garrett, Sciophila....... 180 patchi MacGillivray, Periclista. 256 patchiae MacGillivray, Trichio- CAAA ERLSS Ul ere) ater liotel olenol sd fete eal-siabsie she 267 pearliae Davis, Phyllophaga.... 159 pearyi Malloch, Limnophora.... 204 pedestris Malloch, Hylemyia.... 202 Pegomyia R.-DesVoidy...... 197, 200 acutipennis Malloch........ 205 collaris (Van der Wulp)... 200 dorsimaculata (Van der AVV/CLUD I) cre sevcniave re rene eiencreuchsicrereste 197 emmesia Malloch........... 205 fringilla Malloch........... 205 fuscofasciata Malloch....... 206 labradorensis Malloch...... 206 littoralis Malloch....... ... 206 Dictipes: (BiZOW) ic evens 2 200 quadrispinosa Malloch...... 206 spinigerellus Malloch..,.... 206 subgrisea Malloch.......... 206 transversalis (Van der IW WED!) Milaecee. aielee we articee cise 200 unguiculata Malloch........ 206 Peleteria R.-Desvoidy.......... 209 campestris Curran.......... 209 confusa Curran’... 20... ... 209 townsendi Curran.......... 209 pemphigae Malloch, Leucopis... 195 Pemphigus Hartig........... 155, 157 brevicornis (Hart)......... 157 fraxinifolii Thomas........ 155 MUD DHOMAS |i eee cist 155 Pentarthron (Riley) Packard... 224 euprocitidis Girault......... 225 retorridum Girault.......... 225 simblidis Aurivillius........ 224 Pentatomidae <-cecclse == ~~ = 148 pergandei var. concolor Malloch, ORETDOONY tay cietnere sieelensctsroteraisis 171 Periclista Konow....249, 252, 255, 260 atratum (MacGillivray)..... 249 PacE bipartita (Cresson)......... 260 confusa MacGillivray....... 255 diluta (Cresson)....... «.-. 260 electa MacGillivray......... 255 emarginatus (MacGillivray). 252 entella MacGillivray........ 256 leucostoma Rohwer......... 256 occidentalis Rohwer........ 256 patchi MacGillivray........ 256 Perineura Hartig............... 256 kincaidia MacGillivray..... 256 turbata Rohwer............ 256 Perizoma Hlibner.............. 161 polygrammata (Hulst)..... 161 perlonga Davis, Phyllophaga.... 160 pernotata Malloch, Sapromyza.. 188 perplexus MacGillivray, Tenth- TOGO “sshieiee beclcssioe tiamee cess) 200 persicae Sulz, Myzus........... 156 persicum MacGillivray, Pamphi- TiS) Weer srcterecetencValete tines ntare oie were 235 persimilis Malloch, Mydaea..... 205 perspicuipennis Girault Prospal- COLE tare teneteretoveis aster s/s vers wees 220 petersoni Malloch, Anarostomoi- LOS \ ces ee tererbrteiccn sce tee bi minenere der oh sie 185 petiolata Malloch, Parabezzia... 175 Phaenacra Thomson............ 221 rufipes (Ashmead)......... 221 Phaloniidaey cctetcnotine cscs clnle i161 Phanurus Thomson............. 213 tabanivorus Ashmead....... 213 Phaonia R.-Desvoidy........... 206 albocalyptrata Malloch..... 206 basiseta Malloch........... 206 brevispina Malloch......... 206 citreibasis Malloch......... 206 fuscisquama (Vander Wulp) 207 harti Malloch.............. 206 laticornis Malloch.......... 207 monticolla Malloch......... 207 nigricauda Malloch......... 207 subfusca Malloch........... 207 texensis Malloch........... 207 Philorus Kellogg............... 181 markiiv Garrett. oe. eis creates 181 Phlebatrophia MacGillivray..... 256 mathesoni MacGillivray..... 256 Phloeothripidae ................ 145 Phora) Latrerdlaianrs cure sees 184 epreria “Bruesi.. ts soe eb 0 184 Phorbia R.-Desvoidy............ 207 fuscisquama Van der Wulp. 207 prisca Van der Wulp...... 207 Phoridae 298 PacE Phortica Schiner............... 192 minor Malloch............. 192 Phorticoides Malloch..... Neha AE SK ‘ flinti Malloch........... Beg kid phoxopteridis Weed, Glypta..... 213 Phrontosoma MacGillivray. ..239, 256 atrum MacGillivray......... 256 collaris MacGillivray....... 256 daeckei MacGillivray....... 256 nortoni (MacGillivray)..... 239 nortonia (MacGillivray).... 239 phryne McAtee, Typhlocyba.... 152 phryneicus Hebard, Oedaleono- tus ive begekes Phyllogaster Stein.............. 207 littoralis Malloch...,....... 207 Phyllophaga Harris............. 159 fraterna var. mississippien- sis Davis........ ats See Ree 159 hirticula var. comosa Davis. 159 impar Davis... ...00: seen lao parvidens var. hysteropyga, Davis 5:5, co s!e\cishersem epee 159 pearliae Davis.......... wee LOD perlonga Davis............. 160 soror ‘Davis. 3). Vou sna 160 foxii’ Davis\s:.'2)isa nenierne . 160 Phymatosiphum Davis.......... 156 monelli Davis......... oo... 156 piceus Sanders, Aspidiotus..... 158 picta (Coquillett), Hartomyia... 171 pictipes Bigot, Pegomyia....... 200 pictus Malloch, Apocephalus..,. 184 Piesma Lepeletier and Serville. 147 cinerea var. inornata Mc- AtGe@) occidiv Slee eee 147 pilipes Malloch, Orthocladius (Orthocladius) ../... 5 eee 174 pilitarsis Malloch, Hydrophorus. 183 piloseta Malloch, Hylemyia.... 202 Pimpla Fabricius............... 213 minuta’ Weed <.)... .\-.0 ane 213 pingreensis Drake and Hottes, GeLTIS |... 6.css:e lice ecaehie penn ee 146 pinicola Malloch, Neoleucopis... 196 pinicola Thomas, Schizoneura... 156 piniperda Malloch, Leucopis.... 195 piscator McAtee, Typhlocyba... 152 piscicidum Riley, Simulium..... 181 Pissonotus Van Duzee..,....... 154 fulvus Metcalf............ os "154 Plagiognathus Fieber............ 146 flavicornis Knight.......... 146 nigronitens Knight......... 146 politus var. flaveolus Knight 146 ee PAGE punctatipes var. dispar MAP Pes. sieiornye dare catate ess sate 146 planus MacGillivray, Monophad- BEBE eats ois Sas easraisl si sews 0: at aid-miateve's 253 Platycampus Schiddte.........,. 256 victoria MacGillivray....... 256 vierecki MacGillivray....... 256 Platygaster Latreille........... 214 hiemalis Forbes............ 214 Platygasteridae ..,.......-..... 213 Platyphora Verrall............. 184 flavofemorata Malloch...... 184 plebeia Malloch, Aphiochaeta... 184 Plectrothrips Hood............. 145 antennatus Hood........... 145 Plemyria Hiibner............... 233 POOPED WEMTSE seats collet atetene is 233 plesius MacGillivray, Dolerus.. 244 pleuralis Malloch, Agromyza.... 194 pleuralis Malloch, Dasyopa..... 190 pleuralis Malloch, Orthocladius (Dactylocladius) ©2620. 020... 173 pleuricinctella Rohwer, Macro- MDW Fis aiote wlivsi's winree Gareate pie wos 251 plicatus MacGillivray, Mono- PRAGMUB) vite cise cele e anelers ove eters 253 plutella Girault, Aphelinoidea.. 224 pluvialis Malloch, Hylemyia.... 202 poeciloptera Malloch, Aricia.... 197 Poecilostoma Dahlbom.......... 256 convexa MacGillivray...... 256 Pogonomyia Rondani........... 207 aldrichi Malloch........... 207 aterrima Van der Wulp.... 207 flavinervis Van der Wulp.. 207 latifrons Van der Wulp.... 208 minor Van der Wulp...... 208 PUTOUISHS LOU G rs aisic'a bar aici oeer 208 similis Van der Wulp...... 208 Pogonomyza Schnabl and Dzied- PLCS ors ers G slaicreee w lateate se 208 proboscidalis Malloch....... 208 polingi Barnes and Benjamin, EMIZALSTOLIS: Woven cosine a bec. aelic 162 polita Malloch, Corimelaena.... 148 polita Malloch, Hydrophoria.... 200 polita Malloch, Pseudodinia.... 196 politus var. flaveolus Knight, Pig SN ats Ss es ee ad ce ee 146 politus Malloch, Tanytarsus... 179 Polybates MacGillivray......... 256 slossonae MacGillivray..... 256 polygrammata Hulst, Coeno- AEDES crcaiae ayers nreiaWaleievecalelsleveee 161 Polynema Haliday............. 228 bifasciatipennis (Girault).. 229 citripes Ashmead.......... 228 99 PAGE consobrinus Girault........ 228 enchenopae Girault........ 228 pescas (Girault)........... 229 sibyllarGirault. «ienee eee 195 punctata var. intermedia Mal- locly “Diphia. 4.0... 2 s.r 230 punctata MacGillivray, Macro- PHYA ies clei vse vival 3 eel eee 251 punctatipes var. dispar Knight, Plagiognathus .........+.+.+. 146 punctifer Malloch, Eupachy- BASEON | ecccd oieleielette sila een 181 punctulata Van der Wulp, Coe- DOSIAY cco tiesioccayewle enter ieee 198 punctus Garrett, Boletina...... 179 pupillaris Grote, Hormisa...... 162 PAGE pygmaeus Girault, Gonatocerus 228 SUE EOe Bocedononcenoocomndns 232 Pyralididae .................- 161 Pyrausta Schrank.............. 161 caffreii Flint and Malloch.. 161 pyrifoliae Forbes, Trioza...... 154 Q quadrifasciata MacGilli- Wray, Pontanian. cc... ccc. cs se 270 quadrilineatus Forbes, Cicadula. 149 quadripunctata Malloch, Aphio- MLA GUUT geleysicicioisitels sreisiccncclepesusee 184 quadripunctatus Malloch, Chi- HOME! belcoroupoacorloDpoCG 168 quadrispinosa Malloch, Pego- TENVL MEMS Te aaron c ciatotelet ater shorn als eres 206 quadrivittatum Malloch, Aphani- EATER Ud beret al aie sin siaraluhatccaie shes 192 quercicola Knight, Deraeocoris. 146 quercicola Monell, Chaitophorus 154 quercifolii Thomas, Callipterus.. 154 R rabida MacGillivray, Tenthredo. 263 rabiosa MacGillivray, Tenthredo 263 rabula MacGillivray, Tenthredo. 263 racilia MacGillivray, Tenthredo.. 263 ralla MacGillivray, Tenthredo.. 263 raptor Girault and Sanders, Mus- ROUT ERIN, Shale aha) cele heuaies see'sisheyeie 219 rarus MacGillivray, Pachynema- iE! J ohSeape oper toptn ooebooea 254 recurva Malloch, Hylemyia..... 202 redimacula MacGillivray, Ten- PT ENO ME Se eal hetecrcistsl si uae «wate 263 reduvia MacGillivray, Tenthredo 263 RREGUVITO AS rc cictars sfociciein sre creole 147 reflua MacGillivray, Tenthredo.. 264 refractaria MacGillivray, Tenth- ORR Reey ere ne fenovctareteia ccis| scorstevatet o 264 refractarius MacGillivray, Pa- UV IIGII ALU! sicyaveleletteyaieiel= eiels cle 254 refuga MacGillivray, Tenthredo. 264 refugus MacGillivray, Dolerus.. 244 regula MacGillivray, Tenthredo. 264 regularis Malloch, Andrena..... 231 reliqua MacGillivray, Rhogogas- ETE ara\ sis searaiete atte siaralsiacee ettareea 5 270 reliquia MacGillivray, Tenthredo 264 remea MacGillivray, Tenthredo. 264 remissa MacGillivray, Tenthredo 264 remissus MacGillivray, Pachyne- TEA GU Sime etereiess feces aisieiatey on eters 254 remora MacGillivray, Tenthredo. 264 remota MacGillivray, Tenthredo 301 PAGE repentinus MacGillivray, Unitax- OUUS) «vin csryeiitnere teres itp ecdis sone reperta MacGillivray, Tenthredo repertus MacGillivray, Pachyne- IMACUSA ren statie ieee smite. os repetita McAtee, Erythroneura.. replata MacGillivray, Tenthredo. repleta MacGillivray, Tenthredo reposita MacGillivray, Tenth- MOL Omer cretets teiapetiteters levehenster siniecenaie sd reputina MacGillivray, Tenth- TOG Ome iisiverie thie oceans taieiele reputinella MacGillivray, Tenth- Mies Chere recateemests recs ayaieYacera, net sys mine requieta MacGillivray, Tenth- 200 (a) Pala Gices DIGKeR OEE CTORROR REINO LO resegmina MacGillivray, Tenth- TEUOM cote ssvetsiiem esis seee ie als resima MacGillivray, Tenthredo. respectus MacGillivray, Rhogo- PAGUCR AM Naretmrterdaasirernee nae ciare respersus MacGillivray, Rhogo- PUSH HE) GC he unl Hetic tener EN aCe ID resticula MacGillivray, Tenth- DEMO ee aerial hee teres restricta MacGillivray, Tenth TECOW oepiac ape eetetersn mec sieie resupina MacGillivray, Tenth- TEENS (G). sence CREO D AO CACC AD reticentia MacGillivray, Tenth- TEUOY vere tisha ats wenarera tests ators ans retinentia MacGillivray, Tenth- iiLELS FOS FeRAM CRA cpenchs Ais COCR RT ORI EER retorridum Girault, Pentarthron. retosta MacGillivray, Tenthredo retroversa MacGillivray, Tenth- EC Ogerateeanetustatsuetacstevetans cme vareis Rhadinoceraea Konow.......... similata MacGillivray....... rhammisia MacGillivray, Tenth- PsYo CO} ctr eel Gincs Do cic Ce clo ceke Rhamphomyia Meigen.......... conservativa Malloch....... RhizagnrotiseSmith n\n. clo polingi Barnes and Benja- NTUUM Geer sence ce mevaie evar etnsce ren ore Rhizobius Burmeister........... SPUGAUUSY ERAT Cid « cicvereiMere eis, « Rhogogastera Konow.........259, reliqua MacGillivray........ respectus MacGillivray..... respersus MacGillivray..... ruga MacGillivray........... Rhopalosiphum Koch........... TUDE PT WOWIAS . ceca cds ate cas 268 264 254 150 264 264 264 264 264 265 265 265 259 260 PacE Rhopoideus Howard............ 218 fuscus Girault.............. 218 Rhynchothrips Hood............ 145 buffae (Hood).............. 145 richardsonj Malloch, Pseudochi- TOMOMIUS piajsrel siarsretors een, eae 176 rima MacGillivray, Tenthredo... 265 riparella Malloch, Agromyza.... 194 riparia Malloch, Agromyza...... 194 riparius MacGillivray, Urocerus. 268 riparius Malloch, Protenthes.... 176 ripula MacGillivray, Tenthredo. 265 rivalis Girault, Gonatocerus..... 228 robertsonj Malloch, Tiphia..... 230 robiniae Forbes, Nematus....... 210 robustus var. insignis Parshley, AY AGUS sn Picea taneven denne ioncteiove 147 rohweri MacGillivray, Metallus. 252 roscidus MacGillivray, Pachyne- TNAEUS sae cers wie ceinpare mais tristan tocelisvaiote 254 roseata Walker, Aemilia....... 233 rota MacGillivray, Tenthredo... 265 rotula MacGillivray, Tenthredo. 265 rubji Forbes, Metallus.......... 210 rubi Thomas, Pemphigus..,.... 155 rubicunda. MacGillivray, Tenth- TOMO: seis esas tees resale 265 rubida Weld, Callirhytis........ 215 rubrica MacGillivray, Tenthredo 265 rubricosa MacGillivray, Tenth- TOGO: ioise cvelata co ida ttal ar asheoateva shay 265 rubriocellata Malloch, Typh- JOGY DA atic ale isleeheoe arene ae 152 rubriocellata var. clara McAtee, "TV POLO GY WE sen oak ls niecs tele e ats 152 rubripalpis Van der Wulp, Spilo- SANTOR MAG frente erie Mies ee sie 208 rubripes MacGillivray, Tenth- Taste Lau Marten iGo cecoas Peaiciern ete 266 rubrisommus MacGillivray, Ten- PHT SAOW RE eit ace ee tee ees 266 rudicula MacGillivray, Tenth- 2H =(0 fo ee iC ORC chaihe cens aude 266 ruficorna MacGillivray, Tenth- PEAODSIS acta n cence eters erenvere . 267 ruficornis Malloch, Lonchaea... 189 rufinerva MacGillivray, Strongy- lOSaAStrOldeay As lavaten.s sctvielers elete 261 rufipes Ashmead, Urielia....... 221 rufipes Gillette, Eucoilidea...... 216 rufocinctana MacGillivray, Strongylogastroidea ......... 261 rufocinctella MacGillivray, Strongylogastroidea ......... 261 rufocinctus MacGillivray, Pachy- MOMACUS 2 ipieicjene-scoione se waren. 255 302 PaGE rufoculus MacGillivray, Strongy- LOPASEOR» o'5 jen 0c: 0.0 9:9)08 ale 260 rufostigmus MacGillivray, Ten- Gastroidea’ 24... +.tm see .. 261 rufus Gillette, Antistrophus.... 214 ruga MacGillivray, Rhogogas- Lt): Mee . 260 rugulosa Malloch, Tiphia....... 230 ruina MacGillivray, Tenthredo.. 266 ruinosa MacGillivray, Tenthredo 266 ruma MacGillivray, Tenthredo.. 266 rumicis MacGillivray, Unitaxo- TRUS #25) 550 54's: aves 5 oe oe See 268 rumina MacGillivray, Tenthredo 266 rurigena MacGillivray, Tenth- TOGO: ovieio.s:ehsus,ioue, slenetepohayeiset aaa 266 ruscullus MacGillivray, Mono- PHAdNuUsS 65/5) Caste 253 russa MacGillivray, Tenthredo.. 266 rustica MacGillivray, Tenthredo 266 rusticana MacGillivray, Tenth- TOMO: eieieoeccwc eh Winco 266 rusticula MacGillivray, Tenth- 1g :\t Co IIe eect 266 ruta MacGillivray, Tenthredo... 266 rutata MacGillivray, Tenthredo. 266 rutila MacGillivray, Tenthredo.. 266 Ss salicata Gibson, Corythucha.... 147 salicicola Smith, Euura........ 210 salinus MacGillivray, Dimor- phopteryx. «.).15 | CHiTOBOMIUS: 2056.06 616 sn 169 Tenthredella Rohwer....... 262, 267 cogitans (Provancher)..... 262 dubitata (MacGillivray).... 262 elegantula (Cresson)....... 263 erandis. GNorton))2 2). -\s:e<: 262 neoslJossoni (MacGillivray) 262 obliquatus (MacGillivray).. 263 remora (MacGillivray)..... 264 signata (Norton)........264, 267 slossonii (MacGillivray).... 267 Tenthredinidae ........... 210, 235 Tenthredo Linnaeus.... 210, 250, 261 aequalis MacGillivray...... 261 aldrichii MacGillivray...... 261 alphius MacGillivray....... 261 atracostus MacGillivray.... PAGE atravenus MacGillivray..... 262 bilineatus MacGillivray.... 262 capitatus MacGillivray..... 262 causatus MacGillivray..... . 262 dubia Norton, (Allantus)... 262 dubitata MacGillivray...... 262 dubitatus MacGillivray..... 262 fernaldi MacGillivray...... 262 fernaldii MacGillivray..... . 262 frigida MacGillivray....... 270 hyalinus MacGillivray...... 262 junghannsii MacGillivray... 262 lateralba MacGillivray..... 262 linipes MacGillivray........ 262 lunatus MacGillivray....... 262 magnatus MacGillivray..... 262 magnifica (MacGillivray)... 250 messica MacGillivray.. 210, 262 messicaeformis Rohwer.... 262 neoslossoni MacGillivray.... 262 nigricoxi MacGillivray..... 263 nigrifascia MacGillivray... 263 nigritibialis MacGillivray... 263 nova MacGillivray......... 263 obliquatus MacGillivray.... 263 Olivatipes MacGillivray..... 263 pallicola MacGillivray...... 263 pallipectis MacGillivray.... 263 pallipunctus MacGillivray... 263 perplexus MacGillivray..... 263 rabida MacGillivray........ 263 rabiosa MacGillivray....... 263 rabula MacGillivray........ 263 racilia MacGillivray........ 263 ralla MacGillivray.......... 263 redimacula MacGillivray.... 263 reduvia MacGillivray....... 263 reflua MacGillivray......... 264 refractaria MacGillivray.... 264 refuga MacGillivray......... 264 regula MacGillivray......... 264 reliquia MacGillivray........ 264 remea MacGillivray......... 264 remissa MacGillivray....... 264 remora MacGillivray........ 264 remota MacGillivray........ 264 reperta MacGillivray....... 264 replata MacGillivray........ 264 repleta MacGillivray........ 264 reposita MacGillivray...... 264 reputina MacGillivray...... 264 reputinella MacGillivray.... 264 requieta MacGillivray...... 265 resegmina MacGillivray.... 265 resima MacGillivray........ 265 resticula MacGillivray...... 265 restricta MacGillivray...... 265 306 resupina MacGillivray...... reticentia MacGillivray..... retinentia MacGillivray..... retosta MacGillivray........ retroversa MacGillivray.... rhammisia MacGillivray.... rima MacGillivray.......... ripula MacGillivray......... rota MacGillivray.......... rotula MacGillivray......... rubicunda MacGillivray..... rubrica MacGillivray....... rubricosa MacGillivray..... rubripes MacGillivray...... rubrisommus MacGillivray. . rudicula MacGillivray....... rufostigmus MacGillivray... ruina MacGillivray......... ruinosa MacGillivray....... ruma MacGillivray........ rumina MacGillivray....... rurigena MacGillivray...... russa MacGillivray......... rustica MacGillivray........ rusticana MacGillivray..... rusticula MacGillivray...... ruta MacGillivray.......... rutata MacGillivray......... rutila MacGillivray......... savagei MacGillivray....... secundus MacGillivray...... sicatus MacGillivray........ simulatus MacGillivray..... slossonii MacGillivray...... smectica MacGillivray...... stigmatus MacGillivray..... terminatus MacGillivray.... ventricus MacGillivray..... yuasi MacGillivray.......... Tenthredopsis Costa.........267, primativus (MacGillivray).. ruficorna (MacGillivray).... transversa MacGillivray.... tenuicaudatus Malloch, Chirono- INUS © seis. ev dicisye rece ne ee tenuicornis myia teratis Weed, Limneria......... terminana Busck, Hysterosia... terminatus MacGillivray, Tenth- redo terrestris Weld, Disholcaspis... testaceipes Cresson, Lysiphle- TOLLE os oie in se. sre! ayctetaiatel Ree salle epee tetrachaeta Malloch, lLimno- PMLOTA: feiciciaroccatoerarain terete 5 Se ee OR ste —- ial SS a a ell PAGE Tetramerinx Berg............... 209 brevicornis Malloch........ 209 Tetrastichodes Ashmead........ 223 hyalinipennis Girault....... 223 Tetrastichus Halliday........... 223 caerulescens Ashmead...... 223 carinatus Forbes............ 223 johnsoni Ashmead.......... 223 BE CUNCICAG ele isi, ceive siesea o SVGTIG ETA) S Seren aielenes AIRS OCTADIC or 234 Xylomyia Rondani............. 182 pallidifemur Malloch....... 182 v7 youngi Malloch, Agromyza..... 194 ypsilon Forbes, Biston......... 161 yuasi MacGillivray, Emphytus.. 245 yuasi MacGillivray, Tenthredo.. 267 Zz Zagrammosoma Ashmead...... 221 multilineata var. punicea Girauli vacsoa fers Seisisie on ZO zetes Girault, Polynema........ 228 Zopheroteras Ashmead......... 214 compressus (Gillette)...... 214 Zophodia’ Hiibner.............. 232 epischnioides Hulst........ 32 Zygomyia Winnertz............ 189 interrupta Malloch......... 180 Zygoneura Meigen............. - 180 fenestrata Malloch......... 180 i 1g Peal as STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION DIVISION OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY STEPHEN A. FORBES, Chief Vol. XVI. BULLETIN Articles V. & VI. An Experimental Investigation of the Relations of the Codling Moth to Weather and Climate By VICTOR E. SHELFORD A Study of the Catalase Content of Codling Moth Larvae By C. 8. SPOONER PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS March, 1927 STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION DIVISION OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY STEPHEN A. FORBES, Chief Vol. XVI. BULLETIN Article V. An Experimental Investigation of the Relations of the Codling Moth to Weather and Climate BY VICTOR E. SHELFORD PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS March, 1927 STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION A. M. SHELTON, Director BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION A. M. SHELTON, Chairman WILLIAM TRELEASE, Biology JoHn W. Atvorp, Engineering P Henny C. Cow es, Forestry Cuartes M. Tuompson, Representing — Epson S. Bastin, Geology the President of the University of Witrt1amM A. Noyes, Chemistry Illinois m, THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION STEPHEN A. Forves, Chief ScHNeEpPP & BARNES, PRINTERS SPRINGFIELD, ILL. 1926 59063—1500 CONTENTS. PAENOOUCTION Dy sstepuen A’ MONDCS: cc see ee ee niemecmc reese cneece snus 311 PART ONE: PREDICTION PROCEDURE The problem of predicting the appearance of the codling moth...... 315 MSBASUTEMENT Of AEVELOPINIEME. o.oo se cafe wie en wieieie wel ey ial ele Sinieies ees oe 317 Definition of the unit of development..................-2.05 318 Procedure for predicting the time of emergence of moths............ 319 The use of temperature data alones 6.5. s see ee nee encima ness 324 An example of estimation of seasonal progress........-...-.-.-.0eeees 325 Abundance of late-pupating larvae in spring...............2..eeeeaee 326 Abundance of hibernated larvae as affected by weather of preceding SAME USEVATA MO SAITS EN MIN TURES I ce rcyay-cie- act? dean eres ia oleig aieeravel sie 9! nce his (els wilelsietieie ois! sete 327 PART TWO: A BASIS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF DEVELOPMENT Former methods of estimating progress in life-history stages......... 328 Conditions affecting the rate of development................00e2e00es 329 Methods OL Measurement Of LACTOLS cite cicits ie ae le cm iecahersia tie ein aie side sie cere 330 MBPES ETE CENTS Ten LUD ROI Sats 1 site lah pi Cicer wile etl ahial hiin) Pe iin, Bal bielsiN nes! ay aie Rin" areel Slates oii 330 Greiphrcenepreacenuatlon OL VelOCIWYss cass scleteiclass «Ne oteieleiele Sms) ecleceysimy cress, 333 (Gigalery foi GoqoVerihrneral ey niOlls A Sasi ent Gown Ace kita d Slade tC eo cicn ne Omron Coat 337 TMHerPreLacloms OL VEXPELIMVOMEAL CALA cic. le inyn ates ae aismcv!@isiele 6 Wain eo (emma Vener oie 337 (GMO fan Cie Kien Ge eel Maur Se mie uevarte oes eal o.cic Dis eRe OREN Dy OAc clon cree cena 338 Effects of conditions other than temperature and humidity........... 350 Modification of normal developmental totals.............-2.++--e.eee 356 PART THREE: METHODS OF EXPERIMENTATION AND CALCULA- TION Theory of thresholds and rates of development...............-...-4-. 357 GLO CLEVE CLIE VCS Ret tarsiocier verteats od sroney stay onerene rey Retake & cnet eas leisuavetagedecevssenays alesye 358 Evidences of the nature of the velocity curve................ 359 Evidences of a constant total in metabolism................. 361 PUIEVNOSE LOL be! PLESEME. INVESUSALIOMG crore cielo wie «ers lcieisllo si als elayel als see ti aites 362 CM MG enevalrOSWLts OTL DUDA Chis ays ietforrn te cate ore) akevanatetete state) eros Mere) aistaicvs aie ais 363 Wiomnenbhiy Ehatel wenlhy beter ifoy HoRYORNNSS orb oreetd Go enone Cronk een orion Paci 374 Calculation of thresholds and velocities).....0 <0. .6.sss- ose nn es 381 Preparation of the equal-velocity chart..................25+..00e 387 Final correction of the equal-velocity chart................22..65 391 (Ey ANGRIINS sertoH0Ei een ore ores BaD MO bu SOUS o 0a. Ob.cOn A OOt Odo Dp momar 401 (CO) BASS). Ebel MENA Bits See. 0 ooties econ oA ate SA apo chanics Gogsdeod oor mole oe 401 Tvexeyyepensyeopet Vsfer KOO! Be o.oo SetcR OL CO DN 0.5 Ay.GIO. CID Ost CAS CROnDIe H ERONE Toro i Cor 401 Time from hatching to leaving the apple........................ 403 NRA INE Ta TED ee POU an ere eet eet eee ance, chs aaa, c ahaece) el suse tere “ers 2)'g, a8 war 405 PVedichionmot HUSH DUD AUION. c:.-c1-televs ec-rencce Hele sic) cale) evere crs avcuws « 417 (D) Velocities as affected by tactors omer than temperature and TNMIGIEy |. ene oe tisha ase eee gitar eielbiarm gil cleyait ea baet nee 3/atk Gash) Variability of temperature and humidity in weather conditions... 419 Rainfall and submergence in water...............ceceeeeeeceeeee 420 Air movement and evaporation. <.. ¢ oc esi. ee vies vie oye emis oe eee 422 Quality and intensity of lights. 2. is 5. sce ns ene. ele cee 428 Mood,’ 38s Sieg lean ee aetna ee eee bow a alae aepete stig ace er .. 423 | Mechanical stimuli «cies gssiacs csolcsa cee as cube acces eee 7 . 423 Seasonal march of temperature and humidity............ Dea eae .» 424 (@®) "Experimental “methods! oii. S208 ects cce sie so ate es susie ene Joy chia 426 General! equipment: 2.75 5 oi ec es wivielee atl eee 7. eee . 426 Measurement of temperature, humidity, and air movement...... . 430 Specialomethods ts oo. jews cscs. 0saG diesis sc ere 0 were ene parr tes 432 Recording of data.............. Meraileiadatas caries ‘Sept ste out lGet ete ae oer S88 Summary of conclusions: 0000 %005 cot ee coe vee bes net ee 436 Acknowledgements (eo uo v6. ee eee el vo eidiateaocte’s cos pisiedlen Sele CeCe een 437 Bibliography” fig see facie se aha esse oe Saddle aes cle teeta et ete eee er . 437 ArticLeE V.—dn Experimental Investigation of the Relations of the Codling Moth to Weather and Climate. By Victor E, SHELFORD. INTRODUCTION. The varied effects of the variable weather of current and preceding seasons on the rate of development of an insect, and hence on the time of appearance and period of continuance of each of its stages, and even on the number of generations in a year and the number of individuals in each generation, are often causes of uncertainty as to the best time to take steps for the control of an injurious species and as to the necessary intensity of control measures ; and heavy losses often occur because the times chosen and the activity and thoroughness of the operation do not fit the pattern of the seasonal life history. It has hence become necessary to learn for each important insect species the facts of its life history under normal or usual conditions and the effects of unusual weather to retard or hasten its transformations and to diminish or increase its numbers. This problem was brought to a crisis in Illinois in 1914, when an unusually hot and dry summer in combination with other favorable condi- tions in the southern part of the state so accelerated the development of the codling moth and so increased the number of the third generation and other late larvae, usually economically insignificant, that the most intelli- gent and careful apple growers sufiered heavy losses, due to a lack of harmony between their standard spraying program and the larval periods of the successive generations of the codling moth. (Sprays are effective only if applied so as to have the poisons on the apples early in the larval period.) A serious study of the life history of this insect under field conditions was consequently begun, in the fall of 1914, and was continued with an elaborate equipment through the three following years. The results were published by the State Entomologist’s Office* and the State Natural History Survey**, in 1916 and 1922, respectively. These studies added materially to dependable information on this subject, but as they could deal only with such weather conditions as hap- pened to occur in these years, their range was far too limited to warrant final conclusions concerning the effects of every kind of season likely to occur in Illinois. The questions involved in so complex a problem called for long con- tinued research by a climatologist provided with an ample equipment by which various kinds of weather could be artificially imitated in labora- tories where the insects studied could be maintained under otherwise normal conditions. The present paper is the product of a series of such * Life history of the codling moth, by Stephen A. Forbes and Pressley A. Glenn, 29th Report, pp. 1-21. (1916) ** Codling moth investigations of the State Entomologist’s Office, 1915-1917, by P. A. Glenn, Vol. XIV, Art. 7. (1922) 312 studies and experiments begun in 1917 and carried on continuously throughout the whole of each year, to and including 1922, in laboratories of the University of Illinois, equipped for the purpose in part by the Natural History Survey. While this paper is, therefore, necessarily technical and aimed especially at an improvement of apparatus and methods of climatological research, the application of conclusions to prac- tical ends has been kept steadily in view, and a summary rehearsal of their uses to horticulture and of the methods of their application follows. The weather in its relation to the codling moth is made up of several variable elements, each largely or completely independent of the others in its variation, and all of unequal effect on the life history of the insect and of unequal effect also upon the insect in the different stages of its develop- ment. The most powerful of these variable elements are temperature and humidity, but light, rainfall, air-movement, and rate of evaporation (the rate at which moist objects give up their moisture to the air), are too important to be ignored. By their various degrees and combinations these several elements make up a great number of kinds and gradations of weather whose effects upon insect life can be ascertained only by an experimental variation of each element separately and of various combina- tions of them taken together. Since they are not measurable by any single scale of magnitudes applicable to all of them—differences in heat, light, and humidity, for example, being expressed in different terms— there is no way in which their combined efficacies can be expressed in a single series of numbers except by a study of their joint effects upon the behavior, activities, and rates of development of the insect under examination. The most convenient and practically the most important method of such a study is to experiment with artificial variations of these weather elements upon the rate of progress of an insect through its successive developmental stages, and upon the percentage of those in each of the earlier stages which survive to pass on into the next stage. The varying significance to the codling moth of different combinations of various degrees of temperature, humidity, illumination, etc., acting conjointly, may be stated in terms of the average time required under each combina- tion for the hatching of the egg, the growth and pupation of the larva, or the transformation of the pupa to the adult insect ; and the numbers thus obtained may be so tabulated that one knowing the meteorological data of a season up to a certain date may learn by reference to the table just where the insect is in the course of its development at that date, and then calculate the approximate date at which this stage of development will be completed and the insect will pass into the next stage. As only two series of meteorological data can be carried on the same table, it has been found most convenient to construct a table of rates of development based on data of the two most potent elements, temperature and humidity, and to apply to the figures of this table any corrections which may be called for by facts concerning the other elements. Such tables and corrective data have been prepared for the codling moth, and O_o ee a a a Oooo — 313 they will be found, together with directions for their use, in PART ONE (pp. 318-327). Schemes for any necessary modification of the tabulated values are explained in PARTS TWO and THREE. It will readily be seen that this indirect method of the application of weather data to the needs of horticulture presupposes the making and compilation of accurate and comprehensive meteorological data at numer- ous stations, each representing a definite district, and their continuous translation into terms of the rate of development of the insect. This is work for an expert with ample time at his command for such surveys, and inferences to be drawn as to the time and nature of practical control measures must have timely distribution by him to those concerned. Such conclusions and directions are at present formulated and distributed from time to time by the entomologists of the Natural History Survey, mainly through the farm advisers of the various counties of the state, but it 1s to be hoped that these farm advisers will presently become sufficiently acquainted with the method and sufficiently practiced in its application to be mainly independent in its use, subject only to the general supervision and advice of the entomologists. It is also to be hoped that other entomologists will find themselves interested and enabled to continue investigation in this fruitful field, thus bringing to positive conclusion many matters left more or less in doubt in the present paper and attacking other problems here left untouched. To all such, it is believed that the third, especially technical, part of Dr. Shel- ford’s discussion will have a high and indeed an indispensable value. STeEPHEN A. FORBES. FOREWORD. The present paper is divided into three parts for the convenience of three classes of readers: PART ONE, for those who would apply the results of this investi- gation directly to the prediction of the time of appearance of the codling moth in its several stages in Illinois and in other places where weather conditions are similar, in order to set dates for spraying. PART TWO, for those who would check the constants, climato- logical methods, and conclusions regarding the codling moth with data obtained in unusual years or in other climates. PART THREE, for those who would utilize the methods here described in the investigation of the same or other organisms. PART ONE. PREDICTION PROCEDURE. Tue PROBLEM OF PREDICTING THE APPEARANCE OF THE CopLinGc Motu The codling moth is the most destructive insect infesting apples. Its larva, commonly called the apple-worm, eats its way into the fruit to the seeds, forming dark masses of frass, or castings, at the end of the hole and in the core. It is found wherever apples are grown throughout the world. It also attacks pears, quinces, wild haws, peaches, English walnuts, and other fruits. Its life history, appearance, and habits, to- gether with control measures used against it, have been described by Metcalf and Flint* as follows: Life History, Appearance, and Habits: The Codling Moth passes the win- ter in the full-grown larval stage in a thick silken cocoon. The larvae are pinkish-white caterpillars with brown heads and are about three-fourths of an inch long. These cocoons are generally spun under loose scales of the bark on the trunks of apple trees, or other shelters about the base of the trees, or on the ground nearby. Many of the larvae winter in, or around, packing sheds. They remain dormant, and are able to withstand low temperatures. A drop in temperature to —25° F., or below, will kill many of the larvae. Dur- ing the winter, birds, especially chickadees and woodpeckers, find and eat large numbers of the larvae. In the late spring the worms change inside their co- coons to a brownish pupal stage and, after a period of from two to four weeks or more, they emerge from the cocoons as grayish moths with somewhat irri- descent, chocolate-brown patches on the back part or tip of the front wings. The moths have a wing expanse of from one-half to three-fourths of an inch. During the day the moths remain quiet, usually resting on the branches or trunk of the tree. The coloring of the wings is such that it blends with that of the bark, making the insect very inconspicuous. About dusk of the even- ing, if the temperature is above 60° F., they become active, mate, and the females lay their eggs. If the temperature is low, they remain quiet, and few eggs will be deposited. Each female usually deposits more than fifty eggs during her life time. The eggs are white, flattened, pancake-shaped, and about one-twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter. The eggs of the first generation are laid one in a place, almost entirely on the upper side of the leaves, usually a short distance from a cluster of apples. They are laid two to four weeks after the apples have bloomed, and hatch in six to twenty days depending on the temperature and, to some extent, on the rainfall. The worms feed slight- ly on the leaves but in a short time crawl to the young apples and chew their way into the fruit, usually entering by way of the calyx cup at the blossom end. After entering the fruit, they work their way into the core, often feeding on the seeds. Some of the infested fruits drop from the tree and the larvae complete their growth on the ground. Upon becoming full grown, they bur- row to the outside of the apple and either crawl to, or down, the trunk of the tree, or drop to the ground and crawl back to the trunk or to some other ob- ject on which they spin their cocoons, and change as before to the pupa, and later to the adult stage. * The passage quoted is from ‘Destructive and Useful Insects,” a text by C. L. Metcalf and W. P. Flint, which is now (1926) being used in mimeographed form (3 volumes) for instruction of classes in the University of Illinois. 315 316 In the latitude of southern Illinois, there is nearly a full first, nearly a full second, and a partial third generation of this insect in one season. In the latitude of northern Illinois, there is nearly a full first generation, a par- tial second, but no third generation. The emergence of the moths of the sec- ond generation extends over the entire summer, and-eggs of this generation may be deposited in the north part of the United States as late as mid-August, or even the first of September. In the south, eggs may be laid as late as October. Control Measures: While the Codling Moth, if left to itself, will infest from 20% to 95% of the apples in an orchard, it is possible to reduce the num- bers of this insect so that less than 5% of the apples will be injured. Spraying with arsenate of lead at the rate of from one to two pounds of powder to fifty* gallons of spray material is the standard remedy for the Codling Moth. It is highly important, however, that the sprays for this insect be applied at the proper time. The first and most important spray is that known as the petal-fall, or calyx, spray, which is applied when about three- fourths of the petals have fallen from the apple blossoms. The spray should not be applied when the trees are in full bloom because of the danger of poison- ing honey bees. Special care should be used to hit the open calyx end of the apples and fill the calyx cup with the poison spray. Careful spraying that fills the calyx cup at this time will poison any young Codling Moth caterpillars tliat try to enter the apples at the blossom end for the remainder of the season. If spraying is delayed for more than a week after the petals fall, the calyx cup will have closed, and it will be impossible to force the spray into the calyx cup. A second application of spray should be made one week to ten days after the fall of the petals, and a third, three weeks after the petals fall. These sprays are all for the first generation of the Codling Moth. The larvae of the second generation usually begin hatching from the eggs about nine weeks after the fall of the petals. However, this period is sub- ject to considerable variation, sometimes as much as three weeks in different seasons. Owing to this fact, the time of the appearance of second and third generation larvae should be obtained in advance from the entomologist. If the notice of the time of appearance of the second generation larvae cannot be obtained in this way, the spray for the second generation should be applied nine weeks after the fall of the petals, and, in years when the Codling Moth is abundant, another spray should be given two weeks later. * * * In the South, a spray for third generation Codling Moths should be ap- plied about August 15, and, during hot dry years, another spray should be given to winter varieties of apples about September 1. Aside from spraying, there are several other measures which help in keep- ing down the Codling Moth. These consist of a thorough clean-up of the orchard, scraping the loose bark from old trees when the bark is scaling badly and, in cases of exceptional abundance, banding the trees during the summer. To get the best results from banding, place a strip of dark-colored building paper or tar-paper, four or five inches wide, tightly around the tree at a height of about two feet from the ground. Allow the ends to overlap slightly, fastening them with a large tack. These bands should be examined at least once a week and the Codling Moth larvae under them killed. The bands should be in place not later than June 1 in the latitude of southern IIli- nois, and June 15 in the latitude of northern Illinois. Experimental work in Illinois has shown that the tar-paper or building-paper bands are more attrac- tive to the Codling Moth larvae than bands of burlap or cloth. Removing cull apples from the orchard, and a thorough clean-up of refuse and rubbish around the packing shed, will also help in keeping down the numbers of this insect. * If the paste arsenate of lead is used, double the amount. — ww 317 “Two questions of special practical interest present themselves: one, the number of generations in a year; and the other, the time when the eggs of each generation hatch to give out the young worms. To these we may add a third question, as to variations in the number of generations and the times when the young larvae of each appear in different parts of the state, and in successive years of unlike weather conditions.’”’