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PROCEEDINGS 


OF WIth 


ESSEX INSTITUTE. 


/1\ 


YOULUME Itt. 


1860 to 1868. 


SALEM: 
PRINTED FOR THE INSTITUTE, 
1864. 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


ESSEX INSTITUTE. 


Wednesday, May 9, 1860. 


Annual Meeting this day at 3 o’clock, P.M., Vice Presi- 
dent Rev. J. L. Russell in the chair. 


Records of preceding annual meeting were read. 


Donations, since the meeting of the 26th ult. were an- 
nounced : 


To the Library—from Thomas Pinnock ; Jonathan Per- 
ley Jr.; Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science ; Charles 
B. Richardson of New York; Theron Metcalf of Boston 3 
James M. Caller ; Joseph Winn ; Hickling, Swan & Brewer 
of Boston; N. J. Lord; William Mack; Mrs. O. Parsons; 
Ezekiel Roberts; Mrs. J. F. Andrew ; J. L. Sibley of Cam- 
bridge ; Essex Agricultural Society; Charles W. Upham ; 
Henry Wheatland. 

To the Cabinets—from R. H. Wheatland; C. H. Norris ; 


Emery 8. Johnson ; Mrs. J. F. Andrew ; Josie ee 
Jason Wilkins. 


Letters were received from Alpheus Crosby, Cor. Sec’y of 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iii. 1. 


2 


Essex County Teachers’ Association; Trustees of Public 
Library of Boston; E. Emmerton; A. W. Dodge, See’y of 
_ Essex Agricultural Society. 


The Report of the Secretary was read and accepted. 


The Report of the Treasurer was read and referred to the 
Finance Committee. 


The Reports of the several Curators were read and ac- 
cepted. 


These Reports present a careful review of the doings of 
the Institute during the year. Though no striking event has 
occurred, yet the increase of the Library, the addition of 
specimens to the Cabinets and the general interest of the 
public to promote the objects of our organization, indicate a 
gradual and healthy growth. 

A brief synopsis is herewith appended. 

Since the last annual gathering nine of our members have 
deceased—a larger number has occurred than that of any 
previous year; no distinction has been made in respect to 
age—the young just entering upon the active duties of life, 


those in middle age, and those who, after’ many years of . 


usefulness, have at length been gathered to their fathers. 


> Yst—Rev. Garpner Braman Perry, D.D.,.the venerable 
pastor of Groveland. He was one of the ie st Vice Presi- 
dents of the Essex County Natural History Society, and, in 
the early organization of the Society, took a lively and deep 
interest in its success. It was, at that time, a day of small 
things, and he labored much to excite an interest in the 
study of the natural sciences and its kindred pursuits, agri- 


culture -and horticulture. All institutions, promotive of 


these objects, received always his cordial aid and support. 
He was born at Nortow in this Sta State, 9th August,’1783, and 


; 
- 
q 


3 


was the son of Nathan and Phebe (Braman) Perry. In 
1800 he became a member of Brown University; at the end 
of the second year went to Union College, where he grad- 
uated in 1804, and where he received the degree of D.D. in 
1843. After teaching for some years, he was invited to set- 
tle over the church in Kast Bradford, now Groveland, and 
was ordained 28th Sept. 1814, and continued his pastoral 
relation to the church until his decease, which took place on 
the 2d of December, 1859. He married Istly, 22d May, 
1816, Maria P. Chamberlain of Exeter N.H., 2dly Eunice 
Tuttle of Acton, July 20, 1819, 3dly Sarah Brown of Graf- 
ton, who survives him. 

2. Rev. Davip Tenney KimBau of Ipswich, who delivered 
a discourse occasioned by the death of Mr. Perry in Grove- 
land on the 25th Dec. 1859, and who speaks well of him in 
his various relations as a Christian Minister, pastor, friend, 
&c.; was within a few weeks afterwards called to render the 
final account of his stewardship, having served in the minis- 
try of the church in Ipswich for. more than half a century. 
His connexion with the Institute was that of an honorary 
member, in virtue of his relation to the Essex Historical 
Society. He was born at Bradford, Mass., Nov. 23, 1782, 
and was the son of Daniel and Elizabeth (Tenney) Kimball 
of that place. At the age of seventeen he entered Harvard 
College and graduated in 1803. He was ordained at Ips- 
wich 8th October 1806, and continued his relation to that 
church and society until his decease, which took place on 
Friday, 3d Feb. 1860, laboring with great diligence and 
faithfulness.. He was a man of great modesty and humility: 
and one whose memory will long be cherished with affec- 
tion and respect. He married, Oct. 20, 1807 Dolly Varnum 
Coburn, daughter of Capt. Peter and Elizabeth Coburn, of 


Dracut, Mass.. She survives him. 


.3. JOHN GiILLIson Waters, son of Robert and Lydia» 


“Waters, was born in Salem,’ 11th April, 1796. For many. 


4 


years he was in the Zanzibar trade, and was one of the 
first to engage in it after it had been thrown open by 
treaty with the Sultan of Muscat, under the direction of 
President Jackson. He retired in 1842, and has since re- 
sided in Salem. He was, at an early age, interested in the 
- religious movements of the times and was a “lover of good 
men,’ always ready to assist in undertakings of this 
character with a liberal and free hand. 


4. Miss Exizaseray Amory; daughter of Jonathan and 
Mehitable Amory, of Boston. For several years she has 
resided in Salem and taken a great interest in the doings 
of the Institute. She died at Salem, 6th July 1859, 
aged 53. 

5. JONATHAN Lovett WHIPPLE; son of Jonathan and 
Mary (Cloutman) Whipple, was born at Salem April 19, 
1824. He was educated at our schools and early indicated 
a great taste for mechanical pursuits. For several years 
past he has been engaged in the cleansing of Gum Copal, in 
connection with his brothers. He was aman of integrity, 
firm in purpose, warm-hearted and zealous in every good 
work, and highly esteemed among his associates for his 
amiability and gentleness of manners. He died on the 4th 
of the present month, (May 1860.) He married September 
18, 1855, Emma Noyes Dodge. 


-6. CHARLES WENTWORTH UPHAM, Jr., eldest son of Hon. 
Charles W. and Sarah (Holmes) Upham, was born at Salem 
29th August, 1830. After passing through our several 
schools he entered Harvard College and graduated in 1852. 
He pursued the usual course at the Law Schoolin Cam- 
bridge ; and spent the years 1855 and 1856 in travelling in 
Europe. For the last two or three years he has resided in 
Buffalo, N. Y., engaged in the practice of his profession, 
where he was highly esteemed and gained the respect and 
love of many friends by his pleasing manners, bright and 
cheerful temperament and sprightly conversational powers. 


5 


To the graceful qualities of mind were added an accuracy 
and promptitude for business which could not fail {to have 
met with success. 

T. GerorGE FRANKLIN DopcE; son of George and Orra- 
na (Hale) Dodge, was born in Salem, 9th May 1829, and 
died in the place of his birth, 16th March 1850. He was 
educated in the public schools of this city, commenced life 
as a clerk, and step by step was advanced to posts of 
responsibility and trust; in all of which he possessed the 
unlimited confidence and respect of his employers. His 
modesty and retiring disposition prevented him from being 
widely known, but those who had the pleasure of his friend- 
ship will duly appreciate his conscientiousness, integrity, 
obliging disposition, and gentle and refined manners. 


8. GerorGE WASHINGTON RIDER; son of Joseph and Abi- 
gail (Janes) Rider, was born at Salem, 6th March 1838. A 
graduate of the English High School, a good scholar and 
gave promise of usefulness in life. He died 24th Decem- 
ber 1859. 

9. JOSEPH ALONZO PorTER, son of Joseph and Sarah: 

(Crowninshield) Potter, was born at Salem, 29th Dec. 1837, 
and died July 80, 1859. He was an invalid from early 
youth, and consequently did not engage much in the active: 
duties of boyhood, but was induced to lead the life ofa re- 
tired student. In 1856 he first playeda game of ehess, the: 
study of which became his delight and hobby. In January,, 
1857, he received the Chess Monthly, when he dates his: 
chess life ; and from that time to his death he was absorbed: 
‘in its history and science, whenever health would permit. 
He composed problems, corresponded extensively with chess: 
scholars—edited for eight months a chess column in the 
American Union, and during his chess life wrote or received 
over 1000 letters on the oe and left over 100 original 
chess problems. 


Five numbers of the Historical Collections were issued 
during the year 1859, and two numbers of the volume for 
1860. They have been favorably received and the success 
thus far warrants a continuance. 


Six Field Meetings have been held, viz: at Wenham, 
Middleton, Saugus, North Andover, Groveland, and Beverly. 
They were well attended and awakened considerable inter- 
est in the places visited ;—also eight evening meetings du- 
ring the months of December, January, February, March. 
and April ;—the quarterly, and ordinary meetings occasion- 
ally, for the transaction of the current business. 


The following additions during the year may be specified. 


To tHe Liprary. Many of the additions are valuable, 
and, with few exceptions, donations from the General and 
State Governments, societies or individuals. 

The additions from all sources are as follows :— 


Folios, - - - - ~i a § 
Quartos, - - - . - 21 
Newspapers bound, - . - 46 
Octavos or lesser-fold - - - 895 
— 468 
Serials, - - - 1500 
Pamphlets, - - - 1080 ——2580 
3048 


Also, several piles of newspapers more or less perfect. 


The above have been contributed by. one. hundred. and: 
fifty-six individuals, societies, &c. 


To. rae. Department oF Naturau History...Mammals. 
. Valuable additions, during the year, have been received.’ 
The contributions of Dr. H. Neisler of Georgia, consisted 


7 


of a goodly collection of the small quadrupeds of Georgia— 
and that of James Bartlett of Wenham, those in this vicini- 
ty. W. A. Lander presented a specimen of Ofisorea: pla- 
tyrhinus, one of the smallest of our quadrupeds, and sel- 
dom noticed. 

_ Ornithology. Twenty contributors have made large addi- 
tions. Progress has been made in the arrangement of the 
collection ; the specimens are in good condition. The atten- 
tion of the members and friends is called to that of the nest 
and eggs—being deficient in several of the common species. 

Herpetology. The curator reports a very gratifying in- 
erease from thirty-six contributors, and that the collection 
in regard to preservation is in the best possible condition ; 
many of the wants in the species of the county have been, 
through the kindness of friends, supplied, though we are far 
from having all that is required to give us a complete his- 
tory of the reptiles of the county. 

Ichthyology. The additions have been unprecedentedly 
large and valuable ; the collection of American fishes hav- 
ing been largely augmented by donations and exchanges, 
while by means of the cans despatched to different foreign 
countries through the kindness of our merchants and ship- 
owners, the Foreign specimens have nearly doubled. We 
are greatly indebted to those gentlemen who have kindly 
consented to take or send them and hope during the year to 
obtain still other opportunities. The specimens have all 
been alcoholic with the exception of a sturgeon, Acipenser 
oxyrinchus, weighing about 150 pounds, presented by C. K. 
Stevens of Lawrence. The number of donors, thirty-one. 

Articulates and Radiates. Thirty-six contributors have 
made valuable additions—these are principally, however, 
‘confined to the crustacea and the radiata—this is owing, ina 
‘great measure, to the system of sending cans and alcohol 
‘through the kindness of our merchants and seamen. The 
collection is reported to be in good condition. 


8 


Mollusca. The principal contribution was from S. H. 
Phillips, who presented a very extensive and. valuable col- 
lection of shells ; they occupy several drawers in the cabinet 
awaiting for more extensive accommodations for. a suitable 
arrangement. 


Comparative Anatomy. Contributors; G. Upton, J. B. 
King, S. Carlen, &c. Skeletons of several species of toads 
and frogs, have been placed in the cabinets. 


Mineralogy and Geology. Donors ; Edwin Upton, E. A. 
Upton, B. E. Shaw, Miss Emily Gandnie! B. W. Stone, G. 
Upton, W. Briggs, B. F. Mudge, C. F. Williams, 0. C. 
Marsh, W. Prescott. 


THe HistoricAL Department. The curators, in their re- 
port, congratulates the society on the increased interest and 
on the additions during the past year. Articles of every 
description, tending to illustrate the dress, customs, habits, 
manner of living &c., of the different parts of the world— 
particularly of both the East and West Coasts of Africa, India, 
China, the Sandwich and Fejee Islands, have been received 
from thirty-nine contributors. This collection Mr. H. F. 
Shepard is now arranging in systematic manner in groups 
according to their country, and as faras possible in separate 
cases,—a catalogue of this department is nearly completed. 


DePARTMENT OF HorticuLTuRE. The Annual Exhibition 
of Fruits and Flowers took place on Wednesday, Thursday 
and Friday, September 18, i9, and 20, 1849. The weather 
was very unpropitious—rainy and cloudy during nearly the 
whole time of the continuance of the Show. . Owing to pre- 
vious storms our gardens were much injured, fruit blown 
from the trees, &c. However, under these discouraging 
circumstances the exhibition was much more satisfactory 
than was anticipated, and it was truly gratifying to witness 
the general interest in the culture of fruits. 


- 


9 


The following officers were elected for the year ensuing, . 
-and until others shall be chosen in their stead, viz: 


President—DANIEL A. WHITE. 


Vice Presidents—John L. Russell, James Upton, H. M. 
Brooks. 


Secretary and Treasurer—Henry Wheatland. 
Librarian—John H. Stone. 
_ Cabinet Keeper—Richard H. Wheatland. 


Finance Committee—John C. Lee, R. S. Rogers, George 
D. Phippen, Henry M. Brooks, James Chamberlain. 


Publication Committee—John L. Russell, Henry Wheat- 
land, George D. Phippen, Tra J. Patch, Teh H. Stone, 
Gare M. Whipple. 


Library Committee—Daniel A. White, David Roberts, 8. 
P. Fowler. 


Curators of Natural -History—In Botany—John L. Rus- 
sell; Mammalogy—F. Winsor; Ornithology—F. W. Put- 
nam; Herpetology and Ichthyology—R. H. Wheatland; 
Articulata and Radiata—C. Cooke; Mollusca and Paleon- 
tology—H. F. King.; Comparative Anatomy—Henry Wheat- 
land ; Geology—H. F. Shepard ; Mineralogy—D. M. Balch, 


Curators of History—Kthnology—Wm. 8. Messervy, M. 

A. Stickney, F. H. Lee; Manuscripts—Henry M. Brooks, 
tra J. Patch, L. R. Stone, G. L. Streeter, S. B. Buttrick ; 
Fine Arts—F. Peabody, J. G. Waters. 


Curators of Horticulture—Fruits and Vegetables—James 
Upton, John M. Ives, J. F. Allen, R. S. Rogers, George B. 
Loring, C. F. Putnam; Flowers—F. Putnam, W. Mack, 
C. H. Norris; Gardens—J. L. Russell, J. S. Cabot, J. Ber- 
tram, B. A. West. 

_ A Committee was appointed, consisting of Messrs. C. M. 
Tracy of Lynn, S. P. Fowler of Danvers, John M. Ives of 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. ili. 2. 


id 


Salem, Benj. C. Putnam of Wenham, R. H. Wheatland and 
C. H. Norris of Salem, and A. W. Dodge of Hamilton, to 
arrange for the Field Meetings the coming season. 


A Committee was also appointed to arrange for Lectures the 
ensuing winter, if expedient, also for the Evening Meetings. 
_ Messrs. J. L. Russell, James Kimball, F. Peabody, G. D. 
Phippen, and C. M. Tracy were appointed on said Committee. 


The consideration of the report of the: Committee on the 
authenticity of the tradition, “that the old building on the 
estate of David Nichols, rear of Boston street, was built from 
the frame of the first church ever erected in Salem”, pre- 
sented at the meeting of the 26th ult., was resumed and after 
some discussion, the following vote was adopted. 


Voted,—That the Committee, who have had charge of 
this matter, and who have so faithfully and carefully exam- - 
ined all the points of interest bearing on this subject, and 
have prepared this able and interesting report, be further 
instructed to take such action in relation thereto as they 
may deem advisable ;—Provided, that the funds for this pur- 
pose be obtained by private subscription, or by such appro- 
priation from the general income of the Institute, as the 
Finance Committee may direct. 


Voted to adjourn. 
Friday, June 8, 1860. - 


Fietp Mrrrinc at Topsrietp.—The first of the series of 
Field Meetings, held by the Institute, this season, took place 
as above. The appointment had been made for Wednesday, 
the 6th inst., but unfavorable weather compelled a post- 
ponement.. The early train from Salem took up a party of 
liberal dimensions, whose easy, “ open order’ stroll over the 


H&E 


village green gave it a look of as great activity, perhaps, as 
it has shown since the days of May Trainings; unless in 
some excepted cases, when the “ Cattle Show” may have 
wakened the quiet spot to equal, and perhaps more enduring 
animation. 


Topsfield may stand as the central town of Essex county. 
It is located on land nearly as high as any, and for irregu- 
larity of boundary line, may fairly challenge any of the 
neighboring townships. But these peculiarities are of small 
moment, compared with that, which gives Topsfield the 
praise of rearing and preparing more schoolmasters than any 
other place, probably, in Eastern Massachusetts. Its small, 
square, “‘ hip-roofed” Academy, occupying a pleasant little 
rounded knoll, just at one side of the village, stands as the 
monument of its own past usefulness, and an equal proof of 
the continuance of that usefulness in the present. A greater 
pride should this little structure be to Topsfield, than the 
Arch of Titus or the Temple of Minerva, if either occupied 
that little sunny knoll instead of it. 


A dispersion of the company into parties soon took place ; 
one betaking themselves to the enjoyment of the fine views 
to be observed from the summits of “ Great Hill,” and “ Town 
Hill”, over whose steep acclivities the unvarying Newbury- 
port Turnpike forces its toilsome and almost dangerous way ; 
and another going into an examination of the somewhat 
noted ‘“‘ Treadwell Farm”’, not long since bequeathed to the 
Essex Agricultural Society by its former proprietor. This 
party was well entertained by the keeper, Mr. Brown, un- 
der whose care several interesting experiments are progress 
ing, in regard to the comparative efficacy of different ma- 
nures. Here the Pasture Oak exists in fine condition, but 
the visitors noticed with regret the recent felling of some of 
these trees, and the thought naturally arose, that little was 


Sa Nee * * aoe tee 
, We rials ee, = . 


12 


done by cultivators to replace such losses, beautiful and’ 
¥ luable as this Oak is known to be. - Attention was, likewise, 
directed to two unusually large Locust trees, which had 
remarkably escaped the borer, till, in the case of one, a cir- 
cumference of ten feet had been attained, four feet above the: 
ground. 


A third division made a rather longer jaunt toward the 
north, through fields'‘and meadows and along the devious. 
country ways, at one time very near the line of Boxford, and 
again, emerging on the bank of that very beautiful sheet of 
water called Pritchard’s Pond, the greater part of which is. 
included in Ipswich. This pond bears much resemblance 
to that in Middleton ; but is less encompassed with woods ;. 
and having steep and elevated banks, is not; in the part 
visited, certainly, as easy of access.as the other. 


The various detachments returned in the neighborhood of 
noon and a general rendezvous was made at “‘ Union Hall,” 
in the basement of the Methodist Church, the use of which 
had been kindly tendered for the occasion. Not long after- 
ward, the meeting was called to order by Vice President. 
John L. Russell, and after the reading of the record the fol- 
lowing donations were announced, received since the 9th ult. 


To the Library—from Jonathan Perley; Peabody Insti- 
tute, South Danvers; James S. Bryant, of Hartford, Ct. + 
George B. Loring ; Trustees of the New York State Library ; 
Middlesex Mechanic Association, Lowell; Canadian Insti- 
tute at Toronto, C. W.; Henry F. Shepard; John B. Alley, 
M. C.; John W. Archer, of Brighton, Ill.;. Philadelphia 
Academy of Natural Science; Boston Society of Natural 
History ; J. I. Bowditch, of Boston ; San Francisco Mercan- 
tile Library Association ; C. Benj. Richardson, of New York ; 
B. W. Stone; John C. Holmes, of Lansing, Mich. | 


13 


To the Cabinets—from FE. Kirk Johnson of Nahant; S. 
P. Fowler of Danvers ; Robert Brookhouse ; Jason Wilkins ; 
James R. Phelps; H. F. Shepard; W. J. Chever; Miss M.. 
G. Wheatland; R. 8. Rogers; John Bertram; Stephen 
Upton; George H. Hovey; Miss Sarah Kimball! ;—Frost of 
Marblehead; R. Wheatland; Charles Davis of Beverly ; 
John Washington; William Shackleford; Wm. Lefavor ; 
Miss H. M. Jacobs of South Danvers ; John F. Ropes : James 
D, McMurphy 3 ©. Cooke; W. H: Hali;:G. -E.> Cheversom: 
Brookhouse, jr.; Henry E. Jenks; R. B. Forbes of Boston ; 
George Harrington; James Upton; R. H. Wheatland. 


Letters were read from N. 8. Shaler of Newport, Ky.; 
A. E. Verrill of Norway Me. ; Connecticut Historical Soci- 
ety ; Trustees of Newburyport Public Library ; Maine His- 
torical Society ; John C. Holmes of Lansing Mich.; State 
Historical Society of Wisconsin; C. M. Tracy of Lynn ; 
R. Phillips of Topsfield ; William Merritt of Salem ; Smith- 
sonian Institution; W. B. Trask of Boston; J. Colburn of 
Boston ; M. A. Stickney ; E. O. Proctor o! South Danvers ; 
Morris Spofford of Groveland. bas 


_ The Chair introduced the exercises by some remarks on 
the history and purposes of the Institute, calculated to 
awaken an interest in the Institution in those who might 
thus learn its nature and objects. 


John M. Ives of Salem, observed that this was not the 
first visit of this society to the town of Topsfield. Indeed, 
the first public meeting of the Essex County Natural His- 
tory Society, one of the parents of the Essex Institute, was 
held here, at the old hotel, in 1834 ; and the first Field Meet- 
ing under the present organization was also held here, in 
the Academy Building, some four years ago. But he had fresh 
proof to-day that all our own territory was not yet com- 


eC eas ee eee 


14 


pletely known, nor a perfect acquaintance had with its 


productions ; for he had to-day found the Painted Cup (Cas- 
_tilleia coccinea) growing profusely in a neighboring mead- 
ow, when he did not suspect its existence in the town. This 
is a beautiful plant, making a notable feature in the land- 
scape wherever it flourishes. 


Dr. R. H. Wheatland of Salem; mentioned that hehad 


been tolerably successful in securing specimens to-day, hav- 
ing found four species of fishes, four of frogs, ‘three of tur- 
tles, and one of snakes ; and he proceeded to offer remarks 
upon their structure, growth, and habits. The animals ef 
our own region are not less interesting than the rarest for- 
eign species, though every country and climate has its pecu- 
liar grade and style of animal life. He proceeded to illus- 
trate the correspondence between animals and the situations 
they are formed to inhabit, by some specimens of the cu- 
rious “‘ Blind Fish,” so often heard of, from the Mammoth 
Cave of Kentucky, and also a fresh water crab (Astacus 
fluviatilis) from the same locality. These specimens were 
brought from thence by Mr. B. C. Putnam of Wenham. 


The Chair gave some descriptive Riise ex on a speéci- 
men of the ‘“‘ seventeen-year-locust ” handed in by Mr. Felt. 
These are said to do but little harm singly, but the immense 
multitudes in which they often appear, commit great devas- 
tation wherever their track happens to be. In the timely 
destruction of such pests, lies the usefulness, too little ad- 
mitted, of such birds as crows and robins. The cultivator 
can see that these attack his fruit, and he thérefore judges 
them his enemies, but he does not see; and rarely stops to 
inquire, what incalculably greater good they do in their vig- 
ilant pursuit of these insect destroyers, more than arian 
the loss of a few handfuls of berries in a season. 


15 


Samuel Todd of Topsfield, invited attention to the gravel 
pits in the vicinity. The general formation in this place is 
sandy, but in the midst of it appear three knolls of gravel, 
evidently originating somewhere else, and probably brought 
from the far north by drift currents. Dr. Kane tells us of 
red gravel covering the polar ice for miles, and it would 
seem that such agencies are even yet at work breaking 
down the solid rocks and scattering the debris southward. 


The Chair pursued the subject in some remarks, regret- 
ting the absence of our Geological member, B. F. Mudge, of 
Lynn, lately removed to the West. 


C. M. Tracy of Lynn, summed up the results of the bo- 
tanical rambles of the day, having found the following, 
among many more common plants: 


Bulbous Arethusa, (Arethusa bulbosa.) 
Purple Avens, (Geum rivale.) 
_ Painted Cup. (Castilleia coccinea.) 


The two first from a meadow north of the village, and the 
last from one about half a mile to theeast. It makes a gor- 
geous appearance there, coloring the herbage, as it were, for 
many square rods. This is a peculiar variety having the 
bracts a deep orange color, instéad of the fine scarlet com- 
monly seen. If this plant could be cultivated, it would be 
a choice thing for the garden, but it is thought to be para- 
sitic by the roots, like the Gentians, which would render its 
growth impossible, except in spots of its own choosing. 


Mr. Osgood Perley exhibited and presented to the Cabi- 
net one of the interesting concretions taken from the stom- 
ach of the Ox. It consisted, evidently, of hair licked from 
the animal’s coat and swallowed, after which, by the motion 
of the stomach, it became “felted” and hardened together 
into a solid ball. 


The Committee on ‘eld Meetings announced that. the 
next would be held at ‘rroveland, me cea June 27, if 
favorable weather. 


The thanks of the Lstitute were then voted to the propri- 
etors of the Methodist Church tor their kindness in admitting 
us to their. commodious hall; also. to Messrs. Phillips, 
Adams, Merriam, Holines, Peabody, Leach and others, for 
their polite and gratifying attentions to the members this 
day. Adjourned. 


There were on exhibition outside the Hall, two beautiful 
living specimens of ornithology ; one of the White Headed 
Eagle belonging to Kleazer Lake of Topsfield, captured in 
December, 1858: the other of the large White Owl; taken in 
December last, and owned by George Killam of East Box- 
ford. This did not appear to be the Snowy Owl, but rather 
an albino of some other species.. Both were healthy and 
attracted much attention. ; 


- Wednesday, June 27, 1860. 


Freup Merrrinc at GroveLanp.—The Institute visited 
this place in September last, and most of the local features 
of interest may be found noticed in the account of that oc- 
casion. ‘To-day the rendezvous was at the same spot as 
before, viz: Balch’s Grove, whose-owner, William Balch, is 
still living, having reached the age of ninety-three, with 
faculties almost unimpaired. On the walk from the station 
to this place the party were led to notice a hill whose loose 
soil, now overgrown with rye, anciently served for an Indian 
burial ground. The bones of the red men are not yet 
wholly wanting on the spot, being now and then disturbed 
by the unthinking ploughman ; and more than once, it is 
said, the frost has gradually lifted the remains till the skele- 


17 


ton emerged from its resting place in the same sitting pos- 
ture in which it was first interred. : 


There was no lack of pleasant entertainment for the ex- 
plorers to-day, who spread about in various directions ac- 
cording to the demands of their differing fancies. Some 
visited the huge bowlders on the land of Mr. Abel Stickney, 
heretofore mentioned ; others examined the river-banks and 
their productions, as well as those of the ancient stream it- 
self. A few took ferriage across to the flourishing town of 
Haverhill, which boasts so much of historic interest and 
modern enterprise, and there passed the foreneon in re- 


searches into the matters pertaining to the place, both new 
and old. 


The afternoon meeting took place at the Independent 
Church, at 8, P.M. The Chair was occupied by Vice-Presi- 
dent Russell, who favored the meeting with remarks suffi- 
ciently extended to atone for the want felt by reason of the 
absence of other speakers. 


The following donations were announced, as received 
since the meeting at Topsfield. 


To the Library—from Ohio Mechanics’ Institute, Cincin- 
nati; N. J. Lord; Alfred Poor of Haverhill ; Wm. Stearns; 
H. M. Brooks; N. Y. Mercantile Library Association ; 
Chicago Historical Society; Samuel Green of Boston; S. 
C. Jackson of Andover; E. Hervey Quimby ; Philadelphia 
Academy of Natural Science; N. Y. State Library; J. L. 
Russell ; Jeremiah Colburn of Boston ; Mrs. N. Ingersoll ; 
G. F. Read; Geo. Andrews ; Congregational Library Asso- 
ciation. 

To the Cabinets—from Arthur M. Merriam, Topsfield ; 
Osgood Perley of Topsfield; R. H. Wheatland; B. FP, 
Browne; S. Lewis jr.; Miss M. G. Wheatland; C. H. Nor- 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iii. 3. 


18 


ris ; Geo. Dodge of Wenham ; Jason Wilkins ; Caleb Cooke > 
Mrs. W. B. Johnson of Cohasset; N. B. Baker of Clin- 
ton, Iowa. 


Letters were read from Trustees of Newburyport Public. 
Library ; Smithsonian Institution ; Trustees of Boston Pub- 
lic Library ; Massachusetts Historical Society ; M. Spofford. 
of Groveland; W. Merritt; A. Ordway of Boston; M. 
Miles of Flint, Mich. 


The Chair proceeded to give a pleasant account of his 
own rambles during the day, and the various objects of in- 


terest which had become known to him thereby. The study 


of botany, always a favorite with him, was far from being 
without value to others—to all, even the scientific and some- 
what technical forms of it. No farmer should be destitute 
of this knowledge. ‘ Here” said he, “is a plant from New 
Zealand, a sort of Spinach, raised by one who bought the 
seed under the supposition that it was parsnip seed. A lit- 
tle accurate knowledge of botany would have certainly pre- 
vented a blunder so very awkward and troublesome.” © 


He further exhibited various other plants, among them 
the Tephrosia, known commenly as ‘ Catgut,” for its long 
and onan fibrous roots, or sometimes as “‘ Hen and Chick- 
ens.” It is a‘pleasant looking denizen of the damp boggy 
lands, and belongs to the great Pea family. 


The Tulip Tree (Liriodendron) had been brought up from 
Danvers by Dr. Osgood. This fine tree is native as far 
north as the interior of Massachusetts, penetrating further 
in this direction than almost any other of the Magnolia 
tribe. Its beauty is not to be, questioned, and its utility is 
scarcely less ; its wood being soft and light, and valued by 
wheelwrights and joiners, who use great quantities for pan- 


eling, under the name of Whitewood. Many specimens of . 


our beautiful Kalmia or Mountain Laurel, were also shown ; 
and proceeding from this, he remarked that the beauty of 


ae 
hey 
Me 


19 


eour own plants was far superior, in general, to that of the 
European. Neither could Europe vie with us for variety 
and diversity of vegetation. The whole number of species 
of native trees, of all kinds, now to be found in Great Brit- 
ain, was not as great as the number of oaks alone described 
‘as belonging to the United States. 


Jacob W. Reed of Groveland, author of a genealogical 
history of the Reed family, gave a synopsis of the facts and 
:speculations to which he has given much attention, as to the 
topographical history of the Merrimac River. The abrupt 
‘angle by which the stream turns, a little above Lowell, from 
its nearly southerly course, to one almost northeast, has oc- 
casioned much thought among those interested in such 
changes. ‘ Now the fact is,” said he, ‘‘ that from this bend 
a valley extends southward, in very nearly the primary di- 
rection of the river, and terminates in Boston harbor. Had 
‘the river been stopped back by obstructions across its pres- 
ent bed at Lowell, it would have continued on through this 
valley and flowed into Boston harbor instead of where it 
now does.” He thought this was anciently the case, and 
‘thus the Merrimac has lent its aid in the formation of 
that harbor. But this natural dam having once given way, 
the waters turned northeasterly until some other and simi- 
lar stoppage took place, sending the current southward 
-again. This seems to have happened several times and in 
-one instance the stream had its outlet in the harbor at Sa- 
lem. At apoint near “Rocks Bridge” the latest obstacle 
‘seems to have existed. The Indians formerly had a tradi- 
tion, that the mouth of the Merrimac was near that of Par- 
ker River, thus leaving Newbury on the northern side. 


Mr. R. further gave some interesting statements as to the 
Indian remains found at ‘“ Ridge Hill”’ before spoken of. 


20 


Rey, Mr. Willson of Salem, offered some brief remarks on 
the value of knowledge, even that little which has been tng 
@ dangerous thing. 


_ On motion, the thanks, of the Institute were then pre- 
sented to the proprietors of the Independent Church for the 
use of their house, also to Messrs. Spofford, Parker, Savory, 
Reed and others citizens of the town for their kind atten- 
tions during the day, and the meeting then adjourned. 


Monday, July 16, 1862. 


Fietp Mertine at West GLoucester.—This place became 
the locality of the third of these pleasant occasions this sea- 
son. It is not a very large or populous village, and a slight 
survey is enough to show that not a large amount of travel 
passes this way, at least to make any stay in this vicinity. 
Yet it is certainly not for want of pleasant scenery, and local 
matters attractive enough to the eye and heart, but not, per- 
haps, to the money-seeking enterprise of the present day. 


The town of Gloucester may rank as one of our oldest 
daughters of Essex, having been incorporated originally in 
1639, three years before it received its present name, The 
West Parish dates back in its corporate existence, to 1716, 
when Rey. Samuel Thompson was settled as its minister ; 
but the old meeting-house, which was only taken down within 
some ten years, had the date of 1713 on its sounding board, 
and the ornamental carving, with the year upon it, is yet 
preserved in a beer store in the village. The meeting-house 
was about forty feet square, and stood about two miles from 
where the Institute assembled, on a spot which the forest 
has now overgrown. : 


_Acompany of liberal magnitude attended the meeting 


"a 


— 


CC —“—“3s7-°° =< 


21 


to-day, though, as usual, not all coming at the same time, 
or by one route. One division had started early, and gone 
by a more extended road to explore the ever-famous Magnolia 
swamp, not far away. This spot always figures prominently 
in the attentions of the members, when anywhere in its 
neighborhood, but not every one, who visits it, brings away 
full satisfaction or dry feet. The magnolia is certainly there, 
genuine and lovely, but the plants are grown scrubby 
through rude and frequent breakage, and the blossoms 
never abundant, are made rarer yet by unscrupulous rang- 
ers, who bid fair to destroy the bushes in their eagerness for 
a two-penny traffic in the half-opened flowers. Still the 
Magnolia Swamp will not answer to be neglected by the 
botanist, for it contains many rare and beautiful plants 
beside that for which it is named. The Inkberry (Prtnos 
glaber or Ilex glaber) a close relative of the Holly, revels in 
the bogs in profusion, its bright evergreen foliage alike 
cheerful in summer and winter. The White Fringed Orchis 
(O. blephariglottis) lifts its spikes of pure white flowers 
here and there, and the Clintonia, named after the worthy 
DeWitt Clinton of New York, here and there fills large 
spaces with its broad leaves of brightest green, and adorns 
them with its little golden lilies first, and blue berries after- 
ward. The structure of this swamp appears peculiar, for 
very little earth or soil of any kind is to be met after leaving 
the margin, but instead, one level expanse, crowded and 
packed with Sphagnum or peat moss. This, growing con- 
tinually at the surface and decaying below, preserves its 
condition of a soft, compact, elastic cushion, full of water, 
but free from mud, green as grass at the top, and furnishing 
an excellent footheld for all kinds of vegetation. | 


The morning party being thus engaged with this and other 
notable spots at some little distance from the rendezvous, 
the latter, and more thoroughly pleasure-hunting company 


22 


turacd their care to other objects. Some started for the 
oiicr villages of Gloucester to evoke whatever historical 
ont WS might be slumbering about them. Still more, and 
in fact nearly all the residue, set off to climb the tallest emi- 
nence in the town, known as ‘Thompson’ s Mountain. This 
eminence, no ed-by Babson as 255 feet high, has had its ce« 
lebrity finally established by being made a signal station by 
the United States Coast Survey. ” After a warm and rather 
weary walk, the summit was reached, and from the stern and 
almost naked rock which forms it, the party looked about 
on a prospect of admirable diversity and extent. Immedi- 
ately about the foot of the mountain lie the dense woods 
that occupy all the western part of the town. Beyond are 
seen the goodly buildings of the Harbor Parish, or Glouces- 
ter proper, toward the southeast ; the more scattered ones 
of the old Town Parish on the east; with Annisquam (or 
Squam, familiarly) on the northeast, and Essex, nearly in 
the west; all making up a charming picture of the homes 
and haunts of Cape Ann, backed in the distance by Plum 
Island, Coffin’s Beach, and the blue surges of the broad 
Atlantic. Far away, the eye catches in the northwest, the 
lofty swell of Holt’s Hill in Andover, and still further, the 
blue and ghostly peaks that represent three more of New 
‘Eugland’s sisterhood of states, Agamenticus in Maine, Gun- 
stock in New Hampshire, and Beaconpole in Rhode Island. 
These are all signal stations of the survey, and here the 
company found Mr. Hassler, the assistant in charge, who 
with his instruments, was very polite, and ready to add 
what he might to the pleasure of his visitors. | 


. After the reuniting of the various divisions, and the dis- 
cussion of the refreshments made doubly acceptable by the 
invigorating jaunt, the afternoon meeting was called to order 
by Vice President Russell, under the shadow of a spreading 
apple-tree on the grounds of a West Parish farmer. 


23 


Donations to the Library and Cabinets were annotiices 
as follows: Fins 7 | , 

To the Library—from the Trustees of the New York 
State Library ; C. B. Richardson of New York City ; Boston 
Society of Natural History; Thomas Fettyplace of Motie, 
Ala.; Zaccheus Gould of Topsfield; Henry M. Tircoks ; 
Nathaniel Paine of Worcester; George C. Chase: \. Y. 
Mercantile Library Association ; Connecticut Historical so- 
ciety; Mrs. N. D. Cole; George F. Read; R. H. Wheat 
tand ; Henry F. Shepard. 

To the Cabinets—from H. M. Brooks; Thomas Fetty- 
place; F. H. Lee; J.C. Lee ; R.S. Rogers ; James Bartlett 
of Wenham; Joseph True; Richard H. Wheatland ; Chas. 
H. Price; Benjamin F. Morrison of Nantucket; L. Eb. 
Evans ; Chas. H. Norris; Elliot F. Smith ; Willian Clough 


Letters were read from the Trustees of the New York 
State Library ; Smithonian Institution ; B. F. Morrison of 
Nantucket ; F. B. Perkins of Hartford, Conn.; Jeremiah 
Spofford of Groveland. 


The chair, on opening the exercises, recounted some of 
his excursions and adventures during the day, and added a 
pleasant description of several species of plants. 


S. P. Fowler of Danversport followed, with a further dis- 
cussion of the flora of this peculiarly fertile region, fertile, 
at least in vegetable rarities. Mr. F. went somewhat largely 
into the consideration of those plants which had come under 
his notice in this day’s rambles. 


Rey. C. C. Beaman of Salem, had gleaned a few facts of 
interest concerning the old meeting house and had also paid 
a visit to the parsonage, another ancient institution of the 
place, on which he based some entertaining remarks. He 
further spoke of several notable localities in this region in- 


24 


cluding that known as Hog Island, the birthplace of the 
Hon. Rufus Choate. 


A. B. Almon, of Salem responded briety to the call 
of the chair, alluding to the various events and circum- 
stances of the occasion in a very agreeable manner. 


Prof. A. Crosby, of Salem, went into some account of the 
excursion to Thompson’s Mountain, of the characters of that 
eminence and the fine view commanded by it ; also, of the 
operations of the Coast Survey in this locality, and the ex- 
planations of the same given by Mr. Hassler. 


S. P. Fowler of Danversport, followed with some remarks 
on the habits of our native birds, and the changes which 
these habits appear to be undergoing, principally in conse- 
quence of civilization, and the new state of things continually 
introduced by man. 


John M. Ives of Salem had read some curious and inter- 
esting observations on the same subject, a few of which he 
recounted to the meeting. 


George F. H. Markoe presented the following Catalogue 
of Plants, observed by him, in flower or fruit, during the 
excursion in the vicinity of the place of meeting. 


Thalictrum cornuti, Meadow Rue. 


Ranunculus bulbosus, Bulbous Crowfoot. 
" acris, Tall Crowfoot, Buttercups. 


Aquilegia canadensis, Wild Columbine, flower and fruit. 


Magnolia glauca, Small or Laurel Magnolia. 
Berberis vulgaris, Com. Barberry, fl. fr. 


Nymphea odorata, Sweet-scented Water Lily. 
Nuphar advena, Yellow Pond Lily. 


Sarracenia purpurea, Pitcher Plant, fr. 


25 


Chelidonium majus, Celandine. 
Papaver somniferum, Com. Poppy. 
Sinapis nigra, Black Mustard. 
Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Shepherd’s Purse. 
Sisymbrium officinale, Hedge Mustard. 
Drosera rotundifolia, Round Leaved Sundew. 
“© longifolia, Long Leaved Sundew. 
Hypericum perforatum, Com. St. John’s-Wort. 
Silene inflata, Bladder Campion. 
“ noctifisra, Night Flowering Catchfly. 

Stellaria media, Com. Chickweed. 

- Cerastium vulgatum, Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
Malva rotundifolia, Com. Mallow. 
Tilia Europea, European Linden. 
Oxalis stricta, Yellow Wood-Sorrel. 


Rhus typhina, Staghorn Sumach. 
“glabra, Smooth Sumach. 
“¢ _venenata, Poison Sumach or Dogwood. 


Ceanothus Americanus, New Jersey Tea. 


Trifolium arvense, Stone or Rabbit Foot Clover. 
“¢ pratense, Red Clover. 
“repens, White Clover. 

“¢ procumbens, Low Hop Clover. 

Spirea salicifolia, Com. Meadow Sweet. 

“© tomentosa, Hardhack. 
Geum album, White Aveus. 
Potentilla Norvegica Floribunda. 
a Canadensis, Com. Cinque foil. 
s argentea, Silvery t ¢ 
Rubus villosus, High Blackberry. 
Rosa Carolina, Swamp Rose. 
“lucida, Dwarf Wild Rose. 
“micrantha, Small Fl. Sweet Briar. 


Epilobium angustifolium, Great Willow Herb. 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iii. 4. 


26 


s 


CEnothera biennis, Com. Evening Primrose. — 
Aralia nudicaulis, False Sarsaparilla, fl. fr. 


Cornus Canadensis, Dwarf Cornel, fr. 


Sambucus Canadensis, Com. Elder. 

“ — pubens, Red Berried Elder. 
Mitchella repens, Partridge Berry. 
Oldenlandia cerulea, Bluets. . 

Eupatorium perfoliatum, Thoroughwort. 
Rudbeckia hirta, Rudbeckia. 
Leucanthemum vulgare, White Weed. 
Leontodon autumnale, Fall Dandelion. 
Taraxacum dens-leonis, Dandelion. 


Lobelia spicata, Pale Lobelia. 


Gaylussacia resinosa, Black Huckleberry, fr. 
Vaccinium macrocarpon, Cranberry. 

< vacillans, Low Blueberry, fr. 

- corymbosum, Swamp Blueberry, fr. 
Gauliheria procumbens, Checkerberry. 
Clethra alnifolia, White Alder. 


Kalmia latifolia, Mountain Laurel. 
“angustifolia, Sheep Laurel. 


Pyrola rotundifolia, Round Leavy. Pyrola. 
Chimaphila umbeliata, Prince’s Pine, Pipsissewa. 
Monotrova unificra, Indian Pipe. 


Plantago major, Com. Plantain. 
“lanceolata. 


Lysimachia stricta, Bulb-bearing Loosestrife. 
- quadrifolia, Four Leaved Loosestrife. 
Verbascum thapsus, Com. Mullein. 
Linaria Canadensis, Wild Toad Flax.. 
“  yulgaris, Toad Flax. Butter and Eggs. 
Veronica scutellaia, Marsh Speedwell. 
Melampyrum Americanum, Cow Wheat. 


Mentha Canadensis, (M. borealis) Wild Mint. 


— eee eer 


27 


Hedeoma pulegioides, American Pennyroyal. 


- Nepeta cataria, Catnip. 


¢ — glechoma, Ground Ivy. Gill. 
Brunella vulgaris, Self Heal or Heal All. 
Leonurus cardiaca, Motherwort. 
Calystegia sepium, var. repens, Hedge Bindweed. 
Solanum dulcamara, Bittersweet. 
Apocynum androsemifolium, Do bane. 


Asclepias cornuti, (A. Syriaca,) Milkweed. 
‘© phytolaccoides, Poke = 


Phytolacca decandra, Poke. Garget. 


Polygonum persicaria, Lady’s Thumb. 
ae aviculare, Door Weed. Goose Grass. 


Rumex obtustfolius, Bitter Dock. 
“*  erispus, Curled Dock. 
acetosella, Field or Sheep Sorrel. 


Sassafras officinale, (Laurus Sassafras) Sassafras. 
Corylus rostrata, Beaked Hazel Nut. 


Myrica gale, Sweet Gale. | 
‘“ certfera, Bayberry, Wax Myrtle. 


Comptonia asplenifolia, Sweet Fern. 

Sagittaria variabilis var. sagittifolia, Arrow Head. 
Pogonia ophioglossoides, Pogonia. 

Calopogon pulchellus, Calopogon. 

Iris versicolor, Blue Flag. 


ce 


— Sisyrinchium Bermudiana, Blue Eyed Grass. 


Smilax rotundifolia, Com. Greenbriar. 


Lilium Philadelphicum, Philadelphia Lily. 
“Canadensis, Wild Yellow Lily. 
Polypodium vulgare, Com. Polypody. 
Aspidium marginale, Shield or Wood Fern. 
Polytrichum piliferum, Hair Cap Moss. 


+ 


28 


Mr. Beaman proceeded to speak of the very kind and cor- 
dial reception met by the Institute in this place today. In 
recognition of these hospitalities, he submittted the follow- 
ing, which was unanimously adopted. 


Resolved, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be ten- 
dered to Mr. John Bray, who owns the ground where this 
meeting is held ; to Messrs. Theophilus Herrick, Jr., John 
TJ. Davis, and other citizens, for their kind attentions ; to 
Mr. Hassler of the Coast Survey who was very attentive 
upon Thompson’s Mountain ; to the Proprietors for the use 
of Liberty Hall; and to the Rev. Charles Smith for tender- 
ing the use of the Parish Church. 


The meeting then adjourned, and the company, to the 
number of about two hundred, returned home with much 
pleasure from the excursion. 


Thursday, August 2, 1860. 


FIELD MEETING AT HamILToN.—This was the fourth meet- 
ing this season, and one of the pleasantest of all. The spot 
selected for the gathering was in the midst of the Hamilton 
Ponds, so called, which, five in all, are situated in the adja- 
cent corners of Hamilton; Wenham and Essex. All these 
being connected, finally reach the sea by means of the larg- 


est, Chebacco, or Essex Pond, delivering its waters into: 


Essex River. A very worthy establishment is kept:-by Mr. 


John Whipple, onthe road between Beck’s. and Chebacco- 


Ponds, in a most attractive situation ;.and this. was reached 


to-day by a large company, most of whom arrived. by \the 


Eastern Railroad, having a.rather long ride, or walk, from 


the Hamilton Station, and the rest by pleasant drives over 
the various roads that traverse. this region. 


The forenoon was spent by some in pleasure excursions 


around the shores of the ponds, or in the diversified pastimes. 


29 


of rowing, sailing and fishing, in and from the numerous 
boats with which these waters are well provided. Others 
made scientific explorations here and there, while others, as 
usual, gave attenticn to whatever of antiquity and historical 
interest the vicinity might afford. 


Some t'iree hundred persons assembled on the shady plat- 
form of Mr. Whipple, and, neither the President nor Vice 
President being present, Hon. Allen W. Dodge of Hamil- 
ton was called to the chair. 


The following announcements of donations were then 
made. 

To the Library—from Henry F. Shepard ; T. J. Hutchin- 
son; George C. Chase; Joseph W. Stone; Martyn Paine 
of New York; E. M. Stone of Providence R.I.; John L. 
Russell ; Smithsonian Institution ; Massachusetts Historical 
Society ; Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science; Cana- 
dian Institute at Toronto C.W.; Samuel A. Green of Bos- 
ton; N. J. Lord. 

To the Cabinets—from R. H. Wheatland; Charles A. 
Putnam ; J. Burehstead of Wenham ; Charles F. Williams ; 
David Moore ; John Rider; J. M. Ives. 


Letters were read from F. B. Perkins of Hartford Conn.; 
M. Miles of Flint Mich.; Trustees of New York State Li- 
brary ; F. W. Putnam; A. W. Dodge of Hamilton ; David 
Choate of Essex. 


The Chair then entered into a very happy vein of remark, 
by way of welcoming the Institute to the town of Hamilton. 
In this address, which though extended, commanded tho 
close attention of all, the following noticeable points were 
Stated. | 


Hamilton, with an average territory, is strictly rural, with 


30 


enly about nine hundred inhabitants. Manning’s Mills on 
Ipswich River, is its only manufacturing concern, and that 
is not a large one. The town was set off from Ipswich in 
1793, and named in honor of the celebrated Alexander Ham- 
ilton. Some twenty years ago, a proposition was made that 
this name should be surrendered and a new one taken, so 
that a manufacturing village in the west of the state might 
be called after the great American Statesman, but the idea 
met with no favor whatever. 


This place has the honor of being the home‘of the Rev. 
Manasseh Cutler, a man of lovely character and brilliant 
talent, and of whom very much has been written already. 
He represented this district in Congress from 1800 to 1804. 
But he was better known as a naturalist especially in the 
department of Botany ; and at his house, yet standing, he 
was often visited by men of science from abroad. 


Felt, in his History of Ipswich, has noted the fact, probably 
unparalleled, that in certain families of the name of Appleton, 
residing here, there inheres a strange tendency to bleed pro- 
fusely from the slightest wound. These “ bleeders” as they 
are called, are all the sons of daughters in the direct line of 
descent ; and no female or sons of males in the line are 
ever known to exhibit this peculiar condition. The hemorr- 
hage begins in eight or nine days after the injury, and con- 
tinues in spite of all efforts to the contrary, till extreme 
prostration and sometimes death ensues. This wonderful 
phenomenon has never found any explanation. 


The Chair also spoke of the potato rot, a malady which we 
know next to nothing about, save its disastrous effects. Ap- 
pearances favor the opinion that it has an atmospherical 
cause, and is not due to insects, as some maintain; but 
whatever it be, it seems declining, and we hope it may soon 
disappear. 


= 


31 


Some remarks on vegetable instinct, and an eloquent trib- 
ute to the utility and happy character of the Field Meetings, 
closed this address, which met throughout the hearty appro- 
bation of all. 


Dr. George Osgood of Danvers said that he had been both 
pupil and friend of Dr. Cutler, whose name is so dear to the 
people of Hamilton. He had rambled in these woods with 
him fifty-five years ago, when he stood as one of the pioneers 
of American Botany. From him he had his first lessons in 
that study of nature, which during a long life, have given 
him such pleasure and instruction. He proceeded to dis- 
cuss the characters of the Tulip Tree (Liriodendron tulipi- 
Jfera) and the Catalpa, (C. bignonioides) giving some state- 
ments as to their rate of growth and value as ornamen- 
tal trees. In the rambles of the forenoon he had collected 
many beautiful plants, such as the Purple Orchis (Platan- ° 
therapsycodes ) Buttonbush ( Cephalanthus) and Indian Pipe, 
(Monotropa). 


S. P. Fowler of Danvers read the following essay on the 
Changes produced by civilization in the habits of our common 
birds. 


Civilization has produced no greater changes in our coun- 
try, than it has in the habits of our common birds. Our oc- 
cupations, architecture, mode of cultivating the soil, habits, 
Opinions, and even our legislation, serve to produce this 
change. The establishment of a fort, or fur post in the Indi- 
an country, or the opening of the forest for a clearing, by the 
squatter, effectually and at once changes the mode of life of 
many of our birds. Thus we see the near relation they sustain 
tous. But I wish more particularly to notice at this time the 
changes that have taken place in the habits of our birds in 
Essex County, during a period of fifty years. None have 
been noticed, I think, in our rapacious birds. They have 
become less numerous than formerly, although they con- 
tinue to breed among us. The Baltimore Oriole still con- 


32 


tinues to construct her nest after the old pattern, but has 
learnt to weave it from materials furnished by civilization. 
I have a beautiful nest of this bird, made wholly from mate- 
terials swept out of the door of a milliner’s shop, woven and 
interlaced with ribbons and laces and other fine things that 
ladies wear, including a threaded needle, that girls so often 
lose. In regard to the singular habits of the Cow-i’en-Bird in 
not building nests of its own, but laying its eggs in other 
bird’s nests, and leaving them to the care ol a foster parent, 
there seems to have been no change. for many years at least. 
All our ornithologists have failed as yet to account for the 
vagrant habits of this bird. Darwin, in his Origin of Species 
has at length, as le supposes, solved the mystery. The 
habit as seen in the European Cuckoo, which is similar to 
the Cow-bird, he thinks arises from the slave-making instinet 
of animals. He reasons in this way: Now let us suppose 
that the ancient progenitor of our European Cuckoo, had 
the habits of the American Cuckoo ; but that occasionally 
she laid an egg in another bird’s nest. If the old bird profited 
by this occasional habit, or if the young were made more 
vigorous, by advantage having been taken of the mistaken 
instinct of another bird, than by their own mother’s care, 
encumbered as she can hardly fail to be, by having eggs and 
young of different ages at the same time ; then the old birds, 
or the fostered young, would gain an advantage. And 
analogy would lead me to believe, that the young thus 
reared, would be apt to follow by inheritance, the occasional 
and aberrant habit of their mother, and in their turn would 
be apt to lay their eggs in other bird’s nests and thus be 
successful in rearing their young. By a continued process 
of this nature, the strange instinet of our Cuckoo could be 
and has been generated. 

Some modern naturalists have noticed among some ani- 
mals, certain aberrant and mutilated forms, and established 
what they term the theory of degradation. And, jor an 
example, they give us the misplacement of parts, such as 
are now exhibited in some fish, such as the flounder, turbot, 
and halibut. These are supposed to have once moved about 
upright, like most fish, but trom some cause or other, a long 
time ago, they were thrown over and made to swim upon 
their sides, their squinting eyes stuck upon the top of their 
heads, and their moutlis twisted awry. Some theologians 


33 


say, that man even is in a state of moral degradation, and 
his affections misplaced. But I think we are precluded 
from supposing that the Cow Bird has at any period suffered 
from degradation or misplacement of its parts, thereby ren- 
dering it incapable of incubation, from the fact, that upon 
dlissecting it, no disarrangement has as yet been found. 
‘To my mind, it is evident, after giving the subject consid- 
‘erable attention, that the Cow-bird’s unnatural habits are 
such as were given it, by the Author of its being, and are 
not the result of the slavery instinct, degradation, or the vice 
of habit. This is very evident, when we consider the singu- 
ar fact, that when its solitary ege is deposited with those 
of its duped nurse, the parasite’s ege invariably hatches 
from twenty-four to forty-eight hours before those of the 
foster-parent. Here we find a special provision made in 
favor of the Cow-bird, on which depends the continuation of 
the species. How Mr. Darwin can account for this, by his 
theory of slavery instinct, we cannot imagine. I have for 
‘many years noticed one or more young Cow-birds in my 
garden, reared principally in the nests of the Yellow-bird. 
Sometimes the eggs of the parasite fail to hatch, by a floor 
being laid by the owner of the nest over the egg and another 
story being added to the domicil. The wailing note of the 
-young Cow-bird usually attracts the attention of my family, 
-and they are amused in noticing the fond maternal kindness 
sof the little step-mother, towards the large, chubby, sooty 
Youndling. We have noticed for several years a change 
taking place in the habits of our Crow blackbird. ‘They are 
becoming domesticated, like the Rook of England. This has 
been brought about by the planting of the white pine in our 
cultivated grounds. Wherever a cluster of these trees lift 
“their heads thirty fect, they are visited by these birds for the 
“purpose of breeding, even when growing in our populous 
villages. They are absent, for the most part, from their nests 
‘during the day, showing that they are not yet perfectly at 
home in their new location. The purple finch has likewise 
followed our cultivated evergreen trees into our grounds— 
“a few years since, they were only to be seen in our cedar 
pastures, but they are now quite numerous. With me they 
breed on the branches of the spruce, and feed early in the 
-season on the flower buds of the white elm, and when these 
“fail, Iam sorry to say, upon the fruit buds of the pear tree. 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. ili. 5. 


34 


The Cedar bird, which has become domesticated to a con- 
siderable degree, within a period of forty years, has discov- 
ered that our cultivated fruits are more juicy and palatable, 
than the hard dry berries of the Red Cedar. Hence the 
changing of its name, within my recollection, to Cherry-bird. 
It now wholly escheweth its former food and haunts, and 
while it has learnt to love our summer fruits, it has likewise 
acquired a relish for our canker worms. 

The Robin is the most familiar bird we have, and has been 
the longest domesticated. This has taken place in conse- 
quence of its cherished name, early given to it by our ances- 
tors, which led them to spare the bird—which name, by the 
way, more properly belongs to the Bluebird, its mild and. 
quiet habits more nearly resembling the Robin Red Breast . 
of England, than our ardent and vociferous fruit-eating 
thrush which we call Robin. The special legislation afforded 
the Robin in our Commonwealth, within a few years, has. 
done much to completely domesticate them, and thus render- 
ing them, in my judgment, a great nuisance to the fruit 
grower. If any law is necessary to protect our birds, it 
should be sufficiently broad to cover all of them. I would 
make no exceptions. The constant and cruel enactments,. 
murderous deeds and mean contrivances to destroy and: 
poison crows, would have resulted, long ago, in the destruc- 
tion of the whole species, were they not very intelligent and. 
sagacious birds, as fully able to take care of themselves, as 
those who are laboring to destroy them. Our present bird 
law is a queer piece of legislation, evidently drawn up by 
persons, who had not one particle of knowledge, sufficient 
to classify our birds into orders, deemed by them useful or 
‘noxious. For instance, no protection is given in the act to- 
‘the Swallow family, Woodpeckers, Flycatchers, Wrens, &c., 
all perfectly harmless, injuring no one, and whose whole 
lives are spent in destroying noxious insects. I-can shoot, 
or employ others to shoot all the birds above enumerated, 
every hour in the day, and’every day in the year, when they 
are to be found, and no penalty would be incurred. But if 
I'should shoot a Robin on my ‘own ground, in the. act of 
eating the last cherry, which he had overlooked on the tree, 
I should subject myself toa fine of two dollars!) = 

The Swallow tribe has undergone more changes, probably, 
than any other order of birds.» The Barn ROW a, havo: 


eee 
a 


35 


Yong since left their ancient breeding places, the overhanging 

eliff of rocks, and sought the habitations of men. The 
Chimney Swallow has deserted the hollow sycamore, its 
ancient home, for our unoccupied chinneys. The Cliff 
‘Swallow no longer frequents the shelving rock, but has 
-sought shelter under our roofs. The same may be said of 
‘the Purple Martin and White bellied Swallow, as having 
left the uncultivated portions of the country, to seek pro- 
tection in a home among the habitations of men. The 
Sand Martins are the only species which continue to 
rear their young in the river bank. Man’s civilization has 
not as yet induced them to leave their ancient homes. 


Great changes have been observed in the appearance and dis- 
appearance of the several species of swallows. During a period 
_of less than fifty years, the purple martin has become com- 
paratively scarce in the eastern part of Essex County. Some 
authors say, upon the authority of Prof. Kalm, that the pur- 
ple martin was not seen in New England previous to the 
Revolution. But I have examined Kalm’s travels in this 
country, and cannot find that he says anything about the 
appearance of the Martin. It is certain they were numerous 
in this vicinity, forty years ago, and that they are now very 
scarce. I think it is equally certain that the Barn Swallow 
is becoming less numerous. * One of the causes, I think, 
which has led to this, is our modern tight barns, the poor 
swallow being as it were, shut out of house and home. On 
the other hand, Chimney Swallows have become very abund- 
ant. I can distinctly remember when they were rarely seen. 
The White-bellied Swallows have become likewise very nu- 
merous, and as they are so quarrelsome in their habits, that 
one pair can only agree to live together in a box, they are 
driven sometimes to great straits, to find a domicil. Last 


_year,4 discovered this bird, building in an old nest of the 
Baltimore bird. I was greatly interested at first in this dis- 


covery, thinking I had found at last, a new species of bird 
in my grounds. The nest retained its old outlines, but the 


_swallow had fitted up its interior, so that it presented to me 
_a different-appearance. If Mr. Darwin’s theory of slave. in- 


-Stincts in ‘animals be true, why may we not suppose that, in 
time those white-bellied swallows that cannot find accommo- 


-dations in boxes or such places as they would like, would 


36 


acquire the habit of using old bird’s nests ; and when they~ 
cannot be found, attempt a forced entry into an occupied 

nest, wherein to deposit its eggs, and thus acquire the idle 
habits of the Cowbird. 


In conclusion, I would say that, without doubt, many more- 
changes in the habits of our birds, and the introduction of new 
species, willtake place around us during the coming fifty: 
years. The results following the opening of the Pacific Rail: 
Road will not be confined to commerce and trade, for we see 
that plants invariably follow the track of these roads, and 
birds as surely follow vegetation. It is well known that rivers, 
mountains and coast lines, are used by birds to direct and: 
assist them in their migrations, and why may not railroads. 
The voluminous Pacific Rail Road Reports themselves have 
brought to our notice many new birds, which we cannot fail, 
to recognize when they arrive among us. 


George D. Phippen, of Salem, had come to the meeting. 
by that pleasant drive which leads through Manchester- 
Woods. Here Flora was found to be in excellent circum- 
stances, and beautiful plants in great variety were to be had 
for the picking. He exhibited Pyrolas, Cornels, etc. with 
the Beach Pea (Lathyrus maritimus) the Tufted Loosestrife 
(Naumburgia thyrsifiora) and the beautiful Willow-herb 
(Epilobium.) In answer to a question, Mr. P. sketched the- 
outlines of the natural family to which the Sumac be- 
longs, and noticed the various species of Rhus that grow 
among us, including the Poison Dogwood, (Rh. venenata) 
and the Poison Ivy. (R. toxicodendron.) 


Dr. R. H. Wheatland, of Salem, responded to some'inqui-.- 
ries by detailing the principal features in the development. 
of the common Toad. The Toad deposits its eggs in the 
water in the latter part of April. They soon hatch, and the 
small pools may be seen almost black with the multitudes of” 
spawn. These, in about seven weeks, go through all their 
changes and hop out on dry land as miniature toads, 
and in numbers almost without number ; from whence they- 


ey 


37 


scatter in all directions. Their insatiable appetite for in- 


sects renders them great’ helps to the cultivator, though 


he has rarely been ready enough to confess his indebtedness 
to them. Different species require very different periods for 
full development, and some more than the common toad 
and some less; our knowledge about the matter, in detail. 
is very little. 


Rey. C. C. Beaman, of Salem, made some pleasant re- 
marks upon the natural beauties of this locality, aud further 
spoke of some of the historical points raised by the chair, 


Hon. David Choate, of Essex, author of an Essay on the 
Geographical and Agricultural Survey of the County, con- 
tinued the topic of the last speaker. He had felt deeply 
impressed with the remembrance of the aboriginal red men, 
whose these delightful hills and waters once were. Not 
long since he saw one of these, a relic of Indian greatness, 
standing at the church door ; and when, upon invitation, he 
addressed a few remarks to the children of the Sabbath 
School, he had listened to him with the most intense interest, 


On motion of Mr. Beaman, it was then 


Resolved,—That a vote of thanks be given to Mr. John 
Whipple, for the use of this spacious platform, or tent saloon, 
for this meeting of the Institute, for the courteous permission 
to use the grounds, and for other civilities to the large num- 
ber in attendance ; also to the several gentlemen of Wen- 
ham and Hamilton whe have acted as guides to the party. 


This meeting was very successful, and the large company 
appeared to enjoy the proceedings very highly. 


38 
Thursday, August 16, 1860. 


Firtp Meevinc at Ipswich.—This, the fifth this season, 
happened to fall on the 226th anniversary of the incorpora- 
tion of this sterling old town. A company of flattering 
magnitude arrived by the early train, and various explora- 
tions were speedily planned and put in forwardness, ‘* Town 
Hill,” probably the highest land in the place, received a large 
share of attention ; another party found their way to Ipswich 
Beach ; and yet others visited Castle Neck, where stands the 
lighthouse, and where is also located the farm and boarding- 
house of Capt. Humphrey Lakeman, a well known and wor- 
thy citizen of old Ipswich. He has always been prominent 
in public affairs, and equally given to hospitality and kind 
offices, till more than seventy years have ripened upon him 
in the midst of his good works. In this region the sand has 
played such antics as continually remind one of the wilds of 
Nubia, and the buried temple of Abou-Simbel. Whole 
apple trees of liberal size have been buried under the accu- 
mulating hillocks of shining white sand, till only the lesser, 
top boughs remain exposed ; these however, still bear plenty 
of fruit. Ipswich has, until within a few years, enjoyed the — 
honor of being the location of the Probate Office for this 
County, but that has now departed for a new position in 
Salem. The buildings devoted to this and the other Courts 
yet stand, but have suffered some alteration. The other 
County Institutions, the Jail, the House of Correction, and 
the Insane Asylum are still in active service; but much of 
the early consequence of the town is now lost. Very much 
remains to prove its antiquity ; venerable dwellings, the time 
honored tavern, the academy, incorporated in 1828, the 
staunch old bridge built in 1764." The place, in fact, is’ all 
full of the antique, so far as any of New England can be. 
‘Two Englishmen were kindly received here in 1611. Three 
years later, Capt. John Smith, the famous, praised “Agawam” 


39 


specially, as he did almost every other place along the coast. 
John Winthrop, son of the Governor, commenced a settle- 
ment here in 1633, and the next: year ‘¢ Agawam”’ was incor- 
porated as ‘‘ Ipswich,” to bear the name with honor for more 
than two centurics. 


Three o’clock, P.M. The formal meeting was called to order 
in the Town Hall, by Vice President Russell, who explained 
the objects and plan of the Institute, as usual. Donations 
were then announced, as follows :— 


To the Library—from Henry M. Brooks; Zoologischen 
Gesellschaft, Frankfurt, a. m.; S. A. Green of Boston ; 
Boston Society of Natural History ; Philadelphia Academy 
of Natural Science ; C. B. Richardson of New York; J. W. 
Stone ; A. H. Sanger of South Danvers ; John Andrew. 


To the Cabinets—from J. M. Ives; Miss M. G. Wheat- 
land ; Henry Perkins ; Edward Andrew; G. F. H. Markoe; 
A. H. Sanger of South Danvers. 


Letters were read from the Department of the Interior ; 
Smithsonian Institution; C. M. Endicott; S. P. Fowler of 
Danvers ; and Dr. C. Johnstone of Baltimore, Md. The last 
named accompanying two small parcels of the “‘ Nottingham 
Earth.” ; 


The following communication from Henry F. King was 
then read :— 


The two small packets received from Doct. C. Johnstone ef 
Baltimore, each containing a portion of earth from the same 
stratum, but from different situations above and below Not- 
‘tingham, Calvert County, Md., have been submitted to 
‘microscopical examination. They belong, geologically, to 

‘the Miocene Tertiary formation of the United States, 
“and in general characters agree with the infusorial earths 
‘from the Rappahannock River, Va. 


+0 


“After a preliminary examination, we find them to contain, 
among others, the following fossil Diatomaceous Plants, viz : 


Heliopelta Metii, Ehr. 
Heliopelta Leeuwenhoekii, Ehr. 
Heliopelta Euleri, Ehr. 
Heliopelta Selligueii, Ehr. 
Pyxidicula operculata, Ehr. 
Pinnularia Couperii, Bailey. 
Coscinodiscus gigas, Ehr. 
Coscinodiscus radiatus. 
Coscinodiscus oculus iridis, Ehr. 
Gallionella suleata, Ehr. 
Actinocyclus undulatus, (Senarius, Ehr.) 
Nayvicula Bombas, Ehr. 

Navicula striatula, var. 
Craspedodiscus elegans, Ehr. 
Zygoceros rhombus. 

Sceptroneis caduceus, Ehr. 
Podiscus Rogersi, Bailey, 
Terceratium favus. 

Dictyocha fibula. 


The variety of earth from just above Nottingham is cleaner 
and appears to have more specimens of Heliopelta than that 
just below. . 


We agree with Doct, Johnstone in believing the Notting- 
ham earth to be the same as Bermuda Tripoli; at least we 
are now certain of another locality of the Heliopelta, hereto- 
fore;considered so rare. A communication by Dr. Johnstone, 
arguing this point, was read at a meeting of the American 
Scientific Association recently in session at Newport. 


In the year 1844, Prof. Bailey received from M. Tuomey 
Esq., of Petersburg, Va., a fine specimen of infusorial earth, 
labelled “ Tripoli from Bermuda.”: Mr. Tuomey received 
it from some mineralogical correspondent, and had no doubt 
_ that it came from the Bermuda Islands. Collectors have sought 
in vain for it at those islands, and Bermuda. as its locality 
has long since been given up. The Heliopelta and its vari- 
eties are abundant in Bermuda Tripoli and have not yet 
~ been noticed in any other earth, except the present Notting- 

ham specimens. From this only specimen received by Prof. 


41 


Bailey from Mr. Tuomey, specimens were sent to Prof. Ehren- 
berg, the celebrated German Naturalist, and by him distrib- 
uted among the leading microscopists of the world. 


The Nottingham specimens appear to be the same as the 
infusorial earths from the Rappahannock, with the exception, 
principally, that the Actinocyclus and some other forms in 
the latter, are replaced by the beautiful Heliopelta in the 
former, as in the Bermuda Tripoli. They are interesting to 
the geologist as showing the apparent resemblance of geo- 
logical formations. 

The statements of this communication were further com- 
mented on by the chair. 


John M. Ives, of Salem, offered some remarks upon the 
various fruits now engaging the attention of the horticul- 
turist. 


The Chair exhibited a rose, from the center of which a 
green stem had been produced; a phenomenon not very 
rare, but full of botanical interest, the rationale of which he 
explained to the meeting. 


George D. Phippen, of Salem, after making some remarks 
on the plants collected during the day, read the following 
communication on 


Tur INSTINCT OF PLANTS. 


Whether this term be inadmissible or not, it cannot be 
denied that plants do exhibit actual sensibility, though of a 
low order, and that, in many cases, they have the power of 
“‘ making movements tending to determinate ends.” 


The Creator has placed on the earth many races of sentient 
beings of high order, and these with such a structure and 
organization that their very existence here is made to depend 
upon the presence of another class of organized life, wholly 
distinct in characters from the first. This latter, feeding on 
the store of mineral and gaseous material: around, is ever 
made to prepare, by assimilation, the aliment of those higher 
creatures known asanimals. Thus these intermediate struc- 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL, iii. 6. 


42 


tures, called plants, are made the grand elaborators of 
organic matter for the whole creation ; and this first, though 
lowest manifestation of life becomes in this view as erand as 
any, perhaps, to be found in higher spheres. 

Life, overwhelming in its mystery, is never deficient in 
self-sustaining power. It is a gift that none of its recipients 
have the least power to value.. Yet it is given with a differ- 
ence. One well says, “‘ animals have, breathed into _ them, 
the breath of life; while plants are breathed upon.” But 
both streams rise from one fountain, and are fanned by the 
same mysterious wing. 

Life is not mere organism; implying growth cer tainly 
implies motion ; and while the motion of animal life is fuil 
of evidences of what we, too blindly perhaps, call instinct, | 
plants, confined and restricted, are not without something: 
of the same kind. 

The vegetable economy is full of motion. Roots move 
downward, seeking darkness and moisture, stems upward 
for air and light. An Indian grass no larger than a quill, 
climbs the highest trees to gain these two essentials. So of 
roots. The author of the Studies of the Essex Flora says of 
Bidens connata, “I have found vigorous plants growing in. 
the crevices of the bark of trees, three or four feet from the 
ground, where the seed had been deposited by the water, 
when the pond by which they stood was unusually full, and 
a persevering root had in every case followed the retreating 
water till it had finally reached the earth.” 


While most motions of plants are apparently mechanical, 
others are as evidently spontaneous and voluntary. Some 
may be explained by the principles of endosmose and the 
peculiar laws that control the transmission of fluids. Setting 
all these distinctions aside, however, we only stop now to con- 
template the wisdom that has adapted each to the special 
end in view. 

By one of these spontaneous SORES everywhere to be 
seen, the upper side of the leaf is always turned to the light. 
This position is rigidly adhered to, even by a severe twisting 
of the petiole when the leaf has been designedly reversed, and 
whole fields of clover will thus turn their leaves to, and with 
the sun. Another of these movements has gained the name 

of “the sleep of plants,” as it mostly occurs on the with- 


43 


‘drawal ofthe sun. Leguminous plants exhibit it most freely ; 
every one has noticed how the common Locust folds its 
leaves at night, and so keeps them till they are relaxed by 
the morning sun. The common Sensitive Mimosa takes on 
with something of violence, when touched, the same state in 
which it rests at night, yet this is hardly a state of repose or 
relaxation, but quite the reverse, being a somewhat strained 
or contracted condition. Composite flowers are slightly 
affected in the same way and close their heads at night and 
during storms. Such as the Dandelion, Succory, &c. 
‘“‘ Oft as light clouds o’erpass the summer glade, 

Alarmed, she trembles at the moving shade ; 

And feels, alive through all her tender form, 

The whispered murmurs of the gathering storm.”’ 

Many flowers open in the morning and close at night; 
ut some reverse this rule, as the Might-blooming Cereus. 

‘‘ Bright as the blush of rising morn, she warms 
The dull cold eye of midnight with her charms.” 

The Evening Primrose opens its petals with some violence 
at night, and as some say, with a flash of phosphorescent 
light. The Four o’clock, opening late in the day, continues 
expanded all night, and droops in the morning, leaving its 
place well supplied by the Convolvulus or “ Morning Glory.” 


Even the passing of a few clouds, or a slight shower, are 
. enough to affect certain plants. Whole beds of tulips, pre- 
viously drinking in the sunlight, to tinge their many colored 
robes, shut hastily with the plash of the first rain drops. 
The Anagallis, called the “ Poor Man’s Weather Glass” is 
more sensitive still, for, by repute, it anticipates these changes 
so truly, that fine weather always follows its expansion. 


Such movements are natural, beneficial, and certainly, 
evidences of life ; but whether they point to a real share of 
sentient happiness and consequent disposition to avoid dan- 
ger, is not easy to say. Something like faintness is now and 
then seen among plants ; the Impatiens or Jewel-weed droops 
so quickly, on being plucked, that its very life seems to ex- 
hale from the wound. We see no such exhalation ; neither 
do we from the leaves of the forest, which send up clouds of 
vapor like a perpetual incense ; if such were visible, we 
might gain more vivid ideas of vegetable life. 


We notice also the means by which climbing plants ascend, 


44 


-and their consequent movements. The Grape, miei. 


Passion-flower, &c., move forward and upward by tendrils, 
seizing every support as animals do with their claws. The 
Bignonia and Ivy have fibrous processes, thrust into every 
crevice, carrying them up over surfaces of only the slightest 
inequality. There are Galiums and Polygonums that climb 
by the hooks and prickles of the stem. The Honeysuckle 
and Convolvulus make one tendril of the whole stem and 
ascend by this twining spirally, while the Dodder fastens and 
lifts itself by suckers that rob the plant to which they cling. 


_ “* With sly approach she spreads her dangerous charms, 
And round her victim winds her wiry arms.” 


The Clematis employs the long petioles of its leaves, whieh 
have been compared to hands. 

The Celastrus by its leaves and fine-drawn, spiral stems ; 
the Tropeolum also by its leaves; and these, like many 
more, move upward thus in quest of light and air. 

It is remarkable as well as inexplicable, that twining stems 
do not all turn in the same direction. The Morning Glory, 
Bean, &c., invariably turn “ against the sun,” W. S. E., but 
the Honeysuckle, Hop and others are equally tenacious of 
the opposite course, and turn always E. 8S. W. 

The Sur. dew of our bogs is a very peculiar plant. Its 


leaves, glandular, and, as it were, jewelled all over, are sen- 


sitive to the tread of insects, who are often caught in these 
glutinous toils ; and its graceful mode_of flowering, uncoil- 
ing its raceme, to place the freshest flower at the highest 
point, has called forth the words of Darwin :— 

‘** As with sweet grace her snowy neck she bows, 

A zone of diamonds trembles round her brows, . 

Bright shines the silver halo as she turns, 

And as she steps, the living lustre burns. 

We see an instinctive purpose in the economy of the 
Peanut, for it buds and flowers in the air like any other, and 
then plunges its blossom into the earth, that the hot sun may 
not scorch the ripening seed.. Much the same end is served 
by certain aquatic plants that only perfect their fruit under 
water. Of these last the Valisneria, growing at the bottom 
of ponds, lifts its fertile flowers to the surface for impregna- 
tion, and then, by a spiral coiling of the stem, dy aws See 
the fruit to ripen beneath the surface. 


45 


Plants under difficulties will sometimes make what seem 
great exertions to ripen their seed and secure a progeny. 
Many are very sensitive just at the time of impregnation of 
the seed, the stamens and pistils making spontaneous movee 
ments to accomplish that end. The stamens of the Aalmia 
or Mountain Laurel, leap up toward the pistil with a jerk : 
and in the Barberry, this jerk is repeated as often as the fila- 
ment is irritated. In the Saxifrage and Parnassia, each 
stamen in turn, bends down over the pistil, and in Genista 
and the Lupine, five stamens alternate with the other five in 
these approaches ; while in Mgel/a, the stamens being too 
short to reach the pistil, it bends itself down and meets them. 

Probably the closing of flowers at night or before rain is 
intended to preserve the pollen from extraneous moisture. 
Many of the Lilies and other bell-shaped flowers drop their 
blossoms for the like reason ; but all these plants lift up the 
pod afterward most rigidly to be ripened in the sun. 

The production of honey in flowers might be cited to illus- 
trate this point ; for by the agency of the insects that seek 
it, the pollen is spread and scattered more perfectly among 
the pistils. The Columbines and Apocynums afford good 
examples of this; those plants having catch-fly abilities are 
of this class. 

Such are some of the wonders of plant life, visible to all. 
In microscopic research, a fresh mine of manifestations ap- 
pears, not belonging to the present purpose. Vitality cannot 
be analyzed. It is the gift of God. In many respects its 
nature, as shown in the fixed vegetable and in the moving 
creature, is the same. Both have functions, and attributes, 
commensurate with their welfare; but animals alone have 
faculties, to which plants in no sense approach. 


Rey. 8. Barden: of Marblehead, exhibited specimens of 
Indian implements of stone, and made some very interesting 
remarks thereon. He further spoke of his obligation to the 
Institute for the benefits he had here obtained; his strong 
interest in mineralogy, and the deep pleasure he thence de- 
rived, being all traceable to the Field Meetings, where they 


were first excited. 


David Pulsifer, the distinguished antiquarian scholar, ° 
formerly of Ipswich, was prepared to entertain the meeting 
_with several articles, the result of his historical gleanings, 
but lack of time preventing, he substituted a few animated 
and pleasant remarks in the same vein, to the evident grati- 
fication of all. 


After passing a vote of thanks to the Town authorities, of 
Ipswich, for the use of this Hall, to the several gentlemen 
who have acted as guides, and to the citizens generally, for 
their kindness and attentions during this visit of the Insti- 
tute to their ancient town, hallowed by many associations, 
more especially as the adopted home of Oakes, a name en- 
deared in the early annals of our Society and one of the 
most distinguished botanists of New England. 


Adjourned. 


Thursday, December 26, 1860. 


Meeting, this evening, at the rooms, Plummer Hall, 
Henry M. Brooks, one of the Vice Presidents, in the chair. 


Records of the preceding meeting read. 


Donations received since the meeting in Ipswich, August 
16, were announced :— ; 


To the Library—from John L. Russell ; John H. Stone ; 
Samuel Colman of New York; R. B. Kerr of New Orleans, 
La.; Samuel A. Green of Boston; Philadelphia Academy 
of Natural Science; St. Louis Academy of Science ; Connec- 
ticut Historical Society ; Nathaniel Paine.of Worcester ; 
Wisconsin Historical Society ; Pennsylvania Historical Soci- - 
ety; Philadelphia Board of Trade; Moravian Historical 
Society at Nazareth Penn. ; Stephen A. Chase ; R. Manning 
Chipman, Walcottville, Conn.; N. J. Lord; Caleb Foote ; 


47 


S. S. Mackenzie of Topsfield; Canadian Institute, at To- 
ronto, ©. W.; Isaac P. Foster; New Jersey Historical 
Society ; William P. Tucker of Brunswick, Me.; Vermont 
Historical Society ; Nathaniel Ropes of Cincinnati, Or. 
Daniel C. Gilman of New Haven, Conn. ; Henry F. Sines & 
Oliver Warner, Secretary of Sata ; William Brown ; Amer- 
ican Geographical and Statistical Society ; Mercantile Libra- 
ry Association of New York; Boston Society of Natural 
History ; Zoologischen Gesellschaft in Frankfort; H. F. G. 
Waters; Jeremiah Spofford of Groveland; E. 8. L. Rich- 
ardson of Chicago, Ill.; Town of Gloucester; G. F. H. 
Markoe; Mrs. N. D. Cole; John B. Alley, M. C.; Miss 
Rebecca Miller of Temple, N. H.; S. K. Whipple of Boston : 
Smithsonian Institution ; David Pulsifer of Boston. 


To the Cabinet—from William Clough; Matthew A. 
Stickney ; B. F. Stedman of Milburn, Lake Co., Il.; Au- 
eustus Fowler of eee ei H. Wheatland; Elliot F. 
Smith of Keokuk, Iowa; 8. 8. Mackenzie of Topsfield ; Miss 
Ellen Brown; Isaac O. Guild of Lynn; J. W. Standley: 
W. Mack; Isaac Chandler; G. F. H. Markoe; James 8. 
Williams ; C. L. Pierson; R. W. Bemis of Chicopee; Mes- 
srs. Phippen & Endicott; W. Perkins; R. Wheatland : 
Thomas P. Gentlee of Manchester ; Charles H. Price ; John 
Chamberlain; W.G. Webb; Charles Endicott; Henry P. 
Ives ; Derby Pickman; Charles A. Putnam; J. Phillips; 
Miss H. R. Lee; George Fabens; Mrs. 8. P. Fowler; M. 
Miles of Lansing, Mich.; N. C. Locke; George F. Reed; 
Daniel Currier; E. 8. L. Richardson of Chicago, Ill.; L. 
Peirson Ward; F. W. Putnam; R. 8S. Rogers; Thomas 
Fettyplace ; John W. Goodridge ; Smithsonian Institution ; 
W. B. Wyman of Marblehead ; Francis F. Wallis; John N. 
Martin. 


Letters wore read from Historical and Philosophical Soci-_ 
ety of Ohio; Maine Historical Society ; Trustees of New 


York State Library ; Chicago Historical Society ; New York 
Mercantile Library Association ; Trustees of Boston Public 
Library ; Corporation of Harvard College; Peabody Insti- 
tute, South Danvers; Pennsylvania Historical Society ; 
David Choate of Essex; N. J. Holden of Lynn; William 
Agee ; Thomas H. Barnes; J. F. Webb, jr. ; Adams Express 
Oo.; S. P. Fowler of Danvers; M. A. Stickney ; Joel Mun- 
sell of Albany; F. S. Pease of Albany; S. F. Nichols of 
Boston; S. A. Green of Boston ; Wisconsin State Historical 
Society ; R. C. Kerr of New Orleans, La.; M. Miles of Lan- 
sing, Mich.; Smithsonian Institution. 


A. C. Goodell read a very interesting paper, giving a suc- 
cinct account of the literary and scientific labors of James 
Tytler, who emigrated from Scotland to Salem in 1795, and 
died in the year 1804. Many of our older citizens will prob- 
ably remember this eccentric and learned person, who resi- 
ded in a small house on. the Neck, a short distance from the 
Hathorne House. 


After remarks from Rey. Mr. Beaman and Mr. J. Batch- 
elder, a vote was passed thanking Mr. Goodell for his valua- 
communication, with a request that he would prepare the 
same for publication in the Historical Collections of the 
Institute. 


Adjourned. 
Monday, January 7, 1861. 


Meeting this evening at 7.30 o’clock, Vice President, 
Henry M. Brooks, in the chair. 


Records of preceding meetings read. 


Donations announced from the following a . 
To the Library—from Henry M. Brooks; George ©. 


49 


Chase ; 8. A. Green of Boston ; Tennessee State Library ; 
N. J. Lord; H. F. Shepard; Henry E. Jocelyn; Mrs. N. 
D. Cole; C. Foote ; James B. Curwen. 


To the Cabinets—from Charles H. Buffum ; George Har- 
rington; Samuel V. Shreve; Mrs. N. D. Cole; Henry E. 
Jocelyn. 


Letters were read from John C. Holmes of Lansing, 
Mich.; M. Miles of Lansing, Mich.; 8. A. Green, Librarian 


of State Library of Tennessee; C. B. Richardson of New 
York. 


The following communication from 8.8. Mackenzie, of 


Topsfield, was read by the Secretary. 


THE LocaL GEOLOGY OF TOPSFIELD. 


In speaking of this, the numerous hills, as being the most 
prominent objects, deserve first to be noticed. The most 


southerly of these, called, from the present owner, Pingree’s 


Hill, begins near Nichols’ Brook, so called, and rising grad- 
ually, attains its highest elevation at what was formerly 
known as Estey’s Hill, from which it declines southeasterly 
in the same easy slope, till it is lost in the Wenham meadows. 
This might be called a series of hills, rather than one; the 
whole elevation consists of swells or ridges, like waves of the 
ocean rolling in from the northeast ; and these ridges con- 
tinue all the way from Ipswich River to the town of Danvers, 
with a constant range from north-west to southeast. Pin- 
gree’s Hill, the highest ridge, is about 200 feet above the 
river-bed, and not far from two miles long. 


Next, on the northerly side of the river, and in the wes- 
tern portion of the town, we have Lake’s Hill. It is so 
named on the County Map; but many prefer to call it 
Gould’s Hill. Indeed, families of both names have occupied 
it nearly two centuries. For still another name, the older 
inhabitants recognize it as “ Billingsgate Hill.” This is also 
formed of swelling ridges, still ranging N. W. & S. E., with 
a rather abrupt termination at the northwesterly extremity. 
Its whole length is about a mile, the noted Treadwell Farm 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iii. 7. 


50 


lying not far from one end. An old burial-place, now bare- 
of monuments, is found on the southern slope, and tradition 
ascribes its occupancy to families of the name of Stanley. 


Northerly from this lies Great, or Towne’s Hill. On its - 
southerly side the Topsfield Hotel once stood, on the site of 
the present house of Daniel Perkins. The summit is north 
of this point, and is called the highest point in town, though 
in this respect there is little difference between this and 
Pingree’s Hill. Like the others, this has the wavy, ridgy 
surface, and is somewhat abrupt at the northwesterly end. 

From this, moving southeasterly, we reach Bradstreet’s 
Hill, which is a regular swell of land for more than half a 
mile. On its eastern side, however, it is broken by sharp 
ridges along the river meadow. 

Northeasterly from Bradstreet’s Hill, across the meadows 
and the river, rises Cumming’s Hill, named from its former 
exclusive owners, though now its possession is shared by 
others. Tradition says that an ancient owner of this hill, 
named Howlet, gave it entire to a boy named Cummings, as 
a freedom present, and it is added, that the boy lived to the 
age of a hundred and three years. ‘he hill is of the same 
general form as Bradstreet’s, but somewhat higher. 


Lamson’s, or Third Hill is found a little further to the 
northeast. It has been known as “ Thick Woods,” but none 
but apple trees are on it at present. Here we have the 
structure of the large hills again; blunt and steep toward 
the northwest, furrowed and ridged through its length, and 
sinking gradually toward the southeast, where it continues 
into Hamilton. 

Recrossing the river and moving northerly, Paine’s Hill is 
reached, so called from a former owner, so says tradition. 
The westerly side is rather abrupt, and the easterly and 
northwesterly slopes are broken into knobs and ridges. 


Easterly from Lamson’s Bridge and beside the Ipswich 
Road, is a small elevation called, from its form, Round Hill. 
It was once planted with a single row of corn (or beans) 
which ran round it spirally to the top. Since then, however, 
part of the hill has been removed for the benefit of the high- 
way. A willow grows on the top, planted there by one 
Benj. Hobbs, sixty or seventy years since. 


ol 


Bear Hill may be mentioned. This lies near the George- 


town Road, on the northerly side of the town. It has the 
same general form as the rest, and seems only one of a series 


of hills that begin near the Meeting House, in Boxford, and 
are known in some parts as the Perley Ridges. 


This wavy or furrowed figure has procured for these hills 
many subordinate names, as the particular hillocks were 
regarded. Thus, Pingree’s Hill includes Dwinnell’s, occu- 
pied by the Danvers road, and Towne’s, by that to Wenham, 
while another height is known as Peabody’s, and Rea’s Hill 
is a small ridge running into Danvers. Others might be 
named, but all belong to one general elevation. So of that 
undulation called Great Hill, which lies northeasterly from 
Towne’s Hill (on which the Hotel stood). It has no claim 
to a separate consideration, forming, undoubtedly, with 
Towne’s, only one real elevation. 


The soil of these hills and its fitness for agricultural and 
other purposes, are next to be considered. In these respects 
all seem much alike. The soil is always loose, with sand 
and gravel, a small amount of clay, and stones, large and 
small, near the surface. On penctrating deeply, however, 
the earth becomes more compact and very firm. Water, 
enough for man and beast, has been obtained on all these 
hills by means of wells. Of springs flowing out at the sur- 
face, there is no lack, but wells have been dug to all depths, 
from ten to twenty-five feet, to obtain more convenient sup- 
plies. The deepest well ever dug in the town was at the 
Hotel. This was carried down to eighty-five or ninety feet ; 
but the only water-vein that was found, occurred about 
twenty fect from the surface, and yielded some twelve gallons 
per day. As forty horses were to be kept at the place, this 
supply was thought too limited, and the work went on, to 
the above depth. But as the lower strata seemed even dryer 
than the upper, the effort was abandoned and the well stoned 
up. It filled with water, however, and has never been dry 
since, but yielded abundantly. At one time, considering 
that a bucket was never lowered in it further than forty or 
fifty feet, the part below, of some forty fect more, was filled 
with stones, as useless, and so remains without affecting 
the supply. 

In 1855 a well was dug near Mr. Pingree’s house, about 


twenty-one feet deep and fifteen feet in diameter. Here 
water was found about eighteen feet below the surface. The 
earth was compact clay and gravel with stones of all sizes. 
The whole was thoroughly mixed and and solidified ; no part 
of the earth or stones being in a stratified state; yet there 
were small rounded stones that appeared to belong to strati- 
fied rocks, Among the mass were also pebbles of white 
quartz and of sandstone. In the course of the excavation 
there appeared what seemed once to have been a crack, or 
rent in the earth, once open and afterwards filled with gravel 
and sand. It was about six inches wide; and though very 
firmly filled, could be traced nearly to the bottom of the well. 


The large hills are all composed of similar materials, and | 
all reckoned good land for cultivation. No ripple-marks. 
occur in any of those described, save at Round Hill. This 
is chiefly loam and gravel, resting on sandy loam, and was 
evidently thrown up by the action of currents of water, as. 
indeed most of the small ridges may have been, ripple-marks. 
being found in them as well. 


The plains and meadows will repay a moment’s notice. 
A large plain begins at the river near the Treadwell Farm, 
and exteuds northerly to Prichard’s Pond. It has a gradual 
ascent at an angle of about one degree. It seems to continue 
northerly as far as the Merrimac, and to reach westerly from. 
Towne’s Hill to the hills in Andover, making due allowance 
for allthe minor elevations as seen from some of the high hills. 


The plains are apparently all composed of one class of 
materials. Soil, answering well for cultivation, forms the 
first layer of from two to twelve inches; coarse and fine 
gravel succeeds, with sand and small pebbles in layers, till 
at eight or twelve, sometimes twenty feet deep, according to. 
location, quicksand and water are met with. This is true 
of most of the plain land, though near the brooks and mead- 
ows clay appears after passing the upper layers of earth. 
At many points, brick yards were worked at the time of the 
early settlers, but vone of them at present. One of these 
was near the place once occupied by Jacob Averill. 

The meadows here yield a large a large amount of peat of 
every grade and texture. In some of them, charred stumps, 
and charcoal from small sticks are found three feet or more 


53 


below the surface, indicating that the swamps were burnt 
over before the peat was formed. 

When we come to the examination of the Rocks and Min- 
erals of Topsfield, the first object of attention is what is 
known as the ‘“‘ Copper Mine.” Most that is known of this 
comes by tradition. It is said that an Englishman named 
Buntin, came here about 1760, and with some of the towns- 
men begun mining for copper. Three points were selected ; 
one near the meadow, on Jand now of David Towne, and 
near the house of Elisha Towne, then living on the premises. 
From this they passed to another point near the junction of 
the roads, where they sunk a shaft; and again going up the 
hill to the northeast, they sunk a third one some forty feet 
deep, with a considerable chamber at the bottom, made by 
removal of this rock in the search for ore. The tradition 
continues, that they shipped a large quantity of the ore, or 
rock, for England ; but as nothing was ever heard of it, it 
was supposed that ship and cargo were lost at sea. About 
1838 these shafts were reopened, and in them some of the 
old mining tools were found, shovels, picks, &c. An exam- 
ination was made as to the utility of again working the mine, 
but nothing was done further, as there appeared no prospect 
of profit. 

The rock at these places is of a green color, and very hard 
when first broken up, but by exposure to the air, it crum- 
bles down into slaty or scaly fragments. It can be traced 
nearly two miles from the meadow above named, in an east- 
erly direction. It appears near the surface just east of the 
house of Daniel Towne. It passes under the river at the old 
fordway, sometimes called the “Old Weirs.” Still to the 
east the Newburyport Railroad cuts through it, near the 
house of David Perkins, to a depth of fifteen fect. Here it 
betrays the presence of copper quite as much as at any of 
the other points. In part the rock consists of quartz; and 
the indications of metal are increased very much by the 
action of the atmosphere. How much further the formation 
extends eastward is not known. 

Few extensive ledges of granite exist here. Bowlders, 
large and small abound in and upon the hills, scattered and 
distributed with little or no order. 

In form, size and color, they are of course greatly diversi- 


fied. Formerly, a large one, fourteen feet long and two feet 
in diameter, lay on the hill nearly southwest from the arched 
bridge over Ipswich River, and some forty rods from the 
turnpike. It was egg-shaped and almost wholly buried in 
the earth. This rock was worked into stones for the above 
bridge in 1853. It is a peculiar rock, with no other'like it 
in the region. It may have been one of the “lost rocks” of 
which we sometimes hear; but as it had lain there some 
time and no owner called, it was worked into the bridge. 


In building the railroad, on the north side of the river, 
an excavation was made through a hill and ledge near the 
bridge. Here the cut was actually carried down through 
the rock, which was found to rest. on sand. It is only a 
mass of compacted, reddish gravel ; and on exposure to the 
atmosphere, crumbles to dust. It seems very retentive of 
water, and is considerably used for grading. A hill of the 
like quality is found on the easterly side of the Common ; 
and here, also, the rock rests on the sand. Hillocks and 
rock of the same kind occur in a pasture north of the Com- 
mon, formerly belonging to the parsonage; but whether 
they rest on the sand is not yet known. 

At the house of Mr. Small, a well was sunk eighteen or 
twenty feet into a ledge, and receives its water through a 
seam. <A ledge appears on the east side of the Academy 
Hill, and into it a well has been sunk some eighteen feet. 
Green quartz was found near the bottom, but no spring; 
the water is supplied from seams. 


There are three traditionary accounts of gold and silver 
having been found and mined for here. 


On the eastern side of Rea’s Hill isa spring, near the Dan- 
vers road. It is said that as Joseph Porter was once clear- 
ing it out, he found a lump of gold, or a stone containing 
that metal, worth from twenty to forty dollars. Nothing 
more is known of it. The ground at the place shows signs 
of the action of water, multitudes of bowlders being strewed 
in all directions around. 


About fifteen rods south of the house of Ephraim Perkins, 
and four rods or more east of an angle in the road, is the 
appearance of an old excavation, now filled up and over- 
grown with grass. It is said that one Moses Perkins, then 
owning the land, mined there for silver, assisted by Buntin. 


2 


dd 


One Smith formerly lived at a place called the “ Old 
House Field,’ now owned by Silas Lake. While digging 
a well, he found what he supposed to be a lump of gold. 
One day during his absence, a strange gentleman called 
and requested a drink of cider, which the benevolent mis- 
tress went to the cellar to draw, leaving the stranger alone 
and the gold lying on the mantel. When she returned, 
both had unaccountably disappeared, nor were ever seen 
again. A mysterious circle drawn with chalk on the center 
of the floor where she left him, was the only vestigs remain. 
ing. The obvious conclusion, with people at that day was, 
that the Devil had thus stolen their gold. This, of course, 
is tradition unsupported by other proof. ‘The house stood 
easterly from Mr. Lake’s, on an old way passing by the old 
parsonage, which stood in the ** Parsonage Pasture.” 


Prichard’s Brook is a small stream flowing from Prich- 
ard’s (or Hood’s) Pond. It unites with Pye Brook, and 
comes from Boxford, and the resulting stream continues 
southeasterly under various names for a considerable dis- 
tance. The stream then divides ; and one part, turning eas. 
terly, takes the name of Howlet’s Brook, and, passing Per- 
kin’s Mill, falls into Ipswich River. The rest, known as Pea- 
body’s Brook, keeps a southerly course to what was formerly 
Peabody’s Mill, thence, by the name of Mile Brook, to the 
river. Near the separation of these two streams is an an- 
cient house, occupied by Wm. Rogers in 1737, and filty 
years later by Asahel Smith, a son of Samuel Smith, Esq., 
Town Clerk. Ofthe four sons of this Asahel, viz: Samuel, 
Asahel, Jesse and Joseph, there are some strong reasons 
for supposing that Joseph was the identical ‘Jo. Smith ” 
(or the father of him) who founded the sect known as 
Mormons. 


Monday, January 21, 1861. 


Meeting this evening at 7.30 o’clock, Rev. C. C. Beaman 
in the Chair. 


Records of preceding meeting read. 


56 


Donations announced as follows: 


To the Library—from S. A. Green of Boston; George 
R. Curwen; Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science ; 
American Antiquarian Society; 8. Q. Felt; C. W. Swasey ; 
C. B. Richardson of New York, N. Y.; Societe Paleontolo- 
gique de Belgique, Anvers ; Joseph A. Goldthwaite. 


To the Cabinets —from Thomas Coleman of Boston ; 
George A. Perkins; 8S. Q. Felt; Samuel R. Curwen; S. R. 
Phelps ; N. Berry. 

Letters were read from Trustees of Bostor Public Libra- 
ry; S. F. Haven of the American Antiquarian Society; S. 
A. Green of Boston; Thomas Coleman of Boston. 


A paper was read by Jacob Batchelder ; recommending the 
adoption of the Decimal System in weights and measures ; 
the manufacture of coins of an exact measure of diameter 
with the inscription and devices sunk into the surfaces to 
diminish the liability of its being worn by friction ; and the 
establishment of a standard of weight by means of the drop- 
ping of water from a cone of specified material and propor- 
tion, at a stated velocity, temperature, barometrical pressure 
and moisture ; such quantity of water in the form of a cube 
to be regarded as an unit of weight ; the body, or a multiple 
of it, the unit of solid measure ; one side of the cube, or a 
multiple of it, the unit of length ; the square of it the unit 
of measure of surface, and every coin in circulation to be 
made of a decimal weight, measure and value. 


Remarks were made by Messrs. M. G. Farmer; George 
D. Phippen and others, in relation to the above communica- 


tion. 


Adjourned. 


dT 
Monday, February +, 1861. 


Meeting this evening at 7.30 o’clock, A. C. Goodell, Bb ape 
in the Chair. : 


Records of preceding meeting read. 


Donations were announced as follows: 


To the Library—from L. A. Huguet-Latour of Mentreal, 
C.E.; New York State Library ; Editors of High School Ga- 
zette ; John H. Stone. 


To the Cabinets—from James Bartlett of Wenham ; Miss 
Hannah G. Kimball. 

Letters were read from Chicago Historical Society ; Trus- 
tees of New York State Library; Maine Historical Society; 


American Geographical and Statistical Society ; Henry R. 
Stiles of Brooklyn, N.Y.; S. P. Fowler of Danvers. 


Moses G. Farmer read an interesting paper on the com- 
bustion of coal—the amount of heat devolved from a given 
quantity of the different varieties under similar influences. 


This paper was considered a partial result of a series of ex- 


periments in process of being performed. 


_ After some discussion, participated in by Messrs. Jacob 
Batchelder, the chair and others ;—voted, that the thanks of 
the Institute be tendered to Mr. Farmer for his valuable 
communication, and that he be requested to prepare the 
results of his experiments for publication in the Proceedings. 


H. Wheatland exhibited a piece of wood recently present- 
ed by Mrs. T. Cole, purporting to be a piece of a coffin, in 
which was deposited the remains of one of the victims of the 
witchcraft delusion, and which was dug up by the late Hon. 
Benj. Goodhue and Dr. Joseph Orne on Gallows Hill, on the 
2d of May, 1783; also a letter from Jonathan Goodhue of 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL, iii. 8. 


58 


New York (son of the above named Benjamin,) giving the: 
particulars of the same, addressed to Ichabod Tucker, of Sa- 


lem, and dated August 19, 1814. 


A conversation then’ensued on the subject of witcheraft,. 
the trials, &c., which took place at Salem in 1692. 


Adjourned. 
Monday, February 18, 1861. 


Meeting this evening at 7.30 o’clock, A. C. Goodell Jr., in. 
the chair. 


Records of the preceding meeting read. 


Donations were announced from the following : 

To the Library—from Henry B. Hooker of Boston; Sam- 
uel G. Drake of Boston ; Samuel A. Green of Boston ; Sec- 
retary of State Mass. ; Canadian Institute ; C. B. Richardson 
of New York; Boston Society of Natural History; E. M. 
Stone of Providence, R. I.; N. J. Lord; J. B. Alley, M. C. ; 
Elliott Society of Natural History, Charleston, S. C.; Dor- 
chester Antiquarian and Historical Society ; W.D. Pickman; 
G. C. Chase; W. Brown. 

To the Cabinets—from James B. King; H. M. Brooks; 
Miss R. E. Stickney; W. 8S. Roberts. 

Letters were read from Massachusetts Historical Society ; 
Wisconsin State Historical Society ; Trustees of Boston Public 
Library ; Young Men’s Mercantile Library Association of 
Cincinnati; Franklin Bacheller of Lynn; H.R. Stiles of 
Brooklyn, N. Y.; A. 8. Packard, jr., of Brunswick, Me. 


Jacob Batchelder read a translation of a paper by M. 
Louis Vilmorin. It consisted of a detail of the author’s 
experiments, undertaken for the purpose of improving the 


59 


‘saccharine qualities of the Beet-Root, by selecting as seed- 


bearers, during several successive years, the specimens of the 
Beet, found to be richest in sugar. This point was determined 


by boring many individual beets with a metallic cylinder, and 
‘expressing the juice from the pulp thus obtained. The den- 


sity of the juice, which is proportionate to the sugar it con- 
tains, was ascertained by weighing, in the different specimens, 


-a small silver button, carefully securing uniformity of tem- 
‘perature and other conditions which might affect the result. 
By this method pursued during five years, he secured speci- 


mens of the juice which yielded twenty-one per cent. of sugar, 
and established the important fact of the hereditary trans- 


mission of the saccharine qualities of Beet Root. 


A general conversation on subjects suggested by the above 
communication ensued, participated in by Messrs. J. A. 
Goldthwaite; G. D. Phippen; H. Wheatland; the chair 


and others. 


Adjourned. 
Monday, March 4, 1861. 


Meeting this evening, A. C. Goodell, Jr., in the Chair. 
Records of preceding meeting read. 


Donations announced from the following :— 


To the Library—from J. F. Allen ; James A. Gillis ; Ohio 
Mechanic’s Institute at Cincinnati; J. Linton Waters of 


‘Chicago, Ill.; H. F. Shepard; Alfred Stone; Samuel R. 


Curwen; C. Allen Browne; A. G. Browne, Jr.; Frank- 
lin Bacheller of Lynn ; Miss Mary R. Kimball. 
To the Cabinets—from Jacob C. Hiltz; J. B. King; W. 


G. Webb; M. C. Martins of Bissau, W. C. A.; Charles 
Millett, 2d. 


Pe eee 


60 


Letters were read from Historical Society of Pennsylvania ; 
Chicago Historical Society ; J. Colburn of Boston; W. G- 
Webb; George Ropes; G. F. Flint. 


Abner C. Goodell, Jr., read a memoir on the life, literary 
and historical labors of Alonzo Lewis, the historian of Lynn. 


Henry Wheatland presented, in behalf of W. G. Webb, a 
specimen of Phyllium siccifolium, from the Seychelle Is- 
lands, accompanying the same with some remarks upon the 
habits and history of the orthopterous insects, and alluding 
in a general manner to the collection of Insects belonging to. 
the Institute. 


Jacob Batchelder read a paper from Vilmorin, on the Ulex 
Buropeus. 


} 


Adjourned. 

Monday, March 18, 1861. 
Meeting this evening, A. C. Goodell, Jr., in the Chair. 
Records of preceding meeting read. 


Donations from the following announced :— 


To the Library—from N. J. Holden of Lynn ; G. Andreas 
©. B. Richardson of New York ; Fitch Poole of South Dan- 
vers; O. C. Marsh of Lockeort, N. Y.; J. Kimball; W. 
Briggs; W.S. Roberts; Miss D. Gomer A Ghadwick, 


To the Library—from 8S. V. Shreve; N. Berry; J. B. 
King; W. G. Webb; F. Webb; W.S. Roberts. 


Letters were read from New Orleans Academy of Science ;: 
W.J. Howard of Central City, K. T. 


Adjourned to meet on Wednesday evening next, at the © 
same hour. 


Ss eae 
ee 


64 
Wednesday, March 21, 1861. 


Adjourned meeting this evening. Vice-President H. M. 
Brooks in the Chair. 


Records of preceding meeting read. 


George D. Phippen occupied the hour in giving an inter- 
esting account of Fibrilia or Flax Cotton, in connection 
with the Bast tissue generally, as found in trees and plants, 
accompanied with numerous specimens, which called forth 
considerable discussion from members and others present, 
whereby two hours of the evening were pleasantly and prof- 
itably passed by such as were fortunate enough to attend. 
Much information was elicited upon this important subject, 
which, ere long, by new appliances of inventive genius, may 
materially affect our peace, comfort and prosperity. 


The manner of the formation of plant tissues, particularly 
the Bast tissues, so called, as laid on by the plastic hand of 
nature, was illustrated ; it being deemed important to a cor- 
rect understanding of the analytic and eliminating processes 
employed in the manufacture of fibrilia. Results prove that 
a careful and microscopic inspection of the manner in which 
the minuter fibrils of this tissue are deposited by concealed 
and mysterious operations within the sap vessels and around 
the stem, was suggestive of a course of manipulation, which, 
as is believed, has at last been crowned with success. 


From these peculiar tissues do we derive both material 
for the strongest cables and stoutest canvass, as well as 
thread for the finest needles and muslins which vie with 
gossamer in texture. 

This tissue, where of sufficient strength for manufacture, 
is found chiefly within two of the principal groups or natu- 
ral orders of plants, and are designated by botanists as the 
Nettle and Mallows families. 


me” 2 Uy 82 57" eG £ 
. ’ STA NRA ee geen . 
‘ J " * 


62 


The tall nettles and wild hemp by the road sides are fa- 
miliar examples of the former, and the Althea and Holly- 
hock of the latter. 


Any person who has seen the Cotton plant in blossom, 
would at once associate it with the Mallows family, and not 
only does it furnish Cotton within its capsules, but from its 
stems can be manufactured a fair quality of fibrilia. 


Jute of commerce, is of this order, and it is known in 
some parts of the world as Jews’ Mallow; its leaves being 
cooked by that people for food. 


The genus Linum, or flax, is not strictly of this family 
but is closely allied. 


Hemp and China grass belong to the nettle group. 


Fibrilia or Flax Cotton can be wrought either alone, or 
with wool or cotton. Various fabrics were here exhibited 
together with the article in the raw state and mixed with 
other materials both manufactured and unmanufactured. 

The calico prints were very brilliantly colored, and it is 
well known that when made of this material they both take 
and retain colors better than all cotton goods. It is found 
also that fibrilia is the only material that canbe wrought 
with wool, without injury to the fabric made ; on the con- 
trary, it imparts lustre, strength and durability to it. 


It has been supposed by some that articles made of fibrilia 
would be cold in the wear; as is known to be the case with 
linen goods, but this quality is almost entirely overcome by 
the fineness of elimination to which the fibre is subjecied — 
before spinning; this is chiefly performed by a newly in- 
vented brake, which reduces the flax to the shortness and 
tenuity of cotton staple, after which it can be wrought upon 
cotton machinery. This brake, the invention of Mr. Stephen 
Randall, of Rhode Islan@, it is believed, will work as great 
a change in the manufacture of flax, as did the Cotton Gin 
of Whitney with cotton. 


i 


63 


The immense quantity of flax and hemp raised in our 


western country, was alluded to, and the cheapness with 


which it could be reduced to fibrilia and conveyed to the 
mills ; much of the former being raised for seed only, while 
the plant containing the fibre was little better than wasted. 
Allusion was also made to the great variety of plants which 
contain this fibre, and which grow spontaneously all over 
the country ; and among us particularly the Asclepias and 
Indian Hemp were cited. 


Beautiful specimens of the fibre of the Asclepias, er com- 
mon MilkWeed, were here shown, which were of great length 
and of a silvery lustre. 


Here was positive proof that some of our most common 
weeds contain this fibre in large quantities, and without 
doubt a few of them would repay cultivation for this pur- 
pose, should Yankee ingenuity but continue its exertions in 
pursuit of a substitute for the arrogant pretensions of King 
Cotton. 


Remarks were then offered by Messrs. A. C. Goodell, Jr. ; 
M. G. Farmer and others. [Mr. F. spoke principally of the 
process of separating the fibre. ] 


Adjourned. : 
Monday, April 1, 1861. 


Meeting this evening, H. M. Brooks, Vice President, in 
the Chair. , 


The usual business for the evening was suspended, in order 
to pay a tribute to the memory of our worthy and honored 
President, DanteL APPLETON Wuirte, who died at his resi- 
dence in this city, on Saturday, March 30, 1861, at 2 P. M. 
He had been the President of the Institute from the organ~ 
ization in March 1848, to the time of his decease; and for 
the eleven years previous had held the corresponding office 


64 


in the Essex Historical Society. He had been a liberal 
contributor to the funds, and also to the Library, having, at 
various times, presented some 4,500 volumes in the several 
departments of literature, the arts, and the sciences. _ 


On motion of Mr. Goodell, it was voted, that a committee 
be appointed to report a series of resolutions in memory of 
our deceased President, at an adjournment of this meeting. | 


Before taking the questions, appropriate and suitable 
remarks were offered by Messrs. G. W. Briggs ; BEAT 
Wheatland; A. Crosby and A. C. Goodell, Jr. 


The Chair appointed on this committee, Messrs. A. Hun- 
tington ; A. Crosby, and A. C. Goodell, Jr. 


The committee were further instructed to consider the 
propriety of appointing some person to prepare a memoir of 
our late President, for publication by the Institute. 


Voted,—That when this meeting adjourn, it adjourn to 
the call of the committee. 


— Adjourned. 
Monday, April 8, 1861. 


An adjourned meeting was held this evening, to act upon 
the report of acommittee appointed to prepare resolutions 
on the decease of their late President, the Hon. Daniel 
Appleton White,—and who were also authorized to invite 
some member to write a memoir of the departed. James 
Kimball, Esq., presided. 


Hon. Asahel Huntington, chairman of the committee, 
previous to the reading of the Report, offered some very 
appropriate remarks, principally explanatory of some of the 


65 


leading facts stated in said report, with a view to point out 
how much Judge White had been identified with the educa- 
tional, benevolent and other reformatory movements in this 
his adopted city, for nearly half a century and more than 
the life of one generation. When called upon to aid in any 
of the objects of the day he did not enquire what others had 
done, but acted independently, upon his own sense of right 
and duty in the premises. 


Mr. H. also alluded to the reforms he was instrumental in 
making in the probate business of this County. This sub- 
ject was appropriately referred to at the previous meeting 
by A. C. Goodell, Esq., the present Register of Probate. 

Mr. H. also described two interviews he had with Judge 
White during his last sickness. The first was with a friend, 
who was connected with Dartmouth College, ard the minute 
and graphic account he gave of the controversy between the 
Trustees of Dartmouth College and President Wheelock, 
which occurred some forty or fifty years since, was wonder- 
ful. The Judge was appointed Chairman of the commission 
to arrange the matters in dispute. The second interview 
was on the Sunday preceding his decease. He then expressed 
much interest in the news of the day, and the political condi- 
tion of the country awakened the fires of his patriotism, and 
called out his ardent prayers for the Union of these States. 

Mr. H. closed his interesting remarks by reading the 
accompanying report : 


REPORT. 


It having pleased Almighty God, in the dispensations of 
His righteous Providence, to remove from these scenes of 
his long and most useful life, our distinguished and venerated 
fellow citizen, the HonorasLe JaNIEL APPLETON WHITE, it 
is especially fit, that the members of the Hssex Institute 
should take such suitable and formal action, as to mark the 
event, and to express upon their records, in perpetual 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iil. 9. 


remembrance, their high appreciation of the character and 
services of their deceased President. He was largely and 
most honorably identified with all the institutions of this 
community for nearly half a century. His whole life here 
has been in close alliance with whatever was adapted to illus- 
trate and adorn our annals, or to improve and elevate the char- 
acter of our people. He was one of the Trustees of the Essex 
Historical Society, from 1823 to 1837—its President from 
1837 to its union with the Essex County Natural History 
Society, in 1848, under the name of the Essex Institute, of 
which he has been President, since the date of its organiza- 
tion, March 8, 1848, to the time of his lamented decease. 
He was largely influential in the founding and organization 
of the Salem Lyceum, and delivered the Introductory Lec- 
ture at the opening of that institution, of which he was the 
first President, and held the office from 1830 to 1833. He 
was in the Board of Trust of the Salem Atheneum, from 
1824 to 1840, and President, from 1838 to 1840. He has 
served most usefully as President and Trustee of the old 
Savings Bank of Salem and vicinity, one of the earliest 
institutions of the kind in the country ; and also of the Salem 
Dispensary. He took an active part in the formation of the 
Harmony Grove Cemetery, and delivered the Discourse of 
Consecration on a most beautiful Sunday in June, 1840, 
towards the close of the day ; and his remains were borne 
and deposited there, April 2, 1861, in all the contrasts ofan 
apparently mid winter storm, the grounds and the trees being 
heavily laden with the fallen, and the falling snow. Of 
many of these institutions he was a liberal benefactor: of 
this, he has been a most munificent patron, and we desire 
here to acknowledgé and record our deep sense of obligation 
for his large endowments, and his never failing thoughtful- 
ness for this, and kindred institutions. He always dispensed 
of his means for all good objects, with a free and open hand 
and heart, and giving became the habit and happiness of 
his life. 

He has been one of the distinguished and marked men of 
the Commonwealth, since his first entrance on public life,— 
more than fifty years ago. He has always been eminently 
a trusted man during his whole and honorable career. He | 
had that as the basis of his character which commanded and 
justified full and entire confidence in all the relations and 


67 


‘duties of life. He was an eminent member of the Senate 
of Massachusetts for several years, during the war of 1812- 
1815. He was elected a member of the Congress of the 
United States from the Essex North District, in 1814, his 
residenge being then in Newburyport, but did not take his 
seat under that election, having, in the meantime, been 
appointed to the office of Judge of Probate for this County, 
which he continued to hold with great honor and usefulness, 
for the period of nearly forty years. In this office, so inti- 
mately and largely connected with the interests of the entire 
community—bringing the incumbent into a uear sympathy 
with the bereavements and afflictions of life—with the widow 
and the orphan,—how he bore himself, with what dignity, 
gentleness, learning, and impartiality, the whole County 
were the witnesses for more than a generation. He was the 
universally trusted magistrate—the pure and incorrupt 
Judge. In connection, and with the aid and co-operation 
of, that most excellent and model officer,—the late NATHANIEL 
Lorp, Jr., Esq., Register of Probate,—during almost the 
whole term of his office, both under appointment from 
Governor Strong, he reformed the probate practice of the 
Commonwealth to a large extent, and in this respect 
rendered a most useful as well as much needed service. His 
Jearned and excellent Treatise on Probate Jurisdiction and 
Practice, published a few years after of his entering on his 
office as Judge of Probate, inaugurated important changes 
in this department of the public service. 

His heart and hand were always ready for every good 
word and work. How he moved about among us in a 
serene and beautiful old age, still intent on the liberal stud- 
ies of his life, and still watching for any and all means of 
usefulness to his fellow men, beloved and venerated by the 
whole community, one of the last links connecting us with 
former generations ; how deeply he was interested in all 
that concerned the character and dignity of his native and 
beloved Commonwealth ; how he watched for the College, 
his ever honored Alma Mater, and for all Colleges and 
schools of good learning ; how ardently he loved his country 
and her institutions of government, and with what a true 
and patriotic heart he grasped the Union and Constitution 
of his country in the last days of her imminent peril, we are 
all witnesses, and here and now desire to give and bear our 
united testimony. | 


We shall see that benignant face, that venerable form, no. 
more in life. The places that knew him here in visible pres- 
ence, will know him no more forever. But his works and 
the influence of his life and character remain to us—a rich 
legacy to the future generations. We desire to acknowledge. 
the hand of God in his life,—so great, so good, so beneficent 
a life, so full of love and blessings to his generation,—as 
well as in his peaceful and happy death, surrounded by all 
the endearments and affections of kindred and home. We 
would here express our hearty sympathies with his family ; 
and to preserve this brief and imperfect memorial of our 
honored President and friend, and of our most distinguished 
fellow-citizen,—- 

Resolved, That the Secretary enter the same at length on 
the records of the Institute, and transmit an attested copy 
thereof to the family of the deceased. 


Resolved, That Rev. Geo. W. Briggs, D. D., be appointed 
to prepare a sketch of the life and character of Judge White, 
to be published in the transactions of the Institute, and thus 
to accomplish more fully and adequately its purpose in these 
proceedings. 


David Roberts, Esq., in advocating a motion for the 
acceptance of the Report, said:—I trust there can be but 
one opinion as to the propriety of accepting the Report and 
passing the Resolves by the members of the Institute. At. 
the request of the Secretary, permit me to ask you to pause 
a while longer, before taking the vote, that I may, if possible, 
add some circumstances, within my personal recollections 
of the late Judge White, not yet particularly stated, though. 
perhaps already alluded to elsewhere. 

The deceased, while in Salem, was ever a worshipper at 
the First Church. There, he was constant in attendance, 
when health permitted, both forenoon and afternoon of the 
Lord’s day; in this respect, resembling, as I understand, the 
most exemplary conduct of the late Judge Shaw. Judge 
White was no holiday attendant upon public worship. He 
did not absent himself from afternoon service. Seldom was 


69 


his seat vacant; but in storm or sunshine usually occupied ; 
and though generally present the whole day and himself 
among the oldest of all his fellow worshippers, yet, during 
prayer, his constant habit was to rise and continue standing. 

His public spirit, too, was well known to all who have had 
occasion to call upon him for pecuniary aid. And when he 
eave, it was ever with a grace and liberality, which rendered 
the duty of calling upon him for such contributions not 
unpleasant. 

Of his natural ability, high culture, love of letters and 
thorough scholarship, I forbear to speak. Other habits of 
his high character have been referred to and well illustrated 
here and elsewhere. 

But of his opening Discourse for the Salem Lyceum, I 
have some recollections, which it may not be out of place to 
state on this occasion. That Discourse was delivered at the 
Church in Sewall street, Salem. The organization of the 
Lyceum had resulted from the proceedings of a public ncet- 
ing, held at Topsfield Academy. The Resolves there pro- 
posed for discussion, I have seen, within a few years, in a 
hand-writing to me quite familiar. The object of the ‘Tops- 
field meeting was to consider the propricty of establishing a 
Lyceum for the County, but resulted only in organizing one 
for Salem, with a code of laws, suited to the permanent 
existence of a Lyceum. 

Judge White’s Address was, at the time, deemed one of 
his ablest and best efforts. It was printed, and scholars, 
therefore, can judge for themselves of its intrinsic merits. 
Suffice it to say that all there considered it a fitting inaugu- 
ration of the Lyccum system. If any departure has since 
been made in the original design ; it was doubtless for wise 
purposes and to improve the system. 

But, in conclusion, let me say that a marked character 
has disappeared. For several years, Judge White had 
retired from the busy scenes of active and official life. And 


70 


now Death (that great leveller of all worldly and social dis 
tinctions) leaves only the grand example of the deceased for 
imitation. Though life be extinct, his character remains 
and will long be remembered ; and this, with the record of 
his Judicial and public life, neither time nor death will 
erase or obliterate. 

I need hardly to add that I sincer seal concur in the Report 


and its recommendation, and trust they may be adopted 
without any dissent. 


The Report was then unanimously adopted and the Insti- 
tute adjourned. 


Monday, April 15, 1861. 


Meeting this evening, H. M. Brooks. Vice President, in 
the chair. 


Records of preceding meeting read. 


Donations since the meeting of the 18th of March were 
announced 

To the Library—from Samuel A. Green of Boston ; New 
England Historic Genealogical Society ; Philadelphia Acad- 
emy of Natural Science; John L. Sibley of Cambridge ; 
Theodore Gill of Washington, D. C.; Canadian Institute at 
Toronto ; Samuel Emery; Albert Ordway of Cambridge ; 
D. A. White; City of Boston; Charles B. Richardson of 
New York; Nathaniel I. Bowditch of Brookline; G. M. 
Whipple ; James A. Gillis; George B. Loring; N. J. Lord; 
Mrs. L. P. Johnson; Boston Society of Natural History ; 
Peabody Institute at South Danvers ; John L. Russell. 

To the Cabinets—from Henry Felt Simon ; John Burch- 
stead of Hamilton; L. L. A. Very; William J. Chever ; ; 
Nathaniel Ingersoll. 


Letters were read from W. O. White -of Keene, N. it’: 
A. Huntington. 


T1 


A committee was appointed to report a list of officers to 
be acted on at the Annual Meeting. 


Messrs. James Kimball, George D. Phippen and Charles 
H. Norris were appointed ov. said committee. 


Adjourned. 
Monday, May 8, 1861. 


Annual meeting this day at 3, P. M., James Upton. Vice 
President, in the chair. 


Records of preceding meeting read. 


Donations since the 15th ult. were announced from Amer- 
ican Academy of Arts and Science; Minnesota Historical 
Society ; J. L. Russell. 


Letters were read from J. L. Russell; Minnesota Histori- 
cal Society ; Trustces of Boston Public Library ; New 
England Historic-Genealogical Society ; Peabody Institute, 
South Danvers; Henry W. Foote; J. C. Howard. 


Report of the Treasurer was read and referred to the 
Finance Committee. 


Reports of the Secretary and of the Curators, were read, 
accepted and ordered to be placed upon file. 


From these reports we learn that cight of the resident 
members and four of the correspondents have died during 
the year ; this brief notice, a deserving tribute to their mem- 
ory, is appended :— 


1st.— WILLIAM WILLIAMS, firsson and seventh child of 
Samuel W. and Emily (Williams,) Williams, born at Weth- 
ersfield, Conn., Oct. 2, 1797—graduate of Yale in the class 
of 1816—ordained at Salem, July 5, 1821, as pastor of the 


ee © re te i a i Sh ial 
te , iAP ace "set -* , ‘Se ae _o 


Branch Presbyterian Church, which took the name of Howard 
Street, in 1827. He remained in this connection until Feb. 
17, 1832, when he resigned and was afterwards in Novem- 
ber of that year installed as the first Pastor of the Crombie 
Street Church—this last position he retained until his resig- 
nation in 1838. He was subsequently settled for a short 
time over a church in Exeter, N. H. In a few years re- 
turned to Salem, studied medicine and practiced the profes- 
sion until his decease. He married his cousin, Mary 
Parsons, daughter of Rev. David and Harriet (Williams) 
Parsons, of Amherst, on the 18th of Sept. 1821. He died 
at Salem, after a short illness, June 17, 1860. He was 
widely known as a man of uncommon ability as a writer and 
a speaker. 


2d.—CHARLES JAMES WHIPPLE, son of Henry and Harriet 
(King) Whipple, born at Salem, Sept. 9, 1827, graduate of 
our High School and a good scholar. His abilities and atten- 
tion to business commanded for him a prominent situation 
in one of the principal Boston Banks. He died July 6, 1860. 


3d.—THomas EF’. ODELL, son of James and Sarah (Very) 
Odell, born at Salem, Oct. 9, 1792—died July 7,1860. He 
has been connected with us for the past few years and has 
always expressed a great interest in our success. 


4th.—BarnarD WEST GARDNER, son of Richard and Abi- 
gail P. (West) Gardner, born at Gloucester, July 3, 1842; 
died at Salem, Noy. 6, 1860. A young man of great prom- 
ise, and of an amiable and very pleasing disposition. . 


5th.—Larkin Woopperry, son of Asa and Anna (Wood- 
berry) Woodberry, native gf Beverly, resided many years in 
Manchester, and died at Salem, Nov. 8, 1860, aet. 65. On 
his removal from Manchester to Salem, a few years since, he 
connected himself with the Institute. His kind and polite 


73 


attention to the members and their friends during one of 
our earlier field meetings in Manchester, will be long remem- 
bered with gratitude. 


6th.—ALonzo Lewis, son of Zachariah and Mary (Hudson) 
Lewis, born in Lynn, Aug. 28, 1794, educated at the schools 
in Lynn, a teacher by profession, well known as the historian 
of Lynn, died in the place of his nativity, Jan. 21, 1861. 
A memoir of him read by Mr. A. C. Goodell, at an even- 
ing meeting, has been printed m the Historical Collections, 
vol. 8, page 34. 


7th.—Joun SHaw SrBtey, son of Joseph and Dorcas 
(Abbot) Sibley, born at Salem, June 15, 1815, died on 
Thursday, Feb. 21, 1861. 


8th.—DaANigEL APPLETON WHITE, our respected President. 
He was son of John and Elizabeth (Haynes) White, and 
was born at Methuen on the 7th of June, L776; a graduate 
of Harvard in 1797, and tutor in the Latin department from 
1799 to 1808. He resided for many years at Newburyport, 
and came to Salem in 1817, where he has since resided ; died 
on Saturday, 29th March, L861—an appropriate notice has 
been taken at a meeting held during the week after his 
decease, and the Rev. Dr. Briggs having consented to pre- 
pare a memoir for publication in the doings of the society, 
a more extended notice is not necessary. 


Of the corresponding members we may notice the death 
of four: three of them were natives of Salem and spent their 
early years in our schools, but pursuits in after life called 
them elsewhere. 


ist.—Pror. Jostan Gisss, LL.D., son of Henry and 
Mercy (Prescott) Gibbs, born at Salem, April 30, 1790, a 


graduate of Yale in the class of 1809 ; Tutor in Yale from 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. ili. 10. 


74 


1811 to 1815; then resided for several years at Andover, 
Mass., devoted to the study of Hebrew and the  litera- 
ture of the Bible. In 1824 he was invited to take charge of 
the professorship of sacred literature in the Theological de- 
partment of Yale College; the duties of this he continued 
to. discharge until failing health compelled him to retire. 
He died at his residence in New Haven, March 25, 1861. 
He held a high rank among American scholars, not only for 
learning and research in his special departments, but for his. 
thorough acquaintance with general philology. He has been 
accustomed to devote a portion of his vacation each year for 
several years past, in this city, revisiting the scenes of his 
youth and meeting with the few of his old acquaintances 


that remain. 


2d.—NaTHANIEL I. Bownprtcu, of Boston, son of Hon. 
Nathaniel and Mary (Ingersoll) Bowditch, born at Salem, 
Jan’y 17, 1805, graduated at Harvard in 1822, died at. 
Brookline, April 16, 1861, a fter a long and painful illness. 
He is well known as a diligent antiquary, and the history and 
titles of the estates in Boston formed his principal study. 


3d.—Joun B. WILLIAMs, son of Israel and Lydia (Waite) 
Williams, was born at Salem, Sept. 28, 1810 ; died at Levuka, 
Ovalau, Fejee Islands, June 10, 1860, where he had resided 
for many years, the United States Consul for those Islands. 


4th.—SamuEL WALKER, of Roxbury, born at Cardington, 
England, Sept. 9, 1793, and has long resided in the vicinity 
of Boston. He has been one of the most active and intelli- 
gent members and officers of the Massachusetts Horticultural 
Society, and for some years its President. He died Dec. 


11, 1860. 


PusLIcATIons.—Vol. 11, Part 2, of Proceedings was issued 
in September ; also six numbers of the Historical Collections, 


75 


containing about 50 pages each, at stated intervals during 
the year. 


MEETINGS.—During the past summer five field meet- 
ings have been held, in Topsfield, Groveland, West Glouces- 
ter, Hamilton Ponds, and Ipswich; and ten evening meet- 
ings at the rooms, during the winter and spring. 


To the Lisrary have been added 1104 bound volumes and 
about 2000 pamphlets and serials, not including many in- 
complete files of newspapers, &c., with few exceptions, dona- 
tions; and received from thirty four societies, or departments 
of States, and National governments, and ninety individuals. 
The principal donors were W. D. Pickman, Esq., who pre- 
sented nearly 400 volumes of valuable books, besides many 
serials and pamphlets, and our late President, Hon. D. A. 
White, on the day preceding his decease, sent to the library 
some fifty volumes of choice classical works formerly owned 
by the late Dr. Francis Vergnies, of Newburyport, who died 
in that city some thirty years since, at the advanced’ age of 
80 years,—a gentleman of fine classical attainments. In 
this connection it may not be inappropriate to state that the 
late Judge White has bequeathed his valuable library to the 
Institute, with some reservations to his family. 


To the CABINETS, many valuable and interesting additions 
have been received to the various departments from 119 


contributors. Of these,we may mention several general col- 
Jections made by our sea-faring friends and residents in 
other places. Among whom are Capt. Geo. Harrington, 


Rio Grande, Brazil; Capt. Charles Millett, 2d, Arabia and 
vicinity ; Wm. G. Webb, Zanzibar ; Capt. Francis R. Webb, 
during passage to and from Zanzibar; Capt. L. Peirson 
Ward, from Straits of Malacca; Capt. Wm. Lefayvor, from 
Para; Capt. Wm. J. Chever, Port Louis, Mauritius, Ma- 
nilla, cte.; Prof. M. Miles, Lansing, Mich. ; James Bartlett 


76. 


of Wenham ; B. F. Morrison of Nantucket; M. Carimundo 
Martins of Biksau! W. Coast of Africa; Capt. James B. 
King, etc. 


“Joun L. Russext in his Report on the Herbarium, states. 
that the removal of the Cabinets of the Essex Institute to 
Plummer Hall, rendered it necessary to arrange anew the 
specimens belonging to each department. He says: 


“The western ante-room of the lower floor, having been 
fitted up for the Herbarium and Microscope, and for the con- © 
sultation of choice books, the part assigned to plant speci- 
mens has received what attention I could command, and 
has been put in working order. One entire side has re- 
ceived the folio sheets of dried plants, arranged as follows :-— 

Bundles of Azorean, Brazilian, Australian, West Indian, 
East Indian, Syrian Plants, gifts of various members ; some 
of these are very choice. 

A series of Swiss alpine phenogams and cryptogams. 

The general Herbarium of the Institute, containing choice 
specimens from the illustrious OAKES, Western species from 
Lapham ; Rhode Island _ species from Olney and others. 
Many fine specimens obtained in this vicinity at field meet- 
ings, beautiful specimens from Tracy; some of Nichols’, 
Osgood’s, &., &e. 

Incorporated and in their place are European species from 
vicinity of Bonn, sent me by the celebrated Caspary of the 
University there. 

Several of the lichens, mosses and ferns are from remote 
parts of New England, and selected from specimens given 
me by Frost, or gathered by myself in New Hampshire and 
Vermont, or at the White Mountains. 

Mt. Katahdin, in Maine, has furnished specimens by the 
oift of Rev. A. P. Chute and Rev. Jno. Blake. 

These are all arranged on the system of Dr. John Lindley, ' 
as exhibited in his “ Vegetable Kingdom,” Condon, 1846.) 
In the main they agree with Dr. Asa Gray’s arrangement in 
his Flora of North American Plants, &c. 

In drawers beneath the cases are fine specimens of rock 
lichens from the cullings of Oakes, in the White Mountains, 
and of myself in the Green Mountains, and on the lower 

range near Brattleboro, Vt. 


TT 


The larger slabs with patches of crustaceous lichens were 
from the summit of Mt. Washington, and were given me by 
the distinguished Tuckerman, who had the OAKESIAN lichens 
in his possession. All that Oakes gathered are marked with 
the letter O on the back. 

A vast number of seeds have been collected and are en- 
closed in paper capsules and properly marked: itis to be 
hoped that all new seeds will be added from time to time. 
The larger seed vessels are very valuable, and are respecta- 
ble for numbers. | 

The same should be said of sections of woods, and of res. 
ins, gums, fibres and barks used in the arts or medicine. 

In conclusion, I would simply recommend that the pres- 
ent order be strictly observed, and if on consulting the 
catalogue in MSS., species should be found wanting, they be 
added to the herbarium, especially if procurable in Essex 
County. 

In certain genera as in the Asters and Solidago, the 
suites are quite full and rich, and furnish material for more 
extensive and future study. 


The TREASURER presents the following statement of the 
financial condition, for the year ending May, 1861 : 


GENERAL ACCOUNT. 


Debits. 
Atheneum Rent, 1-2 of fuel, attend- 
ance, &¢., $457.50 
Printing 6.00, Gas Light Company 6.48, 12.48 
Express and Postages, 26.42 
Sundries, 19.01 
Historical Account, 116.66 
Natural History and Horticulture, 58.09 
Balance, 19.85 
$710.01 
Credits. 
Balance of the account of 1860, $ 84.64 
Assessments, : 584.00 
Webster Bank, ; 35.00 
Sundries, 6.37 


$710.01 


é 
- El 


Books for the Library, 


Binding, | 

“yet hind ane Mey i 

s Orédies :1 8 WEEE Mae Jetta 1 evel tm 
weitiitnedag Bank eons ye) Pe 12.00 aed ae ea 
Michigan Central R. R. (Coupons,) 00. (Ne 
General Account, | “Lge. 668% 9a 8 


7 $168.66. m 
NaturaL History anp HorticuLTuRE ACCOUNT. 


, Debits. Senne : SS | a 
Books for Library, _ “18.50 a 
Bottles, Alcohol, and other Preservatives, 39.71. _ “sth 
Taxidermy, ) OT, 88 ay 
) Ga rere p16. 09 
Credits. ae 
Dividends Lowell Bleachery, 40.00 ne af 
RC P. S. and P. Railroad, 8100-3 i0s Ui pites 
General Account, 08.09 42 oe pater 
PUBLICATIONS. othe . 
Debits. ; 
For Engraving Wood Cut, 
Printing, » : : t's 
Balance, "-"' 
Credits. 
Sales of Publications, | 
a. Ladies’ Fair, = aS 
y Lees Act 4 IN a) lo ths 1908 $11. Io 3) 


The CoubnlPis dpaitiot's ata a es d 
to lprauivasi the eel: of the necessary Cal 


T9 


Institute, in Plummer Hall, made a statement of their do- 
ings, containing an accurate account of the receipts and 
expenditures for this purpose,—the same having been done 
without recourse to the ordinary income of the Society :— 


Credits, 
By Subscription in 1857, from 74 indi- 
viduals, $2,587.50 
Net proceeds from Ladies’ Fair, Sep- 
tember, 1860, 2,043.62 
Sundries, 12.00 
$4,643.12 
Debits. 
Cabinets, Removal, &c., $3,632.12 
Interest on Loans, TT.25 
To the Publication account, 303.75 
Deposit in Salem Savings Bank, 630.00 
$4,643.12 


The sincere thanks of the Institute are due to those gen- 
erous individuals who contributed the first named sum, and 
also to the Ladies by whose untiring exertions, the second 
amount has been placed at its disposal. The Hon. R. S. 
Rogers, the Chairman of the committee, is entitled to our 
gratitude for his assiduity and zeal in aid of this object. 


The following Officers were elected for the year ensuing :---- 
President—ASaHEL HUNTINGTON. 


Vice Presidents—Of Natural History, Samuel P. Fowler 
of Danvers; of Horticulture, James Upton; of History, 
Henry M. Brooks. 


Secretary and Treasurer—Henry hice 
Librarian—John H. Stone. 
Cabinet Keeper—Richard H. Wheatland. 


80 


Finance Committee—John C. Lee, Richard S. Rogers, 
Henry M. Brooks, George D. Phippen, James Chamberlain. 


Library Committee—Joseph G. Waters, Alpheus Crosby, 
David Roberts. 

Publication Committee—A. C. Goodell, jr., Henry Wheat- 
land, George D. Phippen, Ira J. Patch, John H. Stone, 
George M. Whipple. 

Curators of Natural History—Botany--C. M. Tracy of 
Lynn ; Comparative Anatomy, Henry Wheatland ; Mammal- 
ogy, F. Winsor ; Ornithology, F. W. Putnam ; Herpetology 
and Ichthyology, Richard H. Wheatland; Articulata and 
Radiata, Caleb Cooke ; Mollusca and Paleontology, Henry 
F. King ; Mineralogy, David M. Balch; Geology, Henry 
F. Shepard. 7 

Curators of History—Ethnology-—W. 8S. Messervy, M. A. 
Stickney, Francis H. Lee: Manusc ine y M. Brooks, 
Tra J. Patch, Lincoln R. Stone, G. L. Streeter, S. B. But- 
trick. Fine Arts—Francis Peabody, J. G. Waters. 


Curators of Horticulture. Fruits and Vegetables—James 
Upton, J. M. Ives, J. Fiske Allen, J. 8S. Cabot, John Bertram, 
George B. Loring, Richard 8. Rogers, Charles F. Putnam. 
Flowers—F¥rancis Putnan, William Mack, Benj. A. West, 
Charles H. Norris, George J). Glover. : 


Voted—That a committee be appointed to consider the 
expediency of holding field meetings the ensuing summer, | 
and if concluding in the affirmative, to make all necessary 
arrangements for the same. Messrs. Allen W.. Dodge 
of Hamilton, C. M. Tracy of Lynn, B. C. Putnam of Wen- 
ham, 8. P. Fowler of Danvers, John M. Ives, Charles H. 
Norris and R. H. Wheatland of Salem,. were appointed saa 
said Committee. 


‘os 
Sas 2 ie | 


Voted,—Vhat a Committee be appointed to arrange for 
the evening meetings during the ensuing winter, and also 


81 


to consider the propriety of having a course of lectures on 
subjects appertaining to the objects of the Institute, and if 
concluding in the affirmative, to make all needful arrange- 
ments for the same. Messrs. A. C. Goodell, Jr., C. C. Bea- 
man, Jacob Batchelder, G. D. Phippen, C. H. Norris, James 
Kimball, F. W. Putnam were appointed on this committee. 


Adjourned. 
Thursday, June 18, 1861. 


Fietp Meeting at East Boxrorp.—This was the first of 
these gatherings for the present season, and was attended 
by a company whose numbers and apparent interest gave 
ground of encouragement as to the future efforts to be 
made in continuing these meetings. The principal party, 
from the seaboard towns, obtained passage by an extra train 
over the Essex Railroad as far as Danvers, when the George- 
town road was resorted to instead, and another short trip 
ended at the old and truly rural village of East Boxford. 
On halting at the station, rather more than a mile from the 
church, a goodly number of the hospitable farmers, with 
characteristic spirit, were present with teams to convey the 
party to the rendezvous, a service speedily and pleasantly 
performed. Near this station is the residence of the late 
Gen. Lowe, who was lately buried at this place with military 
honors. 

Up to the year 1685, it appears that Boxford was a suburb 
of Rowley and only known as Rowley Village. In that 
year, however, it acquired a name and identity of its own, 
which it has since preserved. There is much here to enter- 
tain and instruct the rambler, more than would at first 
appear. The honest and thrifty people keep in activity most 
of the time, several saw-mills,a box avd peg factory, and 


other manufacturing establishments; and, we are glad to 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL, iii. 11. 


82 


observe, pay a commendable care to the good condition of the 
cemeteries of the town. In these some of the antiquaries of 
the company spent a share of time with much satisfaction. 
Among the antiquities of this village, was noticed the old 
parsonage. This was the residence of Rev. Elizur Holyoke, 
third minister in this place. This gentleman was a relative 
of the venerable Dr. Holyoke of Salem, was born in Boston, 
May 11, 1731, and graduated at Harvard in1750. In 1759 
he became pastor of the church at East Boxford and so con- 
tinued till 1806, when he died. His daughter, now 87 years 
of age, still lives on the old homestead. 


The company dividing, as usual, a party went to “ Crook- 
ed Pond ;”’ others to the woods; some to “ Bald Hill;” 
another portion to a sunken meadow near the house of B. 
S. Barnes; and yet another to the old quarry. Some, in 
wagons ventured even further, and sought out “ Carey’s 
Ridge,” finding along the rustic ways, enough of novelty 
and interest to compensate amply any trouble arising on 
account of distance. 


Not long after noon, the whole company having re-as- 
sembled in the vestry of the Congregational Church, the af- 
ternoon meeting came to order at the call of Hon. Allen 
W. Dodge of Hamilton. After the reading of the Records by 
the Secretary, the following letters and donations were an- 
nounced :— 


Donations since the annual meeting :— 

To the Library—from Connecticut Historical . Society ;_ 
New Jersey Historical Society ; Samuel H. Congar of New- 
ark, N. J.; American Antiquarian Society ; Samuel Emery ; 
William Mack; J. L. Sibley of Cambridge; Chas. F. Bar 
nard of Boston ; Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science; 
Canadian Institute at Toronto; Jonathan Perley, Jr.; Jer- 
emiah Colburn of Boston ; C. B. Richardson of New York; 


83 


Boston Society of Natural History ; Smithonian Institution ; 
L. R. Stone ; C. W. Swasey. 


To the Cabinets—from Nathaniel Ingersoll ; James Bart- 
lett of Wenham; H. E. Story; Mrs. H. M. Colcord of South 
Danvers ; James R. Phelps; 8. S. Mackenzie of Topsfield. 


Letters were read from the Trustees of Boston Public 
Library; George R. Noyes; Robert C. Winthrop of Bos- 
ton ; Corporation of Harvard College; G. A. Ward of New 
York ; Tennessee State Library ; Andover Theological Sem- 
inary ; Josiah Quincy of Boston; Rhode Island Historical 
Society; American Antiquarian Society; Massachusetts 
Historical Society ; J. Coburn of Boston; Chas. Hutchins 
of Boston ; F. Bacheller of Lynn; J. H. Hickcox of Albany ; 
W. O. White of Keene, N. H.; Smithonian Institution ; 
F. Winsor; 8. S. Mackenzie of Topsfield; C. M. Tracy of 
Lynn; Wm. Merritt; Wm. 8. Coggin of Topsfield. 


S. P. Fowuer, of Danvers, remarked that some of our 
fruit trees exhibited a very unusual developement this 
season in their buds. This was particularly true of the 
‘Cherry, whose flower buds, as a general rule, had wholly 
failed, or become abortive. Whether this, and similar inju- 
ries, have been caused by late frosts, or by the premature 
warmth of part of the spring weather, or by some other 
eausc, was a question of both grave and curious import. 
He moved that a committee be raised “ to ascertain, if possi- 
ble, the cause of the injury sustained by our fruit trees the 
past season ; to note their present appearance and the extent 
of their injury, the best mode of restoring such injured 
trees, and their appearance next autumn; together with 
such facts in relation to the same as may come under their 
observation, and report at the next Annual Meeting in May, 
1862.” The motion being adopted, Messrs. C. M. Tracy, 
S. P. Fowler, James Upton, George D. Phippen, and J. M. 
Ives, were appointed on the Committee. 


84 


C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, exhibited some of the specimens 
of plants collected by him and others during the ramble. 
He noticed at some length, the influence of submersion in 
water upon the developement of leaves ; the effect, in gen- 
eral, being to hinder the production of parenchyma and 
cause the leaf to remain either deeply serrated and lobed, or 
else cut into teeth like a comb, and reduced to almost a 
mere skeleton. In illustration, such instances as the Water 
Ranunculus, the Mermaid Weed, and the Featherfoil, were 
cited. Hc also drew attention to the Umbelliferous Family 
of Plants, some members of which are poisonous, while 
others have aromatic and useful qualities. It is important 
to distinguish these readily, and one of the safest and sim- 
plest rules is, to reject all that grow in moist grounds. This 
is, in general a good rule, but there are a few important 
exceptions; as for instance, the Poison Hemlock, wholly 
found on high land, yet very deadly ; and the Angelica, a 
native of the meadows, though perfectly innocent. 


Dr. Grorce Oscoop, of Danvers, enumerated the results 
of his botanical search and commented thereon. He cited 
Lady’s Slipper, (Cypripedium Acaule) Cucumber Root, 
(Medeola) Huntsman’s Cup, (Sarracenia) Wild Cranes- 
bill ( Geranium) and many others. | 


F. W. Putnam, of Salem, spoke of a few species of insects 
taken along the road from the station, and further, by re- 
quest of the chair, as to the locomotive machinery of fishes. 
Though’fish have nothing more than fins and tails for pro- 
pulsion, yet these are used, so far as they go, precisely in 
imitation of the limbs of the higher animals. The mode of 
doing this varies; some use the fin like an oar in sculling a 
boat, striking square against the water ; others, as the Ba-- 
listes and Pipe-fish give the vertical fins a wavy motion, | 
simulating the action of a screw propeller. Still a third 
class, living close on the bottom, use their’ pectoral fins 


85 


for jumping, rather than swimming, and make their way by 
darts. Others asthe Skate, fly through the water by an up 
and down motion of the pectoral fin. There are fishes 
peculiar to countries subject to drought, which, provided 
with reservoirs of water in the head by which the gills 
are kept moist and respiration preserved, will leave a parched 
district and travel upon their rigid fins to one more plenti- 
fully watered. Mr. P. made many statements as to Turtles, 
exhibiting specimens. The age of these creatures is always 
matter of curiosity. The external shell of a Turtle is 
made up of scales, and these form annual rings of growth 
at their edges. By counting these the age of the creature 
may be nearly ascertained. 


SANBORN TENNEY, of Newton, Lecturer on Geology at the 
Normal School in Salem, being invited by the Chair, ex- 
pressed high gratification at the exercises he had witnessed. 
He had found the predominant rock in Boxford to be gneiss, 
passing into mica slate. He had visited the old Lime Quarry 
and had specimens of the crystalized Carbonate of Lime 
from thence ; he had also been to the Sunken Meadow, so 
called. This, said he, is evidently a pond grown up, or 
grown over. The vegetation from the margin has overhung 
and gradually overspread the water below, till at last it has 
united in the middle and hidden it with a covering which 
might sustain the foot. Probably the water may be forty 
feet deep below, and the sheet of peat-moss and other solid 
matter is too weak to bear the weight of the twenty-five feet 
of gravel that have been piled on it for the railroad, and 
which have all gone to the bottom. A. similar process of 
growing over has probably, in earlier ages, formed first our 
peat meadows, then these have changed into bituminous and 
then into anthracite coal, giving us the vast deposits from 
which we now draw our fuel. 


Rey. Mr. Cocein of Boxford, expressed his pleasure at 


_ 


os B eh ait = 
‘ ON 


86 


listening to what had been offered. He further described a 
noble Elm standing near the depot, not far from the shoe 
manufactory of Mr. Isaac Hale. This tree is the pride of the 
town and cannot be less than ninety years old. It meas- 
ures thirteen feet and two inches round the butt, and, sev- 
eral feet higher, almost twelve feet round the trunk. The 
circumference of its shade is not far from three hundred 
feet, as the spreading branches reach some fifty feet from 
the center. An elm stands in North Andover which is of 
somewhat larger dimensions; but the Boxford tree is diffi- 
cult to excel for symmetrical and graceful elegance. 


S. P. Fow ier, of Danvers, gave an account of the jaunt 
to “‘ Carey’s Ridge.” This was found to be a singular for- 
mation, extending, with few interruptions, from Georgetown 
to Gravelly Brook in Topsfield ; some seven or eight miles. 
In many places, the steep sides go down with a sheer slope 
of a hundred feet, more or less, to the plain below. Re- 
markable pines may be seen here; one such was found 
to be twelve feet around the butt, the trunk being ten feet 
in diameter for some forty or fifty feet. Probably there is 
no larger pine in the county. 

Mr. F. had had an opportunity of witnessing the curious 
“decoy” of the mother partridge to draw attention away 
from her young. In this case, the trick had been unavail- 
ing, as he had sought out the young bird and captured it. 


At the close of his remarks Mr. Fowler offered a vote of 
thanks to the Proprietors of the Congregational Church, for 
the use of their Vestry ; to the various gentlemen hel had. 
kindly pointed out the numerous objects of interest; and the 
citizens generally for their kind attentions to the members 
of the Institute this day. The vote was adopted and the 
meeting adjourned. It was an extremely successful one, © 
and attended by the towns-people in considerable numbers. 


87 
Wednesday, June 26, 1851. 


Freytp Merrtring sat Lynnrietp.—The village of South 
Lynnfield or “ Lynnfield Hotel,’ was chosen as the location 
of the second Field Meeting this season. One had been 
held here before, in 1848. Rather more than one hundred 
and twenty persons took the train from Salem and Danvers, 


arriving via South Reading Branch Railroad at about half 
past 10, A.M. 


It is perhaps a piece of history familiar to all, that this 
town was part of old Lynn till July 8, 1782; when it be- 
came a ‘district,’ and remained such till Feb. 28, 1814, 
when it was made a town. ‘This village is on land very 
nearly level, for the most part, but not far off in the woods, 
strong and bold ledgy eminences rise, from the top of which 
the rambler can here and there catch magnificent views of 
the surrounding country. 7 


Several parties for exploration were here formed, as usual. 
One of these passed on as far as the centre village, and in- 
spected the old serpentine quarry that is yet open there. 
Others strolled along the margin of Humphrey’s Pond 
whose noble sheet of water is the just pride of this locality. 
It bears its name in honor of John Humphrey, of Dorches- 
ter, England, a lawyer and man of character, to whom it 
was granted, with some five hundred acres of land, May 6, 
1635. He was a son-in-law of Thomas, Earl of Lincoln, 
and was chosen Deputy Governor in 1630, and Assistant in 
1632. In this pond lies a lovely island of about two acres, 
covered with pine trees, and such growth, for the most part, 
encircles its margin. 


A third division were guided by Gen. Josiah Newhall, 
through a delightful woodpath to a disused, but picturesque- 
looking granite quarry ; and thence to one of the tall emi- 
nences spoken of, called Robin Rock. From here, a dense, 


expanding mass of forest and foliage seems to swell and un 


-dulate about one’s feet, while far away, on the borders of the 


picture, the white buildings of South Reading, North Read- 
ing, and Wilmington, seem timidly to hover, with the high- 
lands of Lynn in the south, and Bunker Hill with its tall 
shaft, standing like a beacon to guide the eye to the capital. 


After the gathering in of the strollers, the mecting was 
organized in the Congregational Church, Rev. E. B. Willson 
of Salem, being called to the chair. 


The record was read and the Secretary announced dona- 
tions as follows :— 


To the Library—from Dorchester Antiquarian and His- 
torical Society ; Samuel Blake of Dorchester ; New York 
Mercantile Library Association ; David Perkins ; Solomon 
Lincoln of Boston. 


To the Cabinets—from William O. Potter; Abraham 
Very ; Mrs. H. M. Colcord of South Danvers; S. 5. Mac- 
kenzie of Topsfield ; Addison Flint of South Reading; 8. 
Barden of Marblehead. 


Letters were read from Dorchester Antiquarian and His- 
torical Society ; J. H. Hickcox of Albany; H. R. Stiles of 
Woodbridge, N. J.; C. Hutchins of Boston. 


Mr. Willson, on taking the chair, professed himself to be 
no proficient in those natural powers or acquired habits by 
which the scientific activity of the day was stimulated and 
directed.. He confessed an ignorance and a lack of enthusi- 
asm in these things, unfitting him to be a meet companion 
of those who revelled in these deep communings with nature. 
He had to-day been among the rocks, but he heard no oracle ; 
among the flowers, but they spoke no word to him. His 
pulses would but poorly answer to the leapings of the wild 


89 


‘streamlet, and his sluggish thought caught no new inspira- 


tion from the hum of the insect’s wing. Having, then, no 
ability to add to the knowledge or happiness of others by 
his own observations, he could but thank his friends that 


they had kindly given him a place of quietude, where his 


privilege would be more to hear than to impart imformation. 