* Weather conditions, especially temperature, humidity, rainfall, and sunlight, have a great deal to do with the rate of development of the codling moth, with the time when the different generations make their appearance, reach their largest numbers, and disappear, and with the size and importance of the last or third generation of the year. The course of these events must be carefully and intelligently observed in order that spraying operations may be properly timed—to put the effective poisons on the apples when the larvae of each generation are to appear. Measurement of development. Each stage in the life-cycle of an organism requires a certain period of time depending on weather condi- tions. The better the conditions, the shorter the time, and vice versa, within certain limits set by the nature of the organism. If development went on always at the same rate, the number of days or hours from the beginning to any point in the stage would be a direct measure of the amount of development which has been accomplished to that point. This is implied in such common expressions as “a year’s growth” or “a day’s growth,” in which time alone is used as a measure of development on the assumption that the rate of growth is constant over a number of days or years. But rates of growth, or velocities of development, vary with conditions, so that it is necessary to refine this method by taking into account all factors affecting the process. In attempting to predict the time of appearance of insect pes‘s, to estimate the abundance of a pest or its enemies, and to arrange spraying schedules, phenologists have taken account of temperature as well as time by using “degree-days” in estimating development. They com- monly get a total number of “degree-days” for a stage of development by taking for each day from the beginning to the end of the stage the number of degrees which the day’s mean temperature shows above a certain assumed starting point, or “threshold”, and summing the number of degrees thus obtained for all the days.to the end of the stage. This “summing of effective temperatures in degree-days” is sometimes fairly useful for estimating development within certain limits of temperature. Glenn (’22) made corrections for high temperatures but not for low temperatures and for variations in humidity and other factors. This method is never very accurate, however, because medial tempera- tures and humidities (where the rate of development is directly propor- tional to temperature) are exceeded almost every day in our climate, and because development takes place at temperatures lower than the * Quoted from a paper “On the life history of the codling moth’’, by Stephen A. lorbes and Pressley A. Glenn, 29th Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois (1916). 318 “threshold” usually assumed. It is perhaps least successful in the spring of the year, when there is greatest need of reliable prediction in fixing spraying schedules for control of the codling moth. The older “degree-day” method (Simpson ’03) fails to give depend- able results. Glenn’s method is not sufficiently accurate to enable one to evaluate the effects of factors other than temperature, and hence it is most likely to fail in unusual seasons. A new method is needed, therefore, which will take into account the effects of all variations of all these factors in units of time shorter than the day. The method herein described aims to meet this need by using the amount of de- velopment accomplished in one hour as the basis of calculation.. This amount is a small fraction of the total development which makes up the stage in the life-cycle of the insect. The new unit is called the developmental unit and is to be defined with reference to the total development of which it is a part. It is not a “degree-hour,” for it is not a measure of external conditions, but a measure of the response of the organism to those conditions. This response, moreover, is modified by other factors besides temperature; and so the developmental unit, taking into account all the phenomena affecting the process, is to be thought of properly as the effect of a “phenomena-degree-hour.” (See pheno-hour, p. 332.) Definition of the unit of development. The developmental unit, to be more specific, is the effect of one degree of mean medial variable tem- perature, operating for one hour in conjunction with mean medial variable humidity and with the air movement, light intensity, and other conditions normal to the habitat of the organism. In the case of insects and many other organisms whose development cannot be measured directly, this effect is best calculated in terms of the total time required to accomplish the stage of the life-cycle under consideration; for this time is shortened in direct proportion to rise of temperature within medial limits, so that the difference between the time required at a certain degree and the time required at another degree may be taken as a measure of the difference in amounts of development accomplished at those two temperatures. The developmental unit, for any stage in the life-cycle of the insect, is, therefore, defined as the difference in amount of develop- ment produced in one hour by a difference of one degree of mean medial variable temperature (other conditions being average), as shown by the difference in time required to complete the stage. Developmental totals. The pupal stage of the ccdling moth, for example, which was considered by Glenn (’22) as requiring an average of 265 “degree-days” for complete development under normal conditions in Illinois, is here considered as normally consisting of 6,480 developmental units (hour units), this new total being the result of calculations based on data covering ten years of observation and experimentation, including Glenn’s original data. 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PGS Pte po aE NR AEE SEN IER. e: Feb S-Q- BaP Ee: { ay Skaussssrs BOyg we meee asses jf: 33h 3 es ; te} = Seseqeaeys SS ere 43 rane LHe ire :t : . m SB4kS5ee Sese gs , Lame S | { bet] Se sf2egee a8 ~ S53 | Each see tises tat amine = 22neets 888.3 : : gacessessyersins “eeisrég 122 “= ¥ = we te brad GAA Cd re "tan ae. Sar =. > — m es Oo o Ss 4 E 2 Ee mi SSaAsaaSasuesaandii sats SUSMSTREEETEGEaererceoaaawmroaaee | Pre CeWT HUMIDITY. Ap A RA a a wee 2 9 05 Od 6 ye peta he Pere ees he ae des Se + BG 2oeeataatse: Fro 06 wi nS as Ses 09 nae ee nigh saints ier (rene: TABLE I, FOR VARIOUS MEAN VALUE S OF VARIABLE TEMPE AND EGGS UNDER WEATHER CONDITIONS. RATURE AND HUMIDITY, APPLICABLE TO THE CODLING MOTH PUPAE UMBERS OF DEVELOPMENTAL UNITS PER HOUR) N ( s cITY VALUE vELO LIGHNAYHAVA SUPT ANRANAS DA NIS Sen Wort ANS SARCOMAS SONIA OO ce eat ohn Reeemeee ees 3 25 £3 89.09 00 £9 ODED OD OD HD ED CUCU STM CNT VI AIA gy td OOH HOGA SSS DAHHowinot Sontiore AAOBSEDSIGOMOATN SBE MOHAN SOBDAHE KOSI AHO ONANHOS NMMADANAANAANAAS Haddad = ma Cin MING SSS + Saar IANANQAANAA ada QO AOE OWNAENDOMOWENS : AASGAoOr eK SisottaAAIdAnSsS - - =\eo = DESMA PEM ateter eo ei eens ao eT ES he NISC CONS aS SS fF) oS AOMOSOSMIINWHIOAGHHOS - ~ y x BIN Hido eros oo g9 o9 2590900 CDEDED ADE a ro) = ManDwooHINS © PoiNtoracds IN NANA AAO ened ey e-) 19 Bi | [Reins masters svat dedeen sc nlusn any cbaveiciniea Teeene rien pes sic Mesciee RSe ST Na aa ae con area TS 2 BHSAHS OK-Otandnconanorrosmas 2 s MITIN edeaes ep eveseaascdescaagcg aves even ca pe aaa tI OC ict x 2 DIQSIWAIACNASAAMRMDADDODNONWME COOONADEHHOHIRONDOHONS edi | Pe Oe SoA rere rian ot 22 OT OOM N AVE OCS MMM HtROMoOW AMADA O HS be} He fonaboracnamiscr CEE CLIIAABOMOONIANSODOM- COM ONNS Sor KoMinaMoaadnooS . lt ITA AIA AI N29 OD o> ODED OD EDODED SDEDEDOICTEIOI NAA AANAAAT AAR std ad A ymin win Se Kad NAM CIN CIC SD 99 RED 52 OF 9.0 | 19.% MD THMIOAHAS 1 D . 14B 146 h com- ]1 stage requires a develop (For definitions of develop- i in For temper- d riods for eac is 3864 developmental They may, how- re expresse see Table VI. he is ’ Note that the values read on Fig. .07 to make them true for weather conditions. ined. The values in this table represent rates of development for means covering one-hour pe bring the average individual through the pupa The normal total for incubation of the egg For modification of these totals, see Tables III-V. : These velocity values must not be used for mean daily temperatures and humidities. For rate of development of the larva ‘Yer, be multiplied by 2 and thus used for two-hour periods instead of one-hour periods. atures above 105° F. and humidities below 32 per cent, the rates of development may be read from F To p 318 and 331.) These values are for the pupal stage but may be used because the rate of development in the egg is affected by temperature and ious mean values of temperature and humidity. The rate of development of the codling moth under weather conditions ». 388, from which the values shown in this table were obta a ~ = a 8 = = 2. iret | ss ow =a o Wo ae aos os bh ~-o 8 cE | dale a ras Loic} Bas ge s26s oi C= =F og cob & Oto bea oS aa3 Sanne See ae as Base Sos 8 1 a RGBRSERRES eh s 090 2m el SH gs S3u8 Sas HEos as mb —_ ae i Lye S323 a 38s Seog & x PS Saeceaeg 285 PER CENT HUMIDITY, Se ee ow 319 of variations in rate of development from hour to hour during the warmer and cooler parts of the day, or for variations in humidity and other factors; neither did it allow for variations in developmental totals in different seasons of the year. The developmental total as here used permits the refinement necessary for more accurate prediction. For convenience in applying the results of this work to predi-tion of appearance of moths in Illinois, a table of rates of development (Table I) has been prepared, and directions for its use have been out- lined. This method, which is less complicated than Glenn’s “day-degree” method, can be used by the orchardist without an understanding of all the technical terms employed in the description of the experimental work or the mathematical processes by which the developmental units were derived. Knowing the temperatures and other items of weather condi- tions for the season, he can read the corresponding values from Table I, select the proper totals from the following tables, and calculate the time for the appearance of the larvae by simple arithmetic. Even in the hands of a novice, who follows the rules of procedure literally, this method should give more accurate results than were possible by the “degree-day” method. Nore: In order to apply the values given herein to the development of the insect under climatic conditions differing from those in Illinois, the developmental totals will doubtless have to be modified on the bas’s of experience (see methods of modification explained in PART TWO). Further experience in Illinois may make some modificaticns desi ab.e here also. PROCEDURE FOR PREDICTING THE TIME OF EMERGENCE OF MOTHs. Spring Pupae. a. Observe the date of the first pupation of larvae kept out of doors under conditions similar to those in the orchard. b. On that date, or before, place a Friez hygrothermograph in a standard weather shelter under orchard conditions, taking care to have the pens read the same time for both factors recorded.* c. From the U. S. Weather Bureau records for the nearest station, determine the total rainfall for the preceding months, Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec., and Jan. From the total of these months, select from Table III (p. 321) the correct developmental total for the pupal stage. * A thermograph and a sling psychrometer may serve instead of the hygrother- mograph, 320 d. When the record sheet is removed from the hygrothermograph each week, tabulate on suitable sheets the degrees of temperature and per- centages of relative humidity which occurred in each hour (or, if more convenient, each two-hour period) of each day of the week, assembling them by days. From Table I, where velocity values are given in numbers of developmental units per hour, take the velocity value for each of these combinations of temperature and humidity. If two-hour periods are used, multiply each velocity value by 2. TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY TPE TTT MELEE Oe FFF ME Gg Fe TENE RATURE ce Yo ie 4 6 6 pid 4 ¢ 6 wm 48 mMre 4 od o ce og HUMIDITY Fig. 1. Tracings of a portion of a hygrothermograph record of weather conditions at Olney, Illinois, April 13-14, 1915. The tracings in solid lines are included in Table II. For example, refer to Fig. 1, first noting that the time of day is indicated at the top for temperature and at the bottom for humidity. The reading for 2 P. M. Apr. 13 is: temperature 60° F. and humidity 33 per cent. Referring to Table I, we find the velocity value for that combina- tion of temperature and humidity to be 7.7 developmental units per hour, which we may use as the average rate of development for two hours. We thus get 15.4 developmental units for that two-hour period. Again, the reading for 4 P. M. is: temperature 59° and humidity 30 per cent. An- other reference to Table I (and Fig. 14B) shows the corresponding velocity value to be 6.4 developmental units per hour, which may be used as the average velocity giving 12.8 developmental units for the period. The time, temperature, humidity, and velocity for all two-hour periods of the 24 hours, of which the above two readings are a part, are shown in Table II. EE ll 321 TABLE II. Method of Calculating the Amount of Development of the oe in One Day from Hygrothermograph Records. Applying the values from Table I and Fig. 15 to the record for Apr. 13, 2 P. M,, to Apr. 14, 12 M., 1915 at Olney, Ill, as shown in Fig. 1. (Record supplied by P. A. Glenn.) Temper- Humid- . Amount of Development in each coy foamy aoe ela two-hour period. 2. P.M 60. apis 1.7 15.4 4 is 59 30 6.4 12.8 (ie Ads 56 | 38 5.1 10.2 8 ~ 47 66 1.1 | 2.2 pe 42 70 0.0 | 0.0 12 Be 43 57 0.0 | 0.0 2A.M.| 42 59 0.0 0.0 4 é 40 63 0.0 0.0 6 44 42 | 60 0.0 0.0 8 a 47 53 -0.4 0.8 10 ve 58 34 6.1 12.2 12 M... 62 | 27 | 8.3 16.6 Total for the 24 hours — 70. S to developmental units. Thus, the amount of development of the pupa for that day was 70.2 developmental units. To complete the pupal stage under normal condi- tions requires a total of 6480 developmental units. (Unusually light or unusually heavy rainfall in the preceding autumn requires a larger or a smal'er total for the spring pupa, as shown in Table III.) Thus, if the amount of development is calculated for each day from the beginning of the pupal stage until the sum of developmental units approaches 6480 Tasle III. Autumn Rainfall Corrections Applicable to the Developmental Total for Spring Pupae, especially first pupations and first maximum. (Based on a comparison of Tables VII and VIII with weather data for the periods involved.) Inches of Rainfall. Ratig to Normal Developmental Total.* Sept.—Jan. Total. (hour units) 22 97 i 6,300 20 98 6,360 18 59 6,420 16 1.00 6,480 (normal) 14 1.02 6,500 12 1.04 6,620 10 1.06 6,740 322 (more or less, as corrected for autumn rainfall), the end of the stage may be predicted a week or more in advance, Individual variation may permit the first moth to emerge when the sum of developmental units is 8% less than the normal total, so that this correction should be applied in predic- tion of first appearance. e. If temperatures above 62° F. occur during cloudy weather or after sunset, the moths will begin laying eggs two days after emerging; if the temperatures are lower, egg-laying is delayed. Eggs. From the time the first moth is estimated to have begun laying eggs, proceed with the hygrothermograph records and the velocity values from Table I, as in the case of the pupa, but consider the approach of a total of 3864 developmental units as the time for hatching of the eggs. Larvae. From the observed or estimated date of hatching of the eggs of the _ first generation, in order to compute the time in the apple and in the cocoon, use the rates of development for one-hour (or two-hour) read- ings of temperature as given on Table V (p. 323). As the sum approaches 18,000 (more or less, depending upon rainfall, as shown on Table VI), forecast the time of pupation of the first generation. The same procedure may be carried through the season for the later generations, using Tables I-IV for pupae and eggs and Tables V and VI for larvae. Attention must always be given to corrections for individual variation (see footnotes to Tables IV and V) and to corrections for fall- ing temperatures, as shown in Table IV. Taste IV. Falling-Temperature Corrections for Pupa and Egg. (Based on Tables IX and X.) Developmental Total.* Week of Falling} Ratio to Normal ; Temperature. Total. Pupa. Heg. (hour units) (hour units) CJ Ist .98 6,360 3,792 2d 96 6,216 3,720 3d 94 6,096 3,624 4th 92 5,952 3,552 * Notp: Individual variation permits first emergence when the accumulated num- ber of developmental units is 8% less than the totals given here. These develop- mental totals represent averages for all individuals of any lot. The reverse cor- rection of 2% per week of rising temperatures may be applied for the late-pupating individuals of the hibernated generation. See ratio of actual to standard time in Fig. 28. VS 323 TABLE V. Rate of Development of Larva in Apple. of all individuals. Temper- Develop- |Temper- Develop- |Temper- Develop- atures mental Units) atures mental Units) atures mental Units ra Th per Hour. Pun per Hour. Sais per Hour. 44 0.0 64 16.5 84 33.6 45 0.5 65 17.5 85 33.5 46 1.0 66 18.5 86 33.3 47 1.5 67 19.5 87 32.9 48 2.0 68 20.5 88 32.3 49 2.6 69 21.5 89 31.4 50 ae 70 22.5 90 30.3 51 4.0 vel 23.5 91 28.7 52 4.8 72 24.5 92 27.2 53 5.7 73) 25.5 93 25.7 54 6.5 74 26.5 94 24.2 55 7.5 75 27.5 95 22.7 56 8.5 76 28.5 96 21.2 57 9:5 17 29.5 97 LON? 58 10.5 78 30.5 98 18.2 59 11.5 79 31.4 99 16.7 60 12.5 80 32.4 100 15.2 61 13.5 81 33.0 101 lari 62 14.5 82 33.3 102 12.2 63 15.5 83 33.5 103* 10.7 * Velocities for higher temperatures may be secured from Fig. 24 (p. 402). dividual variation permits the first larvae to leave the apple when the sum of de- velopmental units is 16% less than the totals given here, which are for ne average Taste VI. Rainfall Corrections Applicable to the Develop- mental Total for the Larva in the Apple and Cocoon. Rainfall while larva is in apple. (Inches) Developmental Total. (Hour units) (Picked apples) WOHDRABERNS fr) fr) oo 15,600 16,200 16,740 17,280 17,820 18,000* 18,360 18,900 19,440 : * Normal used in calculation of standard (theoretical) time. (Based on recalculation of Glenn’s data in comparison with results of constant temperature experiments described in PART THREE.) In- 324 Tue Use or TEMPERATURE DATA ALONE. a. Maximum and minimum temperatures. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures cannot be used to give accurate results, as the rate of development often varies too much from hour to hour. b. Thermograph Records. If it is desired to use temperature alone (i. e., without data on humidity, etc.), thermograph records are necessary. For rough approximations for estimating the progress of the first genera- tion in southern Illinois localities, use Table I as follows: Draw a straight line from T. 45°, H. 80% to T. 63°, H. 77%, continuing this line to T. 90°, H. 42%. Make a list of the velocity values lying nearest to this line and use them for their corresponding temperatures from the thermo- graph records for one-hour or two-hour periods. This applies to the first generation pupae and eggs. For the second and third generation pupae and eggs, draw the line from 45°, 89% to 70°, 89% and continue to 90°, 60% ; and use the velocity values lying nearest to this line for their corre- sponding temperatures. The results by this method will not be reliable but will probably serve as well as, or better than, summing temperatures in “degree-days”’. c. Sling Psychrometer Readings at 7 A.M. and 7 P.M. Where hygrograph records are not available, as is often the case in working over old data, it will probably give fair results to use thermograph records for hourly or bihourly temperatures if sling readings are available for humidi- ties at? A.M. and 7 P.M. The values on Table I may then be read by using a celluloid triangle as a guide for getting the probable march of temperature and humidity from the 7 A.M. value to the value at the maximum temperature for the day. To make this triangle, draw a line on Table I from the temperature-humidity combination at 30° and 95%, for example (assuming that to be true for 7 A. M.), to the combination at 50° and 73% (which is the probable combination* at the time of maxi- mum temperature on such a day in our climate); measure the angle formed by this line with a vertical line along the side of the Table; then cut the triangle to fit this angle, making it a right triangle for convenience in keeping its base parallel with lines running across the Table. Use the humidities crossed by this line drawn on the table (which line is now the hypothenuse of the triangle), with the corresponding temperatures from the thermograph sheet, up to the maximum temperature. For all clear days, read along the hypothenuse of the triangle made on the basis of the example, for all rising temperatures, beginning with the 7 A. M. combina- tion for the day. For all falling temperatures, follow back across the Table from this maximum along a straight line to the 7 P. M. temperature- humidity combination for that day. (The triangle is not needed here.) If practicable, consider periods when it is raining as having 95 per cent humidity. * This probable combination was derived from data on the average daily march of temperature and humidity, obtained by an analysis of many hygrothermograph records. eee 325 An EXAMPLE OF ESTIMATION OF SEASONAL PROGRESS. The example below, which is designed to show the method of predic- tion, is based upon Glenn’s observations of band collections at Olney for 1916, as shown in his Table 33.* His observation showed that the first pupa appeared April 13, and that the maximum pupation was April 20. As the preceding autumn and winter had a total rainfall of slightly more than 20 inches, the develop- mental total should be 6360 (Table III), and the first moths would be expected to emerge May 13—the date on which that total was reached (using velocity values from Table I for the temperatures and humidities as shown in Glenn’s hygrothermograph records April and May, 1916). The individual variation would throw it back about two days; the actual time of first emergence was May 11. The day of maximum emergence, reckoned from the date of maximum pupation, should fall on May 19, which was the date observed. According to Isely and Ackerman, egg-laying is controlled by the temperatures after sunset, taking place in very faint light and above 62° F. In the absence of data on cloudiness and temperature immediately after sunset in May, 1916, we may take the average time as two days for the period from emergence until laying is well begun. On this basis, the first eggs should have been laid on the 14th. The actual date observed was the 14th. The normal incubation total of 3864 developmental units was reached on May 25 early in the morning. The actual ‘time of hatching observed was May 25. (The correction of 8% for individual variation would throw some hatching back to sunset of May 24.) Pupation should occur when a normal total of 18,000 developmental units (reckoned from the time of hatching of the eggs) is reached, 1f the rainfall is normal for that period. (An average of 6.66 inches was used as the normal in calculation of standard time.) It may be later or earlier, accordingly as the period in the apple comes at a time with more or less rainfall. With 10.6 inches of rainfall during this period in 1916, we should expect a maximum pupation when a total of approximately 19,060 developmental units was reached, that is, on June 30. Individual varia- tion in larval time (16%) would permit some larvae to pupate six days earlier (June 24). Counting from June 24, with velocity values from Table I, we get a total of 6480 developmental units on July 5. The correction for individual variation throws the probable date for first emergence of the adult moth one day earlier, or July 4. The first adult actually emerged on July 3. The first eggs of the second generation should be laid on the 6th. That was also the date observed. A total of 3864 developmental units was reached on the 12th; the actual first larva was observed on the 12th. (The 8% correction for individual variation of the egg amounts to about half a day.) * These data were not used in establishing velocity values. 326 These first larvae of the second generation were in the apples during a period with 1.5 inches of rain, which would fix the total at 16,615 development units. This was reached on August 7. With a deduction of 4 days for individual variation, the earliest probable date for first pupation becomes August 3. The earliest actual date recorded was August 9. Reckoning from August 3, we should expect the moths to emerge on August 12, when 6480 developmental units had accumulated. With the individual-variation correction of one day, the date becomes the 11th. One adult actually appeared August 12, and others followed closely, indicating that some pupae were overlooked. Not knowing the light and temperature after sunset, we would say that some eggs should have been laid August 14, but none were actually found until the 19th; and we should expect hatching on August 20, but no larvae were observed before August 23. This indicates the need of further study of egg-laying and the recording of conditions necessary for egg-laying. ABUNDANCE OF LATE-PUPATING LARVAE IN SPRING. It has been supposed by some investigators that the delay in pupation on the part of some larvae in spring is due to external conditions. A large series of larvae were hibernated and the moths brought to emergence under the same condition. (For methods used, see pp. 405 ff.) The results were the same, or essentially so, for the larvae that were soaked in water and those that were merely kept in moist air. The pupations were strung out over a long period, the last emergence being 28 days after the first, at a constant temperature of 72° F. (See Fig. 25, p. 409.) The curve of emergences shown in Fig. 25 B has one main maximum which falls on the 8th day, and also a group of three small maxima center- ing on the 22d day (72° F.). If such a group is large, as it is likely to be when larvae hibernate in abundance, it may be responsible for damage to apples on trees sprayed to meet the early large group. The velocity units for larvae in the apple (Table V, p. 323) may probably be used, with fair results, to estimate the time of the late pupa- tion; because the variation in the emergence of moths is determined pri- marily by the time of pupation, or in other words by delay in larval development. In the experiments the main maximum emergence came after the accumulation of 4,704 developmental units, the next maximum after an accumulation of 6,480 units, and the center of the last group after an accumulation of 12,936 units. The center of the last group of spring pupations at Olney in 1915 came after an accumulation of 16,152 units; in 1916, of 15,888; and in 1917, of 13,008. These years average 15,024 developmental units for the period. This means that the late group of pupations falls three to five weeks later than the first pupation. This marks the starting point of the pupal stage of the late group, and from this point the date of emergence of the moths may be fairly accurately determined as already indicated. Other maxima occur for pupation, but 3x7 they are rather irregular. There is a corresponding one between 3,384 and 4,704 units, and one between 6,072 and 8,424 units in the different years at Olney. These units, however, were not determined on the basis of spring larvae, and the totals may need correction; factors other than temperature and humidity no doubt enter into the time of pupation. The moths from the last group of pupations should be closely watched by practical men as a guide for extra sprayings in years when hibernating larvae are abundant.* ABUNDANCE OF HIBERNATED LARVAE AS AFFECTED BY WEATHER oF PrecepING AUTUMN AND WINTER. When the mean monthly temperature and rainfall in autumn and winter are mainly within the limits shown in Fig. 5A (p. 353), that is, when the autumn and early winter are “wet and not too cold,” high survival and rapid development proportional to spring conditions may be expected. This statement is based chiefly upon 1914, in which the moths were very abundant. The fall and winter conditions of that year were essentially duplicated in 1925-26, with an almost 95 per cent survival, according to the observations of Mr. Flint and the Illinois field men. The diagrams in Fig. 5, however, were based on the 10 years, 1913-24. Mini- mum winter temperatures have not been especially considered but should be carefully checked against spring survival by field men. The great abundance of moths in Illinois during the summer of 1926 is traceable to the large numbers of hibernated larvae and the very favor- able weather conditions during May and June. Not since 1914 has there been such heavy damage to orchards over the state as in this year. Recent experience thus proves the need of more accurate methods in order to control the insect in unusual years. * The occurrence of darkness and temperatures above 62° F. during egg-laying periods should also be carefully considered, as these conditions have a great deal to do with the abundance of moths (Isely and Ackerman, 1923, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 189). PART TWO. A BASIS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF DEVELOPMENT. ForMER Metuops oF EstimatTinc Procress IN Lire-History STAGES. Formerly investigators have relied either upon natural phenomena showing the seasonal progress of plants, e. g., time of leafing, budding, or blossoming, or upon approximate accumulation of temperature as an indication of opportune times for the performance of certain agricultural operations, such as planting, spraying, and harvesting. For the greater part of a century they have assumed that temperatures above the freezing point or above the point at which a plant such as wheat starts growth, can be used directly to ascertain the amount of progress made by plants and animals at a certain date in the spring. Numerous investigators have tried temperatures above various “starting points,” some using sun tem- peratures, others maximum temperatures or mean temperatures; and practically all have considered that the accumulated temperature, or “sum of temperatures” above a starting point, is a measure of plant or animal growth. This sum for a given period is obtained by adding together the degrees by which each day’s mean temperature exceeds the assumed starting point. For many years the meteorological office of Great Britain has used 42° F. as the starting point and published the monthly accumu- lations above this temperature for various parts of the British Isles. A mean temperature one degree above 42° F. continuing for a day has been called a ‘“degree-day” or a “day-degree.” Various Europeans have carried on careful critical studies employ- ing various detailed methods of determining the total accumulated tem- perature necessary to bring a given plant into bloom or to ripen a crop of grain. This total, however, was found to vary so greatly for the same stage of development of the same variety of plant from season to season and from year to year that there was little or no progress in the field until the Danish physiologist Krogh (714), while working on the effect of temperature on the development of fish eggs and of frog eggs, made the most important discovery on this subject in the present century, viz.: that development goes on slowly even at temperatures below that commonly considered as the starting point; and that, as the temperature rises, the time required to hatch an egg decreases to a minimum at a certain high point, above which the time again increases. Glenn (’22), in his work on the codling moth, confirmed the finding of Krogh relative to high temperatures (above 90°F.). He was first to make corrections for the retarding effects of high temperatures. With his correction applied, the accumulated temperature, or “sum of tempera- tures,” for the stages of the codling moth, varied much less from season to season than the totals for the stages of European plants referred to above. Wherever only temperature records are available, his work affords a basis for estimation. 328 329 In the present paper, Glenn’s data have been worked over in con- junction with new data, and the conception of development here pre- sented is based upon the actual behavior of the codling moth both under controlled experimental conditions and also under actual weather condi- tions. Only indirect use, however, is made of weather records. The results of laboratory experiments and of outdoor observations have been quite fully correlated, we believe, for the first time. The results have also been compared with the more important investigations of the last century and found to be in accord with the general results hitherto obtained. A new method for estimating the progress of life-history stages is herein described, which affords a basis for taking humidity into account directly and other factors less directly. The factors secondarily consid- ered are the rainfall during preceding months and the seasonal march of temperature. In the interpretation of the effects of these factors, the value of the climatic diagrams of Taylor (’14) and the observations of Huntington (19) on man have been confirmed for the codling moth. Furthermore, the findings of Krogh relative to development taking place below the starting point, as ordinarily assumed or ascertained, have been confirmed. CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE RATE OF DEVELOPMENT. The most important growing-season factor influencing the develop- ment of animals native to moist or rainy climates, is usually temperature, for it is the most variable. It changes almost continuously throughout any twenty-four-hour period, being usually highest about 2 P. M. and lowest about 6 A.M. The duration of minimum temperature varies consider- ably with the length of day and night, and the duration of maximum temperature also varies; both vary with other weather conditions. The daily march of temperature (from higher to lower and from lower to higher) is irregular on stormy and cloudy or partly cloudy days. Humidity is probably second in importance to temperature; at least, it is such a continuously accompanying variable of all temperatures and of all temperature changes that it cannot be ignored. The daily march of humidity is fully as striking as that of temperature. Usually, how- ever, when the temperature rises, the humidity falls; and wice versa. The humidity accompanying any given temperature varies with the time of year, amount and frequency of precipitation, cloudiness, etc. There is no constant or dependable association between the two which can be expressed in numerical values. Rainfall influences the rate of development of organisms in a less direct but nevertheless very important way. The amount of rainfall in autumn and winter influences the codling moth’s rate of development in spring, probably also its winter survival, undoubtedly its vitality, and hence its rate of increase and success in general. Air movement affects the organism by controlling the rate of evapo- ration, or withdrawal of water from the organism. Intensity of light and 330 its color quality have an influence upon the well-being of the codling moth in some of its stages. Light intensity in combination with tempera- ture practically controls egg-laying of the moths (Isely and Acker- man, 723). MetuHops oF MEASUREMENT OF FACcToRs. Combinations of different temperatures and the different humidities which accompany them must be considered because of the important effects of their correlated action upon rate of development. Since they vary from hour to hour, and since there is no certainty as to what humidity will accompany a given temperature, it is necessary either to take readings at close intervals or to use averages over short periods, with the periods or intervals agreeing for the two factors. Records of average temperature and average humidity for each hour of the day are most desirable for careful experimental or observational work, but under ordinary conditions readings at two-hour intervals are sufficiently accurate for estimating the amount of progress of life-history stages. Either of these methods of reading may be applied to hygrother- mograph tracings such as are shown in Fig. 1. The first three columns of Table II (p. 321) show the readings for the solid-line tracings of Fig. 1. Daily or monthly means of rainfall, cloudiness, and percent or hours of sunshine may be taken from Weather Bureau records. These are required for showing the effects of autumn and winter rainfall and are considered in connection with mean monthly temperatures. Rate of evaporation has been measured as cubic centimeters of water lost per day from the Livingston porous-cup atmometer. No accurate measurements of the quality and intensity of light have as yet been made. In the experiments herein described, the diffused light of the experimental cages has been compared with total darkness, and the effect of the light of ordinary electric bulbs passed through red, blue, and green glasses has been determined. While evidence has been obtained showing that these factors have effects, it is not yet possible to apply the results to weather conditions because of the lack of accurate measurement both in the experiments and in nature and because of the impossibility of making tenable comparisons.* DEFINITIONS OF TERMS. In order to define terms with which to express the effects of all these phenomena of weather and climate upon the rate of development of an organism, we must regard certain conditions as standard and compare all changes in the rate of its development with its behavior under the standard. Obviously, the conditions normal to the habitat of the species should be taken as standard,* and the most important factor in those conditions should be considered first. We may begin, therefore, with tem- perature, using the range of temperature within which the codling moth * Experiments with photo-electric cells given promise of some aid in the approach to the problem of the effects of varying light. * The ideal standard is described in PART THREE, p. 359. 331 develops most rapidly, rather than a degree arbitrarily assumed as a “starting point” for development. This optimum range of temperature can be determined for any stage in the life-cycle only by a series of preliminary experiments performed at intervals of a few degrees throughout the whole range of temperatures under which the insect is known to thrive. The results of constant- temperature and variable-temperature experiments whose means are com- parable, covering this whole range (with variations in humid ty, etc., carefully controlled so as to accompany variations in temperature in a manner closely approximating that characteristic of average weather con- ditions in the optimum climate for the stage)—the results of such experi- ments, when properly correlated, should give the necessary basis for defining standard conditions. Under these standard conditions, the time required to complete the stage may be taken as a basis for comparing the rate of development at any temperature. That range of temperature within which the time to complete the stage is shortened in exact proportion to the rise of temperature is designated as the medial range; that is, within the medial range, the increase in the rate of development bears a fixed ratio to the number of degrees which the temperature rises. For the codling-moth larva in an apple, we find that the medial range is approximately from 55° to 75° F., and that for all other stages, including the hibernated larva, the medial range is approximately from 65° to 85° F. Medial humidities are those which usually accompany these medial temperatures in normal weather. Under such standard conditions a given individual may be con- sidered to accomplish a certain amount of development within one hour, this amount being as standard as the conditions which define it. This reaction of the organism to all these environmental phenomena operating for one hour is to be considered as consisting of a certain number of developmental units, each of which is a small part of the total development making up the stage of the life-cycle. As the rate of development in any given case is dependent primarily, though not entirely, upon the number of degrees of temperature above the actual threshold of development (whatever that may be),* the wnit of develop- ment may be determined, under standard conditions, from the difference between the rate at one temperature and that at another temperature one degree} higher; and this unit is to be defined with reference to all these conditioning factors, each factor being expressed in the terms in which it is commonly measured. The developmental unit is, therefore, the difference between the amount of development taking place in one hour at a given degree of mean medial variable temperature and the amount of development taking place in one hour at a temperature one degree higher, with * The actual threshold is not a fixed temperature but varies with other conditions. + The Fahrenheit scale is used in this paper. The Centigrade scale, which is preferable for several reasons, is used in a book on Experimental Animal Hecology, now in course of preparation, to be published in 1927 by Williams and Wilkins Com- pany, Baltimore, Md. 332 the humidity, air movement, light intensity, and other conditions nor- mal to the habitat of the organism in that stage of its life-history. In other words, the developmental unit is the effect produced in one hour by one degree of medial temperature in conjunction with all other phenomena characterizing the standard conditions described above. This phenomena-degree-hour may be designated as one pheno- hour. While relative velocity of development has heretofore been expressed as the arithmetical reciprocal of the time required to complete a stage in the life-cycle, this new method permits a definition of absolute velocity as the num- ber of developmental units per hour. The threshold of development is the intensity, or quantity, of any factor immediately above which development begins to be measurable. For example, the temperature threshold is that degree of temperature just above which development begins to be perceptible in amount. It is not a fixed point but varies, within certain limits, with the humidity and other weather factors and with the generation and the individual. For the larvae in the apple, it varies from 43° to 48° F.; for the pupa and egg, from 44° to 49° F.; and for the hibernated larva, from 43° to 50° F. The developmental total for any stage is the sum of develop- mental units for that stage. It is calculated by simply adding together all the developmental units for every hour from the observed (or calcu- lated) beginning of the stage to the observed (or calculated) end of it, using velocity values such as those shown in Table I for hourly combina- tions of recorded temperature and humidity. More briefly, a develop- mental total is obtained directly by summing the hourly velocity values for the known weather conditions throughout the stage. Similarly, a developmental total for a whole life-cycle may be obtained. Develop- mental totals are not constants but vary with the rainfall of the season and the preceding season, with other weather factors, with the generation, and with the individual. The average, or normal, developmental total for any lot of individuals or for any generation under any set of conditions, is, however, useful in the interpretation of data and in the prediction of appearance. Standard time for a stage is the number of hours (or days) calculated from the normal developmental total for average organ- isms under standard conditions. Because of the practical difficul- ties’ involved, only temperature and humidity are taken into account in the calculation of standard time in this paper. The term substi- tution-quotient is here used to designate one-twenty-fourth of the number of pheno-hours calculated for a stage by the temperature-substitu- tion method as described in PART THREE (pp. 387-393). When correctly calculated, the substitution-quotient is numerically equal to one- twenty-fourth of the normal developmental total for the stage; and it is used only in establishing standards of development and velocity values. The velocity values (numbers of developmental units per hour for different combinations of temperature, humidity, etc., as shown in Table I) are here regarded as fixed and standard for average 0 EEE Eee 333 organisms in each stage. This is more convenient, mathematically, than to regard the developmental total as fixed. These standard velocity values were derived from data on moths under observation at Olney in 1915 and 1916; at Olney, Urbana, and Plainview in 1917; and at Urbana in 1918, 1919, and 1920. The methods by which these values were derived are too involved for brief description here (see PART THREE), and they need not be completely understood by readers who are interested pri- marily in the use of velocity values and in the modification of develop- mental totals for purposes of estimating progress of life-histories. As has been noted, the direct use of weather data in spray calendars, etc., though of some value, has failed to give results of sufficient accuracy in all years and seasons. In the most successful recent attempt at the direct use of temperature, namely, that of Glenn (’22), the temperatures as occurring were extensively corrected to conform to the behavior of the codling moth. If the last century of phenological observation and “‘tem- perature summing” has proved anything, it is that direct application of weather data is largely a failure. This failure is further emphasized by a growing tendency to use plants as indicators. (McLean, *17; Clements, ’24-Bibliography.) The researches herein described have shown conclu- sively that in the case of the codling moth, estimation of progress in development, of abundance, and of fecundity must be based primarily upon the physiological characters and responses of the species. Weather data cannot be used directly. Temperatures summed above the empirical or imaginary “threshold” selected by ordinary methods do not give correct results because they have different accelerative values under ditferent con- ditions and because temperatures below it are actually effective. Also, high temperatures, above or near 90° F., have a much smaller accelerating effect than they have been expected to show by most investigators except- ing Glenn (’22). In this paper all attempts at direct use of weather data are abandoned, the chief reliance is put upon velocity of development of the codling-moth in its several stages. GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF VELOCITY. The meaning of velocity is well illustrated by reference to rate of movement, or speed of travel, of a machine or animal or man. In all matters of speed of travel, the reciprocal of the time required to cover a fixed distance is used to represent relative velocity, or rate of travel. For example, in the case of a tractor pulling a load 12 miles at various speeds, the relative velocity is obtained from the time as follows: | Time to go 12 mi. |2 hr.| 3 hr. 4 hr: |\5. hr.| 6 hr: 8 hr. |10 hr.} 12 hr. Reciprocals of nel 50 3344 25 .20 16% | 12% 10 08% Miles per hour (12 x reciprocals)..| 6.0 4.0 | 3.0 2.4 2.0 1.5 1:2 1.0 3384 The reciprocal multiplied by the total miles gives velocity in miles per hour. The reciprocals of the time to complete any unit of work are thus a convenient expression of relative velocity. The activity of cold-blooded animals, such as insects and millipeds, in a general way varies directly with temperature just as development does. Also, rate of progression may be used as an index of physiological activity, and something of the laws governing rate of development may be ascer- tained from a study of progression. Pe eal) iF hs ES) ee AIAG 17.777. ONIT. PROGRESSION. 144 xRECIPROCALS OF MIN. PROGRESSION UN/TS uy S38 3 0a RATE i747 MM PER ~ g SS | 4 6 8 OR /2 | 16 168 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 HrPerpoic ZERo>O 2 + 6 6 0 12 I 16 (B20. 2 eee be Errecrive TEMPERATURE-HYPERBOLIC & Maximum RATE Fig. 2. Rate of creeping of a diplopod at various temperatures, shown in millimeters per minute and in progression units (41.44 mm) per minute. Note how the velocity curve CD departs from a straight line above 28° C. and below 22° C.; and how the time-temperature curve AB differs from an equilateral hyperbola. (Date from Crozier ’24.) e Fig. 2 shows a curve for the velocity of progression, or rate of creep- ing, of a milliped, plotted from the experimental data of Crozier (’24). For velocities of progression of 500—750 mm. per minute (temperatures 22°—28° C.), a milliped in an experiment conducted at a temperature one degree higher than 22° adds 41.44 mm. to the distance traveled in one minute. Likewise, an animal in an experiment at two degrees higher than 330 22° travels 82.88 mm. farther per minute, and so on up to 28°, where a change takes place. The unit of progression is 41.44 mm., based upon the effect of one degree Centigrade within the range of medial temperatures, which are marked by the straight-line limits of the velocity curve CD. This same unit is the basis of determining the points at which the effect of one degree higher or lower temperature upon the rate of progression is greater or less than 41.44 mm. in one minute. The alpha value (hyper- bolic zero) for the data of Crozier is approximately 10° C., a fact of very little actual significance except in the determining of the constant product of the temperature above alpha and the time for a definite total distance. This total distance is here assumed to be 5967.3 mm. The portion of the time-temperature curve AB between 22° and 28°C. is a portion of an equilateral hyperbola. The time is that required to travel 5967.3 mm. at the temperatures plotted. An inspection of the curve will show that the mathematical product of time (as plotted) and temperature above 10° C. (as plotted) is 144, and that for each point plotted the reciprocal of the time units multiplied by 144 equals the number of progression units. These relationships are characteristic of the equilateral hyperbola. The total distance was here arbitrarily taken as 144 * 41.44 mm. units, or 5967.3 mm. (calculated). If another distance were chosen, the velocity for each temperature would be the same, because the milliped would travel at the same rate, but the number of progression units would differ. The same principle holds good in respect to the different stages of development of an organism. The amount of metabolism required in each stage is comparable to distance to be traveled, while the rate of development remains basically of the same order of magnitude not only for the different stages of the same insect but probably also for all the various insects and, indeed, perhaps for all cold-blooded animals.* The next step in the way of experiments with the milliped would be the use of variable temperatures from 20° to 28°C. Such variability would probably increase the rate of progression slightly for a mean of the varying temperatures as compared with the constant ones, but this difference will be ignored in the absence of data from variable-tempera- ture experiments in this case. For the present purpose, we may assume that the rate of progression as plotted for a certain degree of constant temperature would hold good for the same degree of mean variable tem- perature ; accordingly, we may construct a table of “effective temperature” above 10° C. as the “starting point” (using some of the nomenclature of those writers who have summed temperatures), by assuming a ditferent * Evidence of the metabolic basis for the developmental unit is reviewed in PART THREE, p. 361 336 mean temperature for each minute of a ten-minute schedule and reading the mean velocity for each minute from the curve in Fig. 2, as follows: Actual “Effective Mean Velocity Time. Temperature. Temperature”. (Progression units (above 0°C.) (above 10°C.) per minute) 1st min. 20 10 10.8 2d min. 30 20 19.0 3d min. 14 4 7.0 4th min. 10.5 0.6 5.2 5th min. 4 (—6) omitted 2.0 6th min. 2 (—8) omitted 0.8 7th min. 12 2 6.0 8th min. 13 3 5.4 9th min. 16 6 8.2 10th min. 25 15} 15.0 10 min. 146.5 above 0°C. 60.5 “effective 79.4 progression degrees” units travelled. Thus, with an accumulation of 60.5° of “effective temperature,” a total distance of 79.4 progression units, or 3290.33 mm., was traveled in those 10 minutes of variable temperature; but a comparison of column 3 and column 4 shows clearly that the “effective temperature” is not a cor- rect index of the rate of travel or of the distance traveled above 28° C. or below 22°C. (i.e., outside the straight-line limits). Only in the 10th min., with the temperature at 25° C. (1.e., within the straight-line limits) does the “effective temperature” properly indicate the rate of travel. The development of the codling moth in its several stages, and in fact, the behavior of nearly all other organisms hitherto investigated* with respect to different temperatures, is similar to the activity of the milliped. In a developing organism, however, the processes involved in growth, transformation of parts, etc., do not go on at the same rate at different times within the same stage, and thus only fractions of a whole process are usable as developmental units. Various results of the stimula- tion of organisms by temperature do bear a definite ratio to the tempera- ture within the straight-line limits of the velocity curve, although not outside those limits. Further evidence of the nature of development is found in the fact that the total carbon-dioxide given off by an-organism such as the pupa of the meal worm is a constant for individuals of the same weight. This total bears a fixed ratio to the sum of the daily amounts of development of the pupa, but not to the “effective degrees’? summed above a definite beginning (an imaginary “threshold,” which is the hyperbolic zero) ex- * Shapley (’20) has a curve for progression of ants which appears to be excep- tional in that it turns upward at high temperatures. 337 cept between approximately 18° and 29° C. The total carbon dioxide is, moreover, the same at the high temperatures where the sum of the “effec- tive degrees” is too great. The sum of “developmental units for constant temperatures is easily derived for the straight-line portion of the velocity curve, as it is simply the product of time units and constant-temperature units. This product has a fixed value under a given set of conditions and has been known as the “thermal constant.” The mean of temperatures varying within the straight-line limits of the velocity curve but not going outside these limits (approximately 18° and 29° C. for the meal-worm pupa) also gives a constant product when multiplied by the time. This product is smaller than the time-temperature product obtained within the same range for constant-temperature conditions, because development proceeds faster under variable-temperature conditions. In very carefully controlled experiments on animals, the product is remarkably constant for any one set of conditions. (Krogh ’14a and ’14b.) ORDER OF EXPERIMENTATION. In the determination of velocities for any stage of an organism, the first procedure is to run a series of preliminary experiments with constant- temperatures at five-degree intervals from 45° to 100° F., beginning with 100% humidity at 45° F. and lowering the humidity about 6% with each five degrees rise in temperature. Such experiments would show, for example, in the case of the codling-moth pupa, that the straight-line limits are from a little below 65° to a little above 85°. These should be followed by: (1) a series of experiments under constant temperatures at five-degree intervals from 45° F. to 100° F. with 95%, 85%, 15%, 65%, 55%, 45%, 35% relative humidity ; and (2) a series of variable-tempera- ture experiments with daily variations ranging from 65° F. to 85° F. with the following humidities at 65° F.: 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, and 60% ,— and one experiment out of doors. This would make 90 experiments, and for the desired results the material should be uniform, and all experiments should be started on the same day. This would require a minimum of 3,000 individuals; 9,000 would be preferable; and this series of experi- ments should be repeated with each generation for each of three seasons. Experimentation on this huge scale could not be done with the facilities available for the work here reported. Moreover, when this work was undertaken, there was no basis in experience showing that such a procedure would be necessary. As a result, the variation in the different stocks caused irregularities in the data, which necessitated much addi- tional calculation. However, our experience indicates that the develop- mental totals, the thresholds, and the velocity values are different for each humidity, and that the developmental totals differ most. INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTAL Data, It has proved more convenient to establish fixed velocity values for average stocks under average weather conditions than to establish a fixed developmental total. This was done by determining the average develop- 338 3 mental total and using it as a standard. For the constant-temperature experiments within the straight-line limits, the average total was 6,936 developmental units for the pttpa, and for the variable-temperature experiments it was smaller, approximately 6,480 (average by two methods). This variable-temperature total, 6,480, was used as a normal in adjusting the velocity values outside the straight-line limits, because ordinary weather conditions are variable with respect to temperature, etc., and result in more rapid development. This normal total for the pupal stage was verified by elaborate calculations covering all of Glenn’s Olney data. Similarly, normal totals were established and verified for the other stages. The developmental totals used herein are not comparable to the sums of “effective day-degrees” commonly used in direct applications of weather data, for developmental units are not temperature units but are numerical expressions of the response of the organism to temperature and all other conditions, a response which is usually growth or an internal change leading to transformation from one stage to another in the life-cycle. These developmental totals, being based on the pheno-hour, are in accord with the concepts of phenology which take into account both weather and the responses of organisms. CALCULATION OF STANDARD TIME, In order to compare the results obtained by this method with those obtained by the old method of summing “effective temper- atures’, it is convenient to express the conditions of development in terms of the substitution-quotient, which is approximately equal to the number of “degree-days” summed for medial temperatures. (See PART THREE, p 391 ff. This practice has been followed in Tables VII-XI, in which all of Glenn’s Olney data and his Urbana data on pupae are recalculated in terms of standard velocity values. These data were used in the calculation of standard time for each stage, as follows: Starting with the date of the observed beginning of each stage in each generation in each year, as recorded by Glenn, velocity values (Table I) were set down for the mean temperatures and humidities for all two- hour periods as shown in his hygrothermograph records for the several years covered by his work; the numbers of developmental units (velocity values multiplied by 2, because two-hour periods were being used) were then summed to normal totals, and dates were thus obtained on which the several stages in each generation should have been completed if these velocity values and developmental totals were normally fulfilled. In order to calculate the theoretical time for each individual or growp of individuals behaving alike, the sums of developmental units for each day from the beginning of a-stage to the actual date of its completion were then aver- _ aged, and this daily mean was in each case divided into the normal developmental total, so as to give a number of days approximating the 339 standard time for the stage. This calculated number of days in each case was then compared to the actual number of days recorded for the stage in question. (For more detailed discussion of these methods of calculation, see PART THREE, pp. 381-400.) a. Pupae. Standard time for the pupal stage was calculated on a basis of 6,480 as the normal developmental total, this total being divided by the mean daily number of developmental units for the actual period of the stage as recorded by Glenn. For convenience, since most of the data were expressed in days, this calculation was generally done by dividing one- twenty-fourth of the daily mean into 270, which is one-twenty-fourth of 6,480. The results in detail for a part of the 1915 pupae, with means for groups of 30 individuals, are shown in Table VII; and the results by 30-individual means for all the pupae of 1915-1917 are shown in Table VIII and Fig. 3. The detailed data on the first-generation pupae shown in Table VII are similar, in general, to those on the pupae of all gener- ations; the differences are of a minor character and will be considered later. The accuracy of this method of measurement of development, as well as the validity of these standard velocity values, is indicated by the fact that the actual time for all the Olney data averaged only 0.1% over the calculated time. The deviation was —0.6% for 1915, —1.4% for 1916, and 2.1% for 1917.* These deviations from calculated time are the averages of the 30-individual groups for the whole of each year. Averaging the means of the three generations for each year gives the following deviations: 1915, —1.5% ; 1916, —2.8% ; 1917, —1.8% ; total average deviation, —2%. The Urbana data on pupae showed the following ratios of actual to calculated time: 1917, all generations, 99% ; 1918, first generation, 119%. The average ratio is 103.6% ; with the 1918 set omitted, it is 99.8%. The ratios for individuals vary from 91% to 119.0%. The actual time for the latter part of the first generation shows the largest positive deviation from standard time; it is about standard in the beginning and increases to the end of the generation. The actual time for the second generation is at first shorter than the standard; it then increases and finally falls off again; while that for the third generation is short through- out. This type of deviation is apparently characteristic, though it is due in some measure to factors other than temperature and humidity (see Fig. 28), which are discussed in Part III. b. Adult Moths. Isely and Ackerman (’23) ascribed the abundance of codling moths in a given season partly to favorable conditions of light and temperature during the oviposition period. They found that a temperature of 62° F. ay This 1917 time is high because of a lack of a large part of the data for the second generation. The loss of one hygrothermograph sheet necessitated large omis- sions at a period when the actual time is usually less than the calculated time. 340 TABLE VII. Showing the actual and calculated time from pupation to emergence of moths of the first generation at Olney, Illinois, 1915, based on the original records of P. A. Glenn. Observed A Dates. ‘ rats ra ‘ a9 ‘og; = 3 eS oa a a Same n ‘ meme wus | S2 |2en| oe | & | S88] Sa | gaa. Ou d = 22% Edo asa a0 Q i) st Fin ar =e] 5 24 Bes ~ wae ae oo29 ag a a Boh Sat |ASD| so =2 | oad 22 2 > e se | 3 | 2 Bae | ss |ses| 2& | $2 | ste) #8 | m8os = oO te 1S) 43) ord om ed se | Fy 2Aa Bas | S>5)] se | 8 | 28a} 2e gase a Ay ic2] 16) A a oO < & n 3 1 4/13 | 5/3 5/3 A.M. 273.6 13.7 19.7 PAIR Tes ehes 5 275.8 261 1 4/16 | 5/2 5/4 A.M. 243.4 15.2 17.8 16S ae aay 249.1 232 3 4/16 | 5/3 5/4 A.M. 258.7 15.2 17.8 See hoe cir 265.7 247 1 4/16 5/6 5/4 A.M. 285.5 14.3 18.8 PA am VERSIE 3 279.2 268 3 4/17 | 5/3 5/6 P.M. 247.4 15.5 17.4 LUBY eleevegaee 262.4 237 2 4/17 | 5/6 5/6 P.M. 274.1 14.4 18.7 CR Elles cosas 269.4 258 2 4/17 | 5/7 5/6 P.M. 285.8 14.3 18.8 PA Bae RR Rote ie 275.0 269 1 4/19 | 5/6 5/8 P.M. 255.2 15.0 18.0 Tis Sb versa atta 255.8 240 4 4/19 | 5/8 5/8 P.M. 274.2 14.4 18.7 oes Peete 285.9 257 1 4/19 | 5/14 5/8 P.M. 350.0 14.0 19.3 ries ee ari. 354.2 328 1 4/20 | 5/10 5/10 M. 270.0 13.5 20.0 20 oi eee 272.4 257 1 4/20 | 5/12 5/10 M. £93.9 13.4 20.2 ets laren rene 270.0 278 1 4/20 | 5/13 5/10 M. 311.6 13.5 20.0 Born Valea aoe 283.0 295 3 4/21 | 5/11 5/11 P.M. 264.7 13.2 20.5 AN a Ree 270.0 250 2 4/21 | 5/12 5/11 P.M. 278.3 13.3 20.3 21 nh 283.2 263 3 4/22 | 5/12 5/12 P.M. 265.6 13.3 20.3 PAIRS Bea ee 270.0 251 al 4/22 | 5/13 5/12 P.M. 288.5 13.7 eer 21 283.0 268 1 4/23 | 5/12 5/13 P.M. 249.4 13.1 20.6 a ee rae 252.0 235 | i Mean (30 individuals) AMES) lelsratertl ede: | 257 1 4/23 | 5/13 5/13 P.M. 267.0 13.3 20.3 252 6 4/23 | 5/14 5/13 P.M. 290.0 13.8 19.6 275 1 4/24 | 5/13 5/14 P.M. 246.3 12.9 20.2 232 al 4/24 | 5/14 5/14 P.M. 269.2 13.5 20.0 254 5 4/24 | 5/15 5/14 P.M. 292.1 13.9 19.4 276 1 4/24 | 5/16 5/14 P.M. 316.3 14.4 18.8 301 2 4/25 | 5/15 5/15 A. M. 272.7 13.6 19.9 257 4 4/25 | 5/16 | 5/15 A.M. 296.9 14.1 aah 281 7 4/26 | 5/16 5/16 A. M. 275.4 13.3 20.3 260 2 4/26 | 5/20 5/16 A. M. 299.8 12.5 21.6 276 Mean (30 individuals) 285.3 19.8 20.8 | 198.0 | 283.9 | 269 Column 4 gives the date on which the developmental total reached 6480 (equiv- alent to 270 substitution-quotient), on a basis of velocity values shown in Table I, assuming that pupation occurred at noon of the day recorded. Column 5 gives the total which was reached on the actual date of emergence, reduced to the same basis. Column 6 gives the mean number of developmental units per day, reckoned from velocity values in Table I, for the actual period of pupal life as recorded. Col- umn 7 gives the theoretical time, in view of the recorded conditions of temperature and humidity, calculated by dividing the mean daily velocity into 6480 as the normal developmental total. This eliminates individual variation. The substitution totals shown in the last column were obtained by the temperature-substitutlon method ex- plained on p. 393; interpolations are shown in italics. d41 Taste VIII. Showing the actual and calculated time from pupation to emer- gence for all of Glenn’s Olney data, 1915-1917, summing velocity values from Table I to a normal total of 6480 (equivalent to 270 substitu- tion-quotient) and averaging the results by groups of 30 individuals. Compare the first two items of this table with the means of 30 individuals shown in Table VII. The mean ratio of actual to calculated time for each generation is 4 given here to aid in determining the effects of factors other than temperature and : humidity. : E ‘ az a5 : ee 3s : ; g 5 cs] SI gas pe os > Ss # ® = 5 ao Se ] ape eae rie 3 lic Aas Be ; a, oe ae g QUE gss 3S 3 22 2&8 fa 3 3 ae 22e a8 { a 38 gu = gee 5H. 2 o A | A 16) | Rreo Z | Qa a = 16) < | 4 | 3 159.9 13.3 12.0 12 6 175.1 11.7 13.7 15 10 159.9 13.3 12.0 12 1 27 175.1 iy) 13.7 15 2 185.7 12.4 12.9 15 12 173.9 12.4 12.9 14 Mean for 60 LES EC NS Ry Wich ees 18.1 14.1 15 | 5/8 166.5 12.8 12.5 13 2 | 5/8 182.0 13.0 12.3 14 2 | 5/8 193.4 12.9 12.4 15 13 | 5/9 160.9 13.4 11.9 12 3 | 5/9 176.5 13.6 11.8 13 6 | 5/10—5/21 155.3 14.1 11.3 11 1 | 5/10—5/22 170.8 14.2 11.3 12 5 | 5/11—5/22 160.3 14.6 11.0 11 5 | 5/21—6/2 153.0 12.9 12.6 12 Meare ror (G0) |, |. .\<.cho5 steer LERRM “Ve cetesn cincee 12.0 122. 87 | 5/21—6/3 168.6 13.0 12.3 13 MMIGAnETOr VGON| << smicteie’s AGRG, Wi Nescteweseres 12.8 13.0 1 | 5/21—6/5 189.1 13.5 ali] 14 25 | 5/22—6/3 153.1 12.7 12.6 12 19 | 5/22—6/4 173.6 13.4 12.0 13 Mean For GO|) o:. srisieiss G8 Tame BV tem cantare 12.3 12.6 Fig. 3. Length of the pupal stage of first-generation codling moths in 1915, 1916, and 1917 at Olney, expressed in per cent of standard average time for the stage (scales at the left). The data are plotted for groups of 30 individuals on dates midway between the first pupation and the last emergence of each group. The cross at the left indicates the date of pupation of the first indi- vidual of the first group in each year, and the cross at the right indicates the date of emergence of the last individual of the last group. The mean temper- ature for each day for the whole period covered in each year is plotted accord- ing to the Fahrenheit scales at the right, for comparison with pupation graphs. The inches of rainfall and number of rainy days for each month from the pre- ceding September to and including April are plotted below, with names of months at the bottom of the figure. 346 TABLE X. Showing actual and calculated time for incubation of eggs of all gen- erations of moths recorded by Glenn at Olney, 1915-1917, on a basis of 160 as the normal substitution-quotient. Time for Incubation. Ratio of Actual to Cal-| Substitution- Dates. culated time. quotient. Calculated. Actual. % First Generation 1915 5/5 —5/21 13.1 14.1 107.6 171.9 5/8 —6/2 12.0 12.4 103.3 164.8 5/21—6/3 12.3 13.0 105.7 168.6 5 /21—6/4 12.3 12.6 102.4 163.7 5/23—6/5 11.8 12.3 104.2 167.8 5/23—6/6 10.9 11.9 109.2 212.2 5/27—6/10 9.6 9.0 93.7 152.6 6/1 —6/11 9.2 9.3 101.1 161.1 6/3 —6/11 8.9 8.4 94.4 150.2 6/3 —6/12 8.6 9.0 104.6 167.8 6/3 —6/12 8.5 9.1 107.0 168.6 6/4 —6/13 8.4 8.3 98.8 158.3 6/5 —6/14 8.4 8.2 97.7 157.0 6/5 —6/20 8.0 8.5 106.2 170.7 6/14—6/23 iar d ro 100.0 159.2 6/16—6/27 Yise 8.0 101.2 163.3 Mean 102.8 Second Generation 1915 /2 —T/1 9.1 9.0 98.9 ; 157.7 7/7 —7/15 7.0 6.7 95.7 153.0 7/9 —T/24 6.2 6.5 104.9 170.5 7/17—7/29 6.9 | 1.3 105.8 165.8 7/24—7/30 6.4 6.0 93.8 149.1 7/24—7/31 6.0 | 6.0 100.0 159.8 7/28—8/3 5.6 | 5.4 96.5 154.1 7/28—8/6 6.4 6.6 103.1 166.1 7/30—8/8 7.3 Web 97.3 157.2 7/31—8/21 7.8 7.8 100.0 160.4 8/13—9/2 11.1 10.0 90.1 143.0 8/22—9/4* 11.6 11.2 87.9 152.9 *48 eggs Mean 97.8 Third Generation 1915 8/22—9/10 : 11.5 10.6 92.2 148.7 9/13—9/19* 5.6 6.0 See ace *20 eggs Mean 92.2 The results are averaged for groups of 60 eggs unless otherwise indicated. The mean ratio of actual to calculated time for each generation is given here to aid in determining the effects of factors other than temperature and humidity. \ 347 TABLE X—Concluded. Time for Incubation. Ratio of Actual to Cal-| Substitution Dates. l culated time. quotient. Calculated. Actual. % First Generation 1916 5/14—5/26 Ou, 9.2 94.9 151.6 5/19—5/27 7.8 | 8.0 102.6 165.2 5/20—5/27 7.4 Kel 96.0 154.0 5/20—5/28 tak 6.5 91.5 147.0 5/21—5/28 Yea 6.9 97.2 154.6 5/22—5/29 Y (ee 7.0 98.6 156.6 5/22—5/30 7.1 7.0 98.6 156.6 5/23—5/30 1.2 7.1 98.6 157.5 5 /23—5/31 7.4 7.2 97.3 155.3 5/24—6/2 ere 7.6 98.7 157.5 5/25—6/7 9.8 9.3 94.9 160.4 5/30—6/12 9.9 10.5 106.1 170.6 6/7 —6/20 9.9 | 9.5 96.0 153.1 6/12—6/26 9.4 on7 103.1 166.3 Mean 98.2 Second Seteration 1916 —7/20 5.6 5.5 98.2 155.5 7/15—7/21 5.5 5.5 100.0 158.7 7/15—7/24 5.9 5.9 100.0 160.1 7/18—7/24 6.0 6.0 100.0 158.2 7T/18—T7/25 6.2 6.0 96.8 156.0 7/19—7/27 6.0 | 6.3 105.0 166.9 7/20—7/29 Bat: | 6.2 108.7 172.4 7/24—7/30 5.5 5.7 103.6 165.3 7/25—8/3 5.4 5.3 98.1 155.8 7/28—8/4 5.5 Bi 103.6 164.5 7/29—8/17 6.1 5.9 96.7 151.4 8/10—8/18 6.6 7.0 106.0 168.4 8/11—8/18 6.7 7.0 104.5 167.9 8/11—8/21 6.6 6.7 101.5 163.6 Mean 101.6 Third Generation 1916 8/17—8 /24 6.2 6.3 101.6 164.2 8/26—9/4 $.3 9.0 96.8 156.2 8/26—9/12 7.5 sss 100.0 159.0 9/5 —9/14* 7.6 | 7.2 94.8 150.2 *39 eggs . Mean 98.4 First Generation 1917 5/20—6/5 12.6 | 10.8 93.7 | 149.5 5/26—6/7 10.8 | 10.8 100.0 161.2 5/26—6/8 9.5 9.4 98.9 158.5 5/30—6/12 8.8 8.4 95.5 151.3 6/4 —6/16 9.4 | 8.7 92.6 148.7 6/7 —6/19 10.4 | 10.1 97.1 154.9 6/8 —6/21 10.7 929 92.5 149.2 Mean 95.7 348 TaBLeE XI. Comparison of actual and calculated time for larvae in apples and im cocoons, in groups of ten individuals, for all generations of 1915-1917 as recorded by Glenn. Time in apple. Time in cocoon. Entire Larval Period. re Fe SS ees hae eee Sai : J ; °s a & ui ez | 8 vi g ® ial 2 a : od ad * 3s 3 : o | 3 ape alk er & 3 ° AGs cd ° x ° Poe) a ° bod Le] ae L =] > 3 Le] > SEz O 3 1 | ados i (38 2 S i Pee be ee = I < 26 a 4 < me ete eel areas Med aoais. | Sta ie 2.) |g ars 3 3) a a 3) 3 23 od 3) a ° io) A G 16) < ise) ° 16) 4 ioe) | Ist Gen. 1915 6/ 3— 27.9 28.7 | 102.8 4.1 4.8 | 117.1 | 7/12 32.01 33.4 | 104.3 6/ 4— 27.8 29.1 | 104.6 5.4 4.6 85.2 | 7/18 32.1 32.8 | 102.2 6 /11— 28.4 27.6 97.2 4.1 4.1 | 100.0 | 7/20 32.0 31.0 96.9 6 /11— 28.1 29.2 | 103.9 3.9 4.5 | 115.4 | 7/22 31.6 33.3 | 105.4 Means Pi SPRIEG We Cones ncaue | Wa Lb et ba] Wa a eS A ge Sy Ae | eee ae 102.2 | | 2nd Gen, 1915 7/11— 24.6 25.0 | 101.6 4.6 4.4 95.7 | 8/17 | 28.8 29.4 | 102.1 ist Gen. 1916 5 /27— 30.4 33.0 | 108.5 3.7 2.8 75.67| 7/4 34.4 35.8 | 104.1 5 /27— 30.2 32.0 | 105.9 3.8 3.3 | 100.0 | 7/8 33.9 35.5 | 104.7 5/ 3— 29.2 33.7 | 111.5 3.8 3.6 94.7 | 7/11 33.3 35.4 | 106.3 bag 28.1 384.7 | 128.5 3.3 3.3 | 100.0 | 7/17 32.7 38.5 | 117.7 (6 individ- uals) 25.3 22.9 90.5 3.0 3.7 | 123.3 | 7/19 28.8 26.8 93.1 Mears th) teary | eeegeenats BOB OP | Actesey salted ave DBT ioe dieca: ail apc taee otaie ee 105.2 | | | 2nd Gen. 1916 | | | | | | 7 /12— 23.4 22.2 94.9 4.1 3.7 90.2 | 8/18 27.7 25.9 93.5 7/20— 24.0 21.9 91.3 3.8 3.7 97.4 | 8/18 28.0 25.7 91.8 7/20— 23.9 23.0 96.2 4.3 4.4 | 102.3 | 8/18 28.4 27.4 96.5 7/21— 24.1 20.7 85.9 4.4 4.2 95.5 | 8/19 28.0 24.4 87.1 7 /23— 24.1 21.3 88.4 3.4 3.8 | 111.8 | 8/20 27.8 25.1 90.3 7 /25— 24.1 21.3 88.4 3.7, 4.1 | 110.8 | 8/26 27.8 27.2 97.8 Des 23.8 21.9 92.0 3.8 4.3 | 113.2 | 8/27 28.4 26.2 92.3 7 /28— (5 individ- uals) 23.5 22.0 93.6 4.4 4.7 | 106.8 | 9/3 27.3 25.9 94.9 Micainsiaiye letra ss) einen PLES AY boner eereie hoe OSSD |lets aie et]im etepebe yates tale 93.0 Ist Gen. 1917 | . 6 — 28.7 25.8 89.9 4.2 Aer se UU 9) e/a 32.9 30.5 92.7 6/ 9— 28.7 25.5 88.9 4.0 4.5 | 112.5 | 7/12 32.7 30.0 91.7 6/ 9— 28.5 24.9 87.4 4.8 4.0 83.3 | 7/12 32.3 28.1 86.9 6 /12— 27.9 27.3 97.8 4.4 3.6 81.8 | 7/20 32.2 30.7 95.3 6 /16— 26.7 21.6 80.9 2.6 3.2 | 123.1 | 7/16 30.8 24.8 80.5 6 /16— 26.4 23.5 89.0 5.2 4.5 86.5 | 7/19 30.4 27.6 90.8 6 /16— 26.4 26.3 CB ee erete Besta deiese ints T/ LO i ierataredetate Bt Ba Vereen Means ae eae eg Osa een ted Aae ites QOUB foie cece al alin nats keep see 89.7 | i Means of at Aiiaoran leestaetoess OB son [ties caee ree LO OF As: | mer etal rereeerenctes | aes | 98.4 | On a basis of 750 as the normal substitution-quotient for fhe whole larval life (650 for the time in the apple and 100 for that in the cocoon). The mean ratio of actual to calculated time for each generation is given here to aid in the determina- tion of the effects of factors other than temperature and humidity. For detailed explanations of the methods of calculation, see Tables V and VII and pp. 401-405. vw ee Se eh, 349 after sunset was necessary for oviposition and that the maximum number of eggs laid was on the second, third, and fourth days after emergence. In prediction work, therefore, at least two days should be allowed for the time from emergence to egg laying, as very few eggs are laid the first day. c. Incubation of Eggs. The hourly velocity values for pupal development (Table 1) may be used also for incubation, but the normal developmental total is 3864 in- stead of 6480. Standard time for incubation, calculated on a basis of 3840 developmental units (from Glenn’s 1916 data), is shown in Table X, together with the actual time for groups of 60 eggs for all the Olney data. The method by which the theoretical time for each of these groups was calculated is shown in Table IX. The ratio of actual to theoretical time averaged 98.4 per cent for all eggs recorded; it would be 100 per cent if 3864 developmental units had been used as the normal total. Deviations from standard time for all generations of all years for which data were at hand, are shown in Fig. 28, p. 421. d. Larvae in Apples. Hourly velocity values for development of larvae in apples are shown for various temperatures in Table V, p. 323. It is noteworthy that lower temperatures are more effective on larvae in apples than on pupae or eggs. The normal total for the period in the apple is 15,600 develop- mental units, but an empirical number, 18,000, may be used to cover the entire development of the larvae (except when hibernating) from the time it enters the apple until it pupates, the normal total for the period in the cocoon thus being taken to be 2,400 developmental units. The calculated and actual time for these two parts of the larval period is shown, for means of groups of 10 individuals, covering all of the Olney data (1915-1917), in Table XI and in Fig. 28. The larval period is much more variable than the other stages. The ratio of actual to calculated time for larvae in apples, when averaged by generations for those three years, ranged from 90.5 to 108.0 per cent, with a mean of 98.7 per cent. The second generation of 1916 and the first generation of 1917 fell below the standard time, while all generations of 1915 and the first generation . of 1916 were above the standard. On the other hand, the ratio of actual to calculated time in the cocoon, ranging from 95.7 to 104.4 per cent (generation means), was lowest when the ratio for larvae in apples was 101.6 per cent, in the second generation of 1915, and next lowest when the ratio for larvae in apples was 108.0 per cent, in the first generation of 1916. That is, when the time in the apple was comparatively long, the time in the cocoon was comparatively short. This is in accord with the supposition that enzymes are concerned. In all these calculations, it was assumed that the velocity values derived from the larva in the apple would hold good for the pre-pupal stage in the cocoon at the same temperatures and humidities. The devia- tion from calculated time may be taken as evidence that these values need to be modified; it is likely, however, that individual variation would still 350 cause considerable deviation even if new velocity values were established for this part of the larval life. e. Pupation after hibernation. It is possible to make only a rough, unreliable estimate of the time at which larvae will begin to pupate after hibernation. This has been based upon January 1 as an average date for the beginning of preparation for pupation. The actual time of beginning has varied six weeks on either side of this date in experimental stocks which were under identical condi- tions except for varying amounts of moisture. This leaves an unsound basis for a beginning, until the subject of hibernation has been thoroughly investigated. It was hoped that the determination of the enzyme content of larvae from time to time might indicate their condition relative to pupa- tion, and the only enzyme, catalase, which has been investigated (see below, p. 443), gave promise of results of value, but a definite correlation has not yet been established. The work of Townsend (’26) has shown that the amount of rainfall and the frequency of rains are of very great importance. The whole subject deserves a thorough investigation. Re- liable estimates of progress toward pupation in the spring of an unusual year, when estimates are most needed, are not possible now. f. Pupae from Hibernated Larvae. The time of the first pupations will, for the present, have to be ascer- tained from individual larvae under observation. The pupations are strung out over a long period in spring. There are usually two maxima, as shown in Glenn’s charts 1, 2, and 3 and in Fig. 25 of this paper. In Glenn’s three cases the first maximum came eight to ten days after the first pupation, and the second maximum came ten to twenty days later. These maxima also occur under uniform temperature and after uniform treatment (Fig. 25), but a correlation with weather is also shown by Glenn’s data. Tue Errects or ConpDITIONS OTHER THAN TEMPERATURE AND Humipity. It is evidently possible to calculate time of appearance of stages and to estimate progress to any date with a fair degree of accuracy from tem- perature and humidity alone (Tables VII-XI). The calculation of standard time for stages with respect to these two factors has another important value, namely, the estimation of the effects of other factors (amount and distribution of rainfall, seasonal march of mean daily tem- peratures, solar radiation, etc.). Unfortunately, the responses of different stages to these other factors are different, just as in the case with tempera- ture and humidity. This renders it imperative that the different stages be calculated separately. a. Rainfall. Autumn and winter rainfall has important effects upon the rate of development of hibernated larvae and of pupae derived from them: when rainfall is heavy, the larvae are more abundant, more of them pupate, 3d1 and the pupal stages are shorter than when following an autumn and winter with less precipitation. Compare graphs for 1915, 1916, and 1917 in Fig. 3 showing this relation. In all cases, the pupal lite is long in all the later formed pupae. A comparison with Glenn’s charts 1, 2, and 3 shows that the great mass of pupae had emerged previous to those whose mid-date of pupal life came on May 15. It will be seen that the pupal life of the large groups was longer than normal in 1915, following a dry autumn and winter, and shorter than normal in 1916, following a we: winter; 1917 is intermediate in length of pupal life and in amount of autumn rainfall. The difference in length of the pupal stage is quite marked, even in the case of Glenn’s pupae which were not exposed to rain. The most marked case was that of the 1917-18 larvae which hibernated in very dry conditions in the laboratory and were put out of doors in the spring; the actual time was 119 per cent of the standard time. This is higher than any other recorded. b. Combinations of Rainfall and Seasonal March of Temperature. The annual march of temperature and rainfall by months for a year in which the codling moth fourishes in southern Illinois are shown in Fig. 4, graph A, beginning with September of the preceding year; the autumn is rainy, and the spring only moderately so. In graph B, which is for a year when the codling moth is scarce in southern Illinois, the autumn is very dry, and the spring very wet. The summer of graph B is cooler than that of graph A; otherwise there is little difference in mean temperature. Graphs A and B in Fig. 5 show, respectively, the general limits of temperature and rainfall for the months of years when codling moths are scarce and abundant; that is, the mean monthly temperature and rainfall for such years fall within the areas marked. Data for the year 1914, when codling moths were more abundant and spraying seemed less effective than in many years, constituted the chief basis for the estab- lishment of the limits shown in graph A of Fig. 5. Answers to a ques- tionnaire sent out by Mr. W. P. Flint to a number of orchardists showed moths abundant near Mount Vernon and Charleston in 1920, and the data for most of the months fit the diagram very well. ( See Fig. 30 p. 424.) Data for 1923, a “scarce” year, were taken as a model for most of the months shown in graph B of Fig. 5, but by being extended they have been made to include two-thirds of six years in localities where moths were declared scarce by orchardists. The crosses in Fig. 4 are the centers of the areas outlined in Fig. 5. (See Fig. 25 and explanation. ) Graph A of Fig. 6 is a diagram of similar data for 1921-1922 at Olney, a year which A. J. Wharf marked “scarce early” and “abundant late’’; it shows a fairly favorable autumn, an unfavorable spring, and a favor- able summer. The great influence of rainfall is here illustrated by the fact that the temperature for some months of this year (and for some of the months shown in Fig. 30) was as low as, or lower than, for the corresponding months in the years in which the moths were scarce. 90% “ET F i 80 80 a alaska ee eS asia Bae Eg Mel ll a ea cae acl et PAG ae eee ee ARNE ee ee ie ahCRBEEBBEE: a Serre eon AVN Fi cul lie aloe te er annnnn tC) / Fig. 4. Ball-Taylor diagrams of temperature and rainfall. A is for a typi- ESSE HOH tO. 1SVe6 5) 6h aires cal year when codling moths are abundant in Southern Illinois; B is for a typical year when they are scarce. The numbers 1—12 on each diagram in- dicate the months January—December, and the cross beside each number in- dicates the amount of rainfall and mean temperature for the month. (5: — 1st half of May. 5: = 2d half of May.) Note that in the abundant year the rain- fall is comparatively heavy (4—5 inches) in September, October and November and comparatively light (1—3 inches) in the spring and summer; while in the scarce year it is light (1—2 inches) in the autumn and winter and heavy (4—6 inches) in the spring and summer. Note also the higher temperatures in May (52), June (6), and July (7) in the abundant year. 7 ries ae Tens 105 353 (Se ir See] iO COMPO hatin missy as) Woh Gr She Ble 9 Fig. 5. Limits within which the mean monthly rainfall and temperature f fell when plotted for years when the codling moth was scarce and abundant, respectively, in southern Illinois. The areas enclosed by graphs numbered 1—12 include the data for the months January—December over a period of ten i years (1914-1924). The centers of these areas are represented by crosses num- bered similarly in Fig. 4 (Cf. Figs. 30 and 31). 354 Figure 7 shows temperature-rainfall graphs (A, B, and C) made up from Weather Bureau records for the years 1914-1917 at Olney. The year 1914-1915, which Mr. Flint rated “moderate” in moths, was most unfavorable in the autumn and, generally, the least favorable of the three years: there was no rain in later winter to compensate for the dry autumn; the spring was too dry except May; and the summer was too wet. In 1915-16, a year for which Mr. Flint rated moths “moderately abundant,” the early autumn was still drier, but later rains compensated. 