Rev. S. Barpen, of Marblehead, spoke a few minutes on 
geological matters. He had been to the Serpentine Ledge’ 
at the Center, but with small success. The serpentine here 
is not ornamental in its appearance, not like the precious 
serpentine of Newbury. It has a dull grey color and con- 
tains a large share of magnesia. I[ormerly it was quarried 
for the manufacture of Epsom Salts. An excavation is seen 
in the northerly part of the town, where some deluded peo- 
ple at one time dug for copper. A considerable sum was 
spent, but nothing found save a very little copper and 


micaceous oxide of iron. 


F. W. Putnam, of Salem, having come late, was provid- 
ed. with very little on which to speak. A large mud turtle 
from a pond near by, was pronounced to be a specimen of 
the lower order of turtles. These are very voracious, and 
will even attack a dog when in the water. A rare turtle 
(Emys Blandingii) had been lately given to the Institute 


‘by Mr. Addison Flint of North Reading. It was found in 


that town and is wholly terrestrial in its habits ; living in the 
woods, but never in the water. A hinge across the under 
shell allows the creature to close the front part of his cover- 
ing and thus protect the head and forefeet; not like the 
Box Turtle which can close up the whole. According to 
Agassiz’ new classification, this is the only true Hmys found 


in North America. One or two snakes and beetles were 
-also spoken of. 


“Some remarks on the habits of the Gall Fly and Aphis 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iii. 12. 


90 


being here made, led to a spirited discussion between Messrs. 
G. D. Purrren, C. M. Tracy, T. Ropes, F. W. Putnam, and 
A. W. Donpesr, in which many interesting observations were: 
given as to the points in question. Mr. Putnam explained 
somewhat, the peculiar propagation of the aphis, showing 
that while several generations appeared in a single summer, 
only the last consisted of both sexes, and only these females 
laid eggs, the other generations being entirely viviparous. 
The classification of these insects, he said, was very tedious, 
almost every plant having its own peculiar sort. Mr. Phip- 
pen had watched the red Aphis of the Asters and Golden 
Rods, had noticed the production of living young and their 
distribution along the twig by this means; also the singular 
movements which now and then pervade a whole community, 
every individual jerking at the same instant and then re- 
maining still. Mr. Tracy had noticed the curious fact, that 
in these gatherings of aphides, the head of the insect is in- 
variably turned from the growing point of the twig, placing 
them as it were, head downward. If we can find no other 
cause for this, it may be that, as the insect seldom leaves its 
place, and multiplies backwardly, this position is chosen to 
bring the young upon the softer and tenderer parts of the: 
bark, where, being weaker, they can feed more easily. 


Joun M. Ives, of Salem, continued these observations by- 
speaking of the Currant Aphis. Its ravages might, he- 
thought, be abridged by strewing air slacked lime among: 
the currant bushes. He further alluded to the condition of 
the fruit trees this year, concluding that the injury was due: 
to the remarkable alternations of heat and cold which we: 
have had, more than to any direct agency of frost upon, 
the buds. 


In February the frost was so far gone that strawberry beds’ 
were dug over, and in March the mercury on the 3d stood. 


91 : 


75° in the shade and 85° in the sun. But onthe 7th of 
March it was only 10° above 0 through the day, and on 
the 18th, only 4° above at sunrise. In his opinion the sudden 
freezing and thawing of the sap-vessels had done the injury. 
‘The fluids in plants are always in motion, according to 
Lindley ; and Biot has, in fact, shown means for measuring 
the rate of motion in the sap at all seasons. 


A. W. Dongs, of Hamilton, dissented somewhat from the 
~views of Mr. Ives and favored the idea that the sap descended 
-from the branches toward the root.in winter. 


C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, explained the prevalent theory of 
‘botanists, as to the course of vegetable fluids. We use the 
‘term sap rather loosely. The water and chemical solutions 
‘taken up by the roots form a very crude fluid which rises in 
new wood as far as the leaves, and this is one sort of sap. 
‘The sweet sap of the Maple, and the equally sweet and 
viscid sap of the Hickory, with the “ sliver’’ of the Pine and 
-other trees, is altogether another thing, elaborated by the 
leaves and distributed through the plant to produce its 
-growth and increase. In winter there are no leaves and 
none of this sap is formed, the store of the preceding season 
-moves slowly over the plant, however, and toward spring 
‘very rapidly. These two fluids are indifferently called sap, 
and this leads to misunderstanding. 


Mr. Dopge continued. It was certain that the elements 
~were taken up by the roots which nourished the growth, for 
~ the action of manures could not be otherwise explained, and 
hence the roots are as much nourishing organs as the leaves 3 
‘indeed they are indispensable, since by them only could the 
plant communicate with the soil. 


Mr. Tracy replied that many plants habitually flourished 
-and matured seed with no connection with the soil. This 


: Jy 


92 


large class of epiphytic plants were a living demonstration. 
of the truth that plant-growth, in the abstract, did a re- 
quire the earth for its maintenance. hE od 


Gen. Jos1aH NEWHALL, of Lynnfield, gave some interest: 
ing facts in relation to the village. It was one hundred and 
thirty feet above the streets of Salem, and thirty feet higher 
than the neighboring pond. Salem might be supplied with 
water to her highest attic from the clear fountain-head of 
Humfrey’s Pond. Yet more than this might be done. Anoth- 
er pond lay a mile distant and within the town limits, which 
was some eighty feet higher than the place of meeting. Hence 
no house in the village need be without good water; nay, every 
one could have a fountain playing in its yard. Taken in 
connection with the admitted salubrity of the place, this fact. 
added to the many inducements for the erection of residen-. 
ces here by the wealthy, who come out from the city in quest. 
of quiet retired enjoyment. 


Rev. Messrs. Wurtrcoms, of Lynnfield, BarpEN, of Marble- 
head, and W. B. Haypen, of Portland, severally offered 
pleasant and scasonable remarks, after which, a vote of 
thanks was passed to the Proprietors of the Church for its. 
use for the. meeting, to Gen. Newhall and Mr. Moulton, for: 
their service as guides, and to other citizens, for their kind- 
ness during the day. 


The meeting then adjourned. 


Friday, July 12, 1861. 


Frecp Meerinc at Kerrie Cove, Guovcesrer. This,. | 
the third of the series this season, was attended by a large. 
and agreeable company, who seemed to forget, in the enjoy 


93 


ment of the very fine day, the disagreeable fact of two pre- 
vious postponements. Although the inlet known as “ Kettle 
Cove ”’ is included in Manchester, yet as the entire opera- 
tions of the day were conducted on the Gloucester side, the 
place of meeting is designated accordingly. The train hav- 
ing deposited its large freight of passengers at the crossing 
of arustic wood-road, they speedily betook themselves to 
the pleasures of a ramble along its winding route till it 
finally brought them out at the spot of their destination. 


Alovg the shore, in this vicinity, may be traced what is 
understood to be the original road from Salem to Glouces- 
ter. It shows no marks of recent travel, but remains al- 
most wholly clear of trees, and only overgrown with grass. 
It may with little difficulty be traced from here to “ Fresh 
Water Cove,” several miles away. Very near the place of 
meeting, at the intersection of the road over which the party 
came and that leading to Gloucester, was formerly a public 
house known as the “* Magnolia House,” but not now kept 
open. The village of “ Kettle Cove,” properly speaking, is 
a little way to the west, in the town of Manchester, and the 
name seems to have fastened itself with great facility upon 
adjacent objects, a small island in the Cove bearing also the 
name of “ Kettle Island.” Most such names, in New Eng- 
land, at least, are thought to have a personal deriviation ; 
‘ and in this case, a family of the name of Kettle are known 
to have lived near by before 1650. Probably others of 
the same name preceded them, as the island was so called 
in 1684. 


A stroll along the shore in this vicinity brings to view 
many curious, as well as pleasant things. Just on the east 
of Kettle Cove and only separated from it by a narrow head- 
land, is found a smaller indentation called Knowlton’s Cove. 
Here, by the agency of some peculiar currents, or singular 


94 


cleavage in the neighboring rock, or perhaps many other 
causes combining, the thousands of bowlders on the beach 
are rolled and worn by the surf till every one, almost, is 
rounded and smooth as an egg. Indeed, so white is the 
granite from which they are made and so remarkable their 
form and the manner in which they lie clustered together in 
the little nook, that an observer, looking for the first time 
from the ledge above, might easily fancy that he saw the 
nest of some monstrous bird, filled with eggs fit to rival 
those of the Roc of Sinbad. Many of these have been car- 
ried away for curiosities. 


Passing on over the stern granite shore to the eastward, 
a large rock a short distance from the shore, and connected 
with it by a sunken reef, bears the name of “ Norman’s 
Woe.” A tradition exists that a man named Norman was 
shipwrecked here; but history has no further confirmation 
of it, than that Richard Norman, some time before 1682, 
sailed on a voyage and never returned. Beyond the Woe, 
the visitor looks with admiration down an immense chasm 
or crack, caused by the disintegration and removal of a huge 
greenstone dyke, which has thus left in the granite what is 
termed ‘“ Rafe’s Cleft.” Itis one of the most remarkable 
of the rents, or “‘ purgatories ”’ which abound on our shores 
and are, no doubt, due to the same cause. 


Some of the company explored the above spots, and oth- 
ers resorted to the Magnolia Swamp, a mile or so away, the 
praises of which have been often dwelt upon. ~ Others, in 
small parties, sought out whatever else in the vicinity proved 
to possess interest and attractiveness. About 2, P.M., the 
whole assembled in a shady bit of woods near by, and the 
formal meeting was opened, Mr. 8. P. Fowler of am 
Vice President, in the Chair. 


‘The Records of the preceding meeting read, and dona- 
_ tions were announced from the following : 


95 


To the Library—from Jeremiah Colburn of Boston; F. 
Bacheller of Lynn; Charles F. Barnard of Boston; David 
Perkins ; Henry F. Shepard ; Mrs. B. Wheatland ; C. Foote ; 
George C. Chase; Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sci- 
ence ; Maryland Historical Society ; C. B. Richardson of 


New York; Mrs. E. Barnard. 


To the Cabinets—from Joseph G. Waters ; Mark Lowd ; 
James M. Estes; James R. Phelps; G. J. P. Floyd of Tops- 
field ; George H. Devereux; John G. Felt; R. H. Wheat- 
land; C. L. Peirson. 


Letters read from Maine Historical Society ; Corporation 
of Dartmouth College; Trustees of Newburyport Public 
Library ; C. J. P. Floyd of Topsfield; J. Colburn of Bos- 
ton ; J. H. Hickcox of Albany, N. Y.; Nathanicl Ingersoll ; 
F. Bacheller of Lynn; Henry R. Stiles of Woodbridge, N.J.; 
R. A. Fisher of New Haven; S. P. Fowler of Danvers ; Cor- 
poration of Bowdoin College. 


The Chair, in opening, said there were some matters of 
curious interest to be noted in regard to the place of to-day’s 
meeting. This section of the shore, from Kettle Cove on the 
west te Fresh Water Cove on the east, and for a limited, 
though rather uncertain distance inland, was marked as 
if with some terrible malediction. The pasturage is good, 
the land fertile, the air salubrious. Man enjoys himself 
here, his horses and his poultry, his household animals, all 
seem to thrive. The birds of the air and the fish in the sea 
are undisturbed, but the poor cow, the ox and the sheep, are 
cursed as with the finger of death. They cannot live here. 
The hay grows bright and fair on these fields; it is sold and 
carried away to feed such animals, and no harm is known 
to arise ; but one of these fated creaturcs cannot be kept on 
these lands more than a few months at most, and often but 
a few weeks. The breadth of Kettle’ Cove divides this 
blighted spot from a better ; the sickening kine on this side 
may look and low across to their kindred, grazing in sight 


reeent histor y of the place by Mr. Babson. ak Beda 


on the other, in sleek and unbroken health. Some hundred _ 
acres are known to be thus stricken; and for more than ae 
century the Knowltons and their ancestors, proprietors here, 
have suffered and wondered at this infliction of nature. N o 
observation or experiment has yet revealed the CAUSE ; the 

mystery remains a mystery still. ‘ 


On a motion to that effect, Messrs. C. M. Tracy of Lynn, 
A. W. Dodge of Hamilton, James Bartlett of Wenham, and. 
Henry F. King of Salem, were made a commit‘ee to investi- 
gate this curious subject and report the results to the 
Institute. 


James J. H. Grecory, of Marblehead, described the. 
geological features of our coast region, and_ particularly 
dwelt upon the remarkable dykes of greenstone which almost 
everywhere appear, cutting the granite or sienite at all sorts 
ofangles. In this vicinity the prevalent rock is nearly a 
true granite, and is a very useful building stone. West- 
ward, the greenstone type predominates, andthe rock, 
though worse for walls, is much better for macadamizing, 
This hill, where we stand, is no doubt a vast pile of bowlders, 
and loose fragments, coated with a soil, comparatively. thin,,, 
formed from the decomposition of the rocks in part, with an 
addition of accumulated vegetable matter. But few nota- 
ble minerals are found here; even the iron does not, proba- 
bly, form over two per cent. of the mass of the rock, but this 
is quite enough to affect the compass-needle perceptibly. 


Rey. C. C. Braman of Salem, had visited “ Rafes Cleft’? 
and the other remarkable spots in the vicinity, and had been» 
charmed with the beauty of the scenery he had fallen among... 
He could congratulate ihe Institute on their good Faria 
in meeting here ; and he could also congratulate the. 
of Gloucester that the natural and historical features of. row 
place had received such fitting and satisfactory notice. in the - , 


. - - =) 
te ‘{ of i> 


- 4 
Ee 


97 


Georce D. Putpren, of Salem, had heard the question 
asked during the day, whether this region possessed any 
special interest in its history ; and he had heard a negative 
reply given. But the fact was otherwise. No one should 
forget that the first settlement on the proper soil of Massa- 
chusetts was near this spot, a little toward Cape Ann. The 
region, from that little colony toward Naumkeag or North 
River, was thought very beautiful by the early voyagers. 
Gosnold thus spoke of it in 1502; and the redoubtable Capt. 
John Smith, a dozen years afterwards, declared that ‘ Cape 
Ann Side,” as it was long called, was “the paradise of all 
these parts.” When Higginson came here with his few 
followers, and also when the Arabella arrived with the 
honored lady whose name she bore, the passengers described 
the perfume that came from this shore “ like the smell of a 
garden.” They said, also, that here they landed and picked 
“plenty of strawberries, gooscberries, and sweet single- 
roses.”” We have been regaled with some such to-day. 

The natural as well as the civil history of this district, has 
its points of interest. They have attracted the attention of 
the curious and scientific for years, even from the time of 
Jocelyn’s mythical lions and monstrous frogs, to the present 
day, notorious with the fame of the Sea Serpent. And if to 
pass hence to the subject of plants be not too abrupt, we all 
know that no other spot in New England shares with this 
the glory of producing the Magnolia Glauca. And here, as 
the lovers of the beautiful have scen today, is a special 
haunt of the Aalmia or Mountain Laurel, a truly American 
plant, and worthy to be adopted as a national emblem by 
us, as the “ Fleur de lis” has been by France. Or, looking 
to somewhat humbler forms, the same great order of Heaths 
to which the Aalmia belongs, furnishes many other species 
to represent it in this vicinity ; and all are plants of special 
beauty. Thus, although there is no true heath in the west- 
ern world, we have abundantly before us the remarkable 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. Hi. 18. 


98 


beauty,that characterizes the family to which it gives its 
name. 


F. W. Purnam of Salem, being asked, what was the opin- 
ion of Agassiz as to the Sea Serpent, stated that the great 
naturalist had often remarked to him that ‘“ there was no 
reason why there should not be a Sea Serpent, but as yet 
he knew of no sufficient proof that there was one.” Ra- 
finesque, a half century ago, named and described from the 
accounts given by sailors and others, several genera and 
species of Sea Serpents. 

A comunittee of the New-England Linnezan Society made 
a report which was printed forty or fifty years since, upon a 
specimen, as it was claimed, of this wonderful creature. But 
that specimen was, doubtless, nothing but a mal-formed 
black snake. 


Mr. Putnam remarked upon the kinds of insects collected 
by him during the day, stating that such as are found along 
the sea shore always differ, materially from those proper to 
the interior. He further spoke of the difference of the ani- 
mals of the land and the ocean,:saying that in the ocean 
while we find nearly all classes represented, they are gener- 
ally the lower orders of the class, and also species that attain 
the greatest bulk ; thus in the higher class, that of mamma- 
lia, we find its giants, the Whales, only in the ocean, and 
these are of the lowest order of the true mammals. 


Jn the class of Birds, the lowest, or the Sea-Birds, are also 
of large size, having but few equals on land. In the Reptiles 
this is reversed, as we find that what have generally been 
held as the highest order, the Chelonians, are represented 
by the large Sea-Turtles; while the lowest true Reptiles, the 
Snakes, are terrestrial. Among the class of Batrachians 


there are no marine representatives known. In the class of 


Fishes, the Sharks and Skates exceed all others in bulk, and 


99 


are confined to the ocean, though they are in many respects 
more highly organized than the other fishes ; again, the low- 
est of all fishes, the, Lancelet and the Mixine, are purely 
marine animals. Among the Articulates the class of Crus- 
taceans is to a great extent oceanic, and the larger species 
are strictly so. Most of the large worms are inhabitants of 
the salt water ; and even among the Insects there are many 
species that live on the sca-shore, on the Sea-weed, &c. The 
greater number of the Mollusks are also marine, and the 
whole class of Cephalopods (Squids, &¢.,) in which we find 
the giants of the branch, are strictly so. Among the Radi- 
ates there are few, such as the fresh water Bryoza, that are 
found away from salt water. The difference noticed be- 
tween the animals of the ocean, the fresh waters, and the 
land, is, as a general thing, so well marked, that we can al- 
most always assume that the oceanic representatives of a 
group are the lowest, the fresh-water ones being higher and 
the terrestrial the most highly organized. | 


C. M. Tracy of Lynn, had spent most of the forenoon 
in the Magnolia Swamp. ‘Tihere are species of plants in 
that spot not generally to be met with. Not only is the 
Magnolia there, but also a beautiful white fringed Orchis ; 
the pretty Clintonia; the Inkberry, a species of Holly, and 
one of the finest evergreens we have; the brilliant and 
charming Sundew; with others of commendable beauty. 
He would like to make careful search through that swamp, 
for it would hardly fail to reveal many botanical treasures. 


The thanks of the Institute were then voted to the Messrs. 
Bartlett of Wenham and the Messrs. Knowlton of Kettle 
Cove, for their kind attentions during the day, and the In- 
titute adjourned. 


100 
Thursday, August 6, 1861. 


Firtp Merring at Lynn.—This meeting was held at the 
Gravesend Village, and had been appointed for Wednesday 
of the week previous, but postponed on account of important 
public events. The company having mostly arrived in the 
morning train from Salem, and alighted at the Central Sta- 
tion, proceeded to the rendezvous on foot through the tract 
known as *‘ Rocks Pasture,” and under the direction of Mr. 
W. W. Lummus. No especial haste was made in this walk ; 
and some halts were made to visit High Rock, and the other 
elevated spots, and pleasant locations, with which this terri- 
tory.is so well supplied. Arriving at the Gravesénd School 
House, a temporary stay was had, and then a division into 


small parties for further explorations. One detachment, led. 


by Mr. H.8. Lufkin, made a tour among the meadows and 
copses in the vicinity, in search of the varied botanical 
riches there found, and these had much pleasure and en- 
couraging success. 

A second division resorted to the shore of the Flax 
Pond, near by ; and found much satisfaction in the, examina- 
tion of the surroundings of this fine old shcet of water. 
Others took various jaunts among the neighboring hills and 
woods in quest of geological and other objects of interest, of 
which no small share are to be met with in this region. 
~~ The afternoon meeting was organized in the school house 
at about 3 P.M., when in‘ the absence of both President and 
Vice President, chive 1). Phippen of Salem, was called to 
the chair. 


Records of the preceding meeting read. 


Donations were announced as follows: 


Mb the. Library —trom,Mrs, As Nichols ; Mise Mama 


R.H. Wheatland ; Trustees of the New York State Library ; 


101 


C. B. Richardson of New York;-N. Bouton of Concord, 
N.H.; Zoologishen Gesellschaft der Frankfurt: A. P. How- 
ard of Boston. 

To the Cabinets—from S. V. Shreve: Mrs. J. F. Deypey- 
ster of New York. 

Letters were read from the Trustees of Boston Publie Li- 
brary ; Corporation of Yale College ; C. M. Tracy of Lynn ; 
L. Agassiz of Cambridge; A. P. Howard of Boston; Mrs. 
Frances G. Deypeyster of New York; D. C. Gilman of New 
Haven Conn.; C. M. Endicott; M. A. Stickney. 


The Chair, in introducing the exercises, made some state 
ments explanatory of the principles, objects and history of 
the Institute, and of the purposes and method of these 
“Field Meetings.” We had pursued this system of gather- 
ings for several years, and thus far, with signal advantage 
and enjoyment to all who participated. At these meetings 
we bring together those who feel an interest in the works of | 
Nature and who make them their especial study; and we 
place them face to face with the various phenomena of crea- 
tion, as they are exhibited in our fields, our hills, and our 
forests. By these excursions, we are relieved from the ne- 
cessity of studying these things in the dry, dead cabinets of 
home; and the student who walks with us has a view of 
them as Nature has herself arranged them, drawing his 
conclusions from facts undisguised by the interference of 
man, and free from that partial and imperfect character 
which will ever be detected, even in the best ordered and 
fullest collection. Such students of nature are with us to- 
day ; may we hear from them how they have fared in these 
respects during the day’s rambles. 


James J. H. Grecory of Marblehead, said that this region 
presents many interesting matters to the eye of the geolo- 
gist. In this immediate vicinity, the rock in place is uni- 
formly porphyritic, and the porphyry takes on a great variety 
of texture, color and marking; so that a long and pleasant 


102 


course of study might be made upon this rock alone. ‘The 
State Map does not notice the porphyry of this vicinity; or 
only feebly indicates it. This is certainly a grave defect, 
and ought to be amended; for the rock is too rare and 
striking in its characters to be overlooked in) such ‘a work. 
Greenstone is found not far from here, but it is somewhat 
different from that of Marblehead, being of a rather slaty 
character. 

Mr. Tracy, of this place, has thrown out the suggestion 
that the type of vegetation in a given territory is directly af- 
fected by the nature of the rock formations there found. He 
had no doubt but this idea was based on fact. He had to- 
day made a short excursion of a mile and a half, or so, to 
look at some of the curious exhibitions of drift to be seen 
among these hills. In this ramble he had seen for himself 
that a difference could be detected in the forest growth along 
either side of the line of junction between the porphyry and 
the granite. No doubt a closer study would set this matter 
in a clearer light; it is certainly a point deserving of care- 
ful attention. He had been to-day among bowlders of every 
size, from small pebbles to a small house, for some of them 
were at least one hundred and twenty feet in circumference 
and thirty feet high. And yet these great blocks are not 
left with sharp angles, but in almost all cases are rounded and 
finished off like beach-stones. Undoubtedly they have all 
been moved, and belong to the great mass of the drift forma- 
tion. In the deep woods near the South Danvers line, he 
had been piloted by Mr. Tracy to find what he could never 
could have found alone—the somewhat noted and very re- 
markable “‘ Pheton Rock.” A more curiously situated 
rock would be hard to find, or to conceive of. A vast block 
shaped like half a pear with the flat side uvdermost, some 
ten or fifteen feet in greatest length, lies precisely balanced, 
and firmly sustained on four small rounded stones twelve or 
fifteen inches in diameter, just on the brink of a precipice, 
over which its smaller end projects for almost half the length 


103 


of the entire block. We can never sufficicntly admire the 
means, stupendous as they must have been, and yet magnifi- 
cently simple, by which such a mass has been thrust out 
from its parent bed and deposited in a position so strange, 
and we may almost say, magical. 

The mineralogist is not favored in this region like his geo- 
logical brother. So far as ascertained, the list of species is 


-small and the kinds not specially remarkable. He had been 


asked whether rocks grow. The question may be variously 
answered. In some cases, rocks certainly grow smaller if 
the expression be allowable. The wind and frost--all the 
elements—are wearing down the granite about us and the 
figure of the ledges becomes much altered by this cause. 
Rocks whose structure depends on the agency of heat can 
have no increase of bulk afterward ; but such as limestone, 
sandstone, bog iron ore, and chalk, the products of mere 
accretion and pressure, may be all the time in process of 
formation, or, as we might say, of growth. | 
The distribution of shells is always interesting io the geol- 
ogist, bearing, as it does, on the subject of fossil remains. 
An exploration of the islands in Salem Harbor affords some 
curious results, in the peculiar distribution of the genus 
Helix. On House Island, near the Misery, are found sev- 
eral species, some of them in abundance. Eagle Island also 
furnishes many specimens, but they differ matcrially from 
those of the first locality. Helia albolabris, H. alternata and 
AI. horiensis are the principal kinds found at these places. 


C. M. Tracy of Lynn, said that although the list of min- 
erals found here was not large, yet some of them did not 
lack importance. One cf the first, if not the very first, 
establishments for the working of iron in this country was 
at Saugus, and was supplied, as is believed, with bog iron 
ore from the northern part of the town.. Again, just east of 
the place of meeting, lies the celebrated Lynn Mineral 


104 


Spring, whose waters, almost turbid with some ferruginous 
matter, redden the stones they run over, and will throw 
down clouds of solid matter by standing in a bottle for a 
few days. This is a true chalybeate water, and may acquire 
its properties by the decomposition of iron pyrites. 


Tue Cuarr observed that from the rocks we may readily 
turn our attention to the vegetation that covers and adorns. 
them. Many fine species may be detected in this region ; 
some of them have come to our notice to-day. The fragrant 
White Alder, (Clethra), the Dogbane, (Apocynum), and 
the various Milkweeds, (Asclepias), are all plants of beauty 
and deep interest. A species of the latter, the Common 
Milkweed (A. Cornuti) has a fibre of great strength and 
delicacy, resembling that of Flax. <A lady of Salem made 
extensive experiments on this material a few years since, 
and succeeded in manufacturing it into various textile fab- 
rics of much excellence. In approaching damp lands, or, as 
here to-day, large ponds, we find the vegetation always more 
or less modified, and new forms appearing. Such plants as 
the Monkey Flower, (Mimulus) and the various species of 
Orchis were then usually met with, as we have found to-day. 


C. M. Tracy said that the Orchis Family, alluded to by 
the Chair, is a very remarkable one, as well as very exten- 
sive. Among its multitudinous species, two entirely diverse 
modes of growth are observed. The European and North 
American forms follow the usual style, and sustain them- 
selves in the soil by means of ordinary roots. Some of the 
tropical kinds do the same; but very many are without 
roots, or have them transformed into organs for holding, by 
which they attach themselves to rocks, trees, &c., and these 
grow with no connection whatever with the earth. They 
are not mere exceptions, but form a great division of the - 
family, which is thus distinguished into Terrestial and Epi- 
phytic species. The Lobelias are all plants of much interest 


105 


to the botanist. Our Cardinal Flower is the only really 
beautiful one we have, but the West Indian species are, 
many of them, perfectly gorgeous. The Clethra, which has 
been alluded to, is one of the great family of the Heaths, 
and almost the latest one, with us, to open its odorous blos- 
soms. It is a pretty shrub for the garden, growing and flow- 
ering well. The Dogbane also mentioned is a close relative 
of the popular Oleander. Its family are all possessed of 
active properties and some are violent poisons. Here we 
may note the fact, that a simple feature marks every mem- 
ber of this family, as the botanists often finds to be the case 
elsewhere. Every one of these plants has the stigma, or top 
of the pistil, shaped just like a little spool, and this simple 
trait is not found in any other family. He further spoke of 
the Ground Nut, (Apios) the Thoroughwort and Everlast- 
ing, with several of the Nightshades. The Potato is only a 
cultivated Nightshade producing tubers; and these tubers 
are not roots, as some think, but buds upon underground 
suckers, swollen and gorged with nutritious matter. A 
specimen was shown with the tubers growing above ground. 
Mr. 'T’. having also spoken of the fact that the common Red 
Clover has sometimes heads of a clear white. The Chair 
corroborated the observation and added some remarks on 
changes of color in our native flowers. 


JAMES E. Ouiver of Lynn said he had found these bleached 
Clover-heads and the Thistle now and then exhibited similar 
changes. What is the real nature of this phenomenon ? 
Can we call it a freak of nature, or is it something produced 
under a regular chain of causes, and reducible by experi- 
ment and investigation? And if there exist laws for the 
change of color in flowers, may there not be such for change 
of species in the plants themselves? In fine, what is the 
true solution of the vexed question of the origin of species ? 


Plainly such changes may be very easy and gradual, or they 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iii. 14. 


may be rather sudden—by leaps, as it were; but which, 
may be rather hard to decide. 


Mr. Tracy said that when plants with colored flowers pro- 
duce pale or white varieties, these are almost inevitably 
weaker in constitution. This is confirmed by the fact that 
there is hardly a pure white flower known. What we call 
such are all attenuated shades of other colors.. And we also 


find that white flowers produced by art, always tend to re- - —— 


vert to their normal tint. Verbena Melindres is red; and 
all the white sorts produced from it are liable to redden in 
certain cases. So of the Geranium, &e. 


The Cuarre said these changes are no doubt producible by 
art; but a long period must be necessary to effect the result, 
and after all, retrogradation would certainly take place at 
the first opportunity. Nature is inevitable in her rules and 
laws. Our fathers gathered just such plants and flowers as 
we; and when we interfere with the natural course, the cur- 
rent sets back strongly toward its source. Double varieties 
are always difficult to keep, always “running out” as we 
say. 

This topic was much further discussed by Messrs. Gre- 


Gory, Outver, Tracy, T. Ropes of Salem and others. 


Rev. C. C. Beaman of Salem said, he noticed that some 
of the company had to-day brought their sketch-books and 
made drawings of the beautiful things around them. He 


wished this were oftener done. It would be a delightful ex- 


ercise, and better opportunities could not be had. 


-Mr. Davin N, Jonyson of Lynn, had experienced mah 
satisfaction during the day’s exercises, and added some Te 
marks on the variety of talent which — occasions 
to, pas Angeten. Pe | Bese: ing 


107 


On motion of Mr. Beaman it was Voted, That the thanks 
of the Institute be presented to the School Committee of 
Lynn for their kindness in furnishing the use of this build- 
ing for this meeting; to Mr. L. W. Crossman, the teacher 
of this school for his friendly interest in our behalf; also to 
Messrs. W. W. Lummus, H. 8. Lufkin, Oliver Ramsdell and 
other residents in this village, for their attentions and ser- 
vices, as guides and otherwise. 


Adjourned. 


Thursday, Aug. 29, 1861. 


‘ 

Frenp Mretinc at Mippieton. Most of those who at- 
tended this mecting, came as usual by the morning train 
from Salem ; but others of the more active collectors of 
natural objects preferred an earlier trip by the carriage 
road and came accordingly, making such stops for their 
investigations as seemed to be proper, or promised to be 
productive. This party made some considerable progress in 
dredging the brooks and sweeping the bushes, tor reptiles, 
shells, or insects as the case might be; while fishing after 
the more established mode was not by any means neglected ; 
but failed to afford any notable results. 


On the arrival of the main party the scene of action was 
transferred, for the most part, to the shores of the fine pond 
Which bears the name of the town which claims and protects 
it. The usual diversity of taste here found exhibition and 
employment, as this company lounged in the pleasant pic- 
nic grove that adorns the shore, or that one proceeded slowly 
along by the water, carefully searching after some unex- 
pected plant, or another manned the jaunty sail-boat there 
kept, and pleased themselves with an excursion more thore 
oughly aquatic still. There were not wanting those who 
sought for berries; and the geological characters of the 


£ Oe i et il” a a Fee eS 
at hes oer na net as al > VEY Pet ms SS oe ied ba 
« ~. J } i 


108 


place were well scrutinized by those who seldom neglect a 
fair opportunity. 


The refreshments of the day were served in rustic style in 
the grove, after which, resorting to the Town Hall, the 
afternoon exercises were opened, Vice President 8. P. Fow- 
ler in the chair. 


Records of preceding meeting read and donations from 
the following were announced : 


Fo the Library—from Mrs. Andrew Nichols ; Department 
of the Interior; John B. Alley, M.C.; John Robinson ; 
George F. Read ; Zoologische Cosollaahat, Frankfort, A. M.; 
American Piste hical Society. 


To the Cabinets—from W. 8S. Daland; C. H. Norris; 
George Goldthwaite; Samuel Preston; Israel T. Howe; 


Joshua P. Haskell of Marblehead ; J. J. Rider. 


Letters were read from E. Everett of Boston ; Trustees of 
Newburyport Public Library ; Department of the Interior ; 
D. F. Weinland, Frankfort, A.M.; C. M. Tracy of Lynn. 


In his opening remarks, the Chair took occasion once more 
to urge on those present the importance of preserving the 
local and civil history of our community by the preservation 
of all documents, regarded, perhaps, as worthless, while still 
possessed of intrinsic value. Of this nature, all old wills, 
contracts, depositions, records and books of account, may be 
mentioned as worthy of prime regard. Likewise all old 
books ; the older and more marked by the pens or pencils of 
the former owners, the better; and every pamphlet, news- 
paper and old letter; all should be carefully saved, for no 
one knows how much there may be in one or other of them 
for the good of those who are to come after us. It is the. 
business and pleasure of the Essex Institute to be the treas- 


109 


urer of these relics; all that need be done is, to send 
to their Secretary any and all such contributions, and the 
three-fold advantage is gained, of pleasing them, of benefit- 
ing posterity, and clearing one’s own house of what might 
unsuitably encumber it. Let all remember these things, 
and let no document go to destruction, however insignificant 
it may be in your own eyes. 


JAMES J. H. Grecory, of Marblehead, had examined the 
place pretty thoroughly for geological features worth men- 
tioning here. He had found only two ledges of out-crop- 
ping rock in the town, and this was a very peculiar circum- 
stance. Not many places in New England could say the 
same ; we generally are marked, all over the country, by 
bare and craggy projecting rocks of one sort or another, 
often in great profusion. Undoubtedly, rock might be found 
under all this gravel, as in other places; but at present, the 
drift lies undisturbed and conceals tlieem. There seems to. 
be great variety in the character of this drift; around the 
pond were many of the different types of granite and forty 
of them might be collected within an hour. He had pro- 
cured a good specimen of sienitic granite; also a piece of 
pure sienite, from which the feldspar had been washed out, 
leaving curious, irregular markings and cavities. These 
ribbed and worn fragments are rather common along the 
ancient water-courses of New England, and indeed there is 
nothing very peculiar in any the formations about here. 
The chief point of interest is, after all, the abundance and 
quietude of the overlying drift, so covering and hiding all 
the ledges that only two of them anywhere appear. 


C. M. Tracy of Lynn, had noticed some plants about 
the pond worthy of note, and some still more striking had 
been found by others. The Pipewort, (Eriocaulon) whose 
globular, lead-colored heads are so conspicuous-along muddy 


110 


shores, is a kind of intermediate form of! vegetation, having 
much of the sedge about it and nota little of the character 
of a moss. It is however, a true flowering plant. The little’ 
Creeping Spearwort (Ranunculus) is almost the smallest ‘of’ 
the Buttercup family, but though its leaf is no broader than’ 
a grain of wheat; and its blossoms as small as a sparrow’s 
eye, yet its petals bear the beautiful lustrous gloss in full 
perfection, that so marks each and every species of Ranun- 
culus. The shrubby Potentilla is, generally, more common 
about peat bogs, and in its time of flowering makes quite an 
ornamental appearance, for although a simple Five-finger, 
it has a pretty, compact habit, and claims more beauty for 
its form than otherwise. Beside these, a fortunate explorer 
had to-day detected a splendid clump of the Cardinal Flower, ° 
(Lobelia) whose always inimitable scarlet had sported into 
the most coquettish dashes of red upon a ground of the 
purest white. <A few of these variegated Lobelias have been 
found from time to time about the country, but it is doubtful 
if any more beautiful have come to light than Middleton has 
furnished us to-day. Those other plants, whose intrinsic 
charms are a little veiled by their common occurrence, are 
as readily found here as elsewhere. We have to-day the 
Aster, just beginning its season of bloom; the Andromeda, 
akin to the Blueberries, but with dry and fleshless fruit ; the 
Balsam, with its curiously fashioned flowers hung all over ™ 
it, like golden horns-of-plenty ; the Thoroughwort, of sterl- 
ing medicinal value, in which Middleton seems’ privileged 
for a full share; the fragrant Ground-nut (Apios); the — 
aromatic Sassafras; the deadly Cicuta; the pretentious ~ 
Trumpet weed, eight feet high ; and a score of mr all 
worth some notice at a proper nidihent: | a 
Dr. Grorce Osecop, of Danvers; votitinciéd the same” > 
subject, and added to the interests:of the plants themselves” » 
a yet stronger interest arising from the untiring devotion to 


et 


his favorite study, seen in this botanist of almost eighty 
years. To-day he had met with a species, which he exhib- 
ited, the like of which he had not found for many years. 


F. W. Putnam, of Salem, proceeded to describe most of 
the zoological specimens taken during the day. He also, 
by the help of the blackboard, explained the four divisions, 
or branches, of the animal kingdom ; showing how thie radia- 
ted structure characterizes the Star-fishes, Jelly-fishes, and 
Polyps, or coral animals, hence called Radiates; how the 
character of concentration is stamped on all animals belong- 
ing to the branch of Mollusca, of which the Clam, Snail, 
and Squid are common examples; whereas, in the branch 
to which the Insects, Crabs and Worms belong, articulation, 
or a division of the body into segments, added to an equal 
arrangement of parts on each side of the longitudinal axis, 
and a tendency to an outward display, are the principal 
characteristics; this branch is called Articulata ; while in the 
fourth branch, that of Vertebrata ; formed of the Fishes, Rep- 
tiles, Birds and Mammals, including Man ; the body is divided 
by a longitudinal axis, the back-bone, into an upper and lower 
arch ; the upper containing the brain and spinal chord, 
while in the lower are situated the organs of vegetative life. 


In reply to questions, Mr. P. said what we call the locust 
is quite another insect. The oriental Locust is only a spe- 
cies of what we call a Grasshopper ; while our Locust ought, 
instead, to be called the Harvest Fly. Again, the real 
Grasshoppers are small green insects, quite different from 
those that have borrowed this name. The noise produced 
by these creatures is not at all vocal, but made by a brisk, 
fiddling movement of the rough hind leg across a part of the 
wing-cover. Further, Mr. P. stated, that the whales now on 
exhibition at the Aquarial Garden, Boston, were genuine 
specimens of a small species known to naturalists as the 
Beluga; and were very well worth an examination. 


{12 


Tur Cuair said that this season we had been visited, in 
our fields, with what all of us had often heard of, but many 
had never seen. This was the dreaded army worm. He 
had specimens of the worm and its cocoons on the table, 
and had been somewhat careful in observing its habits. It 
had been known in this country two or three times before, 
but only at long intervals. This might be the last time it 
could be observed by any now living, and it would be well 
to improve the opportunity, and put on record what we 
might of its character and history. 


On motion the following were appointed a committee to 
collect all available facts on the above subject and report at 
the Annual meeting of the Institute :—Messrs. F. W. Put- 
nam and Henry Wheatland of Salem, and 8. P. Fowler of 
Danvers. 


Rev. Warren Bourton, of Middleton, offered some remarks 
expressive of his high gratification at the proceedings of the 
day. He cordially approved the purposes and plans of the 
Institute; and while he wished them full success, was 
always glad when they sought that success in this quarter 
of the county. 


Davin Stiues, Jr., of Middleton, made some statements 
of a local character, bearing chiefly on the histery of the 
town and certain of its prominent families. He further 
assured the Institute of the hearty welcome they might ever 
expect on visiting this town, and his own hope that such 
visits might be often had and enjoyed. 


The thanks of the Institute were then voted to Messrs. 
Stiles, Esty, Graves, and others, whose kind attentions so 
much enhanced the comforts of the day; to the Selectmen,: 
for the use of the Town:Hall for this meeting; and the 
citizens of Middleton generally for their friendly interest in 
our prosperity ; after which the meeting adjourned. 


113 
Friday, November 15, 1861. 


Meeting this evening, at the rooms in Plummer Hall, the 
President, Asahel Huntington in the chair. 


The record of the preceding meeting read. 


Donations were announced from the following : 

To the Library—from H. K. Oliver, a large collection of 
books and pamphlets, including many valuable musical 
works; from C. B. Richardson of New York; L. M. Bolt- 
wood of Amherst; A. H. Quint of Jamaica Plain ; Boston 
Society of Natural History ; Canadian Institute at Toronto ; 
John L. Sibley of Cambridge; Chas. ‘I’. Brooks of Newport ; 
Montreal Society of Natural History; C. K. Whipple of Bos- 
ton; J. F. Worcester. 

To the Cabinets—from Joseph Short of Philadelphia; J. 
W. Libbey; Chas. Hoffman ; Edward D. Ropes; Mrs. Thos. . 
S. Greenwood of Ipswich; Willard A. Ashby; S. P. Rich- 
ardson; Stillman Barden of Rockport; John B. Ashby ; 
Richard 8. Rogers; Geo. L. Neal; W. H. A. Putnam; 
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. 


Letters were read, from Massachusetts Historical Society ; 
Trustees of Boston Public Library; Edward D. Ropes; 
Charles Hatch; A. B. Almon; and N. T. True of Bethel, 
Maine. 


It was announced that a portion of the books bequeathed 
by the late Judge White, had been deposited in the Library, 
that the remainder would be received in a few days, and 
that, at a future time, a report concerning the same would 
be presented. 


A. C. Goodell, Chairman of the Committee on Evening 
Meetings, reported progress on the subject committed to 
their care, and on his motion it was voted that the next 
meeting be held on the first Monday in December. 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iii.15. 


MCR 


114 


Henry M. Brooks, of the Curators on the Historical De- 
partment, read a circular which he had prepared, requesting 
the friends of the Institute and others to collect any matter 
that may serve to illustrate the cause, origin and progress 
of the present war ; and, on his motion, it was voted that the 
same be printed and distributed under the direction of the 


curators. 


A large collection of specimens in Natural History were 
placed upon the table, the same having been recently received. 
F. W. Putnam made a few remarks upon these specimens, 
and stated that there were on the table 262 different species, 
and over 400 specimens of animals, and that at least 200 of 
these species were new to the Institute’s collection, this 
being a much larger number of species than it was often the 
good fortune of any Society to obtain at one time. 


The collection received of Mr. E. D. Ropes, of Zanzibar, 
is of great value to science, and will add much to the use- 
fulness of the Institute’s collection. There are several new 
and undescribed genera and species of Fishes in this collec- 
tion, and many that are very rare and interesting—in all, 54 
species of Fishes, T species of Birds, 4 species of Reptiles, 
30 species of Mollusks, 33 species of Crustaceans, and 39 
species of Radiates, making 167 species of alcoholic speci- 
mens. Many of the Radiates and Crustaceans are unde- 
scribed. In addition to these there are three bottles con- 
taining Insects in alcohol that have not yet been arranged, and 
a large number of dried specimens of Corals and Sponges, 
that will be reported upon at a future meeting.  Be- 
sides the specimens retained at the Institute, quite a large 
number of duplicates have been sent to the Museum of 
Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, in exchange for species 
not in the possession of the Institute. Mr. Putnam desired 
to take this opportunity of calling the attention of members. 


115 


to the importance of collecting large numbers of every spe- 
cies; duplicates are in reality as valuable to the Institute, 
as unique specimens, for the purpose of exchange. On mo- 
tion of Mr. Putnam the thanks of the Institute were unani- 
mously voted to Mr. Ropes, for the valuable and interesting 
collection of specimens of Natural History announced this 
evening. Mr. Putnam, alluding to the other specimens on the 
table, said that they consisted of a collection of 66 species 
of Reptiles, Fishes, Crustaceans, Mollusks and Radiates 
from Hong Kong, China, presented by Capt. W. H. A. Put- 
nam, nearly all of which are new to the Institute’s collection 
and some of them are undescribed. <A collection of 9 spe- 
cies of Holconotes, (viviparous fishes) from San Francisco, 
and 13 species of Cyprinoids, (Shiners, &c.,) from Europe 
and the western portion of America, have been received from 
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, consisting of types or 
original specimens of species described by Prof. Agassiz, Mr. 
Agassiz, and himself; also, specimens of a Blennioid fish 
from Cape Palmas, Africa, presented by Dr. George A. 
Perkins, and a few of the fishes presented some time since 
by Capt. Charles Millet, from the Arabian Gulf. 


Mr. Putnam called upon the members to report any facts 
which they might obtain relating to the army worm, as every 
thing bearing upon the habits and history of this insect is 
eagerly sought after by entomologists, and stated that he had 
learned from Mr. Packard, a student in the Museum of Com- 
parative Zoology, who is engaged in preparing a paper upon 
this subject, that no less than seven species of parasites of 
the worm had been discovered. 


After a short discussion on the army worm and the canker 
worm, in which several members participated, the meeting 
adjourned. 


(ae 
Fantail i 


116 
Monday, December 2, 1861. 


Meeting this evening, at Creamer Hall, A. Huntington, 
President of the Society, in the chair. After calling the 
meeting to order, he offered few remarks in which the 
distinctive character of these meetings were alluded to, 
and expressed the hope that they would be instrumental 
in diffusing much general information respecting the 
various subjects here presented. In alluding to the his- 
torical labors. of people of our county, he referred to a 
work recently published, giving a genealogical and historical 
account of the Reed family, by a member of the Essex Bar, 
living in Groveland, which contains a large amount of val- 
uable information obtained by great labor and research. . 


The records of the preceding meeting were then read by 
the Secretary, after which Mr. A. C. Goodell, from a Com- 
mittee appointed for the purpose, submitted a report, which 
was accepted, respecting the regular evening meetiugs for 
the present season. The first and third Monday evenings of 
each month have been selected for the meetings, which will 
commence at half past seven o’clock. Creamer Hall has 
been designated as the place of meeting, and a general invi- 
tation is extended to all ladies and gentlemen interested in 
the objects of the Essex Institute, to attend. The order of 
exercises at the meetings will be as follows :—Reading of the 
records of the preceding meeting and remarks upon the 
same; Reports of Committees; Transaction of Business ; 
Reading of Communications and Correspondence ; Announce- 
ment of Donations; Election of Members; Adjournment. | 


Mr. F. W. Putnam continued his report from the last 
meeting, on the collection made by Mr. E. D. Ropes, at 
Zanzibar. He stated that the bottles on the table contained. 
about sixty species of insects, many of which arenew. This == 
is the first collection of any number of alcoholic insects that 


117 


has been presented to the Institute. They have been named 
so far as it was possible by Mr. Shurtleff, a student in 
the Museum at Cambridge. He showed several species 
of Star fishes, Sea Urchins and Corals from Mr. Ropes, and 
a fine Cidaris from Wm. G. Webb, and announced a dona- 
tion of 25 species of fossil and recent Hehini from the Mu- 
seum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. He alluded to 
the different classes of Radiate animals, showing the differ- 
ence between the several classes and orders, and made a few 
remarks upon the formation of Coral reefs, &c. 


Letters were read from Suiuthonian Institution; State 
Historical Society of Wisconsin; W.O. White; J. kh. Wig- 
gin of Boston; Department of the Interior; Chs. Ward. 
The letter from the last named person, gave an account of 
several specimens of bark which were uniformly and smooth- 
ly rounded by the action of water falling upon them in ‘ pot 
holes” formed in the rocks, at the base of Great Falls, in the 
town of Hiram, Oxford County, Maine; also some gencral ob- 
servations concerning the beauty and sublimity of these falls 
at the various seasons, and the pleasant journey for travel- 
lers in that direction. 

Donations received since the last evening meeting, were 
announced as follows :— 

To the Library—John C. Lee ; B. W. Stone; Tenney & 
Co., of Boston ; Secretary of State’s Office ; Charles F. Wil- 
liams ;. Jacob Batchelder ; H. M. Brooks ; Allen W. Dodge ; 
George C. Chase ; N. T. True of Bethel, Maine. 

To the Cabinets—Francis M. Ricker ; H. K. Bryant; H. 
KE. Story of Belleville, l.; C. F. Williams; Mrs. D. A. 
White ; Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Cambridge ; 
Henry O. White. 


Mr. F. W. Putnam stated that Mr. S. H. Scudder of the 
Museum of Comparative Zoology, was engaged in preparing. 
a monograph of the Orthoptera of New England, and wished 


118 


to procure specimens of Grasshoppers, Locusts, Crickets, 
native Cockroaches, Earwigs, &c., from different localities, | 
during the coming season ; and called upon the members 
and others interested to collect specimens for Mr. Scudder, 
stating that it was a very important investigation, and bear- 
ing much upon the Agricultural interests of the County. 


Mr. Putnam laid a prospectus of a work upon the order of 
snakes by Prof. Jan, of Milan, before the meeting ; and after 
stating the importance and the plan of the work he moved 
that the Library Committee be requested to consider the 
expediency of subscribing for the same. 


On motion of Mr. A. C. Goodell, it was voted that, when 
the meeting adjourn, it be to meet at Creamer Hall, on Mon- 
day evening, Dec. 16. The meeting then adjourned. 


Monday, December 16, 1861. 


Meeting this evening. A. Huntington, President, in the 
chair. 


Records of preceding meeting read. 


A letter was read from H. W. 8S. Cleveland, in response to 
the circular recently issued by the Curators of the Historical 
Department, proffering to the Society files of several news- 
papers kept and being kept during the present national 
troubles. On motion of Rev. Mr. Beaman, the offer of Mr. 
Cleveland was accepted, with the thanks of the society. 
Letters were also announced from J. B. Colt of Hartford, 


Conn.; A. B. Johnson of Utica, N. Y.; New York Mercan- 


tile Library Association; New Jersey Historical Society ;, 


Massachusetts Historical Society ; Samuel Blake of Dor-_ , ny, 


chester; J. W. Harris of Cambridge ; = Fowler “of 
Danvers. 


— oe 
wn 


Bs Be, 


The principal part of the evening was oceuwpied in the 


reading of a paper by Mr. Samuel P. Fowler of Danvers, 


on Cotton Mather. The following abstract of the same is 
here appended. 


After the excitement in 1692, caused by the Salem Witch- 
craft, had subsided, and the government had made some 
restitution to those persons or their familics who had suffered 
by the delusion, Dr. Cotton Mather turned his attention, 
amongst other subjects , to the quiet and peaceful study of 
the natural productions of New England. Our knowledge 
of his researches in nature was obtained by reading the Lou- 
don Philosophical Transactions, Vol. 29, for the years 1714, 
1715, and 1716. The letters composing the articles in this 
journal were prepared and sent by Dr. Mather to Dr. Wood- 
ward and Mr. Waller of London, for examination before 
publication. Upon the receipt of Mather’s letters, the See- 
retaries of the Society found them to be a strange mixture 
of incredible occurrences, totally unfit for a Philosophical 
journal. They accordingly refused to publish several of 
them, and gave but short extracts from others. 

The first letter, under date of Boston, Nov. 17, 1712, was 
addressed to Dr. Woodward, in which Dr. Mather brought 
forward in a way peculiar to himself, his Biblia Americana, 
now lying neglected in the possession of the Massachusetts 
Historical Society, no man as yet having been found who 
would venture to publish this ponderous manuscript in two 
volumes folio.* The concealing from his friend, Dr. Wood- 
ward, the author of this work, and recommending it to some 
generous Macaenas, (the patron of the ancient pocts,) is 
highly characteristic of Dr. Cotton Mather. In order to en- 
list Dr. Woodward in the publication of the Biblia Americana, 
Mather speaks of its containing large philosophical remarks 
taken out of Natural Historians, and gave him a specimen 
of the work in a note on Genesis, chap. 6, verse 4, relating 
to giants seen in the days of Noah; and as proof that they 
once existed, relates the finding of bones in Albany, New 
England, seventeen feet long, which he supposed to be hu- 


*We examined the Biblia Americana, and found it to consist of six parts in folio, 
with its pages crowded with the small handwriting of Mather, and apparently pre- 
pared for publication. 


120 


man thigh bones, and a tooth discovered four fingers broad, 
which he thought to be the eye-tooth of aman! Dr, Wood- 
ward comments in a doubtful way upon these supposed hu- 
man remains by saying: “It were to be wished that the 
writer had given an exact figure of these teeth and bones,” 
which had it been done, the learned Seeretary would proba- 
bly have at once discovered that they belonged to some large 
animal, such for instance, as the Mastodon.* 

The second letter describes.a few plants to be found in 
New England, with a promise to furnish more. 

In the third letter Dr. Mather gives us an account of the 
wild turkey seen in New England, .some of them weighing 
sixty pounds, but says they are poor meat, being tough and 
hard. This as an ornithologist we should pronounce a 
tough story. Audubon says, a fair estimate of the ordinary 
weight of a wild turkey is from fifteen to eighteen pounds. 
He saw one in Louisville market that weighed thirty-six 
pounds. Bonaparte says, ‘I have ascertained the existence 
of some weighing forty pounds, and all the relations above 
this weight he considers fabulous.”+ Dr. Mather’s notion 
that wild pigeons migrate to the moon, must be classed with 
those who suppose that swallows go into the mud in Autumn ! 

The fourth letter, on antipathies and the force of imagi- 
nation, is amusing and characteristic of its author. 

The fifth letter relates to monstrous births, but is summa- 
rily dismissed by Dr. Woodward as nothing remarkable. 

The sixth letter relates to persons receiving medical aid 
from dreams. This is rejected and refused publications, 
with the remark, these accounts relate but little to “ natural 
philosophy.” 


*It is now well understood that the giants he referred to, were distinguishod for 
their great wickedness and not their large stature. 


{+Thomas Morton in his New English Canaan, written in 1632, when speaking of 
turkeys as seen at his residence in Braintree, says : ‘at divers times in great flocks 
have they sallied by our doores ; and then a gunne (being commonly called in a 
readiness) salutes them with such a courtesie as makes them take a turn in the 
Cooke roome. Of these have been killed, that have weighed forty-eight pounds 
apeece. They are many degrees sweeter than the tame turkies of En Tea feede 
them how you can.” It is said the wild turkey is still to be found on the Holyoke 
range of mountains in Massachusetts. It will be noticed that Morton’s weight of 
the largest turkey he saw in 1632, exceeded by eight pounds, the one noticed by 
Buonaparte. All writers with the exception of Mather, attest to the good eatin, 

ualities of this bird. It is possible Dr. Mather eat his wild turkey out of season 
uring the summer, at some of the councils at Salem village, held for the purpose of 
settling Mr. Parris’s difficulties, or at the dinner given him by John Hathorne, rg 
of Salem, at the execution of George Burroughs at Gallows Hill. It would not 
a pie if he thought his dinner upon that day, whether turkey or pig, was hard 
and tough! 


121 


The seventh and last letter to Dr. Woodward, composing 
this series, relates to cures deemed mortal. This was re- 
jected by the Secretary as containing but little philosophical 
information. , 

The first letter sent by Dr. Mather to Mr. Waller, gives an 
account of the Indians, and is interesting. It also furnishes 
a method discovered by him, for finding the Julian Period. 

The evening glade* is mentioned as being constantly ob- 
served in February, and first noticed by Dr. Childrey, adding 
the cause of that appearance must be sought for above the 
atmosphere. | 

The second letter relates to rainbows and mock suns. 

The third letter has a relation of a savage murder discov- 
ered by a dream, reminding the reader of the strange stories 
related in the Magnalia. This letter is at once dismissed by 
Mr. Waller, with the quiet remark, “as this does not direct- 
ly relate to natural philosophy the particulars are omitted.” 

The fourth letter gives an account of the Rattlesnake, and 
the wonderful effect of its bite upon the edge of a broad axe, 
causing the part bitten to break out, leaving a gap! As 
this letter relates particularly to Natural History, it is pub 
lished in full in the transactions. 

The fifth letter informs us of the effects produced by thun- 
der and lightning, earthquakes, hail storms, and tornadoes, 
Hail stones it is said, are sometimes formed five times larger 
than hens’ eggs, and lie upon the ground to the depth of 
three or four feet! The effects of violent whirlwinds or tor- 
nadoes are noticed, and the sad ruin produced sometimes in 
winter by the ice loading the trees and causing their limbs to 
break under its weight. Mention is made of some ancient 
works, or remains, above the hideous falls of the Merrimack. 

In the sixth letter Dr. Mather gives us an account of the 
famous Dighton rock, accompanied with a figure, which is 
now known to be very inaccurate. This is one of the earli- 
est notices of this interesting picture rock. 

The seventh and last letter to Mr. Waller relates to the 
longevity and fruitfulness of New England. Dr. Mather in 
this letter gives us several instances of persons living about 
him who had arrived to the age of one hundred years. One 


FESS nina 


*This is the luminous tract, known as the Zodiacal light seen in the evening 
after twilight. 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iil. 16. 


122 


Clement Weaver lived to one hundred and ten years, his. 
wife being one hundred years old. This man to the last 
year of his life, could carry a bushel of wheat to the mill, 
the distance being above two miles. Dr. Mather remarks, 
“‘T do not find by any of these relations, that the persons 
observed any regularity or method in their manner of diet, 
exercise, or the like.” In regard to the fruitfulness of New 
England, he says, in the letter, itis no rare thing to have 
an eged gentlewoman see many more than one hundred of 
her offspring. He mentions ‘one woman that had twenty- 
three children, of which nineteen lived to man’s estate. 
Another had twenty-seven; another twenty-six, of which 
twenty-one were sons, one whereof was Sir William Phipps ; 
another had thirty-nine children.” 

It is well known that Cotton Mather and his father Dr. 
Increase Mather were very desirous of writing the natural 
history of New England, but neither of them possessed the 
qualities of mind necessary for a natural historian, nor would 
they have been willing to spend the time requisite to an ex- 
amination of our natural productions. Cotton Mather 
probably never saw the skin of a fox, except in a furrier’s 
shop of some of his parishioners, at the North End, in Boston. 


Rey. C. C. Beaman offered a few remarks in defence of 
Mather, thinking he was actuated by a pure desire to diffuse 
information, being a pioneer in this newly settled country. 
He said the clergymen of New England were the first to in- 
troduce the cultivation of flowers, probably obtaining the 
idea in England. In many places on Cape Cod this was par- 
ticularly the case, and at Eastham there are the relics of a 
very ancient garden called the Minister’s Garden, and it is 
well known that the celebrated Rev. Dr. Griffin, wherever 
he went, carried with him a taste for horticulture, and in 
his writings there are frequent allusions to the study of 
nature. In visiting West Gloucester, a year or two since, 
on the occasion of one of the Field Meetings of the Essex 
Institute, his attention was directed to the remains of an old 
garden laid out by a former minister of the place, who died 


123 


? 


about the year 1800. The interest of the clergy in objects 
of this kind is even indicated in the lines of Goldsmith :— 


“Near yonder copse, where once the garden smiled, 
And still where many a garden flower grows wild,— 
There, where a few torn shrubs the place disclose, 
The village preacher’s modest mansion rose.” 


Mr. A. C. Goodell followed, taking the general ground 
that it was a rare instance where a man had gained so ex- 
tensive a reputation upon so small an amount of genuine 
merit, as Cotton Mather had succeeded in doing. He was 
of the opinion that Mather strove to obtain a name among 
men, and continued his remarks to some length, citing facts 
to prove this position, (and alluding to Mather’s connection 
with the witchcraft delusion of 1692,) not offering them, 
however, as of gencral application to the clergy, from the 
fact of Mather’s connection with the Ministry, although it 
might be remembered that not only was Goldsmith’s preacher, 
who had been quoted, devoted to the beautiful in nature, but 


“‘ Far other aims, his heart had learned te prize, 
More skilled to raise the wretched than to rise.” 


Some little discussion followed, Mr. Beaman remarking 
that, while it was quite likely Mather may have committed 
some errors, we cannot rob him of his reputation, although 
we can excuse his faults when we consider the state of society 
of that period. Give him his due, he said; let us honor 
those who were the early pioneers, so far as we can. 


The Chair said that witchcraft was recognized by our 
laws as a crime, and was tried and punished as a crime by 
our Courts. It was recognized throughout the world; and, 
under these circumstances, it, at least, was not just to hold 
Mather accountable for that generally diffused sentiment, 
though he might be one of its victims. He had an agency, 
no doubt in carrying forward these prosecutions, as he was 
a leading person in his day. 


124 


The Institute then adjourned, the donations since the last _ 
meeting having been previously announced as follows :— 


To the Library—from Geo. R. Curwen ; Canadian Insti- 
tute at Toronto; C. B. Richardson of N. Y.; J. B. Felt; 
“A.B. Johnson, Utica, N. Y.; Philadelphia Academy of 
Natural Science ; Boston Society of Natural History ; John 
B. Alley, M. C.; Geo. C. Chase ; Geo. Choate ; G. B. Loring. 

To the Cabinets—from Miss S. A. Chever ; Miss Rebecca 
Johnson of Cohasset; Mrs. F. M. Creamer; Forrest River 
Lead Company ; Arthur Hodges ; John Robinson. 


Monday, January 6, 1862. 


Meeting this evening at Creamer Hall. The President, 
Asahel Huntington, in the chair. 


The records of the preceding meeting were read. 


Letters were announced from Charles E. Brown of Provi- 
dence, R. I.; M. Miles of Lansing, Mich.; New York Mer- 
cantile Library Association; Trustees of Boston Public 
Library; John Robinson. 


Among the articles which had been forwarded to the soci- 
ety was a specimen of the fifteen cent paper currency of the 
Southern Confederacy picked up at Beaufort, and a sheet 
of unsigned military orders of various denominations issued 
by the Board of Supervisors, County of Winnebago, Illinois, 
on the war fund appropriated for the relief of volunteers. 
Also some unginned cotton from Port Royal, and specimens 
of the stones of the Washington well, near Annapolis. 


A. C. Goodell, occupied the evening by reading an inter- 
esting paper on Thomas Maule, and his times. [See His- 
torical Collections of the Institute, vol. iii, page 238.] Du- 
ring the reading, Mr. Goodell presented to the Institute, in 
behalf of Mr. James B. Curwen, a pencil cranias of the old . 


mes, 


125 


house built by Maule, which formerly steod on the spot now 
occupied by the residences of the Messrs. Curwen, on Essex 
Street. It was the house for many years owned and occu- 
pied by the late Deacon Samuel Holman. He also exhibited 
to the meeting a collection of thirteen old mourning rings 
belonging to a family of Salem, and kindly loaned for the 
occasion. 


Donations received since the last meeting, were annownced 
as follows :— 

To the Library—from the Massachusetts Historical Soci- 
ety; N. Y. Mercantile Library Association ; Essex Agricul- 
tural Society; C. K. Whipple of Boston; H. M. Brooks; 
Geo. C. Chase; Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science ; 
Jacob W. Reed of Groveland ; John Robinson; Mrs. N. D. 
Cole; Caleb Foote. 

To the Cabinets—from Joshua Cleaves ; Stephen F. Hath- . 
away ; Wm. Crandall; W. G. Welch ; Mrs. H. M. Coleord 
of South Danvers; Brown E. Shaw; Mrs. James Chamber- 
berlain ; Charles Davis of Beverly ; Wm. Hulin of Rockford, 
Illinois. 


Mr. F. W. Putnam made a few remarks upon a can of 
fish, and reptiles brought from the Hast Indies, by Capt. 
Wm. Crandall. Among them were two specimens of the 
Kast India python ; and in this connection he spoke of the 
different species of this snake, as found in South America, 
Africa and India. 


The Institute then adjourned. 
Monday, January 20, 1862. 


Meeting this evening, the President, Asahel Huntington 
in the chair. / 


126 
Records of the preceding meetings were read. 


Letters were read from A. B. Almon ; Thomas H. Johnson ; 
S. H. Brooks. 


Rev. C. C. Beaman read an interesting paper, being a 
historical sketch of the Howard street Church in Salem, 
with brief notices of the several ministers who have success- 
ively officiated in that place. 


Remarks were offered by Messrs. T. Ropes; J. B. Felt; 
A. ©. Goodell jr., and the Chairman, suggested by the 
above paper and containing many interesting reminiscences 
of the founders of the church and some of their cotempora- 
ries. Mr. Goodell moved that a vote of thanks be tendered 
to Mr. Beaman for his interesting and valuable contribution 
to the ecclesiastical history of the city, and that a copy of 
the same be placed at the disposal of the Committee on Pub- 
lications to be inserted in the Historical Collections. (See 
Historical Collections of the Institute, vol. iii, page 272.) 


Donations since the last meeting were announced as 
follows :— 

To the Library—from the Directors of the Lowell City 
Library ; Vermont Historical Society ; American Academy 
of Arts and Sciences; A. B. Almon; C. B. Richardson of 
New York; Directors of Newburyport Public Library ; Ariel 
L. Cummings of Roxbury ; Wm. Mansfield ; John Robinson ; 
Henry M. Brooks; Geo. C. Chase ; John H. Stone. 

To the Cabinets—from C. H. Fifield; S. H. Brooks; H. 
M. Brooks; H. E. Chever; Thomas H. Johnson. : 


Adjourned. 
Monday, February 3, 1862 


Meeting this evening, A. Huntington, President in the 
chair. 


=—- — 


127 


Records of preceding meeting read. 


Letters were read from Wm. Hulin of Rockford, Iil.-; and 
Wm. Gray Brooks of Boston. 


F. W. Putnam read the following communication from 
A. E. Verrill of the Museum of Comparative Zoology .at 
Cambridge :— 


NoTIcE OF A PRIMNOA FROM St. GEORGE’S BANK. 
BY A. E. VERRILL. 


A specimen of coral now in the collection of the Essex 
Institute has been submitted to me for examination, by Mr. 
F. W. Putnam. 

This was taken in one hundred fathoms of water, on St. 
George’s Bank, and presented by C. H. Fifield to the society, 
Jan. 13th, 1862. It proves to be a genuine coral belonging 
to the genus Primnoa, very much resembling and probably 
identical with Primnoa lepadifera of the northern seas of 
Europe. From the latter however it seems to differ some- 
what in the more irregular branching and in the form of the 
calcareous scales of the polyp cells, but these differences are 
slight and may be merely peculiar to this specimen. In 
order to ascertain its true specific characters we need addi- 
tional specimens, and particularly some preserved in alcohol 
with the polyp cells perfect. 

The specimen consists of several large branching stalks, 
some of them upwards of two feet high, and an inch in 
diameter, attached to a stone by large calcareous bases. 
Part of the polyp cells still remain on the branches, although 
they adhere but slightly when dry. The branches consist 
of alternate concentric layers of calcareous and horn-like 
deposits; the calcareous substance predominating at the 
base of the stalks, while the smallest branches are almost 
entirely composed of the horn-like matter. In this respect 
it differs from the true Gorgonie, for among them the 
axis is entirely horn-like. Im many species of the genus 
Plexaurea there is a large proportion of Carbonate of Lime 
in the basal portion of the axis, while the upper parts are 


128 


horny. In the genera Gorgonella Verrucella and. several 
others the axis is entirely calcareous, as it is in the well 
known Red Coral (Corallium.) In Isis, Mopsea, and other 
related genera it consists of alternate joints or segments of 
calcareous and horn-like deposits. From these facts it is 
evident that the character of having a calcareous or horn- 
like axis is not of so great importance as some naturalists 
have supposed. Thus Dr. J. EH. Gray, has divided the Gor- 
gonide into two sub-orders,* viz:—Lithophyta character- 
ized as having a continuous or jointed calcareous axis and 
Ceratophyta having a horny one. Into the first he puts 
Primnoa, which, as I have shown, is partly horny, and into 
the second, Plezaurea, which is partly calcareous. It is 
therefore evident that such groups are quite artificial. He 
also has a third suborder called Sarcophyia, which corres- 
ponds very nearly to the family of Alcypnide of Dana and 
Milne Edwards. In this group, if we exclude Briareum, 
which should go with the Gorgonide, there is no solid axis 
and the whole mass is composed of tubular polyp cells 
united in various ways in the different genera. This group 
is evidently of higher value than the two other divisions 
mentioned, and should be placed ona level with Gorgonide 
and Pennatulide, as has been done by both Milne Edwards 
and Dana. But these three groups, Alcyonide, Gorgont- 
de and Pennatulide, present gradations of structural char- 
acters which entitle them to be ranked as suborders, rather 
than as families of the order, Alc2 yonaria. 

This order as far as yet ‘known. is represented on the 
northern coast of New England, only by Alcyonium carneum, 
Agassizt and the Primnoa now under consideration. A spe- 
cies of Leptogorgia is found in Long Island Sound, 
while farther south the representatives of the order become 
very numerous. 

The only specimen of Primnoa known to have -been pre- 
viously found on our coast was presented to the Boston Soci- 
ety of Natural History, in Nov. 1860.4 It was taken il 


* On the arrangement of Foenh ire with Pinnated Tentacles, by Dr. J. E. coy . 
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8d series, vol, 4, p. 439. oh 


tOn the structure of the Haleyonoid Polypi. By Louis A ssiz. Pred aa 
the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1850. a 


{Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. Ka P- 418. 


129 


eighty fathoms of water, in the Bay of Fundy, thirty miles 
southeast from Mt. Desert, and although somewhat larger, is 
not so perfect a specimen. 

This is a highly interesting addition to our marine fauna, 
and it is desirable that additional specimens should be ob- 
tained. ) 

The European spccies is said to grow to an immense size, 
sometimes even fifty or sixty feet high; but these accounts 
are probably somewhat exaggerated. 


Mr. Putnam presented the casts of a head of a Flat-head 
Indian and Hottentot, from the Museum of Comparative 
Zoology at Cambridge. He then made a few remarks upon 
the geographical distribution of animals, and pointed out 
the limitation of the Faune, with particular reference to that 
of New England. 


The Chairman, Mr. Huntington, then stated that it might 
not be generally known to the meeting that during the pres- _ 
ent week, there would occur an interesting anniversary, 
namely, that of the ordination of the first missionaries to 
foreign parts, which took place at the Tabernacle church, in 
this city, February 6, 1812. He stated that as the son of 
the Rev. Dr. Samuel Worcester, who took a prominent 
part in the ceremonies and services of that occasion was 
present, he might say something of interest in reference to 
the subject. 


Rev. Dr. Samuel M. Worcester then replied, giving a 
brief but interesting notice of some of the prominent leaders 
in the missionary enterprise, and speaking of the immense 
amount of good that had been accomplished by the move- 
ment, not merely in an evangelical point of view, but in 
reference, also, to philosophy and science. 


The following donations received since the last meeting 
were then announced : 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. lil. LT. 


130 


To the Library—from American Antiquarian Society ; 
Wm. P. Tucker of Bowdoin College ; E. E. Chever ; Boston 
Society of Natural History ; 8. A. Lord of South Danvers ; 
Mass. Legislature; Henry M. Brooks. 

To the Cabinets—from John ©. Chadwick ; Wn. Hulin 
of Rockford, Illinois; E. E. Chever; Geo. F. Austin; C. 
H. Norris; A. C. Gooilell, Jr.; Samuel F. Nichols ; Mrs. F. 
M. Creamer. 


Adjourned. 
Monday, February, 17, 1862. 


Meeting this evening, A. Huntington, President, in the 
chair. 


In the absence of the Secretary, Mr. George D. Phippen 
was chosen Secretary, pro tem. 


Records of preceding meeting read. 


A letter was read from Sanborn Tenney, Esq., of Cam- 
bridge, relative to the delivery of a course of lectures in 
Salem, under the auspices of the Essex Institute, on the 
subject of Geology ; which was referred to the appropriate 
Committee. 


Rey. C. C. Beaman read a paper giving a geographical 
outline of Cape Cod, its discovery, the Indians resident upon 
it, its adaptation to their wants, sustenance from shell and 
other fish, deer and other game, geese and ducks, nuts, 
plums and berries, and the convenience of fresh water in 
ponds and springs, and of salt water in erceks, coves, bays 
and small inlets, passing to a description of the simple and 
happy life led by its original inhabitants before the white 
man came. The settlement by the whites was briefly narra- 
_ ted—the arrival from England in 1639, of the minister 
Lothrop, with a portion of his church, to talks up their abode 


|) a 


131 


in Cummaquid, now Barnstable ; of Rev. William Loveridge, 
with a number of families at Monomet (Sandwich,) and 
organizing a church in 1640 ; of Mr. Matthews at Yarmouth 
with others, nearly at the same time ; and Gov. Prince with 
a part of the Pilgrim church at Nauset (Hastham) in 1644. 

The progress of the Cape in improvements, the social and 
hospitable character of its inhabitants, the number of ship- 
masters, their skill, education and integrity were portrayed 
The fisheries and farming, the beauty of the villages, the 
distinguished merchants and professional men born in this 
region, and achieving for themselves honorable distinction 
in our great cities, and the importance of this portion of our 
territory for the harbors on Massachusetts Bay, and for 
raising up seamen to enrich the nation in peace and protect 
it in war, came under consideration. 


Rev. Joseph B. Felt followed with remarks upon the 
aboriginal inhabitants of the Cape, and the remarkable dis- 
temper that had, a few years previous to its settlement, nearly 
depopulated the region round about, resembling, in many 
respects, the yellow fever. He also alluded to the idolatry 
of the Indians and of the difficulty that the missionary Elliot 
had to contend with on that acconnt. 


Rev. 8. M. Worcester, who had been invited to prepare 
a paper upon the early founders of the American Foreign 
Missionary Society, declined to do so, saying that the sub- 
ject had been already thoroughly prepared, and that any 
questions that might arise would be fully answered by con- 
sulting the pages of a book which he now presented to the 
Institute, just published (1862,) in Boston—* The Memo- 
rial Volume of the First Fifty Years of the American Board 
of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.” He remarked 
that John Elliot derived a large portion of encouragement 
and pecuniary support from the contributions of christian 
friends at home in England. He also spoke of the avowed 


i: 


182 


idolatry of the Indians, of which there is abundant. proof, 
but. which has been often overlooked or misstated by writers 
upon the character of the Indians. 


A. C. Goodell, Esq., and Rev. Mr. Felt, continued a dis- 
cussion of the paper read by Rev. Mr. Beaman, more par- 
ticularly in relation to the early pirates that infested these 
shores, such as Capt. Kidd and John Quelch, and of the’ 
thorough manner in which the Earl of Bellamont suppressed 
this nefarious outlawry. 


After a vote of thanks for the paper which had afforded so 
much information, the President concluded the discussion 
of the evening by remarks tending to clear the skirts of 
Massachusetts from the implication of interest or connivance 
with the buccaneers. He also alluded to prominent men 
who first saw the light of day on that barren Cape, if barren 
it could be considered while so fruitful in the sterling patri- 
otisma of its sons. 


Adjourned. 
Monday, March 10, 1862 


Meeting this evening, A. Huntington, President, in the 
chair. 


Records of preceding meeting read. 


A..E. Verrill, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at. 
Cambridge, being introduced to the meeting, spoke of the 
structure of corals and of the. polyps producing them, and _ 
gaye a history of our knowledge of them. a Pei 


Li ’ 


The class of polyps is now divided by naturalists into two 
principal groups or orders. The first of these orders, ¢a 
Actinoid Polyps or Zoantharia, may be distinguished by hav- 
ing a varying number of simple cylindrical, tentacles. The, 
number varies from twelye to several hundred, but is almost.. 


ty 


133 . 


always some multiple of six. These tentacles increase in 
number by the introduction of new ones between those first 
formed, in a very regular way and according to very beauti- 
ful laws. The common Sea Anemones, or Actinias, belong 
to this order, but they never produce corals. Those kinds, 
by which the corals that are porous and consist of limestone, 
are formed, resemble the Actinias very much, but deposit 
limy matter in their sides and internal membranes and only 
the upper parts of their bodies and their tentacles remain 
soft and flexible. The coral itself is a complete internal 
skeleton of the polyp that forms it. 

These polyps may be very minute or they may be several 
inches or even a foot in diameter. Some, like the Fungia, 
remain always simple and free, but others adhere to rocks 
or other solid substances. Other kinds develop buds upon 
their sides or other parts, and these buds soon become per- 
fect individuals, but generally remain connected with the 
parent polyps so as to form clumps or masses. The star- 
corals (Astrea) and the common branching corals (Madre- 
pora) are formed in this way. Again, some species, when - 
they have reached a certain size, begin to widen and finally 
divide in the centre, so as to form two distinct individuals 
with two mouths, two stomachs and two sets of tentacles, 
from what was before one individual. In some cases the 
separation remains incomplete, and the polyps are united in 
long series. Corals of this kind generally form large solid 
masses and are among the most important of the reef-build- 
ing species. The common Brain Coral (Meandrina) 1s a 
good example of this kind. 

The next order, called Halcyonoid Polyps or Alcyonaria, 
have always eight tentacles and these are always compound 
or lobed along the sides. These also may be soft and pro- 
duce no coral or they may form corals, but never such ones 
as are produced by the Actinoids. Some of them produce 
solid calcareous corals without pores or cells, but such corals 
serve merely as a support for the polyps which are situated ina 
soft external crust and secrete the solid coral from their 
inner membranes. The well known Red Coral is formed in 
this way. Other kinds, such as the Gorgoniz or “ Sea Fans”’ 
and “Sea Plumes’ form solid interior corals resembling 
horn, and are generally dark colored, but the crust that 
covers them and in which the polyps are situated is gener- 


134 


ally friable and brilliantly colored, so that these kinds of 
corals often resemble bright colored sea weeds. The ‘curi- 
ous red coral called Tubipora belongs to this order, and also 
the singular “Sea Pens” (Pennatula) and the strange 
Renilla found on our southern coast, and many other allied 
forms. 

The red coral used for ornaments, ( Corallium rubrum) 
seems to have been known in very ancient times, but the 
first naturalist who mentioned it was Theophrates a disciple 
of Aristotle. By him it was thought to be a mineral sub- 
stance formed in some unknown manner at the bottom of 
the sea. Ovid alludes to them as plants that are soft while 
in the water, but hard when dry. Pliny also considered 
them as plants, and mentioned several other kind, among 
them Gorgonia and Antipathes. From the time of Pliny 
there was but little advance in the study of corals until the 
sixteenth century, when they were studied by the leading 
botanists of that ‘period. Lobel in 1576 gave figures of six 
species found in the Mediterranean. In 1605 Clusius fig- 
ured and described among the marine plants, several foreign 
species of corals. Several other botanists of this period 
added others to the species already known. The works of 
Ferrate Imperato published at Naples were very important. 
Rumphius during a long residence in Amboina, studied the 
corals of that island and made excellent drawings of them, 
but his great work (Herbarium Amboinense) was not pub- 
lished until after his death, in 1705. He had previously, in 
1684, expressed some doubts in regard to the vegetable na- 
ture of the corals, and spoke of their relation to Actinias and 
starfishes, but he gave no proof of their animal nature, and 
his views passed unnoticed. In the beginning of the 
eighteenth century the corals were universally considered 
as plants, and placed among the plants without flowers. 

The first naturalist who studied corals in the living state, was 
- Boccone, but he failed to perceive their true nature, though 
the ascertained many important facts. He learned that it 
was covered when living in the sea with a soft crust, but 
that the coral itself was hard. He opposed the idea of ‘their 
vegetable nature but considered them mineral concretions. - 
His work was published in 1671. Marsilli in 1707 an- 
nounced the discovery of the flowers of the coral, but Shaw 
in 1727 considered the polyps that he had observed on their 
surface, as roots. 


135 


Reaumer in 1727 wrote a treatise on corals, in which he 
considered them as plants and opposed the ideas of an ob- 
server, whose name he withheld, that they were animals. 
This observer was Peysonnel who first studied corals on the 
coast of Barbary, and afterwards at the island of Guadaloupe, 
He made many very careful experiments op the coral polyps 
in a living state, and in a paper communicated to the Royal 
Society of London, in 1751. he fully established their animal 
nature and showed their relation to the Actinias, which had 
long been considered as animals. This paper, however, was 
never published entire. Reaumer became finally convinced 
that he was right, but considered that the hard corals were 
built by the polyps, as bees build their cells ;—an idea which 
still lingers in some of the popular text books. The discov- 
eries of Peysonnel made a complete revolution in the study 
of corals. Ellis also in 1754, proved the animal nature of 
the hydroid polyps ; like Sertwlaria. From this time writers 
on polyps became numerous. In the beginning of the pres- 
ent century Lamark, Oken, Lamouroux and Cuvier in their 
works, brought something of system into the classification of. 
polyps, but still their classifications were unnatural because 
they united all those polyps that produce hard corals into 
one group, and those that always remain soft into another. 
In 1828 Milne Edwards and Audouin made an elaborate study 
of the anatomy of the polyps, and established the two natu- 
ral orders determined by the number and structure of the 
tentacles. The intimate relation between the Actinias and 
coral polyps, had however been well shown by Charles A. 
Lesueur in a paper, accompanied by excellent plates, pub- 
lished in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy in 1817. 

Among the numerous works published during the past 
twenty-five years, the magnificent work of Prof. J. D. Dana, 
of New Haven, on the Zoophytes of the U. S. Exploring Ex- 
pedition, under Capt Wilkes, deserves particular notice. 
This work is accompanied by a large number of excellent 
plates of the coral polyps drawn from life. This work was 
published in 1846. 

About this time a series of monographs of various families 
of corals were commenced by Milne Edwards and Jules 
Haime. These appeared at various times, from 1845 to 
1855, and in 1857 the work entitled Histoire Naturelle des 
Coralliaires was published. This is a complete work on the 


OS ee 
/ Pe oe 


136 


whole class of polyps, both recent and fossil, and must re- 
main the standard work on this class for many years. It 
appeared under the name of Milne Edwards alone, M. Haime 
having died in 1856, but his cooperation in the preparation 
of the work is fully acknowledged in the preface. 

Since these careful researches of Milne Edwards and 
Haime have been published, it may be stated that the polyps 
are known about as thoroughly as any other class. 


A. E. Verrill presented the following catalogue of the 
birds found at Norway, Maine, containing notes on each 
species, such as their relative abundance, the season of the 
year when found, the time of arrival in spring, and when 
possible, the time of laying the eggs. 


CATALOGUE OF THE BirDS FOUND aT Norway, Oxrorp Co., 
MAINE. 


BY A. E. VERRILL. 


In the preparation of the following catalogue I have 
endeavored to give a correct idea of the ornithology of a 
single locality, but do not offer it as a complete enumeration 
of all the species that may be found there. It is indeed 
quite probable that several additional species of the smaller 
birds, such as Warblers, and Sparrows may be not uncom- 
mon, and that various others may be occasionally found as 
rare or accidental visitors. But it seems to me much more 
important in the study of the geographical distribution of 
birds, to know the common and most characteristic birds of 
any region and their relative abundance, than to know every 
species found there without knowing which are common 
and which rare or merely accidental. It is to be regretted 
that so many local lists have been published consisti 
merely of an enumeration of names with no indication of 
those that really belong to the region, in distinction from 
those that are mere stragglers, belonging properly in some 
other country. It is also very important to make a distin 
tion between those that are resident at the locality durir 
the whole year and those that are migratory and found on 
at certain seasons; and among the migratory ones, those 


ail 


—"s | 


187 


that are found in summer, and breed, should be distinguished 
from those that breed further north and come to us only in 
winter, or in spring and fall during their migrations. 

For these reasons I have added remarks after each species 
indicating its season and relative abundance as far as known 
to me, and also, when possible, the time of laying the eggs or 
of hatching the young. I regret that I have not been able 
to make these observations more complete, and would call 
the attention of our naturalists residing in the country to 
these important questions as offering a ficld for useful and 
interesting study. The time occupied in incubation also, is 
known for very few of our most common birds. Another 
interesting question, upon which I trust the present list will 
throw some light, is the determination of the boundaries 
between the Canadian Fauna and that of the Eastern Uni- 
ted States, or Alleghanian Fauna.* Although many of our 
common birds range during the breeding season from Vir- 
ginia, or even farther south, to Labrador, yet when we com- 
pare the birds of Canada or northern Maine, as a whole, 
with those of Massachusetts or any more southern locality, 
we find them very different. Many of the most common 
Canadian summer birds visit us only in winter, or are scen 
only during there passage to and from a still more southern 
climate, and other species that reside there during the whole 
year are never seen, except in rare instances, farther south 
than Northern New England. 

Among the first, I will mention for examples the common 
Blue Snow Bird, Pine Finch, Canada Jay, White-winged 
Crossbill, Pine Grosbeak, Black-poll Warbler, Fox-colored 
Sparrow and many kinds of Ducks and Waders. Among 
the resident birds of Canada, the Spruce Partridge, Ptarmi- 
gan, Hawk Owl, and Black Three-toed Woodpecker are 
examples. On the contrary, many of our common species 
do not breed in Canada or are rare there except in some 
peculiar localities, while other species that are abundant 
here become less common northward and are gradually re- 
placed by allied species having similar habits, though not 
always belonging to the same genera. 


* The term “ Alleghanian Fauna”’ was applied in 1853 to the fauna of the middle 


and Eastern States, by Prof. L. Agassiz, in “*A Sketch of the Natural Provinces 


of the Animal World and their Relation to the different Types of Man,” in Nott and 
‘Glidden’s ‘‘ Types of Mankind.” 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iil. 18. 


138 


There is still a great amount of uncertainty concerning 
the distribution and range of our smaller birds, although it 
is to these that we must chiefly look for the determination of 
Faune, but as far as my observations go the following ap- 
pear to be instances of representation. The Towhee Bunt- 
ing in the Alleghanian Fauna is represented by the Fox-col- 
ored Sparrow in the Canadian; the Grass Sparrow, by the 
Savannah ; the Song Sparrow, in part by the White-throat- 
ed; the Chipping Sparrow, in part by the Tree Sparrow and 
Blue Snow Bird ; the Pine Warbler, by the Yellow Rump ; 
the Prairie Warbler, by the Magnolia and Black Poll; Wil- 
son’s Thrush, by Swainson’s Thrush. These are not however 
given with much confidence, since the observations have not 
yet been made sufficiently general. Many other more or 
less doubtful instances might be added, especially among 
the warblers and flycatchers, but much still remains to be 
done concerning these very interesting groups. It seems to 
be well established however that there are two distinct Fau- 
nz as indicated above. The chief difficulty is to determine 
their boundaries. To me it seems best to take, as a guide 
in determining the northern limits of the Alleghanian 
Fauna, the most southern localities in which those birds pe- 
culiar to the Canadian Fauna commonly breed. ‘The'line 
thus established seems to separate the two Faunez more dis- 
tinctly than any other. The birds which have been most 
useful in this investigation, their habits being best known, 
are the Blue Snow Bird, Pine Finch, Canada Jay, Crossbills, 
Black-Poll Warbler, and Spruce Partridge. Whenever 
these breed abundantly in any region it may safely be con- 
sidered as belonging to the Canadian Fauna. According to 
this arrangement the Adirondack region of New York, the 
northern parts of Vermont and New Hampshire, including 
most of the higher parts of the Green Mountains and all of 
the White Mountains, and even the summits of the higher 
Alleghanies, will be included in the Canadian Fauna. But 
the Alleghanian Fauna will extend northward into some 
parts of Canada West, about Lake Ontario, and along the 
valley of the St. Lawrence, perhaps as far as Montreal. In 
Maine the Canadian Fauna will embrace most of the north- 
ern portion of the state extending southward as far as the 
Umbagog Lakes in the western part. Concerning central 
and northeastern Maine I cannot speak with certainty, but 


139 


the coast region, from Mount Desert to Eastport, together 
with the islands in the Bay of Fundy, and the southeastern 
coast of New Brunswick, belong to the Canadian Fauna. 

The central and southern parts of Nova Scotia however, 
are somewhat more southern in character. 

It will doubtless be found that other animals, and per- 
haps plants, agree to a certain extent with the birds in their 
distribution. JI have found that forests of Spruce and 
White Birch, so characteristic of the northern parts of New 
England, generally commence with the southern limits of 
the Canadian Fauna, yet most of the birds seem in no way 
dependent upon such forests, and many do not even frequent 
them. 

The situation of Norway is about forty miles south of the 
Umbagog Lakes, and about the same distance north of Port- 
land, yet the birds agree more nearly with those of Massa- 
ehusetts than with those of the Umbagog region. It may 
be considered as very near the northern limit of the Alle- 
ghanian Fauna. 

The notes and specimens that have served for the basis of 
the following list were obtained during a residence of sev- 
eral years at the locality, but I have also received much as- 
sistance and many specimens from my brothers, B. D. Verrill 
and G. W. Verrill, and from my friend Mr. Sydney I. Smith. 

In this list I have followed the classification adopted by 
Prof. S. F. Baird in the General Report on the Birds of 
North America, (Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad 
Route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, 
vol. ix.) 


Fatco ANATUM, Bon. Duck Hawk. Spring and fall. Rare. 
I have seen this species only during the migrations of the 
ducks in spring and fall. I have been informed by 
George A. Boardman Esq. of Milltown, Maine, that he has 
known it to breed on a cliff at Grand Menan. 


F. cotumBarius, Linn. Pigeon Hawk. Spring and fall. 
Rare. I have never succeeded in obtaining a specimen of 
this hawk at Norway, and have seen it only a few times. 
The species generally called “Pigeon Hawk” in New 
England is Accipiter fuscus. 

F. canpicans, Gm. Jer Falcon, “ White Hawk.” Win- 
ter. Not uncommon. A white hawk probably of this 


140 


species is frequently seen during winter flying about 
extensive meadows near Norway, but they are very shy 
and watchful and I have never been able to procure a 
specimen. 

F. sparvertus, Linn. Sparrow Hawk. Spring and fall. 
Not very common. This species possibly breeds at Nor- 
way although I have never seen it there in summer. 


ASTUR ATRICAPILLUS, Bon. Goshawk, “ Blue Hawk.” Res- 
ident. Common. Breeds. This isone of our most com- 
mon hawks. When in the brown immature plumage it is 
usually confounded under the name of “* Hen Hawk,” 
with Buteo borealis and B. lineatus. It may always: be 
distinguished readily from either, by its more slender 
form, relatively longer legs and tail, and shorter wings. 


AccrpITER Cooperi, Bon. Cooper’s Hawk. Summer vis- 
itant. Not common. 


A. Fuscus, Bon. Sharp-shinned Hawk. Summer visitant. 
very common. Breeds. Arrives the last of March or 
first of April. The young are fully grown by the first 
of August. 


Bureo BOREALIS, Vieill. Red-tailed Hawk. “ Hen Hawk.” 
Summer visitant. Common. Breeds. Arrives about the 
middle of March. The eggs are laid about the middle of 
April. 

B. LINEATUS, Jard. Red-shouldered Hawk. Summer vis" 
itant. Not very common. Breeds. The only eggs o 
this species that I have obtained at Norway were 
collected May 24th, 1860. The differences in size 
between specimens referred to this species from Florida, 
and those from Maine and other parts of New England, 
are very great, and may indicate a_ specific difference, 
although there is little or no difference in color. Nor 
would this be the only instance in this family where 
species, recognized as distinct, differ in no important 
character except size. This is particularly the case in the 
three North American species of Accipiter. I give below 
a table of comparative measurements taken from speci- 
mens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cam- 
bridge, except the last one which is copied from meas- 
urements given in the General Report on the Birds of 
North America. 


141 


Ke ee a a co. Zz 
cae | a gs | 8 | Bs 
Locality and by “2 a ee: = g gz al Zé a s bE er 
whom collected Eas. be = re ges £3 
Ars oF .< < aS 
= = S eo) 
Length, - - |/19 in. 15.50* |15.75* [17.50 
| | —_ 
Extent, - - 41.50 | 34.50" 55.75* (37.00 
| 
| | 
Wing, - - - | 18.50 13.75 [14.00 | 10.50 |11.00 (11.10 
| | 
Tail,- - - - || 9.00 | 8.50 | 9.00 || 7.80 | 7.25 | 
| | 
Tarsus, - - || 8.20 | 3.00 | 8.20 | 2.80 | 2.70 | 
Leg from I | 
knee joint, || 9.50 ts | 7.50 | 7.50 | 
Nature of || Alco- I 
specimen, | holic. | Skin. | Skin. Skin. | Skin. |Skin. 
Sex and || No. young 
Oa ee eee | eee || CRU g | DONS eae Se 


It is stated however by several excellent observers that 
the difference of size, in this, and several other species of 
hawks, is due to the effect of the climate, and, that interme- 
diate forms exist in the Middle States. By Audubon they 
were considered distinct species, the northern form being 
called Falco hyemalis, Gm. He also states that they differ 
greatly in their habits. For the present therefore it may be 
well to consider the large northern form as a variety, apply- 
ing to it the name, Buteo lineatus, var. hyemalis, Gm. 


BUTEO PENNSYLVANICUS, Bon. Broad-winged Hawk. Sum- 
mer visitant. Common. Breeds. A nest found June 
12th, 1858, contained two eggs nearly hatched. This spe- 
cies is still more abundant near the Umbagog Lakes, and 
is apparently the most common Hawk in that vicinity. 


* Measurements made from the specimens while fresh, by the collector. 


142 


ARCHIBUTEO SANCTI-JOHANNIS, Gray. Black Hawk. ~~ Win- 
ter visitant. Not common. This species is occasionally 
seen in autumn and winter. I have never met with A. 
lagopus, although it probably occurs. 


Circus uupsontus, Vieill. Marsh Hawk. Summer visi- 
tant. Very common. Breeds. Arrives from the middle 
to the last of April. Lays generally six eggs ina nest 
on the ground. Ihave found young just hatched, June 
9th, and others just beginning to fly, July 9th. 


AQUILA CANADENSIS, Cassin. Golden Eagle. Winter. 
Rare. 


HALIAETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS, Savigny. White-headed Eagle. 
Resident. Common. Breeds. Usually, but improp- 
erly called “ Bald Eagle.” Ihave been told by an old 
hunter, of an eagle of much larger size killed in this region, 
which may have been the little known ‘“ Washington 
Eagle” of Audubon. 


PANDION CAROLINENSIS, Bon. Fish Hawk. Summer visi- 
tant. Not very common. Frequently seen about our 
lakes and rivers in summer, but I have. never found it 
breeding in this vicinity. Arrives about the middle of 
April. 

Buso VIRGINIANUS, Bon. Great Horned Owl. ‘ Cat Owl.” 
Resident. Very common. Breeds. Ihave obtained the 
young of this species nearly half grown, but still covered 
with down, May Ist, 1857, from a nest in a tall, hollow 
pine. There were three young in the nest, one of which 
was considerably smaller than the other two. ‘One of the 
jatter, a male, is now alive at the Aquarial Gardens in 
Boston, and is in excellent plumage and of unusually 
darge size, but has never shown any signs of gentleness or 
submission. I have obtained young just beninning to 


fly, June 8th. I have seldom found nests among the 
branches of trees. 


Scops asio, Bon. Mottled Owl, Red Owl, Screech Ovl. 
Resident. Common. Breeds. 


Orus Witsonranus, Les. Long-eared Owl, Resident. 
Common. Breeds. This species is quite common, éespe- 
cially in autumn. 


143 


The Short-eared Owl (Brachyotus Cassinii) probably 
also occurs, but I have never obtained any specimens. 


SYRNIUM CINEREUM, Aud. Great Gray Owl. Winter visi- 
tant. Very rare. 


S. NEBULOSUM, Gray. Barred Owl. Resident. Common. 
Breeds. 


NYCTALE AcaDIcAa, Bon. Saw-whet Owl, Little Owl. Resi- 
dent. Common. Breeds. 


NYcCTEA NIVEA, Gray. Snowy Owl. Winter visitant. Not 
common. This species is very gentle and becomes tame 
very readily in confinement, differing greatly in this 
respect from the Great Horned Owl. 


SURNIA ULULA, Bon. Hawk Owl. Autumn and winter. 
Common. This species is quite common from the first 
of November to the middle of March. I have never seen 
it in summer. 


CoccYyGUS AMERICANUS, Bon. Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Sum- 
mer visitant. Not common. Ihave never found nests of 
this species at Norway, although it probably breeds there. 


C. ERYTHROPHTHALMUS, Bon. Black-billed Cuckoo. Sum- 
mer visitant. Common. Breeds. Much more common 
than the last. Have not observed it before the 20th of 
May. 


Picus vittosus, Linn. Hairy Woodpecker. Resident. 
Very common. Breeds. 


P. PUBESCENS, Linn. Downy Woodpecker. Resident. Very 
common. Breeds. The young remain in the nest until 
the last of July or first of August, and are then fully 
grown. 


Picoipes aroticus, Gray. Black-backed Three-toed Wood- 
pecker. Spring, fall and winter. Very common. This 
species is abundant from the middle of October to the 
middle of March. Have never seen it here in summer. 


SPHYRAPICUS VaARIUS, Baird. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker. 
Summer visitant. Common. Breeds. Arrives about 
the middle of April. This is the true “Sap Sucker” 
which injures apple trees, though the Downy Woodpecker 
is too often unjustly punished for it. 


144 


Hy.atomus PILEaTUs, Baird. Pileated Woodpecker, Black 
‘Woodcock. Resident. Common. Breeds. Most com- 
mon in winter. 


MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS, Sw. Red-headed Wood- 
pecker. Summer visitant. Rare. 


CoLAPTES AURATUS, Sw. ‘“ Yellow Hammer.” Summer 
visitant. Very common. Breeds. Generally arrives the 
last of March. Eggs laid the last week in May. 


TrocuILus cotusrrs, Linn. Humming Bird. Summer 
visitant. Common. Breeds. Arrives about the middle 
of May. 


CHAETURA PELASGIA, Steph. Chimney Swallow. Sum- 
visitant. Abundant. Breeds. Arrives the second week 
in May.: 7 

ANTROSTOMUS VOCIFERUS, Bon. Whip-poor-will. Summer 
visitant. Common. Breeds. Arrives May 3d to 20th. 
The eggs are laid the first of June. 


CHORDEILES POPETUE, Baird. Might Hawk. Summer visitant. 
Common. Breeds. Arrives the last of April. Eggs laid 
early in June. 


CERYLE ALCYON, Boir. Belted King Fisher. Summer visi- 
tant. Common. Breeds. Sometimes seen in winter, 
but not numerous until the middle of April. Have found 
the eggs in March. 


TYRANNUS CAROLINENSIS, Baird. King Bird. Sousa vis- 
itant. Very common. Breeds. Arrives about May 
10th. Eggs are laid the first week in June. 


MyIaARcuus cRINITUs, Cab. Great Crested Flycatcher. Sum- 
mer vVisitant. Rare. 


Sayornis Fuscus, Baird. Pewee. Summer visitant. Com- 
mon. reeds. Often seen as early as the first of March, 
and becomes common by the first of April. Very irregu- 
lar in its time of nesting. The young are, generally 
hatched the last of May. a 

(CONTOPUS BOREALIS, Baird. Olive-sided Flycatcher. Sum- 


mer visitant. Not. very common. Probably breeds. 
Not observed before the 20th of May. This. Final is 


145 


quite common at the Umbagog Lakes. 


€. virens, Cab. Wood Pewee. Summer visitant. Com- 
mon. Breeds. Arrives the last of May. Much less 
common than in Massachusetts. 


Empiponax TrRaIuu. Baird. Traill’s Flycatcher. Sum- 
mer visitant. Not common. Arrives the third week in 
May. 

E. minimus. Baird. Least Flycatcher. Summer visitant. 
Common. Breeds. Arrives about the middle of May. 


E. FLAVIVENTRIS, Baird. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Sum- 
mer visitant. Not very common. ‘The only specimens 
procured were shot from the last of May to the middle of 
June. 


Turpus Pauuasi, Cab. Hermit Thrush. Summer visitant. 
Very common. Breeds. ‘This is the most common 
Thrush except the Robin. The nest is built upon the 
ground. The eggs, four in number, are rather oblong 
and bright blue. Arrives April 16th to 25th. The eggs 
are laid the last of May. 


T. FUSCESCENS, Steph. Wilson’s Thrush. Summer visitant. 
Not common. Breeds. Builds its nest upon the ground. 
Eggs light blue. 


T. Swarnsoni, Cab. Olive-backed Thrush. Summer visi- 
tant. Rare. More common northward. I have never 
found this species breeding at Norway. The nest is built 
in low trees or bushes. The eggs are bluish-green spot- 
ted with light brown. . 


T. micraTorius, Linn. Robin. Summer visitant. Very 
abundant. Breeds. Arrives the last of March. Eggs 
are laid the second week in May. 


SIALIA SIALIS, Baird. Blue Bird. Summer visitant. Very 
common. SBreeds. Generally arrives the last week in 
March. The eggs are often laid the third week in April. 
Sometimes remains till the middle of October. 


REGULUS CALENDULA, Licht. Ruby-crowned Wren. Spring 
and fall. Sometimes very common in May. Arrives in 
spring about the 20th of April. Common in fall the last 
of October and first of November. 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iii. 19. 


146 


R. satrapa, Licht. Golden-crested Wren. Spring and 
fall. Not very common. According, to Mr. S. I. Smith 
a few remain during summerin the dense cedar swamps 
and probably breed. Arrives in spring about the 20th of 


April. In fall, common from the last of October to De- 
cember. 


Mniovitra varia, Vieill. Black and White Creeper. Sum- 
mer visitant. Not common. Breeds. , 


PARULA AMERICANA, Bon. Blue Yellow-backed Warbler. 
Summer visitant. Not common. Breeds. Not observed 
before the 20th of May. | 


GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS, Cab. Maryland Yellow Throat. Sum- 
mer visitant. Very common. Breeds. Arrives about 


the middle of May. The eggs are laid the last of May or 
first of June. 


The Mourning Warbler ( G. Philadelphia) will proba- 
bly be found, but I have not observed it. 


HELMINTHOPHAGA RUFICAPILLA, Baird. Nashville Warbler., 
Summer visitant. Rare. Arrives the second week in 
May. Sometimes common in spring. 


The Tennessee Warbler (HZ. peregrina) will probably 
be found as a rare species. 


SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS Sw. Golden-crowned Thrush. Oven 
Bird Summer visitant. Common. Breeds. Arrives 
early in May. ) 


S. NOVEBORACENSIS, Nutt. Water Thrush. Summer visitant. 
Not very common. A nest, found June 8, 1861, in a dense 
cedar swamp, was built in an excavation in the side of 
a decayed moss covered log, so that the excavation itself 
formed an arch over the nest, instead of one made by the 
bird, as in the preceding species. The nest was con- 
structed of moss and lined with fine roots. The five 
eggs, were of a delicate flesh color, spotted with light 
reddish brown. Arrives the first of May. 


DENDROICA VIRENS, Baird. Black-throated Green Warbler. 


Summer vikitant- Notcommon. Breeds. Arrives the sec- 
- ond week in May. , 


D. cANADENSIS, Baird. Black-throated Blue Warbler. Sum- 
mer visitant, Not common. 


147 
D. coronata, Gray. Yellow-rumped Warbler. Spring and 


autumn. Very commom. Not known to breed in this 
- vicinity. Arrives the first week in May. 


D. BLACKBURNIA, Baird. Blackburnian Warbler. Summer 

- visitant. Not uncommon, but rarely seen on account of 
its habit of keeping concealed among the dense foliage. 
Breeds. Arrives the third week in May. 


ID. castanga, Baird. Bay-breasted Warbler. Spring and 
fall. Rare. The only specimen obtained was shot by 
my brother, G. W. Verrill, in June. 


D. PENNSYLVANICA, Baird. Chestnut-sided Warbler. Summer 
visitant. Rather common. Breeds. Arrives the second 
week in May. 


D. striata, Baird. Black Poll Warbler. Summer visitant. 


Not often seen at Norway insummer, but very common 
at the Umbagog Lakes. 


D. mstiva, Baird. Yellow Warbler, often called Swnmer 
Yellow Bird. Summer visitant. Very common. Breeds. 
Arrives about the middle of May. The eggs are laid the 
first week in June. 


D. macutosa, Baird. Magnolia Warbler. Spring and fall. 
Not common. One specimen was shot in June. Not 
known to breed here. 

The Cape May Warbler, (D. tigrina) will probably be 
found as a rare bird. 


D. pALMARUM, Baird. Yellow Red-poll Warbler. Spring and 
fall. Common. Arrives about the middle of April, ear- 
lier than any other Warbler. Possibly a few may re- 

~ main and breed. Common the last of September and 
first of October, leaves about the middle of October. 


MylopioctTsEs PusiLLus, Bon. Wilson’s Black-cap Flycatcher. 
Summer visitant. Not common. The only specimen ob- 
tained at Norway was shot by Clarence M. Smith, in 
June. 


M. caNApEnsIs, Aud. Canada Flycatcher. Summer visitant. 
Common. Breeds. Arrives about the middle of May. 


SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA, Sw. Red Start. Summer visitant. Com- 
mon. Breeds. Arrives about the middle of May. 


148 


PYRANGA RUBRA, Vieill. Scarlet Tanager. Summer visitant. 
Rare. 


HirRUNDO HORREORUM, Barton. Barn Swallow. Summer visi- 
tant. Abundant. Breeds. Arrives April 22d to May ist. 


H. tunirrons, Say. Eaves Swallow, Cliff Swallow. Summer. 
visitant. Abundant. Breeds. Arrives early in’ May. 
The eggs are laid the first of June. 


H. sicotor, Vieill. White-bellied Swallow. Summer visitant. 
Common. Breeds. Arrives by the middle of April. Gen- 
erally nests in ‘ Martin Houses,” or in sheltered places 
about the eaves of buildings. 


CoTyLe RIPARIA, Boice. Bank Swallow. Summer visitant. 
Abundant. Breeds. Arrives the second week in May. 
The eggs are laid the first week in June. 


PROGNE PURPUREA, Boie. Martin. Summer visitant. Abund- 
ant. Breeds. Arrives the last week in April. Some- 
times a few come a little earlier. 


AMPELIS CEDRORUM, Baird. Cedar Bird. Summer visitant 
Abundant. Breeds. Sometimes seen as early as the first 
of March, but is quite irregular in its habits. 


COLLYRIO BOREALIS, Baird. Butcher Bird Shrike. Autumn 
and winter. Common. 


VIREO OLIVACEUS, Vieill. Red-eyed Flycatcher. Summer visi- 
tant. Very common. Breeds. Arrives about the middle 
of May. 


V. ettvus, Bon. Warbling Flycatcher. Summer visitant. 
Common. Breeds. Arrives the first of May. 


V. sourrartus, Vieill. Blue-headed Flycatcher. Summer visi-. 
tant. Notvery common. Breeds. Arrives during the 
second week in May. 


MIMUS CAROLINENSIS, Gray. Cat Bird. Summervisitant. Very 
common. Breeds. Arrives May 15 to 20th. The eggs 
are laid the second week in June. 


HARPORHYNCHUS RUFUS, Cab. Brown Thrush. Summer visi- 
tant. Common. Breeds. Arrives about the middle of May. 
The eggs are laid the first of July and perhaps earlier. 


ed» 
1 


149 


TROGLODYTES ZDON, Vicill. House Wren. Summer visitant. 
Common. Breeds. Arrives about the middle of May. 


T. HYEMALIS, Vieill. Winter Wren. Probably resident. Not 


common. I have seen it only in spring. 


T. americanus, Aud. Wood Wren. Spring and fall. Not 
common. Possibly breeds. 


CERTHIA AMERICANA, Bon. American Brown Creeper. Sum- 
mer visitant. Not common. Breeds. 


SITTA CAROLINENSIS, Gm. White-bellied Nuthatch. Resident. 


Common. Breeds. 


S. canapDEnsis, Linn. Red-bellied Nuthatch. Resident. Very 
common. Breeds. 

PaRUS ATRICAPILLUS, Linn. Chickadee. Resident. Very com- 
mon. Breeds. The eggs are laid in May. I have found 
young the first week in June. 


EREMOPHILA CORNUTA, Boie. Shore Lark. Winter visitant. 
Not common. 


PINICOLA CANADENSIS, Cab. Pine Grosbeak. Winter visitant. 
Very common. 


CARPODACUS PURPUREUS, Gray. Purple Finch. Summer visi- 
tant. Common but much less abundant than near the 
Umbagog Lakes. Breeds. Arrives the first of April. 


CHRYSOMITRIS TRISTIS, Bon. Yellow Bird, Thistle Bird. Sum- 
mer visitant. Very common. Breeds. Arrives the sec- 
ond week in May. Remains till the first of November. 


C. Pinus, Bon. Pine Finch. Spring and Autumn. Common. 
Not observed breeding at Norway, but found very common 
near the Umbagog Lakes in July, evidently breeding. 
Breeds, also, among the White Mountains, where it is 
very common. 


CURVIROSTRA AMERICANA, Wils. Red Crossbill. Spring and 
summer. Common. 


C. LeucopTeRA, Wils. White-winged Crossbill. Winter visi- 
tant. Common. 


ANGIOTHUS LINARIA, Cab. Red Poll Linnet. Fall, winter and 
spring. Very common. Most abundant in March and 
April. 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. ili. 193. 


150 


PLECTROPHANES NIVALIS, Meyer. Snow Bunting, gone 
Snow Bird. Winter visitant. Common. 


The Lapland Longspur (P. lapponicus) will also un- 
doubtedly be occasionally met with, in winter. 


PASSERCULUS SAVANNA, Bon. Savannah Sparrow. Summer 
visitant. Common. Breeds. Arrives April 15th to 20th. 
The eggs are usually-laid by the middle of May. 


POGCETES GRAMINEUS, Baird. Grass Finch. Summer visi- 
- tant. Common. Breeds. Arrives about the middle of 
April. The eggs are laid the first of June. 


‘ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS, Sw. White-crowned Sparrow. 
Spring and fall. Rare. ) 


Z. aupicouyis, Bon.  White-throated Sparrow, “Peabody 
Bird.” Summer visitant. Common. Breeds. This 
beautiful sparrow, though quite common at Norway, is 

much more abundant near the Umbagog Lakes. Arrives 
abont the middle of April. 


JUNCO HYEMALIS, Sclat. Blue Snow Bird. Winter, spring 
and fall. Abundant. I have never found this bird breed- 
ing at Norway, but it is very common, and breeds, at the 
Umbagog Lakes and among the White Mountains. 


SPIZELLA MONTICOLA, Baird. Tree Sparrow. Spring and 


fall. Common. Most abundant from the middle to last 
ot April. ' 


‘S. pusiLyA, Bon. Field Sparrow. Summer visitant. Com- 
mon. Breeds. Arrives the last of April. 
‘S. soctatis, Bon. Chipping Sparrow. Summer visitant. 


Very common. Breeds. Arrives the first week in April. 
“The eggs are laid the last of May. — 


“MELOSPIZA MELODIA, Baird. Song Sparrow. Summer. visi- 
tant. Very common. Breeds. Arrives March 18 to 
30th. The eggs are laid about the middle of May. 


M. patusrris, Baird. Swamp Sparrow. Summer visitant. 
Not common. Breeds. 


_PASSERELLA ILIACA, Sw. Fox-colored Sparrow. Spring and 
fall. “Common. 


GUIRACA LUDOVICIANA, Sw. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Sum- 
mer Visitant. Not common. 


151 


CYANOSPIZA CYANEA, Baird. Indigo Bird. Summer visitant. 
Common. Breeds. Arrives early in May. 


PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS, Vieill. Towhee Bunting. Sum- 
mer visitant. Notcommon. Breeds. Arrives the first of 
May. 

Do.LicHonyx oRyzIvorus, Sw. Bobolink. Summer visitant. 
Very common. Breeds. Arrives about the middle of 
May. The eggs are laid early in June. 


MoLoTHRUS PECoRIS, Sw. Cow Blackbird. Summer visitant. 
Common. Breeds. Arrives usually the first week in 
April. 

AGELXUS PHENICEUS, Vieill.  Red-wing Blackbird. Sum- 
mer visitant. Very common. Breeds. Arrives March 
20th to April 4th. The eggs are laid the last of May. 


Icrerus Bautrmore, Daud. Baltimore Oriole. Summer visi- 
tant. Common. Breeds. Arrives from the first, to the 
middle of May. 


SCOLECOPHAGUS FERRUGINEUS, Sw. Rusty Blackbird. Spring. 
Common. Arrives before the middle of April. 


QUISCALUS VERSICOLOR, Vieill. Crow Blackbird. Summer 
visitant. Common. Breeds. Arrives the last of March 
or first of April. 


CorVUS AMERICANUS, Aud. Common Crow. Resident. Very 
abundant. Breeds. Not often seen in midwinter. The 
eggs are laid at various times from April to June. I have 
found young nearly large enough to fly May 25th, and 
eggs at the same time. 


C. CaRNIVoRUS, Bart. American Raven. Accidental. Very 
rare. 


CYANURA CRISTATA, Sw. Blue Jay. Resident. Abundant. 
Breeds. Notoften seen in midwinter. Becomes abund- 
ant by the middle of March. 


PERISOREUS CANADENSIS, Bon. Canada Jay. Winter visitant. 
Common. — 


ECToPISTES MIGRATORIA, Sw. Wild Pigeon. Summer visitant. 
Common. Breeds. Arrives from the 7th of April to the 
4th of May. 


aT ae tee 


152 


TETRAO CANADENSIS, Linn... Spruce Partridge. Accidental 
and very rare at Norway, but a common resident near the 
Umbagog Lakes. 


BonasSA UMBELLUS, Steph. Ruffed Grouse, ‘ Partridee” 
Resident. Very common. Breeds. The drumming 
of the male, I have heard from the 10th of April to the 
7th of June. The young are hatched about the first of 
June. 

ArpEA Ueropias, Linn. Great Blue Heron. Summer visi- 
tant. Common. Breeds in cedar swamps abundantly. 
There are generally several nests in a tree. Arrives the 
last of March or first of April. 


BOTAURUS LENTIGINOSUS, Steph. Bittern, “Stake Driver.’ 
Summer visitant. Common. Breeds. Arrives early in 
May, perhaps earlier. 


CHARADRIUS ViRGINICUS, Borck. Golden Plover. Autumn. 
Common. 


PHILOHELA MINOR, Gray. American Woodcock. Summer 
visitant. Not common. Breeds. 


ACTODROMAS MACULATA, Cassin. Jack Snipe. Autumn. Not 
common. One specimen obtained and several others 
seen.—S. I. Smith. 


GAMBETTA MELANOLEUCA, Bon. Tell Tale. Summer visi- 
tant. Not common. 


G. ruavires, Bon. Yellow Legs. Summer visitant. Not 
common. Have seen this, or the preceding, species about 
the Umbagog Lakes in summer, where it probably breeds 
in small numbers. 


RHYACOPHILUS SOLiTARIUS, Bon. Solitary Sondpiper. Sum- 
mer visitant. Not very common. It is doubtful whether 
it breeds here. Arrives the first of May or earlier. 


TRINGOIDES MACULARIUS, Gray. Spotted Sandpiper.” Sum- 
mer visitant. Very common. Breeds. Arrives the first 
of April. 


AcTITURUS incu ane Bon.. Field Plover. Summer vis: 


itant. Common. Breeds. Arrives in rag The eggs . 
are laid about the first of June. me. 


wii 


153 


Porzana carouina, Vieill. Common Rail. Summer visi- 
tant. Not common. 


BERNICLA CANADENSIS, Boie. Wild Goose. Spring and 
fall. Common. 


B. prenta, Steph. Brant. Spring and Fall. Common. 
Anas poscuas, Linn. Mallard. Spring and fall. Rare. 


A. opscura, Gm. Black Duck. Summer visitant. Com- 
mon. Breeds. Arrives the last of March or first of April. 
The young are hatched during the latter part of June. 
The eggs are often laid before the middle of May. 


QUERQUEDULA DIscors, Steph. Blue-winged Teal. Spring 
and fall. Common. 


Arx sponsa, Boie. Wood Duck. Summer visitant. Com- 
mon. Breeds. 


Fuuix AFFINIS, Baird. Black-headed Duck. Spring and 
fall. Not common. 


F. cotuaris, Baird. Ring-necked Duck. Spring and fall. 
Not common. 


AYTHYA AMERICANA, Bon. Red-headed Duck. Spring and 
fall. Rare. 


BUCEPHALA AMERICANA, Baird. Golden Eye, “ Whistler.” 
Spring and fall. Common. Sometimes seen in midwinter. 
B. ALBEOLA, Baird. Buffel Head. Spring and fall. Common. 


HARELDA GLACIALIS, Leach. Old Squaw. Spring and fall. 
Not common. 


PELIONETTA PERSPICILLATA, Kaup. Surf Duck. Spring 
fall. Rare. 


MERGUS AMERICANUS, Cass. Sheldrake. Spring and fall. 
Common. 


M. seRRATOR, Linn. Red-breasted Sheldrake. Spring and 
fall. Not common. 


LaRUS ARGENTATUS,* Brunn. Herring Gull. Accidental. 
Often seen about our rivers and lakes in summer. 


Z * Since Ba ee rs eg Herring Gull has been separated from the 
uropean, under the name of Larus Smithsonianus, by Mr. Elliott ; 
Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1862, p. 296.) te Sense 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iii. 20. 


154 


CHR@COCEPHALUS PHILADELPHIA, Lawr. Bonaparte’s Gull. 
Spring and fall. Not common. Often seen about our 
rivers and lakes, and can hardly be considered as acci- 
dental. 


A specimen in immature plumage shot Aug. 10, 1858 is 
remarkable for the shortness and slenderness of its bill even 
when compared with other specimens shot at the same season, 
but as in other species of gulls the bill is a long time in 
reaching its full length, this may be due merely to age. In 
this specimen the head and neck are white with a broad 
patch of grayish slate on the upper and posterior part of the 
head and a roundish spot of slate below and posterior to each 
eye. This spot is formed by the dark tips of the auriculars. 
The back and greater wing coverts are light grayish blue, but 
this color is nearly concealed on the back between the 
shoulders and on the scapulars by the brownish tips of the 
feathers, each of these being edged and broadly tipped with 
yellowish white and below this with brown; some of the 
lesser coverts are of the same color, but those near the bend 
of the wing are dark slate. 


The primaries are all tipped with black for about an inch 
and this color extends along the whole length of the outer 
and part of the inner webs of the two first primaries, and 
along the greater part of the outer web of the third; the 
other primaries, with the extreme tips of all except the two 
first, are light bluish gray ; the rump, tail coverts, and greater 
part of the tail, pure white; the tail is crossed at the end by 
a band of black three-fourths of an inch wide, the extreme 
tips of the tail feathers being white. All the under parts 
pure white, except the sides of the breast where there is a 
patch of very light brown; bill light brown at the base, 
darker at the end ; legs and feet very light yellow without 
any tinge of the orange-red seen in those of the adult.’ The 
bill is slender, slightly curved at the end, and without the 
notch seen in that of the mature bird. ; 


tr’ y 


155 


Comparative Measurements. 


No: | No 

146 | 178 

Length (fresh specimens)- - - - 14in. (13.50 
Extent of wings, = - - - - - (38 31.50 
Wing, - - ae - - (10.50 (10.25 
Tarsus, - - - - - - - | 1.30 | 1.28 
’ Middle toe, - - - - : - | 1.42 | 1.40 
Head and bill, - - - - - - | 8.00 | 2.70 
Bill along top, - . - - - | 1.30 | 1.00 
Bill from feathers of side “33 upper mandible, | 1.05 | .84 
Bill from do. of lower mandible, - | 1.30 | 1.00 
Bill from the nostrils, - - - - 67 O2 
Bill from prominence of the lower mandible, | .50 30 
Width of bill (opposite feathers of the side) 24 | .16 


No. 146 is a full plumaged male shot in May.. 
No. 178 is the young specimen described above. 


CoLymBus tTorquATUS, Brunn. Loon. Northern Diver. 
Summer visitant. Very common. Breeds. Arrives 
about the middle of April. The eggs are laid about the 
middle of June and sometimes later. Young are hatched 
the first week in July. 


C. arcticus, (?) Linn. Black-throated Diver. A speci- 
men inimmature plumage shot May 6th, 1858, agrees 
very closely with Audubon’s description of the young of 
this species, but seems to be rather the young of C. tor- 
quatus. I have never obtained an undoubted specimen 
of C. arcticus. 

Popiceps cornutus, Lath. Horned Grebe. Spring and 
Fall. Not common. 


PopyLimsus Popicers, Lawr. Water Witch. Spring and 
fall. Common. It is possible that this species breeds 
here, but I have never seen it in summer. 


156 
BIRDS FOUND IN MAINE NOT OBSERVED AT NORWAY. 


In order to render the foregoing catalogue more complete 
and valuable for comparison, the following list of addi- 
tional species, that have been found in other parts of the 
state, is added. Thcy belong principally to three classes,— 
1st, those that frequent the seacoast exclusively, either in 
summer or winter, or during their migrations,—2d, those 
that belong farther south and only come into the extreme 
southwestern part of the state, or occasionally, farther 
northward,—8d, those that are accidental visitors from other 
regions. Besides these there are a few that undoubtedly 
occur at Norway but have been overlooked, and some that 
visit the more northern parts of Maine from the artic regions 
in winter. 


When I have not myself observed the species in the state, 
I have added the name of the person who has made the 
observations, and in case there are several, the one who has 
made them the most recently. I have intentionally omitted 
several species that have been attributed to Maine, because 
I have no direct information concerning them. 


Cathartes aura, Ill. Accidental.—G. A. Boardman. 

Archibuteo lagopus, Gray. Winter; perhaps resident; not 
rare. . 

Brachyotus Cassinii, Brewer. Resident; not uncommon. 

Nyctale Richardsoni, Bon. Not common ; perhaps resident 
nortiward.—G. A. Boardman. | 

Picoides hirsutus, Gray. Winter; not common. Calais, 
Me.—G. A. Boardman. 

Anthus ludovicianus, Licht. Autumn; occasionally in 
flocks—G. A. Boardman. 

Geothlypis Philadelphia, Baird. Waterville; in July with 
young.—Prof. C. EK. Hamlin. 

Helmitherus vermivorus, Bon. Summer; southern Maine; 
rare. 

Helminthophaga peregrina, Cab. Very rare; Headwaters 
of the Penobscot in June.—W.H. Hall. JH. celata, is 
also attributed to Nova Scotia by Audubon. 

Dendroica pinus, Baird. Summer ; rare. 

Dendroica cerulea, Baird. Very rare.—J. J. Audubon. 


157 


Dendroica tigrina, Baird. Calais, Me.; in summer ; rarc.— 
G. A. Boardman. ; 

Ampelis garrulus, Linn. Accidental in winter ; rare. 

Vireo noveboracensis, Bon. Very rare; summer.—J. J. 
Audubon. 

Vireo flavifrons, Vieill. Summer; not common. Watcr- 
ville in July.—Prof. C. E. Hamlin. 

Lophophanes bicolor, Bon. Very rare.—J. J. Audubon. 

Parus hudsonicus, Forster. Winter; not rare. Resident 
near Calais.—G. A. Boardman. 

fEgiothus canescens, Cab. Winter; rare. 

Plectrophanes lapponicus, Selby. Winter; rare. 

Coturniculus, passerinus, Bon. Summer; rare.—G. A. 
Boardman. 

Guiraca cerulea, Sw. Accidental; common in the spring 
of 1861 at Calais.—G. A. Boardman. 

Sturnella magna, Sw. Southern Maine in summer; not 
common. 

Icterus spurius, Bon. Southern Maine in summer; not 
common. 

Zenedura carolinensis, Bon. Southern Maine; not com- 
mon. Probably breeds. 

Lagopus albus, Aud. Northern Maine in winter ; rare. 

Ardetta exilis, Gray. Southern Maine; rare. 

Butorides virescens, Bon. Coast; common in summer. 

Nyctiardea Gardeni, Baird. Summer; common; mostly 
near the coast; breeds in large uumbers at Trenton, 
Maine. 

Aig ialitis vociferus, Cass. Coast in autumn; not common. 

Ay. melodus, Cab. Coast in summer; abundant; breeds. 

AB. semipalmatus, Cab. Coast in autumn; abundant. 

Squatarola helvetica, Cuy. Coast in autumn; not common. 

Strepsilas interpres, Ill. Coast in autumn; rare.—G. A. 
Boardman. 

Recurvirostra americana, Gm. Coast in spring; one in- 
stance.—G. A. Boardman. | 

Himaniopus nigricollis, Vieill. Coast in spring; one in- 
stance.—G. A. Boardman. 

Phalaropus hyperdoreus,'Temm. Bay of Fundy, as early at 
least as August; abundant in autunin ; possibly breeds. 

Gallinago Wilsoni, Bon. Summer; not rare near the 
coast ; breeds. 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. Hi. 20%. 


158 


Macrorhamphus griseus, Leach. Coast in summer and au- 
tumn.—G. A. Boardman. 

Tringa canutus, Linn. Coast in autumn ; common. 

Arquatella maritima, Baird. Winter; abundant.—G@. A. 
Boardman 

Ancylocheilus subarquatus, Kaup. Coast in autumn; not 
common.—G. A. Boardman. 

Pelidna americana, Coues. Coast in autumn ; abundant. 

Actodromas minutilla, Coues. Coast early in autumn ; very 
abundant. 

A. Bonapartii, Cass. Coast in autumn ; common. 

Calidris arenaria, Ill. Coast in summer; abundant. 

Ereunetes pusilla, Cass. Coast in autumn ; abundant. 

Symphemia semipalmata, Hart. Coast in summer; no 
common. 

Philomachus pugnax, Gray. ‘ Accidental; one or two in- 
stances.—G. A. Boardman. 

Limosa fedoa, Ord. Coast in autumn ; rare. 

Limosa hudsonica, Sw. Coast in autumn and spring; not 
common. 

Numentus longirostris, Wils. Coast in fall and spring; not 
very abundant. 

N. hudsonicus, Lath. Coast in fall and spring ; rare. 

N. borealis, Lath. Coast in fall and spring; rare.—G. A. 
Boardman. 

Rallus virginianus, Linn. Summer ; not common ; breeds. 

Fulica americana, Gm. Coast in spring and fall; not un- 
common. 

Anser hyperboreus, Pall. Winter; very rare. 

Dafila acuta, Jen. Winter on the coast; rare. 

Nettion carolinensis, Baird. Fall and spring ; frequent. 

Spatula clypeata, Boie. Coast in autumn ; rare. 

Chaulelasmus streperus, Gray. Coast in spring. and fall; 
rare. | 

Mareca americana, Steph. Spring and fall; rare. 

Fuliz marila, Baird. Spring and fall; very rare. 

F. affinis, Baird. Spring and fall ; more common than the 
last. WB 
Histrionicus torquatus, Bon. Spring, fall, and winter ; com- 

mon on the coast. 
Camptolemus labradorius, Gray. Coast in winter; very 
rare. 


159 


Melanetia velvetina, Baird. Coast in winter ; common. 

Pelionetta perspicillata, Kaup. Coast in winter; common. 

Oidemia americana, Sw. Coast in fall and winter ; frequent. 

Somateria mollissima, Leach. Coast in fall, winter, and 

spring ; common ; a few breed on the islands in the Bay 
of Fundy. 
S. spectabilis, Leach. Coast in winter; rare. 

' Erismatura rubida, Bon. Coast in winter ; rare. 

Mergus serrotor, Linn. Coast in fall and winter ; common. 

Lophodytes cucullatus, Reich. Coast in autumn; rare;'a 
few breed in the northern part of the state. 

Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, Gm. Accidental on the coast; 
very rare.—G. A. Boardman. 

Sula bassana, Briss. Coast in fall, winter, and spring ; very 
common. 

Phalacrocorax carbo, Gray. Coast in winter; common. 

Graculus dilophus, Gray. Coast in Winter ; not common. 

Thalassidroma Leachiit, Temm. Coast; very common; 
breeds abundantly on many of the islands along the coast, 
from Mount Desert to Grand Menan, and is much more 
numerous than any other Petrel. 

T. Wilsoni, Bon. Coast; not common. I have never found 
this species breeding. 

T. pelagica, Bon. Off the coast; rare. 

Puffinus major, Bon. Coast; common in fall, winter and 
spring. 

P. anglorum,'Temm. Coast; common from August to 
spring. 

P. fuliginosus, Strick. Coast; common from August to 
spring. 

Stercorarius, pomarinus, Temm. Autumn and winter on 
the coast ; common. 

S. parasiticus, Temm. Coast in winter; common. 

S. cepphus, Lawr. Coast; common from August to spring. 

Larus leucopterus, Fabr. Coast in winter ; rare. 

Larus marinus, Linn. Fall and winter; not common. A 
few appear to breed on the islands in the Bay of Fundy.— 
G. A. Boardman. 

L. delewarensis, Ord. Coast in fall and spring; not com- 
mon. 

‘Chroecocephalus atricillus, Lawr. Resident on the coast ; a 
few breed on the islands ; not common. 


Se ee 


160 


Rissa tridactyla, Bon. Coast in autumn and winter ; com- 
mon. 

Sterna hirundo,* Linn. (S. Wilsoni, Bon.) Coast in sum- 
mer; common ; breeds abundantly in some localities. 

S. macroura, Naum. Common on the coast in summer ; 
breeds abundantly on some islands. 

Thalasseus caspius, Boie. Coast in winter ; rare. 

Hydrochelidon fissipes, Gray. (CH. plumbea, Lawr.) Coast 
in autumn ; not common. 

Colymbus septentrionalis, Linn. Coast in winter; common. 

Podiceps Holboilli, Reinh. (P. griseigena Auth.) Coast in 
winter ; common. 

P. cristatus, Lath. Summer visitant; breeds about lakes 
near Calais.—G. A. Boardman. 

Utamania torda, Leach. Fall and winter on the coast; com- 
mon ; a few breed about the Bay of Fundy. 

Mormon arctica, Ill. Resident on the coast; common; a 
few breed on the islands about Grand Menan. 

M. cirrhata, Pall. Winter; rare. 

M. glaciulis, Leach. Grand Menan,—Audubon. Very rare. 

Uria grylle, Lath. Resident on the coast; abundant ; 
breeds on rocky islands from Mount Desert eastward. 

Catarractes troille, Bryant. Fall and winter on the coast 
common ; a few breed about the Bay of Fundy. 

C. ringvia, Bryant. Fall and winter ; common. 

C. lomvia, Bryant. Fall and winter; rare. 

Mergulus alle, Vieill. Winter ; common. 


Mr. 8. H. Scupprr, of the Zoological School at Cambridge, 
being called upon, stated that he had been examining the 
collection of butterflies in the Museum of the Institute, a few 
of which he had brought in for examination. The collection 
was a valuable one, the specimens mostly Brazilian. He 
entered into some details of the structure of the wings of 
butterflies, and explained how the special arrangement and 
direction of the nervures afforded good characteristics in 
assisting the Naturalist to determine the affinities of these 


*For a very complete revision of the Terns of North America, see A Review of 


ae ia of N .A. by Elliott Coues. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. of Phil. Dec. 1862, 
Pp ie 


\ 


a 


161 


animals, and their groupings into families, genera &c., illus- 


trating his remarks by the specimens exhibited. In closing, 
Mr. S. presented the following list of the butterflies of New 
England. 


A List oF THE BUTTERFLIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 
BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER. 


In the following list, I have made mention of every species of 
diurnal Lepidoptera of which I have seen specimens from New 
England ; I enumerate eighty-one species ; in the recent edi- 
tion of Harris’s Treatise on Insects injurious to vegetation fifty- 
four are mentioned ; a portion of this difference is made up 
of those of which only asingle individual or two have been seen, 
and are only occasionally found here, being more abundant to 
the southward; but there have been added also very many spe- 
cies which may properly be said to belong to the New England 
Fauna. Of such as are new, or have been confounded with 
others distinct from them, or have been incorrectly described, 
I have given short descriptions; these are mostly found 
among the Hesperidae, where also are to be found the prin- 
cipal additions to the number of our Butterflies in the recent 
edition of Dr. Harris’s Treatise; whenever names are given 
different from those used in Harris’s Treatise, I have given 
his as synonyms to avoid any confusion which might arise, 
and these are the only synonyms I have given, except in 
those cases where it was evidently necessary (e. g. Hesperia 
Kgeremet). In all cases I have stated to the extent of my 
knowledge their comparative rarity or abundance, and have 
frequently mentioned whether they were more abundant in 
the northern or southern portion of New England. I have 
endeavored also to place in a succinct form what knowledge 
of each species we yet possess as to the haunts of the imago, 
the number of broods each year, their times of appearance, 
and the food-plant of the larva; this is given rather to stim- 
ulate further detailed enquiry by showing the paucity of our 
knowledge, than as any material addition to what has here- 
tofore been published ; with the hope that it may render 
some service in this direction it is offered to the Institute for 
publication. 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. Hi. 21. 


162 


1. Papmio Astertas Drury. Open Fields and upon flow- 
ers; common; there are two broods each year, the first 
appearing in early June, from the eggs of which the cater- 
pillars are hatched, which are the young of those appear- 
ing early in August, but as the perfect insects are long- 
lived, they may be found nearly the whole summer long ; 
the larva feeds upon parsley and other umbellifere. 

2. Papimio Tromus Linn. Skirts of woods; not common 3 
there are probably two broods of this species, appearing 
about the same time as the preceding; they are found 
from June to October ; larva feeds on Laurus, Sassafras, 
Lilac. 

38. Paprtio Turnus Linn. Upon flowers, especially on 
Lilacs; very common in the northern and more elevated 
portions of New England; one brood each year, imago 
June, July ; larva feeds on the apple-tree. 

4. Paprtio PaiteNor Drury. <A few specimens have been 
taken at Cambridge, Mass., about the Botanical Gardens, 
undoubtedly introduced with some southern plants, and 
they have.also been taken once or twicein other parts of 
Eastern Massachusetts ; last of September. 

5. Pieris OLERACEA Boisd. Pontia oleracea Harr. In gar- 
dens and open shady spots ; common only in the northern. 
and elevated parts of New England; there are two broods 
of this species, the first in May, the second in July; larva 
feeds on turnips and cabbages. 

6. Cotias Pumopice Godt. Everywhere in open places; 
the most common species of butterfly, but most abundant 
in the warmer parts of New England ; there are two broods 
of this species, the first appearing in April and May, the 
second late in July ; the butterflies are to be seen all sum- 
mer though very rarely in June; larva feeds on clover. 


7. Tertas Lisa Boisd. About bushes; found only and 
very rarely in the southernmost portions ; September. 

8. Trrtas Dexia Boisd. Same as T. Lisa. 

9. CHRYSOPHANUS AMERICANA D’ Urban, Canad. Nat. v: 246. 
Lycena americana Harr. Fields, on clover, and in high- 
ways; very abundant everywhere ; there are I think three 
broods each year, the butterflies of the first appea ing in. 
the early spring, April and May, of the second late in June 
and early July, and of the third after the middle of August ;. » 
larva feeds on sorrel. | 


163 


10. CuHrysopHanus THOE Westw. Meadows; quite rare; 
_ September. 

11. CHrysopHanus EpixaNtHE Westw. Lycaena Epix- 
anthe Harr. Meadows; very rare; July. 


_12. Potyommatus PorsENNA nov. sp. Above brownish 
black. Primaries with two connected, large, triangular, 
falvous spots, the inner one largest with its apex at the 
base of the wing, and divided from the apex more than 
half way down the middle by a black club-shaped dash ; 
the outer one with its base towards the lower half of outer 
border, notched in the middle of the side toward the 
apex of the wing. Secondaries having the outer third, 
except at outer angles, fulvous, with a submarginal series 
of unequal brownish spots, largest toward inner angle. 
Beneath cinnamon-brown. Primaries with the disk yellow- 
ish, a subcostal series of four reddish-brown spots bordered 

with white, increasing in size outwardly, the outermost 
near the apex and triple, two large brown spots near the 
anal angle, and a clubbed streak of same color, corres- 
ponding in position to that above, but much broader. 
Secondaries entirely covered with spots like the central 
ones of the subcostal series of primarics. Expanse of 
wings 1 1-3 in. 
This specieg is exceedingly closely allied to P. Tarquinius 
Boisd. and Lec. from which it may readily be distinguished 
by its range and by having many of the spots of the under 
surface larger and more distinct; the condition of my 
specimens of P. Tarquinius will not now allow of a 
detailed comparison. I have scen only males of either ; 
the male of P. Tarquinius is figured by Abbot in Boisduval 
and Leconte, and that of P. Porsenna by Hewitson in 
Doubleday and Westwood’s Genera ; in some unpublished 
‘drawings of Abbot’s in the Library of the late Dr. Harris, 
now in possesion of the Boston Society of Natural History, 
is figured the female also of P. Tarquinius ; it differs from 
the male in wanting the band along costal border, with the 
exception ofanarrow stripe on the sub-costal, having asmall 
square spot just beyond its termination near the middle of 
the wing, and a transverse series of dots below the latter ; the 
band on the outer border isalso broken up into alarge square 
apical spot, an interrupted, rather narrow, marginal border, 


164 


and a rather large dash at the outer angle along the inner 
border ; on secondaries the marginal series of small spots 
is wanting, save the central one; the upper surface only 
is figured. 

Having taken P. Tarqguinius only in Florida, and 
knowing of it only from the extreme south, I was much 
surprised when this spring, specimens of a butterfly were 

- shown me by Mr. Packard from Aroostook Co., Me. and 
by Mr. Verrill from Norway, Me., which bore a most 
striking resemblance to P. Tarquinius; subsequently and 
since this paper was written, I have heard of it from other 
northern localities and have myself taken it; Mr. Emory 
of Springfield took it near Manchester, N. H.; specimens 
are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology from the 
White Mountains, a little north of which, at Berlin Falls, I 
have taken it and have seen aspecimen from near the same 
place collected by Mr. Treat; the British Museum speci- 
men comes from Nova Scotia, and latterly (see Canadian 
Naturalist, vii: 398) it was exhibited at a gathering of 
entomologists by Mr. Billings, of Prescott, Canada West. 
My specimens were taken Aug. 13. (This paragraph was 
appended after the presentation of the paper to the Insti- 
tute.) 

Porsenna was an ally of the Tarquinians on their 
expulsion from Rome. 


13. Lycmna necLectA Edw. Polyommatis pseudargiolus 
Harr. (Fig. 105). About thickets; rare; June, July. 
14. Lycamna Lucia Westw. Polyommatus Lucia Harr. 
(Fig. 106). About thickets and in shaded places; very 
rare ; found mostly in the elevated and more northern 

regions ; April, May, June. 

15. Lyca#na Comyntas Westw. Polyommatus Comyntas 
Harr. Road-sides and pastures by woods ; quite common ; 
there are at least two broods of this ; it appears first very 
early in the spring, in April; I have taken it early in 
June, and it is common from the middle of July to the 
middle of September. 

16. TuHecua Fatacer Harr. Near thickets; not common ; 
last of July and first of August ; larva feeds on Hawthorn. 

17. Tuecta stricosa Harr. Near thickets; very rare; 
early August. , 

18. THEcLA HumULI Harr. About bushes and hop-vines ; 
the most common of the Theclas; July, August; larva 
feeds on the hop. 


a 
_— 


165 


19. THECLA AUBURNIANA Harr. On flowers near woods; 
rather rare; early May and early August. 

20. THecLa NrpHon Boisd. and Lec. On flowers of Gna- 
phalium, by shady road-sides ; rare; early May. 

21. THecuaA Mopsus Harr. Strymon Mopsus Hubn. 
very rare, in southern portions only. | 

22. THEecLa AuGustus Kirby. By thickets; rarely found 
except in the northern portions where it iscommon ; May. 

23. Danas Ertppus Doubl. Danais Archippis Harr. 
On flowers in meadows; rather common; it makes its 
appearance about the last of July and continues through 
the following month ; larva feeds on Asclepias. 

24. Limenitis Missrppus Harr. in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. 
Hist. vii : 189. Nymphalis Dissippe Harr. in Treatise. 
Fields; common; June and September; larva feeds on 
willow and poplar. 

25. Limenitis Ursuuta Boisd. and Lec. Nymphalis Ephes- 
tion Harr. Skirts of woods; rather rare, only in south- 
ern portions; two broods a year, about the last of June, 
and in September ; larva feeds on scrub-oak. 

26. Limenttis ARTHEMIS Boisd. and Lec. Nymphalis Ar- 
themis Harr. Skirts of woods and shady road-sides ; 
abundant in the northern and elevated regions only ; June 
and early July. 

27. Arcynnis Ipatra Godt. Open fields; not abundant, 
most common southwardly ; last half of July and early 
August. 

28. ARGYNNIS CYBELE Godt. Ido not know that this spe- 
cies is found in New-England, but I have seen it from the 
Hudson River, and do not doubt it will be found in Con- 
necticut. 

29. ARGyNNIS ATLANTIS Edw. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Se. 
1862: 54. Road-sides and open fields; found only in 
the elevated and northern portions of New-England ; very 
abundant in the valleys about the White Mountains, N.H.; 
last of July and early August; larva said to feed on the 
Violacez. ‘ 

30. ARGYNNIS APHRODITE Fabr. Open fields; very abund- 
ant, about flowers, everywhere except in the most elevated 
and northern portions ; it is not found about the White 
Mountains ; July, August. 


vee 


166 
31. Arcynnis Myrina Godt. Moist meadows; not very 
common ; June, August and September. 


82. ArGyNNIS MoNnTINUS nov. sp. Very similar to A. 
Chariclea Ochs. Above much like A. Myrina with fewer 
black markings at the base of both wings. Below, Pri- 
maries without any silvery sagittate spots, the markings of 
the upper surface faintly repeated. Secondaries deep 
cinnamon-red ; a broad faint submesial band, bordered 
with interrupted black lines, of whitish ochraceous scales, 
deepest next the black border and conspicuous only be- 
tween the costal and subcostal and between the median 
and submedian nervures, elsewhere obsolete; there is a 
submarginal row of faint silvery lozenge-shaped spots, 
largest towards the outer angle, between which and the 
mesial band is an arcuate series of round cinnamon-red 
spots in a field of mingled ochraceous and cinnamon-red 
scales, forming a band with serrated border. Expanse of 
wings 1 3-4 in. The males and females do not differ. 
This species is found only on the lower half of the barren 
summits of the White Mountains, N. H. I have taken 
only a few specimens from July 21st to Aug. 18th around 
bushes and in the road. It does not seem to be abundant. 

838. ArGyNNIS BELLONA Godt. Damp meadows; common ; 
last of May and from last of July through August. 


84. Huprorera CLauptA Doubl. A single specimen of this 
has been taken by Mr. Shurtleff at Leomister, Mass, in the 
middle of summer. 


35. Mevit®s CENONE nov. sp. Above pale fulvous with 
blackish brown markings. Primaries ; basal half of costal 
border black, with a broad arcuate transverse band just 
beyond the cell between the costal border and median 
nervure, met at its inner border by a smaller, triangular 
patch having its base on the internal border; the space 
thus enclosed at the base of the wing broken up into small 
spots by irregularly disposed black lines; a very broad 
marginal band, leaving only a comparatively narrow ful- 
vous band in the middle of the upper half of the wing ; an 
arcuate row of small equidistant pale fulvous spots parallel 
to the apical half of outer margin; between the upper 
branches of the median a submarginal pale fulvous sagit- 
tate spot, with a dot just below it ; a narrow dusky band 


167 


crosses the spaces on either side of the lowest branch of 
median, parallel and close to the inner border of mar- 
ginal band. Secondaries; basal half dusky with irregular 
small fulvous spots ; space between costal and subcostal 
dusky ; marginal dusky border not very broad, with a 
marginal series of scarcely arcuated, obsolete, orange 
lunules, bordered with black, and also a submarginal 
series of obsolete pale. fulvous crescents, gencrally most 
distinct between uppermost branches of subcostal and 
median nervures; next the marginal band a slightly 
arcuate series of large round black spots, those between 
branches of median, pupilled with pale fulvous; the cen- 
tral fulvous band cut in two by an arcuate transverse 
dusky line. 

Beneath. Primaries much more pale fulvous than above, 
with the principal markings of the upper surface faintly 
repeated, but with the subapical dots much larger, and 
with the addition of a narrow marginal orange band bor- 
dered with black and three apical pearly white, generally 
confluent, spots. Secondaries pale straw yellow, with a 
basal band of confluent pearly white spots, next to which 
is a broad yellowish brown transverse band, darkest exter- 
nally ; the margin, except at the outer angle, is broadly 
blackish brown, with the submarginal row of round spots 
of upper surface repeated and margined with orange; 
next the margin is a narrow orange band like that of pri- 
maries, resting upon which is a series of pearly white lun- 
ules, the two outer of which, with that between uppermost 
branches of median, are very large, the others inconspicu- 
ous; the median broad pale yellowish band is divided into 
two portions by an undulate ferruginous line; fringe of 
both wings white interrupted with black. Expanse of 
wings 61 3-5 in, 91 4-5 in. 

Quite rare; I have only seen afew specimens from 
Lenox and Williamstown, Mass., and from Norway, Me., 
Mr. Verrill. 


36. MeELIT#A Harrisit nov. sp. Melitea Ismeria? Harr. 
(not M. Ismeria Boisd. and Lec.) May be quickly distin- 
guished from M. Oenone by the under surface of secon- 
daries, which aré cinnamon-red with bands and spots of 
white margined with black, as follows: a broad mesial 
band cut across externally with black; a basal transverse 


168 ‘ 


spot, and midway between this and mesial band a narrower 
interrupted band of spots; a spot near the extremity of 
the cell, and a submarginal row of nearly uniform lunules. 

Fields ; I have only seev. two or three specimens, from 
Norway, Maine, Mr. 8. I. Smith, in the Museum of Compar- 
ative Zoology ; from Pittsfield, N. H., Mr. Treat ; and from 
Sutton and Princeton, Mass. ; mine was taken in July or 
August. : 


37. Mevit2s Tuaros Boisd. and Lec. Melitea Pharos 
Harr. Meadows and pastures ; very abundant; June and 
early July, late August and September. 


88. Metir#a Pumton Boisd. and Lec. Low grounds and 
open fields; quite rare; June; I have taken the caterpil- 
lar, just ready to change, upon the Barberry in the middle 
of May ; does the larva hibernate ? 


39. PyraMmeEIs CarpurI Doubl. Cynthia Cardui Harr. On 
thistles ; common ; May and again in July, August and 
September ; larva feeds on thistle and sunflower. 


40. Pyramers Hountera Doubl. Cynthia Huntera Harr. 
Same as P. Carduit. 


41. Pyramers ATALANTA Hubn. ‘Cynthia Atalanta Harr. 
Roadsides ; abundant at times; May, August and Sep- 
tember; larva feeds on the nettle. 


42. JunontIA Canta Hubn.: Cynthia Lavinia Harr. 
Dr. Harris took one specimen in a meadow in Milton, 
Mass., on August 19; I have taken a single damaged 
specimen in a garden on Cape Cod in early September. 


48. Vanessa ANTIOPA Ochs. Everywhere; very abun- 
dant; hybernate in its perfect state and so appears on 
warm days in early spring and is seen from then till June 
and again after the middle of August; larva feeds. in 
company on willows, poplar, and balm of Gilead, strip- 
ping them bare. | 


44, Vanessa J-ALBuM Boisd. and Lec. Open woods; 
rather rare, most abundant in the northern parts; August, 
September. : 


* 


45. Vanessa Minpertt Godt. Roadsides; rather rare, 
more common in northerly portions ; May, July, August ; 
larva feeds on nettles. 


eS? ee 


169 


46. GRAPTA INTERRAGATIONIS Doubl. Vanessa interraga- 
tionis Harr. Roadsides; not abundant, more common 
southwardly ; May, August, September, October. 


47. Grapta C-arGENTEUM Kirby. Vanessa Progne Harr. 
non Cramer. Roads through woods; rather common, 
the most abundant of the Graptas throughout New Eng- 
land; July, August; larva feeds on the elm. 

I have taken four specimens of a Grapta at the White 
Mountains from the valleys to the summit, which may 
possibly belong to this species, but seems to indicate the 
presence of a new species ; it is fully as small as, if not 
smaller than, G. Cargenteum, its upper surface is like that 
of G. Faunus, while its under surface is more like G. 
C-argenteum, but differs from that in having the broad ashy 
band quite hoary, nearly white, and extending also with 
equal distinctness across the secondaries ; the discal spot » 
of secondaries is a white L with both limbs nearly equal 
similar and straight. 

‘48. Grapra comMA Doubl. Vanessa comma Harr. Roads 
through woods; rather rare and appears to be found 
mainly in the southern portions; May, July, August, 
September ; larva feeds on the hop and the elm. 

‘49, Grapta Faunus Edw. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sc. 
1862: 222. Roads through woods; found only in the 
northernmost and most elevated portions of New-England, 
extremely abundant among the White Mountains; August, 
September, to middle of October. 

-50. CHIONOBAS SEMIDEA. Hipparchia semidea Harr. Found 
only upon the upper half of the barren summits of the 
White Mountains in July and early August, very abund- 
ant; larva feeds upon lichens; ehrysalis found under 
stones. 

‘51. Savryrus ALope Boisd. and Lec. Hipparchia Alope 
Harr. Roadsides and hedges; abundant; July and 
August. | 

52. Saryrus Portianpia Boisd. and Lec. I have seen but 
a single specimen from New-England. 

58. Hrieparcuia BoispuvaLi Harr. Pastures; rather rare; 
late July. 


54. NronympHa Eurytris Westw. Hipparchia Eurytris 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iii. 22. 


Az beg 


170 


Harr. About bushes, in shady places; not common ; 
early June and late July. 

55. Lisyruea BacuManii Kirtl. A single specimen of this. 
is preserved in Harris’ Cabinet marked with his own 
handwriting “in garden, June 24.” 

56. HetTEROPTERUS MARGINATUS Harr. Low meadows; 
abundant; July, August. 

57. NISONIADES JUVENALIS Westw. Thanaos Juvenalis 
Harr. Meadows; quite rare, more abundant southward- 
ly; April, May, August. 

58. Nisonzapes Persius noy. sp. This species is spoken of 
by Harris as a local variety of NV. Juvenalis, but it is a dis- 
tinct species ; the distinctions mentioned by Harris in the 
spots on the wings are not persistent,butit differs from JV. 
Juvenalis in its smaller size, and in the fact that the male and 
female are exactly alike in the markings, while in NV. Juw- 
venalis, the female differs from the male in having very 
much larger spots and in the marked ashy-grey tints of 
the apical half of both primaries and _ secondaries above, 
differing so much as readily to be taken for a distinct 
species. iV. Persius has exactly the general appearance 
in coloration of the male of N. Juvenalis ; the distinction 
of male and female is marked in Abbott’s figures. The 
description of larva and chrysalis in Harris’ Insects apply 
to this insect and not to WV. Juvenalis, as specimens in his. 
cabinet show. Meadows; somewhat common; _ early 
August. a : 

59. NisonrapESs Brizo Westw. Thanaos Brizo Harr. 
Meadows; rare; May, July. ' : 

60. NisontapEs CaTULLus Westw. Very rare, found only 
in southern portions. . : 
61. Evupamus Tiryrvus Boisd.. and Lec. About gardens 5. 
not often abundant; June, July; larva feeds on the lo- 

cust. 

62. Evupamus Lycipas Boisd. and Lec. I have seen but a. 


single specimen, obtained by Mr. Plympton in Waltham, 


Mass., on the flowers of Phlox. 


63. Evpamus BaTHyLuus Boisd. and Lec. Fields ; sbaai-. 


ant; June, July. : 
64. Husperta Meracomer Harr. Fields ; somewhat rare; 
July. 


171 


65. Hesperia Massasoir nov. sp. @ Above very. dark- 
brown with a mulberry lustre, having no markings ex- 
cept occasionally a faint small yellowish spot or two on 
middle of secondaries, fringe slightly paler, yellowish 
around the inner angle of secondaries. 

Beneath: Primaries hardly so dark as above, with red- 
dish-yellow scales scattered along the costal border, and 
on the outer border, especially toward the apex ; two very 
small spots of same color, about midway between extrem- 
ity of cell and apex of wing, with two large ones at the 
middle of the wing, the inner a little lower than the outer: 
Secondaries dark-brown with profusely scattered reddish- 
yellow scales, especially toward the inner angle ; the cen- 
tral portion of the wing is entirely taken up by a large 
sulphur-yellow spot of irregular shape, formed of a straight 

broad band, extending between the subcostal and Satin 
nervures, nearly to the hind border, cut across by an in- 
curved line of reddish-yellow scales just below the divari- 
eation of the subcostal, and crossed by a transverse broad 
‘band, just beyond the middle of the wing, extending from 
costal to submedian nervures, cut across by the reddish- 
yellow scales following the nervules, and bent somewhat 
upon either side of the first band. 
@ Differs from g only in having the markings of the 
under surface of the primaries repeated above, and a 
faint transverse band of distant reddish-yellow spots 
across the middle of secondaries. Expanse of wings 1.1— 
1.4in. Very rare; I have seen it only from Carver, 
Mass., Mr. Shurtleff, Conn., Mr. Edwards, and New- 
England, Museum of Comp. Zoology. 


‘66. Hesperta Hozsomox Harr. Open field; quite com- 
mon ; June and early in July. 


‘67. HespertA PocaHoNTas nov. sp. Above dark blackish- 
brown with yellowish-white markings on primaries dis- 
posed as those in Hl. Metea, but considerably larger ; 
secondaries with the markings of the under surface faintly 
repeated. 