0.2 a OT 1B 8. 10g 2 8 a eee MBBS SC aie TT gsRine V PY eet 40 to Do 10 OT ar ar) Cling) aa EOS TRO, Fig. 6. (A) Rainfall-temperature diagram for a year in which moths were reported “scarce early” and “abundant late,” indicating a fairly favorable fall and winter, an unfavorable spring, and a favorable summer. The typical graph for an “abundant” year (Fig. 4) is also shown here for comparison. (B) Mean monthly temperatures for the year Sept. 1, 1916, to Aug. 30, 1917, at Urbana and Carbondale where the “late” larvae were scarce. (They were more numerous at Springfield and Carlinville where July was warmer and drier. This correlation, however, is not clear enough to justify a definite con- clusion.) 355 May was nearly normal in total precipitation for an abundant year, but the summer distribution of rain was unfavorable to moths. The autumn and winter were too dry in 1916-17, in which Mr. Flint rated the moths “moderate.” Of these three years, graph C conforms most nearly to that of a scarce year. c. Number of late larvae. The damage to the apple crop of 1914 was, to a considerable extent, due to a large number of late larvae. As nearly as can be judged, such abundance of late larvae is one of the characteristics of the autumn of an “abundant” year. The conditions favoring the development of a third generation are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. The season 1916-17 (Sep- tember 1-August 31) was especially significant in this respect, as there Fig. 7. Ball-Taylor diagrams, or hythergraphs, for three years at Olney. were few or no late larvae at Urbana and Carbondale, while at Springfield and Carlinville there was a small late or third generation of larvae. The rainfall-temperature diagrams (Fig. 6B) for the two localities without late larvae show dry autumn and wet spring characteristic of “scarce” years. The difference from the “abundant” years is striking. The absence of late larvae in this one year was associated with a rainy July at Carbon- dale and with low temperatures at Urbana. 356 MopiricaTion oF NorRMAL DEVELOPMENTAL TOTALS. Corrections of developmental totals must be made relative to rainfall, variability of temperature, and individual variation. Rainfall corrections are given in Tables III and IV. Rising and falling mean daily tempera- ture and humidity affect the development of pupae and eggs. When the mean daily temperature rises from day to day, the length of the pupal stage is increased to as much as 10 per cent higher than average; that is, the developmental total may be 110 per cent of the normal number of developmental units. When temperature begins to fall from day to day in the middle of August, the developmental total decreases steadily until in the third generation. The decline is about 2 per cent per week, begin- ning with the first week of falling temperatures in August. The third generation normally requires only 5,952 developmental units for the pupal period and 3,360 developmental units for the incubation period. Pupal and incubation time for the central portion of the second genera- tion in 1915 and 1916 was about standard. For such conditions, Table VI shows corrections to be made. All estimation is on the basis of average data. Individual variation, however, makes the developmental total for some of the first-generation larvae in the apple 16 per cent less than normal. Corrections of this kind may be made for other stages by subtracting 8 per cent from the normal, when the date of first appearance is desired. When maximum emergence is to be predicted, the correction for individual variation is, of course, unnecessary. CorrEcTION oF Low TEMPERATURES APPLICABLE TO GLENN’S METHOD. It would involve considerable calculation to bring Glenn’s corrections of high temperatures into accord with the findings by our methods. His correc- tions, however, proved very valuable and his original data indispensable. His normal pupal total of 265 “degree-days” above 50° F. as the “starting point”, or 241 ‘“degree-days” above 52° F., is useful for the medial range of temper- atures. The “maximum rate” for pupae and eggs should probably be set at 89° instead of 87° F. At the lower temperatures, between 44° and 60° F., cor- rections may be applied to his calculations as follows: (60 — x) To each two-hour reading, add 0.7 % 2 (60 — 46) Thus, if the reading is 46° F., add 0.7, ——————,, or 4.9°, making a corrected 2 ; temperature of 50.9° F. to be used in getting an effective sum. Such a sum should correspond fairly closely to the substitution-quotient, or one-twenty- fourth of the normal developmental total. a ary ee es PART THREE. METHODS OF EXPERIMENTATION AND CALCULATION. 1. THEORY OF THRESHOLDS AND RATES OF DEVELOPMENT. Calendars of periodic events have been used in connection with agri- cultural practice for thousands of years. Becquerel (1853) published a Chinese calendar of 700 B. C. which does not differ in its essential features from various published spray calendars. For several centuries attempts have been made to predict development by summing temperatures. According to Becquerel, Reaumur (1735) was one of the early investiga- tors who contended that the mean daily temperature multiplied by the number of days should be used. De Candolle made important contribu- tions and is most often quoted, but one of the outstanding investigations in the last century is that of Von Oettingen (1879) on the Dorpat woody plants, who used the term, “threshold” (perhaps first) for the tempera- ture at which development begins and made his sums from that. De Can- dolle also recognized the threshold but made his sums above zero Centigrade. Thresholds. This summing of temperatures has been done on the assumption that the time-temperature relation is accurately represented by an equilateral hyperbola and that the hyperbolic zero marks the actual threshold development.* This assumption is false. The velocity of development does not always bear a fixed ratio to the temperature. Only a portion of the velocity curve, that for medial temperatures, is a straight line. Valuable as this straight-line portion is—it is the only proper basis for beginning any accurate calculation of the effects of temperature and other factors influencing the rate of development of organisms—it alone does not tell the whole story. The complete velocity curve shows a “lag phase” at lower temperatures and falls off at higher temperatures. The hyperbolic zero (alpha value) does not mark the actual threshold of development; in fact, the threshold is not a fixed point but varies, for different individuals of the same species and for different species. It is, therefore, no simple matter to derive a velocity value for any given tem- perature. The problem involves the establishment of an absolute unit of development in which to express the effects of all weather phenomena, and the determination of a normal total of developmental units required for the completion of each stage in the life-history of the organism. Ideally, the developmental unit, defined with reference to the straight-line limits of the velocity curve under conditions normal to the habitat of the species * The product of the ordinates and abscissas establishing any point on an equi- lateral hyperbola is a constant; and the reciprocals of the ordinates, when multiplied by the constant and plotted on their abscissas, give a straight line which crosses the temperature axis at a point called the hyperbolic zero (represented by the Greek let- ter alpha) and which exactly bisects the angle between the two axes. 357 358 in the region of its greatest abundance, is the difference in the hourly velocity of development (based on the time to complete the stage) at two mean temperatures differing by one degree Centigrade,* these two being averages of temperatures varying at an average rate of approximately one degree per hour in the medial range, e. g., between 20° and 30° C. Prac- tically, the medial range of the conditions in the region where the inves- tigator finds the species thriving is used as standard, and the developmental unit is approximately established by the use of data from experiments which simulate these conditions as nearly as possible. Furthermore, there is a great amount of individual variation, even in the most carefully selected stocks, which necessitates the use of large lots in order to arrive at dependable averages. The variation of the alpha value renders the calculations very laborious. The problem is still further complicated by the fact that the developmental total is not a constant, but varies for different individuals of the same generation and for different generations of the same year. (See definitions of terms, pp. 330-333.) _ Von Oettingen, in his attempts to find the threshold of development, assumed a series of alpha values, calculated time-temperature products for each one, and selected that one which gave the most nearly constant products for different mean temperatures. He also calculated the prob- able error in his method. Reibisch (’02) calculated the alpha value by the formula (x —a )y =k, where x is the temperature and y is the time. Krogh (’14), in his work with Johansen on fish eggs, discovered that the threshold so calculated is not the real one, and he undertook in 1914, by studying the time required for embryonic stages of frog development, to determine the relation of the actual threshold to the alpha value obtained by Reibisch. He found that the graph representing the velocity of development is flattened out at the lower end and falls off at the upper end, whereas it had always been assumed to be straight. He worked over the published data of Loeb and Wastenys, performed experiments on sev- eral additional animals, and thus compiled a table showing the straight- line limits of two species of echinoderms, six species of fishes, one frog, one aquatic insect, and one land insect. This discovery was the culmina- tion of a long series of papers on fish eggs by Apstein (711), Dannevig (794), Earll (78), Reibisch (702), Williamson (710), and Johansen and Krogh (714). Up to the present time all of this work on fishes appears to have been ignored by entomologists, as also the work of phenologists, by investigators of both insects and fishes. Velocity curves. As was pointed out in PART TWO, pp. 334-338, temperatures above alpha may be summed for that part of the velocity curve which is a straight line, but not outside the straight-line limits. Tem- peratures would probably never have been summed except for the coinci- dence that, for a part of the temperature range, “effective temperatures” and amounts of development are numerically equivalent. Whenever the results were satisfactory, it was, in fact, amounts of development and not * The Fahrenheit scale is used in this paper. 359 degrees of temperatures that were being summed. A day at 60° F., as shown in curve A of Fig. 8 would give 10 “degree-days” reckoning from 50° (which was assumed as the starting point of development in this hypothetical case). As the curve A is drawn, the same number of develop- mental units have accumulated. But the century-old assumption that the velocity curve is always a straight line, is erroneous. o 10 200 «50 40 50 EFFECTIVE O 10 20 30 40 50 -10 o 10 20 «30 40 So 50 60 70 80 90 100 DE&6-F SO 60 70 80 90 100-40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DE6-F Effective Temp —Oeg F Fig. 8. Curves of velocity of the development. (A) Curve ordinarily as- sumed by those who sum temperatures. (B) Curve assumed by Glenn ('23) relative to the codling moth. (C) Type of curve found by many experimental investigators. Glenn (’22) used curve B of Fig. 8 in correcting his sum of tempera- tures. He first corrected temperatures in the usual way by giving all temperatures below his alpha the value of zero. He found it necessary to assume (see pp. 222 and 233 of his article) that the rate of development increased regularly up to an optimum temperature and then decreased at the same rate. For example, if the maximum rate was at 90°, he con- sidered 100° equivalent to 80° as shown in curve B of Fig. 8. He made no comparable corrections, however, for the lag phase at the lower tem- peratures (see curve C). His work was the first step in the application of correct methods to the summing of temperatures in applied entomology, and his success in the use of temperature data was due to his corrections. He deducted twice the excess above the maximum; and his data were of such a character that such a correction was the best that could then be made. For the pupa he used 87° F. as the maximum. It will be seen, however, that, with the lower temperatures uncorrected for curvature, and the curve turning down sharply at the upper end (compare curves B and C), errors may be large under certain temperature conditions. Where sums of temperatures are used, even if such corrections as Glenn’s are applied, the effects of variations of humidity, rainfall, light, and other conditions have ordinarily not been taken into account. The investigation described herein shows that they should be considered. Evidences of the nature of the velocity curve. Since summing of temperature would be practicable if the velocity curve were a straight line, it is important to bring in more evidence that it is not. Proof that the curve deviates at either the upper or the lower end is to be found in 360 nearly all the data of Peairs (714) and Sanderson and Peairs (’13) relat- ing to eggs of Samia cercropia Linn., Malacosoma americana Fabr., Car- pocapsa (Cydia) pomonella Linn., and Margaropas annulatus Say; and in the full life history of the grain louse and its parasite, as given by Headlee (14). The development of the Indian corn plant shows a similar curvature, but drops to zero again at high temperatures. (See Le- henbauer, ’14, pp. 279-80.) Some work has been done on the germination of fungus spores (Weimer and Harter, ’23; Jones, ’23), in which similar relations have been found. The authors of the papers did not plot reciprocals or make extended interpretations. These plant curves are similar to the curves for animal activity. Verworn (’99) showed an irritability curve conforming in its main features to curve C in Fig. 8. The physiologists have studied velocities of development according to a special principle. By chance, the rule published by Van’t Hoff to the effect that an increase of 10° C. approximately doubles the rate of chemi- cal reaction, was found by physiologists to apply roughly to the rate of development of organisms (1. ¢., Q;) is about 2). It was assumed to be a constant within the optimum temperature range. They immediately seized upon this as evidence with which to combat vitalism and anti- evolution and show that life is a physico-chemical process, and the Q,, has been and still is the chief method of expressing the temperature relations of many physiological processes. Until Krogh’s 1914 paper there was no important attempt at analysis by other methods. The only matter in point here is that the lower end of the velocity curve is of such a nature as to fit (for a short distance) a Q,, curve with Q,, as a constant. Its application by physiologists may be taken as evidence for the curvature of the lower end of the velocity curve. On further analysis, however, it is evident that, as Krogh has pointed out, the Q,, is not a constant but, as he shows in the case of the frog’s egg, ranges from 53.0 at the lowest temperature to a little more than unity at the highest. This makes it useless for most purposes. : There is, in addition, a large amount of work on toxicity of salts and other drugs to fishes and crustaceans (Warren, ’00; Pittenger and Vanderkleed, ’15; Powers, ’17) in which the concentration-time-to-dea‘h curve is very similar to our time-temperature curve. The reciprocal, cr the curve for the velocity of the toxicity, is similar to our temperature- velocity curve except in its upper limits. Powers, in particular, has made contributions of much importance to the mathematical relations of such curves. He developed a theory of metabolism suited to his facts. Altogether, the evidence for the deviation of the developmental velocity from a straight line at low and at high temperatures is strong, and there is no reason why procedure should not be based upon the facts. Glenn (’22) recognized the nature of the upper end of the curve and reduced the high temperatures accordingly. He did not, however, take into account the deviations from a straight line at the lower temperatures. The result is that he figured his sum too small for the pupae; but the eS ——— 361 corrections which he did make were largely responsible for the superi- ority of his work over that of many others. Evidences of a constant total in metabolism. The usual index of the rate of growth and metabolism is the amount of carbon dioxide pro- duced. In the case of insects, the amount produced during definite stages in the life history is probably a constant for an insect of a given weight and species. This has been demonstrated for the pupal stage of the meal worm (Krogh *14). Although the amount given off is a ‘constant total, the rate, however, is not the same throughout the pupal life. It is fairly high at the beginning of the pupal period, falls for the middle pupal ‘period, and rises to a very high rate toward its end. It is obvious, then, that the amount of carbon. dioxide given off for a given period is not an index of the amount of progress toward comp!etion of the pupal period unless the amount of progress is ascertained by some other method. It is, therefore, necessary to use units based upon the total amount given off during the time necessary for the completion of the stage. The constant holds good under various tempera‘ures. In the case of the meal worm pupa, one degree centigrade within the medial range for one day corresponds to 10/1015 of the total carbon dioxide, or 581.2 cc. (At one temperature above the medial range the “‘degree-day” pro- duced less than this amount.) There is then an actual basis in the meta- bolism of growth and activity for the temperature-velocity units. Further evidence as to a basis in activity is found in a recalculation of Crozier’s work on the rates at which a centipede crawls at different temperatures, as shown in Fig. 2, which has already been discussed in PART TWO (pp. 334-337). The form of the curve is the same as that for rate of development. The constants for different organisms and for different stages of the same organism are different. Though a given velocity value, Le., a given number of developmental units per hour, may be shifted a little way up or down the temperature scale in different cases, the effect of one degree remains of the same quantitative value for all organisms within the medial temperatures of each. The constants vary according to the amount of work to be done. Evidence from the standpoint of basal metabolism is found in the fact brought out by Krogh (’14b) that the standard metabolism in rela- tion to temperature is the same per unit of weight (respiratory exchange basis) for a dog as for a fish. The curve for the meal-worm pupa was of the same type and the readings of the same order of magnitude; the only difference was that the entire curve was shifted up the temperature scale.* In this comparison of animals from such radically different groups, * The readings were taken when the CO, output was at a minimum and when respiratory movements and heart beat were also probably at a minimum. This value is more nearly true basal metabolism than the other values. It must be borne in mind that the standard metabolism curve is based upon comparison of metabolism at different temperatures while the pupae were at a particular stage, and that the curves for total growth and development under different temperatures do not agree with the standard metabolism curve at all. 362 the differences are of the same order of magnitude as the differences in velocity of development of different insects and of different stages of the same insect when the developmental totals are correctly determined. (It must be remembered that these developmental totals are constants only for the same stock and conditions aside from temperature. ) Other methods. Quite independently, botanical workers and clima- tologists have developed various other methods of estimating stages in life-histories. Koeppen (’86) developed a method of temperature classes. This was modified by Zon (14) and others, MacDougall (14) used the area between freezing and the actual temperature tracing as an indicator. Livingston (713), McLean (717), Hildebrant (717), and Clements (’24) grew standard plants as indicators, using the amount of growth as an index in each case. Animals, especially insects, doubtless could be better used as indicative of the favorability of season to economic pests. 2. PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION. It is the purpose of this paper to show: (a.) That various factors besides temperature have important effects on development. (b.) That experimental results may be made to have direct bearing on the interpretation of results under actual climatic conditions. (c.) That the threshold* of development is a variable point and that the approximations used by various workers in summing temperatures are of little or no physiological significance. (d.) That under actual climatic conditions there is no such thing as a “thermal constant” or “sum of temperatures” in the ordinary biological sense, and that temperature should not be summed without various cor- rections and adjustments for the effects of other factors. (e.) That interpretations of conditions may be based on equal- velocity charts for combinations of important factors. (4.) That conditions of hibernation are of great importance. (g.) That rainfall and many other factors are of importance at par- ticular periods of the life history. The difficulties of investigating the relation of organisms to climate are such that, with a few outstanding exceptions, investigators have tried almost everything in the way of short-cuts. Furthermore, the methods necessarily used in climate-simulation experiments on confined animals are complicated. In view of the necessarily long discussion of these methods, the usual order in scientific papers is here violated; the results and conclusion are presented first and are followed by a discussion of methods. In Illinois, hibernating larvae of the codling moth pupate in April and May, emerge in May and June, and deposit eggs within a few days; these hatch quickly, and the larvae enter the apples in May and June. These first- generation larvae pupate chiefly in July, giving rise to a second generation. There is usually also a small third generation, the larvae of which enter the apples in September. *The term “physiological zero’’ should not be used because metabolism is prob- ably not at a standstill while the animal is alive. -The term ‘‘threshold” has long been in use and gives better expression to the facts. V4 363 The proper beginning point, for a study of life histories in relation to en- vironment, is the adult, since it places the eggs under conditions to which the later stages are subject. In the work in hand, however, studies made of the adult were not sufficient to warrant such a procedure; therefore, to illustrate the methods used, the pupa will be taken up first. (A) GENERAL RESULTS ON PUPAE. The series of approximately constant temperature experiments was conducted with a total of 4,000 larvae belonging to the following genera- tions: summer 1917, spring 1918, spring and summer 1919 and 1920. Of these, about 2,000 pupated and 1,100 emerged. About 800 larvae from the 1917, 1918, and 1919 generations were started in variable tempera- ture experiments. Of these, 515 pupated and 370 emerged. About 1,200 larvae, chiefly of the 1921 spring generation, were used in experiments on hibernation and related processes. About 800 of these emerged. The rather high mortality brought the net results of handling 6,000 larvae down to about 50 per cent of our expectation. The 3,000 pupae, however, yielded an ample mass of data from which to draw fundamental conclusions. Tables XII and XIII show full data on the pupae reared under approximately constant temperatures, and Tables XVIII and XIX show the data from the variable-temperatures. The experimental methods and apparatus are described on pp. 426-435. The containers in which the pupae were held are described on p. 432 and illustrated in Fig. 34. Nearly all containers were ventilated, and records included air velocity, evaporation from the porous cup atmometer, humidity, and temperature, all of which are shown in some detail in appropriate col- umns. The designations given in the first column of each table refer to stocks, places, and conditions as explained below and in notes at the proper places.* Each figure for pupal life in days is the average for the number of individuals pupating. An idea of the variation may be had from the data (Table XIT) indicating the extreme range in days (the difference between the longest and the shortest time) ; also from the range for 80 per cent or more of the pupae. This 80 per cent group merely excludes the extreme, though their inclusion often does not modify the average greatly. The winter treatment is given, and the time intervals between *In addition to the letters used to designate the various experimental chambers, as explained in the description of methods (p. 434), the following letters were used with meanings as indicated: For Humidity D, dry; M, medium moist; W. moist; WW, very moist. For air movement and evaporation: H, high air velocity; I, intermnediate air velocity ; L, low air velocity. For light: D, dark; L, light; LL, lighter. For unit R (an ice-box): lL, lower shelf; LL, lower left shelf; M, middle shelf; T, top shelf, etc. O is out of doors; P, in the glass-roofed house; NC, indicates no container cov- ered the sticks in which the larvae and pupae were held. a, b, ¢, ete., indicate different experiments under the same or approximate con- ditions and from the same generation but started on different dates in order indicated by the alphabet. Fe NV indicates that no air was forced through the container, hence not ventilated. Le ee 364 Eee (‘einzeisdus} a[qeIieA 0} Ajsadord Zuo0jeq ‘poatreys “Swe OM} ISAT Tx) | | | | | ss | 6T | 61 Sn Se eee tO IGE GST ST 0g aa ee GhG G°8 69 ara ST 0g Boos =f pea Nap rene be mel tae ries = acie -| a-¢ 7 : a aa eas -| ag ier ae al cate a8 1 oe ca ae GL p o¢ Sl boat g'8 or) 0¢ st |9 g's GL $6 0S aaa pc! G°8 Gy TSl og eile 4" ite EI Eee cz | ot GL G9 Lit S6 A cm ap 3:5 a ae zz | 6 gg Gh 9°0T G6 91 | 61 &1 | $6 Da 82 12 | 0 Re Gat | Git 9°81 Lg | et | 1% IL | got | s'6 9 FL Lg 61 | #8 | $6 G6 8 pease Lg Buy precss IT epee GSR 9°01 06 ze lo |Sset eG atl uvout UGer 6 OIL 8 06 Z| 8t | St 6 PIL 8 06 6T | 0 ia SZ P'S Tt T8 fr lag tees nese baer TT ge ec | 6 a 4 4 6°8 ine 9¢ dl nisl Seen P TZ LT 0 09 ze | ¢ 13 &% 0 0 06 Z| OT r Lg 0 0 OF o fee ts eraen allay 0 06 | 0 eeeeee -. ws oe 0 0 os | | | | & 3 2 | 3 as Bee o4 32. =S ouUle > * >5 5 293 4 £3 Se| 2 |e oe ete 258 ys |Fs| 35 SSlo ls Jog ch xe? os oo ae mej & 3 =z + |2 Em) = pa ES sil hee 5 g 3 | © aes Pere bet |roel sale =: 2) 2) | 2/2862 /8./8.| 28)2./22) 2/2 |3 3 Se te 9 RS lSSl eS les| © |oales| — => Es S/ gee] s (Relea les| “e/8. (2 s| 3 [a2 ae &| 2 |S3) Ss /S8/54)/S8 (58) SE /28\o8/ 2) 2 ek | (A) RNV 0}. 100/51 |46 100} 100) 8 0 AS 5 ewe aN RNVR | 0}. 100/51 {46 100; 100) 8 0 100 6 0 0 RDA 0}. 36/54 [50 40 8 8 0 60; 10 4; 100 RM al; gss¢ [go | al 43| 8 1 i:9| tool sl ol 5 B 8 9! 100 RMA O}.. 65/54 |50 77 43) 8 25) 3 3 2) 100 RWA 7 85/54 150 90} 80) 8 -6] 36) 22) 14| 50 RW ler 85/54 |50 90{ 80} 8 .6| 100 0 0 0 RMidnv O}.. 97|/54 |50 100| 93) 8 0 100 3 0} 100 RtopA | 1 97/55 [53 100} 93) 8 0 29 7 5| 80 Rtop o|.. 97/55 |53 100} 93] 8 0 100 6 0 0 HDR O}.. 68/60 |58 13) a) oe 8.5) 70) 16 5) 100 HD al 68/60 |58 ta) | Bap ret at Cais ling! r i g Ea > b Ss S| o |e | § Sleeesiilie 35 | 8 pia ee =o ge| 2/5 ESlSElE 18.| esleclael 212/88 Sos mio )P els |eslsa les ap Bol Pe) ae) a ee g= BS aa 9 BS ae | fSle2 |) Sz) ob lag . |ps 5S | 4 |g] g /ae/Se/as/c2|os|2cl@8| 2] 2 [Me og 6 xs |/o28] 0 | ae/s a | a He J 3 | 3 ae 2° | (So) se (So |e> See F | 29) 8°) Pl eee | RLL 0 -|47.5] 99/50 |45 100} 98 8) 2.1] 100) 10 0 0 RLR O]....|49.3] 95/52 |48 98] 90 8) 1.2) 73) 2 4| 100 RMS 1/62 |51.9] 80/53 |50 0| 75 8} 2.1) 62 8 3/ 66 RD O}..../51.9) 45/53 |50 48) 28 8] 1.6 0} 11) 11) 100 RM 0 -/51.9) 721538 |50 82) 62 9] 2.1) 25; 12 9; 100 RW 1/68 |51.9| 85/53 |50 96] 80 9) 0.6} 21) 14) 11} 91 RRT O|..../53.6) 80/55 [52 90| 75 GLO}. Zi see 3] 100 HIW 1/46 [55.4] 92/56.3)53.9] 100} 80 10| 4.0) 77 9 2) 50 HIM 6\44.2/55.4) 81/56.3/53.9| 88) 60 10| 9.8] 43} 23) 138) 54 HID 2|49.5/55.4) 73/56.3]53.9] 82] 58 10]10.4) 63) 138 5] 60 TH 3] 8.5/82.4) 62/84. [81 79| 44) 620/37.3) 96) 19 3 0 TI 1} 7.5)82.4) 62/84 |81 79} 44) 720/21.9} 90] 10 1 0 TL ; O}..../82.4) 62/84 {81 79| 44 3/ 3.8} 70; °14 4| 100 For HIM, the number of days for pupal life in 80% of cases was 42 to 46. The longest and shortest time was 47 and 42, respectively. 369 Taste XIIId. First lot of hibernated generation pupae, 1920, at approximately constant temperature, including tests of air movement and evaporation. 2 | ov . D 2 BS; n = is) r= + E so) ® Es lo é ° Sw = Tes | : : n (Z| + ' os = = Bele go} & ERS gP SN uesie) ee waite Vibe Pa ates 2 aD eo a os = a5 EF; ee ao Bo |e” Pe] 35 a2 Sh = +S = es ES 5 eo Bo | Se |73 a a8 S025 a2 aS fe] = : a | 38 |as = Be ei oo Ci £ ae | a Se ies a B Z gH.| Ba | So] $ 45 &s a Poles lea) s | Sa San ea ze | Beieer ese lame car bee Lae ne or eal ag Rw* UN Growtiaen 48 95 FW Mesangial \asSo cee beeen 100 9 0 0 AWW UP lin Sap ce 63.5 92 95 90 14 2.4 94 18 1 100 AWWi1 2 25.5 | 62.8 93 95 90 10 4.9 75 8 2 0 AW) ed ewes! 63.5 82 | 90 70 14 | 10.0 | 100 10 0 . AW11 OO eis: 62.8 80 89 72 14 3.8 | 100 5 0 0 ADbuac | GOP eteaetes 63.5 68 | 80 60 14 | 10.7 | 100 24 0 0 ADbue 3 22.1 | 62.8 65 | 70 | 55 14 | 11.0 62 16 6 50 AD 0 . 63.5 46 60 40 13 | 22.2 91 uiat Lt | 200 AD (1 2) erasers 62.8 50 70 45 14 | 26.4 | 100 3 Le eins ADaci Do | aieies 63.5 27 30 22 14 | 15.7 | 100 9 Un tisrderste ADaci1 WL" |e Se AS 62.8 30 30 27 Sat PLeo, | ckecetavayllanecake te [tone erers omar af 91 96 90 14 3.2 66 3 1 0 96 96 94 14 1.3 | 100 1 OM eirests 85 90 84 14 8.6 | 100 6 0 0 88 | 84 14 9.7 |.100 3 0 0 95 95 Nv 0 0 0 1 1 0 75 76 50 13 7.0 | 100 6 0 0 75 80 73 14 | 10.3 0 0 0 0 34 47 31 12 | 18.9 75 4 1 0 43 55 35 14 | 26.0 0 0 0 0 21 30 13 15 |) 19.9 94 18 1 | 100 30 31 23 14 | 26.5 | 100 7 0 0 62 80 40 2 1.6 | 100 6 0 0 80 85 70 2 5.9 | 100 1 0 0 62 80 40 10 5.5 | 100 12 0 0 80 85 70 10 7.2 66 3 1 100 62 80 40 45 | 13.8 75 8 2 50 80 85 70 50 | 14.7 66 3 1 0 62 80 40 120 | 15.0 90 10 1 0 80 85 70 113 | 15.0 | 100 6 (Wenn 80 85 70 113 | 15.0 0 1 1 0 62 80 40 403 | 31.0 88 8 1 100 80 85 70 403 | 24.5 | 100 2 0 0 62 80 40 520 | 41.0 83 6 1 0 80 85 70 620 | 55.4 /..... OW Netevate os rete: 86 90 80 78 9.5 27 26 19 33 86 90 80 78 9.5 40 15 9 33 | Max. and Min. temp. any day were respectively, 68° and 61° F. for A; 85° and 81° F. for B. Pupal life in 80% cases for BW15 and BW25, was 9.5-10.5 days respectively. Longest and shortest pupal life for AWW1i1, ADBac, BW15, BW 25, was 29 and 22, 24 and 27, 11 and 7, 10.5 and 9.5 days respectively. (?) indicates that length of pupal life was not ascertained. (*) Some pupae at beginning. 370 TABLE XIlIe. Second and third lots of pupae at approximately constant tem- perature, 1920, (hibernating generation). : g a a A ah < = Pa 2 3 ! . [Fs 0 |3 z 2 a /|o 315 a & Pics) Range of =a i o|°e 5 en metal | & & |S?! days for o Es se |) § md 5 bo oo] € = * he Us roW “ep Ssl| e116 SEA eee 3/3 | Pupal life |3./ 6 s |= £2 Se) = |? 5] = | 28/s8/ 88/8) ooo im ae/" | 918 i 38 q g5| § |e EE =. 5 80% cases, |g sie rr = aa aplad a v¢ i 3 |/o8] o a AS ean ire |e, 2 ae SP) ser ee ee SESE /Zal ge Sele | Bis ANv* 3/21.0/638.5| 97) 100} 97| O+] 0+ TW 57 AWW 2)24.0|63.5| 93) 95] 92) 50) 3.7 2 0 AW. 2/27.2|63.5| 88 2| 84| 50| 5.2 4; 50 A(BD) Bee |e ees -5| 65) 80 60} 50] 9.3 1; 100 D - -d| 55) 75] 45] 48/14.0). 1} 100 ADac lho Pare -5] 30] 32) 24] 50/18.6 OlPee BWW 2] 9.5/83 95; 96) 90) 52) 0.8 3). 33 B(ADac) 2/10.3/83 29] 30] 16) 50/20.9 2 0 BEv1 4| 9.4/83 85]; 90} 80 Uy 2d 5| 20 BEv2 | 3|10.3|83 85| 90} 80} 10) 7.3 5] 40 BEv4 1/10 {838 85} 90} 80) 50/12.4 2) 50 BEv6 6|10.7)83 85} 90} 80) 120]/13.3 : 7| 14 BEv10 0}... .|83 85| 90} 80} 400|81.9 9.5} 10.5] 100 5 OL eae BEv12 9| 9.8|83 85] 90] 80] 300/24.9]......]...... 8] 12] 11] 17 AWW a ES (se | a ST TR es ee 50 8 4) 75 AW AZT. (SS a|) este OleSay) aa Be ss cce:| io) wimes inte 50 6 3] 33 ABD Oj..../63.5]/ 65) 85) 65) 14/10.0)......]...... 100 i (fe se = AD 2/28 |63.5| 58] 60) 45) 14/14.0)...... 28 55] - 9 4) 50 ADac O|..«-163.5) 30) ~30) 24) 14/18.4]......)...... 100) 11 eS a BW 10} 9.38/83 83]; 92] 82] 15/11.6| 90 9.5} 23) 13) 20 0 BD 1] 9 [83 | ea ee S| eel | teal ee ce) oi ete lee teria 66 6 2) 50 EV, 2/10 {83 Gis Olea GO | Ld |elwtd ltonatoia-e'elllovereasteue 60} 10 3] 33 EVio 2) 8.5]83 16) +80) 40) 400)26.0). 0.22 |e eas 75 8 2 0 Second Lot. (All except ANv* larvae collected from bark of trees, March 2.) The Max. and Min. Temp. any day were, respectively, 66° and 60° F, for A; 85° and 81° F. for B. Longest pupal life was as follows: For BEvI, BEv6, BEv10,—18, 11, 19, days respectively ; the shortest for BEv10 was 5 days. Third Lot. (Below black line), larvae collected from bark of trees March 22. The Max. and Min. Temp. any day were respectively, 66° and 63° F, for A; 85° and 82° F. for B : Longest pupal life for BW and EV, was 10 days; the shortest, 8.5 and 9.5 re- spectively. 371 Taste XIIIf. Three lots of first generation pupae, 1920, at approximately constant temperature. First lot above first line; second lot below first line; final lot below second line. S | Variation of time. o na 5 no. a ker : a= i 3 zi 3 Si. eee Zé 3 § eC en ee ee Be Hee ais. Rial es o ss tS H hi uso Se ed litsiel| Sel) Ses £8 % en Fa | &s SES a ® RO) s4) 2 | aa Fat He § } 52 @ 5! oP eee | ae aS 05 oo = S¢ am bo oo oo aalaq| 3 Bibs go cE | 3 | ke | Sg aos go IS ee| Belieg fa) Zz A < Q° jeep A? wear) a | es Ev. 1 12 8.9 002 5.4 8.5 14 | 12 0 Ev. 2 9 8.7 011 6.2 8.0 16 | 14 36 Ev. 4 4 8.8 030 16.6 8.5 13 7 42 Ev. 6 5 9.0 112 15.1 8.5 14 9 45 Ev. 10 10 8.4 400 28.5 8.0 17 | 14 28 Ta AE asec Bateson .500 Dien |ieteraratas 4 | 100 Ey. 12a 8 9.0 -450 38.5 8.0 Ast 9 11 Ev. la 4 8.5 RO OCZTeG leeetra 8.5 Tel alae 63 Ev. 2a 3 7.5 011 7.2 6.5 20 6 50 Ev. 4a 11 8.8 -030 14.6 8.0 20 | 12 Ev. 6a 8 eal 112 16.4 8.0 16 | 13 38 Ev. 10a 8 8.9 -400 32.2 8.5 14 ~) 11 Ev. 12b 5 8.9 -500 46.0 8.0 13 7 28 BW | 5 | 19.6 .39 | 25.5 | 18 33 | 10 50 BD 14 18.7 -39 58.6 | 17.5 32 | 21 33 Ev. .0 iff 18.1 0 | +0 | 18 18 | 16 31 Ev. 0.0 14 19.4 0 +0 | 18 25 | 25 44 Ev. 1.5 16 19.7 -005 7.1 | 17.5 25 | 22 27 Ev. 2.0 5 18.7 01 9.8 | 16.5 25 | 21 75 Ev. 4.0 24 191 02 19.8 | 17.5 37 | 36 33 Ev. 5.0 14 20.1 .04 23.4 | 17.5 36 | 31 55 Ev. 6.0 a by | 21.2 -10 28.7 | 17.5 41 | 32 47 Ev. 8.0 16 22.0 20 32.7 | 17.5 35 | 30 47 Ev. 10.0 22 19.8 .39 36.2 | 17.5 41 | 34 34 Ev. 12 7 18.1 AT 66.8 | 18 25 |) 18 61 For the first and second lot the Mean Hum. was 77%, the Mean Temp. 82° F. For the first lot the Max. and Min. Hum. was 79% and 75% respectively. The Max. and Min. Temp. 83° and 75° F., respectively. For the sec. lot the Max, and Min. Temp. was 90° and 75°, ee ee The Max. and Min. Hum. 80% and 75% respectively. For the final lot the Max. and Min, Temp. was 89° and 84° F. respectively. The Max. and Min. Hum. was 65% and 55% respectively for all except BD which was 22% and 18%. The Mean Temp. was 86° F. The Mean Hum. was 20% for BD and 57% for the rest. 372 TABLE XIIIg. Pupae, 1918; (above line), light effects; (below line), evaporation and humidity effects. g oO 3 Saale A ~ a s fe oO a wt 5 coil et ees 5 5 ‘ sees ye tes € 18) ss les |§2/e8| S0 am ao oe oO Sh 5h B= | sc a te = oo P A=] She o ae S| RE me (35| 3 | e |e | se 82 |Se/ Fe] 28 a -¢ ; a3 | a | KS |e |KS|E5! a. 2 5, SPAS! Sap lficeeyak Wes cpa Seal Ree Wis een as] a Z Z Berane et a ja | 8 ANCL Dare ete 69.5) 50] 70.5) 69 60) 35] 16.4 ANCDEK 6| 17.2) 69.5] 50) 70.5) 69 60| 35) 16.4 L 5] 10.7] 81.5) 60) 82 79 65) 50) O+ BDEK 15) 11.6) 81.5) 60} 82 79 65) 50) O+ a 203L Oltthere sia 77 40| 82 12 AG] 9S bi leracets aU6 De 11) £0. 77 40) 82 12 DSO eta ciers aehs 5 8.4] 83 60] 86 81 66] 55).,... 203DK 12 9.1) 83 60] 86 81 CU MAS aa 203DL 4 9.6] 77 40} 82 12 CAE Bae ccirne 203DL 9 9.2) 83 60] 86 81 66] 55)..... a ae 2} 10.7| 77.2) 40) 82 12 AGI EUS Oe ofere ls 203B 5 9.2] 83 60] 86 84 GG). bd] 0... a 2034 0 0 77 40) 82 72 AGI “SD iacce o's b 2034 6 8.7] 83 86 82 66] 55)..... a 203R 1 9.5| 78.5] 40] 82 72 4G| 3b) a.6 =. b 2038R 2 8.2] 83 60| 86 82 66) (55)... TH 3 9.5) 79.0| 75) 83.6| 75.1) 86 75) 14.5 TI 5 9.7) 79.0) 75) 88.6) 75.1 86| 75]. 7.9 TL 7 9.5) 79.0) 75) 83.6! 75.1 86] 75) 4.3 TH 3 Bie Sac OO eee e ls em i) (amen 324 eee EY: 1 GAD | Oe HOO) in tetstciel|iarayohas 79| 44)..... TL 0) eae mtarete Bere Oa e iets heterscat a HS) OE eras TH 1 9 ila ea ine 1000 etere totiatl etecaehel| ete a) of May asians 15.4 TI ® OED Ye Dye aastl dace eam CD lial chica legen ater restealicd| (carter a 12.9 TL Nhe LOG pestluntex [meni Gl geate ariel rece tere late! ellAny ceo 8.4 HHa 138] 34.8) 58.5) 55) 65 55 65| 55) 30.0 HMa 2| 390}) 58.5) 955) 65 55 Gol ba) 0 HHb 7| 36.7) 58.2| 55] 65 55 65] 55] 338.0 HMb 4] 38.0] 58.2) 55) 65 55 65) 55) 5.9 ANCD 6| 17.2) 69.5] 50) 70.5] 69 60] 35) 16.4 D 22) 20.2) 69.5) 50) 71 68 55| 45) 6.8 Date begun. Total individuals. Italic capitals indicate the following: light glass; B—blue glass; G—green glass; R—red glass. ny : ae 0/35 23/83 aa) ie Hs }A°0 em 8 | 100 0 88] 25 65) 37 21 6 64} 100 91} 50 67 0 25 0 69| 50 23) 10 78) 50 40) 17 86| 100 46) 14 63] 84 80} 33 65| 57 66} 28 45] 42 Total pupae, 10 wAAO AN wn Se L—weak light; DK—dark. DL—under day- Where colored glasses were used the source of light was a 110 v, 60 watt, nitrogen filled incandescent lamp, at a distance of 18 m. 373 TasLe XIV. Mortality of hibernating generation of the codling moth at Olney. (Data supplied by P. A. Glenn, in personal communication.) Mortality prior to: Number Number Number Date collected larvae pupae adults pupation, | emergence, % ‘0 A. Cocoons were disturbed to observe pupation. 1915-1916 Aug. 30-Sept. 2 86 65 35 24 59 Sept. 2-14 124 74 57 40 54 Sept. 14-17 240 149 116 38 50 Sept. 25-29 159 110 80 31 50 609 398 288 33 53 1916-1917 Aug. 22-25 757 545 496 28 34 Aug. 28-31 446 | 349 299 22 33 Aug. 31-Sept. 2 284 221 186 22 35 Sept. 2-6 260 184 138 29 47 Sept. 6- 9 204 145 119 29 42 Sept. 9-12 280 211 171 25 39 2231 1655 1409 26 38 B. Cocoons were not aistuittied, I ' 1915-1916 Sept 4-8 296 251 15 Sept 8-11 264 196 26 Sept. 11-14 290 234 19 Sept. 17-20 145 114 21 Sept. 20-23 105 1&6 27 Sept. 23-25 99 83 16 Sept. 29-Oct. 5 147 124 16 Oct. 5-11 | 63 54 14 Oct 11-18 100 85 15 Oct 18-25 75 61 19 1584 1279 atts) 1916-1917 Sept. 12-15 110 87 21 Sept. 15-18 217 180 allyl Sept. 18-21 206 172 17 Sept. 21-23 204 179 12 Sept. 238-25 201 179 abal 938 YEH 16 374 the placing of lots of the same designation under approximately the same experimental conditions are shown.* ‘The mortality and failure data are also given. The data were first brought into this form, and much of the material used throughout the paper was drawn from these tables. In the appli- cation of experimental results to the interpretation of actual weather effects, velocity of development under different conditions is of first importance. Velocity values may be determined in relative terms, with- out reference to theoretical questions, from the reciprocals of the average times (shown in the tables referred to) multiplied by some convenient factor. The velocity values used in this paper were determined large y on that basis. MortTALITY AND FAILURE TO PUPATE. Mortality and failure to pupate have important relations to the success of the species. Failure to pupate amounted to about 50 per cent in the constant-temperature experiments taken as a whole. Cases in which dormancy had begun in the autumn and in which it was not broken, due to known lack of proper treatment, were entirely eliminated from consideration. Only failures to pupate on the part of larvae of lots in which other larvae did pupate were considered. However, in all of the hibernated stock, incomplete hibernation changes were no doubt a factor in failure to pupate. Mr. Glenn, in a personal communication, supplied data on mortality in hibernation (Table XIV) which fall into two groups: In one group the cocoons of the larvae were torn open in the spring for the purpose of observing pupation, and in the other group they were undisturbed. Pos- sibly some of the larvae included in these numbers may have died in the fall before cold weather set in. The notes do not show this fact, but they show the number of larvae which spun up in the cages in the fall of 1915 and 1916. The percentage of mortality of the hibernating generation of 1916-17 was less than that of 1915-16. Possibly this was partly due to greater care in handling the hibernating generation in 1916-17, though reasons are not evident. It could not have been due to the winter cold, * Stocks I-V used in 1917-18 were as follows: I and II were collected September 12 at Champaign; III, IV, and V were collected early in October a few miles south of Springfield, shipped to Champaign, and placed with the other stocks. All were held at about 60° F. until Oct. 19 when I, II, and III were transferred to a temper- ature varying from 28° to 38° F. and later transferred directly to the experimental conditions without “freezing’’, in all probability, as the 28° temperatures were of short duration. Stock IV was in similar conditions until Jan. 23 when it was put at a constant temperature of 40° F. until experiments were started. Stock V was “frozen” at 25° F. for 24 hours and transferred to the 40° constant temperature. All other stocks were merely stored at temperatures varying from 35° to 45° F. Subsequent experience has shown that this is as important a period as any in the life history; and in future work, dates of collection, full control, and ful\ record of all. conditions must be kept. The work of Townsend shows the importance of this period and indicates that all storage should be at or below 32° F. —— fa] ee Ee 375 because the winter of 1915-16 was, if anything, warmer than that of 1916-17. Data from Tables XII-XIIIG were used in making Fig. 9, which shows smoothed curves of percentages of larvae failing to pupate in experiments conducted at approximately constant temperatures. The actual failure per cent is shown by circles, and mean data for experiments within two degrees of each other, by crosses. Curves were first drawn through the average points. These were then plotted on cross section paper as in Fig. 10, and the same per cent of mortality connected between the different humidities, and smoothed. (See Huntington 719, p. 252.) The original curves were then corrected to fit the isofailure lines of Fig. 10. To make relations of the two figures clear, compare the failure per cent at different temperatures on humidity 95% of Fig. 10, with tempera- ture and failure per cent on that humidity in Fig. 9. (For fuller explana- tion of these methods of graphic representation of results, see below, pp. 383-393.) Townsend’s (’26) results indicate that prolonged exposure to a tem- perature of 50° F. decreases the percentage of pupation. Baumberger (717) secured similar results. Townsend showed, further, that soaking in water increases the percentage of pupation and that the number of soakings and the temperatures at which soaking is done are important. Soaking frequently at 50° F., is most effective. The data graphed (Figs. 9 and 10) are representative, however, as they show a great many weather possibilities in combination. Pupal mortality in constant-temperature experiments is shown for the several mean humidities in Figs. 11 and 12. The method of drawing the curves and smoothing them was the same as in Figs. 9 and 10. In both cases (compare Figs. 10 and 12), the conditions are most favorable, i.e., show low mortality (20% or less) and failure (50% or less), in the neighborhood of 74° F., and 70-75% humidity. There are differences in detail, but a drop in the mortality and failure lines at high temperature for humidities of 75-85% occurs in both, leaving an upward extension of favorable conditions at high temperature, both wet and dry. The diagrams represent the relations in question only roughly, as the data were few and quite irregular. This irregularity was evident in laboratory-hibernated larvae (probably because of differences in contact with water), some lots showing higher mortality and failure to pupate and others showing little or none. It is evident that variability is very important at the lowest tempera- tures. One lot of larvae kept at 48°-50° F. showed no signs of pupation until an accident to the thermostat sent the temperature up to 78° for an hour. In about two days several larvae pupated when the temperature was about 48°., but all the pupae died without emerging. In one large series of hibernating individuals, none pupated at 52° F. except within a day or two after being transferred from 70° F. The influence of the higher temperatures apparently persisted a few days. This may result from one or more of the following causes: (a) lag in change of metabolic 376 (0 75 60 6. C) HUMIDITY 90-100 MEAN 95 $065 70 75 60 6 S100 10 0°55 60 65 10 HUMIDITY 70-79 MEAN-73 HUMIDITY-60- MEAN-52 HUMIDITY 30-39 MEAN-33 HUMIDITY 14-29 MEAN-27 Fig. 9. Curves showing percent failure to pupate under various conditions of temperature and humidity. The circles indicate actual observations and the crosses indicate averages. Circles with crosses inside are single data for the temperature in question. The curves pass through the average of the crosses as well as it was possible to make them. This relation was improved by smoothing the curves shown on Fig. 10. \ AA EE a eG aes NNR KS A tH ee aS Ea] l [eae ea] AN NN NS ee Nes | es | Ne foe fe fa Zo 7S) PAA NN ES (EES Ga ES AG BS el Fig. 10. Chart showing equal failure-to-pupate curves made by connecting the same percent failure on a temperature and humidity chart. Least failure to pupate may be assumed to fall between humidity 90% temperature 70° FP. and humidity 100% temperature 88° F. 378 HUMIDITY 60-69 MEAN 63 45°50 55 60 65 70 75 80 65 30 95 10 105 HUMIDITY 50-59 MEAN 52 0 0 10; = 10 + 20 20+ ++ lo 30 + =“ ra 0 + | 50 Te | 50 a 60 peat | | 80 80 | 50 30 ~ | 4 +100 45 50 SS 60 65 70 75 80 BS 90 95 100 105 100 “$5 50 55 rs) 65 70 15 80 85 90 95 7 HUMIDITY 30-39 MEAN 33 HUMIDITY 14-29 MEAN 2.7 Fig. 11. Curves showing the percent mortality of pupae at different hu- midities and temperatures. For meaning of symbols see Fig. 9. ANNE IN (NS 3 [aah GAA a Ve hae A Ba 1 eS Ba emer] Nena eT Na [NS te NT NS as BIRR Sea SS Rai baal FS es ae] a (? Se SS Se a ee ee I5_20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 B80 85 90 95 100% Fig. 12. Chart showing equal mortality curves on a temperature-and- humidity chart. Least failure to pupate may be assumed to lie between hu- midity 85% temperature 71° F. and humidity 55% and temperature 81° F. 380 rate or acclimation; (b) stimulation due to change of temperature; (c) development of enzymes at the higher temperature. The failure to pupate in the variable-temperature experiments was 36%, and the pupal mortality was 28%. This reduced loss is due at least in part to the more favorable effect of variable temperatures as compared with constant ones. In the early approximately constant-temperature experiments, there was more variation and smaller loss than in the later experiments in which the variation was reduced by improving the equipment. In Townsend’s experiments with the 1923-24 generation, the stocks were stored at 50° F. (10° C.); 32° F. (0° C.); and 71.6° F. (22°C). The percentage of pupation was highest in stocks stored at 50° F., next at 32° F., and lowest at 71.6° F. This indicates that changes go on at 32° F., and that temperatures as low as freezing must be taken into account in considering failure to pupate or the breaking of dormancy. TABLE XV. Showing data used in calculation of alpha values by formula - y (x—a) = K. Desig- ° No. of No. | Cases Alpha Case. nation. T. °F. H. % days. ene used, host nhs as a HNV 58.5 97 34.4 5 (a fy 49.0 b Ww 62.1 95 26.1 15 d&g 53.6 oe e KW 62.8 70 27.3 14 qadé&ft 54.5 a ad AW | 69.5 70 20.0 31 f&E 50.9 3 e BW | 80.3 70 11.0 27 ec & f 48.6 f BWW 80.3 95 11.6 7 ec &e 49.8 B g MWWw $1.5 85 8.4 8 ec &d 44.4 ae d&e 56.3 £ e&g 44.1 oO 5 Mean alpha value for humidities 70-97 per cent......... 50.1 air ei 57.9 50 | 38.2 4 Saat 52.0 38 i led} 61.9 60 27.8 14 k&n 54.6 z j KD 62.6 60 28.3 6 k &m 54.9 a k AD 69.5 50 20.2 22 m€&n 47.0 n 1 BM 80.3 50 11.2 41 j&m 47.7 m BM | 80.3 60 11.8 25 j & 1 50.0 n MW | 91.8 51 8.1 18 j & k 45.4 | k & 1 56.1 | | 1&n 55.1 | Mean alpha value for humidities 50-60 per cent......... a1.4 ioe, HEN; 61.7 97 23.8 13 pe&s 50.7 p JW 64.5 70 21.0 3 pe&r 53.7 a q LW 69.5 82 13.1 13 r&s 37.8 4 r MW 76.2 96 10.6 41 qa&r 47.3 ee s NW 89.3 95 7.5 10 pe&q 56.2 os q&s 41.2 o & Mean alpha value for humidities 70-97 per cent......... 47.8 F an a 57.9 45 39.4 6 u& w 52.7 n u JD 64.5 40 22.1 8 u&v 52.9 v MD | 76.6 35 10.8 8 v&w 46.3 w ND 89.9 58 7.5 i t &u 48.3 | Mean alpha value for humidities 35-58 per cent......... 50.0 ee EEE rrr n—_ eee ee 381 CALCULATION OF THRESHOLDS AND VELOCITIES. a. Thresholds. Krogh (14) showed that the zero of the equilateral hyperbola to which the time-temperature curve partly conforms, is not the actual threshold of development. Values calculated for those parts of the time-temperature curve which conform to the equilateral hyperbola (within the straight-line limits of the velocity curve) do have a signifi- cant relation to the actual limits, however, and correct methods of obtain- ing them are important. In Table XV are shown the results obtained from a simple formula in calculating alpha values for high-humidity and low-humidity experi- ments of 1917. The humidities above 69% and below 61% have been grouped separately, and the data here serve chiefly to bring out the fact that the calculated alpha is lower in the high-humidity experiments than in the low-humidity experiments and also that it is lower in the summer generation than in the spring generation. Tas_e XVI. Showing the use of Von Oettingen’s phenological method of deter- mining the alpha value.* (See Fig. 13, curves for 95% humidity.) Assumed 6°R 54.3° chosen 52.2° chosen alpha values. 5 : first. second. Mean |Effective No. of temp. temp. Prod- Prod- Prod- Pupae. Days. °F. oR. uct. Depart. uct. Depart. uct. Depart. 1 50 53.9 0 0 —191 0 —221 85 —172 1 46 55.4 0 0 —191 51 —170 147 —110 3 34.6 58.4 2.4 83 —108 142 — 79 215 — 42 1 63350 58.6 2.6 86 —105 142 — 79 211 — 46 af 35.0 58.7 2.7 95 — 96 154 — 67 227 — 30 13 23.8 61.7 noe 136 — 55 176 — 45 226 — 31 14° 27.3 62.7 6.7 133 — 8 229 + 8 287 + 30 2 25.5 62.8 6.8 173 — 18 217 — 4 270 + 13 UD 2h 63.0 7.0 183 — 8 227 + 282 + 25 1 25.0 63.5 7.5 188 — 3 230 + 9 282 + 25 2 24.0 63.5 es) 180 — 11 221 0 271 + 14 3 21.0 63.5 7.5 157 — 34 193 — 28 237 + 20 7 15.5 Heer 12.7 197 + 223 + 2 256 — 0O 25 10:0 to9 | isa} | 203 + 12/| 221 o || 2 —16 19 10.2 76.7 20.7 211 + 20 228 + 7 250 ore 2 7.0 80.7 24.7 173 — 18 185 — 36 7199.5 — 57.5 2 9.5 83.0 27.0 256 + 65 273 + 52 293 + 36 1 7.0 83.0 27.0 189 — 2 201 — 20 216 — 41 3 8.3 87.6 31.6 262 + 71 276 + 55 294 + 37 5 8.0 88.7 nt 262 ap itt 275 + 54 292 + 35 Tas gine tl as 5 ae || ane 4 7.6 89.6 33.6 255 + 64 268 + 47 284 + 27 1 9.0 90.0 34.0 306 +115 321 +100 340 + 83 4 7.4 90:1 34.1 252 + 61 265 + 44 280 + 23 8 8.0 91.0 35.0 280 + 89) | 294 + 73 310 + 53 2 Oo POLS 35.8 340 +149 356 +135 376 +119 i 8.0 95.3 39.3 314 +1238 328 +107 345 + 88 K=191 mean for 62.7°-| K=221 mean for |K=257 mean for 83.0° 62.7°-83.0° 68.7°-89.6° * Only results at the same temperature and humidity were averaged together. With a weighted average, the alpha value is 54.8° F. 7 With 199.5 omitted, the mean is 263. 382 The calculation of alpha values by this simple formula is by no means the best method, for it gives various results depending on how many and which combinations are used. The graphic method commonly used con- sists of drawing a straight line through the velocities for the different temperatures. Such a line will cross the temperature axis at approxi- mately the hyperbolic zero (alpha value). If averages for points within one degree of each other are used, the results of the graphic method are fairly satisfactory. Where conditions in the different experiments varied as to humidity, air movement, temperature variation, light, etc., weighted averages should not be used, because the variation in mortality leaves widely different numbers completing their transformations. The alpha value is best determined by Von Oettingen’s method, in which the time is multiplied by the temperature above various assumed alpha values, that one being chosen as correct which gives the most nearly constant product within the widest range of temperatures. To illustrate this method, Table XVI shows the data used in calculating alpha values and in drawing the curve for all experiments having 95 per cent mean humidity (range 90-100%). The alpha value to be used in drawing the curve is the one giving nearest a constant for the data which appear to give an approximate constant. Thus, 54.3° F. (in Table XVI) was used because it gave least deviation for the data between 62.7° and 83° F, Higher and lower temperatures were considered as being outside the range within which the data conform to the equilateral hyperbola. The 95 per cent humidity data are shown here, not because they are best to illustrate the principle, but because they indicate the difficulties. The experimental data were unusually heterogeneous and gave much trouble. Some experiments were ventilated, some were not ventilated, and several generations were included. The date were worked over by all three methods and combined and segregated according to conditions, with unsatisfactory results, suggesting strongly that such experiments for such a purpose should be carried out in the same way and with the correspond- ing generations. Furthermore, an inspection of the data in Table XVI for the alpha value 52.2° F. shows that extending the range of tempera- tures assumed to conform to the hyperbola would give only a steady larger deviation from a constant. b. Velocities of Development of Pupae. Relative velocity is merely the reciprocal of the time for the completion of a process. Usually, for convenience, and for practical reasons, the reciprocal is multiplied by a rather large number such as 100 or 1000, ad lib. Relative velocities based on 300* times the reciprocals of the days from pupation to emergence were computed from the average length of the pupal stage in all the different experiments under approximately constant temperatures. The data (Tables XII, XIII, etc.) were segregated into humidity classes: 14-29%, mean 22% ; 30-37%, mean 31% ; 40-58%, mean 49% ; 60-68%, mean 61% ; 70-77%, mean 73% ; 80-88%, mean 85% ; 90-100%, mean * This multiple was chosen at first to place the velocity curve approximately on a 45° angle with the temperature axis. 383 95%. These classes were then treated as though all the experiments had been run at the mean humidity for the group. It would have been desir- able to keep the different generations separate, but this was impracticable because of the small number of emerging moths. The results were segre- gated according to humidity, regardless of generation or history. A few discordant values shown in the tables were not used in the calculations. The relative velocities for each humidity were plotted on coordinate paper. Since velocities for temperatures between 62° F. and 87° F. usually fall into an approximately straight line, it was assumed that lines drawn through these points crossed the temperature axis at a point approximating the hyperbolic zero. These several approximate alpha values were checked by Von Oettingen’s method as in Table XVI, and in some cases by the use of the formula as in Table XV. Each curve was drawn through means of ordinates and abscissas of groups of points, and to the best calculated alpha value. (Weighted means, taking into account the number of individuals, were not used, because the stock was different in history, and because the number of individuals put into the experiment was different in practically every case.) nw ‘ days humidity group of pupae in the constant-temperature experiments. The curves are placed one above the other for convenience and indicate the geneiai form of the first rough curves which had been drawn. The scale at the left indicates the mean humidity for the data included in the curve, the base of each curve being on the mean humidity. The curves were first drawn, as shown by broken lines, for 95, 85, 73, 61, and 49 per cent humidity, and then harmonized as shown by the solid lines. The veloci- 300 270 and were later changed to — days days on the basis of the crucial experiments AD and AW with variable tem- peratures (Table XVII, Fig. 15). The final survey of the entire 289 days sated for the retarding effect of constant-temperature conditions. The use of these different factors does not change the relations of the relative velocities in any way. It is perhaps impossible to be sure of the correct factor to use in the early stages of a study. This final factor, 289, was the average obtained by a recalculation of the data for all constant-tem- perature experiments except five out of the fifty-five experiments, which were rejected because they fell too far below the average. Only tempera- tures between 62° and 89° F. were used in getting the average. A few cases which appeared to have very rapid development, especially with a combination of high humidities and rather high temperatures (which seems to give greater variation than other combinations), were regarded Fig. 13 shows relative velocities plotted for each average- ties had been originally plotted as relationship showed that the use of would have properly compen- 95 -- (erik \ = ZA, fre 100 + " 45) 0* 55 60 65 "70 75" 80 6& SO yws5 00" 70 10" Ik y 0 os 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 4S OO Fig. 13. Curves showing the average velocity of development of pupae under different conditions of approximately constant temperature and humidity. The velocities are derived, from data in Tables XII and XIII, by dividing the mean pupal life in days into 270, and are shown immediately adjacent to the curves. Each curve has its base on the humidity which is mean for the obser- vations; this mean is shown at the left as a scale applicable to the beginnings of all curves. The double squares indicate the mean points through which the curves were originally drawn. The broken lines indicate the curves drawn through these double squares. The solid lines, which are the curves used in subsequent work, resulted from smoothing the various velocity lines of Fig. 14A. See eee 385 as properly omitted from averages, though the computation of these alone’ would give a much lower alpha value. In these cases, moreover, there was possibly a considerable error in determining the time of pupation. In the preliminary rough drafts of these curves, the velocity values for the experimental data at medial temperatures fell fairly close to a straight line, but those at lower temperatures did not. It was with some difficulty that a curve was found which would fit these lower points. A hint was taken from the insistence of physiologists upon Q,, as a constant, for this suggested some form of concave curve. Accordingly, a curve Sea with the formula y = ——— was chosen (K being a factor by which the 10 curve should be multiplied to make it fit the experimental data) and was slightly modified for each humidity group until it would pass through the plotted velocity values. Each of these curves thus marked approxi- mately the velocity values from the lower straight-line limit to the approximate threshold of development.* It is noteworthy that the threshold is higher for lower humidities, as is also the lower straight-line limit. The highest points of the velocity curves for humidities of 95, 61, and 49 per cent give a fair indication of the temperatures at which development is most rapid, namely, 88°, 90°, and 90.5°, respectively, showing that the maximum velocity shifts to a higher temperature as the humidity is lowered. The downward curvatures at the higher tempera- tures were taken roughly through points plotted from the data available at that stage of the calculations and were later brought into their present position by use of the equal-velocity chart described below. Another step preliminary to the drawing of the solid-line curves which are shown in Fig. 13 was the harmonizing of the equal-velocity values. For this purpose, velocity values at 5-unit intervals were taken from the straight-line portions of the broken-line curves of Fig. 13 and plotted on co-ordinate paper scaled for humidity and temperature, as shown in Fig. 14A, and the plotted points were connected by broken- line curves. The waves in these curves are not in accord with our general knowl- edge of the effects of external conditions on the behavior of organisms. The curves should be more regular. The irregularities probably result, first of all, from the heterogeneity of the material, the extent of which is suggested in Tables XVIII and XIX. For example, the 95 per cent data include various conditions, ventilated and unventilated, and different generations, etc. Secondly, the crookedness of these curves may be partly due to errors in the observation and interpretation of the process of development, particularly as regards the beginning and the ending of the pupal stage. Finally, there is the possibility of errors in the calculation, for the methods used give only approximate results at best. *Since a curve with this formula does not pass through O, a formula of the form y =K (logx) +c is more nearly correct. 386 The curves in Fig. 14A were, therefore, smoothed as shown, in order to counteract the heterogeneity of the data and to compensate for the probable errors of experimentation and interpretation. This smoothing is not to be construed as a merely mechanical process, but as a kind of averaging of results with a view to the best possible expression of the real effects of temperature and humidity upon the rate of development. The more regular lines in Fig. 14 are thus more truly representative of equal-velocity values than the crooked lines. The best proof that smooth- ing is justified, lies in the fact that the use of the chart made from these curves gives consistent results. The harmonized velocity values obtained by the method shown in Fig. 14A were then used in the plotting of the straight-line portions of the solid-line curves in Fig. 13, which are presumably more nearly correct than the corresponding portions of the broken-line curves originally plotted. (The dotted vertical lines through points of equal velocity values in Fig. 13 may be compared with the solid lines in Fig. 144.) The alpha values of these new curves were checked by the’ Von Oettingen method 4 Q 6 Q 80 , 90 9 = SSS + segs Se 3 ——— ee — : — — Fig. 14A. Method of smoothing velocity curves of Fig. 13. Velocities from Fig. 13 are indicated by dois. The broken lines were drawn connecting these dots, and the solid lines were then drawn by smoothing these lines to bring them into harmony. and found to be more satisfactory than those of the old curves. The use of 52.2° F. as the alpha value for the 95 per cent data gave a nearly con- stant time-temperature product over a wider range of temperatures than when 54.8° F. was used. This widening of the straight-line limits is in better accord with the data for other humidities; also, the time-tempera- ture product is larger and, accordingly, nearer the presumably correct value for the constant. For the 85 per cent humidity data, 51.8° F. similarly proved to be the best alpha value. The data at approximately 83° F. were from air-movement experiments in which the rate of air-flow was not that used as standard in the other experiments ; these data were plotted in the absence of other data. The solid line curve, however, is practically an interpolated curve for the plotted points, and it has the same alpha value (51.8° F.) as the broken-line curve. In the case of the Se eee 387 73 per cent data, for which 52.0° proved better than 54.0°, the use of the lower alpha value is further justified by the fact that some of the hiber- nated pupae included in these data had not been soaked, winter dryness accounting partly for the low velocity values at 83° F. PREPARATION OF THE EQUAL-VELOCITY CHART. After the curves for data covering medial temperatures and experi- mental humidities (roughly 65°-87° F. and 45-95%) had been smoothed as in Fig. 14A, the points with velocity 35 at the various combinations of temperature and humidity shown in the solid-line curves of Fig. 13 were plotted on a large sheet of co-ordinate paper scaled for temperature and humidity as in Fig. 14B, and a line was drawn through these plotted points, both below and above the maximum velocity, and connected around the low humidity to make the greater part of an ellipse, as shown between 85° and 90° in Fig. 14B. In the same way, other equal-velocity lines were drawn roughly parallel to the 35 line until the scheme was completed for the high temperatures. The velocity values on the lower ends of curves similar to those in Fig. 13, but drawn according to the formula 10 y = x*° K, were transferred to the equal-velocity chart, and lines were drawn through them so as to complete that portion for low temperatures. (Fig. 14B is the final form, resulting from much refine- ment of this rough draft.) Data from the variable-temperature experiments was then plotted on this rough draft of the chart. The march of temperature and humidity is shown on Fig. 15 for each of these experiments. Only about half of these experiments were sufficiently accurate to use. The velocity values for the experiment DD in Table XVIII (indicated by the line DD on Fig. 15) were then plotted, as is shown in Fig. 16, to determine the alpha value. The alpha values for experiments AW and AD were determined similarly. As indicated in Fig. 16, the velocity curves in part of the experiments turn downward at high temperatures. The “summing of temperatures” is done on the assumption that the velocities for the temperature fall on a straight line. In these curves it may be seen that they do not fall in a straight line. Throughout this part of the paper, therefore, wherever the velocity for a temperature does not fall on the straight line, a straight- line temperature with the same velocity value is substituted for the actual temperature recorded by the thermograph for the hour in question. The high-temperature slope of the curve shown in Fig. 16 was modified until the sum of temperatures above alpha came out approximately 6,480 (or, in other words, until the substitution-quotient came out approximately 270) as it did with AW and AD in Fig. 15, which were concerned with variations within the straight-line limits only. Thus, in Fig. 16, instead of 90°, 95°, 100°, and 105°, which were recorded for two-hour readings, the following temperatures were used respectively: 89.5°, 84.1°, 74.6°, 64.6°. By means of trials with the data of the variable-temperature experiments, the upper part of the equal-velocity chart was tentatively V, VELOCITY MV VY, AN N 102 ALAC ae "YZ ZV ZA AA N 98 | ee DA TMLLMLAAL. NT Ree Lace AVA AS SS \\ SSS = == = sS = bay —— Fig. 14B. Chart of equal-velocity lines for the pupal stage. These veloci- ties were multiplied by 1.07 to correct for variability (see Table I). The curves pass through combinations of temperature and humidity which give the same velocity of development. The curves in Fig. 13 may be likened to cross sections of a hill of which these are contour lines. So IEA SS aa Cite WAS WA ITT man MASE LOG AGG 2G LMA WY) eam BOX aS i | WET HTT 7 aS aes eT EI Fig. 15. Equal-velocity chart for the pupal stage, with lines CD, DD, BD, AD, BW, and AW showing the daily march of temperature and humidity in the variable-temperature experiments of the same designation. The shaded area covers medial conditions, that is, conditions within the straight-line limits of the velocity curve. (See Table XVIII, p. 398.) 390 drawn; while it did not purport to be extremely accurate, it was an approximation serving to check the data available. With a view to further corrections and adjustments of the chart, the readings of temperature and humidity were taken for representative pupae of spring and summer groups from Glenn’s 1915, 1916, and 1917 data, and plotted on the chart in the manner shown in Fig. 17, a dot being placed on the chart for the temperature and humidity of each two hours during the pupal period for each group. The dots between each pair of heavy velocity lines (representing 5 velocity units, except at the low temperatures where the first interval is 2 units and the second is 3 units) were taken together, and mean humidities, H, mean temperatures, P, and mean velocities, V, were computed for numbers of dots, N, as shown at the right of Figs. 17, 19, 21, and 22. The mean velocities were then plotted on the mean temperatures to make a curve similar to Fig. 18. When temperature substitutions were made, it was found that the sub- stitution-quotients were too large for those groups of pupae subjected CURVE 0D 107 = 620 106 =6/0 109 =596 Fig. 16. The long curve is the full-length velocity curve for the experi- ment DD made by plotting the velocities crossed by the line DD in Fig. 15, on the corresponding temperatures. The curve in the upper left-hand corner is a curve of correction for reducing temperatures outside the staight-line limits to a value with the same velocity on the straight line. Read from the right- hand side of the curve, 109° equals 59.8° on the straight line, ete., as shown in figures at the right. Follow the arrows and broken line beginning on 108° F. Note: The curves in this article are not drawn with the straight-line portion making an angle of 45° with the base line, as all are trial curves. Figures 16, 18, and 20 were intended to be so drawn, but the draftsman made the vertical scale 1.1 times the horizontal instead of 1.07 (see page 383). The values in Table I, when plotted for average daily variations, make a 45° angle within the shaded area of Fig. 15 when the scale is such that one developmental unit equals one degree of temperature. 391 to the greater amount of low temperature. The curve for the lower x13 temperature data was then changed to y = —— K, giving a curvature 10 which fitted the data. FINAL CORRECTION OF THE EQUAL-VELOCITY CHART. With the equal-velocity chart thus revised, the entire record of variable-temperature experiments on pupae was worked over, in order to check the values on the chart. Table XVII indicates the difference be- tween the substitution-quotients used for this purpose and the uncorrected TABLE XVII. Showing substitution-quotients for variable temperature experi- ments, in comparison with other methods of calculation. \ u Soe c a bas F x 6 E, a Boos | Fas é 3 = 5 lee 5 Bos one ane, z SE =z Eas Su “gas | asad EG z 33 > ate ae | ePe5 | Snes 25 a BE s Bae ay | gees | SE%% | HS g as = e338 SE soos || Gane =5 Qa f == MS aa Ses 2 = RSS = SSS 22 “+ — SS SSSA SSS SSSI SS === SSN SF SSO SS ISS V NINN = =S— SSS] SS WAN SSS ES —— SS EN = Sass SSS = S == SS = =SS SS ——— Sis = = S — oS =~ — S20 ——— SS = Sy — PSN25 — RS = S50 = = = = | iy = WAS SSS INAS SS WAST = aoe = ‘\ — 60; YRS =i 78, AAS ESS = 2 J] NANG WO SO —— 76 = ——— 74 = = 72 = ——— = a 70 2 S= =oS 20-68 = = Ses RSS 15 5 10 2 Lo marezay 5 = 30_35 #0 45 50 5' Ea 510 15 20 a 60 65 Fig. 22. Pupal velocity chart showing the distribution of temperature and humidity from Aug. 17 to Sept. 3, 1915, at Olney. Pupae at variable temperature, first generation, 1917 and 1919. Taste XVIII. ‘AVTe] 101 jednd % ‘aednd [v}0L “sTenprArpur TROL ‘ayednd 0} BINT[IBT % 1M + ++ OM es (DOMHOMHS Nid + + + *MOW * § MANO ININGD ARs ss Om +s eHOOOROnE gt tN ONAN RANA OS ++ INS + + HDORMOANHA AN ss NN te EMNNAN AH QIN + +t RID © * IMOOwWININ®TH flay ia; fala Gt ws on ao ote ‘ep aed ‘00 AAAKAIQOMOVEADRAIANDM HlonS peat rca Paha Cec ber sete ott PAD eee arm Sia eeebias Bala UINULTULYL | iH iD HHH AAA | HOD 3 SOOM AWMMOOWHMSSSOSS AVION Y SSAANHHAGAINSAEHDSSSSOloDH WNUIIXeYL DWARPARARARPABAINOWDSOOMOGS |- ar ne rr omiendmes || See onosa tes tose ae Ns} ns Snnattise |S UN ULTUT IA DOOOSOODINSOOOE EL NNHHDO|~OO SOMAGHEMIOHHOOIIINSSSSS [et ‘ai1nje13edu19e} tHtcanccaorsraortdndaandl[Kroa UNWIxEyy | PRPDDRDARAAAARASSSOS AAD “Oh UT SOMMBBHONMHESODSOSS : GGHArSHCGSHSSNSSGSS io H100 UWOTSSeIded | Aoscocacmaacsaaasea cI Oo I cls oo SSOMOHHNSHSOHESHSSSSO| 19 “AJIPIWUINY IVT | SisSSHSSSereEMBSKHASBHNWA DD DADDAOD AND OODHODR AKAD |oor 5 MMHOEANEMONSSSONSSMH| AIS seei1sep AOiGwasastiN sor noasoasa lows UL UOTWBAITA | AAAANAANANAAAAA AAA INA Nn ‘aanjei1ed ET SS he Sa ata oe u IDI HHS mid Hod wis ti is wis SH cold we -U19} 8seg OODOOOCOL EEE Ere HNNNOD|~Oo x SSSMRINMOMDMON Sec tuepae Ayrprumny-weeut IDSA MOIsISSe +s + tt azyeurxoiddy | .eeerrrorrer :-: - i a DIDDORHHAOAIOH HE OIQIOM | STS SAAS SHAAN KOA | HOO -Ul9} UBS CO-K RH KKK DDDDNDHDNHNAD|OMO CET HB at Sea f= rec ate ce pe Pc 0} SAB dan no = “SuULSsIOUa SA DID A SHD O HOD BS HU EOE LDA cg st S}[Npe Jo ‘ON eh eh a ~ > 2 a =) =| ‘uol}BUSISed 3 s Ci > S g8o0rv AB saog BQO ABABAEA AdOOOOOROOCOCOMMAMOORIAOM (1917 above, and 1919 below O (all),—8/2. EW, FD,—7/31; (25 black line.) AD, AW, BD, BW, CD, CW,—7/ Dates of beginning were 399 For 1916, the hibernated generation showed first pupation on April 13 and last emergence June 17. The mean substitution-quotient was 269 and the mean alpha value was 52° F. The first generation began pupating June 20 and ended September 11, with a mean quotient of 266 and a mean alpha value of 50.4° F. The second generation consisted of 46 individuals (August 28 to September 27) divided into two groups: 30 with a mean of 246, and 27 with a mean of 277. The mean alpha value is 50.9° F. For 1917, the hibernated generation (first pupation April 3, last emergence June 21), at Olney, gave a mean of 276 and a mean alpha value of 51.7° F. The first generation (first pupation June 27, and last recorded emergence August 6) gave a mean of 249. The second genera- nN tion mean was 254 for 7 individuals. The mean alpha value was 50° F. The mean of all generation means for the Olney data was 266 (sub- stitution-quotient). Omitting third generations and the 1917 second generation, it was 272. The substitution-quotients for the Champaign data with the number of individuals shown in parenthesis were as follows: Summer 1917 (15) 267 Summer 1917 (5 ) 271 Spring 1918 (26) 275 Summer 1919 (2 ) 263 Summer 1919 (4 ) 272 The mean substitution-quotient, when the different generations and experiments on different generations are considered separately, is 266; with the third generation omitted, it is 270. The mean alpha value is approximately 51.0° F. The lowest value was 49.8° and the highest was 52.5° (at Olney) and 52.9° (in a variable-temperature experiment). These alpha values have no physiological significance. They are merely important in calculation work. The value is fixed by the ratio between velocities at high temperatures and those at low.* The actual threshold is lower, probably as much as 9° F.; development drops off slowly at the lowest temperatures. Variation in the substitution-quotient is illustrated by a comparison of the two groups of 1915 pupae. Those appearing on May 14 and emerging June 4 (time 21 days) had a quotient of 287; while those appearing August 17 and emerging September 3 (time 17 days) had a quotient of 245. A comparison of Figs. 21 and 22 shows that the dis- tribution of temperature and humidity is about the same for the mass of readings. Very radical changes in the equal-velocity lines would be nec- essary to make the quotients alike. The velocity curves (see Fig. 20) were identical. The standard time (mean velocity per day divided into *Variation in the alpha value may be illustrated as follows: Through the two natural groups of dots on Fig. 17, draw two lines (for example, one from H 45% T 88° to H 75% T 67°, and the other from H 35% T 96° to H 70% T 50°); plot any two velocity values crossed by each line against the corresponding temperatures on the scale, and produce the line joining these two plotted points to the temperature axis; note the alpha values thus obtained. 400 270) is 21.7 days for the May lot and 20 days for the August lot, the observed times being 21 and 17 days respectively. No modification of the velocity chart consistent with the experimental or phenological work will correct all these differences. The cause of the differences is to be sought in other conditions and will be taken up later in connection with effects of temperature variability. TaBLe XIX. Pupae at variable temperatures. a ie P = = wit S| & o - @ 2 sla lel |3/8le1. (1a Be) Ete he ets ses 7i ae) Neat ersiyl| PEtyl ee ass 6 Is 3 alg : Sal om lo us} Bist a boo) & fe ie] = /8 |Slo [kl e8 & Sap) oe ie ||) Se He BND) tet fe 5 geo 3 S Ls] —&/] 2a ala] 3 slo la les Es Rei heene its Se, ee) (ee (bl eles E |e je [3/8 53 a bo $s)S/3/8 |21/a\/815) 2) 3 8 ./8|8)e]ee S S51 & =] PY je o| = OO ct a mE =) S lag 2, =) oR ° RB) s o a oO! » 2 : 2 G f Es bard ihe ps Bs g 69] ¢ |$8/ 3/2 je6 9/8) 8) ea) § |g Pass ieias Q 42/4 /4a |S /G8lA |MlAlalea| as lal’ /e/e [ka | | HNVS8-14 1] 42.0 |52.7/90 53.6) 1 |93 3 (57 |52 95 |89 -| O+ HNV16 3) 47.0 ]53.8/90 |53.6/ 1 |93 3 |55 |52 95 |8 0+ HNVall 4] 44.5 |53.3/90 [53.6] 1 [93 3 (56 [52 95 |89 0+ VNV 1} 28.0 |57.1]97 |55.0) 4 |99 6 |59 |51 |100 {93 0+ VNV 3] 19.6 |60.5/97 |63.0) 4 |99 6 {67 |54 |100 |93 o+ VNV 4] 16.5 |62.9]97 |64.0) 4 |99 6 |68 |57 |100 {93 O+ VNVall 8] 21.4 |60.2)97 |60.7] 4 |99 6 |64 |54 |100 {93 0+ RLLNV 7} 30.7 |56.0/97 |55.0] 4 [99 6 |59 |51 |100 |93 o+ RLRNV 5| 17.7 |60.8/97 |60.0] 4 |99 6 |63 |51 {100 |93 0}; O+ RMRNV 7| 17.5 |62.4/97 161.4) 4 |99 6 |65 |57 |100 193 30) 0+ RURNV Ol iretnrete 68.0|97 |64.0] 4 {99 |10 |70 |62 |100 |93 100) 0+ SNV 9| 8.5 |84.5/97 [82.5], 5 [98 6 |87 {81 |100 {92 50) 0+ ZNV 10| 8.9 |77 |97 |76 4 |98 6 |79 |75 |100 |92 41] 0+ VNV 1/103 51.0/90 |50.5| 4.0)93 3 |52.5/50.2] 95 |89 ae eo) 203DEK 1] 10 |77 |40 |7 8.0}45 |10 |80 |738 46 |35 89] LS] 2) eb 0 ier HID 1] 33 58.7/50 |57 4.0/55 |10 |61 |56 60 |40 «|---| 6.4 BDEK 15| 11.6 |81.5/60 |80 4.0/65 |10 |82 |79 65 |50 50] 32] 16) 6)... BTP 2] 10.0 |82.4/60 {80 4.0/65 {10 /84.2/80.6) 65 |55 0 3] 33] .0 BADa |- 8} 10.8 |83.0|/85 |81.7} 9.5/40 10 |91.2/80.4) 40 [30 56| 22} 10} 20) 9.9 BDa 14] 10.6 |83.0|/50 |81.7| 9.5/55 {10 |91.2/80.4) 55 |45 73| 30) 15) 7 8.8 BMa 10] 10.4 |83.0/60 [81.7] 9.5|65° |10 |91.2|80.4] 65 |55 41] 27] 16] 38] 6.9 BWa 7| 10.4 |83.0/70 |81.7] 9.5/75 [10 [91.2/80.4] 75 |65 | 45] 22] 12] 42) 6.7 BADac 9] 10.3 |83.0/25 |81.7] 9.5|30 |10 |91.2}80.4] 30 |20 38] 21] 13] 31)10.4 BADb 7 10.6 |83.0/35 [81.7] 9.5}40 |10 |91.2/80.4) 40 [30 52{ 21) 10} 30) 8.1 BDb 8] 10.2 |88.0]50 |81.7) 9.5/55 |10 |91.2/80.4] 55 |45 40) 20) 12] 33]10.6 BM 5| 10.8 |83.0}60 |81.7] 9.5)65 |10 {91.2]80.4) 65 [55 70] 20} 6| 16] 8.1 BWb 5[ 10.7 /83.0/70 (81.7] 9.575 |10 |91.2/80.4) 75 [65 75) 24 6] 2013.2 BWWb Sh reread 83.0]90 |81.7] 9.5/98 J18 |91.2]80.4/100 |72 |100) 24) O}...J11.3 203DK 12] 9.11|83.0/60 {80 8.0/65 |10 |88 |78 66 [55 25|<16)\ S21 (Oana BWe 3] 9.3 ]83.0/70 |81 9.3/75 |10 |88.0/80 78 |65 80] 25) 4) O} 7.0 Bwwda S| epewenese 80.8/90 |79 8.3(98 |18 |87.6/78.3]100 |72 45) 20) 8] 0/10.1 BWwa 3{ 11.7 |80.8/70 |79 9.3|75 |10 |87.6/78.3| 75 |65 44] 9} 5} 40/70 Oa 6| 18.5 |64.1/74.7(57.6|21.2/86.1/36.2|77.6|52.8| 93.9|49.8].. es » {18.5 Ob 4| 17.4 |65.5/74.4]58.5/20.9|86.35|37.5|78.3]54.7| 93.4]50.2]. EM cen FRE) Oc 2) 1234/71.7/73.1/64.4/24.0/85.8/38.8/87.3]61.1| 92.3)47.4]. A yn -/25.9 Od 1) 13.0 |73.0/71.6/65.5/24.3/85,1/39.1/88.6/61.6] 92.1/45.6). ay cae {22.6 Oe 8] 12.0 }73.4]72.5|66.3/23.8|85.1|38.7|90.1/62.7| 92.2|46.6]. set |25.0 of 3] 1226)74.8/71.4/67.1/23.4/83.7/38.0/91.2/63.9| 91.4/46.7].. shat - {21.0 Og 4] 12.5 |75.8/72.0)68.2/22.9|82.2/38.1/90.6/64.7| 89.4/45.2]. PR -|22.2 O (all) 74) ee Brera beac lease kooried le gs oleae are hate eee 20/ 50| 40] 30/.... Above first line; first generation 1917. Above second line; hibernated generation 1918. Air velocity 8 mm. per sec, except 203DK, BDK which was O+. The italic cap- itals indicated light condition. Below second line; hibernated generation 1918, out of doors, segregated into tem- perature classes. Air movement was not recorded, 401 (B) ADULT MOTHS. No experiments were successfully performed on adult moths. The difficulties are great, and little work was attempted. Isely and Ackerman ((23), however, have done some important work. The maximum ovi- position at Bentonville, Ark., was on the second, third, and fourth days after emergence, and did not occur except in very weak light. (C) EGGS AND LARVAE. Incubation Period. (Data by C. S. Spooner.) The only complete series of experiments on incubation was that carried on in unventilated phials where the humidity ranged high, as shown by precipitation on the glass walls at the time of many observa- tions, and was arbitrarily taken to have averaged 95 per cent, though there were no readings (Table XX). Data plotted (Fig. 23) for other humidities are based on a limited number of readings. The alpha values graphically estimated to be between 50° and 52° F., were approximately the same as those calculated by Spooner. The deviation from the straight line is fairly well indicated at the lower temperatures and also somewhat uncertainly suggested in the neighborhood of 91° F. These velocities in Fig. 23 are based on an arbitrary total of 161 taken from Glenn’s Table I. When placed on the pupal velocity chart, they conform quite closely to the pupal velocities. Bringing them into conformity: with the pupal velocities does not shift them more than is to be expected in smoothing. This conformity is also indicated by a com- parison of Glenn’s velocity (reciprocal) curves for incubation and pupal development. A review of Glenn’s data (shown in his Table I), by the Von Oettingen method, gives 155 as the substitution-quotient when 51° F. is used as the alpha value. This makes the relative pupal velocities approximately 10/17 of the relative egg velocities. When pupal velocities are reckoned on the basis of 289 as the substitution-quotient, the egg velocities should be reckoned on the basis of 172 for the constant-tem- perature experiments and 160 for the weather-variable temperatures. This indicates that temperature variability has the same effect on eggs as on pupae. For variable-temperature experiments, 161 proved to be the correct substitution-quotient. The 95 per cent humidity series calculated on 160 conforms very well with the pupal velocities calculated on 270. The aberrant values at the high temperatures are possibly due to too infrequent observation of progress before the experiment began. Evidently, in these cases there had been progress before the eggs were placed at experimental tempera- tures. Since these abnormally high velocity values occurred in the 95 per cent set, their presence in the others, where in some cases the humidity was in doubt, was not considered serious. The alpha value as determined for the 95 set by the Von O. method is 52.4°, and the substittuion-quotient is 157. Experience with pupae indicates that the actual weather com- binations of temperatures and humidities should give about 51.0°. as the 402 40_45 50 55 60 65 70 75 60 65 90 95 100 105 1/0 *F ve A 75% DATA 01a fl 25 + Oe a, Beis A 16. {20 Z) NE A 7 30 aS AA | 2 aie} + = ase alle +f/25 Lae ad Cat H Tera eg ee | Zz 4 or 7 2 a 20 : we 4 Bove |[EEA “ is pe Z ai eats 28) 15 ae 80 a wes “ Al 85 Lon & ie FTA 90 aa | eae Sh, TenA °F Saat ge ae ees tees a 73 1- tay — Seste aeane Os 70 15 20 25 30 Fig. 23. Velocity curves for the incubation of eggs under approximately constant temperatures, plotted values being obtained by dividing the mean number of days into 161. These are drawn above the humidity shown at the left for the beginning of each curve. Fig..24. See explanatory note on opposite page. 403 alpha value and, therefore, a larger and presumably more nearly correct product of time and temperature above alpha. It will be noted that the maximum velocity appears to be at a higher temperature than in the case of the pupae. This introduces a slight error when the pupal velocities are used for incubation at high temperatures. In Fig. 23 this might have been corrected by adding 2 to each velocity value for all temperatures above 89° F. Such a correction is unnecessary in prediction work, as the duration of such high temperatures is usually very short. Time from Hatching to Leaving the Apple. (Data by C. S. Spooner.) Newly hatched larvae were placed in small cuts in apples. All experi- ments at 53° and 83° F. were failures. The number successful at each temperature was small (Table XXIII). The small series suggests a relatively smaller effect of temperature increases than is shown by the other stages. One item (temperature 81.0° F and time 32.1 days) was omitted in the calculation of time-temperature products, as its longer time suggested that 81.0° may be above the straight-line limits. The other temperatures and velocities were averaged together in two groups. The lower temperature, with a mean of 67.9°, gave a mean velocity of 24.1. The higher temperatures, with a mean of 18.8° were associated with an average velocity of 26.3. These two points are shown and marked A on Fig. 24. A continuation of the line passing through them would reach 0 velocity at about 40 degrees below the Fahrenheit zero, making it obvious that reasonable thresholds cannot be determined from such a few data with so much variation. Glenn’s data, however, proved much more workable. A comparison of the tangents and alpha values of Glenn’s reciprocal (i. ¢., relative velocity) curves for the pupal and larval periods shows that the pupal velocity is 2.8 times that for the larval period. Thus, when the substi- tution-quotient for the pupa is 270, that of the entire larval period should be about 756. Glenn found an average of 673 “‘degree-days” for this period. An examination of his Table III, by the Von Oettingen method, gives an alpha value of 47.5° F., an uncorrected sum of 763 “degree-days” and a substitution-quotient of 744. A curve was drawn (see circles in Fig. 24) to fit Glenn’s data when his reciprocals were multiplied by 763 and plotted on mean temperatures above 47.5° for the larvae from hatch- ing to pupation, and the upper curvature was copied from the curve for the larval development after hibernation (see Fig. 26). Velocities were read from this trial curve and applied to Glenn’s original data, in order to correct the upper curvature. (When the upper straight-line limit is too high, the calculated time becomes smaller as the number of high tempera- Fig. 24. Curve for velocity of development of the larva in the apple. The curve was estimated from experimental data (shown by crosses) and from Glenn’s observations shown by circles. The dotted peak is for hibernated larvae under average weather conditions. The velocities are based on dividing the mean number of days into 650 for the period from hatching to leaving the apple, and into 750 for the period from hatching to pupation. The latter figure was obtained from Glenn’s corrected temperatures by applying the Von Oéettin- gen method. 