Beneath: Primaries with a large basal black spot; beyond. 
it a little past the middle a very broad whitish ochraceous 
band from the sub-costal nervure to inner border; above 
it and along costal border ochraceous mixed with reddish- 


172 


brown scales, with the sub-apical whitish spots of the 
upper surface repeated; between them and the tip a 
reddish-brown patch; the outer margin rather broadly 
bordered with grayish scales. Secondaries reddish-brown 
with a very broad transverse greyish band of whitish 
mixed with reddish-brown scales, placed a little beyond 
the middle, with somewhat irregular borders, expanding 
between the sub-costal and the median, having much the 
~ appearance of that in H. Hobomok; the outer margin 
rather broadly bordered with greyish scales like that of 
rimaries, deeper in tint than the transverse band ; 
etween the costal and sub-costal, midway between its 
union with the subcostal and the broad band, a small spot. 
of greyish scales; fringe of both wings ochraceous or dark. 
Sie Expanse of wings nearly 1 1-2 in. Ihave only 
n a few specimens taken in Mass. and Conn. by Mr. 
Norton ; very rare. 


68. Hesperia Leonarpus Harr. Appears to be quite an. 
uncommon species, but I have taken it abundantly on. 
Cape Cod in September. 


69. Hesperia Mystic. Pamphila Mystic Edwards Mss.. 
d Above: Primaries ; the outer border broadly margined. 
with dark brown, the inner edge of the margin excava- 
ted between the subcostal and median nervures; the rest. 
of the wing dark golden-yellow, except a dark-brown 
patch between the sub-costal and median a little beyond 
the middle, the griminess of the base of the wing, and 
the velvety black dash, which here extends from the sub- 
apical patch to the sub-median nervure, at about two-. 
fifths the distance from the-base ; it isnearly straight, but 
formed of two shallow crescents, the innermost occupying: 
the space between the median and sub-median, each 
broadly bordered externally with a blackish-brown round- 
ish spot, the two partially or wholly confluent. Secon-. 

‘daries; the entire border broadly margined with dark- 
‘brown, the central portions dark golden-yellow traversed 
by dark nervures, and transversely by a narrow dusky 
medial band. ) a 
Beneath ochraceous with the markings of the upper 
‘surface duskily repeated and in addition a broad blackish 
patch along the basal half of inner border of primaries,, 


Fd 
. 


173 


and a dusky patch between the basal half of the space be- 
tween median and submedian on secondaries. The fringe 
is pale brown, paler on secondaries, and the outer border of 
both wings is narrowly edged with black. 

9 differs from ¢ in following particulars: Primaries ; 

the whole costal border is broadly margined with dark- 
brown up to the sub-apical patch with which it is usually 
confluent, and in the place of the black dash, is a broad 
dark-brown spot occupying all the basal half of the wing 
below the median nervure, and becoming confluent, with 
the sub-apical patch at its upper extremity. Secondaries ; 
the medial band is broad instead of narrow, leaving but a 
small yellowish spot near the base. Beneath the mark- 
ings are repeated with rather more distinctness than in 
the g. Expanse of wings ¢ 11-4 in. 9 1 2-5 in. 
The ¢ differs from that of H. Sassacus in the spots border- 
ing the black dash of primaries,and in their confluence with 
the sub-apical patch, which is itself broader, as well as in 
the transverse band of secondaries. The @ differs from 
that of H. Sassacus in the greater extent of the black 
patches on the primaries and their confluence with the 
sub-apical patch, and also in the broad transverse band of 
secondaries wholly wanting in H. Sassaeus. Open fields ; 
common from middle of June to middle of August; from 
White Mountains to Maryland. 

70. HespertA Sassacus Harr. ¢ differs from the @ in 
the velvety black dash which takes the place of the cen- 
tral black stripe ; this is very narrow, very slightly curved, 
extends from the last divarication of the median, along 
the lower side of that nervure, across the space between it 
and the sub-median to the latter, terminating at a point 
about one-third the distance from the base ; it is narrowly 

edged below with large lustrous brown scales, but 
has no spots bordering it, as in Hl. incerta. Harris de- 
scribed only the 9. Open fields; quite rare, especially 
the females; June. 

71. HeEsperta WIncINA nov. sp. g Above: Primaries 
bright tawny-yellow with a broad maroon border extended 
inwards duskily between the nervures; a dark-brown 
sometimes dusky patch between sub-costal and median, 

-extending from just above last divarication of median half 
way to the border; the oblique dash straight, extending 


174 


from last divarication of the median to the sub-median, 
two-fifths the distance from the base ; it is formed of a nar- 
row patch, pointed outside rounded inside, of dust-col- 
ored scales, edged above narrowly and below very nar- 
rowly with crowded black scales, with a broad black 
border below of scales of the usual distance apart; Sec- 
ondaries dark-brown, the whole central portion strongly 
tinged with tawny. 

Beneath: Primaries with the markings of the upper sur- 
face, except the oblique dash, repeated, and an addition of 
a large dark patch on the basal half of inner border. Sec- 
ondaries sulphur-yellow, the outer margin with scattered 
brownish scales, a roundish brown spot in centre, a large 
triangular one near the base of the costal border, and two 
rather large submarginal squarish patches sometimes con- 
fluent, one at the extremity of the subcostal, and the other 

near the tip of the median nervules. Fringe of outer border 
of both wings tawny mixed with dark brown on the upper 
half of primaries. 

@ Above uniform dark brown with dull yellowish- 
white spots on the primaries like those in 9 of H. Monoco 
and Hf. Massasoit. 

Beneath: Primaries dark brown with the. markings of 
upper surface repeated and the costal border and upper 
portion of outer border edged with dark olivaceous scales. 
‘Secondaries as in the g with dull dark olivaceous scales 
in the place of the sulphur-yellow, with the spots and 
patches of blackish-brown more or less mixed with oliva- 
ceous. Expanse of wings f 11-3 in. @ 1 2-5 in. 

Rare and only found in southern portions of N. Eng- 
land; abundant South. 


72. Hesperia Wamsutra Harr. Hesperia Peckius Harr. 
(not H. Peckius Kirby) Open fields, pathways and high- 
ways; the most common species of Hesperia; found from 
Canada to Maryland ; June, July, August. . 


73. HerspertA EGEREMET. Hesperia Otho Boisd. and Lec. 
_ Pl. TT (aot Papilio Otho Abb. and Smith.) 

g Above dark glossy brown; Primaries with a mt) 
vety-black oblong oval patch .08 in. in length on the hind 
border of median, separated from a black spot, two-fifths 
AS lange between the median and Sue CiAS by a patch 


175 


of large brown scales, which also border the spot exteviorly 
and encroach upon it; beyond and bordering the oval 
patch is a quadrate yellow spot, half way between which 
and the apex, approaching the costal border is a small 
divided yellow spot; there are a few yellow hairs along 
the inner border. Secondaries with a few yellow hairs, 
giving a dull tint over the whole disk ; the fringe of both 
wings is pale brown. 


Beneath dark brown slightly dusted with ochraceous 
scales. Primaries; the yellow spots of upper surface 
repeated ; a few yellowish scales along basal half of costal 
border. Secondaries with a faint pale-yellowish narrow 
transverse band just beyond the middle, scarcely reaching 
either border. 

¢ Differs from the ¢ as usual, and also in wanting 
the spot beyond the black patch, which is replaced ly two 
others, the smaller between the last two branches of the 
median at their base, the other on the space below a little 
more towards the base ; the spots are brighter than in the 
male and the secondaries are more nearly uniform; be- 
neath the spots of the primaries are repeated and the sec- 
ondaries are as in the male—Expanse of wings 1 1-4 in. 
& Mass. i. G. Sanborn; ¢ @ Georgia, Harris’ Collection 
from Mr. Abbot and Dr. Oemler; ¢ Western States, Mus. 
Comp. Zool.; very rare in N. England; July. 


74. Hesperta Manataagua. Hesperia cernes Harr. Ins. 
3rd Kd. 316 (not H. cernes Boisd and Lec.) 
The two specimens, one from Massachusetts and the 
other from Georgia, from which Dr. Harris drew up the 
. description of H. cernes belong apparently to two repre- 
. sentative species, differing from one another (they are both 
males) in the oblique black dash of the primaries; they 
- can neither.of them be referred to Hl. cernes Boisd. and 
_Lec., which is more nearly allied to the succeeding species, 
- though of the size of these; the species from Georgia 
appears to be yet undescribed ; to the one from Massachu- 
setts may be given the name I have proposed above ; the 
female differs from the male only in wanting the oblique 
black dash of primaries, and in the presence of two rather 
large squarish yellowish spots, at the outer extremity of 
where the oblique dash would be if present, between the 


176 


median nervules, the lower one largest and not. so near 
the outer margin. Very rare; July. 

75. HespertrA Anaton Harr. This species is certainly 
very closely allied to Hl. cernes Boisd. and Lec. but is 
invariably smaller than their representation of it, and in 
the absence of specimens from the South, I shall at present 
presume that, as is the case with the preceding species,there 

is a southern representative of this species, which has been 
figured by Boisduval aud Leconte under the name of H. 
cernes. The female of this species differs from its male, 
not only as Harris has stated, but also in having the costal 
band very pale-tawny, often obsolete, and the spots on the 
primaries very pale, almost whitish. 
Open fields ; males quite common, females very rare ; 
June and August. 


76. HespertA ONEKO nov. sp. Above dark-brown, tinged 
slightly with ochraceous on the secondaries. Primaries 
with a strongly arcuated band of small ochraceous spots, 
starting from costal border at a little more than three- 
fourths of the distance from the base, bent inward towards 
the middle, terminating a little below centre; two small 
spots at the tip of the cell. Secondaries without markings. 

Beneath dark-brown, with a slight bluish tinge on sec- 
ondaries. Primaries with the markings of the upper sur- 
face distinctly repeated. Secondaries with a rather nar- 
row transverse whitish-ochraceous band a little beyond the 
middle, bent in the middle of its course, with an indistinct 
transverse line sub-parallel to it, midway between it and 
the base. Expanse of wings 1 1-3 in. Very rare; I know 
it only from Connecticut, Mr. Norton. 

77. HespertA Hecon nov. sp. Above and beneath uni- 
form dull dark-brown, with faint white markings on both 
surfaces of primaries situated as in H. Oneko; on under 
surface of secondaries, asubmarginal series of small indis- 
tinct whitish spots, a small white spot in the centre, and 
another between the costal and subcostal nervures, mid- 
way between the base and the submarginal band. Hx- 
panse of wings nearly 1 inch. 2 
- have seen but a single specimen, a female taken by 
myself at the White Mountains in the latter part of July. 


78. Hesperta Samoser noy. sp. Above dark-brown with 


Age 


a few ochraceous scales especially at base of primaries 
and on disk of secondaries. Primaries with three small 
yellowish spots one above the other on costal border a little 
more than three-fourths the distance from the base ; below 
these and a little further removed from the outer border 
than they, between the uppermost branches of the median, 
a small spot; in the space below, situated near the base, 
another small spot or slender oblique line, and sometimes 
another below it between median and submedian; a 
double spot at the end of the cell. 

Beneath dark-brown with profusely scattered pale-yel- 
lowish scales most abundant toward the outer margin; a 
very delicate purplish reflection, especially on secondaries. 
Primaries with the markings of the upper surface repeated. 
Secondaries with a narrow transverse pale yellowish band, 
two-thirds the distance from the base, nearest the outer 
margin atthe lowest band of subcostal, where it is bent at 
right angles, and whence towards the costal border it is 
interrupted ; a small spot in centre and another between 
costal and subcostal midway between the base and _ trans- 
verse band ; fringe of both wings pale yellowish interrupt- 
ed with dark-brown, most distinct upon primaries. Ex- 
panse of wings fully 1 inch. Very rare; I have seen two 
specimens from Mass. and N.H. 

79. Hesperta MeETEA nov. sp. Above dark-brown tinged 
with ochraceous, especially on secondaries. Primaries 
with the following white markings ; two small spots at the 
extremity of the cell; three small white spots one above 
the other on the costal border,a little more than three-fourths 
of the distance from the base ; below these, and half way 
between them and the outer border, one above the other, 
two more small ones; placed successively a little nearer 
the base than the last, two others somewhat larger be- 
tween the branches of the median. Secondaries uniform 
in tint, with a faint ochraceous repetition of the markings 
beneath ; the outer border of both wings narrowly edged 
with black; the fringe slightly paler than the upper 
surface. 

Beneath dark-brown, on the secondaries approaching to 
black, with some greyish scales towards outer border. 
Primaries with the markings of the upper surface repeated 


with greater distinctness ; a large pale-brown spot at outer 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. ili. 23. 


178 


angle. Secondaries with a band formed of squarish grey-. 
ish-white spots between the nervures, starting at the costal. 
at two-thirds the distance from the base, nearly reaching- 
‘the outer border in the space between subcostal and me- 
dian, thence bent toward the inner border at a very little- 
less than a right angle, terminating at the submedian. 
Expanse of wings, 1 1-3 in. I know this species only by a 
single female from Conn., received from Mr. Norton. 


80. HespertA Monoco nov. sp. Uniform dark-brown above- 
and beneath, the secondaries with no markings. ¢ Pri-. 
maries with a narrow, slightly sinuate black dash, taking 
a general direction from the apex to the middle of the 
inner border, commencing at the median at its second di- 
varication and barely attaining the submedian ; there are 
three small white or pellucid spots, one above the other, be-. 
tween the ultimate branches of the subcostal, and another - 
small one just beyond the outer tip of the black dash. 
Q Primaries the same as the ¢, except in having the- 
black dash replaced by a whitish spot, between the first 
two branches of the median, below and a little within the 
smaller single one. The pale markings in both sexes are 
repeated beneath. Expanse of wings 11-3 in. Very 
rare ; only in southern portions ; Conn. Mr. Norton, and 
Mass. : 

81. Hesperia PANoQuIN nov. sp. Above dark-brown tinged! 
with golden-yellow on the disk. Primaries more pointed 
at the tip than in any other species ; a series of four small 
equidistant yellowish-white spots, commencing near the 
apex, parallel with the costal border, and terminating with 
one larger than the rest between the earliest branches of 
the median near the divarication ; half way between the 
second and the costal border is a small nervure-divided 
one. 

Beneath with no tinge of yellow. Primaries. with the- 
markings of the upper surface repeated but with scarcely 
any yellow tinge, and in addition a faint white spot near- 
the middle of the space between the median and sub- 
median. Secondaries with a small white spot between the 
first two branches of subcostal, three-fourths the distance. 
from the base of the wing, and a narrow pearly-white 
streak between the next two branches, on the outer half 


ig 


‘of the wing, not reaching the border, and a small faint 
‘white spot in the middle of the space between median and 
submedian. Expanse of wings 1 1-3 in. The pointed- 
ness of the apex of the primaries would lead one to sup- 
pose this a male, but it has no black dash on the prima- 
ries; the abdomens of the only specimens I have seen 
chance to be broken. Very rare; I have only seen two 
specimens from Conn., received from Mr. Norton. 


Mr. F. W. Putnam read a letter recently received from Prof. 


M. Miles, of Lansing, Mich., accompanying a box contain- 


ing a large collection of fishes, reptiles, &c., from that state, 
and expressing a wish to continue the exchange of speci- 


mens in natural history. A vote of thanks was passed to 
Mr. Miles for the above collection and the curators of the 


department of Natural History were requested to continue 
the exchanges. 


Prof. A. Crosby expressed the interest and pleasure he 
had experienced in listening to the valuable remarks which 
had been offered during the evening, and on his motion, 


Voted unanimously, that the thanks of the Institute be 
tendered to Messrs. Verrill and Scudder for the highly valu- 
able remarks and ‘communications presented this evening, 
and the papers be referred to the Publication Committee. 


Donations were announced from the following : 


To the Library—from J. Fiske Allen; Thomas Pinnock ; 
Misses King; George Nichols; E. M. Stone of Providence, 
R.1.; M. A. Stickney ; Mrs. Mary E. Wheatland ; Montreal 
Society of Natural History ; Wm. Brown; Trustees Public 
Library of Boston; Canadian Institute at Toronto; Mrs. 
Geo. H. Chase; C. B. Richardson of New York; M. Miles 
of Lansing, Mich.; Geo. C. Chase; H.M. Brooks; John G. 
Felt ; and John Robinson. 


180 


To the Cabinets—from S. Q. Felt; Geo. P. Ives; Abiel 
H. Wardwell; Stephen Cloutman; John Robinson; Chas. 
H. Manning; M. Miles, Lansing, Mich.; A. C. Goodell, Jr. 


Adjourned. 
Monday, March 24, 1862. 


Meeting this evening at 7 1-2 o’clock. In the absence of 
the President and Vice Presidents, A.C. Goodell Jr., was 
called to preside. 


Records of the preceding meeting read. 


Letters were announced from Chas. W. Felt; S. Jillson of 
Feltonville; C. H. Manning; and J. Wingate Thornton of 
Boston. 


Rev. J. B. Fevt read a valuable communication on the early 
piracies on this coast, with a particular reference to those of 
Capt. William Kidd. (See Historical Collections of the In- 
stitute, vol. iv. page 30.) 


Remarks were offered in connexion with this subject, by 
the chair, Messrs. C. C. Beaman, G. D. Phippen and other 
members. 


On motion of Mr. Phippen it was 

Voted, That the thanks of the Institute be tendered to Mr. 
Felt, for the communication read this evening,and that a copy 
be placed at the disposal of the Publication Committee. 


Donations were announced from the following :— 


To the Library—from N. J. Lord, Montreal Society of 
Natural History ; Boston Society of Natural History ; Mu- 
‘seum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge ; W. R. Clout- 
‘man ; Chicago Historical Society ; J. Wingate Thornton of 
Bostin's ; George F. Read, James B. Curwen. 


181 


To the Cabinet—from John C. Chadwick; William L. 
Welch ; Samuel A. Greene ; Charles W. Felt ; E. D. Ropes; 
O. H. Saunders. 


Adjourned. 
Monday, April 7, 1862. 


Meeting this evening at 8 o’clock ; in the absence of the 
President, George D. Phippen was called to preside. 


Records of preceding meeting read. 


Letters were announced from the Trustees of the New 
York State Library ; American Geographical and Statistical 
Society ; Horace Binney of Philadelphia ; Historical Society 
of Pennsylvania; Maine Historical Society; Connecticut 
Historical Society ; F. S. Pease of Albany ; Solomon Lin- 
coln of Hingham ; Jonathan Pearson of Schenectady N. Y.; 
C. M. Tracy of Lynn; A. E. Verrill of Norway, Me. 


C. M. Tracy of Lynn gave an interesting and instructive 
lecture on Phyllotaxis—the arrangement of the leaves on 
the stem, the uses of the leaf in the vegetable egonomy— 
the variety of the forms in the different plants, mode of de- 
velopment, &c. 

Remarks upon the lecture were offered by the chair, Rev. 
C. C. Beaman, and others. 

On motion of Mr. Beaman, the thanks of the Institute 
were tendered to Mr. Tracy for the lecture, which he has 
presented to our consideration this evening. 


Donations were announced as follows : 

To the Library—from James Cook of San Francisco ; 
Cincinnati Mercantile Library Association ; Philadelphia 
Academy of Natural Science ; New York Lyceum of Natu- 
ral History ; Jonathan Pearson of Schenectady, N.Y. 

* To the Cabinets—from N. Ingersoll; George Cassey of 


182 


South Danvers; W. L. Welch; Charles H. Manning; Sa- 
- Jem Volunteers in the 21st Reg., Mass. Vols., by A. F. ‘Wal- 
cott; O. H. Saunders. 


Adjourned. 
Friday, April 25, 1862. 


Meeting this evening at 8 o’clock, the President in the 
chair. 


Records of preceeding meeting read. 


Letters were announced from Samuel A. Green, Surgeon 
24th Reg. Mass. Vols.; F. H. Lee of 23d Mass. ‘Vols.; and 
A. F. Walcott of 21st Mass. Vols.; W. Barry, Sec’y Chicago 
Historical Society ; 8. H. Grant, Lib. N. Y. Mercantile Li- 
brary Association; Solomon Lincoln of Hingham; E. 8. 
Waters. 


A. C. Goodell Jr., read a paper on the history of the Pu- 
ritans, with especial reference to the distinction between the 
Separatists, or Independents of Plymouth Colony, and the 
Non-conformists of Massachusetts Bay. 

Beginning with a briet review of the progress of the Anglic 
can reformation up to the time of the Mariam persecutions; 
he described the difficulties in the church of the exiles at 
Frankfort, in 1554, as the origin of Puritanism in the Church 
of England; though the name Puritan is not known to have 
been used vefore 1564. 

He then traced the origin of the Old Separatists to the 
year 1566; of the Brownists to the year 1582 ; of the Semi- 
Separatists to the year 1602—from whom sprang the Ply- 
mouth Colonists, or “Pilgrim Fathers ;’—and of the Non- 
conformists to the year 1559, of which class were the Puri 
tans of Massachusetts Bay. 

In concluslon, he entered into an examination of the doc- 
trines and of the ecclesiastical systems of the two colonies, 


188 


and concluded that the difference between them was chiefly 
in their respective origins and ecclesiastical traditions, and 
not in auy essential variance respecting matters of doctrine 
or discipline, which will account for the rapid and complete 
union of the two colonies in all ecclesiastical matters, and 
for the harmony with which both labored to build up a 
church system which was peculiar, and which combined in 
some measure the characteristics of the of the politics of the 
three great classes of dissenters; the Presbyterians, the 
Erastians, and the Independents of Old England. (See Hist. 
Coll. of Institute, iv: 145.) 


F. W. Putnam gave a brief outline of the Animal King- 
dom, with especial reference to the principal elements that 
mark the Branch, the Class, the Order, the Family, the 
Genus, the Species, and Variety. He also explained the 
mode of instruction in Zoology adopted by Prof. Agassiz at 
his school in Cambridge, and proposed to adopt a similar 
course, so far as circumstances will admit, with the class of 
young pupils which he was then about forming at the rooms 
of the Essex Institute. 


The chair presented to the society the lancet case formerly 
belonging to the late Dr. Micajah Sawyer of Newburyport, 
in behalf of Dr. Stevens of New York,—announcing the 
same with appropriate remarks on the character of Dr. Saw- 
yer and his distinguished patient the Rev. George Whitfield. 


Donations were announced as follows :— 


To the Library—from Samuel G. Drake of Boston; Pea- 
body Institute of South Danvers; American Pies 
Society ; Canadian Institute at Toronto; H. M. Brooks; J. 
J. Rider; Miss Lydia Pope; Geo. F. Read; N. Silsbee; J. 
Perley, Jr.; L. Bemis of Boston; H. F. Shepard; R. H. 
Wheatland. , ; 


To the Cabinets—Chas. B. Elwell; C. Cooke; W. L. 


184 


Welch; Henry Merritt ; George Cassey of South Danvers ; 
O. H. Saunders; A. H. Stevens of New York. 


On motion of Rev. E. B. Willson the thanks of the Insti- 
tute were tendered to Messrs. Goodell and Putnam for their 
interesting remarks. 


Adjourned. 
Wednesday, May 14, 1862. 


Annual meeting, this day, at the rooms, Plummer Hall, 
at 3 P.M., Vice President, S. P. Fowler in the chair. 


Records of the preceding annual meeting read. 


Donations since the meeting of the 25th ult. were an- 
nounced from the following :— 

To the Library—from 8S. G. Wheatland; J. B. Alley, 
M. C.; William Briggs ; John L. Sibley of Cambridge; E. 
B. Willson; J. J. Rider; Mrs. G. H. Chase; Charles F. 
Barnard of Boston. 

To the Cabinets—from J. J. Rider; Henry F. Shepard ; 
Joseph Short of Philadelphia; James B. King; J. C. Trask 
of Gloucester; Eben Sutton of South Danvers. 


Letters were read from the Trustees of the Public Library 
of Boston ; New Jersey Historical Society ; S. A. Allibone 
of Philadelphia ; Henry M. Brooks. 

Also from W. O. White of Keene, N.H., tendering to the 
Institute a portrait of his father, Hon. Daniel Appleton 
White, our late lamented President—a vote of thanks was 
unanimously passed to Mr. White for this valuable acquisi- 
tion to the collection of portraits. : 


Report of the Secretary was read and accepted. 


‘Report of the Treasurer was read and referred to the Ki. 


snance Committee. 


185 


¥F. W. Putnam, made a verbal report on the condition of 
the collections of Natural History. 

From these reports the following abstract is presented, 
giving a cursory view of the doings during the year. 

Four resident members have deceased :— 

1. Joun Fetr Wess, son of Benjamin and Sarah (Felt) 
Webb. Born at Salem, Feb. 0, 1811, died at Southampton, 
England, Oct. 20,1861. Educated at the old Latin school, 
under master Eames; thence into the counting-room of 
John Forrester, one of the prominent merchants of Salem, 
in his day ; afterwards supercargo and commander for sev- 
eral years ; and finally established himself abroad, where he 
resided, with occasional visits at home, a large portion of 
his time, as a commercial Agent, principally at Zanzibar ; at 
which latter place he was for many years U.S. Consul. He 
was aman of strongly marked character, and was highly 
esteemed for his probity, intelligence and uniform. self- 
reliance, and was exemplary in all the relations of life, 
especially as a son, a brother and a friend. 


2. Wituram Macmvutien, son of John Macmullen, 
was born at Salem. In early life he went to Zanzibar, 
as a commercial Agent, and was for some time the 
U. S. Consul, at that place. A few years since he re- 
turned to Salem and engaged in mercantile pursuits. He 
died at Salem, Feb. 9, 1862, aged 85 years and 11 months, 
leaving a wife—Harriet, daughter of Thomas Perkins,—and 
three children. He was a person highly esteemed and pos- 
sessed active business qualifications. 


8. Henry Kine Ferryriace, son of Thomas and Han- 
nah (Devereux) Fettyplace. Born at Salem, Jan’y 28, 1820. 
Educated at the High school ; for some years a clerk in one 
of the Salem Banks; afterwards went to Mobile, Ala., and 
engaged in business,where he had resided for more than twen- 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL, ill. 24. 


186 


ty years, with the exception of occasional visits to the north 
during the summer months. He died at Salem, March 10, 
1862. He was highly esteemed for his perfect integrity and 
sense of honor in all business transactions. 

_ 4, The news of the death of the fourth reached us, a few 
days since ;--WILLIAM OLIVER Potter, Capt. of ship Cut- 
water—washed overboard during a storm near Cape Horn, 
on his passage from San Francisco to Boston, 18th March, 
1862. He was son of Jesse and Susan (Punchard) Potter. 
Born at Salem, Oct. 7, 1820, educated in our schools, and 
soon after entered upon a maritime life. As a shipmaster 
he was possessed of rare excellence, sagacious judgment in 
matters of business, persevering and energetic. In private 
life he was much endeared to his friends, generous, cheerful 
and affectionate. 


MeeEtINGs have been held as in previous years; some 
doubt was expressed as to the practicability, owing to the 
state of the country ; it was deemed, however, best to con- 
tinue in the same path as circumstances would admit; the 
success has more than realized the expectations. Five Field 
Meetings have been held at Boxford; South Lynnfield ; 
Kettle Cove, Gloucester ; Gravesend, Lynn; and Middleton ; 
and eleven Evening Meetings during the winter months. 


Pusiications. The Historical Collections have been 
printed as usual—Three volumes have now been issued. 
The first number of Vol. LV, is ready. 


To the Liprary, have been added 3492 volumés—9801 
serials and pamphlets, exclusive of incomplete files of news- 
papers unbound. With few exceptions, donations, and have 
been received from twenty-seven societies, or departments 
of state and the national government, and seventy-seven . 
individuals.—The principal addition was the bequest of our 


187 


late President, Hon. D. A. White, which numbered thirty- 
three hundred volumes, and eight thousand pamphlets or 
serials—comprising works in the various departments of 
history, literature, and science—many are rare and exceed- 
ingly valuable to the historical student. 


Historical DepartMENT.—In December the Curators is- 
sued a circular requesting cooperation in making a collec- 
tion of any matter relating to the present war which may _ 
serve to illustrate its causes, origin and progress. In response 
to the same, valuable contributions have been received from 
Messrs. W. G. Welch, B. E. Shaw, Henry Merritt, J. C. 
Chadwick, G. F. Austin, G. P. Ives, Salem Volunteers in 
21st Mass. Reg. by A. F. Walcott, Mark Lowd, Mrs. 
J. Chamberlain, Charles Davis of Beverly, William Hulin of 
Rockford, Ill., John Robinson and others. | 

Mrs. F. G. DePeyster of New York, has presented the 
portrait of her ancle Jonathan Goodhue, an eminent mer- 
chant of New York. He was the son of Benjamin Goodhue, 
and was born at Salem, June 21, 1788, and died at New 
York, on Friday the 24th of November, 1848. 

Donations have also been received from Mrs. H. M. Col- 
cord of South Danvers, W. O. Potter, John G. Felt, J. J. 
Rider, Charles Hoffman, Mrs. D. A. White, C. F. Williams, 
Henry M. Brooks and others. 


DEPARTMENT OF Naturat History.—lIt is noticed that 
our sea-faring friends have continued active in filling the 
cans with choice and rare specimens, Messrs. EK. D. Ropes, 
William Crandall and others may be mentioned. 

Addison Flint of North Reading, presented a living speci- 
men of Emys Blandingii; Prof. M. Miles, a collection of 
Fishes and Reptiles of Michigan. Miss 8. A. Chever, a 
collection of Shells from East Indies: Miss R. Johnson, 
Shells from Aspinwall. Mrs. T. S. Greenwood of Ipswich, 


188 


a fasciculus of pressed Sea-weeds. Mrs. F. M. Creamer, fruit 
and leaves of the great California Pine. OC. Cooke, a fas- 
ciculus of pressed plants from Zanzibar. N. Ingersoll, J. G. 
Waters, G. H. Devereux, W.S. Daland, 8. Barden of Rock- 
port, Joseph Short of Philadelphia, E. E. Chever, J. Cleaves, 
CG. W. Felt, A. H. Wardwell, S. Cloutman, Minerals. 


TREASURER’S Statement of the financial condition for the 
year ending, May 1862. 


GENERAL ACCOUNT. 
Debits. 


Athenzum—Rent and one-half fuel and attendance, $457 To. 
Cases, $300 ; Books, $10; Stationery, $11 95, 321 95. — 
Printing, 396 15; Gas, 4 53, : - - 400 68. 
Express, Postage, &c., - - - - . 21 46 
Department of Natural History - : - 50 12 
$1,251 96. 
Credits. 
Balance of accounts of 1861, - ~~ - - 655 61 
Assessments, 574 00; Webster Bank, 30 00 | 604 00. 
Salem Savings Bank, - - - . - 800 00 
Sale of Publications, - - - - - 233 80. 
Historical Account 32 48; Sundries, 7 50, - 39 63. 
Balance, - - - - : - - 18 92 
$1,251 96. . 
HistoricaL ACCOUNT. \ 
Debits. 7 
Books, 10 00 ; Publications, 32 13 ; Sundries, 9 87, $52 00 
Credits. 


Naumkeag Bank, 12 00; Mich. Cent.R.R.,4000 52 0@ 


189 


NaturaL History AND HortricuLTuRAL ACCOUNT. 


Debits. 
Taxidermy 9 87; Books 4 00; Preservatives, 11 19 25 06 
TT 


Glass 62 47; Sundries 14 59, i - 06 
402; 22 

Credits. 
P.S. & P. R.R., 12 00; Lowell Bleachery, 40 00, 52 00 
General Account, - - - - - os TS 
$102 12 


~ The following officers were elected for the year ensuing 
and until others shall be chosen in their stead, viz :— 


President—ASAvEL HUNTINGTON. 

Vice Presidents—Samuel P. Fowler, James Upton, Abner 
C. Goodell, Jr. 

Secretary and Treasurer—Henry Wheatland. 

Librarian—John H. Stone. 

Cabinet Keeper—Richard H. Wheatland. 

Finance Committee—John C. Lee, R. S. Rogers, George 
1). Phippen, Henry M. Brooks, James Chamberlain. 

Publication Committee—A. C. Goodell, Jr., Henry 
Wheatland, George D. Phippen, Ira J. Patch, John H. 
Stone, George M. Whipple. 

Library Committee—J.G. Waters, David Roberts, A. 
Crosby, N. J. Holden. 

Curators of Natural History—In Botany—C. M. Tracy ; 
Mammalogy and Ornithology—F. W. Putnam ; Herpetology 
and Ichthyology—R. H. Wheatland; Articulata and Radi- 
ata—C. Cooke ; Mollusca and Paleontology—H. F. King; 
Comparative Anatomy—Henry Wheatland; Geology—H. 
F. Shepard ; Mineralogy—D. M. Balch. 


196 


Curators of History—Ethnology—Wm. 8. Messervy, M. 
A. Stickney, F. H. Lee; Manuscripts—Henry M. Brooks, 
Ira J. Patch, L. R. Stone, G. L. Streeter, S. B. Buttrick ; 
Fine Arts—F. Peabody, J. G. Waters. 


Curators of Horticulture—Fruits and Vegetables—James 
Upton, John M. Ives, J. F. Allen, J. S. Cabot, John Ber- 
tram, R. 8. Rogers, George B. Loring, C. F. Putnam ; 
Flowers—F. Putnam, W. Mack, C. H. Norris, B. A. West, 
George D. Glover. 


A Committee was appointed consisting of Messrs. Allen 
W. Dodge of Hamilton, C. M. Tracy of Lynn. S. P. Fowler 
of Danvers, John M. Ives, R. H. Wheatland, C. C. Beaman, 


and C. H. Norris, to arrange for the Field Meetings the 
coming season. 


A committee was also appointed to arrange Lectures for 
the ensuing winter if expedient, also the evening meetings. 
Messrs. A. C. Goodell, Jr.. C. C. Beaman, W. J. Rolfe, 
H. M. Brooks, C. H. Norris, E. B. Willson, F. W. Putnam, 
* and James Kimball were appointed on said Committee. 


Voted, That the Curators on Horticulture be authorised 
to arrange for the holding of several exhibitions of Fruits 
and Flowers during the ensuing season, if advisable. 


Donations since the meeting of the 25th of April, were 
announced. 

To the Library—from S. G. Wheatland ; J. B. Alley, M.C; 
William Briggs; J. L. Sibley of Cambridge ; E. B. Willson ; 
J.J. Rider; Mrs. G. H. Chase; Charles F. Barnard of 
Boston. ' 

To the Cabinets—from J. J. Rider; Henry F. Shepard; 
Joseph Short of Philadelphia ; James B. King; J.C. Trask 
of Gloucester ; Eben Sutton of South Danvers. 


Adjourned. 


191 
Wednesday, July 2, 1862. 


Fietp Meeting at SoutH Danvers. The location of 
this, the first gathering of the kind this season, had been 
placed at the pleasant little village of ‘‘ Rockville” near the 
notable erratic called “ Ship Rock”, which, as often before 
stated, has been for several years preserved to the uses of 
science by the protection of the Institute. 

A considerable number attended this meeting, arriving by 
railroad from the several towns most usually represented, 
and stopping at Newhall’s Crossing, where a rather enter- 
prising saw-mill works busily away under the influence of 
Goldthwait’s Brook. Many of the old familiar faces of our 
friends were found with us on this occasion, testifying, bet- 
ter than words could do, what enduring satisfaction is to be 
had in the study of nature in her own undisturbed retreats. 

The various divisions of the company having pushed their 
explorations in this that and the other direction, as far as 
time or inclination would allow, and gathered all matters of 
interest which the circumstances made available, the lunch 
was despatched in true pic-nic style. 

The afternoon meeting was subsequently called to order in 
the village chapel, at three o’clock, by Vice President, 
Samuel P. Fowler, of Danvers. 


Donations, since the annual mecting in May, were 
announced. 

To the Library—from the New Jersey Historical Society ; 
Montreal Society of Natural History ; J. F. Worcester; N. 
J. Holden ; Maryland Historical Society ;. Messrs. Daland ; 
Boston Society of Natural History ; Philadelphia Academy 
of Natural Science ; Henry F. Shepard ; American Statisti- 
cal Association; C. B. Richardson of New York; E. P. 
Robinson of Saugus; Massachusetts Legislature ; American. 


192 


Antiquarian Society; American Academy of Arts and 
Science ; Fitch Poole of South Danvers ; Smithonian Insti- 
tution; New York Mercantile Library Association ; Miss A. 
M. Hemmenway, of Ludlow, Vt.; W. P. Tucker of Bruns- 
wick, Me.; Luke Bemis of Boston ; John B. Alley, M.C. ; 
Allen W. Dodge of Hamilton. 

To the Cabinets—from Joseph Short of Philadelphia 5 
Eben. B. Symonds; Henry Merritt; W. O. Potter; Henry 
F. Shepard. 


Letters were read from Maine Historical Society ; Meér- 
eantile Library Association, Boston; American Geographi- 
cal and Statistical Society ; New Jersey Historical Society ; 
Pennsylvania Historical Society ; Smithsonian Institution ; 
Minnesota Historical Society ; Henry Barnard of Hartford, 
Conn.; Fitch Poole of South Danvers; S. H. Grant of New 
York ; Miss A. M. Hemmenway of Ludlow, Vt.; E. P. Rob- 
iInson of Saugus; Department of the Interior, Washington ; 
“W. R. L.. Ward of New York; A. A. Smith; @. B. Rich- 
ardson of New York; C. M. Endicott; S. D. Bell of Man- 
chester N.H.; C. M. Tracy of Lynn ; F. W. Putnam; 8. P. 
Fowler of Danversport; W.S. Cleveland; Isaac M. Long. 


¥. W. Purnam of Salem, from the Committee appointed 
last year to investigate the character and habits of the Army 
‘Worm, submitted a detailed report on the subject, prepared 
at his request, by Mr. SuurrLerr of the Cambridge Museum: 
As a preface to the Report, Mr. P. stated some of the lead- 
ing facts as to the ravages of this worm last year, and also 
that it had appeared again this season, but not to the same 
extent. At the close of the reading, on motion of Mr. 
Goodell of Salem, the thanks of the Institute were voted to 
the Committee for their very instructive report. 


193 


REPORT ON THE ARMY Worm, Leucania unipuncta Haw. 
By Carueton A. SHURTLEFF OF BROOKLINE. 


The nation was not more surprised at the audacity and 
wickedness of the Southern traitors last year, than were 
the farmers at the appearance and ravages of the Army 
Worm last Summer ; they came in such myriads and were 
so voracious that they threatened the destruction of the en- 
tire grain crop where they appeared. Most persons consid- 
ered them entirely new, and to many uneducated in the laws 
according to which nature works they appeared to be spon- 
taneously ereated from the earth itself. 

But we find this visitation is not unparalleled ; they often 
appear at the South and do immense damage ; and we have 
had them here before; they have visited Massachusetts on 
a number of occasions in the olden time; I take Dr. Fitch’s 
dates from the Boston Cultivator. 

‘¢ In 1743 there were ‘millions of devouring worms, in 
armies threatening to cut off every green thing.’ Flint’s 
2d Report, Agric. of Mass. p. 36. 

“In 1770 a black worm about an inch and a half long, 
devoured the grass and corn. They all moved in one direc- 
tion, and when they were intercepted by furrows in ploughed 
Jand, they fell into them in such numbers as to form heaps. 
They sought shelter in the grass, a hot sun being fatal to 
them ; they disappeared suddenly about the close of June 
and beginning of July..—Webster on Pestilence vol. 1, 
p. 259. 

Pa Eleven years afterwards the same kind of worm ap- 
peared again, but they were few in number.’’—Cultivator, 
10th Aug. 

“¢1790—Millions of the same black worm reappeared in 
Hartford and Norwich, Conn.” 

‘¢ 1817—It appeared May 22d in Worcester; also in Al- 
bany.” Itis stated in the Albany Argus that it attacked 
flax particularly. Now as I have scen it stated: that the 
army worm of 1861 did not attack flax, these may have 
been different species, though they may have been harder 
pushed for food then, than in 1861. Everything else we 
know of their habits goes to show that they were probably 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. ili. 20. 


194 


the same species, and all our entomologists I believe consider 
them so; but we have no definite proof that I know of on 
either side. 

They have not been noticed generally since 1817 in this 
part of the country, but it must not be supposed that they 
have lain dormant during all that time, nor that they were 
then exterminated and now recreated; they have undoubt- 
edly appeared every year since then, but in small numbers, 
and in places unfrequented by those who would be likely 
to observe them. In 1860 1 took two moths and then con- 
sidered them quite rare, never having taken them before. 
This shows that they did not increase quite so suddenly as 
most persons think, but were more numerous in 1860 
than in the years preceding it, and therefore laid more eggs 
for 1861. 

Dr. Fitch (and Mr. J. Kirkpatrick and other observers 
corroborate his opinion) thinks that the army worm origi- 
nally belonged to the swamps and has emigrated from them 
to the fields. He says before each swarm of them we have 
had a dry Summer, which would allow them to develop 
large quantities of moths, the caterpillars being better able 
to arrive at maturity. And the spring following has been 
wet, driving the moths up to the high land to lay their eggs, 
which would produce the immense numbers we see. This 
theory will do very well if they are found to lay their eggs 
in the spring, but Mr. Walsh thinks that they lay their eggs 
the same summer, and he brings forward very strong reas- 
ons for thinking as he does. Iam sorry that I cannot add 
any information of my own, but I was unable to keep my 
moths till they laid their eggs. 

In a letter to Mr. F. W. Putnam, May 15, which has been 
kindly lent to me by that gentleman, Mr. S. P. Fowler says, 
that ‘There appeared to have been some eggs deposited 
around the sides of the flower pot (in which the moths 
were) and had the appearance of being interwoven with a 
cotton substance. Some writers I notice say that this insect 
deposits eggs near the roots of grass in sacks resembling cot- 
ton. Those I noticed were not enclosed in asack.” Ido not 
feel at all satisfied with these eggs, for I do not know ofany. 
Nectuid depositing its eggs in this manner in a cottony sub- 


195 


stance; they are always laid close together and perfectly 
uncovered, in irregular patches. May these not have been 
the cocoons of minute ichneumons enveloped in their loose 
silk. 

I saw the worms at work in an oat field belonging to Mr. 
Kverett at the Rock, Middleboro’, Mass.; it was the only 
field in that vicinity which was troubled by them, as far as 
I could learn from the neighbors. J am not certain but I 
think that this sloped down to a meadow from which they 
may have come. I put some of them in a box and carried 
them home with me; they went into the ground July 31, to 
transform into pupxe; it took them two or three days to 
cast their larva skins and become pupex, and on the 16th of 
August they came out perfect moths. 

The time of appearance varies in different localities; accord- 
ing to Mr. Kirkpatrick, in Ohio below the latitude of about 
40° N., they were two or four weeks earlier than north of 
that line. In Sydney they changed into pupe June 16th, 
into moths July 7th, while only eighty miles farther north, 
in Cuyahoga Co., the caterpillars were observed, Aug. 1, 
changed to pupe Aug. 6th, and allowing at least a fortnight 
to transform, they probably turned to moths Aug. 20th. It 
seems very strange that so little difference in space, should 
make so much in time, over six weeks to cighty miles, and 
yet they could not have been different broods. The worms 
I found at Middleboro’ came out Aug. 16th, about the same 
latitude as the brood at Cuyahoga Co., which came out 
about the same time. In Danvers Mass., Mr. 8. P. Fowler, 
noticed them first, Aug. 1, a little later than I found them 
at Middleboro’. Probably this difference would be much 
increased if we should take greater distances, and we should 
find in the Southern States, there were two broods, while 
there was only one farther North. 

Ihave never scen any description of the eggs of the army 
worm nor of the young larve. Mr. Walsh thinks that there 
are not two broods in a year at the North, and consequently 
that the eggs must be laid in the summer. Mr. Fowler’s 
observation would go to prove this. I have room for 
only an abstract of his reasons: First,—they are never 
found in meadows the year after seediig, while if the eggs 


196 


were laid in the Spring, there is no reason, why they 
should not be found. Second,—they are scarcely ever 
found in wheat or rye, except when they have travelled 
from grass meadows. Third,—No one ever saw the second 
brood, and the grasses are too hard for them to eat when 
they would be hatched. Fourth,—they would form an ex- 
ception to the rule among Noctuids which are single brooded. 
J have not sufficient data to decide between the two opin- 
ions, but it seems more probable that Mr. Walsh is right. 

He thinks that the eggs are laid soon after the moths 
leave the pupe, and remain on the stems of grass near the 
root, until the following summer or spring; the caterpillar 
gets its growth in four or five weeks, doing the principal 
damage in the last week of its larval life. Those that I 
saw working at Middleboro’ mounted the oat stalks and eat 
the blade of the leaf, as far as the part that sheathes the 
stem, thus stripping the whole field of leaves, and making 
it look like a plantation of canes; they also tried the heads 
but found them unpalatable, so they eat but few, though 
they cut off very many and allowed them to drop, to such 
an extent that the ground was strewed with them. They 
fed morning, evening and night, protecting themselves from 
the hot sun at mid-day, coiled up under leaves or loose 
earth at the bottom of the stalks. I have not heard of their 
eating any plants except those which belong to the family 
of grasses and the delicate shoots of the turnips. When 
they have stripped one field, they march to another. In the 
Prairie Farmer, July 4th, 1861, we find the following de- 
scription of their march. : 

‘¢ An army of them was observed to travel sixty yards in 
two hours, in an effort to get around a ditch. They began 
to travel from the infected districts between two and three 
o’clock, P.M. Toward sundown the tide of travel was 
retrograde. ‘They did nottravel atnight. They fed chiefly © 
by night, and in the forenoon. As to their number, they 
have been seen moving from one field to another three tiers 
deep. A ditch has been filled with them to the depth of - 
three inches in half an hour.” 

When full grown they measure about 1.5 inches in 
length; the head is light brown, as large as the next seg- 


2 ' 


ment, it is marked with dark brown, as if covered with 
a lace veil, a longitudinal stripe of the same color in front, 
on each side a smaller one. Body dull greenish, lighter on 
the belly, an almost continuous white line on the back, 
with a wide dark one on each side, fading off from it, 
till it reaches another black stripe, then another white one 
tinged with reddish brown, bordered with black, a fine 
white one, another black one, in the lower border of 
which are the very black stigmate, next a fine white one, 
another reddish brown, lighter than the others, another fine 
white one, and last the belly, greenish brown, variegated 
with fine brown spots; ten prop legs, naked, some much 
lighter than others. : 

When they have arrived at this state, they leave off feed- 
ing, and go into the ground, where they cement together 
the earth around their skins, and turn into pup of a ma- 
hogany color. The chrysalis or pupa remains quict until it 
bursts its shell and comes forth a moth; in about half an 
hour it has its wings expanded and ready for flight ; it then 
flies around, pairs, and deposits its eggs, not living proba- 
bly over three weeks in this its final state. 

The fore wings and front part of the body of the moth, 
are reddish brown ; on each fore-wing, a little beyond the 
middle, there is a bright white spot, from this, nearly to the 
body, a black line runs along the median nervure, half 
way between this spot and the outer margin of the wing, 
is a row of black dots, one to each nervure, from the front 
branch of the median nervure a black line runs obliquely 
to the apex; there is another row of black dots beginning 
at this line and extending to the inner angle, a dot alterna- 
ting with each nervure. The hind wings are pearly grey, 
lighter towards the body, particularly underneath. The 
hind body is blueish grey. The legs, underside of the body, 
and collar-like band above the head, are lighter; the anten- 
nz are also lighter at the base; the tongue is well devel- 
oped. Expands 1.7 inches. A very accurate and scientifie 
description of the insect will be found in the sixth annual 
report of the Secretary of the Maine Board of Agriculture, 
1861, on the 130th page, by A. S. Packard Jr. 

Among the higher animals parasites are inconspic- 


‘- 


198 => 


uous ; not so in insects, here they occupy an equal footing 
with those which they destroy. The parasites of the army 
worm are quite numerous. There is at least one of the — 
Diptera, the Senometopia militaris, Walsh. And among 
the Hymenoptera, we find Ophion purg:atus, Mesochorus vi- 
treus, Walsh ; Pezomachus minimus, Walsh; Microgaster 
militaris, Walsh; Ichneumon Leucania, Fitch; and one or 
two others figured in the last edition of Harris under the 
article on the army worm. The Chalcis albifrons, Walsh, 
is parasitic on Pezomachus minimus ; and Glyphe viridas- 
cens, Walsh, on another ichneumon; thus are counter- 
checks brought to bear upon the checks themselves. The 
Calosoma Calidum, though not a parasite, destroys a great 
many of the caterpillars. 

But not only are insects our friends, but also the birds 
greatly benefit us, far more than enough to pay for the 
harm they do. The army worms are caten greedily by all 
our black birds, crows, robins, &c. So let our interest cry 
mercy with our pity, and protect our beautiful feathered 
friends. 

In spite of all these natural checks, we see that some- 
times the insects are permitted to increase, beyond their 
place, and it becomes necessary for us to protect ourselves 
against them. I will now therefore proceed to consider the 
methods which have been found the most effectual for keep- 
ing them in check, and protecting our crops from them. 

If it is true that they lay their eggs in Summer near the 
roots of the grass, we have all the knowledge of their econ- 
omy we need to enable us to fight against them in the sur- 
est way ; we know every stage ol their life, and have only 
to find the best means of attacking them in the different 
circumstances under which they present themselves. 

It appears from Mr. Walsh’s investigations, that the best 
time to destroy these insects is at the beginning of their ex- 
 istenee, while they are still in the egg ; all that is necessary 
to accomplish this result is to burn the fields in the dead of 
the year; by so doing all the eggs in the grass are burned, 
and the fields are much improved, the old stubble is re- 
moved, while the ashes contain all the chemical constituents 
which would be left if the stubble was allowed to decay in 


199 


the natural manner. It was found that the fields which 
were burned Winter before last, last year were free from 
the army worm; so theory and facts agree as to the utility 
of this process. It seems to me also that this is the casiest, 
least expensive, as well as the surest means of prevention. 

When the worm has appeared, (Gt not having been de- 
stroyed in the egg,).we must provide the pound of cure, the 
ounce of prevention not having been forthcoming ; there 
are two ends to be aimed at, first, to prevent them from eet- 
ting into fresh fields, and, secondly, to destroy them in those 
already infested. The most successful method for accom- 
plishing the first object, is, according to Mr. Kilpatrick, to 
plow two furrows three {cet apart, and as deep as will be 
made by going over each furrow three times, the side of the 
furrow towards the ficld should be very steep, as otherwise 
the caterpillars would be able to get a foothold and climb 
up; the sides should be reformed after every rain, since the 
water washes them down and makes them hard enough to 
enable the insects to climb up. In the second place, where 
they are in a field, we must expect to lose the greater part 
of the crop; the best thing appears to be to cut the crop as 
soon as they are discovered, and remove it at once, as they 
continue to eat the fallen grain; then turn in the hogs, 
poultry, &c., and they will have a great feast and fatten on the 
insects and the grain which they had dropped. In this way 
the whole crop will not be lost and the chanee for the next 
year’s crop will be much improved. 

I do not think it would pay to try to destroy them while 
in the ground ; the best way to do it that I can think of 
would be to turn them up with a harrow, and turn in the 
hogs and poultry as before. In the moth state, the best 
method of destroying them, is that suggested by Dr. Harris 
for the tent caterpillar, namely to build bright fires at night 
where they abound, into which they fly blinded by the light. 

The ichneumons were so industrious last year, in one lot 
killing fifty-four out of fifty-six, that we may hope their ray- 
ages will be much smaller this year, but in some pla- 
ces, I see no reason .why they should not be even more 
plenty, for instance among those I brought from Middle- 
boro’, not more than ten per cent, were destroyed in this 


200 


way. Ifthe eggs were deposited in large numbers, I see no 
reason why they should not do well, because all our injurious 
Spring insects seem to be plentier this year than common, 
for instance, the Clisiocampa decipiens (americana of 
Harris) the common caterpillar, the canker worm Anis- 
opteryx vernata, Vanessa Antiopa, Chyllopaga quercina the 
dor bug, and others not so well known. 

I have seen in the hewspapers that the army worm has 
appeared in the southern part-of this state, and also in Ken- 
tucky, but I do not know how large its numbers are. Ifthe 
proper care is taken, I do not think we need be troubled 
about them ; it was the suddenness of their appearance and 
our ignorance of their habits, which gave them the impor- 
tance they had last year; now we are prepared for them, 
and need not have any care except to protect ourselves. 


The chair remarked that the Army Worm was not the 
only insect found with us that deserved our study. He had 
brought speciméns of one which seemed to be but little 
known, and which he considered worthy of investigation. It 
infests the Gooseberry and Currant bushes, but he had never 
noticed them so doing, till the present season. 


S. C. Bancrort, of South Danvers, thought the creature 
was no new comer, but perhaps had taken to new fields of 
depredation. He was sure he had been long familiar with 
it, and had often seen it on the Woodwaxen. 


“B.W. Putnam, of Salem, made some further remarks on 
the subject, when on motion of Rev. C. ©. Beaman, of 
Salem, the matter was referred to the same committee who 
had just reported on the Army worm. 


ALpHEUs Hyatt, of Cambridge, gave the result of his geo- 
logical observations upon Ship Rock and other boulders in 
the vicinity, and explained the researches and conclu- 
sions of Agassiz, and others, on the great drift formation 


201 


and its probable connection with a stupendous system of 
ancient glaciers. 


C. M. Tracy of Lynn, gave some description of the 
plants gathered during the day. Among these were found 
an Azalea, a Kalmia, several Silenes or Catch-flies, an Utri- 
cularia, or Bladderwort, and some of the Cornels, with 
many species of other kinds. By request he gave some ex- 
position of the character and habits of that pest of the pas- 
tures, the Woodwaxen. Among the Pea family, to which 
this plant belongs, it presents ak anomaly in its simple 
leaves, the general tendency of all leguminous plants being 
toward compound ones. The Woedwaxen ripens abund- 
ant seeds, and spreads itself with great rapidity ; yet it has 
never found congenial soil far beyond Eastern Massachu- 
setts or, in fact, beyond Essex County. It is said to afford 
a fine yellow dye, but it is doubtful if any such use has been 
made of it in this region. Like all troublesome plants, it 
is beset with methods for its extirpation ; plowing, mowing 
at flowering time, and feeding down with sheep, being all 
recommended. It never comes into cultivated lands, or 
rarely, and therefore the operation of these means against it 
has probably never been fully tested. 


Dr. GEorGE Oscoop of Danvers, the veteran botanist of 
the Institute, followed in a course of remarks on the plants 
found by him, evincing the unabated enthusiasm that al- 
‘ways marks his botanical efforts. 


F. W. Putnam took the opportunity to speak of the col- 
lection of insects and other small animals, made by a class 
of his pupils in Salem. Moths and beetles, with a rare 
dragon-fly, appeared among the insects, and a variety of 
‘snakes, toads and frogs, made up the set. Mr. P. explained 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. lil. 26. 


202 


the transformations of the latter creatures very happily, 
and also alluded to the large variety of spiders that had 
been found, representing a highly interesting, but poorly 
understood class of animals. 


Grorce D. Purtppen of Salem, had found a specimen of 
the common Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) which, by 
some obscure process of nature, had produced its flowers of 
nearly a pure white. This was made the basis of remarks 
on hybridization and the origin of varieties among plants. . 


‘Mr. Bancrorr had often heard of an animal called the 
-* Hair Snake” found in stagnant water, and said to origi- 
nate from the hair of animals. He would like to have in- 
formation about this creature, which he had often seen. 


Mr. Putnam said, in reply, that this was one of the idle 
steries used by those who knew nothing of science, to ex- 
plain facts without the trouble of observation. The truth 
was, a real hair could never become a living animal under 
any circumstances. The Gordius, or Hair Snake, is a true 
and legitimate creature, with a regular progressive devel- 
opment and the condition in which it so resembles a hair, is 
one of its stages. It bears considerable affinity to the tape- 
worm and others belonging to that class. 


T. M. Stimpson of South Danvers, made a few remarks .« 
upon this meeting at the Bowlders ; expressing much inter- 
est in the suggestions of Mr. Hyatt on the subject of glacial 
action, &c., and concluded in offering a vote of thanks to 
Mr. H. for his instructive and interesting remarks; unani- 
mously adopted. 

Ov Motion of Rey. C. C. Beaman, voted that the thanks 
of the Institute be tendered to the proprietors of the Chapel, 
and to Mr. Joel F. Needham and others for civilities and 
attention. Adjourned. 


203 
Thursday, Aug. 7, 1862. 


Fietp Mretinc at Rockport. The extension of railroad 
communication from Gloucester to Rockport, recently opened, 
contributed, probably, to attract the large party who went 
in the early train to visit the extreme settlement of Cape 
Ann. Not only nearly all of those whose pleasant counte- 
nances usually enliven these meetings were there, but many 
were noticed ; visitors from places further away, devotees of 
science, secking much anticipated pleasures under the pat- 
ronage of the only society that holds “ field meetings,” in 
this region. 

The dispersion of the explorers was, of course, in many 
directions, as usual. <A part set out for Long Beach, a part 
to Pigeon Cove. Some examined the shore, and some the 
interior, or mused and studied among the memorials in the 
old burial ground. But much the largest division turned 
toward the great institution of Rockport—the granite quar- 
ries. Flere they rambled and enjoyed themselves ; ham- 
mering out the curious crystals, or watching the varying 
movements of the derrick, the steam-pump, or the powder- 
blast. 

Reassembling at Johnson’s Hall, the company disposed 


of a plentiful repast, and at half past one o’clock, the formal 


meeting was called to order by Vice President A.C. Good- 


ell of the Historical Department. 


Records of preceding meeting were read. 
Donations were announced from the following : 


To the Cabinets—from Richard Phillips Jr. of Topsfield; 


-James B. Curwen; David Thomson; George F. Flint of 


North Reading ; Mrs. I. Ward; William H. Foster; W. G. 
‘Webb; Dudley Weeks ; Reuben W. Ropes of New York: - 


204 


To the Library—from Joseph Cloutman ; B. Barstow ; 
W. G. Webb; F. Peabody; Charles L. Flint, Secretary of 
Mass. State Board of Agriculture ; Department of the Inte- 
rior, Washington, D.C.; Estate of the late D. A. White ; 
Montreal Society of Natural History ; Philadelphia Acade 
my of the Natural Sciences ; Canadian Institute at Toronto ; 
C. B. Richardson of New York; Charles A. Ropes. 


Among the donations announced was a fine specimen of 
Orthagoriscus mola, or sun-fish, which was taken in the Bay 
a few weeks since by Capt. David Thomson of this city. 
This specimen was smaller than the one described by Storer 
in his Report on the Fishes of Massachusetts being forty 
inches in length, breadth two feet, and from the tip of the 
anal to that of the dorsal fin-about four feet six inches. 

A specimen of Emys Meleagris of Agassiz, described by 
others under the name of Cistuda Blandingii taken in North 
Reading, was presented by Mr. George F. Flint. The 
above facts are worthy of record, on account of the rarity 
of these species in this vicinity. 


Letters were read from F. G. Sanborn; Department:of 
the Interior ; J. L. Russell; Smithsonian Institution ; C. 
M. Tracy of Lynn; S. Barden of Rockport ; Sidney Bar- 
nett of Niagara Falls ; Carleton A. Shurtleff of Brookline 
B. R. Symonds. 


Rev. StittMaN Barpen of Rockport, our entertainer for 
the day, then introduced to the mecting NEwELL Gites Esq., 
President of the Rockport Branch Railroad, who said he 
did not propose to make any speech, that would be done for 
him by his friend who had introduced him. But he would — 
express the pleasure he felt in meeting the members of the 
Institute to-day, and would assure them of the feeling of 


208 


co 


cordial welcome with which their friends of the town re- 
ceived them. 


Mr. BarpEN would act on his friend’s suggestion so far 
as to give a slight delineation of the geology of this region. 
It was, in fact, a pleasure to speak thus to a company from 
such various localities, most of whom, probably, never visit- 
ed these quarries before. This is a region of hard, stern 
eranite ; unpoetical, perhaps, but full of interest to the 
mineralogist. The rock seems like sienite, from the very 
dark hue of the mica, but is yet a true granite with all the 
value of that eldest of all the rocks. Within some ‘thirty 
years three veins have been found in it, where the compo- 
nents have crystalized more separately, and in larger masses 
than common; and here a variety of rare minerals had been 
gradually detected. Among these the showiest and best 
known was the Grecn Feldspar. Black Mica was found in 
good specimens, and Quartz of very fanciful colors and fine 
forms. 


Mr. Francis Atcrer of Boston, pursued the subject with 
some description of another mineral detected to-day, which 
had occasioned some discussion. Some had thought it 
Iolite, but he rather supposed it to be Fluor Spar. He had 
been especially interested in examining the trap dykes that 
cut through the primary rock, and the alterations in that 
rock, induced by the intrusion of these once molten masses. 
The Green Feldspar of this place he thought quite equal 
to that from Siberia. 


James J. H. Grecory of Marblehead said that some cu- 
rious facts as to the crystallization of this granite might be 
detected in the structure of the rock as it is to-day. Masses 
of other kinds than granite were inclosed in it, themselves 


“4 


206 " 


erystallized like the matrix, and both homogeneous. They 
were, when shut up here, solid enough to keep their mass 
and yet fluid enough to crystallize most perfectly. Granite 
was, indeed a most interesting subject of study. The two 
projecting piers, of Rockport and Marblehead were granite 
breakwaters, defending Boston Harbor from much ef the 
force of the terrible ‘“northeasters.” As a paving stone, 
nothing was better than granite; trap indeed was, from the 
nature of its fracture, better for macadamizing, but did not 
wear as well for pavement. As a soil-maker, granite, espe- 
cially the sienitic sorts produce better fruit than any other 
formation ; the feldspar, when decayed, was a good fertil- 
izer, as well as essential to the porcelain-maker. But the 
great use of the granite is as a water-bearer. Nothing else 
compares with it in this, as we at once sce by comparing the 
water of such a region with that of a limestone country, 
and the effect on the health of the people, observable in 
either case. 


STEPHEN [). PooLe of Lynn was sorry not to have more 
time to examine the mineral treasures which the quarries 
would evidently furnish, He had made some study of the 
mineral spoken of by Mr. Alger. It was something like 
Tolite in appearance, but he believed it was Fluor Spar. 
He had known Fluor to be mistaken on first sight before. 
Some was found at.Lynnfield a few years ago. and called 
Amethyst, till chemical tests settled its real nature. 


Rey. E. B. Eppy of Portsmouth, N.H., had, as a miner- 
alogist much enjoyed this day. These minerals were often 
spoken of as mere stones, but they were real gems. There 
should be more eyes and hands at work to save them. He 
was told that to make the foundation of the breakwater 


207 


here, tons of this very rock containing these beautitul crys- 
tals, had been thrown into the sea like rubbish. Never let 
it happen again. Agate might be found here, in a broken 
state ; probably it is brought here from Labrador by the 
floating ice. Other minerals will repay the search, if all, 
ladies and children even, will study and collect what 
they may. 


Rev. JoserpH Banvarp of Worcester, late of Salem, gave 
an address of exceeding interest, stating the incidents of 
what he called his conversion to the importance and beauty 
of Natural History. The delights of communion with the 
Great Architect through his lovely works, were vividly de- 
picted, and the speaker declared that to him who approached 
the study for the first time, it was like the addition of 
another sense. 


Dr. GrorcGe Oscoonp’of Danvers introduced the botanical 
part of the exercises by exhibiting his collection of speci- 
mens, some of which he regarded as rather unusual and 
interesting. But his years rendered him, he said, incapa- 
ble of speaking, or doing more than show himself and_ his 
attachment to science. He wished his friend Tracy would 
speak for him. 


C. M. Tracy of Lynn, was always glad to testify to the 
value and attractiveness of botanical pursuits, at every 
proper time. But this occasion needed nothing from him. 
Here was a man of eighty years, a botanist from youth, 
standing before them to say that he loved his world of plants 
as well as ever. Again, this was hardly a fit occasion for 
botany, for Flora seemed very properly overruled in favor 
of Pluto. These ancient rocks, the strong casket of so 
many jewels, were, under the eye of such students as we 


208 


see here, material enough to repay the study and discussion 
of hours, nay, days, uninterrupted by anything on other 
topics. He further explained a few specimens, and spoke 
of the constitution of the soil here, as connecting the min- 
eral arid vegetable worlds, and showing, as everywhere, the. 
influence of the rock on the plants it sustains. 


GeEORGE D. Purppen of Salem, on being called upon, 
stated that he had greatly enjoyed the day’s ramble, and 
appreciated the attention and skill of the guides who well 
understood the chief points of scientific interest of this re- 
markable place ; but that which most engrossed his mind 
was the grand expanse of the Atlantic, here spread out to 
the view,—the same broad old ocean over whose ever-heav- 
ing waves our father’s first came to these shores, and which 
with its everlasting rocky fringe must appear to our eyes 
to-day, almost precisely as it did to theirs two centuries ago. 
In answer to some inquiries as to parasitical plants, Mr. 
P. said that we had only one true parasite in this region, 
to wit, the Dodder. This is a very elegant as well as 
curious plant, and will reward any one for their study of 
it. He formerly tried the cultivation of it with very grati- 
fying success. 


Mr. A. E. Verritt of Cambridge, at the request of the 
chair, gave a short acount of the few marine animals on the 
table ; after which he presented a sketch of the classification 
of Birds, as adopted by most of the leading ornithologists of 
the day. Though naturalists have always agreed as to the 
limits of the class, they have differed widely as to the way 
in which it should be subdivided into minor groups. Thus 
the number of orders admitted among birds by different 
naturalists, varies from two to twenty-cight. 


209 


The arrangements which have been most generally adopt- 
ed in this country are slight modifications of those of 
Linneeus and Cuvier. Perhaps the one best kuown is that 
admitting seven orders, viz :— 


Raptores, or birds of prey, 
Insessores, or perching birds, 
Scansores, or climbers, 
Rasores, or scratchers, 
Cursores, or runners, 
Grallatores, or waders, 
Natatores, or swimmers. 


Most authors have put the birds of prey at the head of the 
‘list, as the highest or most perfect birds. This on many 
accounts seems wrong, for if we examine those birds which 
have all the characters that are commonly considered bird- 
jike in the greatest perfection, we shall find them not 
among the Raptores, but among the singing birds of the 
order Insessores in the arrangement above. Some authors 
have put the parrots highest on account of their fleshy 
tongues, analogous to those of mammals, but the same 
objection applics to this arrangement, since this character is 


an aberrant one, and not essentially bird-like, and besides 


this, in other characters, the parrots do not approach the 
mammals so closely as many of the other birds. 

A peculiar classification of birds, first proposed by 
Oken, but carried out in its details by Bonaparte, is worthy 
of our consideration. It has certainly the merit of novelty 
and in many respects seems more natural than any of the 
other systems. By this method of classification, birds are 
divided into two.sub-classes, according to the state in which 
the young are hatched from the eggs. All those birds of 
which the young when hatched are very immature and 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. ili. 27. 


210 | | 


helpless, and feed from the mouths of their parents, are- 
called Alirices. The common Robin isa good illustration: 
of this group. Other birds, like the hens and ducks, have- 
young which are able to run about and take care of them- 
selves, in part at least, as soonas hatched. These are called 
Precoces. Fach of these sub classes is to be divided into- 
several orders, but Bonaparte himself has made various 
alterations in the scrial arrangement of the orders and sub- 
orders in his published papers. If we place the singing~ 
birds highest, as | have proposed, instead of the parrots, the 
following arrangement, though somewhat different from. 
either of those of Bonaparte, seems to me the most natural. 

Of the Altrices, the first order will be the Passeres, inclu- 
ding the singing birds or Oscines, as well as most of the 
other small perching birds ; second the Scansores including - 
the parrots; third the Accipitres or birds of prey ; fourth 
the Columbe or doves and pigeons, and perhaps, also, the: 
odo, which is very little known, and forms, in one of the 
arrangements of Bonaparte, a separate order, called Inepti + 
fifth, the Herodiones, including the herons, cranes and the 
like ; and sixth the Gavia, with two sub-orders embracing 
the gulls, albatross, pelicans, cormorants, &c. 

In the second sub-class or Precoces. there are four orders 3- 
first, the Gallina, including the hens, pheasants, &c.; sec-- 
ond, the Struthiones, embracing the ostrich and other simi- 
lar birds ; third, the Grall@, containing the plovers, sand-- 
pipers, and the like; fourth, the Anseres, including the 
two sub-orders Lamellirostres, or ducks, geese, etc., and. 
Brachypteri or auks and divers.» The penguins in the 
latest arrangement of Bonaparte form a distinct order, .the 
lowest of the Altrices, but previously they had been placed: 
as a sub-order, Ptilopteri, under the Anseres. The Flamin- 
go which has been placed among the waders, with the 


211 


‘herons, by most writers, on account of its remarkably long 


legs and neck, and by others with the swimmers on account 


-of its webbed feet, seems to be very closely related to the 
-ducks and geese by its anatomy, motions and habits, and 


would forma family in the sub-order of Lamellirostres. 
One of the most singular features in this classification is 
the analogy or paraliclism existing between the lower orders 


-of the Altrices and those of the Precoces, similar to that 
between the families of the marsupials and those of ordinary 


mammals. Thus the order of Columbe will be parallel 
with Galline. Herodiones with Gralle, and Gavie with 
Anseres, so that we have ascratching order, both among the 
Altrices and Precoces, a wading order in each group, and 


a swimming order in each. In a tabular view they will 
stand thus :— 


ALTRICES, PRECOCES, 

Passeres, Oscines Clamatores, Gallina, 

Scansores, Ntruthiones, 

Accipitres, Gralla, 

Columbe, Anseres, Lamellirostres, 
Herodiones, Brachypteri, Ptilopteri! 


Gavie, Totipalmi, Longipennes, 


Rev. A. E. P. Perkrys of Ware, said that the study of 


the habits of birds was replete with curious interest. He 


had noticed cases of the most striking instinct exhibited by 


them. The story of the Cow Black-bird placing her eggs in 
-a nest, not her own, was familiar to all, but he had seen 
some very singular modifications of this practice, and amus- 


ing expedients of the two birds, the owner of the nest and 
the intruder. He had known something of the classification 


spoken of by Mr. Verrill, but did not like it, it seemed 
artificial and forced, breaking, rather than s{rengthening 
the obvious natural orders. 


242 
Mr. VERRILL replied, and some discussion ensued. 


Rev. JosepH B. Fert of Salem, then read an_ historical’ 
sketch of Rockport, including notices of prominent families, 
statistics of industry, and many other matters of local inter-- 
est. (Printed in Hist. Coll. of Inst. vol iv, p. 162. 


Rey. C. C. BEAMAN of Salem, thought all present had 
deeply enjoyed this excursion. He, too, delighted in this 
free view of the ocean, so grand and elevating, and so well 
calculated to awaken every sublime emotion of the human 


soul. 


Mr. A. Hyarr of Cambridge, gave a brief exposition of 
the theory of the Drift Formation, as now generally received, 
and also explained, at some length, the peculiar action of 
waves and oceanic currents in forming pits, ridges, and other’ 
inequalities in the sand. 


Rey. G. 8. Weaver of Lawrence, bore testimony to the 
extreme pleasantness of this occasion. -He wished he could 
have the opportunity, now and then, of enjoying such a 
season, near home. If the Institute would arrange for an 
early visit to Lawrence, he could assure them of a most 
hearty welcome. 


It was then on motion of THomAs M. Stimpson, Esq., of 
South Danvers, (who supported the motion with agreeable 
remarks. ) 


Resolved, That the thanks of the Members of the Essex 
Institute be tendered to those ladies and gentlemen of 
Rockport, who have so kindly given their time and services 
in aid of the objects of the Society ; to those by whose liber- 
ality the use of the Hall has been granted for our meetings ; 
and to all others who have contributed to render our visit - 
one of pleastre. Adjourned. ; 


bo 


15 
Thursday, Aug. 21, 1862. 


FreLp Mrrrinc at Hamitron.—A fine day induced the 
attendance of very many to this meeting, although the spot 
was by no means an unfamiliar onc, having been the secne of 
more than one visit by the excursionists of the Institute 
already. But a really good thing seldom tires ; and so our 
friends again came from various directions, a few at a time, 
in carriages or on foot, and made up a very interesting com- 
pany, larger than would have been thought, from the ap- 
pearance of the arrivals. 

The diversified surface in this vicinity speedily attracted 
the attention of the active explorers, some searching the 
ponds for aquatic plants and animals, some threading the 
woods and thickets, and others studying the more solid sub- 
stratum of rock and soil below the whole. A few had come 
through the woods from West Beach and had much to 
show and more to tell of the pleasant things met in that 
path among the ponds. 


The meeting for the afternoon was called to order on the 
spacious platform kept by Mr. Whipple of the place, for 
dancing uses, when Hon. ALLEN W. Dooce of Hamilton, 
was chosen chairman, and in an eloquent manner welcomed 
the Institute to this town of his adoption. He was glad to 
gee so many present, of all ranks and pursuits. He wished 
he could say a word to induce every one to look as he did upon 
the works of God in surrounding nature, and enter hearti- 
ly into their study from this time, as a means of self-culture 
and improvement. 


J. J. H. Gregory of Marblehead, then {proceeded briefly 
to discusss the geological constitution of this region, refer- 
ing largely to that of Cape Ann, and drawing, in imagina- 


214 


tion,an historical picture of the geological changes that have 
heretofore passed upon these hills and valleys around us. 
Considering the unpromising aspect of granitic and sienitic 
rocks, we might be led to suppose that a soil formed from 
them would be sterile ; but here the soil has precisely this 
origin, and its richness is a constant correction of such pre- 
conceived errors. 


Rey. JoserH B. Fexr of Salem read a short historical es- 
say on the early times of the town of Hamilton, when it 
existed as part of old Ipswich. Among the peculiarities of 
the place he adverted to a line of families among the inhabi- 
tants who, from some singular quality of constitution, are 
and have been known as “ bleeders.”? These persons bleed 
profusely, and dangerously, even, from the least scratch ; 
and some remarkable facts as to the hereditary descent of 
this affliction, help to invest the case with much of deep and 
painful interest. (Printed in Historical Collections of the 
Institute, vol. iv. page 225) 


Mr. Grecory inquired what was the meaning of “* Naum- 
keag,”’ the Indian name of Salem. 

Mr. Fett said he believed Cotton Mather had defined it 
as * peace.” 

Mr. Grecory thought it merely meant “ good fishing 
place,’ and was applied to many places along the shore. 

Mr. Fevtr doubted this, and thought this last was rather 
the interpretation of “Agawam,” once the name of Ips- 
wich and several other places. 


C. M. Tracy of Lynn, had been one of those who made 
the delightful excursion up from West Beach, under the.ex- 
cellent guidance of Mr. E. Knowlton. The vicinity of the 
ponds, where traversed by the West Beach Road, is remarka~ 


———— 


215 


ple for its growth of beech, the extensive woods of whicle 
wear a singular look to him who has dwelt habitually among: 
no forests save of pine and cedar. In these beech woods, 
and around the ponds, are the haunts of many of Flora’s 
choice works; and not a few of these had been met by him 
in the walk. ‘Some of these he had brought along for 
farther remark, such asthe Blue Vervain, the Coreopsis and 
Rhexia, the Willow-herb, the Dwarf Cornel, the Cardinal 
Flower, and several others. 


Mention being made of the Sunflower, the Chair asked 
if there was any truth in the assertion that it turned toward 
the sun. Mr. Tracy replied that there was none whatever, 
Tom Moore’s beautiful poetry to the contrary notwith- 
standing. 


GeorcE D. Putpeen of Salem, gave a somewhat extend- 
ed discourse on the plants that furnish a fiber for textile 
uses. Four families, typified respectively by the Mallow, 
the Milkweed, the Flax and the Nettle afford almost all of 
this for common use. The two last are sources well known ; 
but the ability of the Milkweed to furnish a delicate and 
commendable fiber is not well understood. Mr. P. had col- 
lected and brought to the mecting selections of such plants 
as yleld beneath their outer bark a strong fibrous tissue 
known as the bast tissue, and which may be prepared and 
woven into textile fabrics. He dwelt largely upon the As- 
clepias cornuti or common Milk or Silkweed, so abundant 
in the fields and along the read sides throughout a large 
extent of the country. He also exhibited beautiful speci- 
mens of workmanship, both prepared, spun and wrought 
from the fibre of this plant, by the hands of Miss Margaret 
Gerrish, late of Salem, deceased, and recently presented to 


216 


the Museum of the Institute. These consisted of purses, 
work-bags, socks, skeins of thread of different colors, also 
samples of paper from the macerated fibre, together with con- 
siderable quantities of the prepared fibre, of great length, 
(being the length of the stem,) and having, as all the man- 
ufactured articles did, a silvery lustre, considerably resem-~ 
bling silk. 

There were also exhibited specimens of the living ie 
with its novel and honey-laden flowers, and portions of the 
stem and fibre in various stages, showing its manner of 
growth and preparation. Specimens prepared by Mr. P. 
from the fibre of other plants were also presented ; such ag 
that from the tall nettle, so plentiful about the stone walls, 
Urtica gracilis, and Apocynum cannabium, or Indian Hemp, 
Celastrus scandens or waxwork and other plants ; proving 
conclusively that with these, in addition to Flax and Hemp, 
under the ingenious appliances of cultivation and machi- 
nery, we need not be dependent upon the South or any 
part of the wide world for material with which to answer 
that important and industrial question, “‘ wherewithal shall 
we be clothed.” 


C. C. Corrin, Esq., of Malden, known as “ Carleton,” 
of the Boston Journal, being invited, entertained the meet- 
ing with a vivid account of the memorable gunboat fight 
before Memphis on the Mississippi. ‘That famous engage- 
ment ended the hopes of the rebels as to the production of 
a Navy. But there were other things than Navies to be 
conquered in this war; and of these, not the least was that 
remarkable female influence that from the first had sus- 
tained and stimulated the rebellion. Only by an equal 
awakening of the free born women of the north, can we 
ever oppose a fit and sufficient instrument to this restless, 
this powerful auxiliary of southern enormity. 


217 


J. L. Srpuey of Cambridge, and Librarian of Harvard 
College, had come down with a friend to see what kind of a 
thing a “ field meeting’? might be. He had heard some- 
thing of these gatherings ; but he had not expected to find 
in them so much that spoke of the active, living study of 
nature, and of the thousand wonderful and lovely things 
she spreads around us. Andas no one in this life knows 
what may be the consequences of his acts, how much we 
may be left to inquire, as resulting, one day from such exer- 
cises as these. Here was a dissertation on the almost un- 
known fiber of a common plant. Who ean tell what results 
may follow from what that speaker has told us on that sub- 
ject, results, perhaps, as broadly affecting the country as 
the growth and use of cotton already have. 


A few other gentlemen favored the mecting with remarks, 
after which, on motion of Mr. BEaMAN of Salem, the thanks 
of the Institute were voted to Messrs. John Whipple and 
Edmund Knowlton, for their efforts to render the meeting 
successful and pleasant, and to all our friends in this vi- 
cinity. Adjourned. 


Wednesday, September 17, 1862. 


FieLp MeETING at RowLey.—This was the last of the 
series for this year, and nearly one hundred from other 
towns availed themselves of the opportunity to visit this 
time-honored old place, where cluster somany memorials of 
the past, highly interesting to the antiquary and to the stu- 
dent in our early history. The assemblage were welcomed 
at the Town Hall, by Rev. Joun Pixs, the * parson of the 
parish,” in a few remarks of great kindliness ; after which, 
dispersing in various directions, the visitors spent the usual 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. ili. 28. 


218 


amount of time in exploration and research. A general re- 
turn of these wanderers having been affected, the formal 
meeting was opened in the Town Hall, at 3 P.M., Vice Pres- 
ident A. C. Goodell, presiding. 


Records of the preceding meeting read. 


Donations were announced— 

To the Library—from L. Peirson Ward; M. Savory of 
Georgetown ; Zaccheus Gould of Topsfield ; Canadian In- 
stitute at Toronto; Henry Barnard of Hartford, Conn.; 
Jonathan Perley, Jr.; C. B. Richardson of New York ; Mrs. 
KR. Putnam ; Boston Society of Natural History ; Philadel- 
phia Academy of Natural Science. 

To the Cabinets—from William Mack ; L. Peirson Ward; 
Miss Rebecca Johnson of Cohasset ; Benjamin -Felt ; James 
B. Curwen ; Charles A. Putnam; 8. B. Buttrick ; Alfred 
Stone; Rufus Wendell; W. L. Leach; J. Wingate Thorn- 
ton of Boston; Reuben W. Ropes of New York. 


Letters were read from Trustees of New York State Library; 
Pennsylvania Historical Society ; Trustees of Boston Public 
Library ; 8. Barden of Rockport; A. E. Verrill of Cam- 
bridge ; William Barry of Chicago; R. H. Bacon; A. W. 
Dodge of Hamilton. 

A circular was read from the American Pomological 
Society, requesting a delegation from the Institute to the 
Convention in Boston. Referred to the President of the 
Horticultural department, with authority to act. 


Rev. C. C. Braman of Salem, gave a summary of the 
historical work of the company about the place. This was 
the town where Rev. Mr. Bradford established a Divinity 
School, seventy or eighty years ago, having for one of his 


219 


pupils, Rev. Joshua Spaulding, afterwards of Salem. Here, 
to-day, they had visited the old Jewett House, built more 
‘than two hundred years ago, and seen in it a clock thought 
to be some three hundred years old, it having been set up 
in Dorchester sixteen or eighteen years before the settlement 
of Rowley. It isinscribed * Richard Masterson at ye Diall 
within Moore Gate.” Dummer Academy, one of the ancient 
institutions of the Commonwealth, had also been visited. 
Unlike most other such, it has outgrown its tenement twice 
over, and now inhabits the third building provided for its 
use. An examination of the old burying ground here had 
also revealed a store of facts interesting to the historian and 
antiquary. 


Rey. J. B. Fett of Salem then read a paper on the early 
history of Rowley, largely relating to the character and la- 
bors of Rev. Ezekiel Rogers, the first and most noted of her 
ministers. 


Rev. Joun PIKE of Rowley remarked that but for an in- 
advertance, the company would, in the morning, have been 
invited to the private gardens in the place, of which some 
were worth a visit. For himself, he could fully accept the 
idea of Mr. Beaman, in reference to his pastorate, that that 
minister was fortunate, whose church possessed a worthy 
history. He had often felt the truth of this while seeking 
to minister to this ancient church; and he had come to 
the conclusion, that while many ministers would like to 
choose their successors, he would greatly prefer to name his 
predecessor, as a far more important thing. 


C. M. Tracy of Lynn, had been very busy to-day explor- 
ing the botany of .the “ Stackyard Woods,” in connection 
with a most agreeable party. The successive seasons bring 


220 


out different styles and classes of floral life, so that each 
gets, as it were, a distinctive mark. The late summer and 
autumn months are the peculiar time of the Composite: 
Flowers. The Aster is generally taken as the type of these 
and is one of the most numerous. Nearly forty species are 
recognized in the Northern States, and of these he exhibited 
several. The Thistle represents one section of this great 
family. Yet there are plenty of other kinds of plants in 
autumn, as, for example, many of the pea-flowered class. 
In this we see to-day the Bush Clover and the Tick-Trefoil, 
whose seeds stick to the clothes. 'The Dwarf Cornel is now 
in fruit. It is much, on a small scale, like the Flowering 
Dogwood, whose bark has been substituted for Cinchona. 
The Prenanthes and Gentians were also spoken of, also the 
Canada Burnet ; and some notice was taken of the Mints, 
perfectly free from hurtful properties. and affording an ap- 
preciable quantity of camphor. 


F. W. Putnam of Salem, gave some illustration of the 
zoology of this place, producing several tree-toads, frogs, 
&c., also a large worm supposed to be the larva of the Five- 
spotted Sphynx. He gave familiar expositions of the changes 
of the insect and reptile life during development; and re- 
marked on the erroneous notion that most of our reptiles 
are poisonous. We have no venomous species in the East- 
‘ern States, save the Rattlesnake and an occasional Copper- 
‘head. He then proceeded to describe the interior structure 
‘of the nest of the Humble-Bee, an insect only imperfectly 
understood, as indeed are too many of our common animals 
even yet. It has been estimated that there are six thousand 
six hundred and thirty-five species, of animals inhabiting New 
England. Mr. P. added some explanation of the geologi- 
eal record of animal life, and argued that the evidence 


221 


of any species changing its character at any period, or 

td o 3 } 3 
passing into another was not yet sufficient to warrant the 
statement. 


A few other gentlemen offered appropriate remarks, after 
which on motion of N. J. Houpen, Esq. of Salem the thanks 
of the Institute were tendered to Rey. Mr. Pike, the Messrs. 
Smith, Prime, Harris, Hills, and Richards, as well as Mrs. 
Pike and Mrs. Lambert, with others whose kindness to us 
had been so untiring. The Institute then adjourned. 


Monday, Dec. &, 1862. 


Meeting this evening at the rooms, Plummer Hall, A. C. 
Goodell, jr. one of the Vice Presidents in the chair. 


Records of the preceding meeting read. 
Donations were announced from the following : 


To the Library—from J. W. Thornton of Boston; S. A. 
Green, Surg. 24th Reg. Mass. Vols.; J. Morrisey of Boston ; 
J. B. Felt; Daniel Barnes of New York ; Jeremiah Colburn 
of Boston; O. C. Marsh; E. S. Parker of Groveland; H. F. 
Shepard ; Boston Society of Natural History; Mrs. N. D. 
Cole; S. E. Peabody; Trustees of N. Y. State Library ; 
Smithsonian Institution; John L. Sibley of Cambridge : 
Miss A. M. Hemmenway, of Ludlow, Vt.; A. B. Almon; 
C. B. Richardson of New York ; Theron Metcalf of Boston ; 
George Livermore of Cambridge; Philadelphia Academy 
of Natural Science; A. B. Johnson of Utica, N. Y.; Trus- 
tees of Dartmouth College, H. L. Williams ; Zoologischen 
Gesellschaft, Frankfort, a. M.; D.C. Gilman of Yale Col- 
lege ; Joel Munsell of Albany, N. Y.; George B. Loring ; 
Charles H. Dodge ; Montreal Society of Natural History ; 
W. P. Tucker of Brunswick, Me. ; R. Manning. 


222 


To the Cabinets—from Mrs. H. Brown; Amos Stillman ; 
C. H. Norris; 8. Barden of Rockport; E. Peabody; Ed- 
mund Lovett of Kinsemby, W. C. A.; H. Brown; Edward 
J. Porter; Daniel Cudner; James H. Emerton; John 
Saul; J. Choate ; John H. Towne, Sierra Leone ; Edmund 
Larcom, Beverly. 


The Chair presented in the name of Hon. Allen W. 
Dodge, of Hamilton, three volumes :—1st, by William Hol- 
loway, ‘‘ The Peasant’s Fate,’ published in 1803; 2d, by 
John Searson, published in 1798, “ Art of Contentment” ; 
38d, a volume by Rev. Samuel Willard, containing Ist, 
“ The Fountain Opened,” and 2d, a Sermon on Christian 
perfection, from the text, ‘* Be ye Perfect,’ &c. Mr. G. 
gave a short biographical sketch of Rev. Mr. Willard and 
brief notices of the other publications. 


A letter was read from Hon. Robert Hooper of Boston, 
presenting to the Institute, six MS. volumes, consisting of 
five camp journals and one letter book, which were the 
property of the late Brigadier General John Glover, of 
Marblehead, a distinguished officer in the army of the Rev- 
olution, in the name of his descendants. Also a letter from — 
W.R. L. Ward, Esq., of New York, announcing the trans- 
mission to the Institute of a volume originally belonging to 
the same set which was in his possession. These valuable 
and highly interesting records were referred to by W. P. 
Upham, to prepare a report in relation thereto, to be read at 
some future meeting. 

A letter from Hon. Nathaniel Silsbee, tendering to the 
Institute a donation of two paintings, by the late George 
Ropes, of this city,—one a view of Crowninshield’s wharf, 
(now Phillips’) as it was some fifty years since—the other, 
the launching of the ship Fame. 


293 


Letters were also read from J. H. Hickcox of Albany, 
N. Y.; D. C. Gilman of New Haven, Conn.; Augustus 
Towne of Boston; J. Munsell of Albany, N. Y.; Pennsyl- 
vania Historical Society; Trustees of N. Y. State Library ; 
Maine Historical Society ; Museum of Comparative Zoology 
at Cambridge; Corporation of Harvard College ; American 
_ Philosophical Society ; American Geographical and Statisti- 

cal Society; M. A. Stickney; N. W. Hazen of Andover; 
C. B. Richardson of New York; J. K. Wiggin of Boston ; 
J.C. Hilgard of the Coast Survey; W. C. Binney of Ames- 
bury ; and S. F. Haven of Worcester. 


On motion of Rey. C. C. Beaman, the thanks of the Insti- 
tute were presented to the several donors. 


F. W. Putnam presented a paper containing a list of the 
reptiles of the county, accompanying the same with some 
remarks upon the distinctive characters of the several orders. 
By the above list we learn that the whole number of species 
is 40, viz :—Salamanders, eleven ; Frogs, five ; Tree Toads, 
three ; Toads, two ; Scaphiopus, one ; Snakes, eleven ; Tur- 
tles, seven. 


The Chair mentioned that a gentleman interested in anti- 
quarian lore, had authorized the Secretary to purchase on 
his account old MSS. prior to 1700 at the rate of one dollar 
per pound ; from 1700 to 1750, at fifty cents per pound ; 
from 1750 to 1800 at twenty-five cents per pound; the same 
to be deposited in the library of the Institute. After some 
general remarks upon the importance of the preservation 
of old papers, and the probability that much valuable ma- 
terial may be sold to the paper-makers on account of the 
high price of this atticle in the market, the Institute ad- 
journed. 


‘ 


224 


Monday, December 22, 1862. 


Meeting this evening, the President in the Chair. 
- Records of the preceding meeting read. 


Letters were read from J. H. Hickcox of Albany N.Y.; 
George W. Wheelwright and W. F. Poole of Boston; Mas- ~ 
sachusetts Historical Society; Trustees of the Boston Ath- 
eneum; S. P. Fowler of Danvers; 8S. H. Grant of the 
New York Mercantile Library Association. 


Donations from the following were announced. 


To the Library—from Canadian Institute at Toronto; C. 
B. Richardson of New York ; Joshua Coffin of Newbury 3 
W.S. Hiltz; Boston Society of Natural mee ; American 
Antiquarian Society. 


To the Cabinets—from J. C. Lee; Shove S. Symonds. 


The Secretary mentioned that several specimens of the 
Snow Owl (Strix nyctea) had been taken in this vicinity 
during the present season. In this connection extracts were 
read from the Canadian Journal, a-publication printed in 
Toronto, under the direction of a Committee of the Canadian 
Institute, respecting the abundance of these birds on the 
shores of Lake Ontario, and of their habits. Mr. S. Passa- 
more, a well known taxidermist in Toronto, under date of 
17th of November 1862, speaks of having some forty or fifty — 
specimens which had been shot within the past two or three 
weeks, in that neighborhood, some measuring five feet four 
inches from wing to wing. Similar numbers are stated to 


have appeared in 1837. Mr. Passamore gives 1833, (1839, 


1853, as abundant years. 


225 

Mr. A. ©. Goodell, as Chairman of the Curators of His- 
tory, proposed for the consideration of the Institute the sub- 
ject of ‘New England’s Heraldry.’’ The following is the 
substance of his remarks : 


After alluding to the well known fact that it is claimed 
by the Southern Rebels that they are of bettcr extraction, 
in the feudal scnse, than the people of New England, he 
proseeded to show that this claim, though utterly unfound- 
ed, is beginning to be treated, at home and abroad, as a 
matter of some consequence in considering the probable 
event of the struggle which agitates the country. 

The wholesale charge of John Arthur Roebuck, the mem- 
ber of Parhament for Sheffield, that the North is composed 
of a mixed population of people of low origin, of outlaws 
and criminals, while the South, on the other hand, is largely 
peopled by the descendants of the Cavaliers, who are there- 
fore more nearly allied to the gentry and nobility of Great 
Britain, had never, in the opinion of the speaker, met the 
utter and general contradiction which it deserves. 

On the contrary, the silence of the press and even the 
positive admission of some public Northern speakers, such 
as the Rev. Dr. Bellows of N. Y., has the effect of establish- 
ing this error in the minds of our enemics and in the public¢ 
opinion of Europe. The speaker said he was glad to know 
that the newspaper press has, at last, begun to question the 
truth of this invidious charge. 

Dr. O. W. Holmes, too, in ithe December No. of the 
Atlantic Monthly, has protested against this error, in very 
strong terms, in his article, “* My hunt after the Captain ;” 
also, Count Gurowski has met the accusation with a scath- 
ing denial in his “Diary.” It is to be hoped that these 
indications warrant the belief that the public mind will soon 
give this subject sufficient attention. The speaker was 
happy to announce that in several states, persons interested 
in genealogical and historical studies are at this moment 
engaged in preparing articles, the effect of which will be to 
prove incontestably that a far larger proportion of the peo- 
ple of New England are from an ancestry of gentle and 
noble consanguinity than of the people of the South. Mr. 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. lll. 29. 


226 


W. H. Whitmore of Boston, the author of the ‘* Hand-book 
of American Genealogy,” is engaged in the preparation of 
a work which is intended to exhibit, as nearly as all known 
accessible data will allow, the relative proportions of gentry, 
yeomanry and nobility of the several American colonies. 
In the course of his investigations, Mr. W. has found that a 
large MS. volume, now in the library of Peter Force, at 
Washington, D. C., copied from a similar book in the Ar- 
chives of the State Paper Office, London, being exclusively, 
a list of the names of criminals depor ted to the penal colony 
of Virginia, contains many names of leading families of the 
chivalry of the present day. 

Mr. G. then proceeded to say that Bishop Meade’s work 
‘on the Old Churches and Families of Virginia, was the only 
record to which Virginia has hitherto appealed to prove her 
general claim to Cavalier extraction. Yet we, quiet un- 
pretending people of Massachusetts, can count more and 
higher names in the list of our gentility without any special 
effort; and when Mr. Whitmore shall have given the subject 
a thorough study, we shall uudoubtedly, find that the pro- 
portion of noble and gentle blood in the whole population, 
stands, to that of Virginia, as ten to one. 

Mr. G. then enumerated some of our old first families— 
such as the descendants of Emanuel Downing of Salem, 
whose son, Sir George, in 1664, united in marriage to the 
Howards (the family of the Duke of Norfolk,) and his de- 
scendant of the same name, founded Downing College, 
Cambiidge, England. Also the Salem Curwens, who are 
descended from the Helsington branch of the Workington 
Curwens,—at whose head stood Gospatric, Earl of Northum- 
berland,—one of the oldest and noblest families in Europe. 
Among our Puritan clergy, too, are to be found not only a 
large number of distinguished graduates of Oxford and Cam- 
bridge, but also many who were closely related to high 
ecclesiastics in the English Church. Thus we have the. 
Nortons of Ipswich, were connected with Archbishop. Cran- 
mer; the Rawsons and Wilsons, with Archbishop Grindal, 
and the former also descended from Bishop Hooker ; the 
Yales from Bishop Morton and Bonner; and the wire 
from Bishop Still. 


Then we have, in the history of New England, such 
names as Lady Arabella Johnson, Lady Deborah Moody and 
her neighbor (who was nobly descended and married a 
daughter of the Earl of Lincoln,) John Humphrey of Lynn ; 
also, the knights and baronets, Saltonstall, Vane, Phipps, 
Pepperell and Sir John Temple of Ten Hills far m, Malden, 
who was descended from the same stock as the Viscounts 
Palmerston. Lord Chancellor Lyndhurst it will be remem- 
bered is a Boston boy. We have, too, many old families of 
gentry, such as the Appletons, who go clearly back to the 
year 1414; the Bruens, to the year 1250; the Lawrences to 
the year 1190, the Adamses and others. The Thorntons, 
also, who are descended from two Mayors of York; the 
Sewalls from Henry Sewall, Mayor of Coventry; and the 
Salem Brownes, from the Brownes of Browne Hall, Lan- 
cashire, England, a family, some of whose members removed 
from Salem to Virginia, and one of whom married a grand- 
daughter of Bishop Burnet. Another family which Salem 
contributed to Virginia was that of the Fairfaxes. The 
Hon. Col. William Fairfax was a resident of Salem before 
he went to Virginia, in 1734. Here he married a lady, 
born in Salem, Deborah the daughter of Francis Clarke, 
Esquire, and from this union were Bryan, Lord Fairfax, 
and other descendants who are considered the very cream 
Gr tlie °F OV 5” 

Col. Fairfax was Collector of the Port and lived in the 
house, still standing on the corner of Cambridge and Essex 
streets, and his wife’s father lived and died in the old house 
which formerly stood on the Eastern corner of North and 
Essex streets. Letters and souvenirs from the Fairfaxes, 
dating from about 1750 to 1820, are still in possession of a 
descendant of the Clarke family in this city. 


Mr. Goodell spoke also of the numerous coats of arms ex- 
tant among members of our old families, and engraved on 
tombstones in the old burying-grounds and expressed the 
hope that all persons possessing such heir-looms would make 
their existence known to the Institute that they may be 
copied for Mr. Whitmore’s work. 


_ 228 


In reply to a suggestion from Rev. Mr. Beaman, Mr. G. 
continued his remarks by saying that doubtless many of the 
leaders of the rebellion will be found, like Slidell, Davis, 
Stephens and Hammond, to be of obscure northern birth or 
descent. So that the argument of superior blood by the 
South not only failed but was even turned against them by 
the facts of history. 

Remarks were offered on this subject by Rev. Messrs. 
Beaman and Felt, Mr. G. D. Phippen, and the chair. 


Adjourned. 

Monday, January 12, 1863. 
Meeting this evening, the President in the Chair. 
Records of preceding meeting were read. 
Donations were announced. 


To the Library—from A. D. Bache, of the U.S. Coast 
Survey; American Academy of Arts and Science; J. Col- 
burn of Boston; Samuel H. Scudder of Boston; Mrs. N. 
D. Cole; Caleb Foote ; Trustees of Boston Public Library ; 
Trustees of Newburyport Public Library ; Robert Manning ; 
Miss E. K. Roberts; Misses Mulligan of Newburyport; 
John Chapman. | 

To the Cabinets—from S. W. Boardman of Milltown, 
Me.; R. Manning; David M. Balch; Miss M. J. Scobie; 
G. C. Chase. 


’ A letter was read from Dr. George Chandler of Worcester, 
presenting to the Institute, in the name of the Misses Mulli- 
_ gan of Newburyport, the Diary of Rev. Samuel Chandler, 

in four volumes of inter-leaved almanacs of the years 1746, 

9, 50 and 51, at York, Maine ; and of the years 1751, 2, 3, 
4, 5,6, 7 and 8 at Gloucester, Mass. 


-. ale ae 


229 


A brief notice of Rev. Mr. Chandler was given. Rey. 
Samuel Chandler was the son of Josiah Chandler of Ando- 
ver, where he was born in 1715, graduated at Harvard Col- 
lege in the class of 1735, ordained minister of the church 
in York, Maine, in 1742, where he remained, occasionally 
teaching a school in addition to lis ministerial duties, till 
his removal to Gloucester in 1751. In 1755, he went as 
Chaplain to Col. Ichabod Plaisted’s Regiment, in the expe- 
dition against Crown Point. He died after a long and 


severe sickness, on the 16th of March, 1775, aged sixty-two. 


Mr. David Nichols presented to the lnstitute, two photo- 
graphs of Washington ; one, of a small size for albums—the 
other considerably larger for framing. He then gave a brief 
history of the original from which these photographic copies 
were obtained; it has been in his wife’s family for many 
yoars, and is presumed to be the only one of the kind known. 
Upon removing it from the frame recently, the following 
endorsement was found upon the back :—‘‘ This was done 
in New York, 1780, and is acknowledged by all to be a very 
strong likeness. B. Goopaue.’’ Benjamin Goodhue was a 
native of Salem, son of Benjamin and Martha (Hardy) 
Goodhue, born Sept. 20, 1748, graduate of Harvard in the 
class of 1766; first Representative to Congress from this 
district, and was a member of that body as a Representative 
or Senator from 1789 to 1800. This portrait was shown to 
many aged persons, who had seen and might remember 
Washington’s appearance, and they all coincided in the 


opinion of its correctness so far as the recollection of nearly 


three quarters of a century could be relied upon. Letters 
were read from the venerable Josiah Quincy ex-President 
of Harvard University, Jared Sparks, Esq., ‘and others, in 
relation to the subject. 


230 
Mr. Quincy, in a letter to Mr. Nichols, thus writes :— 


“The portrait of Washington, certified by Benjamin 
Goodhue, Esq., on which you ask my opinion, certainly 
satisfies my recollections of him, as he appeared in 1789 and 
1790. At that time I saw him twice or thrice, and alter- 
wards several times in 1795. The certificate of Mr. Good- 
hue is also almost conclusive, in my mind, for he was the 
last man who would sign such a certificate lightly. The 
common likenesses of Washington, like those of Stuart, 
which were painted subsequently to 1789, give a false ex- 
pression to his mouth, owing to having at this period, false 
teeth—the dentists of that day having not the skill to con- 
ceal their work, like those of the present time. I regard 
the portrait in your possession as quite valuable ; and if, as 
you state, it was a sketch of St. Memin, it has great preten- 
tions to correctness. I well knew that artist. He had great. 
merit, and if it be from his hand, its correctness may be 
depended upon, and it is worthy of preservation.” 


In connection with this subject, Mr. H. M. Brooks exhib- 
ited several Washington medals, some of which were very 
beautiful. Mr. Brooks has had medals or coins with the 
‘impression of Washington struck from some two hundred 
different dies—the earlier ones were all complimentary. 


An interesting discussion then followed on this subject ; 

after which the Chair gave an interesting account of the 
~ designs of the Mount Vernon Association in Essex County, 
and also of a visit he made to Ashland, the heme of Henry 
Clay, in the summer of 1861. 


Adjourned. 


Monday, January 26, 1868. 


~ 


Meeting this evening, the President in the chair. 


Records of preceding meeting read. 


251 


Letters were read from Historical Society of Pennsyl- 
vania; J. P. Lesley of American Phil. Society ; N. S. Howe 
of Haverhill; A. E. Verrill of Norway, Me.; W. F. Poole of 
Boston ; W. P. Upham; H. Curwen. 


Donations to the Library and Cabinet, were aunounced— 
from Richard H. Wheatland; N. J. Lord; C. P. Preston, 
Secretary of Essex Agricultural Society; John S. Ives; 
James Upton; C. B. Richardson of New York, N. Y.; 
Portland Society of Natural History; 8. M. Worcester ; 
James A. Gillis; Horace Brown; Thomas H. Johnson; 
Henry M. Brooks; Ceorge C. Chase; Stillman Barden of 
Rockport ; Joseph Hammond. 


Rev. S. Barden of Rockport, being called upon by the 
Chair, gave a very interesting and instructive account of 
his researches among the quarries in Rockport. These 
quarries have long possessed a great reputation for the 
excellent building material furnished—specimens of which 
may be seen in the principal cities of the Union. In 
the extensive quarries worked by Eames & Co., can be 
seen some of the best and purest granite in the country. 
there is almost an entire absence of hornblende. Granite con- 
tains quartz, feldspar and mica—sienite, quartz, feldspar and 
hornblende ; frequently the four ingredients are found com- 
bined together, viz.: quartz, feldspar, mica and hornblende ; 
hence the rock of this region may be termed sicnitic granite. 


These quarries exhibit numberless varieties in the color- 
ing of the ingredients; the quartz is shaded all the way 
from a smoky color to a light watery hue, sometimes tinged 
with red in a slight degree; the feldspar of a half green 
color ; the mica of an ebony black—occasionally some fine 
atoms of the red oxide of manganese, and garnets are found 


4h 


. 232 


intermingled. Granite is generally very chary of its con- 


tributions of gems ; yet we have occasionally veins in which | 


the elements of granite are crystallized in distinct masses, 
aud ina variety of the most fantastic shapes, the quartz 
being mostly smoky or jet black ; the mica equally so; the 
feldspar, white, buff, and occasionally of the very richest 
conceivable green. They always crystallize in a matrix of 
quartz, and can only be successfully extricated by the very 
greatest care and industry. There have been only some 


three or four of these more prominent veins opened in the 


above quarries within the space of some thirty years. Mr. 
B. has found some seventy different varieties of minerals. 
during his researches. 


Mr. F. W. Putnam called the attention of the meeting to 


the late discovery of a most singular animal in the litho- 
graphic stone of Solenhofen, and gave the different views 
that are entertained in regard to it. This fossil is singular 
in being a combination of bird and reptile, inasmuch as it is 
provided with feathers like a bird, while many of its other 
characteristics are reptilian. The fact of this animal’s being 
provided with wings and with hind extremities, having 
but three toes and furthermore belonging to the same age 
as the so called ‘“ Bird tracks” of the Connecticut valley and 
other localities, supports the theory advanced by Professor 
Agassiz some time ago, that the ‘bird tracks’ were not 
made by birds but by reptiles which were bird-like in their 
characters. Professor Wagner has given to this strange 
animal the name of Griphosaurus, from the Greek word 
meaning “ enigma,” and “ saurus,” referring it to the order 
Savria in the class of REprives. : 


After some interesting remarks of a general character,— 
Adjourned. \ 


233 
Monday, February 9, 1863. 


Meeting this evening, A. C. Goodell, Jr., Vice President, 
in the chair. 


Records of preceding meeting read. 


Letters were read from Maine Historical Society; C. M. 
Tracy of Lynn; A. Huntington; F. W. Putnam; H. G. 
Somerby of Boston. 


Donations were announced from the following sources: 


To the Library—from W. D. Pickman ; James Upton ; 
J.L. Sibley of Cambridge; Mrs. E. A. Putnam; A. Crosby; 
S. H. Scudder of Boston; Mrs. B. Wheatland; Mrs. L. P. 
Johnson ; H. P. Filer, of Troy, N. Y.;C. W. Upham; A. E. 
Verrill of Cambridge; Chicago Historical Society; Wm. 
Mack. 


To the Cabinets— from Thos. R. Tannatt, U. S. Army ; 
W. P. Goodhue; William Wyman; George F. Chever. 


F. W. Putnam occupied the hour of the meeting in pre- 
senting a series of interesting and instructive remarks upon 
the natural history of the common cod, with some observa- 
tions on the classification of Fishes. After passing a vote of 
thanks to Mr. Putnam for his communication, and some 
remarks from the Chair and others, the meeting adjourned. 


Wednesday, February 25, 1863. 


Mecting this-afternoon at 4 o’clock, adjournment from 
noon; Vice President A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair. 


The chair presented the following resolutions, accompany- 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iii. 30. 


234 


ing the same with appropriate remarks in relation to the 
importance of the subject therein embraced :— 

Resolved, That this Society heartily approves the recom- 
mendation of His Excellency Governor Andrew, in his inaug- 
ural addresses for the years 1861 and 1862, that the Legis- 
lature provide for the “ collection and publication, under the 
patronage of the commonwealth, of the statutes enacted be- 
tween the time of the union of the colonies of Plymouth and 
Massachusetts Bay, under the charter of William and Mary, 
in 1691, and that of the adoption of the Constitution in 
1780 ;” and that this Society coincides with His Excellency 
in the opinion that these statutes ‘“ are of inestimable value, 
on account of their historical interest, their usefulness in 
throwing light upon subsequent legislation and the assistance 
which they afford in the determination of many important 
questions, mooted by the courts,” and also in his represen- 
tations of the extreme scarcity of copies of these early law- 
books. 


Voted, therefore, that the members of this Society are 
hereby requested to join in any proper measure for the 
- purpose of urging this important subject upon the attention 
of the Legislature, that they may make the reasonable ap- 
propriation required for the publication of said laws. 


After remarks from several members the resolutions were 
unanimously adopted. Adjourned. 


Monday, March 9, 1863. 


Meeting this evening, the President in the chair. 
Records of preceding meeting read. = 


Letters were read from Massachusetts Historical Society ;_ 
8. B. Woolworth Secretary of the Regents of the University, 


235 


N. Y.; F. W. Putnam; A. Huntington; A. E. Verrill of 
Norway, Me.; W. C. H. Waddell, Secretary of American 
Geographical and Statistical Society, N. Y. 


Donations were announced from the following sources :— 

To the Library—From Rev. Ray Palmer of Albany, N.Y. ; 
Chicago Historical Society; W. P. Upham; Trustees of 
New York State Library; James 8. Bryant of Hartford, 
Conn. ; Canadian Institute of Toronto; Philadelphia Acad- 
emy of Natural Science; Miss A. M. Hemmenway of Lud- 
low, Vt.; C. B. Richardson of New York; George R. 
Curwen ; J. Linton Waters of Chicago, Ill. ; Boston Society 
of Natural History ; C. W. Upham. 

To the Cabinets—From Capt. Geo. W. Gardner, 24th 
Ree’t Massachusctts Volunteers; Estate of B. Pickman ; 
O. W. H. Upham; Miss Anna Porter; X. H. Shaw ; James 
W. Thompson of Jamaica Plain; George A. Perkins; Lin- 
coln R. Stone, Surgeon 55th Mass. Vols. 


Mr. W. P. Upham, read a report up on six orderly 
books and a letter book, formerly belonging to Gen. John 
Glover of Marblehead, recently presented to the Essex Insti~ 
tute, by Hon. Robert Hooper of Boston—with the exception 
of one volume of the Orderly Books, which was in the pos- 
session of W. R. L. Ward, Esq., of New York, and for- 
warded by him a donation to the Library. 


The following is a brief abstract of the report :— 


These books are in manuscript, the Letter Book, contain- 
ing copies of letters written by Glover, and the Orderly 
Books containing the General Orders issued each day from 
Headquarters during the following periods of the Revolution: 
from June 29th 1775 to July 26th, 1776, from October 19th 


236 


to November 24th, 1776; from June 28th to October 14th 
1778; from March 6th to July 28th, L779; and from 
August 3d to November 26th, 1781. 

Orderly Books of the Revolution are very rare, and it is 
doubtful whether there exists in the country another scries 
so complete and well preserved as this. Such books were 
at the time considered of no value, except for a temporary 
purpose, and the many accidents and irregularities of camp 
life caused them in most cases to be poorly kept and soon 
lost. For the student of American History, nothing could 
afford so interesting, and at the same time so reliable a 
source of information. | 

These books were kept in the 21st Provincial, afterwards 
the 14th Continental Regiment. This regiment was com- 
manded by Col. John Glover, from the commencement of 
the Revolution till the 21st of February, 1777, when he was 
made Brigadier General. From that time till the close of 
the war, it constituted part of General Glover’s Brigade. A 
sketch of his life, therefore, will serve as a proper accompan- 
iment and illustration of these Orderly Books. 

General John Glover was born in Salem, Mass., Nov. 5th, 
1732, of a wealthy family that had been established in Salem 
from its earliest settlement. He removed to Marblehead at - 
an early age, and was there engaged in mercantile pursuits 
till the outbreak of the Revolution. He then took command 
of the regiment raised in Marblehead, and on the 15th of 
June, 1775, marched with them to Cambridge. There he 
and his regiment had an important share in that series of 
manceuvres which resulted in the evacuation of Boston by 
the British. Y 

From the latter part of the year till July 20th, 1776, he 
was stationed at Beverly to superintend the equipment of 
the armed vessels that did such service at that time. Under 
his care were fitted out the expeditions of Selman, Brough-— 


237 


ton, Manly and Mugford, and their crews was taken from 
his regiment, then known as the Marine Regiment. 

Glover superintended the transportation of the troops and 
stores in the evacuation of Long Island, August 29th, 177¢, 


and also the removal of the sick and wounded from New 


York City to the Jersey shore, .on the 14th of September. 
Herc his regiment did service such as none but the men of 
Marblehead would have had the skill and endurance to 
perform. 

On the 4th of September, he was placed in command of 
General Clinton’s Brigade. On the 18th of October, Glover 
with his brigade resisted the first landing of the British on 
the mainland at Frog’s Neck, near New York Island. For 
their conduct on this occasion, they were publicly thanked 
by Gen. Lee and General Washington. 

At the crossing of the Delaware on the night of Dec. 25th, 
1776, the Marblehead Regiment again distinguished itself by 
its heroic daring and enterprise, in managing the boats by 
which Washington’s little army was carried over that broad 
and rapid river filled with floating ice, to achieve the glori- 
ous victory at Trenton. 

Soon after this, Glover returned home to Marblehead, and 
on the 2ist of February, 1777, he was appointed Brigadier 
Gencral by Congress. At first he declined, but afterwards 
at the urgent request of Washington, accepted the appoint- 
ment. He was stationed on the Hudson till July 28d 
when he joined General Schuyler. He was in the battles of 
Bemis Heights on the 19th of September, and the 7th of 
October, and by his bravery and prudence contributed much 
to the defeat and final surrender of Burgoyne. He was 
chosen to conduct the captured army, 5,791 in number, 
through the country to Boston. . The following winter he 
was at Valley Forge, and on the 28th of June, 1778, took 


238 


command on the Hudson, where he had charge of the cona- 
pletion of the forts. In August, he was under General Sul- 
livan, on Rhode Island, and afterwards till July 6th, 1779, 
commanded at Providence, R. I. June 20th, 1780, he was 
ordered to Sprivefield, Mass., to superintend the forwarding 
of the Massachusetts Militia. The next year he again joined 
the Army in New York, and remained with it till the sur- 
render of Cornwallis, October 19th, 1781. He was a mem- 
ber of the Court which tried Major Andre. After the war 
closed he returned to Marblehead, and again became engaged 
in the fishing trade. He died January 30th, 1797. 

Throughout his eventful life he was distinguished for 
those virtues which most adorn the character of the citizen 
or the soldier, honest and generous in his dealings with 
others, a firm patriot, brave, yet modest, a skillful and active 
commander, and the ever esteemed and honored friend of 
Washington. 


After the reading of the same, remarks were offered by 
the Chair, and Messrs. C. C. Beaman and A. C. Goodell— 
and a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Upham for his very 
interesting,and valuable communication, with a request that 
a copy be furnished for publication in the Historical Col- 
lections. This Report with an abstract of the Orderly 
Books, is printed in the Historical Collections of the Insti- 
tute. See vol. v. pages 49—72 and 97—130. 


Mr. George D. Phippen read a letter from Hon. Solomon 
Lincoln, of Hingham, tendering to the Institute a manu- 
script volume containing “a list of American seamen com 
mitted to the old Mill Prison, Plymouth, England, from 
1777 to 1781.” A vote of thanks, upon his motion, was 
presented to Mr. Lincoln and others for the valuable do- 
nations announced this evening. ap be ji 


: 

j 

5 

4 
. 


to 


39 
Monday, April 6, 1868. 


Meeting this evening, at Creamer Hall, the President in 
the chair. 


Records of preceding meeting read. 


Donations announced from the following :— 

To the Library—From Cincinnati Mercantile Library 
Association ; C. B. Richardson of New York: Charles Davis 
of Beverly ; Mrs. John H. Stone; George R. Rowe, City 
Clerk of Lawrence; Vermont Historical Society; John 
Ward Dean of Boston; L. A. H. Letour of Montreal, C. E.; 
John A. Innis: Zoologische Gesellschaften, frankfort, A.M. ; 
C. W. Palfrey: N. J. Lord: Young Men’s Association of 
Buffalo. 

To the Cabinets—-From John C, Lee: John Robinson ; 
Edward O. Brown ; Charles Babbidge, Chaplain 26th Reg’t 
Mass. Volunteers; Wm. A. Williams. 


Letters were read from Pennsylvania Historical Society ; 
Corporation of Harvard College : Maine [fistorical Society ; 
Connecticut Historical Society ; L. Agassiz; 8. Tenney: 
Smithsonian Institution; American Geographical and Statis- 
tical Society ; W. G. Binney of Burlington, N. J.; F. W. 
Putnam ; American Philosophical Society ; F. S. Pease of 
Albany, N. Y.; N. Paine of Worcester. 


Rey. Joseph B. Felt read a valuable and interesting com- 
munication on “John Endicott, the first Governor,” (see 
Historical Collections of Institute, vel v, page 73.) 


Remarks were then offered by Messrs. 8S. M. Worcester ; 
A. ©. Goodell Jr. ; G. D. Phippen; C. C. Beaman and 
the Chair. 


240 


On motion of A. C. Goodell, 


Voted, That the thanks of the Institute be presented to 
Rev. Dr. Felt for the communication read this evening, and 
that a copy be placed at the disposal of the Publication 
Committee. Adjourned. | 


Wednesday, May 18, 1863. 


Annual Meeting this day at 3 P.M., at their rooms, Plum- 
mer Hali, Vice President 8S. P. Fowler in the Chair. 


Records of preceding meeting read. 


Donations were announced from the following : 


To the Library—trom James A. Gillis; N.C. Robbins ; 
B. W. Stone ; Miss P. W. Hazeltine of Lynn; Philadelphia 
Academy of Natural Science ; Canadian Institute at Toron- 
to, C.W.; James S. Bryant of Hartford, Conn.; Charles 
Ward; Asahel Huntington; Thomas H. Lefavour ; John 
L. Sibley of Cambridge ; City of Boston; Mrs. James Kim- 
ball; Frederick Kidder of Boston; Jeremiah Colburn of 
Boston ; Massachusetts Historical Society ; C. C. Sewali. 

To the Cabinets—from William Goodhue; S. Barden of 
Rockport; J. A. Smith; J. P. Cooke Jr. of Cambridge ; 
N.C. Robbins; Caleb Cooke ; B. F. Browne. 


Letters were read from Peunsylvania Historical Society ; 
Massachusetts Historical Society ; Trustees Public Library, 
Boston ; Smithsonian Institution ; Trustees of Public Libra- 
ry, Newburyport; J. Henry Stickney of Baltimore, Md.; 
J. Pearson of Schenectady N.Y.; S. Lincoln of Boston ; 
L. Saltonstall of Boston; W. A. Lander of Danvers ; Jacob 
Batchelder of Lynn; Ward Poole of South Danvers; G. 
H. Lodge of Swampscott; D. E. Safford of Hamilton; W. 
B. Rogers of Boston; J.P. Cooke Jr. of Cambridge; C. 


241 


M. Tracy of Lynn ; C. C. Binney of Burlington N.J.; S. H. 
Scudder of Boston; R. Green & Co. of Providence, R.L; 
F. H. Lee. 


Report of the Secretary was read and accepted. 


Report of the Treasurer read, and referred to the Finance 
‘Committee. 


F. W. Putnam read a report on the condition of the Zo- 
ological collections. 


From these Reports the following may be specified : 


Six members have been stricken from the roll by death ; 
these brief notices, a deserving tribute to their memory, are 
appended. 


1. GrorGe ANDREWS, son of John H. and Nancy (Page) 
Andrews, born in this city March 11, 1824—was prepared 
for the University at the Latin School, then under the 
charge of Oliver Carlton, graduated at Harvard Col- 
lege in 1847—studied the profession of the law in the office 
of A. Huntington of Salem, from July 14, 1847 to Sept. 2& 
1848, and from July 18, 1849 to June 19, 1850—in the in- 
terval at the Law School in Cambridge — was admitted 
amember of the Essex Bar June 20, 1850. He always 
took a deep interest in all educational movements and was 
for several years an active and useful member of the School 
Committee. He was an Associate Justice of the Salem Po- 
lice Court ; a ‘Representative of the Massachusetts Legisla- 
ture from Salem in 1859. His death occurred August 26, 
- 1862. The city thereby las lost a conscientious, faithful, 
and upright man and our literary, scientific and educational 
institutions, a kind and ‘sympathizing friend. 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iil. dl. 


242 


2. NatHAnre, Avcusrus Kipatt, son of Nathaniel and 
Sarah (Knight) Kimball, was born at Plaistow, N. H., 


May 5, 1822; and was educated at the academies in Atkin- — 4 


son and Plaistow, N. H.. In early life he came to this city, 


engaged in mercantile pursuits, and for several years in 
- connection with his brother was an enterprising and active 


merchant. He died at Salem, August 27, 1862. 


3. CHARLES F. WiLurAms, JR., son of Charles F. and 
Sophia (Silver) Williams, was born in this city, March 25, 
1842, and was educated at the public schools, where he 
always sustained a character for good scholarship and con- 
duct. After leaving school, he went as clerk in an extensive - 
Dry Goods store, and was there quietly pursuing’ this. occu- 
pation when the outbreak of the rebellion took place. At 
the first call for volunteers in April 1861, he went as corpo- 
ral in the Salem Light Infantry, Co. A., 8th Reg’t Mass. 
Vols., and performed threc months of efficient service. He 


then resumed his former occupation until he received the | 


appointment of Lieutenant in Co. F., (Capt.-S. C. Oliver,) 
35th Reg’t Mass Vols., and again entered the service of his 
country ; after an absence of only a few weeks he fell 
_wounded in the gallant discharge of his. duties in the battle 
‘of Antietam, on Wednesday, Sept. 17, 1862, and died at 
Middletown, Md., on the 25d of that month, in consequence 
of his wounds. He was one of our most estimable and 
respected young men, and his loss will be deeply felt and 
deplored by a large circle of friends. 

4, Joun Hupparp Stone, son of John and Catharine 
(Dodge) Stone, was born at Salem, Sept. 9,.1809, married 


August 31, 1837, Elizabeth Flint, daughter of Addison and _ 
Sally (Upton) Flint of Reading, (see Flint’s Genealogy, 
page 97.) He was educated to a mercantile life—had been — 


for several years Clerk in the Adjutant General’s office ‘in 


248 


in this State; and also received the appointment of an 
Inspector in the Salem Custom House during the adminis- 
tration of President Pierce. For several years past he has 
devoted his attention to Genealogical investigations, and 
printed in connection with John Flint, “a Genealogical 
Register of the descendants of Thomas Flint of Salem,” in 
one volume, octavo. He also contributed freely to various 
articles in the Historical Collections of the Institute. He 
was elected Librarian in May, 1856, and has been success- 
ively elected to that office at each annual meeting, and was 
engaged in the preparation of of a catalogue of the Library, 
when sickness and death prevented him from the completion 
of this undertaking. He always took a very active and 
deep interest in all the departments of the Institute, and 
we have thereby lost a valued and good friend. He died of 
Erysipelas, Nov. 17, 1862. 


5. CHARLES Fiske PuTNAM, son of Ebenezer and Betsey 
(Fiske) Putnam, was born at Salem Oct. 19,1802. He 
married Sarah daughter of Daniel and Deborah (Silsbee) 
Sage, she survives. He was educated to the occupation 
of a druggist, and for many years kept an ‘extensive drug- 
gist’s establishment in this city. For the last twenty or 
twenty five years he has devoted his attention to the cultiva- 
tion of fruit, has been a very successful horticulturist, and 
has contributed largely to all our Horticultural Exhibitions, 
the specimens shown were always very fine and attracted a 
merited degree of attention. He died at his residence in 
this city after a long and lingering illness, Dec. 31, 1862. 


6. Witit1aM Brown, son of David and Hannah (Pres- 
ton) Brown, was born at Salem, Dec. 22, 1802. He served 
the apprenticeship of- printer in the office of the Salem Reg- 
ister, and was for many years connected with the press both 
in the Gazette and the Register offices. He was appoint- 


244 


ed Naval Officer at this sit under General Taylor’s admin- 
istration in 1849—and at a later period a Olerk in the Ad- 
jutant General’s office of this State. Since the commence- 
ment of the Rebellion, the duties in the Adjutant General’s 
department have greatly increased and the office of Assistant 
Geheral was thereby created—and Mr. B. received the ap- 
pointment. The labor assigned to him he performed with 
great fidelity and faithfulness, and the closeness of this 
application probably hastened his departure. His genial 
and social disposition won for him a host of friends ; though 
not an active member, he always took great interest in-the 
success of this Institution. He married June 26, 1825, 
Rebecca Upton Wright. He died in Boston on Maes 
Feb. 16, 1863, aged 60—to which city he removed a few 
years since. 


MeretiIneGs.—Four Field Meetings were held during the 
past season, at the Ship Rock in South Danvers, Rockport, 
Hamilton Ponds, and Rowley. They were all fully attend- 
ed, especially the meeting at Rockport, which was the largest 
of any of these meetings held under the auspices of the In- 
stitute. Hight Evening meetings during the winter months 
—and ordinary meetings - for the election of members as 
usual, 


Lectures.—A course of six lectures on Scientific sub- 
jects have been delivered during the present Spring, viz: 


1. Prof. L. Agassiz on Monday March 16—“ Plan in ime 
ation.” 
, 2,8. Tenney, on Monday aes 23, on ‘ Antigity of 
the Harth.”’ 

3.. CO. M. Tracy, on Monday March 30, on “ Weeds.” 

4. Prof. J. P. Cooke, Jr.—on. Monday April 13, bia 
+ Analysis of the Sun,” with experiments. 


945 


od. F. W. Putnam, on Monday April 20, on “ Fishes.” 
6. Prof. W. B. Rogers, on Wednesday May 13, on “ Ap- 
plication of Science to the Arts.” 
These lectures were well attended and a desire has been 
expressed that other courses should be hereafter arranged. 


PusiicatTions.—One volume of the Historical Collections ; 
and the third part of vol. ii. of the Proceedings, have been 
printed, which concludes that volume. 


DEPARTMENT OF Natura History, continues to receive 
a merited degree of attention. Fo1ty-one donations have 
been made in Zoology, as follows :—Mammals, 5, Birds, 7, 
Reptiles 8, Fishes 4, Mollusks 6, Articulates 7, Radiates 2, 
Fossils 2, several of these donations comprise a large num- 
ber of specimens and species, many of which were new to 
the Cabinets. 

During the year much has been done in the arrangement 
of the specimens ; the Birds have been catalogued and num- 
bered, and the North American species identified and la- 
belled—those indigenous to the county of Essex have been 
brought together and placed in separate cases. A visitor 
to the rooms can now form a very good idea of the number 
and appearance of the birds of this County, for we have 
representatives of nearly all the species found within its 
limits. It is proposed to adopt this plan in the arrange- 
ment of the other classes and endeavor to procure speci- 
mens so that the Fauna of the County shall be ais repre- 
sented in our collections. 

The Mammals have been catalogued and to a certain ex-. 
tent identified and labelled. ‘That of Reptiles, Fishes and 
Insects have been commenced. The Radiates, by the as- 
sistance of Messrs. A. Agassiz and A. KE. Verrill have been 
fully identified, catalogued and labelled. 


248 


94, and was one of the best ever exhibited. There has been, 
in some former years, a larger number of varieties but never 
more splendid fruit or such fine vegetables... The most ex- 
perienced and skilful connoisseurs and practical horticultu- 
rists selected the following list of fourteen Pears from the 
~ exhibition, which have in their growth this year surpassed 
that of all former seasons, viz:—Monsieur le Cure or Vicar 
of Winkfield ; Beurre Diel; Marie Louse; Belle of Flan- 
ders or Flemish Beauty; Belle Lucrative or Fondante 
d’Automne; Paradise of Autumn; Louise Bonne de Jer- 
sey; Beurre d’Amaulis; Easter Beurre ; Glout, Morceau ; 
Doyenne Boussock ; Bartlett ; Beurre Bosc ; Winter Nelis. 
The crops were very abundant, and all kinds of fruit 
plenty. Seldom do we have our markets so well supplied 
with choice kinds of Fruit and at so reasonable prices. . 


THe TREASURER presents the following statement of the 
Financial condition for the year ending May 1863 :-— 


GENERAL ACCOUNT. 


Debits. 
Atheneum, Rent, one-half of Fuel, Attendance, &c. $460 37 
Printing, $7 62; Gas Light Co., $7 46, 15 08 
Expresses and Postages, | bal, om 18 88 
Printing Collections and Proceedings, 713 67 
Expenses of Lectures and Mectings, 103 95 
Historical Account, 9 00 
Natural History and Horticulture account,. *. eS ate. 
Sundries, | 922.83 
Treasurer balance due on previous account, 18 92° 


Balance en hand, 


8936 


ee 


— 249 


Credits. 
Dividends Webster Bank, | 35 00 
Assessments, 590 00 
Proceeds of sale of Publications, | 458 98 
Proceeds of Lectures, 293 05 
Sundries, 56 55 
$1,433 58 

HISTORICAL ACCOUNT. 

Debits. 
Binding, 70 47; Books for Library, 9 38 79 80 

Credits. 
Dividends Naumkeag Bank, 12 00 
Coupons Mich. Central R. R. Bonds, 58 80 
General Fund, 9 00 
$79 80 

NATURAL HISTORY AND HORTICULTURE ACCOUNT. 

Debits. 
Preservatives, &c., 14 88; Books, 12 00 * 26 88 
Horticultural Exhibitions, 124 90 
$151 78 

Credits. : 

Dividends Portsmouth, Saco and Portland Re R. 12 00 
Dividends Lowell Bleachery, 40 00 
Horticultural Exhibitions, | 66 76 
General Fund, 31 52; Sundries, 1 50 33 02 
$151 78 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iii. 32... 


248 


24, and was one of the best ever exhibited. There has been, 
in some former years, a larger number of varieties but never 
more splendid fruit or such fine vegetables.. The most ex- 
perienced and skilful connoisseurs and practical horticultu- 
rists selected the following list of fourteen Pears from the 
~ exhibition, which have in their growth this year surpassed 
that of all former seasons, viz :—Monsieur le Cure or Vicar 
of Winkfield ; Beurre Diel; Marie Louse; Belle of Flan- 
ders or Flemish Beauty; Belle Lucrative or Fondante 
d’Automne; Paradise of Autumn; Louise Bonne de Jer- 
sey; Beurre d’Amaulis; Haster Beurre ; Glouts Morceau ; 
Doyenne Boussock ; Bartlett ; Beurre Bosc ; Winter Nelis. 
The crops were very abundant, and all kinds of fruit 
plenty. Seldom do we have our markets so well supplied 
with choice kinds of Fruit and at so reasonable prices. . 


Tue TREASURER presents the following statement of the 
Financial condition for the year ending May 1863 :—~ 


GENERAL ACCOUNT. 


Debits. 
Atheneum, Rent, one-half of Fuel, Attendance, &c. $460 37 
Printing, $7 62; Gas Light Co., $7 46, (15 08 
Expresses and Postages, ' | etl, 18 88 
Printing Collections and. Proceedings, 713 67 
Expenses of Lectures and Mectings, 103 95 
Historical Account, ; 9 00 
Natural History and Horticulture account,. * obyb2 
Sundries, #22..88 
Treasurer balance due on previous account, 18 92 “a 
Balance on hand, 39 36 


‘$1498 58 


ee 


249 


Credits. 
Dividends Webster Bank, . 35 00 
Assessments, 590 00 
Proceeds of sale of Publications, 3 458 98 
Proceeds of Lectures, 293 05 
Sundries, 56 55 
91,438 58 

HISTORICAL ACCOUNT. 

Debits. 
Binding, 70 47; Books for Library, 9 33 79 80 

Credits. 
Dividends Naumkeag Bank, 12 00 
Coupons Mich. Central R. R. Bonds, 58 80 
General Fund, 9 00 
$79 80 

NATURAL HISTORY AND HORTICULTURE ACCOUNT. 

Debits. 
Preservatives, &c., 14 88; Books, 12 00 * 26 88 
Horticultural Exhibitions, 124 90 
$151 78 

Credits. . j 

Dividends Portsmouth, Saco and Portland 95 R. 12 00 
Dividends Lowell Bleachery, 40 00 
Horticultural Exhibitions, | 66 76 
General Fund, 31 52; Sundries, 1 50 33 02 


| $151 78 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. YOL. iii. 32.. 


250 


‘The following were elected officers for the year ensuing | 
and until others shall be chosen in their stead : 


President.—A. Huntington. 
Vice Presidents.—Of History, Abner C. Goodell, Jr.; of 
Horticulture, James Upton; of Natural History, S. P. 
Fowler.. | 

Secretary and Treasurer —H. Wheatland. 


Librarian.—N. J. Holden. | 
Cabinet Keeper.—R. H. Wheatland. 


Finance Committee.—John C. Lee, R. S. Rogers, H. M. 
Brooks, G. D. Phippen, J. Chamberlain. 


Library Committee.—J. G. Waters, D. Roberts, A. Cros- 
by, H. J. Cross. 


Publication Committee.—A. C. Goodell, Jr.; H. Wheat- 
land; C. M. Tracy; Ira. J. Patch; G. D. Phippen; W. P. 
Upham. 


Curators of Natural History.—Botany, C. M. Tracy; 
Ornithology, Thomas M. Pond; Articulata, James H. Em- 
erton ; Radiata, C. Cooke ; Geology, H. F. Shepard ; Mam- 
malogy and Ichthyology, F. W. Putnam ; Herpetology, R. 
H. Wheatland; Comparative Anatomy, H. Wheatland ; 
Mollusca and Paleontology, H. F. King; Mineralogy, 
Charles H. Higbee. 


Curators of History.—Ethnology, W. S. Messervy, M. A. 
Stickney, John Robinson, C.F. Nichols; Manuscripts, W. 
P. Upham, G. L. Streeter, §. B. Buttrick, Henry.’ M. 
Brooks ; Fine Arts, Francis Peabody, Joseph @. Waters. 

Curators of Horticulture.—Fruits and Vegetables, James 
Upton, John M. Ives, J. F. Allen, J. S. Cabot, R. S. 
Rogers, G. B. Loring, John Bertram, S. A. Merrill; 


, 


251 


Flowers, Francis Putnam, W. Mack, C. H. Norris, G. D. 
Glover, B. A. West. 


Voted, That a Committee be appointed to arrange for the 
Evening Meetings the ensuing winter, also to consider the 
expediency of having a course of Lectures on some subjects 
appertaining to the objects of the Institute—and if in the af- 
firmative, to make all necessary arrangements in relation 
thereto. Messrs A. C. Goodell Jr., Francis Peabody, G. D. 
Phippen, E. B. Willson, James Kimball, F. W. Putnam, and 
George Perkins, were appointed on said Committee. 

Voted, That a Committee be appointed to arrange for 
Field Meetings the ensuing season if expedient. Messrs. A. 
W. Dodge of Hamilton, C.M. Tracy of Lynn, S. P. Fowler 
of Danvers, S. Barden of Rockport, C. C. Beaman, J. M. 
Ives, and C. H. Norris of Salem, were appointed on said Com- 
mittee. | 

Voted, That the Curators of Horticulture be authorized to 
hold such Exhibitions of Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables du- 
ring the ensuing season as they may deem expedient. 

Voted, That F. W. Putnam be requested to act as an assis- 
tant to the Cabinet Keeper for such time as his services may 
be required. Adjourned. 


Wednesday, June 10, 1868. 


Fietp Meeting av Swampscotr.—The day was fine and 
very favorable for out-door rambles. Some went to the 
beaches and collected specimens of the Mollusca, &c., and 
others to the woods near by gathering a variety of plants. 


The afternoon session was held at the Town Hall and 
was called to order at 3 P.M., by A. C. Goodell Jr., one of 
the Vice Presidents, who opened the meeting with an appro- 


252 


priate allusion to the ancient dwellers of Swampscott, whose 
names have become a part of the history of the town, also 
of the events which occurred in the early settlement. 


Records of the pr eceding meeting read. 


Donations received since the Annual meeting of the 18th 
ult. were announced : | 


To the Library—from Mrs. Lucy P. Johnson; Samuel 
Johnson Jr.; Saint Louis Academy of Science; Philadel- 
phia Academy of Natural Science; H. J. Hastings of Al- 
_ pany N.Y.; New Jersey Historical Society; N. Paine of 

- Worcester; Charles Stephens of Beverly; William Mack ; 
Charles F. Nichols ; Joseph Willard of Boston ; H. I. Bow- 
ditch of Boston; California Academy of, Natural Science ; 
C. B. Richardson of New York. 


To the Cabinets—from C. F. Nichols; T. M. Pond; C. 
H. Higbee; John Robinson; John Prescott of Grafton 
N.H.; George Killham ; Museum of Comparative Zoology 
at Cambridge ; S. Jillson of Feltonville ; Geo, G. Creamer. 


Letters were read from Maine Historical Society ; Trus- 
tees of Boston Public Library ; S.. P. Fowler of Danvers; 
S. A. Green, Surgeon 24th Reg. Mass Vols.; Nath’l Paine 
of Worcester; S. Barden of Rockport; Allen W. Dodge of 
Hamilton; Charles Dean of Boston; Joseph Willard. of 
Boston. 


~ Pror, L. Acasstz of Cambridge, being called up By a grace- 
ful allusion made by the Chair, spoke of the boundlessness of 
investigation, and the importance of studying common things. 
Nothing, he said, is so instructive as the continued study of 
those things we know most of. The more we examine Na- 
ture, the more she suggests to us. He spoke of his recent 


253 
experiments, made with a view of ascertaining the age of 
animals and especially of his study of the habits of the com- 
‘mon marine snail, (Natica Heros), found upon our beaches. 
He desired to ascertain, if he could. its rate of growth, and for 
that purpose had gathered about a thousand specimens 
of various sizes, within a few days. These he had assorted, 
and found to be easily divided into groups, cach group being 
of a certain definite size, and there being none of interme- 
diate growth. He had previously ascertained that snails 
always spawned at the same time, once a year, and that the 
process continued but a few davs. He therefore knew that 
each of his groups of snails—those of the same size—were _ 
of the same age, having commenced growing at the same 
time; and having grown under precisely the same circum- 
stances, were therefore so much alike. He thus ascertained 
the various ages of the Naticas found together upon one 
beach from those of one or two years up to those of twenty- 
five or thirty years—the latter being the age of the largest 
snails usually found upon the beach. He also noticed rings 
or transverse lines upon the snail shells, more distinctly 
marked than the ordinary lines of growth, the number 
of which indicated very nearly their age; for these 
lines coincided with the ordinal number of the different 
set of specimens arranged ‘according to their size. He 
had thus, he thought, ascertained the rate of growth of 
these shells. A comparison with other families however, 
shows a widely different result. Among the larger land- 
snails, (Helices), some species may reach in one year the 
dimensions which a Natica takes from ten to fifteen years 
to attain. Again, some of our Unios, such as U. cylin- 
dricus, require at least fifteen years to acquire their full 
size, while our Pinnas reach to their full dimensions in seven 
or eight years. It is by a similar process, he said, that we 


— 264 


are to ascertain the age of the earth, An examination 
of the several deposits that form the crust of the earth 
shows that they are composed of certain vegetable and 
animal productions, and having ascertained the rate 


of growth of each, it may become a simple sum in addi- - 


tion to tell how old the earth is. An examination of the 
delta of the Mississippi disclosed eleven different. deposits 


of trees, each of which were from six to eight hun- 


dred years old, and each must ,have grown on the same 
spot ; and yet they only composed a depth of not many feet. 
Some birds and animals have a very rapid growth, while 
others are very slow. A speckled turtle, for instance, has 
scarcely reached half its growth in eleven years. Prof. 
Agassiz dwelt at length upon the importance and value at- 
tached to the study of common things, The more we know 
of Nature, the more suggestive she is. Like an old friend, 
she opens her heart to us freely, if we seck a , thorough ac- 
eeence with her. 


Prof, A. Crossy of Salem, inquired whether the same 
rule of classification spoken of in the case 2 of snails would 
apply to vertebrate animals. 


Prof. AGassiz said he had not fully investigated that 
point. He had just set some children at work to catch all 
the sculpins they could, in order that he might make the 
test. He was of the opinion, however, that vertebrate ani- 


mals of the same kind born at precisely the same period, 


and living under precisely the same circumstances, would 


all grow nearly to the same dimensions during the same 
time. The difference in the size of human beings is in_ 


@ great measure owing to the different circumstances 
under which they are born and live. He spoke of the great 


ee 


wt 
ee . 
=: 

. 


‘difficulties attending an examination of the early develop- 


ment of the Natiea. 


Mr. F. W. Putnam of Salem, said he had found the rule 
spoken of to apply to toads, and Mr. A. E. Verriun of Cam- 
bridge, spoke of his investigations in regard to a species 
of the salamander. 


Prof. Wittiam RussevL of Andover, being called upon, 
said his investigations in science were in a different direc- 
tion—being the application of wsthetics to the cultivation of 
the voice. Upon repeated urging, he came upon the plat- 
form and delivered a beautiful poetic apostrophe to the Su- 
preme Being, having first, in imagination, taken his hearers 
to the grand old woods. 


Mr. J. M. Ives of Salem, spoke of the habits of that sin- 
gular and interesting bird, the republican or cliff swallow, 
whose nests are found so often under the eaves of buildings. 
He mentioned instances of almost human display of reason 
exhibited by birds in the care of their young. 


Prof. Russkux related anecdotes of birds, and the curious 
nests which they sometimes build, showing that they do de- 
viate from their established habits, under some circum- 
stances, notwithstanding the assertion of certain naturalists 
that they do not—one of a golden robin which had appro- 
priated a child’s stocking and ingeniously constructed it into 
a nest, and another of a bird which appropriated a lady’s 
white collar, worth five dollars, for the same purpose. He 
thought they were governed by instinct more than by fixed 
habits. 


~ 


Allusion having been made, in some of these anecdotes, to 


256 


instinct and reason, Gen. H. K. Outver of Salem, said he had 
often wondered where instinct left off and reason began ; and 
related some facts connected with the Natural History of 
the honey bee, whose habits he had closely watched for six- 
“teen years in hives, in his own garden. He also related 
some interesting details recorded by English and French 
Apiarians, showing a manifest deviation from the pro.ptings 
of mere instinct. In one case, when a snail had obtruded his 
presence into a hive, the bees had, with a gummy substance 
covered over the orifice, and thus sealed the animal within 
his shell. When a common slug made a similar intrusion, he 
being a soft animal, was sealed up by being covered over 
completely. The question occurred to him why should not 
the bees, in the first instance, have covered shell and all ? 
How should they know that that course would not be neces- 
sary to protect themselves from the disagreeable odor of a 
dead animal’ Gen. O. likewise told a curious story (and a 
true one,) which was related to him by the late Rev. Dr. 
Flint of Salem, who was a personal witness of the proéeed- 
ing, and vouched for its correctness. It is a well known 
fact that in carly fall, the working bees clear all the drones 
entirely out of the hive, drag them away and kill them. 
They more frequently worry them to death, than kill them 
by stinging. Dr. Flint, on an occasion of this “slaughter 
of the innocents,” in his own hives, one day sat down by a 
hive to watch the process, and assist, perhaps, in this big job 
of extermination by despatching the drones as they were 
brought out. This he did with a spear, or needle inserted 
in the end of a stick. As the bees came struggling out with 
a drone, the Doctor would despatch the victim at once. 


Having followed this up some time he waited to observe - 


what effect his proceeding would have; and he found that 
the bees, instead of proceeding with their work of worrying 


a 


257 


the drone to death, as they did before he assisted, simply 
remained holding on to the drone and waited patiently for 
him to finish the operation—travelling back for another 
victim when he had despatched the last. Gen. Oliver 
said this story seemed almost incredible, and he should 
not have believed it himself had not Dr. Flint assured him 
that it was a positive truth which came under his own per- 
sonal observation. Was there not here a manifest reas- 
oning ? 


Prof. AGassiz said that, in reference to the relation of 
instinct to reason, he could simply give his own opinion, 
which was, that ee is no essential difference between 
the two—his idea being that, while there may be what is 
called instinctive action as distinguished from that resulting 
from the deliberate exercise of reason, both were actuated - 
by the same influences. The difference in the influences 
which actuate the lower animals and those which govern man, 
he considered difference in degree rather than differences of 
kind—the one having in an undeveloped condition what the 
other has in a perfect state. | 


Mr A. E. Verritu spoke of the changes of the habits of 
sea-gulls in the Bay of Fundy, who, from having been often 
robbed of their eggs, have ceased laying them upon the 
rocks and sand, and taken to the highest trees. In cases 
where the robbing has been stopped by legal enactment, the 
gulls have returned to lay their eggs upon the rocks. 


Messrs. Ives and Putnam alluded to the practice of the 
yellow bird who resort to ingenious methods to protect 
themselves from ee encroachments of the cow bunting. 


HENRY WHrartann alluded to the ichn decease of Dr. 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL, ili. 33.. 


258 


George Osgood of Danvers which took place at his late res- 
idence on the 26th of May, 1863, after a short illness. lis 
great love for botanical studies, which were commenced 
under the auspices of the venerable Rev. Dr. Cutler of 
Hamilton, and his great interest in these Field Meetings, en- 
title him to some notice—therefore 


Voted, 'That Messrs. S. P. Fowler and G: D. Phippen be 
a, Committee to prepare a memorial of the late Dr. G. Os- 
good of Danvers, also, a series of resolutions to be trausmit- 
ted to the family of the deceased. 


Voted, That the thanks of the Institute be presented to 
the Selectmen of Swampscott for the use of this Hall, also to 
Prof. Agassiz and other gentlemen who have favored the 
meeting with instructive and interesting remarks. Ad). 


Thursday, June 25, 18638. . 


Fietp Meetine, this day, at Amesbury, one of the love- | 


‘liest of June days. The people, and more especially the 
Agricultural and Horticultural Society of Amesbury and 
Salisbury were very hospitable, furnishing vehicles and 
skillful and intelligent guides to conduct the visitors to all 
the numerous points of interest. Some went in search of 
the antique and visited several sites memorable not only in 
the annals of these towns, but of the county, state and 


country ;—others ‘fond of natural scenery or some of the — 


branches of Natural History went to Kimball’s. Pond, and 
were there rewarded in finding several rare plants.and in- 
sects, specimens of which were collected for the Cabinets of 
the Society. A pleasant drive to several of the other vil- 
lages of Amesbury, and along the banks of the beautiful 


Merrimac closed the forenoon’s excursion. . X 


259 


The afternoon session was held in the First Congrega- 
tional Church, at 230 P.M. S. P. Fowler of Danvers, one 
of the Vice Presidents, in the Chair. 


- Records of the preceding meeting read. 


Donations received since the last meeting were an- 
nounced :— | 

To the Library—tfrom Henry Wilson, U. 8. Senator ; Chi- 
cago Historical Society ; Redwood Library and peter 
at Newport, R.I.; L. A. H. Latour, Montreal, C.E.; Amer- 
ican Antiquarian Society ; Thomas Stimpson of South Dan- 
vers; G. F. Read ; Mary E. Jocelyn; Albany Institute ; G. 
C. Chase; Thomas H. Johnson; New York Mercantile Li- 
brary Association ; E. M. Stone of Providence, R.I. 

To the Cabinets—from R. S. Rogers; J. H. Emerton ; C. 
H. Higbee; John Robinson ; W. Palmer; H. M. Brooks; 
Thomas M. Pond ; George Kilham of Boxford ; N. Vickery 
of Lynn. 


Letters were read from Joel Munsell of Albany ; John G. 
Whittier of Amesbury ; C. M. Tracy of Lynn; A. E. Ver- 
rill of Cambridge ;.C. W. Felt; Pennsylvania Historical 
Society. 


H. WHEATLAND of Salem, gave a brief history of the In- 
stitute, and the origin of these Field Meetings; the first hav- 
ing been held at Danvers in June 1849. 


G. D. Puippen of Salem described several of the thirty- 
seven species of plants collected by the party, spoke of the 
adaptation of some of them for cultivation in our gardens, 
and suggested the importance of devoting more attention to 
this branch ef horticulture. 


260 | | 


Hon. ALLEN W. Donce of Hamilton, read a list of the ? 
plants and shrubs found in Amesbury and Salisbury, pre- 
-sented by Mr. Whittier.. He also said, the field meetings of 
the Institute possessed one interesting feature, in the fact, 
that every trade and profession was represented, thus show- 
ing that whatever else might principally engage their atten- 
tion, yet they found time to devote to the study of nature, 
and it was really astonishing how much may be learned by 
persistent application. As an illustration of this he referred 
to his own experience in a particular department of agricul- 
-ture—the nursery enterprise—in which he flattered himself 
that he had been the instrument of good to the people of the 
county, in many parts of which he could recognize fruit 
trees that had passed through hishands. He hoped that, in 
this regard, the world was better than when he found it. He 
then paid a deserved tribute to the excellent Horticultural 
Society in Amesbury. Mr. Dodge had noticed with interest 
and concern that, in our vicinity, several kinds of fruit seem 
to be now hardly worth cultivating. The Plum appears to 
have seceded, the Cherry is feeble, and it was a rare thing 
to get a Rare-Ripe. Pears were abundant and excellent last 
year ; this year they do not promise so well. Quinces, once 
so popular for preserves, had been superseded by the Cran- 
berry. It was for the interest of the farmers of the county 
to make the best of what they have left. Small fruits, such 
as Currants, Raspberries, &c., might be profitably cultiva- 
ted. Gooseberries he did not consider so important. As 
to Strawberries, he would say that he had taken some exer- 
cise in weeding them, and that he considered them cheap at 
twenty-five cents a box. . 


Mr. J. J. H. Grecory, of Marblehead, said a few words 
relative to the Strawberry culture, recommending the 


4 
H 


261 


system of raising them in hills instead of the common 
method of beds. He then took up his favorite topic of 
Geology and gave a description of the soil, rocks. &e., found 
in the town.: - 


A. C. GoopeLL, Jr. Esq. of Salem, being called on by the 

Chair, said he rose cheerfully, to give an account of what he 
had seen, in the delightful journey he had, to day, made’ 
through Old Salisbury and this, her neighboring town. And 
yet he could not but regret that, in the absence of the Rey. 
Dr. Felt who, it had been hoped, would have prepared a pa- 
per on the history of these towns to be read at this meeting 
—this subject could not be more fully and satisfactorily dis- 
cussed than in the remarks which he proposed to offer. 

He then proceeded to say that a company of nine gentle- 
men, accommodated in two carriages, driven by Mr. True 
and the Hon. Streeter Evans, composed the party of which 
he had the pleasure of being a member, and which started 
on its tour from the East Salisbury station immediately af- 
ter the arrival of the train. On the way a conversation en- 
sued as to the origin of the names of these towns; and Mr. 
Evans suggested that, as Salisbury contains no ponds within 
its limits, it may have received its name from its resem- 
blance in this particular to Salisbury in Wilts, in England. 
But the speaker thought this conjecture hardly satisfactory, 
inasmuch as Salisbury in 1640—the date of its incorpora- 
tion,—included the present town of Amesbury, which con- 
tains several ponds. He was inclined to believe that its 
name was changed from Colchester, its earlier .name, in 
remembrance of the English home Of some of its earliest 
leading inhabitants—perhaps, as some have supposed, the 
Rev. William Worcester, its first minister, or more likely, 
Christopher Batt, who was from Salisbury in England, 


zh 


262: 


and who was a representative in General Court from the 
town of Salisbury, when the name was changed in 1640. 
‘The farm of Mr. Batt had si pointed out to-day by Mr. 
Evans. 

Salisbury, in Wiltshire in England, sometimes called Old 
Sarum, is a town of great antiquity, and the etymology of, 
‘its name is involved in great doubt, though Camden is inclin- 
ed to trace it to Sorbio- or Sorvio-dunum which, in the an- 
cient language of Britian, signifies a dry hill—a name which, 
on account of its high and. barren situation, was quite ap- 
propriate in the earliest times, if we may believe the Old 
Latin distich which is translated thus: 


‘‘ Water’s there scarce, but chalk in plenty lies, 
And those sweet notes that Philomel denies, 
The harsher music of the wind supplies.” 


South of Old Salisbury is the famous Salisbury Plain, mem- 
orable not only for its curious Druidic stones, known as 
Stonehenge, but as the scene of Hannah More’s touching 
story of the Shepherd of Salisbury Plain. North of Salisbury, - 
on the river Avon—not the Avon in Warwickshire, on which 
is Stratford where lie the remains of Shakespeare, but an- 
other river of that name flowing southwardly into the Brit- 
ish Channel—is Ambresbury or Amesbury, from which our 
town of Amesbury takes its name. The origin of this name 
is more certain than that of Salisbury, being traced to Am- 
brosius Aurelianus, a British king, who died about the year 
508, and who gave name to the place, which is strictly Am- 
brose-bury, that is, Ambrose’s-town ; and hence the old-fash- 
ioned pronunciation of the name as Amsbury is, etymologi- 
cally, more correct than the modern pronunciation of Ames- 
bury. ‘ng 

Amesbury was set off from Salisbury in the year 1668. 


268 : 


The speaker then went on to deseribe the interesting locali- 
ties pointed out by their intelligent. guide, smch as the site 
of the first meeting house in Salisbury, the site of the old 
Court House, and of the dwelling-house of the Clerk of the 
old Norfolk County Courts, and other places. ‘ 

In the old grave yard, said the speaker, we were shown the 

grave of Rev. WittiAmM Worcrster, the first minister of Sal- 
isbury, and the ancestor of Noah Worcester, the distinguish- 
ed philanthropist, of Joseph E. Worcester, the eminent lexi- 
cographer, and of the late Rev. Dr. Samuel Worcester, of 
Salem; also the grave of his successor, the Rev. JoHn 
WHEELWRIGHT, Who is distinguished for his persistent advo- 
cacy of the cause of Anne flutchinson, and for the persecu- 
tions he endured therefor. Anne Hutchinson, the speaker 
thought, had not been fairly dealt with by historians, who 
have not sufficiently brought to light her exalted character, 
and have not done her the justice to place her at the head 
of the most-spiritual school of New England’s religious teach- 
ers. She was the precursor of the Friends; and was the. 
first to'announce the necessity of certain inward experien- 
ces which are now generally considered the essential marks 
of “conversion” by evangelical sects. ‘Two Boston clergy- 
men were her especial defenders—John Cotton and John 
Wheelwright. The former wavered in his adherance to 
the cause of Mrs. Hutchinson, who was afterwards banished 
from the Colony, and fled to the Dutch settlements west of 
New Haven, where she was murdered by the Indians. 
Wheelwright, however, whose wife was a sister-in-law to 
Mrs. Hutchinson, always defended her, was banished there- 
for, and founded Exeter in New Hampshire. He removed 
afterwards to Wells, and having been re-admitted into the 
Colony, was still later settled in Salisbury, and died here 
Nov. 15,1679. He was the college classmate and friend of 


204 


Cromwell, and yas in England some time during the Pro- 
tectorate. 


These graves were covered with large, flat, rough stones 
lying horizontally and bearing no inscription. 


The Secretary had alluded to the fact that this was the 
first mecting of the Institute ever held in old Norfolk Coun- 
ty; and this brought to the speaker’s mind another name 
intimately connected with tne history of that County, which 
comprised within its limits Hampton, Haverhill, Salisbury, 
Exeter, Dover and Strawberry-bank (now Portsmouth,) and 
- which was made a separate County in 1643. The name re- 
ferred to was Tuomas Brapsury, the old Norfolk County 
Recorder and Clerk of the Courts. He was in this country 
as early as 1654, married a Mary Perkins, of Ipswich, in 1636, 
and afterwards removed to Salisbury, where he remained till 
his death, which took place in 1695. His wife, during that 
mental epidemic, the witchcraft delusion, which the speaker 
thought identical in its nature with modern spiritualism, 
was one of the accused ; but was acquitted chiefly through 
the untiring exertions of her devoted husband and the ear- 
nest remonstrance of nearly every person in town, many of 
whom had been her neighbors for more than fifty years, and 
were shocked that so good a mother, wife and neighbor 
should be accused of so horrible a crime. She survived her. 
husband about five years. 


. Bradbury was one of the leading men of the colony yet no 
monument marks his resting place, or that of his wife, and 
only a grassy hollow indicates the site of his mansion house, 
and no traee remains of the old Court House where he so 
many years officiated. His records are to be found in the 
Registry of Deeds at Salem. They begin in 1648 and end — 
in 1691. ae 


The town of Salisbury was famous, as being the place = 


~ 


265 


where in 1737 assembled the General Court to confer with the 
Legislature of New Hampshire concerning the boundary line 
between the two provinces. This boundary line had long 
been in dispute, from the fact that the Massachusetts Patent 
described the northern boundary of its grantas on a line run- 
ning “three miles north” of the Merrimack river, thus con- 
flicting (through ignorance respecting the course of that riv- 
er which was supposad to run due east) with the claims of 
other grantees. It was finally settled, in 1740, upon its 


present location. We were shown the house, ‘still standing, 


in which, it is said, the General Court assembled. The New 
Hampshire Legislature sat at the same time in Hampton. 

Before and during the existence of the county of Norfolk, 
New Hampshire had been under the dominion of Massachu- 
setts, and for many years there was much objection to a 
separation of New Hampshire into a distinct province. This 
was accomplished, however, in 1680. John Cutt or Cutts 
was made the first President and ELIAS STILEMAN the first 
Secretary. 

Mr. Stileman was from Salem where he had been Clerk of 
the Court, Register of Probate, &c. He was one of the earli- 
est opponents of a separation from Massachusetts, but not- 
withstanding this he rose to the position. of Deputy Govern- 
or, and, throughout his life, was one of the chief men of the 
new Province. 

The Speaker forbore to mention the names of some men 
of great distinction who have lived here in later times, but 
would refer to one of his predecessors in office, who had been 
brought to mind to-day as the speaker stood looking over the 
extensive marshes between the river and some parts of the 
town. On those marshes, in Dec. 1722, Daniel Rogers of 


Ipswich, then Register of Probate for Essex County, who 


had been to Salisbury on some official business, lost his way 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. ill. 34. 


- 266 


to the ferry, and, straying about in a blinding snow-storm 
till completely exhausted, he fell and expired. . His remains 
were deposited in the old High street burying-ground in Ips- 
wich, and his grave stone bears a Latin epitaph indicating 
the manner of his death, which may be translated thus :— 


The boisterous north wind with unstable force 
Restrains the anxious seamen from their course, 
Yet, sun-led through the seas, this northern blast 
Impels them to their destined port at last. 

So me the Boreal wintry storm nas blest, 

Borne by its fury to eternal rest ; 

The Sun of Righteousness attracts my eyes, 
And guides me havenward, beyond the skies. 


One Moses Gatchel, who lived near the place of his death, 
was arrested on suspicion of having murdered him, but no 
_ bill of indictment was found against him by the grand jury. 

Much more might be said: of the early inhabitants of this 
town,—of the exploit of a townsman, Major Robert Pike. one 
of the greatest soldiers in our Colonial history,—of the In- 
dian troubles, &c.; but the lateness of the hour would not 
permit. On a suggestion of the Rev. Mr. Beaman, the 
speaker said he was reminded of a piece of information he 
had received to-day, that he knew would be gladly received 
by many, and that was the fact that the old church records 
which Mr. Newhall, in his excellent ‘“ Essex Memorial,’— 
published in 1885 dsoharee to have been lost up to the year 
1816, are still in existence, in the possession of the Hon. Ca- 
leb Geshe at Newburyport, and were, probably, preserved 
among the family papers of his ancestor, the Rey. Caleb 
Cushing, who was settled over the First Church, in Salis- 
bury in 1698, and died here in 1752. It isto be hoped 
that this information is correct, as those records are of great 

historical value. 


_ Wm. C. Binney Esq., of Amesbury, said the people of his 
town were happy to receive a visit from the Essex Institute. 


267 


Amesbury had its Horticultural Society, which had been in- 
stituted, not as as a rival or competitor of the County Socie- 
ty, but as a means of developing the resources of the locality. 
Their Society had proved a success, and he would be glad to 
welcome the institute to their exhibition next Fall. Last 
year’s exhibition showed that good stone fruit can be raised 
in the vicinity, and fine cherries and plums were presented. 
The trees manifested little if any effects of canker worms. 


Rev. Mr. Beaman of Salem, who had been one of the par- 
ty that visited the ancient relics, added to the statement of 
Mr. Goodell the fact that he had that day seen the first com- 
munion-service of the church in Salisbury, two flagons and 
a baptismal bason of pewter, procured in London two hun- 
dred-yearsago. Also, four large folio volumes, of 600 pages 
each, of Richard Baxter’s practical works, presented to the 
“Congregation of Protestant Dissenters, at Salisbury, in the 
county of Essex, in New England, who are at present under 
the charge of the Rev. Mr. Caleb Cushing.” In the burial- 
ground the following inscriptions were thought worthy of 
notice. On one stone: “ Here lies interred what was mortal 
of ye reverend Mr. James Allen, late teacher of the gospel and 
pastor of ye church of Christ in Salisbury, who died March 
7, 1695, in the 37th year of his age.’’ On the stone of the 
widow of Capt. Wm. Buswell, who died March 5, 1708, 
aged 83 years, are these words: ‘* Reader, stand off, and thy 
due distance keep; For in this bed a friend of Christ doth 
sleep.’ Mr. Beaman subsequently called attention to a 
project started in Amesbury in 1849, to erect a monument 
to the memory of JostAH BARTLETT, a native of the town, 
who signed the.Declaration of American Independence, im- 
mediately under the name of John Hancock. Some of the 
money has beer subscribed, but more is wanted to enable 


268 


them to commence the undertaking. ‘Two men haye offered 
$25 each, if eighteen more will subscribe the like sum. — 


Mr. Braman presented the following resolutions : 


Resolved, That the thanks of the lustitute be presented 
to the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of Amesbury 
and Salisbury, and the citizens generally of those towns, for 
their very hospitable reception and. kind attentions in pro- 
viding for the tables and furnishing from sixty to seventy 
carriages to enable the company to ride over the territory, 
and sce the scenery and examine into objects of historical 
importance. We would mention a few persons, whose 
names have come to us as having been especially attentive, 
namely—Hon. John G. Whittier, Hon. Thomas J. Clark, 
George Turner Esq., Frederick Bagley Esq., Mr. Enoch 
Huntington, Mr. Enoch Currier, Deacon A. E. Goodwin, 
Hon. Patten Sargent, J. B. Sargent Esq., Hon. Streeter 
Evans, Moses True Jr. Esq., Mr. William Proudman, 
Major Moses Eaton, William C. Binney Esq., Dr. Josiah B. ° 
Gale, Mr. David L. Dearborn, Mr. Philip Jones, Mr. Seth 
Clark, Mr. Joseph N. Clark. To these persons and all 
others who have shown us favors, we are under great obliga- 
tions, and beg them to accept our gratitude and good 
wishes. 

Resolved, That the thanks of the Institute be presented 
to the proprietors of the First Congregational Church for 
the use of their very handsome and spacious house for our 
public exercises. : 

\ 


Rev. E. B. Wittson of Salem, seconded the resolution — 
and spoke of the great enjoyment he had derived from his — 
ride about this beautiful old town. His remarks were inan ~ 
humorous vein and were pleasantly received. 


- 


269 


The resolutions were unanimously adopted—and_ tif 
meeting adjourned to Powow Hill, one of the highest cleva- 
tions in the County, affording magnificent views of the 
ocean and of the surrounding country far and near. 


J.J. H. Grecory of Marblehead has furnished the sketch 
of the Topography, &c. of Powow Hill: 

To one interested in the study of Geology, Powow Hill 
is @ very interesting deposit. [ risk but little in saving that 
it is one of the largest masses of drift in New England; in 
other words, it is one of the highest hills of its kind in New 
England. There are higher hills, and we may erade upward 
until we pass the invisible point which divides hills from 
mountains, and onward to our highest mountains, but I 
much doubt whether we shall find many masses of mere loose 
material piled so high as Powow Hill. Most hills of great 
height, and all monntains, whether isolated or in chains, as 
far as my reading and observations have extended, owe their 
height to the solid rock which makes them, or forms their 
nucleus. The rocky mass may not be readily apparent, the 
action of the elements through untold cycles having gradu- 
ally broken down every projection, and the broken frag- 
ments having been still farther broken and decomposed, a 
soil has been made, the lowest forms of vegetable life have 
spread over the surface, supplying, by their decay, food for 
the higher forms, until, with the lapse of ages, the once bare 
rugged ledge has its angles smoothed, and its nakedness 
clothed with the trees and shrubs of the forest. Yet the 
rocky nucleus will generally outcrop at its apex, gravity 
having carried all fragments torn from its hoary head down- 
ward. By this process of ‘“ degradation,” as it is termed, 
mountains and hills are gradually reduced in height; of the 
two classes, the drift hills, or in other words, the hills made 


270 


up of loose gravel, must have suffered most in their early 
years, when unprotected at their tops by soil and herbage. 
It is very safe, therefore, to say that Powow Hill was once 
considerably higher than at present,—how much higher it 
would require a nicer observation and more accurate. math- 
ematics than Geology is yet conversant with, to determine. | 


The origin of Powow Hill was, in brief, thus :—From 
thousands of observations in numberless localities, Geolo- 
gists have arrived at the conclusion that thousands of years 
ago a great flood swept down from the North-west, (not 
Noah’s flood,) covering the earth to the depth of a mile or 
more, and, tearing masses of rocks from hills and mountains, 
broke up, ground up, and deposited them in masses and 
beds over the surface of the earth. ‘This was the origin of 
Powow Hill and others of its class. | 

Why is the soil of this hill so fertile, and so retentive of 
moisture to its very top? Doubtless this question has been 
often asked by the visitor, who, climbing with the expecta- 
tion of finding but aridity and sterility, has been surprised, | 
at every step of his advance, to find one of the miost fertile q 
and well watered (and, 1 may add, best tilled.) tract of land — 
in the township.. A moment’s examination of those heaps 
of stones that industrious hands have collected from the til- 
lage land will explain all. It will be seen that these heaps 
are made up, to a great degree, of a variety of clay slate, 
which appears to be readily acted on by the elements. The 
decomposition of this rock has given a soil abounding in clay, 
an element which is retentive of moisture. But not only 
“does this rock give an element to'the soil retentive of mois- 
ture, but it affords a liberal supply of potash and ie 
and thus makes it fertile. 

These piles of stone, with the addition of some sand and— 
gravel sprinkled in, would serve as very good models of Pow- 
ow Hill as it must have appeared when first formed. 


bo 


271 


FLOWERS, FLOWERING SHRUBS AND VINES—IN AMESBURY AND 
SALISBURY. 


BY JOHN G. WHITTIER. 


Mayflower—Tuxbury’s Woods, Salisbury, and several other 
places. 

Dogtooth Violet—on the Powow River. 

Arethusa—Northwestern side of Great Sw amp and in Salis- 
bury woods. 

Cornus Florida—Buesmuth Hill, just over the Amesbury 
line in South Hampton, N.i. 

fthodora—Salisbury Woods, Plains, and very abundantly 
at Pleasant Valley on the Merrimack in Amesbury. 

Flowering Raspberry—wW hitehall, Amesbury. 

Orchis, white and purple—Great Swamp, Amesbury. 

Wild Lily of the Valley—Woods near the village. 

Wild Tiger Lily and small, light and very graceful Yellow 
Lily—On the Merrimack above Pleasant Valley. 

Hlare-bells—On the Merrimack banks, Amesbury and Salis- 
bury. 

Ground Nut—Kast Salisbury near depot. 

Indian Pipe—Great Swamp. 

Cardinal Flower—By the Powow Rivet 

Pond Lil y—Kimball’s Pond. 

Fringed Gentian, Closed Gentian—Salisbury (Old Orchard) 
and other places, and on Merrimack River, Amesbury. 

Witch Hazel—Foot of Powow Hill, and in Woods near the 


Village. 


— WILD FRUITS. 


Cranberries—at Pond, and Kast Salisbury. 

Blueberries—very abundant in both towns. 

Huckleberries—abundant. 

Plums—Beach and Sand-bluffs at Salisbury. 

Ground Nuts—Kast Salisbury. 

Gooseberries, Strawberries, Raspberries, Rlackberries—com- 
mon in both towns but not very abundant. . 

Grapes—Several varieties—some of fair quality—none very 
good. 


272 


PLANTS COLLECTED AT SALISBURY AND AMESBURY, JUNE 20, 
1863, BY 8S, A. D. SHEPPARD AND GEORGE F. H. MARKOE. 


Leucavthemum vulgare, Helianthemum canadense, 
Oldenlandia coerulea, Cypripedium acaule, 
Trifolium pratense, Rosa micrantha, 

repens, ** carolina, 
Potentilla canadensis, Prunella vulgaris, 
Ranunculus aeris, Leontodon autumnale, 
Iris versicolor, Cerastium vulgatum, 
Achillea millefolium, Geranium maculatum, 
Nuphar advena, Viola cucullata, 
Euphorbia cyparissias, Gaylussacia resinosa, 
Trientalis americana, Polytrichum piliferum, 
Pyrola rotundifolia. Malva rotundifolia, 
Moneses uniflora, Capsella bursa-pastoris, 
Sisymbrium bermudiana, Hudsonia tomentosa, | 
Oxalis stricta, Viburnum dentatum, 
Kalmia angustifelia, Raphanus, raphanistrum, 
Arum triphyllum, Sambucus canadensis, 


Sparganium eurycarpum, Taraxacum dens-leonis. 
Linaria canadensis, 


Friday, August 7, 1868. 


THe Fietp MEETING AT Rockport, this day was attended 
by more than three hundred persons. The weather was de- 
lightful, and a better selection of a day could not have been 
made to secure comfort and pleasure in exploring the various 
interesting localities, which are so abundant in this region. 
The granite quarries, breakwaters, beaches, Pigeon Cove, the 
points affording splendid sea-views, and other objects of in- 
vestigation were duly visited, also the large and valuable 
Mineralogical collection of Rev. Stillman Barden, compris- 
ing not only rich local specimens but rare articles from 


abroad, disclosed its many treasures for the Aelizhi, and i in- , 


struction of the curious. . ai) 
. rent wd 


P.* 


273 


The afternoon meeting was held in the Universalist Church, 
of which Rev. Mr. Barden is the pastor, and called to order 
at 2 o’clock, by A. C. GOODELL, Esq. 


The records of the preceding meeting were read, and the 
donations were announced as follows: 

To the Library—George Perkins; Canadian Institute at 
Toronto ; Redwood Library and Atheneum; C. B. Richard- 
son, New York; Mrs. A. G. Browne ; American Academy of 
Arts and Science ; American Geographical and Statistical So- 
ciety; Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science; Boston 
Society of Natural History ; Editor’s British American Mag- 
azine ; C. T. Jackson, Boston, Mass. ; Richard Wheatland ; 
H. S. Cox, of Lynn; E. M. Stone, of Providence ; E. P. Rob- 
inson, of Saugus; Mrs. Mary EH. Wheatland ; Horace S. 
Traill; Robert S. Rantoul; H. M. Brooks; L. A. H. Latour, 
of Montreal, C.E. 

To the Cabinets—John Robinson ; Charles F. Nichols ; 8. 
S. Simonds; Job Burchstead ; James Bartlett; John Orne ; 
S. Q. Felt ; Abner C. Goodell Jr.; H. M. Brooks; John C. 
Osgood; Eben Blatchferd. 


Letters were announced from Trustees of Beverly Public 
Library ; Pennsylvania Historical Society ; Trustees of Bos- 
ton Public Library ; Maine Historical Society ; Redwood 
Library and Atheneum; Trustees Newburyport Public Li- 
brary ; Massachusetts Historical Society ; S. L. Batchelder ; 
L. P. Smith; G. W. Skinner of Gloucester; Charles W. 
Swasey ; C. M. Tracy of Lynn; William Merritt; W. B. 
Rogers of Boston; Francis Alger of Boston; A. W. Dodge 
of Hamilton ; L. Agassiz of Cambridge ; E. P. Robinson of 
Saugus; Long Island Historical Society ; J. E. Oliver of Lynn; 
also from the Committee of Arrangements of the Memorial 
celebration at Fort Popham, inviting the Institute to attend 
“the public celebration of the 256th anniversary of the 
founding of the first English Colony on the shores of New Eng- 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iii. -35. 


_ 


274 


land, Aug. 19, 1607,(O. S.) to take place near the site of 


Fort Popham, and the place of the original Fort George, at 
the mouth of the Kennebec river, in the ancient Province of 
Sabina, Aug. 29 1863.” This letter was referred to the Pres- 
ident and Vice President of the Historical Department, to 
take such action as they may deem appropriate. 


Mr. GoovELL then requested Hon. ALLEN W. Donen, as 
Chairman of the Committee on Field Meetings, to take the 
Chair. Upon so doing, Mr. Dodge remarked. that he* had 
not seen much himself to comment upon, but there were 
those present who had made different branches of natural 
history specialities, and whom he would introduce to the au- 
diemce. He could only say generally that if, as was sometimes 
observed, these things were getting to be old stories, provid- 
ed only they were good stories they would bear to be re- 
peated. When Mr. Tracy tells us of flowers he could see new 
beauties in them, and so when the geologists tell us about 
rocks and the zoologists about animals. It is a wonder 
that we are not attentive enough to see the beauties 
and uses of things in nature. Some roam about in the 
fields and can not tell any more about plants than they 
can about the sermons which they hear in church. We 
train some of our faculties—why not the power of obser- 


vation? We ought to cultivate these faculties, and the ob- | 


ject of the Institute is to encourage people to observe com- 
mon things. Theorizing without facts will not answer—we 
must get facts and stand on the laws of nature. One of the 
most rational employments of the mind is the’study of na- 
ture. 


He 


Rev. Mr. Barpen of Rockport was then introduced, but 
he simply remarked that he would speak by proxy, and, af- 
ter exhibiting a splendid specimen of Scapolite and add 


tow comments he called i Dr. J ackson. ta 
i i TRIG io neg iil outed boy eet “renin 


he: nities Tr: 5 ACKBON! of Beste responded and mnie 3 


' 275 


some very interesting remarks upon mineralogy. He said 
that the two great abutments of the arch of society are agri- 
culture and mining—all the arts refer back to one of these 
two. Mincralogy is the first great division, starting at the 
foundation stone. Every thing not vegetable or animal is 
mineral. The minerals are either in masses or in crystals. 
The latter are the flowers. There are six divisions of crys- 
tals and each crystal is an individual, governed by a fixed 
law, as fixed as in birds or other animals. The object of sci- 
entific research is to ascertain the laws of nature.—Chemis- 
try is the physiology of mineralogy. Too much of mathe- 
matics has been dragged into mineralogy—a display of learn- 
ing has injured science. Dr. Jackson paid a very compli- 
mentary tribute to local geologists. He said that Lyell in 
his famous work on the geology of Italy, instead of relying 
upon his own observation trusted to the local geologists. 
The local geologist, Dr. J. said, finds many things which a 
stranger could! not, and if he should ever again receive an 
appointment of State geologist, instead of taking as an assis- 
tant some politician or person appointed from partisan, family 
or friendly motives, he should greatly prefer the help of the 
local geologists—the clergyman, physician, or citizen,—such 
as are to be found in every place, who had paid especial at- 
tention to the geology of their own locality. He said that 
Dr. Hitchcock, in his excellent work on the geology of Mas- 
sachusetts, had mentioned but one mineral as found in Rock- 
port, while the researches of the local geologists had discov- 
ered many, which he enumerated ; among these were smoky 
quartz, green feldspar, fluorspar, silicate of manganese, small 
zircons. Many were in beautiful crystals and may be con- 
sidered the flowers of mineralogy. To the labors of Rev. 
Mr. Barden, we are largely indebted for making us acquaint- 
ed with this interesting locality. 


Rey.G. W. Skinner, of Gloucester, who had found the study 
of nature intensely charming as well as instructive, said he 


Wire =. ee 


276 . 


had paid more attention to geology than to mineralogy, and 
that the subject of fossils had particularly attracted his no- 
tice, having resided for some time in the vicinity of Trenton, 
N. Y., where the Silurian Fossils abound. He gave a brief 
sseount of some of the principal species there found. 


Mr. C. M. Tracy of Lynn, being called upon, alluded to: 
the favorable impressions he received while listening to a 
course of lectures by the first speaker on mineralogy some 
twenty years since ; and to these he attributed no small part , 
of the interest he now felt in the subject of natural history. 
Pleasantly alluding to the remarks of the two speakers who: 
had preceded, to the effect that the crystals were the flowers 
of the rocks, and the fossils the flowers of rocks of a more re- 
cent formation, he said we have here the living flowers, and 
the world was not rendered habitable till the rocks were coy- 
ered with soil, and clothed with beautiful verdure. He then 
described the flowers which had been gathered, in his pleas- 
ant and instructive manner. Among these were the beach 
pea, a relative of the sweet pea but not of the eatable kind : 
the woodbine, or better called the american creeper, which 
comes very near being a grape vine: the-catbrier, the plague 
of our thickets and representing to us the true sarsaparilla: 
the wild sarsaparilla and the dwarf elder, which do not merit 
the name, having no affinity with the sarsaparilla, but 
more with the parsnip and celery: the sweet alder or pep- 
perbush, belonging to the Heath Family but flowering later 
than most of its fellows: the checkerberry, belonging to the 
same family and well known for its spiciness, but called by 
too many names: the seaside golden-rod, one of the show- 
iest and betraying the effect of the saline air by its fleshy 
leaves; the sea-rocket, affected in the same way and ta- 

_ king so much salt as to taste of it ; the hemp, well known for 

its fiber, and closely akin to the Cvisidbis Indica, or intoxiea- 
ting Padian hemp: the field clover, familiarly called “ pussy 
clover” from its wooly heads: and the dodder, whose truly 


277 


parasitic habits make it, to us very remarkable, though it is 
far from useful, one species injuring the  flax-fields in 
Kurope. 


Mr. Wiuuram R. Deane, of Brookline made some re- 
marks pertinent to the occasion, in which he praised the 
custom of ladies joining in scientific and historical exeursions 
like the present, and expressed delight with this pursuit of 

©? a 

the knowledge of nature, where 

“Some pensive creep along the shelly shore, 

Unfold the silken texture of a flower : 

With sharpened eves inspect a horncet’s sting, 

And all the wonder of an insect’s wing. 

Others trace, with curious search, the hidden cause 

Of nature’s changes, and her various liws : 

Untwist her beauteous web, disrobe her charms, 

And hunt her to her elemental forms” 


Mr. Horatio Gares Jones. of Philadelphia, after a few 
general remarks, alluded to some of the botanists of Penn- 
sylvania, among whom were Dr. William Darlington of West 


Chester, recently deceased, author of several works on bota- 


ny, and William Bartram, of Philadelphia, who may be con- 
sidered one of the pioneers of American botany. He then 
alluded to some investigations that had lately been made by 
him in the early history and statistics of paper-making, al- 
luding to the Rittenhouse Paper Mill in Philadelphia, which 
is presumed to be the first of its kind established in this coun- 
try.. It was built in 1690. He alluded to the fact that the 
fibre of the poplar, after being converted by chemical means 
into a pulp, is largely used in the manufacture of paper. 


Rey. Dr. J. C. Stocksripcr, of Chelsea, made some pleas- 
ant remarks of a general character. 


A lobster just in the process of casting | off its shell was 
placed upon the table,and Mr. Kspren Buarcarorp of Rock- 
port, made some emia remarks descriptive of this inter- 


esting feature i in this class of animals, 


/ ~~ PN see TY | 


On motion of the Secretary the thanks of the Institute 
were tendered to the Citizens of Rockport for their kind 
attentions ;.also to the Proprietors of the Universalist Church 
for the use of their commodious building to hold this 
mecting, Adjourned. 


Thursday, August 20, 1863. 


THE Fietp M&EtinG, ON SALEM NEcK, this day, attracted 
the largest audience ever assembled on an occasion of this 
kind, numbering, it is estimated, not far from two thousand 
people. ‘The forenoon was devoted by the guests from oth- 
er towns to an examination of the Library and Museum of 
the Institute and the Library of the Atheneum in Plummer 
Hall; the rare collection of the East India Marine Society, 
which was kindly opened by the Association for the gratifica- 
tion of the strangers; the Court Houses, and other objects of 
curiosity. A small party, interested in antiquarian studies, 
visited, under the genial guidance of Mr. Vice-President 

* Goodell, various places of historical note, including the for- 
mer residences of some of our ancient worthies, the remnant 
of the old First Church, Gallows Hill, and other points mem- 
orable for their badotion associations or for the relics which 
they contain. | 

At noon vehicles were provided for the transportation of ; 
the company to Hospital Point, which soon presented a spec- * 4 
tacle of extraodinary interest and picturesqueness; at this 
place the refreshments were provided in pic-nie style; and 

ae” the meeting was held at 2.30 P.M. in a spacious tent erected 


for the occasion. ane 
The President Asan Huntincron presided and welcomed : 
the company in the most cordial manner. He gave asum- — 
mary of the objects of the Institute and of the Field Me ting 


and happily styled the association the Grand Inque est of t 
County—not in relation to crime and misdemeanors. 


}> ae 


fay Ae Oe Sign he oe OMe a ee 


gard to whatever is to be found upon or beneath its surface, 
or relates to its natural or local history in every department, 
He invited the people of the County to co-operate in these 
objects, to become members of the Society, and to contribute 
to its library and cabinets whatever of interest or value they 
were willing to spare for the purposes contemplated. 


Records of the preceding meeting were read. 


Donations were received, since the last meeting, as appears 
by the report of the Seerctary, from the following: 


To the Library—ULong Island Historical Society ; Henry 
R. Stiles of Brooklyn, N. Y.; J. W. Thornton of Boston ; 
Massachusetts Historical Society: W. P. Upham: Beverly 
Public Library; Oliver Carlton: Joseph A. Goldthwait: A. 
Lincoln of Boston. 

To the Cobinets—F. H. Lec; H. M. Brooks; 8. Q. Felt; 
B. O. Peirce of Beverly ; James H. Emerton; J. A. Smith ; 
Alfred 8. Peabody; Capt. Robert Manning. 

Letters were read from Trustees of New York State Libra- 
ry ; Newburyport Public Library : Henry R. Stiles of Brook- 
lyn N. Y.; Benj. Greenleaf of Bradford; 8. H. Seudder of 
Boston ; W. R. Deane of Brookline: H. G. Jones of Phila- 
delphia ; Joel Munsell of Albany N.Y.: J. J. Babson of Glou- 
cester; Charles W. Felt. 


As especially appropriate to the locality, the President first 
called upon the Rev. Josepu B. Feit, LL. D., whose Annals 
of Salem and other historical productions were complimented 
for their completeness and thoroughness, for some informa- 
tion concerning Salem Neck. Dr. Felt then read a paper 
containing many valuable memoranda and historical state- 
ments respecting the Neck, Winter Island, and the fortifica- 
tions—the p'ace being prominently connected with the his- 
tory of Salem from its earliest settlement. This paper is 


/ 


280 


printed in the Historical Collections of the Essex Institute. 
(See vol. v. page 255.) 


H. Wuxarianp, the Secretary, next read a list of the 
miherals found on the Neck by the researches of some of 
- the young mincralogists of the Society. It appears that, a 
few years ago, a beautiful blue mineral was discovered in a 
quarry near Fort Lee, which was at first called cancrinite, 
but when analyzed was found to be sodalite. It was then 
thought to be exhausted, but subsequent and quite recent in- 
vestigations have followed the vein in deeper and some very 
good specimens have been obtained. The sodalite is found 
in veins of elowolite, which is itself rare in this country, it 
being known only in Arkansas. It has been found with so- 
dalite and cancrinite at Litchfield, Me., but is believed to be 
now exhausted. Last fall a large vein of elcolite was dis- 
covered near the other but it has not yet been found to con- 
tain any sodalite. The following minerals, in small quanti- 
ties, have been extracted from these veins, viz.: zircons, 
white iron pyrites, black mica in crystals, hornblende erys- 
tals, magnetic oxide of iron, small seams of opal, and per- 
haps, fluor spar and molybdenite. 


Rev. StiLLMAN Barpen of Rockport spoke very eloquently 
upon his favorite subject, and remarked upon the rarity of 
some of the minerals named. He urged the importance of 
having our eyes open and of learning more of the wonders of 
nature immediately about us. One of-his friends, he said, 
had written a charming book of Science, entitled “A Walk 
in my Garden.” He did not need to go even so far 
-as his garden; on his own doorstep he found deep 
themes for study and contemplation. He felt grateful to God 
every day that He has provided so many beautiful things to 
look upon, investigate and enjoy. He complained that sci- 
entific collections were not thrown open with sufficient lib- 


281 


erality to the public. For his part he was always ready to 
promote the cause of Science by giving the freest access to 
his collections. 


Rey. G. W. Skinner of Gloucester exhibited a number of 
beautiful crystals some of them closely resembling diamonds, 
and explained the wonderful process of the formation of the 
crystals of oxide of silicon—how granite was decomposed by 
great and continuous heat—and how the erystallic force in 
nature was ever active. His remarks were very interesting 
and attentively listened to, and the audicnce were thankful 
with him that we could now investigate these mysteries of 
nature without being denounced as heretics or hanged for 
witcheraft. 


Brief remarks were made by Messrs. WittIAM R. DEANE, 
of Brookline, and Wituram B. Trask, of Dorchester, the 


latter a descendant of Captain William Trask, one of the ear- 
ly planters of Salem. 


Mr. Davip Puusirer,. the distinguished antiquarian, of 
Boston, formerly of Salem, made some very earnest remarks, 
and referred to recent purchases of the original Solemn 
League and Covenant signed by the Covenanters of Scotland 
in 1638, and of some rare folio volumes of the Bible, printed 
in 1469—which had been secured at high prices to be pre- 
served in this country. He spoke with enthusiasm of the la- 
bors of the members of the Institute, and of the richness of 
the old county of Essex in materials of historical interest 
and value. 


At this point the roll of thunder and indications of a 
heavy shower became sw threatening as to cause a speedy ad- 
journment, much to the regret of the audience, as there were 
many other speakers present who would have delighted and 
instructed the listeners. In addition to members of the In- 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iii. 36. 


. 982 


stitute, who are always ready in their various depart:nents, 
there were present from abroad Nehemiah Cleaveland, lsq., 
of New York; Rev. Dr. E. L. Cleaveland of New Haven, 
Conn.; Hon. J. Hammond Trumbull of Hartford, Secretary 
of the State of Connecticut; Rev. Mr. Peabody, a returned 
Missionary ; Wm. ©. Binney, Esq., of Amesbury ; Hon. J. J. 
Babson of Gloucester ; and many others. 


Wednesday, September 2, 1863. 


MEETING this day, at noon, J. G. Waters in the Chair. 


/ 
Wituiam P. Upuam stated that the U. 8S. Government pro- 
pose to build one or more Forts in Marblehead, and sugges- 
ted, it was proper that one of them should bear the name of 
“Glover,” a deserving tribute to the memory of Gen. John 
Glover of Revolutionary fame, and, on his motion, it was 


Voted That 2 Committee be appointed to co-operate with 
the town authorities and citizens of Marblehead in such a 
manner as may be deemed appropriate to obtain this, so de- 
sirable an object. 

Messrs. W. P. Upham and A. C. Goodell Jr. were ap- 
pointed on said committee. Adjourned. 


~ 


Thursday, October 22, 1864. 


The last Field Meeting the present season was held at New- 
bury this day, having been postponed from yesterday on ac- 
count of the weather. The larger portion of the party pro- 
ceeded directly to Newburyport, and, having the fortune to 
be under the guidance of a native of the place, Rev. George 


D. Wildes, Rector of Grace Church, Salem, visited many ob- 
jects of interest in this locality, so rich in historical associa- 


tions ; after devoting several hours very profitably and very 


pleasantly to this exploration, the party proceeded to the 


283 | 


vestry of the Old-Town Church in Newbury, which was built 
by the Ladies Benevolent Society, where the afternoon 
meeting was held. 

Several alighted from the cars at the Serpentine quarry, 
collected specimens of minerals, also zoological from woods 
adjacent and on the road side to the place of rendezvous. 
The old burial ground in the vicinity of Rev. Dr. Withing- 
ton’s church offered many objects of interest and presented 
many quaint inscriptions ; The venerable Pastor of this par- 
ish, who was settled in 1816, joined the company at. the ves- 
try and added interest to the meeting by his presence and re- 
marks. Dr. W. in his 75th, year is still hale and vigorous. 
In 1804 he was among first apprentices to the printing bus- 
iness in the office of the late J. I. Buckingham. He subse- 
quently entered Yale College, and his scholary, honorable, 
and useful career since is well known. 


The meeting was called to order at 3 P. M.,—A. C. Good- 
ell, Jr., one of the Vice Presidents, in the chair. Records of 
preceding meeting read, &e. 

Donations were announced from the following, received 
since the Field Meeting, Aug. 20, 1863 :— 


To the Library—Humphrey Devereux ; Firelands Histor- 
ical Society of Norwalk, Ohio; American Academy of Arts 
and Science ; Miss A. M. Hemmenway of Ludlow, Vt.; Mon- 
treal Society of Natural History ; J. Hammond Trumbull of 
Hartford, Conn. ; ‘Trustees of New York State Library ; lowa 
Historical Society; Charles T. Brooks of Newport, R. I. ; 
Henry M. Brooks; E. P. Robinson of Saugus; N. J. Lord; 
Mrs. James Chamberlain; Adams, Sampson & Co,, Boston ; 
'€. B.-Richardson of New York ; Editors of British American 
Magazine ; George R. Curwen ; Redwood Library and Athen- 
eum ; Charles F. Nichols ; Henry P. Nichols; 8. S. Rantoul; 
R. Damon of Weymouth, England; Long Island Historical 


284 


f 


Society ; William P. Tucker of Portland, Me.; M. A. Stick- 
ney ; American Geographical and Statistical Society ; James 
Chamberlain ; Connecticut Historical Sovgiety; William 
Stone ; Mrs. Lydia D. Parker of Boston; Robert ©. Mills; 
‘Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science; George Per- 
kins ; Lynn Free Public Library. 

To the Cabinets—From John Robinson ; Charles F. Nich- - 
ols; Henry F. King; R. Deland; Wm. P. Martin; A. F. 
Clark ; James Kimball; James H. Emerton ; Arthur Upton ; 
Daniel L. Proctor; Mrs..H. M. Colcord of South Danvers ; 
C. F. Williams ; Stephen W. Hall; Charles H. Higbee ; Sam- 
uel Phillips, Jr., of Boston; F. H. Lee; Nathan Nichols ; W. 
G. Welch; J. B. Haskell ; Franklin Grant ; Lawrence Phil- 
lips; A. S. Peabody; Mrs. G. R. Mason of Lynn; N. A. 
Frye ; Samuel Hultman ; Mrs. M. D. Wallis of Beverly ; B. 
Brown; W. B. F. Johnson; Mrs. J. Chamberlain; Mary E. 
Williams; Samuel Shepard; A. C. Goodell, Jr., Geo. Har-. 
rington. : 


Letters were read from Firelands Historical Society ; Cor- 
poration of Brown University ; Maryland Historical Society ; 
George A. Walton of Lawrence ; Amesbury and Salisbury 
Agricultural Association ; L. Agassiz of Cambridge ; lowa 
State Agricultural Society; Francis H. Wade of Ipswich; 
Mrs. L. D. Parker of Boston; E. P. Robinson of Saugus ; 
Long Island Historical Society ; J. Hammond Trumbull of 
Hartford Conn.; Regents of the University of New York; 
H. A. Smith of Cleveland Ohio; Mrs. P. A. Hanaford of 
Beverly ; John Bertram ; Edward Ballard of Brunswick Me; 
Salem Temperance Loser? ; O. Howe of Beverly. 


The Chair in opening offered some general remarks aoll 
the objects of the Institute and the mode of carrying out the’ 
various plans of its organization. He mentioned that the 
committee having in charge the lectures and evening meet- 
ings had cenget that, on the 2d and 4th Monday viaaminat 


. 


28H 


of each month, a mecting of the Institute will be held at 
their rooms, Plummer Hall. commencing at 7 o’clock ; on 
the intermediate Monday evening Mr. F. W. Putnam will 
deliver a lecture, at the same time and place, on some zool- 
ogical subject, illustrating the same with specimens from the 
Cabinets. A course of ten Scientific Lectures will also be 
delivered at the Lyceum Hall, Salem, usually on Thursday 
evenings, commencing about the middle of November. 


Rev. Dr. Wiruincron of Newbury gave a brief account of 
the early history of the church of which he is the present 
pastor and over which he has been settled about fifty years. 
He alluded very happily to the conservative character of his 
church during the Whitefield excitement, a century since, 
the unhappy differences arising therefrom with the sister 
churches, and the peaceful settlement of all discord at the 
time of his ordination. Dr. W. casually stated that his par- 
ish, when he was settled, was the largest in extent in the 
county, and contained 2500 people; and as the law then 
would not allow the other ministers to marry members in his 
parish, he enjoyed the monopoly of the business, and joined 
in marriage an average of twenty-five couples a year. 


The Rev. George D. Wipes of Salem, being called upon 
by the President, occupied nearly an hour in a very inter- 
esting resume of the incidents of the morning’s ramble, 
interspersing the same with very graphic historical sketches 
of the houses, localities and people of the olden timds of 
Newbury and Newburyport. Quite a large number of the 
members of the Institute had been detained by engagements 
at Salem, until a late hour, and the valuable remarks of 
Mr. Wildes enabled them to follow the course of the Insti- 
tute in the visits of the morning. : 

Mr. Wildes stated in substance, that no towns in our an- 
cient, and truly old English County, were more fruitful in 


286 


interesting historic association, than Newbury and Newbury- 
port, from the earliest to the latest dates in their history. 
Many of the inhabitants of these towns, or their deseend- 
ants, had held very prominent positions among the literary, 
the commercial, and most distinguished men of the country 
in all departments of active life. Taking up the several 
localities visited in order, Mr. W. resumed the remarks 
which he had made at the various points of interest visited 
in the morning. Prominent among these were the “‘ Dexter 
Museum” now occupied by Dr. E. G. Kelly, and illustrating 
in its restoration, and in the beautiful gardens about it the 
well known taste of its hospitable proprietor ; ‘The ‘ Mall” 
once the Camp ground ofa portion of Arnold’s Expedition 
to Canada ; the house of the Misses Tracy where are depos- 
ited the beautiful paintings by Copley, of Col. and Mrs. Lee 
of Marblehead. Copley is said to have remarked of these,when 
in later life asked which were his best paintings, that those 
at Newburyport were regarded by him as foremost among 
his works. Mr. W. then spoke of the “Wolfe Farm” now the 
Merrimack House ; the Tracy Mansion, where Washington, 
Lafayette, Talleyrand, Louis Phillipe, Chateaubriand and 
others were .at various times guests ; “ St. Pauls Church” 
with its old altar piece, and the exquisite memorial Chapel 
erected by Rev. Dr. Horton; the tomb of Bishop Ban, the 
first Bishop of Massachusetts ; the Ferry Way ; the residence 
and work shop of Jacob Perkins, the famous Inventor and 
Engraver ; the law office of Chiet Justice Parsons, where J. 
Q. Adams, Rufus King and Robert Treat Paine and other 
eminent men studied; the “Old South Church” with the 
monument and tomb of Whitfield ; the ancient Colonial Jail ; 
the “Old-Town Meeting House’ ; the Green where another 
portion of the Canada Expedition encamped; the ancient 
Grave Yard of Newbury, -where the party found many 
unique epitaphs; several old houses of historical interest ; 

among pthom, the Garrison house now the Pettingell Farm 


287 


and many other objects of great interest among the antiqui- 
ties of the County. Our limits forbid a fuller account of 
the remarks of Mr. Wildes, which were listened to with 
marked interest and awakened much zeal in the historical 
reminiscences of the ancient towns of Newbury and New- 


‘buryport. 


Mr. F. W. PurNam mentioned that in company with sev- 
eral members he had visited the serpentine quarry and 
found some interesting specimens of serpentine, asbestos, &e. 
During his rambles in the woods adjacent and the road to 
this place he had collected several specimens of Insects and 
Mollusca. Instead of alluding to these at this time he would 
confine his remarks to the habits of the humble bee, which 
he had observed during his residence, the past summer, on 
the banks of Lake Champlain ; he spoke of the formation 
and growth of the colony, comparing fhe same with those of 
the common honey bee. He also alluded to the habits of 
the leaf-cutting bees and the manner of constructing their 
cells from circular pieces cut from the leaves of the common 
rose bushes. A general resume was then made of the sev- 
eral species of Reptiles and Fishes found in this county, with 
some remarks upon their habits. 


Rev. C. C. Braman of Salem spoke of the old burial place 
near by, called up some ‘old associations respecting several 
worthies of the olden time whose remains lie buried there, 
—and read some of the epitaphs which were inscribed upon 
the tablets erected to their memories. He concluded by of- 
fering the following votes of thanks, which were unanimous. 
ly adopted. 


Resolved, That the thanks of the Institute be presented 
to Dr. E. G. Kelly, William Ashby, Esq., the Misses Tracy, 
and Mrs. J. C. Fletcher, friends in Newburyport, for their 
very polite attentions in affording facilities for satisfying the 


288 


curiosity for things rare and of historical and antiquarian val- 
ue ; also, to Mr. Ashby, for his generous hospitality, 
Resolved, That we tender our thanks to the Ladies’ Be- 
nevolent Society of Newbury, for the generous loan of their 
hall, and to Dr. Withington and Mr. Edmund Smith, for 
their polite attentions during the day. ' 


The meeting then adjourned and the company made a 
pleasant call upon the venerable Joshua Coffin, Esq., to pay 
their respects to the historian of “Ould Newberry.” Mr. 
Coffin’s health has been quite feeble and would not permit 
him to attend the meeting, but it is now improving and all 
were glad to take him by the hand before proceeding to the 
ears for home, which was reached safely after a day of unin- 
aerrupted interest and enjoyment. 


Monday, October 26, 1865. 
Meeting this evening, at 7 1-2 P.M. A. ©. Goodell Jr. 
Vice President in the Chair. | 
Records of preceding meeting read. 


Donations were announced from the following: 


To the Library—From C. B. Richardson of New York ; 
G. F. Bagley of Amesbury ; Francis H. Wade of Ipswich. 


To the Cabinets—From James H. Emerton ; George Har- 


rington ; John Robinson ; James M. Caller; H. P. Nichols. | 


Letters were read from Trustees of Newburyport Public © 


Library ; Department of the Interior; Benjamin ‘Peirce of 
Camsiarioae: ay 


Mir. R w. Putnam read the: following communication from 


~ 
ee, ee eS ee 


Dg ee ee en Oy a 


289 


delivery of the young the parent lay on the right side, with 
the body curved in such a manner as to bring the sexual or- 
ifice opposite that of the pouch, the mouth of the pouch was 
open or drawn down by contraction of the muscles so as to 
reccive the young when delivered. The young were seven 
in number. The time occupied in delivery was about four 
hours. ‘The parent remained in the same position about 
thirty-six hours and refused all sustenance. 

Immediately after the transfer of the young to the pouch 
1 removed one, by detaching it from the teat, in order to as- 
certain ifthe movement of the foetus was instinctive. I found 
that it was at least partly voluntary, as it made an effort to 
regain its place in the pouch, and the same movement was 
made by the parent, as at first, to receive it. I did not no- 
tice any use of the limbs or lips of the parent during the 
transfer of the young. 

Mr. F. W. Putnam stated the results of his investigations 
on the growth of fishes noticed during his residence on the 
borders of Lake Champlain during the past season. Adj. 


Monday, November 9, 1865. 
Meeting this evening, Vice President Goodell in the Chair. 
Records of preceding meeting read. 
Donations were announced from the following : 


To the Library—From Department of the Interior ; Hen- 
ry Wheatland; Jonathan Perley Jr.; Editors of British 
American Magazine ; John B. Alley, M.C.; Zoologische Ges- 
ellchaft, Frankfort a. M.; John L. Sibley of Cambridge : 
John H. Silsbee ; George Blake. 

To the Cabinets—From H. F. King ; Charles F. Nichols ; 
C. H. Higbee ; Henry Wheatland ; Frank P. Watson. 


Letters were read trom the Trustees of Boston Public Li- 
brary; Smithsonian Institution ; George Perkins; Arthur 
J. Upton; F. W. Putnam; C. T. Jackson of Boston ; J. W. 
Proctor of South Danvers. 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL, ili. 37. 


ca 


290 


Henry Wheatland presented in behalf of Charles Davis of 


‘Beverly two Record Books of the Essex County Health In- 
surance Company, established in Beverly in 1847. In con- 
nection with this he exhibited several policies of Insurance 
issued about a century since and gave a brief sketch of the 
various modes of Insurance practised in this vicinity from 
that time to the present. | 

Charles Davis of Beverly being called upon gave a very 
interesting account of the operations of this Society during 
the two years of its existence. 

This subject was further commented upon*by Messrs €. 
C. Beaman, James Kimball and the Chair. 


F. W. Putnam made some remarks on the Iron Mines at 
Port Henry suggested by specimens presented by Samuel 
Gray of Portsmouth, N.H. 


William P. Upham read a letter from J. W. THorNTON of 


Boston relative to the naming of the new fort at Gloucester 
“Fort Conant,” referred to the committee appointed in Sep- 
tember last on naming of the Fort at Marblehead. 


Remarks were offered by several members suggested by 
the donations presented this evening. Adjourned. 


Monday, November 23, 1863. 
Meeting this evening Vice President Goodell in the Chair. 
Records of preceding meeting read. 


Donations were announced from the following : 


To the Library—From Iowa State Historical deoiaiade > 


American Geographical and Statistical Society; R. A. Guild 
Librarian of Brown University; J. D. Hedge Librarian os 


Providence Atheneum ; Estate of John Russell ; D. H. sea | 


son, Jr. * 


, 
7 °F 


; 
; 
a 
7 


294 


To the Cabinets—From James Chamberlain; H. 3. 
Wheeler of Newburyport; Miss E. K. Roberts; Mrs. T. 
Hunt; O. H. Saunders; John Robinson. 


Letters were read from Massachusetts Historical Society : 
lowa State Historical Society ; Robert H. Ives of Providence ; 
H. 8S. Wheeler of Newburyport. 


The Chair introduced Hixry L. Orpway of Ipswich who 
exhibited and explained an invention for preserving trees 


~ from the ravages of the Canker Worm.— 


Mr. Ordway spoke as follows:— 

Very little has been said and written concerning the hab- 
its of the Canker Worm until quite recently, that is of much 
benefit to fhe owners of fruit trees. 

Professor Peck’s Natural History of the Canker Worm 
and Dr. Harris’ book on Insects have been so universally cir- 
culated, that a general description of the insect will not be 
necessary. 

The female, or grub,* commences to ascend the trunks of 
trees early in autumn, but not before the ground has been 


slightly frozen. Some seasons I have seen them appear up- 
on the trees as early as the first week in October; while 


this last autumn they did not appear until the second 
week in November. Thus it would seem the action of the 
frost has something to do with the time of their appearance. 
It has often been remarked that the eggs which are deposi- 
ted in autumn do not come to maturity, inasmuch as they 
are destroyed by the severe cold of winter, and that it is 
necdless to prevent the grubs from laying their eggs upon 
the trees. This is doubtless a mistake, and is one reason 
why the numerous expedients that have been adopted, to 
check the ravages of the worm have not proved more suc- 
cessful. For several years past a large majority of the 
grubs have deposited their eggs in the fall. They have 
changed their habits in this respect as formerly the grubs 
were seen in larger numbers in the spring than in autumn. 
If then a majority of the eggs are deposited in autumn it is 


ote 


* The term grub is here used to designate the adult female and not the larva. 


292 


reasonable to presume that the insect may at no distant day 
exterminate itself, provided we admit the truth of the above 
statement. I can think of only one reason. why the eggs de- . 
posited in autumn are not as liable to hatch as those depos- 

ited in spring, viz: The males, or millers, are seldom seen in 
autumn, while in spring the males are more abundant than the 
females. Hence itis a reasonable conclusion that the eggs de- 

posited in autumn are not all impregnated. ‘The grubs are 

very tenacious of life. No amount of cold or wet seems to 

affect them in the least degree. Subject them to the coldest 
weather ; freeze them solid as ice and it will not prevent 

them from laying their eggs, after placing them in a warm 

room. ; 

A great many people believe that the Canker Worm will 
descend from the trees on the 17th of June, this idea is not 
correct, the time of their leaving the trees is governed by 
the time of their hatching from the eggs. If the season is 
backward, and the trees do not put forth their foliage, as a 
matter of course the young worms will not make their ap- 
pearance. The same degree of heat that causes the buds to 
expand will cause the eges to hatch. After which it will re- 
quire a certain number of days for them to arrive at matu- 
rity. They will then leave the trees and not before unless 
obliged to do so for want of food. In the summer of 1861 
I commenced to catch the larve for experimental purposes on 
the 17th of June and found them quite numerous until 
the 26th, some of these worms were placed in a glass tube filled 
with earth and others in a barrel in which sods were placed. 
In both instances the experiments were conducted in the 
open air, and were quite successful. The worms in the 
tube burrowed in the earth to a depth of about four inches, 
while those in the barrel formed their chrysalides among the 
roots of the sods not going quite so deep as those in the tube. 
The worms in the tube did not immediately change into the 
chrysalis state but remained in the larva state at least six 
days. On the fourth day after the worms had disappeared 
from the sides of the tube I opened some of the chrysalides 
and found the larva snugly packed away without change, ex- 
cept that it was reduced in length about one half, and on be-. 
ing disturbed it commenced spanning off in the usual style. 

The question is sometimes asked how do the Canker 
Worms moye from one place to another? How is it that 


2985 


some orchards are eaten so badly year after year and others 
not far distant are not eaten at all? These questions can not 
be answered satisfactorily perhaps, but it would not be amiss 
to conjecture or guess how they travel, or by what means 
the change is brought about. The erub governed by her in- 
stincts ascends the first upright object that comes in her way 
and deposits her eggs indiscriminately, going no farther than 
is necessary to effect her purpose. Clusters of eggs are fre- 
quently seen upon fences, posts, houses, &c. The young 
insects generally are supposed to dic when hatched in places 
where they cannot find food, but this summer I put some eggs 
into a small bottle, where they hatched and were allowed to 
remain four or five days without food. On letting them out 
of the bottle they were as lively and vigorous as whem 
hatched upon a tree. I believe the young worms hatched 
upon the trunk of a tree are able to sustain themselves un- 
til they reach the foliage, even if they are obliged to travel to 
the extreme top of the tree. The worm, I think, is to a certain 
extent migratory in its habits, not that they travel in swarms 
fis some species of caterpillars do, but that they are sometimes 
forced to leave the trees upon which they were hatched for 
want of subsistence and go to others not caten, where after re- 
maining a short time, they mature, spin down a second time, 
and go into the ground, where they remain until autumn, 
when the grubs ascend the trees upon which the worms were 
matured. Hence it is plain that the worm causes the 
change in locality and not the grub as many suppose. The 
worms are often times blown by high winds considerable 
distances toward other orchards, when they travel the re- 
mainder of the rout thus making a change in that way. 

One other means by which this insect is sometimes chan- 
ged from one place to another is by transplanting Iruit trees 
from nurseries that are infected by these pests. Valuable or- 
chards have been almost destroyed in this manner. 

As the female insect is so very prolific all means should 
be employed for their extermination. Plough the orchard 
soon after the larve form their chrysalides, and allow the 
swine and poultry to run at large among fruit trees. 

We have another exterminator in the common garden 
toad. It is surprizing to sce what quantities of worms they 
will despatch at a single meal. 

There is one other subject to which I wish to call your at- 


294 


tention before closing these remarks, and that is in relation 
to the male insect. As it is of no consequence about 
keeping the male from ascending the trees; those ‘who 
have written upon the habits of the Canker Worm haye 

neglected to say anything regarding him. J should like 
to have some one who understands this matter explain the 
manner in which they get out of the ground, and how they 
appear when first seen. , 


F. W. Putnam said that there were at least three species 
of insects known as Canker Worms. ‘I'wo of these belong 
to the genus of the true Canker Worm Anisopterix and are 
very much alike in habits and in their general appearance. 
The third species is larger and the larva is of a yellow color. 
There are several enemies to these pests; of these the large 
handsome ground beetle, the mason wasp and the ichneu- 
mon fly called Platygaster, which lays its eggs in those of 
the Canker Worm, and as the young Platygaster feeds upon 
the Canker Worm’s eggs their developement is secured at 
the expense of the latter. 


Remarks were then made by Messrs. C. C. Beaman; Ord- 
way, J. M. Ives; and Putnam on the geographical distribu- 
tion, of the Canker Worm and its disappearance ‘in certain 
seasons, &c. The opinion prevailed that this State is nearly 
its northern limit. 

On motion of Mr. Beaman, 

Voted That the thanks of the Institute be given to Mr. Ord- 
way for his useful, and instructive remarks on the subject of 
Canker Worms. 

On motion of Mr. James Kimball, 

Voted, 'That the officers of the Army and Navy stationed 


in this city and vicinity, or at home on furlough, be inyi-. 


ted to visit the Tastitute at such times as may be. convenient. 
Adjourned. — 


7 ae ‘ 
i ae tl ee le I a 


‘ 
; 


295 
Monday, December 14, 1865. 
Meeting this evening, the President in the chair. 


Records of preceding meeting read; and donations were 
announced from the following : | 

To the Library—from Jonathan Tucker: Miss E. 8. 
Hotchkiss of New Haven, Conn.: N. J. Lord; Society of 
Arts, Manufactures &c., London ; John B. Alley M.C.; Red- 
wood Library and Atheneum; J. L. Jenkins. 

To the Cabinets—from C. F. Nichols; D. M. Balch; Hd- 
ward H. Knight ; James H. Emerton; Charles H. Higbee 
H. P. Nichols; J. C. Stimpson; Miss Quiner of Beverly ; 
Theodore F. Brown; Frank P. Watson; Daniel P. Fitz ; 
A. R. Russell ; John M. Ives; George Abbot. 


e 
bg 
- 
> 


A letter was read from JoserH A. Torrey of Providence, 
in relation to printing. In this connection Mr. Goodell pre- 
sented some remarks upon the combination types and other 
improvements in type-setting as suggested by C. W. Felt of 
Salem, with some allusion to Mr. F.’s type-setting and justi- 
fying machine, now nearly finished, and in a condition to 
test the merits of the invention, to a great extent. 


A letter was read from JoHn A. Mc’ ALLIsTER of Philadelphia, 
accompanying an impression from an old plate in his posses- , 
sion, “ a Caricature of the Congressional Pugilists in 1798.” 
A brief account of the scene to which this referred was 
read from the Congressional Journal of that date, and a 
brief sketch of Roger Griswold M.C. from Connecticut, and 
Matthew Lyon M.C. from Vermont, the persons represented 
therein, was given by the Secretary. | 


Letters were also read from Chicago Historical Society ; 
Directors of Providence Atheneum ; Pennsylvania Histori- 
cal Society ; Trustees of New York State Library; R. S& 


~ 


296 


Rantoul; Chas. W. Tuttle of Boston; N. E. Atwood of 
Provineetown ; Daniel H. Johnson, Jr.; lowa Historical So 
ciety; Jacob Batchelder of Lynn ; Editors of the Round 
Table. 

W. P. Upuam from a Committee appointed at a previous 
meeting, submitted the following statement :— 


In making the recent alterations at Fort Pickering, about 
half: of a dozen twelve pound shot were taken from the 
morth-east aud south-west corners of the old parapet facing 
the harbor. They were found buried about three feet be- 
neath the turf half way from the top of the parapet. There 
is good reason to believe that these balls were thrown there 
®y the British Man of War Nautilus, when she: chased the 
Privateer Rattlesnake into Beverly harbor, Oct. 10, 1775. 
An account of this affair is given in an old newspaper, the 
<“New England Chronicle or Essex Gazette,” of Oct. 12, 
1775, also in Stone’s History of Beverly, page 64. 

The Privateer was chased in from the Bay and ran ashore 
in Mackerel Cove near Beverly. The Man of War got 
aground on Nathaniel’s Ledge, south-east of Woodbury’s 
point-and in this position bombarded the town of Beverly 
till the tide leaving her, she carecened so that she was 
anable to bring a single eun to bear. Thus she remained 
under constant fire from the Salem peaple.on Hospital point 
and from Sharpshooters on the Beverly shore till dark, when 
she cut, her cable and got off, having been considerably dam- 
aged. — It is probable that as the Nautilus entered the har- 
Hor, she passed not far from Fort Pickering and fired a 
broadside at it. 

The Fort has been repaired twice since then, once in 1798 
and again in [809.—but from the accounts lately given of 
these repairs and from the appearance of the place previous 4 
to the present alterations, it is inferred thata part of the 
old parapet where these balls were found has not been ina- ; 
tevially altered since the Revolution. 


rEoRGE D. Witpes followed with some remarks relating. 
to the Fo?ts and to the sailors and soldiers of the Revolution 
and of the War of 1812 furnished by Salem, Newburyport 
and other towns of the County. He made particular men- 


297 


tion of Capt. William Nichols of Newburyport, a noted pri- 
vateersman in the war of 1812, and related some of his 
feats of bravery and skill, of his being a prisoner, his escape 
and his recapture. He then alluded to the Collins House 
in Danvers, (now the residence of F. Peabody, Jr. Esq.) as 
a, place of historic interest, being the head-quarters of Gev. 
Gage, and also the encampment near by of a regiment of 
British troops, on the eve of the outbreak of the Revolution. 


A. C. GooDELL in reply to some questions, spoke of the 
Forts in Salem and vicinity, the old Town House and oth- 
er incidents of the period immediately preceding the revolu- 
tion. He then offered the following resolution in behalf of 
a& committee appointed at a previous meeting which was 
unanimously adopted. 


Resolved, That the Essex Institute earnestly unites in 
the petition of any persons or corporation to the Secretary 
o{ War to give to the fortifications erecting or to be erected 
in Marblehead in this county, the name of Fort Glover, in 
memory of Gen. John Glover and to the works designed for 
the ‘Stage’? in Gloucester in this county, the name of Fort 
Conant, in honor of Roger Conant the founder of the first 
plantation in Massachusetts Bay. 


On motion of James Kimball, 


Voted, That the Rev. G. D. Wildes be requested to prepare 
a memorial of Capt. Wm. Nichols of Newburyport to be 
read at a meeting of the Institute and for publication in the 
Historical Collections. Adjourned. 


Monday, December 28, 1863. 
Meeting this evening, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair. 


Records of preceding meeting read, and Donations were 


. announced from the following : 


To the Library—from George R. Curwen; J. H. Hick- 
cox of Albany N.Y.; C. B. Richardson of New oe Ca- 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. iii. 38. 


298 


nadian Institute ; Montreal Society of Natural History ; 
Editors of Round Table, New York ; 8. H. Scudder of Bos- 
ton; R. H. Wheatland. 


To the Cabinets—from Joseph A. Goldthwaite; C. H. 
Higbee; E. Q. Putnam. 

Letters were read from Pennsylvania Histor ical Society ; 
Long Island Historical Society ; J. A. Goldthwaite ; >; N. EL 
Atwood of Provincetown ; W. B. Rogers of Boston. 


F. W. Putnam announced the decease of the Cabinet 
Keeper, R. H. Wheatland, with appropriate remarks. 
Messrs. J. A. Gillis and F. W. Putnam were requested to 
prepare a biographical notice to be presented at the an- 
nual meeting. 


W.P. UpHam announced the decease of the following 
members of recent occurrence—Charles M. Endicott, Gil- 
bert G. Newhall, Thomas Trask, John B. Peabody. | Messrs. 
G,. D. Phippen and the Secretary were requested to prepare 
obituary notices for the annual meeting. 


Rey. Grorce D. WiLpres read a letter from B. Hale. of 
Newburyport, respecting the materials for a memoir of Capt. 
William Nichols of Newburyport, recently deceased. 


F. W. Putnam offered some remarks upon the habits of 
the Grisly Bear—suggested by a skull, a recent contribution 
to the Cabinets from the late Capt. Wm. O. Potter. 


Grorek A. Warp stated that measures were in progress 
to obtain possession of the frame of the old building on the 
land of ‘David Nichols:in the rear of Boston Street, and to 
place the same in rear of Plummer Hall, 


George A. Ward was placed om the Gointuittas of enquir 
as to the authenticity of the tradition that the frame of the 
above anentioned building is that of the first meeting-house — 
in Salem, i in place of Charles M. Endicott, deceased. Adj. 


INDEX TO VOLUME THREE. 


Comunications,— Verbal. 
Agassiz, L.—on the growth of the 
Natica heros Pa 
Barden, S.--on the minerals of 
Rockport, tye 20S 
Batchelder, Jacob,—on the deci- 
mal system in weights and meas- 
ures, easly galO 
On the Saccharine qualities of 
the Beet Root, a premaes<.: 
Dodge, A. W. —Historical notice 
of Hamilton, . . sii ee 
Gregory, J. J. H.—on the geology 
OF Py n f 64 182 che ant sate ok 
On the geology of Cape Ann,205 


Jackson, C. T.—on the geology of |. 


Rockport, Bre 5 ee 214 
Nichols, David—on Photogr aphs of 
Washington, < «229 


Oliver, H. K.—on the habits of 
the Honey Bee, 256 
Osgood, George,—on Notice of 
Rev. Dr. Cutler and the plants 
of Hamiiton, Sa hare | 
Phippen, George, D.—on Fibrilia 
or Flax Cotton, sors are, te ih 
Historical Notice of Cape Ann,97 
Reed, J. W.—on the Topographi- 


cal history of the Merrimac 


‘River, . . 19 
Russell J. L.—on on plants at Grove- 
land, i ane ae or Fedo 


Roberts, David,—on the character 
of D. A. White, 7uGgs 
Tracy, C. M.—on plants at Tops- 
field, eel aa 4) 


On plants at Gloucesthit . 99 
On Woodwaxen, . 201 
On plants at Rockport, 276 


‘Wheatland, H.—on Minerals on 


Salem Neck, ; ; 280 
Wheatland, R H.—on the devel- 
opment of the Common Toad, 36 
Wildes, G. D.—Historical Notice 
of Newburyport, 285 


Communications, — Written, 
Barden, Stillman,—on the Geolo- 
gy of Rockport, . . . 281 
Beaman, C. C —Historieal Sketch 
of the Howard Street Church, 
Salem, , CEG 
on. the Geographical outline of 
Cape Cod, its discovery, 130 
Felt, Joseph B.—Historical Notice 
of Hamilton, . = tos gi see 
On John Endicott, the First Gov- 
ernor, . saree: 238 
Hisierieal Sicateh of the Forts, on 
Salem Neck, 279 
Fowler, S. P.—on changes pro- 
duced by civilization in the hab- 
its of our common birds, . 31 
On Cotton Mather, 119 


300 


Goodell Jr., Abner C.—on the 
History of the Puritans, . 182 
On ‘New England’s Herald- 


1 Se Oe ee . 225 
Historical Notice of Salisbury 
and Amesbury, 261 


Gregory, J. J. H.—on the Topog- 
raphy of Powow Hill, 269 
King, Henry F.—on the ‘ Not- 


tingham Earth,’’ (infusorial) 39) ' 


Mackenzie, S. S.—on the Geolo- 
gy of Topsfield, . . . 77 
Markoe, G. F. H.—Catalogue of 
Plants observed in Fruit and 
Flower at West Gloucester, Ju- 
ly 6, 1860, 24 
Plants collected at Amesbury 
and Salisbury, 3-7 ZI2 
Ordway, Henry L.—on the Cank- 
er Worm, . oe oe sig pe 
Phippen, George D.—on the In- 
stinct of Plants, . . . 41 
On the fibriletexture of the Milk- 
weed, . 215 
Quincy, Josiah—Letter on the cor- 
rectness of the likeness of Wash- 
ington, in possession of David 
Nichols, . ... 230 
Russell, J. L.—Report on the Her- 
barium, . eS a & | 
Seudder, 8S. H.—A list of the But- 
_ terflies ot New England, 161 
Shurtleff, C. A.—Report on the 
Army Worm, . ih, eoEos 
Shute,J.G.—on the Opossum, 288 
Upham, W. P.—On the Orderly 
Books of Gen. John Glover, 285 
On Relies found at Fort Picker- 
iigdS.. .. Me a 
Verrill, A. E —Notice of a Prim- 
noa from St. George’s Bank, 127 
on the structure of Corals and 
the Polyps producing them, 132 
Catalogue of Birds found at 
Norway, Me., . 136 
Birds found in Maine and not 
observed in Norway, Me., 156 


Whittier, Jobn G.—Flowers, and 
Flowering Shrubs and ‘Vines at 
Amesbury and Salisbury, 271 


Donations. 

To the Library—1, 6, 12, 17, 

23, 29, 46, 48, 56, 58, 59, 60, 

75, 82, 88, 95, 100, 108, 113, 

117, 124, 125, 126,180, 179, 

180, 188, 184, 186, 191, 204, 

O18, 221, 224 228, 231, Vas, 

235, 239, 240, 247, 252, 259, 

273, 279, 283, 268, 289, 290, 

295. 

To the Cabinets—1, 6, 13, 17, 23, 
29, 46, 49, 56, 58, 58, 60, 75, 
88, 88, 95, 101, 108, 118, 117, 
124, 125, 126, 130, 180, 183, 
184, 187, 192, 203, 218, 222, 
224, 228, 281, 233, 285, 239, 
240, 245, 252, 259, 273; 279, 
284, 285, 289, 291, 295. 

HorticuLturg, 

Reports on. ~ 8 247 

Lectures—Notice of 244, 284 

Massachusetts Provincial Statutes— 
Resolutions for the reprinting of 


the same by the State 234 
Oxsrtuary Notices or 
Amory, Elizabeth, . Le 
Andrews, George, 241 
Bowditch, N. I, 74 
Brown, William, . 248 
Chandler, Samuel, 229 
Dodge, George F, .-. . «§ 8 
Fettyplace, Henry King, . 185 
Gardner, Barnard West, . . 72 
Gibbs, Josiah Willard, ey i 
Kimball, David Tenny, 3 


Kimball, Nathaniel Augustus 242 
Lewis, Alonzo, : oo ee 
. Laie 


2 


On the Classification of Birds, 208 


Maecmullen, William, 

Odell, Thomas F.,. r+ 
Perry, Gardner Braman, . 

Potter, Joseph A. . 2 Se Fae 
Potter, William Oliver, . 186 
Putnam, Charles Fiske, 243 


Rider, George Washington, 
Sibley, JohnS. . . . 
Stoue, John Hubbard, . 


Walker, Samuel, .. 
Waters, John Gillison, 
Webb, John Felt, . 
Whipple, Charles J., . 
Whipple, Jonathan Lovett. 
White, Daniel Appleton, . 


. 242 
Upham Jr., Charles Wentworth, 4 


301 


5 


73 


74 


Williams Jr., Charles F. . 242 
Williams, John B. . . . 74 
Williams, William, . . . TI 
Woodberry, Larkm, . . . 72 


Orricens chosen, 9, 79, 189, 250 
Treasurer’s Reports, 77, 188,248 
Wurre, D. A.—Notice of his death, 


resolutions, &e. .  . 63, 65 


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+ Sst Fe «1849 8“ 1859. 
“ 20—9th “ “ top, “1862 “ 1860. 
“* 35—4th “« * « 4 Chinneys, ‘ - Chimneys. 
“ 74—2d <“* « bottom, ‘“ 11, js ee 
“ 87—5th “ “ top, “ 1848 ie out 
“cc 99—12th CoS 406 ‘6 6c Bryozoa 66 — 
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PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


ESSEX INSTITUTE. 


RE ig kV 


1864—5. 


[issued Quarterly. ] 


SALEM: 
PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE. 


P66 6s 


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PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


ESSEX INSTITUTE: 
1864. 


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ay > 


Monpay, January 11. Evening meeting. 
The President, A. Huntington, in the chair. 
Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced. 
Rev. G. W. Briggs occupied the evening in reading a portion 
of a Memoir of the late President of the Institute, Hon. D. A. 
White. 

Adjourned to Thursday evening next, for the continuation 
of the reading of the Memoir. 


Wepnespay, JANUARY 18. Ordinary meeting. 
J. G. Waters, in the chair. 

E. K. Roberts was appointed Secretary pro tempore. 

Arthur Kemble, and William Neilson of Salem, were elected 
Resident Members; Benjamin Peirce of Cambridge, James B. 
Endicott now in England, and William Endicott now in China, 
Corresponding Members. 


THURSDAY, JANUARY 14. Adjourned evening meeting. 
The President in the chair. 
H. M. Brooks was elected Secretary pro tempore. 


Rev. Dr. Briggs finished the renging « of his Memoir of the 
late Judge White. 


II 


The thanks of the Institute were voted to Rev. Dr. Briggs, 
for his valuable and interesting Memoir of our late President, 
and a copy was requested for. publication. (See Historical 
Collections, VI, No. I.) | 


Monpay, JANUARY 25. Evening meeting. 
- The President in the chair. : 
Donations were announced to the Library and Cabinets. 
Letters were read, from G. A. Ward accepting membership ; 
from Corporation of Yale College; Trustees of the New- 
buryport Public Library; and New Haven Colony Historical 


Society, acknowledging the receipt of Publications: from R. 8. 


Rantoul, in relation to the naming of Forts in Marblehead 
and Gloucester. 

George A. Ward read a communication, giving an account of 
the formation of the Esssx Historica Soctery, forty-two 
years ago last June. 

Allusions having been made in Mr. Ward’s commana 
to the existence of the frame of the original ‘‘First Church,” in 
Salem, on the land of David Nichols, rear of Boston street, 
considerable discussion ensued, as to the ‘proof of the above 


mentioned frame being that of the ‘First Church.” The 


President, Francis Peabody, G. A. Ward, A. C. Goodell Jr., 
and Rev. G. D. Wildes participated. in the discussion ; the 
arguments adduced seemed to favor the affimative of the ques- 
tion. 

To ‘shine of the Institute were voted to Mr. Ward, for his 


valuable communication and a copy was requested for publica- 


tion. — Wee Historical Ooblicninonie, VI, NoL.) 


oasis Fesrvuary 8. Evening meeting, 
The President in the chair. »_ 
Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced. — 


Letters were read, from Wm. Neilson accepting membership: ~ ; 


; Wy 7s TH pe. ee Aa 


; 
| 
. 
2 
}- 


EEE 


from the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, acknowledging 
the receipt of Publications: from Jonathan Pearson of Schenec- 
tady, in relation to the publications. 

The Secretary read a communication from D. M. Balch, 
‘© On the Sodalite at Salem.’’ Referred to the committee on 
publications. 

F. W. Putnam read a communication from George H. Em- 
erson of Cambridge, ‘‘ On Magnetite, and an Unknown 
Mineral at Nahant.” Referred to the publication committee. 

Rev. G. D. Wildes spoke of the thoroughly English aspects 
of several of our olden towns in the County of Essex, noting 
particularly those of Ipswich, as illustrating to the untravelled 
eye, the marked features of the English rural town. Probably 
no County in the State in its local names and physical char- 
acter is more suggestive of associations connected with the 
mother land. 

A. ©. Goodell Jr., in presenting to the meeting, one of the 
parts, (viz: the deed to the grantees, Edward Winslow and Robert 
Cushman, ) of the original indenture or patent from Lord Shef- 
field, of the territory of Cape Ann, which indenture was depos- 
ited in the archieves of the Institute by J. Wingate Thornton 
. Esq., of Boston, gave a brief account of the dates of the several 
voyages of discovery, charters and settlements by Englishmen in 
America; and specially referred to the earlier grants and char- 
ters of the planters at New Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. 

The instrument deposited by Mr. Thornton, bearing date 
Jan. 1, 1628-4, he declared to be the grant under which the 
_ New Plymouth people first laid claim to Cape Ann, and began 
that series of settlements by fishermen and planters which laid 
the foundation of this flourishing Commonwealth. 

Mr. Wildes followed Mr. Goodell in some remarks as to the 
great value of such documents, and alluded to the care taken of 
similar articles in the British Museum, mentioning several very 
valuable historical relics which he had seen in that collection. 


IV 


The thanks of the Institute were voted to Mr. Thornton for” 
this valuable contribution. | 


Wepnespay, Fepruary 10. Ordinary meeting. 
H. J. Cross in the chair. 
Charles Creesey and Joshua Safford, of Salem, were elected 
Resident Members. 


Monpay, Fesruary 22. Evening meeting. 
Vice President, A. ©. Goodell Jr., in the chair. 

Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced. 
F. W. Putnam presented a communication by A. S. Pack- 
ard Jr., of Brunswick, Maine, entitled ‘“ Notes on the Family 
Zygenide.” Referred to the Committee on Publications. 

R. 8. Rantoul read the following communications which he 
had recently received from the War Department, at Washing- 
ton, accompanying the same with a brief account of his visit to 
Washington and his interview with Mr. Whiting, the Solicitor 
for the Department, in relation to the subject of naming the 
Forts in Gloucester and Marblehead :— 


War Department, 
Washington City, Feb. 8th, 1864. 


Rosert §. Rantoun Esq., 
Dear Sir, 


I have the pleasure of enclosing the order of the 
Secretary of War made at my request in accordance with the 
wishes of the Essex Institute, naming Fort Glover and Fort 


Conant. 
Respectfully, your obedient servant, 
WILLIAM WuHuittINe, 
Solicitor of the War Department. ~ 
War DrpartTMeEnt, | es 
Washington City, Feb. 7th, 1864. 
Sir, 


The Secretary of War directs me to acknowledge the ; 


Vv 


receipt of Mr. Robert S. Rantoul’s communication dated Janu- 
ary 22d, addressed to you and enclosing copy of a resolution 
passed by the ‘‘ Essex Institute’ of Salem, Massachusetts, rec- 
ommending that the fortifications’ now erecting in Marblehead 
be named ‘“ Fort Glover,” and the works designated for the 
‘‘ Stage’ in Gloucester ‘‘ Fort Conant.” 

In reply, I am instructed to inform you, that the Secretary 
regards the names proposed as suitable designations of these 
defences, and that he has ordered that they be named accord- 


ingly. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
Ep. M. CaMBy, _ 
Brigadier General, A. A. G. 
Hon. Wm. WHITING, 
Solicitor of the War Department. 


The chair remarked as follows: soon after the publication 
of Mr. W. P. Upham’s Memoir of Gen. John Glover of Mar- 
blehead, 8. H. Phillips Esq., suggested the propriety of hay- 
ing one of the Forts about to be constructed in Marblehead 
named ‘ Fort Glover.” 

At a meeting of the Essex Institute, held on Wednesday, 
Sept. 2, 1863, on motion of Mr. W. P. Upham, a committee, 
consisting of Messrs. W. P. Upham and A. C. Goodell Jr., 
was appointed to codperate with the town authorities and citi- 
zens of Marblehead in such a manner as may be deemed ap- 
propriate to accomplish this object. 

At a meeting held on Monday evening, Dec. 14, 1863, the 
subject of naming the fortifications designed for the ‘‘ Stage” 
in Gloucester, ‘‘ Fort Conant,’’ suggested in a letter to Mr. 
Goodell by J. Wingate Thornton Esq., of Boston, in honor of 
Roger Conant, the founder of the first plantation in Massachu- 
setts Bay, was brought to the notice of the Institute and refer- 
red to the same Committee who had under consideration the 
naming of the Fort at Marblehead. . 

Mr. Goodell moreover stated that as the business for which 
the Committee was appointed had been so fully accomplished 
by Mr. Rantoul, he desired to be excused from further duty. 


VI 


This was voted, and also a resolution of thanks to Mr. Rantoul. 

Adjourned to meet on Monday of next week, Feb. 29th, and 
voted that meetings be held on every Monday until otherwise 
ordered. ° 


WepNESDAY, Frspruary 24. Ordinary meeting. 
H. F. King in the chair. | 
Henry R. Stone of Salem, was elected a Resident Member. 
Charles E. Hamlin of Waterville, Me., and §S. I. Smith of 
Norway, Me., were elected Corresponding Members. 


Monpay, Frsruary 29. Evening meeting. 

Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair. 
Donations were announced to the Library and Cabinets. 
Letters were read, from Henry R. Stone, accepting member- 

ship: from B. F. Mudge, of Quindaro, Wyandote Co., Kan- 
sas, in relation to the Geological survey of that State: from 
Trustees of the New York State Library; Historical Society of 
Pennsylvania; Henry A. Smith of Cleveland, Ohio; J. Henry 
Stickney of Baltimore, Md.; and N. Paine of Worcester, 
relating to the publications. 

F. W. Putnam made some remarks on Orthopterous Insects, 
suggested by specimens presented to the Institute by Miss Ed- . 
mands. i 

Mr. Putnam presented a communication from A. E. Verrill 
of Cambridge,‘ entitled ‘‘ Synopsis of the Polyps collected dur-- 
ing the years 1853-6, by Dr. Wm. Stimpson, Naturalist to 
the North Pacific a a sie commanded by Captains Ring- 
gold and Rogers.” Referred to the publication committee. 

- The Secretary read the following communication from Geo. 
A. Ward, in regard to the naming of ‘‘ Fort Lee.’’ 

“ While at work in reconstructing the fort on Salem Neck in 
1812.as a member of the Salem Light Infantry, my grandfather 
informed me that it was originally planned by General CuaRLEs 
Lez, and that he gave instructions regarding it, and thathis 
name was given to it. My said Grandfather was of the Com- 


ta 


VIT 


mittee of Safety and had considerable to do as to the fortifica- 
tions in the neighborhood of Salem, and I think he could not be 
mistaken as to Fort Lee.” 

Extracts from the Town records were read in relation to this 
subject, and remarks were offered by the chair, H. Wheatland, 
W. P. Upham and others. Some suggesting that the Fort was 
named for Colonel W. R. Lee, formerly collector of Salem and 
an active officer in the Revolution. 

~The chair presented in behalf of J. VY. Browne, a copper 
plate, on which was engraved the likeness of Rev. Joseph 
Sewall of Boston, and gave a brief sketch of the life of Mr. Sewall. 

T. Ropes made some enquiries relative to the old Friends 
Meeting House, on the South side of Essex street, between 
Monroe and Dean streets, which were replied to by the chair. 

John M. Ives spoke of the new silk worms that feed on the 
Ailanthus, and remarks were offered by F. W. Putnam and. 
others on silk producing worms. 

The remainder of the evening was occupied by F. W. Put- 
nam, who gave a general view of the geological succession of 
animals, and their geographical distribution at the present time. 

John H. Bettis and Robert Brookhouse 3d, of Salem, were 
elected Resident Members. 


_Monpay, Marcu 7. Evening meeting. 
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair. 


Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced. 

Letters were read, from C. E. Hamlin and S. I. Smith, ac- 
cepting membership: from S. Jillson respecting some Birds. 

H. Wheatland read extracts from the Records of the 
Superior Court of Judicature and the Inferior Court of Common 
Pleas (1766) relative to one Jenny Slew of Ipswich, Spinster, 
(colored woman) vs. John Whipple Jr. of Ipswich, claiming 
damages for his detention of her as aslave. The judgment of - 
the Inferior Court was reversed by the Higher Court and the 
plaintiff recovered her liberty and damages. 

Rey. G. D. Wildes spoke of Domestic Servitude as it existed 


Vill 


in this country prior to the Revolution, and instanced the case 
of a Norwegian girl in his Grandfather’s family, whose services 
were purchased for a term of years. 

The chair alluded to a similar case in Manchester. 

Mr. Wildes spoke of Marblehead as presenting a near and most 
- interesting field of Antiquarian research for the younger mem- 
bers of the Institute, whose minds might be directed to that de- 
partment. St. Michael’s Church, with its ancient Church yard ; 
the old mansions of that formerly flourishing seaport; the 
history of several families identified with Colonial and Revo- 
lutionary history, would be found to present most interesting 
points of enquiry. 

Mr. Wildes also spoke of Christ Church, Cambridge as per- 
haps the best specimen, in this country, of the English Village 
Church of the last Century. It was a question whether the 
frame of this Church was brought from England or not. Mr. 
W. gave an interesting account of the Vassal family, in connec- 
tion with this Church, and of the several old mansions, still 
marking the social life of Cambridge in the Ante-revolutionary 
history of the town. A visit to Cambridge, in connection with 
researches into the history of some of these, even now elegant 
residences of a later generation, would be found to be full of 
interest and instruction. 

Remarks of a conversational character from Messrs. Wildes, 
Beaman, the chair and others, relating to Boston and its vicin- 
ity in Revolutionary times occupied,the rest of the evening. 

A Committee consisting of Messrs. F. W. Putnam, J. A. 
Gillis, R. S. Rantoul, W. P. Upham and H. Wheatland were 
appointed to revise the Constitution and By-Laws. 


Monpay, Marcu 14. Evening meeting. | 
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair. 


Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced. 
Letters were read from Joseph A. Goldthwait of New Berne, 


N.C., relating to specimens sent to the Institute: from Wm. A. 


ee i 


a 63 


Smith of Worcester, Mrs. P. A. Hanaford of Beverly, 8. D. 
Bell of Manchester, N. H., C. M. Tracy and F. E. Oliver of 
Lynn, relating to business matters. 

The Secretary read some extracts from the Records of two 
Aqueduct Corporations, which, though limited in their opera- 
tions, are interesting as relating to the history of the introduction 
of water into this city. (See [Historical Collections, VI, No. I.) 

F. W. Putnam exhibited the Pea Hen recently presented by 
I. Peabody and mounted by 8. Jillson. This Hen had been 
kept on the grounds of Col. Peabody for seventeen years; about 
two years since she commenced to assume the plumage charac- 
teristic of the male, and had so far accomplished this object that 
at the time of her death she had attained the ‘‘train’”’ and the bril- 
liant colors of the male. Mr. Putnam stated that Latham, in his 
Synopsis of Birds, mentioned two such instances that had come 
under his observation. He also said that similar cases had 
been noticed among other birds, and was quite common in the 
English Pheasant. Similar changes in the external appearance 
were known to take place in some species of fishes. 

A. C. Goodell Jy. read a portion of an account, presented by 
George B. Loring, of the houses on Essex street in 1798, writ- 
ten by Col. Pickman who died in 1819. 

Thomas Morong of Gloucester, was elected a Resident Mem- 
ber. Jeremiah L. Hanaford of Watertown, and Benj. F. Mudge 
of Quindaro, Kansas, were elected Corresponding Members. 


Monpay, Marcu 21. Evening meeting. 
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair. 


Donations to the Library were announced. 

Letters were read, from the Trustees of the New York State 
Library, giving notice of the transmission of books: from 
Trustees of the Boston Public Library, acknowledging the re- 
ceipt of publications: from Wm. A. Smith of Worcester, in 
relation to publications. 

Mr. Goodell concluded the reading of Mr. Pickman’s account 


x 


of the old houses on Essex street. Referred to the publica- 

tion committee to be printed in the Historical Collections. 
Some discussion followed relative to the old houses in Salem, 

participated in by Messrs. Ropes, Goodell and others. 


Monpay, Marcu 28. Evening meeting. 
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair. 


Donations to the Library and Cabinet were announced. 

I’. W. Putnam made some remarks upon the Trilobites from 
the Braintree quarry, presented by A. S. Packard Jr. 

The Rev. Mr. Wildes, presented to the Institute, several 
articles which he had procured in a visit to Newburyport this 
afternoon. One of these was a framed engraving of the body of 
Marshal Ney, as it appeared after being taken to a conventieal 
house in Paris, immediately after his execution. ‘The engrav- 
ing, suppressed by the Allied Commander in the fear that it 
might tend to popular tumult, is supposed to be the only one in 
this country. It presents a most faithful portrait of the Mar- 
shal, and is not the least interesting among the historical objects 
in the collection: of the Institute. 

Mr. W. also presented to the Institute, on deposit, the bullet 
by which Capt Greenleaf was wounded in the fight with the 
Indians near Newbury, in 1695. It is hoped, that the buff 
coat, worn on the occasion by Capt. G., and still in the posses- 
sion of his descendants, may eventually be obtained for the 
Institute. 

A third article presented by Mr. We, on behalf of the Misses 
Tracey of Newburyport, was the snuff box of the eminent mer- 
chant Jeremiah Lee of Marblehead, the subject of the exquisite 
painting by Copley, now, with that of Madame Lee, in the pos- 
session of the Misses Tracey. . 2 

Another article presented by Mr. W., in behalf of E. W. 
Rand Esq. of Newburyport, was a pair of very ancient tongs, 
used for the purpose of lighting a pipe, and with various 8 pecu- 


we r i 
- UP « 
. sagan 


XI 


liar contrivances for securing reasonable comfort in smoking. 
Mr. W. accompanied the presentation with various interesting 
details as to these and other objects of interest, which might 
eventually be procured from the same sources for the collections 
of the Institute. 

F. W. Putnam called the attention of the meeting toa singu- 
lar monstrosity that had been presented by Mr. James Bufling- 
ton of Salem. This was a young duck that had, apparently, 
an extra leg developed from its back. Upon dissection this leg 
proved to be made up in some parts, of two legs closely united. 
The portion joining the pelvis (the femur,) being single, but 
the second segment of the leg (tibia and fibula) was shortened 
and spread out, so as to allow the articulation of wo tarso-meta- 
tarsal bones, and from this point the foot was nearly double, 
having six toes, the two small hind toes being wanting. 

Mr. William Mansfield presented to the Institute a wooden 
model, used before the city government to illustrate the grade 
and direction of the proposed route of the Eastern Railroad, in 
1837-8, through Washington Street, in Salem. This model 
contains, in miniature, all the buildings then standing on the 
land included in the present Washington Street South of Essex 
Street, except the ‘Marston building.”” The chair gave an 
historical sketch of these several buildings, and of earlier struc- 
tures in the same locality. 


Additions to the Museum and Library during January, 
February and March, 1864. 


TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT. 


BERTRAM, JOHN. Specimen of Malachite. 

BurFFINGTON, JAMES. Malformed Young Duck. 

Epmanps, Miss A. M. Collection of 24 species of North 
American Orthoptera, named by Mr. Scudder. 250 speci- 
mens of New England Spiders. 

Feut, 8. Q. Lime incrustation from Brazil. 


GoLpTHWAIT, Capt. J. A., New Berne, N.C. Fossil wood, © 
a portion of a large tree, from Neuse River, near Kingston, N.C. 

Hamuin, Pror. C. E., Waterville, Me. 3 Salamanders, 2. 
species from Waterville. 

Harrineton, Capt. GEO. Fossil Shells from Gibraltar. 

Hartt, C. F., St. John, N. B. Fossil coral, Siderastrea 
siderea Blainv. from Bermuda. 7 species of Minerals from 
Nova Scotia. | 

Hartt, J. W., St. John, N. B. Two specimens of Fossil 
Kish from the Albert Coal Mine, N. B. 

Kine, Cart. H. F. Wood of the Sophora Japonica. 

Lyceum or Naturau History or WILLIAMS COLLEGE. 
(In exchange.) 19 species of Corals from Florida, named by 
Mr. Verrill. | 

Museum oF Comp. ZodLtocy, Cambridge. (In exchange.) 
32 species of corals from various localities. Named by Mr. 
Verrill. 16 specimens, 11 species of Bird’s eggs from Florida, 
Grand Menan and Anticosti. 

Neat, Jos. Body of a Fox, for Skeleton. 

OrpwaY, H.L., Ipswich. 84 specimens, 5 species of Spi- 
ders from Ipswich. 

PackarD JR., A. 8., Brunswick, Me. ‘Trilobites from the 
Braintree Quarry. 40 species, 200 specimens of Lepidoptera 
Maryland. 8 species, 8 specimens of Lepidoptera from 
England. 

Prapopy, Francis. <A female Pea fowl which had assumed 
the characteristic plumage of the male. 

Purwam, F. W. Iron Ore from Port Henry Mines, N.Y. 
Clay stones from Lake Champlain. 

Purnam, Capt. W. H. A. Copper from Chili Dry shells 
and Echini io Caldera, Chili. Alcoholic specimens of Crabs 
and Starfishes from Caldera. 

Roprnson, Joun. 40 specimens, 12 species of Inseets from 
Salem. ? 

Russet, T. B. Geological specimen of Sand Stone. 


Xi 


- Sansorn, F. G., Boston. 117 specimens, 28 species of 
Spiders from Essex County. 

Situ, Lawrence P. Insects from the Southern States. 

Situ, S. L., Norway, Me. Young Salamanders from Nor- 
way. 

Stevens, C. B. Skin of a Phatagin Manis tetradactyla 
from Madagascar. 

Stons, W. H, Agent Port Henry Mines, N.Y. Specimen 
of the Cheever isan Ore from four hundred feat depth. 


TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT. 


Barton, Wm. C. Model of a Chinese Vessel. 

Brooks, H. M. Rebel Prayer Book, from a Blockade 
Runner ; Child’s book of 1812. | 

~ Brown Jr., Bens. Two United States Buttons. 

Brown, Horace. Feather Cape from India. 

Cotz, Mrs. N. D. Bust of Alex. Hamilton, (in plaster, 
bronzed. ) 

Crourman, Witt1aM R. 8 China, 8 Japanese and 3 Russia 
Coins. Japanese Inkstand. Brick from Captain Kid’s Fort, 
and a Stone from the grave of ‘‘ Paul and Virginia.” 

‘GREENOUGH, W. An old Musket, taken from a Blockade 
Runner. 

KIMBALL, Capt. T'mHomas. Model of a Catamaran used on 
the coast of Brazil. 

MANSFIELD, WM. Model used to illustrate the route of the 
Salem Tunnel. 

Nicuots, Mrs. ANDREW. ‘Tile from the old Gov. Winslow 
house, Plymouth. 

Nicuots, ©. F. Stone from the Hoosac Tunnel, half a mile 
from the entrance. 


NicHoLs, Capt. JAMES B., 24th Reg. Mass. Vols. Stone 
from an old Spanish Fort at St. Augustine, Fla. 
Orpway, Linut. A., 24th Reg. Mass. Vols. Rebel Musket 


xiv 


taken .at the Battle of Roanoke Island. Portion of Rebel Flag- 
staff at Washington, N. C. 

Ranp, E. W., Newburyport. Ancient Tongs used for light- 
ing a pipe. 

Ropinson, JoHN. War Relics from New Berne. Chinese 
Playing Cards. 

Rogers, Ewp. 8. Old Tiles for Fireplace ornaments. 

RusseLt, A. B. Cane made with a jackknife. 

SmitH, Lawrence P. Rebel Sword. 

Warp, G. A. The Waistcoat worn by Capt. Jonathan Har- 
aden during the Revolutionary war. 

Warp, W. R. L., New York. Shaving from a wrought iron 
cannon, made at Falls Village, Conn. 

Wiaain, J. K., Boston. Sword blade, from the cargo of 
the Anglo-Rebel Blockade Runner “‘ Minna,”’ 

Wipes, Rev. G. D. (On deposit.) An engraving of the 
body of Marshal Ney, from a drawing made soon after his exe- 
cution. The bullet taken from the body of Capt. Greenleaf, 
wounded in a fight with the Indians near Newbury in 1695. 
The Snuff Box of the eminent merchant Jeremiah Lee of Mar- 
blehead. 


t), TO THE LIBRARY. 


CHAsk, George C. Friend’s Review, 20 numbers. 

Cotz, Mrs. N. D. Salem Gazette, 1863, 1 vol. folio; 
Boston Daily Evening Traveller 1868, 2 vols. folio. 

Davis, CHARLES of Beverly. Files of Beverly Citizen, vols. 
1 and 2, folio, 1850 to 1853. | 

Datcosra, B. F. of Charlestown. Footprints of Miles Stan- - 
dish, by Rev. B. F. Decosta, 12mo, pamph. Charlestown, 1864, 

Doper, ALLEN W. of Hamilton. Cushing’s Newburyport, — 
12mo, 1826 ; Report on Hoosac Tunnel, Feb. 1863, ml 
pamph. ci 

Footz. ©. Files of on County Papers, for Septemliee 
October, November, and December, 1863. 


te 


XV 


GILLIs, JAMES A. Massachusetts State Registers for 1856 
and 1858, 2 vols. 8vo. 25 Pamphlets. 

HANAForD, Mrs. P. A. of Beverly. Several numbers of 
the New Jerusalem Messenger. 

Hopspon, Joun L of Augusta, Me. Annual Rep. of Adj. 
Gen. of Maine for 1862, 1 vol. 8vo. Augusta, 1868. 

HotmeEs, Joun C. 24th Annual Rep. of Supt. of Public 
Trenraation of Michigan, 8vo. Lansing, 1862. 

JoHNsoNn, A. B. of Utica, N.Y. Our Monetary Condition, 
by A. B. Johnson, 8vo, pamph. Utica, 1864. 

JOHNSON JR., Cara, DaniEL H. Enrollment List, Sth 
Dist. Mass., Nov. 1863. 4to. 

J oR. Mrs. Lucy P. Independent for 1868, fol. New 
York. 

Kinpy, W. H. of Eastport, Me. Eighth Annual Rep. 
Sec’y of Maine Board of Agriculture, 8vo. Augusta 1868. 

Laneawortry, Isaac P. of Boston. Spirit of Missions, ten 
numbers. Am. Tract Soc. of New York Annual Reports 28, 
30, 82, 38, 84. Am. Tract Society of Boston. Reports 11, 
87, 61, 65, 67. 

Lorp, N. J. Boston Post, Dec. 1863 and Jan. 1854. 

Lorine, Georce B. Two manuscript volumes containing 
the Expenses of nee from 1788 to 1802, kept by Benjamin 
Pickman. 

MAssACHUSETTS SECRETARY OF STATE. Mass. Public Doc- 
uments 1862, 3 vols. 8vo; Census of Mass., 1 vol. 8vo, 1868 ; 
19th and 20th Registration Reports, 2 vols. 8vo; Acts and 
Resolves for 1863. 

Moore, Gro. H. of New York. The Treason of Chas. Lee, 
by G. H. Moore, 1 vol. 8vo. New York, 1860. Historical 
Notes on the Employment of Negroes in the American army 
of the Revolution, by George H. Moore, 8vo, pamph. New 
— York, 1862.- 

Nicuous, CHarues F. Collection of Handbills, &. 
Nicnots, Geores. Christian Inquirer for 1868, 1 vol. fol. 
_ New York. | a 


a 


Ul. a 
A 5 
. Pie 


XVI 


Nicuots, Henry P. Several pamphlets. 

Outtver, H. K. 27 pamphlets, including Legislative Docu- 
ments and Town Reports. 

Patne, NATHANIEL of Worcester. Worcester Directory 
for 1864. 12mo. 

Putnam, Capt. GEORGE D. Regulations of the Army of the 
Confederate States, 12mo. Richmond, 1868. 

Rantovut, R. 8. Several pamphlets. 

Snort, JosepH. Shepard’s Sound Believer, L2ana: Bos- - 
ton, 1762. 

SIBLey, Joun L. of Cambridge. 88th Annual Rep. of Pres. 
and Fellows of Harv. College, 8vo, pamph. Cambridge, 1864. 

Stevens, C. B. Pilot from July to Dec: 1807 and part of 
1809, 8 vols. folio. London. 

Stone, H. M. of Providence, R. I. Report of the Ministry 
at Large, Jan. 24, 1862, 8vo, cael Providence, 1864. 

Swert, S. of Boston. Original planning, &c. of Bunker 
Hill Monument, by S. Swett, 8vo, pamph. Albany, 1863. 

Upton, GEORGE. Scientific American, several numbers. 

Upton, JAMES. Magazine of Horticulture, vols. 8 to 29, 
‘22 vols, 8vo, Boston, 1842, &c.; Horticulturist for 1863, 1 
vol., 8vo, New York, 1863; Littell’s Living Age, vols 77, 78, 
79, 3 vols, 8vo, Boston, 1863; Am. Bapt. Missionary Maga- . 
zine, vol. 48, Boston, 1863; Nautical Magazine, vols. 2to6, 
5 vols., 8vo, New York, 1855, &.. Barry’s Fruit Garden, 1 
vol., 12mo, New York, 1851; Kenrick’s Am. Orchardist, 3d 
edition, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1841 ; Kenrick’s Am. Orchardist, 
Tth edition, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1844; Johnston’s Agricul- 
tural Chemistry, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 1844 ; Downing’s 
Fruit and Fruit Trees, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 1845; Field’s 
Pear Culture, 1 vol.,.12mo, N ew York, 1859; Liebig’s Agriaglh 
tural Chemistry, 1 ‘ol, 1b, Cambridge, 1842. Hoare on Vine 
Roots, 1 vol., 12mo, London, 1844; Hoare on Grape Vines, 1 
vol., 12mo, ‘Bedton: 1840; Manning’s Book of Fruits, 1 vol., — 
12mo, Salem, 1838; Jaques on Fruit Trees, 1 vol., 12mo, — 


& 


WIL 


Worcester, 1849; Thomas’ Fruit Culturist, 1 vol., 12mo, 
Auburn, 1849; Lindley’s Horticulture, 1 vol., 12mo, New 
York, 1841; Elliott’s Fruit Grower’s Guide, 1 vol., 12mo, 
New York, 1854; Peter Schlemihl in America, 1 vol., 12mo, 
Philadelphia, 1838 ; Wood’s Modern Pilgrims, 2 vols, 12mo, 
Boston, 1855; Lester’s Glory and Shame of England, 2 vols., 
12mo, New York, 1841; Pamphlets, 23. 

Warp Jr., CHartes. New York Journal of Commerce from 
July to Dec., 1863; Philadelphia Directory for 1861, 8vo; 
Bradbury’s History of Kennebunk Port, 12mo, Kennebunk, 
1837; Commercial Relations of United States, 5 vols., 4to, 
Washington, (Pub. Doc.) ; Handbook to the* Museum of Phil. 
Acad. Nat. Sci., 12mo, pamph., Philadelphia, 1862. 

Waters, J. Linton of Chicago, Ill. 15th Annual Rep. 
of Trade and Commerce of Chicago, for 1868, 8vo, pamph. 

Wueatiann, Mrs. B. Boston Daily Transcript, July to 
Dec., 1868, 1 vol., folio. 

WHEATLAND, STEPHEN G. 45 Pamphlets. 

Wyman, T. B. of Charlestown. Genealogy of the Hunt 
Family, 4to, Boston, 1862-5. 


BY EXCHANGE. 


AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN Society. Proceedings at meet- 
ing, Oct. 21, 1868, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1863. 

Boston Society or Natura History. Procecdings, vol. 
Ix, Sig. 15, 16,17, 18, 19; Journal, vol. vir, No. 4. 

CANADIAN InstituTE at Toronto. The Canadian Journal 
for Jan. 1864. 

Cuicago HistoricaL Socrety. Hibbard’s Discourse, ‘A 
Spiritual ground of Hope for the salvation of the country,” 
8vo,pamph., Chicago, 1863; Several Reports of the Sanitary 
Commission of Illinois. 

Epirors. Historical Magazine for Jan. Feb. and March, 
1864, New York, 1864. 


XVIII 


Epitors. ‘The British American for January, February and 
March, 1864, 8vo. Toronto 1864. 

Iowa State Historica Society. Towa Legis. Dod: 
House Journal, 1854, 1856, 1858, 8 vols. 8vo; Senate Journal, 
1854, 1856, 1858, 3 vols., 8vo; House Journal, Extra Ses- 
sion, 1856, 1 vol., 8vo; Iowa Laws, 1848, 1856, 1860, 6 
vols., 8vo; Iowa Legis. Doc. 1859-60, 1 vol., 8vo; Lowa 
Journal of Constitutional Con., 1857, 1 vol., 8vo; Iowa Con- 
stitutional Debates, 1857, 2 vols., 8vo; lowa Census Returns, 
1857, 1 vol., 8vo; 4th An. Report of Iowa State Agricultural 
Society, 1858, 1 vol., 8vo; 16 Miscellaneous pamphlets. 

Lona IsnanD’ Hisrortcan Society. Clark’s Onondaga, 
2 vols., 8vo, Syracuse, 1849; Stiles’ Supplement to Hist. and 
Geneal. of Ancient Windsor, 8vo, Albany, 1863; N. Y. State 

Agr. Soc. Trans. 1861, 8vo; Longworth’s Directory of New 
York, 1840-1, 12mo; William’s N. Y. An. Reg., 1831, 1832, 
1838, 1834, 1836, 1887, 6 vols., 12mo; Brown’s Eistdiiy 
of the Stinksies 12mo, Troy, 1862; 12 pannphieta: 

MonTREAL Soctery or N AURAL History.. The Canadian 
Naturalist and Geologist, Dec. 1868. 

New York Srate Liprary, Trustees oF. Laws of New- 
York, session 1863, 1 vol. 8vo; Journal of Senate, session 
1863, 1 vol! 8vo.; Documents, Senate, session 1868, 5 vols. 
8vo; Journal Assembly, session 1863, 1 vol. 8vo.; Documents, 
Assembly, session 1863, 9 vols. 8vo; N. Y. State Agr. Soc. 
Trans. 1862, 1 vol. 8vo.; N.Y. Med. Soc. Trans. 1863, 1 
vol. 8vo.; Am. Inst. Trans. 1862, 1 vol., 8vo.; 16th Annual 
Report on State Cabinet, pamph. 8vo. 

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY oF Natura. Scrences. Pro- 
ceedings for August, Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec., 1863. 

PusuisHEers. North American Review for Jan. 1864. 

, * 
Monpay, Aprit 4. Evening meeting. 
The President in the chair. 


Donations were announced to the Library and Cabinets. — 


XIX 

Letters were read, from J.-L. Hanaford of Watertown, 
accepting membership; and from Wm. Graves of Newburyport, 
on business matters. 

Rev. G. D. Wildes gave an account of Queen Elizabeth’s 
yacht, and showed, by a drawing on the black board, that in 
model and rigging it very nearly resembled the North River 
Sloops of the present day. 

He suggested that an account of the different kind of vessels 
used from the early settlement of the country to the present 
day would be a valuable contribution to our commercial history. 

A.C. Goodell Jr. called attention to the late discovery of a 

sunken vessel near Yarmouth on Cape Cod, supposed to have 
foundered there in 1628, which illustrated the manner of build- 
ing at that period. 
' F. W. Putnam, in reply to questions, described the charac- 
teristic form of the breast bone of swimming birds and the dif- 
ferent modes of progression among fishes. Mr. Putnam alluded 
to the erroneous views in regard to moths, as recently given in 
the newspapers and gave an account of the various species 
which are so destructive to furs, carpets, cloths, &c. 

Voted; that the committee, appointed on the 7th of March, 
on the Constitution and By-Laws, be requested to nominate a 
list of officers for election at the annual meeting. 


Monpay, Aprit 11. Evening meeting. 


Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair. 
Adjourned to Monday Evening the 18th inst. 


Monpay, APRIL 18. Evening meeting. 
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair. 


Donations to the Library and Cabinets announced. 

Letters were read, from Thomas Morong of Lanesville and 
B. F. Mudge of Quindaro, Kansas, accepting membership ; from 
Long Island Historical Society, Smithsonian Institution, and 
George A. Ward relating to books transmitted to the Library ; 


XX 


Messrs. Ticknor and Fields on business matters; from David 
Choate in reply to queries proposed; from Miss M. B.. Derby 
accompanying a donation of a Burmese Idol sent from India in 
1825, by her brother the late Capt. Alfred F. Derby; from 
James IT’. Tucker, of the staff of General Banks, relating to a 
donation to the Historical Department, of the envelope, franked 
by President Lincoln which enclosed his recognition of the 
election of Governer Hahn of Louisiana. 

Rev G. D. Wildes exhibited a piece of stone taken froma 
window sill in Kenilworth Castle, and made some interesting 
remarks about that celebrated place. Mr. W. also exhibited 
several views of the house in which Shakespeare was born and 
of other interesting localities in the vicinity of Stratford upon 
Avon, and gave a description of the same. 

The remarks of Mr. Wildes called forth a general discussion’ 
upon the life and writings of Shakespeare. 

F. W. Putnam mentioned that Mr. James H. Emerton had 
found a female Lump Fish Cyclopterus lumpus, having ma- 
tured eggs, just on the point of being laid, and had made an 
estimate of their number, which amounted to 258, 372. Five 
hundred eggs weighed 438 grains. 

Col. J. H. Wildes, Asst. Surveyor General of California was 
elected a Corresponding Member. . 

Voted to adjourn to Monday evening, the 25th inst. 


Monpay, ApriIL 25. Evening meeting. 
The President in the chair. 


Donations were announced to the Library and Cabinets, 
Letters were read, from Newburyport Public Library and 
Pennsylvania Historical Society, acknowledging the receipt of 
publications; from Messrs. Crosby & Nichols of Boston, and 
Henry A. Smith of Cleveland, Ohio, on business matters; — 
from Mrs. P. A. Hanaford in relation to ae a Field 
Meeting in Reading. 

F. W. Putnam, from the Committee on the Constitution “end 


XXI 


By-Laws, submitted the first reading of the amendments to the 
Constitution to be acted upon at the annual meeting. 

Mr. Putnam read a communication from A. 8. Packard Jr. 
of Brunswick, Me., entitled ‘‘The Humble Bees of New Eng- 
land, and their parasites, with notices of a new species of An- 
thophorabia, and a new genus of Proctotrupide.” - Referred to 
the Publication Committee. 

The subject which occupied a portion of the last meeting, and 
which had engrossed the attention of the Literary and Historical 
Societies during the past week, the ter-centenary birth day of 
Shakespeare, was resumed, remarks being made by the chair, 
Messrs. Wildes, Beaman and others. 

John Kilburn of Salem was elected a Resident Member. 


Monpay May 2. Evening Meeting. 
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair. 


Donations to the Cabinets and Library were announced. 

Letters were read, from Henry Saltonstall of Boston, Justin 
Rideout of Boston, L. Saltonstall of Newton, and the Post- 
master of Boston, on business matters; from the Misses Derby, 
relating to a donation of books to the Library ; from the Mass. 
Historical Society, acknowledging the receipt of publications ; 
from Jobn Kilburn, accepting membership. 

A variety of May-flowers having been placed upon the table, 
and the subject of May-day festivals having been alluded to, the 
Chair remarked that the return of another May-day, with its 
accompanying festivities, invites us to consider the pleasant 
change now working in the public mind of New England with 
regard to the observance of this ancient holiday of our Mother- 
land. 

The very name of May, not less than the practices used to 
usher in the month, runs back into the obscurity of antiquity. 
The poet Ovid, whose surmise has been generally adopted, de- 
rives it from the names of several Roman deities, among whom 
is the fair Maia, the mother of Mercury. But there are, on 


XXII 


the other hand, some reasons to support the conjecture that the 
name is of Teutonic origin; and, as this conjecture neither 
wounds our vanity nor conflicts with history, we may safely 
assume it to be the true one, and so unbridle fancy to carry 
back. our May-day festivals beyond the time of the Heptarchy, 
into the woods of Germany, aud among those hilarious wild-men, 
the primitive ancestors of our Saxon stock. : 

Whatever gave rise to the ceremonies of May-day—whether 
they are a relic of the early “ mythology of the Teutonic peo- 
ples,” or a continuation of the FYoralia of the Romans, or a 
Christian festival in honor of the Blessed Virgin, as has been 
variously supposed by different investigators of the subject—all 
are agreed that, in England, at least, they are of so ancient 
observance that “the memory of man runneth not to the 
contrary ;’’ and that, universally, they symbolize the joy of 
mankind at the triumph of the Sun over the frosts and barren- 
ness of Winter. | 

The celebration of the May-games was extrenfely distasteful ; 
to the Puritans and other early reformers in the English | 
Church ; and, doubtless, the many excesses of the revellers—the 
wantonness and debauchery inseparable from these festivals— 
were sufficiently scandalous to all pious and moral men. Lat- 
imer, who suffered martyrdom in the reign of Mary, discloses 
another objection to these pastimes in a sermon preached before 
the young King Edward against the popular observance of 
Robin Hood’s day, which, he complains, sometimes drew all the ~~ 
parish away from church. ‘TI thought,” he mournfully says, 
Sonperning an instance of this kind within his own experience, 

“my rochet would have been regarded; but it would not serve, 
it was faine to give place to Robin Hood’s men.” 

The Puritans were certainly not steeled against all the sweet 
influences of nature, nor backward in their enjoyment and 
praise of the beauties of Spring; and it was the chief of Puritan 
poets whose “Song on May Morning,” remains to this day un- 
approachable in its excellence. 


XXIII 


But the Puritans were not blind to the evils already alluded 
to, and, moreover, it is clear that they considered the May-pole 
to be a relic of those heathen rites performed by the ancients in 
their worship of the goddess Flora: it was for this reason that 
Philip Stubs arraigned the May-games in 1595, in his ‘‘ Anat- 
omie of Abuses ;” “and for this reason sixty years later, ‘Thom- 
as Hall made chon the subject of his “ Funebria Flore ; or, 
Downfall of May-games,’’? &c. Here, in New England, our 
good old Governor Bradford, of Plymouth, also condemned 
_ them for the same reason. 

Not long after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth some 
events occurred in their neighborhood, which called forth an 
official denunciation of May-day festivities, by the colonial au- 
thorities; and the rebuke was administered in so emphatic a 
manner that, if it has not effectually prevented a repetition of 
these ceremonies for all time, in New England, it has, at least, 
brought upon them a stigma which the lapse of two centuries 
has not wholly removed. 

The Chair then proceeded to give an account of ‘‘ Thoma. 
Morton, of Clifford’s Inn, Gent.’’—as he styles himself in his 
‘New English Canaan’’—and of the famous May-day revels 
at ‘‘ Ma-re Mount,’’ now Mount Wollaston, in Quincy, which 
were celebrated under his direction in 1626. 

After detailing the particulars of the action of the solauial 
authorities against Morton, the dispersion of his followers and 
the destruction of his plantation, the Chair narrated the princi- 
pal known facts of his subsequent career down to the time of 
his death at York in Maine, in 1646, and stated that this first 
May-day jubilee continued to be, for generations, the last. 
There had been May-day festivities in Maine before the affair 
at Mt. Wollaston, and there is some reason to suppose that 
Morton was a participant in those revelries; but, after his ex- 
pulsion, and the destruction of his plantation at ‘‘ Mount Dagon” 
no Puritan father was ever offended by the sight of the scanda- 
lous altar of Flora enticingly set up before the innocent eyes 


XXIV 


of his children. But the times are greatly changed since the 
dark and troubled days of the Pilgrims. There is now, hap- 
pily, no need of ceaseless vigilance and the most sensitive jeal- 
ousy in guarding a tender faith from the two-fold danger of 
relapsing into error or heing contaminated by new and specious 
fallacies. Around our morals, our faith, our liberties, as their 
great bulwark of safety, modern science ‘has thrown a network 
of invulnerable truths till old besetting evils have lost their — 
power of harm forever. _ 

No prejudices, then, based on the experience of an age 
remote and quite unlike the present, ‘should be suffered to 
interfere with the celebration of the pleasant and pure festivities 
which of late years are beginning to be observed on May-day, 
in some parts of New England. It is to be hoped, rather, that 
we shall add some day in May to the list of legal holidays, and ) 
that, from the St. Croix to where ‘‘ Mine Host of Ma-re Mount” 
sleeps under the brow of Agamenticus, and thence to Mount ‘ 
Wollaston, where he held his revels, and so along the entire, 
boundary of our Union, May mores will evermore be held 
sacred to the celebration of the sun’s return, the bursting of : 
green buds and the birth of the flowers. q 

The wild flowers exhibited at the meeting, by those who want 
a-maying, were described by G. D.. Phippen in the following 
manner : : 

Hepatica triloba, which differs but slightly from an ane- 
mone, is one of the earliest plants that has any pretensions to 
beauty, and is found in oaken woods, peeping up among the 
dried leaves, in close proximity with drifts of snow. It was 
‘mentioned by Higginson in 1629, and described by Josselyn in 
his New England Rarities printed in 1672, as ‘“ Noble Liver-. 
wort, one sort with white flowers and the other with blew.” The — } q 
Rev. Dr. Cutler mentions it in 1784, and Collinson writes to 
Bartram’ of Philadelphia in 1739, that ‘out of some mould - 
sent with other plants has.come up your Hepatica.” = 3 

Anemone nemorosa, or Wind Flower. This little flower: or i: 


XXV 


a co-species was described centuries ago by Pliny, and 
long before Gerard wrote “That this floure doth neuer 
open itself but when the wind doth blow.” Darwin says— 
the wind “ gives its ivory petals to expand.” It certainly 
is shy of opening and only occasionally when warmed by 
the sun, not forced by the wind, 

It ‘* looks up with meek, confiding eye, 

Upon the clouded smile of April face,’’— 
are words beautifully expressed by a poet much nearer 
home. 

ELpigea repens, called Mayflower, and Forefather’s-flow- 
er, 18 fast becoming well known and much used of late as 
a souvenir present at this season of the year, and is _asso- 
ciated historically with the ship Mayflower of Pilgrim 
fame, which however we believe to be of recent applica- 
tion. This flower commends itself both for its delicious, 
spicy fragrance, as well as its beauty, and is destined to 
find a place in literature as well as science. 

Caltha palustris, Marsh Marygold, grows on the border 
of brooks, has a brilliant golden cup, and first flowers about 
the 22d of April. 

‘*In that soft season when descending showers 
Call forth the greens and wake the rising flowers.’’ 

It is called also May-blouts, or May-blobs, and all the 
poetry of so fine a posy often subsides into a mess of 
greens, as it 1s a favorite dish with many. 

Old Parkinson says “It joyeth in watery places and 
flowereth somewhat early.” All the old botanists describe 
it, such as Clusius, Bauhin, Tournefort, Clayton and some 
with figures. Cutler imputes the yellowness of butter to 
the cows feeding upon it. 

Aquilegia canadensis, or Columbine, was noticed by the 
early travelers to America, and is well described and 
figured by Cornuti soon after the settlement of Canada, | 


4 


XXVI 


and through him obtained its specific name; it» has been 
from that day highly prized by the botanists and florists of 
Europe. Parkinson says, “it was brought out of Virginia 
by Master John Tradescant, and flowereth somewhat earlier 
than any of the garden kinds, usually by a month.” There 
is a remarkable locality of this showy flower on the hills 
of the Great Pasture on the east side of the road, which 
is much frequented by the young during the vacation of 
this month, who returning with bunches of them in their 
hands, remind us— 
‘‘That spring is here, the delicate footed May, 
With its slight figures full of leaves and flowers.’’ 

Sanguinaria canadensis, Blood-root, appropriately nam- 
ed, as may be seen by breaking the root, which is rarely 
avoided in digging them up. This fine flower, as large as 
the Ox-eye daisy, has a deserved place in many gardens, 
where it gradually increases and elevates its numerous 
and paper-white flowers in a flat surface over the plant 
about four inches above the ground. Its singular root 
is used extensively in medicine, and probably worthily so, 
and the plant is often figured in medical books. Its large 
and deeply lobed leaves give to the plant, throughout the 
summer, a tropical appearance. It was carried to England 
and cultivated as early as 1680. Linnzeus wrote to John 
Ellis from Upsal in 1765, “If you see Mr. Lee, ask him for 
the Sanguinaria, which I know is to be had in England, 
though I have not received it from any of my correspon- 
dents.” 

Violets. ‘Two or three species of this well known genus 
can now be obtained from the fields. They are celebrated 
both by the exact botanists and the idealist. Pliny says. 
“There be some wild and of the field; others domestical 
and growing in our gardens. Garlands made of violets 
and set upon the head resist the heaviness of the head 


| 


«) 


py @ 


¥ 
Mo 
(ee 
=> 
a: 


XXVII 


and withstand the overturning of the brain, upon over- 
drinking; yea, the very smell thereof will disperse such 
fumes and vapors, as would trouble and disquiet the 
head.” 

Gerard, alluding perhaps to the Pansy, then called Herb 
Trinitie, says they ‘‘ have a prerogative above others, not 
only because the mind conceiveth a certain pleasure and 
recreation by smelling and handling them, but they bring 
to a liberal and gentle minde the remembrance of hones- 
tie, comelinesse and all kind of virtues.” An eastern poet 
has said of this flower, 


‘© Tt is not a flower ; it is an 


Emerald bearing a purple gem.’’ 


Houstonia ceerulea, one of the most common of the 
spring flowers, and a universal favorite, often called Vio- 
lets,—a most delicate little biennial plant, its erect and 
very slender stem topped off with starry white or pale 
blue flowers with a yellow eye, and in masses often ap- 
pearing like a thin sprinkling of snow over the fields. 

It does not appear to have been introduced into the 
Kew gardens till 1785. It is figured in Curtis’s Magazine 
and elsewhere. 

— Saxifraga virginiensis. One of Parkinson’s seventeen 
tribes of plants are the “Saxifrages, or Break-stone 
Plants,” so called from their habit of growing in the seams 
or crevices of rocks, not inaptly described by Josselyn as 
“The New England Dayzie or Primrose, the second kind 
of Navelwort in Johnson upon Gerard; it flowers in May 
and grows amongst moss upon hilly grounds and rocks 
that are shady.” It is an Alpine plant, this and a_ co- 
species, the 8. nivalis, were among the very last flowers 
that greeted the eyes of Kane and his weary voyagers as 


they pressed onward toward the pole, beyond all vegetable 
life. 


XXVIII 


Erythroneum americanum, most improperly and un- 
happily called “ Dog’s Tooth Violet,” a fine locality of 
which can be seen in the low land among bushes near 
Legg’s Hill and the Forest River road. It belongs to the 
Lily tribe, and it has been suggested that it be called May 
Lily. It has elegant glossy leaves, blotched with purple. 
Josselyn, in 1672, calls it “Yellow Bastard Daffodil; it 


flowereth in May; the green leaves are spotted with black 


spots.” It was cultivated in England in 1665, and is 
mentioned in Rea’s Flora. 

Feathery Catkins, from the branches of Alders, Willows, 
Poplars and Maples, are now for a brief period shaking 
their pollen to the winds, and in their graceful beauty are 
well worthy of study. They are occasionally mentioned 
with much effect in the poems of Bryant, some of whose 
sweetest inspirations were caught under the swaying 
branches of his native woods. 

Rev. G. D. Wildes gave an account of a recent celebra- 
tion of May-day in England. 

F. W. Putnam gave a summary of a paper, presented for 
publication by J. A. Allen of Springfield, entitled a “ Cata- 
logue of Birds found at Springfield, Mass., with Notes on 
their Migrations, Habits, &c., together with a List of those 
Birds found in the State not yet observed at Springfield.” 
Referred to the Publication Committee. 

The proposed amendments to the Constitution were 
read for the second time. 

Charles D. McDuffie, of Salem, was elected. a resident 
member. 


Wepnespay, May 11. Annual Meeting. 
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair. 


Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced. 
Letters were read, from 8. F. Baird, William Stimp- 


a ee 


a 


4 
‘ 


a a 


NATX 


son, J. A. Allen of Springfield and L Trouvelot of 
Medford, relating to the publications and the “ Naturalist’s 
Directory”; from J. E. Oliver of Lynn, N. B. Shurtleff of 
Boston, A. W. Dodge of Hamilton and C. F. Hartt of Cam- 
bridge, on business matters; from J. T. Rothrock of 
Cambridge transmitting a paper for publication in the 
Proceedings. 

The reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Cabinet Keeper 
and Curators were read and accepted. 

The Secretary stated that the Society was never ina 
more flourishing condition than at present. The receipts 
from the assessments of resident members had been great- 
er than in any preceding year, which was also the case 
in regard to the sales of publications. During the year 
thirty-seven resident, and twelve corresponding members 
have been elected. Six members have died, leaving the 
number of resident members three hundred and sixty-one. 
Biographical notices of the deceased members will be 
printed in the June number of the Historical Collections. 
The Secretary alluded in particular to the late venerable 
botanist, Dr. George Osgood of South Danvers, who had 
always taken an active part in the Field Meetings of the 
Institute, and who was extensively known as one of the 
Linnzan school of botanists. 

Five field meetings were held during the past summer, 
in Swampscott, Amesbury, Salem, Newburyport, and Rock- 
port, which were all fully attended, and acknowledged suc- 
cessful in the attainment of their objects. Throughout the 
winter months meetings were held at the Society’s rooms 
on Monday evenings, alternating with lectures on Zodlogy 


(from Mr. F. W. Putnam. 
. A course of twelve lectures was given under the aus- 


pices of the Institute, at Lyceum Hall during the last win- 
ter, as follows :—two from Prof. C. T. Jackson, on Min- 


EEX 


ing; one each, from Mr. C. W. Tuttle, on Cometery 
Astronomy; Mr. Cleveland Abbe, on Astronomical Instru- 
ments; Capt. N. E. Atwood, on the Habits of our Native 
Fishes; Prof. Benjamin Pierce, on Cosmogony; Mr. Al- 
pheus Hyatt, on the Mollusca; Mr. C. M. Tracy, on Ber- 
ries; President Hill, on the Geometrical Curve; and Mr. 
A. E. Verrill, on Corals and Coral Reefs. 

The mobhention of the Proceedings and Historical Col- 
lections has been continued during the year. Of the 
former, the first quarterly number of the fourth volume, 
under its new form, is ready for distribution to subscri- 
bers. The Historical Collections have now reached to 
number one of volume six. 

The annual Horticultural Exhibition took place on the 
23d, 24th and 25th of September, but owing to the great. 
scarcity of fruit, of all kinds, the tables were not loaded as 
in former years, though many fine specimens were con- 
tributed, particularly of grapes, which included not only 
those varieties grown in the hot-house, but many chai 
seedlings raised by the industry and care of Edward’S 
Rogers, of Salem. The show of vegetables was unusually 
good and in great variety. Heretofore very little atten- 
tion has been devoted in our exhibitions, to this class of © 
horticultural products. 

To the Library valuable additions have been made, 
during the year, consisting of 1603 volumes and pamphlets, 
received from one hundred and nineteen individuals and 
thirty-two societies, editors of journals, and the various 
departments of the State and General Government... The 
most valuable of the donations were, one from George 
A. Ward, consisting of 160 volumes in the various depen 
ments ir History, and general reading: and another from 
the retiring Vice President of the Institute, James Upton, 
comprising 51 valuable volumes, prineipally relating to 
horticultural subjects. 


_ 
: 
+ 


ae 


we 


XXXI 


The Treasurer presented the following statement of the 
financial condition, for the year ending May, 1864. 


GENERAL ACCOUNT. 


Debits. 
Athenzeum Rent, half fuel, &c. ‘ : $491 77 
Lectures, $237 76; Publications, $699 25, 937 O1 
Collecting Assessments, $16 50; Gas, $8 74, 25 24 
Express and Postage, $24 68; Sundries, $30 22, 54 90 
To Historical Account, ; : 209 78 
To Natural History and Horticultural Account, 42 47 
Balance in Treasury, ‘ ; : : 7 04 
$1768 21 21 

Credits. 
Balance of last year’s account, 39 36 


Dividends Webster Bank, $40 00; Sundries, $15 60, 55 60 
G. Andrews’ Legacy, $190 00; Lectures, $311 55, 501 55 


Sale of Publications, é ; 497 70 
Assessments, : ‘ ba r - 674 00 
$1768 21 
NATURAL HISTORY AND HORTICULTURE. 

Debits. 
Preservatives and ‘Taxidermy, $29 22; Cases, $44 97, 74 19 
Books, $30 76; Glass, $37.48, . ; 68 24 
Horticultural Exhibition, ; : ; 42 12 
$184 55 

Credits. 
Horticultural Exhibition, ; . : 90 08 
Dividends Lowell Bleachery, - 40 00 
ig Portland, Saco & Portsmouth Railroad, 12 00 
General Account, , 42 47 
$184 55 

HISTORICAL ACCOUNT. 

Debits. 
Binding, $236 08; Books, $12 00, : : 248 08 
Repairing picture frames, . ‘ : #\, 13-30 
$261 58 

Credits. 
Dividends Naumkeag Bank, é ‘ ; 13 00 
Coupons Michigan Central Railroad, : . 38 80 
General Account, ‘ ‘ : : 209 78 


$561 58 


XXXII 


The Cabinet Keeper reported that the specimens in the 
Museum were in as safe a condition, as the crowded cases 
of some of the departments would allow. During the 
year, Mr. T. M. Pond has arranged, catalogued, and labelled 
the North American birds, and their nests and eggs. Mr. 
Horace Brown has done the same with the collection of 
Mammalia, and had commenced to catalogue the Osteologi- 
cal collection when other occupations prevented his 
completing the work. Mr. Charles H. Higbee has ar- 
ranged the Mineralogical collection, and by his efforts 
much has been done to increase its value. The Reptiles 
have been partially catalogued and named. The snakes- 
which were sent to Professor Jan of Milan have been 
returned in good condition, with his identifications. 
Among the specimens Prof. Jan found several unknown 
species, descriptions of which will appear in his great work 
on Ophidians, in which he will give full credit to the Insti-: 
tute for its assistance. ; 

During the year, an Essex County Collection has been 
commenced with the intention to soon have the Natural 
History of our county fully represented and separately 
arranged. 

The total number of donations to the various sections of | 
the Department of Natural History, since the last annual: 7 
meeting, amounts to one hundred and twenty-six, received 
from eighty-six persons ; besides which, several exchanges 
have been made with the Museum of Comp. Zodlogy at 
Cambridge, and the Lyceum of Nat. History of Williams’ 
College. | 


Mr. James H. Emerton, curator of Articulata, reported 
that the Insects had been looked over, the worthless ones 
discarded and the others carefully protected from injury. 
The large collection of Brazilian Insects had been arranged, 
according to their orders, in a case by themselves. Tho 


4% 4%, 
sy 


XX XIII 


other pinned specimens have been arranged in tight boxes 
and drawers. The alcoholic specimens of Insects, Crusta- 
ceans, and Worms have been arranged in the central cases 
of the large Hall. The pinned specimens of Coleoptera, 
Orthoptera, and Hemiptera have been catalogued and as 
far as possible named. Of the Coleoptera there are 1212 
species, and over 3000 specimens. Of Orthoptera, 155 
species; Hemiptera, 169 species ; Neuroptera, 40 species. 
Several hundred species of Diptera and over 2000 speci- 
mens of Lepidoptera, one half of which are from South 
America. The Lepidoptera have been partially named by 
Mr. 8. H. Scudder while in the Museum of Comp. Zodlogy. 
The small collection of Bees has been named by Dr. A. 8. 
Packard Jr. Several exchanges have been made with 
Messrs. Scudder and Packard. The collection of Spiders 
has been largely increased during the year, and the curator, 
who is specially engaged in studying this order of insects, 
requests contributions of specimens from all parts of the 
country for his work. 

Mr. John Robinson, Curator of the Ethnological De- 
partment, reported that the collection under his charge 
had been rearranged during the year. There had been 
many valuable donations received from fifty-five persons. 
Several sub-departments have recently been commenced, 
and good progress thus far made in rendering them avail- 
able for purposes of study and examination ; the Curators 
request the codperation of the members and friends of 
the Institution in aid of these objects, trusting that their 
appeal will meet with a hearty response, and that many 
specimens will be contributed, especially such as are 
evanescent in their character, and if not preserved at the 
time, soon disappear, and afterwards are very difficult if 
not impossible to obtain. 

The Constitution and By-Laws as revised by the Com- 
mittee were unanimously adopted. 


5 


XXXIV 


The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: 


PRESIDENT. 
ASAHEL HUNTINGTON. 


VICE PRESIDENTS. 


Of Natural History—SamMvueL P. Fowter. , Of History—A. C. GoovE Ly Jr. 


Of Horticulture—J. F. ALLEN. 
SECRETARY AND TREASURER. 
HENRY WHEATLAND. 
LIBRARIAN. 
NATHANIEL J. HOLDEN. 


SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MUSEUM. 
F. W. Putnam. 


FINANCE COMMITTEE. 
J. C. Lee, R. S. Rogers, H.M. Brooks, G.D.Phippen, Jas. Chamberlain. 


LIBRARY COMMITTEE. 
J.G. Waters, Alpheus Crosby, H. J. Cross, G. A. Ward, G. D. Wildes. 


PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. 
A. C. Goodell Jr., G. D. Phippen, Ira J. Patch, C. M. Tracy, 
Wm. P. Upham, R. 8. Rantoul, ¥F. W. Putnam. 
LECTURE COMMITTEE. 
A. C. Goodell Jr., Francis Peabody, G. D. Phippen, George Perkins, 
James Kimball, G. W. Briggs, F. W. Putnam. 


FIELD-MEETING COMMITTEE, 
A. W. Dodge, OC. M. Tracy, S. Barden, S. P. Fowler, J. M. Ives, 


. G. D. Wildes, C. C. Beaman, E. N. Walton. 
CURATORS OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
Geology—H. F. Shepard; Mineralogy—C. H. Higbee; 
Paleontology—H. F. King; Botany—C. M. Tracy; 
Comparative Anatomy—Henry Wheatland; Vertebrata—F. W. Putnam; 
Articulata—J. H. Emerton; Mollusca—H. F. King; 


Radiata—Caleb Cooke. 
CURATORS OF HISTORY. 


Ethnology. 
William S. Messervy, M.A. Stickney, John Robinson, J. A. Gillis. 
“f Manuscripts. 
W.P. Upham, H. M. Brooks, S. B. Buttrick, G. L. Streeter, G. D. Wildes. 
Fine Aris. 


Francis Peabody, J. G. Waters, G. A. Ward. 


CURATORS OF HORTICULTURE. 
Fruits aud Vegetables. 
J. M. Ives, J. S. Cabot, R. S. Rogers, John Bertram, G. B. Loring, 
S. A. Merrill, W. Maloon, A. Lackey, G. F. Brown. 4 
Flowers. 
Francis Putnam, William Mack, C. H. Norris, Benj. A. West, Geo. D. Glover. 


ee eT 


’ 
; : 
a 


XXXV 


On motion of Mr. G. A. Ward, a committee, consisting 
of Messrs. G. A. Ward, R. S. Rantoul, George Perkins, 
KR. N. Walton, T. M. Stimpson, Charles Davis, G. D. Wildes, 
S. P. Fowler, and W. P. Upham, was appointed to present 
the claims of the Institute upon the public for a more lib- 
eral patronage, so that it may be better enabled to 
accomplish the objects of its organization. 

On motion of Mr. S. P. Fowler a committee was ap- 
pointed to make a collection of card photographs of the 
members of the Institute. Messrs. 8. P. Fowler, John 
Robinson, and D. W. Bowdoin were placed on this com- 
mittee. 

Mr. S. P. Fowler was requested to prepare a paper on 
the Ornithologists of America, for publication in the Pro- 
ceedings. 


THURSDAY, JUNE 9th. Ordinary Meeting. 
J. G. Waters in the chair. 


The following persons, having been nominated at a 
previous meeting, were duly elected Resident Members: 
William B. Parker, James 8. Kimball, Edward H. Payson, 
S. W. Davis, Edward LL. Perkins, George P. Farrington, 
Mrs. John Clark, J. Ford Smith, A. G. Cornelius, Charles 
Roundy, James F. Hale, E. F. Roberts, J. W. Roberts, 
David Perkins, Jeremiah Page, Henry Morton, Benj. M. 
Chamberlain, A. P. Amidon, all of Salem. 


Additions to the Museum and Inbrary during April, May 
and June, 1864. 


TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT. 


BrooxuouseE Jr., Ropert. Specimens of Glyptemys insculpta from Salem. 

Burt, D. W. Male and female Attacus cecropia. 

CHAMBERLAIN, JAMES. Eggs of a Mollusk and an Echinus from Beverly 
Bar. 

Cuipman, R. M. Attacus luna from Salem. 


XXXVI 


CrouTman, Capt. W. R. Snake from Yangtse River, Japan. 

Cotcorp, Mrs. H. M., of South Danvers. A Red-winged Black-bird from 
Danvers. 

Conway, Capt. Mounted specimen of White Owl. 

Cooke, C. Dried Plants, Shells and Echini from Zanzibar, Africa. 

Cross, oH. J. Sponge from Marblehead Beach. 

Davis, Cuar.es, of Beverly. Young Eagle taken from the nest in Beverly, 
June 2d. 

Emerton, J. H. Insects, Helix, and 2 Salamanders from an Island off 
Manchester. 125 specimens, 91 species of Insects from Essex Co. 147 
specimens, 82 species of Insects from Salem. A collection of Ants from Sa- 
lem. 6 species of Insects and a Tree Toad from Danvers. Cyclopterus 
lumpus and Raia sp. from Nahant. 

GtoveR, Geo. D. Attacus cecropia from Salem. 

Hunt, Y. Attucus cecropia from Salem. 

Lake, ELeazer, of Topsfield. <A ‘Little Auk,’? Phaleris microcerus 
Brandt., female. Shot on Ipswich River in Topsfield, Apr. 8th. 

LenpAtL, Ep. E., of Manchester. Coral found on Glasshead flats, Man- 
chester, 

Lyceum or Naturat History of Witt1Am’s Cotiecs. (In exchange) Skin 
of a Seal and several Bird’s Skins from Greenland. Bird’s eggs from 
Florida and Greenland. ia 

Marks, Capt. T. 2 Saurians from Landana, S. W. C. Africa. 

Museum or Comp. Zootogy, Cambridge. (In exchange) 17 specimens, 9 
species of North American Turtles. 

Mason, Mrs. G. R., of Lynn. 48 specimens of dried Seaweeds and 3 of 
Hydroids. Native. | 

Nicnots, H. P. 117 specimens, 40 species of Insects, and a Snake from 
Salem. | 

NortHENnD, Miss L. H. 2 specimens Attacus cecropia from Salem. 

Peasopy, AtrreD 8., of Cape Town. Copper Ore from Cape of Good 
Hope. Set of pressed Ferns, Bulb of a plant, Seeds of the Blue Gum 
Tree, Hydroids and Barnacles from Cape Town, Africa. 

Ponp, T. M. A Java Sparrow. 

Porter, Epw. 3 Salamanders from Salem. 

Putnam, F. W. A Series of Crystal Models. Lime Stone from Williams- 
town, Mass. 

Rantout, R. 8. Portion of an Indian’s jaw from West’s Beach, Beverly. 

Rowe, JoserH. Specimens of Storeria DeKayi from Salem. 

SMITHSONIAN INsT1ITUTION, Washington, D. C. A collection of 27 specimens 
of Building Stones and Minerals. 

Sronz, Frank. A Bird and 2 Reptiles from Essex Co. 

Unknown Donor. 2 Loons from? 


XXXVIT 


Verrii, A. E., of Cambridge. 42 species of plants from Anticosti and 
Grand Menan. 

Watson, F. P. Larvae of Wasps from Salem. 

Wesster, Mrs. Joun. Lime incrustation. Seeds of Plants. Eggs of Pyrula. 

West, G. W. A collection of Ants and others Insects from Salem. 929 
specimens, 80 species of Insects from Salem. 

Waeatitann, H. Iron Ore, Lime Stone and Slag from Allentown, Pa. 
Fishes and Salamanders from River Clarion, Elk Co., Pa. 

WHEATLAND, Simeon J. Attacus cecropia from Salem. 

Waite, G. W. 85 specimens of Insects from Salem. 


TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT. 


Brooks, H. M. Picture of Gen. Abbot. Cartridge from Alexandria. 
Rebel School-book. 

Brown Jr., Bens. Rebel war relics. 

Crourman. W. R. Chop Sticks and Japanese Smoking apparatus. 
Brick from the Porcelain Tower of Nankin. 

Curwen, Henry. Ancient Button. Chinese Pipe. 

Farrinaton Jr., G. P. Rebel Equipments. 

Fett, S. Q. Native Fan from the Philipine Isles. Chinese Chop-sticks. 

GoopEeLt Jr., A. C. Coins from Half-way Rock. 

Hiasee, C. H. Rebel War Relics from Port Hudson. 

Kitpy, Wm. H., of Eastport, Me. Postage Stamps. 

Kina, Carr. JAs. B. Silver Ornaments from the ruins of the Inca city 
Kuamachuco. 

MansFIELD, Wm. Grape and Canister Shot, Bomb, and Bullet, revolu- 
tionary relics. 

Marks, Cart. Tuos. A Ring of Native Copper, wrought by the Natives 
of the W. C. Africa. 

Putnam, F. W. Calcutta Hookah. 

Putnam, G. D. Breastplate of the 38th Staffordshire Reg’t. 

Ricwarpson, Frep. Buttons of the Bombay Artillery. 

RosBINsoN, JOHN. Chinese Kites. 

Stocum, Espen. Ancient set of Knives and Forks in a case. Ivory Cane. 

Vanvieck, H. J., of Nazareth, Pa. 7 Bills of New Jersey Continental 
Money, and a number of Ancient Relics relating to the early history of 
Nazareth, Pennsylvania. 

Vent, JAmMEs. Indian Arrowheads. 

Wittiams, IsragL, (Estate of) Native War Implements of the Fejee 
Islanders. New Zealand Chief’s Blanket and Native Basket. Sword taken 
from the Pirates on the coast of South America. 

Witt1ams, Capr. Old Shot from Fort Sewell. Coins, Military Buttons 
and other Revolutionary Relics found at Ft. Pickering. 


WueaTLAND, H. Relics from the Field of Gettysburg. 5 Catholic 
Medals. 


XXXVITI 


TO THE LIBRARY. 


Autry, Joun B. (M.C.) Message and Documents, 1862—3, 4 vols 8vo; 
Message and Doc. Navy Department, 1862—3, 1 vol. 8vo ; Message and Doce. 
Dept. of State, 1868—4, 2 vols. 8vo ; do. Dept. of Interior, 1863—4, 1 vol. 
8vo ; do. P. O. Dept., 1863—4, 1 vol. 8vo; U. S. Coast Survey, 1861, 1 vol. 
4to ; Patent Office; Mechanical, 1860, 2 vols. 8vo ; do. Agricultural, 1861, 
1 vol. 8vo; Report of Commissioners of Agriculture, 1862, 1 vol. 8vo; 
Reports on the Finances 1862—3, 2 vols. 8vo ; McClellan on the Army of the 
Potomac, 1 vol. 8vo ; Report on Armored Vessels, 2 vols. 8vo. 

BARNARD, JAMES M , of Boston. Scilla de corporibus Marinis Lapidescen- 
tibus, 1 vol., 4to, Rome, 1752; Griffith’s Icones Plantarum Asiaticum, part 
Iv, 1 vol. 4to, Calcutta, 1854. Griffith’s Palms of British India, 1 vol. fol., 
Calcutta, 1850. 

Boston, Ciry or. Boston City Documents for 1863, 2 vols. 8vo. 

Brooks, Henry M. The Drum Beat, published by the Brooklyn Fair. 
Feb., 1864. 

Burrows, Tuos. H., Supt. of Schools, Penn. Pennsylvania School Reports 
for 1855, 1856, 1858, 1859, 1863, 5 wols,, 8vo. 

CLEvELAND, Miss M.S. Turner’s North Carolina Almanac for 1864, 8vo, 
pamph. Also several Newspapers from Newbern, N. C. 

CoLBURN, JEREMIAH, of Boston. Lewis’s Address N. E. Hist. Gen. Soc’y, 
Jan., 1864, 8vo, pamph. Albany, 1864. 

Cow tes, Warren, Smethport, McKean Co., Penn. Penn. School Reports 
1861, 1862, 2.vols., 8vo. 

Curwen, James B. Scientific American, vol. vir. Pamphlets 25. 

Dersy, Miss Carottne R. Wagstaffe’s Piety Promoted, 1 vol., 12mo, 
London, 1775 ; Phipps’s The Original and Present State of Man, 1 vol., 8vo, 
New York, 1788. Life of Mary Neale, 1 vol., 12mo, Philadelphia, 1796. 
Introduction to English Grammar, 1 vol., 12mo, London, 1782. Penn’s 
Primitive Christianity, 1 vol., 8vo, Philadelphia, 1783. Various Almanacs, 
Pamphlets, &ec. 

Downir, Mrs. Exnizaserh A. 16th Ann. Rep. Pittsburg Mercantile 
Library Association for 1864, 8vo, pamph. 

FLETCHER, CHARLES. Boston Gazette for 1817, 1 vol., folio. Boston 
Weekly Messenger for 1818, 1 vol., folio. 

Gitman, DanteL C., of Yale College. Several pamphlets relating to Yale 
College. : 

GoLDTHWAITE, JosepH A. Carpenter on the Microscope, edited by Smith 
1 vol., 8vo, Phila. 1856. 

Goopett Jr., ABNER C. A Manifest Book began Sept. 5, 1774, cniien 
Aug. 2, 1775, 1 vol., folio. 

HanarorD, Mrs. P. A., of Beverly. Various Pamphlets and vewessnllll 


Jackson, S. C., of Boston. 17th An. Rep. of Mass. Bd. of Education, — 


1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1864. 


XXXIX 


Jounson, Mrs. Lucy P. United States Commercial and Statistical Reg- 
ister—several numbers. 

Kirtsy, W. H., Eastport, Me. 7th An. Rep. of Maine Bd. of Agri. 1862, 
1 vol., 8vo. New Brunswick Almanac and Register, 1 vol., 16mo. Third An. 
Rep. of Bd. of Agri. of New Brunswick, 8vo. Maine Legis. Register, 1864. 
Memorials of the Centennial Anniversary of Machias, 1 vol., 8vo. 

Kimpatt, Miss Evizaseta. Liberator for 1863, 1 vol., folio. 

Kimpaut, James. Systems of Building Associations Examined, 1 vol., 
4to, New Haven, 1856. Fisher’s Marrow of Modern Divinity, 1 vol., 16mo, 
Boston, 1743. Proceedings of Grand R. Arch Chapter of Mass., from Sept., 
1862 to Sept. 1863, 8vo, pamph. 

Kina, Misses Hannan and EnizAsetu. Winckler, Essai sur 1’ Electricite, 
12mo, Paris, 1748. Aldini, Essai sur le Galvanisme, 1 vol., 4to, Paris, 1804. 
Helvetius, Oeuvres completes, vol. 1, 12mo, London, 1777. 

Kina, Henry F. Greeley’s Art and Industry of the Crystal Palace, 1 vol., 
12mo. Dana’s Lead Disease, 1 vol., 8vo, Lowell, 1848. Clarke on the Mi- 
croscope, 1 vol., 12mo, London, 1758, Ferguson on the Microscope, 1 vol., 
12mo, Edin., 1858. Wood’s Common Objects of the Sea Shore, 1 vol., 12mo, 
London, 1859. Gosse’s Evenings at the Microscope, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 
1860. 

Lorp, N. J. Boston Post for Feb., March, April, and May, 1864. 

Nason, Wm. A., of Williams’ College. Williams’ Quarterly, 14 numbers. 
Pamphlets, 11. 

Metcatr, Hiram, of Boston. The Metropolitan Catholic Almanacs, for 
1851, 18538, 1854, 1855, and 1856, 5 vols., 12mo. 

Moutron, Herny W. Specimens of the Blank Forms used in the Provost 
Marshal’s office, 5th District, Mass. 

Montaaue, Won. L., of Amherst College. Annual and Triennial Catalogues 
for several years. 

Packarp, A. S., of Brunswick, Me. Catalogue of Bowdoin College, 
Spring term, 1864, 8vo, pamph. 

Parne, Natu., of Worcester. 4th An. Report of Worcester Public Library, 
8vo, pamphlet. 

Ruope Isianp, Sons or, By Henry T. Drowne. Oration and Poems before 
the Sons of Rhode Island in New York, May 29th, 1868, 8vo, pamph. 

Roserts, Davip. Rhee’s Manual of Public Libraries, 1 vol., 8vo, Phila- 
delphia, 1859. 

Sistty, Joun L., of Cambridge. Report on Library of Harv. Coll., Jan., 
1864, 8vo, pamph. 

Stocum, Esen. Boston Patriot for 1812, 1 vol., folio. 

Sronz, Bens. W. Manual of New York Legis., 1864, 1 vol., 16mo. 5th 
and 6th An. Report, of Commissioners of Central Park, New York, 8vo 
pamph. An. Report of the Comptroller of New York, Jan., 1864. 4th An 
Report of Com. of Public Charities 8vo, pamph., New York 1864. 


XL 


SourHEer, Hunry, of Ridgway, Elk Co., Penn. Pennsylvania School Rep., 
1860, lvol., 8vo. Annual Rail-Road Reports of Pennsylvania for 1864, 
1 vol., 8vo. 

Tuomas, Apet C., of Hightstown, N. J. The Gospel of Slavery, 8vo; 
pamph., New York, 1864.° 

Unirep States Treasury Department. Report on the Finances for year 
ending June, 1863, 1 vol., 8vo. 

Warp, Grorce A. Census of the State of New York, 1855, 1 folio vol. 
Documentary Hist. of New York, 8 vols., roy. 8vo. Documents Col. Hist. 
of New York, 10 vols., folio. Colonial Records of Connecticut, 16386 to 1665, 
1 vol., roy. 8vo. American Eloquence, 2 vols., roy. 8vo. Annals of San 
Francisco, 1 vol., roy. 8vo. Ditto of Salem, 2 vols, 12mo. Messages and { 
Documents 80th Congress, 1 vol., 8vo. Ditto 1849, 1 vol., 8vo. Prescott’s : 
Mexico, 8 vols., roy. 8vo. Ditto Ferd. and Isabella 8 vols., roy. 8vo. Ditto | 
Peru 2 vols., roy, 8vo. Miscellanies, 1 vol., 8vo. Wilkes’ Exploring Expe- 
dition, 5 vols., roy. 8vo. N. E. Genealogical and Historical Register, 12 ; 
vols., 8vo. D’Aubigne’s Reformation, 3 vols., 8vo. Morse’s Universal 
Geography, 2 vols., 8vo. Graham’s Hist. of United States 4 vols., 8vo. 
Wm. Ware’s Julian, 2 vols., 12mo. Ditto Zenobia, 2 vols., 12mo. Dewey’s 
Works 8 vols., 12mo. Ditto Sermons, 1 vol., 12mo. Headley’s Washington 
and his Generals, 2 vols.,12mo. Ditto Two Wars with England, 2 vols., 
l2mo. Ditto. Adirondack, 1 vol.,12mo. Miscellanies, 1 vol.,12mo. Han- 
nah Adam’s Hist. of Religion, 1 vol., 12mo. Rupp’s Hist. of Religion, 1 
vol., 8vo. Covode’s Investigation, 1860, 1 vol., 8vo. Coffin’s Hist. of New- 
bury, 1 vol., 8vo. Brooks’ Hist. of Medford, 1 vol., 8vo. Gage’s Hist. of 
Rowley, 1 vol., 12mo. Young’s Chronicles of Massachusetts, 1 vol., 8yvo, 
Brazer’s Sermons, 1 vol., 16mo. Osgood’s Stud. of xn. Religion, 1 vol., 12mo. 
Lee’s Memoirs of the Buckminsters, 1 vol., 12mo. Elder Brewster, Chief of 
the Pilgrims, 1 vol., 8vo. E. Watson’s Men, &c. of the Revolution, 1 vol., 
8vo. Hist. of Portsmouth, 1 vol.,12mo. Thom’s Epistle to the Corinthians, 
1 vol., 12mo. Gospel Visitant, 1 vol., 12mo. Simpson's Journey Round the 
World, 1 vol., 12mo. Frothingham’s Sermons, 1 vol., 12mo. Verses by Rev. 
Jas. Flint D. D.,1 vol., 12mo. Sermons, do., 1 vol,, 12mo. Sermons by 
Rev. Thos. T. Stone, I vol., 12mo. Ballou on the Atonement, lvol., 12mo. 
Playfair’s Euclid, 1 vol.,12mo. Life of S. Judd, 1 vol.; 12mo. Lay Preach- 
ers, 1 vol., 16mo. Beauties of Dr. 8S. Johnson, 1 vol., 12mo.. Capt. Canot 
20 Years a Slaver, 1 vol., 12mo. Maj. Sam. Shaw’s Journal, 1 vol., 8vo. 
Ralph Izard’s South Carolina Revolution, 1 vol., 12mo. Owen’s Foot’Falls, 
1 vol., 16mo. Chandler’s Masonic Addresses, 1 vol., 8vo. Weem’s Life of 
Washington, 1 vol., 16mo. Girard’s College, 1 voi., 12mo. Patent Office 
Report for 1858, 1 vol., 8vo. Morison’s Life of Judge Smith. of N. H., 1 
vol., 12mo. Memoirs, &. of Rev. W. B. 0. Peabody, 1 vol, 12mo, Obse- 
quies of President Monroe, 1 vol., 12mo. Catalogye of N. Y. Soc. Library, : 
1 vol., 12mo. Edward’s Hist. and Poetry of Finger Rings, 1 vol., 12mo. — 


ee 


XLI 


Bellsham’s Evidence of the xn. Religion, 1 vol., 12mo. Thatcher’s Hist. of 
Plymouth, 1 vol., 16mo. E:aste 2d vol. on |’ ami dela Jeaneese, 1 vol. 
The Lost Prince (Louis 17th) Rev. Williams 1 vol., 12mo. European 
Magazine for 1792, 1 vol., 8vo. Memoirs of ‘hos. H. Perkins, by Cary, 1 vol., 
8vo. Washington’s Farewell Address, (Hist. of) 1 vol., 12mo. Dr. N. L. 
Frothingham’s Metrical Pieces, 1 vol ,12mo. Stockdale’s Brit. Peerage, 1 vol., 
12mo. Do. Baronetage, 1 vol., 12mo. Parson’s Life of Sir. Wm. Pepperrell, 
1 vol., 12mo Obsequies, &c on Henry Clay, 1 vol., 12mo. Girard’s Will 
Case, 1 vol.,12mo. Eliot’s Biographical Dict., 1 vol., 12mo. Memoirs of 
General Chas. Lee, 1 vol., 16mo. John Adams’ Cunningham Correspondence, 
1 vol, 12mo. Brazer’s Holyoke’s Ethical Essays, 1 vol, 12mo. Combe on 
the Constitution of Man, 1 vol., 16mo. Jefferson’s Notes on Virginia, lvol., 
12mo. Newhall’s Letters to John Pickering on the Letters of Junius, 1 
vol., 12mo. Letters to and from John Wilkes, 1762, lvol., 12mo. Dealings 
with the Dead, L. M. Sargent, 1 vol., 12mo. Emerson’s Hist. of the First 
Church Boston, 1 vol.,12mo. Letters and Dispatches of Cortez 1 vol., 12mo. 
Willis’s Idlewild, 1 vol., 12mo. The Landing on Cape Ann by Conant, 1 
vol., 8vo. Travels in Holland, 1 vol., 12mo. Map of Holland, 1 map. 
Linda, (Slave) 1 vol., 12mo. Salads fur the Solitary, 1 vol., 12mo. 
Notices on Duels by Sabine, 1 vol., 12mo. Memoirs of Lucien Bonaparte, 1 
vol., 12mo. Furness’ Discourses, 1 vol., 12mo. Bible News, 1 vol., 16mo. 
Notte’s 50 Years in both Hemispheres, 1 vol., 12mo. Memoir of John W. 
Foster of Portsmouth formerly of Salemg 1 vol., 12mo. Life Thoughts of 
Henry Ward Beecher, 1 vol., 12mo. Dr. Farley’s Unitarian Lectures, 1 vol., 
12mo. Genealogical Register, 1 vol., 12mo. Irving's Life of Washigton, 5 
vols., 8vo. Lives of American Merchants, 2 vols., 8vo. Quincy’s Hist. of 
Harv. College, 2 vols., 8vo. Macaulay’s Hist. of England, 2 vols., 8vo. 
Gasparin on the American Rebellion, 1 vol., 12mo.—Volumes, 161. 

Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago. Adjutant General’s Report, State of 
Illinois, 1 vol., 8vo, 18638. War Record of Illinois, to Oct. 1, 1863, 8vo, 
pamph Revised Charter of Chicago, 8vo, pamph. 1863. 

Wiupes, J. H., of San Francisco, Cal. 11th An. Rep. of San Francisco 
Mercantile Library Association for 1864, 8vo, pamph. 

WILLIAMS, EsTATE OF THE LATE IsRAEL. Charnock’s Biographia Navalis, 
vols. 1 to 5—5 vols., 8vo, London, 1794. Stavorinus’s Voyage to the East 
Indies, 8 vols., 8vo, London,’1798. Whitman’s Travels to Turkey, &c., 1 vol., 
8vo, Philad., 1804. Turnbull’s Voyage Round the World, 3 vols., 16mo, 
London, -1805. Naval Trade and Commerce, 2 vols., 8vo. Lathrop’s 
Sermons, 1 vol., 8vo, Worcester, 1806. Wayland’s Discourses, 1 vol.,12mo, 
Boston, 1833. Malham’s Gazetteer, 2 vols., 8vo, Boston, 1797. Eusta. 
phieve’s Character of Peter the Great, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1812. Demetrius 
Epick Poem, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1818. Apontamentos Grammaticos e filo- 
logicos, 1 vol., 16mo, Boston, 1787. Voyage in Search of La Perouse, 2 vols , 
8vo, London, 1800. Beatson’s view of the War with Tippoo Sultana, 1 vol., 


6 


XLII 


4to, London, 1800. Ware’s European Pilot, 1 vol., Whitehaven, 1774. 
Woopsury, Ezra J. The Works of Thomas Goodwin, 1 vol., folio, Lon- 
don, 1671. 


BY EXCHANGE. 


AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL AND SratisTIcCAL Society. Proceedings, vol. 11, 
No 2, 8vo, pamph. i 

AMERICAN Purtosopnicat Society. Proceedings, vol. 1x, Nos. 68, 69, 70. 

Burrato Younc Men’s Association. 28th An. Rep., 8vo, pamph. 

CanapiAN Institute. Canadian Journal for Mch. and April. 

Cincinnati: MercanTiItE Lisrary Association. 29th An. Report, 8vo, 
pamph., Cincinnati, 1864. 

Epitors. Historical Magazine, for Apriland May, 1864. 

Eprrors. Round Table, Nos., 24 to 32. 

Frretanns Historica Socrety. Firelands Pioneer, vol. 5, 8vo. ‘ 

Iowa Srare Hisroricat Sociery. Annals, No. 6 for April, 1864. 

Lone Istanp Hisroricat Soctery. Brooklyn Manual, for 1858-9, 1859-60, { 
1860-1, 8 vols., 12mo. Various Documents Relating to the Brooklyn San- 


itary Fair, Feb., 1864. Fifty Pamphlets. 

Museum or ComparaTIVE ZooLoGy aT CamBRipGE. Annual Report of the 
Trustees, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1864. 

Peasopy Institute. 12th An. Rep, of the Trustees, 8vo, pamph. 

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF Natorat Science. Proceedings, Jan., Feb., 
Mch., April. 

Pustisuers. North American Review, for April, 1864. 

Pusuisuers. Lynu Weekly Reporter. Lawrence American. South Dan- 
vers Wizard. Haverhill Gazette. Essex Banner. Toulumne Courier. 

RuopeE Istanp Historican Society. Rhode Island Colonial Records vols. 1 
to 7, 7 vols., 8vo. 87 Pamphlets. 

San Francisco Mercantice Liprary Association. 11th An. Rep., 8vo, 
pamph. 

Smirusonian Inst1TuTION. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. rv. 
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge vol. xu1. Annual Report, for. 
1862. 

ZoOLOGISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT, Frankfort, a. M. Der Zoologischen Garten, 
Nos. 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12 (1863,) and No. 1 (1864,) 


‘WEDNESDAY, JULY 6. Ordinary meeting. 
Francis Peabody in the chair. 


The following persons having been nominated at a pied 
vious meeting by Messrs. G. A. Ward, H. Wheatland and. 


W. P. Upham, were elected Resident Members; Daniel — 


XLII 


Perkins, John Felt, William H. Jelly, John Chapman, 
Francis Boardman, Charles 8. Rea, Joseph H. M. Bertram, 
Joseph H. Hanson, Nathaniel Brown, John H. Nichols, 
Edward A. Smith 2d, Francis Choate, Samuel R. Hodges, 
Theron Palmer, William H. Kehew, George G. Creamer, 
John P. Browning, Miss Elizabeth W. Treadwell, Miss 
Elizabeth C. Ward Jr., Thomas M. Saunders, Manuel Fen- 
ollosa, Mrs. John H. Silsbee, F. S. Peck, Jeremiah 8. Per- 
kins, Richard D. Rogers, Francis W. Tuttle, W. J. Stickney , 
Orrin F. Thompson, Henry Hale, Xenophon H. Shaw, John 
H. Downing, Willard Goldthwaite, John Francis Tucker- 
man, M. H. Hale, W Reith Jr., Jonathan Tucker, George 
©. Lord, George A. Fuller, Augustus Perry, Tristram T. 
Savory, KH. A. Simonds, J. F. Almy, George B. Jewett, 
Harrison O. Flint, John P. Peabody, Henry Hubon, Henry 
G. Hubon, Ingalls K. Mackintire, Charles Sanders, Miss 
Caroline Saltonstall, James Manning, William B. Ashton, 
Henry K. Oliver, Nathaniel Brown Jr., Joseph F. Walden, 
Daniel C. Haskell, Daniel E. Clough, George P. Daniels, 
Charles Lamson, Peter Silver, Charles H. Glazier, George 
Bowker, Charles Bowker, all of Salem, and Samuel Porter 
of Beverly. 


WEDNESDAY, JULY 13. Field meeting at East Saugus. 

This meeting was attended by a company who arrived 
by the 10 A. M. train from Salem, Lynn, and other towns, 
and made their rendezvous at “ Waverley Hall.” From 
thence, dividing into parties, one pursued the route leading 
to “ Round Hill” and the “Center,” while another took a 
path on the easterly side of the river and visited “ Pirates 
Glen” and other interesting spots adjacent. Others pushed 
their travels as far as “Dungeon Rock” in Lynn. At 3 
P. M. the meeting was called to order, and Rev. 8. Barden 
of Rockport was invited to preside during the absence of 
the constituted officers. | 


XLIV 


The records of the ene meeting were read, and 
letters were announced from the following: 

A. Agassiz, of Cambridge ; ; John H. Klippart, Sec’y Ohio State Bd. of Agri- 
culture; J. Mayer & Co., of Boston; S. F. Baird of the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion; Edward L. Graeff, of Brooklyn, N. Y.; E. T. Cresson, of Philadelphia; 
J. A. Allen, of Springfield; L. Trouvelot, of Medford; Henry White, of New 
Haven, Conn.; C. B. Richardson, of New York, relative to the publications, 
From the Maine Historical Society ; Massachusetts Historical Society ; 
Literary and Historical Society, of Quebec ; Lyceum of Natural History, of 
New York ; Corporation of Harvard College ; Trustees of Newburyport Public 
Library; ‘Trustees of Boston Public Library, severally acknowledging 
receipt of publications. From Jere. Page ; Willard Goldthwaite ; Charles 
Bowker ; Francis Boardman; Geo. P. Daniels; W. J. Stickney; H. K. Oliver ; 
M. Fenollosa; G. B. Jewett, accepting membership. From C. M. Tracy, of 
Lynn; Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, of Reading ; S. H. Scudder, of Boston, relating 
to Field meetings. From Long Island Historical Society ; A. S. Packard, of 
Me. Hist. Soc.; Henry W. Moulton; Smithsonian Institution, relating to 
exchanges and transmission of books and specimens. From J. Porter, of 
Wenham ; Henry A. Smith of Cleveland, Ohio ; Mrs. Hannah B. Russell ; 
Morris Phillips, of New York; C. B. Preston, of Danvers ; R. M. Piper, of 
Nahant ; Lowell Bleachery ; Geo. A. Ward, on business matters. 

Donations to the Library and Cabinets, were announced. 
The chair proceeded to give an account of the geology of 
the place, as observed by him. He spoke of the “Jasper 
Ledge” of “Round Hill” and its amygdaloid, and of the fine . 
porphyries of this region. At this point Vice President 
A. C. Goodell Jr. arrived and took the chair. 

©. M. Tracy, of Lynn, described a variety of plants and 
flowers gathered during the day. A fine cluster of rhod- 
odendrons being sent to the table he gave some account 
of the family to which it belonged and of its peculiarly 
fine developement among the Alps and Himalayas. Also 
of the other splendid members of this family, the azaleas, 
the kalmias, the heaths, &c. 

Wilbur F. Newhall, ig, Saugus, gave PRESTR extended 
remarks on the more prominent points in the history of 
the town. He remembered the old Newhall Tavern for- 


merly kept here by an ancestor of his, and famous in its 


—- = ee ee ee. 


ated > 


wine okt & 


i et: ee i: ot 


XLV 


time, and he recollected being carried, When a little boy, 
to see the old building torn down. At this tavern, as he 
had heard the story from an ancient dame, Washington 
once stopped during his journey, rested awhile, and only 
allowed himself a cup of cold water. Mr. N. also spoke 
of a series of articles on the history of the town, pre- 
pared by his late father Benj. F. Newhall, and printed in 
the Lynn Reporter, a reprint of which is under consider- 
ation. 

Joseph Dampney, of Lynn, gave some further statements 
in the same direction, particularly as to the first church 
built in Saugus, which was at the “ Center.” 

The chair said that Saugus was a place very interesting 
to the antiquary, and historian. Some of the ramblers of 
the day had probably seen the heaps of scoria at the 
“Center” called the “Cinder Bank.” At that spot was 
established the first iron foundery in the country, the scene 
of the labors of Joseph Jenks, one of the pioneers of 
American inventors. It was he who first contrived and 
introduced the long stiff scythe now used by mowers ; and 
we also find record to show that he invented an “ engine 
for the more spedye cutting of grasse,” for which he 
sought legislative encouragement. What this “ engine” 
was does not well appear. The foundery was a success, 
it would seem, and a choice relic from it is yet preserved 
in the family of the late Alonzo Lewis, of Lynn, to wit, the 
first article cast, being a small quaintly shaped iron pot. 

Rev. C.C. Beaman, of Salem, gave a brief account of 
the delightful scenery at and about “ Pirate’s Glen” and 
also adverted to the tribe of Indians who formerly dwelt 
hereabout. It was said that their camps might still be 
traced by the imbedded clam-shells in the soil; and there 
were some who could recollect the last of these easy, 
indolent, fish-eating people, as they lingered awhile among 
their civilized and more powerful successors. 


XLVI 


Rev. A. W. Bruce, of Marblehead, expressed his satis- 
faction at the proceedings of the day, and spoke further 
of the importance of preserving items of local history. 

James H. Emerton, of Salem, made some statements 
as to the large collection of insects received by the Insti- 
tute in the past year, and gave some suggestions on the . 
preservation of specimens in this class. ‘ 

P. L. Cox, of Lynn, testified to the pleasantness of the 
day’s fe and paid a just and warm tribute to the | 
memory of Benj. F. Newhall, the historian of Saugus. 

Prof. John C. Holmes, of Michigan, gave some descrip- 
tion of the tulip tree as found in that State (allusion 
having been made to the tree by Mr. Tracy.) He 
then spoke of the developement of the agricultural re- 
sources of the West, the transportation eastward of their 
products, and the necessity of increased facilities for this 
purpose. : 3 

W. P. Upham, made some remarks on the jasper and 
porphyry of this region. 

Rev. C. C. Beaman, of Salem, called attention to the 
character’and worth of the late Joshua Coffin Esq., the 
historian of Newbury, and on his motion, the Vice Presi- 
ident of History was requested to prepare a memoir of 
that venerable author to be read at a future meeting. 

On motion of Mr. Upham the thanks of the Institute 
were tendered to Messrs. Wilbur F. and Alston Newhall 
for their services as guides and otherwise, to the Proprie- 
tors of Waverley Hall and all our friends in Saugus for 
their kindness this day. Several persons were nominated 
for membership and the Institute then adjourned. 


a La a eT 


_Taurspay, Juty 14. Ordinary meeting. 
G. A. Ward in the chair. 


The following persons nominated at the Saugus meet. 
ing by Messrs. G. A. Ward, R. 8. Rantoul and H. Wheat- — 


XLVII 


land, were duly elected Resident Members; Abraham J. 
Stanley, Samuel Carlen, John Mackie, C. W. Richardson, 
W. C. Moulton, Charles Baker, J. M. Rice, Miss Annie 
Treadwell, Mrs. Mary Doyle, Mrs. Chas. Hoffman, Charles 
Sewall, Thomas P. Newhall, Robert McCloy, James Tref. 
fren, Fred. Porter, W. D. Northend, Julian A. Fogg, J. 8. 
Cross, Andrew H. Lord, Charles Osgood, Mrs. D. A. Neal, 
all of Salem; S. S. McKenzie, of Topsfield; A. W. Bruce, 
of Marblehead; Wilbur F. Newhall, John W. Newhall, 
Harmon Hall, James 8. Oliver, John Westwood, and Miss 
Charlotte M. Hawkes, of East Saugus. 


WEDNESDAY, JuLY 27. Field meeting at North Beverly. 

A small company of those most actively interested 
repaired to the neighborhood of Wenham Pond in the 
morning, taking the early train as far as the little village 
of North Beverly. These spent the forenoon in various 
rambles in the vicinity and being Joined by a large addi- 
tional force from Lynn, Salem, and other places, at about 3 
P. M. the regular meeting was organized on the westerly 
margin of the pond under a clump of venerable pines on 
the grounds of Richard P. Waters Esq. Vice President, 
A. C. Goodell Jr., took the chair and made a few remarks, 
explanatory of the objects of the Institute. | 

After the reading of the records of the last Field 
meeting, and the announcement of donations to the Li- 
brary and Cabinets, letters were read from the following ; 


Trustees of Boston Public Library, acknowledging receipt of publications; 
W. F. Newhall, of East Saugus; A. W. Bruce, of Marblehead; D. C. 
Haskell, J. F. Walden and Mrs. J. H. Silsbee, of Salem, accepting membership; 
R. M. Piper, of Nahant; S. Barden, of Rockport, and Wm. Lafavor, of 
Salem, on business matters. 


Robert 8. Rantoul, of Salem, read an extended essay on 
the History and Uses of Wenham Pond. In his remarks 
he spoke of the remarkable purity of its water; its per- 
manency of level; the enormous crops of ice taken from it 


XLVIII 


and the esteem in which this product is held abroad ; the 
many notable characters associated with it in history, par- 
ticularly Rev. Hugh Peters; and the singular amount of 
litigation that had marked the adjoining territory in the 
course of years. 

A short but very pleasing poem by Mrs. J. H. Hanaford, 
late of Beverly, but now of Reading, was read by Rev. 
Geo. D. Wildes of Salem who prefaced it with a few re- 
marks. The Poem was descriptive of the emotion felt by 
an American in Europe on meeting with a specimen of 
the famous ice from these waters. 

Stephen H. Phillips, of Salem, adverted to the very in- 
teresting fact that this was one of those “ greate pondes,” 
of more than ten acres in extent, whose entire freedom to 
all our people for fishing and fowling is guaranteed for- 
ever, first, by the “ Bodye of Libertyes,’ drawn and pro- 
mulgated by Rev. Nathaniel Ward of Ipswich in 1643, 
then by later enactments of the General Court, and now 
finally made a fixed fact by decision of the Supreme Court 
lately rendered. He read extracts from the manuscript opin- 
ion of the Court in the case of Inhabitants of W. Roxbury 
vs. Stoddard, bearing on this point. Thus, said Mr. P. we 
are in full posession of these lovely waters, for all legiti- 
mate public uses, free of cost and beyond hinderance by 
designing men; and this more than by all else, by the 
early foresight of Nathaniel Ward of Ipswich, known as 
the “Simple Cobbler of Agawam.” 

James Slade, late City Engineer of Boston, gave some 
interesting facts on the subject of furnishing water to 


cities, and said that when a tolerable source was selected, . 


it was always found that the quantity provided by nature 
could be much increased by art, by the use of means to 
prevent loss and waste. | 

Rev. G. W. Skinner, of Gloucester, made some sitar 
ments upon the remarkable ridge, or moraine, which runs 


| 
' 
2 
3 


XLIX 


along the shore of the lake, from near this spot to almost 
the northern end. He discussed its structure very fully 
and concluded that it was formed, during the period of 
drift, by the deposit of stones and gravel brought by 
ice-floes or field-ice, which here, restrained by the high- 
lands, was forced to move for sometime in a kind of eddy. 

C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, made some observations on the 
peculiar structure of the Sarracenia or Huntsman’s Cup. 
He favored the idea that its pitchers, which are usually 
partly full of pure water, are reservoirs for the collection 
of dew, which may, by some natural means, be formed 
upon them more readily than upon other objects. The 
specimen before the meeting was from Cape Ann, and, 
despite the severe drought, had been found with its usual 
supply of water. 

Prof. B. O. Pierce, of Beverly, had also examined the 
moraine spoken of by Mr. Skinner, and gave some con- 
siderations thereon, as also on the mollusca found in 
Wenham Pond. 

Richard P. Waters, of Beverly, said this moraine had 
attracted the notice of Hitchcock who had pronounced it 
a wonderful formation; but he seemed not to have alluded 
to itin his writings. 

Rev. C. C. Beaman, of Salem, gave some notice of the 
earlier proprietors of this region, and particularly of Rev. 
Mr. Fiske, one of the first clergymen in Wenham ; also 
of the church records of that old parish which are still 
preserved. 

Charles 8. Osgood, of Salem, alluded to the kind enter- 
tainment given us this day, and moved the thanks of the 
Institute to the friends who had furnished it. The same 
were voted unanimously. After the nomination of several 
persons for membership the Institute adjourned. 


L 


THURSDAY, JULY 28. Ordinary meeting 
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr, in the chair 


The following persons nominated at the North Beverly 
meeting by A. C. Goodell Jr., and H. Wheatland, were 
elected Resident Members; Isaac Appleton, of Beverly ; 
Geo. P. Russell, of Haverhill ; Shadrach M. Cate, Ephraim 
Miller, James C. Stimpson and George Newcomb, of Salem. 
The thanks of the Institute were voted to Mr. Rantoul for 
the reading of his paper, on the “History of Wenham 
Pond” at the meeting of yesterday, and-a copy was re- 
quested for publication in the Historical Collections. 


Wepnespay, August 10. Field meeting at Gloucester. 


About three hundred persons arrived in the first train 
from Salem, and were escorted to the Town Hall where a 
few remarks of welcome were made by Rev. Mr. Skinner, 
of Gloucester, and the divine blessing was invoked by 
Rev. Mr. Banvard of Worcester. The party was then 
dismissed for rambles and observations. Some visited the 
“Stage Rocks” and “ Rafe’s Chasm”; others rambled along 
the beach or in the woods in search of plants and animals. 

At one o’clock the party had mostly reassembled at 
the Town Hall, where after appeasing the good appetites 
caused by the morning walks, the meeting was called to 
order by Rev. S. Barden, of Rockport, who made a few 
opening remarks. 

The records of the last Field meeting were read, and 
donations to the Cabinets and Library announced. Letters 
were announced from: 


New Jersey Historical Society, acknowledging the receipt of publications ; 
J. F. Tuckerman, of Salem, accepting membership ; C. M. Tracy, of Lynn; 
A. P. Peabody, of Cambridge, and G. W. Skinner, of Gloucester, respecting 
Field meetings. 


G. D. Phippen, of Salem, gave a brief account of the 
early history of Gloucester, and then spoke of the trans- 


a 
. 
& 

a 


LI 


mutation of species among plants, holding that, while under 
cultivation, plants were by the hand of man, changed, so 
as to produce well marked varieties, yet, if left to nature’s 
own laws, every species would remain true to the charac- 
teristics stamped upon it by the Creator, at its first appear- 
ance upon earth. 

Rev. E. C. Bolles, of the Portland Nat. Hist. Society, 
upon being introduced, made a most eloquent, and appro- 
priate speech, advising all to study the works of God in 
the field, and open their eyes to the beautiful gems at their 
feet. Mr. Bolles stated that he had come from Portland 
with his fellow member of the Nat. Hist. Society, Mr. 
Morse, to see how a field meeting was conducted, and 
hoped that his own Society would be able to follow the 
example of the Essex Institute. 

Rev. G. W Skinner, of Gloucester, exhibited, under a 
microscope, some infusorial earth found on the Cape, and 
explained the probable origin of the deposit. 

Prof. Wm. Hinks, of University College, Toronto, C. W.. 
was introduced to the meeting, and gave an interesting, 
general account of the lower animals and plants, during 
which he stated that he was inclined, with others, to admit 
a fifth branch to the animal kingdom, in which the sponges 
and allied organisms should be placed. : 

Rev. Joseph Banvard, of Worcester, gave an account of 
the Worcester Society which had similar objects with those 
of the Essex Institute, and had commenced to hold field 
meetings. In the Worcester Society, ladies are not only 
admitted as members, but are elected assistant curators, 
and take an active part in all the meetings of the Society, 
reading papers, and discussing the various subjects pre- 
sented. Mr. Banvard stated that he had recently seen the 
ants feeding upon the juices secreted by the aphides, or 
plant lice, and that he had noticed three distinct species 


LI. 


of ants, each of which lived upon the secretions of a 
pe ralne species of aphis. 

Ed. 8. Morse, of Portland, whose depeothd study is the land 
snails, gave an account of thie collection made by himself and 
Mr. Bolles during the morning, stating that he had found 
several specimens of two very rare species of minute snails. 
The structure of these little snails, furnished, like most of 
the larger species, with a shell, which is secreted by, and 
is a part of the animal itself, and not a house which it can 
leave at will, as is commonly supposed, was explained by 
drawings. He also showed the position and shape of the 
hundreds of microscopic teeth with which the snail’s 
tongue is furnished for the purpose of rasping its food. 


Mr. Morse read the following list of Terrestrial Mol- 
lusca collected at Gloucester during the morning. 


Tebennophorus dorsalis Binney. Helix ferrea Morse. 
Limax campestris Binney. ‘¢ Binneyana Morse. 
Helix striatella Anthony. ‘© exigua Stimpson. 

‘* Jabyrinthica Say. Vertigo ovata Say. 

‘s arborea Say. Pupa pentodon Say. 

‘© chersina Say. Succinea Totteniana Lea. 

‘© lineata Say. . ««  avara Say. 

<* milium Morse. Melampus bidentatus Say. 


A. C. Goodell Jr., called the attention of the meeting to 
the little neglected barnacle on the rocks, and after 
giving an interesting description of its structure, which 
he illustrated by a drawing of that portion of the animal 
under the shell, he favored the meeting by reading a few 
stanzas, found in his pocket, relating to the little crusta- 
cean. 

F. W. Putnam, of Salem, being called upon to explain 
the structure of the lobster and other animals that had 
been collected during the day, gave a brief account of 
the various animals, and by a comparison of the lobster 
with the young barnadle, which for a short period of its 


life, is a free swimming animal, showed how closely related 


were the two, and how erroneous was the common opinion, 


oe ee ee a 


LAT. 


that the barnacle was a mollusk, on account of its hmy 
shell. 

Prof. A. Crosby, of Salem, gave an account of the walk 
taken by his party to the rocks, where many interesting 
things were discovered, and several kinds of minerals 
collected. 

Rev. S. Barden, of Rockport, exhibited a number of 
the minerals that had been collected, and described the 
structure of each. 

George F. H. Markoe, of Boston, explained the various 
properties of the medicinal plants which he had collected, 
and furnished the following list of plants seen during the 


day. 

Drosera longifolia Epilobium lineare. 
Drosera rotundifolia. Cornus canadensis, in fruit. 
Leucanthemum vulgare. Scutellaria laterifolia. 
Maruta cotula. Spirzea tomentosa. 
Nymphea odorata. Spireea salicifolia, 
Nuphar advena. (Enothera biennis. 
Gaultheria procumbens. (Enothera pumila. 
Achillea millefolium. Antennaria margaritacea. 
Asclepias incarnata var. pulchra. Eupatorium purpureum 
Platanthera blephariglottis. Impatiens fulva. 
Sambucus canadensis. Lobelia cardinalis. 
Mitchella repens. Lobelia inflata. 
Leontodon autumnale. Lobelia spicata. 
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, in fruit. Pontederia cordata. 
Hypericum perforatum. Sagittaria variabilis var. sagittifolia. 
Hypericum sarothra. Vaccinium oxycoccus. 
Elodea virginica. Lythrum salicaria. 
Silene inflata. Xyris bulbosa. 

Statice limonium. Solanum dulcamara. 
Clethra alnifolia, Oxalis stricta. 

Cuscuta Gronovii. Trifolium repens. 
Eupatorium perfoliatum. Trifolium pratense. 


Epilobium angustifolium. 

James H. Emerton, of Salem, exhibited a collection of 
about an hundred species of insects, including many 
species of spiders, the object of his special study, that had 
been collected by him during the day. 

Rev. E. B. Willson, of Salem, made a few general 
remarks upon the usefulness of these meetings in pro- 
moting the study of Nature. 


LIV. 


Henry W. Peabody, of Salem, was nominated for Resi- 
dent Membership by A. C. Goodell Jr. and H. Wheatland. 

On motion of Mr. Goodell the thanks of the Institute 
were voted to the Selectmen of Gloucester, for the use 
of the Town Hall during the day, and to Rev. G. W. 
Skinner and other friends in Gloucester, for kind atten- 
tions. Adjourned. 


Taurspay, Aucust 25. Field meeting at Rockville, South 
Danvers. 


A company of pleasant size and character gathered 
this day at the little chapel at “ Rockville” for a series of 
refreshing rambles in the neighborhood of our old famil- 
lar “Ship Rock.” Some of the party started for Barthol- 
omew’s Pond; others proposed to find “ Wildcat Ledge” 
on the declivity of Prospect Hill near the line of Lynn; 
and some went to Spring Pond and the Aqueduct Foun- 
tains. The largest portion, probably, as generally hap- 
pens, took the shortest walk, and ended their jaunt at 


“Ship Rock.” The iron ladder and steps, provided by the — 


Institute, are still in good order; and the shady woods 
around were very refreshing for a hot and dusty day. 
The afternoon meeting was organized in the chapel; 
Rey. S. Barden, of Rockport, taking the chair. On so 
doing, he remarked that we had brought stones, plants 
and animals, and displayed them on and about the sacred 
desk. It might seem as if this apparent desecration 
needed some apology, but to him, at least, it was evident, 
that no antagonism existed between these elements, but 
most. beautiful harmony. True, we seldom see it exem- 
plified in this way. The works of God are never opposed 
to his word; and Nature teaches nothing in support of 
irreligion or vice. 


Tae records of the last meeting were read and dona- 


1 en 


tions to the Library and Museum announced. Letters 


were announced as received from the following persons 
‘and Societies, since the last meeting: 

Julian A. Fogg ; John P. Browning; George P. Russell, of Haverhill ; 
J. H. Wildes of San Francisco, accepting membership: James D. Dana, of 
New Haven, respecting Ordway’s ‘‘ Tree Protector’? : B. Westermann & Co. 
of New York; J. A. Allen, of Springfield; Raynal Dodge, of Newburyport, 
relating to the publications ; J. D. Dana, of New Haven ; James Hubbert, 
of Toronto; S. F. Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution ; James Hall, of 
Albany ; Vincent Barnard, of Chester Co. Pa.; Charles H. Pitman, of North 
Barnstead, N. H.; Wm. Dawson, of Spiceland, Ind.; Amory L. Babcock, of 
Sherborn; Geo. C. Huntington, of Kelley’s Island, Ohio ; James Lewis, of 
Mohawk, N. Y.; John Johnston, of Middleton, Conn.; John Haywood, of 
Kingston, Ohio ; W. M. Beauchamp, Skuneateles, N. Y.; Wm. Muir, of Fox 
Creek, Mo., relating to the Naturalists’ Directory : 8. Jillson, of Feltonville; 
E. S. L. Richardson, of Chicago, IIl.; P. A. Hanaford, of Reading, on busi- 
ness matters. / 

The chair then spoke of the geology of this region ; 
and said that he had been able to-day to verify the ob- 
servation made by Messrs. Alger and Jackson in 1848, 
of scratches and groovings on the ledge under the eastern 
base of Ship Rock. These clearly proved it a bowlder ; 
since there must have been a time when it stood else- 
where, and other materials were doing this grinding work 
in the place it now occupies. Under the well known rock 
in Gloucester called the “ Whale’s Jaw,” similar markings 
are to be seen, proving the same thing. If any one 
doubted that such rocks had ever been transported, or that 
ice was an adequate agent for such work, he had only to 
visit Cape Cod in the winter, when in one of its harbors 
it might be seen at play, as it were, with a great stone, 
carrying it rods atvay and back, this way and that, with 
every tide. 

F. W. Putnam exhibited the various animals which 
had been collected and explained the characters of the 
bream, perch and shiner, showing in what way the shiner 
differed from the other two, and how the perch and bream 


LVI. 


belonged to two closely allied families. He stated that the 
three species under consideration had a wide geographical 
_range, only equalled by one or two other North Amertr- 
ican fishes, being found in almost all the ponds and lakes 
east of the Rocky mountains and south of the Arctic regions. 
He also made some brief statements as to the nature and 
habits of the several kinds of batrachians such as frogs, 
toads, and salamanders. 

C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, made some explanation of the 
plants collected by the explorers, particularly of the 
composite family, which make ten per cent. of the world’s 
vegetation, and were well represented to-day, by a pro- 
digious thistle, some six feet high. A few moments were 
spent in considering a variety of plants reputed to cure 
the bite of snakes and other venomous animals. Some of 
them, it was stated, probably possessed a degree of virtue, 
while others would be but idly employed for such a 
purpose. 

Rev. Joseph Banvard, of Worcester, said that he had 
seen to-day, fresh evidences of that grand principle of 
Nature, that all life is nourished by decay. Death and 
dissolution are everywhere before us. The animal dies, 
the plant perishes, and both are turned to mould. The rock 
weathers and disintegrates. Ship Rock itself is crumbling. 
From the dust of all decaying structures, a new order and 
generation of things, sentient and otherwise, springs con- 
stantly up, to fill a place and enjoy a time in the universal 
history. So in all things. Inasense wholly legitimate, 
we have lived for years on the blood and bones of our 
Revolutionary Fathers. To-day we are called to fertilize 
the soil anew with sacrificial blood, that life and enjoy- 
ment may arise for future generations. These things are 
often more literal than we think. When, some time ago, 
there was opened the grave of good old Roger Williams, 
the root of an apple tree was found to have travelled to 


LVI 


the head of the coftin and penetrated all along the spine, 
and thence branched down the legs to the feet, being 
thus nourished by the material of the bones. And _ there- 
fore those who ate of that tree had been unwittingly 
partaking of the very substance of the old Reformer. Nor 
in all this is there anything abhorrent to a fine and merci- 
ful sense. Nature destroys with sudden stroke, mostly, 
all things that can feel. She saves pain, she shows no 
malevolence, but only kindly transfers the life from one 
form to another. 

Prof. A. Crosby, of Salem, gave some account of the 
operations of the Portland Natural History Society. This 
institution has excellent accommodations, and is about 
commencing a system of Field Meetings, much on the 
plan of our own. A curious feature at their rooms, is the 
grand table, eleven feet long by six wide, made of a single 
plank from the “Big Tree” of California. Prof. C. also 
spoke of the facilities afforded by these meetings for 
educational purposes, and for acquaintance with things 
around us which are too rarely seen in schools. 

KE. N. Walton, of Salem, spoke in continuation of the 
same subject. 

The Secretary read a letter from Rev. Charles Babbage, 
chaplain in the army, in relation to Wenham Pond, giving 
some curious anecdotes of that locality, and the former 
residents thereabout. 

On motion of C. M. Tracy of Lynn, the thanks of the 
Institute were voted to the Proprietors of the Rockville 
Chapel for the use of their premises to-day; also to the 
friends in the village who have favored us with their 
assistance and encouragement. 

Henry W. Peabody of Salem, nominated at a previous 
meeting, was elected a resident member. 

The Institute then adjourned. 

| 8 


LVIII 


FRrmpay, SEPTEMBER, 16, Field meeting at Newburyport. 


This meeting had been appointed for the previous 
Wednesday, but postponed ‘on account of dull weather. 
The company from the lower towns of the county, arriving ~ 
by the morning train was quite large. 

Under the efficient guidance of the Rev. G. D. Wildes, 
the large company were at once placed upon the route 
for visiting the most interesting objects in Newburyport 
and its néighborhood. A small party of the members 
whose interest was more immediately connected with the 
botanical and mineralogical departments, left the cars at 
the “ Serpentine Quarry,” returning thence in time for the 
collation and public meeting. After a general gathering 
at the City Hall, some of the party went on a delightful ; 
trip to Plum Island ; others chose to stroll over the bridge, | 
and enjoy the fine walk and views on the Salisbury side, 
and the remainder ‘proceeded to visit. the Church and 
Memorial Chapel of St. Paul’s. The latter structure 
attracted special attention, from the connection with the 
memory of a deceased clergyman and his daughter, held 
in affectionate remembrance by many friends in Salem. 
The exquisite memorial windows of the Chapel placed as 
monuments to their dead, by several families of St. Paul’s 
parish, may certainly be regarded as among the finest 
specimens of the stained glass to be found in this country. 

From the Chapel, the party were next conducted to the 
beautiful grounds of the Dexter mansion, which were 
thrown open to them through the kindness of ‘the proprie- 
tor, Dr. E. G. Kelley. In other particulars than this, the — 
Institute, as on previous occasions, found themselves. 
greatly indebted to the courtesy of Dr. Kelley. After 
spending some time in these grounds, the party proceeded 
to the Mall, the Putnam School, and thence to the beauti- 
ful Oak Hill Cemetery. None could fail to admire the 


LIX 


new gateway, just erected through the generous gift of 
Mr. Tappan of New York, a native of Newburyport. 
None could fail to be struck with the beautiful inscription 
wrought in the granite entablature. We understand that 
the inscription was furnished by Mrs. Tappan, the daugh- 
ter of the late C. W. Story Hsq., of Newburyport, and we 
record it, as itself a testimony to a tasteful and pious cul- 
ture long known to her friends : 


“Until The Day Break, 
And The Shadows Flee Away.” 


From the elevated portions of the cemetery, beautiful 
and extensive views of the surrounding country were 
obtained, embracing on the south and west the hills of 
West Newbury, Rowley, Ipswich, and Old Town; on the 
east and north the headlands of Cape Ann, the sandy 
shores of Plum Island, Salisbury, and Hampton: the dis- 
tant Isles of Shoals, and the woods and hamlets of Salis- 
bury, Seabrook, with the towns of Amesbury and West 
Newbury. After leaving the Cemetery, the Copley paint- 
ings were visited at the house of the Misses Tracy, who 
very kindly threw open their mansion to the large party, | 
and furnished much valuable information as to the history 
of the portraits of Colonel and Mrs. Lee. Another fine 
portrait by Trumbull of Col. Jackson, the ancestor of the 
distinguished Jackson family of Boston, was seen at the 
same place. From this point, the route was taken to the 
old South Church, passing by the way the old colonial jail 
house in Federal street. Many of the party visited the 
tomb of Whitfield, where the remains of the great preach- 
er, together with those of Prince and Parsons, were seen. 
After testing the quality of the whispering gallery in the 
church, the party proceeded to the old Tracy Mansion, 
once honored by the presence of Washington, Talleyrand, 
Chateaubriand, Louis Philippe, LaFayette and _ others, 


. 


LX 


This venerable mansion, now occupied, in part by the 
Rev. Mr. Fletcher, the distinguished traveller in Brazil, is 
soon to be used for the purposes of the Public Library ; 
alterations to that effect being now made. We hope to 
see in connection with the valuable Public Library of 
Newburyport, a flourishing branch of the Essex Institute. 

After viewing other localities of interest as connected 
with the literary, professional and commercial history of 
the city, tlfe party returned to the City Hall, where the 
large hospitality of their friends in Newburyport had 
made excellent provisions for a noonday repast. 

The afternoon meeting was called to order in the City 
Hall, about 2 1-2 o’clock, and Rev. George D. Wildes, of 
Salem, was invited to occupy the Chair. On assuming 
that place he made some remarks in explanation of the 
plan and practice of the Institute and the influence 
exerted by its meetings on the community around. 

Donations since the last meeting were announced and 
letters were read from the following: 


A. S. Packard Jr., of Brunswick, Me.; G. C. Huntington, of Kelley’s 
Island, Ohio; J. D Dana, of New Haven; J. A. Allen, of Springfield ; 
Thomas Barlow, of Canostota, N. Y., in relation to the publications ; 
Smithsonian Institution, acknowledging the receipt of publications ; Lyceum 
of Natural History of New York ; 8. Barden, of Rockport ; W. H. Prince, 
of Northampton ; John L. Russell ; Mrs. E. H. Derby, of Auburndale, on 
general business ; A. L. Babcock, of Sherborn ; Thos. Gile, of Washington; 
Hiram A. Cutting, of Lunenburg, Vt., on exchanges of books and speci+ 
mens. 

F. W. Putnam, explained the structure of the galls 
found on the leaves and stems of plants, and the habits of 
the gall flies. He also spoke of the habits of the Aphis, 
Coccus and other insects injurious to vegetation. 

Rey. 8S. Barden, of Rockport, had been to the “ Devil’s 
Den.” But there was nothing there infernal; it was a 
place of unmixed beauty. He was glad to see the clergy- 
men of this place interested in the pursuits of this day; 


——— 


} 
: 
3 


LXI 


they have saved Newburyport to the cause of science. 
While laboring with his hammer at the ledge he had been 
cheered by the presence of some of them, and encouraged 
to open more fully the wealth of that spot. There 
were beautiful specimens of serpentine, as well as asbestos, 
or amianthus of a fine description. He exhibited an 
elegant vase made from the serpentine by Mr. Osgood, of 
Newburyport, and pronounced it equal to anything of the 
kind to be seen elsewhere. 

Dr. H. C. Perkins, of Newburyport, said that every boy 
in the place had at some time been to the “ Devil’s 
Den,” which few here know as a serpentine quarry. 
It was opened for lime exclusively and worked for 
some time. It furnished besides serpentine and asbestos, 
some very good steatite and dolomite. The celebrated 
Jacob Perkins, once of Newburyport, made paper from 
this asbestos and printed some bank-notes on it which 
were incombustible and served to surprise his friends. 

Rev. Artemas D. Mussey, of Newburyport, expressed 
his deep satisfaction in the meeting and its purposes. 
He could not doubt its effect on those who attended, 
especially on the young ; and he hoped a branch society, 
or something like it might be formed and sustained in this 
place. 

Rev. J. S. Spalding, of Newburyport, had fortunately 
met the party at the “Den” and highly enjoyed the 
enthusiastic activity of those who composed it. If all the 
members of the Institute were equally engaged and suc- 
cessful, the best results must follow. There are young 
men in Newburyport engaged in science and natural his- 
tory. They have made fine collections of birds’ eggs 
including many rare kinds and if directed and encouraged 
by some systematic society, they would do much for 
themselves and the cause of knowledge. 


“LX 


Rev. C. C. Beaman, of Salem, thought the Essex Insti- 
tute could not fail to be greatly cheered by such language 
as that of the Newburyport people to-day. The historical 
side of our society well deserves encouragement. We are 
at work to preserve a worthy past by gathering and 
securing every relic of historic value. 

Rev. Mr. Spalding, said that Essex North was rich in 
archeological wealth. Its history was both valuable and 
available. Felt, in his annals, had made some statements 
as to John Barnard, a celebrated teacher of the early 
times; but recent researches have corrected him in this 
matter and identified parties very differently. 

Rev. John N. Sykes, of Newburyport, was glad to see 
the activity of the young men who took part in the opera- 
tions of the Institute. The benefit of such employment 
in youth must be great. They would form habits of 
observation, which in after life would be of the greatest 
advantage. 

C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, gave some explanation of the 
plants gathered by the explorers, alluding in particular to 
the asters, goldenrods and other autumnal flowers, and dis- 


cussing somewhat the relations of the oaks and hickories. 


He also spoke of his visit to the garden of Dr. E. G. 
Kelley, in which were noticed, among the many interest- 
ing objects there found, the beautiful and finely grown 
hedges of hemlock, spruce and other evergreens also one 
of weigelia, this last in the time of flowering must have 
presented a splendid appearance. 

Dr. Perkins said every one ought to study Natural 
History. It was the greatest source of comfort amid 
pain, sorrow and afiliction, that he had ever known. 
When the botanical specimens were just now brought 
forward, they seemed to him like old friends. He remem- 
bered that forty years ago, he left Cambridge with a class- 
mate and botanized from thence to NOM DEER losing 
the way in the ardor of the pursuit. 


rl ee 


4 


e 


LX 


The Chair added some further thoughts on the Institute 
as a means of education. Such an institution forms the 
best of safeguards for the young and developing minds. 
The love of science will live every where. He had seen, 
in the icy fastnesses of the Alps, the little band of German 
students, on their vacation from the Universities, camping 
in the mountain valleys and enjoying their explorations 
with a zest that made him almost envious. Yet this 
enjoyment is not all, for modern science is not pleasurable 
only; it is eminently practical and therefore eminently 
useful. Encourage its growth among the people and 
you give them at once both happmess and power. ; 

Stephen B. Ives, of Salem, offered the following resolu- 
tions, which were unanimously adopted. 

Resolved, That the sincere thanks of the Essex Insti- 
tute be presented to the City Council, of Newburyport, 
for the use of the City Hall, for its meeting here this day. 

Resolved, That the most grateful acknowledgements of 
the Institute be presehted to those kind friends in New- 
buryport, whose attentions in making the most ample, and 
tasteful arrangements for the field meeting, and, in provid- 
ing bountiful and elegant refreshments, have rendered the 
present meeting among the foremost in interest and encour: 
agement in the history of the Society. 

Resolved, That the thanks of the Institute are especially 
offered to Mrs. D. T. Granger, Mrs Pearson, Mrs. Nourse, 
Mrs. W. Horton, the Misses Tracy, of the ladies; and to 
the Messrs. G. J. F. Colby, E. 8S. Moseley, E. G. Kelley, 
D. T. Granger, Charles Wills, C. H. Bailey, J. H. Froth- 
ingham, J. Bogardus, J. Horton, and others who have 
so largely contributed to the gratification of the Institute 
in its present meeting. 


After the nomination of members the meeting adjourned. 


WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 21. Ordinary meeting 
Joseph G. Waters, in the chair. 
William Whitaker, Thomas L. Perkins and William H. 


LXIV 


Emmerton, of Salem, and John S. Allanson, of Marblehead, 
nominated at a previous meeting were duly elected Resi- 
dent Members. 


FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 30. Special meeting. 
The President, A. Huntington, in the chair. 


The president stated that the object of our assembling 
this evening was to take some suitable notice of the re- 
cent sudden decease of our late associate member GEORGE 
ATKINSON Warp, of Salem. Mr Ward was one of the 
original members and very active in the organization of 
the Essex Historical Society. He removed to New York 
in 1823 to engage in business in that metropolis. He 
returned to Salem, in November last to spend the remainder 
of his life among the scenes and friends of his youth; 
since that time he has renewed his-interest in the doings 
of the Institute and by his zeal and industry has largely 
contributed to its success. e 

Rey. George W. Briggs moved that a committee be 
appointed to prepare resolutions and a memoir to be 
presented at some future meetings, accompanying hg 
same with appropriate remarks. 

Francis Peabody, in seconding the motion, alluded prin- 
cipally to Mr. Ward’s previous residence in Salem, his 
interest in the Institute and in all measures conducive to 
the intellectual and moral culture of his native place. 

Rev. George D. Wildes stated that his acquaintance 
with Mr Ward was recent, but during that time he had 
seen much of him both in his walks and in visits to his 
home, and bore testimony to his worth and character as a 
citizen and a friend. 

A. ©. Goodell Jr. followed in remarks of a similar 
import and suggested that the committee consider the 
propriety of providing a portrait of Mr. Ward to be 
placed in the rooms of the Institute. 


LXY 


The motion of Mr. Briggs, seconded by Mr. Peabody 
and amended by the suggestion of Mr. Goodell, was 
unanimously adopted, and Messrs. C. W. Upham, A. Hun- 
tington, A. C. Goodell Jr., G. W. Briggs and Francis 
Peabody were appointed on said committee. 

On motion of Mr. F. Peabody, Mr. C. W. Upham was 
appointed, in place of Mr. G. A. Ward deceased, on the 
committee to which was referred the “ consideration of 
the authenticity of the tradition that the frame of the old 
Building in rear of Boston street is that of the first 
meeting house in Salem.” 

The committee on resolutions was authorized to call 
meetings whenever it may be prepared to report. 
Adjourned. 


Additions to the Museum and Library during July, Angust 
and September, 1864. 


TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT. 


ALLEN, J. A., of Springfield. 52 specimens, 9 species Reptiles from Spring 
field. 1 specimen Trout, young. 

Bascock, Amory L., of Sherborn. (In exchange) Several fresh water 
Shells. Specimens of Gryllotalpa borealis and other Insects and Spiders, 
3 Jumping Mice, Embryos of Native Birds from Sherborn, Mass. Body of 
Little Ant-eater and several Nuts from Surinam. Fossil Coral from Kansas. 

Barven, Riv. StinuMan, of Rockport. Specimens of Pyrhoclose, Smoky 
Quartz, Pyrites, Fluorspar, \c., from Rockport. 

Bottes, Rev. Epwty C., of Portland, Me. 8 Specimens Helix hortensis 
from Broom Corn Island, Casco Bay. 38 valves of Pecten icelandicus, 4 
do. of Mytilus edulis, 38 do. of Saxicava distorta Say, 8 do. of Astarte 
laurentiana Lyell, from the Post Pliocene, Canal St., Portland, Me. 
3 Specimens of Macoma fusca, 4do. Muscula antiqua Mighels, 11 do. 
Leda portlandica Hitchcock, from the Post Pliocene, Land Slide, West- 
brook, Me. 

Bownpircu, Mrs. Resecca. Specimen of Limax from Salem. 

Briaas, Mrs. Apaine, of 8. Danvers. 2 Specimens Attacus cecropia. 

Brown, Bens. Fossil coral. 

Brown, Horace. Specimen A. cecropia. 

Byrnes, Cuirrorp C. 2 specimens Slag. Iron found among coal. 

Caren, Samven. Brown Bat taken in Salem. 


9 


LXVI 


Cuipman, R. Mannina. Flowers of Linnea borealis from Westford, Mass. 

CREAMER, Mrs. F. M. Cones and twigs from the ‘‘ Great Pine of Cali- 
fornia,’’ also a string giving the exact circumferance of the tree from which 
they were taken. 

Derby, Mrs. M. A., of Auburndale. Deer’s horns from Minnesota. 
Specimen of coral. 

Emerton, James H. 112 specimens, 44 species Insects, collected at the 
field meeting in East Saugus, June 13. 23 specimens Insects, 23 specimens 
2 species Ants, 1 larva of Cicindela from Salem. 658 specimens, 84 species 
Insects collected in Beverly. 132 specimens, 74 species Insects collected at 
the Gloucester field meeting. 

Emmerton, W. H. Specimen of Walking-stick, Bacunculus femoratus, from 
Salem. 4 
Farrinaton, Miss A. W. B. Specimen of Attacus cecropia from Salem. 

Fuint, G. F. Specimens of Eudryas grata. 

Frost, Mrs. L. A. Clay from Talahama, Tenn. 

Goopett Jr., A. C. Nest of Wasps from Ipswich. 

Grant, Henry. Fossil Mollusks from Lake Champlain. 

Hatz, Carr. W. H. 6 Starfishes and Embryo Whale from West Coast of 
Africa. : 

Hammonp, Capt. JosepH. Fishes, Crabs, Starfishes and Mollusks from 7 
Baker’s Isle, South Pacific. Flying-fish, North Atlantic. Several Fishes, 
Crustaceans, &c., from off the coast. 

Hanarorp, Mrs. P. A. Specimen of Chauliodes pectinicornis. = 

HaskewL, Josuua, of Marblehead. 5 specimens of Insects collected at 
the field meeting at Wenham Lake. 

HicBee, Cuartes H. 8 specimens of Solitary Bees and specimen of 
Attacus Promethea from Salem. 

KIMBALL, Mrs. Enocu F., of Wenham. Nest of Chimney Swallow. 

Kine, H. F. 4 specimens, 2 species Coleoptera from Gorham, N. H. 

Lake, Cuartes H., U.S. V. Specimens of Galena, Blende, Pyrites, Mica, 
Limestone, Tourmaline, Hematite and Fossils from the vicinity of Little Rock, 
Arkansas. 

Leavitt, Mrs. Larva of Cerura borealis from Lexington. 

Ler, Joun C. Humming Bird from Worcester. 

Leravor, JosepH. Specimen of Cicada pruinosa, 

Lewis, I. P. Large Pearl from a Quahaug. 

Lorp, George R. Specimen of Monohammus sp. 

Lowp, Marx. Nest and specimens of Hornets. 

MERCHANT, AppIsoN, of Gloucester. Barnacles and Shells from Banks of 
Newfoundland. 

Nicuors, H. P. 297 specimens, 148 species Insects, 2 malformed Hen’s 
eggs, 40 specimens 3 species Salamanders, 20 specimens Fish, collected in 
Bethel, Vt. 73 specimens, 40 species Insects from Salem, 

Osaoop, J. C. Nest and eggs of a Wren from Salem. 


LAVII 


PaRKER, Cuas. Specimen of Walking-stick, living female. 

Peass, W. H., of Honolulu, Sandwich Isls. 29 species of Land Shells 
from Tahiti. 71 species of Marine Shells from the Pacific Islands. Several 
specimens of each species, all named and several types of new species. 

Perkins, Henry W. Full grown larvee of Attacus cecropia. 

Putnam, I’, W. 2 specimens of a large Aphis, with eggs and cast off skin 
from Salem. Quartz, Pyrites with gold, from Rangely, Me. 49 specimens 
of Spiders froma the northern parts of Maine. 

Putnam, Capt. W. H. A. Collection of over 500 specimens of Coral and 
several Shells from Singapore, E. I. 2specimens Forficula. Several hundred 
Crustacea and several Fishes from soundings off the coast. 

Roxsinson, AsAP., Specimen of Nepa from Grafton Lake, Me. 

Rosinson, JouN. 73 specimens, 50 species Insects from Salem. 

Russett, Jonn W. Full grown larve of Attacus cecropia. 

Sarrorp, Josuua. Coal with vein of Sulphuret of Lron. 

SavaGce, Miss. Specimen of Walking-stick, female with eggs, from Salem. 

Surspee, Witt1aM. Nest of Hornets with about 1000 specimens in differ- 
ent states of growth. 

Smitu, Henry. Specimen of Prionus laticollis. 

Smitu, Lawrence P. Specimen of Attacus cecropia. 

Stickney, M. A. Specimens of Pterogorgia and Plexura from the Cape 
Verd Islands. 

Stone, Frank. 85 specimens, 34 species lusects from Salem. Specimen 
of young Turtle from North Reading. 

Srone, Dr. Lincotn R., U. S. A., Gallipolis, Ohio. Specimen of Sphinx 
quinquemaculata from Gallipolis. 

Symonps, 8. 8. Specimens of Pelecinus sp. and Philampelus satellitia 
from Salem. | 

Tracy, C. M., of Lynn. Specimen of Scolopendra sp. 

TRvuE, JosEPH. 18 specimens, 4 species Hymenoptera from Salem. 

Watson, Frank. Specimen of Monohammus sp. from Salem. 

Wuire, Geo. M. 60 specimens of a Beetle from Milkweed, Salem. 

Witsoy, Miss Avice. Specimen of Cicada pruinosa from Salem. 


TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT. 


CHAMBERLAIN, JAMES. 2 Postage stamps, Cape of Good Hope and Victoria. 

Cuipman, R. M. Grains of Corn from the grave of an Indian supposed 
to have been buried 400 years. 

Creamer, Geo. G. Piece of the Stone steps down which Gen. Putnam rode 
when pursued by the British during the Revolution, Greenwich, Conn. 

Fetr, S.Q. Piece of Palmetto wood from the Rebel ram Merrimac. 

Hammonp, Capt. Josepg. Model of Canoe and native Spear Sandwich Is. 

Purnam, Peruey, (Estate of) 38 Weapons from the Feejee Islands. 


wo 
’ 


LXVIHI 


Putnam W. H. A. 10 cent Postage stamp of Netherlands India. 

Rantout R. 8. Netherland Copper Coins. 

Waters, R. Paimer, of N. Beverly. Helmet of a British soldier. 

WILLIAMS, . 4shot, 2 fragments of shot and 1 fragment of Cannon 
from the old Ft. Pickering, Salem. 


TO THE LIBRARY. 


Apams, Sampson & Co, of Boston. N. Y. State Business Directory, 1 vol. 
8vo, New York, 1859. Fall River Directory, 1864, 1 vol. l6mo. Taunton 
Directory, 1864, 1 vol. 16mo.- Lawrence Directory, 1864, 1 vol. 16mo. 
Manchester Directory, 1864, l vol. 16mo. Charlestown Directory, 1864, 
1 vol. 16mo. 

Croutman, Wm. R. MHoffman’s Shopping Dialogues in Japanese, Dutch 
and Engiish, 4to. London, 1861. Van Reed’s collection of Phrases in 
English and Japanese, 1 vol. 8vo. . 

Drown, Cuarues, of Troy, N. Y. Annual Register of the Renssellaer 


Institute, 1864, 8vo, pam ph. 
Foote, Cates. Files of the County Papers for several months. , 
Gisss. J. W., of New Haven. Family Notices by W. Gibbs of Lexington, q 


8vo, painph. 1845. 

Hanarorp, P. A., of Reading. Bible Society Record, nine numbers. 
Dwight’s Open Converts, 1 vol. 16mo, New York, 1836. Stone, W. L., 
Matthias and his impostures, 1 vol. 16mo, New York, 1885. 22 Pamphlets, 
also several Newspapers. 

Hotpen, N. J. Proceedings of Am. Anti-Slavery Society at its 8d decade. 
8vo, pamph. New York, 1864. 

Hormes, Joun C. 2d Annual Rep. of Secretary of Michigan State Board of 
Agriculture, 1 vol. 8vo. Lansing, 1868. Boston Daily Evening Traveller, 
for 1850, 2 vols. folio. 

Hotmes, Tuomas, (Estate of) Historie de France par Anquetil, 15 vols. 
16mo, Paris, 1822. Memoires pour Servir a 1’ histoire de France sous 
Napoleon, Tom 1—6 ; Tom 2, notes—7 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1823. Gourgaud’s 
examen critique del’ ouvrage de Segur, 1 vol. 8vo, Paris, 1825. Bonnycastle’s 
Algebra, 1 vol. 12mo, Phil., 1806. Letellier Grammaire Francoise, 1 vol. 16mo, 
Tournay, 1816. Gilleland’s Counting House Assistant, 1 vol. 12mo, Pitts- 
burg, 1815. Spanish Grammar by Jos. Giraldel Pino, 1 vol. 12mo, Phil., 
1795. Veneroni’s Complete Italian Master, 1 vol. 12mo, London, 1791. 
Bonnefoux, Seances Nautiques, 1 vol. 8vo, Paris, 1827. Several Log Books. 
Pamphlets, &c. 

Kurrpart, J. H., Cor. Sect’y Ohio State Bd. of Agric. Ohio Agricultural. 
Reports for 1858, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 8 vols. 8vo. 

Mann, Miss Exizapeta N. Andover Advertiser, from 1857 to 1863 incl. 

7 vols. folio. 
Mannina, R. C.. Cooper’s Surgical Dictionary, 2 vols. 8vo, ‘aes York, 


et 


by ee Pe eS Nery : , — 2 Vy . * 
Te eee ee * een 


LXIX 


1832. Ballou’s Candid Review, 1 vol. 12mo. Orton’s Discourses, 1 vol. 
12mo, Boston, 1816. 14 Pamphlets. 

Morse, Epwarp §., of Gorham, Me. Observations on the Terrestrial 
Pulmonifera of Maine, by E. S Morse, Svo, pamph., Portland, 1864. 

Mupeg, B. F., of Quindaro,’ Kansas. 1st Cat. of Officers and Students of 
Kansas State Agric. College 8vo, pamph. 3d Ann. Rep. of Sup’t. of Public 
Instruction of Kansas, 8vo, pamph. Cat. of Baker’s University. The 
Rocks of Kansas, by Swallow and Haven, Svo, pamph., St. Louis, 1858. 

Munsett, Joet, of Albany. Catalogue of Library of Philom. Sos. of 
Union College, 1868, pamph. Baker’s Address to Chem. Soc. of Union 
Coll. July, 1863. Annual Catalogue of Columbian Coll. 1362—8. Albany 
Female Academy Report of Exam. June, 1855. Twenty-five pamphiets. 

Nason, Witu1Am A., of Chicago, Ill. The Gulielmensian No. 8, May, i564. 
The William’s College Quarterly for June, 1864. 

Packarp, A. 8., of Brunswick, Me. Catalogus Collegii Bowdoinensis, 
MDCCCLXIV, 8vo, pamph. 

Packarp Jr, A. 8., of Brunswick, Me. Synopsis of the Bombycida of 
U. S. A., by A. 8S. Packard Jr. 8vv, pamph. . 

Parsons, G. W. ‘* The Cartridge Box,”’ printed at U. 8. Army Hospital, 
York, Pa, 1864, several numbers. 

Puitirps, Srepuen H. Proceedings of National Union Convention at 
Baltimore, June, 1864. 

Putnam, Expripce. The old Franklin Almanac for 1860—64 inclusive, 
8vo, pamph. 

Putnam, Mrs. Espen. Several Pamphlets. 

Putnam, Perey, (Estate of) Nouvel Abecedaire, 1 vol. 12mo, Phil., 
1811. Reuss on the trade between Great Britain and U.S. A., 1 vol. 8vo, 
London, 1888. Duane’s Infantry Regulations, 1 vol. 8vo, Phil., 1818. Life 
of Moreau, 1 vol. 12mo, New York, 1806. Rawson’s Military Duty, 1 vol. 
8vo, Dover, 1793. Hawney’s Measurer, 1 vol. 12mo, Baltimore, 1818. 
Steuben’s Regulations 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1802. Vose’s Astronomy, 1 vol. 
8vo, Concord, 1827. Fisher’s Military Tactics, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 185. 
Gray on the Revelations 1 vol. 12mo, Newburgh, 1818. Trial of Gen. St. 
Clair, Aug. 25, 1778, 1 vol. fol. Phil., 1778. History of Revolution in 
Frince, 1 vol. 8vo, Boston, 1794. 79 Pamphlets. 

Stocum, Espen. Cooper’s Naval History, 2 vols. 8vo, Phil., 1840. Ditto 
continued to 18538, 1 vol. 8vo, New York ,18538. Browne’s Whaling Cruise, 
1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1846. Frost’s Naval Biography, 1 vol. 8vo, Phil., 
1844, . 

Stone, Beng. W. Philadelphia Directory, for 1848, 1855, 1859, 1860, 
1861, 1862, 6 vols. 8vo. 

Swett, Joun, of San Francisco. 1st An. Rep. of Sup’t. of Pub. Instruction 
of California, 8vo0, pamph. Sacramento, 1863. 

Symonps, Epwarp. Several Almanacs. 


LxXxX 


Titties, Miss 8. J., of Beverly. 12 Pamphlets. 

‘Trask, Amos. Moore’s Navigation Improved, 8vo, pamph. Salem, 1815. 

Tucker, Cou. James 'T’., U.S. Volunteers. Journal and Proceedings of a 
Convention for a Revision of the Constitution of Louisiana, 8vo, pamph. 
New Orleans, 1864. 

Tucker, JoNATHAN. Opening Address by the President at Illinois State 
Agric. Soc. Fair at Decatur, 1864, 8vo pamph. 

Tucker, WinutAM P., of Portland, Me. Catalogus Collegii Bowdoinensis, 
MDCCCLXIV, 8vo, pamph. x 
Unitep States, DEPARTMENT OF State. Diplomatic Correspondence, 1863, 

2 vols. 8vo, Washington, 1864. ; 

Wane, Misses, of Ipswich. Frisbie’s Oration on Restoration of Peace, in 

17838, 8vo, pamph. Dana ’s Eulogy on Washington, 1800, 8vo, pamph. 3 

Warp, Cuaarues. Journal of Commerce Jr. for several months. Essex 7 
Statesman vol. 1 fol. Salem, 1863—-4. 

Warp, Grorcgz A. The Giles Memorial by John A. Vinton, 1 vol. 8vo, 

Boston, 1864. 7 

Waters, J. Linton, of Chicago. Annual Statement of Receipts and 

. 

: 

a 


Expend. of Chicago, from Apr. 1, 1863 to Apr. 1 1864, 8vo, pamph. Cata- 

logue of Library of Chicago Young Men’s Association, 8vo pamph. Chicago, 

1856, ditto 1859. Chicago Revised Charter, 8vo, pamph. 1863. 30 Pamphlets. 
Wiautman, W. J., of Reading. 11 School and other Reports of Reading. 


BY EXCHANGE 


AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN Society. Lincoln’s Address on C. C. Baldwin, 
8vo, pamph. Jenks’ Address Oct. 23, 1818, 8vo, pamph. Proceedings at 
Meeting April 1, 1864, 8vo, pamph. 

AMERICAN PuiLosopHicaL Society. Proceedings, vol. 1x, No. 71. 

CANADIAN InstiTuTe. The Canadian Journal for July, 1864, 

Epirors. Historical Magazine, for July, Aug., and Sept, 1864. 

Towa Srate Hisrorican Socrery. The Annals of Iowa for July, 1864, 8vo, 
pamph. 

Lona Istanp Historrcan Socrery. Ist An. Rep. of Directors, Librarian, 
&c., May, 1864, 8vo, pamph. 

MontreaL Socrery of ,Naturat History. Canadian Naturalist and 
Geologist, for Feb., Apr , June and Aug., 1864. aa 

New Jerssy Hisrorican Society. Proceedings vol. 1x, No. 6, 8vo, pamph. 

New York Lyceum or Naturat History. Annals vol. vir, Nos. 18—16. 
Vol. vir, No. 1. ; 

New York Mercantice Lrprary Assocration. 438d Annual Report, July, wh 
1864, 8vo, pamph. y 

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY or Natural Sorence. Proceedings for May, Jun mr 
July and August, 1864. 


ELxXXi 


PorrTLAND Society oF NaturAL History. Proceedings, vol. 1, pages 7 te 
128 incl. 

Pusrisuers. North American Review for July, 1864. 

QUEBEC LireRARY AND PaiLosoputcaL Society. ‘Transactions, New Se- 
ries, vol. r, Nos. 1 and 2. 

Wiimineton (Det.) Institute. Annual Report April, 1864, 8vo, pamph. 


Monpay, Octozer 10. Evening meeting. 


The President, A. Huntington, in the chair. 

Records of previous meeting read and donations to the 
Museum and Library were announced. 

Letters were read from the following : 

Chas. H. Lake, of Little Rock, Arkansas; J. A. Allen, of Springfield; W. 
H. Dall, of Marquette Co. Mich., relating to donations of specimens: J. H. 
Hickcox, of the New York State Library, Albany ; S. J..Young, Librarian 
of Bowdoiu College ; Secretary of the American Philosophical Society, Phil- 
adelphia, relating to exchanges of publications: Prof. 8. F. Baird; J. H. 
Thompson, of New Bedford ; Sam’l Clarke, of Milwaukee, Wis., relating to 
the Naturalists’ Directory: Miss Lucy Treadwell, of Salem ; Miss A. L 
Coffin, of Newbury ; J. K. Oliver, of Lynn ; J. W. Young, of Worcester ; S. 
Tenney, of Cambridge ; James Lewis, of Mohawk, N. Y.; Rev. E. C. Bolles, 
of Portland, on business matters: A. L. Babcock, of Sherborn ; Dr. A. 8. 
Packard Jr., of Brunswick, Me. ; Theo. Gill, of Washington ; W. Hoxie, 
of Newburyport, relating to exchange of specimens. 

Albert B. Russell, and Miss Lucy Treadwell, of Salem, 
and Theodore Attwill, of Lynn, having been nominated 
at a previous meeting were elected Resident Members. 

Mr. Putnam communicated a paper from Mr. Alpheus 
Hyatt Jr., entitled “ Remarks on the Polyzoa of New Eng- 
land” In this paper, which was referred to the committee 
on publication, Mr. Hyatt describes and figures several 
new species of Cristatella and Plumatella from Cambridge, 
Mass., and Norway, Me. For these species he proposes 
the names of C. ophidioidea, P. hyalina and P. pennissewas- 
seensis. Mr. Hyatt also describes the anatomy of the 
genera Cristatella and Pectinatella and discusses their 
relations, as naked Polyzoa, to the remaining genera of 


the sub-order Lophopea. 


LXXIi 


It was voted that meetings be held on the second and 
fourth Monday evenings of each month until otherwise 
ordered, and that all persons interested be invited to attend. 

The President, from a committee appointed at the last 
meeting, reported that the Hon. C. W. Upuam had con- 
sented to prepare a memoir of Mr.Ward, and was desirous 
of receiving any contribution that would aid in its prep- 
aration. After a few additional remarks, in which he 
stated that Mr. Ward was born at Salem, March 29, 1793, 
and died at Salem on Thursday evening, September 22, 
1864, he submitted the following resolutions: 


Resolved, that the members of this Institute received 
with deep and unaffected sorrow intelligence of the recent 
and very sudden death of our friend and associate, GEORGE 
ATKINSON Warp; and desire, by these proceedings, ‘to ex- 
press our high appreciation of his character and worth as 
a man and citizen, and our very great respect for his 
memory. As one of the original and prominent founders 
of the Essex Historical Society, in whose behalf he early 
enlisted with all his accustomed energy and enthusiasm, 
and to whose interests he was strongly committed, and as 
the last survivor of the founders of that institution, since 
merged in our body, it is especially fit and becoming, that 
we who have thus entered into these his early labors, 
should mark, with suitable testimonials of regard and 
respect, the event of his death, so sudden and startling to 
his friends and to this community, and so much deplored — 
by us all. Descended from one of the most ancient and — 
honored families of Salem, he was always ready and pre- — 
pared, by his accurate and full knowledge’ of her annals — 
from the earliest days of the Colony, to vindicate her — 
character and good name; and whether at home or abroad, 
he was ever steadfast to the traditions, memories, ang 
principles of the place of his birth. Endowed with oa 
most genial qualities, with high executive ability, ai 
with large practical and business capacities, he early 
sought a fitting sphere for their exercise and deve men 
in the commercial metropolis of the. country; and ¢ 
walking in the high places of commercial life for aoa 


t 
o 


LXXIIL 


thirty years, with varying fortunes and success, but always 
with honor and integrity, never too busy to foster and cul- 
tivate the studies aud tastes of his earlier life, or to 
engage in those works,- which in all communities are 
required and expected at the hands of men of public 
spirit, and enlarged views, he came back here, but little 
less than one year ago, to a new generation—to die in his 
native and beloved town, and to be here gathered to his 
kindred and fathers. Although suffering from disease 
and infirmity he was still the same genial companionable 
and enthusiastic man as ever, in all good words and works, 
and betook himself at once, with all the zeal of his youth, 
to the care, culture and growth of this child of his earlier 
days, as one of the departments and functions of the 
Institute. How he labored to extend its means and use- 
fullness, and to enlarge its boundaries ; and how he com- 
mended it to the regards, support and encouragement of 
our people we are all this day his witnesses. He had 
performed the same work on a larger scale, many years 
ago, for the Historical Society of New York, by present- 
ing with great attractiveness, and in his fervent and 
glowing manner, its objects and labors to the culture and 
wealth of that city, thus greatly augmenting its means, 
and largely aiding it in entering on that career of useful- 
ness and renown for which it has since been so much 
distinguished. The hand of our friend and associate was 
strongly in that earlier work of revival and reconstruction ; 
and it was only in renewal of similar labors, years before, 
in the formation of the Essex Historical Society. It is an 
affecting incident, that his very last days and thoughts 
were employed in preparing illustrative memorials of the 
first meeting house of the First Church in Salem (and the 
first Congregational Church founded on the Western Con- 
tinent,) the frame of which is now being reérected and 
covered for preservation on the grounds of the Salem 
Atheneum, in the rear of Plummer Hall, under the direc- 
tion of acommittee of the Institute, a work which he had 
undertaken, as a labor of love, and in which he was 
engaged at the very moment of the fatal attack. 

Resolved, That a man of a character so strongly marked 
as that of our deceased friend, and who has so impressed 


10 


LXXIV 


himself in various ways and degrees of usefulness on his 
day and generation, deserves to be held im honored 
remembrance ; and we are happy to have it reported to 
us this evening, that the work of preparing a fitting and 
just memorial of his life, and character, is entrusted to 
entirely competent hands, and that in due time, it will be 
ready for publication in our Historical Collections. 

Resolved, That these Resolutions be entered at length 
on our records, in perpetual remembrance of the respect 
we bear for the memory of our deceased associate and 
friend, and of our grief at his death; and that an attested 
copy thereof be transmitted by the Secretary to the 
nearest relatives of Mr. Ward. 


The acceptance of the resolutions was moved by Rev. 
G. D. Wildes and seconded by Prof. A. Crosby, and they 


were unanimously adopted. 


Monpay, Octosper 24. Evening meeting. 
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair. 


Donations to the Library and Museum were announced. 
Letters were read from— 


Maine Historical Society, acknowledging the receipt of publications : Prof. 
8. F. Baird, of Washington, relating to the ‘* Naturalist’s Directory’’: H. L. 
Ordway, of Ipswich, on the habits of the Canker worm: Albert B. Russell 
and Theodore Atwill, of Lynn, accepting membership: Department of the 
Interior, Washington, giving notice of the transmission of books: A. L. 
Babcock, of Sherborn, relating to exchange of specimens: Dr. A. 8. Pack- 
ard Jr., of Brunswick, Me.; John W. Young, of Worcester ; Miss Mary H. 
Coffin, of Newburyport ; 8. Lincoln, of Boston; 8. J. Young, Librarian of 
Bowdoin College ; Joseph Willard, of Boston ; Wm. A. Smith, of Worcester, 
on business matters : James C. Ward, of Northampton, in reply to a com- 
munication containing the resolutions in memory of his father, the late 
G. A. Ward, Esq. 


F. W. Putnam exhibited a skeleton of a Green Turtle, 
which had been prepared from a specimen lately presented 
by Francis Peabody, Esq., and explained the various parts 
of the skeleton, comparing it with that of a bird. He also 
spoke of the different sub-orders and families of Turtles as 


h 
5 


LXXV 


characterized by the skeleton, and exhibited a skeleton of 
the Chelys Matamata from the Amazon, which had been 
in the possession of the Institute for nearly thirty years, 
but had only recently been prepared for exhibition. 

The Secretary presented, in the name of the Heirs of 
the late Perley Putnam, an autograph letter of General 
Lafayette, accepting the invitation to visit Salem in 1824, 
and made some remarks on the visit of Lafayette to this 
country in 1824—25, 

The request of the “ Picture Committee ” of the National 
Sailor’s Fair, for the loan of the portraits of John Rogers, 
Andrew LeMercier, Samuel Sewall, William Pinchon, Sam- 
uel Cooper, Benjamin Colman, Thomas Prince and Edward 
Holyoke, was referred to the Board of Directors. 


WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 9. Stated meeting. 
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair. 
F. W. Putnam proposed several amendments to the By- 


laws, which were adopted. 
Solomon Lincoln Jr., of Salem, was elected a Resident 


~ Member. Edward 8. Morse of Gorham, Me., and Edwin C. 


Bolles of Portland, Me., having been nominated by the 
Directors, were elected Corresponding members. 


Monpay, November 14. Evening meeting. 
Vice President, A. C. Goodell Jr., in the chair. 
Letters were read from the following: 


Minnesota [Historical Society, acknowledging the receipt of publications : 
Major Albert Ordway, 24th Mass. Infantry ; Lt. John 8. Allanson, Ist New 
York Engineers ; Alex. Agassiz, of the Museum of Comp. Zodlogy ; Alpheus 
Hyatt, of Cambridge, relating to the transmission of specimens: James C. 
Ward, of Northampton ; E. M. Stone, of Providence, R. I., relating to the 
transmission of books: Prof. A. 8S. Packard, of Brunswick, Me.; J. 8. Lewis, 
of Batavia, N. Y.; E. S. Morse, of Gorham, Me.; 8S. I. Smith, of Norway, 
Me., in relation to the publications. 


F. W. Putnam read a communication from J. A. Allen of 


: : ; | 
tae We roe PAS 
ee Ye ie a m woes te ud oa 


LXXVI 


Springfield, entitled “ Notes on the habits and distribution 
of the Duck Hawk, or American Peregrine Falcon, in its 
breeding season, and description of its eggs,’ which was 
referred to the Committee on Publications. 

Mr. Putnam presented, in the name of Rev. E. C. Bolles, 
of Portland, a collection of land and fresh water shells 
from Maine and New York. 

Mr Bolles, who was present by invitation, being called 
upon, remarked that he felt like little more than a beginner 
in this department of conchology. He had been attract- 
ed to the study by the examination of the lingual ribbons 
of the land mollusks, organs remarkable for their beauty 
and regular structure, and exhibiting under the micros- 
cope fine specific characters. As yet there are but a few 
American students of these shells. In general, people are 
ignorant of the riches scattered about them in every forest 
and on every hillside. A snail is only a snail to almost 
everybody, and the common belief is that there is only 
one species and that unworthy of a serious man’s attention. 
In Maine from which most of these specimens were 
brought, there are fifty species of land and fifty-four of 
fresh water mollusks. Most of these are forms peculiar to 
N. America. One, the Achatina lubrica is a cosmopolite, 
the same in both hemispheres, on islands and on 
continents. Some are analogues of foreign shells,— 
not facsimiles, but built on the same general plan. A few 
were evidently imported—carried by the accidents of 
commerce, as vermin and weeds have been, to make the 
grand tour of the globe. The islands of the Maine coast 
were early colonized. Sometimes old coins and carved 
stones are discovered there. There is another proof of 
European visits. The common snails of England still 


retain their rights of squatter sovereignty upon the soil. _ 


These shells have never been found far inland. They 
testify like the weeds which follow the pioneer to the 
great tide of nature’s migration. 


LXXVII 


These specimens show us another great law of nature. 
Dissimilar as they are, all their differences lay in simple 
modifications of a simple type or plan. Beginning with 
Vitrina there is a loose transparent whorl of organized 
lime to protect the viscera of the mollusk. Through the 
flattened Helices to the turretted Achatina this whorl is 
twisted more or less closely, sculptured or plain, tinted or ~ 
blanched, elevated or depressed, but in all cases repro- 
ducing the original plan in its structure. The animal ex- 
hibited the same fact. Animal and shell must be studied 
together. Here we begin to realize with what economy 
the Divine Wisdom worked. Out of a few simple sub- 
stances and by touches of change almost microscopic in 
their minuteness the living vesture of the globe is made 
so various in its beauty and exhaustless in its forms. 

The study of the anatomy of these mollusks is ren- 
dered somewhat difficult by the softness of their bodies. 
The most wonderful organ is the tongue or lingual 
membrane,—a rasp by which the creature secures its food. 
Each tooth of this rasp seems formed of the clearest 
glass. In some species there are over two thousand of 
these teeth upon the lingual organs. Under the micro- 
scope and especially by polarized light they form beautiful 
objects for examination. Mr. HE. 8S. Morse, to whom the 
Natural History of Maine owes so much, has studied this 
matter scientifically and with fine results. 

In short—Nature at our side everywhere offers us the 
choicest encouragement, whatever our particular tastes. 
The land repeats the wonders of the sea, and any associa- 
tion, like the Essex Institute, to study the lessons of both, 
is an association for mutual enjoyment, education and re- 
finement in the knowledge of the great Creator. 

The donations to the Library and Museun, received 
since the last meeting, were announced. 

Charles Babbidge, of Salem, was elected a Resident 
Member. 


LXXVII 


Monpay, NovemBer 24, Evening meeting. 
The President in the chair. 
Letters were read from the following: 


Rev. E. C. Bolles, of Portland, Me.; Solomon Lincoln Jr., and Charles 
Babbidge, accepting Membership: A. S. Peabody, of Cape Town, Africa ; 
C. H. Jones, of Sun Prairie, Wisc., relating to the transmission of specimens : 
A. R. Burton, of Littleton, N. H.; William Muir, of Fox Creek, Mo., relating 


to exchanges: Rev. James Hubbert, of Toronto, C. W.: Prof. A. E. Verrill, , 


of Cambridge ; Charles W. Felt ; Robert Hamlin, of Bennington, Vt., on 
business matters. | 

F. W. Putnam read letters from George C. Huntington, 
of Kelly’s Island, Ohio, giving an account of the “ Red 
bug” of that Island, specimens of which were presented 
to the Institute by Mr. Huntington. Mr. H. stated that 
the insect was, as far as he could learn, found only on 


Kelly’s Island. It is called the ‘“‘ Red bug” on account - 


of its bright crimson color when living. It is so minute 
as to be hardly visible to the naked eye, and from its habit 
of penetrating beneath the skin, at the elbow joint, under 
the arms and other tender places, is very annoying to per- 
sons of delicate skin, especially to women and children; 
of late years however, it has been discovered that alcohol 
applied to the part affected will kill the insect and allay 
the eruption caused by it. Whence this insect comes, 
or where it goes, is still a mystery. They do not 
propagate while under the skin. In many of its habits it 
is similar to the “Jigger” of the Southern States, and it 
is thought by most persons to be the same insect, but by 
its size and structure this is at once disproved. Mr Put- 


nam thought that the insect was allied to the Louse | 


(Pediculus) and, as far as he could ascertain, it was as yet 
undescribed. 


William P. Upham presented in behalf of Mrs. Martha 
Lee late of Manchester, an old Journal kept by Benjamin 


Craft during the siege of Louisburg in 1745, with letters 


LXXIX 


written by him at that time; also a Journal kept by 
Hleazer Craft in the Revolutionary war, at the period of ° 
the surrender of Burgoyne, which was presented by Mrs. 
A. H. Trask of Manchester. 

After some remarks upon the subject by A. C. Goodell 
Jr., and Rev. G. D. Wildes, the communication was refer- 
red to the Committee for publication in the Historical 
Collections. 

The Secretary presented in the name of 8. H. Phillips, 
a portrait of President William H. Harrison, painted by 
Abel Nichols Jr., of Danvers, who visited North Bend on 
the Ohio, for this purpose, during the Presidential cam- 
paign of 18-40. 

The chair made some remarks upon the events connec- 
ted with this campaign, and mentioned several incidents _ 
illustrative of the character of the late President. 

Two very handsome and large specimens of sponge col- 
lected from the piers of Beverly bridge, in the channel of 
the river, at about ten feet below low water mark, were 
presented by Rev. A. B. Rich of Beverly, who stated that 
these specimens exhibited, in his opinion, the two ex- 
tremes of the species, as he had other specimens in his 
collection from the same locality, having intermediate 
forms. ; 

Mr Putnam spoke of the structure of sponges and the 
various opinions of Naturalists as to their proper af- 
finities, some holding them to be plants and others the 
lowest form of animal life; to the latter opinion he was 
strongly inclined. 

R. 8. Rantoul stated that the War Department had 
caused surveys to be made for one or two new forts, 
within the limits of our County. One of these is at Bev- 
erly and is intended as a part of the defence of Salem 
Harbor; for this fort the name of “ Hale” would be ap- 
propriate, in honor of Col. Robert Hale, a distinguished 


LXxx 


citizen of Beverly, in the last century; and if the other 
should be located in Ipswich, it might be designated 
“Fort Dennison,” in respect to the memory of Col. John 
Dennison, formerly one of the most noted personages in 
that section of the county. On Mr. Rantoul’s motion a 
committee, consisting of Messrs. Davis, Rich and Tuck, 
all of Beverly, was appointed to confer with other parties 
in relation to the naming of the proposed forts, should 
they be erected. | 

Mr. Rantoul called attention to the large number of val- 
uable manuscripts that were daily sent to the paper mills, 
and trusted that all present would endeavor to rescue as 
many old papers as possible and have them placed on file 
at the Institute. 

A. C. Goodell Jr., followed Mr. Rantoul, and hoped that 
all the friends of antiquarian research would endeavor to 
save the old manuscripts, books, papers, &c., especially 
those of the Ante-Revolutionary period, from the collec- 
tors of such articles for the paper manufactories. 

G. D. Phippen mentioned that during the past season 
Mr. C. W. Felt had removed his establishment for the man- 
ufacture of the Type-setting and Justifying machine to 
this city. Much interest having been expressed in this 
machine, which bids fair to chahge the present mode of 
composition in the printing office, Mr. Phippen moved 
that a committee be appointed to invite Mr. Felt or his 
associates to give am account of the machine at some fu- 
ture meeting of the Institute; Messrs. Huntington, Phip- 
pen, Goodell and Kimball were appointed on said com- 
mittee. 

James Talant of Concord, N. H., and James Hubbert 
of Toronto, O. W., having been nominated by the Direc- 


tors, were duly elected Corresponding Members. 


\ ake 


LXXXI 


WEDNESDAY, December 7. Special meeting. 
The President in the chair. 


The chair announced that the object of the meeting was 
to listen to an explanation of the Type-Setting, Justilying 


and Distributing Machine invented by ©. W. Felt of this 


city, and now in the course of construction at the manu- 
factory on Bridge street. After some general remarks 
appertaining to the subject, a general explanation of the 
machine, and of the purpose of its various parts, and their 
mode of operation was given by Mr. Wm. G. Choate, and a 
more detailed description of particular parts of the machine 
by Mr. John B. Richards, and remarks were made in regard 
to the invention by Mr. A. C. Goodell, Jr., and Mr. James 
Kimball. 

This machine, as its name imports, sets and justifies type, 
and also distributes. The setting is done by the manipula- 
tion of a key board. There are thirty-seven keys for 
setting the type, one for each letter and character of some 
one alphabet, or size of type. While other keys touched 
with the keys of the several letters, turn the letters into 
any required alphabet, or size of type. Thus there is an 
italic key, and a capital key, which touched with the key 
of any letter, turn that letter into a capital or an italic, 
&c. The mechanism is so arranged as to keep pace 
with the most rapid compositor. Consequently if the 
manipulation of a key board is the quickest method of 
communicating motion intelligently to mechanism, as is 
believed, then this machine will enable a compositor to 
set types as fast as in the nature of things it can be done. 
Some idea may be formed of the rapidity with which the 
machine may be operated from the example of printing 
telegraphic machines which are operated by a similar key 
board. Rapid operators can compose on these at the 
rate of 7500 ems an hour, which is seven and a half times 


qe 


LXXXII 


- 


as fast as a rapid compositor can set types by the old 
method. By the use of a certain series of combined 
letters, cast in single type, which Mr. Felt has invented 
and which are used in the machine, there will be a further 
gain of about one-third, thus bringing the capacity of the 
machine nearly if not quite up to-10,000 ems an hour in 
the hands ofa quick and skillful operator. Besides setting 
the type, this machine spaces and justifies the line, as 
well, or even better than can be done by hand and also 
leads the matter. The operation of justifying which print- 
ers have usually pronounced impossible for machinery to 
accomplish, and which no other type setting machine 
does or attempts to do, is performed by the machine 
automatically, all that the operator does, being to touch a 
key when his line is full, which transfers the line into the 
justifying apparatus and puts it in motion. Nor does the 
justification take the time of the operator. It is pees 
while he is setting the next line. 

Attached to the machine is a register as it is called, 
which makes a complete record of all the operations of the 
machine by punching holes in a strip of paper. The use 
of the register is in résetting and distributing the matter. 
These strips of paper being placed in the machine, and the 
machine set in motion, it will automatically set and justify 
the same matter in the same or a different type at any 
future time. This will obviate the necessity and save the 
expense of sterotyping books. The distribution is also 
automatically performed by means of the register, or it 
may be effected by the key board, or by nicks-in the type. 

Besides this machine Mr. Felt has invented several very 
simple and ingenious applications of the principles of 
the machine to setting type by hand which will be of 


great value, especially in small offices, where the inte ij 


machines ilk not be required. 


On motion of James Kimball it was voted—That the 


LXXXIII 


thanks of the Institute be presented to Messrs. Choate and 
Richards for their interesting and instructive remarks 
and explanations of the machine. 


Monpay, December 12. Evening meeting. 
The President in the chair 


Letters were announced from: 

New Hampshire Historical Society ; Maine Historical Society ; Massa- 
chusetts Historical Society, acknowledging the receipt of publications: A. L. 
Babcock, of Sherborn and A. B. Burton, of Bethleham, N. H., relating to 
exchange of specimens : Dr. Wm. Wood, President of the Portland Society of 
Natural History ; Lt. J. S. Allanson, lst New York Engineers ; Prof. 8. F. 
Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution, on business: Rev. Joseph Banvard, 
of the Worcester Society of Natural History ; Rev. E. C. Bolles, of Portland, 
Me.; Prof. A. E. Verrill, of Norway, Me.; J. A. Allen, of Cambridge ; W. 
H. Dall, of Chicago, Ill., relating to the publications. 

F. W. Putnam read a letter from William Hoxie, of 
Newburyport, in which Mr. Hoxie stated that he had 
found the following birds breeding in Byfield Parish 
during the past season—~Scolecophagus ferrugineus Sw. 
(Rusty Blackbird), Mytodioctes canadensis Aud. (Canada 
Fly-catcher) and <Antrostomus vociferus Bonap. (Whip- 
poor-will), 

George D. Wildes read a memoir of the late Captain 
William Nichols, of Newburyport, a noted Privateersman 
during the war of 1812 and one of the most enterprising 
and daring navigators of that period. 

On motion of Mr. Goodell the thanks of the Institute 
were tendered to Mr. Wildes for his interesting communi- 
cation, and a copy was requested for publication in the 
Historical Collections. 

Mr. Putnam mentioned that in a collection of Reptiles 
received from J. A. Allen, of Springfield during the past 
season, there was a specimen of the Celuta amena B. & G. 
(Worm Snake). Mr. Allen had for several years past 
been confident that he had seen this species near Spring- 


LXXXIV 


field, but had never been able to secure a specimen be- 
fore. The only notice of this snake having been found 
in New England is by Dr. Storer who states, in his 
“Report on the Reptiles of Massachusetts,” that a single 
specimen was collected by Professor Adams in Amherst, 
Massachusetts. Several authors having doubted the iden- 
tification of Storer’s specimen, the present one from Mr. 


Allen places the species beyond doubt in the Massachu- - 


setts fauna. Several specimens of Heterodon platyrhinos 
Latr. (Hog-nosed Snake, or Blowing Viper) were also in 
the collection received from Mr. Allen. 

Mr. Putnam made some remarks upon the nest of a 
mouse found in a barberry bush, near Swampscott, and 
preserted by Edward J. Porter. 

A. C. Goodell Jr. mentioned that the course of Lectures 


on Insects, their habits and structure, by F. W. Putnam, 


would be delivered under the auspices of the Institute as 
soon as the necessary number of tickets were subscribed 
for. 
Donations to the museum and library were announced. 
W. P. Martin, W. R. Cloutman and KE. S. Attwood, of 
Salem, were duly elected Resident Members. 


Monpay, DrecemMBerR 24. Evening meeting. 


The President in the chair. 


Letters were read from: 


Messrs. Silliman & Dana, of New Haven, Conn.; T. A. Cheney, of Havana, 
N. Y., relating to an exchangé of publications : Asst. Surgeon A.S. Packard, 
jr., 1st Maine Infantry; Alpheus Hyatt, jr., of Cambridge; James G. Ar- 
nold, Librarian, Worcester Nat. Hist. Soc., in relation to the publications: 
Edwin Harrison, of Irondale, Mo.; Albert G. Browne, Treasury Department, 
Reaufort, S. C., relating to the transmission of specimens; G. F', Matthew, of 
St John, N. B.; G. W. Tryon, jr., of Philadelphia, relating to the Natural- 
ists’ Directory : Prof. L. Agassiz, Director of Museum, Comp. Zodlogy; W. Bar- 
ry, Sect’y Chicago Historical Society, acknowledging the receipt of publica- 
tions: Rev. E. Ce Bolles, of Portland, Me.; W. A. Nason, of Chicago, Ill.; W. 


EE ee es ee 


Tw Se 


Lea eS fe ee 


LXXxv 


H. Dall, of Chicago, Ill.; B. QO. Peirce, of Beverly; R. Kennicott, Sect’y, Chi- 
cago Acad. Nat. Science ; Dr. J. Bernard Gilpin, of Halifax, N.8.; W. A. 
Smith, of Worcester; N. Paine, of Worcester, on general business. 


F. W. Putnam read a communication from D. M. Balch, 
“On Native Grapes.” In this paper Mr. Balch gives the 
results of his analyses of the following varieties of grapes 
grown in this vicinity, viz: the Delaware, Hartford Pro- 
lific, Concord, Adirondac, Allen’s Hybrid, Union Village, 
Clinton, Alvey (Hagar), Franklin, Rogers’ Hybrids Nos. 1, 
Oi) 60, 19, 22, 30, oo, and 41. 

From these analyses, native grapes would seem to be 
divided into three classes: 1st, those in which the propor- 
tion of acid and sugar are well balanced, as the Delaware, 
Rogers’ Nos. 4 and 15, Allen’s Hybrid, &.; these should 
make good wine. 2d, those in which the acid is deficient, 
asin the Adirondac, Hartford, &c. 3d, those in which 
the great excess of acid overpowers all else, and renders 
the fruit nearly uneatable ; such are the Clinton, Franklin, 
&c. The paper also contained several important practical 
remarks upon the culture of the grape in our climate. On 
motion of Mr. Putnam the communication was referred 
to the Publication Committee. 

Mr. Putnam stated that, since the last meeting, he had 
ascertained that Mr. Samuels, in his report on the Mammals 
of Mass., mentioned that the White-footed, or Deer Mouse, 
Hesperomys leucopus, builds its nest in bushes, and he 
therefore presumes that the nest presented at the last 
meeting by E. J. Porter, was that of this species of mouse. 
In reply to a question from the chair, Mr. Putnam gave 
a brief account of the winter nests of the Musk Rats. 

Charles Davis, in behalf of the committee appointed at 
@ previous meeting, submitted a report containing the rec- 
ommendation of the Selectmen of Beverly, that the Fort 
which the Government proposed to erect in Beverly, be 
called Fort Hale, in memory of Col. Robert Hale, formerly 

Beverly, hich was adopted, 


g 


LXXXVI 


_ Mr. Davis exhibited a fragment of the shell fired from the 
“Alabama” into the “ Kearsarge,” and which wounded three 
men on board the latter steamer ; also the only piece of the 
“ Alabama” remaining above water, and which was taken 
from the leg of one of the crew of the “ Alabama” by Sur- 
geon’s Steward G. A. Tittle of the “ Kearsarge,” a citizen 
of Beverly. 

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced. 

James P. Kimball, of New York and Felipe Poey, of Ha- 
vana, Cuba, having been nominated by the Directors were 
elected Corresponding Members. 

Miss Susan T. Boynton, of Lynn and Henry W. Pane 
of Salem, were elected Resident Members. 


Additions to the Museum and Library during October, 
November, and December, 1864. 


TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT. 
BY DONATION. 

ALLANSON, Lieut J. 8., Ist. N. Y. Engineers. Lignite from the Dutch , 
Gap Canal. 

Barker, Georcr. Skin of a Coot from Lake Cupsuptic, Me. 

Biches Miss, of South Danvers. Salamander, Hair Worms, 
and two Insects from South Danvers. 

Bonuses, Rev. Epwin C., of Portland, Me. 44 specimens, 25 species of 
Insects and Spiders from Portland, Me., and Mohawk, N. Y. 43 species 
of New England Land and Fresh water Shells. 

Brown Jr., Bens. 12 specimens, 11 species native Insects. 

Brown, Daniet. Fresh specimen of Blue Heron, Ardea herodias 
Linn. 

Dati, W. H., of Chicago. 9 specimens of Reptiles from the vicinity 
of Lake Goodwin, Marquette Co., Mich. 

Day, AtBert. Specimen of Scorpion. 

Emerton, James H. 87 specimens of native Insects. 

Emuuerton, Epuraim. A Lizard enclosed in copal. 

Taocie76n, W.H. Specimen of Sphinx taken in Salem. * 
Hatz, Henry. Specimen of Blue Sulphuret of Iron, from which me- 
talic paint is made. 


LXXXVII 


Harrison, Epwrn, of Irondale, Mo. Specimen of the Walking Fern, 
Camptosarus rhizophyllus from Irondale, Mo. 

Haske.u, Josnua P., of Marblehead. Cases of Worms resembling the 
shells of helix from Wenham Pond. 46 species of native Shells. 

Heat, Joun. <A Birds’ nest from Marlboro, Mass. 

Horton, N. A. A specimen of very thin veneer. 

Ives, Joun M. Fresh specimen of Bittern, Botaurus lentiyinosus. 

JILLsoN, 8., of Feltonville. Part of a skeleton of a Bald Eagle. 

Jones, C. H., of Sun Prairie, Dane Co., Wise. A collection of 130 
Fishes from Madison 4th Lake, Wise. 

KimbBati, Ep. D. Crown Crane, Balearica pavonina, from W. Africa. 

Laker. Cuas. H., Mass Vols. <A ‘‘ Green Rose’’ from Little Rock, Ark. 

Lanper, Miss E. R. Specimen of Lead from West Hampton, Mass. 

LarraBeet, KE. L. 4 specimens of the Silver-side, Acherina notata 
captured under Beverly Bridge. 

Lreravor, Josern. Fresh specimen of a Woodchuck found in Salem. 

Mattoon, Wu. Hornets’ nest. 

Museum or Compartive Zodétocy, Cambridge. 40 Specimens, 30 species 
of Fishes from Singapore, collected by Capt. W. H. A. Putnain. 

Netson, Sytyanus, of Georgetown, Mass. Fossils from Rock river, 
i. os 

Norris, Cuas. H. Mud Turtle, Chelydra serpentina, from Salem. 

Oscoop, Capt. Cuartes. Eggs of Pyrula from Coast of Brazil. 

Oscoop, Joun C. Specimen of Crystalized Salt from Atlantic Salt 
Company’s Works, Bay City, Michigan. 

Peanopy, A.38., of Cape Town, Africa. 2 specimens of Callorhynchus 
antarctica from South Africa. 

Prapopy, Francis. Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas. 

Purren, G. D. 12 specimens, 4 species Insects from Salem. 

Porter, Kp. J. Nest of the White-footed Mouse, Hesperomys leucopus, 
found in a barberry bush in Swampscott. 

Purnam, Cuas. A. 6 specimens of Frost Fish Morrhua pruznosa, from 
North River. 30 specimens of Unzo complanatus from Spring Pond. 

Purnam. F. W. Eges of the Sheldrake, Merganser, and Black Duck, 
from Oxford Co., Me. 

Ricu, Rev. A. B., of Beverly. Two large and handsome specimens of 
Sponge from the piers of Beverly Bridge. 

Sarrorp, Josuua. Ore from the Hecksher Coal Mine. 

Samuets, E. A., of Boston. Egg of Fish Hawk, Pandion carolinensis 
Bonap., from Maine. 

Sanborn, Francis G., of Boston. 227 specimens, 69 species of Spiders 
collected in Massachusetts. 

Suute, James G., of Woburn. 73 specimens, 14 species of Insects from 
Newbern, N. C. 


LXXXVIII 


Topp, Mrs. Joun E. A. Native Silver from Copiapo, Chilli. 

Tracy, C.M., of Lynn. 2 specimens of Desmocerus palliatus, male 
and female. Butcher Bird, Codllyrio borealis, from Lynn. 

Wueatianp, Henry. Skull of a Musk Deer. Collection of Flower 
seeds from California. 

WueEaTLAND, Capt. Ricuarp. Specimen of Tobacco grown in Salem. 

BY EXCHANGE. 

Bascock, Amory L., of Sherborn, Mass. 45 Skulls, mostly of native 
birds. Part of skeleton of a Cannibal fish from Surinam. Several 
Minerals from Kansas. Insects and Spiders from Sherborn. 

Packarp Jr., Dr. A. 8., Brunswick, Me. Skulls of Seal, Esquimaux 
Dog, Black Bear and Squirrel, 13 specimens, 8 species of Fishes, 1 Frog, 
16 species of Crustaceans, 200 specimens, 60 species Fossil Shells from 
the drift, 15 specimens, 3 species dried Echinoderms, from Labrador. 


TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT. 
BY DONATION. 


Axzanson, Lr. J. 8., Ist N. Y. Engineers, Bermuda Hundreds. Fossil 
Wood from Dutch Gap Canal. 

AnpREws, Wa. P. A piece of one of the timbers of the oldest house 
in America, St. Augustine, Fla. Shells from Fort Wagner. 

Brack, Ensien Natu. W., of the gunboat ‘‘ Mahaska.’’ Rebel Tor- 
pedo from St. John’s River, near Jacksonville, Fla. 

Bours, Rev. Epwin C., of Portland, Me. Rebel Envelopes. Several 
Postage Stamps, Foreign and American. 

Brooks, Henry M. 7 City Checks for 5—25 cents from N.Y. & N. J. 

Browne, Aubert G., of Beaufort, 8. C. Lime blocks from the oldest 
house in America, St. Augustin, Fla. 

Crourman, Wu. R. A Pike taken from the Chinese rebels by Gen. 
Ward. Japanese Custom House Receipt. Chinese Coin. East Indian 
Copper Coin. 

Damon, , of Marshfield, Mass. Piece of Shell from the ‘‘ Tennes- 
see’’. Piece of Wood from the stern post of the ‘‘ Brooklyn.”’ 

Davis, Cuas., of Beverly. Photographs of the new Chapel of the 
Baptist Society in Beverly and of the first Pastor of the society. 

Emerton, J. H. Cincinnati Token. Chinese Cash. 

Emitio, Capt. Lours. Several Fuses of different kinds. 

\ Fry, Two Spindles from the railing on the top of a pew in 
the old East Church, built in 1718. 

Minter, Frep. L., Ass’t. Eng. U.S. 8. Kearsarge. A piece of the 
shell fired by the ‘‘ Alabama,” and which wounded three men on board 
the ‘‘ Kearsarge.”’ 

Orpway, Masor iid 24th Mass:, Infantry. 245 Foreign and 
American Coins. ; 


~ LXXXIx 


Perkins, Gro. Spoon made of bone by an American prisoner con- 
fined in Dartmoor prison during the war of 1812. 

Puiuurres, 8S. H. Portrait of W. H. Harrison, painted by Abel Nichols 
of Danvers. 

Putnam, Capt. W.H. A. Native Sword from Java. 

Ropes, Natu., of Cincinnati, Ohio. 250 specimens, 108 kinds of 
Western Tokens. 

Ropes, Timorny. Image from ancient Thebes. 

Suitu, Warren A. Confederate 10 cts. Postage Stamp. 

Srone, Rev. Epwin M., of Providence, R. I. <A portion of the Cotton 
from the bale on which David Crowley of Providence floated and was 
saved from the burning ‘‘ Lexington’? Jan. 13, 1840. 

TREADWELL. Capt. W. A., 14th N. Y. Artillery. Confederate Pass 
taken from the body of Lt. J. B. Gayle, C. 8S. A., killed at Spottsylvania, 
C. H., May 14, 1864. Spur from the boot ofa rebel killed at Bull Run. 

Wueartanp, H. Two antique Powder Horns. 


TO THE LIBRARY. 
BY DONATION. 


Brices, Witiram. Dedication of Forest Dale Cemetery, pamph. 8vo, 
Holyoke, 1862. 2d An. Rep. of New England Freedman’s Aid Society, 
pamph. 8vo, Boston, 1864. 

Brooks, Henry M. Roscobel, or the compleat history of the most 
miraculous preservation of Charles m., 1 -vol., 12mo, London, 1725. An. 
Rep. of Adj. Gen. of Mass., pamph. 8vo, Boston, 1862. Ash’s Gram- 
matical Institutes, 1 vol., 16mo, Worcester, 1785. Boston Almanac 
1861, 1 vol., 16mo. Brownlow’s Knoxville Whig, several numbers. The 
Hive, vol. 1, 16mo, Salem, 1828—9. 22 Pamphlets. 

CuasrE, Grorce C. Friend’s Review, 20 Nos., Philadelphia, 1864. 

Davis, Cuar es, of Beverly. The Alabama and the Kearsarge by F. 
M. Edge, 8vo, pamph., London, 1864. 

Drowne, Cuartzs, of Troy, N. Y. Annual Register of the Rennselaer 
Polytechnic Institute, 1864-5, Ist term, 8vo, pamph., Troy, 1864. 

Farnum, Josepu. The Brunonian, edited by Students of Brown Uni- 
versity, 1 vol., 8vo, Providence, 1831. 

Gitpin, J. B., of Halifax, N.S. Bernard’s Lecture on the Sable, 
Darby’s wreck of the Arno, &c., 12mo, Halifax. 1858. Transactions 
of the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, vol. 1, pt. 1, and vol., 
11, pt. 1, 8vo, Halifax, 1863-4. 

GREEN, Samuet A., of Boston. Radicalism in Religion, Philosophy 
and Social life, four papers from Boston Courier, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 
1855. Catalogue of Lawrence Academy, Groton, 8vo, pamph., 1864. 


12 


XC 


Correspondence between Webster and Hulseman, Svo, pamph., Legaen 
1851. 71 Pamphlets. 

Ives, Henry P. Trial of the Murderers of Mr. White, 8vo, pamph., 
Balen 1830. 

Kinsy, Witiram H., of Eastport, Me. Annual Report Adj. Gen. of 
Maine, for 1863, 8vo, 1 vol., Augusta, 1863. 

Kine, Henry F. Hayden’s Science and Revelation, 1 vol., 12mo, 
Boston, 1852. Barrett, the Golden Reed, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 
1855. Wilkinson on War, Cholera, and the Ministry of Health, 1 vol., 
8vo, Boston, 1855. A Portrait of Swedenborg, &c., 8vo, pamph., 
Boston, 1854. 

Kine, Miss Saran, of Danvers. Tull’s Husbandry, 1 vol., 8vo, London, 
1750. The Gentleman’s Jockey, 1 vol., 8vo, London, 1683. Bulkeley 
and Cummin’s voyage to the South Seas, 1 vol., 12mo, London, 1757. 
Alingham’s Geometry, 1 vol., 12mo, London, 1714. United States 
Register for 1795, 1 vol., 16mo, Philadelphia, 1794. Salem Gazette for 
1799, 1801, 1802, 3 vols., fol. 

Lanewortuy, I. P., of Boston. 43d, 48th, 49th, An. Rep. of Ameri- 
can Tract Sheen B¥0) pamph., Bescon erences and Foreign Chris- 
tian Union 32 Nos, ahd 64 Nos of the Christian World. 

Lorp, N. J. Files of the Boston Daily Post for June, July, August 
and September, 1864. 

Massacuuserrs—Srcr’y or State. Massachusetts Publie Documents 
for 1863, 4 vols., 8vo. Report of Ship Canal, 1864, 1 vol., 8vo. 2Ist 
Registration Report of Mass., 1 vol., 8vo. Adj. Gen. Report, Mass., 
1863, 1 vol., 8vo. . . 

Nicnots, Joun H. Several papers printed at Charleston, S. C., dur- 
ing the year 1864. 

OpELL, CHariEs. Collection of Almanacs. 

Satem, Ciry. 277 Pamphlets,—principally Town Reports. 

Sistey, Joun L., of Cambridge. Catalogue of Harvard University, 
1864-5, 12 mo, pamphlet. 

eae Mrs., Naru’t., of Pembroke. Perin’s Meditations, 1 vol., 
16mo, Boston, 1709. 

Sparks, Jarep, of Cambridge. Life of John Ledyard, by J. Sparks, © 
1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1864. . 

Sricknny, M. A. 40 Pamphlets. Introduction to Latin Grammar, 
lvol., 12mo. Exeter, 1794. 

Srory, Aucustus. Herald of Freedom, nutiwas Times and The Inde- 
pendent, files for several years. 24 Pamphicis. 

Tucker, Jonarnan. A collection of Manuscripts from the estate of 
the late G. Tucker. ; . 

Upron, James. Littell’s Living Age, vols., 24, 25, and 26, 3d series, 
8y0, Boston, 1864. ; 


XCcI 


Unitep StatEs—DeEparrMent of THE [NTERIOR. Reports of the Pacific 
Railroad, vols. x and xr. 4to. Japan Expedition Report, vols. m and 
lr. Ato. 

VaLentine, B. E. Catalogue of Haverford College, 1864-5, pamph.., 
12mo, Philadelphia. 


} Warp, Cuarirs. Journal of Commerce Jr., files for July, August, 
September and October, 1864. 

[ Warp, James C., of Northampton. The Journal and Letters of 
a Samuel Curwen, edited by Georve A. Ward, 4th ed., 1 vol., 8vo, 
Boston, 1864. 

‘ Wipes, James H., of San Franciseo, Cal. Maps of the Public Surveys 
ty of California and Nevada, 1863. 

i BY EXCIIANCE. 

» ALBANY InstitvTe. ‘Transactions, vol. Iv, 8vo, Albany, 1858-64. 


tt Transactions of the Society for the Promotion of the Useful Arts, vol. iv, 
pt. 11, 8vo, Albany, 1819. 
American AcapEMy or Arts anp Scrences. Proceedmegs, vol. vr, 
pages 97 to 340 inclusive. 
AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL AND SravisticaL Society. Proceedings, vol. 
ir, Nos. 3 and 4, 8vo, pamph., New York, L864. 
Canaptan Instirvre. The Canadian Journal for Sept. and Noy. 1864. 
Dartmoutn CoLiEcE Lisrary. Catalogue of Dartmouth College, 
1864-5, 8vo, pamph. 
Epirors. he American, Vol. 31, No. 1, December, 1864, Salem. 
Exsex Banner, Haverhill, Mass. 
Florida Union, Jacksonville, Fla. 
Haverhill (Mass.) Gazette. 
mt Ilistorical Magazine, New York. 
Lawrence (Mass.) American. 
Lynn Weekly Reporter. 
Salem Observer. 
South Danvers Wizard. 


Me The Palmetto Herald, Port Royal, 8. C. 

i The Reader, London, England. 

i Tuolumne Courier, Columbia, Tuolumne Co., California. 
on, Gitman, D. C., Librarian of Yale College. Catalogue of Yale College, 
| | 1864-5, 8vo, pamph., New Haven, 1864. 

1 Harvarp Cotiece Lrsrary. 130 Pamphlets, principally relating to 


the various New England colleges. 

Harvarp CoLurce Osservarory. Safford on the Right Ascension of 
the Pole Star, 8vo, pamph., Cambridge, 1864. 

Towa Strate Hisroricat Society. Annals of Iowa for October, 1864, 
8vo, pamph. 


XClI 


Massacnuserts Hrsrorican Socrery. Proceedings, 1863-4, 1 vol., 
8vo, Boston, 1864. 

Massacuusetts InstirutE or TrcunoLocy. Scope and Plan of the 
School of Industrial Science, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1864. 

Missouri STATE Horricunruran Society. Proceedings at Ann, Meet- 
ing, January, 1864, 8vo, pamph. Proceedings of Missouri Fruit Grow- 
a Association, - 1859, 8vo, pamph. 

MontrEAL Society OF N ATURAL History. The Canadian Naturalist 
and Geologist for October, 1864. 

New Hampsuire eran au Society. Collections, vol. vir, 8vo, Con- 
cord, 1863. 

PuitapELpHt1a AcapEeMy or NaturaL Science. Proceedings, Sept. 
and October, 1864, 8vo, pamph. 

PortLanp Socrery or Narurat History. Journal Vol. 1, No. 1, 8vo, 
pamph. Proceedings, Vol, 1, pages 97 to 128 inclusive. 

ProvipENCE ATHEN£UM. 29th Ann. Report, Sept. 1864, 8vo, pamph. 

Pusuisners. North American Review, Oct. 1864. 

Ruope Istanp Historica Society. One hundred and fifty pamphlets. 

Youne, Srernen J., Librarian of Bowdoin College. 10th Ann. Rep, 
of the Schools in Maine, 8vo, pamph. Ann. Rep. of Adj. Gen. of Maine, 
for years ending Dec. 1861, and Dec. 1863, 2 vols., 8vo. The Bowdoin 
Bugle, No. xi, Nov. 1864. 12 Pamphlets relating to Bowdoin College. 

ZOOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT, Franxrurt, 4. M. Der Zoodlogische Gar- 
ten, Vol. v, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 

BY PURCHASE. 

Draper’s History of Spencer, 1 vol., 8vo, Worcester, 1860. Lincoln’s His- 
tory of Worcester with Hersey’s Continuation, 1 vol. 8vo, Worcester, 1862. 
Meade’s Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia, 2 vols. 8vo, 
Philadelphia, 1857. Sewall’s Ancient Dominions of Me., 1 vol. 8vo, Bath, 
1859. Moore’s Lives of the Governors of New Plymouth and Massachu- 
setts Bay, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1851. Thayer’s Family Memorial, parts 1 
and 2, 1 vol., Hingham, 1835. Plumer’s Life of William Plumer, 1 vol., 
8vo, Boston, 1857. Adams, John, The Works of, with a Life of the au- 
thor, Notes, &c., by C. F. Adams, 10 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1850-6. Vallan- 
digham, C. L., The Trial by a Military Commission, 1 vol., 8vo, Cincin- 
nati, 1863. Field’s Centennial Address and Historical Sketches, 1 vol., 
12mo, Middletown, 1853. Millet’s History of the Baptists in Maine, 1 
vol. 12mo, Portland, 1845, Westcott’s Life of John Fitch, 1 vol., 12mo, 
Philadelphia, 1857. Brick Church Memorial, 1 vol. 8vo, New York, 1861. 


Woodworth’s Reminiscences of Troy from its Settlement in 1790 to 1807, — 


8vo, I vol., Albany, 1860. Barne’s Settlement and Early History of 
Albany, 1 vol. 8vo, Albany, 1864. Humphrey’s Life of Putnam, 1 vol., 
12mo, Hartford, 1850. Hopkins, The x ageestir' s.Manual, 1 vol. 1a: 
Utica, 1828. 


XCTIT 


Monpay, January 9. Regular meeting. 
Vice President Goodell in the chair. 
Letters were read from: 


E. S. Atwood of Salem; James S. Tallant of Concord, N. H., ac- 
cepting membership: J. W. Young of Worcester, relating to the pub- 
lications: L.C. Draper, Sec’y Wisconsin Historical Society; E. T. 
Cresson, Sec’y, Entomological Society of Philadelphia; W.H. Dall of 
Chicago, Ill.; J. E. Arnold, Libr., Worcester Society of Natural His- 
tory; W.C.H. Waddell of the American Geogr. and Statistical So- 
ciety; B. Westermann, & Co.; James E. Oliver of Lynn; Waldo Hig- 
ginson of Boston, on Business. 


F. W. Putnam exhibited several colored drawings by 
Dr. J. Bernard Gilpin of Halifax, N. 8. 


One of these was a winter scene, representing a moose 
feeding on the tender twigs of a young tree which it had 
pushed over for the purpose, by straddling the tree with 
its fore legs, bearing on it with its chest. Another draw- 
ing was probably that of an undescribed species of Trout 
from Nova Scotia. The remaining were figures of the 
“Nurse” or “Sleeper Shark,” Somniosus brevipinna Le Su., 
taken froma specimen captured in seventy fathoms of 
water on Sambro Banks, and brought to Halifax in the 
winter of 1862-3. The specimen was eleven feet three 
inches in length. In the manuscript accompanying the 
drawings, Dr. Gilpin describes the stomach, small and large 
intestines of this shark as being formed of one large sim- 
ple gut from the mouth to the anus, with hardly percepti- 
ble differences in the various parts. He also mentions 
that there was a single ccecal appendage. This shark is 
said to inhabit deep water, never appearing on the surface, 
and its habits are so sluggish as to allow of its being often 
captured with a cod line. The fishermen speak of it as vo- 
racious, and, at some seasons, troublesome about their 
nets. Dr. Gilpin also remarks upon the inaccuracy of the 
published figures, of this species, by Le Sueur, DeKay and 
Yarrell. 


Mr. Putnam spoke of the importance and great value of 
such figures and observations as those made by Dr. Gilpin, 
and called attention to the articles on the habits of the 


13 


, ACTV 


Herring by Dr. Gilpin. published in the Transactions of | 
the Rava Scotian Institute of Natural Science. | 
Rev. G. D. Wildes presented, in the name of Mrs. John 
Forrester, a Chinese visiting card of the late D. Fletcher 
Webster Esq., used while Secretary of the American Em- 
bassy at China. Also a Hindostanee Poem, written on 
Palm leaves and supposed to be five hundred years old. 
Donations to the Library and Museum were announced. 
Daniel H. Mansfield, Charles Odell, and Charles B. Fow- 
ler, of Salem, were elected Resident Members. 


—s. eee ee en 


Monpay, JANUARY 23. Regular meeting. 
) £ £ 
The President in the chair. 


Letters were read from: 

i. S$. Morse of Gorham, Me., accepting Membership; Hiram A. 
Cutting of Lunenberg, Vt.; William Wood & Co. of New York; A. 
Mather of Philadelphia, in relation to the publications: J. A. Allen of 
Cambridge; R. Kennicott, Curator, Chicago Acad. of Sciences; E. T. 
Cresson, Sec’y, Entomological Society of Philadelphia; C. W. Felt; 
C.P. Preston of Danvers; Wm. Prescott of Concord, N. H., on 
business. 

Rev. G. D. Wildes presented, in the. name of Elijah 
Haskell, an old Spanish spear head and a gun lock, which 
were found in the Castle of San Juan d’ Ulloa, Mexico: 
‘also the eggs of Pyrula from the Delaware Breakwater. 

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced. 

The President, after some appropriate remarks on the 
life,character and public services of the late Edward Ey- 
erett, submitted the following resolutions: | 

Resolved. That we desire to express, and to place upon 
our records, in perpetual remembrance, our profound ad- 
miration and respect for the life and character of the 
HonoraBLe Epwarp Everett, a Corresponding Member 

_of the Essex Institute, and to join in the tributes, every- 
where so justly and in such large measure paid to his 
memory, his worth, and his deeds, as the great American 
Scholar, Orator, Statesman and Patriot, and our most 
illustrious citizen, ai 


nee cs mv = 7 . = ps fe y 
Pes ra, Ai re : - ; Wace o. orm ~ 
pt POG CN ae ee ee . - iy tae = ce 


XCV 


A. letter from the Hon. C. W. Upham, was read by the 
President as follows: 

Salem, Jan. 23, 1865. 

Hon. Asahel Huntington, 

President of the Essex Institute. 
DEAR Sir: 

It is eminently proper for every literary 
and scientific association to participate in the honors paid 
to the memory of Epwarp Everett. I regret not to be 
able to be present at the meeting this evening. 

An uninterrupted friendship, covering a period of more 
than forty years, frequent and long continued correspon- 
dence, and much personal intimacy, have given me oppor- 
tunity to judge of his character. I can say, with the strict- 
est truth, that every word of encomium in the various 
forms in which the universal public sentiment has been 
expressed on the occasion of his death, finds full support 
in my impressions and recollections. In the combination 
of his natural endowments, the circumstances of his edu- 
cation and history, and the uses to which he put his great 
faculties and advantages, he has always appeared to me 
without a parallel. 

The warmth and tenderness of his heart, his devotion to 
offices of benevolence, and his calm moral courage, are 
the traits which ever most arrested my attention. He 
often encountered vehement hostility, and the tide of 
popular misunderstanding and misrepresentation some- 
times threatened to overwhelm him, but he kept on his 
way patiently and quietly, never yielded to its power, or 
veered from the course marked out by his convictions of 
duty. 

He has been the ereat teacher of his countrymen of 
two generations, constantly pouring forth from his won- 
derful resources of knowledge and genius, the most useful 
information and the noblest sentiments. An elevating 
influence has pervaded all the productions of his pen, 
and inspired his eloquence. He has pushed forward the 
intelligence, and stimulated the progress of society stead- 
ily for more than half a century. If his unrecorded acts 
of courtesy, kindness, and usefulness in the daily routine, 


=~ | 


XCVI 


and ordinary course of life should be made known by 
those who have experienced them, they would equal in 
amount the extraordinary accumulation of his public 
labors. No one, however humble, ever addressed him 
for information without receiving a prompt and consid- 
erate reply, no one ever sought his aid without receiv- 
ing evidence of his kind endeavor to serve him. He 
was faithful, punctual, and true to every opportunity 
of usefulness. 

The collection of his Orations and Addresses, when 
completed, will be found to possess the elements of 
value and interest that will secure for them a permanent 
place in the highest department of the literature of the 
language. They embrace a wider circle of knowledge 
and a greater variety of subjects, in a style of elegance, 
accuracy, and polish, than any other work, and will stand 
the test of time. 

His career justifies, and his classic grace and dignity of 
countenance and mien would peculiarly adorn the most 
costly monument that a grateful people can rear. All 
coming generations ought to be enabled to behold the 
features and form of the American, who has wrought out, 
by a life of industry, duty and virtue, the most finished 
model of culture and civilization. 

If a portion of the contribution, which wealth. and pa- 
triotism are about to make to this object, could be ex- 
pended in giving to the public, in a beautiful form, and at 
a cost within the means of the great body of the people, 
a full collection of his productions, of all kinds,—from his 
first academic efforts to his last expiring strains, pleading 
the cause of country and Christian charity in Faneuil 
Hall,—it would indeed be the grandest monument, and 
render his usefulness perpetual. 


Yours, very truly, 
CHARLES W. UPHAM. 


Resolved. That the letter of Mr. Upham be entered at 
length upon the records, and that we cordially concur in 
its sentiments and estimation of the life and character of 
Mr. Everett. 


Resolved. That an attested copy of these proceedings 4 


. 


XCVII 


be transmitted by the Secretary, to the family of Mr. 
Everett. 


Rev. G. D. Wildes seconded the resolutions with ap- 
propriate remarks, and they were unanimously adopted. 

Francis C. Webster of Salem, was elected a Resident 
Member. 


Monpay, Fepruary 6. Regular meeting. 
Vice President Goodell in the chair. 


Letters were read from: 


Massachusetts Historical Society; Natural History Society of New 
Brunswick; Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science; Corporation of 
Brown University, acknowledging receipt of publications: Prof. A. E. 
Verrill of New Haven, Ct.; W.H. Dall, of Chicago, Ill.; Thomas R. 
Drowne; James L. Oliver of Lynn; C. W. Felt; J. Colburn of Boston ; 
S. D. Bell of Manchester, N. H., on business: J. A. Allen of Cam- 
bridge; Triibner & Co. of London, relating to the publications: W. 
W. Stuart of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, on the exchange 
of specimens: Rev. E. C. Bolles of Portland, Me., transmitting spec- 
imens: Prof. Theo. Gill, Librarian of the Smithsonian Institution, giv- 
ing the particulars of the destruction by fire of a portion of the Smith- 
sonian Institution: Franklin B. Hough of Albany, N. Y.; Prof. D. C. 
Eaton of Yale College, relating to the Naturalists’ Directory: William 
Endicott of Shanghae, China, accepting Membership: Mrs. Mary H. 
Nichols, presenting a portrait of her late husband, Dr. Andrew Nich- 
ols: William Everett of Boston, in reply to a communication contain- 
ing the resolutions passed at the last meeting of the Institute in 
memory of his father. 


Dr. H. Wheatland gave a brief account of the life and 
services of Dr. A. Nichols, who was one of the pioneers 
in the study of Natural History, in this vicinity; follow- 
ing immediately in the steps of the celebrated Rev. Dr. 
Cutler of Hamilton. His example and precept have done 
much for the promotion of those objects which we now 
possess and enjoy. He was active in the organization of 
the Essex County Natural History Society, and for the 
first twelve years its President. It is well, occasionally, 
to look back upon the days of our infancy, and call to 


XVCII1 


mind those who have laid the ground work of the opera- | 
tions of the present day. f 

Messrs. J. M. Ives and F. W. Putnam, alluded to the | 
various discoveries made by Dr. Nichols in local Natural | 
History. . | 

F. W. Putnam announced the donation of one hundred | 
and thirty-five copies of “ The Victoria Regia, or the Great , 
Water Lily of America, by John Fisk Allen,” from the 
author. This work was published in 1854. It is a folio, : 
and contains, sixteen pages of text, and six plates repre- { 
senting the flower of natural size, in several stages of its | | 
growth, the structure of the leaf, and the young ‘plant. 
The Institute, is, by this donation, in possession of all the 
remaining copies of the edition, and the only source 
whence the work can be obtained. On motion of Mr. 
Putnam, it was 

Voted. That the copies of the “ Victoria Regia,” do- 
nated by Mr. Allen, be sold at a price not less than ten 
dollars per copy, or exchanged for works, equal iu value, 
‘on Natural History and Horticulture, and that all monies 
received from this source be expended in the purchase of 
works on Natural History and Horticulture; and that all 
books received as above be placed in the Library of the 
Institute as donations from Mr. Allen. 


Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced. 

Albert J. Lowd, Thomas R. Drowne and Benjamin Pear- 
son, of Salem, were elected Resident Members. Winslow 
Lewis of Boston, was elected a Corresponding’ Member. 


Monpay, Frepruary 8. Quarterly meeting. ge 4 

Vice President Goodell in the chair. a 

The following amendments to the By-Laws. were 
adopted. ‘ 


| CuaPTeR I. The following to be added: “ Provided, Be 
however, that any member may, in lieu of the annual as- 
sessment, pay the sum of thirty dollars to be added to 


' 
i= 
| 

| 

{ 

; 

S 

‘ 


NCIX 


the funds of the Institute, the annual interest thereof to 
be considered as the payment of the annual assessment 
of said member.” 

Cuarrer 1V. Lines 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th to be changed 
so as to read; “ No specimen shall be taken from the rooms 
except by permission of the Committee of the Department 
to which it belongs, upon a written application made to 
the Secretary or Superintendent.” 

Amos Noyes of Newburyport, John Kinsman, Freder- 
ick Lamson of Salem, were. elected Resident Members. 
James C. Ward of Northampton, was elected a Corres- 
ponding Member. 


Monpay, Frerruary 20. Regular meeting. 
Vice President Goodell in the chair. 

Letters were read from : 

Prof. F. Poey of Havana ; Messrs. Tritbner & Co. of London; Prof. A. 
K. Verrill of Yale College; J. A. Allen of Cambridge, relating to the 
publications : R. Kennicott, Curator, Chicago Acad. Nat. Science ; Lt. 
Col. Ordway, Bermuda Hundred, Va. ; A. L. Babcock of Sherborn, notice 
of the transmission of specimens: Prof. Poey of Havana ; Dr. Winslow 
Lewis of Boston ; F.C. Webster, accepting membership : Lyceum of 
Natural History of New York ; Mass. Historical Society; Boston Society 
of Natural History, acknowledging the receipt of publications: New 
York Chamber of Commerce, giving notice of the transmission of books : 
N. Bouton of Concord, N. H., in reply to questions respecting the Re- 
cords of the Conventions, at Exeter, 1774—75: Dr. S. A. Green of Boston, 
J.S. Appleton of Boston, on business: H. G. Jones, Corresp. See’t. 
Penn. Historical Society, relating to the exchange of publications of the 
State of Pennsylvania. 

Mr. Putnam read a communication from J. A. Allen, 
entitled, “ Notice of a Foray of a colony of Formica san- 
guinea Latr, upon a colony of a black species of Formica 
for the purpose of making slaves of the latter.” Referred 
to thé Publication Committee. 

F. W. Putnam made a few remarks upon the develop- 
ment of the fins of fishes, and the subsequent absorption 


of certain fins in some species. 


C 


He had lately examined young specimens of Achirus lin- 
eatus Cuv., and had discovered that they possessed pecto- 
ral fins, which were situated very near the opercular 
openings and composed of four well developed rays. In 
two specimens, which were nearly three inches in length, 
the pectorals were perfectly developed, except on the left 
side of one specimen where no fin could be traced. In 
another. specimen, about four inches in length, both pec- 
torals were present. A number of larger specimens were 
without pectoral fins which has been considered as the 
normal condition of the species of the genus Achirus. 


Donations to the Library and Museum were announced. 
_ Voted. That this meeting be adjourned to Tuesday ev- 
ening next. 


Turspay, Fesruary 28. Adjourned meeting. 
Vice President Goodell in the chair. 


Hon. C. W. Upham read an interesting memoir of our 
late esteemed member, Grorce A. WARD. 

On motion of Dr. Wheatland, it was 

Voted» That the thanks of the Institute be tendered to 
Mr. Upham for the highly interesting and valuable memoir 
of the life, character and services of our late member, 
George A. Ward, and that a copy be placed at the disposal 
of the Publication Committee for publication in the “ His- 
torical Collections.” 


Monpay, Marcu 6. Regular meeting. 
Vice President Goodell in the chair. 
Letters were read from: 3 . 


The Department of the Interior, giving notice of the transmission of 
twenty-eight volumes of Public Documents: 8. P. Fowler of Danvers- 
port ; N. Brown of Boston, relating to the publications; Natural His- 


tory Society of New Brunswick, acknowledging the receipt of publica- — 


tions: T. A. Cheney of Havana, N. Y., relating to an exchange of pub- 


lications : Prof. James Hall of Albany, N. Y., offering to complete the S 
Institute’s set of the Reports on the New York State Cabinet: W.W. 


Burrage of Boston, relating to the printing of Reports of the Classes 


— 


Cl 


of Harvard University ; H. W. Putnam, City Point, Va.; William L. 
Welch, notice of transmission of specimens and photographs: Messrs. 
Hartman & Laich of Cincinnati, Ohio, on business. 

Captain N. E. Atwood of Provincetown, being present, 

was called upon by the chair and gave an interesting ac- 
count of several species of native fishes as observed by 
him— 
- The Cod fish of the Eastern coast of the United States 
is not an inhabitant of the waters south of Cape Hatteras ; 
that cape being the southern limit of the species. The 
northern limit he could not state, though it was certainly 
far north of the Straits of Belle Isle. In regard to the 
Cod, on our eastern coast, being of one, two, or three spe- 
cies, he could not, as yet, decide, but judging from their 
habits alone there might be three species, and it was his 
greatest desire to devote the rest of his life to the solving 
of this and similar problems in ichthyology, which can 
only be done by a person spending a length of time at 
each of the fishing grounds on the coast; carefully col- 
lecting facts, examining and comparing a large number of 
specimens from each place. At present, all he could say 
was, that there was a great and constant variation in the 
habits and size of the Cod from the various fishing grounds 
on the coast. The Cod taken by troll lines in the Gulf of 
the St. Lawrence are much larger than those from any 
other place, while those taken by the hand lines are quite 
small. The largest Cod he had ever seen weighed one 
hundred and one-half pounds, and this specimen was taken 
near Provincetown. He had heard of others that were 
supposed to have weighed from one hundred and fifty to 
one hundred and seventy-five pounds, which had been cap- 
tured in the Gulf of St. Lawrence near the shore. On 
the coast of Labrador, he had never seen a Cod that 
would weigh twenty-five pounds; larger specimens, how- 
ever, were taken on the small banks in the Straits of 
Belle Isle, five miles and upwards from the shore, and on 
George’s Bank the fish caught with hand lines average 
larger than from other localities. 

Mackerel come into Provincetown harbor in the spring 
as early as the 15th of May, all of full size and with spawn, 


14 : 


CII 


and are then known as large No. 3’s._ By the 28th of May 
the spawn is fully developed, and deposited by the first of 
June. About the first of July young Mackerel, not more 
than two and one-half inches in length, are abundant in 
the Bay. These young Mackerel, in the latter part of Oc- 
tober, are about six inches in length, and he has caught and 
packed and sold them as “ No.4 Mackerel.” They leave 
the coast earlier'in Autumn than the older ones. The 
large Mackerel, which appear first, as before stated, are 
followed by the arrival of small ones, on our coast north of 
Cape Cod about the 15th of June. These are known in the 
market as “ Blinks,” and are from last year’s eggs. “ Tink- 
ers,” are of two years growth; “ Half-Size,” are three years 
old, those older are called “Large ones.” When Mackerel ar- 
rive on the coast, being lean, they are all designated as “ No. 
3’s,” but as they feed and improve in condition they are 
called “ No. 2’s,” and when fat, are marked “ No. 1,” pro- 
vided that they are thirteen inches long: but if less than 
thirteen and over eleven, then they are “No. 2’s” if fat; 
all under eleven inches are marked as “small No. 3’s,” 
whether fat or poor. Adult Mackerel of four years, or more, 
are the only ones which spawn on our coast, and they will 
not take the hook until they have deposited their spawn, 
when they become lean and voracious. Formerly it was 
supposed that the large Mackerel, which first appear in 
Provincetown harbor, had passed the winter in the mud, 
and many persons would not eat them owing to their sup- 
posed muddy taste. These large Mackerel go further north 
than the smaller ones, returning southward long after the 
others have left the coast, and are even captured in No- 
vember and December in the vicinity of Provincetown. 
Capt. A. was convinced that the Scomber grex was the 
young of the S. vernalis, Mitchill, and not a distinct spe- 
cies. . 

After giving an interesting account of the various 
modes of capturing the Mackerel at different times of the 


year, Capt. A. alluded to the Bluefish and the changes — 


which had taken place in its habits. This fish, which 
many years ago, was very abundant, and held in high es- 
timation by the Aborigines of our country, wholly disap- 


peared from our coast in 1764, and not a specimen was 


CI 


seen on the coast, so far as Capt. Atwood knew, for fifty 
years. In 1847 they returned to the North of Cape Cod 
in great abundance, and have since been taken in large 
quantities in weirs and nets, and by the hook, near the 
shore. Now they avoid the shore, and, during the last 
year or two have kept in the Bay, where it is difficult to 
capture them, as they seldom take the hook, though, until 
recently, they were most voracious and game fish. 

The Menhaden, which were formerly so great a pest to 
the fisherman, and considered only fit for manure, appear 
in vast numbers on the coast of Massachusetts during the 
summer, a little later than the Mackerel, and remain until 
late in the season. They are now a valuable source of 
income, being caught for the oil, which is pressed from 
them, and sold for $40 a barrel. The refuse, after the 
oil is extracted, is used as a fertilizer and commands a 
high price. The sides of these fish are also salted, packed 
in barrels, and sold at a good price for Mackerel bait. 
The Menhaden does not spawn while on our coast, and it 
is only in the few, which have been driven into the rivers 
and which do not leave the coast until December or Jan- 
uary, that spawn has been found. In the month of Au- 
gust and September a few of the young Menhaden are 
seen in our harbors; but further south, along the coast of 
Virginia, the young are seen in countless millions, and in 
heavy storms are driven on shore and left to die. On the 
coast of Virginia, small Menhaden appear after the large 
ones have left for the North. From the fact that the 
Menhaden which visit us during the summer, are either of 
a large and uniform size, or quite young, this species is 
supposed to attain its growth in a single year. 


On motion of Rev. Mr. Wildes, the thanks of the Insti- 
tute were voted to Capt. Atwood, for his interesting re- 
marks. | 

Donations to the Library and Cabinets were announced. 

John Dixey, Joseph B. F. Osgood, and Edward H. 
Knight, of Salem, were elected Resident Members. 


-_ ! 


CIV 


Monpay, Marcu 20. Regular meeting. 
Vice President Goodell in the chair. 


Letters were read from: 


Lyceum of Natural History of New York, acknowledging the receipt 
of publications: Boston Society of Natural History, acknowledging 
the receipt of a collection of plants, collected in Zanzibar, by Caleb 
Cooke: Amos Noyes of Newburyport, accepting Membership. 


Donations to the Library and Museum were announced. 

A. C. Goodell Jr. read a paper entitled the “ Cavalier 
and the Puritan.” This will be published in a separate 
form. 

John Daland of Salem, and Eben F. Stone of Newbury- 
port were elected Resident Members. | 


Additions to the Museum and Library during January, ; 
February, and March, 1865. : 


TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT. 


BY DONATION. 


ALLEN, Francis R., Hamilton, Fresh specimen of Bald Eagle, Hali- 
atus leucocephalus, shot in Hamilton, Jan. 20. 

ALLEN, J. A., Cambridge. Specimens of a Red and of a Black species 
of Ant, and the pupa of the Black species ; taken from an army of the 
Red species, Springfield, Mass., July 30, 1864. 

Bassiner, Cuas. H. Chalcopyrite from Cheticamp, N. S. 

Bascock, A. L., Sherborn, Mass. 9 specimens, 7 species, Insects ;_ 
Skin of Sciurus hudsonius ; skeletons and parts of skeletons of 3 species 
of native Birds; specimen of Anodonta fluviatilis, from Sherborn. 

Bourrrick, 8. B. Portion of the jaw of a Porpoise. Water Beetle, Dy- 
tiscus sp., from South Salem. : 

Bouuzs, Rev. E. C., Portland, Me. 7 specimens of Anodonta edentula 
Lea, A. Ferussaciana Lea, Unio iris Lea and U. calceolus Lea from Mil- 
waukee, Wis. 3 specimens Mya arenaria from the Postpleiocene at 
Gardiner, Me. 3 specimens Coleoptera from Africa. 

- Cary, Gro. A. 2specimens of Tedlena from Turk’s Island. 

CHAMBERLAIN, JAMES A. 2 Holothurians, dry. 

Curcaco AcapEemy or Narurat Sciences, Chicago, Ill. Skins of8spe- % 
cies of Mammals and 64 species of Birds from the West and North. 36 
species, 51 specimens of Western Bird’s eggs. a 

Davis, Cuaries, Beverly. Egg of an African Ostrich. 


Cv 


IIarrincron, Avavsrus, North Becket. Crystal and massive Emery, 
Tron ore and Margarite, from Chester, Hampden Co., Mass. 

Haskeix, Enisua. Eggs of Pyrula from Delaware Breakwater. 

Harcu, Cuas. F. Flying fish, Evocetus sp., from off the mouth of the 
Amazon. Centipede from near Parahiba River, Brazil. 

Hearn, Joun. Larva of Papilio Turnus Linn. from Lynnfield. 

Heatu, N. 5 Insects from Salem. 

Hieper, Cuas. H. Malachite from Africa. 

Horrman, Cart. Caas. Lizard from Bissao, W. C. Africa. 

Kezar, Water A. Wood perforated by Teredo, from Pensacola, Ila. 

KNrEELAND, Cyrus A., Topsfield. Living specimen of the Saw-whet 
Owl, Nyctale acadica, captured in ‘Topsfield. 

Loverr, Epmonps. 8 species, 5 specimens of Ophidians; 3 species, 3 

‘ specimens of Saurians ; 1 Bird; 6 species, 21 specimens of Insects ; from 
the South West Coast of Africa. 

Lowp, Marx. Fungus. 

Mack, Dr. Wa.) Larvee of Gistrus Bovis from a cow. 

NeLson, 8. Aveustus, Georgetown. Jasper from Winter Island. 

NICHOLS, STEPHEN. Fungus. 

Orpway, Con. ALBERT, 24th Mass. Inf’t. Clay from ‘* Dutch Gap 
Canal.”’ 

Paurray, Cuas. W. Specimen of the Mocking Bird, Mimus polyglot- 
tus Boie, 13 years old. 

Parcu, W. H. H., Concord, N. HW. Living Opossum, Didelphys vir- 
giniana Shaw, from Virginia. 

Perkins, Ezra, Essex. Nest of Humming bird, Trochilus colubris 
Linn. 

Ponp, T. M., Framingham. Nest and eggs of the Meadow Lark, Ster- 
nella magna Swains, from Illinois. 

Porter, Ep. J. Fossils and Minerals from Ohio.-10 Insects, 7 Crusta- 
ceans, from Essex Co. Mantis sp. from Washington. 

Purpig, H. A., Boston. Several Spiders from Boston. 

Purnam, F. W. Cochineal Insects, Coccus cacti, from Mexico. Speci- 
men of Sapphire. Several species of Fishes from Mass. Bay. Claw of 
Lobster (malformation. ) 

Putnam, H. W. Infusorial Earth and Marl from near City Point, Va. 

Quisy, Dr. E. H. Human embryo. 

Roserts, J. W. Fresh specimen of the Great Gray Owl, Syrnzum 
cinereum Aud., captured in North Salem. 

Sangorn, F. G., Boston. Specimens of the Potter Wasp, Eunemes fra- 
terna. Plum Weevil, Rhynchenus Nenuphar; Pine Weevil, Curculio 
Pales, from Mass. 

Saunpers, Miss Mary. Living specimen of the Acadian Owl, Nyctale 
acadica, captured in South Salem on Jan. 19. 

Whirr, Gro. M. 226 specimens, 75 species, Insects from Salem. 


CVI 


TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT. 
BY DONATION. 


Auten, J. F. Waterproof Japanese Coat made of paper. 

Bouurs, Rev. E.C., Portland, Me. One of the first stamped Envel- 
opes issued in England, May 5, 1840. Designed by G. W.Mulready, R. A. 

Burrrick, 8. B. The Cockade worn by the late High Sheriff, Joseph E 
Sprague. Indian Relics from Ware’s Beach, Marblehead, collected by 
Joun W. Bartietr. 

CHAMBERLAIN, James. 4 Foreign Postage Stamps. 

CocswE.L, Bric. Gen’t. <A series of Photographic Views taken in At- 
lanta, Ga. 

Epwarps, Cuas. W., Serg’t 2d Mass. Inf’t. Piece of the Rebel Flag 
found flying at Adinnee on the capture of the city. 

Farrrietp, Capt. James. 3 Coins from Uruguay; 1 Coin from Bue- 
nos Ayres. 

Fett, S. Q. Native Dress (Sarong) from Java. 5 Photographs of 
Sikhs and other castes of India. 

Forrester, Mrs. Jonn. Chinese Visiting Card of D. F. Fletcher. 

Goopett Jr., A.C. Bill Head of John Hancock. 

Hasket, Exisna. Gun Lock and an ancient Spanish Spear Head from 
the Castle of San Juan d’Ulloa, Mexico. 

Ives, Joun M. Wooden Images, carved by Alfred Bates, a soldier of 
the war of 1812. 

Kine, Cart. H. F. Dutch Copper Coin (2 stivers.) 

Lovett, Epmonps. Native Mat from the South West Coast of Africa. 

Perkins, Ezra, Essex. Indian Pipe. 

Puipren, Natu’Lt. $5 Bank Note of the United States Bank 1828. 

Putnam, Mrs. Espen. Cane made from a timber used in the 2d and 
3d house of the Ist Church. 

Ruopes, Henry W. Rebel Uniform Ratton. 

Sreers, James L. Rebel Uniform Button. 

Sruanns, Gro. W. Piece of a Rebel Gunstock from the ‘‘ Wilderness. ”’ 

Wixxinson, Mrs. Exizasetru, Beverly. Irish Flax ; such as was used 
in the manufacture of linen cambric. Brought from Ireland in 1791. 

: ¢ 


TO THE LIBRARY. 
BY DONATION. 


Auten, Cuartzs A., Cambridgeport. 1st and 2d Triennial Reports of 


Class of 1858 of Hatard, pamph. 
Aten, Joun Fiske. Boston Cultivator for 1862, 1863, 1864, 3 vols., 
4to, Boston. 135 copies of the Victoria Regia, folio. 


Batuarp, Daviv, Brunswick, Me. Bourne’s Address at the Popham 


_ Celebration, Aug. 29, 1864, pamph. 


co ee 


CVII 


Boutes, E. C., Portland, Me. Tlustrations de Timbres Postes, J. B. 
-Moens. 8vo, Liv. 1 to 9. Bruxelles, 1862. 

Boston Pusuic Lisrary, TRrustTers or. 12th Annual Report, 1864, 
8vo, pamphlet. 

Brooks, Cuartes T., Newport, R. I. Carriers New Year’s Addresses, 
Jan. 1, 1865. 

Brooks, Henry M. Gospel of St. Mark, tr. and arranged by L. A. 
Sawyer, 1 vol., 12mo. 

Brooks, M. C., James. Speech of J. Brooks in U. S. Congress, Dec., 
1864, 8vo, pamph. 

Burrace, Wu. W., Boston. Reports of Secretary of Class 1856 of 
Harvard for 1860, 1861 and 1865, 8vo, pamphlets. 

Cuase, Greorce C. Friends’ Review, 16 Nos. 

CuasE, Grorce H. The Boatswain’s Whistle, National Sailor’s Fair, 
Boston, Nov. 1864, 1 vol., 4to. . 

Cuase, Mrs. Georcze H. The Sanitary Commission Bulletin, Nos. 1 to 
32 incl., 8vo. The Sanitary Reports, Vol. 1 and Vol. 2. Nos. 1 to 18, 4to, 
Louisville, Ky, 1863. 30 Miscellaneous publications of the Sanitary Com- 
mission. 

Cuoatr, Wu. G. Rep. Adj. Gen. Mass. 1863, 8vo, 1 vol. Report of 
Commissioners of Agric. for 1862, 1 vol., 8vo. Manuals of Mass. Legis. 
for 1860 and 1861, 2 vols., 18mo. Midgley’s Sights in Boston and Sub- 
urbs, 1 vol., 18mo. 45 Pamphlets. 

Coir, Mrs. N. D. Salem Gazette for 1864, 1 vol., fol. Boston Daily 
Traveller for 1864, 2 vols., fol. 

Cotman, Bensamin. The act of Tonnage and Poundage and rates of 
Merchandise, 1 vol., 8vo, London, 1702. 

Dawson, Henry B., Morrisania, N. Y. Correspondence between 
John Jay and H. B. Dawson, etc., concerning the Federalist, 8vo, 
pamph., New York, 1864. 

Kastern Rartroap, Directors. 30th Annual Report, 8vo, pamph. 

Forrester, Mrs. Jonn. The Overland Friend of India, files for 1858, 
59, 60, 61, 62, 63, Serampore. Manuscript of a Hindostanee Poem on 
Palm leaves ; supposed to be 500 years old. 

GoopELL JR., ABNER C, Lynn Directories, 1851, 1854, 1856, 1858, 
4 vols., 16mo. Mass. Register, for 1858, I vol., 8vo. Boston Almanacs, 
1861, and 1862, 2 vols., 16mo. 20 Pamphlets. 

Green, Samuget A., Boston. Charleston Directory for 1862, 1 vol., 
12mo. 8 Pamphlets. 

Guitp, R. A., Brown University. Jackson’s account of R. I. Churches, 
1 vol., 8vo. Ann. Cat. of Brown Univ. for 1856, 7, 8, 9, 60, 64. 16 
Pamphlets. 

Haut, James, Albany, N. Y. Account of Fossils of the Niagara Group, 
by J. Hall, 8vo, pamph. 


~ 


CVIII 


Hanarorp, Mrs. P. A., Reading. The Young Captain, a Memorial of 
Capt. Richard C. Derby, by Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, 1 vol., 16mo, Bos- 
ton, 1865. 

_ Hoitmes, Joun C.- 25 Pamphlets. 

Hurcuryson, T. J. The Country Justice, by M. Dalton, 1 vol., fol., 
London, 1626. . 

Ives, Henry P. Robinson’s Ancient History, lvol. Everett, L.S., 
Sacred Songs, 1 vol., 16mo. Jackson’s Questions on the Lessons, &c., of 
the Church Service, No. 1, 1 vol., 16mo. Marshall’s Public School Ac- 

‘count Books. Worcester’s Historical Atlas. 24 pamphlets. The Amer- 
ican Publishers Circular for 1863. ‘ 

Kinpy, W. H., Eastport, Me. Address of Gov. Cony to Maine Legis. 
Jan’y 5, 1865, 8vo, pamph. 9th Ann. Rep. of Sect’y Maine Bd. of 
Agric., 1864, 8vo., pamph. Legis. Register of Maine, 8vo. pamph. 

Lanewortuy, I. P., Boston: 152 Pamphlets, being Reports of vari- 
ous Charitable Societies, Minutes of Congregational Associations, &c. 

Lewis, Winstow, Boston. Address at meeting N. E. Hist. Gen. Soc., 
8vo., pamph., Boston, 1865. Report of Trustees of Mass. Gen. Hospital 
for 1864, 8vo, pamph. . 

Lorp, N. J. Files of Boston Post for Oct., Nov., Dec., 1864. . 

Lorine, Georce B. Files of Boston Post for 1863 and 1864, and Jan’y 
and Feb’y, 1865. 

Mixes, M., Lansing, Mich. Catalogue of Michigan State Agric. Coll. 
for 1864, S10, pamph. 2d Ann. Rep. of Sect’ry of Bd. of Agric. of Mich. 
for 1863, 8vo, pamph. 

Nelo, Henry M., Georgetown. Ann. Rep. of Auditing and School 
Conc for 1865, 2 pamph., 8vo. 

New York CuamBer or Commerce. Annual Reports for 1858, 1859, 
1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 6 vols, 8vo. 30 Pamphlets, publications of 
the Chamber. 

Nicuots, George. Burnham’s Historical Directory at Rindge, N.H., 
Noy. 14, 1861, 8vo, pamph. Ist An. Rep. of Discharged Sailor’s Home, 
8vo, pamph., Boston, 1863. Christian Enquirer for 1864,.1 vol., folio. 

Pacxarp Jr., A. S., Brunswick, Me. Synopsis of Bombycide of U. 
S. A., 8vo, pamph. : 

Paine, Naru’t, Worcester. Worcester Directory, 1865, 1 vol., 12mo. 

Paurray, Cuartes W. Mass. Legis. Doc. for 1864, 2 vols., 8vo. 30 


pamphlets. 
Parisu, A., Springfield. Report of School Comm. of Springfield, for 
1864, 8vo, 5 aioli bd 


Pain; Gro. W. Statement of the Account of Danvers from Feb’y 


1864 to Feb’y 1865, 8vo, pamph. a 
Puitiirs, W. P. The Savannah Daily Herald and Savannah Repub- | 


lican. 


CIX 


Ranrout, R.S. 24th, 25th, 26th Ann. Rep. of Mass State Bd. of Kdu- 
cation, 3 vols, 8vo. Report of School Comm. of Boston, 1861. 1 vol., 8vo. 
Code Investigation 1860, U. S. Pub. Doc., 1 vol., 8vo. 7 Pamphlets. 

Sanporn, Francis G., Boston. Economical Entomology by F. G.%.. 
8vo, pamph. 

Srtey, Joun L., Cambridge. Ann. Rep. of Pres. and Treas. of Har- 
vard College, 1863—4, 8vo, pamph. 

Stone, Bens. W. Valentine’s Manual of the Common Council of New 
York. 1864, 1 vol., 12mo. 

Stone, Epwin M., Providence. 23d Ann. Rep. of the Ministry at 
Large in Providence, 8vo, pamph. 

Taytor, Samuen L., Philadelphia, Ann. Rep. of Lib. of Penn. Hist. So- 
ciety, 8vo, pamph., Philad., 1865. 

Upuam, Wm. P. Flint’s Agriculture of Mass., 1861, 1 vol., 8vo. Mass. 

Xailroad Returns, 1863, 1 vol., 8vo. Ann. Rep. of Mass. Bd. of State Char- 
ities, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1865. 

Waters, J. Linron, Chicago. Ann. Rev. of Trade of Chicago in 1864, 
8vo, pamph. Message of R. Yates, Gov. of Illinois, to the General As- 
sembly, Jan’y 2, 1865, 8vo, pamph. 5th Biennial Report of Sup’t of 
Public Instruction of Illinois, 1863-4, 8vo, pamph. Address of R. J. 
Oglesby, Gov. of Illinois, to Gen’] Assem., Jan’y 16, 1865, 8vo., pamph. 

WHEATLAND, STEPHEN G. 22 Pamphlets. 


BY EXCHANGE. 
American ANTIQUARIAN Society. Proceedings of Annual Meeting, Oct. 
21, 1864, 8vo, pamph. 
AMERICAN PutLosopuicat Socrery. Proceedings, vol. 1x, No. 72. 8vo, 
pamph. List of Members, 1865, 8vo, pamph. 
Canapian Institute. The Canadian Journal for Jan’y, 1865. 
Eprrors: American Journal of Science and Art, Jan. and Mch., 1865. 
Florida Union. 
Historical Magazine, for Jan. and Feb., 1865. 
Haverhill Gazette. 
Essex Banner, Haverhill. 
Lawrence American. 
Lynn Weekly Reporter. 
The Reader, London, Eng. 
The Newburyport Star. 
The American, Salem. 
e-2vannah Daily Herald. 
Tuolumne Courier. 
Salem Observer. 
‘Towa Hisroricat Socrery. Annals of [owa, No. 9, Jan., 1865, 8vo, 
pamphlet. 
15 


Cx 


Massacuusetts Hisrorican Society, Collections, Vol. VII, 4th ser. 

Massacuusetts Stare Lrsrary. Report of the Librarian for the year 
ending September 30th, 1864, 8vo, pamph. 

Minnesota Hisrorican Socrery. Collections for the year 1864, 8vo, 
pamphlet. ; 

New Brunswick Naturat History Socrery. Jones on Ocean Drifts 
and Currents, 8vo, pamph. Bailey’s Notes on Geol. and Botany of New 
Brunswick, 8vo, pamph. Bailey’s Report on Mines and Minerals of © 
New Brunswick, 8vo, pamph. 

New Enetanp Hisroric-Geneo.tocicaL Socrety. Tercentenary cele- 
bration of the Birth of Shakespeare, April 23, 1864, 8vo, pamph. Lewis's 
Address before N. E. H. G. Soc., Jan. 4, 1865, 8vo, pamph. Tribute to 
the memory of Edward Everett, Jan. 17, and Feb. 1, 1865, 8vo, pamph. 

New Jersey Hisrorican Socrery. Collections, vol. v1, 8vo, New- 
ark, 1864. Proceedings, vol. x, No. 1, 8vo, pamph. 

New York Stare Lisrary, Trustees or. Instructions on taking 
Census of New York, 1865, 8vo, pamph. 

PmLaDELPHIA AcADEMY or NatUraL Sciences. Proceedings for Nov. 
and Dee., 1864. 

_ Patiapetpu1a MercantiLe Liprary Company. 17, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 
26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42 Annual Reports. His- 
torical Sketch, 8vo, pamph. Special Report, April, 1863, 8vo, pamph. 

PusuisHers. North American Review, Jan’y, 1865. 


. BY PURCHASE. © 

Saint John—The letters from an American Farmer, 1 vol., 12mo, Phil- 
adelphia, 1793. Sunderland—The testimony of God against Slavery, 1 
vol., 16mo, Boston, 1838. United States, Foreign conspiracy against the 
liberties of, L vol., 16mo, New York, 1835. Rankin’s Letters on Ameri- 
can Slavery, 1 vol.. 16mo,. Boston, 1833. Bourne, The Book and Slavery 
irreconcileable, 1 vol., 12mo, Philadelphia, 1816. Paxton’s Letters on. 
Slavery, lvol., 12mo, Lexington, Ky., 1833. Duncan’s Treatise on Sla- 
very, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 1840. Clarkson’s Essay on the Slavery 
and commerce of the Human Species, 1 vol., 12mo, Philadelphia, 1804. 
Buxton’s Remedy for the Slave Trade, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 1840. 
Thatcher’s Indian Biography, 2 vols., 16mo, New York, 1832. Autobi- 
ography of Henry C. Wright, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1849. Stuart's 
Memoir of Granville Sharp, 1 vol., 12m0, New York, 1836. Selections 
from the Writings and Speeches of William L. Garrison, 1 vol., 12mo, 
Boston, 1852. Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, 1 vol., 8vo, Philadelphia, 
1831. Morse’s system of Modern Geography, 1 vol.,8vo, Boston, 1814. 
Iferrick.—A Genealogical Register of the name and family of Her- 
riek, 1 vol., 8vo, Bangor, 1846. Secret Instructions of the Jesuits, print- 
ed verbatim from the London copy of 1725, 1 vol., 16mo, Princeton, N. 


CXI 


J., 1831. A. Bradford, New England Chronolozy, 1 vol., 12mo, Bos- 
ton, 1843. Dowling, John.—The burning of the Bibles, defence of the 
Protestant version of the Scriptures, I vol., 16mo, Philadelphia, 1848. 
A Platform of Church Discipline of Synod at Cambridge in 1648, 1 vol., 
12mo, Boston, 1808. A Book for New Hampshire Children in familiar 
letters, 1 vol, 12mo9, Exeter, 1823. Edwards, Jonathan—A Treatise 
concerning the Religious affections, 1 vol., l2mo, Boston, 1768. 


5 


Monpay, Apri 3. Regular meeting. 
Vice President Goodell in the chair. 