404 ture readings increases, and vice versa.) Various curves were thus tried until the velocities shown in Table V were found to give fairly consistent results. The use of the velocities shown in Table V gave calculated time for Glenn’s data consistent with the average actual time. There was, however, much greater variation than in other stages. This has been discussed in PART ONE and PART TWO. TaBLE XX. Showing conditions and incubation period of eggs under approxi- mately constant temperatures. The original data are from experiments by C. S, Spooner. ; No. Mean time Mean Mean tem- Designation. of indi- Year. Generation. | to hatching | humidity. | perature. viduals. days. To oR RLL 9 1919 | 99 46.2 RLR 10 1919 95 48.0 VNV 10 1918 95 48.9 VNVe 12 Pode. Mids sareciaen 95 48.9 Rtr 1 J Baa eas ee 4 80 51.8 RW 7 ph hs ee Re 85 52.2 RD 3 TOMS tee ethos 45 52.2 R 1 Togs 3rd 80 52.3 RM 8 FOI iets Sra 72 52.5 RW 8 TOMY ear eee gles 85 53.1 RM 2 UE PR ae 72 53.3 RD 5 DO oe awed 45 53.8 HID 1 1919 3rd 27.0 75 55.4 HIW 6 1919 3rd 24.1 92 55.4 HIM 9 1919 3rd 23.0 80 55.4 HINV ‘i 1918 3rd 30.2 95 55.9 HD 2 1919 1st 13.5 60 57.7 HDR 3 1919 1st 10.5 75 58.1 LNV 4 1918 3rd 19.5 95 60.6 LNV 3 1918 3rd 18.4 95 60.7 LNV 5 1918 3rd 16:7 95 61.5 KW 4 1918 3rd 10.0 90 64.4 AW 18 1920 2nd 10.8 82 65.1 AW 3 1920 2nd 10.8 92 65.5 ANV 10 1918 3rd 9.6 95 69.3 ANV 7 1918 | 3rd 7.9 95 69.6 B.N. V 2 1918 3rd 6.2 95 76.1 BD 3 1918 3rd 6.3 50 77.0 B.N. V. 4 1918 3rd 6.1 95 77.7 BNV 2 1918 3rd 6.9 95 VEL BD 6 1918 3rd 6.6 50 78.0 BNV 2 1918 3rd 6.1 70 79.5 BNV 3 1918 3rd 5.3 95 81.4 BNV 3 BOTS Sy cagsrces ek: 191) Seine 95 82.0 BW 9 1920 2nd 3.8 80 82.5 BW 12 1920 2nd 3.7 80 82.5 BW 15 1920 2nd 3.8 80 82.5 BD 15 1920 2nd 4.1 43 82.5 BM 14 1920 2nd 4.1 75 82.5 BW 1920 2nd 39 80 82.6 BW 11 1920 2nd 3.8 80 82.6 BW 10 1920 2nd 3.9 80 82.6 QNV 2 1918 3rd 3.5 95 87.8 QNV 2 1918 3rd 3.1 95 87.8 NNV 1 1918 3rd 4.0 95 88.2 MNV 3 TS a a Marat ates 95 89.1 NNV 3 1918 3rd 4.4 95 89.8 NNV 4 1918 3rd 4.6 95 89.9 MNV 13 1919 3rd 4.0 95 91.6 MNV 1 1919 3rd 4.2 aaa $2.8 405 These velocities, when used to calculate standard time for the period in the apple from Glenn’s Olney data, were divided into 650, which was regarded as an approximately correct substitution-quotient, though the average time calculated on that basis was 1.3 per cent higher than the actual time. (See Table XI.) A substitution-quotient of 100 was tried for the time in the cocoon. This gave an average calculated time 0.4 per cent lower than the average actual time. When 750 was tried for the total larval life, it gave a mean calculated time 1.6 per cent higher than the actual average time (Table XI). A substi- tution-quotient of 738 would make the average calculated time agree with the average actual time for Glenn’s data. In view of the small series of observa- tions and the striking variation in time, it was deemed unnecessary to change the quotients used. It will be noted that 750 and 738 are materially smaller than the 763 used in plotting Glenn’s data (circles Fig. 24). This is to be accounted for by the fact that the period of the stage under variable temperature is longer because of the inclusion of temperatures at which development is slower or even at a standstill. Glenn’s corrected sum calculated on this basis was 744. His correction, which amounted to 2.5 per cent for mean temperatures between 68° and 78° F., apparently should be 3.4 per cent. For the higher temperatures there are even greater differences between the substitution-quotient and the uncorrected sums. Turning again to the meagre experimental data, to consider them in the light of the results with the Olney records, we find them in keeping with ex- pectations based on other stages. When plotted on 650 as the substitution- quotient, the curve should fall a little below the curve for variable temper- atures, because constant temperatures give slightly slower development. (This difference amounted to 7 per cent in the case of the pupae.) Since the ex- perimental data are so meagre, all are plotted on a 650 basis, and only mean points are shown. With the exception of the 81° point, all data are in the straight-line limits (where means are correct). The 81° point, apparently, is only slightly outside. The mean value of all experimental temperatures and all velocities calcuated on the 650 basis falls on 74.2° F. and velocity 24.65 (see Fig. 24). The variable-temperature velocity line passes through 26.7, and an increase of 8 per cent places the mean of experimental data approxi- mately on the line which is within the range of expectations. The marked variability of the experimental data is, in part, due to differences in kinds of apples (see Table XXI). Hibernated Larvae. It has not been possible to make a careful investigation of the period of dormancy, commonly called hibernation, into which the mature larva of the codling moth lapses in the month of August or even earlier, and in which it remains until it has passed the winter or has received special treatment in the laboratory. Many experiments were tried, but the results were inconsistent. In a large series of experiments on the length of the pupal stage conducted during the summer of 1917, very few of the larvae collected after July pupated; of those collected on August 18th, only 15 per cent pupated; and none of those collected later. The larvae failing to pupate in the August experiments, to- gether with those collected early in September, after being left until October 19th under the experimental conditions supposedly suitable for pupation, were subjected to various treatment.* * Stocks used in the experiments on the length of the larval and pupal periods received better treatment. See pp. 374-380. 406 TABLE XXI. Showing conditions and period of growth of larvae in apples under approximately constant temperature. Experiments by C. 8S. Spooner. Larvae in apple. Time spent Mean i i temp. i 5 Designation ThE ote ee S =) Kind of apple. 1st observa- | Out of apple. tion. L 9/20 10a/10/13 10a 28.8 61.4 Red crab A 9/10 9a/10/3 lla 29.7 70.0 Maiden blush A 9/10 9a| 9/27 9a 25.0 70.2 Duchess A 9/10 9a| 9/27 9a 25.0 70.2 Red crab B 9/10 9a| 9/25 2p 23.2 78.5 Duchess B 9/10 9a) 9/25 2p 24.1 78.6 Duchess B 9/2 8a| 9/25 9a 24.0 78.6 Yellow crab B 9/20 10a} 9/29 9a 27.0 79.4 Maiden blush B 9/10 9a]10/3 2p 82.1 81.0 Maiden blush TABLE XXII. Pupation and emergence as affected by temperature and humidity. Autumn larvae (1917) soaked in water for 20 hours, Nov. 14th, and placed at 75° F. * 3 mae a 3 3 s & 2 Bm be BS 5 A 3 $43 - v fe > a Ls} Sn Pa] 3 a =) us} qe Pe) ® HO Rom) Bu = a a ao n nD ge SO C) omy 4 oy brah 2 IG = 50 ER B ° ie) ° 3 5 3 i) oy 5 > 6 C) 6 ® A 4 Sts aulgate g Z Z BT ae | 9/8 AD 65-85 50 | High 16 4 2 75 9/24 AM 65-85 75 Low 13 0 0 100 9/8 BD 75-95 50 Low 12 0 0 100 9/8 BW 75-95 85 High 10 0 0 100 byAlub CD 85-105 40 | High 13 0 0 100 9/8 DW 85-105 95 Low 7 0 0 100 9/10 EW 85-105 95 Low 10 0 0 100 8/23 JD 64 44 High 19 9 9 57 8/21 JIM 64 80 Low 18 6 4 67 9/9 MD 78 35 High 14 0 0 100 8/23 MW 78 95 High liye 4 4 77 9/5 MM 78 65 Low 12 0 0 100 9/13 RNV 40-75 None af aa l 89 9/22 RNV 40-75 None 19 11 7 42 8/29 SD 69-82 (Dry High 19 0 0 100 8/27 SM 69-82 (Moist) Medium 17 0 0 100 8/29 SW 69-82 (Wet) Low 12 0 0 100 9/11 TH2 85-95 60 High 22 1 0 96 9/11 TI2 85-95 60 Medium 19 0 0 100 9/11 TL2 85-95 60 Low 14 0 0 100 9/22 TH3 85-95 60 High 14 2 2 86 9/22 T13 85-95 60 Medium 10 0 0 100 9/22 TL3 85-95 60 Low 10 0 0 100 * No. of larvae alive after soaking for 20 hours. The dead were not counted here. 407 Six sets of about 20 larvae each, which were kept in conditions supposedly suitable for late summer pupation, all died. (a.) Three sets collected August 23d, August 26th, and September 19th, totaling 58 larvae, were held at a tem- perature of 87° F. and humidities of 80, 60, and 40 per cent, respectively. All larvae in the two sets at the lower humidities died by October 9th, while those in the moistest condition lived to January. There were no pupations. (b) A single set collected August 23d and kept at 90° F. and 55 per cent humidity all died by October 9th. (c) A set collected July 26th and kept at 46°—57° F. all died without pupation by November 14th. (d) A set collected September 10th and subjected to daily variations of temperature between 80° and 100° F. and a mean humidity above 90 per cent, all died by December 19th without pupation. Five other sets of autumn larvae, which had been kept under conditions the same as the above six sets, were transferred on or before December 19th to an approximately constant temperature of 70°—75° F. and a 90 per cent humidity. (a) Larvae collected September 10th and held at a temperature with daily variation between 80 and 100° F., and a variable humidity with mean about 60 per cent, were transferred to 75° F. on November 20th; and all died by March 20th without pupation. (b) Others kept at 65° F. and 40 per cent humidity and transferred to 75° F. on November 25th, all died by December 19th, without pupation. (c) A set collected September 19th, kept at a temperature varying from 40° to 76° F. to February 15th, and then trans- ferred to a constant temperature of 70° F., showed one pupa. (d) A set col- lected August 28th was kept at 77° F. and a humidity of 95 per cent until October 25th, and then transferred to 70° F. By March 19th, five had pupated, and the others had died. (e) A set kept at 62° F. and a humidity above 90 per cent was transferred to 70° F. December 19th. By February 15th, five moths had emerged, and the others had died. (Note: Larvae kept at 77° F. would not ordinarily pupate with the treatment described, but those in sets having been subjected to a low temperature might be expected to do so under ordi- nary conditions.) Seventy-one larvae, collected between July 25th and August 18th and fail- ing to pupate under the experimental conditions designed for pupation, were kept 18-20 days below 60° F., being at 22° F. for 6 or 7 days, but failed to pu- pate when returned to the experimental conditions for pupation. Four-hundred larvae, placed under conditions shown in Table XXII be- tween August 24th and September 22d, 1917, and kept there until November 14th, were then submerged 20 hours in water and placed at 75° F. Those kept at temperatures below 65° F. and those kept at higher temperatures subjected to greatest amount of evaporation, pupated and emerged in greatest numbers. Representative data are shown in Table XXII. For the spring experiments of 1918, 1919, and 1920, some of the hibernating larvae were kept at temperatures at or below 32° F. (freezing) for a day or more, but without effect on the number pupating when placed under favorable conditions. In general, no attempt to freeze the larvae was made. They were merely kept at temperatures near 50° F. (This temperature proved to be too high, and pupation results will be discussed later.) The stock usually reached a condition where pupation would take place between December 20th and January 20th, January 1st being an average date. In the spring experiments, larvae given uniform treatment during the winter showed variation in the length of time to pupation at constant temperatures, regardless of the date of leaving the apple, the date of collection, and the conditions under which they were kept, either before or during the period of low temperatures. In 1920 a large series of larvae 408 was collected, beginning August 16th and running through September 28th. They were kept at a temperature of 70° F. and humidity of approximately 45 per cent until September 23d; between this date and October 23d the temperature was lowered at 50° by steps, first falling to 59° only at night, and then being lowered to a constant 50° on October 8th, and finally to 50° on October 23d. A temperature between 50° and 52° was maintained until December 27th, when it was lowered to 37° and held between 35° and 37° until February 14th, when it was gradually raised to 48°, and on March 15th, to 72°. The larvae were then kept at 72° F. and 85 per cent humidity for observation as to time of pupation and emergence. Owing to apparent discrepancies in the time of pupation recorded by the assistant in charge of daily observations of this experi- ment, it was deemed best to use only the time of emergence, concerning which there was no doubt. Fig. 25 shows the distribution of emergence in May, 1921. The number of times the groups had spun cocoons, the dates of collection, and the relative humidities are indicated in the margin of Part A of Fig. 25. There is apparently no consistency in the different numbers of times which the cocoons were spun in the sets of the same humidity and collect- ing date, nor is there any consistent relation to the moisture treatment during the hibernation period in this experiment. (Fig. 25.) The earliest, individuals to appear are by no means consistently from either the “wet” or “dry” lots. The lots labelled “W” had been stored at humidities of 100 per cent and submerged in water once a month long enough to saturate the pasteboards and surround the cocoons with water. Those labelled ‘“D” had been stored at 90 per cent humidity but had not been submerged at all. The lack of results from this submergence has been shown by Townsend to be due to the infrequency of the wetting. (There is an essential difference in the times of emergence if rainfall is heavy.) The three emergence groups, when added together (Fig. 25B) and compared with Glenn’s data on emergence, show main maxima corre- sponding with his main maxima; and an explanation of the variation in the time required to overcome dormancy (variations in the pupal stage are of a different nature) must be sought in other causes, saich as heredity, conditions of the food supply, or weather conditions during autumn. Field observers have stated that the initiation of dormancy in summer and autumn larvae is due to a temperature of 50° F. or thereabout. Two hundred and five larvae were collected in the summer of 1920 between July 22 and August 14 and subjected to temperatures varying from 39° to 54° F. These larvae were divided into four classes: (a) pupating, (b) failing to pupate, (c) escaping from the corrugated pasteboards, and (d) dying. Those dying and escaping were ignored; only those remaining alive in the pasteboards were considered as having been experi- mented upon. After those dying and those escaping were deducted, the 409 ‘uotjednd 3urjou ‘g puv ‘Z ‘T syueyO s,uueIy “JO ‘02 ye Zuluutgeq dnoig JnouMeIp JeyMeWIOS B pue ‘skep 8g ye@ WINWIXeU S}I YIM 90 OSie] AtoA B ‘SABp Z Ye dnois [[eus B “ZIA ‘saoop Jo Jno suorjednd url s9]qeziuso0e.1 A[uowu0d sdnois vaiy} SMOYS 9AIND SIYL “y Wed ut UMOYS S9OUdSIOWIS [[B JO TNS JY} S}UOSeIded gq 2AIND ‘qnoysnoig} (Wf .ZL) eanyesroedure, eules oy} 3 doy aSTMJOYJO B19M [[ VY “(10}BM UI Bur -yeos AUB JNOYIIM AIPIUINy %06) Alp st q pure ‘(yjuoW ® 900 10}BM UL peyevos pue AjIpIMNyY %00T) JOM SI M ‘qJe] 94} 1B poezVOIPUL ST JOS YovVa JO UWOT}I9[[0D Jo a}ep ay} pue svAIe, ay} JO JUSTI}VAL} 9 “JOS Yovo ur Aep yoRd SUISIGWO S[RNPIAIPUL JO JeqUINU SoayROIPUT 4Jo] 98Y} ye aTeos esol oy} fskep gz 10} Surnutj}uod pue ‘elvos doz ay} JO T Jaquinu st YyoryM ‘g ABP UO BuTUUTseq SyJOU Jo aouesi0mle JO Japio oy} SMOYS VW Wed “GZ “Sl Gd 8% sutuutds pag da 8% da sg Suruurds pug ad gg sutuutds 4ST M 8% Sutuuids pag Pp M 8% sSutuurds pug g . M §Z Sutuutds 4st fol > 93 od da tz% A & MA ¥% ey 2 hs M GT Sutuutds pig | g M &— Sutuuids pug 3 io) ae M GT Suruurds 4st g Ss (an {3 i 8 d@ &T 5 3 M OL Aaquiazdag HZ a 22 5 ray M LZ >S ad #2 eS M 8% 3 d & ; d 8st ad 9t M 9T 1 | M 9 ysnsny Lapelselvchecee) epe|6[a1) EPTEDE 410 remaining 118 larvae (divided into 18 lots) were grouped as follows: GUL 2A y CO ASCE rie nye (ais oueha aladaye US larva arclctecitseavetecbts 17% failure to pupate. July 31 to August 3d,.......... Sip larVacrrassacecti ec 38% failure to pupate. AU ZUStO TO LONSEDS ctereiclnete stalersatctate BS) LAT VAG percintess vletete ciel ale 89% failure to pupate. During the period July 22d to August 8th there had been no minimum outdoor temperatures below 57° F.; all larvae collected in that period, therefore, were experimentally subjected to temperatures below 50°, in order to make them comparable with larvae collected on August 9th and 10th, when outdoor temperature in the early morning fell to 52° F. The lots collected August 9th to August 14th (35°) showed 88 per cent failure to pupate. These experiments showed no indication of cool night effects but rather indicated a seasonal increase in the number of individuals fail- ing to pupate, beginning about August lst, regardless of minimum temperatures. The effect of summer and autumn rainfall on the length of time to pupation of hibernating larvae is suggested by the following data: Case a: One hundred and eight larvae collected August 20th to September 12th, 1919 (kept at a temperature of 70° and humidity of 40 per cent until August 30th if collected before that date), were subjected to tem- perature near 32° F. and humidity of approximately 100 per cent until January, when they were placed in conditions favorable to pupation. Between January 26th and February 24th, only 5 larvae, or approximately 3 per cent pupated. The average time to pupation was 19.3 days at 83° F. and 21.5 days at 63.5°. Case b: Larvae collected October 20th of the same year (1919) were treated exactly the same as those in Case a, and 60 per cent of them pupated, the length of the prepupal stage being as little as 11 days and averaging 17.8 days at 83° F. The pupal life was about 10 per cent shorter than in the case of the sets collected earlier. The differences between those collected on or before September 12th and those collected on October 20th were thus very striking, both in the per cent pupating and in the time to pupation, when the larvae were placed under favorable conditions. The differences lie in the time of emergence from the apple, and in the weather conditions between September 12th and October 20, 1919. There was very little rain during the period of collec- tion in August and the first twelve days of September, but during the latter part of September and the first 20 days of October there were 5 rainy periods and great variations in temperature (26° to 96°). These observations do not show whether it was the condition of food, tempera- ture, moisture, or variability which produced the result. They serve, however, to indicate the necessity for year-round experimentation. The calculation of velocity values for larvae which had passed the winter under known conditions afforded unusual difficulties because their pupation showed essentially the same seasonal curve as the emergence of moths (Fig. 25). Larvae kept in the laboratory at temperatures of 40°- 411 50° F. during October (and November and December if desired) and then put under proper conditions, will pupate in the latter part of Novem- ber, in December, or during January or February. January Ist is about a mean date for pupation outdoors, but the variation is so great as to leave no scientific basis for a starting point in calculations at the present stage of knowledge. January 1st was used by Glenn as a starting point for summing larval temperatures. The time to pupation at 85° (or any other suitable temperature) after dormancy is broken, apparently varies with the length of the dormant period at all temperatures above freezing, if not lower. Townsend demonstrated that changes took place at 32° F. The 1918 experimental series was largely useless for this purpose because they were stored at higher temperatures. The temperatures should be near freezing in the case of larvae designed for determining the time to pupation after dormancy is broken. The 1919 larvae (Cases a and b described on p. 410) were important in this connection because they were kept at approximately 32° F. for several months and then put into conditions for progress in the latter part of January. These fell into three groups, the first pupating with about 285 accumulated degrees, the second with about 535 accumulated degrees, and the third with about 716 accumulated degrees,—each reckoned above 50° F, as the starting point. (These are uncorrected sums of temperatures obtained by the method which this paper aims to supplant for all purposes except rough estima- tion.) All hibernated larvae on which data are available fall generally into these three groups, the last being most variable. (Cf. Fig. 25 and Glenn’s Charts 1, 2, and 3, showing a small early group, a large middle group, and a final prolonged group of pupations.) All the experiments used in the calculation of relative velocities were constant-temperature ones, and the sum of temperatures above fifty is much more significant for them than for variable conditions. On this basis, a provisional set of velocity curves were constructed (Fig. 26), and a provisional larval- velocity chart was drafted (Fig. 27). Glenn’s data beginning January 1, 1916, were worked over, using all temperatures above 43° F., though only those above 44° (the temperature suggested by the experimental data) were considered as affecting development. The 1918 series included many larvae that pupated. These had been stored at 48° F. or lower, on the assumption that the “threshold” was 50° F. There was, however, some variation in temperature, with the result that when the last experiments were started the larvae were nearly ready to pupate.* Baumberger and Townsend also found that this was a very detrimental temperature. The three groups (early, middle, and de- layed) were strikingly shown in nearly all cases, but they seemed unduly crowded together in later cases, suggesting that prolonged mild tempera- tures tend to reduce the differences between the groups. The earlier and larger groups were used for estimating velocities. This was done by dividing the time into the average sum of temperatures above 50° F. for * For this reason the tables of 1918 data are not given here. The other tables, which are given, do not show the three-group pupation. 412 each group. By this method, the velocity tends to remain constant for any one temperature, but the sum changes. This variation in the sum is evidence that the developmental total is not the same for different indi- viduals; that is, the developmental processes, especially where enzymes are concerned, require varying amounts of metabolism to complete the stage. For example, 280 larvae which pupated at various approximately constant temperatures ranging from 53° to 80° were in three successive groups. When an approximately constant velocity value was obtained by dividing the mean substitution quotient for the group by the time (in days) for each individual at a constant temperature, that velocity value was used for that temperature in making the equal-velocity chart. This calculation was based on the fact that all groups at constant temperatures TABLE XXIII. Differences in “Pre-pupal’ Time-Temperature Products (above 50° F.) for Two Collections of Hibernated Larvae Pupating in Three Successive Groups (Spring of 1920) in Constant- Temperature Experiment. Groups of pupations. 1st 2nd 3rd Assumed Maximum Product for “Pre-pupal”’ Period, as Of Adanaryalstenn ass sere 300 525 675 Mean Product for Larvae Col- lected March 3d............. 238 439 602 Mean Product for Larvae Col- lected March 22d........... 155 245 390 Approximate Per cent Reduc- : tion of Product to March 22d 48 53 42 Approximate Per cent Reduc- tion of Product March 3rd TOI era scahs ov eben Me seeetaleteayehoiette 27 37 30 within the straight-line limits showed a fairly uniform rate of reduction of the time-temperature product, as illustrated in Table XXIII for two collections of larvae wintering out-of-doors. A large series of calculations of alpha values, taking the means of the three groups separately, showed no conclusive difference in the “threshold”. Some apparent differences were rendered questionable by irregularity of time and small numbers of temperatures within the straight-line limits. There is a suggestion of a slightly lower “threshold” for the later groups, but this is not borne out by calculations based on an assumed alpha value of 50° F. For practical purposes the assumption of the same threshold for all three groups is the simpler. On the basis of 300, 525, and 675 as the respective time-temperature products above 50° F. for the different groups, roughly segregated for 413 1919 and 1920 larvae (see Tables XXIV to XXVII), the curves shown in Fig. 26 were drawn, and on the basis of these curves the velocity chart (Fig. 27) was constructed. It is a provisional attempt, but it summarizes our experience with hibernated larvae. The method described for the pupae was used with this chart. All two-hourly readings of temperature and humidity above 40° F. from January 1st to the first pupation were entered on the chart. A curve was drawn with alpha as 47.5° and the recorded temperatures were corrected; the substitution-quotient proved to be 197 for the first pupation; mean for the first thirty, 227; first maxi- mum, 265; mean of first modal group, 283; second maximum, 441; mean of second modal group, 443; mean of third modal group, 725; mean of TABLE XXIV. Hibernated larvae at approximately constant temperature, 1918. 3 es Date Seiliete Week A o| & L == ied sie (t= = 1 ai a = 5 cs} o oO aS = CS ‘< r= ie C) a CEA lee tary < Es 2 a Bel se E EE £ i: ee A 2 & ae oe 2 s\E. > /ESt| Bo = a ; #o S|) se\so/ 28/52] Ea 5 roy = 3 ae 5 Es £5 Em so ° S io cS) te as & 125/825) g= Ez) 8. 5 i g 4 Eo $a $|/galsa| g8 |S8| $8 2 a 3 A le ee ES = IS ee eS a | 4 a NDa 3 | 13 95 35 | 95 | 95 35 | 33 22.7 | 2/14 | 2/26 ie NMa 2] 12.5 95 52 95 | 95 52 | 52 12.1 2/14 | 2/28 V NWa 2 | 12.25 | 95 65 | 95 | 95 65 | 65 10.9 | 2/14 | 2/26 Vv NNva 14 | 13.2 95 30 | 95 | 95 30 | 30 +0 3/23 | 4/15 I NW 4 {11.2 95 6bs So 1°95 65 | 65 27 3/25 | 4/5 av Vnv* 13 | 26.0 49.1 | 99 | 57 | 44 100 | 98 o+ 4/1 5/9 Vv HIDa 1 | 25 52.7 | 50 | 53 | 50 55 | 45 Biel) | RA a alate atte IV HNV 3 | 39.7 62.6 | 97 | 53 | 50 Se SOMillatssaatare 4/2 5/12 IV HMa 7 | 48.0 52.7°| 50 | 53 | 50 60 | 45 8.5 | 4/2 6/1 IV HWa 1 | 39.0 52.7 | 90 | 53 | 50 100 | 80 9.9 | 4/2 5/11 IV KM 2] 16.5 61.7 | 75 62 59 80 70 3.0 4/2 4/22 IV MM 3 8.1 90.0 | 44 | 92 88 60 40 o+ 4/2 4/13 IV MAD 2 9.2 90.0 | 60 | 92 | 88 70 | 50 7.1 | 4/2 4/15 IV MN 4 7.0 90.0 | 95 | 92 | 88 99 | 92 O+ | 4/2 4/11 KD 14 | 19.3 62 60 | 63 | 60 65 | 55 4.0 | 4/6 5/15 IV KW 21 | 17.2 62 95 | 63 | 60 | 100 | 90 2.9 | 4/6 5/7 IV HD 18 | 50 53 60 | 53 | 51 65 | 55 36.7 | 4/11 | 6/12 III LD 28 | 21 60.4 | 60 | 62 | 58 65 | 55 3.3 | 4/11 | 5/30 Vv AD 31 | 15.5 69.5 | 50 | 72 | 68 55 | 45 7.0 | 4/11 | 5/23 V AM 29 | 14.6 69.5 | 60 | 72 | 68 65 | 55 4.4 | 4/11 | 5/15 Vv AW 387 | 14.6 69.5 | 70 | 72 | 68 75 | 65 4.4 | 4/11 | 5/11 V | Air flow was 8 mm. per sec. for all cages except AW, which was 10. last group to first blank day, 758. The figures are quite close to those predicted from the constant-temperature experiments. It was not possible to check over other years, as hygrothermograph records were wanting. In working over these data, a new method was devised. The weather data were plotted on the chart only once; and the sum and mean were determined for temperature, humidity, and velocity from January 1st to May 20th, when the last larva pupated. The data were carried forward from day to day in tabular form. This saves time, but the other method with overlapping of plotting on the charts, generally has the advantage of showing the distribution of the two-hour readings associated with the various groups. 414 Hisernatep LARVAE 10045) 5 Fig. 26. Showing the data and velocity curves for the “prepupal’’ period of hibernating larvae. See Figs. 13 and 14 and explanations in text. ‘ eee 415 iW fur O2O =: Sara HAV VOEOT AGMA NAMA NNN UTTER AY LER ella ed cuaita trader fH NY WSN MYL. MIMS A CL The velocities must be multiplied by 1.125. Trial “prepupal’’ velocity chart for hibernating larvae (See ex- Fig. 27. planations of Figs. 13 and 14.) (See p. 416.) 416 The sum of developmental units for the period January 1 to April 13 in 1916 amounted to 4,992 (after multiplying each velocity value by 1.125 to bring the angle of the velocity curve to 45°). This divided by 24 gives 208 as the substitution-quotient, which is as near as can_ be expected to the 197 for a first checking of the two methods. This differ- ence is not surprising, for under treatment which did not differ, larvae in one case pupated when put at 85° F. or other temperatures suitable for pupation, as early as December 19, but in other cases did not pupate until March. In general, February Ist seems too early for most larvae. TABLE XXV. Hibernated larvae at approximately constant temperature, 1918 (continued). Air flow was 8 mm. per sec. for all cages. 2 Date a ~ | 5 Ble |¢ Ce Ey BO Bat Uekedea| Samal al Sek 3s z : 5 Ig o ra = ale =iee a is g 3 hel] I Siete tens este Bp 3 5 si = ree liaes 5|&s5 p|/Es| ao 5 3 = Gehss Pa) GS |S5)s55] 36) 55 Lo z 5 fi © ae as |e |\S8/88| Bsies| ¢. 5 Ea a s| &8 | Se |$|g8)ea) SB/E8| so | & a 2 a aaa Su eae iter siete | Od oy: ioe | LM 29 | 18.3 60.2 | 75 | 62 | 58 80 | 70 4.2 | 4/17 6/3 | Vv LW 18 | 23.0 60.2 | 55 | 62 | 58 60 | 50 0.7 | 4/17 5/8 — NDe 4 7.25 || 95 35 | 95 | 95 35 | 35 | 38 4/17 4/26 IV NMc 2 6 95 50 | 95 | 95 50 | 50 | 19 4/17 4/24 II NWe 14 DAN 95 65 | 95 | 95 65 | 65 | 13 4/17 4/29 Vv NV 13 8.4 95 9595") 95 Wer Apsine aes 4/17 4/30 V M(A)D 6 | 13.4 90.5 | 30 | 92 | 88 40 | 20 8.0 | 4/18* | 5/6 Iv MD 5 8.8 90.5 | 40 | 92 | 88 BO | 35 | 11.6.) 4/19* | 5/1 IV Www 10 | 10.6 90.5 | 52 | 92 | 88 60 | 45 4.1 | 4/19* | 5/6 IV ANcDk Sill [aha Ate 90.8 | 60 | 92 | 88 65 | 55 | 16 4/23 5/16 _ HHung 9 9.4 54.3 | 60° | 56 | 52 65 | 55 | 33 4/25 5/19 III HMb 7 7.0 54.3 | 50 | 56 | 52 50 | 50 6.0 | 4/25 5/10 III HW 3 | 12.3 54.3 |.90 | 56 | 52 | 100 | 80 6.0 | 4/25 5/15 Til HIW 4 5.8 54.3 | 70 | 56 | 52 75 | 65 5.0 | 4/25 5/5 Tit ID 6 4.5 54.3 | 50 | 64 | 52 50 | 45 5.8 | 4/25 5/9 IIt HID 3 3.3 54.3 | 60 | 64 | 52 65 | 55 3.4 | 4/25 5/2 IIL Vv 1 | 42 48.8 | 98 | 53 | 48 | 100 | 95 5.4 | 4/25 6/6 III VSh. 19 4 49.0 | 56 | 42 | 60 CYTE TELUS ES is 4/25 5/20 Til Wa. 1 1 48 90 | 54 | 42 09H Pere | eke cits 4/26 4/28 Vv MAD 19 8.6 91.3 |-29' |) 92 1 89 SB B00 |) Vid lise. varee etal een MD 8 8.4 91.3 | 387 | 92 | 89 40 | 30 | 11.7 | 4/27 5/8 IV MM 12 | 10.3 91.3 | 44 | 92 | 89 50 | 40 9 4/27* | 5/12 ? MW att 9.0 SLs: jot | 192] 89. 55 | 45 -4 | 4/27* | 5/11 IV MNv 11 8.0 91.3 | 95 | 92.) 89 | 100 | 90 0+ | 4/28 5/11 z3 MW W iby 9.5 91 85 | 92 | 90 DOU SOT erates 5/1 5/9 IV * Submerged. Townsend got pupation in November in a lot of 1923-24 larvae put in suitable conditions. While they were in-door stocks, there appeared to be no tangible reason for this early pupation. Obviously, winter phe- nomena are not understood ; and, until they are, over-wintering probably can not be put on a scientific basis. Prediction of the First Pupation of Hibernating Larvae. Our experience with the larvae of the codling moth leads to the conclusion that hibernation is concerned with two physiological conditions: (1) the true dormant period, and (2) the “pre-pupal” period, not as yet distinguishable from the dormant period, but concerned with the changes which lead to pupation. Late autumn 417 larvae which pupate when put at 85° F. have passed the first phase of the process. Larvae may pupate, when put under proper conditions, in November, December, January, or February, or may fail to pupate as late as February. Attention has already been called to the fact that this leaves no scientific basis for a starting date, though January 1 is about average. However, to test the relations of hibernating larvae still farther, a table showing the velocity value for each degree Fahrenheit and each 5 per cent humidity was prepared from Fig. 27. (These velocities were multiplied by 1.125, as before.) The temper- ature above 43° F. and the corresponding humidity on even hours were tran- scribed from hygro-thermograph records made by W. P. Flint near Springfield in 1918. The beginning of development was assumed to be January 1. The velocities were then written opposite the combined temperature and humidity, TABLE XXVI. Hibernating larvae at approximately constant temperature, 1919. | ia : - 5 : | 3 £ Fa an = 5 us , me Sa taller is : cal ee 2 3 3 Ss I ES E ES ES suey | ree | eshe c ey 2 nea | on | Se ie | ge | ose | sl’| seo) be eS 5 bp Ss ne an c ae c= ae Ee 25. a Py eee eee set ee) Sel ee ee pat ee | 8 % A eae nie leteta iinet i vets n PSH | Stet ene ‘al A | | | | 5 Any Meese ian MBA or erdeda6s.e I 100) | 90 O+ | 5/2 BNv 2 7.0 80.8 whe 81.5 Goat 100 90 0+ 3/22 HW 8 36.2 60.6 85 63 ow 90 80 ae 3/20 HD 3 47 61.7 63 63 59 65 60 te 3/20 HDR 5 | 47 61.7 | 63>| 63 59 65 | 60 8.5 | 3/20 LD 1 gO 66.1 | 57 | 67 65 70 | 50 3.0 | 3/24 LW 6 15.6 65.7 86 66.5 65 90 80 10.7 3/24 MD 0 90.1 | 35 | 91.0 | 89 38 | 20 | 36.0 | 3/20 MW || 10 90.1 | 92 | 91 89 95 | 90 4.0 | 3/20 NS 2 93.6 97 || 94 93 100 95 o+ 3/22 NW 3 95:1 70 96 93 79 60 9.0 3/22 ND 0 95.1 25 96 93 33 16 21.0 3/22 RRT 0 53.9 97 a4 51 100 90 o+ 2/15 RLRWn 0 97 53 51 100 90 o+ 2/15 RD 0 | 40 53 51 44 3b 5.3 2/15 RM 0 70 53 51 84 54 1.9 2/15 RW ino | 90 | 53 51 94 | 85 0.6 | 2/15 SNV 3 Ng 96 89.6 | 86 100 92 0+ 5/2 sw 2 10 | 85 | 86 84 100 | 80 7.0 | 3/20 SAD 0 «| 85.0 | 50 | 86 84 56 34 15.0 3/20 SADD 0 af 85:0 40 86 84 46 25 17.0 3/24 ET -| 81.2 70 81.5 79 72 68 15.4 3/20 fei 81.2 70 81.5 79 Rm 68 12.9 3/20 TL ici A aincse $1.2 70 81.5 79 T2 68 8.4 3/20 Air flow 8 mm. per sec., except TH, TI, TL; these were 425, 109, 1.5, respectively. and the developmental units were summed to the date of the first pupation, April 4. The developmental total, from January 1 to the first pupation, was only 3312 instead of 4992 as in 1916. In Flint’s Springfield records for 1918 there were no temperatures above 43° F. in January, and temperatures in sub- sequent months were lower than in 1916. This makes evident that progress at low temperatures takes place, or that January 1st was not the proper date for beginning the calculation for this year. Both are probable inferences, and this trial of the 1918 data confirms the conclusion that we as yet have no means of determining the date at which the larvae pass from the true dormant phase to the “pre-pupal” phase. Accordingly, the table of velocities is omitted. The velocities for average weather conditions as shown on the omitted chart, how- yO[ Woy ovdnd 4se} Ul SAT JOT Woy “Ta “Mad Stausd ur “A[PATOedsaa Avp aod “09 ‘g’g ‘OT ‘2°99 puB g ‘L SBM ‘Ga ‘AVA evdnd 4s0L ‘MGUSH ‘Ma@E0s OF (P9VI}) +0 SBM YT (‘pauctjuowt s}OT JO ALOJSIY 10J FLE “d vag) fA JOT woay o10M ‘We ‘Get ‘AVA UE pesn S[TBNprATpur ouL ‘Ma ‘WG JOJ UOTZeIOdeAD By 82/¢ €2/G oF cg 98L 0g 0s 0s ¢/9 £3/¢ aa GG 98h ge 07s 08 0s 1/9 £¢/¢ Gh GG 98 ( 0g 08 0g 9/9 $6/G oP Gg 9°8L er 0°S 08 0g LU/S Si/P rai Sg 9°8L (a 0S 0g 0g 81/4 8I/F GF Gg 9°8L 0G 08 0g 02/6 8I/s Gh gq 9°8L ce 0°S 08 04 62/S SL/F GP GG 9'8L Be 0's 08 0g $/9 €0/¢ GP Sg 98h os og 0s 0g 9/9 £2/¢ ra cg 9S 8 0g 0s 0s LI/G SI/F (aa gg 9°SL ae 0g 08 0g L/S 8I/F ag cg 9'SL £°S8 0g 08 0g 8/9 £6/F aa Gg 9°8h £°S8 0s 08 0g 9/9 £2/F GP gg 98h £°S8 07g 0s 0g 12/9 ¢/9 08 00T 6°6L 606 Lg F'08 06 22/9 ¢/9 #S Zs 6'°6L 6°06 Lg ¥08 OL 1/9 £2/¢ *S GL r'08 og G18 OL 9/9 €2/G 0g 99 £08 0g GIs 09 9/9 aa as r'08 og STs og a 0g OF $08 og G18 ce Bes 02 0g 9°82 g 0s Ts GS #/9 at gg 98h i 0g 08 0g La/* 92/F Pee ee Oe ee wleee ete Bins s as] aimee cortege [[eyerN mle 08/F $2/F bP gg 67LL Tes 8 ra | 9g | S'6L | 0s 9/9 £2/F (dia gg 9°SL £98 OL LP 0g 0°08 0g LI/¢ 81/F (aa GG 98h G"¢g Obes eo eeniG: | |eor08 | 08 ¥L/S TIl/P 09 9L 0°62 2°98 ited ceed T9 Z'08 OL 08/F Tl/+ ia 89 0°6L 2°98 OTe in) T9 2°08 09 t/¢ Il/t ¥F 9g 0°62 298 Or *S T9 Z'08 0g T/S Tl/¥ 0g OF 0°6L 2°98 8 se T9 208 cg a iS E ee BE SRE loge cl cem ne oobi ae | ges) ee o ® =A a 5e. 54 = He 4 me 2 3 gc. fc. 5 as ic) 55 3 n a5 =3 33 35 2 oe ot a g S Be | Be Ss a a rad ea sae ae = Se eal 3 BOeeeo ae SR | Bes fe: poe et ee | aR ol S ® 5 = S 5 p. fh : re a be ES Zs ® 2 5 ¢ x ss ‘IIL Ige0e ‘“1e0e “Id ‘da ‘a Sid aisode rt ANAT 219 1919 19 19191 Ltr) nrnnninN 0 TOD 09 09 O93 OD CUT et rt rt tO SD i rt i POD OS OD OD *PWADNDDNMNNHNHDNHNHOHHDNHNNHNNDH 1D 19 10 19 LDN 2 G2 1D 19:18 1D LD SONHMHSTH GOSH IGE SNHStHoOweME 1D 191919 41ND ddodidtdns Donny oem Aone "oO OOM OD = coal od Homma tTeT oO nl A a "MMG'ME ‘INE ‘Ad ‘AVA A0F ‘09S Jod “uu § SBM AJLOOTOA ALY TE0G DEVE 1606 TAE0G ae0G DEVE 206 + d£06 ‘dnd 3S89.L ‘dnd 389,.L ‘aanjzerseduis} ues ‘uorzednd 0} sABq ‘uoT]eUusIsaqd ‘syoaffa qyby fsainzosaduay Burhiava fi1Zybus yD ana.cn'T TIAXX FTV L and 419 ever, coincide almost exactly with the velocities for the larva in the apple as derived by entirely different methods (see Table V), up to 80° F. The top of the curve for the larva in the apple is about four velocity units lower at the maximum (see broken-line peak in Fig. 24.) This is in accord with ex- pectation, as the larva in the center of the apple would probably not be warmed to the same extent as the larva in the cocoon, during the brief period of daily maximum temperature. (D) VELOCITIES AS AFFECTED BY FACTORS OTHER THAN TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY. The foregoing considerations of the development of the codling moth have been presented with reference to temperature and humidity as if no other factors operated to modify the results. It remains to consider how other factors modify the velocity values based on temperature and humidity data. The following are known to be of importance: (1) varia- bility of temperature and humidity, (2) rainfall which soaks the larvae or pupae, (3) wind or air movément, (4) quality and intensity of light, (5) food, (6) mechanical stimuli, (7) seasonal march of temperature and humidity. (1.) Variability of Temperature and Humidity in Weather Condi- tions. Variability of weather conditions has to be considered, first, from two view-points: (a) variation of temperature and humidity in the form of daily rhythm, as contrasted to constant temperatures; (b) rising and fall- ing of general temperature for the day, as shown by higher or lower maxima, minima, and means, under actual weather conditions. (a) All available data on pupae, taken together, indicate that the length of the stage under variable temperatures is approximately 7 per cent shorter than under constant temperatures, although no experiments were especially designed to verify this difference. Such experiments, to give results comparable with those under actual weather conditions, would have to include temperatures outside the straight-line limits. The crucial experiments AD and AW (Fig. 15), with temperatures varying slowly within the straight-line limits, showed the same acceleration as the weather conditions. In some exceptional experiments, however, with small num- bers of individuals, when the temperature rose suddenly and dropped again within a few hours, the velocity seemed to be decreased as com- pared with that for the corresponding constant temperatures. Although this retarding effect was obscured by other variations in conditions, the fact deserves mention, and the exceptional data are listed here: In one case, the temperature varied 4°-10° F. during 2 hours at mid-day, being constant most of the other hours, and the velocity was decreased 9 per cent. In another case (two lots of presumably uniform material in the 1917 experiments), with a rise of 15°-20° F. at mid-day, which is of the order of magnitude of the out-door rise in our region, the velocity differed by 12 per cent as follows: in constant conditions, with tempera- ture 69.5° and humidity 80 per cent, the pupal time was 13.1 days; in 420 variable conditions, with mean temperature 69.5° and mean humidity 82 per cent, showing a rise of 18° F. at mid-day, the time was 14.7 days. This decrease in velocity, correlated with the sharp mid-day rise followed by a rapid return to normal, suggests acclimation, temperature regulation, or a lag in the warming of the pupal body. No experiments with a sharp fall in temperature followed by a quick return to normal have been tried. The effect of the normal daily variations of out-door temperatures, when corrected to the velocity curve and compared to the constant-tem- perature results, amounts to 7-8 per cent more rapid development than that under constant temperatures, for the pupae. The egg data suggest a difference of about 7 per cent, and the larval data about 8 per cent. In every stage, development is more rapid under the normal out-door variations. (b) The effect of rising or falling mean daily temperature is reflected in the developmental total for the pupal stage and probably also for the other stages. Fig. 28 shows rainfall, minimum and maximum tempera- tures, and the relative rate of development for the groups of pupae, eggs, and larvae indicated for 3 years, 1915-17. A curve drawn so as to con- nect the mean centers for the period covered by the thirty pupae from pupation to emergence, rises and falls with the daily temperatures, sug- gesting that rising temperatures retard development and falling tempera- tures stimulate it. This may be explained on the basis of acclimation (Jacobs ’19). Presumably, the velocity of development does not increase or decrease as rapidly as temperature changes. A close inspection of Fig. 28 shows that, as a rule, when the number of rises in temperature exceeds the number of drops, the developmental total is high, and vice versa. There are some exceptions to this, but these are due to the combining of several groups that pupated on different days. Taking merely the groups that pupated on the same day, there is usually not very much difference in time; it appears that they string out when rising tem- peratures come at the end. The correlation in general is good, but more and detailed study will be necessary to make clear its exact meaning. Doubtless direct measurement of CO, given off in relation to changes of temperature would be significant. It is not clear but that phenomena such as are shown by Lehenbauer (714) may be the cause. He found that the maximum rate in relation to temperature varies with the length of exposure. (2.) Rainfall and Submergence in Water. (See Figs. 3 and 28.) During the “pre-pupal” period in hibernated larvae, submergence in water appeared in some cases to have little or no effect, while in other cases it accelerated development. Townsend has shown that submergence must be frequent to have any effect. None of Glenn’s larvae were sub- merged or exposed to rain; so, rainfall had only an indirect effect through humidity. Hibernation in dry conditions lengthens the pupal period. This is shown in the 1918 experiments and in Glenn’s 1915 material after an unusually dry late winter and early spring. The average time was nearly INCHES Fig. 28. Showing rainfall and mean temperature and humidity for the summer of 1915, 1916, and 1917 at Olney, Illinois. (See Table XI.) The pupa, egg, apple, and cocoon curves are plotted with reference to a standard or aver- age time as follows:—The standard or average is plotted as 100; pupal scale, upper left; egg scale, middle right; apple and cocoon scale, lower left. The data are plotted on the median date of the first and last occurrence in each group of 30 pupae, 50 eggs, and 10 larvae in the apple and in the cocoon, a dot marking the first and the iast dates of each series. Correlations of time (length of stages) with rainfall and rising and falling temperatures are indi- cated. 