Letters were read from: 


Biron Osten Sacken, Rassian Coasul General, New York ; John Ak- 
hurst, Brooklyn, N Y.; PhilipS. Sprague, Quincy ; Chas. M. Wheatley, 
New York; M.S. Bebb, Washington; Dr. Hl. C. Wood jr., Philadel- 
phia; Dr. Wm. Wood, Fast Windsor Hill, Ct.; Wm.S. Vaux, Phila- 
delphia; John Krider, Philadelphia; 8S. Jillson, Feltonville; D. G. 
Elliot, New York; T. Mcllwraith, Hamilton, C. W.; John IH. Thomson, 
New Bedford ; Chas. J. Sprague, Boston ; Wm. A. Smith, Worcester ; 
B. Billings, Ottawa, C. W.; Dr. John L. LeConte, Philadelphia ; Ho- 
mer F. Bassett, Waterbury, Ct.; Nathl. Paine, Worcester ; Sanborn 
Tenney, Cambridge; Isaac Lea, LL.D., Philadelphia; Geo. W. Peck, 
New York; Prof. James Hall, Albany, N. Y.; Dr. Theo. A. Tellkampf, 
New York; Dr. John W. Greene, New York; P. W. Sheafer, Potts- 
ville, Pa.; H. A. Cutting, Lunenburg, Vt.; Prof. O. P. Hubbard, Hano- 
ver, N. H.; J. O. Treat, Lawrence; Dr. J. W. Robbins, Uxbridge; 
Thos. Barlow, Canastota, N. Y.; Dr. F. J. Bumstead, New York; W. 
W. Denslow, Inwood Station, N. Y.; Alex. Agassiz, Cambridge; H. F. 
King, Salem; D. M. Balch, Salem; Rey. David Weston; Worcester ; 
G. F. & R. Matthew, St. John, N. B.; B. P. Mann, Concord; J. L. Ser- 
geant, Philadelphia ; Thomas Bland, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Chas. L. Blood; 
Taunton; Aliston Bacon, Natick; Prof. J. Leidy, Philadelphia; E. T. 
Cresson, Philadelphia ; Jacob Ennis, Philadelphia ; F. H. Hough, Alba- 
ny, N. Y.; G. J. Bowles, Quebec, Canada ; Prof. L. Agassiz, Cambridge ; 
James Lemoine, Quebec, Canada ; Geo. E. Brackett, Belfast, Me.; R. H. 
Brownne, New York; Ewd L. Graef, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Vincent Barnard, 
Kennett Square, Penn.; T. A. Greene, New Bedford ; Prof. E. D. Cope, 
_ Philadelphia ; J. T. Rothrock, McVeytown, Pa.; J. A. Allen, Cam- 
' bridge; Alpheus Hyatt, Baltimore, Md.; Ed. 8. Morse, Gorham, Me.;: 
Prof. A. E. Verrill, New Haven, Ct.; T. A. Cheney, LL.D., Havana, 
N. Y.; John G. Hodgins, Toronto, C. W.; Rev. Chester Dewey, Roches- 
ter, N. Y.; John Macoun, Belville, C. W.; R. P. Whitfield, Albany, N. 


CXII 


¥.; J. V. C. Nellis, Auburn ; J. P. Haskell, Marblehead; John Orne 
jr-, Salem; Rev. Joseph Banvard, Worcester ; Prof. T. C. Porter, Lan- 
caster, Pa.; Stephen Salisbury jr., Worcester ; Prof. S. F. Baird, Smith- 
sonian Institution ; L. Satterlee, New York ; Prof. J. L. Russell, Salem ; 
William Couper, Quebec, Canada, relating to the publications: 
N. Brown, Boston; Wm. Stimpson, Corr. Sect., Chicago Acad. Nat. Sci.; 
A. L. Babcock, Sherborn ; Rey. E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me.; Capt. N. 
KE. Atwood, Provincetown, on business : Trustees of Boston Public Libra- — 
ry, acknowledging the receipt of publications: E. F. Stone, Newbury- 
port, accepting membership. 

The Superintendent called the attention of the meeting 
to the fifty mounted specimens of birds and mammals on 
the table, stating that all the species were new to the 
collection and that they were the skins presented by the 
Chicago Academy of Natural Sciences and the Lyceum of 
Natural History of William’s College. 

Gilbert L. Streeter read a communication entitled, ‘“Sa- 
lem one hundred years ago,” suggested by a perusal of a 
Dudleian lecture sermon by Rev. Thomas Barnard of 
Salem, delivered in May 1768, and printed in Salem by 
Shae Hall, who about that time opened a printing office 
in Salem. 

Remarks were offered by Messrs. Wildes, T. Ropes, and 
the chair, and on motion of the Secretary, a copy of the 
paper read by Mr. Streeter, was requested for publication 
in the Historical Gale aee. 

Edward 8. Thayer, Nathaniel Kinsman, Jonathan Ropes 
and Charles H. Pepper of Salem, were lected Resident 
Members. 


Monpay, ApRiIL 17. Regular meeting. 
Rev. G. D. Wildes in the chair. 


Letters were read from: 


1 


Prof. J. Henry, Sect. Smithsonian Institution; Isaac Lea, LL.D., a 
Philadelphia, Pa.; Prof. C. A. Joy, Columbia College, New York; Dr. 
Wm Stimpson, Cor. Sect. Chicago Acad. Natural Sciences; Capt. A 


4 
¥ 
/ 
| 
\ ra] 
4 
: 


CXIIlI 


Hyatt, Baltimore, Md.; Dr. H. C. Wood jr., Philadelphia; Rev. C. J. 
S. Bethune, Sect. Entomological Soc. of Canada; Dr. J. H. Salisbury, 
Cleveland, Ohio; W. W. Cary, Coleraine, Mass.; J. G. Sanborn, Cher- 
ryfield, Me.; Miss Julia-H. Spear, Burlington Vt.; B. P. Mann, Con- 
cord, Mass.; Prof. Traill Greene, Easton, Pa.; D. G. Elliot, New York ; 
S. B. Mead, Augusta, 0l.; Dr, J. W. Robbins, Uxbridge, Mass.; Dr. 
Asa Horr, Dubuque, Iowa; A. N. Prentiss, Lansing, Mich.; Dr. C. C. 
Abbott, Trenton, N. J.; J. R. Willis, Halifax, N. S.; John Kirkpatrick, 
Sect. Cleveland Acad. Natural Sciences; C. A. Emery, Springfield, 
Mass.; Dr. Ezra Michener, Avondale, Pa.; G. C. Brown, Mt. Holly, N. 
J.; J. F. Knight, Sect. Entomological Society of Philadelphia; A. L. 
Babcock, Sherborn, Mass.; Rev. J. E. Long, Hublersburg, Pa.; Isaac 
A. Pool, Chicago, Il.; Frank Stratton, Natick, Mass.; C. F. Austin, 
Closter, N. Y.; Wm. W. Stewart, Custodian, Buffalo Society Natural 
sciences; Prof. L. W. Bailey, University of New Brunswick; J. P. 
Lesley, Philadelphia; E. Tatnall jr., Wilmington, Del.; J. A. Allen, 
Cambridge; W. H. Niles, Cambridge; C. F. Hartt, Cambridge; O. H. 
St. John, Cambridge; Prof. T. C. Porter, Lancaster, Pa.; H. S. Babbitt, 
Asst. Sect. Ohio State Bd. of Agriculture; Prof. How, King’s College, 
N. S.; D. Wilkins, Littleton. N. H.; Saml. P. Fowler, Danvers, Mass. ; 
P. 8. Sprague, Quincy, Mass.; J. D. Sergeant, Philadelphia Acad. Nat. 
Sciences; Wim. Gossip, Sect. Nova Scotian Institute of Nat. Science; 
Dr. H. M. Paine, Albany, N. Y.; H. A. Cutting, Lunenburgh, Vt.; B. 
S$. Lyman, Philadelphia; Eiihu Hall, Athens Ill.; Dr. Daniel Clark, 
Flint, Mich.; Dr. J. A. Meigs, Philadelphia, Pa.; Prof. D. 8. Sheldon, 
Griswold College, Davenport, Iowa; R. Kennicott, Director, Museum 
Acad. Nat. Sciences, Chicago, Ill.; B. F. Mudge, State Geologist of 
Kanzas, Quindaro, Kanzas; Wm. 8. Sullivant, Columbus, Ohio; Prof. 
F. Poey, Habana, Cuba; J. G. Arnold, Worcester; Dr. J. C. Draper, 
New York: Prof. S. 8. Haldeman, Columbia, Pa.; Prof. A. I. Verrill, 
Yale College; C. M. Tracy, Lynn; Wm. 8. Vaux, Philadelphia; Dr. 
Theo. Tellkampf, New York; E. T. Cresson, Corresp. Sect. Entomolo- 
gical Society of Philadelphia; Prof. Leo Lesquereux, Columbus, Ohio, 
relating to the Publications : C. M. Wheatley, relating to un exchange of 
specimens: Miss Anna L. Coffin, Newbury; C. M. Tracy, Lynn; Dr. 
Wim. Wood, Portland, Me.; N. Brown, Boston; Capt. N. E. Atwood, 
Provincetown, on business: G. A. Boardman, Milltown, Me.; W. W. 
Denslow, New York, offering to send specimens to the Museum: Al- 
bert G. Browne, Charleston, 8. C.; J. C. Convers; Mrs. G. H. Chase; 
Blagden & Co., Boston, announcing the transmission of books for the 
Library : Smithsonian Institution, acknowledging the receipt of Pub. 
lications : Charles Henry Pepper, accepting Membership. 


16 


CXIV 


Donations to the Library and Museum were announced. 

Professor A. E. Verrill made some remarks upon the 
Iron ores found in the New England States and contig- 
uous part of New York. ‘I'wo kinds of ore were mention- 
ed, the Hematitic and the Magnetic oxide. The bog ore i 
found in our low lands resembled the Hematitic in its | 
composition but !s usually much inferior in quality. 

Francis C. Butman, and Francis A. P. Rust, of Salem, . 
were elected Resident Members. Professor Edward D. 
Cope of Philadelphia, Professor James Hall of Albany, 7 
and Baron Osten Sacken, Russian Consul General at 
New York, were elected Corresponding Members. 

The Chair stated that at the last meeting, the news of 
the evacuation of Richmond had been received, and that 
on the morning of the Monday following the announce- 
ment of the surrender of Lee’s Army was published to the 
Country. This day startling news of a different character 
was received: the death of the President of the United 
States, at Washington, on Saturday, April 15, at 7.20 
o’clock in the morning, occasioned by a bullet wound 
from a pistol in the hands of an assassin on the evening 
previous. ‘These events deserve a place on our records. 

Robert 5S. Rantoul introduced a series of appropriate 
resolutions, which were unanimously adopted and ordered 
to be placed upon the xzecords of the Institute. Dr. 
George B. Loring, on moving their adoption, ‘paid an 
eloquent and deserved tribute to the memory: of the late 
President. Professor A. Crosby followed Dr. Loring with 


suggestive remarks. 


ee  — 


Fv 
ve 


NPs ; ; 
Siw! ~ 

i } j 
> 3 eee } * - J 
to oe a ane) Oe A a P . 4 


CXV 


Monpay, May 1. Regular meeting. 


Vice President Goodell in the chair. 

Letters were read from: 

Chas. Stodder, Boston; Samuel R. Carter, Paris Hill, Me.; Wm. A. 
Haines, New York; Prof. T. S. Parvin, Iowa City; Asst. Surg. B. G. 
Wilder, 55th Mass. Vols.; Chas. Wright, Wethersfield, Ct.; Prof. 
Edw. Hitchcock, Amherst College; Dr. John Gundlach, Habana, Cuba; 
Tryon Reakirt, Philadelphia; Thomas Meehan, Editor of the Garden- 
er’s Monthly; S. I. Smith, Norway, Me.; John Bolton, Portsmouth, 
Ohio ; S.D. Poole, Lynn; J. D. Parker, Steuben, Me.; Prof. Dana, 
Yale College; Isaac C. Martindale, Byberry, Pa.; Prof. D. &. Sheldon, 


Griswold College; Wm. 8S. Sullivant, Columbus, Ohio; Prof. H. A. 
Thompson, Otterbein University; G. F. Matthew, St. John, N. B.; Prof. 
A. E. Verrill, Yale College; 8. B. Mead, Augusta, Ill.; Dr. J. Aitken 
Meigs, Philadelphia; W. J. Howard, Central City, Colorado; Dr. 8. A. 
De Morales, Habana, Cuba, relating to the Publications: Wim. Wood & 
Co., New York; Wm. W. Stewart, Custodian, Buffalo Soc. Nat. Scien- 
ces, on business: A. M. Edwards, New York, announcing: the forma- 
tion of the American Microscopical Society in New York. 

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced. 

A large number of native plants, collected by Nathaniel 
Hooper and James H. Kmerton, were placed on the table 
and were explained by Geo. D. Phippen, who had a few 
interesting remarks to make on each of the various speci- 
es. Mr. Phippen thought that the opening of the flowers 
this year, was about ten days in advance of many previous 
years. 

Messrs. Hooper and Emerton gave an account of the 
special locality of several of the rarer species. Mr. Emer- 
ton read a few notes relating to the time of flowering of a 
number of species of plants, the present season, and also 
as to the first appearance of several species of insects this 
spring. 

F. W. Putnam stated that the Toads commenced 
spawning on the 16th of April. He then made some re- 
marks, suggested by those of Mr. Phippen, upon the vari- 
ous theories regarding the origin of species. 


a Se 


CXVI 


Messrs. F. W. Putnam, Charles Davis, W. P. Upham 
and the Secretary were appointed a committee to nomi- 
nate officers for the ensuing year, and report the same at 
the annual meeting. 

Edward Dean and T. Francis Hunt, of Salem, were 
elected Resident Members. E. T’. Cresson of Philadelphia, 
was elected a Corresponding Member. 


Wepnespay, May 10. Annual meeting. 


Vice President Goodell in the chair. 

The reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Superintendent, 
Curators and Committees were read andaccepted. From 
these reports the following particulars may be specified. 


The Society is in a good and healthy condition. The 
receipts from the assessments of the Resident Members have 
been greater than in any preceding year, which was also 
the case in regard to the sales of publications. During the 
year one hundred and fifty seven Resident and twelve Cor- 
responding Members have been elected. Hight Resident 
Members have removed from the county, and the follow- 
ing have died during the year: Wm. B. Brown, Henry 
Hubon, Edward L. Perkins, Charles W. Swasey, Lucy 
Treadwell, George A. Ward, Mary E. Wheatland, Sam- 
uel Webb, all of Salem. ‘The sad intelligence of the de- 
cease of the following Corresponding Members has been 
received: Hon. Edward Everett of Boston, Mass., Pro- 
fessor Benjamin Silliman of New Haven, Conn., Carlton A. 
Shurtleff of Roxbury, Mass., and William B. Fowle of 
Medfield, Mass. Biographical notices of the. deceased — 
Members will be printed in the Historical Collections. The 
present number of Resident Members is five hundred and 
two, of Corresponding, one hundred and thirty-six. 
Five field meetings have been held during the past sea- 
son; at Hast Saugus, Wenham Pond in Beverly, Glouces- 
ter, Rockville chapel in South Danvers and Newburyport. 
‘These meetings have been largely attended, and a greater* 
interest than at any previous season has been manifested. _ 


CVT 


Evening meetings have been held on the second and 
fourth Mondays of each month for the first part of the 
winter, and the first and third Mondays afterwards, at the 
rooms of the Institute, commencing in October and clos- 
ing with the annual meeting in May. The large number 
attending these meetings calls for a more commodious 
meeting room at as early a day as practicable. 

The Lecture Committee, having adopted the plan of 
having courses of lectures on special subjects and of an 
educational character, delivered to appreciative audiences, 
in lieu of the more extended courses of a miscellaneous 
character of former years, made arrangements with Messrs. 
Putnam and Tracy, who have taken the initiative, and the 
committee trust that this plan will be adopted in other 
branches. 

F. W. Putnam, on the five Thursday evenings in 
March, delivered a course of lectures on “Insects, their 
habits and structure,” at Lyceum hall, under the auspices 
of the Institute, which were very instructive and were well 
attended by highly appreciative and intelligent audiences. 
At the close of the course the following resolution, moved 
by Prof. A. Crosby and seconded by Gen. H. Kk. Oliver, 
was unanimously adopted: 

“Resolved: 'That we express to Mr. Putnam our high 
appreciation of the valuable and interesting Course of 
Lectures he has just completed; and the personal thanks 
and obligations of our community to him for these labors 
in the cause of science and public improvement, especially 
in view of his generous appropriation of the greater part 
of the proceeds to the benefit of the Museum of the Hssex 
Institute.” . 

Cyrus M. Tracy of Lyna has delivered two of a series 
of eight lectures on Botany at the rooms of the Institute 
on the two preceding Saturday afternoons. 


CXVIII 


The Treasurer presented the following statement Be | 
the financial condition, for the year ending May, 1865. 


GENERAL ACCOUNT. 
Debits. 
Athenszeum Rent, half fuel, &c. 


Publications, $1001 25; collecting assessments, -e ‘10, 


Postage and Express, $76 90; Gas, $11 90, 
Printing, $26 75; pre ouery and 5 ae #33 03, 
Sundries, 
Historical account, 
Natural History and Horticultural ‘account, 

- Balance in Treasury, , 


Credits. 


Balance of last year’s account, ; 

Dividends Webster Bank, $60 00; Books ‘sold, #180 19, 
Sale of Publications, 

Assessments, a 


$535 538 
1024 35 | 


88 80 "am 


59 78 
41 06 
143 50. 
59 34 
12 27 


$1964 63 


7 04 
240 19 
809 40 
908 00 


$1964 63 


NATURAL HISTORY AND HORTICULTURE. 


. Debits. 


Preservatives &c., $65 00; Specimens, we 00, 
Cases, $56 75; Bottles, $6 60, , 
Horticultural Exhibition, 


Credits, 


Horticultural Exhibition, 
Dividends Lowell Bleachery, 
. Portland, Saco & Portsmouth Railroad. ; 


General Account, - ; 


HISTORICAL ACCOUNT. 


Debits. 
Binding, $100 00; Books, $98 50, S FiXG ie 
Credits. 
Dividends Naumkeag Bank, / aid 
Coupons Michigan Central Railroad, ar 


General Account, 4 : : - 


99 00 
63 35 
53 10 


$215 45 


104 11 
40 00— 
12 00 
59 34 


$215 45 


CXIX 


The Library is daily in receipt of additions. A large 
increase is consequent upon the exchanges that have been 
arranged with different societies, and editors or proprietors 
of historical and scientific journals, newspapers, &c. 


The additions during the year, principally by donation 
or exchange, are: 


Octavos and lesser fold, 500° 
Quartos 4, Folios 12, 16 
Newspapers, Folios, (files) 88 
Pamphlets and Serials, 1,500 

2,104 


The above have been contributed by one hundred and 
twenty individuals and _ fifty-seven Societies, Editors of 
Journals and the various departments of the State and 
General Government. 

The publication of the Proceedings and Historical Col- 
lections has been continued during the year: of the for- 
mer, vol. IIT and Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 of vol. LV have been 
printed ; of the latter, volume VI. 

The annual Exhibition of Fruits, Flowers and Vegeta- 
bles took place on Wednesday, ‘Thursday and Friday, 
Sept. 21, 22, 23, and exceeded our expectations after the 
severe un precedented drought. There were many plates of 
fine pears. The leading feature was the display of out- 
door grapes, which was judged the finest ever exhibited in 
the state. The vegetables were particularly fine. The 
flowers, as usual, were very attractive and contributed es- 
sentially to the general appearance of the rooms. 

The Historical Department has been increased during 
the year by the addition of two hundred specimens to the 
Ethnological section, a large number of valuable manu- 
scripts and several engravings and portraits. ‘I'he room 
given to this department is much crowded, rendering a 
proper display of the collection impossible and obliging 
the storage of many of the engravings and mauuscripts 
for the want of accommodation. 

T'wo hundred and thirty-seven donations, embracing 
eight thousand five hundred and three specimens, have 
been received for the Natura] History Department during 
the year. ‘The work in the various sections of the depart- 


CXX 


ment has been carried on with good results, and several 
are in a forward state of arrangement. Catalogues have 
been commenced and in some of the classes the specimens © 
are as far arranged as the limited supply of case room, jars 
and alcohol will allow for the present. We are under great 
obligations to Professor Verrill, of Yale College, for the iden- 
tification and arrangement of the Polyps, and Acalephs.. 
‘These classes have been largely increased by the valuable 
addition of several hundred specimens of East Indian corals, 
collected and presented by Capt. W. H. A. Putnam. By 
the kindness of Professor Verrill, and Mr. Alexander Agas- © __ 
siz, who had previously identified the collection of Echino- 
derms, we have the specimens belonging to the branch of 
Radiata so far identified that it is proposed to publish a 
catalogue of the collection at an early day. We are also 
indebted to Rev. E. C. Bolles, of Portland, for the identi- 
fication of many of our native land and fresh water shells. 

It is to be hoped that the work on the collection will not 
Jong be impeded by the present insufficient supply of cas- 
es and materials for the proper exhibition of the speci- 
mens. Much larger accommodations are required for the 
various departments of the Museum and these cannot be 
supplied to the extent desired without an addition to the 
present building by which, at least, three times the present 
amount of case room can be obtained. Not more than 
three-fourths of our specimens are now visible to the pub- 
lic, or of use for study, as many are stowed in kegs and 
cans in the cellar and in drawers and boxes in the hall. 
A partial supply of case room could be obtained by the 
construction of a few railing and table cases in the hall 
for the Insects, Fossils and Birds’ nests and_ eggs. The 
cases for the pinned Insects are needed at once, for this 
valuable collection is being destroyed by its insect ene- 
mies, and until more room is given to it this destruction 
cannot be wholly prevented, even by the constant vigilance 
of the Curator 

As the arrangement of the various classes is perfected. 
large numbers of duplicate specimens are separated, which 
will be presented to such institutions and individuals as 
will use them for the advancement of science, in accor- 
dance with the rule adopted by the Institute regarding 


* 


* 


CXXI1 


the distribution of its duplicates. ‘Though a number of 
collections are now being packed for transmission to vari- 
ous persons and societies the following, only, have been 
sent during the past year. 


To the Cabinet of Yale College: 
40 species, 102 specimens, of Corals. 


25 6“ Al 66 ‘“ Hechinoderms. 
: ra. 20 ' “© Sponges. 
4 6 5 $6 ‘“ 'Tunicates. 


To A. L. Babcock, of Sherborn, Mass.: 
168 specimens of South American and 
2 66 “ African Insects. 


To the Chicago Academy of Science : 
2) species, “110 specimens, of foreign Helices. 


'To the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy: 
1 specimen of Goniaster cuspidatus Gray, from the 
West Coast of Africa. 


To J. G. Shute of Woburn, Mass.: 


28 species, 09 specimens of foreign Shells. 
To Rev. E. C. Bolles, of Portland, Me:.: 


73 species, of several specimens each, of foreign and 
American land and fresh water Shells. 


The following estimate of the number of specimens 
(exclusive of a large number of duplicates) in the various 
departments of the Museum presents a general view of the 
character of the collection at the present time. 

HisTroricaL DEPARTMENT. 


The section of Ethnology contains about 1400 specimens, illustrating 
the habits, costumes, war and domestic implements of the various races 
and nations. 

In the section of Manuscripts there are a very large number of 
Manuscripts relating to our early civil and ecclesiastical history. 

In the section of Fine Arts there are several hundred Portraits, 
Paintings and Engravings, many of which are of great historical 
value. 

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL HIsTory. 


Specimens. 
Geological specimens, about : 200 
Minerals, 1896 BpeUnsnss: of which 196 are from 
Essex County, ; : : ; : 1896 


17 


OXXII 
FOssILs. 
Radiates, 186 species, 250 specimens. 
Moliusks, 1108 Sg 000 as 
Articulates, 20 es 50 6 
Vertebrates, 90 rs 120 2 
Plants, 135 . 200 iy Fossils, 


RECENT. 

Piants, about 5000 species, native and foreign, among 

which are nearly all the species found in Essex County, a 

number of specimens of wood, and a large number of seeds 
&c., in all about 6500. Plants, 


Sponges, 42 species, 100 specimens. Sponges, 


Acalephs, 
Polyps, 446 species, 1500 specimens. 
Echinoderms, Radiates, 


Mollusks, in alcohol, 500 species, 1000 specimens. 


Shells, 4152 species, 8000 specimens. 

_ Mollusks, 
Worms, 110 species, 200 specimens. 
Crustaceans, 150 be dry, 330 species in alcohol, 


about 13800 specimens. 

Insects, 21000 specimens pinned, 5000 specimens.in alcohol, 
of these 2000 species of the pinned have been catalogued. 
Nests, 15 species, Articulates, 

Fishes, 1000 species, 2000 specimens in alcohol, and about 
200 specimens dry and mounted. 

Reptiles, 400 species, 1000 specimens, principally alcohol- 
ic. (A dine collection of Turtles mounted.) 

Birds, 100 species, 150 specimens in alcohol; 411 species, 
500 specimens mounted. 

Birds’ nests, 50 species, 80 specimens. 

Birds’ eggs, 180 RS 425 $s 


Mammals, 51 y 75 4 in alcohol; 


ae 65 8 70 ee mounted ; 
‘a 9 = 10 66 as skins. 
Vertebrates 


Skulls of Manmals, 172 species, 230 specimens, of which 
39 are human. 
Skulls of Birds, , 
Skulls of Reptiles, . : rae 
Skulls of Fishes, ; , 10 3 10 rs 
Skeletons of Mammals, : 12 “4 12 so 
Skeletons cf Birds, . : Sige f 8s 5 ve 


Skeletons of Reptiles, 6 ns 6 (3 

Skeletons of Batrachians, . 10 s 30 7 

Skeletons of Fishes, : 8 “6 8 6 

Parts of Skeletons, of Mammals, 8 ” 8 sg 
“6 ee 


Birds, 10 ¢ 10 os 
Teeth of Mammals, A 
Jaws of Fishes, 
Horns and Antlers, 
Osteological collection 


150 species, 200 specimens. 
9 6c“ AA “ 


6500 
100 


1500 


9000 


27515 


4510 


CXXIII 


May not the Institute hope that its friends and the pa- 
trons of science will soon give that aid, which is so essen- 
tial to promote its objects and to continue with success 
its usefulness in diffusing a knowledge of the works of the 
Creator and of the History of Mankind ? 

If an addition to our present accommodations and 
means could be: obtained and a number of professional 
Naturalists, having the charge of the various branches of 
the department of Natural History, and also several as- 
sistants in the Library, who, in addition to the ordinary 
duties could classify and arrange the manuscripts, pam- 
phlets, newspapers and other materials that appertain to 
the Historical department, be permanently attached to the 
institution, much good would be done to the cause of 
education in our community by well arranged collections 
and libraries, and also by free lectures illustrating the vari- 
_ ous objects of the Institute. Much could also be accom- 

plished through the medium of our publications in advanc- 
ing the cause of science, and also of historic research 
by the continuation of the printing of abstracts of wills, 
deeds and other documents which are deposited in the 
offices of the county of Essex, and other materialg of an 
historical nature that may be obtained from various sources. 


Letters were read from: 

Prof. S. 8. Parvin, Iowa City; Asst. Surg. B. G. Wilder, 55th Mass., 
Vol.; W. P. Alcott, Andover; Dr. Wm. Prescott, Concord, N. H.; J. 
W. P. Jenks, Middleborough; John Jenkins, Monroe, N. Y.; Rev. 
Joseph Blake, Gilmantown, N. H.; Edwin Harrison, St. Louis, Mo.; Dr. 
Simeon Shurtleff, Weatogue, Ct.; W. W. Jefferis, Westchester, Pa. ; 
W. J. Beal, Cambridge ; L. E. Chittenden, New York; Wm. H. Edwards, 
Newburgh, N. Y.; Wm. F. Hall, Boston; Theodore Howland, Sect. 
Buffalo Soc. Nat. Science; E. Lewis, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.; Chas. N. 
Hoyt, Providence, R. I.; John C. Trantivine, Philadelphia; Frederic 
Ware, Cambridge; Edward Norton, Farmington, Ct., relating to the 
publications: Elihu Hall, Athens, Il.; Geo. C. Huntington, Kelley’s 
Island, Ohio, relating to the collection of specimens: Prof. 8. F. Baird, 
Smithsonian Institution, on business: F. C. Butman, accepting mem- 
bership: A. G. Browne, department of the South, relating to the 
transmission of books for the library: Smithsonian Institution, ac- 
knowledging the receipt of publications: C. W. Felt, calling attention 
to Mr. Perkins’ class in Phonography: A. Huntington, declining to be 
‘a candidate for the Presidency. 


CXXIV 


The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: 


PRESIDENT. 
FRANCIS PEABODY. 


VICE PRESIDENTS. 
Of Natural History—SamvuEut P. Fowuer. Of History—A. C. GoopELt JR. 
Of Horticulture—J. F. ALLEN. 


SECRETARY AND TREASURER. °¢ << ae 
HENRY WHEATLAND. : 
LIBRARIAN. 

CHARLES DAVIS. 


SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MUSEUM. 
F. W. Putnam. 


FINANCE COMMITTEE. 
J. C. Lee, R. S. Rogers, H. M. Brooks, G. D. Phippen, Jas. Chamberlain. 
LIBRARY COMMITTEE. . 
J. G. Waters, Alpheus Crosby, H. J. Cross, G. D. Wildes, William Sutton. 
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE. 
A. C. Goodell Jr., G. D. Phippen, Ira J. Patch, C. M. Traey,: ° 
Win. P. Upham, R. 8. Rantoul, F. W. Putnain. 
LECTURE COMMITTEE. 
Francis Peabody, A.C. Goodell Jr., G. D. Phippen, ‘ebree Perkins, 
James Kimball, G. W. Briggs, F. W. Putnam. 
FIELD MEETING COMMITTEE. 


Geo. B. Loring, C.M. Tracy, S. Barden, S. P. Fowler, J. M. Ives, - 4 
. D. Wildes, E. N. Waiton, Charles Davis. a 


CURATORS OF NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT. 
Geology—H. F. Shepard ; Mineralo C. H. Higbee; 
Paleontology—H. F. King; Botany—C. M. Tracy; — % 
Comparative Anatomy—Henry Wheatland; Vertebrata—F. W. Putnam; i 
Articulata—J. H. Emerton ; Mollusca—H. F. King; 


Radiata—Caleb Cooke. yi 
CURATORS OF HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT. f 


Ethnology. 
: William S. Messervy, M. A. Stickney, John Robinson. 
Manuscripts. , MM 
W. P. Upham, —_—sxH.. M.. Brooks, S. B. Buttrick, G. L. Streeter, 
G. D. Wildes, 7 E. Ss. Waters. ; ie fe ay : ay 
Fine Arts. 
Francis Peabody, J. G. Waters, J. A. Gillis. 


CURATORS OF HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT, 


; Fruits and Vegetables. : 
J. M. Ives, J. S. Cabot, R.S. Rogers, John Bertram, G. B. ‘ing, 
: . 8S. A. Merrill, |W. Maloon, A. Lackey G..F. Brown,: 
C. H. Norris, C. H. Higbee. (5 | 
Flowers. ” ‘¥e ¢ . a 4 
Francis Putnam, William Mack, sue A. West, Geo. D. G 


. 


CXXV 


Voted; That the meetings on the first and third Mon- 
days of each month be held at 4 o’clock P. M. until other- 
wise directed. 

Voted; That the Curators of Horticulture be authorized 
to hold exhibitions of I*ruits, Flowers, Vegetables &c., at 
such times and places as may be desirable; also to offer 
premiums and gratuities for specimens exhibited, under 
such regulations as they may adopt. 

Voted; That Messrs. Goodell, Rantoul and Upham be 
a committee to prepare suitable resolutions expressive of 
the thanks of the Institute due to A. Huntington, the re- 
tiring President, for his valuable services during the four 
years which he has presided over the Institute. 

On motion of Mr. Putnam, Chapter I, Section VI, 
lines five and six, of the By Laws were so amended as to 
read “make such use of the duplicates as may be benefici- 
al to science.” 

George M. White, James A. Chamberlain, Jonathan 
Ropes and George Fowler, all of Salem, were elected 
Resident Members. 


Monpay, May 15. Regular meeting. ¢ 


Vice President Goodell in the chair. 

R. 8. Rantoul, for the committee appointed at the an- 
nual meeting, submitted the following report which was 
adopted and a copy of it ordered to be transmitted to the 
retiring President :— 

Whereas the Honorable Asahel Huntington having de- 
clined reelection to the Presidency of the Essex Institute 
after four years of acceptable service in that capacity, dur- 
ing which the Institute has prospered beyond precedent. 

Therefore, Resolved: That we cannot forego this oppor- 
tunity of putting upon record our appreciation of the vir- 
tues of his private character, and of the usefulness of his 
long professional and public career; together with the hope . 
that he may hereafter look back upon his efforts, while 
President of this body, in behalf of sound learning, the 


CXXVI 


diffusion of useful knowledge and the generous culture of 
letters, science and the arts, as not the least among the 
honorable services of a well spent life. 

John L. Marks, William H. Silsbee, and Henry R. Gard- 
ner, of Salem, were elected Resident Members. 


Turspay, June 6. Adjourned Regular meeting. 
Henry F. King in the chair. 

On motion of the Superintendent it was Voted: That 
the thanks of the Institute be tendered to George C. Hun- 
tington, Esq., of Kelley’s Island, Ohio, for the donation of 
a valuable collection of Fishes from Lake Erie, and also 
for his kindness in defraying the necessary expenses at- 
tending the same. 


Wepnespay, June 7. Field meeting at Nahant. 


The society opened their series of Field meetings this 
day by a visit to the ever delightful retreats of Nahant. 
The number in attendance reaching over two hundred who 
took the regular conveyances from the Central Station, 
besides many who took other means and different hours © 
for the passage. Arriving at the Methodist Chapel, which 
had been selected as the place of meeting, the company 
deposited their various provisions, and under the guidance 
of John Q. Hammond, Esgq., the greater number set out to 
examine the curiosities of the place. Some, in search of 
particular objects, scattered here and there, to fish, or gather 
plants, or break the rocks for specimens of minerals. But 
most of the party made a circuit round the shore, passing 
the summer residences of Gen. Fremont, Prof. Longfellow, 
and that formerly of Prescott, the historian, as well as 
many more. ‘The “Swallow’s Cave” received due atten-. 
tion, as also those features of the eastern extremity, “Pulpit — 
Rock,” “Natural Bridge,” “Castle Rock,” and the “Spouting 


- 


CAXXVIL 


Horn.” <A brief stay was made about the crumbling ruins 
of the old Nahant Hotel, whose scorched and shivered 
stones yet bear up against the elements. Some pursued 
their walk to the “Maolis Gardens,” so fancifully laid out 
and bedecked by the late Frederick Tudor, and puzzled 
themselves with his unexplained devices. On returning, 
and after a plentiful repast, the party assembled in the 
Chapel for the formal exercises of the afternoon, when the 
meeting was called to order by A. C. Goodell, Historical 
Vice President. 


Letters were read from: 

Rev. E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me.; Traibner & Cv., London, Eng.; 
Mrs. B. F. Mudge, Quindaro, Kansas; E. L. Layard, Director of the 
South African Museum, Cape Town; Elihu Hall, Athens, Ill.; C. M. 
Tracy, Lynn; Smithsonian Institution; J. J. Babson, Gloucester; G. 
B. Loring; A. Lackey, Marblehead; John Howarth, Boston; H. R. 
Stiles, New York; David Choate, Essex; Dr. Wm. Prescott, Concord, N. 
H.; Dr. T. M. Brewer, Boston; Chas. M. Wheatley, Phoenixville, Pa. ; 
Prof. Richard Owen, Indiana State University; B. O. Peirce, Beverly ; 
A. S. Peabody, Cape Town, Africa; Geo. C. Huntington, Kelley’s Isl., 
Ohio; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale College; Prof. James Hall, Albany, N. 
Y.; W. W. Denslow, Inwood, N. Y.; W. W. Stewart, Custodian, Buf- 
falo Soc. of Nat. Sciences; Brown, Brothers & Co,, Boston, on various 
business matters: Sidney S. Lyon, Jeffersonville, Ind.; Rev. Samuel 
Lockwood, Keyport, N. J.; Dr. T. M. Logan, Sacramento, Cal.; Thure 
Kumlien, Busseyville, Wis.; D. G. Tompson, Montpelier, Vt.; Prof. S. 
¥F. Baird, Smithsonian Institution; Prof. C. C. Hamlin, Waterville Col- 
lege; H. B. Lord, Ludlowville, N. Y.; Codman & Shurtleff, Boston; 
W. A. Haines, New York; E. S. Morse, Gorham, Me.; W. J. Beal, 
Cambridge; Dr. Frederick Brendel, Peoria, Ill.; Prof. S. N. Norwood, 
Columbia, Mo.; Rev. E. B. Eddy, Waltham; Dr. John G. Thomas, 
Riviére-du-Loup-en-bas, Canada; Prof. Alex. Winchell, Ann Arbor, 
Mich.; G. A. Boardman, Milltown, Me.; A. L. Russell, Quebec, Canada ; 
Henry Bannister, Evanston, Ill., relating to the Publications: Maine 
Historical Society, acknowledging receipt of Publications; Albert G. . 
Browne; J. Vincent Browne; F. Cox; transmission of Specimens: Prof. 
James Hall, Albany; Henry R. Gardner; accepting Membership: F. 
Peabody, accepting the office of President: G. B. Loring, accepting the 
office of Chairman of Field Meeting Committee. 


“COXXVITI 


Donations to the Museum and. Library were announced. 

Dr. George B. Loring being called upon said that he 
had been surprised in several ways to day. ' He had found 
evidences of greater antiquity on Nahant than he had sup- 
posed were to be seen on the continent. He had found a 
ruin here, whose worn and tottering stones showed more 
of the ravages of time than the broken arches of the Fo- 
rum. He had been through Rome and many places in 
Europe of the older sort, but nowhere had he seen such 
worn and plainly antiquated piles as appeared on Nahant 
to day. Further on, he had found the very rocks carved 
with inscriptions in forgotten tongues. No one here to day 
could read them, no one could say what meant the ‘ epinon 
ek tes petras’ that still endured in the monumental granite 
of Nahant.’ Statues were here, but beyond the design of 
the old masters; frescoes, but wholly pre-Rapheelite in their 
execution. He was full of wonder at what he had seen. 
He further spoke of the place as formerly a field for the 
simple agriculture of the early time, when the unambi- 
tious farmers drove their flocks here to graze by day and 
brought them-home at night. He closed by an eloquent 
allusion to the restoration of peace, under which blessing 
the Institute could come to such delightful spots as this 
and continue its Field meetings. 

John Q. Hammond, Esq., of Nahant, would speak in 
behalf of his townsmen and extend their welcome to the 
Institute in their visit to day. For himself, he felt little 
of the enthusiasm in the study of nature that some exbib- 
ited, but he could appreciate the purposes and the utility 
of the Society, and was glad to lend what help he might 
to promote its interests. A good field was surely here 
for exploration; students were constantly resorting to it, 
and its rare and curious wealth seemed only partly yet 
discovered. 


CXXAIX 


C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, gave a brief account of some 
points in the botany of the peninsula. A remarkable fact 
appears in the almost total absence of all heath-like plants 
from this place. It is said there are a few huckleberry 
bushes here; but not a pyrola, laurel, lambkill, blueberry, 
swamp-pink, or any such thing could he ever find. On 
the contrary, the field chickweed, a most lovely plant for 
the lawn, grows here abundantly, though rare or wanting 
in all the region round. Formerly, it is said, Nahant had 
heavy forests; but the settlers destroyed them, and since 
then a tree can scarcely be made to endure the climate. 
Persevering care has, however, partly retrieved the error, 
and the place is growing far greener than for years before. 

F, W. Putnam, of Salem, gave some description of the 
zovlogical specimens taken during the day. 

Wm. J. Beals, of Union Springs, N. Y., said he had 
been born and brought up ina country where there were no 
rocks, no ocean, no evergreen trees, and he had heard of 
these things in his childhood, as the inventions in a pleas- 
ant story. A few years ago, he had made a pilgrimage to 
New England that he might see these things; and he had 
set himself down by the sea for half a day at a time, full 
of delight as a child. You who live in the midst of these 
things have no idea of their trae beauty. He gave a 
description of the curious plant called the sundew, which 
traps insects by the adhesive drops on its leaves. 

Caleb Cooke, late of Zanzibar, East Africa, excused 
himself from speaking on account of feeble health. He 
had enjoyed the day and its rambles, and at another time 
would be glad to speak. 

Abner H. Davis and Emery 8. Johnson, of Salem, were 
elected. Resident Members. John da Costa Soares, of 
Mozambique, E. C. A.; George C. Huntington, of Kelley’s 


18 


CXXX 


Island, Ohio; Professor Richard Owen, of New Harmony, 
Ind., and Professor Leo Lesquereux, of Columbus, Ohio, 
were elected Corresponding Members. 

On motion of Mr. Tracy the thanks of the Institute 
were voted to the Proprietors of the Methodist Church for 
the use of their House for the meeting, and to Messrs John 
Q. Hammond, Edmund Johnson, George A. Perkins and 


other friends in Nahant for their favors on this occasion. 


Monpay, June 14. Regular Meeting. 


The President, Francis Peabody, iu the chair. 


Letters were read from: 

W. W. Denslow, Inwood, N. Y.; 8. M. Buck, Hancock, Mich.; A. S. 
Taylor, Santa Barbara, Cal.; Prof. J. G. Norwood, Columbia, Mo.; E. 
S. Morse, Gorham, Me.; Prof. Joseph Henry, Sect. Smithsonian Insti- 
tution; N. Brown, Boston; Geo. C. Huntington, Kelley’s Island, Ohio; 
H. W.S. Cleveland, Danvers; Andrew Lackey, Marblehead; Leverett 
Saltonstall, Newton, relating to general business and the transmission 
of books and specimens: Geo. Scarborough, Sumner, Kansas; Rev. A. 
P. Chute, Sharon, relating to the publications: J. J. H. Gregory, Mar- 
blehead; C. M. Tracy, Lynn; G. W. Skinner, New Bedford; N. E. 
Atwood, Provincetown, relating to the Field meetings: Abner H. 
Davis, accepting membership: G. H. Peirson, containing an invitation 
to join in the celebration of the fourth of July in Salem. 

The Secretary submitted the following resolutions 
which were unanimously adopted. . 

The Institute having been invited to join in the celebra- 
tion of the fourth of July in Salem :— 

Resolved: That the coming anniversary of American 
Independence marks an epoch in the progress .of civiliza- 
tion and the life of Nations to which no studious observer 
can be indifferent, and that this Historical Body cordially 
unite, in spirit, with the people of this community, in such 
demonstrations as shall impress upon the minds of all the 
character of the crisis through which the Nation has pass- 
ed and the honorable place in history which awaits the 
defenders of their Country. 

Resolved: That, whereas, the Members are wide i 
scattered, and many of them will take part in the demon- 


CXXXI 


stration in connection with other bodies, the Institute, 
grateful for the polite invitation, deem it unadvisable to 
take any prominent position; at the same time they will 
cheerfully render such assistance in their power, consistent 
with their regulations, as may contribute to the interest of 
the occasion. 


The President, as chairman of the committee on the 
“First Church,” presented a final report of the doings of the 
committee. The frame of the Church has been removed 
and placed in the rear of Plummer Hall, encased in an ex- 
ternal structure of suitable strength to which it is bolted 
and is seen projecting from the plastering on the inside of 
the building. ‘Ihe Committee, in giving the key of the 
building to the Institute, do so, with the sincere wish, that 
the Holy House may be preserved to those who come 
after us, and handed down, from generation to generation, 
as a valued trust. 

Rev. G. D. Wildes, after some appropriate remarks, 
moved that the report be accepted and that the thanks of 
the Institute be tendered to the committee, for the faithful 
and successful performance of their duty, which was 
unanimously adopted. [The report of the Committee will 
be published in full in the Historical Collections.] 

R. 8S. Rantoul read a memoir of Major Thompson Max- 
well, a soldier in the old French war, the Revolution, and 
the war of 1812. , 

On motion of Mr. Putnam, the memoir read by Mr. Ran- 
toul was referred to the publication committee, for publi- 
cation in the Historical Collections. 

The thanks of the Institute were voted to Colonel EK. 
F. Miller for the presentation of the original documents, 
from which the memoir of Major Maxwell had been com- 
piled. 

Mr. Putnam communicated, by title, a paper by E. S. 
Morse, on the “Classification of the Mollusca on the Princi- 


ri 4 


tins re 


CXXXII 


ple of Cephalization,” accompanied with a plate. Referred 
to the Publication Committee. 
Donations to the Library and Museum were announced. ° 
H. R. Lovett of Beverly was elected a Resident Member. 


Tuurspay, JuNE 24. Field meeting at. Standley’ s Grove 
in Beverly. 

This second Field meeting of the season was attended 
by a large party from Salem and the adjoining towns, 
who, after a pleasant forenoon’s ramble in the woods and 
over the Laurel Ground, and a collation in the grove, 
assembled on the platform, when the meeting was called to 
order by Dr. G. B. Loring, Chairman of the Field meet- 
ing committee, who made a few remarks upon the history 
of the town, alluding to several of the worthy persons who 
once lived within its limits, as the Cabots, Nathan Dane, 
President Willard, of Harvard University, and others. 

After the reading of the records of the last meeting, 
letters were read from the following: 

Thomas Bland, New York; Thomas Mc Ilwraith, Hamilton, C. W.; 
Capt. Alpheus Hyatt, Baltimore, Md.; Thomas M. Peters, Moulton, Ala. ; 
John Bolton, Portsmouth, Ohio; S. I. Smith, Norway, Me.; A. L. Bab- 
cock, Sherborn, Mass.; E. S. Morse, Gorham, Me.; Thomas Meehan, 
Germantown, Pa., relating to the publications : Prof. Theo. Gill, Smith- 
sonian Institution, applying for the use of specimens: Prof. Leo Les- 
quereux, Columbus, Ohio, accepting Membership and notice of trans- 
mission of books for the library: Asst. Surg. A. S. Packard, Camp near 
Washington; C. M. Tracy, Lynn; Dr. W..Prescott, Concord, N. H.; Rey. 
S. Barden, Rockport, on business: B. F. Mudge, Quindaro, Kansas, | 


stating that he will send fossils to the Institute: W. H. Dall & R. E. C. 
Stearns, San Francisco, relating to an exchange of specimens. 


Donations to the Library an 1 Museum were announced. 
Rev. G. D. Wildes read a poem written for the occasion 
by Mrs. P. A. Hanaford. ) 
Dr. Henry C. Perkins, of Newburyport, read a paper of 
which the following is an abstract. 


CAAT 


Attempt to explain the formation, or development, of 
the cumulus or thunder cloud on the principles laid down 
by Mr. Espy in his Philosophy of Storms, modified some- 
what as to the principle of the ascent of the air in the tor- 
nado and water spout. 

On the 9th of August, 1852, a large cumulus cloud was 
observed in process of development, the cloud was soon 
capped by a dense, white vapor, (as if by a veil), showing 
that the air above the cloud was being lifted bodily (as it 
were) by the ascending column of hot air, above the dew 

oint. 

The dry bulb thermometer stood at 79° F., wet bulb 
at 69° I*., the dew point being at 65° F. 

‘he rain was soon seen to fall and in a few moments 
the Jightning was observed, followed, at an interval of 45 
seconds, by a clap of thunder. A heavy shower from this 
cloud fell at Hampton Falls. 

Reckoning a fall in temperature of 1° for every 100 
yards, the base of the cloud was about 1 ,400 yards above 
the surface of the Earth, and the top of the cloud about 
three times as high, or 4, 200 yards. 

If we suppose with Mr. Espy that the air cools in ascen- 
ding at the rate of 1.5° for every hundred yards, the ther- 
mometer in and outside of the cloud would indicate a fall 
of 60° in the temperature in ascending 4,000 yards, unless 
warmed up by the condensation of the vapors in the cloud. 

By the above ratio of descent of temperature, when the 
air has risen 1,700 yards, the temperature will have fallen 
between 25 and 26°, and in so doing, will, (according to 
Dalton’s tables) after making due allowance for the in- 
creased space it occupies in ascending three miles, viz.: 
one-third, condense forty-four one hundred and fifteenths 
nearly of its vapor; which would be sufficient to heat up 
the air in the cloud 35°. 

The expansion of the air in the cloud by the giving out 
of this amount of latent heat, viz.: 835,° would equal thirty- 
five four hundred and eightieths or one-fourteenth nearly, 
of its bulk, or of the space occupied by the ascending 
column of hot air. 

Supposing now the base of the cloud to be at one mile 
above the earth, where the harometer may he taken as 


e ¢ > 
——a a”! 


CXXXIV 


standing at 30 inches and the density of the air at unity, 
or one; ‘at four thousand two hundred yards, its density 
would be .630, or one third less: or in other words the 
barometer would stand at 20 inches at or just above the 
cloud, and at 30 inches at its base: one-fourteenth of this 
difference would equal .71 of an inch of barometric pressure, 
which would express the fall of the barometer from expan- 
sion by the heat given out by the condensation of the 
vapors if the expansion was all in an upward direction. 

On the supposition that the column of heated air or the 
cloud ascends to a point where the barometer would stand 4 
at 20 inches, the amount of rain which would fall would 
be about 1.6 inch, supposing all the vapors to be condens- 
ed and to fall on an area equal to the base of the cloud; 
and it would occupy about 30 minutes in falling: for when 
the dew point is at 65° the air contains about one seventy- 
seventh of its weight of vapor, and air at 80° dew point 
ascending on the principle of floating bodies, at the rate of 
7 1-2 feet in one second, at 65°, would rise one tenth less 
rapidly, or at about the rate of 6 feet and 9 inches in a 
second. , 

Without doubt the Sun may and does, in the day time, aid 
in the development of the cumulus cloud. We learn from 
Mr. Wise, the Aeronaut, that the air in the base of and on 
the sunny side of the cloud is much warmer than at other 
parts, and these clouds are seldom formed in the night; but 
we apprehend that the electricity given off by the ~conden- 
sation of the vapors is, in many of these clouds, especially 
those giving rise to the tempest or tornado and the water 
spout, the great expansive power in their development: in- 
deed, on no other principles but that of the convective dis- 
charge of electricity can be explained the uplifting and re- 
moval to great distances of heavy bodies, the drying up of 
ponds, or the phenomena noticed in the subjoined account 


of the tornado which has so recently occurred in Wisconsin. 
.*An awfal tornado nearly destroyed the village of Viroqua, Wiscon- 
sin, Thursday week. One hundred and seventeen persons were killed 
and wounded. A correspondent of the N. Y. World gives the follow- 
ing particulars :— > 
The southern part of the village. for astrip near eighty rods in width, 
was swept away. Where stood handsome white houses, neat barns, and 
out buildings, nothing now remains but ruins. Gardens, garden fenc- 


CXXXV 


es, orchards, grape vines, floral shubbery, well-curbs, buggics, 
wagons, cutters, &c., &c., were caught up, whirled, shaken, dashed to 
fragments, and the pieces taken for miles beyond. Never was work of 
destruction more rapid or complete. The track of the whirlwind is as 
if some mighty river had rushed over the course, leaving thousands of 
odd fragments strewn with liberal yet spiteful power. 

Trees were torn up by the roots and thrown rods away. Roofs, sides, 
doors, floors, chimneys, underpinning, and furniture of houses were 
pounded together, broken into fragments and fairly sown over the 
land. Log chains were twisted apart, stoves and plow castings broken, 
ready for the smelter’s furnace. ‘Tree tops were loaded with clothing, 
bed-clothes, feather beds, carpets, chairs, harnesses, calves, sheep, 
dogs, cats, and poultry, dead or writhing on points of branches which 
had themselves been broken. ‘Timbers have lodged in the tops of tall 
oaks, or, from their weight, borne saplings to the earth, and the sap- 
lings left covered with fragments of household goods as if hung out to 
dry. Doors, partitions, roots, and floors of houses are found from five 
rods to three miles from where they belonged. Horses and cattle were 
killed or so badly maimed as to inake their death an act of mercy. 
Fence rails, for ten years lying on the earth till imbedded therein, were 
whirled out. Stumps were torn up. Great rocks of twenty tons 
weight, were rolled, lifted, and broken by the mighty power. 

Near the residence of John Gardner stands a tall oak rising about 
sixty feet from the ground. The wind whisked every leaf and small 
twig from the tree, leaving it looking as if dead. The house—a large 
white one—was taken so high in the air that it was seen above the tree 
tops, dashed to the ground, lifted again higher than before, whirled 
around and dashed roof down upon the earth a few rods from its foun- 
dation, and all but a few timbers borne away. Mrs. Gardner was in 
the house all the time; was spilled out in the second tumble and but 
slightly hurt, while an infant who was clinging fast in her arms escaped 
without a scratch or bruise! 

In a school house were twenty-four children and a young lady teach- 
er. The building was lifted high into the air, dashed upon the ground 
some distance from its foundation, again lifted about forty feet and 
dashed bottom up to the ground, and the fragments swept away. 
Eight children were killed and every other occupant badly injured. 
One little ten year old girl, whose thigh was lacerated and broken, 
when found in the fields begged the people to look for the others who 
were worse hurt than herself. The school house is not to be found. 

Mr. Bennett was blown from his own demolished residence into a 
cellar near by, from which a house had been torn away. In a few 
seconds a little girl was thrown in by him for company. At the same 
time a horse was hurried in, striking Mr. Bennett and badly breaking a 
leg. The horse kicked and struggled to release himself from the rub- 
bish which was ‘spilling’ in upon the party, when Mr. Bennett tried to 
get a knife from his pocket that he might cut the poor animal’s throat, 
and thus save the life of himself and the girl. At this moment a span 
of horses with part of their harness on were hurled in unon him and 
killed. he wagon to which they were attached went—the box to the 
west—the running gear into fragments and away over the field. The 
man who was in the wagon driving when the storm began was thrown 
like an arrow into an oak thicket thirty rods south from where he start- 
ed, with fatal injuries.” - 


CXXXVI 


Joseph H. Abbot, of Beverly, offered a few remarks, 
corroborative of the theory advanced by Dr. Perkins relat- 
ing to the formation of thunder clouds, from personal ob- 
servations. 

Rev. Mr. Spaulding, of Newburyport, said a few words, 
expressive of his gratification at being present and of the 
increasing popularity of the study of Nature. 

John I. Baker, of Beverly, welcomed the Institute, and 
thanked them for holding a meeting in the town. 

C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, explained the plants which had 
been collected during the day, interspersing his remarks 
with many pleasant allusions, especially in respect to 
the Laurel found in such profusion, as though “to the 
Manor born,” and thought that the reputation of Beverly 
could well “rest upon her laurels.” 

F. W. Putnam spoke of the nest of a Red-eyed Vireo, 
which he had found on a small oak in a swamp. The 
nest contained two eggs of the Cowbunting and none of 
the Vireo, having evidently been deserted as soon as the 
Cowbunting’s eggs had been laid. 

_ Joseph D. Tucke of Beverly presented a Liéutenatt’s 
commission given by Gov. Dudley of Massachusetts to 
Thomas Whittridge of Beverly, April 23, 1707. 

R. 8. Rantoul read a few extracts from the memoir of 
Thomas Maxwell, a Revolutionary hero. 


Rev. G. D. Wildes offered some reminiscences of the 


brave young men who had achieved our National Inde- 
pendence. | 

The Secretary read the following communication :— 

“C, M. Tracy, of Lynn, one of our esteemed Members 
and Curator of Botany, delivered on Saturday last the clos- 
ing lecture of a course of eight on Botany. This course 
gave great satisfaction and was much admired by an ap- 
preciative audience. Before separating a meeting was 
called to order and Professor Crosby was invited to pre- 


f 
p 
5 
, 
7 


CXXXVII 


side. James Upton, after a few appropriate remarks, in- 
troduced the following resolutions, which were unani- 
mously adopted :— 

Resolved; That we have listened with much satisfac- 
tion to the course of lectures by Mr. C. M. Tracy, of which 
the concluding one has been delivered this afternoon, and 
that the subject has been presented by him with a discrim- 
ination of thought and felicity of language as to demand 
some special token of our appreciation; we therefore ten- 
der to Mr. Tracy the thanks of this audience for his very 
successful efforts to interest us in his favorite study, the 
science of Botany. 

It was then Voted, that a notice of these lectures with 
a copy of this resolution be communicated at a meeting 
of the Essex Institute with a request that the same be en- 
tered upon the records.” 


On motion of the Secretary it was Voted: 'That the 
above communication be entered upon the records. 


George W. Pousland and J. Vincent Browne Jr., of 
Salem, were elected Resident Members. 

On motion of C. M. Tracy it was Voted: ‘That the thanks 
of the Institute be tendered to Charles Davis Esq., Miss — 
Sarah J. ‘Tittle and other citizens of Beverly, for the kind 
interest they have manifested and the assistance they have 
afforded in carrying out this meeting. 


Additions to the Museum and Library during April, May, 
and June, 1865. 
TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT. 
By DONATION. 

ADAMS, SAMUEL, Hamilton. Attacus cecropia from Hamilton. 

ALLEN, J. F., Salem. Larve and Imago of Lepidopterous Insects 
from the Grape vine. 

BakER, Davip, Andover. Cast off skin of a Black Snake, 5 feet 2 in- 
ches in length. 

BENNETT. Mrs. A., Salem. Flying fish from Atlantic Ocean. Teeth 
of a Squid, Crustacean and Centipede from the East Indies. 

Bo.ues, Rey. E. C., Portland, Me. Several Insects from Portland. 

Brooks, H. M., Salem. Attacus polyphemus from Salem. 

Brown Jr., BeNJ., Salem. Papilio Tarnus from Salem. 


iy 


OXXXVIII 


BuFraLo Society or NaTuRAL Scrences, Buffalo, N. Y. Collection 
of 18) species of Plants from the vicinity of Buffalo. 

Burrrick, S. B., Salem. Several Minerals. 

CARLEN, SAMUEL, Salem. Papilio Turnus from Salem. 

CARLTON, FRAZER, Salem. <Attacus cecropia from Salem. 

CoLcorp, Mrs. HELEN M., South Danvers. Male, female, and young 
Red-winged Blackbird from South Danvers. 

Conway, Mrs., Salem. Nuts from South America. 

CookkE, CALreB, Salem. Collection of Plants from Zanzibar, Africa. 
Ophidian from a wellin Zanzibar, Africa. Young Partridge from Salem. 
Parasites from the Cod, Haddock, and Skate, from Salem Harbor. 

Crossy, Mrs. A., Salem. Cocoon of Attacus cecropia containing a 
grain of corn between the two layers of the cocoon. 

DENSLOW, W. W., New York. 34 species of Plants, mostly collected 
by Audubon on his trip to the Rocky Mountains. 

EaGuLeston, Capt. J. H., Salem. Sulphur from Isl. of Formosa. 

Eaton, PETER E., South Danvers. Head of a Barbyroussa Hog kill- 
ed on the Coast of New Zealand in 1845, by Charles H. Ingalls. 

EMERTON, JAMES H., Salem. Gall flies and their parasites from Oak 
galls. Aquatic larve and larva of a Beetle from Swampscott. 

FELT, JOHN G., Salem. Meloe angusticalis from Salem. 

Fuint, C. H., Salem. Bombus pennsylvanicus from Salem. 

HAMMOND, J. L., Salem. Musk gland of the Musk Deer from China. 

HATHAWAY, BENJ. F., Salem. Chicken with four legs. 

HeratuH, N., Salem. Collection of Insects from Salem. 

Hitt, Bens. D., South Danvers. Barnacles from the Ship ‘‘Said 
Bin Sultan.” 

Hopart, Miss, Salem. Hymenopterous Insect and a Centipede from 
Honolulu, Sandwich Islands. 

Hooper, Natuw’L., Salem. Seeds from South America. 
. HUNTINGTON, GEO. C., Kelley’s Island, Ohio. 25 species, 38 speci- 
mens of Fishes from Lake Erie. 
Ives, J. M., Salem. Lepidopterous Insect from Salem.. 
Ives, J. 8., Salem. Surf Duck from Salem Harbor. 
JANES, JOSEPH P., Topsfield. Attacus Luna from Topsfield. 
JONES, E. W., Salem. Collection of Insec's and Spiders from Salem. 
KOTTREDGE, Miss, Beverly. Attacus cecropia from Beverly. 
Mack, Miss Harriet O., Salem. 16 species of Shells. 


Marks, J. L., Salem. Pudding stone from. Long Island Sound. | 


* 


Breckenridge Coal from Kentucky. 
MorGan, Miss Repsecca, Salem. Twig of a Clove tree with the 


leaves and fruit. 


NELSON, S. A., Newburyport. Minerals from Dedham, Boxford, and = 


Newburyport. 


CXEXPX 


Orpway, CoL. ALBERT, 24th Mass. Inf’t. Specimen of Madrepora 
from Florida. 

PERLEY, THOMAS W., Topsfield. Attacus cecropia from Topsfield. 

PickMAaN, H. D., Salem. Several Fishes from Massachusetts Bay. 
Parasites from a Sculpin. 

PorreR, E. J., Salem. 25 species of Insects from Salem. 

POUSLAND, GEORGE, Salem. Skate from Salem Harbor. 

PurnaM, Mrs. EBEN, Salem. Several Insects and Cells of the Mud 
wasp from Providence, R. I. 

Putnam, E. L., Salem. 2 Cockroaches from Santa Cruz, British 
TIonduras. 

Putnam, F. W., Salem. Nest of the Red-eyed Vireo, containing 
two eggs of the Cow Bunting, from Beverly. 

Rorrs, T., Salem. Larve of an insect very destructive to the 
Tartarian Honeysuckle. 

SAFFORD, JOSHUA, Salem. Malformed Claw of a Lobster. 

SANBORN, FRANCIS G., Salem. Collection of Spiders from St. Louis, 
Mo. . 

SaunbDers, Miss Mary, Salem. Eggs of a Lepidopterous Insect 
from an Apple tree. 

SirEParD, H. F., Salem. Hydroids and Polyzoa from Atlantic Ocean, 
Lat. 28°N., Long. 60O°W. Collected April.1, 1865. 

SHEPARD, 8. A. D., Salem. Male and female Dragon flies from 
Salem. 

SHREVE, Capr. S. V., Salem. Malformed egg of a Hen. 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D. C. 66 species, 125 
specimens of Bird’s Eggs, principally from Arctic America. 

Symonps, N. G., Salem. Embryo Skate taken from an egg found in 
Salem Harbor, May Ist, 1865. 

TirrLe, Mrs. 8. J., Beverly. Spider from Beverly. 

Tuck, J. D., Beverly. Sesia pelasgus from Beverly. 

Upton, WALTER, Salem. 2 young Hawks taken from a nest in 
Beverly. 

VERRILL, Pror. A. E., New Haven, Ct. Collection of 46 Minerals 
from various localities. 

WHEATLAND, Dr. HENRY, Salem. Lepidopterous larva from the 
Birch. 

Wuirr, Gro. M., Salem. 3 species of Spiders from Salem. 

YALE COLLEGE, New Haven, Ct. Dry specimens of Astrophyton 
Agassizi, Asterias sp., Solaster endica, and Solaster papposus from East- 
port, Me.; collected by Prof. Verrill, 1864. Collection of Minerals 
from various localities. 


CXL 


TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT. 
By DONATION. 


Apams, SAMUEL, Hamilton. Two Stone Chisels of the Agawam 
Indians found in Hamilton. 

BaLcu, JOHN H., Newburyport. $5 bill on the Lincoln and Kenebec 
Bank, dated 1806. 

Bowovircu, Mrs. Resecca, Salem. Embroidered Mourning piece to 
the memory of Maj. Anthony Morse, 1803. 

BrRowNE, Cou. ALBERT G., 10 inch Shell invented by Capt. James 
Harding, Confederate Ordnance officer, made at Charleston Arsenal 
and used against Iron clad Ships. Large Shell fired from Battery 
Putnam. 10 inch shot from Charleston. Torpedo from Charleston 
Harbor. 50 specimens of Confederate local scrip of various denomi- 
nations. 50 cents, 1, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, dollars Confederate States 
currency. 

Brown, J. VINCENT, Salem. Ballot thrown in the 8th Congression- 
al District of Virginia, Nov. 6, 1861. 

CARPENTER, D. B., U. S. Sanitary Commission. Canteen, Bullets 
and pieces of Shell from the Battlefield of Vicksburg. 

CHAPEL, W. F., Salem. Relics from Gosport Navy Yard. 

Cuask, GEO. H., Salem. Confederate Scrip of various denominations. 

DENNIS, Capr. JOHN, Beverly. Hand Grenade thrown from the 
fort at Port Hudson at the time of Gen. Banks’ attack, July 8, 1863. 
Japanese Sword. 

EAGLESTON, Capt. J. H., Salem. Water Jar from Manila. 

HaMMOND, J. L., Salem. Priest’s Robe made by the Rebels while 
in Nankin. Brick from the Porcelain Tower of Nankin. 

JoHNSON, W. B. F., Salem. War Club from Feejee Islands. 

Marks, J. L., Salem. Sword blade from the Plains of Abraham. 

Putnam, F. W., Salem. $1 note of the Hungarian fund, dated New 
York, Feb. 2d, 1852. 

Rust, Joun O., Salem. 6 inch Cannon Ball from the Rebel Steamer 
Merrimac. 

SHort, Miss Lyp1A ANN, Salem. Two Memorial hin # ee made 
during the Revolution. Chinese Umbrella. 

SmirH, WARREN A., Chelsea. habe 10 cent Confederate Postage 
Stamps. 

Trait, H. S., Marblehead. Pieces of the Confederate flag from. 
Fort Pulaski. , 

UNDERWOOD, JosEPH, Marblehead. 50 cent Confederate check on 
the Miss. Central R. R. Cu. rt 

Vaux, Wo. S., Philadelphia. 14 Continental bills of Pennsylvania, — M 
Delaware and Maryland, of various denominations. 


CXLI 


TO THE LIBRARY. 
By DONATION. 

ANDREws, CitanLes H. The New Whole Duty of Man, 1 vol., 8vo, 
London, 1788. 

AnDreEws, Mus. J. H. Wheaton’s Enquiry into the right of search, 
1 vol., 8vo, Phil., 1842. Patent office Report, agric. 1857. 1 vol., 8vo, 
Washington, 1858. 

Boston, Ciry or. Boston city Documents for 1864, 2vols., 8vo. 

BROOKLYN MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. 7th Annual Report, 
March 30, 1865, 8vo, pamph. 

Brooks, HeENry M. Statutes at Large passed 2d sess. 37th cong. 
U.S. A., 1861—2, 8vo, pamph.; Monthly Miscellany of Western India, 
1 vol., 8vo, Bombay 1850; Youth’s Primer by Jona. Fisher, 1 vol., 16mo, 
Boston, 1818; Cowper’s Task, 1 vol., 16mo, Boston, 1819; Alden’s 
Speaker, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1810; Schoberl’s Persia, 1 vol., 12mo, 
Philadelphia, 1828; Forbes’ Maps of Richmond and its Fortifications, 

BROWNE, ALBERT G. F. Hoffmanni Ommium Physicomed Supplemen- 
tum, 1 vol., folio, Geneva, 1769; Harrington’s Oceana, 1 vol., 8vo, Dub- 
lin, 1733. 

BurFALo’s YOUNG MEN’'s ASSOCIATION. 29th Annual Report, 8vo, 
pamph. 

BuRGEss, GEORGE. Burgess’ Address at, the Funeral of Rt. Rev. T. 
C. Brownell, Jan. 17, 1865, 8vo, pamph. 

CHASE, GEORGE C. Friends’ Review, vol. xviii, Nos. 28 to 41, inel. 

CHASE, GEORGE H. Richardson’s Speech in convention of Virginia, 
April 4, 1861, 8vo, pamph., Richmond, 1862. 

CHask, Mrs. Georcre H. The Sanitary Reporter, three Numbers ; 
The Sanitary Commission Bulletin, four Numbers; Pamphlets of Sani- 
tary Commission, seven. 

CLEVELAND, H. W. S., Danvers. Boston Courier from Jan. 1861, 
to June, i865, 9 vols., folio; North American and United States Gazette 
-from April, 1861, to June, 1865, folio, 5 vols., Philad. 

Co.tcorp, Mrs. H. M., South Danvers. The Pious Christian In- 
structed in the Catholic Church, 1 vol., 12mo, Dublin, n. d. 

CurwWeEN, GeorGe R. Spirit of Missions, 34 Nos. The Church Al- 
manac for 1864, 16mo, pamph.. The Protestant Epis. Almanac for 1864, 
16mo, pamph. 

Hautpeman, S. S., Columbia, Penn. Notes on Wilson’s Readers, 
12mo, pamph., Columbia, 1864. 

Hammonp, J. L. Legge’s Chinese Classics, vols. 1 and 2, 8vo, Hong- 
kong, 1861. 


. J a . _“ 1 " 
cat ee er a A by 6 
Par" Bi Satie hi Li a 


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Fe Se ae 
of WT es 
ate ee 


A wi oe 


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CXLII 


Hanarorp, Mrs. P. A., Reading. The Martyred President by Mrs. 
P. A. H., 8vo, pamph. Pamphlets, twenty. 

HoupEN, N. J. Mass. Legis. Documents for 1865, 4 vols., 8vo. 

How, Henry, King’s College, Windsor, N.S. On Magnesia Alum by 
Prof. How, 8vo, pamph. On Economic Geology of Nova Scotia, pt. 
1, 8vo, pamph. On Mordenite, 8vo, pamph. On the Waters of the 
Mineral Springs of Wilmot, 8vo, pamph. 

Hunt, ‘'somas. A School Book in Chinese, 1 vol., 8vo. <A Visiting 
card of Howqua. 

JOHNSON, Mrs. Lucy P. Monthly Journal of Amer. Unit. Associa- 
tion, vols. 4 and 5, 12mo, Boston, 18683—4. Fowler’s English Gram- 
mar, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 1860; The New Testament, 1 vol., 12mo, 
New York, 1819; Pierpont’s National Reader, 1 vol., 12mo, Philad., 
1854. 

Kiar, Miss Evizaneru. Liberator for 1864, 1 vol., folio, Boston. 

KIMBALL, JAMES. Proceedings of the Supreme Council of the 
Northern Jurisdiction U. 8S. A., 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1864; Proceed- 
ings of Gr. R. A., Chapter of Mass. for 1864, 8vo, pamph. 

KiInG, Henry F. Scientific American, vols. xi, xii, xiii, xiv. New 
Series, vols. i, ii, iii, iv.; Blackwood’s Edin. Magazine, 29 Nos. ; Littell’s 
Living age, 29 Nos. 

LAPHAM, J. A., Milwaukie, Wis. Lapham’s Maps of Wisconsin, 
showing the remarkable effect of the Lake in elevating the mean tem- 
perature of Jan’y., and depressing ‘that of July, 1865. 

Layarp, E. L., Cape Town, 8S. Africa. Catalogue of the South 
African Museum, pt. 1, 16mo, pamph. 

Leer, Miss Harriet R. Collection of Hand Bills and Programmes. 

LEE, HiagGinson & Co., Boston. Rand & Avery’s Specimens of: 
Printing, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1865. 

LEWIS, WINSLOW, Boston. A description of the City Hospital of 
Boston, 8vo, pamph. 

Logan, T. M., Sacramento, Cal. Reports of Bd. of Agric. to Cali- 
fornia State Agric. Soc’y., Jan’y. 26, 1865, 8vo, pamph. 

Lorp, N. J. Files of Boston Post for Jan’y., Feb. and March, 1865. 

LORING, GrorGE B. Boston Post for March, April and May, 1865. 

Lowe, CHARLES, Somerville. Lowe’s Sermon on the death of Lin- 
coln at Charleston, April 23, 1865, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1865; Lowe’s 
Discourse, June 4, 1865, on the condition and prospects of the South, 
8vo, pamph, Boston, 1865. 

Mack, Miss Harrier O. ‘‘Boatswains Whistle,” pub. at National 
Sailors’ Fair in Boston, November, 1864. ; 

MatrHew, GrorcEe F. Cupriferous Rocks of South Eastern New 
Brunswick, 8vo, pamph., St. John, N. B., 1865. 


Pa ines "SP ame a le ; - wate Pt Af 
eT OP cate aCe er Dae aires. : A o or f 


CXLIII 


Norwoop, J.G., Columbia, Mo. Norwood’s Notice of Producti &c., 
found in Western States, 1 vol., 4to; Norwood’s Illinois Geological 
Survey, 8vo, pamph.; Several Pamphlets relating to University of 
Missouri. 

ODELL, Cuaryes. Eliot’s Biographical Dictionary, 1 vol., Svo, Salem, 
1809. 

OWEN, Ricnarp, Bloomington, Ind. Owen’s Key to the Geology of 
the Globe, 1 vol., 8vo, Nashville, 1857; Owen’s 2d Report on Geology of 
Arkansas, 1 vol., 8vo, Phil., 1860; Owen’s Report on the Geology of 
Indiana, 1 vol., 8vo, Indianapolis, 1862; Catalogues of Indiana Univer- 
sity, 1863—4, 1864—5, 8vo, pamph. 

PATTERSON, Robert, Pennsylvania. A Narrative of the Campaign in 
the valley of the Shenandoah, by R. Patterson, 1 vol., 8vo, Phil., 1865. 

Pease, GEORGE W. 38d Ann. Rep. U. S. Christian Commission, Jan. 1, 
1865, 8vo, pamph. 

PERLEY, JONATHAN. Hepworth’s Address at the Starr King Lodge 
of Masons, April 17, 1865, 8vo, pamph. 

PICKMAN, WILLIAM D. American Museum, vols. 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 
12, 8 vols., 8vo; Gray’s How Plants Grow, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 1859 ; 
Whelpley’s Compend of History, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1821; Goodrich’s 
Early History of Virginia &c., 1 vol., 16mo, Boston, 1833; Wakefield’s 
Botany, 1 vol., 12mo, Phil., 18183; Guide to the Lakes of Cumberland 
&c., 1 vol., 16mo; Ronna’s Dictionnaire Francais—Italien, 1 vol., 16mo ; 
Paris, n. d.; Spirit of the Annuals for 1830, 1 vol., 16mo, Phil., 1830; 
Willis’ Legendary, vol. 1, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1828; The Mysteries of 
Udolpho, 8 vols., 12mo, Phil., 1800; Goodrich’s United States, 1 vol., 
16mo, Boston, 1827; Memoirs of Sherburne, 1 vol., 12mo, Providence, 
1831; Rambles in Italy in 1816—17, 1 vol., 8vo, Baltimore, 1818; Staun- 
ton’s Embassy to China, 1 vol., 8vo, Phil., 1799; Life of Lafayette, 1 vol., 
16mo, Boston, 1835; Memoir of James Jackson Jr., 1 vol., 16mo, Bos- 
ton, 1836; Maitland’s Narrative of the Surrender of Napoleon, 1 vol., 
12mo, Boston, 1826; China and the English, 1 vol., 16mo, New York, 
1835; Cathrall’s Buchan, 1 vol., 8vo0, Phil., 1799; Angleskay Grammat- 
ika, 1 vol., 8vo; The Children’s Weck, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1830; Das 
Newe Testament Nach D. Martin Luthers, 1 vol., 12mo, Frankfort, 
1830; The Saracens, 2 vols., 12mo, New York, 1810; Minot’s History of 
the Insurrection, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1810; Ostrazider’s Mensuration, 
1 vol., 8vo, New York, 1833; History of the Trial of Warren Hastings, 
1 vol., 8vo, London, 1796; Joyce’s Scientific Dialogues, 3 vols., 16mo, 
Phil., 1825; Comstock’s Chemistry, 1 vol., 12mo, Hartford, 1831; Con- 
versations on Chemistry, 1 vol., 12mo, New Haven, 1809; Blair’s Gram- 
mar of Philosophy, 1 vol., 16mo, Hartford, 1822; Fowle’s Linear 
Drawing, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1825; De Porquet, the Turning of Eng. 


CXLIV 


Idioms into French, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1883; De Porquet’s Parisian 
Phraseology, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1833; Comstock’s Practical Elocu- 
tion, 1 vol., 12mo, Phil., 1837; Dictionnaire des locutiones vicieuses, 1 
vol., 16mo, Paris, 1813; The Traveller’s Manual in Eng., Fr., Ger., and 
Ital., 1 vol., 16mo, Coblentz, 1847; The Holy Bible, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 
1831; The Holy Bible, 1 vol., 16mo, Concord, 1888; ‘Key to’ Murray's 
English Grammar, 1 vol., 12mo, Concord, 1820; Woodbridge’s Geogra- 
phy, 1 vol., 16mo, Haitford, 1825; Adam’s Latin Grammar, abridged, 
lvol., 16mo, New Haven, 1825; Putnam's Analytical Reader, 1 vol., 
12mo, Dover, 1827; Sherwin’s Algebra, 1 vol., 12mo, 7th ed., Boston, 
n. d.; Colburn’s Key to Arithmetic, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1829. 

Putnam, Mrs. E. A. 3 Pamphlets. 

PutTNaM, F. W. and Packarp, A. S. Putnam and Packard’s Notes 
on the Humble Bees and their parasites, 8vo, pamph. 

Roperts, WILLIAM S. Asiatic Journal, vol. 1, 8vo; Stewart’s Histo- 
ry of the Discovery of America, 1 vol., 8vo. Pamphlets, 3. 

SaFFORD, Mrs. Josiua. Washington’s Farewell Address, 1 vol., 
24mo, Newburyport, 1812. 

Satispury, J. H.. Cleveland, Ohio. Catalogue of the Charity Hos- 
pital Medical College of Cleveland, Ohio, 8vo, pamph, Cleveland, 1865, 

SHAEFER, P. W., Pottsville, Pa. Maps of the Anthracite Collieries 
and the Pottsville, Lehigh, Mahonoy and Shamokin Coal Basins in 
Penn., by P. W. Shaefer, 1859. 

Stimpson, WILLIAM, Chicago, Ill. Stimpson’s Synopsis of Marine 
Invertebrata, 8vo, pamph.; Stimpson’s Malacodlogical Notes, No. 1. 

STONE, B. W. Memorandum in relation to the Gold Mines of the 
Chaudiere in Canada, 8vo, pamph.; Circular of the Daw n Petroleum 
Company. 

Trask, J. H., Wenham. Reports of Selectmen and School Com- 
mittee of Wankani, March, 1865, 8vo, pamph. 

Tucker, W. P. Bishop Burgess’ 5th Charge, July 9, 1862, 8vo, 
pamph. 

Warp, Ciartes. Journal of Commerce Jr., New York; Essex 
Statesman, Salem. . 

Warers, J. Linron, Chicago, Ill. Receipts and Expenditures of 
Chicago, from April 1, 1864 to April 1, 1865, 8vo, pamph; A Guide to 
Illinois Central R. Road lands, 8vo, pamph., Chicago, 1865. 

WHEATLAND, Henry. The Olive and the Pine, 12mo, 1 vol., Boston, | 
1859 ; Record of an Obscure Man, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1861; Success in 
Life, The Mechanic, by Mrs. L. C. Tuthill, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 
1860. . 

Wipes, J. H., San Francisco, Cal. 12th Annual Report of Mer- — 
cantile Library Association of San Francisco, 8vo, pamph.; Views of 1 


CXLY 


the works of the Gould & Curry Silver Mining Company, Virginia 
City, N. T., ] vol., 4to; Life of Joseph Vico, a Japanese who was res- 
cued by the ‘“‘Fennimore Cooper,” an account of his travels in the United 
States, in the Japanese Language, 1 vol., 8vo. 

WILLSoNn, E. B. Willson’s Review of Ecclesiastical Proceedings in 
Brooklyn, Conn., 8vo, pamph., Worcester, 1818; Adam’s Historical 
Discourse at Templeton, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1857; Willard’s Histori- 
cal Disvourse at Deerfield, 8vo, pamph., Greenfield, 1858. 

YounG, 8. J., Librarian of Bowdoin College. Catalogue of Bowdoin 
College, 1865, vo, pamph. 


By EXCHANGE. 


AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCE. Proceedings, vol. ix., 
pages 341 to 364 incl. 

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN Sociery. Proceedings of Special Meeting, 
Jan. 17, 1865, on the Death of E. Everett. 8vo, pamph. 

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL Sociery. Proc’d., vol. i, pages 1 to 48. 

Boston Sociery or Natura Hisrory. Proceedings, vol. ix., pages 
305 to 875. 

CaNADIAN INsTITUTE. The Canadian Journal for March and May, 
1865. 

Epirors. Savannah Daily Herald; North American Review; His- 
torical Magazine; American Journal of Science; Florida Union; Home 
Evangelist ; Salem Observer; Lynn Weekly Reporter; Essex Banner, 
(Haverhill) ; Haverhill Gazette; Lawrence American. 

FIRELANDS Hisrorican Socirery. The Firelands Pioneer, vol. vi., 
§8vo, Sandusky, 1865. 

Iowa Hisroricant Socrery. The Annals of Iowa for April, 1865. 

MonTREAL SOCIETY OF NatuRAL History. The Canadian Natural- 
ist and Geologist for February, April and June, 1865. 

MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT CAMBRIDGE. Annual Report 
of the Trustees for 1864, 8vo, pamph. 

Nrw ENGLAND HistToric-GENEALOGICAL Society. N. E. Hist. Gen. 
Register for Jan. and April, 1865. 

PENNSYLVANIA HisroricaL SociETy. Resolutions on President Lin- 
coln, April 27, 1865, 8vo, pamph. 

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings for 
Jan., Feb. and March, 1865. 

TRUBNER & Co., London. Tribner’s Amer. and Oriental Literary 
Record, Nos. 1 and 2. 

ZOOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT, Frankfurt a. m. Der Zodlogische 
Garten, vol. 5, Nos. 7 to 12 incl. | 


20 


CXLVI 


Monpay, Juty 3. Regular meeting. 
Henry F. King in the chair. 
William H. Osgood and Joseph C. Foster, of Salem; 
Robert R. Endicott and George Roundy, of Beverly, were 
elected Resident Members. 


Tuurspay, Jury 13. Field meeting at Reading. 


The first Field meeting held by the Institute beyond the 
limits of Essex County took place in the town of Reading. 
The party from Salem leaving in the ten A. M. train and 
arriving at Reading at about eleven o’clock. 

Reading is an attractive looking town, containing many 
hills and groves, among which are pleasant drives and 
walks. This town was many years ago a part of Lynn. 
It also included South and North Reading, which were 
afterwards set off in response to local requirements. On 
arrival, the company immediately repaired to the chapel of 
the old South Congregational Church, where the refresh- 
ment baskets were deposited and Vice President Goodell 
announced the programme for the day. As the time was 
limited, no very long rambles.could be taken, and the few 
hours were passed in examining the garden of Mr. Amos 
Cummings situated on “Prospect Hill;” the nurseries of 
Mr. J. W. Manning; the old burial ground where many 
interesting and quaint epitaphs were to be seen; and by a 
trip to the pond and adjacent fields and groves. 


About one o’clock the party again assembled in the 


Chapel, and, after partaking of refreshment, adjourned to 
the Church where the regular meeting was organized with 


Vice President Goopruu in the chair. 
The Rev. Wm. Barrows, pastor of the society in whose 
church the meeting was held, welcomed the Essex Institute 
to the town of Reading, alluding to the fact that this town 


te 


CXLVII 


was once a part of Lynn, and was then known as ‘Lynn 
Village,” and, therefore, properly within the range of the 
researches of the Institute. 

The Chairman responded, eueutans the people of the 
town for the interest they had manifested this day and for 
their successful efforts to make the visit of the Institute a 
pleasant one. 

Rev. W. W. Hayward, of South Reading, read an 
original hymn, written by a resident of Reading, which 
was sung by the choir of the church. 

The records of the last meeting were read, and donations 
to the Library and Museum were announced. 


Letters were announced from: 

KE. W. Blatchford, Chicago, Ill.; Chas. J. Sprague, Boston; Joseph 
N. Howe, Boston; Prof. C. F. Chandler, Columbia College; Thomas 
Barlow, Canastota, N. Y.; J. Kirkpatrick, Cleveland, Ohio; Prof. J. C. 
Holmes, Lynn; Dr. A. Kellogg, San Francisco, Cal.; J. J. Haagensen, 
St. Thomas, W.I.; Dr. Frederick Brendel, Peoria, Ill.; Geo. W. Peck, 
New York; Prof. A. Winchell, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Chas. Stodder, Bos- 
ton; G. Hastings Grant, New York, relating to the publications: Dr. 
Wm. Stimpson, Corr. Sect., Chicago Acad. Nat. Science; Prof. Theo. 
Gill, Smithsonian Institution; Prof. S. F. Baird, Smithsonian Institu- 
tion; KE. A. Samuels, State Cabinet; E. S. Morse, Gorham, Me.; Rev. 
E. C. Bolles, Portland, Me.; Prof. J. G. Norwood, Missouri State Uni- 
versity ; Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., Brunswick, Me.; Prof. P. A. Chad- 
bourn, William’s College; G. A. Boardman, Milltown, Me.; Dr. Danicl 
Clark, Flint, Mich.; Prof. D. S. Sheldon, Griswold College, Davenport, 
lowa; Tryon Reakirt, Philadelphia; Henry L. Hotchkiss, New Haven, 
Conn.; Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, Reading; A. J. Archer, Salem, on busi- 
ness, and acknowledging the receipt of specimens : Prof. Richard Owen, 
New Harmony, Ind.; Prof. E. D. Cope, Haverford College, Pa., accept- 
ing membership: Maine Historical Society ; Albany Institute, acknow- 
ledging receipt of Publications. 

A communication on the Geology of Reading by Mr. L. 
B. Pillsbury of Hopkinton, formerly principal of the High 
School in Reading, was read by the chair. 

John M. Ives, of Salem, spoke of Birds, particularly of 


the Swallows, describing the habits of the various species 


CXLVIII 


known in this vicinity. - He also alluded to the habits of 
the Robin, Cow Bunting, Wren, Cherry Bird and Canada 
Goose, relating several curious anecdotes illustrative of the 
peculiarities of a number of the species. 

Dr. G. B. Loring, in connection with Mr. Ives’ remarks, 
spoke of the habits of the Haves Swallows, a number of 
which had built their nests on his barn. Dr. Loring also 
claimed to be something of a Reading man, having once 
had charge of a school in that town, and related some 
amusing experiences connected with his professional duti- 
es. His compensation was $15 per month and “board 
round.” He said that Rev. Dr. Flint, Hon. Amos Ken- 
dall and Rev. Cyrus Pierce had also been school teachers 
in the town. He related an anecdote of Mr. Kendall, who, 
while Post Master General under Jackson’s Administra- 
tion, had astonished some Reading politicians who desired 
a change of location in the town post office, by asking why 
the petition did not bear the signatures of certain leading 
men whom he named. “What!” said they, “do you know 
the name of every man in the United States?” ‘The truth 
was Mr. Kendall remembered the names of some of the 
citizens who had been his friends, while a school teacher, 
at the age of sixteen. 

F. W. Putnam, of Salem, made a few remarks on the 
geology of the town, called forth by Mr. Pillsbury’s paper, 
and then proceeded to describe the few insects and fishes 
which had been collected during the morning. ; 

C. P. Judd, of Reading, occupied a few moments, quite 
acceptably, with some interesting reminiscences of the 
early history of the town. | 

Ezra F. Newhall, of Salem, was elected a Resident 
Member. | 

On motion of Dr. Loring it was Voted: That the thanks 
of the Essex Institute be presented to the Proprietors of 
the old South Church of Reading, for the use of their 


r ee 


CXLIX 


house; and to the Rev. W. Barrows; the members of his 
society ; and other friends in Reading, for their kind atten- 
tion to the members of the Institute during the day. 

After the singing of “America” by the choir and a bene- 
diction by the Pastor, the meeting adjourned in time for 
the cars for home, and all were well pleased with their 
visit to the town and the hospitality of its inhabitants. 

At the depot, the signal master called the attention of a 
number of the members to a pair of Blue Birds which had 
built a nest in one of the signal balls, from which a piece 
of the canvas had been torn. ‘hese birds, after raising 
one brood of young, had made another nest, by the side of 
the first, in which they had laid the eggs for a second brood. 
The signal ball, in which the nests were made, was low- 
ered and hoisted about fifty times a day. ‘The birds fly- 
ing out as soon as the ball commenced its descent, and, 
alighting upon the fence near by, would wait patiently for 
it to be hoisted again, when they would at once return to 
their nest. 


Monpay, Juty 17. Regular meeting. 
Vice President Goodell in the chair. 


William E. Doggett, of Swampscott and Sarah B. En- 
dicott, of Salem, were elected Resident Members. 

The Secretary stated that the portrait of Gov. John 
Leverett, which was sent, at the request of Leverett Sal- 
tonstall Esq., to Mr. Howarth of Boston, to be cleaned and 
restored, had been returned to the Institute in excellent 
condition, without cost to the Society. 

On motion of Judge Waters, it was Voted: That a com- 
mittee be appointed to tender to L. Saltonstall Esq., of 
Newton, the sincere thanks of the Essex Institute for this 
mark of his esteem and liberality in behalf of the Institute. 

Messrs. J. G. Waters, H. Wheatland and 8. B. But- 


trick were appointed on the committee. 


CL 


Tuurspay, Jury 27. Field meeting at Georgetown. 

The Fourth Field meeting of the season was held this 
day at Georgetown. 

Georgetown is not, distinctively, an old town. Its an- 
tiquity is entirely borrowed from the interesting town of 
Rowley, of which, like Boxford and Bradford, it was for- 
merly a part, having enjoyed an independent existence 
among tbe family of towns only since the year 1838, and 
consequently being a younger sister of the towns last 
named. It was known, before the separation, as “New 
Rowley.” The original post office box, not over three or 
four feet long, through which the New Rowley mail pass- 
ed, is still in existence, and may be seen at the native wine 
establishment of Messrs. M. Carter & Son. It bears the 
following painted inscription: “New Rowley and George- 
town Post Office, established March 17, 1824; Benj. Little, 
P.M. First quarterly return, $7.32. Last quarterly re- 
turn, June 1, 1845, $117.96. Whole amount collected, 
$5,373.63.” 

Georgetown appears to be one of the most active and 
spirited of our country towns, where attention is given not 
only to farming, but, also, a considerable share of the 
capital of its men of means is devoted to the manufacture 
of shoes, giving steady employment to many. The crops 
in the town look flourishing and bid fair to be plentiful. 
Apples will be scarce here as elsewhere in New England; 
but berries, cheapest of all fruits, abound. 

On the arrival of the party a cordial weleome was ten- 
dered by O. B. Tenney Esq. Chairman of the Selectmen, 
who offered the hospitalities of the place, and called atten- 
tion to the various points of interest in the town. Nu-~ 
merous vehicles were also in waiting to convey the party 
to the various objects of interest. Among the places visi- 
ted by the several parties, were the “Old Lull House,” 


CLI 


which is situated about two and a half miles from the vil- 
lage on the Newburyport road. It is owned by Mr. Gor- 
ham D. Tenney, who is proprietor of the adjoining farm, 
which comprises two or three hundred acres. Mr. Tenney 
is the son of Capt. Gorham P. Tenney, whose wife was 
the daughter of Dudley Lull, whose name’ still imparts a 
designation to the old house. When, in 1690, the war 
was being conducted against the French in Canada, the 
Indians became troublesome in the Provinces, and on Oct. 
23, 1692, this old house, which is in that part of the By- 
field Parish included in the town of Georgetown, was the 
scene of a massacre of which an account may be found in 
Gage’s History of Rowley. At that time it was occupied 
by a Mr. Goodrich who, with his wife and two daughters, 
while engaged in his family prayers, on Sabbath evening, 
were killed by the Indians. Another daughter, named 
Deborah, aged seven years, was taken captive, but was 
redeemed the next Spring, at the expense of the Province. 
She died in Beverly, as appears by the records of the First 
Church in that town, where the entry reads, “Buryed, 
March 28, 1774, Deborah Duty, aged 88, a widow.” 
Those who were killed are said to have been buried in one 
grave a few rods to the eastofthe house. ‘The exact spot, 
as located by tradition, was pointed out. 

Mr. ‘Tenney, the present owner, was very courteous and 
attentive to those who visited his place, and, besides 
proffering acceptable comforts, exhibited, at the farmhouse 
which he occupies, some good specimens of Indian relics, 
such as a pestle, gouge, axe, and arrow-heads; all having 
been found upon his farm, which was evidently an Indian 
resort in the olden time. He conducted the party through 
the old house, which is now very dilapidated and of course 
unoccupied. It has undoubtedly undergone some altera- 
tions since the day when Mr. Goodrich and his family 


CcLII 


were murdered, but the huge fire-places, clay-cemented 
chimneys, and broad and ponderous beams, betoken decid- 
ed antiquity. 

-'The famous octagonal barn of Mr. Samuel Littell was 
visited by a large party. This barn is said to be the larg- 
est in Essex County, being about eighty feet in diameter, 
each of the octagonal sides being about thirty-two feet. 
It has two floors in addition to the basement, and is so 
constructed with reference to the rising ground upon — 
which it is built, that upon each floor there is an entrance 
from the ground. Situated upon a natural eminence, the 
view from the top of it is very extensive. Here may be 
seen Pentucket Pond, not far distant; Rock Pond, which 
flows into it; Haverhill, Groveland and Bradford; the 
ocean far away, and a vast extent of surrounding country, 
including distant eminences, among which several peaks 
of the White Mountains could be distinctly traced. 

“Bald Pate,” the highest hill in Essex County, being 392 
feet above the level of the sea, and the “Ridges” were visi- 
ted, as well as the Burial Grounds and other places of in- 
terest, among which was the Vineyard of Messrs. Carter 
& Son, who carry on a large manufactory of native wines. 

The Mineral Point Mine on Atwood’s Hill, was also 
visited. ‘This mine yields an inexhaustible quantity of 
brown ochre, with which a large number of the houses in | 
Georgetown and vicinity are painted, and which has been 
quite an article of export. 

Another party made an excursion to the pond where a 
number of botanical and zodlogical specimens were col- 
lected. 

Soon after one o’clock nearly all the parties had return- 
ed from their rambles, and assembled once more at the 
Town Hall, where, in addition to the refreshments brought 
by the company, the Georgetown people had liberally con- 


CLIII 


tributed to the entertainment. The hospitalities having 
been duly partaken of, the meeting for discussion was then | 
held, commencing at half past two o’clock. 


Dr. G. B. Lorine, Chairman of the Field meeting 
Committee, in the chair. 


‘The Chairman opened the meeting with remarks relating 
to Georgetown, of an historical character, alluding to its 
ecclesiastical controversies; some witchcraft experiences ; 
and the character of some of its public men. 

After reading the records of the last meeting and the 
lists of donations to the Library and Museum, letters were 


announced as received since the last meeting from: 

Prof. J. Wyman, Gambridge; Prof. A. Winchell, Ann Arbor, Mich. ; 
Frank Stratton, Natick, Mass.; T. A. Cheney, Havana, N. Y.; T. 
Bland, New York; E. S. Morse, Gorham, Me.; A. Hyatt, Baltimore, 
Md.; I. C. Martindale, Byberry, Pa.; Prof. L. Lesquereux, Columbus, 
Ohio; Prof. A. N. Prentiss, Lansing, Mich.; E. W. Blatchford, Chicago, 
Ill.; Thure Kumlien, Bussyville, Wis.; A. Agassiz, Cambridge, Mass. ; 
B. P. Mann, Concord, Mass.; Noble, Brothers & Co., New York, rela- 
ting to the publications: Redwood Library and Atheneum; Maine His- 
torical Society, acknowledging the receipt of publications: Isaac M. 
Long, Salem; Col. Albert Ordway, Richmond, Va., transmitting speci- 
mens to the Museum: Prof. J. G. Norwood, Columbia, Mo.; Dr. T. A. 
Tellkampf, New York; Wm. Couper, Quebec, Canada; W. S. O. 
Brinckloe, Philadelphia, Pa.; Prof. Richard Owen, New Harmony, Ind. ; 
Rand & Avery, Boston; Lowell Bleachery; New York State Library; 
Joshua P. Haskell, Marblehead, Mass.; J. R. Newhall, Lynn, Mass.; 
J. K. Wiggin, Boston; Lyceum of Natural History of New York, on 
business matters. 

James P. Cooke and David P.. Carpenter, of Salem, were 


elected Resident Members. 

Mr. C. M. Tracy, of Lynn, was called upon by the chair, 
and responded in his usual happy and ready manner, giv- 
ing some account of his observations during the day, and 
mentioned some of the principal plants collected. Among 
these were the Orchis, Buttonbush, Cardinal Flower, 


21 


CLIV 


Clethra, Asters, Golden Rods, and other varieties. In this 
connection some discussion arose in reference to the para- 
sitical character of the Indian Pipe. 

C. L. Flint, Esq., Secretary of the State Board of Agri- 
culture, being called upon, made some general remarks 
favorable to scientific research and commending the ob- 
jects of the Institute. 

Rev. J. L. Sibley, Librarian of Harvard College, follow- 
ed, speaking of the importance of preserving old pam- 
phlets and papers, as having an important bearing, aside 
from any historical value, in settling questions involving 
the rights of property. He mentioned several instances 
which had come under his observation, and said the Insti- 
tute was doing a valuable work in this connection, besides 
exerting an influence that was felt all over the country. 

Capt. Alpheus Hyatt, of Baltimore, made some remarks 
with regard to the general sac like plan of the Animal 
ee gaa: defining the Radiata as radiated sacs, the Ar- 
ticulata as articulated sacs, the Mollusca as the simple 
typical sac and the Vertebrata as sacs divided internally 
into two cavities. Capt. Hyatt adduced specimens of 
Paludicella and Fredericella, found during the forenoon 
ramble, as proofs of the specialization of the sac among 
the Mollusca, and gave in detail their anatomical and 
physiological peculiarities. 

Mr. F. W. Putnam, of Salem, gave a brief abstract of 
his day’s observations, and enlarged upon the habits of the 
gall fly, specimens of which he produced at the meeting. 

Capt. J. G. Barnes, while he made no claim to being a 
naturalist, said he had no doubt Georgetown could present 
much that was worthy the attention of a careful scientific 
observer. He said that during the past four years we have 
been making history very fast; and he looked with local 
pride upon what had been done in his state and town for 


CLV 


the maintenance of the union of the States, and suggested 
that it was the duty of this historical society to gather all 
facts and memorials tending to elucidate the history of 
this period. 

Mr. A. C. Goodell, of Salem, gave some curious facts in 
regard to the names of several towns in the vicinity, and 
closed his remarks by reading a poem written for the oc- 
casion by a Salem lady. 

Richard ‘Tenney, Esq., Postmaster of Georgetown, gave 
some facts in the history of the town, especially in relation 
to its incorporation as a distinct municipality. 

Mr. John Preston, of Georgetown, presented a leaf from 
a magnolia planted by George Washington at Mount 
Vernon. 

A resolution of thanks, offered by Mr. Walton and 
seconded by Mr. Upham, was passed to Messrs. O. B. 'Ten- 
ney and Sherman Nelson, Selectmen ; Maj. Moses ‘Tenney, 
Capt. Barnes, Lieut. Wildes; Messrs. Stephen Osgood, 
John Preston, John Bradstreet, Isaac Wilson, Edmund 
Bailey, Chas. Carter, Samuel Wadleigh, Geo. W. Boyn- 
ton, Jos. Folsom, Richard Tenney, Geo. Harnden, Wm. 
Horner, Robert Coker, Gorham D. Tenney, and other 
citizens of Georgetown, for their liberal and successful 
efforts in making the meeting a pleasant and instructive 
one. 

On returning to the depot, at the close of the meeting, 
Mr. W. S. Horner, the depot master, displayed a few of 
his many Indian relics. 


Wepnespay, Aucust 9. Quarterly meeting. 
N. Weston, JR., in the chair. 
On motion of F. W. Putnam, it was Voted: That the 


following be added as a final clause to Chapter IV of the 
By-Laws. 


CLVI 


“Every facility in the power of the Superintendent, con- 
sistent with the welfare of the specimens, shall be offered 
to persons visiting the Museum for the purpose of study 
and comparison.” 

D. B. Hagar, J. Leonard Hammond and Elizabeth A. 
Putnam, of Salem, were elected Resident Members. 


Frivay, Aueust 18. Field meeting at North Andover. 


The fifth Field meeting of the season was held at North 
Andover this day. About three hundred persons arrived 
in the train from Salem and assembled at the “First 
Church” before separating into small parties to visit the 
special objects of interest to each. 

The zodlogists sought the brooks and streams and found 
many specimens amply rewarding them for their search ; 
the botanists the woods and meadows for various flowers ; 
the antiquarians for the relics of olden time. : 

This township was first settled in 1631. In the same. 
year the following order of the court was issued respecting 
the land in Andover: 

“Tt is ordered that the land about Cochichewick shall be 
reserved for an inland plantation, and whosoever will go to 
inhabit there shall have three years immunity from all 
taxes, levies, public charges, and services whatever, mili- 
tary discipline only excepted.” 

The land is uneven, rising into large hills, affording fine 
and delightful prospects and scenery. Dr. Dwight, in his 
travels, some sixty or seventy years since, says of the North 
parish of Andoyer: “Its surface is elegantly undulating, 
and its soilin an eminent degree fertile. The meadows 
are numerous, large, and of the first quality. The groves, | 
charmingly interspersed, are tall and thrifty. The land- 
scape, everywhere varied, neat and cheerful, is also every- — 
where rich.” Hither many come from the crowded city to 


CLVIT 


enjoy the recreation of the country; and where can a bet- 
ter place be found than this well known Summer resort? 

The Church was founded in 1645 and consequently is one 
of the oldest inthe Connty. For seventy years the desk 
was very acceptably filled by the two Barnards—the Rev. 
Thomas, and his son the Rev. John—and “during their 
ministry the people enjoyed a series of peace and improve- 
ment beyond what is common.” ‘The second Barnard died 
14th of June, 1758, aged 68 years ; he left two sons, both 
distinguished clergymen. One was the Rev. Thomas 
Barnard of Newbury, afterwards of the First Church in 
Salem, and father of the Rev. Thomas Barnard, D. D., 
first minister of the North Church in Salem; the other 
was Rev. Edward Barnard of Haverhill, whose portrait by 
Copley is in the possession of the Essex Institute. 

The Great Pond, so called, is a fine, clear basin of 
water, containing obout 450 acres, and is well stocked 
with fish. The outlet, known as Cochichewick brook, 
furnishes the power of several woolen mills, some of which 
belong to the estate of the late Eben Sutton, Esq., of 
South Danvers. This was visited by many, and from the 
adjacent hills fine views of the Merrimack, the city of 
Lawrence, and other places, were enjoyed. 

The afternoon session was called to order at three 
o’clock. 


Dr. Greorce B. Lorine in the chair. 


The records of the last meeting were read. Donations 
to the Library and Cabinets announced. 


Letters were read from: 

Rev. Samuel Lockwood, Keyport, N. J.; Edward A. Brigham, Bos- 
ton; C. F. Austin, Closter, N. Y.; The Abbé Brunet, Qnebec, Canada; 
E. S. Morse, Gorham, Me.; Prof. James Hall, Albany, N. Y.; James 
Lewis, Mohawk, N. Y.; Dr. Julius Homberger, New York; Henry 
White, New Haven, Conn.; J. H. Stickney, Baltimore, Md.; 8S. 8. Par- 


CLVIII 


vin of the Iowa Historical Society; Dr. L. R. Stone, U. 8. V., Harper’s 
Ferry, Va.; Prof. Jonathan Pearson, Schenectady, N. Y., relating to the 
publications : Prof. Richard Owen, New Harmony, Ind.; W. H. Pease, 
Honolulu, 8S. I.; S. Jillson, Feltonville, Mass.; S. H. Scudder, Sect. 
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.; Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., Brunswick, Me. ; Capt. 
Alpheus Hyatt, Boston; James R. Newhall, Lynn, Mass.; Mrs. P. A. 
Hanaford, Reading, Mass.; J. Prescott, Supt. Eastern R. R.; William 
Merritt, Supt. Boston & Maine R. R.; H. J. Cross, Salem, relating to 
the collection of specimens and business matters; Albany Institute ; 
New York Historical Society, acknowledging the receipt of publica- 
tions: Mrs. Sarah B. Endicott, accepting membership. 


K. W. Buswell, of Malden; James Hill, Henry. P Hen- 
drick, William Haskell, A. T. Mosman, of Beverly, and 
Martha G. Wheatland, of Salem, were elected Resident 
Members. 

On the table were three beautiful and very finely execu- 
ted paintings of flowers by Miss Eliza B. Davis, for sever- 
al years a resident of Salem, a lady long and very favora- 
bly known to our citizens as zealously devoted to this 
beautiful art. 

The Chair made some remarks upon the early history of 
Andover, alluding to several incidents connected with the 
first settlers and their immediate descendants. He spoke 
of the Phillips family, and paid a high eulogium to several 
of its members who have been great benefactors to the 
cause of education, in the liberal endowments*to several 
seminaries of learning, which bear the honored name of 
Phillips. He also spoke of Stevens, the founder of one of 
the woolen mills on the Cochichewick stream, as one of 
the pioneers in this branch of our domesticindustry. The 
old Franklin Academy was mentioned, incorporated in 
1801, and which had been highly beneficial to the parish and 
to the youth who have enjoyed its advantagesfequally un- 
der the superintendence of Mr. Simeon Putnam, and of 
Mr. Cyrus Peirce, the experienced and faithful teacher, and 
the first teacher of a Normal School in this State. In this 


CLIX 


connection he alluded to the late Gen. I. I. Stevens, who 
fell fighting for the cause of his country in the recent re- 
bellion, and who displayed in boyhood and youth the same 
intrepidity and courage which marked his later career. 

The Chairman, after some additional remarks of a simi- 
lar tenor, called upon Mr. John M. Ives, of Salem, who 
continued his observations upon the habits of many of 
our birds, which he had commenced at the meeting in 
Reading, a few weeks since, with especial reference to the 
migration of several species. 

The Chairman stated that Andover had long been noted 
for its large trees, mentioning a large elm transplanted by 
Mr. Jonathan Frye in 1725, and called upon Mr. Goodell 
to give some account of what he had seen during the day. 

Mr. A. C. Goodell, Jr., replied giving an interesting ac- 
count of the large elm tree which he visited, and which 
measures, two feet from the ground, about thirty five feet 
in circumference. He then spoke of his ride around the 
Great Pond, above alluded to, and the view from some of 
the high hills, concluding by mentioning some interesting 
reminiscences of the early history of Andover. The land, 
including Andover, Lawrence, &c., was purchased of 
Cutshamache, the Sagamore of Massachusetts, for twenty 
six dollars, sixty four cents, and a coat. ‘The town was 
incorporated in 1646 by the name of Andover, receiving 
that name from Andover in Hampshire, England, whence 
many of the settlers came. 

Mr. F. W. Putnam spoke of the Striped Snake and other 
species which were found in this vicinity. Referring to the 
snake bite case in Lowell, Mr. Putnam said he had himself 
been bitten by the striped snake and had never experienc- 
ed any ill effects, and he thought that the effects said to 
have followed the bite in the Lowell case were wholly due 
to fear, as there Was no venomous fang in the striped 


CLX 


snake. He then alluded to the fishes, giving some account 
of the minnows and pointed out the differences between 
these and those found in salt or brackish water. 

Mr. E. G. Parker, of Groveland, asked some questions 
respecting the Tent Caterpillar, stating that from some 
happy but unaccountable cause all the caterpillars of this 
species, in this vicinity, had not had the strength to com- 
plete tieir cocoons, or had died soon after forming them. 
Considerable discussion upon the Tent Caterpillar and 
other injurious insects followed, participated in by Messrs. 
Parker, Ives, Putnam and the Chair. 

The Secretary announced that Rev. Stillman Barden, a 
member of the Field Meeting Committee, and an ardent 
friend of the Institute, who had felt a great interest in, and 
had been a constant attendant upon these meetings, had 
died at Rockport since the last meeting; and upon his mo- 
tion a committee was appointed to prepare suitable testi- 
monials of respect to his memory and worth. 

Mr. C. Davis, of Beverly, offered the following vote, 
which was unanimously adopted : 

Voted; That the thanks of the Institute are due to the 
proprietors of the First Church in North Andover for the 
use of their house ; to the members of “Cochichewick En- 
gine Co., No. 2”, for the use of their building; to Messrs. 
Moses 'T. Stevens, Otis Bailey, W. P. Phillips, John Ber- 
tram, James B. Curwen, Matthew Poor, I. O. Loring, Mrs. 
Nath’l Stevens, and other citizens and temporary residents 
of North Andover, for their kind attentions during the day. 

The meeting then adjonrned. 


Wepnespay, Aueust 23. Adjourned Regular nea 
Judge Waters in the chair. 


Prof. J. G. Norwood, of Columbia, Mo., was elected a 
Corresponding member. 


CLXI 


Tuurspay, SeptemMBer 7. Field meeting at Newburyport. 


The sixth and last Field Meeting of the season took 
place this day. About three hundred and seventy five 
persons attended, the larger portion proceeding over the 
Eastern Railroad to Newburyport, and thence down the 
Merrimack to Salisbury Point. The party was so large 
that, in addition to the passenger barge usually employed, 
it was: found necessary to charter a schooner, both being 
taken in tow by a powerful little tug boat called the “Thur- 
low Weed”. The trip down the river, some three miles, oc- 
cupied about half an hour, and upon arriving at the Point, 
the barge and schooner were run directly upon the sand 
beach, and the company landed without any difficulty. 
Here nearly two hours were spent, and a few improved 
the time by inspecting Fort Nichols, and rambling over 
Salisbury Beach proper, which extends several miles along 
the ocean side, and is one of the finest beaches on the 
coast. The heat was so intense, however, that but a small 
number improved the opportunity. ‘The fort mounts ten 
or twelve guns. The parapet already shows signs of dis- 
integration, the effect, probably, of the severe drought, and 
of the sun’s rays which concentrate upon the sand heaps 
with overpowering intensity. ‘There were several tents in 
the vicinity, occupied by “camping out” parties from up 
the river. 

Returning to Newburyport, the company partook of the 
usual picnic dinner in the City Hall, and afterwards had 
an opportunity to visit the many places of interest in the 
city, including the Horton Memorial Chapel, the White- 
field Church, the Copley Portraits, the Public Library, and 
other objects of note heretofore described. 

At three o’clock, the afternoon meeting was organized 


in the City Hall. 
yah 


CLXII 


Vice President A. C. Goopett, Jr., in the chair. 


The records of the preceding meeting were read. Do- 
nations were announced to the Museum and Library. 

Letters were read from the following : 

S. H. Scudder, Sect. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.: H. A. Bellows, Con- 
cord, N. H.; A. W. Dodge, Hamilton; Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., Boston; 
C. G. Brewster, Boston; H. A. Purdie, Boston; Samuel Jillson, Felt- 
onville, Mass.; Prof. Joseph Henry, Sect. Smithsonian Institution; 
Prof. Theo. Gill, Smithsonian Institution; B. Westermann & Co., New 
York; Ezra Cleaves, Beverly; Mrs. K. N. Doggett, Chicago, Ill. ; Hugh 
Wilson, Salem; A. Lackey, Marblehead; Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, Reading ; 
I. P. Langworthy, Boston; Rev. Geo. D. Wildes, Salem; Paul J. Beck- 
ford, Salisbury, relating to the forwarding of specimens and general 
business: W. M. Hunting, Fairfield, N. Y.; E. S. Morse, Gorham, Me. : 
Prof. O. P. Hubbard, Dartmouth College; Prof. S. F. Baird, Smithso- 
nian Institution; Dr. Julius Homberger, New York; Prof. E. A. Ver- 
rill, Norway, Me.; Capt. Alpheus Hyatt, Gorham, Me.; H. B. Rice, 
Boston; Surgeon B. G. Wilder, 55th Mass. Vols.; N. S. Shaler, Cam- 
bridge; W. Bower, New York; A. C. Goodell, Jr., Salem; W. A. Smith, 
Worcester, relating to the publications: James P. Kimball, New York, 
accepting membership. 

Joseph P. Cloutman, of Salem, was elected a Resident 
Member. 

Mr. F. W. Putnam, of Salem, was called on for an ac- 
count of the forenoonramble. ‘The various specimens that 
had been collected were displayed on the table, and Mr. 
Putnam took them up in order. He first showed a fish 


bone, and explained how from one bone, hair, tooth or 


scale the character of the living animal could be determin- | 


ed, the analysis in the present case proving the specimen 


to be part of the jaw of the monk fish (Lophius). He next 


showed several specimens of sandlances (Ammodytes), 


which bury themselves in the sand, when thrown up by 


the waves, and remain till the next tide allows them to re- 
turn to their native element. ‘These fishes often lie at the 
bottom of the water, apparently dead, but on being dis- 
turbed revive and become as active as ever. A bottle of 


a 


CLXIII 


minnows was next exhibited and their characteristics ex- 
plained. ‘The next object in order was the skull of a cat, 
picked up on the beach, which was interesting from the 
very extreme age indicated by the teeth, many of which 
had dropped out, and the cavities become closed. The 
horse-shoe, or king crab, was next taken up. These were 
not the animals themselves, but only the shells, the ten- 
ants having vacated on their quarters becoming too close 
for them, a new and larger shell being secreted in a short 
time. They also cast out the lining of their stomachs. 
‘ihese animals are among the lowest of their class, ap- 
proaching the fossil trilobite. ‘The sand flea was also re- 
ferred to as a proper crustacean. ‘The sea urchin was ex- 
hibited as a specimen of the radiates, and shown to be in 
its structure closely allied to the starfish. A black body 
about two inches long, with prongs projecting from the 
corners, and which is popularly supposed to be a seaweed 
bladder, was explained to be the egg case of a skate. 
The fish attains its perfect form in this case, being suppli- 
ed with water during its entire growth by means of the 
four tubes or prongs. | 

Dr. Henry C. Perkins, of Newburyport, was next called 
on. He said he came to learn, not to teach, but still would 
not be selfish. He thought the society had made a collec- 
tion of all the specimens the waters of this region afforded. 
He once had a dredge made, and used for several years by 
a boatman, for the purpose of fishing up, if possible, some 
new species not found on the shore, but succeeded in find- 
ing only one—an arctic shell. He had been interested in 
watching an excavation in order to study the various strata 
and other objects of interest. The hill where the observa- 
tory stood during the last war, had changed from a north- 
west to a northeast slope. The sand resembles the Plum 
Island sand, and at the present time the drought had reach- 


CLXIV 


ed five feet, that being the point where the first indications 
of moisture were found. When the “James Mills” excava- 
ted the hill on the turnpike for a reservoir, they found at 
a depth of five feet pine logs three feet in diameter at a 
locality known by tradition as the “Pine Swamp.” Lower 
still, stratified sand was found, and five feet lower, a trunk 
of a tree within one foot of water. In searching for or- 
ganic remains he had found gravel cemented to larger 
stones by lime which had apparently percolated through 
the strata above from shells. He also referred to the 
change in the channel in the river, and to the storm which 
cut off a mile of Salisbury beach, making a channel for the 
largest ships. | 

Rev. A. E. P. Perkins, of Ware, made some remarks on 
geology. He thought geologists were often mistaken in 
deducing the age of formations, for, owing to causes which 
we did not understand, the alluvial formation often accu- 
mulated in a hundred years as much, as at the slow rates 
sometimes observed, would indicate ten thousand years. 
In his native town, not yet a century old, a certain loca- 
tion was known as the beaver dam though no traces of the 
dam were found or known to the present generation, till, 
on digging a ditch, it was discovered four feet below the 
surface, which proved that that depth of alluvium had ac- 
cumulated in a hundred years. 

He then made some remarks on the migrations of birds. 
He included in this term not only the annual migrations 
_ but the permanent change of habitat. Birds often appear- 
ed in great numbers in a region to which they had previ- 
ously been strangers; and, on the other hand, sometimes 
disappeared entirely from their accustomed haunts. There 
were many birds in our woods which not one man in ten 
had ever seen, whose song could be detected by an ex- 
perienced ear, but never heard by the chance passer by. 
He instanced the Indigo bird as an example. 


eS ee ee ee 


CLXV 


Hon. Asahel Huntington, of Salem, gave an interesting 
reminiscence of Newburyport, and his early acquaintance 
with many of the prominent divines, physicians and law- 
yers. He highly eulogized Miss Gould, the poetess, and 
her father, Capt. Benjamin Gould, who took part in the 
Revolution and was wounded at the battle of Lexington. 
He built the house in which Mr. H. was born, and the first 
rudiments of his education he received in a school taught 
by asister of the poetess. The first of Miss Gould’s famous 
series of epitaphs was written for him, at his suggestion, in 
reply to her assertion that he would kill himself smoking. 
She complied, and wrote the epitaph off hand, together 
with some half dozen others the same evening. This was 
her first attempt at poetry. 

Col. Eben F. Stone, of Newburyport, was next called 
upon. He said that being a new member of the Institute 
he came to hear, not to talk. His studies had been in 
other directions than science-ward. He felt the necessity 
of science—of a knowledge of nature to make his walks 
more agreeable. He had learned something, and did not 
believe that the study of science destroyed the poetry and 
charms of nature. 

Vice President Goodell, Chairman of the Committee to 
report upon the death of Rev. Mr. Barden, presented the 
following resolutions : 

Resolved: That in the recent death of the Rev. Stillman 
Barden of Rockport, the Institute deplores the loss of a 
sincere lover of science, and an active and zealous worker 
in its cause; that it is peculiarly painful to the survivinl 
members of the Institute to reflect that its meetings wig 
no longer be enlivened by his presence, nor its memberll 
encouraged by his ever cheerful voice and his genias 
manners. 

Resolved: That these Resolutions be entered on the 


records of the Institute, and that the Secretary cause a 
copy thereof to be sent to the family of the deceased. 


CLXVI 


The adoption of the resolutions was moved by Dr. 
Wheatland, and seconded by Rev. Willard Spaulding, of 
Salem, who spoke with much feeling and earnestness in 
eulogy of the deceased. The resolutions were unanimous- 
ly adopted. | 

The members of the Institute having received and ac- 
cepted a polite invitation from Hon. Caleb Cushing to visit 
his house, the meeting adjourned for that purpose, after 
passing votes of thanks to the City authorities for the use 
of the Hall, to Hon. Caleb Cushing, and to Rev. Dr. Spal- 
ding, and other citizens, for their courtesies and attentions. 

Repairing to Mr. Cushing’s fine residence, the company 
were kindly greeted by the host, who not only opened all 
his rooms for their inspection but also entertained them 
with a generous hospitality, entirely unexpected, and not 
often bestowed by any distinguished gentleman upon so 
numerous a party, principally entire strangers. The priv- 
ilege of such a reception may be in some measure estima- 
ted, when it is stated that Mr. Cushing has one of the finest 
and most extensive private collections of rare paintings to 
be found in the United States. They include many cele- 
brated works of the old Spanish masters, and other valua- 
ble specimens, not omitting some of the best of Chinese 
art, obtained by Mr. Cushing during his various sojourns 
in Mexico, and Europe, and in the Oriental World. ‘The 
collection comprises more than seventy distinct pieces, of 
different sizes, and a variety of subjects, many. of them of 
great historical interest and value. He also possesses 
some choice statuary and several fine family portraits. 
The examination of these splendid works of art afforded 
the crowning pleasure of the day. 

Mr. Superintendent Prescott furnished an extra train for 
the return trip, and the party reached home safely, highly 
delighted with the closing excursion of the season.. 


ES ee - e 


f * 


oo 
in 


° 


CLUXVITI 


Additions to the Museum and Library during July, August, 
and September, 1865. 


'TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT. 
By DONATION. 

ALLEN, J. F. Salem. Larve and Imago of Ctenucha grata from the 
Grape vine. 

BoarRDMAN, GEO. A. Milltown, Me. Embryos of the Sheldrake, 
Ruffed Grouse and Loon, from Milltown. Smelts, Osmerus sp?, and 
Crangon sp?, from St. George River. 2 Snakes and a Mineral, from 
near Milltown. 

Bowpoin, Dr. W. L. Salem. Head and feet of a large Turtle, 
Chelydra serpentina, from a Lake in N. H. 

CAaRLEN, SAMUEL Salem. Syngnathus Peckianus, from Salem Mill 
Pond. 

CONGDON, Miss EunIcE New Bedford, Mass. Fossil Astrea, Verte- 
bra of a Cetacean, from York River, about 2 miles from Yorktown, Va. 
Specimens of Cotton plant, from Virginia. Seed Vessels of a species 
of Asclepias, from Yorktown, Va. 380 specimens, 10 species, Fossil 
shells, from the Bank of James River, Va., near Allen’s Landing, about 
6 miles from Yorktown. 

CLourmMaN, WM. R. Salem. Specimen of a Beetle, from Salem. 

Cookr, C. Salem. Coleoptera, from Pond Lily leaves. 48 speci- 
mens, 16 species, Insects, from Reading. Parasites, from the intestines 
of the Golden-winged Woodpecker. 

Cookr, C. and Pickman, H. D. Salem. Collection of Insects and 
Fresh water Fishes, from Rye, N. H. 

CoviLL, T. N. Salem. 200 specimens of Pinnotheres ostreum Say, 
Oyster Crab. 

CREELMAN, Mrs. B. C. North Beverly. Specimen of Solen ensis, 
from Salisbury Beach. 

Cross, HENRY J. Salem. Ascidians, from the North River flats. 

DopGr, A. W. Hamilton. Living Specimen of Lasiurus novebora- 
censis Tomes, Red Bat, from Hamilton. 

EDWARDS, CHARLES Salem. Specimen of Strombus, from Africa. 

EMERTON, JAMES H. Salem. 256 specimens, 60 species, Insects, 
from North Andover. Salamander erythronota, from the Gloucester 
woods. 36 specimens, 29 species, Insects, from Georgetown. 

Feit, S. Q. Salem. Tropidonotus sauritus, and a Mineral, from 
North Andover. Head of an Antelope, from Sierra Leone, W. Africa. 

Footr, Rev. HENry W. Boston. Collection of Minerals, Shells, 
Corals and Seeds, from various localities. 


CLXVIII 


HeATH, N. Salem. 105 specimens Insects and Spiders, from Salem. 

Hines, Mes. Salem. A Glow-worm (living specimen) Lampyris 
noctiluca (female larva), from Boston. 

Hooper, NATHANIEL M. Salem. Nuts, from Cayenne,S.A. Albert 
Coal, from Hillsboro, N. B. 

JOHNSON, Danie, H. Salem. Clam, Mya, with a double shell, from 
Ipswich. 

KIMBALL, JAMES Salem. 6 specimens of ‘“‘Spanworm Moths,” from 
New York. 

LANDER, Miss L. Salem. Large Moth, from Salem. 

LARABEE, EBEN L. Salem. A. Large collection of Sponges, from 
under the draw of Beverly Bridge. 

Lovett, Epwonps Beverly. Skin of a Leopard, from West Africa. 

Mack, Dr. WM. Salem. Specimen of Tenia solium. 

Mason,—— Jamestown,N.Y. Silver Ore, from Culorado Territory. 

McItwrairH, THoMas Hamilton, C. W. Skins of Lanius excubito- 
roides and Plectrophanes lapponicus, from Hamilton, C. W. 

Nrtson, AuGustus Georgetown. Clay, from Georgetown. 

NELSON, HENRY A. Georgetown. Pupa, Imago and Parasite of the 
Tent Caterpillar. 

Norwoop, Pror. J. G. Columbia, Mo. A collection of 687 speci- 
mens, 298 species of Western Fossils. Identified. . 

Osaoop, Mrs. Cuas. Salem. Specimens ofa dipterous Insect, from 
Salem. 

PALFREY, CHas. W. Salem. 5 Eggs of the Mocking Bird, Mimus 
polyglottus. 

PickMAN, H. D. Salem. Dragon-fly, from Salem. 

Porter, E. J. Salem. Specimen of Epiera riparia, from Salem. 

PRESTON, JOHN Georgetown. Several Minerals, from various lo- 
calities. . 

Putnam, C. A. Salem. Dipterous larva, from the Canal of Naum- 
keag Mills, Salem. Star-nosed Mole, Condylura, from Lawrence. 4 
Trout, Salmo fontinalis, from the Aqueduct Fountains in South Dan- 
vers. 6 Osmerus ; 2 Ctenolabrus ; 2 Morrhua (young) ; Phycis (young) ; 
Platessa, from Salem Harbor. 

PurnaM, F. W. Salem. Storeria Dekayi and Tropidonotus sauritus, 
from North Andover. Fundulus multifasciatus, from Andover Pond. 
Gall-flies and parasites in several stages, from the Galls on the Wild 
Rose. . 

Roginson, Asa P. New York. Skin of Rana Catisbiana, from 
Lake Umbagog, Me. 

RussELL, Miss M. A. Salem. Specimen of Walking stick, pee 
Femoratum, ! Atal 


CLXIX 


SAUNDERS, Capr. O. H. Salem. Lead Ore and Lime, from Island 
Pond, Canada. 

Smitu, SamueL H. Salem. Specimen of Platyphyllum concavum, 
Katy-djd, from Holmdil, N. J. t 

SPRINGFIELD City Lisrary Museum, by S. Srressrins. 500 speci- 
mens Spiders, 2 specimens Polyommatus porsena, from Springfield. 

STEBBINS, S. and BeNNerr, C. W. Springfield. Specimen of Rat- 
tlesnake, Crotalus durissus Linn., from Mt. Tom. 

STILES, FREDERIC Topsfield. White Rat from Topsfield. 

STONE, ALFRED Providence, R. I. Nest and young of Vespa macu- 
lata. Nest and young of Polistes sp?, from Providence, R. I. 

TeL_LkamMpr, Dr. A. New York. Ascidia nov. sp., from Huntington 
Bay, Long Island. 

TENNEY, Pror. 8S. Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Copperhead Snake, from 
Mt. Holyoke. 

TrvuE, JosePH Salem. Stone bored by Shells, from the Grand 
Banks. Insects, from Salem. 

Upron, Capt. GEORGE Salem. 2 specimens (skins) of Birds, and 
specimens of Polyzoa, from the Grand Banks ? 

Wess, Capt. BENJ. Salem. Specimen of Spondylus, from the West 
Indies. 2 specimens of Coral and 4 of Minerals, from various locali- 
ties. Tree Toad, from China? 

WHEATLAND, Miss M. G. Salem. Minerals, from the Banks of the 
Genessee River, Rochester, N. Y. 

Witson, Cuartes 8S. Salem. Specimen of the Hoary Bat, Lasiurus 
cinereus Allen, from Salem. 

WItson, Mrs. Tuos. Salem. Nest of the Chimney Swallow, from 
Salem. 

Woops, HENRI N. Rockport. Fistularia serrata Bloch, from Rock- 
port Harbor. 


TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT. 
By DONATION. 

ABBOTT, JOHN Beverly. Leaves of the Charter Oak. 

ALLANSON, LiguT. J. S. Marblehead. 4 Confederate Buttons. 2 
Confederate Torpedo caps. Several pieces of Confederate fuse. $10, 
and 50 cent script of Confederate States. 

CarPeNTER, J. S. Salem. $1, $500 and two $100 (different issues) 
Confederate paper currency. 

Conepon, Miss Eunice New Bedford. 3ballsand a fragment of a 
shell picked up outside the Fort, soon after the Confederate troops 


23 


CLXX 


evacuated Yorktown, Va. Slate and pieces of Brick from the ruins of 
William and Mary College, after the battle of Williamsburg, Va. A 
piece of the Tombstone of ‘“‘Major William Gooch, dyed Oct. 29, 1650,” 
near the spot where Cornwallis surrendered to Washington. A piece 
of Window glass, from the house in which Cornwallis had his Head 
Quarters in the Fort at Yorktown, Va. Lath, Plastering, and Moss 
from the roof of the ‘Capitulation House,” Head Quarters of Gen. 
Washington, and near which Gen. Cornwallis surrendered, Oct. 19, 1784, 
about 14 miles from the Fort at Yorktown, Va. 

DrENSLow, W. W. New York. Revolutionary button of the 57th 
Regiment, British Army, found on Washington Heights. 

Footer, Cates Salem. $10 note Confederate currency. 

Footr, Rev. HeENry W. Boston. 13 Plaster Medallions. Seeds 
and leaves, from various Historical places, and other specimens. 

GOLDTHWAITE, JosrPpH A. Salem. A collection of North Carolina 
paper currency. 

GRANT, LIEUT. FRANKLIN Salem. Cutlass taken from the wreck of 
the Confederate Steamer Merrimac, at Newport News. Piece of one 
of three Muskets stacked over the magazine of Ft. Fisher at the time 
of the explosion. 

HoTcukiss, HENRY L. New Haven, Ct. Photographic views of Ike 
Marvel’s House; Temple Street, New Haven; Library Building and 
Alumni Hall, Yale College; Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven; Prof. B. 
Silliman, Sen., and President Woolsey. 

Lone, Isaac M. Salem. 1628 ‘Patriotic Envelopes” collected 
during the first part of the Rebellion. 

LOvETT, EDMONDS Beverly. 3 Native swords, from the West Coast 
of Africa. 

Orpway, Cot. ALBERT Richmond, Va. 120 specimens, different de- 
nominations and issues, Confederate paper currency. 

Pitman, Augustus P. Salem. Palmetto Flag. 

ROBERTS, Davip Salem. Confederate paper currency. 

SHort, JOSEPH Salem. Various relics from the Battle Field of 
Gettysburg. ; 

TENNEY, GorRHAM D. Georgetown. Indian Arrow Head, from 
Georgetown. 

Wess, Capt. BENJAMIN Salem. Chinese toy. 

Wituiams, W. A. Salem. Indian relics, consisting of a stone pot, 
stone chisel, stone arrowheads and a twisting-stone, also a few small 
bones of a skeleton, and a piece of Red Ochre, taken from an Indian 
grave on Salem Neck, under the embankment of Ft. Pickering. 


3 
4 
; 
j 


CLXXI 


TO THE LIBRARY. 
By DONATION. 


ANDREWS, Mrs. JaMes H. Endicott’s Memoirs of John Endicott, 
1 vol., 4to, Salem, 1847. 

ATWOOD, E. S. Atwood’s Discourse on Lincoln, 8vo, pamph., Salem, 
1865. 

BARRANDE, JOacuIm A. Paris. (Through SMITHSONIAN INSTITU- 
TION.) Defense des Colonies par J. Barrande, 1 vol., 8vo, Paris, 1865. 

BATCHELDER, Mrs. JonN H. The Last will and Testament of Capt. 
Miles Standish, Broad-sheet. 

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE OF LOWER CANADA. Prize List for the Ex- 
hibition at Montreal, Sept., 1865, 8vo, pamph. 

Brooks, HENry M. Fidler’s observations in United States and 
Canada, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 1838. 

Brunet, Le ABBE OvipE Quebec. Catalogue des Plantes Canadi- 
ensis by Brunet, Ist Liv. 8vo, pamph., Quebec, 1865. 

CHAPMAN, JOHN Attwood’s Discourse on Lincoln, 8vo, pamph., 
Salem, 1865. 

Cuasre, Mrs. E. E. U.S. Sanitary Commission, Nos. 87 and 90. The 
Sanitary Reporter for May 15, 1865. The Sanitary Commission Bulle- 
tin for June 1, 1865, and No. 39. U. S. Sanitary Commission pamph- 
lets, 5. 

CHASE, GEORGE C. Friend’s Review, 9 Nos. Proceedings of the 
Alumni Association of Friends Yearly Meeting School, 1865, 8vo, 
pamphlet. 

CHASE, GEORGE H. Intellectual Symbolism, a basis for Science by 
Pliny E. Chase, I vol., 4to, Phil., 1868. Sunscrit and English Analo- 
gues by Pliny E. Chase, 1 vol., 8vo, London, 1860. 

CuHask, THoMAS Haverford College, Penn. The Manuscripts ofthe 
Satyricon of Petronius Arbiter, Des. and col. by Chas. Beck, 1 vol., 
4to, Cambridge, 1863. 

CONGDON, EUNICE New Bedford. De Obligatione Conscientiae 
Praelect, Decem a Roberto Sandersono, 1 vol., 12mo, Londini, 1719. 

CouPER, WILLIAM Quebec, C. E. Fraser’s Journal relating to the 
Seige of Quebec in 1759, 8vo, pamph. 

CURWEN, GEORGE R. Church Review, vol. xv, Nos. 1, 2,3,4. Mis- 
cellaneous pamphlets, 16. 

DENSLOW, W. W. New York. Plays, by Barry Cornwall, H. H. 
Milman, James Haynes and David P. Brown, 1 vol., 8vo. 

DRowNE, CuarLtes Troy, N. Y. Annual Register of the Rennselaer 
Polytechnic Institute, 1865, 8vo, pamph. | 

ELIoT, JOHN F. Boston. Reports of Mass. Humane Society, 5. 


CLXXII 


FaBENS, JOSEPH WARREN The Uses of the Camel, a paper by J. W. 
Fabens, 8vo, pamphlet, New York, 1865. 

GILL, THEODORE Washington. Descriptions of New Species &c., 
by Theo. Gill, in 17 pamphlets. 

GREEN, SAMUEL A. Boston. Warder and Catlett’s Account of the 
Battle at Young’s Branch or Manassas Plain, July 21, 1861, 16mo, 1 
vol., Richmond, 1862. New Testament, 1 vol., 16mo, Atlanta, Ga., 
1862. 25 Pamphlets printed in Richmond relating to the Confederacy. 
Report of the School Committee of Boston, 1864, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 
1865. The Boston Business Directory, 1863—4, 1 vol., 12mo. 49 
Miscellaneous pamphlets. 

HoiMES, JOHN C. Detroit, Mich. Michigan School Report and 
Laws, 1868, 1 vol., 8vo. Michigan School Report, 1864, 1 vol., 8vo. 
3d An. Rep. of Michigan Board of Agriculture, 1 vol., 8vo, Lansing, 
1864. Elford’s Marine Telegraph, 1 vol., 8vo, Charleston, 1823. War- 
ren’s Ten thousand a year, 1 vol., 8vo, Phil., 1841. Mitchell’s United 
States, 1 vol., 8vo, Phil., 1834. : 

Hotcukiss, SUSAN V. New Haven, Conn. Ten pamphlets and Col- 
lege Exercises relating to Yale College. 

Huauer-Latrour, L. A. Montreal. Journal of Education, vol. vir, 
Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 4to, Montreal, 1863. Journal de Institution 
Publique, vol. vu, Nos. 9, 10, 11, 12, 4to, Montreal, 1863. 

LANDER, W. W. A collection of blanks used in the department of 
the Commissary of Subsistence, U. S. Army. 

LANGWORTHY, Isaac P. Philadelphia. 10 Reports of the American 
Sunday School Union, 8vo, pamph., Philadelphia. 

LEE, JOHN C. Stewart’s Geography for Beginners (Palmetto Series) 
1 vol., 12mo, Richmond, 1864. 

LESQUEREUX, Lro Columbus, Ohio. Botanical and Paleontological 
Report of the Geol. Survey of Arkansas, 8vo, pamph. Palzontvlogi- 
cal Rep. of Geol. Survey of Kentucky, 8vo, pamph. Musci Boreal-Ameri- 
cani, by Sullivant and Lesquereux, 8vo, pamph. Lesquereux on Coal 
formations of North America, 8vo, pamph. Lesquereux on Californian 
Mosses, 4to, pamph. 4th Report of the Geol. Survey of Kentucky, 8vo, 
1 vol., Frankfort, 1861. Lesquereux on the Origin of Prairies, 8vo, 
pamph. 

Lorp, N. J. Boston Post for April, May and June, 1865. 

Mack, Samurt E, St. Louis Mo. Edward’s St. Louis Directory, 
1865, 1 vol., 8vo. if 

MANNING, Roserr Perry’s Eulogy on Stanley, 8vo, pamph., Salem, 
1865. : 

MerEHAN, THoMas Philadelphia. The Gardeners’ Monthly, vols. 2, 
8, 4, 5, 6 and 7, 8vo, Phil., 1860, &c. ' 


CLXXIII 


Norwoop, J. G. Columbia, Mo. Ist and 2d Annual Reports of 
Geol. Survey of Missouri, by G. C. Swallow, 1 vol., 8vo, Jefferson City, 
1855. Catalogue of Univ. of Missouri for 1862, 3, 4 and 5, 8vo, pamph. 

OsGoop, Grorcr P. Autocrasy in Poland and Russia by Julian Al- 
len, 1 vol., 12mo, New York, 1854. 

OWEN, RicHaRD New Harmony, Ind. Report on the Mines of New 
Mexico, by Owen and Cox, 8vo, pamph. 

PAINE, NATHANIEL Worcester. Bullock’s address at Worcester, 
June 1, 1865, on A. Lincoln, 8vo, pamph. 

PaLFRAY, CHARLES W. An. Rep. of Adj. Gen. of Missouri, 1868, 
1 vol., 8vo. 

Perkins, Henry Philadelphia. The Soldier’s Guide in Philadelphia, 
1865, pamph. 

Pures, SrernenN H. Sectional Maps of Farming and Wood Land 
for sale by Illinois Central R. Road, 8vo, pamph., Chicago, 1865. La- 
mark, Historie Naturelle des Animaux Sans Vertebres, vol. 1, pt. 1, 
and vol. 2, 8vo, Bruxelles, 18387. Walter S. Newhall, a memoir, 1 vol., 
8vo, Phil., 1864. Dietrichsen and Hannay’s Royal Almanack for 1861, 
8vo, pamph., London, 1861. Ocean Telegraphing by S. F. Van Choate, 
8vo, pamph., Cambridge, 1865. 

Pitman, AuGcustus P. Brevard’s Digest of Pub. Statute Laws of S. 
Carol., vol. 2, 8vo, Charleston, 1814. Acts of Assembly of S. Carol., 
1801 to 1804, 8vo, 1 vol., Charleston. Several unbound Manuscripts. 

PuusivER, Davip Boston. The State House in Boston, Mass. by 
David Pulsifer, 12mo, pamph., Boston, 1865. 

RANDALL, STEPHEN Providence, R. I. Aspinwall’s remarks on the 
Narragansetts patent, 2d ed., 8vo, pamp., Providence, 1865. 

Ropes, CHarites A. Trow’s New York City Directory, vol. 75, 1 
vol., 8vo, New York, 1862. 

SaFrorD, Josuua Spiritual Songs, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1787. 

STEARNS, GEORGE L. Boston. 26 Pamphlets. 

STEVENS, Miss CAROLINE Rochester, N. Y. Rochester Directory 
for 1847—8, 1 vol., 12mo. Several Newspapers. 

TRUBNER & Co., London. Tribner’s Amer. and Orient. Literary 
Record, vol. 1, Nos. 2 and 3. 

Waters, H. F. G. Regulations of Med. Dep’t of Confed. States 
Army, 8vo, pamph., Richmond, 1861. 

Waters, J. Linton Chicago, Ill. The Prairie Chicken, 1864, 1 
vol., 4to, Tilton, 1864—5. Monthly, under the auspices of the late 
Mrs. Kirkland. 

Wess, BENJAMIN Howison’s Dictionary of the Malay Tongue, 1 
vol., 4to, London, 1801. 

WHEATLAND, MartHa G. Daily Evening Transcript, July, 1864, to 
July, 1865, 2 vols., folio. 


CLXXIV 


WHEATLAND, STEPHEN G. Roll of Students of Harv. Coll. in the 
Army and Navy during the Rebellion, 12mo, pamph., 1865. Porcellian 
Catalogue, 1865, 8vo, pamph. ; 

Wiaarin, J. K. Boston. A. L. Stone’s, Discourse on A, Lincoln, 
April 16, 1865, 8vo, pamph. 

WiLuiaMs, HeNry L. 12 Rail Road Reports. 


By EXcHANGE. 

AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN Socrery. Proceedings of Meeting April 26, 
1865, 8vo, pamph. 

AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL AND SratTisTicaL Socrery. Proceedings, 
pages 117—176, 8vo, pamph, New York, 1865. 

AMERICAN, PHILOSOPHICAL Society. Proceedings, No. 73, pamph., 
Phil., 1865. 

Boston Pusiic Lisrary. A Memorial of Joshua Bates, from the 
city of Boston, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1865. 

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF NaTURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings, vol. 3, 
pt. 2, 1864, San Francisco, 1864. 

CANADIAN INsTiITUTE. The Canadian Journal for July, 1865. 

CuicaGo HisroricaL Socrery. Brown’s Historical Sketch of the 
early movements in Illinois for legalizing Slavery, 8vo, pamph., Chica- 
go, 1865. 

DakTMOUTH COLLEGE LipraRy. Catalogus Collegii Dartmuthensis, 
1864, 8vo, pamph. Catalogue of Dartmouth College for 1864—5, 8vo, 
pamph. 

Epitors. The Gardener’s Monthly for July, Aug. and Sept., 1865. 

American Journal of Science for July and Sept., 1865. 
Savannah Daily Herald. 

Florida Union. 

Historical Magazine for July and Aug. 

American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol., 2, No. 2. 
The Home Evangelist. 

North American Review, July, 1865. 

The Essex Banner. 

Haverhill Gazette. 

Lawrence American. 

Salem Observer. 

South Danvers Wizard. 

Lynn Weekly Reporter. 

IowaiStatTe Hisroricat Socrery. The annals of Iowa for July, 
1865, 8vo, pamph. ; 

Lone Istanp Historicat Society. 2d Annual Report, 8vo, pamph., 
Brooklyn, 1865. 


CLXXV 


MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT CAMBRIDGE. Illustrated 
Catalogue of, No. 1, 8vo, pamph., Cambridge, 1865. 

New ENGLAND HisToric—GENEALOGICAL SocieTy. N.E. Hist. Gen. 
Register for July, 1865. Eulogy on A. Lincoln before N. E. Hist. Gen. 
Soc., May 8, 1865, 8vo, pamph. 

NEW YorkK CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. An. Rep., 1864—5, 1 vol., 8vo, 
New York, 1865. 

NEw YorK LYCEUM oF NATURAL Hisrory. Annals vol. vit, Nos. 1, 
9, vol. vit, Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 5. 

New YorK MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. 44th Annual Report, 
8vo, pamph. 

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings No. 2, 
for April, May and June, 1865. 

QUEBEC LITERARY AND HIsTorIcaL Socrery. Transactions, Session 
of 1864—5, 8vo, pamph., Quebec. 1865. 

REeDWoOD LIBRARY AND ATHEN.£UM. Report Made Sept. 28, 1864, 
8vo, pamph., New York, 1864. 

YaLeE COLLEGE LIBRARY. Catalogus Collegii Yalensis, 1865, 8vo, 
pamph. Obituary Record of the Graduates of Yale College, July 26, 
1865, 8vo, pamph. 


Turspay, Ocrozer 8. Adjourned Regular meeting. 


Vice President ALLEN in the chair. 


Samuel Q. Felt, of Salem, was elected a Resident 
Member. 


Monpay, Ocroser 16. Regular meeting. 
N. Weston, JR., in the chair. 


The Secretary read by title the following communica- 
tion :—“Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes.” By 
Prof. Theodore Gill, of the Smithsonian Institution. 

James N. Estes, of South Danvers, was elected a Resi- 
dent Member. 


Monpay, Novemsper 6. Regular meeting. 


Dr. George B. Lorine in the chair. 
- Letters were read from :— 


T. Mcllwraith, Hamilton, C. W.; M. S. Bebb, Washington, D. C.; 
W. H. Niles, Cambridge; W. E. Endicott, Canton; H. C. Perkins, New- 


CLXXVI 


buryport; N. S. Shaler, Cambridge; Stephen D. Poole, Lynn; Prof. A. 
E. Verrill, New Haven, Ct.; W. M. Hunting, Fairfield, N. Y.; L. L. 
Thaxter, Boston; B. P. Mann, Concord; E. E. Barden, Rockport; Prof. 
C. E. Hamlin, Waterville, Me.; R. E. C. Stearns, San Francisco, Cal. ; 
Prof. J. Wyman, Cambridge; Prof. W. B. Rogers, Boston; Julius Sil- 
versmith, New York, N. Y.; A. B. Kendig, Marshalltown, Iowa; W. 
O. White, Keene, N. H.; W. O. Currier, Providence, R. I.; E. W. Her- 
vey, New Bedford; W. W. Denslow, New York, N. Y.; John Bolton, 
Portsmouth, Ohio; American Philosophical Society; Joseph Blake, 
Gilmantown, N. H., relating to the publications: E. Suffert, Matanzas, 
Cuba; Dr. J. C. Puls, Ghant, Belgium; Prof. R. Owen, Bloomington, 
Ind.; James Lewis, Mohawk, N. Y.; Smithsonian Institution; G. L. 
Stearns, Boston; W. Wallis, Salem; Dr. S. A. Green, Boston; A. W. 
May, Boston; Mrs. E. E. Chase, Salem; J. Linton Waters, Chicago, IL. ; 
Rey. C. F. Barnard, Boston, relating to the transmission of specimens 
and books: B. O. Peirce, Beverly; Prof. James Hubbert, Richmond, C. 
E.; Prof. A. EH. Verrill, New Haven, Ct.; Geo. C. Huntington, Kelley’s 
Island, Ohio; E. T. Cresson, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Horace Mann, Concord; 
A. E. Kursheedt, Cincinnati, Ohio; Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, Reading; J. 
F. Allen, Salem; W. B. Trask, Boston; John Krider, Philadelphia, Pa. ; 
Dr. Wm. Stimpson, Chicago, Ill.; W. J. Howard, New York, N. Y.; 
Henri N. Woods, Rockport; Chas. A. Emery, Springfield; G. A. Board- 
man, Milltown, Me.; Hon. C. Cushing, Newburyport; I. L. Gosling, 
New York, N. Y.; H. A. Bellows, Concord, N. H.; James W. Perkins, 
Salem; J. C. Holmes, Detroit, Mich.; Prof. J. G. Norwood, Columbia, 
Mo.; Wm. Merritt, Salem; Capt. D. H. Johnson, Jr., Salem; Dr. H. 
C. Perkins, Newburyport; Prof. S. Tenney, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.; T. 
A. Cheney, Havana, N. Y.; E. E. Barden, Rockport; Hon. O. P. Lord, 
Salem; F. W. Putnam, Salem; Hon. A. Huntington, Salem, on generai 
business: New York Lyceum of Natural History; Buffalo Society of 
Natural Sciences ; New York Historical Society ; Trustees of Dartmouth 
College; New England Historic-Genealogical Society ; Museum Comp. 
Zoology; Albany Institute; Maine Historical Society, acknowledging 
the receipt of publications: Prof. J. G. Norwood, Columbia, Mo.; 
Josiah Stickney, Boston; A. T. Mosman, Beverly, accepting member- 
ship. 

Donations to the Library and Museum were announced. 


Adjourned to Tuesday evening, Nov. 14. 


Wepnespay, November 8. Stated meeting. 


N. Weston, Jr., in the chair. 
Adjourned to Tuesday evening, Noy, 14. 


se 


a 


/ 
ae 


CLXXVII 


Tuespay, NovemBer 14. Adjourned Regular and 
Stated meetings. 
Vice President Goopr.t in the chair. 


Donations to the Museum and Library were announced. 

Mr. W. P. Upham read two letters ; one, written by Col, 
Azor Orne, of Marblehead, to Governor Adams, dated 
May 20, 1796, in which Col. Orne says his advanced age 
and infirm health forbid his attention to public business, and 
therefore he resigns the office of Senator for the County of 
Essex to which he had been chosen. The other letter was 
written by Samuel Sewall, afterwards Chief Justice of the 
Supreme Court, and is dated Jan. 27th, 1780, at Marble- 
head, where he was then commencing the practise of 
law. ‘The letter gives a graphic account of the sufferings 
of the people of Marblehead from the scarcity of wood oc- 
casioned by the great snowstorm of that winter. | 

Mr. Upham gave a brief sketch of the character of Col. 
Orne, and an account of the family of Judge Sewall. 

The Communication of Mr. Upham was referred to the 
Publication Committee for publication in the Historical 
Collections. 

Dr. Loring made some remarks in connection with the 
subjects of Mr. Upham’s communication, and narrated 
several incidents of the poverty of the people from 1765 to 
1800. 

Mr. Caleb Cooke read a portion of his notes on Zanzi- 
bar, Africa, made during a residence of four years on the 
Island, in which he gives an account of the Island and the 
customs of the inhabitants, with remarks upon the Natural 
History of the place. 

Mr. Cooke’s notes were requested for publication. 

Benjamin Pickman, M. D., of Salem, was elected a 
Resident Member. 

24 


CLXXVIII 


Monpay, DecemBer 4. Regular meeting. 
Rev. Groree D. Witpzs in the chair. 


Letters were announced from the following :— 

Prof. S. F. Baird, Smithsonian Institution; Prof. A. Guyot, Prince- 
ton, N. J.; Capt. Alpheus Hyatt, Baltimore, Md.; E. S. Morse, Port- 
land, Me.; Prof, A. E. Verrill, Yale College; H. M. Raynor, New York; 
Thomas Bland, New York; Prof. Theo. Gill, Smithsonian Institution; 
Prof. Wm. P. Blake, San Francisco, Cal.; Joseph E. Chase, Holyoke, 
Mass.; Wm. Couper, Quebec, Canada; Prof. J. G. Norwood, Columbia, 
Mo.; Dr. J. C. Puls, Ghent, Belgium; A. M. Edwards, New York; C. 8. 
Fellows, Boston; Henry B. Dawson, Morrisania, N. Y., relating to the 
publications: Prof. E. D. Cope, Haverford College, requesting the loan — 
of specimens: Prof. S. F. Baird, Smithsonian Institution; Prof. A. E. 
Verrill, Yale College; S. Stebbins, Springfield; Hon. H. A. Bellows, 
Concord, N. H.; Robert E. C. Stearns, San Francisco, Cal.; Geo. A 
Boardman, Milltown, Me.; Dr. Theo. A. Tellkampf, New York; Frank 
Stratton, Natick, Mass.; Wm. Couper, Quebec, Canada; John S. Stev- 
ens, London, Eng.; Prof. Leo Lesquereux, Columbus, Ohio; Dr. Daniel 
Clark, Flint, Mich.; Prof. J. G. Norwood, Columbia, Mo. ; Thomas Bar- 
low, Canastota, N. Y. Dr. J. C. Puls, Ghent, Belgium; Prof. Richard 
Owen, Bloomington, Ind.; M. G. Farmer, Salem; Francis C. Webster, 
Salem; Justin Hinds, Salem; Richard Eddy, Libr., Pennsylvania His- 
torical Society; N. E. Atwood, Provincetown; Fitch Poole, South 
Danvers; C. P. Preston, Sect. Essex Agricultural Society ; Desmond 
Fitzgerald, Providence, R. I.; John R. Bartlett, Providence, R. I.; Geo. 
Brinley, Hartford, Ct., on various business matters and the transmis- 
sion of specimens and books: Baron R. Osten-Sacken, Russian Consul 
at New York, accepting membership: New Haven Colony Historical 
Society, acknowledging the receipt of Publications. 

Donations were announced to the Library and Museum. 

Capt. N. E. Atwood, of Provincetown, made a verbal 
communication on the Lobster. 


The Lobster is found in great abundance on our. coast 
from the southern point of Cape Cod northward, being 
plentiful in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. They are caught 
in the vicinity of the Islands of Boston harbor and along 
the “North shore” during the whole year. In winter they 
are caught in deep water. As the spring advances, they 
come near the shore and are taken in vast quantities. 

In March, April, May, and June, large numbers are 
taken and sent to Boston, New York and other markets, 


CLXXIX 


where they are sold to wholesale dealers ; and there are also 
several establishments on the coast of Maine where they 
are put up in cans, which are hermitically sealed, for trans- 
portation to foreign markets; the fishery thus gives em- 
ployment to a great number of persons. 

On the North Shore, including the coast of Maine, 
during July, and until the next spring, the Lobsters are 
less plentiful, and a large portion of them are “soft shelled” 
and in poor condition for an article of food. 

Of the Lobsters taken on the North Shore, at all sea- 
sons, more than three quarters are males, while those in 
the vicinity of Cape Cod are nearly all females, at all 
times when they are found in that region, such is the dis- 
proportion of the sexes in different localities. 

In Boston the male Lobster is prefered, consequently 
Lobsters from Cape Cod will not sell there until they be- 
gin to catch less on the North Shore. In New York, on 
the contrary, they prefer the female Lobsters and the sup- 
ply for that city comes from Cape Cod, when the Lob- 
sters can be caught there. 

The female Lobster is considered the best at Cape’ Cod, 
and usually they are in the best condition. Most of the 
males are coarse and poor, and are nearly all thrown away 
when they are caught. 

At Provincetown, Cape Cod, the Lobsters do not come 
in to the shore until late in May or early in June, they are 
then abundant until the last of September and are in excel- 
lent condition, and are so plenty at times that one man 
will catch from three to four hundred in a single day. 
This is the time when they produce their young. They 
do not deposit their eggs ina particular locality, like fishes, 
where they will be exposed and liable to be destroyed be- 
fore the young are hatched. When the Lobster lays her 
eggs they adhere to the under part of the tail by a glutin- 
ous substance, and remain there in safety during the term 
of incubation, consequently countless millions are hatched 
every season. 

Before the Bluefish came north of Cape Cod (1847), 
Lobsters were very scarce in the waters about the Cape. 
The reason of this was owing to the large number of small 
fishes which remained along the coast during the summer 


CLXXX 


and fed upon the young Lobsters, since the appearance of 
the Bluefish and the consequent disappearance of the 
smaller fishes, the Lobsters have increased tenfold, so that 
the supply is now equal to the demand. The Lobsters 
leave the shores of Cape Cod in October, and, going to 
parts unknown, do not return until the next May or June. 


On Mr. Putnam’s asking Capt. Atwood several questi- 
ons relating to his late examiniation of the fisheries of the 
Merrimack and Connecticut rivers, considerable discussion 
ensued regarding the practicability of restocking those 
rivers with Salmon and Shad, and the protection of the 
fish; in which Messrs. Atwood, Putnam and others partic- 
ipated, and Mr. Putnam explained how, in his estimation, 
the rivers could easily be restocked, and the fish protected 
by the construction of proper “fish ways” over the dams, 
and the enforcement of laws drawn up with reference to 
the habits of the fishes in question. 


Monpay, DecemsBer 18. Regular meeting. 


Vice President Goope.u in the chaif. 

Letters were read from :— : 

Prof. Theo. Gill, Smithsonian Institution; Prof. A. E. Verrill, Yale 
College; Prof. J. Wyman, Harvard College; Samuel R. Carter, Paris 
Hill, Me.; H. A. Smith, Cleveland, Ohio; Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, Read- 
ing; John R. Bartlett, Providence, R. I., on business matters: Edw. 
L. Graef, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Andrew Garrett, Tahiti, South Seas; Prof. 
James Hall, Albany, N. Y.; H. M. Raynor, New York, N. Y.; Prof. §. 
F. Baird, Smithsonian Institution ; Joseph E. Chase, Holyoke, relating 
to the publications: Natural History Society of New Brunswick, ac- 
knowledging the receipt of publications. 

The Secretary read a Biographical Notice of the late 
Rev. Stillman Barden, prepared by Mrs. P. A. Hanaford, 
which was referred to the Publication Committee, and a 
vote of thanks was passed to Mrs. Hanaford, for the in- 
teresting memoir of our late associate. 

Mr. James H. Emerton exhibited a large and handsome 


living specimen of Actinia marginata, taken under Beverly 


CLXXXI 


Bridge, and gave an account of its habits while in confine- 
ment. He was followed by Mr. Putnam, who explained 
the anatomical structure and mode of development of the 
Actinia and its relation to the Coral producing Polyps. 

The Superintendent exhibited a number of Indian relics 
taken from a grave on Winter Island, Salem, near the 
embankment of Ft. Pickering, just west of the fosse. The 
grave was about four feet long, two wide, and two deep, 
and was made by placing a few stones about two feet 
from an abrupt ridge on a ledge and resting other stones 
from these to the ledge. 


The following relics were found :—Six partially finished 
Arrow heads of stone. Four completely made Stone Ar- 
row heads. One Stone Chisel or Gouge. One “'T'wisting 
Stone.” (A thin oval stone with two holes in it, supposed 
to have been used in twisting when making a kind of 
twine). One “Polishing Stone.” (An ovalstone fitted to 
the hand, and probably used in rubbing skins of animals 
used for clothing). A number of fragments of a Pot made 
of soapstone and of an oval shape; estimated from the 
fragments to have been about fourteen inches long, ten 
wide, and four deep. <A portion of one end of the pot 
has a knob or handle. The pot is smoothly finished on 
the inside, rougher on the outside, and formed in a regu- 
lar manner, with slightly ornamented or serrated edges. 
The bottom of the pot showed signs of its having been 
used over a fire. 

With the above mentioned implements were found a 
portion of a scapular and two bones of the foot of a Cow; 
a premolar tooth of a Hog; a small fragment of bone 
which could not be determined ; considerable bone dust ; 
and as much as a shovel full of a red substance mixed 
with earth and bone dust, and quite a large piece of pure 
red-ochre. 


For these relics the Institute is indebted to the thought- 
fulness of W. A. Williams, Esq., the Engineer at the 
Fort, who, as soon as the grave was discovered, reported. 
it to the Institute for examination. 


CLXXXII 


The thanks of the Institute were wchad to Mr. Williams 
for his valuable donation of Indian Relics. 


Donations to the Museum and Library were announced. 
Joseph Peabody, Hannah M. Lord and Joseph Chand- 


ler, of Salem, were elected Resident Members. John R. 


Bartlett, and R’t Rev. Thomas M. Clark, of Providence, 
R. I, and Prof. Theodore Gill, of the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, were elected Corresponding Members. 


Additions to the Museum and Library during October, 
sVovember and December, 1865. 


TO THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT. 


By DONATION. 

ASHBY, Miss ErizA ANN Salem. Canary 16 years old. 

Bosson, A. S. Salem. Skull of Fox-hound and Fox. Italian 
Queen Bee. 

Brooks, H. M. Salem. Plumbago, from shores of Lake Huron, 
Canada. 

BROWNE, A.G. Salem. Pomegranate, from Florida. 

Browne, Bens. JR. Salem. Red Bat, Lasiurus noveboracensis 
Tomes, from Salem. 

CARPENTER, Mr. Kelley’s Island, Ohio. Fossils, from the sand- 
stone quarry at Kelley’s Island, Ohio. Beetles injurious to the Grape 
vine. 

CaRTeR, Francis Georgetown. Specimen] of Lime deposited in 
the Boiler of a U. S. War Steamer. 

CLARK, Dr. DANIEL Flint, Mich. A collection of Fishes, Insects, 
and Reptiles, from Flint, Michigan. 2 young Trout, from Lake Supe- 
rior, Land and Fresh Water Shells, from Flint, Michigan. 

CookE, C. Salem. 20 specimens, 3 species, Medusa; 3 specimens, 
3 species, Mollusks; 1 specimen Fish, from Lagulhas Banks, E. Coast 
Africa. 20 specimens, 2 species, of Mollusks, from Champany Island, 
Zanzibar Harbor. 1 Mollusk and collection of Ants, from Zanzibar, E. 
Coast Africa. Seed vessel, from Pangani River, E. Coast Africa. | 

Dati, W. H. Chicago, Ill. 1 Bat, 2 Salamanders, 3 Frogs, 1 Toad, 
3 Boleosoma, from Lake Goodwin, Marquette Co., Mich. 

EMERTON, J. H. Salem. 51 bottles of Insects, in alcohol, from 
Essex County. 

EMERTON, J. H. and Cookr, C. Salem. Collection of Fishes, Crus- 
tacea and Radiates, from under Beverly Bridge. 


; 
i 
, 


CLXXXIII 


Farmer, JAMES Salem. An Eel ofa bright yellow color on the back, 
Sides and fins, and a light yellow color below, from Salem Mill Pond. 

GARDNER, WittrAM Salem. 27 specimens of Helix cellaria, from 
the Greenhouse of F. Putnam. 

HASKELL, J. P. Marblehead. Eel, from a deep well in Marblehead. 
The specimen is a singular mal-formation; short head, large eyes and 
large pectoral fins. 

Harcu, Cuas. Salem. Mantis, from Senegal River, W. C. of Africa. 
* HUNTINGTON, Gro. C. Kelley’s Island, Ohio. Fossils, from the 
sandstone quarry at Kelley’s Island, Ohio. (Lake Erie). 3 species of 
Beetles injurious to the grape vine and to wine barrels, Kelley’s Island. 

KinG, Miss H. Salem. Rose Quartz, from White Mountains, N. H. 
Jasper, from Berlin Falls, N. H. 

LEFAVOR, WM. Capr. Salem. Specimens of wood, from 400 miles 
up the Uruguay River. 

LEWIS, JAMES Mohawk, N. Y. Helix, 7 species, 685 specimens ; 
Planorbis, 1 species, 58 specimens; Cyclas, 48 specimens; Succinea, 2 
species, 79 specimens; Pycidium virginicum, 29 specimens; Physa, 1 
species, 889 specimens; Melania, 2 species, 777 specimens; Paludina, 
4 species, 1704 specimens; Lymnea, 1 species, 23 specimens. Also a 
lot of mixed Fresh-water and land shells, from various localities near 
Mohawk, N. Y. 

LOMBARD, Miss M.E. Boston. Specimen of Humming Bird, Trochi- 
lus colubris, from Boston. 

Maxrcy, PLimpron. Plumbago, from Starbridge Lead Mines. 

Nicnots, C.F. Salem. Scopelus Humboldti, from the Mediterrane- 
an. 4 species, 10 specimens, Land Shells, from Hesse Darmstadt, 
Germany. Coral, from the Blue Grotto at Capri, Mediterranean. Mine- 
rals, from Hesse Darmstadt, Germany. Limestone, from the Falls of 
Terni, Italy. 2 Minerals from Vesuvius. Lizard and Insects, from 
Malta. 

Norris, C. H. Salem. Egg of African Ostrich. 

OWEN, Pror. RicHarp New Harmony, Ind. A collection contain- 
ing 55 species of Land and Fresh Water Shells, from the West. Also 
Reptiles, Fishes, Insects and Shells in Alcohol, from New Harmony, Ind. 

PackarRp, Dr. A.S.JR. Boston. 4Salamanders, 2 species; 9 Lizards, 
4 species; 1 Snake, from Bailey Cross Roads, near Washington, Va. 

PERKINS, T. LyMAN Salem. Collection of Shells, from East Indies. 
Galena, Quartz and Garnets. 

PickMAN, H. D. and Cookr, C. Salem. Gold Fish, Cyprinus aura- 
tus and Leuciscus americanus, from Salem. 

Putnam, F. W. Salem. Skulls of Deer, Lynx, Hedge-Hog, Mink, 
Marten (male and female) and Domestic Sheep, from Oxford Co., Me. 


CLXXXIV 


Collection of Insects, Shells and Infusorial Earth, from Ipswich, Mass. 
Collection of Fishes, Insects, Mollusks &c., from Lake Erie and Kel- 
ley’s Island, Ohio. Fossils, from Kelley’s Island, Ohio. 

SANBORN, F. G. Boston. 210 specimens, Diptera, 100 specimens, 
Hymenoptera, collected in Mass. 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D.C. Collection of Fish- 
es, from various N. American localities. 

Taytor, C. H. Lynn. Red Clay, from Maryland. 

TELLKAMPF, Dr. THEeo. A. New York. 10 specimens Ascidia mane 
hattensis Dekay. 6 specimens Phallusia fluitans Tellkampf (nov. sp.), 
from Huntington Bay, Long Island. 

UNKNOWN, Danvers. Eggs of the Walking Stick, Spectrum femo- 
ratum. 

WALKER, MILLEDGE Ossekeag, N. B. 1 Bat, 1 Green Snake, 1 Sala- 
mander, from Ossekeag, N. B. 

Waters, E.S. Salem. Mineral, from Natick, Mass. 

WHEATLAND, GEORGE Jk. Salem. A collection of 106 species, 208 
specimens, of Shells, from various localities. 

WHEATLAND, Dr. H. Salem. Shells and Crustaceans, from Nahant 
Beach. 

Wuitrt, G. W. Salem. 4 specimens of Atherina notata, from upper 
part of Salem Mill Pond. 


TO THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT. 


By DONATION. 

BROWNE, ALBERTG. Salem. Unsigned bills of the Bank of Com- 
merce. Savannah, Ga. 

CALLER, JAMES M. Salem. Specimens of Confederate Money. 

CHAMBERLAIN, JAMES A. Salem. Coins. 

CurwEN, 8S. R. Salem. Arabian Sandals. 

DEBAKER, Capt. V. F. Salem. A pair of Shoes, such as are worn ° q 
by the Chiefs on the West Coast of Africa. 

Hosss, GEORGE J. 13 Stone Arrow heads, found .at Sturbridge, $ 
Mass. 

KIMBALL, JAMES Salem. Padlock, from Stone Jail in Ipswich, er- 
ected in 1800. This lock was used in the old Jail also. 

LEGRAND, CHARLES Salem. Ancient Pitcher, 2 Ancient Tea Pots. 

Nicuoxts, C. F. Salem. Various Historical hang from Rome and 
vicinity. 

Norris, JOHN Salem. A picture of the Ship Mount Vernon of 
Salem, commanded by Capt. S. Elias Derby, 1789. Painted by M. C. P. 
OSBORNE, STEPHEN Salem. 2 Bonnets and 4 Hats, — of ays 

Perkins, T. Lyman Salem. 12 Chinese coins. f 


a Ce 
"ye = 1s 


sil 


CLXXVII 


PULSIFER, Davip Salem. Indian Mortar and Pestle, made of stone, 
from California. 

PuTNAM, Mrs. EBEN Salem. Ancient Pitcher. 

SavORY, BENJaMIN Salem. Pair of Snow Shoes, over 90 years 
old. 

Taytor, O. H. Lynn. Piece of marble, from Gov. Bradford’s house, 
destroyed by the Confederates, 1864. 

Warb, CHarLES A. Salem. Piece of ‘‘Treenail”’ of the old ship 
“‘Sparrow Hawk,” wrecked at Cape Cod, in 1626. 

WHEATLAND, GEORGE, JR., Salem. Old Shoe and Clog. 


TO: THE LIBRARY. 
By DONATION. 


Aaassiz, A. E.R. Cambridge. Sea-Side Studies in Natural Histo- 
ry, by Elizabeth C. and Alex. Agassiz, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1865. 

BaRTLETT, JOHN R. Providence, R. I. Bibliography of Rhode 
Island, by John R. Bartlett, 1 vol., 8vo, Providence, 1864. Records of 
the colony of Rhode Island, vols. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 8 vols., 8vo, Pro- 
vidence, 1856. Index to Acts and Resolves of R. I., from 1758 to 1850, 
by J. R. B., 1 vol., 8vo, Providence, 1856. Registration Reports of 
Rhode Island, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 8 vols., 8vo, Providence, 1856, &c. 
History of the Criminal Law, of R. I., 8vo, pamph. Journal of Con- 
stitutional convention at Newport, 1862, 8vo, pamph. Census of R. I., 
1774, 1 vol., 8vo, Providence, 1858. 

BROWNE, ALBERT G. Elliott’s Fast Sermon, at Savannah, Feb. 28 
1862, and Sept. 15, 1864, 8vo, pamph. Elliott’s Address before the 
Societies of S. C. Coll., Dec. 4, 1859, 8vo, pamph. Legae’s oration at 
Columbia, S. C., Dec. 6, 1859, pamph. 7 Miscellaneous pamphlets. 

BROWNE, J. VINCENT French Universal Exposition, for 1867, offici- 
al Correspondence, pub. by Dep. of State, pamph., Washington, 1865. 

BUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. Proceedings at Annual 
Meeting, June 17, 1865, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1865. Inauguration of the 
Statue of Gen. Warren, June 17, 1858, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1858. 

CHAPPLE, WILLIAM F. Salem Gazette for 1790, 1 vol., fol. Colum- 
bian Centinel, for 1793, 1 vol., fol. 

CHASE, Exiza E. Hospital Transports, 1 vol., 16mo, Boston, 1863. 
Sanitary Commission Bulletin, Nos. 33, 34 and 40. The Sanitary Re- 
porter, vol. 2d, Nos. 19, 22. Final Report of Supply Dep’t of N. E. 
Women’s Aux. Association of Sanitary Commission, 8vo, pamph. 25 
papers relating to Sanitary Commission. 

CHASE, GEORGE C. Friend’s Review, 10 Nos. 

CuHaskE, GreorGE H. The U.S. Sanitary Commission, a sketch of its 
purposes and its work, 1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1863. 


24 


CLXXVIII 


CuasrE, THOMAS Haverford College, Penn. Catalogue of Haverford 
College, 1865—6, pamph. 

CospurN F. S. of Boston. Ames’s Oration on Washington, Feb. 8, 
1800, 8vo, pamph. Massachusetts Resolves for 1797, pamph., folio. 

CoLE, Nancy D. Silliman’s Journal of Science, vols. 28 to 50, 1st 
series, vols. 1 to 14 of 2d series, inclusive, 37 vols. 

CooKE, CALEB The Bombay Almanac, for 1858—60, 2 vols., 8vo, 
Bombay. Bombay Civil List, 1859, 8vo, pamph. Four pamphlets. 

Crossy, ALPHEUS Regulations for the Army of the U. S., 1861, 1 
vol., 12mo. The Sisters of Solense, by C. W. S., 1 vol., 16mo, Phil., 
1857. Curtis’ Inventor’s Manual, 1 vol. 12mo, Boston, 1861. Fibrilia, 
1 vol., 12mo, Boston, 1861. Kitto’s Court of Persia, 1 vol., 8vo. 
Dumas and Boussingault, The Chemical and Physiological Balance of 
Organic Nature, 1 vol., lémo, N. Y., 1864. Davis, The Measure of the 
Circle perfected, 1 vol., 8vo, Providence, 1854. Bartlett, The Frontier 
Missionary, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 1853. Old South Chapel Prayer Meet- 
ing, 1 vol., 16mo, Boston, 1859. Calvert’s Scenes and Thoughts in 
Europe, 12mo, N. Y., 1852. Challen’s Igdrasil or the Tree of Existence, 
12mo, Phil., 1859. Willard’s Memoirs of Youth and Manhood, 2 vols., 
12mo, Cambridge, 1855. Caswall, The Martyr of Pongas, 12mo, N. Y., 
1857. McClintock’s Narrative of the Fate of Sir John Franklin, 12mo, 
Boston, 1860. Coming’s Physiology, 12mo, N. Y., 1854. Boutwell’s 
Thoughts on Educational Topics and Institutions, 12mo, Boston, 1859. 
The U. S. Custom’s Guide, 12mo, Boston, 1859. Huntington, Home 
and College, 12mo, Boston, 1860. Filborn’s German Instructor, 12mo, 
Philadelphia, 1852. Dalrymple’s Memoir of Great Britain and Ireland, 
2 vols., 4to, Boston, 1771. Tables for correcting the apparent distance 
of the Moon and a Star, 4to, Cambridge, 1772. 350 Serials. 500 Mis- 
cellaneous pamphlets. 

Dawson, HENRY B. Morrisania, N. Y. The Gazette (Yonkers), 
from May 6 to Nov. 11, 1865. 

DEAN, JoHN Warp Boston. Memoir of Rev. Giles Firmin, 8vo, 
pamph., Boston, 1865. 

GREEN, SAMUEL A. Boston. 40 Various Pamphlets. 

GRINDEL, STOVER One bound volume of Miscellaneous Newspapers, 
1804, 1805, 1806. 

Horcukiss, Henry New Haven. Several Handbills &c. 

KIMBALL, JAMES Pamphlets, 12. 


LANDER, W. W. A Digest of the Military and Naval Laws of the. 


Confederate States, 1 vol., 8vo, Columbia, 1864. 


LINCOLN, SOLOMON Hingham. Notes on the Lincoln Families ro 


Massachusetts, by S. Lincoln, 8vo, pamph, Boston, 1865. 
Lorep, N. J. Boston Post, for July, Aug. and Sept., 1865. 


g- de 


CLXXIX 


LoRING, GEORGE B. Boston Daily Post, for July, Aug. and Sept., 
1865. | 

LOVETT, JOHN W. Beverly. Eliot’s Sermon at Ordin. of Rev. J. 
Willard, 8vo, pamph. Prince’s Fast Sermon, May 9, 1798, 8vo, pamph. 

MASSACHUSETTS SECRETARY OF STATE. Acts and Resolves 1864, 4 
vols., 8vo, Boston, 1865. Public Documents, 1865, 1 vol., 8vo, Boston, 
1865. Supplement to Ichnology of Mass., by E. Hitchcock, 1 vol., 8vo, 
Boston, 1865. 

Mites, M. Lansing, Mich. Catalogue of State Agric. Coll, of 
Michigan, 1865, 8vo, pamph. 

MupGE, BENJAMIN F. Quindaro, Kansas. Fourth volume of Pub. 
Doc. of Kansas, Dec. 31, 1864, 8vo. Instructions, lst Census of Kansas, 
1865, 8vo, pamph. 

NicHois, Mary H. A collection of Account Books kept by the late 
Dr. E. A. Holyoke. Account Books of the late B. Herbert Hathorne. 

PICKMAN, BENJAMIN The Nation, vol. 1, Nos. 1 to 19, 4to, New 
York, 1865. . 

Rust, Lyp1a London Magazine, for 1796, 1 vol., 8vo. 8 Miscella- 
neous pamphlets. 

SHEPPARD, JOHN H. Boston. Reminiscences of the Vaughn Family, 
8vo, pamph., Boston, 1865. 

SIBLEY, JoHN L. Cambridge. Sibley’s Notices of Trien. and Annu- 
al Catalogues of Harvard University, 8vo, pamph., Boston, 1865. 

STEARNS, GEORGE L. Six pamphlets on various subjects. 

Story, NORMAN Essex. Crowell’s address at the consecration of 
Spring St. Cemetery, Essex, Oct 27, 1852, 8vo, pamph. 

SwaseEy, Mrs. JoHN Cincinnati, Ohio. Mitchill’s Tennessee State 
Gazetteer, for 1860, 1 vol., 8vo, Nashville, 1860. Smith and Damou- 
lin’s Illinois State Business Directory, for 1860, 1 vol., 8vo, Chicago. 
Hawes & Co. Indiana State Gazetteer, for 1862—63, 1 vol., 8vo. Mis- 
souri State Gazetteer and Business Directory, 1 vol., 8vo, Saint Louis, 
1860. Williams Cincinnati Directory, for 1849—50, 1850—51, 1851—52, 
1852—53, 1855, 1856, 6 vols., 8vo, Cincinnati. Cist’s Cincinnatiin 1851, 
1 vol., 12mo. Cist’s Cincinnatiin 1859, 1 vol.,12mo. MDisturnell’s New 
York State Register, for 1858, 1 vol., 12mo. Hall’s Western Land 
Owner’s Manual, 1 vol., 12mo, Auburn, 1847. Butler’s History of Ken- 
tucky, 2d ed., 1 vol., 8vo, Cincinnati, 1836. Lapham’s Wisconsin, 2d 
ed., 1 vol., 12mo, Milwaukee, 1846. Ohio Railroad Guide, illustrated, 1 
vol., 12mo, Columbus, 1854. Scott’s Messiahship, 1 vol., 12mo, Cincin- 
nati, 1859. Swallow’s, lst and 2d An. Reports on the Geology of Mis- 
souri, 1 vol., 8vo, Jefferson city, 1855. William’s Cincinnati Guide, for 
1852, 1 vol., 16mo. Mendenhall’s Map of Cincinnati, 1865. 

TELLKAMPF, THEODORE A. New York. Vierzehnter Jahresbericht 

® 


CLXxXxX 


der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Hannover, 1863—4, 4to, pamph., 
Hannover, 1865. 

Trask, ISRAEL H. Wenham. Reports of the Town of Wenham, for 
several years, 10 pamphlets. 

TrUBNER & Co., London. Tribner’s Amer. and Orient. Literary 
Record, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 1865. 

Wats, WituiamM Christian Watchman and Reflector, from Jan. 
1853 to Dec. 1865 inclusive, 12 vols., folio, Boston. 

Wess, Josepu H. Record books ae Salem Union League, 4to, Mass. 

Wess, Witt1amM G. The Daily Citizen, for July, 2d and 4th, 1863, 
printed at Vicksburg on house paper. 

WHEATLAND, HENRY New Hampshire Register, for 1857, 1859, 1860, 
1861, 1862, 5 vols., 16mo, Concord, N. Y. Pigot & Co. Metropolitan 
Directory, for 1828 and 1834, 2 vols., 8vo, London. 

WILDES, GEoRGE D. Binney’s Oration on Lincoln, at Providence, 
June 1, 1865, 8vo, pamph. Catalogue of Brown University, 1865—66, 
8vo, pamph. 


By EXCHANGE. 


Boston Society OF NatTursaL History. Condition and Doings at 
Annual Meeting, May 1865, 8vo, pamph. Proceedings, vol. 10, sig. 1. 

BoOwpDoOIN COLLEGE Liprary. Bowdoin Ivy-day, Class of 1866, 
pamph. The Bugle, Bowdoin College, No. 14. 

CANADIAN INSTITUTE. The Canadian Journal, Sept. 1865. 

CricaGo HisroricaL Society. 7th An. Statement of the Trade and 
Commerce of Chicago, 8vo, pamph. 4th An. Rep. of Record of Public 
works of Chicago, 8vo, pamph. 

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. Catalogue of Dartmouth College, for 1865, 
1866, 8vo, pamph. 

Epirors. Gardner’s Monthly, for Oct. Nov. and Dec., 1865. 
North American Review, Oct., 1865. . 
Florida Union. 

Savannah Daily Herald. 

Historical Magazine, Oct. and Nov. 
The Gazette (Yonkers, N. Y). 
American Journal of Scienze, Nov., 1865. 
The Essex Banner. 

Haverhill Gazette. 

Lawrence American. 

Lynn Weekly Reporter. 

Salem Observer. 

South Danvers Wizzard. 

American “guia Index. 


- 
\ 
— 


CLXXXI 


Iowa STATE Historica Socrety. The Annals of Iowa, for October, 

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. First Annual Cata- 
logue, 1865—66, 8vo, pamph. 

MONTREAL SocieTy OF NaTurRAL History. The Canadian Natura- 
list and Geologist, for Aug. and Oct. 1865. 

New Brunswick NaturRAL History Society. Gold Mines and Gold 
Mining in Nova Scotia, by H. F. Perley, 8vo, pamph., Montreal, 1865. 

NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC—GENEALOGICAL Society. N. E. Hist. Gen. 
Reg., Oct., 1865. 

New HampsuHirE Historica Society. Adj. General’s Report of 
New Hampshire, 1865, 2 vols., 8vo, Concord, 1865. Municipal Register, 
of Concord, 1864, 8vo, pamph. 

NEw Haven Historicat Society. Papers of N. H. Hist. Society, 
vol. 1, 8vo, New Haven, 1865. 

Nova Scotia INSTITUTE OF NaTURAL SCIENCE. Proceedings and 
Transactions, vol. 2, pt. 3, 8vo, pamph., Halifax, 1864—65. 

PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Proceedings for 
July and Aug., Sept. and Oct., 1865. 

PHILADELPHIA ENTOMOLOGICAL Society. A Memoir of Thomas B. 
Wilson, by a Committee of the Society, 8vo, pamph., Philadelphia, 1865. 

YALE COLLEGE LIBRARY. Catalogue of Officers and Students in Yale 
College, 1865—66, 8vo, pamph. 

ZOOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT, FRANKFURT a. M. Der Zoologische 
Garten, vol. 6, Nos. 1 to 6, 


Page V, line 12, for Camby, read Canby. 


a Ste Vig 


LEep.0.o 4'3 8 
a 0.4m 


nissewasseensis, read P. Arethusa. 

‘¢ 19, after the word “‘yards,” insert higher. 

‘¢ 25, for Thomas Maxwell, read Thompson Maxwell. a 
‘* 12, “ Henry P. Hendrick, read Henry P. Herrick. H 


‘ CAXXIE, 


“ CXXXVI, 


« =6CLVIII, 


66 


ERRATA TO THE PROCEEDINGS. 


21, 
13, 
13, 
16, 
33, 


‘* John H. Bettis, read John B. Bettis. 

‘* conventical, read conventual. 

© 1623, read 1627. 

‘* Phaleris microcerus, read Mergulus alle. 

“ P. hyalina, read P. vitrea, and for P. pen- 


INDEX 


To Proceedings, Vol. IV. 


Achillea millefolium, LITI 
Achirus lineatus, Pectoral fins of C 
Actinia marginata, CLAXX 


Additions to the Historical Department, 
XIII, XXXVII, LXVII, LAXXVIII 
CVI, CXL, CLXIX, CLXXXIV. 

Additions to the Natural History Depart- 
memt, XI, XXXV, LXV, LXXXVI 
CTY; CXXXKVII, CLXVII, CLXXXII. 

Additions to the Library, xIV, XXXVIIT 


LXVIII, LXXxXIx, CVI, CXLJ, 
CLXXI, CLXXXV. 
“Alabama,” The, relics of, LXXXVI 
Alluvial formation at Ware, CLXAIV 
Andover North, Large Elm at, CLIX 
purchase of," CLIX 
Anemone nemorosa, AXIV 
Annual meeting, XXVIII, CXVI 
Antennaria margaritacea, LIII 
Antrostomus vociterus, LXXXIII 
Aqueducts in Salem, 1X 
Aquilegia canadensis, b. 6.84 
Arctostaphylos uva- ursi, LUI 
Asclepias incarnata, var. pulchra,  LIII 
Bald Pate Hill, CLII 


Barden, Rey.Stillman, biographical notice 


of, CLXXX 
resolutions on the 
death of, CLX, CLXV 
Barn of S. Littell at eee n, CLII 
Beverly, fort at, XIX, LXXXV 
Birds, migration of, CLXAILV 
Blue Birds, singular nest of, CXLIX 
Blue Fish, habits of, CII 
By Laws, amendments to, XCVIIL 
LXXV, XCIX, CXXV, CLV. 
Caltha palustris, XXV 
Cape Ann, deed of, iil 
Caterpillar, Tent, CLX 


Celebration of Independence, Institute 
requested to join in, CXXX 


————— resolutions on, CXXX 
Celuta ameena, LXXXIII 
Cemetery, “Oak Hill’, LVIII 
Chelys Matamata, LXXV 
Church, ‘‘Christ”, Cambridge, Vill 

she ‘*Birst’””, ‘Salem, II 
= “South”, New buryport, LIX 


© 


Church, ‘“‘St Michael’s”, Marblehead, VIII 

Clethra alnifolia, LUI 

Codtish, habits of, CI 

Comunittee to present claims of Institute 
to the Public, XX 

on Constitution and By-Law 8, 

Vill, XX, XXVIII, XXATIL. 

on election of officers, XIX, CXVI 


aha 


on photographs, XXXV 
Copley, portraits by, LIX 
Cornus canadensis, LUI 


Correspondence announced, IT, III, VI 
Vi, VII, IX 51%, 40, Rab XAVUI 


LXXXIV, XCIll, XCIV, XCVII, XCIX 


GC, CIV, CXI, CXII, OXV, CX XIII 
CXXVI, oxkx, CXXXII, CXLVII 
CLIII, CLVII, CLXI, CLXXV 


CLXXVIII, CRA: 
Craft, Benjamin, Journal of, ere 


Craft, Eleazer, Journal of, XXIX 
Cr istatella, LXXI 

— ophidioidea, LXXI 
Cuscuta Gronovii, LIII 


Cushing, Hon. Caleb, visit of Institute to 
residence of, CLXAVI 
Cyclopterus lumpus, eggs of, XX 


Davis, Miss Eliza B., paintings of flow- 


ers, CLVIII 
Dexter Mansion, LVIII 
Donations from E. I., CXXI 
Drosera longifolia, LUI 
rotundifolia, LI 

Duck Hawk, LXXVI 
—- monstrosity, XI 
East Saugus, Field Meeting at, XLIII 


Elodea virginica, LIL 


Epigza repens, XXV 
Epilobium angustifolium, LI 
———— lineare, LIII 
Erythroneum americanum, XXVIII 
Essex Historical Society, account of, IT 
Eupatorium perfoliatum, LIII 
—<—=+ — purpureum, LIII 
Everett, Hon. Edward, resolutions on the 
death of, NG AC VE 


CLXXXIV 


Feathery Catkins, XXVIIL 
Field Meetings, XLUT XLVI L, LIV 
LVIII, CXXVI, CXXXII, CXLVI, CL 

CLVI, CLXI. 
First Church, Salem, report of Committee 
on, CXXX 


Flowers collected on May-day, XXIV 
Formica sanguinea, . XCIX 
Fort Conant, naming of, IV 
_— Glover, “ IV: 
— Lee a be VI, Vil 
—_ Hale: Committee on Name of, Fy. 6.6.4 
Gaultheria procumbens, LIIt 


Georgetown, Field Meeting at, CL 
———— Indian relics at, CLI, CLV 
Gilpin, J. B., drawings by, XCIIil 


Gloucester, Field Meeting at, L 
Grapes, analyses o LXXXV 
Gun Lock, old Spanish, XCIV 


Harrison, President, Portrait of, LXXIX 
II 


Helix arbor ea, LI 
—— Binneyana, LIL 
—— chersina, LIT 
— exigua, Lil 
—— ferrea, LIL 
—— labyrinthica, Lil 
—— lineata, Lil 
— milium, LIT 
a striatella, LII 

Hepatica triloba, XXIV 

Hesperomys leucopus, LXXxV 

Heterodon platyrhinos, LXXXIV 


Houses on Essex St., Salem, 1793, IX 

Houstonia cerulea, XXVII 

Huntington, Hon. Asahel, Pres. E. I., 
Resolutions on his declining reelection, 


CXxX 
Huntington, George C., thanks to for 
donation, CXXVI 


Hypericum perforatum, LITT 
sarothra, LI 
Impatiens fulva, mo 
Independence, celebration of Cxx 
Indian relics at Winter Island, CLXXXI 
Iron Foundery, first in U. 8., XLV 


Jenks, Joseph, one of the first American 
Inventors, XLV 


Kelley’s Island, “Red Bug” of, LXX VIII 
Lafayette, Gen., autograph oie of 


xv 

Lee, Col. and Mrs., portraits of, by 
Copley, LIX 
Liil 


Leontodon autumnale, 
Leucanthemum vulgare iil 
Leverett, Gov. John, portrait of, , OXTIX 


Limax campestris, L 
Lincoln, President, death of, CXIV 
Lobelia’ cardinalis, LIT 
inflata, LIiil 
spicata, LIII 
Lobster, habits “of, CLXXVIII 
Louisburgh, seige "of, LXXVIII 
Tull House, Old, at Rowley, Ci, 
Lump Fish, eggs of, XxX 
Lythrum salicaria, LUI 


in slope of, 1 
Ochre at Georgetown, CLII 
(£nothera biennis, LIIt 

————- pumila, LIII 
Officers for ay XXXIV 

—_— 1865—6, CXXIV 
Oxalis stricta, LIT 
Paintings, by Co ley, LIX 
Pea Hen, male plumage of, Ix 
Pectinatella, LXXI 
Peregrine Falcon, XXVI 
Platanthera blephariglottis, LIT 
Plumatella, LXXI 

—- Arethusa (pennissewasseen- 

sis), LXXI 

vitrea (hyalina), LXXI 
Polyzoa, new species of, XXI 
Pontederia cordata, LUI 


Mackerel, habits of, cI 
Maruta cotula, Lil 
Maxwell, Major, memoir of, CXXXI 
May-day, ‘customs and observance of, XXI 
Meeting House, The “Old Friends,” VII 
Melampus bidentatus, LII 
Memorial Chapel of St. Feats) oe 


buryport, I 
Menhaden, habits and use of, CIiil 
Mineral Point Mine, LII 


Mitchella repens, LIII ‘ 
Myiodioctes canadensis, LXXXIII 


Nahant, Field Meeting at, CXXVI 
Newburyport, oe Meeting at, LVIII 


“Oak Hill” Cemetery, LVIII 

Ney, Marshal, suppressed engravin of, X 
Nichols, A., life and services of, XCVII 
Nichols, William Capt., Memoir of, 
LX XXIII 

North Andover, Churches and Ministers 
of, vba 
Dwi ht’s Description o 
' peCLVI 


Field Meeting at, CLVI 

Great Pond at, CLVII 

——— Settlement of, CLVI 

North Beverly, Field Meeting at, XLVII 

Nuphar advena, i it 
II 


Nymphea odorata, 
Observatory Hill, Newburyport, change 
'OLXIII 


Portraits, loan of, ~ te ie ee 
Post Office Box, old, at Rowley, CL 
Pupa pentodon, Lil 


Reading, Field Meeting at, CXLVI 
Red Bug, LXXVIII 
Report of Committee on namie 22 bes 


Hale, 

Reports, Abstracts of, at annual net : 
ing, XIX, CX 
Resolutions, on Tracy’s lectures on Bota- 

ny, CXXXVII 
Rockville, South Danvers, Field Meetint 
at, 


Sagittaria variabilis tor sa finale alae [ 
Saltonstall, Lreverstt. ty IX | 
Sambucus canadensis, Le 
Sanguinaria canadensis, XXXVI 


CXCIII 
Sarracenia, XLIX Beaman, C. C. XLV, XLVI, oer — II 
Saxifraga virginiensis, XXVII Bolles, E. C. LI, LXXVI 
Scolecophagus ferrugineus, LXXXIIlI Briggs, George W. LXIV 
Scomber grex, Cil Bruce, "A. W. XLVI 
vernalis CII 
Scutellaria laterifolia, Lill Choate, Wm. G. LXXXI 
Sewall, Joseph, engraving of VII Cooke, Caleb CXXIX 
Shakespeare, ter-centenary birth day,X XI Cox, P..L: XLVI 
Shells, Land and Fresh water, LXXVI Crosby, A. BIE, GVILCXIV 
Silene inflata, LITl 
Silk worms, Vil Dampney, Joseph XLV 
Si: ery and Domestic Servitude in Essex 
County, VII E ogee James H. XLVI, LIII, CXV 
Solanum duleamara, LIII CLX : 
Somniosus brevipinna, XCIII 
Spear Head, ancient, XCIV Flint, C. L. CLIV 


Specimens, estimate of number of, in 
Hist. Dept., CXNXI 
in Nat. Hist. Dept., i 


Spirwa tomentosa, LIII 
- salicifolia, Lill 

Sta: dley Grove, Beverly, Field Meeting 
at CXXXII 
Statice limonium, LITI 
Succinea avara, LII 
Totteniana, LII 
Tebennophorus dorsalis, LI 
Thunder Storms, Perkins on, CXXXII 
Tracy Mansion, Newburyport, LIX 
Trees, buried, CLXIV 
Trifolium pratense, LI 
repens, LIII 


Turtles, Skeletons of, LXXIV 
Type Setting and Justifying Machine, 
DLXXX, LXXXI 


Vaccinium oxycoccus, LIII 
Vertigo ovata, LIT 
Victoria Regia, Allen’s work on, XCVIII 
presented to Institute, NCVIII 
Violets, wy 


Ward, George A., Memoir of, C 
proceedings at special ee 

on death of, IV 

resolutions on death of, LXXII 

LXXIV. 

Ware, alluvial formation at, CLXIV 

Washington Street, Salem, model of, XI 


Wenham Pond, XLVII 
White, D. A. , Memoir of, TEL 
Whittield, Tomb of : LIX 
Winter Island, Indian relics found at, 

CLXXXI 
Wreck, Ancient, on Cape Cod, XIX 
Xyris bulbosa, LILI 


COMMUNICATIONS, VERBAL, BY. 


Abbott, Joseph H. CXXXVI 
Atwood, N.E. CI, CLXXVIII, CLXXX 


Baker, John L. CXXXVI 
Banvard, Joseph LI, LVI 

Barden, S. XLIV, LE. Ev: LV, LX 
Barnes, J CLIV 
Barrows, William CXLVI 
Beals, Wm. J. CXXIX 


26 


Goodell, A. C.Jr. FILL, V, VII, XT, XIX 
ANLXVGLV, LIT, LXIV, LXXX, TOOT 
CXL, CLV, CLIX 


Hammond, John Q. 
Hinks, William 

Holmes, John C, XLVI 
Hooper Nathaniel CXV 
Huntington, Asahel LIV. LXXTX 

CLXV. 

Hyatt, Alpheus CLIV 
Ivés, J. M: Vil, XCVITI, CXLVIT, CLIX 


CXXVIII 
LI 


Judd, C. P CXLVIII 
Kimball, James LXXXI 
eer gt ne B: CXIV, CXXVIIT 
CX L; CXLVIIL, CLIT, CLVIII 
CLYXVI I; 
Markoe, George F. H. LIII 
Morse, Edward 8S. LII 
Mussey, Artemas D. LXI 
Newhall, Wilbur F. ALIV 
Parker, E. G. CLX 
Peabody, Francis LXIV 
Perkins, H. C. LXI, UXT, CLXII 
Perkins, A. E. P. CLXIV 
Phillips, Stephen H. XLVI 
Phippen; GD; 2XGXLV,, by, LK: CXV 
Pierce, B. SUL 
Putnam, o W. Wil oVOI, , Iss, say es OTEK: 
XX, LV, ine EX<IV, LExrx 


EXKXTLL, LEENIV, LEXEV: XCIIT 
XCVIIT, XCIX, CXIT, CXV, CXXIX 
CXOCNVI CCOXLVITL, “OLIV, CHEX 
CLXII, CLXXX, CLXXXI. 

TV, DXXIX, LXXX 
Rich, A... LXXIX 
Richards, John B. LXXXI 
Ropes, T. VII, CXIlI 
Sibley, J. L. 


Skinner, G. W. 


CLIV 
XLVI, L, LI 
Slade, James Vill 
Spalding, J. S. 


< 
LX, DXi, OXXXVI 
Stone, E. F. CLXV 
Sykes, John N. LXII 


Rantoul, R. 8. 
CXXXAVI. 


CXCIV 


Tenney, O. B. CL 

Tenney, Richard CLV 

Tracy, CiMe  XGIV, at LVI, LXII 
OXXIX, CXXXVI, CLIII 


Tucke, Joseph D. CXXXVI 
Upham, W. P. Vit XLVI 
Verrill, A. E. CXIV 
Waters, Richard P. XGLLX 
Walton, E.N. I 
Wheatland, 13 & rap. COAG tt 
Wildes, G. D. TIT. VEE, VuL x. XIX 
XX, XXVIII, XLVIII, LXIIG, CX 
CXIV, ata OXXXVI. 
Willson, ...B: LIII 


COMMUNICATIONS, WRITTEN, BY. 


Allen, J. A. ROXETTE XX-Vs, a 
Babbage, heres 
Balch, D. ) LE, LXXXV 


Briggs, G: W. 


Cooke, Caleb CLXXVIT 
Emerson, G. H. [Il 
Gill, Theodore CLAXV 
Gilpin, J. Bernard ACITI 
Goodell, LS A.C; CIV: 
Hanaford, Mrs. J. H. XLVIIT, CXXXII 
Hoxie, William UX XXIII 
Huntington, George C. LXXVIII 
Hyatt, Alpheus LXXI 
Loring, George B. IX 
Morse, Edward S. CXXXI 
Packard, Ase Te IV, XXI 
Perkins, Henry C. oe XIl 
Pillsbury, eB: CXLVII 
Rantoul, R. 8S. IV, XLVIT, CXXXI 
Streeter, Gilbert L. CXII 

Upham, C. W. xcv. Cc 


Upham,:W. P. 


Cc EXXvay 
Verrill, A. E. Vi 


Ward, G. A. Te Vil 
Wheatland,*H. IX 
Wildes, G. D. LXXXIII 


MEMBERS ELECTED, RESIDENT. 


Allanson, J.S. LXIV 
Almy,J.F. . XLITI 
Amidon, A. P. XXXV 
Appleton, Isaac “ R L 
Ashton, William Bei: XLITI 
Attwill, Theodore LXxXI 
Atwood, Edward S. LXXXIV 
Babbid e, Charles . LXXVII 
Baker, Charles 2 XLVII 
Bertram, Joseph H. M. ‘ XLII 
Bettis, John B. R . Vil 
Boardman, Francis XLII 
Bowker, Charles ‘ XLITI 
Bowker, George A F XLII 
Boynton, Susan T. > 

Brookhouse, R.3d, . . . Vil 
Brown, N: athaniel \ XLII 
Brown, Nathaniel Jr. ‘ XLII 
Browne, J. Vincent Jr. . CXXXVII 


Browning, John P. 
Bruce, P 
Buswell, E. W.. : 
Butman, Francis C. 
Carlen, Samuel 
Carpenter, David P. 
Cate, Shadrack M. 
Chamberlain, Benj. M. 


Chamberlain, James A. 


Chandler, Joseph 
Chapman, John 
Choate, Francis 
Clark, Mrs. John 
Clough, Daniel E. 
Cloutman, Joseph P. 
Cloutman, William R. 
Cook, James P. : 
Cornelius, A. G. 
Creamer, Ceorge G. 
Creesey, epaulcs 
Cross, J. 8. 

Daland, John 
Daniels, George P. 
Davis, Abner H. 
Davis, 8S. W. : 
Dean, Edward 
Dixey, John. 
Doggett, William E. 
Downing, John H. 
Doyle, Mary 
Drowne, Thomas R. 


Emmerton, William H. 


Endicott, Robert B. 
Endicott, Sarah B. 
Estes, James N. 
Farrington, George PL 
Felt, John - 
Felt, Samuel Q. 
Fenollosa, Manuel 
Flint, Harrison O. 
Fogg, Julian A. 
Foster, Joseph C. 
Fowler, Charles B. 
Fowler, George 
Fuller, George A. 
Gardner, Henry R. 
Glazier, Charles H. 
Goldthwaite, eee 
Hagar, D. I 

Hale, Henry 

Hale, James F. - 


Hale, Mus. ti awe 


Hall, Harmon 
Hammond, J. Leonard 
Hanson, J oseph [> 
Haskell, Daniel C. .. 
H askell, William 

H awkes, C. M. ; 
Herrick, Henry P. . 
Hill, James " , 
Hodges, Samuel R. . 
Hoftman, Mrs. Charles 
Hubon, Henry 
Hubon, Henry G. 
Hunt, T. Francis 
Jelly, William H. 
Jewett, George B. 
Johnson, Emery 8. 
Kehew, William H. 
Kemble, Arthur 
Kilburn, John 


7 


XLII 


aie 
as) bee 
< 


Kimball, James S. 
Kinsman, John 
Kinsman, Nathaniel 
Knight, Edward H. 
Lamson, Charles 
Lamson, Frederick 
Lincoln, Solomon Jr. 
Lord, Andrew H. 

Lord, George C. 
Lord, Hannah M. 
Lov ett, H.R. 

Lowd, "Albert Js 
Mackie, John . 
Mackintire, Ingalls K. 
Manning, J ames 


Manstield, Daniel H. 


Marks, John Las 
Martin, William P. 
McCloy, Robert 
McDuttie, Charles D. 
age a Ss, 
Miller, Ephraim 
Mosman, Aor: 
Morong, Thos. 
Morton, Henry 
Moulton, William C. 
Neal, Mrs. D. A. 
Neilson, William 
Newcomb, George 
Newhall, Ezra F. 
Newhall, John W. 
Newhall, Thomas P. 
Newhall, W. F 
Nichols, John H. : 
Northend, William D. 
Noyes, Amos ; 
Odell, Charles 
Oliver, Henry K. 
Oliver, James S. 
Osgood, Charles 
Osgood, Jos. B. F. 
Osgood, William H. 
Page, Jeremiah 
Palmer, Theron 
Parker, William B. 
Payson, Edward H. 
Peabody, Henry W. 
Peabody, John P. 
Peabody, Joseph 
Pearson, conai 

Peck, F. 


Pepper a Ghar les Henr v 


Perkins, Daniel 
Perkins, David 
Perkins, Edward L 
Perkins, Jeremiah 8S. 
Perkins, Thomas L. 
Perry, Augustus 
Pickman, Benjamin 
Porter,.. Frederick 
Porter,; :Samuel 3 
-Pousland, George W. 
Putnam, Elizabeth A. 
Putnam, Henry Wi 
Rea, Charles Ss. 
Reith, Wi... 

Rice, J. M. 
Richardson, Cc. W. 
Roberts, E. KF. 
Roberts, ws Wie 
Rogers, Richard dD. 


CLXXXII 


NOXTV 
¥. 


CXCV 
RAG! topes, Jonathan 
ACTIX toundy, Charles 
CXT!I Roundy, George 
CIIl tussell, Albert B. 
XLII tussell, George P. 
OLN ust; Francis A. P. 
LXAV Safiord, Joshua ‘ 
XLVII Saltonstall, Caroline 
XLII Saunders, Charles 
CLAXXII Saunders, Thomas M. 
CX XXII Savory, Tristram T. 
XCVITII Sewall, Charles 
ALVII Shaw, Xenophon H. 
X LIT Silsbee, Mrs. John H. 
XLIII Silsbee, Wm. H. ; 
XC Silver, Peter 
OXX VI Simonds, KE. A. 3 
GAA TLY Sinith, Edward A. 2d 
XLVII smith, J. Ford ; 
AXVITI stanley, Abraham J. 
XLV Stickney, W. J. 
y Stimpson, James C, 
CLI Stone, Eben F. 
IX Stone, Henry R. 
AS AV Thayer, Edward &. 
SVU! Thompson, Orin F. 
eg Para Uh Treadwell, Annie 
I Treadwell, Elizabeth Ww. 
L, Treadw ell, Lucy : 
CXEVIGI Trefren, James 
XLVII Tucker, Jonathan . 
MVE Tuckerman, John Francis 
XLVII Tuttle, Francis W. 
Bl 6 W alden, Joseph F. 
XLVII Ward, Elizabeth C. a Jr. 
XCIX Webster, Francis C. 
XCIV Westw ood, J. 
XLII Wheatland, Martha G. 
XLVII Whitaker, William 
XLVII White, George NM. 
OL 
CALVI MEMBERS ELECTED, CORRESPONDING. 
NO.2. 3s 
XLII Bartlett, John R. 
XX Bolles, Edwin C. 
AXA YV: Clark, Thomas M. 
LV Cope, Edward_D. 
XLII Cresson, Ezra T. 
CLXANN Endicott, James B. 
XCVII Endicott, William 
XLII Gill, Theodore 
GATT Hall, James. 
MDE Hamlin, Charles E. 
XXXV. Hanaford, Jeremiah L. 
NAV Hubbert, James 
XLII Huntington, George C. 
LNAITTI Kimball, Janes P. 
XLII Lesquereux, Leo 
CLXXVII Lewis, Winslow 
ALVII Morse, Edward S. 
XLII Mudge, penn F. 
CXXN VEL Norwood, Ja Gr - 
CLiVel Osten Sacken, R. 
LXXXVI Owen, Richard 
XLIli Peirce, Benjamin 
XLITI Poey, Filipe 
XLVIL Smith, Sidney I. 
SOG VEE Soares, John da Costa 
8, 8.8% Talant, James : 
XX XV: Ward, ‘James C. 
XLITY Wildes, A fea & le 


THE 


NATURALISTS’ DIRECTORY. 


Bagi wa Cael Des Oe 


NORTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES. 


SALEM: 
PUBLISHED BY THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. 


1865. 


PRINTED BY THE ESSEX INSTITUTE, 


SALEM. 


INTRODUCTION. 


In this part of the ‘Naturalists’ Directory” the addresses of the 


_vVarious persons given in the first part, with such additional ones as 


have been received, are arranged under the several departments in 
which the Naturalists are engaged. 

For the benefit of those who wish to keep their alphabetic list com- 
plete, the new names and those on the old list which were not correct- 
ly given, are designated by asterisks before the names. This mark is 
also applied where a change in the address, or department of study, 
&¢., has taken place. 

The number preceding each name is given to facilitate indexing. 

This part will be issued with the ‘‘Proceedings,” several pages at a 
time, as fast as it can be prepared. 

The Editor returns his thanks to the numerous friends who have 
aided him, since the publication of the first part, by sending new names 
and corrections, and earnestly hopes that his attention may be call- 
ed to any mistakes noticed in the present part, at as early a day as 
possible. 

Information respecting Naturalists residing in the Southern States 
is especially requested, as but few replies have been received to the 
circulars sent to them. 

Those persons who have not answered the circulars forwarded to them 
are requested to do so, even if their addresses are correctly given, as it 
is only from the personal statement of each that perfect contidence can 
be had in the printed list. In regard to this subject, the Editor would 
state that answers have been received to nearly all the circulars issued, 
with the exception of those sent to the Southern States and Mexico. 
The addresses which are left doubtful from the non receipt of answers, 
will be designated in the index. 

Notices of the decease, or change of address, of persons whose 
names appear in the Directory are particularly desired. : 


F. W. PurNaM, 
Editor. 


ESSEX INSTITUTE, SALEM, MASS., 
Oct. 1, 1865. 


ws) 


ot 


GEOLOGY: GENERAL, NORTH AMERICAN. 1-15 


NATURALISTS’ DIRECTORY. 


GEOLOGY. 


GENERAL. 


Prof. Louris Acassiz (Professor of Zoélogy and Geology, Harvard 
University; Director and Curator, Museum of Comparative 
Zoology), Cambridge, Mass. 

Prof. James D. Dana (Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, 
Yale College), New Haven, Conn. 

Prof. James Hatt (State Geologist of New York, Iowa and 
Wisconsin), Albany, N. Y. 

Sir WILLIAM E. LoGan (Director, Geological Survey of Canada), 
Montreal, Canada. 

Prof. H. D. RoGrrs, Boston, Mass. 

Prof. Wm. B. RoGers (President, Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology; Corresponding Secretary, American Academy of 
Arts and Sciences), Boston, Mass. . 


Nortru AMERICAN. 


*Prof. Wm. E. A. AIKEN (Professor of Chemistry, Baltimore 
University), Baltimore, Md. 

*HENRY D’ ALIGNY, Houghton, Mich. 

Prof. E. B. ANDREWS (Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy and 
Geology, Marietta College), Marietta, Ohio. 


. Prof. L. W. Battey (Professor of Chemistry and Natural History, 


University of New Brunswick), Fredericton, New Brunswick. 


. Prof. Ropert BELL (Professor of Natural History, Chemistry 


and Geology, Queen’s College), Kingston, Canada West. 


. Prof. JAMES G. Buarr, Athens, Ohio. 
. W. P. BuAkE, Post office box 2077, San Francisco, Cal. 


*G. C. BROADHEAD, Pleasant Hill, Cass Co., Mo. 


- *Prof. CHARLES F. CHANDLER (Professor of Chemistry, School 


of Mines, Columbia College), East Forty-ninth street, New, 
York Ni. ¥; 


16-45 GEOLOGY! NORTH AMERICAN. 


16. Prof. Epwarp J. CHAPMAN (Professor of Mineralogy and 
Geology, University College), Toronto, Canada West. 

17. Prof. Grtorce H. Cook (State Geologist of New Jersey; Pro- 
fessor of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy, Rutger’s College), 
New Brunswick, N. J. 

18. ANDREW Dickson, Kingston, Canada West. 

19. Henry ENGELMANN, Springfield, Il. 

20. *Prof. E. W. Evans, Marietta, Ohio. 

21. Prof. J. W. Foster, Chicago, Ill. 

22. Prof. James Hawi (State Geologist of New York, Iowa and 
Wisconsin), Albany, N. Y. 

23. *L. Harper, No. 1, Rector street, New York, N. Y. 

24. Dr. F. V. Haypen, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 

25. E. W. Hitcarp (State Geologist of Mississippi), Oxford, Miss. 

26. *C. H. Hircucock, No. 37, Park Row, New paces Ba ae 

27. *JAMES T. HODGE, Newburg, N. Y. 

28. ‘Prof. HeENry How (Professor of Chemistry and Natural His- 

‘tory, University of King’s College), Windsor, Nova Scotia. 

29. Prof. O. P. HusBarp (Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy and 
Geology, Dartmouth College), Hanover, N. H. 

30. Dr. C. T. Jackson (Vice President, Boston Society of Natural 
History), Boston, Mass. 

31. *Prof. JOHN JOHNSTON (Professor of Natural Sciences, Wes- 

; leyan University), Middletown, Conn. 

32. *JAMES P. KIMBALL, No. 33, Wall street, New York, N. Y. 

33. CLARENCE KiInG (Assistant, California Geological Survey), Ir- 
vington, N.Y. 

34. Isaac Lea (Vice President, American Philosophical Society), | 
No. 1622, Locust street, Philadelphia, Penn. 

35. Josepn LESLEY, Office Pennsylvania R. R., Philadelphia, Penn. 

36. J.P. Lestey (Professor of Mining, University of Pennsylva- 
nia), No. 1016, Clinton street, Philadelphia, Penn. 

37. Prof. Leo LesQquEREUX, Columbus, Ohio. 

88. Prof. A. Lirron, St. Louis, Mo. 

39. Beng. S. LyMAn, No. 35, South Fifth street, Philadelphia, Penn. 

40. Sypnery S. Lyon, Jeffersonville, Ind. 

41. Prof. OLivER Marcy (Professor of Natural History, North-west 
University), Evanston, Il. 

42. Prof. J. H. Mc Cuusney, Jacksonville, Il. 

43. F. B. Merk, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 

44, *Reyv. James E. Mitxs, Amherst, Nova Scotia. 

45. *Prof. Moore (Professor of Natural History, Earlham 
College), Richmond, Ind. 


oe or Oe Ov or 
CaN SH 


ery 
= 


61. 


GEOLOGY : NORTH AMERICAN. 46-72 


BENJAMIN F. Mupar (State Geologist of Kansas), Quindaro, 
Wyandotte Co., Kansas. 

ALEXANDER Murray (Assistant, Geological Survey of Canada), 
Montreal, Canada. 

Prof. HeENry B. Nason, Beloit, Wis. 

Dr. J. S. NEWBERRY, Cleveland, Ohio. 

*W.H. Nites, Cambridge, Mass. 

Prof. J. G. Norwoop (Professor of Natural Science and Natural 
Philosophy, Missouri State University), Columbia, Boone 
County, Mo. 

Prof. Ricuarp OwEN (Professor of Natural Sciences, Indiana 
State University), Bloomington, Ind., from Sept. 1 to July 1; 
rest of the year, New Harmony, Ind. 

Prof. THropore S. Parvin (Professor of Natural History, 
Iowa State University), Iowa City, Iowa. 

Prof. James M. Sarrorp (State Geologist of Tennessee), 
Lebanon, Tenn. 

PETER W. SHEAFER, Pottsville, Schuylkill Co., Penn. (Coal). 
Dr. B. F. SHumarp, St. Louis, Mo. 

Dr. R. P. SrEVENS, New York, N. Y. 

O. H. Sr. Joun, Museum of Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. 
*R. H. Srrercn (State Geologist of Nevada), Virginia City. 
Nevada. 

Prof. G. C. SwaLtow, Columbia, Boone Co., Mo. 

*Prof. SANBORN TENNEY (Professor of Natural History, Vassar 
Female College), Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 

W. H. B. Tuomas, Mount Holly, N. J. 

C. B. Treao, No. 612, North Thirteenth st., Philadelphia, Penn. 
Puitie T. Tyson (State Geologist of Maryland), Baltimore, Md. 


*Prof. A. E. VERRILL “(Professor of Zoology, Yale College), 


New Haven, Conn. 

Prof. HENry A. Warp (Professor of Geology, Rochester Uni- 
versity), Rochester, N. Y. 

*Dr. CHARLES A. WHITE, Iowa City, Iowa. 

*Prof. J. D. WHITNEY (State Geologist of California; Geologist 
of California State Board of Agriculture), San Francisco, Cal. ; 
and Boston, Mass. 

*Col. CHARLES WHITTLESEY, Cleveland, Ohio. 

*CHARLES P. WinLiams, No. 188, Walnut st., Philadelphia, Penn. 
Prof. ALEXANDER WINCHELL (Professor of Natural History, 
Michigan State University), Ann Arbor, Mich. 

A. H: WorrTHEN (State Geologist of Illinois), Springfield, Ill. 


oe q / —e e i 


73-109 ' GEOLOGY! LOCAL. : 8 


82. 


93. 


96. 


100. 
101. 
102. 
103. 


104. 
105. 
106. 


107. 
108.. 
109. 


Loca. 


AUSTIN Bacon, Natick, Mass. 
D. M. Batcu, Salem, Mass. 
Rev. M. W. Braucuamp, King’s Ferry, Cayuga, N. Y. 

P. D. Brapronrp, Northfield, Vt. j 

SAMUEL R. CARTER, Paris Hill, Oxford Co., Me. 

T. APOLEON CHENEY (Librarian, Georgic Library), Havana, N.Y. 
CHANDLER CHILDS, Desmoines, Iowa. 

Dr. E. S. Crosrer, New Albany, Ind. 

Hiram A. CurtinG, Lunenburg, Essex Co., Vt. 

H. DopGeE, Skaneateles, N. Y. 

Rev. E. B. Eppy, Waltham, Mass. 

Dr. M. N. Eirop, Jeffersonville, Ind. 

L. ENGELBROCHT, Portsmouth, Ohio. 

Prof. JAcoB, ENNIs, Philadelphia, Penn. 

*Hon. SAMUEL EWING, Randolph, N. Y. 

Dr. P. J. FAaRNSwortH, Lyons, Clinton Co., Iowa. 

Wma. Gossip (Secretary, Nova Scotian Institute of Natural 
Science), Halifax, Nova Scotia. 

A. P. Hacer (Curator of Vermont State Canines), Mouspelten: Vt. 
Rev. SaAMuEL R. HALi, Brownington, Vt. 

Isaac N. Harmon, Chicago, Ill. 

F. Hawn, Leavenworth City, Kansas. 

*S. W. Hitt, Houghton, Mich. 

Prof. S. F. Hotmzs, Charleston, S. C. 

Rev. Dr. HONEYMAN, Antigonish, Nova Scotia. 

*Prof. E. O. Hovey (Professor of Natural Science, Wabash 
College), Crawfordsville, Ind. 

Rosert HOwELL, Nichols, Tioga Co., N. Y. 

JOHN JENKINS, Monroe, Orange Co., N.Y; 

JOHN H. Kiippart, Columbus, Ohio. 

J. A. LAPHAM, Milwaukie, Wis. * 
*Dr. GEORGE A. Larurop, East Saginaw, Mich. ) 
Evias Lewis (Chairman of the Committee on Natural History, 
Long Island Historical Society), No. 16, Court st., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Rev. SAMUEL Lockwoop, Keyport, N. J. (Cretaceous). 

Rev. J. E. Lone, Hublersburg, Centre Co., Penn. 

G. F. Marruew (Curator, Natural History Society of St. John), 
St. John, New Brunswick. 

R. Mc Farwane, Fort Anderson, British Amerion. 
J. V. C. NELLIS, Auburn, N. Y. 
*Joun A. Nicuors, Poultney, Vt. 


110. 
ea 
EE. 
113, 
114. 
115, 
116. 
Liz, 


GEOLOGY: LOCAL. MINERALOGY. 110-128 


*J. KELLY O’NEALE, Lebanon, Ohio. 

Dr. WiLtiAM Prescort, Concord, N. H. 

Dr. SAMUEL RErpD, New Albany, Ind. 

E. J. Rice, Muncie, Ind. 

R. A. RmpEouT, Garland, Me. 

Josepi M. ROWELL, Lynn, Mass. 

CHARLES STODDER, No. 75, Kilby street, Boston, Mass. 
*JOSEPH SULLIVANT, Columbus, Ohio. 


MINERALOGY. 


*HENRY D’ALIGNY, Houghton, Mich. 

O. D. ALLEN, Camden, N. J. 

*S. C. i. BAILey, New York, N.Y. 

*EDWARD KE. BArnDEN, Rockport, Mass. 

VINCENT BARNARD, Kennett Square, Chester Co., Penn. 

Rev. Kk. N. BarrLerr, Hamilton, Ill. (Geodes). 

W. P. BLake, Post Office box 2077, San Francisco, Cal. 

T. T. Bouveé (Curator of Paleontology and Mineralogy, Bos- 
ton Society of Natural History), Boston, Mass. 

W. 'T. Briaciam, Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, 
Mass. 

Prof. Grorar J. Brusn (Professor of Mineralogy and Metal- 
lurgy, Yale College), New Haven, Conn. 

SruarT M. Buck, Boston, Mass. 

A. R. Burron, Bethlehem, N. H. 

Prof. Jamus Bustice (Curator of Mineralogy, Worcester So- 
ciety of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. 

*Dr. JOUN CARDEZA, Claymont, Del. 

SAMUEL R. CarTER, Paris Hill, Oxford Co., Me. 

*Prof. CuarLes F. CuANDLER (Professor of Chemistry, School 
of Mines, Columbia College), East Forty-ninth street, New 
VOrk; Ns. ¥3 

*Prof. Hp>warp J. CHAPMAN (Professor of Mineralogy and Ge- 
ology, University College), Toronto, Canada West. 

*Isaac B. CnHoate, Portland, Me. 

*Rev. A. P. CuuTe, Sharon, Mass. 

Prof. W. S. Ciark (Professor of Chemistry; Amherst College), 
Amherst, Mass. 

JosEPH A. CLay, No. 271, South Fifth st., Philadelphia, Penn 


it 


139-169 | MINERALOGY. 


139. 
140. 
141. 


142. 


145. 
144, 
145. 
146. 
147. 
148, 


*Dr. M. H. Coates, Philadelphia, Penn. 
F. G. Corrin, Machias, Me. 

Prof. J. P. Cooke (Professor of Chemistry, Harvard College), 
Cambridge, Mass. 

Prof. James D. Dana (Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, 
Yale College), New Haven, Conn. 

JOSEPH DELAFIELD, No. 59, Wall street, New York, N. Y. 

*A. Ditty, St. Thomas, West Indies. 

*Prof. ALFRED Du Bolts, Denver, Colorado. 

E. M. DunBar, Springtield, Mass. 

tev. Ek. B. Eppy, Waltham, Mass. 

Prof. Tuomas EGLESTON (Professor of Mineralogy and Metal- 
lurgy, Columbia College), No. 10, Fifth avenue, New York, N. Y. 
*JaMES Eiauts, Albany, N. Y. 

HENRY ENGELMANN, Springficld, Tl. 

FRANK FairBANnks, St. Johnsbury, Vt. 

M. C. Fernap, South Levant, Me. 

Dr. F. A. GentTuH, No. 108, Arch street, Philadelphia, Penn. 
Prof. TRaILL Green (Professor of Chemistry, Lafayette Col- 
lege), Easton, Venn. 

J. J. H. Grecory, Marblehead, Mass. 

Prof. GrorGceE Ilapiry, Buffalo, N. Y. 

tev. H. F. HarpinaG. Machias, Me. 

*JOosHUA P. HASKELL, Marblehead, Mass. 

Tuomas C. HASKELL, Swampscott, Mass. 

CuarLes H. HiGBer (Curator of sah ane Essex Institute), 
Salem, Mass. 

FRANKLIN B. Houan, Albany, N. Y. 

Prof. Henry low (Professor of Chemistry and Natural His- 
tory, University of King’s College), Windsor, Nova Scotia. 
WINsLow J. Howarp, No. 345, Grand street, New York, N. Y. 
*Prof. F. S. Hoyr (Professor of Natural Science, Delaware 
University), Delaware, Ohio. 

Prof. O. P. HUBBakbD (Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy and 
Geology, Dartmouth Coilege), Hanover, N. H. 

Prof. T. Srerry Hunt (Chemist, Geological Survey of Canada), 
Montreal, Canada. 

W.M. Huntina, Fairfield, Herkimer Co., N. Y. 


Dr. C. T. Jackson (Vice President, Baton Society of Natural aa 
‘History), Boston, Mass. 


W. W. Jerrents (Curator, Chester County Cabinet of Natural 
Science), Westchester, Penn. 


7 =e 


170. 


hg 


ee a ee wo 
St oS) SS) Sy 
woe 


oo 
we 
. 


— 
“I 
ay 


178. 


191. 
192. 
193. 
194. 
195. 
196. 
197. 


MINERALOGY. 170-197 


Prof. S. W. Jonson (Professor of Agriculture and Analyti- 
cal Chemistry, Yale College), New Haven, Conn. 

*Prof. JoUN JouNsTON (Professor of Natural Science, Wes- 
leyan University), Middleton, Conn. 

*JAMES P. KimBaiy, No. 33, Wall street, New York, N. Y. 

*A. C. KLINE, Philadelphia, Penn. 

W. J. KNOWLTON, Rockport, Mass. 

Jostan Lapp, Littleton, N. H. 

Prof. Grorage Lawson (Professor of Chemistry Dalhousie 
College), Halifax, Nova Scotia. 

Isaac Lea (Vice President, American Philosophical Society), 
No. 1622, Locust street, Philadelphia, Penn. 

IEvras Lewis (Chairman of Committee on Natural History, 
Long Island Historical Society), No. 16, Court street, Brook- 
iv, NY, 

Prof. A. Lirron, St. Louis; Mo. 

JOUN F. Lonrp, Ellsworth, Me. 

O. C. Marsn, New Haven, Conn. 

*Prof. Joun P. Marsuain (Professor of , Tufts Col- 
lege), Somerville, Mass. 

Isaac C. MantinpaLte (Director, Byberry Philosophical So- 
ciety), Byberry, Penn. 

G. F. Marrnew (Curator, Natural History Society of St. 
John), St. John, New Brunswick. 

G. F. Mors (Curator of Mineralogy, California Academy of 
Natural Science), San Francisco, Cal. 

o> Vi Ci Neiass, Auburn N.Y: 

*Prof. J. G. Norwoop (Professor of Natural Sciences and 
Natural Philosophy, Missouri State University), Columbia, 
Boone Co., Mo. 

J.D. Parker, Steuben, Me. 

*Mauricé Perkins, Cambridge, Mass. 

*Prof. Roperr Perer (Professor of Chemistry, Kentucky 
University), Lexington, Ky. 

STEPHEN D. PooLr, Lynn, Mass. 

A. Riprout, Garland, Me. 

W. T. Rorrver, Bethlehem, Penn. 

Prof. OreN Roor, Clinton, Oneida Co., N. Y. 

J. G. Sanporn, Cherrytield, Me. 

*Wan. Suarswoob, Philadelphia, Penn. 

*Jamrs M. Suaw, South Waterford, Me. 


198-220 MINERALOGY. METALLURGY. : i | 


198. 


199. 


200. 
201. 


202. 


203. 


204. 


205. 


206. 
207. 
208. 


209. 


210. 


aii; 


212. 


213. 
214. 
215. 


216. 
217. 
218. 


219. 
220. 


Prof. C. U. Saerarp (Professor of Natural History, Amherst 
College), Amherst, Mass. 

Prof. BenJ. SILLIMAN (Professor of Chemistry, Yale College), 
New Haven, Conn. 

*JouN P. Suuons, Philadelphia, Penn. 

*Dr. J. LAWRENCE SmirTH, Louisville, Ky. - 
Joun Mitton Situ, No. 18, Wall street, New York, N. Y. 
Prof. Cuas. S. STONE, Cooper Institute, New York, N. Y. 

*D. C. Stone, Marysville, Cal. 
*Prof. SANBORN TENNEY (Professor of Natural History, Vas- 
sar Female College), Poughkeepsie, N. Y. . 
*JOHN C. TRAUTVINE, Philadelphia, Penn. 

*Dr. N. T. TRUE (Editor of Maine Farmer), Winthrop, Me. 

Dr. Cuas. A. Turrs, Dover, N. H. 

Wm. S. Vaux (Vice President and Curator, Academy of Natu- 
ral Sciences of Philadelphia), No. 1700, Arch street, Philadel- 
phia, Penn. 
*Prof. A. Ei. VERRILL CPE RESaOR of Zoology, Yale College), 
New Haven, Conn. 

C. F. WapswortH (Curator of muiaetalony, Buffalo Society of 
Natural Sciences), Buffalo, N. Y. 4 

Miss L. E. WaLker (Assistant Curator of Mineralogy, Wor- © 
cester Society of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. : 
*JoHUN W. WARD, Salem, Salem Co., N. J. 

W.E. WELLINGTON, Dubuque, Iowa. 
Cuas. B. Wnitine (Assistant Curator of Mineralogy, Wotcen, 
ter Society of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. 

*S. F. Wuirnery, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

*Caas. P. WituiaMs, No. 158, Walnut st., Philadelphia, Penn. 
*HENRI N. Woops, Rockport, Mass. 


METAERSS 


*James T. HopGx, Newburg, N. i wt» 
Prof. GEorGE J. BRUSH (Professor of Mineralogy and 1 
lurgy, Yale College), New Haven, Conn. 


13 PALEZO TOLOGY: GENERAL, NORTH AMERICAN. 221-240 


239. 
240. 


PALEONTOLOGY. 


GENERAL. 


Prof. Lours AGassiz (Professor of Zoédlogy and Geology, Har- 
vard University; Director and Curator, Museum of Comp. 
Zoology), Cambridge, Mass. 

KE. BILLiInGs (Paleontologist, Geological Survey of Canada), 
Montreal, Canada. 

Prof. JamES D. Dana (Professor of Mineralogy and Geology, 
Yale College), New Haven, Conn. 

Prof. J. W. Dawson (Principal, McGill University), Mon- 
treal, Canada. 

Prof. JAMES Hat, Albany, N. Y. 

Prof. JoserpH Lrempy (Professor of Anatomy, University of 
Pennsylvania; Curator, Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- 
delphia), No. 1802, Filbert street, Philadelphia, Penn. 

F. B. MEEK, Sinithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 


Nortu AMERICAN. 


HENRY M. BANNISTER, Evanston, III. 
Prof. Roperr BELL (Professor of Natural History, Chemistry 
and Geology, King’s College), Kingston, Canada West. 
FRANK H. BrapLey (Curator of Geology, Yale College), New 
Haven, Conn. 
T. A. Conran, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 
EK. T. Cox, New Harmony, Ind. 
*THOMAS DANIELS, L. M. R. R. Office, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
THOMAS DEVINE, Quebec, Canada. 
ANDREW Dickson, Kingston, Canada West. 
*CuHas. B. DyEk, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
W. M. Gaps (Paleontologist, California State Geological Sur- 
vey; Curator of Paleontology, California Academy of Natural 
Science), San Francisco, Cal. 
Prof. JAMES HaLi (State Geologist of New York, Iowa and 
Wisconsin), Albany, N. Y. 
C. Frep. Hartr, Museum of Comp. Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. 
*Prof. F. V. HaypEen (Professor of Gevlogy and Mineralogy, 
University of Pennsylvania), Smithsonian Institution, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

III 


241-267 PALEONTOLOGY: NORTH AMERICAN, SPECIAL. 14 


241. 
242. 
243. 
244, 


266. 
267. 


E. W. Hinearp (State Geologist of Mississippi), Oxford, Miss. 
*Dr. J. KNapp, Louisville, Ky. 

Dr. ALBERT C. Kocu, St. Louis, Mo. 

Isaac Lea (Vice President, American Philosophical Society), 
No. 1622, Locust street, Philadelphia, Penn. , 

*r. A, M. LeonarD, Lockport, N. Y. 

O. C. Marsu, Yale College, New Haven, Conn. 

*CHARLES D. MARSHALL, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Prof. J. H. Mc Cursnry, Jacksonville, Tl. (U. S. Consul at 
New Castle on-Tyne). 

*Prof. W. D. Moorgr, Irwin’s Station, Penn. 

Dr. J. S. NEWBERRY, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Prof. J. G. Norwoop (Professor of Natural Science and Natu- 
ral Philosophy, Missouri State University), Columbia, Boone 
Co., Mo. 


« *Prof..E: J.-Picknrr; Attica, 1nd: 


*Prof. J. W. POWELL, Bloomington, Il. 

Dr. CARL ROMINGER, Ann Arbor, Mich. 

Dr. B. F. Soumarp, St. Louis, Mo. 

O. H. Sr. JoHN, Museum of Comp. Zodlogy, Cambridge, Mass. 
Prof. G. C. SwaLLow, Columbia, Boone Co., Mo. 

Prof. Henry A. Warp (Professor of Geology, Rochester 
University), Rochester, N. Y. 

Dr. CHARLES A. WHITE, Iowa City, Iowa. 

R. P. WHITFIELD, Albany, N. Y. 

*Prof, ALEXANDER WINCHELL (Professor of Natura: History, 
Michigan State University), Ann Arbor, Mich. 


SPECIAL. 


*A. E.R. Aaassiz (Assistant, Museum of Comp. Zodlogy), 
Cambridge, Mass. Echinoderms. 

Rev. WM. A. Barris, Burlington, Iowa. Crinoids. 

GEORGE C. Brown (Curator and Treasurer, Burlington County 
Lyceum of History and Natural History), Mount Holly, N. J. 
Green Sand fossils of New Jersey. 

Prof. J. W. Foster, Chicago, Ill. North American fossil 


- Mammals. 


*B. J. Hatt, Burlington, Iowa. Crinoids. (A collector.) 
ALPHEUS Hyatr (Curator of Mollusca, Boston Society of 
Natural History), Corner of Schroeder and Franklin streets, 
Baltimore, Md. Cephalopods. 


ts 
. 
Vy 


PALEONTOLOGY: SPECIAL, LOCAL. 268-293 
4 


Prof. Ezek1aL Jewerr (Curator, New York State Cabinet), 
Albany, N. Y. Fossils of New York State. 

Prof. LEo LESQUEREUX, Columbus, Ohio. Plants. 

Rev. SAMUEL Lockwoop, Keyport, N. J. Cretaceous fossils of 
New Jersey and Devonian Plants of New York. 

*Dr. R. P. Mann, Milford, Ohio. Devonian Fishes. 

*W.H. Nites, Cambridge, Mass. Crinoids. 

Col. ALBERT ORDWAY, ‘Boston Society of Natural History, 
Boston, Mass. Crustaceans. 

*Dr. A. S. Packarp (Curator of Crustacea, Boston Society of 
Natural History), Boston, Mass. Fossils of the New England 
Drift. 

Dr. EDMOND RAVENEL, Charleston, S.C. Local Invertebrates. 
*HENRY Rousseau, Troy, N. Y. Local Mollusks. 

S. H. ScuppeER (Secretary, Librarian and Curator of Ento- 
mology, Boston Society of Natural History), Boston, Mass. 
Insects. 

N.S. SHALeR (Assistant, Museum of Comp. Zoology), Cam- 
bridge, Mass. Brachiopods. 

*Dr. O. THteme, Burlington, Iowa. Crinoids. (A collector.) 
*Prof. A. KE. VerriLu (Professor of Zodlogy, Yale College), 
New Haven, Conn. Corals. 

CuarLes M. WHEATLEY, Phoenixville, Penn., and No. 42, Pine 
street, New York, N.Y. Jlesozoic fossils. 


Locau. 


T. T. Bouve (Curator of Paleontology and Mineralogy, Bos- 
ton Society of Natural History), Boston, Mass. 

*S. T. CarLtey, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

*L. B. Cask, Richmond, Ind. 

CHARLES A. CHASE (Librarian and Assistant Curator of Palex- 
ontology, Worcester Society of Natural History), Worcester, 
Mass. 

T. APOLEON CHENEY (Librarian, Georgic Library), Havana,N.Y. 
*DaAvVID CHRISTY, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

*Dr. N. N. ELrop, Little Orleans, Ind. 

JOHN GEBHARD, Schoharie, N. Y. 

*HreENRY A. GREEN, Mount Morris, N. Y. 

RicHARD HaMANT (Curator of Paleontology, Worcester So- 
ciety of Natural History), Worcester, Mass. 

GEORGE W. HoLpEN, Dayton, Ohio. 

Prof. F. S. Hotmss, Charleston, S. C. 


294-322 PALHZONTOLOGY!: LOCAL. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 16 


294. 


295. 
296. 
297. 
298. 
299. 
300. 
301. 
302. 


‘THEODORE HowLanp (Secretary and Curator of Paleontology, 
Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences), Buffalo, N. Y. 

*Dr. E. W. HusBarpD, Tottensville, N. Y. 

W. M. HuntTING, Fairfield, Herkimer Co., N. Y. 

*U, P. JAMES, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

*J. KELLY O’NEALE, Lebanon, Ohio. 

ALFRED PooLe, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 

AUGUSTE REMOND, San Francisco, Cal. 

*D. H. SHAFFER, Cincinnati, Ohio. (A Collector.) 

*CHARLES WACHSMUTH, Burlington, Iowa. 


PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 


*Byt. Brig. Gen. HENry L. ABBorr (U. S. Engineers.) 
*Prof. A. D. BacHE (Superintendent, United States Coast Sur- 
vey), Washington, D. C. 

*G. H. BAGWELL (Assistant, United States Coast Survey), 
Washington, D. C. 

*Brig. Gen. JOHN G. BARNARD (U. S. Engineers.) 

*Col. E. G. BECKWITH (U. S. A.) 

*Capt. GEORGE BELL (U.S. N.), Washington, D. C. 

*Prof. WM. H. Brewer (Professor of Agriculture, Yale Col- 
lege), New Haven, Conn. (California Mountains.) 

*Brig. Gen. JAMES H. CaRLETON (U. S. A.) 

Prof. Epwarp J. CHapMAaN (Professor of Mineralogy and 
Geology, University College), Toronto, Canada West. 

*Maj. Gen. S. W. CRawrorp (U. S. A.) 

*Lieut. Col. OSBORNE Cross (U.S. A.) 

*Brig. Gen. RICHARD DELAFIELD (Chief Engineer, U. S. A.) 
*F. W. Dorr (Assistant, United States Coast Survey), Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

*Maj. Gen. W. H. Emory (U. S. A.) 

*Dr. GEORGE ENGELMANN, St.Louis, Mo. 

*N. S. FINNEY (Assistant, United States Coast Survey), Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

*DANIEL C. GILMAN (Professor of Physical Geography, Yale 
College), New Haven, Conn. 

*Col. JaMES D. Granam (U. S. Engineers.) 

Prof. ARNOLD Guyot (Professor of Geology and Physical 
Geography, College of New Jersey), Princeton, N. J. 

*Prof. Jos—EPpH HENRY (Secretary, Smithsonian . Institution), 
Washington, D.C. 


PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 323-349 


*J. E. HILGarRD (Assistant, United States Coast Survey), 
Washington, D. C. 

Prof. Henry Y. Hinp (Professor of Physical and Natural 
Sciences, Trinity College), Toronto, Canada West. 

JOHN GEORGE HODGINS, Education Office, Toronto, Canada W. 
*CLARENCE KING (Assistant California Geological Survey), San 
Francisco, Cal. 

*J. S. Lawson (Assistant, United States Coast Survey), Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

*Maj. Gen. A. A. HuMpuHReyYs (U. S. Engineers.) 

Dr. THoMAS M. LOGAN, Sacramento, Cal. 

*Lieut. Col. Joun N. Macoms (U.S. Engineers.) 

*Col. RANDOLPH B. Marcy (U.S. A.) 

*Major H. E. MAYNADIER (U. S. A.) 

*Lieut. Col. N. MICHLER (U. S. Engineers.) 

*Maj. Gen. JouUN G. Parke (U. S. Engineers.) 

*Dr. C. C. Parry, Davenport, Iowa. (locky Mountains.) 
*Maj. Gen. JOHN POPE (U.S. A.) 

*Col. W. F. RayNowps (U. S. Engineers.) 

*C. A. ScuottT (Assistant, United States Coast Survey), Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

*Lieut. Col. LORENZO SITGREAVES (U. S. Engineers.) 

*Lieut. Col. J. H. Stupson (U.S. A.) 

*Maj. Gen. ALFRED SULLY (U.S. A.) 

*ALEXANDER S. TAYLOR, Santa Barbara, Cal. 

*Col. GEORGE THom (U. S. Engineers.) 

*Bvt. Brig. Gen. Srewart VAN VLUIET (U.S. A.) 

*Maj. Gen. G. K. WARREN (U. S. Engineers.) 

*Prof. J. D. WHITNEY (State Geologist of California), North- 
ampton, Mass. 

*Major R. S. WILLIAMSON (U. S. Engineers.) 

*Lieut. Col. I. C. WooprurrF (U. S. Engineers.) 

*Maj. Gen. H. G. WricuT (U. 8. Engineers.) 


Note. Army Officers are best reached by addressing them care of the ADJUTANT 
GENERAL, U.S. A. Washington, D. C. 


350-368 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 18 


358. 


360. 


361. 


362. 
363. 
364. 
365. 
366. 
367. 


368. 


COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 


*Prof. HARRISON ALLEN (Professor of Comparative Anatomy, 
University of Pennsylvania), Philadelphia, Penn. 

*Prof. JOHN C. DaLron, New York, N. Y. 

*Dr. JOHN DEAN, Boston, Mass. 

Dr. JoHN C. Draper (Professor of Analytical Chemistry, 
University of New York; Professor of Natural History and 
Physiology, New York Free Academy), New York, N. Y. - 


. *Prof. AusTIN FLINT JR. (Professor of Physiology, Baltimore 


Hospital Medical School), Baltimore, Md. 

Dr. Wo. A. H!AMMOND, No. 162, West Thirty-fourth street, 
New York, N. Y. 

Prof. E>pwarp Hircucock (Professor of Hygeine and Physical 
Education, Amherst College), Amherst, Mass. 

*Dr. JULIUS HOMBERGER (Editor, American Journal of Opthal- 
mology), No. 39, West Twenty-third street, New York, N. Y. 
Prof. CHRISTOPHER JOHNSON (Professor of Anatomy, Mary- 
land College), Baltimore, Md. 

Prof. JosrepH Leipy (Professor ,of Anatomy, University of 
Pennsylvania; Curator, Academy of Natural Sciences of 
Philadelphia), No. 1802, Filbert street, Philadelphia, Penn. 
Prof. MANLY MILEs (Professor of , State Agricultural 
College), Lansing, Mich. 

Dr. S. Wrrr MircHELL, Academy of Natural Sciences, or No. 
1332, Walnut street, Philadelphia, Penn. 

GEORGE ScrEva (Assistant, Museum of Comp. Zoology), Cam- 
bridge, Mass. 

*Prof. J. CREssON STILES (Professor of Physiology, ) 
New York, N. Y. 

Dr. HeNRY WHEATLAND (Secretary, Treasurer and Curator of 
Camparative Anatomy, Essex Institute), Salem, Mass. 

Dr. J. C. WHITE (Curator of Comparative Anatomy and Mam- 
malogy, Boston Society of Natural History), Boston, Mass. 
Dr. B. G. WiLpErR (Curator of Herpetology, Boston Society of 
Natural History), No. 54, Bowdoin street, Boston, Mass. 

Dr. Rurus Woopwarp (President, Worcester Society of 
Natural History), Worcester, Mass. 

Prof. JEFFRIES WYMAN (Professor of Anatomy and Physiol- 
ogy, Harvard College; President, Boston Society of Natural 
History), Cambridge, Mass. 


19 


369, 
370. 


VEGETABLE PHYS. HISTOLOGY. EMBRYOLOGY. 369-380 


VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY. 


JOHN H. Kireparr, Columbus, Ohio. 
S. B. McMILLAN, East Fairtield, Columbiana Co., Ohio. 


HISTOLOGY. 


Prof. H. James CLark, Cambridge, Mass. 

*Prof. Josepu Lerpy (Professor of Anatomy, University of 
Pennsylvania; Curator, Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- 
delphia), No. 1302, Filbert street, Philadelphia, Penn. 

Prof. J. H. Sarispury (Professor of Physiology, Histology and 
Cell Pathology, Cleveland Medical College), Cleveland, Ohio. 
Dr. THEODORE A. TELLKAMPY, No. 142, West Fourth street, 


' New bei) ee. ae 


Prof. JErFRIES WYMAN (Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, 
Harvard College; President, Boston Society of Natural Histo- 
ry), Cambridge, Mass. 


EMBRYOLOGY. 


*A, E.R. Acassiz (Assistant, Museum of Comp. Zoology), 
Cambridge, Mass. 

Prof. Louts AGassiz (Professor of Zoology and Geology, Har- 
vard College; Director and Curator, Museum Comparative 
Zoology), Cambridge, Mass. 

Prof. H. James CLark, Cambridge, Mass. 

*Prof. A. E. VERRILL (Professor of Zodlogy, Yale College), 
New Haven, Conn. 

Prof. JEFFRIES WYMAN (Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, 
Harvard College; President, Boston Society of Natural Histo- 
ry), Cambridge, Mass. 


381-402 MICROSCOPY... 20 
MICROSCOPY. 
381. Dr. GEORGE S. ALLAN (Vice President, American Microscopi- 
cal Society), Newburgh, N. Y. 
382. J. W. S. ArNnoip (Librarian Microscopical Society), New 
VOTR;..s- is 
383. Prof. L. W. Ba1iLry (Professor of Chemistry and Natural His- 
tory, University of New Brunswick), Fredericton, N. B. 
384. Mosgss Y. Breacu, Louisville, Ky. - 
385. Dr. Rurus K. BROWNNE (Corresponding Secretary, American 
Microscopical Society), New York, N. Y. 
386. A.M. Epwarps (President, American Microscopical Society), 
No. 115, John street, New York, N. Y. 
387. *Davip W. FERGUSON, New. York, N. Y. 
388. JoHN E. Gavir (Vice President, American Microscopical So- 
ciety), No. 83, West Forty-third street, New York, N. Y. 
389. WILLIAM GLEN, Cambridge, Mass. 
890. T. F. Harrison, New York, N. Y. 
391. *WiiciaAmM E. HuLBert, Middletown, Conn. 
392. SAMUEL Jackson (Curator, American Microscopical Society), 
New York, N. Y. 
393. Dr. B. Joy Jerrries (Curator of Microscopy, Boston Society 
of Natural History), Boston, Mass. 
394. Prof. CHRISTOPHER JOHNSTON (Professor of Anatomy, Mary- 
land College), Baltimore, Md. 
395. Dr. SAMUEL A. JONES (Recording Secretary, American Micro- 
scopical Society), Englewood, N. J. 
396. *Dr. F. W. Lewis, Philadelphia, Penn. : 
397. Prof. HAMILTON L. SmirH (Professor of Natural History and - 
Astronomy, Kenyon College), Gambier, Ohio. 
398. CHARLES SToppER, No. 75, Kilby street, Boston,8Mass, 
399. CORNELIUS VAN BruNT (Treasurer, American Microscopical 
Society), Fishkill-on-the Hudson, N. Y. 
400. BENJAMIN WEBB, JR., Salem, Mass. 
401. Dr. M. C. Wuitr, New Haven, Conn. 
402. Dr. T. G. WorMLEy, Columbus, Ohio. 


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1866. 


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NT eter ttt ee ee ee 
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XIIl. 


COMMUNICATIONS: 


D. M. Batcn, On Sodalite at Salem. p. 3. 

GEORGE H. EMERSON, On Magnetite and an Unknown Min- 
eral at Nahant. p. 6. 

A. §. PackarpD, jr., Notes on the Family Zygenide. 
With two plates. p. 7. 

J. A. ALLEN, Catalogue of Birds found at Springfield, Mass., 
with Notes on their Migrations, Habits, &c., together with 
a List of those Birds found in the State not yet observed 
at Springfield. p. 48. 

F. W. Putnam, Notes on the Habits of some species of 
Humble Bees. p. 98. 

F. W. Putnam, Notes on the Leaf-cutting Bee.  p. 105. 

A. S. PackarD, jr., The Humble Bees of New England and 
their Parasites; with notices of a new species of Anthopho- 
rabia, and anew genus of Proctotrupide. With a plate. p. 107. 
D. M. Batcu, On Native Grapes. p. 140. 

A. E. VERRILL, Classification of Polyps; (Extract condensed 
from a Synopsis of the Polypi of the North Pacific Explor- 
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) Part 5. pp. 146: 

J. A. ALLEN, Notes on the Habits and Distribution of the 
Duck Hawk, or American Peregrine Falcon, in the Breeding 
Season, and Description of the Eggs. p. 153. 

EDWARD S. Morseg, A Classification of Mollusca, based on 
the ‘‘ Principle of Cephalization.” With a plate. p. 162. 

A. E. VERRILL, Synopsis of the Polyps and Corals of the 
North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Commodore C. 
Ringgold and Captain John Rodgers, U. S. N., from 1853 
to 1856. Collected by Dr. William Stimpson, naturalist to 
the Expedition. With Descriptions of some additional 
Species from the West Coast of North America. Part II, 
ALCYONARIA. With two Plates. p. 181. 

ALPHEUS HyaTT, Observations on Polyzoa, Suborder Phy- 
lactolemata. With nine Plates. p. 197. (The ninth plate 
will be given with the continuation of the paper in the next 
volume). 


or = ae re aT, a Le fils oe ah. Bran ‘io y Tae tsa 


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PLATES. 

Plate 1, accompanying Dr. Packard’s eg i on p. 47. 

73 2, 6 ee ‘ec (74 p. AT 

ce 3, ce (73 ce 66 “cc (73 p. 140. 

“4, S Mr. Morse’s " . © p. 180. 

co OB, “ Prof. Verrill’s ‘ s SD, LOB; 

73 6, 66 Ts ‘c CT; 66 6c D; 4198. ; 
Plates - 7,-8;:9; 10, 11, 12, 18, 14, accompanying Capt. As - 
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50, 
51, 
56, 
60, 
ae 
69, 
69, 
70, 
73, 
73, 


78, 


80, 
83, 
83, 
86, 
87, 
87, 
89, 
89, 
90, 
91, 
92, 
92, 
92, 


6s 


(<9 


ce 


ce 


12, after Agaristide, insert a comma. 
6, for lignivorus, read lignivorous. 
30, ‘ strangly, read strangely. 

36, ** Tortriide, read Tortricide. 


heading, for ZYG#NIDIA, read ZYGHNIDA. 
line 24, for Zyeginidex, read Zygenide. 


(7 


No. 


8, ‘** maxillary, read labial. 
11, ‘** gives, read give. 
18, ‘** Coccyzus, read Coccygus. 
42, ‘© ninety-two, read one hundred and one. 

18, for June, read May. 

1 of foot note, for 1728, read 1788. 

1, for Pallacii, read Pallasit. 

9, and following pages, for Dendroica, read Dendreca. 


and 95, for Siwrus, read Seiurus. 


18, for Chickedee, read Chickadee. 

39, “ Astrigalinus, read Astragalinus. 

ll, ‘* linaria, read linarius. [censis. 
9, ‘** Stiurus noveboracensis, read Seturus novebora- 
16, ** «tllraca, read iliaca. 

4, * Tringites, read Tryngites. 

23, ‘* Pedecethya, read Pedeteethya. 

7, ‘* Myitotoctes, read Myiodioctes. 

13, ‘* Myiodicetes, read Myiodioctes. 
12, ‘* Octhodromus, read Ochthodromus. 

25, ‘* noveboracensis, read noveeboracensis. 

86, and p. 94, No. 27, for Gambellii, read Gambelit. 
12, for erythrorhyncus, read erythrorhynchus. 

36, ** Temn., read Temm. 

5, ‘ SkKau, read Skua. 

18, ‘* trotle, read troilie. 
39, and p. 94, No. 4, for Pallassi, read Pallasii. 


Nos. 51 and 52, for Dandroica, read Dendreca. 


No. 


72, for Harporynchus, read Harporhynchus. 


98, No. 116, and p. 96, No. 93, for Squartarola, read Squatarola, 


94, 

96, 

96, 
104, 
181, 
131, 
131, 
132, 
175, 
180, 
209, 
218, 
219, 


“ec 
lines 12—13, for anterior end, read posterior end. | a 
line 9, for trunk read trunks. [testinal. ‘ 


“cc 


sé 


1, for Hypotryorchis, read Hypotriorchus. 
57, ‘* Harporhyncus, read Harporhynchus.. . 
99, ‘ lacticauda, read laticauda. ‘\ 
24, and page 108,line 30, for Byturus, read anwerophaaaet 

9, for Mezercon, read Mezereon. 

11, ‘‘ nest, read net. . = 
25, after female, insert situated almost wholly. ' 
15, ‘* abnormal, insert a. ; } 
29, for anterior pole, read posterior pole. & 


38, ‘“‘ cardiac and pyloric, read cesophagal and in- 
1, ‘* C£sophagal Retractors, read Lophophorie Re- 
tractors. 


A, = 
5 


ry a gh 4 
: \ 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


1864. 


(Communications on Historical subjects are printed in the ‘* Historical 
Collections of the Essex Institute.’’) 


T.—On the Sodalite at Salem, Mass. 


By D. M. Batcu. 
(Communicated February 8, 1864.) 


‘The occurrence in our neighbourhood of this rare silicate was 
first noticed in Oct. 1855, by G. L. Streeter Esq., and others. 
The locality was the recently opened syenite quarry, on the 
right hand side of the road leading along Collins’ Cove. from 
the Alms House to Hospital Point Peculiar bluish stains in 
a block of stone from the quarry having attracted the attention 
of these gentlemen, a search was instituted which resulted in 
the discovery of the remains of a vein of elwolite and orthoclase, 
in which were imbedded amorphous masses of the blue mineral, 
sodalite. Unfortunately this vein, once extensive, had been 
mostly quarried and carted away by the workmen, and, though 
it yielded some fine specimens, was soon exhausted. 

An account of the discovery of this mineral and some discus- 
sion thereon (in which it is erroneously called cancrinite,) can 
be found in the Essex Institute Proceedings, Vol. I, p. 1538— 
150; also a more extended description and analysis, by J. P. 
Kimball in Silliman’s Journal; 1860, Vol. xxix. p. 65. 

I visited the above locality in the autumn of 1858, and traced 
the vein some distance, until it was reduced to a mere seam; I 
noticed at that time several characteristics, rendering it highly 
improbable that the Salem mineral hada common origin with 
that of Litchfield, Me., its only other locality in the States. 
At the place last mentioned sodalite occurred disseminated 
through an erratic block, and associated with eleolite, citron- 
yellow cancrinite, and zircons of unusual size and excellence 
(all long since exhausted ,) while at the Salem locality it was 
found imbedded in a vein of eleolite and feldspar, with very 
small zircons, biotite, marcasite, plumbago, &c.; but no trace 
of cancrinite, the most conspicuous of all in the Maine group, 


4 BALCH, ON THE 


was present. Moreover, although not enough of the vein re- 
mained for accurate observation, I was of opinion that it was 
not peculiar to chance boulders, but a true vein in the ledge. 

An analysis, performed at that time, (Sept , 1858,) afforded 
ue results, which, as they have never been published, are given 
below : 


Silicie Acids 4 Sih a. eae AM 37.69 
ALONG csr. 26 See Pre Brads | 
OMe. Sich tau e ce jaee Som hae lee 24 80 
Chioving:,.2:.0 4008k gece ee a aces 6.17 
Werrous Oxyd. x0. 4: 3% hhh atte 1 trace 


This agrees well with the recognized formula for Sodalite, 
3 (NaO 8i02, +Al, O3 SiOz )-+ Na Cl, except that the amount 
of Chlorine is a little too low. 

In April, 1862, while examining the ledges on the left hand 
of the road I discovered quite an extensive vein of elzolite, 
situated about 10 rods N. W. from the old locality, and nearly 
at right angles with it. This new vein varies in width from a 
few inches to a foot, or more, and runs irregularly along the 
face of the ledge for 30 or 40 feet. It is composed of orthoclase 
and greenish elzolite, large imperfect crystals of black horn- 
blende, biotite, zircon, flakes and filiments of graphite and 
several other minerals in small quantity; there is no sodalite 
near the surface; it first begins to appear at the depth of 14— 
2 feet. This vein was blasted in its widest part this autumn 
by Mr. C. H Higbee and myself, and yielded us some very fine 
specimens of sodalite, varying in colour from violet to azure 
blue, and subtransparent. Ihave analysed carefully selected 
specimens of both sodalite and eleolite from this vein with the 
following results : 

Sodalite ; very dark blue. Sp. Gr=2.30. Two portions 
a. and b. were analysed. 


a. b. Results. 

SiO, 387.64 37.44 37.54 
Al, Oz 82.13 32.16 | 32.15 
NaO . 24.57 18.94 
CaO.  .85 —— 85 
Na — 4.18 4.18 
Cl ie 6.45 6°45 
99.61 


SODALITE AT SALEM, MASS. 5 


The composition of sodalite, calculated from the formula 
given on the preceding page is as follows: 


8Na0, 93 = 18.98 


SAIC, 168.15. = 31.38 
6Si0,, 184.86 = 37.72 
Na, 23 = 469 

7.23 


Cl, $5.46 — 


490.10 100.00 
with this the results obtained by analysis agree quite closely. 
It is worthy of note, that although the specimen employed 
was unusually deep coloured, scarcely appreciable traces of 
iron were detected; the alumina thrown down from its solution 
in aqua regia was white, and most of the reagents for iron gave 
negative results; it ig therefore very doubtful if this mineral 
owes its color to iron, as has been supposed. 

Aileolite The eleeolite of this locality is filled with minute 
specks, probably mica or feldspar, from which it cannot be 
separated mechanically; this impurity amounts to about 5 per 
cent., and remains behind when the levigated mineral is dissolv- 
ed in acids. ‘The elxolite occurs in compact masses, of a light 
green colour and greasy lustre; in connection with orthoclase 
it forms the bulk of the vein; it has not yet been observed in 
crystals. Heated before the blowpipe it fuses and gives off a little 
moisture. Dried at about 150° C. it has the following com- 
position : 


Dine rae ke edad 1. es 44.32 
pe liinbiis Ap ene hun f = bier & ade 32 69 
ens Wee oe rae et ea *, 17.02 
Ponstel) ee ced ees d 09 
en heme ot ee tate Gt te ai 59 

99.71 


It also contains slight traces of iron. A portion dried at 100° 
©. and then ignited lost 1.31 per cent. 

The sodalite is found near the centre of the vein in thin lay- 
ers. There is no doubt that this locality will furnish fine cabi- 
net specimens when more deeply explored. As the vein strikes 
downward at avery acute angle, extensive blasting will be 
necessary ; however it well deserves a thorough exploration, for, 


a -" 7 


Se oe T= 


6 EMERSON, ON MAGNETITE, &C., AT NAHANT. 


apart from the circumstance that this is the only American 

locality known, the silicate is quite scarce elsewhere. Its foreign 

localities are Greenland, Norway, Siberia, &c.; it is almost 

invariably associated with elzolite, but the latter mineral often 

occurs unaccompanied by sodalite. ) 
Tam at present occupied with the examination of several 

unrecognized minerals, which are disseminated in minute quan- 

tities through the vein. From slight indications it is probable 

that cancrinite may yet be met with; it has not been found at 

either the old or new localities. The largest zircon that I have 

seen measured about one-third of an inch in diameter. 


Salem, December, 1863. 


Il. On Magnetite, and an Unknown Mineral at Nahant. 
By Groree H. Emerson. 


( Communicated February 8, 1864. ) 


Besides the minerals mentioned by Dr. Prescott in his list, : 
communicated to the Essex County Natural History Society, 
in the year 1859, as occurring at Nahant, I noticed, while 
there last summer, that magnetite was abundantly disseminated 
through the diorite near ‘“‘Spouting Horn,” ani also in a simi- 
larly constituted, but more finely grained rock, a little to the 
West of ‘‘ Pulpit Rock.’’ In both places it is associated with 
chalcopyrite and iron pyrites, and in both I found small, but 
tolerably perfect, octahedral crystals, though it is, for the most 
part, amorphous. ‘ 

A recent examination of a specimen of the greenstone from 
the locality last named, disclosed to me a crystalline mineral 
which I did not recognize, and whose external characters failed 
to identify it. It was too imperfect to determine the form, or 
even with certainty, the crystalline system to which it belonged, _ 
though its cleavages, three in number, led Prof. Cooke to — 
refer it to one of the inclined systems. a 

The color was a dull purple on one face, and greenish gray 
on the other; lustre, waxy to pearly ; streak, yellow; hardness, — 
about that of calcite. ‘The quantity was altogether too minute 


FAMILY ZYGANIDZ. L 


to take the specific gravity, or to admit of many chemical tests. 
Before the blowpipe it fused quietly on the edges toa gray 
enamel, imparting an indistinct reddish-yellow color tojthe flame, 
which changed to green upon moistening the assay with nitric 
or sulphuric acid. With the sodium test, however, it did not 
give phosphuretted hydrogen. On platinum wire, with borax, 
the presence of iron and lime were indicated. It dissolved in 
nitric and hydrochloric acids with effervescence, with the excep- 
tion of a slight, black, granular residue, insoluble even on the 
epplication of heat. Heated alone in the closed tube there was 
no trace of water. So far, its blowpipe characters seem to be 
as anomalous as its general appearance. 

It should be remarked, by the way, that the greenstone to 
which I have last alluded, forms a dife in what is known as the 
“coralline formation,’’ while that from the vicinity of ‘“‘Spouting 
Horn’’ is the metamorphic or stratified variety of diorite. The 
latter contains so much magnetic iron as to have a very decided 
influence on the needle. Indeed, in the specimens I have 
examined, the rock seems to owe its dark color and high specific 
gravity (very nearly three) fully as much to the magnetite, as 
to the hornblende, which enters into its composition. 


Cambridge, January, 1864. 


III. Notes on the Family Zygenide. By A.S. Pack- 
ARD, JR. 


(Communicated February 22, 1864.) 


The primary object of the writer in preparing this paper was 
to give as full an account as possible of the transformations of 
Clenucha virginica, and the systematic position of the genus 
Eudryas. The very close resemblance of the early stages of ~ 
the former genus to the Arctians both in structure and habits, 
and the fact that the genus has been recently placed among the 
Bombycidz by some authors, affords us an opportunity of dis- 
cussing the characters of the Zygeenide in contrast with the 
allied families. For this purpose it has been necessary to study 
the typical European genera in connection with the American 
types of the group. For most of my material I am indebted to 
Messrs. F. G. Sanborn, Boston, Mass; A. R. Grote, New 


Nl 


8 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 


York; F. W. Putnam, who collected the larvae and pupe of 
Eudryas grata, in alcohol at Bridport, Vt., which are now in 
the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cam- 
bridge ; and for specimens of Castnwia to the collection of the 
Kssex Institute. 

Besides the interest excited by the discovery of the transfor- 
mation of any member of this family of moths, the near rela- 
tionship of Ctenucha to the Bombycide attracts our attention. 
This genus when in the larval stage, so closely resembles the 
Arctians, as to have misled us wholly as to its nature upon 
first meeting with it. Indeed we were convinced that we had 
found a larva of Phragmatobia rubricosa Saunders and were 
much surprised at raising Ctenucha from it. On the other 
hand the moth has been referred by Walker to the Lithosiide. 
Here we see such a delicate balancing of analogical and struc- 
tural features, that different writers do not agree which natural 
group to refer the object to. Thus those who place Ctenucha 
among the Lithosians (the highest sub-family of Bombycide) 
think of course, that the Zygeenid characters which the moth 
possesses are those of analogy, while those of a contrary mind 
judge the same moth to be a Zygeenid with the less essential 


features borrowed from the Bombycidz. This leads us to 


the enquiry, how fur analogy differs from affinity. It is evident 
that the relation is only relative and not absolute. ‘Typical 
animals are those having the greatest mass of characters to 
isolate them from others. For instance, among the Zygzenide, 
the Fabrician genus Zygeena is the ¢ype of the family, just as 
in the Bombycide, T'elea Polyphemus Hiibner, or, still better, 
Attacus Atlas Linn, are the types of that family. In Zygaena 
we have forms the most unlike other genera of its family. 
There is not a character drawn from its structure or habits 
which is not swt generis, original, unique. Itis the pattern 
upon which the family form is moulded, and the moment the 
form is slightly modified, and any resemblance to some other 
moth is superadded, as in Syntomis which already begins to 
show Lithosian affinities, that moment something has gone from 


it. There is a loss in affinity, and what is thrown in to supply 


the vacancy is a gain in analogy. 

In the genus Adéacus we have massed together a number of 
characters which are those of pure affinity (using the term in 
its technical sense, otherwise it has no meaning in specifying 


| 
. 
. 


ae 
Wag 


FAMILY ZYGHNIDS. 9 


what is typical.) This is without doubt the most isolated group 
in the whole family. If we step higher or lower we find 
changes of form introduced which, slight as they are, detract 
from the singleness of the type. Bombyx mori the silk-worm, 
stands next above, in the adjoining subfamily Bombycine. 
But the larva is greatly elongated, with a slight tubercle on 
the end of the body, being in fact sphingiform. The moth has 
short narrow falcate wings, which are no longer than the body. 
Attacus has falcate wings, but they are very broad and are 
three or four times the length of the body, while the larva is 
short, large and plump. ‘The next step below is Vvropea 
Tana Hiibner. This is colored green and the hind wings are 
“tailed.” The family color is brown, not green, and the 
‘tail’ is borrowed from Papilionidse, Lyczenidee and Phal- 
senide. If we descend further down in the scale we find 
Hyperchiria Io Walker, possessing manifest analogies to 
Clisiocampa in the elongated body of the larva, the pupal form 
and the outlines of the imago. 

The genus Eudryas stands at a nearly equal distance from 
the beginning and end of its group, and is still loaded down 
with features which are so unlike Alypia to which it is in reali- 
ty closely allied, that Harris refers it to the Notodontians, 
though fully acquainted with its larva, and Walker refers 1t to 
the Noctuide. Its coloration is most deceptive, since the 
species instead of being blue or green, are white with yellow, 
green and purple markings. The body is unusually hairy, the 
antenne are filiform as in the Noctuidee, the legs tufted as in 
Pygera, Datana and allies, and the metallic scales on the 
thorax are only found so far as we know in Yolype. 

The first attempt to group the Fabrician genera Procris and 
Zygeena was that of the authors of the Wiener Verzeichniss* 
in 1801. They divide the Linnzean genus Sphinx into seven 
groups of which the last, “‘G,” ‘‘ Sphinges maculate,’”’ com- 
prises the Zygeenide, thus making it equivalent to all the 
AMigeriade, and to any one of their five groups of the true 
Sphinges, i. e. the genera Sphinx, Smerinthus, &c. 


* Syst. Verz. der Schmetierlinge Wiener Gegend. Illiger’s ed. Wien. 1810. 
Vol. 1, p. 83. 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. B. 


10 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 


In 1807 Latreille* first under the family name Zygenides 
groups into three sub-divisions: [. Sesia, Thyris, Zygeena, 
and Syntomis; II. Procris and pie dare and IIL. Glaucopis, 
Aglaope and Stygia. He places Cas‘nia however among the 
Sphingides, placing it at the head of the family, and next to 
Hesperia. Afterwards according to Klug.+ in the article 
‘Papilio’ in the ‘‘Enceyclopedie methodique, ” by Latreille and 
Godart the group ‘‘Hesperi-Sphinges” was formed for Castnia 
and Agarista, and they were still placed before the Sphingides. 
Also in the ‘‘Familles naturellesdu Régne Animal,’ 1825, we 
see the Hesperi-Sphinges isolated as a distinct ‘“tribe’’ equivalent 
to the ‘“‘tribe’”” Sphingides, and standing at the head of the 
‘family’? Crepuscularia. 

Hiibner has shown more than any other writer how important 
a guide in arranging the Lepidoptera is their style of coloration, 
and how useful it isin distinguishing genera. Relying upon this 
character perhaps more than any other, this bold innovatort 
sub-divided the Lepidoptera into generic groups which are 
now commonly received; thus showing an appreciation of the 
modern idea of a genus, far in advance of his time. Depend- 
ing however too much on slight characters, his groups of 
genera are often forced and unnatural.— ‘Che Zygeenidee are 
placed in the same order as observed by Latreille. 

Hiibner places them at the head of his second “ pha- 
lanx’’ Sphinges, composing the tribe ‘‘ /’apilionides’’ which is 
a group equivalent to the Sesie Hiibner ( Aigeriade of authors, ) 
and also to the ‘‘ Sphinges legitime’’? Hubner. It embraces 
three “‘stirps;’’ ie. I. Zygene for the single genus Zygee- 
na. If. Chrysaores which includes Procris, Atychia and Syn- 
tomis, and III. Gilaucopes, for Glaucopis and a large number 
of its allies. 

He placed Castnia however, among the butterflies, immedi- 
ately after Colias, and Alypia among the Pyralide, next to 
Ennychia which it closely resembles in its coloration. 

In 1829, Boisduval$ while following Latreille in excluding 


* Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum. Tom. Iv, p. 211. 


+ Ueber die Lepidopteren-Gattung Synemon. Abhand. Konig. Acad. der 
Wissenchaft. Berlin. (1848.) 1850. p. 251. 


+ Verzeichniss bekannter Schmetterlinge. Augsburg, 1816. 8vo. 
§ Essai sur une Monographie des Zygénides. Paris, 1829. 8vo. 


FAMILY ZYGENIDA. 11 


the Castniares Boisduval, and placing the Sphingide between 
these and the Zygeenide, goes a step farther in establishing the 
group ‘‘ Procrides”’ consisting of those genera provided with 
pectinated antennee. He considers the group as equivalent to 
the Sesiares (Adgeriade), to the Castniares and likewise the 
Zygenide. ‘The elimination of Sesia and Thyris is an im- 
provement upon Latreille. 

In 1832, Newman* divides the Zygenide into Stygiides, 
/geriites and Glaucopites. ; 

In 1839, Dr. 'T. W. Harris} lke theauthor just quoted divides 
the “Sphinges adscite”’ Linn, into three families, 1. e. Agaris/i- 
de ZAyvenide and Glaucopide which last name must be a 
synonym of Biosduval’s ‘‘Procrides,” since it is used in exactly 
the same sense. 

The year after, Westwoodt under the term Uraniid@ adopts a 
provisional arrangement of Urania with Castnia and allies. He 
rejects the name Zygenid, using instead Anthrocerida 
Westwood, since Stephens had already rejected Zygena, ‘the 
name Zygvena having been preoccupied in Ichthyology.” This 
is probably an error, since Latreille’s name has priority over 
Cuvier’s. 

Of all the writers upon the Castniares, Klug has been the most 
thorough. His article “Ueber die Lepidopteren-Gattung Syne- 
mon,’ is a positive addition to our knowledge ofthese moths. 
Besides the quite full historical account of the group, and the 
descriptions and good figures of new species of the Australian 
genus Synemon Doubleday, we have a mass of new facts con- 
cerning the comparative structure of the genus above named, 
and very precise information about the transformation of the 
South American genus Casinia, fully confirming the obser- 
vations of Madam Merian, which had been doubted by West- 
wood, together with important remarks on the classification of 
the whole group to which these two genera belong. With 
Boisduval he agrees in throwing Urania out of the group and 


*Ent. Mag. Vol. 1., p. 67. 


+ Descriptive Catalogue of North American Insects belonging to the Linn- 
gan genus Sphinx. Amer. Jour.Sc., July, 1839, 8vo, pp. 40. 


$An Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects, 1840, Vol 11, p. 369. 


§Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Academie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 
(1848), 1850. 


12 - PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 


placing it between the Noctuidee and Phalenide. He is 
aided by a fortunate discovery in arriving at the proper location 
of Castnia. Among some plants received from Kingston, Ja- 
maica, was a species of Catasetum, from the bulbs of which 
hatched the perfect Castnia, proving that the habits of the larva 
is lignivorus like the Sesiz, Adgeriadze and Cossus and Hepi- 
alus. In nearly his own words, the burrowing habits of Cast- 
nia, the larva of which forms no silken cocoon, are like Sesia, 
but the imago differs, and as Dalman observes is nearer 
Zygeena, whence he concludes that ‘‘ they seem much more like 
the beginning of the Spinners (Bombycidz) and through Glau- 
copis anda succession of other genera form the passage to 
Ochsenheimers Euprepia, the genera Arctia, Chelonia, Callimor- 
pha, ete.’’* 

‘his is indeed bringing order out of confusion. He then 
proceeds to remark that Castnia and its Australian representa- 
tive Synemon, which probably has similar habits, belongs to a 
group of borers, at the head of which stands the ‘“Sesien,” 
(AMvgeriade) then Thyris, Chimera, Stygia, Eudagria, and 
farther on Cossus, Zeuzera, Hepialus and Crino, to end with 
Castnia. He speaks, from want of material, with some doubt 
of the affinities of Oiketicus to this group of borers, but consid- 
ers that this genus may easily lead to Zygeena. 

Dr, Herrich-Scheeffert proposes a different arrangement of 
the family under consideration ; while placing the Castniaria 
H-S next to the butterflies, he follows with the Epialoidea 
. H-S. (Hepiali Linn.), next with the Sesioide H-S (Aigeri- 
adee); then come the Pyromorphina H-S a group made for 
Pyromorpha dimidiata H-S and another genus Chrysopygus 
H-S. which leads to Zyg@noide H-S. He then strangly 
interposes the Sphingide, Bombycide, Phalznidze (Geome- 
tride) and Noctuidae between the groups of Zygenide 
above named, and the rest (Agarista and allies, Syntomis and 
/tigocera ) of the family. Under the names of Aganaida and 
Agaristoidea, which groups he makes the equivalent of the 
Arctioidea, and the other groups of moths enumerated above, 
he places the genera Aganais, Agarista and Adgocera Latreille. 
He interposes between these two groups, a sub-family of the 


*Loc. cit. p. 255. 


Sammlung neuer oder wenig bekannter aussereuropaisher Schmetterlinge. 
Regensburg, 1850-58, ~ 


FAMILY ZYGAHNIDZ. is 


Bombycide, i. e. the Arctioidea H-S (Arctiidae Leach, 1815,) 
and concludes the large moths with the Syntomvidea H-S. 
(Glaucopites Newman, 1832.) Then follow the Microlepid- 
optera. ‘The series of large moths ends with Clenucha virgo 
H-S. which he places next to the Crambina H-S. 

In the Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the British 
Museum, part I and IT, 1854, Walker adopts the Castnians, and 
the Zygeenides, as groups equivalent to the Sphingids and the 
Bombycide, but places several undoubted Zygenid genera, 
1. e., Clenucha, Aglaope Americana Boisd. and Lycomorpha 
among the Lithosiide. 

So far as Tam aware Horsfield and Moore* are the first 
authors who virtually placed both the Castniares and Zygeenides 
among the Bombycide, considering them “from the examination 
of the metamorphosis’ of the genera of these two groups which 
fell under their observations, as belonging to the Lithoside. 
This work is indispensable to the American student of the 
Aygenide and Bombycide, since it represents the transforma- 
tion of many Asiatic genera closely allied to those of America, 
which are not found in Europe. 

I would here draw the attention of entomologists to im- 
portant characters for classifying the Lepidoptera which have 
been hitherto overlooked. I refer to the characters drawn 
from the pieces of which the head and thorax is composed. 
Each family has a distinct form and size, and a different 
way of combining the three principal pieces which compose 
the head: i.e. the occiyut which lies behind the ocelli; the 
epicranium which lies behind the antennse, and the clypeus 
which in the Lepidoptera generally occupies the “‘front’’ of 
the head. In the family under consideration and the Bom- 
bycids, those parts vary markedly in the different genera, 
and in each sub-family of these two families there is a 
distinct form for the clypeus, more especially. There are also 
two forms in the Noc/uide which affords to us strong indica- 
tions for their division into but two sub-families. There is 
also a distinct form for the Geometridse, the Pyralidee, Tortri- 
ide, and Tineidee, which givesa peculiar fucies to each of 
these groups. | 

The mouth parts: i. e., the mandibles, maxille and labium 


*A Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Museum of Natural History 
at the East-India House, Vol. 11, 1858-59. 


14 PACKARD, NOTES ON 


have not given valid generic characters, with the exception of 
the labial palpi, the value of which are well known. 

In the thorax also there is a family form, at least, in the 
Zygenide and the succeeding group, the Bombycide. The 
comparative length and breadth especially of the meso-scutum , 
and scutellum are of value, as are in a less degree the relative 
size and position, slanting or vertical, of the flanks of the 
thorax. But this last character owing to the remarkable con- __ 
stancy in the form of the thorax and abdomen of all Lepidoptera, — 
is not often of generic value*. 

I have also found the genital armor most useful in separating 
genera of moths, but for this purpose alcoholic specimens are 
necessary so that these parts may bedrawn out and dissected. 
There is however no one general family type to which their 
great variations of form can be reduced. 

These characters are of special use in locating mimetic forms. 
The Zygenidex do not imitate the lower moths, nearly so much 
as do the Bombycide. Indeed just as embryologists arrange 
groups in series by their greater or less resemblance to low 
embryonic forms, can we arrange animals by the greater or less 
proportion of mimetic forms in any group. 

Mr. Bates (Linnean Trans. 1862) has considered that 
the Heliconids stand at the head of the Lepidoptera. We 
venture to question this position of the family from the 
fact that this family mimics most wonderfully the Zyge- 
nide. An instance may be quoted from Stoll of a genus 
allied to Glaucopis which he calls Papilio Zubina (Pl. XI. | 
fiz. 8.) Judging from the plate simply, the antenne, the © 
neuration and the brown and yellow bands and white spots are 
unmistakedly Zygzeenid ; the general form of the body and of 
the wings are like Heliconia. Among the Pieride, Colias has 
a mimetic form in the Australian Heterusia pulchella Koller — 
figured by Herrich-Scheffer. But we cannot think of anyother 
butterfly, or of any Hesperians, Sphingide (or Adgeriada 
which imitate the lower moths, and therefore we consider this 
as an argument for the superiority of their rank. On the 
ae 


* We might here say, that before we were aware of the use Dr. Leconte had 
made of the epimeral and episternal pieces in the Coleoptera we had used these 
parts to good purpose in the hymenoptera, where they are exposed to con- 


stant variation in genera and groups of genera, as well as families. 


FAMILY ZYGAENIDIA. Lo 


other hand it may be argued that the Zygzenide are lower 
than these families, because there are forms among them 
(Castnia) which imitate the butterflies, others (Alypia) which 
resemble the (Hesperiadz) and others again (Glaucopis and 
allies) which resemble the Algeriadw. ‘Thus the lowest gen- 
era imitate the lowest family enumerated, while the highest 
genus Castnia mimics the butterflies. As happily expressed by 
Professor Dana,* it is ‘‘a characteristic of a type of the very 
highest grade, that it is extensively copied after.”’ 

To distinguish Castnia therefore from the Hesperians we 
look for the square clypeus, and the neuration peculiar to the 
Castniares. In the lower genera allied to Glaucopis we look at 
the square clypeus, which is often scutellate, and also at the 
long slender acute porrected palpi, the pectinated antennx, and 
also the peculiar neuration which it is difficult briefly to 
describe. In certain genera of Bombycidw, allied to Limacodes, 
which are difficult to distinguish from some Tortricidx, the 
practiced eye can by the large broad clypeus which carries the 
inserticn of the antenne very high up the front, at once locate 
the genus. Likewise the large broad clypeus enables us to 
separate those Notodontians from the Noctuidw, which they 
resemble. If we could select with safety any single character 
among the moths upon which to rely, it would be the clypeus. 

The Zyzginide are distinguished from the neighboring fami- 
lies of Lepidoptera by the following characters: the head is of 
moderate size and entirely free from the thorax, but not so 
much so as in the Algeriade or Noctuide. There is a great 
equality in the size of the three tergal pieces of the head: i. e. the 
occiput, epicranium and clypeus. The length of the two first 
of these pieces taken toyether is about equal to that of the cly- 
peus, but more generally shorter, and as among all Lepidoptera 
the epicranium is the larger and longer. On the flanks of 
the head, is situated an ocellus just in the rear of the insertion 
of the antennx, which are inserted on the side of the head, in 
front of the epicranium which narrows, and is often bilobed be- 
tween their bases. In the typical genera the antenne are 
simple, not setose, and slightly swelled in their middle, or par- 
tially clavate towards the tips asin Zygana. Hyes large and 
globose.*:.The clypeus is nearly square, the sides hardly con- 


_ * Classification of Animals based on the principal of cephalization. Amer. 
_ Journ. Sc. Jan. 1864, p. 16. 


16 PACKARD, NOTES ON 


verging towards the front edge which is very straight, with the 
edge slightly revolute. Its surface is convex, often remarkably 
so, sometimes ending ina large mesial tubercle. The mouth 
parts do not afford good family characters in distinction from 
the Sesiide and the higherBombycide—the mandibles are slen- 
der, curved, with dense sete applied upon the well developed 
maxille. Labium small equilaterally triangular. However 
there is adistinct form of the maxillary palpi, which are long, 
slender, acute, slightly ascending, but porrect; the third joint is 
long, acute, thinly scaled, and very free from. the head; the 
first and second joints very equal in length, and with long thin 
scales beneath. 

Thorax moderately stout, longer than broad. The pro-thorax 
is well developed, especially the scutum (collar), the two halves 
of which are partly separate, large suborbicular, and often gaily 
colored. The meso-scutum is small, quadrangular, shorter than 
broad, the sides bent down angularly under the patagia, which 
are halfas long as the meso-thorax in Zygena, but more gener- 
ally much longer. Scutellum nearly as long as broad, lozenge- 
shaped,the posterior half longer, being more produced than the 
anterior half. The meta-thorax much as usual, though the 
scutellum is a little longer and more elevated than in the other 
families. ‘The flanks cannot be properly described without alco- 
holic specimens, however, they are slightly inclined--the middle 
flanks occupy more than half the lateral surface of the whole 
side of the thorax, while the hind flanks are one fourth to one 
half as broad as the middle ones. Wings long and narrow, 
though often triangular, with very short nervules one third as 
long as the wing. The primaries equal the body in length; they 
are nearly three times longer than broad, while the costal and 
inner edge are more parallel than in the other moths, except 
the Aigeriade. Costa straight, apex much rounded ; outer edge 
full, half or two-thirds as long as the inner, internal angle well 
rounded. ‘The costal space isnarrow. ‘The nervules more gen- 
erally arise far beyond the middle of the wing, and are of very — 
equal lengths, thus making their interspaces very equal. The — 
s.c. nervules are unusually short, especially the fourth, while the — 
fifth equals in length the median nervules. Both the subcostal — 
and median nervules curve inwards and throw off the discal — 
nervules at opposite points, which are together curved very 
regularly inwards, thus making the discal space which is nar- 


FAMILY ZYGANIDA. 17 


row, less triangular than usual, and less angular at its centre 
and broader end. The fourth median arises much farther out 
beyond the middle of the wing than usual, and hence much 
nearer the three first, the three interspaces being of nearly the 
same size. 

Secondaries nearly twice as long as broad, though more 
generally one half longer than broad, reaching half way 
to, or more rarely beyond the tips of the abdomen. Costa 
straight, but a little convex in the middle. Apex acute and 
much produced, or obtuse. The outer edge is nearly as long 
as the costa, the internal angle much rounded, and the internal 
edge is one half to a third shorter than the outer edge. The 
neuration differs greatly asin the primaries. In the typical 
Zygeenide the subcostal goes straight to the apex, and the sin- 
gle fifth nervule arises by an angle connecting with the discal 
nervules, being equal in length to the four median nervules 
which are remarkably short, arising at the outer third of the 
wing. In Ctenucha and also in Alypia the subcostal sends off 
a branch as usual, which is not angulated near its origin, 
while the median nervure has only three branches, which arise 
near the middle of the wing. 

The legs are rather stout, but well proportioned, the joints, 
in the typical species of very uniform size throughout, and 
thinly scaled, while in the Castniares they are stouter, more 
sphingiform with long sharp spines, and hairy femora, while 
the anterior tibiee are densely pilose. 

Abdomen short, being generally twice the length of the tho- 
rax, and thick, obtusely pointed at the tip, sometimes partly 
truncate. The scales in this family are fine, powdery and 
scattered thinly over the surface, often leaving naked spots on 
the wings. Upon the thorax and head the squamation is so 
fine and thin that the different parts beneath can be often 
easily distinguished. In the Castniares the scales become 
larger, more hair-like, approaching somewhat the Sphingida. 

Often when in doubt about the position of some genera of this 
family, the peculiar dark coloration of this group aids to settle 
the question. The general color of the Sphingide is cinereous, 


that of the Bombycide is brown, the Aigeriade and Zygenide 


differ wholly in being bluish, with purplish shades of black or 
entirely black alternating with gay colors, golden, bronzed, 
or white and red. However the typical genera are ornamented 


ESSEX INSTITUTE PROCEED. VOL. IV. C. 


18 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 


with green and bright red patches (Zygena), or are wholly 
green (Ino), or as in Procris, Ctenucha and allies, deep Prus- 
sian blue, or with shades of dark brown with red about the 
head or pro-thorax. An exception to this general rule is Eu- 
dryas with its remarkable arrangement of colors. 


Of the two subfamilies into which this family is divided, the 
Castniares approach nearest the Sphinges, while the lower sub- 
family, the Zygeenine, have the closest affinities with the Aige- 
riade. They both in the structure of the head resemble much 
the Aigeriadz, since in them the clypeus is square, being 
broader in front thanin the Zygeenide. But in the last named 
group the epicranium is shorter, so that the antenne arise 
nearer the base of the head; also in the Algeriadz, the occi- 
put is nearly obsolete ; and they are remarkable from the fact 
that the head is greatly advanced in front of the insertion of 
the primaries. This is owing to the great length of the thorax, 
which agrees with the slender abdomen, and long and narrow 
wings. Owing to the last character the style of neuration 
differs from the Zygeenide in the branches of the nervures pro- 
ceeding straight out to the outer edge, and being parallel with the 
costa and inner edge, which last is greatly elongated, and parallel 
to the costa. Thus while the nervules in both families are very 
short, one third as long as the whole wing, all arising very 
near the outer edge; in the typical Zygenide they are curved 
more downwards, and are even shorter. In allthe wing charac- 
ters there is a much greater variation than in the Sesiade, and 
we have broad wings, becoming almost geometriform, being 
equilaterally triangular, as in Huremia from India and China, 
with long nervules, arising within the middle of the wings. 

Another character of importance is the form of the meso- 
scutellum which differs from the Sphingidee and Aigeriade in 
being much longer, especially produced behind, where it is much 
rounded. In Sphingide it is subacute. In the typical Bom- 
bycide (Attaci) itis perfectly square behind. The tergum of 
the meso-thorax affords better family characters than the other 
parts of the thorax. | 


Among the typical genera (Zygena, &c.) the abdomen is 
shorter than in the families mentioned above, though this is 
a character of little value. ‘ 


FAMILY ZYGAHNIDA. 19 


Larva. It is difficult to give even in general terms the 
family characteristics of the larvee of the Lepidoptera, since there 
are somany exceptional forms. In characterizing those of the 
Zygenide we select that of the European Zygena, and say 
from the figures and descriptions of authors that they are short 
and thick fleshy cylindrical larve, whose bodies taper rapidly 
towards either end. The head is very small and partially 
retractile within the anterior part of the pro-thoracic ring. The 
tip of the abdomen is likewise very small and more acute than 
in the typical form of other families. The feet are sixteen in 
number. The rings are convex, short, and with transverse rows 
of unequal tubercles which give rise to thin fascicles of very 
short evenly cut hairs, which are seldom dense enough to obscure 
in the least degree the outlines of the body, and are often nearly 
absent. Often there are one or two transverse bands of gay 
colors or of dark spots between the rows of tubercles and the 
edges of each ring. The colors are greenish or yellowish. This 
form is more especially that of the subfamily Zygeeninw. 

When we depart from this typical form and ascend to the 
neighborhood of Alypia and allies we find them elongated, with 
large heads, and with a supra-anal tubercle towards which the 
body imperceptibly increases in size: the colors are gay, and 
the long unequal sparse hairs arise from minute tubercles. This 
form is evidently influenced by the close approximation of the 
genera to the Sphinges. This is the prevalent form of the 
Castniares. On the other hand in descending towards the 
Bombycidee, we find the larvee again elongating, but not by any 
means so much go as in the Castniares, while the head still in- 
creases in size, and the body is rather thickly clothed with hair, 
with mesial tufts of larger and party-colored hairs. 

The larva of Ctenucha resembles the Arctians very remarka- 
bly. Stoll* figures the larva of a genus which resembles closely 
the larva of Halesidota, which is still longer than Arctia, being 
related to Orgyia. It is elongated, very hairy, with long pen- 
cils of party-colored hairs before and behind. ‘The pupa is like 
that of Arctia, while the moth belongs to the old genus Glau- 
copis, having feathered antenne and a Sesia-like body. 

When the larva is about to pupate, it constructs a dense 
silken cocoon generally, but Hudryas and Castnia make no 


*Supplement a l’Ouvrage, intitule Les Papillons exotiques. Par M. Pierre 
Cramer. Pl. x1. fig. 1,a, b,c, d. 


20 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 


! 
cocoon, and as we show below that of Ctenucha is formed simply 
of hairs. There is but one brood in the year, since the larve 
hybernate, and at the beginning of summer pupate, to become 
moths in the middle of the season. 

Pupa. The pupa of Zygena is represented as of a form 
intermediate between Aigeria and Arctia, being much stouter 
than the first and somewhat more so than the last. ‘The head is 
prominent and the tips of the abdomen subacute. Ctenucha is 
more arctian, while Castnia and Alypia are elongate slender, 
with the head made especially prominent by the tuberculous 
clypeus. 

In common with the Sphingide and Aigeriade, the Zyge- 
nidee are confined to the temperate and tropical regions. The 
family type Zygena has its metropolis about the Mediterra- 
nean Sea, and thence spreads to the north of Europe, and south- 
ward to the Cape of Good Hope. 2. exulans is found as far 
north as Lapland, and in vertical distribution rises 6000 to 
7000 feet in the Alps of Styria. 

The types of the Castniares however are tropical American. 
Alypia is the most northern genus, extending into the Hudson 
Bay Territories. Glaucopis and allies which form an immense 
number of species are almost exclusively tropical American. 
In Australia as Klug observes, Castnia is represented by Syne- 
mon. ‘I'he American genus Eudryas is represented by very 
closely allied South African genera. 

From the study of the illustrations of Hiibner, Moore and 
Herrich-Schaffer we are convinced that there are forms which 
lead from Castnia to Zygeena so gradually as to unite the old 
families of Castniares and Zygeenide into a single group equiv- 
alent in value to the Sphingidsw, Noctuids or Phaleenide of 
Latreille’s families of moths, first proposed in 1807 in the ‘‘ Gen- 
era Crust. et Insectorum.’’ ‘The genera Kusemia, Neochera, 


Anagnia, Milionia, Eterusia, Pintia and Agalope show this . 


transition. They have the simple antennz, in most cases; the 
broad secondaries, the long nervules, stout hairy palpi and 
bands and spots of the Castniares, with more superficial but 
striking resemblances to the Glaucopides among the Zygenide. 


It follows, therefore, that the two subdivisions of the groups — 


are subfamilies, each of which I would consider as the equiva- 
lent of the Lithosiide, the Atticidee or any other one of the 
subdivisions of the family Bombycide. 


; 
: 
; 
; 


FAMILY ZYGARNIDA. ot 


In retaining Latreille’s term “family” for these large groups 
of moths, I am aware that I go contrary to the practice of mod- 
ern lepidopterists who give names to very small groups of 
genera after raising them to the rank of ‘ families.’’ 


Subfamily Castnrares Boisduval.* 


The family name given by Boisduval to this group is adopted 
instead of Latreille’s term Hesperi-Sphinges. 

This group is a difficult one to characterize, owing to the 
great diversity among the genera, so few of which we have been 
able to examine. As it is, this description must be considered 
as but provisional. 

The most trenchant characters are, the large head, the prom- 
inent front, the long simple filiform, subclavate or subprisma- 
tic antennz, the stout bushy palpi, with the terminal joint very 
slender and projecting much beyond the head. The convex 
clypeus is square, but often narrows in front, and is provided 
with a mesial tubercle projecting beyond the hairs. The body is 
stout and the thorax often pilose. ‘I'he meso-scutum is longer 
than in the Zye@@nine, approaching more in this respect the 
Hesperiade. ‘The fore-wings are stout, broad triangular, with 
long nervules. Secondaries broad, with very obtusely rounded 
apices, while the internal angle reaches nearly to the tip of the 
abdomen, which is moderately long and terminates in a slender 
subacute tip. The legs are stout, often very hairy and some- 
what tufted. 

The larval characters given below are drawn from the cater- 
pillars of Alypia and Eudryas preserved in alcohol, and from 
figures of those of Psycomorpha epimenis Harr. drawn by 
Abbot and now in the library of the Boston Society of Natural 
History ; of the Australian Agarista glycine Boisd. (Phale- 
noides glycine Lewin) ; and of the Kast Indian genera Lwse- 
mia Dalman, Hypsa Hiibner, Anagnia Walker, Addeva 
Walker, Lyclene Moore and Bizone Walker, which are figured 
in Horsfield and Moore’s ‘“ Catalogue.” 

The body is elongated, cylindrical, the eighth ring is either 
considerably enlarged, towards which the body increasesin size, or 
it is simply humped on the upper surface of the ring. From this 
ring the end of the body rapidly diminishes in size, laterally and 


*Monogr. Zygenides, 1829. 


22 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 


especially from above where it slopes down suddenly to the 
supra-anal plate which is short, broad and lunate. 

There are six rows of small tubercles, or spots representing tu- 
bercles, which are largest above, and decrease in size on the sides 
of the body. On each ring the four tergal rows arrange their 
tubercles in a trapezoid. There are three rows on each side, 
and another row at the base of the legs. These give rise to 
single hairs, or slender spine-like hairs. The rings themselves 
are not very convex, and between the hairs and edge of the 
ring are crossed by bright or dark colored narrow lines or rows 
of spots which gives the larvee a gay appearance. 

The head is rather large and free from the pro-thorax. It is 
broad above, as well as below, and three-fourths as wide as the 
body. The clypeus is larger and its anterior division long, 
being equal in breadth to the length of the posterior division : its 
edge i is not thickened, but when seen from beneath is slightly 
arched upwards. 

The labrum is not very deeply bilobate. Hach lobe may be 
divided into an outer corneous portion and an inner softer fleshy 
part. The labium and maxille are large and broad. 


CastNIA Fabricius. 


In examining Castnia, a moth which is so completely Hes- 
perian in its analogies, we are not at all baffled in ascertaining 
its family characters. Though with the broad head, long thorax 
and peculiar shape of the wings which belongs to the Hesperians, 
and the form of the abdomen of that group it still differs essen- 
tially even in these parts. 

The head is one half narrower, the clypeus is still square, 
and the antennz are inserted much higher up the front than in 
Hesperia. The epicranium (vertex) is one-half shorter than in 
Hesperia. The antennz do not differ greatly from Zygeena, 
and often resemble that genus much more than the antenna of 
the Sphingidz. The palpi are more like the higher butterfliess 
in Alypia they are more like those of Hesperia. 

The meso-thorax, as well as the pro-thorax, is greatly elong- 
ated. The meso-scutellum is very long and rounded behind 
instead of being short and acute posteriorly as in the Bomby- 
cide; in this “respect closely resembling the Bolen and 
butterflies generally. 


In the triangular primaries, with their regular] y curved costa, 


FAMILY ZYGENIDA. 23 


the produced and acute apex, and the very straight outer edge 
and rectangular internal angle; and in the peculiar form of the 
secondaries, the analogies to the Hesperians are remarkably 
close. This is shown especially in the fact that the internal 
edge of the secondaries is longer than the outer edge, much of 
which goes to make up the broadly rounded apex. They also 
reach out even with the tip of the abdomen; in Coronis, 
Cocytia and Alypia they are considerably shorter. 

But in considering the neuration, we find it pursuing a plan 
very diverse from all the butterflies, which ata glance reveals 
the affinity of Castnia to the other Zygenide. The subcostal 
nervule in the butterflies throws off its five very short nervules 
upon the costa. In Castnia all the nervules are remarkably 
long, and are directed in just the reverse direction from the 
Hesperians, i. e., downwards and outwards upon the outer edge. 

The four median nervules are remarkably long and continu- 
ous with the nervure. In Hesperia and other butterflies the 
first median often becomes the ‘‘ independent’’ of authors, and 
the: three below are grouped together separately. Castnia 
and the allied genera have an additional nervure, the submedian, 
which is generally in the Lepidoptera obsolescent. In the 
secondaries the subcostal is like that in Hesperia, but there 
are four median nervules, while in Hesperia there are three 
only, and they are much longer, arising very near the base 
of the wing. 

The coloration and squamation which are so near the Hespe- 
rians have always been remarked by authors. 


ALYPIA Hiibner. 


Head small; front long, pilose, the scales surrounding the 
conical projection of the clypeus, but not concealing its apex. 
Antenne. long, a little thickened in the middle, with scattered 
lateral setae. Clypeus square, the front margin very obtusely 
rotund-pointed. First and second joint of the palpi stout, 
pilose ; third joint long slender; the whole palpus porrect, the 
third joint passing beyond the front of the head. 

Thorax more then usually pilose, especially the pro-thorax 
and patagia. Wings short and broad. ‘The primaries are one- 
half as broad as they are long, being broadly triangular. ‘The 
nervules are rather short, and arise at a greater angle with the 
main nervures than in Hudr yas. Secondaries rounded, trian- 


24 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 


gular, the outer margin full, rounded at the apex and also at 
the internal angle. 

The legs have the first pair of femora and tibiz densely 
spreading pilose and stretched out in front of the body as insome 
Notodontians. ‘The hind pair of legs are large and long, with 
stout tibize armed with two unequal pairs of spines, of which the 
terminal pair is the shorter. 

In coloration the species are black moths with large white and 
yellow rounded patches upon both pairs of wings, and with deep 
vermillion upon the pro-thorax. 

Pupa. ‘The specimen described is from, the cast skin, con- 
sequently broken, from Dr. Harris’ Cabinet, kindly loaned me 
by Mr. Scudder. Compared with that of Eudryas the body is 
not at all contracted at the base of the abdomen, there being a 
continuous curve from the pro-thorax to the tips of the abdomen, 
while that of Hudryas is very sensibly contracted at this point. 
The head is too much injured to describe. The pro-thorax 
differs in being square behind, where in Eudryas it is a little 
pointed. The meso-scutellum is not at all defined in outline, 
nor is the whole meso-notum so much produced behind, being 
more bluntly rounded, thus making the meta-thorax longer. 
The wings are in form, relative size and position as related to 
the abdominal rings, much as in Eudryas. The basal abdominal 
rings are beneath, broader than in Eudryas, and the spiracles 
are much more distinct. 

The abdomen tapers much the same in both genera, the chief 
difference lying in the tenth ring and the genital parts. This 
ring is much smaller and one-half shorter. Seen from above 
the ring is larger; the upper pair of tubercles are broad and 
squarely docked, and the tergum is lengthened out even with 


them, while the surface has longitudinal ruge. The lateral — 


tubercles are obsolete. Beneath is a distinct curved line, which 
is the trace of the claws of the anal legs of the larva. This 
mark is obsolescent in Eudryas. The larva previous to pupa- 
ting constructs an earthen cocoon, like that of Av geria, ac- 
cording to Harris. 
Eupryas Boisduval. 

Head rather large, eyes and ocelli large and full. Antennze 
not thickened in the middle, with short lateral sete in the male 
and pubescent beneath. Front prominent, densely pilose, ‘eggs 


the hairs hardly conceal the conical clypeal tubercle, which 4 


FAMILY ZYGZHNIDSZ. 25 


last is very large and truncated at the apex. The clypeus in 
front is square. Palpi large, porrect; two basal joints evenly 
pilose to the tip of the second. Third joint small, cylindrical, 
short, porrect reaching nearly one-half its length beyond the 
front. 

Thorax pilose, with a broad median crest of metallic-colored 
scales, succeeded by a dorsal row of similar tufts upon the basal 
half of the abdomen which diminish in size from the thorax. 

Wings shaped as in Alypia, but the primaries are more 
rounded at the apex, internal angle rounder. The nervules are 
nearly continuous with the direction of the main branches. Sub- 
costal nervules long, first subcostal arising one-third of the distance 
out to the apex of the wing. ‘The hind wings hardly reach to the 
outer fourth of the abdomen, being much as in Alypia. Outer 
margin a little scalloped below the apex, below straight and 
parallel with the costa of the primaries. Discoidal nervules 
situated within the middle of the wing. The femora and tibix 
of the fore-legs are very pilose, forming a dense tuft projecting 
in a mass over the first tarsal joint. Hind pair of legs stout, 
with longer tibial spines than in Alypia. 

The very intimate relationship of this genus to Alypia may 
be better seen after a more detailed comparison. 

The head of the genus under consideration is much larger, 
the eyes are nearly twice larger, more globular, and occupy a 
larger extent of the sides of the head. The whole front of 
Alypia is proportionally narrower than that of Eudryas, the 
ocelli and antenne are therefore more approximate in the former 
genus. The occiput is much developed in Alypia, occupying a 
much larger area than in Eudryas, where it forms but a narrow 
rim. The convex epicranium is larger in Hudryas, being twice 
as broad as long, and having a slight ridge between the ocelli. 
In Alypia it is nearly two-thirds as long as broad, convex, and 
narrow in comparison with HKudryas. The clypeus in Alypia 
is very distinctly rectangular, the sides being exactly parallel, 
and the angles well pronounced, while the same piece in Kudryas 
narrows rapidly anteriorly, is longer than broad and has the 
angles of the anterior edge a little rounded. Both genera pos- 
sess a large truncated conical tubercle rising from the surface of 
the clypeus a little in advance of the middle, but itis smaller 
and slenderer in Alypia. 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. D. 


26 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 


The mandibles of Alypia are equilaterally triangular, as is also 
the labrum. In Eudryas these parts, at least in the specimens 
at hand, are much lessdeveloped. Beneath, the head of Kudryas 
is narrower between the eyes, and the labium is larger and longer 
than that in Alypia. The antenne of Alypiaare most Zygenid 
in character, being swollen a little beyond their middle: those 
of Eudryas are Noctuid, being filiform, tapering gradually toward 
the tip, and setose. The palpi of the two genera do not differ 
essentially, though in Eudryas they are stoutest, most thickly 
scaled, and the most depressed, being porrect, while the third 
joint does not go so far beyond the front as in Alypia. They 
also agree in the structure of the legs: in both the fore tibize 
are thickly tufted, but especially soin EKudryas, wherein this 
genus resembles closely some Notodontians. In both genera 
also, the hind tibize are large and thick with four nearly equal 
spurs, but longer and more slender in Eudryas. 

The wings agree very nearly in outline. In Eudryas the 
costa of the primaries is straighter, the apex more rectangular 
and also the outer edge is straighter than in the other genus. 
The neuration is very similar in both genera, but Eudryas has 
its nervules longer, arising at about the middle of the wing, 
while in Alypia their origin is carried farther out beyond the 
middle; thus the first, second and third subcostals are farther 
apart at their origins, longer and more parallel to the costa, 
since by their decrease in length in Alypia, they go to the costa 
and apex more rapidly and at a greater angle. In Kudryas the 
third subcostal subdivides at the inner third of its length, 
but in Alypia nearer its middle. The intercostal space has the 
inner side shorter than the outer in Eudryas, while in Alypia 
it is longer than the outer side. ‘The fifth subcostal remains 
in the former genus attached to its nervure, while in Alypia it | 
is detached, being removed towards the middle of the median 
area. The nervules of the median are more approximate at 
their origins in Eudryas. The first and second median are 
nearest together at their origin in the last named genus; the 
second and third are nearest together in Alypia, where also. the 
median area of the wing is shorter and broader than in Eudryas, 
which has a longitudinal crease reaching from the base of the 
wing to the point of juncture of the two discal nervules. 

The secondaries also agree remarkably well in their form and 
neuration. The nervules are still very long. But the first 
median in Eudryas is continuous with its nervure, and its origin 


FAMILY ZYGENIDZ. yan ¢ 


is identical with that of the lower discal nervule, while the 
course of the nervule in Alypia is much more flexuous. 

The abdomen in Alypia preserves the peculiar family form ; in 
Eudryas however it is slenderer and gradually tapers towards 
the pencilled tip. 

The Bombycid characters of Kudryas are found in the pecu- 
liar squamation : i. e., in the thickly scaled thorax, the middle 
of which is covered with the steel colored large and broad scales 
which occur in the same place in Tolype, and it resembles He- 
terocampa and Datana, near which the genus was placed by Dr. 
Harris, who has given quite full details about the habits in his 
descriptions of the two species #. grata and £. unio. 

Mr. F. W. Putnam has observed the larvee of EL’. grata feed- 
ing on the grape vine in Bridport, Vt., and collected the larvze 
and pupze in alcohol, which are in the Museum of Comparative 
Zovlogy at Cambridge. The moth of F. wnio has been collected 
by a friend in Bangor, Maine. 

Dr. Fitch has raised the larvee of both species from the grape. 
He says of E. unio* that it ‘‘is equally common with the pre- 
ceeding, and the worms are so much alike that we as yet know 
not whether there are any marks whereby they can be distin- 
guished from each other.” p. 599. 

Larva. The head is ofgood size, being three-fourths as 
wide as the body. It is nearly as broad across the vertex, as 
in front, above it is rather deeply impressed by the median line. 
The V-shaped epicranium is large not sunken below the level 
of the front; its apex is rather blunt, its sides bulge out 
from the apex to the anterior third of its length, where it is 
slightly contracted; and when it joins the clypeus its edge is 
linear. The short transverse clypeus is as broad as the epicrani- 
um is long, its front edge being straight and very slightly raised. 

The labrum is divided half of its length by a sinus, into two 
lobes which are farther sub divided into two portions, the outer 
corneous and hard, and shaped somewhat like the mandible of 
the mature moths of this family, while the inner portions meet 
on the median line, and are more fleshy. 

The two jointed antenn are placed directly opposite the 
thick sub triangular truncated mandibles. 


*Third Report Insects N. Y. 1856. 


28 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 


The labium and basal portion of the maxille are broad and 
thick. 

The body is elongated and gradually increases in width to 
the eighth ring, which is much enlarged and raised into a 
hump, from which the body rapidly narrows, and the tergum 
falls down at an angle of about 45° to the broad lunate supra- 
anal plate. 

The rings are slightly convex; across their middle is a row 
of tubercles ending in hairs equal in length to that of the ring 
itself. Upon the tergum of each ring are four large tubercles 
arranged in a broad trapezoid, two in front and two more dis- 
tant, on the middle of the ring; on the thoracic rings these 
tubercles are arranged in a single transverse line and on the supra- 
anal plate in a square. Below is a lateral row of similar warts, 
one for each ring, immediately below which is the row of stig- 
mata, behind which, on each ring, is a minute wart. On the 
pleural line of the body, formed by the triangular raised portion 
of the side of each ring is a tubercle; and at the base of all the 
legs is a single similar wart. On the sternal side of the body 
on the segments between the legs, is a transverse row of smaller 
warts than those above, which are inclined to be geminate 
between the true and false legs. There is a distinct thickening 
of the skin on the sides of the anal legs, as in the Bombyces. 

The coloration of the body generally, is a light hue, with 
linear transverse tergal stripes, about six for each ring, and 
nearly black in color, which are interrupted near or between the 
tubercles. | 

On the vertex of the head are four black spots; below in a 
curvilinear line are three black spots on each side of the epicra- 
nium, and two on the front edge of the clypeus. Around 
the V-shaped apex of the epicranium are smaller dots. There 
is a single dot within and opposite the eyes which are arrang- 
ed in a line forming a little more than a semicircle. All these 
spots give rise to minute hairs. 

In another lot (which may possibly be the young of E. unio) 
are some smaller than the specimens noticed above. ‘The head 
is much the same, but the clypeus is smaller, and its sides do 
not bulge out. The spots on the head are the same, but the 
eyes are not surrounded with black. The eighth ring is more 


distinctly humped. The whole body is smoother, since the 
tubercles in Eudryas grata are here merely black spots, and 


much smaller, so that the transverse tergal lines are much more 


FAMILY ZYGENIDSA. 29 


prominent. There are no hairs on the body, while in Eudryas 
grata they are prominent. 


Pupa. Dr. Harris (p. 427) merely remarks that “ the 
chrysalis is dark brown, and rough with elevated spots.”” The 
whole body is elongate and rather slender; both the head and 
pro-thorax taper continuously towards the clypeal tubercle, 
which is quite prominent. ‘The antenne do not reach to the 
end of the wings. The pro-thorax is twice as broad as long; 
slightly carinated. The sides of the body are continuous and 
straight from the base of the wings to the fourth abdominal ring, 
while the body itself is hardly depressed or constricted at the 
juncture of the thorax and abdomen. ‘The wings meet upon the 
sternum, reaching to the middle of the body. Fifth to seventh 
rings of the abdomen separated by deep sutures, while the sur- 
face of each ring is flat, not convex, with two rows of small 
teeth ; while lower down on the sides of the body are four tuber- 
cles, being the remnants of the two middle pairs of prop legs. 
The remaining rings are less angulated. ‘The tips of the abdo- 
men is obtusely conical, ending in four tubercles, the pair above 
long and truncate, those below broad and short. On the under 
side are two minute approximate tubercles. 

The whole chrysalis is of a dark mahogany brown, with the 
surface finely granulated. 

Length, .80; breadth, .20 inch. 


Subfamily Zy¢HZNINA. 


We use for the subfamily name one previously employed by 
Swainson in 1839 for a family of Sharks. He was evidently 
mistaken in saying that Cuvier was the first to adopt the name 
Zygena. That name was long before proposed by Fabricius 
in 1775, and adopted by Latreille in 1807. 

The head is large and prominent; the front very convex, 
nearly square, with the angles well defined, with rather long or 
short scales. The occiput and epicranium together equal in 
length the clypeus which is square, convex. The antenne are 
inserted therefore midway between the front edge and the base 
of the head. They are in the typical genus simple, much 
thickened towards the extremity or, as in the lower genera, well 
pectinated. ‘The two ocelli are situated at either end of the 
raised suture or ridge between the occiput and epicranium, and 
immediately behind the insertion of the antenna. ‘The eyes 
are large, globose. Labrum short and broadly triangular. 


30 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 


Mandibles long and narrow, the tips incurved, the dense set 
on the inner side converge over the base of the maxille, which 
last are well developed, reaching when unrolled, nearly to the 
posterior trochanter. The three-jointed labial palpi are large 
and long, ascending, and often reaching beyond the front by the 
length of the third joint. The joints are nearly equal in length, 
from the two basal joints depend long scales; those on the third 
are short and generally fine. 

Thorax but moderately stout, being a little wider than the 
abdomen. ‘The two prothoracic scales (scutum) large, orbicular 
and very distinct. Patagia often largeandlong. Meso-scutum 
shorter than broad. ‘The large scutellum encroaches upon it, 
being one-half and sometimes two-thirds as large as the scutum. 
It is a little longer than broad, very equally produced before 
and behind, being longitudinally somewhat lozenge shaped. 

Meta-thorax short, scutellum transversly linear, while the 
scutal pieces are small and narrow, being crowded away on the 
sides of the thorax. 