422 a day longer when the temperature remained the same or when, if dif- ferent, it was reduced to the same velocity value. Heavy rainfall lengthens time in the apple (Fig. 28). Little or no rainfall shortens it. (3.) Air Movement and Evaporation. A large series of larvae were subject to various rates of evaporation measured by the porous cup atmometer. Mortality was high, and com- plete losses in certain evaporation rates rendered some sets useless. The excellent success attending the use of the porous cup atmometer with plant work has not attended our efforts. The reason for this is that higher temperature, which accelerates development, increases evaporation ; while increased rainfall and humidity, which accelerate development, de- crease evaporation. Although high mortality and failure to pupate render conclusions uncertain, the relative number of individuals emerging and the length of their pupal life may be taken as some evidence of the effects of evaporation when other conditions are considered. Accordingly, the data are shown: In 1917, temperature 79°, humidity 75 per cent, evapora- tion 4.3 cc. per day seemed most favorable. In 1918, temperature 58°, humidity 60 per cent, evaporation 30 cc. per day seemed most favorable. In 1919, first generation, temperature 80.2°, humidity 70 per cent, evapora- tion 8.4 (lowest) cc. per day seemed most favorable. In 1919, second generation, results were contradictory. In 1920 first results were con- tradictory, due to mortality. In 1920, one set, the shortest time was with 66.8 cc. evaporation, but this also showed the greatest failure to pupate. The 1920 second generation showed temperature 82°, humidity 77 per cent, evaporation 28.5 cc. to be best on the whole, although one rate was higher and four were lower. It appears that higher failure to pupate and higher mortality are accompanied by shortest pupal life under conditions of very rapid evaporation. TABLE XXVIII. Showing the emergence of moths from hibernated larvae (1920-21). All were kept at the same temperature during hibernation (37-48°) until March 15th, when the temperature was raised to 73.5° F. Soaked Dry Humidity 100% Humidity 90% Collected. Sept. 15. Sept. 28. Sept. 28. No. Spinnings No. Time No. Time No. Time 1( (41 29.5 4 26.4 8 30.9 ( (53 30.6 4 26.4 8 30.9 2( (75 28.7 40 27.7 56 28.0 ( (89 31.1 42 28.2 60 28.8 3 ( (81 26.4 3 23.7 28 26.9 ( (81 26.4 | 3 23.7 29 27.3 423 (4.) Quality and Intensity of Light. (a). Intensity. As compared with diffused daylight, the length of the pupal stage is longest in the dark. This is uniformly true in our experiments. Isely and Ackerman (’23) have shown that light checks egg-laying of the codling moth, and that temperatures above 62° after sundown are essential to laying. (b). Color. A series of experiments on color gave inconsistent re- sults. Red, blue, and green were less favorable, in all cases, than darkness or Mazda lamp light through daylight glass. See Table XIIIg (p. 372). (5.) Food. It is a well-known fact that the larvae develop in picked apples more quickly than in apples on the tree and in some varieties of apples than in others, but no analysis of the cause has been made. (See Glenn ’22. (6.) Mechanical Stimuli and Number of Spinnings. Some investigators have maintained that the time to pupation is increased by the number of spinnings and the large amount of mechanical stimulation due to opening the cocoons several times for observations. The results shown in Table XXVIII are on larvae that had spun one, two, or three times in the fall, but were not disturbed in the spring. The sec- ond item includes all that came through, while the first is only to May 20. NY N 2S SS es 30 40 50 60 90 40 50 60 70 60 30 400 100 hie 77 Husioiry—% Fig. 29. The average daily march of temperature and humidity 1915-17 at Olney. 424 If number of spinnings has any effect, the evidence indicates that it decreases the length of stages. In an experiment in 1920 there was no difference in the length of pupal life related to number of spinnings. A decrease in time might be inferred from Bishop’s (’23) work on the honeybee larva. In the codling moth, it may be assumed that the in- creased acidity due to several spinnings helped to complete processes which are essential to rapid development, and which take place over a long period. (7.) Seasonal March of Temperature and Humidity. Fig. 29 shows the average daily variation of temperature and humidity for the different generations at Olney. The curves are roughly drawn through the plotted records of temperature and humidity as shown in Fig. 17, and they represent the conditions encountered by several sets of pupae. Although slightly different from the curves which would result from the use of data unselected from a biological point of view, they serve to indicate the marked difference between different seasons and thus emphasize the reason for taking humidity into account. ol 4 5 6 EY 7 BY 9e30 Bee. by — B Ae ASZGnE é CARBONDALE FLORA CARLINVILLE b OF PER SSPE Sab CF) Bl eNO 2 Se aw Oar Oe ee Fig. 30. Ball-Taylor diagrams and hythergraph of scarce and abundant codling-moth years in Southern Illinois localities. Experiments on combinations of temperature and humidity, where the series is limited, should follow the general trend of the w eather of the region and of the season to be studied. This plan will save much time and unnecessary experimentation, provided hygro-thermograph records have been kept; otherwise, some means of using vapor-pressure tables will have to be devised. The changes in humidity “do not follow the trend shown by air warmed by other means. Fig. 30 shows complete data for the Ball- “Taylor rainfall- -temperature charts, or hythergraphs, for “abundant” and “scarce” years at six locali- ties, with the amount of variation. The conclusions from this study have already been expressed in PART TWO, pp. 350-355, where the parts are shown separately in Fig. 3-7. Hythergraphs form a basis for interesting speculation as to the original home of the codling moth. The heavy line in Fig. 31 shows the average monthly temperature and rainfall for a typical year in three apple-growing districts in south-eastern Europe. The large area (enclosed by the solid line) in each part of the figure indicates the limits of average data for all the great apple- mm RAINFALL ie SU TS © 100 J25° 150) - 0: 25 50 100 (25 |50 O 25 50 100 (25 50 E [ aeineksd | dapper ate aes! LAT LA -2/ 30 : pest rrr ; ne de 20. oe ee, 90 EIA BC ESR ° 10 20° 30 40° 50 60 O J0 20.30 40 50 60 oO 10 20 30 40 50 60 RAINFALL Fig. 31. Hythergraphs for apple-growing regions. 426 growing regions of the world* except the irrigated districts of the western part of the United States, which are shown by the extension of this large area by dotted lines at the left. The inner area (enclosed by the dot-dash line) in each part of the figure indicates the limits of average data for Huropean countries alone, which may be considered as the most favorable conditions because extremes of temperature and rainfall are thus excluded. The Sophia data fall generally within these medial conditions; while the data for the other two localities, which are at a higher altitude, do not. It is probable that a complete analysis of the climatic relations of the apple and the codling moth would help to settle the question of the origin of the moth. On the hypothesis that this origin was in the territory around the eastern Mediterran- ean, where conditions fall within the small area shown in Fig. 31, the difference between a “scarce” and an “abundant” year in Illinois is explicable. Since the hythergraph for southern Illinois does not always fall entirely within this area of favorable conditions, both winter and summer temperatures sometimes reaching extremes, the codling moth is abundant here only in years when these general limits are not exceeded. At least, the important effects of autumn and winter rainfall, as pointed out in this paper, suggest the Mediterranean region as the original habitat of the codling moth. (E) EXPERIMENTAL METHODS. In the experiments reported in this paper many important innova- tions were employed, especially in the controlling and recording of vari- able conditions of temperature, humidity, air movement, and evaporation. Most experimental work has formerly been done with constant tempera- tures. We know of no other attempts to use variable temperatures of an interpretable type, with factors all recorded, as a means of bridging the gap between constant-temperature experiments and actual weather condi- tions. The chambers for constant-temperature work are unique in that they allow the use of several humidities at the same temperature. This feature is essential, because variation in stock necessitates the running of a large series started at the same time from the same stock. This is a very important feature for climate-simulation work. A. GENERAL EQUIPMENT. 1. Building. This work was done in the Vivarium of the Univer- sity of Illinois. The greater part of the work was carried on in a glass- roofed house of greenhouse construction. The room was provided with center-roof and side ventilators, and a door at the end. To facilitate air circulation, three fans were placed on the bottom of the side ventilator on the south. The room was heated by steam radiators regulated by a Johnson automatic temperature control, as described by Harding and Willard (716). 2. Apparatus. The constant-temperature experiments were con- ducted with the apparatus regularly used in the Vivarium, which will be *The following countries were included in this category: Great Britain, Spain, France, Germany, Denmark, Australia, Tasmania, Canada, and the United States. —— 427 described in a forthcoming book.* The apparatus for variable-tempera- ture-experiments consisted of five chambers of a type shown in perspective in Fig. 32. The three smaller chambers (C, D, and E), which were 251% inches long by 2034 inches wide by 42 inches high, were designed first ; when found to be too small, they were supplemented by two other cham- bers (F and G), which were 39 inches by 20 inches by 48 inches. These smaller chambers were of two kinds: two, (C and D), with glass slides ; ane one, (E), with opaque sides. The water tank above chamber D was provided with a glass bottom and glass sides so as to admit skylight through the water. Water from the general supply flowed in through the tank and out through a waste pipe so as to maintain a water level two inches below the top of the water tank. This made it possible to control the supply of cold running water to keep down the temperature of the main chamber on hot summer days. The main chamber was provided with a wooden shelf, as shown in Fig. 32, leaving an opening from below the shelf up into the main body of the chamber when the door was closed. The coils which turned on the heat during the night were under this shelf (ordinarily the sun caused the temperature to rise to about 100° F. on summer days). To ventilate the cages, the chamber was supplied with humidified air from a compression tank. The wall of the chamber con- tained four small pipes ending in a slender hose-end on the inside and in a small (%-inch) cock on the outside, for the purpose of conducting the atmometer leads, or suction leads, through the wall. The dark chamber (E) was of the same size as the glass-sided chamber and was provided with the water tank above, but received the light only from above, and was intended to demonstrate the effects of light under the same tempera- ture conditions. Difficulty was usually experienced in maintaining a tem- perature similar to that in the other chambers, which tended to rise higher during the day. The same mean temperature, however, was obtained in this chamber as in the others, although it was done by raising the mini- mum during the period of the night instead of by raising the maximum at mid-day. The humidifying device which treated the air supplied to these cham- bers, is shown in Fig. 33, consisted of a galvanized-iron cylinder so con- structed as to stand pressure of from five to ten pounds. Air at reduced pressure entered this cylinder at the right. In the top of this cylinder was a Schutte-Koerting head which sprayed cold water into the space through which the air passed, so as to nearly saturate the air at the temperature of the water, which was about 16° C. during the summer months. The surplus water from the humidifying chamber flowed out through a ball- float cock (steam trap—Harding and Willard, ’16, p. 214). The air passed over the galvanized-iron cylinder through a condensation separator, which removed any water. This humidifying process supplied air nearly saturated at the temperature of the running water, and the humidity for any temperature above or below this could readily be calculated. This * Experimental Animal Ecology, to be published in 1927 by Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md. 428 was experimentally ascertained for a period of several weeks in July, 1919, by allowing the air after leaving the humidifier to pass through a hood which was slipped over the sensitive parts of a Friez hygro-thermo- graph. The air was passed through a block tin pipe coil surrounding the temperature-sensitive part, before passing into the hood entrance. This apparatus then recorded the temperature and the humidity of this air Fig. 32. Showing the unit F for simulating daily rhythm, (U. I. V.). Cool- ing water tank at the top with high drain at the left and siphon valve at the right to remove all water in cleaning. The C-shaped shelf, air cocks, and one thermostat with heater also appear in the drawing. 429 when raised to a given degree above the temperature of the water. These results indicated that the air was generally above 90% of saturation, so that the calculations on that basis were approximately correct. Compressed-Air Supply. Air was supplied at a pressure of 60-80 pounds through pipes from a large piston compressor at the University power-house, about 200 yards from the Vivarium. It appeared to be satisfactory air, although doubtless a better supply should be sought for very refined work. It contained nothing which could be injurious, except IY SITING Gp WS A NAWWSs J ray Chamber Spray Hurudiher Fig. 33. Showing an assembled spray humidifier (N. H. S.). Air comes into contact with finely divided water at a low temperature in the spray cham- ber and passes to the separator where any droplets of water are removed by baffles. a rather large amount of carbon dioxide in some samples. There was a slight odor from the oil used in the pump, which was decomposed under pressure. This odor was not present when the best grade of oil was used, and particularly in the summer time when a large amount of air was drawn. For nearly all of the work the pressure was reduced to 3-5 pounds, the reduction being accomplished by a Mason pressure-reducing valve. This valve has an advantage over others which have come to our attention, as it gives practically constant pressure regardless of fluctua- tions in the initial pressure and in the rate of flow through the valve. 430 B. MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE, Humuipity, AND Arr MovEMENT. Most of the earlier temperature records were made with standard thermographs placed adjacent to the bottles containing the codling moths or placed in the cages containing insects inhabiting plants. In the latter work a Leeds and Northrup resistance thermometer recorder, carrying ten resistance thermometers, was used. These thermometers are approxi- mately 1 by 8 cm. and can be inserted into small cavities or places in soil or in the branches of a food plant. They are by far the most accurate of all thermometers on the market, being correct to 0.2° (the unavoidable error is due to shifting of the paper). This recorder, furthermore, has the great advantage of eliminating the difficulty which results from havy- ing the thermometer in one place and the animals in another with a degree or two difference in temperature, as is usually the case. Where thermo- graphs were used an effort was made to eliminate this difficulty by taking regular readings of a mercury thermometer. Humidity was recorded by Friez hygrographs (human hair type) which were checked weekly with a sling, or by daily readings of wet and dry bulb thermometers enclosed in a tube. Evaporation was measured by the Livingston atmometer. The rate of air flow was measured by use of the diaphragm chambers and Ellison gage (Hamilton 17). The flows are readily measured by this method, but it offers no adequate means of maintaining the flow as constant. In practice, flows were set principally by the use of screw compression clamps on rubber hose. In some cases, mercury valves were installed, which consisted merely of a U-tube containing a small amount of mer- cury. A slight rise in pressure would push the mercury around in the U-tube and allow some air to bubble out. Generally, the flows were simply set by the compression cock at intervals of a few days, and the mean of the readings taken as indicating the rate of flow. Instrument records. The record sheets from the thermograph and hygrothermograph, except where temperatures were practically constant, and in many cases where they were not, were treated according to a definite routine plan. The means for each two hours of the day were first determined by inspection, a clerk being employed to write with a lead pencil the mean number of degrees and the mean per cent of humidity for the two hours in the proper space immediately below the graphs. Each sheet was then checked by another clerk, corrected if any mistakes were found, and returned for inking. The person doing the checking often did the inking, so that the presence of the two-hour means in ink indicated that the work had been checked over by a second person. The sheets were then gone over a second time and means for half-days com- puted. These half-days were taken as from eight to eight, and the mean was composed of the sum of six two-hour means. These were then written on the sheets in lead pencil with the eight o’clock hours indicated by vertical lines. The period from eight to eight was taken because in CE ee 431 the variable temperatures the temperature begins to rise at eight A. M., reaches a maximum about two P. M., and falls during the following six hours to a point near the average for the night. We made our observa- tions the first thing in the morning and the last thing in the evening, usually beginning at eight or earlier, and ending as late as six or six-thirty, and sometimes seven, in the evening, when the experiments were gone over twice a day. While carrying with it the possibility of a very slight error in the total temperatures, any phenomenon occurring so as to be first noted in the morning observation was recorded as having taken place at 8:00 A. M. Any phenomenon noted in the afternoon observation was recorded as having taken place at 8:00 P.M. With this division of mean temperatures for half days, it was easily possible to compute the means for any number of days with an adding machine, as a one-week period would contain only fourteen items. The humidities were treated in a similar fashion. The accounting was greatly simplified by this routine clerical work, which proved to be on the whole very satisfactory, although done by students who were paid very little. In experiments with very variable temperature, the sheets were given a third type of inspection. The daily temperature and humidity curves were inspected, and notation was made of the night humidity and the night temperature, which under most of our experimental conditions was intentionally kept at a constant level. The hour at which this low level was ordinarily reached in the evening and at which the temperature began to rise in the morning was noted, and this temperature was called the base temperature, as under the experimental conditions and often under out- door conditions the points marking this low level approach a straight line. This base temperature had a corresponding base humidity. The base temperature for each day was then noted by inspection and recorded on a separate sheet, together with the absolute maximum and absolute mini- mum and the amount of elevation above the base for each day. In Tables XVIII, XIX, and XX VII these data are presented in full, for they proved to be significant criteria of the climatic factors influencing the rate of development. Standard Atmometers. The atmometer used was the Livingston porous cup atmometer, obtained from the Plant World, Tucson, Arizona. The standardized cups ordinarily obtained, after use ranging from one to three months, depending upon air conditions, were standardized. For this purpose a wheel having a diameter of 38 inches was fastened in a horizontal position on a table and turned at the rate of approximately one revolution per second by a belt from a % h. p. motor making 1,200 R. P.M. The upper side of the wheel bore twelve upright posts, giving it a capacity of twenty-four atmometers at one time, although only twelve were commonly run at a time. These were standardized against a fresh atmometer, and then scoured, emeried, and re-standardized, and used until the standard fell to 0.50 or rose to 1.00, after which they were used as irrigators in the chinch-bug work. It was desirable to have this piece of apparatus on account of the large number of atmometers installed. 432 The device cost only $50, but it required some supervision, as it was made too large throughout. At the present time it would be cheaper to pur- chase the standardized turn-table direct from the Plant World, all ready to use, but of a smaller size. C. Specrat Meruops. Special methods and special equipment will be discussed here. The larvae studied were placed in corrugated papers with celluloid covers and backed up by small pieces of wood, after the manner used by Mr. Glenn. In fact, we secured some of his observation cases and merely selected a container which would hold them, modifying them only slightly (Fig. 34). The sticks used were 4 inches (10 cm) long and one inch (2.5 em) wide. The celluloid covers were supported by wood 2-2.5 mm thick, allowing a space between the celluloid and the wood back. We mounted the back of the piece of wood in order to make two of them approach a cylindrical form. Two were commonly placed face to face, and when only one was used it was provided with a dummy front piece of wood without the pasteboard. The bottles used for most of the experiments were of 250 ce capacity with an inside diameter of about 2% inches (56 mm) and an outside diameter of a little less than 2%4 inches (61 mm). A pair of sticks with their larvae were dropped into a bottle and the two taken together made an elliptical cylinder with a diameter of one inch by 7% inch. Each one of these bottles was provided with a two-hole rubber stopper. Air was introduced through a tube inserted into one of these holes in the rubber stopper, the tube ending at the lower edge of the stopper, and air left the bottle through a tube extending to the bottom. Thus the tube extending to the bottom tended to push the elliptical cylinder to one side and it rested immediately beneath the incoming air which flowed down over the larvae container to the bottom and out. Leaving the bottle, the air was conducted through a small tube into another bottle of the same kind, from which the bottom had been removed by a skilled glass-worker. This bottle rested over a Livingston porous cup atmometer, which is a little more than one inch in diameter and just a little larger than the bottle used as a larvae-container. Thus the apparatus for experimentation was so arranged that the air flowed through the bottle and then over the atmometer at approximately the same rate at which the evaporation was measured. These containers were mounted on pieces of board about 3 inches by 6 inches (7.5 cm by 15 cm). See Fig. 34. The bottle containing the larvae rested on the board and was held in place by three or four slender nails driven into the board. The atmometer, with the recording attachment at its lower end, was sup- ported on a piece of soft aluminum tubing, 4 inch inside diameter, bent into the form of an elbow, inserted through a flat stopper, a channel being cut in the lower side so that one arm of the aluminum tubing rested in this, flush with the underside. This was nailed to the end of the board opposite to that to which the bottle was placed. Above this three corks 1% inch (3.7 cm) by approximately one inch (2% cm) in diameter were —_——_ 433 placed on the edge of the large flat cork and fastened there with long slender nails so that the circumference was divided into three. Additional slender nails were shoved into the top of this cork to hold the bottomless bottle in position over the atmometer. In this manner, units for measuring evaporation and controlling the conditions _ = OT NS NS NS CT a eT ZX 2 PZ FINI Ww aaa awa as AQ) Fig. 34. Showing the arrangement of the bottle, thermometer, larva holder, and atmometer used in the experiments on the codling-moth larvae and pupae. In some cases egg-bearing leaves were fastened to the larva containers. of the air surrounding the larvae were made up in numbers and used in all experiments in which the rate of evaporation is given. A number of experiments were made with larvae in the celluloid-fronted cases already described. When a saturated atmosphere was desired, they were dropped into a bottle which contained an open vial of distilled water. Evapora- 434 tion from this water made a practical saturation, as indicated by the almost continual presence of condensation on the walls. Experiments of this type were not ventilated. The rate of flow of air through the experi- mental bottles was determined by the use of the Ellison differential gage and diaphragm chambers. A 2 mm. aperture and 5 mm. reading were used in the standard experiments, but the rate of air flow was not checked up as closely as it should have been in the earlier experiments, because various difficulties with the equipment rendered it impracticable to make frequent measurements. This commonly gave a flow of a little more than one mm. per second through the bottle. A series of variable-tem- perature experiments was run with paired larval containers simply placed out of doors, or in a greenhouse, or in the experimental case where various chinch-bug experiments were being made and many data were being reported. The experiments with light were made with single containers under conditions as described on p. 427 Table XIIIg (p. 372). D. Recorpine or Data. Records of experimental work were copied on large sheets, legal size, 8% by 14, printed with a special heading bearing the name of the survey and calling for the name of the observer in the upper right hand corner, with experiment number, date, and species immediately below this; while at the right of the center were the words “Subject of Experiments.” Below this was the description of apparatus, and a line calling for notes on light and temperatures, together with previous history and condition of the stock. The lower 11 inches of this paper was ruled horizontally at quarter-inch intervals, with 21 vertical rulings at 36-inch intervals, and leaving a square space of one-half inch at each margin. Down the center of the page was a double blue ruling, which constituted one of the equi- distant sets, and, on each side of this, three red rulings, which constituted three of the equidistant sets. This type of paper was found to be par- ticularly useful where a large number of individuals had to be checked up, as the numbers were put at the heads of the vertical columns and the dates in the left-hand margins, the checkings in each square to show the condition of the individuals from day to day. The upper left-hand corner of this paper was clear of printing or writing for the equivalent of a triangle with its sides three inches. This left a space in which no writing was ever placed, which made easy the fastening together of the sheets with various types of clips without interfering with the writing of the notes. These were got up for the current experiments and placed on legal size board clips, which the investigator carried about with him as he observed the conditions of the experiments from day to day. The different chambers in which these experiments were going on were let- tered, beginning with the large constant-temperature rooms, which were lettered A and B; then the variable units, lettered C, D, E, F, and G, as already noted; then the smaller units inside the constant-temperature rooms, lettered H, I, L, and V (the intervening letters having been used EEE eer eeE—EEEEEEEEEEEEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeeorrrereeeeeoree 435 for temporarily installed incubators during the series of experiments in which they were so designated). With the maximum amount of experi- mental work going on, the entire alphabet was used in designating chambers and places in which animals were kept; and.some such plan is needed for convenience of records and conversation with assistants and caretakers. _ When once adopted, these fetters were allowed to stand in subsequent years for all the permanent pieces of the equipment. (For the meanings of other alphabetical designations, see p. 363.) The records of the codling moth work were kept on the special ruled paper already mentioned, the heading being proportionally filled out; and the numbers were inserted on the celluloid above the individual larvae and corresponding numbers at the heads of the long columns on the experimental sheet. When the observer looked over the experiments morning and evening, he recorded the condition of each individual, as follows: A small check indicated that the larvae were present and alive; the letter P indicated that the larvae had pupated; E, that adults had emerged; D, that larvae had died; M, that they were missing; and K, that they were accidentally killed. The use of the check mark was very desirable, ordinarily, to indicate that the animal was actually “observed, because later on, if there had been no such record kept, or if something new had occurred, one might otherwise wonder whether he had actually looked at it or not. The check marks avoided this form of doubt in working over the results. In counting the days which elapsed from the time of pupation to the time of emergence or any other period, clerks were first put to work ruling the sheets into days, where the observations were made twice a day, which was the case in all except the low tem- peratures. They were warned especially to look out for any irregularities of times when observations had been missed, as was sometimes necessary, particularly with the heavy program, and in some of the lower tempera- tures where little progress was made, which were ordinarily looked over twice a day. These clerks drew a horizontal red line across the paper, separating the days; then, starting with the data of pupation, for example, they checked each corresponding reading. Thus, if the pupation occurred in the forenoon, they checked each subsequent forenoon reading ; if in the afternoon, each subsequent afternoon reading. All readings were checked to the first. At the same time, the clerks counted the number of days from the time of pupation until the time of emergence, or whatever other phenomenon was being observed; and the number of days which had elapsed was written at the bottom of the column or at the end of the record of the particular individual. This made it possible for any person to rapidly check the work of the clerks, who were found to have carried out this plan with a great deal of precision, having rarely made any errors. 436 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS. (1) Temperatures cannot be summed correctly for biological pur- poses unless readings are taken at intervals of one or two hours instead of daily and corrected for the effects of other conditions besides tempera- ture so as to fit the true curve for velocity of development. Such correc- tion, here called the temperature-substitution method, is possible only through preliminary experimentation or observation affording tempera- ture and humidity data for the defining of standard conditions. (2) The temperature-substitution method, when correctly used, - translates the observed conditions into terms of the response of the organism, that is, into developmental units, which can be summed for biological purposes. (3) The use of a normal total of developmental units for a stage in the life-cycle of an organism makes possible the calculation of standard average time for the stage. This permits estimation of the amount of individual variation in any given case and the effects of factors other than temperattfre and humidity which make the developmental total larger or smaller than normal. (4) Autumn and winter rainfall influence the time of first pupation in spring and the length of the pupal stage. (5) Ball-Taylor rainfall-temperature diagrams (hythergraphs) show characteristic differences between years when the codling moth is abun- dant and years when it is scarce. (6) Rainfall influences the time which the larva spends in the apple and probably the length of other stages. (7) The falling of the mean temperature from day to day in late summer is correlated with increased rate of development; the rising of the mean temperature from day to day in spring is correlated with de- creased rate of development. : (8) The falling of mean temperatures, or at least minimum tempera- tures, has no apparent effect on the initiation of hibernation. (9) The explanation of hibernation phenomena is probably to be sought in the activity of enzymes. (10) There is no reliable basis for predicting the time of the first spring pupation. 437 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The writer is indebted to Mr. W. P. Flint and Mr. P. A. Glenn for assistance of various sorts during the course of the work and the prepara- tion of the manuscript. Mr. C. S. Spooner, while employed as entomol- ogist, contributed in a very important way to the experimental work, particularly the parts on the egg and the larva in the apple; but, leaving the employ of the Natural History Survey in 1920, he found it impossible to write these sections. The writer is indebted to Professor James M. White, Supervising Architect of the University of Illinois, for the care with which the special equipment was installed and also for the careful oversight given by his department to the service required to run the equipment; to Mr. M. C. Munson for much advice in building the equipment; to Professor H. B. Ward for the use of equipment belonging to the Department of Zoology ; and to Professor H. H. Jordan for advice in engineering questions. With- out the co-operation of the other departments concerned, the task would have been extremely difficult. Finally, acknowledgments are due to the Survey editor, Mr. H. Carl Oesterling, for a painstaking study of the paper and entire data, which resulted in important improvements of the cross-referencing and general improvement of the entire paper. The text of Parts I and I] was recast and expanded by him. BIBLIOGRAPHY. APSTEIN, C. 1909. Die Bestimmung des Alters pelagisch lebender Fischeier. Mitt. d. Deutschen Seefischerei-Vereins, 25: 364-73. 1911. Die Verbreitung der pelagischen Fisheier und larven in der Beltsee und den angrenzenden Meeresteilen. Wissensch. Meeresunters, N. F., Kiel, 13: 227-280. Bascock, S. M. 1912. Metabolic Water: its Production and Role in Vital Phenomena. Research Bull. 22, Univ. Wis. Agr. Exper. Sta. BACHMETJEW, P. 1907. Experimentelle Entomologische Studien, Bd. II., Sophia. BALL, J. 1910. Climatological Diagrams. The Scientific Journal, Cairo, Vol. IV, No. 50. BAUMBERGER, J. P. 1914 Studies of the Longevity of Insects. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 7: 323-353. 1917. Hibernation a Periodic Phenomenon. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 10: 179-186. BrEcQUEREL, M. 1853. Des climats et de l’influence qu’exercent les Sols boises et non boises. Paris. Bisuop, C. H. 1923. Body fluid of the honey bee larva. Jour. Biol. Chem., 58: 543-564. 1928. Autolysis and Insect Metamorphosis. Jour. Biol. Chem. 58: 567-582. CANDOLLE, A. DE. 1855. Geographie Botanique, Raisonee. Paris (Cites 1830 paper). 438 CLEMENTS, F. C., AnD GoLpsmMITH, G. W. 1924. \ The Phytometer Method in Ecology. Pub. 356, Carnegie Institu- tion, Wash. Cup, L. 1918. Seasonal Irregularities of the Codling Moth. Jour. Ec. Ent., 11: 224-31. Crozier, W. J. 1924. On the critical thermal increment for the locomotion of a diplopod. Jour. Gen. Phys. 7: 123-136. Dannevie, H. 1894. The Influence of Temperature on the development of the Eggs of Fishes. 13th Ann. Rept. of the Fisheries Board for Scotland, pp. 147-153. Davenport, C. B. 1898. Experimental Morphology, Part II. Ch. 18. (New Hd., 1908.) Eartt, R. E. 1878. A Report on the History and Present Conditions of the Shore Cod Fisheries. U.S. Fish. Com. Rept. Pt. IV, 685-731. GLENN, P. A. 1922. Codling-Moth Investigations of the State Entomologist’s Office, 1915-17. Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., 14: 219-288. GREELEY, A. W. 1901. An Analogy between the Effects of Loss of Water and Lowering of Temperature. Am. Jour. Phys., 6, No. 2. HAmiIctTon, C. C. 1917. The Behavior of Some Soil Insects, ete. Biol. Bull. 32: 159-182. Harpine, L. A. AND Wittarp, A. C. 1916. Mechanical Equipment of Buildings: Vol. II. Heating and Ven- tilation. New York. HEADLER, T. J. 1914, Some Data on the Effects of Temperature and Moisture on the Rate of Insect Development. Jour. Ec. Ent. 7: 413-417. 1917. Some Facts Relative to the Influence of Atmospheric Humidity on Insect Metabolism. Jour. Ec. Ent., 10: 31-38. HI“pEBRANT, F. M. 1917. Climatic Conditions in Maryland as indicated by plant growth. Phys. Researches 2: 341-405. Hertwie, O. 1896. 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Koepren, W. 1884. Die Warmezonen der Erde. Meteor. Zeit. 1: 215-226. Krocu, A. 1914. On the Influence of the Temperature on the Rate of Embryonic Development. Zeit. f. Allg. Phys., 16: 163-177. 1914a. On the Rate of Development, and COz Production of Chrysalides of Tenebrio molitor at Different Temperatures Zeit. f. Allg. Phys., 16: 178-190. 1914b. The Quantitative Relation between Temperature and Standard Metabolism in Animals. Inter. Zeit. physikchem Biol., 1: 491-508. LatTuHrop, F. H. 1923. Influence of temperature and evaporation upon the development of Aphis pomi de Geer. Jour. Agr. Res., 23: 969-987. LEHENBAUER, P. A. 1914. The growth of Maize seedling in relation to temperature. Phys. Researches, 1: 247-288. Litter, F. R., AnD KNow LrTon, F. P. 1897. Effect of temperature on the development of animals. Zool. Bull. 1: 179-193. Livineston, B. E., anp Livrneston, G. J. 1913. Temperature coefficients in plant geography and climatology. Bot. Gaz. 56: 349-375. MASTERMAN, A. T. 1894. On the Rate of Growth of the Marine Food Fishes. 13th Ann. Rept. of the Fisheries Board for Scotland, pp. 289-96. MacDovucat, D. T. 1914. Auxo-thermal integration of climatic complexes. Am. Jour. of Botany 1: 186-202. McLean, F. T. 1917. Preliminary study of climatic conditions in Maryland as related to plant growth. Phys. Researches 2: 129-208. MENDEL, L. B. 1914. Viewpoints in the Study of Growth. Biochem. Bull., 3: 156-176. MERRIFIELD, F. 1890. Systematic Temperature Experiments on Some Lepidoptera in All their Stages. Trans. Ent. Soc. London. 1890, 131-160. OETTINGEN, A. J. VON. 1879. Phaenologie der Dorpater Lignosen. Archiv. fur die. Naturkunde Loy-Ehst and Kurlands. 8: Lief 3, (Dorpat). OsporNE, T. B., AND MANDEL, L. B. 1914. Suppression of growth and capacity to grow. Jour. Biol. Chem. 18: 95-103. Pearrs, L. M. 1914. The relation of temperature to insect development. Jour. Ec. Ent., 7:' 174-179. Pierce, W. D. 1916. A New Interpretation of the Relationships of Temperature and Humidity to Insect Development. Jour. Agr. Res., 5: 1183-1191. PITTENGER, P. S., AND VANDERKLEED, C. BE. 1908. Preliminary Notes on a new Pharmacodynamic Assay Method. Jour. Amer. Pharm. Assn. 4: 427-433. 440 Powers, E. B. 1917. The Goldfish as a Test Animal in the Study of Toxicity. Illinois Biol. Monographs. Vol. IV, No. 2. (Bibliography.) RersiscH, J. 1902. Ueber den Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Entwickelung von Fischeiern. Wiss. Meeresuntersuch., N. F., Abt. Kiel, 6: 215-231. SANDERSON, E. D. 1908. Relation of Temperature to the Hibernation of Insects. Jour. Ec. Ent., 1: 56-65. 1908a. Distribution of Insects. Jour. Ee. Ent., 1: 245-262. 1910. Relation of Temperature to the Growth of Insects. Jour. Ec. Ent., 3: 113-140. SanpverRSsON, E. D., AND Peatrs, L. M. 1913. Relation of Temperature to Insect Life. N. H. Agr. Expt. Sta., Tech. Bull. 7. SHaptiey, H. 1920. Thermo-kineties of Liometopum apiculatum Mayr. Proce, Nat. Ac. Sei. 6: 204-211. SHELFORD, V. E. 1918. Physiological problems in the life histories of animals with par- ticular reference to seasonal appearance. Am. Nat., 52: 129-154. 1920. Physiological Life Histories of Terrestrial Animals and Modern Methods of representing Climate. Trans. Ill. Ac. Sci., 13: 257-271. Smuvpson, C. B. 1903. The Codling Moth. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent. Bull. 41. 105 pp. (Bibliography). Snyper, C. D. 1908. A comparative study of the temperature coefficients of the veloci- ties of the various physiological actions. Am. Jour. Phys. 22: 309- 334. 1911. On the Meaning of Variation in the Magnitude of Temperature Coefficients of Physiological Processes. Am. Jour. Phys., 28: 167-175. (Good bibliography appended.) STRACHEY, RICHARD. 1887. Computation of the Quantity of Heat in Excess of any Fixed Base. Quarterly Weather Rept. of the Meteorological Office for 1878: 13-32. Taytor, G. 1916. Control of Settlement by Humidity and Temperature. Common- wealth Bureau of Meteorology, Bull. No. 14. 1919. . The Settlement of Tropical Australia, Geog. Rev. 8: 84-115. TOWNSEND, M. T. 1926. Breaking up of Hibernation in the Codling Moth. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 19: 429-439. VERWORN, M. 1909. Allegemeine Physiologie. Jena. WaArnkEN, HE. 1900. On the Reaction of Daphnia magna (Straus) to Certain Changes in its Environment. Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci. 48: 199-224. WEIMER, J. L., AND Harter, L. L. : 1923. Temperature Relations of Eleven Species of Rhizopus. Jour. Agr. Res. 24: 1-40. WIiiAMson, H. C. 1910. Experiments to Show the Influence of Cold in Retarding the De- velopment of the Eggs of Herring, etc. (Fisheries Board of Scot- land, 27th Rept. (for 1908). WobDsEDALEK, J. E. 1917. Five Years’ Starvation of Larvae. - Science, N. S. XLVI: 366. —— STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION DIVISION OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY STEPHEN A. FORBES, Chief Vol. XVI. BULLETIN Article VI. A Study of the Catalase Content of Codling Moth Larvae BY C. 8. SPOONER PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS March, 1927 Ftd ie Article VI—dA Study of the Catalase Content of Codling Moth Larvae. By C. S. SPOONER. At the suggestion of Professor Shelford, a series of experiments was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the enzyme catalase might be a determining factor in the dormant period of codling-moth larvae. The method devised by Professor Burge (716) was used with a few minor modifications in determining the catalase content of the larvae. This method consists in collecting and measuring the oxygen gas liberated from neutral hydrogen-peroxide by the catalase present in the crushed larvae. The most surprising fact discovered in these experiments was the comparatively enormous quantities of oxygen obtained from the catalase in a single larva—over 650 cc. being obtained in some cases. The reaction was extremely violent, and the gas bubbled off at a surprising rate. The large quantity of gas necessitated an enlargement of the apparatus, with a consequent loss in accuracy. All tests were run for a period of twenty minutes. The quantity of gas was read every minute for the first ten minutes, then at the end of 15 minutes, and finally at the end of 20 minutes. Although the reaction had not entirely ceased at the end of twenty minutes, it had become so slow as to make the continuation of readings useless. The experimental error, though large, is thought to be practically constant and always in the same direction ; that is, the recorded results are proportionally low for all larvae. Table I gives four typical records obtained during the course of these experiments. Taste I. Typical Records of the Volume of Oxygen (in cc) Obtained from Codling-Moth Larvae. Time in Minutes i = 3 4 1 20 35 63 17 2 32 62 106 25 3 42 85 150 35 4 50 110 196 41 5 60 135 245 50 6 68 155 300 57 7 77 180 340 65 8 85 202 375 72 9 92 223 405 80 10 100 244 430 85 15 132 312 500 113 20 155 338 530 135 Weight of larva .036 .047 .034 .022 in gms. Gas in ce. per gm. of 4305.5 7191.4 15588 .2 6136.3 larval wt. 443 444 It will be noticed that approximately two-thirds of the gas is given off in the first ten minutes. At the end of twenty minutes the reaction has slowed down so that very little gas is given off after that time. TaBLe Il. Summary of Data on Catalase Content of Codling-Moth Larvae. Gas in cc. per Date. Wt. of larva Gas obtained A gm. of larval 1920 in gms. in ce. weight. July 14 030 228 7105.2 July 14 .035 276 7953.8 July 14 032 298 9463.1 July 14 040 378 9460.3 July 14 .039 348 8945.7 July 15 066 451 6833.3 July 15 .038 355 9078.7 July 15 034 396 1164.7 July 16 .020 773 3650.0 July 16 .055 494 8981.8 July 16 033 193 5848.5 July 16 .064 ; 438 6843.7 July 20 .046 508 1104.3 July 20 .040 245 6125.0 July 20 .042 400 9523.8 July 22 .034 260 7764.7 July 22 053 378 7132.0 July 22 .039 276 7076.9 July 22 .062 509 8209.7 July 22 052 425 8173.0 July 22 048 457 9956.5 Aug. 5 .050 368 7360.0 Aug. 5 .044 295 6704.5 Aug. 5 .055 508 9236.0 Aug. 5 034 242 7117.0 Aug. 5 042 414 9857.1 Aug. 13 .061 348 5704.9 Aug. 13 053 226 4264.1 Aug. 13 .052 169 3250.0 Aug. 13 .061 335 5498.8 Aug. 13 .076 520 6842.1 Aug. 13 .067 655 9786.1 Aug. 13 .072 602 8361.1 Aug. 13 053 508 9236.3 Aug. 16 .054 286 5296.3 Aug. 16 043 160 3720.9 Aug. 16 .075 446 : 5946.6 Aug. 16 .064 333 5203.1 Aug. 20 .062 405 6532.2 Aug. 20 .054 355 6574.0 Aug. 20 .054 595 11018.5 445 An examination of Table II shows that there is a very great variation in the catalase content per unit of larval weight. One cause of this variation was undoubtedly the difference in the age of the larvae. Food, conditions of the environment after leaving the apple, and individual variation are other possible causes. It seems reasonable to suppose that there is a gradual increase in catalase content up to the time of pupation. This is not proved by these experiments, but the general results seem to indicate that it is a point well worth further investigation. Experiments are planned for this purpose. While it is always a question what any given larva used in the experiment would have done if left alone, experience with several thou- sands of larvae leads to the belief that the general appearance of an indi- vidual when the pupation time arrives, indicates whether it will pupate or not. The plump, healthy-looking individuals nearly all pupate, while those which appear thin and shrivelled remain dormant and eventually die without pupating. The plump, well-conditioned larvae always gave a high catalase content, 5,000 cc per gram or more, while those which appeared dried and shrivelled gave a low catalase content, usually about 3,000 cc per gram. In the absence of better criteria by which to tell those larvae which would pupate from those which would remain dormant, it is justifiable to suppose that, if the catalase content increases as the larva advances toward the time for pupation, then the catalase content may be a determining factor or at least a correlated factor in the dormancy. Table III shows the results obtained from nine larvae which had been kept over winter in a cool place and subjected to a flow of dry air. Five of these appeared plump and healthy and gave a high catalase content (Nos. 1, 4, 5, 8,9). The other four were shrivelled and gave a low catalase content. A control set, which was kept and allowed to pupate, showed that about one-half of the lot would probably have pupated. Tasie III. Catalase Content of Larvae Kept Over Winter in Cool Dry Air. No Weight of larva Gas obtained Gas per gm. of . in gms. in ce. larval weight. 1 .036 325 9027.7 2 .036 155 4305.5 3 .035 106 3028.5 4 047 338 7191.4 5 .030 253 8433.3 6 .037 187 5054.0 th .030 102 3400.0 8 -034 530 15588.2 9 .022 135 6136.3 446 Conclusions. ae Codling-moth larvae contain large quantities of catalase. ie 2. The quantity of eatalece per unit of larval eit mh siderably in different individuals. f 3. Catalase content is peal conelated with the 1 continued life of larvae. 4. Catalase content may be ae correlated with p dormacy. In order to test this conclusion a ree series of the apple until time of pupation. Bibliographical Reference. Burce, W. E. ; 1916. Relation between the amount of catalase in the differen of the body and the amount of work done by these muscle %, Jour. Physiol. 41: 153-161. Tab STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION DIVISION OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY STEPHEN A. FORBES, Chief 9 SSS | Vol. XVI. BULLETIN Article VII. The General Entomological Ecology of the Indian Corn Plant BY STEPHEN A. FORBES PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS April, 1927 ————O | Se eS —_——_ ss a _— - =" STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION DIVISION OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY STEPHEN A. FORBES, Chief Vol. XVI. BULLETIN Article VII. The General Entomological Ecology of the Indian Corn Plant BY STEPHEN A. FORBES PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS April, 1927 STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION A. M. Suetton, Director BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION 7 A. M. SHELTON, Chairman WILLIAM TRELEASE, Biology Joun W. Atvorp, Engineering Henry C. Cowes, Forestry Cuartes M. Tuomerson, Representing Epson S. Bastin, Geology the President of the University of Wi1am A. Noyes, Chemistry Illinois : ‘a THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION a SrerpHen A. Fores, Chief Scunepp & BARNES, PRINTERS SPRINGFIELD, ILL. a 1927 e 65530—500 ArticLtE VII—The General Entomological Ecology of the Indian Corn Plant.* By STEPHEN A. Forses. v Ecology being the science of the interactions between an organism or a group of organisms and its environment, and between organisms in general and their environment in general, this complex of relations may, of course, be divided in various ways. The division here used implies a centripetal grouping of the facts of relationship around single kinds of organisms, and the group of facts to be discussed is that of which the corn plant is the center and the insects of its environment are the active factors. A prolonged study, extending over many years, of the entomology of the corn plant, the economic results of which have been published in my seventh and twelfth reports as State Eutomologist of Illinois (the Eigh- teenth and Twenty-third of the office series), has left in my possession a considerable body of information capable of treatment from the stand- point of pure ecology, and the beginnings of such a treatment are here assembled because of the rising interest in ecological investigation and the promise which it gives of interesting and important results, and be- cause of a wish to illustrate in some measure the general scientific value of such materials of which, it scarcely need be said, the economic ento- mologists of this country have accumulated a large amount. Insect INFESTATION OF THE CorN PLANT We know of some two hundred and twenty-five species of insects in the United States which are evidently attracted to the corn plant be- cause of some benefit or advantage which they are able to derive from it. The principal groups of this series are ninety species of Coleoptera, fifty- six species of larve of Lepidoptera, forty-five species of Hemiptera and twenty-five species of Orthoptera. The other insect orders are. repre- sented by seven or eight species of Diptera and one or two of Hymenop- tera. Every part of the plant is liable to infestation by these insects, but the leaves and the roots yield the principal supplies of insect food, either in the form of sap and protoplasm sucked from their substance by Hemiptera or in that of tissues and cells devoured by the subterranean larve of Coleoptera and by caterpillars, grasshoppers and beetles feeding above ground. LACK OF SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS Notwithstanding the great number of these insects and the variety and importance of the injuries which they frequently inflict upon the corn plant, there is little in its structure or its life history to suggest any spe- * Reprinted from The American Naturalist, Vol. XLIII, No. 509, May, 1909. 448 cial adaptation of the plant to its insect visitants—no lure to insects ca- pable of service to it or special apparatus of defense against those able to injure it. The fertilization of its seed is fully provided for without ref- erence to the agency of insects. It has no armature of spines or bristly hairs to embarrass their movements over its surface or to defend against their attack its softer and more succulent foliage. It secretes no viscid fluids to entangle them and forms no chemical poisons or distasteful com- pounds in its tissues to destroy or to repel them. ‘The cuticle of its leaf is neither hardened nor thickened by special deposits; its anthers are neither protected nor concealed; and its delicate styles are as fully ex- posed as if they were the least essential of its organs. Minute sucking insects are able at all times to pierce its roots and its leaves with their flexible beaks, and, with the single exception of its fruit, there is no part of it which is not freely accessible at any time to any hungry enemy. Only the kernel, which is supposed to have been lightly covered in the wild corn plant by a single chaffy scale or glume, has become in the long course of development securely inclosed beneath a thick coat of husks, impene- trable by nearly all insects; and we may perhaps reasonably infer that, among the possible injuries against which this conspicuous protective structure defends the soft young kernel, those of insects are to be taken into account. There are, of course, many insect species, even among those which habitually frequent the plant, which are unable to appropriate certain parts of its substance to their use, but this is because of the absence of adaptation on their part and not because of any special defensive adapta- tion on the side of the plant. Thus we may say that, with the exception of the ear, the whole plant lies open and free to insect depredation, and that it is able to maintain itself in the midst of its entomological depend- ents only by virtue of its unusual power of vigorous, rapid and super- abundant growth. Like every other plant which is normally subject to a regular drain upon its substance from insect injury, it must grow a sur- plus necessary for no other purpose than to appease its enemies; and this, in a favorable season, the corn plant does with an energ€tic profusion un- exampled among our cultivated plants. Insects, indeed, grow rapidly as a rule, and most of them soon reach their full size. Many species mul- tiply with great rapidity, but even these the corn plant will outgrow if given a fair chance, provided they are limited to corn itself for food. Turning to the other side of the relationship, we may say that the corn insects exhibit no structural adaptations to their life on the corn plant—no structures, that is to say, which fit them any better to live and feed on corn than on any one of many other kinds of vegetation. This was, of course, to be expected of the great list of insects which find in corn only one element of a various food, and that not necessarily the most important; but it seems equally true of those which, like the corn root- worm or the corn root-aphis, live on it by strong preference, if not by absolute necessity. Bienes > oe a 449 Aphis maidiradicis, the so-called corn root-aphis, is not especially dif- ferent in adaptive characters from the other root-lice generally, and it lives, indeed, in early spring on plants extremely unlike corn. Finding its first food on smartweed (Polygonum) and on the field grasses (Se- taria, Panicum, etc.), it is scarcely more than a piece of good fortune for it and for its attendant ants if the ground in which it hatches is some- times planted to corn, in which it finds a more sustained and generous food-supply than in the comparatively small, dry and slow-growing plants to which it would otherwise be restricted. The larva of Diabrotica longicornis, usually known as the corn root- worm, is, of course, well constructed to burrow young corn roots, but it differs from related Diabrotica larve in no way that I know of to sug- gest a special adaptation to this operation except in the mere matter of size. If it were larger it would probably eat the roots entire, as does the closely related and very similar larva of D. 12-punctata. Indeed, there is some reason to believe that D. longicornis may breed in large swamp grasses, since the beetle has been found abundant in New Brunswick in situations where it is difficult to suppose that it originated in fields of corn and where such grasses are extremely common. Even the special corn insects seem, in short, structurally adapted to much more general conditions than those supplied by the corn plant alone, and if they are restricted largely or wholly to this plant for food, this seems due to other conditions than those supplied by special structural adaptations. In short, in the entomological ecology of the corn plant we see noth- ing whatever of that nice fitting of one thing to another, specialization answering to specialization, either on the insect side or on that of the plant, which we sometimes find illustrated in the relations of plants and insects. The system of relations existing in the corn field seems simple, general and primitive, on the whole, like that which doubtless originally obtained between plants in general and insects in general in the early stages of their association. Such adaptations to corn as we get glimpses of are almost without exception adaptations to considerable groups of food plants, in which corn is included—some of these groups select and definite, like the families of the grasses and the sedges to which the chinch-bug is strictly limited, and others large and vague, like the almost unlimited food resources of the larve of Lachnosterna and Cyclocephala under ground. These are evi- dently adaptations established without any reference to corn as a food plant, most of them very likely long before it became an inhabitant of our region, and applying to corn simply because of its resemblance, as food for insects, to certain groups of plants already native here. EntomotocicaL Ecotocy oF CoRN AND THE STRAWBERRY Corn being, in fact, an exotic or intrusive .plant which seems to have brought none, or at most but one,’ of its native insects with it into its new 1 Diabrotica longicornis Say. 450 environment, it will be profitable to compare the entomological ecology of this introduced but long-established and widely cultivated plant with that of some native species which is also generally and, in some districts, extensively grown. We may take for this purpose the strawberry plant, whose insect visitants and injuries I studied carefully several years ago. About fifty insects species are now listed as injurious to the strawberry and about twenty of these also infest corn. Two fifths of the known strawberry insects are thus so little specialized to that food that they feed on other plants as widely removed trom the strawberry as is Indian corn. On the other hand, six species, all native, are found, so far as known, only, or almost wholly, on the strawberry, at least in that stage in which they are most injurious to that plant. These are the strawberry slug (Emphytus maculatus) ; the strawberry leaf-roller (Phovopteris comptana), occa- sionally abundant on blackberry and raspberry, to which it spreads from infested strawberry plants adjacent; two of the strawberry root-worms— the larve of Typophorus aterrimus and of Scelodonta nebulosus; the strawberry crown-borer (Tyloderma fragaric) ; and the strawberry aphis (Aphis forbesi). Not even one of this considerable list exhibits, so far as I can see, any special structural adaptation to life on the strawberry plant. The two root-worms mentioned, for example, are no better fitted to feed on strawberry roots than is a third strawberry root-worm—the larva of Colaspis brunnea which lives on the roots of corn and timothy also. Emphytus maculatus might feed, for all the structural peculiarities which one can see, on the leaves of roses as well as does the common slug or false-worm of those shrubs, and so of the others of the list. Even the strawberry crown-borer, which lives in all stages solely on that plant, might, so far as structure and life history are concerned, feed and de- velop in any other thick-rooted perennial. The difference seems to be one of habit or preference solely, and not of structural adaptation. Our impressions of the extent, nicety and frequency with which in- sects and plants are mutually adapted are indeed commonly much exag- gerated, owing to the fact that our attention is especially drawn to notable cases of curious, precise or particularly advantageous adjustments be- tween organisms, while no general study is made of the entire system of relations obtaining between all the members of an associate group, vary- ing widely, as these do, in respect to the intimacy, importance and exclu- siveness of the association. For this same reason in part, we ordinarily have no accurate idea of the relative frequency and primacy of structural, or static, adaptations—particularly obvious, especially interesting, and seemingly ingenious as they often are—and of those more obcure adap- tations of preference, behavior, habit and the like, which, taken together, we may call dynamic. Ks oer eo YS 451 CLASSIFICATION OF ADAPTATIONS TO Foop A plant-insect group—a group, that is, composed of a plant and its insect visitants—is not in fact usually marked, either as a whole or in any of its several parts, by the presence of adaptive structures special to that group. The structural adaptations of insects are as a rule much too broadly shaped to fit them closely to any one plant, and where such a fitting is found, it is clearly due to some other than the structural factor. Such facts bring us to a consideration of the whole subject of the varia- tions and classification of the adaptations of insects to their food re- sources. These adaptations may be classed as structural, physiological, psycho- logical, synethic,> local, biographical and numerical. All structural adaptations are, of course, physiological in a sense, but I use the word physiological, as a matter of convenience, for functional adaptations not based on obvious structural peculiarities, as where an insect equally capa- ble of feeding on the sap of two plants and readily availing itself of either, nevertheless thrives and multiplies better on one than on the other, the adaptation being evidently digestive or assimilative rather than obvi- ously structural. The San José scale, for example, feeds readily on a great variety of trees and shrubs, on some of which it thrives poorly and spreads but little, while on others it multiplies enormously and spreads with great rapidity. The word psychological may be applied to cases of apparent choice or evident inclination, as between the various avail- able food plants of the environment. Those fixed peculiarities of habit or behavior which adapt an insect to one food plant or class of food plants rather than to another we may call synethic adaptations, in the absence of any existing word applicable in this sense; local adaptations are those in which the usual haunts and places of resort of an insect species, how- ever determined, bring it into common contact with an available food plant, the frequency of this contact being quite independent of the de- gree of the fitness of such plant for its food; biographical adaptations are those based on a correspondence between the life history of the in- sect and its organic food supply, such that the latter shall always be ac- cessible in sufficient quantity to meet the varying needs of the dependent insect at the various stages of its growth; and numerical adaptations are the consequence of such an adjustment of the rate of insect multiplica- tion to the plants or animals of its food that only the unessential surplus of this food shall be appropriated, its maximum essential product being left undiminished. These several classes of adaptations limit each other variously, the most desirable food of an insect being that which is found within the area common to all of them. That is, the most important food plants of a vegetarian species will be those which are well within its structural capacities of discovery, access and appropriation; within its physiologi- 2 Adaptations of habit. 452 cal powers of easy digestion and profitable assimilation; and within its habitual range and location; and which are consistent with its usual pref- erences and habits of action, and are well adapted to furnish continuously amounts of food answering to its varying necessities during the different stages of its life. ADVANTAGES OF BroGRAPHICAL ADAPTATION It is obviously to the advantage of any insect species that it shall have its largest possible food supply coincident with its own largest de- mand for food—that is, at the climax of its period of growth. In a species restricted to one annual food plant the most favorable relation will usually be that in which the life history of the plant and that of the insect coincide, the egg-laying period of the one corresponding to the seeding period of the other, the hatching of the insect being virtually simultaneous with the germinating period of the plant, and the period of most rapid growth being coincident in both. This kind of adaptation is well illustrated by the life histories of Diabrotica longicorms and the corn plant. This beetle lays its eggs in fall when the ear is maturing, and the larve hatch in spring when the corn plant is young and growing slowly, and they feed on the roots during the entire growing season of the plant. It is evident that such a well-adjusted insect will have an advantage, other things being equal, over a poorly adjusted competitor for food from the same plant, since it will be able, as a rule, to leave a more vigorous and abundant progeny; and similarly, any part of a species which, by aberration of life history, may come to be poorly adjusted to its food plant, will suffer as a consequence in comparison with the normal mem- bers of the species, with the result that these biographical characters of the insect will tend to become permanent and characteristic in the same sense in which its structural characters are. It should be noticed aiso that such an adjustment is an advantage to the host plant as well as to the dependent insect, since it distributes the depredations of the latter in a way to make them relatively slight when but little injury can be borne, and concentrates them, on the other hand, where the largest injury can be supported with the least serious conse- quences. Such a well-adjusted insect will get the maximum amount of food with the minimum injury to the plant, and such a plant-insect pair will have a competitive advantage over a poorly adjusted pair in which a greater injury is done to the plant than is necessary to the maintenance of the insect. The same reasoning applies and the same rule holds good for spe- cies with a more heterogeneous food, except that in respect to them we must substitute for the single plant the entire group of plants to which the insect resorts for food. At this point, however, the facts become too complicated for successful analysis, especially in view of the differ- ence of abundance from year to year of the plants of a considerable list and the effects on the food supply of variable competitions among the 0 ee 453 various species resorting to it. It may be said in general terms, how- ever, that when the life history of a food plant or the common history of a group of such plants exhibits sufficiently constant characters to serve as an adaptive matrix, an adaptation to it of the life history of those in- sects strictly or mainly dependent on it for food is more or less likely to follow. Mutua BroGRAPHICAL ADJUSTMENTS OF COMPETITORS An example of the competitive relations into which corn insects of widely different character, origin, habit and life history may be brought by their dependence on the same food plant may be found in Diabrotica longicornis and Aphis maidiradicis. Both pass the winter as eggs in the earth of the corn field, the aphis hatching sooner than the root-worm and developing two or more of its short-lived generations before the Dia- brotica larva is out of the egg, gaining thus the advantage of an earlier attack in greater numbers. It is also able to take much more rapid pos- session of a field of corn because of its command of the services of ants in finding its way to the roots of the plants which the tiny and feeble Diabrotica larva must search out for itself. Later the root-aphis gives origin to young, many of which acquire wings and may thus disperse as their local attack upon the plant becomes unduly heavy, while the root-worm must take its chances for the year in the field where the eggs were left the previous fall. The aphis feeds at first on the sap of young weeds common in spring in all cultivated fields, and may thus save itself even though the ground is planted to wheat, or oats, an event which causes the death by starvation of every root-worm hatching from the egg. In respect to rate of multiplication, the root-aphis has of course a truly enormous advantage as compared with the corn root-worm, and yet, notwithstanding all these facts favorable to the aphis, its injuries to corn in Illinois are seemingly no greater than those done by the corn root- worm. This is due partly to the fact that, through the winged members of the early generations, the percentage of which increases as conditions become locally less favorable, the aphis largely leaves the field in which it originally started and early breaks the force of its attack by a general distribution of it. The depredations of the root-worm, on the other hand, increase with the growth of the insect until about September first, and increase also at a rapid rate from year to year in a field kept continu- ously in corn. It follows as a consequence that the principal damage by Aphis maidiradicis is done to the corn while it is young, and that by Dia- brotica to the well-grown plant. This serial order of injuries to the corn plant, due to the relation of the life histories and rates of multiplication of these two competing in- sects, is an advantage to both of them and, indeed, to all three, corn in- cluded, since the plant would be more seriously injured or more certainly cestroyed if both its insect enemies attacked it together than it is where 454 their attacks are made successively. Competitors for food from a living plant find it to their advantage, and to that of the plant they feed upon, ta avoid a simultaneous competition ; and such a plant-insect group would, of course, prevail, other things being equal, over a competing group not so adjusted. Natural selection tends, no-doubt, to establish these mu- tually advantageous relations between a plant and its constant insect visi- tants. With respect to these two corn insects, however, it must be ad- mitted that no proof is apparent that such adaptation of life histories and habits as we here see is due to anything more than an accidental colloca- tion of species whose significant peculiarities were already established when they came together. A similar but more striking example of a serial succession of injur- ies to the same plant is to be found among the strawberry insects, as I showed several years ago. Three coleopterous larve belonging to the same family (Chrysomelide) but to different genera (Colaspis, Graph- ops and Typophorus), and to species native in the United States, are all so closely adapted to underground life and to the root-feeding habit that they are distinguishable from one another only by rather slight and in- conspicuous characters. They are often associated in large numbers in the same fields, living wholly on the roots of strawberry plants, which they affect in an identical manner, so that from the appearance of the injury itself one could not possibly tell which of the three species was present in the field. One of these root-worms, the Colaspis larva, feeds also on the roots of other plants, especially on those of timothy and corn, but the other two larve have been found only among strawberry roots. They seem thus to be strict competitors for food from the same part of the same plant, and as their locomotive capacity is poor, they are unable to avoid one another’s company by migration under ground. The strawberry plant, however, grows continuously throughout the season, and each of these three insects, having a short larval period, feeds on strawberry roots for only a part of this growing season. It is an inter- esting and striking fact that the life histories of the three competing in- sects are so related that the larve do not infest the plant at the same time, but follow one another in close succession, beginning early in May and ending late in fall. The first of the species, the Colaspis larva, feeds from about May to the end of June, the Typophorus larva follows in July and August, and the Graphops larva begins in August and continues until fall. Consistently with this difference, the species concerned hibernate in different stages of development—Colaspis apparently as an egg, Typoph- orus undoubtedly as an adult, and Graphops as a larva in its subter- ranean cell, from which adults emerge the following June to lay their eggs in July. With such a distribution of their attack, each of these three species is able to maintain itself on the strawberry in numbers as *“On the Life Histories and Immature Stages of Three Eumolpini,” Psyche, Vol. 4, Nos. 117-118, January-February, 1884; and No. 121, May, 1884. 455 large as would be possible for all three taken together if they made their assault on the plant simultaneously. The advantage to both plant and insects of this adjustment of life histories—if one may call it such—is obvious at once. That some actual adjustment of larval periods has here been made is rendered somewhat more probable by the fact that a closely related spe- cies of Graphops which infests the wild primrose (CEnothera biennis) in southern Illinois, has a life history different from that of the species which breeds in the strawberry—hibernating as an adult, like Typoph- orus, and not as larva, like the strawberry species of its own genus. MALADJUSTMENT OF COMPETITIONS The corn plant is in greater danger from insect ravage during the first month of its life than at any later time. This is because it offers then a comparatively scanty supply of food, so that a small number of insects may work great destruction; because the single small plant is much more easily killed than a larger one; and because a larger number of active rival insects infest corn when it is young than at any other time, some of them beginning with the recently planted or just sprouting seed. The young roots, the underground part of the stalk, the stalk above ground, and the leaves, both before and aiter they unfold, are all liable to infestation by several species at the same time. The seed is injured by the wireworms, the seed-maggot, the Sciara larva and the larva of Systena blanda; the roots, by the wireworms, the root-aphis, the corn root-worms, and the white-grubs; the stalk under ground, by the wire- worms, the root-aphis, the southern corn root-worm, and the bill-bugs ; the stalk above ground, by the bill-bugs, the cutworms, the web-worms, the stalk-borers, and the army-worm—sometimes by the chinch-bug also ; and the leaves, by the bill-bugs, the web-worms, the cutworms, the army- worm and the first generation of the ear-worm. This concentration of injury upon the corn when it is young is a case of maladaptation, since the plant has least to offer when it is most heavily drawn upon. It will be noticed, however, that this early spring attack is mainly delivered by insects which come into corn from some other vegetation, chiefly from grass, and whose occurrence in the corn field is scarcely more than accidental. The motive to an adjustment of habits and life histories to the capacities of the plant is therefore virtually wanting, and seems at any rate impossible, owing to the variability and inconstancy of the several factors involved. CoNCLUSION From the foregoing it will be seen that the corn plant is not only an exotic in its origin, but that, aside from its relation to man, it still re- mains an unnaturalized foreigner, not sufficiently adapted to our condi- tions to survive without the constant supervision of a guardian and the 456 services of a nurse. The corn field contains an artificial “association” persistently maintained by human agency in the midst of a hostile en- vironment to which it would promptly succumb if left to itself, and as such it would seem to offer to the ecologist all the advantages of a vast and long-continued experiment, by a study of whose results he may learn something of the manner in which ecological relations may be affected when a plant takes advantage of a single favoring condition to push its way into a territory foreign to its former habits. This corn plant, at least, which has certainly lived in our territory under the care of man for several centuries, and perhaps for some millen- niums, has even yet no specialized friends active in its service, and no structurally adapted enemies enlisted against it, such specializations of injurious relationship as one detects being clearly due to other than struc- tural differentiations. During all this long period, it has been widely and steadily forced into a strange ecological system which has neverthe- less scarcely yielded to it at any point. It has produced, it is true, by its enormous multiplication and extension, a profound effect on the num- bers and distribution of some insect species, reducing the area of multi- plication for several, which, like the cutworms and the army-worm, for- merly bred in the turf of our native prairies but can not breed in fields of corn; and immensely extending the range and increasing the number of others which have found in this plant a better and far more abundant food supply than that originally available to them. Insect species which, like Diabrotica longicornis and Aphis maidiradicis, were almost unknown fifty years ago within our territory, have now, through their increase in corn fields, arisen to the rank of dominant species. But the few discernible insect adaptations to the offerings of the corn plant are physiological, psychological, synethic and biographical, and apparently not structural at all. Slight and seemingly incipient as they are, we have no sufficient reason to conclude that they are recent results of the association of the corn plant with the insect; both parties of the association may have been substantially what they now are when they first found each other, and such mutual fitness as they exhibit may be merely like that of angular stones shaken together in a box until like surfaces seem to cohere, simply because in this position the fragments can not readily be shaken apart. We may also derive from this discussion support for the idea that adaptations of insects to their environment are largely, and often pri- marily, psychological—that they are often, in the first instance, specializa- tions of preference or ckoice, or, as we may perhaps more safely say, of tropic reaction. Species which would otherwise compete with each other, with disadvantageous consequences to each, escape these disad- vantages by acquiring, one or both, different habits of reaction, under the influence of which they separate, one going for its principal food to the corn plant, for example, and the other continuing on the strawberry, although structurally each remains equally fit to feed on either. Physio- 457 logical, or even structural, adaptation may follow the psychological, but as secondary to it. This is only saying in other words that the central nervous system, on whose special functioning peculiarities of habit de- pend, is subject, like any other, to adaptive variations, and that these variations may either follow and reinforce those of some other organ or organs tending to the same end, or that they may arise independently of any other ; and this is merely extending to insects a generalization very obvious with respect to man, finding warrant for the extension, as we do, in the facts disclosed by an examination of the general economy of insect life. ~ Nore.—Changes of nomenclature since this paper was written call for the fol- lowing data of syonymy: Pp. 449, 453, 456. Aphis maidiradicis = Anuwraphis maidi-radicis (Forbes). Lachnosterna = Phyllophaga. Pp. 450, 454, 455. Emphytus naculatus = Empria maculata (Norton). Phoxopteris comptana = Ancylis comptana (Frohl.). Tupophorus aterrimus = Paria canella (Fab.). Scelodonta nebulosus = Graphops nebulosus (Lec.). 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