Wings long and narrow, and the nervules arise beyond the 
middle of the wing in nearly every genus, being much shorter 
than usual, and having their origins very approximate and equi- 
distant. Primaries nearly three times as long as broad. Costal 
edge convex near the base and towards the obtusely rounded 
apex. The outer margin is on the average one-fourth shorter 
than the internal margin with which it is nearly continuous, the 
internal angle being obscure. 

Marginal and subcostal nervures at nearly equal distances from 
each other, subcostal nervules short, their origins approximate, 
and all arise beyond the middle of the wing. Third generally 
forked. Fourth either independent, being removed towards the 
middle of the discal space, or simply branching out from its ner- 
vure as usual. 

The four median nervules are very short, nearly equal in 
length ; their origins nearly equidistant, all four being grouped 
closely together, since the fourth is remarkably short. Sub- 
median often present, or its place when absent indicated by 
a well marked fold. Internal long, terminating near the end 
of the fourth median. o 

Secondaries long, narrow, and acute, rarely short and 
obtuse. Costa long, inner margin one-half as lougas theouter, 
Nervules generally short and very equal in length, Discal 
space divided by a well marked curve; discal nervules directed 


— S| . a 


a i 


FAMILY ZYGANIDA. Si 


inwards to meet it. Subcostal and median nervulesas described 
in the primaries. Submedian most often present. 

The trochanters are very nearly vertical, or in the slender- 
bodied genera much inclined, and are then long and slender. 
Legs long and slender, all the joints slender, and of very uniform 
thickness ; the tibial spurs are small, the tarsal joints long, very 
slowly diminishing in size. 

The abdomen is hardly twice as long as the head and thorax 
together, generally stout and obtusely pointed at the tip, which 
is rarely tufted ; sometimes slender. ‘he scales that cover the 
body are fine and powdery; on the wings they are especially 
so, and are often absent in the middle, making them transparent. 
Moths of this family are of brilliant rich and gay colors, being 
of different hues of green, deep blue, black, black and white; 
red and brown, yellow and black, and white and red with bright 
bands and spots. The crust of the body is often shiny black. 

The characters of the typical larvae and pupz have been con- 
sidered under those of the family, and farther on in the descrip- 
tion of Ctenucha. 


HARRISINA nov. gen. 


Under this name may be placed the Procris americana of 
Dr. Harris, Aglaope coracina Clemens and another undescribed 
form from the middle states communicated by Mr. F. G. San- 
born. Without attempting to improve upon Dr. Clemens’ ex- 
cellent description of this genus*, we would merely point out 
some marked differences from Procris Fabr. and Aglaope 
Latr. From the latter genus Harris statest that the amer- 
icana entirely differs. With Fuessly’s figure of Latreille’s 
infausta from Southern Europe before us, which has broad ~ 
wings and bright colors, and differs throughout, we are con- 
vinced of Boisduval’s mistake in referring our species to it. 

However it differs nearly as much from Procris vitis and 
allies of Kurope. The wings are a third longer and much nar- 
rower, the apex is much more rounded and the outer margin 
much more oblique. One of the best distinctions lies in the 
very ovate secondaries of americana, owing to the convex outer 


* Contributions to American Lepidopterology, vu, p. 539. 


t Loc. cit. p.33. 


32 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 


edge, which in Procris and Inoas wellas Zyge@na, is angulat- 
ed in the middle, thus giving the wing in those genera a squarish 
appearance. ‘The nervules are longer and more parallel with 
the costa. When expanded the secondaries only reach to the 
basal third of the abdomen, while in Procris they reach to the 
basal two-thirds. The abdomen is remarkably square, a little 
flattened and slightly spreading in the female of Harrisina, 
in Procris it tapers gradually to an obtuse point. 

Dr. Harris has given ample details of the history and trans- 
formation of the americana, and it is most appropriate to 
dedicate to his memory the genus to which it belongs. 

Dr. Fitch also gives the following summary of its aspect 
and habits. ‘‘In August standing in a row side by side on 
the under surface of the (grape-vine) leaf, eating its edges, 
and leaving only the coarse veins, little yellow worms about 
-60 (inch) long and slightly hairy, with a transverse row 
of black spots on each ring; forming their tough oblong oval 
cocoons in crevices; the moth appearing the following July.” 
Third Report, 1856, p. 398. 


Harrisina SANBORNI noy. sp. Another interesting species 
belongs here, kindly loaned me by Mr. Sanborn, to whom 
it is dedicated. It is half the size of HA. americana, has 
shorter wings; primaries with a more convex costa, while 
the costa in the secondaries is straight. The neuration also 
differs. ‘The costal nervure goes more rapidly towards the 
costa, and in fact the whole costal area is broader, the median 
nervures are more angulated at their origins, and are wider 
apart, with consequently larger interspaces than in H. amer- 
icana. The abdomen is much shorter. The antennz likewise 
differ in having stouter pectinations. 

It would at first, from the similarity of its colors, be easily 
mistaken for a dwarfed americana, but it differs throughout. 
From Dr. Clemens’ A. coracina, of which unfortunately no 
measurements are given by that author, it will be known by 
having a saffron collar which is however smaller than in amer- 
icana. 


Our species is wholly deep blue black, the tinge being decid- 


edly bluish and not greenish as in americana. Length, fe- — 


male. 20 ; Exp. wings, female, .61 inch. 


We would place after this genus, Pyromorpha dimidiata 4 
H.-Sch., Exot. Schm. 1855, of which Malthaca perlucidula — 


Se eee. ee 


FAMILY ZYGAENIDA. 33 


Clemens Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sc. Nov. 1860, is evidently a 
synonym. Of the former genus a figure was simply published, 
Dr. Clemens has however given a careful description of the 
genus as named by him. 


CrenucHa Kirby. 


In 1889 Dr. Harris* placed Ctenucha as a subgenus of 
Glaucopis immediately after the subgenus Lycomorpha, and 
including "a semidiaphana Harris in it, gives generic charac- 
ters to suit the admission of this last named species. 

In 1854 Walker}+ divides the genus Ctenucha into four 
groups of species. Group 1. Cvtenucha proper, includes C. 
latreillana Kirby. Group 2. Philoros, includes three species 
from Mexico and New Grenada. Group 3. WScepsis, includes 
a single species S. fulvicollis, and group 4. Aglaope is 
restricted to A. americana Boisd. for which Mr. Walker thus 
makes a new synonym Citenucha americana Walker. His 
description of the species is copied verbatim from Harris, except 
that the measurements are omitted, though three specimens are 
referred to as coming from Georgia, and ‘presented by E. 
Doubleday Esq.” p. 286. 

In 1860 Dr. Clemenst excludes Aglaope americana Boisd. 
and divides Ctenucha into four groups, with C. latreillana 
Kirby as the type, discarding Walker’s subgenera Philoros 
and Scepsis. 

We venture to say that of all the species referred to this 
genus by Walker only C. virginica Grote (latreillana Kirby) 
and C. cressonana Grote belong properly to it, and would limit it, 
for the present, by the characters subjoined. Clenucha virgo 
H-S. from the “ Antilles’ belongs to another genus. 

Mr. A. R. Grote has shown$ that Ctenucha latreillana Kirby 
is the Sphinx? virginica Charpentier. Edit. Esper’s Exot. 
Schm. Sphing. Exot. 1830 Plate 2, fig. 3 male, 4 female. He 
says also, ‘“‘I have taken it indamp woods in the vicinity of Buf- 
falo, N. Y., as well as along the Canadian shore of the Niagara 
River. It has also been reported to me as having been taken in 
different parts of the Eastern and Middle States.”’ 


* Cat. N. Amer. Sphinges. . 
{ List of Lep. Brit. Mus. Pt. II. Lepidoptera Heterocera. London, 1854, 
Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil. Nov. 1860. p. 587. 
§ Proceedings Ent. Soc. vou. 11 Dec. 1863, p. 384. 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. KE. 


34 _ PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 


In this genus the front. of the head is as broad as the distance 
from the insertion of the antenne to the front edge of the cly- 
peus, being full and convex. Ocelli large. Hyes full and 
globose, of the usual size. When denuded the clypeus is seen 
to be short and scutellate, as long as broad, rising between the 
antenne into a low obtuse point. In front it sweeps rapidly 
away from the eyes, rising from them, while the front edge 
contracts rapidly, the sides being slightly excavated just behind 
the square subtruncate front edge, which seen from below is 
somewhat arched. On the surface is a slight mesial ridge ex- 
tending and increasing in size to the base of the piece. The - 
two pieces behind, i. e., occiput and epicranium are together in 
‘length equal to the clypeus, so that the antennze are situated 
very exactly midway from the base to the front of the head. 
The “‘vertex’’ of the head is clothed with much longer scales 
than the frontal ones which project out between the antennex. 
The occiput is regularly transversely oblong, being about four 
times as wide as long. The epicranium is narrower, subtrian- 
gular, truncate in front ; and at its base encroaches a little upon 
the occiput, than which it is one-fourth longer. The triangular 
labrum is short, broad and obtusely pointed. Mandibles slen- 
der, being nearly twice as long as: broad, not very acute, with 
long sete converging over the maxillz which are well devel- 
oped, and when unrolled reach to the base of the abdomen. 
The palpi are long and slender, of good size, porrect, somewhat 
flexuous in their course, curving downward at their base, and 
then rising a little, in front of the head, while their tips are a 
little depressed. First joint nearly as long as the second, with 
long depressed scales beneath, but generally the scales are fine, 
Second joint twice as long as broad, and with the third 
which is a little shorter and acute, reaches out in front of the 
clypeus. 

Antenne half as long as the primaries, with long finely 
scaled pectinations, each of which bears a terminal seta. In the 
female the pectinations equal in length that of the joints of 
the antenne. . 

Thorax and body generally, stout and finely scaled. Patagia 
large free from the tergum beneath,reaching behind nearly to 
the posterior edge of the meso-scutellum, while its posterior 
scales reach to the base of the abdomen. The prothoracic scales 
are orbicular, large, and are unitedly considerably broader than 
the head. Meso-scutum short, broader than long; seutellum 


aan 


FAMILY ZYGANIDA. 85 


large and pentangular, the longest side being the posterior 
edge which is a little convex, and scarcely angulated in the 
middle. Wings broad; the primaries a little less than half. 
as long as broad. Costa full, convex towards the apex, which 
is rounded acute. Outer margin half as long as the costa, 
more than usually oblique. Inner edge two thirds as long as 
the costa. The costal area is very narrow in this genus, since 
the subcostal runs very near the edge of the wing, and its 
first, second and third nervules are very long and parallel to 
the costal edge. ‘Third subcostal simple, the fourth arises 
midway between the apex of the wing and the origin of the 
second subcostal. Fifth slightly removed towards the middle 
of the discal area, arising directly opposite the first and: 
second median nervules, the origins of which are united, the 
second being straight, while the first and third are arched, the 
last named one arising very near the two first. They then 
enclose a very regular semioval area. Fourth median arises 
at a distance from the third equal to the length of the two discal 
nervules, which are straight, and unitedly are directed exactly 
at right angles to the costa. 

The secondaries are broadly triangular, reaching nearly to 
the tips. The costa is decidedly convex within its middle, the 
apex is produced, but very much rounded, as in the internal 
angle, though the inner edge is itself very straight, and is one 
half as long as the costa. The lower discal nervule is directed 
obliquely outward, and both are curvilinear. The space between 
the first and third median is acutely triangular, since the ner- 
vules are nearly straight. 

The legs are long and slender, the hind tibix with two pairs 
of small acute unequal spurs, of which the inner pair are the 


smaller. Hind tarsi longer than the hind tibiz, and the first 


tarsal joint is a little shorter-than the three succeeding ones 
taken together. Abdomen twice the length of the thorax, pro- 
vided with minute lateral tufts, slowly tapermg towards the tip 
which is subacute, though not abruptly pointed. 

The colors of the genus are deep indigo blue, with a smoky 
tinge on the primaries, a lighter blue abdomen and saffron 
“collar.”’ ‘The nervules may be concolorous or as in the very 
interesting ‘C’. cressonana from Pike’s Peak, described by Mr. 
Grote—to whose kindness [ am indebted for a specimen of this 
rare ‘species—the median and submedian nervules are white 


‘and thus remarkably distinct. ‘The size of the genus is large, 


both species expanding two inches and a half. 


36 ' PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 


I find after receiving a specimen of C. cressonana from 
Mr. Grote that there’ will have to be no modification of the 
generic characters given above, which were drawn from a 
single species C. virginica Grote. In the first named species 
the palpi are more curved up in front of the head than in the 
latter, otherwise the differences are merely those of coloration. 

Larva. ‘The head is large, being nearly as wide as the pro- 
thoracic ring. The vertical region is largely developed, and is 
considerably narrower above than in front. .The epicranium is 
small, being nearly equilaterally triangular, the clypeus is nar- 
rower than the epicranium is long, and is raised, thickened, and - 
its front edge distinctly convex. The labrum is short, and divided 
‘into two remote broad and short lobes. The mandibles are very 
broad, short obtuse and thick. The labium and maxille can 
not very well be made out in my specimen, they are fleshy and 
with no determinate form for comparison. 

The body is short and rather thick, the rings moderately 
convex, and in consistence the skin is softer and more flexible 
than usual. On each side of the body are six rows of tubercles 
—the tergal ones much the largest. There are on each ring of 
the abdomen four tergal warts, arrayed in a broad trapezoid, 
becoming linear in position on the thoracic rings, and on the 
supraanal plate. ‘These tubercles give rise to dense fascicles 
of evenly cut hairs, which radiate out on every side so as nearly 
to conceal the body, and give it when viewed from above a regu- 
_ lar broad elliptical form, with very even sides. The eighth 
ringis not enlarged, but the body from that ring tapers posteriorly 
rather rapidly to the tip, though not by any. means so much so 
as in Kudryas. The abdominal legs are short, thick and hairy 
and the thoracic legs are still more bristly. 

The hairs on the upper part of the larve are collected intoa 
mesial line of slight tufts. The head seen from above is con-. 
cealed by dense overarching hairs. True and false (abdominal): 
legs covered by lateral radiating hairs. The outline of the ter- 
gum is hardly tufted, but rather scalloped, the scallop on the 
third and twelfth rings of the body being the most prominent, 
becoming short thick tufts. The hairs when magnified are seen 
to have long thickset spinules. 

The specific characters are these. The body of the larva is 
purplish livid covered with white and yellow hairs. Those 
hairs on the first two thoracic, and last two abdominal 
rings are all white. The head is a bright shiny red, black in 


FAMILY ZYGENIDA. ST 


front. There is a subdorsal and lateral row of bright yellow 
elongated spots, one for each ring, which are conspicuous 
through the hairs. Thoracic legs black, abdominal legs red- 
dish, nearly concolorous with the head. 

A few specimens in the fourth (?) stage, i. e.: that next to 
the last moulting differed thus: They are more oblong in out- 
line. Those hairs which in the fullfed larva were described as 
black are here white. The mesial line of scallops here become 
actual tufts and black in color, of which the first and last are 
the longest. The hairs overarching the head and tip of the 
abdomen are whitish gray. The colors of the body and the’two 
rows of yellow spots are the same as in the mature larva. The 
‘‘frass’’ is short thick cylindrical with no markings. 

These larvz in both the stages of growth above described were 
found June 6th, 1862, on the. spears of grass, which grew ina 
sunny place upon a high neck of land running out into Casco 
Bay, Maine. Most of the caterpillars were feeding, a few 
mature larvee were running about restlessly. A year after at 
the same place but a single specimen in the fourth (7) moul- 
ting was found May 16th. This one was kept in confine- 
ment until J uly 8th. Towards the last it languished until 
numerous Braconid larve issued in different directions from the 
body and spun their silken cocoons in a bunch upon the outside 
of the larva, when it died. 

June 13th the Ctenucha larva began to construct its cocoon. 
Early in the morning it described an ellipse upon the side of - 
the glass vessel of hairs plucked from just behind the head. 
From this elliptical line as a base, it had by eight o’clock built 
up rather unequally the walls of its cocoon; in some places a 
third of the distance up, by simply piling upon each other the 
spinulated hairs, which adhered firmly together. At four 
o'clock in the afternoon, the arch was completed, and the larva 
walled in by a light thin partition. Soon afterwards the thin floor 
wasmade. No silk isspun throughout the whole operation. I 
afterwards carefully examined portions of the cocoon under the 
microscope, and could detect no threads of any kind. 

Four days after, the pupa appeared, and July 15th the moth 
came out. The female laid. smooth green spherical eggs in a 
patch, side by side upon the side of the vessel, which hatched 
out July 28th. The young larvee were about twice the size of 
those of Orgyia when of the same age. They had large heads, 
and the body gradually decreased i in size towards the opposite 


38 PACKARD, NOTES ‘ON THE 


extremity. The hairs were sparse, long and rather uneven, much 
resembling young Orgyix. Owing to my absence the larvee 
could not be raised. It will be seen that the larva lives twelve 
days in the egg, about ten months as a larva, since there is but 
a single brood in the year, and they must hybernate when two- 
thirds grown; it spends about twenty days in the pupa state, 
and but a few days as a moth. : 

I have taken the moth late in July at Perry, Me., and early 
in August at Brunswick. It flies in the hot sun, hovering over 
flowers, and is not difficult to capture, smce its flight is not 
strong or rapid. In cloudy days it clings to the stems of 
plants, and can be easily taken with the hand. . 

A good illustration of the larval characters of the family 
compared with those of the Bombycide, is seen in the growth 
of the young Ctenucha, which at first has.a very large headiand 
long ‘unequal hairs, like the larve of Orgyia and in a less ‘de- 
gree like the Ceratocampade in their first stage. Afterwards 
in the third and fourth stage of growth they resemble the 
Bombycide in having tufts of longer hairs than those around 
and differmg from them in color. This act of throwing off the 
characters of a lower family in the course of its growth, is an 
index of the relative rank of the two groups. ‘The ‘young 
Ctenucha thus resembles a mature Arctian perhaps as much 
as any Bombycid, but no particular genus, since the reser- 
blance is only very general. Stoll’s figure, before referred to, 
shows usa perfect.-Zygeenid, evidently higher than Ctenucha 
which resembles strikingly Halesidota which ‘is one of ‘the 
lowest Arctian igenera. If we follow the general law of em- 
bryology ‘too rigidly ‘in ‘classification we shall be led into occa- 
sional errors. 

Pura, female. The pupa is short and thick, approaching rather 
closely in form that of the Arctiang, being shorter than that of 
Eudryas. Seen from above the body is of nearly equal thick- 
ness from the thorax to the fourth abdominal ring, thence it 
diminishes a little in size, until‘at the eighth ring it suddenly 
terminates in a mucronate point. At ‘the third abdominal rig 
however the body is somewhat swollen. zak Sirk 

The head is of good size but not at all prominent, ‘very 
slightly projecting beyond the pro-thorax, with which it is very 
continuous since ‘there is no clypeal ‘tubercle. The vertex 
(epicranium and occiput) forms a continuous "piece with ‘the 
clypeus ; next to the pro-thorax it ‘spreads ‘out, and ‘has ‘a slight 


FAMILY ZYGHNIDZ. 39 


mesial ridge, continuous, with that, of the pro-thorax. The 
scutellate clypeus is as long as the base is broad, the sides 
narrow somewhat towards the square front edge. There is an 
appearance of a short transverse oblong piece like that in the 
pupa, (the clypeus-anterior Newport?) to which are attached 
the minute triangular labrum, and on each side are the mandi- 
bles, whose form cannot be distinctly made out.. The space 
between them is filled in with a piece whose surface is longitu: 
dinally convex.* 

The eyes cover a. much broader space than in the imago but 
are flatter, from their under side depend the broad flattened, 
maxille, whose bases are exeavated next the eyes, the inner side 
being the longer, and between them is a minute triangular piece, 
the homologue of which in the imago we do not know. They do 
not extend along the abdomen quite so far as the antenne, 
whose tips partially embrace them. ‘The antenns are crossed 
by the sutures which define the joints, which are very short. 
Only two pairs of legs are exposed in the pupa. The hind pair 
are long and narrow especially towards their base, while the 
more anterior (probably the first pair) are twice as broad as 
the others near their base. All these appendages with the wings 
extend as far as the posterior edge of the fourth abdominal ring, 

The wings are not broad, and the outer edge is much more 
oblique than in Eudryas. 

The thorax is very short. Pro-scutum consisting of the two 
scales united into one piece by a raised median line; convex 
behind, in front deeply excavated by atriangulur incision. The 
surface of the meso-scutum is very convex, the hind edge 
rounded and encroaching deeply into the meta-scutum, which 
is very short, expanding triangularly on the sides. 

On the sternal side of the ninth ring are seen the traces of 
the genital armor of the imago, cohsisting of two triangular 
pieces closely approximated upon the mesial line of the body, 
appearing as if coming out from under the eighth ring, since 
the ninth is carried under the preceeding one at this point. A 
longitudinal impressed line in the middle of the tenth ring 
marks the site of the anal opening. The two minute obtuse 


* The accuracy of this description of the mouth-parts will have to be tested 
by renewed observations The supposed division of the clypeus into two pieces, 
which do not appear in the imago, is of great interest in a morphological 


point of view, 


40 PACKARD, NOTES ON 


spines which are very closely united terminate the obtuse tip of 
the abdomen, and are no doubt homologous with the supraanal 
plate of the larva. ' 

The surface of the pro-thorax and abdomen is finely punc- 
tured. The color of the pupa isa uniform dark shiny mahogany. 

Length, .65; breadth, .20 inch. 

While the form of the pupa of Arctia Isabella is almost iden- 
tical in its general outlines and proportions with Ctenucha, 
there are still important differences which it will be interesting 
to notice. The head parts are less distinctly marked; the 
vertex and clypeus are broader; the antennz and legs are very 
much shorter, not reaching to the ends of the wings, which meet 
in front of them, and are united at their tips by a distance 
equal to the length of the fourth abdominal ring. The wings 
of Arctia have the outer edge very much less oblique than in 
Ctenucha, the thorax is much longer throughout; the female 
genital armor is the same, though the ninth ring is longer, and 
the supraanal spine is a large flattened single stout spine, its 
edges terminating in two slender small spines. 

One imago died just as it was breaking through the pupa 
case, affording a means of ascertaining the mode of exclusion of 
the imago. The meso-scutum was split widely apart, throwing 
the pro-thorax with the head and its mouth-parts forward and 
downwards ; this act likewise forced outwards and downwards the 
wing, thus allowing the feet and wings of the immature imago to 
become exposed to the air long enough to harden, and thus serve 
to aid the moth in freeing itself from the rest of the body, which 
remains whole, after the moth has escaped from it. The 
antenne were also drawn out and extended in front of the head ; 
to effect this, the eyes of the pupa were evidently separated 
from the pro-thorax, thrust downwards by a space equal to the 
width of the antennz, which were then enabled by the splitting 
asunder of the antenne and wings of the pupa, to be extended 
forward. | 

By the pectinations of the antennz, the specimen is evidently 
a female, its genital armor agrees exactly with that of the pupa 
above described, so that the sexes of the two are the same. 

The hairs of the body within the pupa case are the same in 
density and coloration as in the mature moth. 


iy Scepsis Walker. 7 
The head is larger in proportion to the rest of the body than 


FAMILY ZYGENIDA. 41 


in Ctenucha, since it is a little broader than the pro-thorax, 
while in Ctenucha it is not as broad. The vertex is not so 
thickly scaled, the front edge of the clypeus is broader and 
straighter, thus making the whole clypeus square, as long as 
broad since the sides do not narrow so much as usual towards 
the front edge. Upon removing the scales, the occiput and 
epicranium are together equal in length to the clypeus. The 
occiput is transversely oblong, and divided by a mesial impres- 
sion into two halves, considerably shorter than broad. The 
epicranium is subtrapezoidal, narrowing rapidly in front, and 
bilobed anteriorly by a deep mesial impression. The two 
ocelli are situated, not on either of the pieces, but just below 
the antenne, and at each side of the suture between the two 
above mentioned pieces. The clypeus isa little longer than 
broad. At its base it is obtusely angular between the antennx ; 
its sides narrowing slightly towards the front edge, which is 


nearly square. On the basal half of the piece is a narrow 


ridge. Mandibles very slender, directed outwards, with long 
fine dense bristles. Labrum small, equilaterally triangular. 
Maxille well developed, reaching when unrolled beyond the 
base of the abdomen. 

Antennee like those of Ctenucha, but with longer and more 
hairy pectinations. In the female the pectinations are stouter, 
clavate, ending in setee which are more apparant than in Ctenucha. 
Palpi ascending, acute and slender, reaching beyond the front 
by a distance equal to that between the bases of the antenne. 
Thorax rather slender, a little longer than broad. ‘The scutal 
pieces of the pro-thoraxare united closely along the medial suture, 
each half not being so separate, or so orbicular as in Cienucha. 
The patagia are narrow, not reaching to the end of the meso- 
scutellum. Owing to the thin scanty squamation the form of 
the tergal pieces of the thorax can be very distinctly seen: the 
meso-scutellum is hardly as long as broad, and is very obtusely 
pointed behind. It is much narrower and longer than in Cten- 
ucha: so also the meta-scutellum, which is rounded behind, and 
very slightly produced into a slight obtuse angle. 

Primaries three times as long as broad, being long and nar- 
row. Costa straight to the outer third, whereit is curved slowly 
around to the somewhat produced apex. Outer margin one- 
half as long as the inner, very oblique. ; 

The costal nervure terminates at the outer third of the wing, 
and runs very close throughout its length to the edge of the 

ESSEX INSTITUTE PROCEED. VOL. IV. F. 


42 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 


wing. , First subcostal arises very near the upper discal ; second 
subcostal arises a little beyond the middle of the first subcostal; 
third subcostal is short, and arises a little beyond the middle 
of the distance between the apex of the wing and the origin of 
the upper discal nervule. ‘The fourth subcostal branches off 
very near the apex, and is very short, being but one fourth as 
long as the fifth subcostal, which last arises at a less angle from 
its nervure than in OCtenucha. The discal nervules are much. 
more curved inwards than in Ctenucha. The median beyond 
where it throws off its fourth median is bent upwards exactly 
parallel with the costa. Though longer, the nervules are thrown | 
off from the nervure much as in Ctenucha, but the distance be- 
tween the origins of the third and fourth median is proportion- 
ally greater than in Ctenucha. | 

Secondaries not quite half as broad as they are long, being 
much produced towards the apex, and behind reaching to the basal 
third of the abdomen. Costa straight, convex near the base. 
Apex acute. Outer edge nearly three times as long as the 
inner; straight on the outer half of its length, but becofning a 
little convex towards the internal angle, which is well rounded, 
while the inner edge itself is straight. The subcostal goes re- 
markably straight to the apex where it curves a little down- 
wards ; it throws off a single straight nervule a little within the 
outer third of its lengtb. The upper discal is a third longer 
than the lower, which is the stouter of the two ‘The three 
first medians are very short, one third as long as the whole me- 
dian, the third shortest. First curved, second and third straight, 
fourth curved downwards near its origin. The submedian is 
obsolete at its basal third, the terminal portion being more like 
a nervure than a mere fold. It is close to the internal and re- 
mote from the median. Internal straight, cutting off a large 
triangular area comprising the internal angle. 

Legs rather long, slender, thinly scaled, the spines minute 
and weak. ‘T’he hind legs differ from Ctenucha in being much 
slenderer not at all swollen. There are the same proportions © 
in the length of the joints. . 

Abdomen broad, and acutely pointed at the tip in both sexes, 
with slight lateral tufts along the sides. The female tip is more 
obtuse than in the male, thus approaching female Procris with its 
truncated tips, more than Ctenucha with its simple pointed tip. 
The genitals are simple and concealed within the eighth ring of 
the abdomen. ‘There is apparent a-tergal piece, and a sternal 


FAMILY ZYGENIDA. 43 


pair of short clavate appendages. Without more alcoholic speci- 
mens of this and the other genera it is useless to study these parts, 
which a casual inspection ‘of dr y specimens assures me afford 
excellent generic and specific characters in this family. 

In coloration it differs from Ctenucha in the saffron pro-thorax, 
and dark head, and the semihyaline secondaries. 

While at first sight distinguished from Ctenucha by its long 
wings and slender body, and obtusely pointed, almost triangular 
tip of the abdomen, and the difference in the tergum of the tho- 
racic rings, there are additional characters which separate the 
two genera, and show conclusively that Scepsis should be con- 
sidered as a group of equal value with Ctenucha itself, and not 
a subgenus of it. These are: the curved palpi which are consid- 
erably shorter ; the thicker clavate pectinations of the antenne, 
the marked differences in the neuration, and the slender hind 
femora. The.clypeus is much wider, and the mesial ridge is 
not so prominent or so long asin Ctenucha, the clypeus of which 
narrows much more rapidly towards the front edve. 

Toehow how accurately, in insects at least, the generic char- 
acters can be discovered from the inspection of a single species 
of the group, I would state that the above description was 
drawn up from specimens of S. fulvicollis only. Upon com- 
paring afterwards specimens of a Californian species in the Mu- 
seum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge, which is closely 
allied to the species first mentioned, I find that the characters 
considered above as generic will in no case have to be altered. 
In the Californian species the style of coloration is the same, the 
palpi are a little more curved, the antenna are the same, so 
also the pro-thorax, the neuration is identical throughout, and 
there is the same broad obtusely pointed tip of the abdomen. 
The specific distinctions are these; a light tint of brown, a 
brownish abdomen, instead of deep blue, and a more hairy 
thorax than in S. fadvicollis ; while in size, the two species are 
much alike. 

Scepsis fulvicollis Walker is found in Canada West (St. 
Catharines, Coll. 8. H. Scudder) It will no doubt occur in 
southern New England. 


LycomorpHa Harris. 


The front of the hea is provided with long scales extending 
to the base of the maxillze. When the head is denuded, the 
clypeus is broadly scutellate, the length being equal to the 


44 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 


breadth, with the basal margin produced backwards and en- 
croaching more upon the epicranium than usual. The front edge 
contracts suddenly into a square portion resting above the man- 
dibles and maxillz. The epicranium is small and short, deeply 
impressed by a mesial line and divided thereby into two trian- 
gular halves; while the occiput is transversely oblong, being 
twice as broad as long. 

The antennz have short setiferous densely scaled pectinations; 
in the female they are serrated, the teeth terminating in single 
sete. Mandibles rather long and slender projecting out beyond 
the scales of the front. 

The body of this genus is long and narrow, slender. The 
thorax is narrow, and the pleurz of each thoracic segment are 
very oblique. Pro-thoracic scales (being the two halves of the 
pro-scutum) ovate elliptical. The meso-scutum is remarkably 
small, being shorter than broad, and no longer than the scutel- 
lum, which is of much greater length than usual. The form of 
this last piece is much different from what we find in Cienucha. 
In form it is pentagonal, the front edge being transverse, the 
two posterior sides forming a triangle, while the two anterior 
sides are, though nearly parallel, yet slightly divergent. Wings 
remarkably long and narrow: primaries nearly three times as 
long as broad, being remarkably long and narrow as in the 
Lithosiz. Costa straight as far asthe apex, which is much 
rounder than usual, as is also the internal angle, while the inner 
edge is but one-fourth shorter than the costal. The nervules 
arise remarkably equidistant, and their origins are much shorter 
and nearer the outer edge than in the allies of the genus. The 
short subcostal nervules run rapidly to the costaledge. First, 
second, and fifth of equal lengths, the third not branched and 
equal in length to the fourth, while the originssof each are 
opposite the inner third of the fifth, which arises near the middle 
of the discal space. Two discal nervules of equal length meet 
to form an angle pointing inwards, from which a fold is 
thrown inwards along the middle of the discal space. 

Median nervules much straighter than usual, their interspaces 
oblong and of very equal size. Origins of second, third and 
fourth equidistant. Submedian nervure long and distinct. 

Secondaries long and narrow, the apex much produced, the 
inner angle not reaching to the tips of the abdomen. Costa 
convex, a little excavated just before the apex. Outer margin 
two-thirds as long as the costa, angulated slightly on the second 


= 


. 


FAMILY ZYGANIDA. 45 


median. Inner edge very short, being one-half as long as the 
costal, First and second subcostal nervules nearly equal in 
length. The upper discal is very long and oblique, and with 
the lower discal is parallel with the outer edge of the wing. 
But three median nervules present. First, obsolete ; second 
and third parallel; third and fourth shorter than the second and 
directed downwards. Distance between the two first median 
nervules one-third as great as that between the third and fourth. 

The slender abdomen is a little more than twice the length 
of the head and thorax. ‘The male genital armor is large and 
well developed in the genus. The two tergal pieces consists of 
a semielliptical horizontal piece, beneath which comes out 
another tergal piece of the same length, but linear, and curving 
downwards and inwards. The side pieces are large, concave, 
broad and long. nearly meeting beneath, along the mesial line 
of the body. Hach piece is widest in the middle, thence nar- 
rowing rather rapidly, becomes truncate at the extremity, end- 
ing in a pair of hooks separated by a deep sinus. 

The coloration is prussian blue, with saffron bases to the 
wings, somewhat as in Pyromorpha. 

Compared with other genera of the subfamily this inter- 
esting genus presents some notable differences, all the characters 
being, as it were, influenced by the close relationship to the Litho- 
sie. This is seen in the dentated antennee, neither simple as in 
the Lithosixz, or pectinated as is the rule in its own group. 
The Lithosian characters also appear in the head, in the form 
of the clypeus especially ; and in the unusually slender boily, 
with its narrow wings, and elongated scutellum of the meso- 
thorax. Though after all the Zygnid characters prevail so 
extensively that it is a little strange that observers after Dr. 
Harris’ tithe should change his location of the genus to a 
place among the Lithosiida. Though the larva is a lichen- 
feeder and thus in this early stage is like Lithosia and allies, 
we must consider the insect as simply analogous in its habits as 
well as structure to that genus, and not be misled by these very 
strong resemblances. 

T have taken L. Pholus on the wing in the daytime about 
stone walls on which lichens were plentiful, in Brunswick, 
Maine. 


ANATOLMIS nov. gen. 


Head of moderate size, broad and short. Occiput and epi- 
cranium together equal in length to the clypeus; epicranium 


46 PACKARD, NOTES ON THE 


bilobate, much as in Lycomorpha, with much the same propor- 
tions. The clypeus is very broad, scutellate, just as broad as 
long, covered with broad flat scales which converge towards the 
median line. Eyes small, hemispherical, their diminished size 
adding to the breadth of the broad clypeus between them. An- 
tenn situated nearly midway between the front edge and the 
base of the head; rather slender, with very short broad _pectina- 
tions, equalling in length the joints, and covered densely, espe- 
cially on the sides, with stout hairs, and terminating in a single 
seta. Maxille well developed, longer than the head is broad. 
Palpi long porrect, reaching beyond the front: third joint min- 
ute conical subacute, nearly continuous with the second, which 
is not very broad. 

Body slender, thorax not much broader than abdomen; wings 
remarkably long and narrow. Primaries a little more than 
three times as long as broad; costa very straight, a little con- 
vex on the outer third; apex rounded ; outer edge very convex, 
very skort; inner edge remarkably long, and nearly parallel 
with the costa, very straight, the usual convexity near the in- 
sertion very slight. 

Costal very near the margin and impinging on the middle of 
the first subcostal; third subcostal of very equal length, first 
curved towards the costa, the third shorter than first; fourth 
branched within its middle, enclosing a narrow long triangular 
apical interspace ; fifth, not removed from its nervule at its ori- 
gin. Median nervules arise at the outer third of the. wing. 
First and second are united at their base ; third and fourth, are 
equidistant from the second. Submedian curve long well mark- 
ed, but no nervure. Very long internal nervure. Fringe 
rather long, especially just below the apex. : 

Secondaries very long, twice as long as broad, n&rrow trian- 
gular, hardly reaching to tip of abdomen. Apex much produ- 
ced, though obtuse. Costa very straight, outer edge very long, 
remarkably straight , internal angle rectangular not reaching 
much beyond the base of the anal tuft. 

Subcostal subdivides near the outer fourth of the wing; first 
and second median very short, nearly parallel; third, very re- 
mote but of the same length. | 

Legs long and slender, finely scaled. Hind tibial spurs very 


small unequal acute, inner pair very remote, and half as large. 


as the terminal pair. Tip of abdomen provided with large anal 
valves, of unusual size, being laterally broad lanceolate. 


FAMILY ZYGENIDA. 47 


The squamation is fine and powdery. Compared with Lyco- 
morpha, to which it is nearest allied, besides the very different 
style of coloration, the primaries are narrower, costa straighter; 
secondaries more triangular, owing to the rectangular inner an- 
gle. But in the structure of the head, of the antenne, of the 
thorax and abdomen it agrees closely with Lycomorpha, and 
these characters are those which place it without doubt in the 
Aygenide, though after a casual glance one would not hesitate 
to callita Lithosian. The bluish scales of the body, the: dark 
mahogany colored tegument, the fine powdery squamation, and 
the slender very equally jointed legs and pectinated antennx aid 
in determining the true systematic position of this interesting 
genus. 

From the resemblance to the parallel genera Hypoprepia 
and A/o/mis, among the Lithosiidee, I have proposed the name 
above given. 

A. Grotei nov. sp. Vermillion red and smoky purple ; head 
an(l appendages purple, thorax red; primaries red throughout 
except the purple fringe and the edge of the outer third of the 
costa. Secondaries red on the basal third, beyond smoky pur- 
ple; the red extends from just within the middle of the inner 


-edge to near the apex upon the costal edge. Legs purple, con- 


colorous with the abdomen. Beneath colored the same as above. 
There are no other markings on the wings. 

Length, .388; exp. wings, 1.20 inch. 

Pike’s Peak, Colorado Terr. (Coll. Phil. Ent. Soc.) 

Dedicated to Mr. A. R. Grove, to whose kindness in secur- 
ing for study this and many other rarities I am under special 
obligations. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


Poate I. Fig. 1. Ctenucha virginica Grote. la, Palpus enlarged. 
1b, Head denuded and enlarged. 1c, Primary wing. 1d, Secondary wing. 

Fig. 2. Larva seen from above. 2a, side view. 2c, front view of head 
enlarged. 2d, last abdominal ring seen from above. 

Fig. 8. Young larva, after the fourth moult. 

Fig. 4. Pupa seen from above. 4a, side view. 


Puate II. Fig. 1. Alypia octomaculata Hubner, head denuded and 
enlarged. la, Primary wing. 15, Secondary wing. 

Fig. 2. Pupaof Hudryas grata Boisduval. 2a, dorsal view. 

Fig. 8. Head of the same, denuded and enlarged. 3a, Primary wing. 
8b, Secondary wing. 

Fig. 4. Lycomorpha Pholus Harris, head denuded and enlarged. 4a, 
Primary wing. 4b, Secondary wing. 


48 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


IV. Catalogue of the Birds found at Springfield, Mass., 
with Notes on their Migrations, Habits, §c.; together 
with a List of those Birds found in the State not yet ob- 
served at Springfield. By J. A. ALLEN. 


( Communicated May 2, 1864. ) 


Nearly all the land birds known to inhabit New England are 
found in the Valley of the Connecticut, at one season or anoth- 
er ; and during spring and fall the number of passengers from 
the northern to the gouthern parts of the country, and vice 
versa, is immense; even some of those species usually esteemed 
quite rare occur in considerable numbers. The number of in- 
dividuals of land birds, during the periods of migration, seems 
to be much greater at Springfield than at most localities in the 
eastern part of the State ; yet some species are more numerous 
in Eastern Massachusetts than at Springfield ; and some are 
common there through the breeding season, which at Spring- 
field are almost unknown, or at least occur in much fewer num- 
bers. Among such may be mentioned Coccyzus americanus, 
Hirundo bicolor, Carpodacus purpureus, the Ammodromi, 
&c. The rapacious birds, owing to the absence of extensive 
woods, are comparatively rare, especially in summer and win- 
ter, and the water birds are limited to the fresh water or river 
Ducks and Gralla, which are, with few exceptions, far from 
numerous. 

Among some of those species noticed as of very rare occur- 
ence here, may be mentioned Nyctale Richardsonii, Picoides 


arcticus, Centurus carolinus, Helminthophaga peregrina, ° 


Hi, celata, Dendroica tigrina, Icteria viridis, Mimus poly- 
glotius (found breeding), Melospiza Lincolnii, Coturniculus 
Henslowti, Corvus carnivorus, &e. The “ Turdus alicia” 
of Baird, I have found to be not rare; and froma careful exam- 
ination of many specimens of both 7. alicie and T. Swainso- 
nii, have found alicie to be based on faintly colored specimens 
of Swainsonii, and not to be a distinct species, as heretofore 


BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 49 


supposed. This subject is noticed at length under Twrdus 
Swansonii. 

Springfield being situated near the northern confines of the 
Alleghanian Fauna, some of the more southern species found 
here are represented merely by a few individuals in the breed- 
ing season, while the southern limit of many others properly 
belonging to the Canadian Fauna is removed but a few miles to 
the north, varying from sixty to one hundred miles in the Val- 
ley of the Connecticut, and in the mountainous districts of Wes- 
tern Massachusetts falls nearly as low as Springfield. 

I have designed to include no species, in the following list, 
which I have not known taken or observed in the immediate 
vicinity of Springfield, (except in the case of a few Ducks, 
noticed below, ) preferring to err in omitting some really existing 
in the prescribed region than to include a single species not be- 
longing to the locality. I have introduced, however, those very 
probably occurring, which have not, to my knowledge, been 
observed here; but these are not reckoned as a part of the list. 
The times of migration given are generally an average of ohser- 
vations covering several years. 

In order to render the list as complete and valuable as 
possible, I have not failed to solicit aid from others, and 
am pleased to be able to acknowledge valuable assistance ; 
chiefly from Messrs. C. W. Bennett and L. Hyde, whose 
very complete collection of our native birds forms a val- 
uable part of the collections of local natural history in the 
‘Kthnological and Natural History Museum” established a 
few years since in Springfield; to Mr B. Hosford, for various 
useful notes, and to Dr. Wm. Wood, of East Windsor Hill, Ct., 
who has kindly furnished me with many valuable facts, particu- 
larly in reference to the water birds. ‘The names of contribu- 
tors follow the facts resting on their authority. Several of the 


_ Ducks included in the list, (Aythya vallisneria, Bucephala 


albeola, Harelda glacialis, Melanetia velvetina,) are inserted 
from their having been taken on the Connecticut River, by Dr. 
Wood, some fifteen miles below Springfield; and though not 
known to have been taken here, undoubtedly occur, and have 
only been overlooked from a want of more thorough searching 
on the part of collectors. The whole number of species inclu- 
ded in the Springfield list is one hundred and ninety-five ; the 
number of those found in Massachusetts not observed at Spring- 
field is ninety-two, of which the greater part are truly coast 
species. 
ESSEX INSTITUTE PROCEED. VOL. IV. G. 


50 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


In order to give a complete list of the birds of our State, I 
have appended a catalogue of those found in Massachusetts not 
yet noticed at Springfield. No species is includéd of which 

. there is not good evidence’ that it has been taken in the State. 
Some occasional visitors may have been overlooked, but it is 
believed such instances are few. Those probably occurring 
but not to my knowledge detected, are also mentioned but are 
not counted as a part of the list. To present a general view 
of the Ornithology of our State in a condensed form, I 
have appended tabular lists of those birds that are resident the 
whole year in the State, those that breed, those that are sum- 
mer, winter, or spring and autumn visitors, and those that 
are merely rare, occasional, or chance visitors, &c. 


1. Falco anatum Bonap. Duck Hawk. Very rare. 
One or two pairs are known to breed regularly on Mount Tom, 
some fifteen or twenty miles north of Springfield. Nest on the 
rocks, very early in the. season, the young being full grown by 
the last of June. Mr. C. W. Bennett, who gives me these 
facts, took some young birds from the nest a few years since. 
This species has also been found breeding on Talcott Mountain, 
Ct., a few miles south-west of Hartford. Four nearly full-fled- 
ged young were taken from the nest June 1st, 1861, and the 
female was shot.* (Dr. W. Wood, in Hartford, Ct., Times, June 


24th, 1861. See a valuable series of twenty-one articles, by - 


Dr. Wood, on the Rapacious ‘“ Birds of Connecticut,’”’ publish- 
ed in the Hartford Times, March 14th to August 9th, 1861.) 
2. Hypotriorchis columbarius Gray. Pigeon Hawk. Very 
rare. Seen in spring and fall. May ‘th, 1861, obtained a 
male in perfectly adult plumage. — 
3. Tinnunculus sparverius Vieill. Sparrow Hawk. Not 
common. Seen in spring and fall. Has been found breeding 


at Williamstown, Mass. - (Brewer’s N. Am. Ool. pt. I. p.17.) : 


4. Astur atricapillus Bonap. Goshawk. ‘Partridge Hawk.” 
Winter visitant. Usually rare, but was quite common in the 


winter of 1859-60. Arrives about the first week in November. 


* Since the above was written, the eggs have been obtained (April 19th, 
1864,) from a nest on Mount Tom, by Mr. C. W. Bennett, of Springfield. 


The female was also obtained, and the identity of the eggs ascertained 


beyond question. 
Nf Sad 


\ 


by 


ES 


BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. ol 


9. Accipiter Cooperii Bonap. Cooper’s Hawk. ‘‘ Chicken 
Hawk.’? Common summer visitant, breeding, but is most nu- 
merous in September. | 

6. Accipiter fuscus Bonap. Sharp-shinned Hawk. ‘ Pi- 
geon Hawk.” Summer visitant, breeding; common, particu- 
larly in spring and fall. 

7. Buteo borealis Vieill. Red-tailed- Hawk. ‘‘ Hen 
Hawk.’ Probably resident, but most numerous in fall and 
spring, and breeds here. 


8. Buteo lineatus Jard. Red shouldered Hawk. Not un- 
common, arriving early in spring, and breeds here. Is most 
common in autumn, when those that breed further north are 
migrating southward. 

9. Buteo pennsylvanicus Bonap. Broad-winged Uawk. 
Quite rare; breeds. 

10. Archibuteo lagopus Gray. Rough-legged Hawk. 
Winter visitant. Not common, except occasionally, and in par- 
ticular localities. 


11. Archibuteo sancti-johannis Gray. Black Hawk. Rare 
winter visitant. 

12. Cirens hudsonins Vieill. Marsh Hawk. ‘ Blue 
Hawk.” ‘ Bog-trotter’’ of sportsmen. Common summer vis- 
itant; arrives early in March, and nests on the ground in the 
marshes, often many years on the same site. It is by far our 
most common Hawk. oth sexes incubate. 


13. Halictus lencocephalus Savigny. White-headed Ka- 
gle. ‘‘ Bald Eagle.” Not common; sometimes breeds on Mt. 
Tom, about twenty miles north of Springfield 

14. Pandion carolinensis Bonap. Fish Hawk. A few 
are seen along the Connecticut and its tributaries during the 
spring months. Have never heard of its breeding in this vicinity. 

15. Bubo virginianus Bonap. Great Horned Owl. ‘ Cat- 
Owl.” Rather common. Resident, but seems to be more com- 
mon in autumn and winter. | 

16. WScops asio Bonap. Mottled or Red Owl. -‘‘ Screech 
Owl.” Resident, and probably our most common species of Owl. 

17. Otus americanus Bonap.*. Long-eared Owl. Not 


* Strix americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, (1728) 288; Otus Wilsontanus 
Less. Traité d’Orn., I, (1832) 130.—Why the specific name americanus 
has not been adopted for this species by the later ornithologists I cannot 
perceive, it being that having the priority of all others. 


a ‘ 


52 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


common. - Probably resident, but most frequently taken in au- 


tumn. 
18. Brachyotus Cassinii Brewer. Short-eared Owl. Re- | 


- gident. Rather common in autumn and winter. Dr. Wood 


has found it breeding in Connecticut, a few miles from Spring- 
field. 

19. Syrnium nebulosum Gray. Barred Owl. Quite 
common. Resident. 

The Great Gray Owl (S. cinereum Aud.) may occur occa- 
sionally, but I have never known it taken here. 

20. Nyctale acadica Bonap. Acadian Owl. “ Little Owl.” 
Pretty rare. Resident. | | 

21. Nyctule Richardsonii Bonap. Richardson’s Owl. Ve- 
ry rare winter visitant. Obtained a specimen in December, 
1859. A specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, 
Cambridge, taken at Malden, Mass., and one taken by Dr. W. 
Wood, in East Windsor, Ct., were obtained the same winter. 

22. Nyctea nivea Gray. Snowy Owl. Winter visitant, 
and usually rare; in some winters quite common. Has been 
taken third week in November. | 

23. Coecygus americanus Bonap. Yellow-billed Cue- 
koo. Extremely rare; in the eastern’ part of the State it 
occurs frequently. Though it has been an object of special 
search with collectors here for several years, but one specimen 
has been obtained. Dr. Wood says it is ‘‘ very rare’ at East- 
Windsor Hill, Ct., where he has found its nest and eggs. 

24. Coccygus erythrophthalmus Bonap.  Black-billed 
Cuckoo. Rather common summer visitant, arriving about 
May 10th. 

25. Picus villosus Linn. Hairy Woodpecker. Resident, 
but quite rare in summer; more common in winter. | 

25. Picus pubescens Linn. Downy Woodpecker. Resi- 
dent, and common at all seasons. ; | 

27. Picoides arcticus Gray. Black-backed . Three-toed 
Woodpecker. A very rare or accidental winter visitant. The 


only specimen I have known taken here I shot in January, 9 


1860 ; a Woodpecker, however, was seen here for several 
weeks in March of the same year, which I think, from deserip- 
tions of it, must have been this species. oe 


Gr 
[eS 


BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 


28 = Sphyropicus varias Baird. Yellow-bellied Woodpeck- 
er. Not common, and only seen in fall and spring when mi- 
grating. [have never seen this species in summer, and do not 


’ think it breeds here, though they breed plentifully on the hills 


in Western Massachusetts, twenty or thirty miles west of 
Springfield. (W. H. Niles.) 


29. Centurus carolinus Bonap. Red-bellied Woodpecker. 
Summer visitant. Accidental. Saw one May 13th, 1863. It 
has been taken several times in Connecticut, but occurs in New 
England only as a straggler. Found in the breeding season in 
Western Massachusetts by Prof. Emmons. (Peabody’ s Rep. on 
the Birds of Mass.) 


30. Melanerpes erythrocephalus Swain. — Red-headed 
Woodpecker. Very rare summer visitant. Have taken but 
two specimens in five or six years. Three were taken in 1860 
by Messrs Bennett and Hyde. <A few are still known to breed 
within about twenty miles, in several directions, (at Amherst, 
Mass., C. W. Bennett.) Twenty-five or thirty years ago they 
were very abundant here. 

81. Colaptes auratus Swain. Golden-winged Woodpecker. 
“Yellow Hammer.’ ‘‘ Wakeup.’’ Summer visitant, breeding 
very abundantly. Arrives about the first of April or last week 
in March ; leaves about October 12th. 


82. Trochilus colubris Linn. Uumming Bird. Common 
summer visitant, breeding plentifully. Arrives early in May, 
and in August is very abundant wherever the Impatiens fulva 
abounds. 


v8. Chetura pelasgia Steph. Chimney Swift. ‘‘ Chim- 
ney Swallow.” Abundant. Usually arrives about the first of 
May, but are frequently seen the last week in April; greater 
part leave early in September, but some often remain till the mid- 
dle of September, and even sometimes till near the first of Oc- 
tober. Arrives earlier and commonly remains later than any of 
the true Swallows, except perhaps Hirwndo bicolor. Raises 
two broods, the last ea sometimes not leaving the nest be- 
fore August 15th or 20th. 


34. Antrostomus vociferns Bonap. Whip-poor-Will. Com- 
mon summer visitant, arriving about April 25th. <A few of the 
males are musical till into September; have heard them 
throughout the summer till September 25th, about which time 
they leave us. 


54 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


35. Chordeiles popetue Baird. Night Hawk. Common 
summer visitant Arrives early in May, and departs south 
early in September. Many leave in large straggling parties 
during the latter part of August. 

36. Ceryle alcyon Boie. Belted Kingfisher. Common. 
Chiefly a summer visitant, arriving in March, but a few usually 
remain about open streams during winter. 3 

37. Tyrannus carolinensis Baird. King Bird. Sum- 
mer visitant, breeding very abundantly. Arrives about May 
10th, and departs early in September; usually by the 10th or 
12th, sometimes by the Ist. 

38. Myiarchus crinitus Cab. Great-crested Flycatcher. 
Rare summer visitant Have taken it May 15th, and Sept. 
17th. Breeds on Mt. Tom (C. W. Bennett), and in some oth- 
er parts of the State. 

39. Sayornis fuscus Baird. Pewee. Phoebe. Common 
summer visitant, arriving about the last of March. Begins 
nesting in April, and have found freshly laid eggs the middle | 
of August, it raising two, perhaps occasionally three, broods, . 
in @ season. . 

40. Contopus borealis Baird. Olive-sided Flycatcher. . 
Summer visitant; not very rare. Arrives about May 12th, : 
and breeds in high, open woods, far away from which it is sel- | 
dom seen. Leaves about the middle of September. 

41. Contopus virens Cab. Wood Pewee. Very common 
summer visitant, breeding in the open woods quite abundantly, © 
and occasionally in orchards. Arrives about May 15th, and 
leaves September 10th to 15th. | 

42. Empidonar Traillii Baird. Traill’s Flycatcher. Rath- 
er rare summer visitant; arrives May 10th to 15th, and prob- 
ably breeds. ‘ 

43. Empidonax minimus Baird. Least-Flycatcher. A- 
bundant summer visitant. Arrives the last of April; some- 
times as early as April 20th. Most abundant in orchards and 
cultivated grounds, where it commonly breeds, but also fre- 
quents open woods. Leaves before, or by, the middle of Sep- 
tember. Exceeds in abundance all the other Hmpidonaces 
taken together. 

44. Empidonar acadicus Baird. Acadian Flycatcher. 
Rather rare summer visitant. Breeds in swamps and low 


: 


BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 55 


moist thickets, which are its exclusive haunts. Under Muasci- 
capa querula (Small Green-crested Flycatcher), Wilson, in a 
few words, has very correctly indicated the habits and notes of 
this species. It is the most spirited and tyrannical of all our 
Eimpidonaces, with wltich its sharp, quick note, like que- 
queah, uttered sharply and hurriedly, arfd its erect, Hawk-like 
attitude eminently accord. It is very quarrelsome with its own 
species, a battle ensuing whenever two males meet ; they pursue 
each other fiercely, with snapping bills and sharp querulous 
twittering notes. It is also a very shy and difficult bird to 
collect, frequenting exclusively, so far as I have observed, 
thick alder swamps and swampy thickets, keeping either 
concealed among the thick bushes, or at too great a distance 
from the collecter. 

45. Himpidonax flaviventris Baird. Yellow-bellied Fly- 
catcher. Rare. Have taken it from May 15th to June oth. 

46. Turdus mustelinus Gmelin. Wood ‘Thrush. Sum- 
mer visitant; arriving May Ist to 10th. Not common, usually 
breeding in deep, moist woods. Is more terrestrial in its habits 


‘than the other Wood Thrushes. 


This species has commonly been described by authors as re- 
markable for its shyness of man, and for selecting for its haunts 
the most secluded woodlands ; and though this is generally true, 
there are some noteworthy exceptions. So far as I have seen, 
however, it is not so recluse in its habits as has been very gen- 
erally supposed; having found it (in May) where there were 
but few trees anda scanty undergrowth, and even within the 
limits of a thickly peopled village. Mr. W. H. Hall has inform- 
ed me of a nest of this species, which he found in the summer 
of 1861, built within a few yards of the road leading up Mt. 
Holyoke. or three successive summers a single Wood Thrush 
has lived among the elms and maples of Court Square, Spring- 
field, spending the whole season in its immediate vicinity, pour- 
ing out his melodious strains at early dawn, and at various 
hours of the day till late in the evening, as wholly undisturbed 
by the people on the walks beneath him, or by the noise and 
rattle of moving vehicles in the contiguous streets, as though in 
the usual wild-wood haunts of his species. His superior musi- 
cal powers have caused him to become a well-known and 
protected favorite with the people, familiarly searching for 
his food along the gravel walks of the Square. 


es 


56 -J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF © 


47. Turdus Pallacii Cabanis. Hermit Thrush. ‘Abund- 
ant in spring and autumn. Seen in small parties from April ~ 
15th to May 10th in spring, and in fall from October Ist 
till November, sometimes till the 10th, commonly in swamps 
and low woods, and occasionally in open, plowed fields. Never » 
sings while here, and is quite unsuspicious. Have not found it 
breeding here. : ‘ 

48. Turdus fuscescens Stephens. Tawny Thrush. Wilson’s 
Thrush, Veery. Abundant summer visitant. Breeds in swamps 
and low woods, nesting on or very near the ground, beginning 
to sit the first week in June; have found its eggs May 29th. 
Arrives about May 10th, and leaves early in September. Dur- 
ing the summer months is quite arboreal in its habits, collect- 
ing a large part of its insect food among the foliage of the 
trees. It is the most numerous here of all the woodland s 
Thrushes, and the only one that breeds here in abundance, and 
the only one, excepting 7. mustelinus. Have found three 
nests in an hour’s walk. , : 

49. Turdus Swainsonit Cab. (T'urdus Swainsonit and 
7’. alicie of Baird.) Swaingon’s Thrush. Olive-backed Thrush. 
Common in spring and fall. Seen in spring from May 15th to 
June 8d, usually in small parties about woodlands, but often : 
frequents open fields, and even gardens; is quite unsuspicious, E 
and seldom sings while here. : sank} 

After a critical examination of a very extensive series of spec- 
imens, including many fresh, I am forced to the conclusion 
that 7. alicia and 7’ Swainsonii form but one species. I have 
carefully studied the bills, feet, wings, size, and proportions for 
specific differences, and find that, though there is more or less 
variation in all these, as there is among individuals of almost 
every species, there is nothing that approaches to constant spe- 
cific difference. Indeed, the principal character that has ever 
been urged as separating them is that of the color. But this I 
find is not a constant character. I have had specimens before 
me during the last year exhibiting every gradation in the color 
of the breast, sides of the neck, eye circle, &c., froni the strongly 
buff-tinted of the true 7. Swainsonii to the pale gray of the 
typical ‘‘alicie,’”’ where the buff was scarcely perceptible or 
quite obsolete. — | Suk c claagh i 

Prof. Baird, in his original description of alicie (P.R. BR. — 
Exp. and Surv. TX. 217) observes: ‘These parts [sides of 
the neck and breast] are not of as pure white as the belly, 


BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS, ETC. 57 


having the Jaintest possible shade of yellowish red, but it is 
barely appreciable, nor is it any more distinct in raising 
the feathers. There is the faintest possible shade of 
reddish in the tail and its coverts above, but this is only 
to be observed on a,.close examination. This species 
comes much nearest to Turdus Swainson, the Olive- 
backed Thrush, agreeing with it in the dark greenish olive 
of the upper surface. This, however, is decidedly darker, 
and showing a clearer greenish than usual in the other. 
The absence of any buff on the throat, breast, and sides of 
‘the head, and the predominating ashy on the latter, witha 
white ring instead of a reddish yellow round the eye, are 
strong points of distinction. The bill appears more 
slender, and the whole bird is larger. It is barely possible 
that it may constitute a variety only of 7. Swainsoni:; 
but if so a very strongly marked one.” 

Detecting 7! “alicie ”’ among specimens I had collected, 
and many specimens intermediate in color between this 
form and strongly marked 7. Swainsoni, 1 began to 
search for some more constant character than color to 
separate the two forms; and found by extensive measure- 
ments that both the largest and the smallest specimens 
occurred in the form recognized as 7. Swainsonii, though 
some 7’ alicie were larger than the average of the series. 
On comparing the proportions of the primaries, some 
alice agreed with Swainsonti while others differed. 
Comparisons made _ between the bills, feet and other 
characters, gave similar results; while in color the 
majority of the specimens ranged between those having 
the greatest amount of reddish-yellow and those in which 
the buff was scarcely appreciable. The difference in color 
is merely one of intensity, dependent neither upon sex 
nor season, possibly upon age, and extends throughout 
the plumage; thus those that have the breast of the 
brightest buff, have also more of this tint pervading the 
whole plumage, the paler specimens being of the purest 
dark olive above, without the brownish cast observable in 
the more rufous individuals. 

Among individuals of Turdus fuscescens, collected the 
past summer at Springfield, I have detected a dif- 
ference similar in kind and as great in degree as _ that 
separating forms heretofore considered typical respec- 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. H. 


58 J. A, ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


tively of Z. Swainsontt and T. alicie, Thus one 
specimen is very highly colored throughout, being very 
bright reddish brown above, and has the breast bright 
reddish buff, of about the same tint as in highly colored 
T. Swainsonti, and the spots very distinet, while the 
other is very pale throughout, being of a decided yellowish 
brown above, and has the breast pale buff, and the spots 
more indistinct than in the first, Both specimens were 
taken May 29th, 1863. The depth of color also varies 
more or less in different specimens of Turdus Pallasii, 
though hardly so marked as in 7. Swainsonii; but even in 
T. Swainsoniti the gradations from one extreme to the 
other are so minute and complete that the state described 
as 7’ alicie can now hardly be considered “a very strongly 
marked” variety. 

50. Turdus (Planesticus) migratorius Linn. Robin. 
Abundant summer visitant.. Are sometimes seen in 
February, but commonly arrive in March, from the 15th 
to the 25th. Are last seen in autumn from the 7th to the 
14th of November. Breeds plentifully in orchards and 
gardens, often in the woods, and is a familiar inhabitant 
in the village and city. Have observed it at all seasons in 
the eastern part of the State, where many are resident. 
Some also spend the winter along the south side of Mount 
Holyoke, feeding on the berries of the red cedar. 


51. Sialia sialis Baird. Blue Bird. Abundant, often 
arriving in February, and is generally common by the 
15th to the 25th of March. Nests early, the first brood of 
young generally leaving the nest as soon as June Ist, and 
the second during the third week in July. Commonly 
leaves about the Tast week in October, 

52. Regulus calendula Licht. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. 
Common spring and autumn visitant. Seen in spring 
from April 15th to May 12th; in autumn from October 1st 
to 20th. Have never seen it here in winter. 

53. Regulus satrapa Licht. Golden-crested Kinglet. 
Abundant winter visitant. Arrives about October Ist, 
and departs north again about April 10th to 15th. | 

54. Anthus ludovicianus Licht. Titlark. “Sky Lark”. 
Spring and autumn visitant. Seen for a week or ten days 
iy the early part of October, often in large flocks, fre- 


BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 59 


quenting stubble and newly-plowed fields, and the muddy 
banks of streams and ponds; also for a few days in May. 


55. Mniotilta varia Vieill. Black and White Creeper. 
Common summer visitant. Have found it breeding, nest- 
ing on the grownd. It appears to nest in various situa- 
tions, according to different observers; in hollow trees, 
on the ground, and in crevices among rocks. Arrives 
wbout April 25th, and for several weeks is very abundant, 
but the greater part going further north to breed, is not 
so common m summer, but becomes abundant again 
the last of August and early in September. 


56. Parula americana Bonap. Blue Yellow-backed 
Warbler. Very common, particularly in May. Many 
remain through the summer and breed, nesting about June 
1st. Seem to prefer high mixed woods and thick spruce 
and larch swamps, keeping almost wholly in the tops of 
the taller trees and near the extremities of their larger 
branches. On their first arrival, about May Sth, they tre- 
quent the orchards, and keep lower among the undergrowth 
in the woods than they do later in the season. Leaves 
10th to the 15th of September. | 


57. Geothlypis trichas Cab. Maryland Yellow-throated 
Warbler. Summer visitant. Very abundant, breeding 
plentifully in all swampy situations, nesting on the ground. 
Arrives about May 10th, and leaves the first or second 
week in September. 


58. Geothlypis Philadelphia Baird. Mourning Warbler. 
Very rare. Have taken two specimens about the middle 
of September. Five specimens of this Warbler were taken 
in Lynn, a few years since, from the 4th to the 29th of 
September, by S. Jillson. (Ms. notes of S. J.) 

The Connecticut. Warbler (Oporornis agilis Baird) may 
probably be found here as an extremely rare species, but I 
have not. known it detected here. 

59. Icteria viridis Bonap. Yellow-breasted Chat. Ex- 
tremely rare. Has been seen here but.a few times. In 
May, 1863, I saw a few pairs which appeared likely to breed 
here, but. being harrassed and some of them killed, by 
collectors, the others sought a safer haunt. Was seen here 
in September, a few years since, by R. B. Hildreth, Esq. 

60. Helminthophaga rujficapilla Baird. Nashville War- 


a 


60 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


bler. Abundant in May, and in the early part of autumn. — 


Arrives May 1st to 5th, and for two or three weeks is a 
common inhabitant of the orchards and gardens, actively 
gleaning insects among the unfolding leaves and blossoms 
of the fruit trees. Nearly all go north, but a few retire to 
the woods and breed. During June, 1863, I frequently 
saw themin my excursions in the woods, often three or 
four males in an hour’s walk. Its song so much resembles 
the song of the Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendroica penn- 
sylvanica) that it might readily be mistaken for it. To 
this cause, and to the difficulty of seeing such small birds 
in the dense summer foliage, is doubtless owing the fact 
of its being so commonly overlooked by naturalists during 
the summer months, rather than to its extreme rarity in 
this latitude at that season. I have found the nest of 
this species for two successive seasons, as follows:— 
May 31st, 1862, containing four freshly laid eggs. The 
nest was placed on the ground, and sunken so that the top 
of the nest was level with the surface of the ground, and 
protected and completely concealed above by the dead 
grass and weeds of the previous year. It was composed 
of fine rootlets and dry grass, lined with fine dry grass and 
a few horse hairs, and covered exteriorly with a species of 
fine green moss. ‘The eggs were white, sprinkled with 
light reddish brown specks, most thickly near the larger 
end. Longer diameter sixty, and the shorter fifty, one- 
hundredths inches. The following year, June 5th, 
1863, I found another nest of this species, within three or 
Jour feet of where the one was discovered the previous year, 
and containing three eggs of this species and one of the. 
Cow Bunting, in all of which the embryos were far ad- 
vanced. The nest in every particular was built and ar- 
ranged like the one above described, and the eggs must 


have been laid at just about the same season. In both. 


cases the female bird was secured, and the identity of the 
nests ascertained beyond question. The locality of the 
nests was a mossy bank, at the edge of young woods, 


sloping southward, and covered with bushes and coarse — 


plants. Probably the male of the first nest, mating again; 
selected. the same site for the second nest; and it’ may 
have been occupied for a longer time. | : 


61. Helminthophaga celata Baird. Orange-crowned 


BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 61 


Warbler. Very rare; perhaps accidental. Shot a single 
specimen May 15th, 1863. Saw quite a number of this 
species among the fruit trees of the garden and orchard, 
then in blossom, but thinking them only pale individuals 
ol H. ruficapilla, which thronged every tree, I neglected 
at first to shoot. Finally, being strongly in doubt, I shot 
one, and the specimen proved to be H. celata, which, as 
the group immediately passed on to a piece of woods, 
was the only one I secured. 


62. Helminthophaga peregrina Cab. Tennessee War- 
bler. Very rare. Have taken it September 19th, and 
May 29th. 

The Golden-winged Warbler (H. chrysoptera Cab.) prob- 
ably rarely occurs here, as it is occasionally taken in other 
parts of the State. Probably also the Blue-winged Yellow 
Warbler (H. pinus Baird) and the Worm-eating Warbler 
(Helmitherus vermivorus Bonap.) may yet be detected here, 
but they must occur only as very rare visitants. Of the 
Helminthophage, H. ruficapilla is abundant and_ breeds 
here, while all the others appear to be extremely rare. 

63. Siwrus aurocapillus Swain. Golden-crowned Wag- 
tail. “Oven Bird.” Very abundant summer visitant, 
breeding plentifully, in every thicket and patch of wood- 
land. Arrives about May 10th, immediately making 
known its presence by its loud echoing song, heard every- 
where in the deep woods. Leaves first or second week 
in September. 

64. Stiurus noveboracensis Nutt. Water Wagtail. Not 
uncommon in spring and fall, and apparently a few breed 
here, having seen them in June, July, and August; is very 
rare during the summer months. Arrives May 12th to 
20th. 7 

The Large-billed Water Wagtail (Siwrus ludoviciana Bo- 
nap.) ought to occur here, but after several seasons of 
careful search I have not found it. | 


65. Dendroica virens Baird. Black-throated Green 
Warbler. ' Abundant in May, and the last week of August 
and the first part of September. Though some breed, it 
is not much observed in summer, as it keeps mostly in the 
tops of the trees in thick woods. Arrives May 5th and 
later, being most numerous in spring from May 15th to 


62 J. A, ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


25th, when it is often seen in the gardens and orchards, 
gleaning insects among the opening foliage. a, 

66. Dendroica canadensis Baird. Black-throated Blue 
Warbler. Common from May 15th to 25th, and again the 
fore part of September. Found in the breeding season on 
Mt. Holyoke (C. W. Bennett), and along the ridges in the 
western part of the State (B. Hosford). 

67. Dendroica coronata Gray. Golden-crowned War- 
bler. Myrtle Bird. Yellow-rumped Warbler. Very abun- 
dant spring and autumn visitant. Commonly arrives first 
week in May, in great numbers, but generally passes rap- 
idly northward, and is usually abundant but four or five 
days. Stragglers are sometimes seen the last of April; 
and a few as late as May 15th. Are often so abundant as 
to seem to be in an almost continuous loose flock, equally 
common in orchards, thickets, cultivated grounds and 
woodlands, keeping up a.constant motion northward, others 
continually arriving to fill the places of those which have 
passed on. Inautumn they: are longer in passing, moving 
much more leisurely than in spring; are very abundant 
for ten days to two weeks inthe fore part of October. 
Often alights on the ground, particularly in autumn, and 
is then rather more common about cultivated fields, flying 
along fences and hastening from field to field, than in deep 
woods. None breed here. 

68. Dendroica Blackburnie Baird. Blackburnian War- 
bler. Not very uncommon. Arrives about the middle of 
May. A few probably breed, having taken it here June 
24th. Most common in mixed or hard wood forests. The 
nest. was found in the eastern part of the State some years 
since, by Dr. Brewer. (Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. v., 73.) 

69. Dendroica castanea Baird. Bay-breasted Warbler. 
Very rare. Have taken it May 20th and May 25th. One 
taken in July, 1862, by B. Hosford. 

10. Dendroica pinus Baird. Pine Warbler. Very com- 
mon, breeding plentifully. This is the earliest warbler to 
arrive inspring, except. perhaps D. palmarum, arid remains 
till the second week of October. In 1861, they were com- 
mon in the pine woods April 4th, though the ground was 
covered with several inches of snow, some of which re- 
mained for a week after their arrival. During the last 


BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 63 


weeks of April and the early part of May they frequent 
open fields, obtaining much of their food from the ground, 
associating with D. palmarum, and at this time closely re- 
sembling it in habits. A little later they retire to the pine 
forests, where they almost exclusively remain during sum- 
mer, keeping mostly in the tops of the taller trees. Dur- 
ing a few weeks, about October first, they again come 
about the orchards and fields. 


T1. Dendroica pennsylvanica Baird. Chestnut-sided War- 
bler. Common. Arrives about May 9th, and many spend 
the summer and breed. Mostly frequents, in the breeding 
season, low woods and swampy thickets, nesting in bushes, 
and is not generally found much in high trees. Leaves 
early in September. 

72. Dendroica striata Baird. Black-poll Warbler. A- 
bundant spring and autumn visitant. Arrives the latest 
of the Warblers in spring, seldom being seen before May 
20th, and remains till June Ist. None breed. In fall be- 
comes common the latter part of September, and remains 
till the last of October. 


73. Dendroica estiva Baird. Yellow Warbler. Sum- 
mer Yellow Bird. Abundant summer visitant, arriving 
early in May, and breeds in great numbers among the wil- 
lows of river meadows, and among the fruit and ornamen- 
tal trees of the city. Does not frequent the woods, and in 
many localities is rare, except in May, seeming to prefer 
the vicinity of water courses and alluvial meadows. 


14. Dendroica maculosa Baird. Black and Yellow War- 
bler. Spotted Warbler. Common spring and autumn vis- 
itant. Seen in spring from May 15th to June Ist, and in 
autumn as late as September 20th. Does not breed here. 


15. Dendroica tigrina Baird. Cape May Warbler. Very 
rare. Took a single male May 15th, 1863. Has been 
taken at Hast Windsor Hill, Conn., by Dr. W. Wood. 


76. Dendroica palmarum Baird. Yellow Red-poll 
Warbler. Common in spring from the first or second 
week of April to the middle of May, frequenting, in com- 
pany with D. pinus, the edges of thickets, orchards, and 
open fields, and is much on the ground. Is not seen in 
summer, but becomes common again the last week of Sep- 
tember, and is seen throughout October, -and sometimes 


64 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


the first week of November, remaining the latest of all the 
Warblers. Is sometimes seen in spring before the snow 
is gone. 

11. Dendroica discolor Baird. Prairie Warbler. Usually 
very rare, but was rather common in May, 1862. Have 
not known it detected here in summer, though it breeds 
in other parts of the State. The region is not of the kind 
they appear partial to, rather preferring rocky barrens, 
with scattered, dwarfish cedars and pines. Its habits are 
peculiar, and its notes are very much so. 


Of the twenty-two species of Dendroica inhabiting the 
United States, thirteen have been found at Springfield, and 
one other (D.cerulea) may occur as accidental or ex- 
tremely rare. Four of them (D. virens, pinus, pennsylva- 
nica, cestiva) are known to breed here, and two others 
(D. Blackburnie, castanea) have been taken in the breeding 
season. None are permanent residents, and none are seen 
in the winter. The remaining five (D. coronata, striata, 
maculosa, tigrina, palmarum) are at present known merely 
as spring and autumn visitants. D.coronata is most abun- 
dant ; striata next so; virens, canadensis, maculosa, cesti- 
va and palmarum are but little less common; Blackburnie 
is more rare; castanea and discolor are quite rare, while 
tigrina is extremely rare. The earliest to arrive are pinus 
and palmarum, commonly appearing early in April ; striata 
is rarely seen before May 30th; the others commonly ar- 
rive from May 5th to 12th, and stragglers remain till June, 
D. coronata is decidedly gregarious in its migrations, and 
is everywhere about equally abundant. The others are 
usually seen in small parties, and keep pretty closely to 
the woods, except D. estiva and palmarum, estiva being 
never found in the deep woods. 


_ 18. Wilsonia* pusilla Bonap. Black-capped Flycatch- 
ing Warbler. Rare. Have taken it May 12th to the 18th, 
and August 23d. Probably breeds. Generally found in 
swampy thickets. 2 

Probably the Hooded Flycatching Warbler (Wilsonia 
mutrata Bonap.) will yet be found here. 


_* The prior use of Wilsonia in Botany does not appear to me to be suffi- 
cient reason for discarding its use in Ornithology. 


— 


BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 65 


19. Euthlypis canadensis Cabanis. (Myiodioctes cana- 
densis Aud.) Canada Flycatching Warbler. Common 
spring and autumn visitant, frequenting all woody situa- 
tions. Arrives May 12th to 20th, and stragglers are seen 
till June 3d; returns about the first week of September. 
Has been found breeding at Lynn, Mass., by George Wells. 
(Dr TM, Brewer, ‘Proc. B.S. Nv Hi, vok Vr, pi.) 


80. Setophaga ruticilla Swain. Redstart. Very com- 
mon in all wooded places during the greater part of May, 
and for two or three weeks about September Ist. A very 
few breed, but the greater part retire to the mountains or 
northward. 

81. Pyranga rubra Vieill. Scarlet Tanager. Rather 
common summer visitant, in high open woods, where it 
breeds. Occasionally visits open fields, and have known 
a pair nest in an apple tree, remote from any forest. Ar- 
rives about May 15th, and leaves early in September. 
Gathers its insect food almost wholly among the foliage of 
the forest trees. 


82. Hirundo horreorum Barton. Barn Swallow. Very 
abundant from about May Ist to September Ist. A few 
usually seen the last week in April; stragglers often seen 
till the middle of September. One season knew some Barn 
Swallows to take possession of the nest of a pair of Cliff 
Swallows, placed as usual under the eaves of a barn, driv- 
ing off the Cliff Swallows ; the next year they built a nest 
themselves under the eaves, in place of the old one that 
had fallen down. Have known Barn Swallows to attempt 
to build in the same place since, but after persistent efforts 
generally fail, and take to their old quarters inside the 
barn. 

83. Hirundo lunifrons Say. Cliff Swallow. “ Have 
Swallow.” About equally common with the preceding ; 
arrives commonly a few days later, and leaves a week ear- 
lier. Nests under the eaves of buildings. 

84. Hirundo bicolor Vieill. White-bellied Swallow. 
Not very common; apparently least abundant of the 
Swallows, while in some of the maritime parts of the State 
it is the most abundant, arriving in numbers the second 
week in April. 

85. Cotyle riparia Boie. Bank Swallow. Common, 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. I. 


66 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


arriving about the second week of May ; leaves last of Au- 
gust. Arrives the latest, and leaves the earliest, of the 
Swallows. Breeds in communities. | 

86. Progne purpurea Boie. Purple Martin, Not a- 
bundant. Arrives early in May ; leaves last of August. 

All the Hirundines are gregarious during the latter part 
of summer, and at other times as much so as the duties of 
incubation will admit. 

87. Ampelis garrulus Linn. Bohemian Wax-wing. 
Winter visitant. Accidental. One was taken a few years 
since a few miles south of this city.—(Hast Windsor Hill, 
Ct.—Dr. W. Wood.) 

88. <Ampelis cedrorum Baird. Cedar Bird. Cherry 
Bird. “ Wax-wing.” Abundant during the summer. Is 
quite irregular and roving in its habits; seen here at near- 
ly all seasons. Seems to be influenced in its wanderings 
by the supply of food rather than by climate, having ob- 
served it in Cambridge in every winter month, where it is 
often excessively abundant in February and March, feed- 
ing on cedar, ash, and hawthorn berries. Are also found 
in winter along the south side of Mount Holyoke. (C. W, 
Bennett.) Have observed them often in February and 
March at Springfield, but they are not common settled vis- 
itors till late in May. Seldom begins nesting before the 
15th or 20th of June, often laying its first eggs as late as 
the 25th; have seen the young of the second brood scarcely 
fledged September 12th. In May they gorge themselves 
to excess with the petals and stamens of apple blossoms, 
and generally depend on the smaller fruits for sustenance ; 
they also take many insects, darting from a perch upon 
them, like the Flycatchers, and towards the end of summer 
hunt them in the air for half an hour together, pursuing 
them like the Swallows, but more clumsily, and apparently 
for amusement rather than from necessity. Gregarious at 
all seasons, but seen in smaller parties while breeding. 

89. Collyrio borealis Baird. Great Northern: Shrike. 
Butcher Bird. Regular winter visitant, but not very com- 
mon. Seen from last of October to middle of April. ] 

90. Vireo (Vireosylvia) olivaceus Vieill. Red-eyed 
Vireo. Abundant, breeding in open woods everywhere, 
generally fixing its nest to bushes and saplings, four to 


BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 67 


ten or twelve feet from the ground. Arrives about May 
5th, and is common till the last week of September. 
Most abundant of the Vireos; as numerous as all the 
others together. 

91. Vireo gilvus Bonap. Warbling Vireo. Common. 
Arrives first week in May and remains till last week of 
September.- Frequents orchards and gardens, and is very 
common among the shade trees of the city, but is very 
rarely seen about woods or thickets. Continues its song 
throughout the season. 

92. Vireo (Lanivireo) solitarius Vieill. Solitary Vireo. 
Quite rare. Probably some breed. Arrives in spring 
about May Ist. Frequents open woods. 

93. Vireo (Lanivireo) favifrons Vieill. Yellow-throat- 
ed Vireo. Rather common, and breeds. Arrives second 
week in May. Frequents open woods and the shade trees 
of the city. 

Have never known the White-eyed Vireo (V. novebora- 
censis Bonap.) taken here, and if occurring, as it very 
probably does, being not very uncommon in the eastern 
parts of the State, must be excessively rare. In above 
a thousand specimens of the smaller land birds taken at 
Springfield during the last three years, by different col- 
lectors, not a single White-eyed Vireo has been found. 
Vireo philadelphicus Cass. may also occur, having been 
taken the past season at Waterville, Me., by Prof. C. E. 
Hamlin. (A. E. Verrill.) 

Of the thirteen species of Vireo described by Prof. 
Baird as inhabiting the United States, only three ( V. oliva- 
ceus, gilvus, favifrons) are at all common here, but one other 
(V. solitarius) occurs, and perhaps two more (V. novebo- 
racensis and philadelphicus) will yet be detected here. All 
but V. philadelphicus, of the above mentioned, are known 
to breed within the State. V. olivaceus is rarely seen 
outside the woods, and gilvus as rarely elsewhere, while 
flavifrons is common to both situations. 

94. Mimus polyglottus Boie. Mocking Bird. Very 
rare. Appears to be its extreme northern limit. Have 
been known to breed in Springfield several times within 
five years, and in 1860 two pairs nested here. June 20th, 
1860, I found a nest containing three freshly laid eggs, 


68 ! J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


incubation not having been begun. Locality, a sandy 
field growing up to pitch pines, in one of which the nest 
was placed, about three feet from the ground. The pair 
was secured, with the nest and eggs. 

95., Galeoscoptes carolinensis Cab. (Mimus carolinensis 
Gray). Cat Bird. Very abundant, breeding in hedges, 
thickets and swamps everywhere. Arrives the last week 
in April; leaves about middle of October. 

96. Harporhynchus rufus Cab. Brown Thrush. Brown 
Thrasher. Abundant summer visitant. Breeds in hedges 
and thickets, occasionally in fields, near woods or thick- 


ets. The nest is very generally placed on the ground ; very . 


rarely in bushes, one to three feet from the ground. Among 
scores of nests I have seen here, only three were placed in 
bushes, though most authors describe it as always nesting 
in bushes. But whether the nest is placed on the ground 
or in bushes may depend upon the nature of the soil, as 
many birds vary the situation of their nest according to 
circumstances. ‘Those nests I have observed on_ the 
ground have all been in dry and sandy, and consequently 
warm, localities, favorable for nesting in such a manner; 
while in some cases where the nest has been found in 
bushes the ground was cold and wet. Here in the Con- 
necticut Valley the nest is almost universally placed on 
the ground, and only in a few exceptional cases in bushes. 


97. Troglodytes aedon Vieill. House Wren. Summer 
visitant. Not very common. Breeds. 

98. Troglodytes (Anorthura) hyemalis Vieill.. Winter 
Wren. Rare spring and autumn visitant; occasional in 
winter. Found in-swampy thickets and borders of moist 
woodlands. A specimen was taken in January, 1863, 
by Mr. B. Hosford. 


All the Wrens are quite rare here, and though I have 
really detected no others, probably others occur very 
sparingly, as Telmatodytes palustris Cab., and very possibly 
Cistothorus stellaris Cab., and T'roglodytes americanus Aud. 
Dr. W. Wood has found the short-billed: Marsh Wren 
(Cistothorus stellaris) breeding in the river marshes, at 
East Windsor Hill, Ct. : 


99. Certhia americana Bonap. Brown Creeper. Com- 
mon. Resident; but most numerous in winter.. Found 


i 
i 
j 


BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS, ETC. 69 


mostly in high open woods, but is also common in the city. 
Breeds sparingly. Mr. Bradley Hosford showed me a 
nest of this species, June 2d, 1863, containing young, that 
apparently had been hatched some four or five days. The 
nest was in a large elm, in Court Square, Springfield, 
about ten feet from the ground, and built behind a strip of 
thick bark that projected in such a way as to leave a pro- 
tected cavity behind it. 


100. Sitta carolinensis Gm. White-bellied Nuthatch. 
Resident. Very common, especially in autumn. Prefers 
open woods, but frequents orchards in the fall and spring. 

101. Sitta canadensis Linn. Red-bellied Nuthatch. 
Winter visitant. Usually common; sometimes very rare. 
Seen in the woods from the first week in October till the 
last of April. 

The Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila cerulea Scl.) 
perhaps will be found as a rare summer visitant. 


102. Parus atricapillus Linn. Chickedee. Black-capped 
Titmouse. Resident, and abundant at all seasons. Seems 
to be the only Titmouse yet observed here. 


103. EHremophila cornuta Boie. Shore Lark. Sky 
Lark. A few are seen in spring and fall. 

104. Pinicola canadensis Cab. Pine Grosbeak. Winter 
visitant. Rare. Occurs in small parties at irregular in- 
tervals. Were seen in the winter of 1859—60. 

105.  Carpodacus purpureus Gray. Purple Finch. 
Chiefly a spring and autumn visitant. But very few breed, 
and rarely stragglers are met with in the winter. Rather 
common in April, September and October, but are never 
so abundant as I have seen them at Cambridge, where, in 
the spring of 1863, they were the most nimerous species 
of bird for several weeks, occurring in flocks from March 
25th to April 20th. Not uncommon in winter on Mount 
Holyoke. (C. W. Bennett.) 

This species seems to have greatly increased in numbers, 
in the last twenty-five years, in this State, as well as in 
other of the Eastern States, judging from the accounts of 
the older naturalists. 

106. Astrigalinus tristis Cab. (Chrysomitris tristis Bo- 
nap.) Yellow Bird. Goldfinch. Resident. Abundant 
at all seasons. _ Breeds very late, often having unfledged 


70 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


young September Ist. Is gregarious most of the year, 
especially in winter, and of roving habits. 

107. Chrysomitris (?) pinus Bonap. Pine Finch. Reg- 
ular winter visitant, but not abundant. Arrives first or 
second week in October, and are seen in small parties 
till second or third week of May; often frequents orchards 
in autumn and in May to feed on a species of Aphis that 
infests the appletrees. A nest of this species, found in 
Cambridge a few years since, is in the Museum of Com- 
parative Zodlogy. 

108. AMgiothus linaria Cab. Red-poll Linnet. Lesser 
Redpoll. Irregular winter visitant, occasionally abundant, 
occurring in very large flocks, as in February and March, 
1860, and again are not seen for several years. 

109. Curvirostra americana Wilson. Common Cross- 
bill. Red Crossbill. An irregular and often very abun- 
dant visitor. Though seen here at all seasons I have 
never been able to find it breeding. But few are generally 
observed here, but at intervals of several years the pine 
woods are found in the winter to abound with them, as in 
the winters of 1853-4, and 1859-60, when in February 
and March they were in full song; were also abundant in 
the spring of 1863. Are at all times gregarious, and are 
sometimes seen in large flocks. 

110. Curvirostra leucoptera Wilson. White-winged 
Crossbill. Winter visitant, occurring at irregular mter- 
vals in large flocks. Have never seen them later than 
April 15th. Were very abundant in 1854and 1860. Are 
much less frequent visitors than the preceeding. 

111.  Plectrophanes nivalis Meyer. Snow bunting. 
Regular winter visitant, roving about in flocks, and most 
numerous in severe weather. Stragglers are sometimes 
seen the last of October. Mr. C. W. Bennett tells me 
that a pair spent the summer of 1862, and reared their 
young, in Springfield. 

The Lapland Longspur ( Centrophanes lapponious Kaup, 
Plectrophanes lupponicus Selby,) may rarely occur. 


112. Passerculus savanna Bonap. Savanna Sparrow. 
Chiefly a spring and autumn visitant. Have never found 
it breeding. Not common. 


113; Pocecetes gramineus Baird. Grass Finch. Bay- 


BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. i 


winged Sparrow. Summer visitant, breeding abundantly 
in open sandy fields and dry pastures. Arrives about 
April Ist, and remains till the first week in November. 
Breeds two or three times in a season, first young leaving 
the nest the last week of May. 


114. Coturniculus passerinus Bonap. Yellow-winged 
Sparrow. Abundant summer visitant. Arrives about the 
first week in May, and leaves in autumn the earliest of the 
Sparrows, generally about the middle of September. 
Breeds in dry fields and pastures, raising two broods in 
the season. 


115. Coturniculus (?) Henslowi Bonap. Henslow’s Spar- 
row. Very rare summer visitant. Took a male May 18th, 
1863, and heard another in June. It probably occasionally 
breeds, as it has been found to do in other parts of the 
State. (Berlin, Mass.—E. 8S. Wheeler. Proc. B. 8. N. H. 
vil, p. 137.—Near Lynn, Mass.—E. A. Samuels. Agr. Mass., 
1863, Secy’s Rep., App. p. XXIV.) 

116. Zonotrichia leucophrys Swain. White-crowned 
Sparrow. Rare spring and autumn visitant, possibly 
breeds here. Have taken it May 22d, and October Ist to 
15th 1860; May 7th to June 6th 1861; and May 14th 1863. 
In 1861 were not very rare in May, and remained latest 
in spring of all those migratory Finches that do not breed. 
here. Arrives inautumn with the White-throated Sparrow. 

117. Zonotrichia albicollis Bonap. White-throated 
Sparrow. Common spring and autumn visitant. Seen in 
spring from the last week in April till May 20th; in fall 
from last week in September till the last week in October. 
Its favorite haunts, while here, are moist thickets, but is 
found much elsewhere. The males do not attain their mature 
colors till the second spring. The young males sing equdl- 
ly well with the adults, and probably breed in this plumage. 
Observing many birds singing in the garb of the female 
drew my attention to the subject, and “dissection showed 
them invariably to be males. This accounts for the great 
proportion of birds in the livery of the female, both in 
spring and fall, often observed. 

118. Junco hyemalis Sclater. Snow Bird. Spring and 
autumn visitant; a few are occasionally seen in winter. 
Arrives from the north about October 1st, and is abundant 


72 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


till the last of November ; appears in spring early in March ; 
is very abundant till the middle of April, and stragglers 
are seen till May. Are in full song on their arrival in 
spring, and at all times are seen in loose flocks. While the 
snow is passing off in spring they seem to be more num- 
erous than all other birds. Breed among the mountains 
of Berkshire County, according to Prof. Emmons, and as 
far south in Hampden County as Blandford and adjoining 
towns. 


119. Spizella monticola Baird. Tree Sparrow. Com- 
mon winter visitant. Seen from October 20th to about 
May 1st. In winter inhabits sheltered ravines and swamps, 
and feeds much on the seeds of weeds that remain above 
the snow in open fields. Are gregarious, and when feed- 
ing, particularly in severe weather, keep up a peculiar 
tinkling twitter. This species was found breeding in the 
eastern part of the State in the summer of 1855, its nest 
and eggs being found by Mr. KE. Samuels. (Proc. B. 8. 
N. H., vol. v, p. 213.) . 


120. Spizella socialis Bonap. Chipping Sparrow. 
Very common summer visitant, breeding everywhere in 
the vicinity of farm-houses, in the city, and even in re- 
mote fields, nesting in trees. Arrives about April Ist; 
leaves second or third week of October. Is not so grega- 
rious while here as its congeners. 


121. Sprzella pusilla Bonap. Field Sparrow. Wood 
Sparrow. Common summer visitant. Breeds in old bushy 
fields, nesting on the ground. In one or two instances 
only have I found it nesting in bushes. The males sing 
the whole summer, and almost constantly from April till 
July. Arrives about April 1st, collects into loose flocks 
in August and September, and leaves about the middle of . 
October. In autumn emit tinkling notes, similar to those 
of S. monticolor. 

122. Melosyiza melodia Baird. Song Sparrow. Abun- 
dant summer visitant. Breeds about meadows and in 
moist situations. Arrives the last of March, and is ex- . 
tremely abundant during April, but is not properly grega- 
rious, though occasionally found in considerable flocks 
when feeding; retires south late in October. . 


123. Helospiza Lincolnit Baird. (Melospiza Lincolnit 


a. 


BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 13 


Baird.) Lincoln’s Sparrow. Very rare. Shot one in May, 
1860, and another May 14th, 1863. No account of its 
previous capture in New England.* 


124. Helospiza palustris Baird. (Melospiza palustris 
Baird.) Swamp Sparrow. Not uncommon in spring and 
fall, and probably some breed, though I have never taken 
it later than May 25th. In spring arrives first or second 
week in April, and appears fully as aquatic as the Water 
Thrush (Sturus noveboracensis Bonap.), associating with it 
about the margins of ponds and streams, hopping in the 
shallow water, and is very rarely seen away from watery 
situations; in autumn is found in bushy marshes and wet 
places, becoming common about the last week of Septem- 
ber, and continuing till the last week of October. Said 
by Audubon to be abundaant, tn winter, about Boston. 

125. Passerella ulaca Swain. Fox-colored Sparrow. 
Abundant in fall and spring, in small parties, scratching in 
thickets and moist woods. Arrives in fall October 15th; 
leaves last of November; appears again early in March, 
occasionally in February, in open winters, and leaves 
about April 10th. Often sings finely while here in spring, 
and sometimes in fall. Audubon was mistaken in saying 
this species is abundant about Boston, in swmmer. 

126. Guwiraca ludoviciana Swain. Rose-breasted 
Grosbeak. Summer visitant, breeding im open woods. 
Not abundant. Arrives May 10th to 15th. One of our 
most noted woodland songsters, the male occasionally 
singing while sitting on the nest, both sexes incubating. 
Nest placed in shrubs and low trees, often in evergreens, 
six to ten or twelve feet from the ground. Seems to have 
increased in numbers in the last twenty-five years, in all 
parts of the State. 

127. Cyanospiza cyanea Baird. Indigo Bird. Not 
very common summer visitant. Breeds in bushes, near 
gardens, orchards, edges of woods, and in bushy meadows. 
Arrives about the middle of May ; leaves middle of Sep- 
tember. 


* Since the above was writtenI have taken another specimen (shot May 
25th, 1864.) It was a female, and the largest eggs contained in the ovary 
were not bigger than a common pin’s head. 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. J. 


74 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


128. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Vieill. Chewink. 'Towhe 
Bunting. Ground Robin. Very abundant summer visi- 
tant, breeding in thickets, edges of woods and swamps 
everywhere, nesting on the ground. Arrives last week 
in April; leaves second week in October. Somewhat 
gregarious In autumn. 

129. Dolichonyx oryzivorus Swain. Bobolink. “Skunk 
Blackbird.” Summer visitant. Arrives about May 10th. 
Abundant in orchards and meadows. Is scarcely grega- 
rious in the breeding season, though many are usually 
found nesting in the same meadow, but begin to collect 
into flocks about the third week in July, at which time the 
old birds are beginning to moult. | 


130. Molothrus pecoris Swain. Cow Bird. Cow Black- 
bird. Abundant summer visitant. Polygamous, and more 
or less gregarious at all seasons. In spring and fall are 
sometimes seen in flocks of many hundreds, particularly 
in fall. Arrives first to third week in March, and common- 
ly leaves last week in October. Dr. Brewer was mistak- 
en in saying that the Cow Bird leaves Massachusetts before 
the first of July, or earlier, &c. (See Aud. Orn. Biog., 
vol. v, p. 490.) 

131. <Ageleus phoeniceus Vieill. Red-winged  Black- 
bird. Marsh Blackbird. Summer visitant, arriving in 
small parties about the second and third weeks of March. 
Breeds plentifully, in communities, in the marshes. Rove 
about the country in considerable flocks during the latter 
part of the season, and leave the last of October. 


132. Sturnella magna Swain. Meadow Lark. Com- 
mon summer visitant. Breeds in meadows and moist | 
pastures. Arrives second or third week in March; leaves 
about the first week in November; a very few remain in 
winter. Partially gregarious, especially in autumn. 


133. Jcterus Baltimore Daud. Baltimore Oriole. “Golden 
Robin”, Abundant summer visitant. Breeds plentifully 
in orchards and shade trees, the elm and the apple being 
its favorite nesting trees. Arrives about May 10th, and 
remains till the second week of September. In August 
and September hunts much in the tall deciduous woods, 
where it sometimes breeds, feasting, in loose, roving par- 
ties of sometimes several dozens, upon the caterpillars 


BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 6) 


and beetles that infest the trees, and are then seldom seen 
in the orchards they so much frequent in the breeding 
season. 

134. Icterus spurius Bonap. Orchard Oriole. Rare 
summer visitant. A few pairs breed every season. 

135. Scolecophagus ferrugineus Swain. Rusty Grakle. 
Rusty Blackbird. Rather rare. Stragglers are seen in 
fall and spring; occasionally small flocks. In spring ar- 
rives early, and is seen as late as May; seen in autumn 
from the last week in September till November; have 
seen it November 24th. 

136. Quiscalus versicolor Vieill. Purple Grakle. Crow 
Blackbird. Common summer visitant, breeding in com- 
munities, but is not generally dispersed over the country. 
Arrives last week in March, and earlier. 

137. Corvus carnivorus Bartram. American Raven. 
Accidental. One was taken by Mr. C. W. Bennett, in the 
fall of 1859. One was killed at Tyngsborough, Mass., a 
few years since. (Agr. of Mass., 1859, Secy’s Rep., p. 143.) 

138. Corvus americanus Aud. Common Crow. Resi- 
dent. Very abundant in spring and fall, appearing in 
immense flocks. Seems to have diminished very materially 
in numbers in the last six or eight years, hundreds, and 
probably thousands, having been killed in the State by the 
use of strychnine almost every year. Fewer have bred 
here for the last few years than formerly. 

139. Cyanura cristata Swain. Blue Jay. “Corn Bird.” 
Common resident. Somewhat gregarious. Resides in the 
woods, but makes frequent excursions over the open coun- 
try, visiting the orchards for piratical purposes in the 
summer, and the farmer’s corn crib in the winter. In 
winter have found in its stomach the eggs of the common 
tent caterpillar in abundance. 

140. Ectopistes migratoria Swain. Wild Pigeon. Seen 
in some years In great numbers; in others very rarely ; 
are usually more or less common at all seasons, except 
winter, and a few generally breed. Lays but one egg ata 
time, but breeds two or three times in a summer. 

141. Zenedura carolinensis Bonap. Carolina Turtle 
Dove. “Mourning Dove.” Very common summer visi- 


76 J. A. ALLEN; CATALOGUE OF 


tant. Often nests in orchards, and generally in low pine 
woods. Lays two eggs, and breeds more than once in a 
season. Arrives second week in March, or earlier; have 
seen it March 5th. Collects into loose flocks the last of 
July, frequenting old rye fields, and for two months is 
abundant, and much hunted by sportsmen, so that at all 
seasons it isa shy bird. The greater part leave about the 
Ist of October, but some remain till the second or third 
week. 

142. Bonasa umbellus Steph. Ruffed Grouse. “ Part- 
ridge.” Common resident. In autumn many are taken in 
snares. 

143. Ortyx virginiana Bonap. Quail. Resident, and 
now extremely rare. As late as 1851 it was quite abun- 
dant, but severe winters and sportsmen have nearly 
exterminated the species in this vicinity. 

144. Herodias egretta Gray. White Heron. A single 
specimen was taken a few years since. There is a fine 
specimen of this species in the Springfield Museum, taken 
in West Brookfield, Mass., in 1860. 


145. Ardea herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron. “ Blue 
Crane.” Regular summer visitant, breeding. Not com- 
mon. Arrives early in April. 

146. <Ardetta exilis Gray. Least Bittern. Extremely 
rare. Has been taken here. (C. W. Bennett.) Have 
seen specimens taken in other parts of the State. 


147. Botaurus lentiginosus Steph. Bittern. “Stake- 
driver.” Common in the marshes and river meadows. 
Arrives first week in April; remains till second week of 
October, or later. 


148. Butorides virescens Bonap. Green Heron. 
‘“Shitepoke.” Common. Breeds plentifully in trees in 
the vicinity of marshes. | 


149. Nyctiardea Gardeni Baird. Night Heron. 
“Squawk.” Common. Arrives about the middle of 
April. In August have seen several dozens in the air at 
once, near their feeding grounds, soon after sunset. Are 
gregarious and breed in communities. Says Dr. Wood, in 
a letter to the writer, “I know of a swamp some fourteen 
miles from here {East Windsor Hill, Ct.] where thousands 
breed. I have counted eight nests on one maple tree. 


ce ami 
; 


BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. el 


I knew two sportsmen shoot a business wagon body full 
one forenoon—probably two hundred.” 

150. Charadrius virginicus Borck. Golden Plover. 
Spring and autumn visitant. Not Common, except occa- 
sionally. 

151. Oxyechus vociferus Reich. (Avgialitis vociferus 
Cass.) Killdeer Plover. Summer visitant, and breeds. 
Common only in particular localities. 

152. Agialeus semipalmatus Reich. (Avgialitis semi- 
palmatus Cab.) Semipalmated Plover. Spring and autumn 
visitant. Not rare. 

153. Philohela minor Gray. Woodcock. Common 
summer Visitant, arriving early in April. Breeds. 

154. Gallinago Wilsonit Bonap. Wilson’s Snipe. 
Spring and autumn visitor; sometimes abundant. Prob- 
ably a few breed. 

155. Pelidna americana Coues. (Tringa alpina var. 
americana Cass.) Red-backed Sandpiper. Spring and an- 
tumn visitor; not generally common. 

156. Actodromas maculata Cass. (Tringa maculata Vi- 
eill.) Jack Snipe. Occasionally taken in autumn. 

157. Actodromas minutilla Coues. (Tringa Walsonir 
Nutt.) Least Sandpiper. Occasionally taken towards au- 
tumn; probably occurs also in spring. Bonaparte’s Sand- 
piper (Actodromas Bonapartii Cass.) is undoubtedly to 
be found here occasionally in autumn. 

158. Symphemia semipalmata Hart. Willet. Spring 
and autumn visitant. Not common. Perhaps a few occa- 
sionally breed. 

159. Gambetta melanoleuca Bon. Greater Tell-tale 
Tatler. Rare spring and autumn visitant; less common 
than the next. hak. 

160. Gambetta flavipes Bon. Lesser Tell-tale Tatler. 
“Yellow Legs.” Spring and autumn visitant. Not un- 
common. 

161. Rhyacophilus solitarius Wils. Solitary Tatler. 
Spring and autumn visitant ; not usually common. 

162. Tringoides macularius Gray. Spotted Sandpiper. 
Summer visitant, breeding abundantly. Most common of 
the Gralle. 


78 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


163. Bartramnia laticauda Less. (Actiturus Bartramius 
Bonap.) Field Plover. Bartram’s Sandpiper. Summer 
visitant ; breeds, and towards autumn is often very common. 

164. Tringites rufescens Cab. Bufi-breasted Sandpiper. 
Rare spring and autumn visitant. 

165. Rallus virginianus Linn. Virginia Rail. “ Water 
Hen”. Not common. Occasionally breeds here; a pair 
of young in the Springfield Museum taken here. 

166. Porzana carolina Vieill. Common Rail. Sora 
Rail. Arrives in April, and some remain till November. 
Breeds, and is pretty common in September and October. 

The Yellow Rail (P. noveboracensis), being found in 
other parts of the State, may be looked for here, but only 
as a rare species. 

167. Fulica americana Gm. Coot. Occasionally taken. 
Dr. W. Wood says: “TI have taken five ina season. They, 
come after most ducks have gone north, and resort to the 
small and inland ponds.” Breed in some parts of Massa- 
chusetts. 

168. Bernicla canadensis Boie. Canada Goose. “ Wild 
Goose.” Common spring and autumn visitant, but seldom 
seen except flying in the air. Pass to the north in March 
and April, and to the south in November. Have seen 
flocks as early as September 28th, and as late as December 
10th. Were unusually abundant in the fall of 1859. No- 
vember 19th, 1859, between the hours of 10 A. M. and 12 
M., | noted ten flocks in a breadth of two miles, estimated 
(more than half being actually counted) to contain more 
than seven hundred geese, a remarkably large number for 
the length of time Probably does not breed in the State, 
though supposed to by Audubon. 

169. Bernicla brenta Steph. Brant. Not common; 
seen at the same seasons as the preceding. 


170. Anas boschas Linn. Mallard. Taken ‘near here 
by Dr. Wood, and undoubtedly occurs here, but is very 
rare, as it is in all parts of the State. 

1AT1. Anas obscura Gm. Black Duck. Abundant. Ar- 
rives in March and remains till May; becomes common 
again in September and remains till late in November; a 
few sometimes seen in winter. Our most common Duck, 
Breeds in the mountainous parts of Western Massachusetts. | 


> . 


BIRDS OF SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ETC. 79 


172. Dafila acuta Jenyns. Pin-tail Duck. “ Sprig 
Tail.” Rather rare winter visitant. 

173. Nettion carolinensis Baird. Green-winged Teal. 
Common. Dr. W. Wood tells me they pass north later 
and return earlier than most Ducks. 

174. Querquedula discors Steph. Blue-winged Teal. 
Common, but less abundant than the preceding. 

175. Chaulelasmus streperus Gray. Gadwall. Gray 
Duck. Rare. Specimen in Springfield Museum taken 
here. Said to breed in the State, but the authority is 
doubtful. 

176. Mareca americana Steph. American Widgeon. 
Bald-pate. Not very common, in spring and fall. 


177. Aix sponsa Boie. Wood Duck. Summer Duck. 
Not an uncommon summer visitant, breeding. Arrives 
early in spring, and leaves late in November. 

178. Aythya vallisneria Bon. Canvass-Back Duck. Very 
rare; found occasionally near here (Dr. Wood), and 
undoubtedly is to be found here. Occurs in other parts of 
the State. Probably the Red-head (A. americana Bon.) is 
also to be found here. 

179. Bucephala americana Baird. Golden-eye Duck. 
“ Whistler.” “ Whistle-wing.” Not uncommon in winter. 
Dr. Wood, says it is abundant on the river in winter, but 
very difficult to obtain unless you are pretty familiar with 
its feeding grounds. 

180. Bucephala albeola Baird. Buffel-headed Duck. 
“ Butter Ball.” Occasionally taken here in winter. 

181. Harelda glacialis Leach. Long-tailed Duck. “South 
Southerly.” Occasionally taken near here (Dr. Wood), 
and undoubtedly occurs at Springfield. 

182. Melanetta velvetina Baird. Velvet Duck. Rare. 
Dr. Wood has taken two specimens at East Windsor Hill, 
Ct., and it must occur here. 


183. Erismatura rubida Bon. Ruddy Duck. Rare; 
there is a specimen in the Springfield Museum taken here 
by Mr. L. Hyde. 

184. Mergus americanus Cass. Sheldrake. Goosander. 
Common winter visitant. Said by Audubon to breed in 
the State, which is not improbable. 


. 


80 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


185. Mergus serrator Linn. Red-breasted Merganser. 
Common winter visitant; rather more common than the 
preceding. Breeds in the State, according to Audubon. 
(Orn. Biog., vol. v, p. 93.) 

186. Lophodytes cucullatus Reich. Hooded Merganser. 
Winter visitant; rather less common than either of the 
two immediately preceding. 

187. Thalassidroma Leachi 'Temm. Leach’s Petrel. 
Very rare; probably accidental; has been taken here in a 
few instances only. Common off the coast of the State. 

188. Larus Smithsonianus Coues. (Larus argentatus 
Brinn.) Herring Gull. Not very uncommon at times 
along the river, especially in spring and fall. Abundant 
along our coast in autumn, winter, and early spring. 

189. Chreecocephalus Philadelphia Lawr. Bonaparte’s 
Gull. Occasionally observed here. Common along the 
coast. 

190. Colymbus torquatus Briinn. Great Northern Di- 
ver. “Loon.” Resident, occasionally breeding. Not 
common. 

191. Colymbus septentrionalis Linn. Red-throated Div- 
er. Rare winter visitant; chiefly young that are seen. 

192. Podiceps (Pedecethya) Holbolli Reinh. (Podiceps 
griseigena Gray.) Red-necked Grebe. Chiefly a winter 
visitant; not common. Possibly breeds, as it has been 
taken here the third week of May in full breeding plumage 

193. Podiceps cristatus Lath. Crested Grebe. Rare 
winter visitant. 

194. Podiceps (Dytes) cornutus Lath. Horned Grebe. 
Rare ; chiefly young taken here. A pair was killed here 
a few years since, about June Ist, in full breeding plumage. 

195. Podilymbus podiceps Lawr. “Dipper Duck.” 
Common in spring and fall. 


List of Birds found in Massachusetts not observed at 
Springfield. 


To complete a catalogue of the Birds known to exist in 


the State of Massachusetts, I have added, in the following. 


list, all those known to have been obtained within the 


BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, ETC. 81 


State that have not been noticed at Springfield. The list 
will be seen to consist mainly of those Water Birds that 
frequent the coast and are not found far inland, witha few 
rare or accidental visitors. No species is admitted of 
which there is not good evidence of its capture in the 
State ; and when the species is extremely rare, the author- 
ity is cited on which it is inserted. Consequently some 
species that have been attributed to Massachusetts, from 
their occurrence in adjoining States, though probably to 
be found here as rare visitors, and are thus mentioned, are 
not counted as a part of the lst; very careful observers 
will, doubtless, yet detect most of them here. 


1. Cathartes atratus Less. Black Vulture. Acciden- 
tal. One was obtained in Swampscott, in November, 1850. 
(S. Jillson, Proc. Ess. Inst., Vol. 1, p. 223 —Brewer’s N. 
Am. Odlogy, pt. 1, p. 5.) Another was taken the past 
season, Sept. 28, at Gloucester, by Mr. Wilham Huntsford. 
(A. He Vere.) 

2. Cathartes aura Ul. Turkey Vulture. Accidental. 
Two were taken in the State in 1863. (KE. A. Samuels, 
Agr. Mass., 1863, Secy’s Rep, App., p. XVIII.) 

3. Falco candicans Gm. Jer Falcon. Accidental in 
winter. One was shot at Sekonk Plains, about 1840. (8. 
Jillson, Proc. Ess. Inst., vol. 1, p. 226.) Has been seen 
here by Nuttall and others. 

4. Aquila canadensis Cass. Golden Eagle. Extremely 
rare; but few recorded instances of its capture in the 
State. (Lynn, 8. Jillson, Proc. Ess. Inst., vol. 1, p. 203. 
Lexington, Dr. Kneeland, Proc. B. 8. N. H., vol. v, p. 272. 
Near Boston, Brewer, N. Am. Odl,. pt. 1, p. 45.—Upton, 
Agr. Mass., 1859, Secy’s Rep., p. 141.) 

5. Syrnium cinereum Gmelin. Great Cinerous Owl. 
Occasional in winter. (Marblehead, February, 1831, and 
January, 1835; 8. Jillson, Proc. Kss. Inst., vol. 1, p. 204.) 
Seven were taken in the State during the year ending 
February, 1843. (Dr. 8. L. Abbot, Proc. B. 8. N. H., vol. 
I, pp. 57 and 99.) Two specimens in the Mus. Comp. Zo- 
dlogy were obtained in 1848, in the Boston markets, and 
were probably killed in the State. 

The Hawk Owl (Surnia ulula Bon.) is said by Prof. 
Kmmons to have been seen in autumn. Though I have 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. K. 


82 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


found no notice of its capture, it is not improbable that it 
may occasionally occur along the Green Mountains i in the 
Western part of the State. 

The Banded Tiree-toed Woodpecker ( Picoides hirsutus 
Gray) has been repeatedly attributed to the State, and may 
occur as a very rare or accidental winter visitor. 


6. Hylotomus pileatus Baird. Pileated Woodpecker. 
“Tog Cock.” Rare. Driven from most parts of the State 
by the absence of extensive forests, but is still found in 
the wooded, mountainous parts of Berkshire County. 

The Varied Thrush (Zzroreus nevius Bon.) is said by 
Prof. Baird, in the Reports on the Pacific Railroad Explo- 
rations and Surveys, vol. rx, pp. xx1 and 219, to be 
accidental near Boston, quoting Dr. Cabot (Proc. Bost. 
So. N. H., vol. m1, p. 17) as authority. Dr. Cabot states 
that a specimen of this species was obtained in Boston 
market, but adds that it was shot in New Jersey. This is 
the only notice I can find respecting this species being 
found in Massachusetts, either by Dr. Cabot or others. 


T. Oporornis agilis Baird. Connecticut Warbler. Very 
rare. Was taken in Berlin, in the summer of 1845. (Dr. 
S. Cabot Jr., Proc. Bost. So. N. H., Vol. 1, p. 63.) 


8. Helmitherus vermivorus Bon. Worm-eating Warbler. 
Very rare. Its nest has been found in Cambridge. (Pea- 
body’s Rep. Orn. of Mass., p. 312.*) 


9. Helmitherus Gian Bon. Swainson’s_ Warbler. 
Audubon states, on the authority of Dr. T. M. Brewer, 
that one was taken in Massachusetts by Mr. 8. Cabot Jr. 
(Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. v, p. 462.) Mr. Peabody probably 
alludes to the same specimen (Rep. on Orn. of Mass., p. 
213.) Very rare in this State. 


10. Helminthophaga pinus Baird. Blue-winged Yellow 
Warbler. Summer visitant. Very rare. (S. Cabot Jr., 
Proc. B. S. N. H., vol. vi,-p. 386.) 


1 Helminthophaga chrysoptera Baird. Goldeti-vanedd 
Warbler. Summer visitant. Very rare. (8. Cabot Jr., 
Proc. B. S. N. H., vol. v1, p. 386.) Have seen specimens 
in the Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, that were taken in 
the State. 


* Fishes, Reptiles and Birds of Massachusetts. 


BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, ETC. 83 


The Blue Warbler (Dendroica cerulea Baird.) is said to 
be a rare summer visitant, (F. W. Putnam, Proc. Ess. Inst., 
vol. 1, p. 207,) but I have failed to find an authentic in- 
stance of its capture in this State. Audubon says it has 
been taken at Pictou, Nova Scotia, and so may very nat- 
urally be expected to occur in Massachusetts. 


12. Wilsoniaminuta Bon. (Myiotoctes minutus Baird.) 
Small-headed Flycatcher. This little known and rather 
doubtful species is said to occur in this State. (Ipswich, 
Dr. T. M. Brewer; Berkshire County, Prof. E. Emmons. 
Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass., p. 297.—Salem, T. Nuttall, Man. 
Orns Vl. dy ps 2971.) 

The Hooded Flycatcher (Wilsonia mitrata Bon. ; Iyi- 
odietes mitratus Aud.) may be looked for in this State, as 
it has been found in Connecticut and New York. Mr. 
Kk. A. Samuels, in his recent list of the Birds of Massachu- 
setts, (Agr Mass., 1863, Secy’s Rep., App., p. XXU,) gives 
it as a rare summer visitor. 


13. Pyranga estiva Vieill. Accidental. “Tyo were 
taken in Lynn, after a severe storm, April 2lst, 1852.” 
(S. Jillson, Proc. Ess. Inst., vol. 1, p. 224.) 


14. Vireo noveboracensis Bonk White-eyed Vireo. 
Summer visitant. Not very uncommon in the eastern 
part of the State, where it breeds. 

15. Cistothorus ( Telmatodytes ) palustris Cabanis. Marsh 
Wren. Summer visitant. Rare. 


16. Cistothorus stellaris Cab. Short-billed Marsh Wren. 
Summer visitant. Not uncommon. 

The Blue Gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila cerulea Sclat.) 
is said by Peabody to be found in Massachusetts, on the 
.authority of Dr. Brewer, (Rep., p. 297.) Having been 
found in adjoining States,—in New York north of the 
latitude of Boston, as well as in Nova Scotia, and in Con- 
necticut,—it may be looked for as a rare straggler from its 
usual habitat. I have been unable as yet to learn of its 
actual capture in this State. ) 

The Crested Chickadee (Lophophanes bicolor Bonap.) 
though mostly a southern species, Audubon states (Orn. 
Biog., vol. v, p. 472) is common in Nova Scotia, and 
hence may be expected to occur here. 


17. Parus hudsonicus Forster. Hudsonian Titmouse. 


84 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


Occasional or accidental in winter. (Brookline, 8. Elliot 
Green, Peabody’s Rep., p. 402.) Resident at Calais, 
Maine, but not common. (G. A. Boardman, Proc. B.S. 
Ne EL VOlc Ik, Da bau.) 

18. Centrophanes lapponicus Kaup. Lapland Long- 
spur. Winter visitant. Occasional, or accidental. (F. 
W. Putnam, Proc. Ess. Inst., vol. 1, p. 210.) 

19. Ammodromus maritimus Swain. Sea-side Finch. 
Summer visitant. Common in the salt marshes along the 
coast, where it breeds. 

20. Ammodromus caudacutus Swain.  Sharp-tailed 
Finch. Common summer visitant in salt marshes, where 
it breeds. Have taken it in the marshes of Charles River 
the last week in October. 


21  Chondestes grammaca Bon. Lark Finch. <Accti- 
dental. “One found in Gloucester, about 1845.” (S. Jill- , 
son, Proc. Essex Inst., vol. 1, p. 224.) 


22. Huspiza americana Bon. Black-throated Bunting. 
Probably rare or occasional. Said to be found here by 
Nuttall (Man. Orn., vol. 1, p. 461). According to Pea- 
body, “is found in high meadows near salt water marshes, 
from the middle of May till the last of August.” (Rep. 
Orn. of Mass., p. 319.) Mr. E. A. Samuels informs me that 
he has seen two specimens killed in this State; one was 
sent him from Woburn. Nuttall, in his account of the 
notes and habits of this species, as observed here, has de- 
scribed the peculiar song and habits of the Yellow-winged 
Sparrow (Coturniculus passerinus Bon.) with remarkable 
aptness, which species he evidently mistook for the Black- 
throated Bunting. Nuttall seems not to have known the | 
Yellow-winged Sparrow, under its proper name, at the 
time he wrote, and it is difficult to tell what he had in , 
mind when describing its habits and distribution in the . 
breeding season; his description of its song, which he 
strangely likens to that of the Purple Finch, and of its 
eggs, being not at all applicable to the Yellow-winged 
Sparrow. As Nuttall has been the authority chiefly de- 
pended on for the occurrence of Huspiza americana in this 
State, I strongly doubted its having been taken here, till 
assured of the fact by Mr. Samuels. | 

The Blue Grosbeak (Guiraca coerulea Swain.) may be 


BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, ETC. 85 


looked for as an occasional visitor. Has been found at 
Calais, Maine, where it is “ very uncertain, but common in 
the spring of 1861.” (G. A. Boardman, Proc. B.S. N. H., 
WO 1X, pxd2i.) 

23. Cardinalis virginianus Bon. Cardinal. Red Bird. 
Accidental summer visitant, according to Nuttall. (Man. 
Orn., vol. 1, p. 519.) Seen “ only at irregular intervals, in 
the villages on the Connecticut river.” (Peabody, Rep. 
Orn. Mass., p. 329.) 

24. Qurscalus major Vieill. Boat-tailed Grakle. Acci- 
dental. Have heard of one that was killed in Cambridge 
afew years since. Mr. KE A. Samuels tells me that a pair 
bred in Cambridge in 1861. 

25. Corvus ossifragus Wils. Fish Crow. An occasional 
visitor along the southern coast of the State. 

26. Tetrao canadensis Linn. Spruce Partridge. Acci- 
dental. Found in the hemlock woods of Gloucester, in 
September, 1851. (S. Jillson, Proc. Ess. Inst., vol. 1, p. 
224.) 

27. Cupidonia cupido Baird. Pinnated Grouse.  Prai- 
rie Hen. Nearly extinct in Massachusetts. A few are 
occasional visitors in the southeastern part of the State, 
from Long Island, where they still remain. (8. Cabot 
Jr., Proc. B.S. N. H., vol. v, p. 154.) About thirty years 
since were quite common in Martha’s Vineyard (Audubon 
Birds Amer., vol. v, p. 101.) 

The Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo Linn.) is now 
probably extinct in this State. Within a few years it has 
been said to occur wild on Mts. Tom and Holyoke; but 
I can find no authentic instance of its recent capture in 
this State. The accounts of those recently taken seem to 
rest on the authority of hunters, who might readily mis- 
take a stray domestic turkey for a wild one, and not on 
the authority of reliable naturalists. It is well known 
that the domestic turkey will sometimes take to the woods, 
assuming the habits of the wild bird; hence these reports 
may well be received with considerable caution. In win- 
ter the wild birds are found in Boston markets, but are 
brought from distant parts of the country, chiefly from 
the West. 


28. Garzetta candidissima Bonap. Snowy Heron. Ac- 


86 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


cidental. Stragglers have been taken in a few instances. 
Have seen one that was killed near Boston, in 1862. 

29. Florida cerulea Baird. Blue Heron. Stragglers 
only taken here. There is a specimen in the State Agri- 
cultural Cabinet, taken in the eastern part of the State. 

30. Ibis Ordii Bonap. Glossy Ibis. Occasional; ap- 
parently accidental. Have been taken here at irregular 
intervals. In June, 1830, three were obtained in the east- 
ern part of the State. (Nuttall, Man. Orn., vol. 1, p. 88.) 
Others have been taken. (Cabot, Proc. B. 8. N. H., vol. 
It, pp. 313, 333, 355; vol. Iv, p. 346.) 

31. Octhodromus Wilsonius Reich. (Avgialitis Wilso- 
mius, Cass.) Wilson’s Plover. Occasional in summer. In- 
serted on the authority of Dr. Brewer, who found them, 
according to Peabody (Rep. Orn. Mass. p. 360), “abund- 
ant at Nahant, in August,” 1838. 

32. Avgialeus melodus. (Avgialites melodus Cab.) Pip- 
ing Plover. Common visitant, mostly along the seacoast 
in summer, some breeding. 


33. Heematopus palliatus Temn. Oyster Catcher. 
Very rare. Has been found in the State by Dr. Brewer. 
(Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass., p. 358.) 


34.  Strepsilas interpres Ill. Turnstone. Common 
spring and autumn visitant, along the coast. 

The American Avoset (Recurvirostra americana Gmel.) 
and the Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus nigricollis Vieill.), 
from their general distribution, may be looked for in Mas- 
sachusetts as very rare species. 


35. Phalaropus Wilsonii Sab. Wilson’s Phalarope. 
Very rare. Found in the State by Audubon. (Birds Am., 
vol. v, p. 301.) 

36. Phalaropus hyperboreus Temn. Northern Phalar- 
ope. Along the coast; not common. 

37. Phalaropus fulicarius Bon. Red Phalarope: Oc- 
casional visitor, chiefly along the coast, in spring and 
autumn. | 

38. Macrorhamphus griseus Leach. Red-breasted Snipe. 
Not very common. Spring and autumn visitant, near the 
coast. 


39. Tringa canutus Linn. Ash-colored Sandpiper. 


BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, ETC. 87 


Knot. “Gray Back.” Spring and fall; sometimes very 
abundant in autumn, arriving in August. 

40. <Arquatella maritina Baird. (Tringa maritima 
Briinn.) Purple Sandpiper. “ Rock Snipe.” On the coast 
in autumn; not generally common. 

41. Ancylochilus subarquata Kaup. Curlew Sandpiper. 
Coast; not common. 

42. Actodromas Bonapartii Cass. ( Tringa Bonapartii 
Schl.) Bonaparte’s Sandpiper. Coast in spring and fall ; 
sometimes abundant. 

43. Hreunetes pusilla Cass. Semipalmated Sandpiper. 
Common along the coast in spring and autumn. 

44, Limosa fedoa Ord. Marbled Godwit. Rare pas- 
senger in spring and fall. 

45. Limosa hudsonica Swain. Hudsonian Godwit. 
Spring and fall. Not common. 

46. Numenius longirostris Wilson. Long-billed Cur- 
lew. Spring and fall. Not common. 

47. Numenius hudsonius Lath. Hudsonian Curlew 
Rare. Spring, fall and winter. 

48. Numenius borealis Lath. Esquimaux Curlew. 
Spring and fall; occasionally in winter on the coast. Rare. 

49. Lallus crepitans Gm. Clapper Rail. Rare or ac- 
cidental. (S. Cabot Jr., Bost. So. N. H., vol. 1, p. 326.) 

50. Porzana noveboracensis —? Yellow Rail. Found, 
in spring and fall; perhaps breeds. Not common. 

51. Gallinula galeata Bonap. Florida Gallinule. <Ac- 
cidental. Has been taken at Fresh Pond, Cambridge, by 
Mr. Cabot. (Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass., p. 258. ) 

52. Gallinula martinica Lath. Purple Gallinule. Like 
the preceding, occurs as a very rare, chance visitor from 
the south, but is oftener met with. Has been taken but a 
few times in this State. 

53. Anser hyperboreus Pallas. Snow Goose. Winter 
visitant. Not common. 

54. <Anser Gambellii Hartl. White-fronted Goose. Have 
seen specimens obtained in Boston market that were prob- 
ably taken in the State. | 

55. Bernicla Hutchinsti Bonap. Hutchin’s Goose. 


88 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


This species is introduced as a bird of Massachusetts with 
considerable doubt. For its occurrence here, we have the 
authority of Nuttall, (Man. Orn., vol. 11, p.. 362) who men- 
tions it as a straggler on our coast,—and of Giraud, who 
says it is quite abundant some seasons on the coast of 
Massachusetts. Lindsley, in his Catalogue of the Birds of 
Connecticut, (Am. Jour. Sc. and Arts, vol. XLIv, p. 249) 
says it is not unfrequently taken in Connecticut in spring. 

56. Bernicla leucopsis —? (Anser erythropus Linn.) 
Barnacle Goose. Is said to have been shot at Quincy, 
Mass., by Dr. S. Cabot Jr., (Proc. B. 8. N. H., vol. my, p. 
136.) Prof. Baird says, “its occurrence in North America 
is very doubtful, resting only on very insufficient evi- 
dence. (P. R. R. Ex. and Surv., vol. 1x, p. 768.) 

57. Nettion crecca Kaup. English Teal. Accidental 
from Europe. Has been taken in the State. (Dr. H. Bry- 
ant, Proc. B. S. N. H., vol. v, p. 195.) 


58. Spatula clypeata Boie. Spoonbill. Shoveller. Not 
uncommon. Chiefly seen in spring and fall. 

09. Mareca penelope Bon. European Widgeon. Has 
been taken at several points along the eastern coast of the 
United States, and has been found apparently breeding on 
Long Island, (Dr. T. M. Brewer, Proc. B. 8. N. H., vol. v1, 
p. 419) where it has been repeatedly found. One has 
been taken in this State. (HE. A. Samuels.) 

60. Fulix marila Baird. Scaup Duck. Black-headed 
Duck. “Blue Bill.” Not common. Found chiefly in 
spring and autumn; occasionally in winter. 


61. Fulia afinis Baird. Little Black-headed Duck. 
Spring and fall. Not common. é 


62. Fulix collaris Baird. Ring-necked Duck. Spring 
and autumn. Rare. 


63. Aythya americana Bon. Red-headed Duck. “ Red- 
head.” Autumn and winter. Not very common. Abundant 
in the markets of Boston in winter, but, like the Canvass- 
ne. are brought from the bays and rivers of the Middle 

tates. 


64. Histrionicus torquatus Bonap. Harlequin Duck. 
Winter visitant. Not common. 

65. Camptoleemus labradorius Gray. Labrador Duck. 
Rare winter visitant. 


— Ur 


BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, ETC. 89 


66. Pelionetta perspicillata Kaup. Surf Duck. Com- 
mon in fall and spring, and some remain through the winter. 

67. Ordemia americana Swain. Scoter. Autumn and 
winter. Not uncommon; often abundant. 

68. Somateria mollissima Leach. Hider Duck. Not 
uncommon in winter. 

69. Somateria spectabilis Leach. King Eider. Rare 
visitant in winter. 

The Smew (Mergellus albellus Selby) My. E. A. Samuels 
attributes to this State, having seen a specimen which 
he was told was taken in Massachusetts Bay. 

The American Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhyncus Gme- 
lin) has recently been taken at Calais, Me., (G. A. Board- 
man, Proc. B. 8. N. H., vol. rx, p. 130) and, according to 
DeKay, was formerly numerous on the Hudson and other 
rivers and lakes of New York. It probably occurs as a 
chance visitor in this State. 

70. Sula bassana Ross. Gannet. Occasional on the 
sea coast in fall and winter. 

Tl. =Graculus carbo Gray. Common Cormorant. 
“Shag.” Common near the coast in fall and winter. 

72. Graculus dilophus Gray. Double-crested Cormo- 
rant. Not uncommon near the coast in winter. 

73. Procellaria glacialis Linn. Fulmar Petrel. Spring 
and autumn visitant. 

T4. Thalassidroma Wilsontt Bon. Wilson’s Petrel. Not 
uncommon off the coast. Have seen specimens taken 
near Chelsea Beach. 

1d. TLhalassidroma pelagica Bon. Mother Cary’s Chick- 
en. Rare, off the coast, as far south as Provincetown. 
(HK. A. Samuels.) 

16. Pufinus major Bon. Greater Shearwater. Not 
common. Off the coast in winter. 

TT. Puffinus fuliginosus Strick. Sooty Shearwater. 
Coast in autumn and winter. Not common. 

78. Puffinus anglorum Temn. Mank’s Shearwater. 
Rare, off the coast in winter. : 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. L. 


90 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


79. Stercorarius pomarinus Temn. Pomarine Jager. 
Massachusetts Bay. Rare in winter. 

80.  Stercorarius parasiticus Temn. Arctic Jager. 
Massachusetts Bay in winter. Not common. 

81. Stercorarius cepphus Lawr. Buffon’s Skau. Rare. 
Has been taken near Boston. 

82. Larus marinus Linn. Black-backed Gull. Nota 
common winter visitant. 

83. Larus delawarensis Ord. Ring-billed Gull. Not 
very uncommon near the coast in winter. 

84. Larus leucopterus Fabry. White-winged Gull. Rare 
winter visitant. 

85. Chrecocephalus atricilla Lawr. Laughing Gull. 
Winter. Not common. 

86. Rissa tridactyla Bon. Kittiwake Gull. Very com- 
mon about the islands in Massachusetts Bay in autumn 
and winter. 

The Fork-tailed Gull (Xema Sabin Bonap.) may occur 
on our coast as an occasional visitor. 

87. Sterna aranea Wils. Marsh Tern. Rare summer 
visitor. (HK. A. Samuels, Agr. Mass. 1863, Sec’s Rep. 
App., p. XX1X.) 

88. Sterna fuliginosa Gm. Sooty Tern. Rare summer 
visitor. (K. A. Samuels, Agr. Mass., 1863, Secy’s Rep., 
App., p. xxix.) Mr. Samuels informs me that it breeds on 
Muskegat Island, near Martha’s Vineyard. 

89. Sterna hirundo Linn. Wilson’s Tern. Common 
in summer, breeding on the rocky islands in the Bay. 

90. Sterna macroura Naum. Arctic Tern. Common. 
Chiefly a winter visitant. Sometimes breeds. 

91. Sterna paradisea Brinn. Roseate Tern. Very 
rare; perhaps merely accidental; from the south in sum- 
mer. Several instances known of its capture in the State. 
(Chelsea Beach, Nuttall, Man. Orn. vol. 1, p. 278.—Bev- 
erly, Mass., 1847, S. Cabot Jr., Proc. B. 8S. N. H. vol. 11, 
p. 248,—Have seen a specimen taken off our coast a few 
years since. 

92. Sterna frenata Gambel. Least Tern. Spring and 


as 


—— 


BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, ETC. d1 


autumn visitant. Notcommon. Occasional in summer. 

Other species of Sterna undoubtedly occur as rare 
visitors off our coast, as the Caspian Tern (Sterna 
caspia Pall.) in winter, from the north; and possibly, at 
the same season, Trudeau’s Tern (Sterna Trudeauw Aud.) 
as a very rare, or accidental species. 

93. Hydrochelidon fissipes Gray. (Hydrochelidon plum- 
bea Wils.) Short-tailed Tern. Not common. Have seen 
specimens taken near Chelsea Beach. 

94. Colymbus arcticus Linn. Black-throated Diver. 
rare autumn and winter visitor. 

95. Utamania torda Leach. Razor-billed Auk. Not 
uncommon on the coast in autumn and winter. 

96. Mormon arctica Ill. Arctic Puffin. Not uncommon 
in winter. 

97. Uria grylle Lath. Black” Guillemot. Not very 
uncommon winter visitant. 

98.  Cataractes troile Bryant. Foolish Guillemot. 
Murre. Not uncommon in winter, and perhaps a few 
breed. 

99. Cataractes ringvia Bryant. Murre. Common in 
winter. 

100. Cataractes lomvia Bryant. (Uria arra Pall.) 
Thick-billed Guillemot. Murre. Rather common in winter. 

101. Mergulus alle Vieill. Little Auk. Sea Dove. 
Rather rare winter visitant. Has been taken on the 
Connecticut, at Greenfield, Mass., in one instance. 


The birds found in Massachusetts may be conveniently 
grouped into the following classes: I. Species that reg- 
ularly breed in the State. II. Resident species. III. 
Winter visitants. IV. Spring and autumn visitants. V. 
Summer visitants. VI. Accidental or irregular visitants. 


I. Species that regularly breed in the State. 


Those marked with a star, though repeatedly found breeding in some lo- 
calities, breed very sparingly, and not generally over the State. Some 
others are common in some parts of the State, but are unknown or very rare 


Geniy 


92 J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


in most parts. Several others have been known to breed, but apparently 
only accidentally, as in the case of Chrysomitris pinus, Spizella monticola, 


and a few others. 


A few not in the list may occasionally breed. 


1. Falco anatum Bonap.* 52. Dandroica canadensis Bd.* 

2. Tinnunculus sparverius Vieill.* | 538. Blackburnize Bd. 

8. <Accipiter Cooperii Bonap. 54. ss pinus Baird. 

4. a fuscus Bonap. 55. ie eestiva Bd. 

5. Buteo borealis Vieill. 56. as discolor Bd. 

6. «¢ jineatus Jard. 57. Euthlypis canadensis Cab.* 

di, ‘* pennsylvanicus Bon. 58. Setophaga ruticilla Sw. 

8. Circus hudsonius Viel. 59. Pyranga rubra Vievll. 

9. Haliztus leucocephalus Sav.* 60. Hirundo horreorum Barton 
10. Pandion carolinensis Bon.* 61. 6 lunifrons Say. 

11. Bubo virginianus Bonap. 62. ¥s bicolor Vieill. 

12. Scops asio Bonap. 63. Cotyle riparia Bote. 

13. Otus americanus Bonap. 64. Progne purpurea Bote. 

14. Brachyotus Cassinii Brewer. 65. Ampeliscedrorum Baird. 

15. Syrnium nebulosum Gray. 66. Vireo olivaceus Vieillot. 

16. Nyctale acadica Bonap. 67. ‘¢ gilvus Bonap. 

17. Coccygus americanus Bon. 68. ‘* noveboracensis Bon. 
LS; < erythrophthalmus Bon.| 69. ‘¢ flavifrons Vieill. 

19, Picus villosus Linn. | 70. Mimus polyglottus Boze.* 

20. ‘* pubescens Linn. 71. Galeoscoptes carolinensis Cab. 
21. Sphyropicus varius Baird. 72. Harporynchus rufus Cabanis. 
22. Hylotomus pileatus Baird.* 73. Cistothorus palustris Cad. 
23. Melanerpes erythrocephalus Sw.*| 74. $s stellaris Cab. 

24. Colaptes auratus Swain. 75. Troglodytes aedon Vieill. 

25. Trochilus colubris Linn. 76. Certhia americana Bon. 

26. Chvetura pelasgia Steph. 77. Sitta carolinensis Gmel. 

27. Antrostomus vociferus Bon. 78. Parus atricapillus Linn. 

28. Chordeiles popetue Baird. 79. Carpodacus purpureus Gray. 
29. Ceryle alcyon Bove. 80. Astrigalinus tristis Cabanis. 
30. Tyrannus carolinensis Bd. _| 81. Passerculus savanna Bon. 
31. Myiarchus crinitus Cab.* 82. Pocecetes gramineus Baird. 
382, Sayornis fuscus Baird. 83. Coturniculus passerinus Bon. 
33. Contopus borealis Baird. 84. es Henslowii Bon.* 
b4, ss virens Cab. 85. Ammodromus caudacutus Sw. 
385. Empidonax Traillii Baird. 86. es maritimus Sw. 
36. ‘s minimus Bd. 87. Junco hyemalis Sclater.* 

37. ts acadicus Bd. 88. Spizella pusilla Bonap. 

38. Turdus mustelinus Gmelin. 89, ‘*  socialis Bonap. 

39. <¢  Pallassi Cubanis.* 90. Melospiza melodia Baird. 

40. ‘s  fuscescens Steph. 91. Helospiza palustris Baird. 
at. ‘¢  migratorius Linn. 92. Guiraca ludoviciana Swain. 
42. Sialia sialis Baird. 93. Cyanospiza cyanea Baird. 

3. Mniotilta varia Vieill. 94. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Vie7ll. 
44, Parula americana Bon. 95. Dolichonyx oryzivora Swain. 
45. Geothlypis trichas Cab. 96. Molothrus pecoris Swainson. 
46. Icteria viridis Bon.* 97. Ageleeus phoeniceus Vieill. 
47. Helmitherus vermivorus Bon.* |98. Sturnella magna Swain. 

48. Helminthophaga ruficapilla Bd. |99. Icterus spurius Bon.* 

49. Siurus aurocapillus Swain. 100. ‘s Baltimore Bon. 

50. ‘© noveboracensis JVutt. 101. Quiscalus versicolor Vieill. 
51. Dendroica virens Baird. 102. Corvus americanus Aud. 


103. 
104. 
105. 
106. 
107. 
108. 
109; 
110. 
meee 
ti; 
113, 
114. 
115, 
116, 
ity. 


BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, ETC. 


Cyanura cristata Sw. 118. 
Ectopistes migratoria Sw. 119. Symphemia semipalmata LHaritl. 
Zeneedura carolinensis Bon. |120. Tringoides macularius Gray. 
Cupidonia cupido Baird.* 121. Bartramia laticauda Less. 
Bonassa umbellus Sleph. 122. Rallus virginianus Linn. 
Ortyx virginianus Bonap. 123. Porzana carolina Vieill. 
Ardea herodias Linn. 124. Fulica americana Gmel.* 
Ardetta exilis Gray. 125. Anas obscura Gmel.* 
Botaurus lentiginosus Steph. | 126. Mergus americanus Cass.* 
Butorides virescens Bon. sole “  serrator Linn.* 
Nyctiardea Gardeni Baird. 128. Aix sponsa Bote. 
Oxyechus vociferus Reich. 129. Thalassidroma Leachii Temm. 
fKgialeus melodus Reich. 180. Sterna hirundo Linn. 
Squartarola helvetica Cuv. ale ‘* macroura JVaum. 
Philohela minor Gray. 

Il. Resident Species. e 


93 


Gallinago Wilsonii Bonap. 


Ofa few species more properly to be regarded as spring and autumn 
or summer Visitors, a few individuals are sometimes found in winter, as of 
Ceryle alcyon, Turdus migratorius, Melospiza melodia, &c., but since the 
majority are migratory, they are not placed in the list of resident species. 


Falco anatum Bon. 


Tinnunculus sparverius Vieill. 


Buteo borealis Vieill. 
Circus hudsoninus Vreill 


| 15. 


Haliztus leucocephalus Savigny. 19. 
20. 


Bubo virginianus Bonap. 
Scops asio Bonap. 
Otus americanus Bon. 
Brachyotus Cassinii Brew. 
Syrnium nebulosum Gray. 
Nyctale acadica Bonap. 
Picus villosus Linn. 

‘¢ pubescens Linn. 
Hylotomus pileatus Baird. 


II]. 


Certhia americana Bon. 
Sitta carolinensis Ginel. 
Parus atricapillus Linn. 
Astrigalinus tristis Cad. 
Corvus americanus ud. 
Cyauura cristata Swain. 
Cupidonia cupido Baird. 
Bonasa umbellus Steph. 
Ortyx virginiana Bonap. 
Fulica americana Gmel. 
Anas obscura Linn. 
Mergus americana Cass. 
‘ss serrator Linn. 

Colymbus torquatus Brunn. 


Winter Visitants. 


Those species marked with a star are occasional or irregular visitors, but 


some of them sometimes occur in great abundance. 


A few individuals are 


often found in winter of some of those species properly to be considered as 
spring and autumn visitants, and as such are placed in the next list below. 


— 
ee eee 


Astur atricapillus Bon. 
Archibuteo lagopus Gray. 
66 
Aquila canadensis Cass.* 
Syrnium cinereum 4ud.* 
Nyctale Richardsonii Bon.* 
Nyctea nivea Gray. 
Picoides arcticus Gray.* 
Regulus satrapa Licht. 
Ampelis garrulus Linn.* 


Sancti-Johannis Gr. 


Collyrio borealis Baird. 
Troglodytes hyemalis Vieill. 
Sitta canadensis Linn. 
Parus hudsonicus Forst.* 
Eremophila cornuta Bote. 
Pinicola canadensis Cab.* 
Chrysomitris pinus Bonap. 
Curvirostra americana Wils. 
ie leucoptera Wils.* 
/Egiothus linaria Cab.* 


Plectrophanes nivalis Meyer. 
Centrophanes lapponicus Kaup.* 
Spizella monticolor Baird. 
Tetrao canadensis Linn.* 


25. Arquatella maritima Baird. 
26. Anser hyperboreus Pallas. 
27. ‘© Gambellii Haril. 

23. Dafila acuta Jenyns. 

29. Bucephala americana Baird. 
30. ae albeola Baird. 

dl. Histrionicus torquatus Bon. 
32. Camptolemus labridorius Gr. 
53. Melanetta velvetina Baird. 
34. Pelionetta perspicillata Kaup. 
35. Oidemia americana Swain. 
36. Somateria mollissima Leach. 


37. es spectabilis Leach. 
0g. Erismatura rubida Bonap. 
39. Lophodytes cucullatus Reich. 
Sula bassana Briss. 
Graculus carbo Gray. 

42. ye dilophus Gray. 

. Puffinus major Fader. 

44, ‘s  fuliginosus Strick. 


EV: 


J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


Puffinus anglorum Temm. 

Stercorarius pomarinus Temm. 
6 parasiticus Temm. 
$$ cepphus Ross, 

larus leucopterus Faber.* 

‘* marinus Linn. 

‘¢ Smithsonianus Coues. 

‘+ delawarensis Ord. 
Chreecocephalus atricilla Lawr. 

sd Philadelphia Lawr. 
Rissa tridactyla Bonap. 
Sterna macroura VVaum. 
Colymbus septentrionalis Linn. 
Podiceps Holbollii Reinh. 

: cristatus Lath. 

- cornutus Lath. 
Utamania torda Leach. 
Mormon arctica Illiger. 7 
Uria grylle Latham. 

Cataractes troile Bryant. 
% ringvia Bry. 
lomvia Bry.* 

Mergulus alle Viei/l. 


———— 


Spring and Autumn Visitants. 


Of some species properly regarded as spring and autumn visitants, a few 
individuals remain through the winter, in sheltered situations, or through 
the summer, now and then breeding. Those of which some remain in winter 
are marked with this *; those in summer, with this t. There may be a few | 
other species of this character not thus marked, as Empidonax flaviventris, 


Vireo solitarius, &c., that should be. 


1. Hypotryorchis columbarius Gr. 
2. Pandion carolinensis Bon. 

3. Empidonax flaviventris Baird. 
4, Turdus Pallassi Cab.t 

5. ; Turdus Swainsonii Cad. 

Se aliciz Buird. 

6. Regulus calendula Licht. 

7. Anthus ludovicianus Licht. 

8. Geothlypis Philadelphia Bd. 

9. Oporornis agilis Baird 

10. Helmitherus Swainsonii Bon. 
11. Helminthophaga pinus Baird. 
12, s chrysoptera Bd. 
13. 66 celata Baird. 
14. es peregrina Baird. 
15. Dendroica coronata Gray. 
16. ee castanea Baird. 
17, “ striata Bd. 
+ a maculosa Bd. 


tigrina Bd. 


Dendroica palmarum Bd. 
Wilsonia pusilla Bon. 
Euthlypis canadensis Cab.t 
Vireo solitarius Vieill. 
Zonotrichia leucophrys Swain. 

“ albicollis Bon. 
Junco hyemalis Sclat.*t 
Helospiza Lincolnii Baird. 
Passerella illiaca Sw. 
Scolecophagus ferrugineus Sw. 
Charadrius virginicus Borck. 
JEgialeus semipaimatus Reich. 
Strepsilas interpres I/lig. 
Phalaropus Wilsonii Cad. 

a hyperboreus Temn. 

e fulicarius Bonap. 
Macroramphus griseus Leach. 
Tringa canutus Linn. 
Ancylochilus subarquata Kaup. 
Pelidna americana Coues, 


BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, ETC. Yd 
40. Actodromas maculata Cass. | 58. Bernicla brenta Steph. 
41. * pusillus Coues. 59. Anas boschas Linn. 
42. sie Bonapartii Cass. 60. Nettion carolinensis Bd. 
43. Calidris arenaria J/liy. 61. Querquedula discors Steph. 
44. Ereunetes pusilla Cass. (62. Spatula clypeata Bote. 
45. Micropalama himantopus Bd. 63. Chaulelasmus streperus Gr. 
46. Gambetta melanoleuca Bon. '64. Mareca americanca Steph. 
47, * flavipes Bon. 65. Fulix marila Baird. 
48. Rhyacophilus solitarius Bon. 66. ‘* affinis Bd. 
49, 'Tringites rufescens Cab. 67. ‘* collaris Bd. 
50. Limosa fedoa Ord. 68. Aythya americana Bonap 
51. ss hudsonica Swain. 69. ‘¢ _vallisneria Bon. 
52. Numenius longirostris Wils. 79. Harelda glacialis Leach. 
53. . hudsonicus Lath. 71. Procellaria glacialis Linn. 
54. a borealis Lath. 72. Sterna frenata Gambel. 
55. Porzana noveboracencis—— ? 78. Hydrochelidon fissipes Gray 
56. Bernicla canadensis Bote. 74. Podilymbus podiceps Lawr. 
57. ‘* — Hutchinsii Bon. 


V. Summer Visitants. 


Of some species of which the greater part are merely summer visitants a 
few individuals remain in winter, but not enough to entitle the species to be 
considered resident, and are marked thus * ; those of which the greater part 
pass north to breed, thus t; those of which but few reach us in summer 
from the south, thus f. 


1. Accipiter Cooperii Bon. 28. Parula americana Bon. 

2. a fuscus Bon. 29. Geotlilypis trichas Cad. 

3. Buteo lineatus Jard.* 80. Icteria viridis Bon.t 

4, ‘* pennsylvanicus Bon. 31. Helmitherus vermivorus Bon. 

5. Coccygus americanus Bon. 82. Helminthophaga ruficapilla Bd. 

6. °S erythrophthalmus Bp.| 33. Siurus aurocapillus Sw. 

7. Sphyropicus varius Baird. 34, ‘* noveboracensis WVult.t 

8. Melanerpes erythrocephalus Sw.|35. Dendroica virens Bd. 

9. Colaptes auratus Swazn. 36. ia canadensis Bd.t 
10. Trochilus colubris Linn. 37. ef Blackburnie Bd.t 
11. Cheetura pelasgia Steph. 38. s pinus Bd. 

12. Antrostomus vociferus Bon. 39. . pennsylvanicus Bd. 
13. Chordeiles popetue Baird. 40. eestiva Bd. 

14. Ceryle aleyon Boie.* 41, sf discolor Bd. 
12. Tyrannus carolinensis Bd. 42. Wilsonia minuta Bon. 

16. Myiarchus crinitus Cad. 43. Setophaga ruticilla Sw. 
17. Sayornis fuscus Baird. 44, Pyranga rubra Vieill. 
18, Contopus borealis Baird. 45. Hirundo horreorum Bart. 
19; as virens Cab. 46. si lunifrons Say. 
20. Empidonax Traillii Bd. 47. “ bicolor Vieill. 
21. # minimus Bd. 48. Cotyle riparia Bote. 

22. acadicus Bd. 49. Progne purpurea Bote. 
23. Turdus mustelinus Gmel. 50. Ampelis cedrorum Baird. 
24. ‘* fuscescens Steph. 51. Vireo olivaceus Vieill. 
25. ‘¢  =migratorius Linn.* 52. ‘¢ gilvus Bonap. 

26. Sialia sialis Baird. 58. ‘¢ noveboracensis Bon. 


27. Mniotilta varia Vieill.t 54. ‘*¢ flavifrons Vieill. 


Mimus polyglottus Bote. 
Galeoscoptes carolinensis Cad. 
Harporhyneus rufus Cad. 
Cistothorus palustris Cad. 


59. se stellaris Cab. 

60. Troglodytes edon Vieill. 

61. Carpodacus purpureus Gr.*t 
62. Passerculus savanna Bon. 


Poeecetes gramineus Bd. 
Coturniculus passerinus Bon. 
65. Henslowii Bon. 
Ammodromus maritimus Sw. 
67. “ caudacutus Sw. 
Spizella pusilla Bon. 

69 ‘*  socialis Bon. 
Melospiza melodia Baird. 
Helospiza palustris Bd. 

72. Euspiza americana Bon. 
Guiraca ludovicana Sw. 
Cyanospiza cyanea Baird. 
75. Pipilo erythophthalmus Vietll. 


76. Dolichonyx oryzivorus Sw. 
77. Molothrus pecoris Sw. 
78. Ageleeus phoeniceus Vieill. 


Sturnella magna Swain.* 
Icterus spurius Bon. 


VI. Accidental and Irregular Visitors. 


J. A. ALLEN, CATALOGUE OF 


Icterus Baltimore Daud. 
Quiscalus versicolor Vieill. 
Ectopistes migratorius Sw. 
Zensedura carolinensis Bon. 
Ardea herodias Linn. | 
Ardetta exilis Gray. 
Botaurus lentiginosus Steph. 
Butorides virescens Bon. 
Nyctiardea Gardenii Bd. 
Oxyechus vociferus Reich. 
Ochthodromus Wilsonius Reich. 
JEgialeus melodus Cab. 
Squartarola helvetica Cur. 
Heematopus palliatus Temm. 
Philohela minor Gray. 
Gallinago Wilsonii Bon. 
Symphemia semipalmata Haril. 
Tringoides macularius Grey. 
Bartramia lacticauda Less. 
Rallus virginianus Linn. 
Porzana carolina Vieill. 
Aix sponsa Bote. 
Sterna hirundo Linn. 
‘© paradisea Brunn.} 
‘¢ aranea JVils. 
‘< fuliginosa Gm.t 


The following species are known in this State merely as rare chance visitors, | 
a few only excepted, from the common habitat of their respective species. 


The others are very irregular in their visits. 
so extremely rare that there are but few known instances of their capture in . 
the State ; but from what is known of their distribution we are not to regard 


them in the light of chance visitors. 


1. Cathartes atratus Lesson. 
2. ee aura J/l. 

Faleo candicans Gmelin. 
Syrnium cinereum Aud. 
Nyctale Richardsonii Bon. 
Picoides arcticus Gray. 
Centurus carolinus Bon. 
Icteria viridis Bon. 
Pyranga estiva Vieill. 
Ampelis garrulus Linn. 


11. Mimus polyglottus Boie. 

12. Parus hudsonicus Forsier. 
18. Curvirostra leucoptera Wils. 
14, Agiothus linaria Cab. 


Centrophanes lapponicus Kaup. 
Chondestes grammaca Bon. 
Helospiza Lincolnii Baird. 
Euspiza americana Bon. 


. ' Bernicla leucopsis Linn. 


There are many other species 4 


Cardinalis virginianus Bon. 
Quiscalus major Vieill. 
Corvus carnivorus Bartram. 

‘* _ ossifragus Wils. 
Tetrao canadensis Linn. 
Garzetta candidissima Bon. 
Herodias egretta Gray. 
Florida ceerulea Baird. 
Ibis Ordii Bon. 
Ochthodromus Wilsonius Reich. 
Rallus crepitans Gm. 
Galiinula galeata Bon. 

** martinica Lath. 


Nettion crecca Kaup. 

Mareca penelope Bon. ~ 

Sterna paradisea Brunn. 
**  fuliginosa Gm. 


BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, ETC. 97 
Summary. 
Nuinber of species found at Springfield. : . : . 195 
ie Mine se ‘* in the State . ; : : j 296 
“se 66 that breed in the State : ; ; a: ROL 
‘«  vesident species . : ’ : eo 28 
Winter visitants . ; : . P : ’ , gic NOE 
Spring and Autumn visitants —. , ; ; ‘ . 75 
Summer visitants . : : : ; : . : 06 
Chance visitors . ‘ ; ‘ ’ : , : YS) 


‘ 


Springfield, April, 1864. 


Supplemental Notes. While the preceding paper has 
been passing through the press the following facts have 
been ascertained : 

A specimen of the Snowy Owl (Wyctea nivea Gray) was 
taken in Springfield, the present year, about May 20th. 
Another instance of its capture here late in May has 
occurred within a few years. It has been found here 
repeatedly in November, and consequently spends at least 
half the year here. 

A specimen of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo ( Coccygus 
americanus Bonap.) was killed here in May this year, by 
Mr. B. Hosford, who informs me that he obtained another 
specimen here several years since. The capture of only 
three specimens of this species at Springfield has as yet 
come to my knowledge. 

That the Hermit “Thrush (Turdus Pallasi Cab.) does 
occasionally breed at Springfield I am now convinced, 
having seena specimen shot here in July, but the mstances 
appear to be extremely rare 

In the preceding list of the Birds of Springfield, the 
Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor Baird) is mentioned 
as rare, and. as not breeding at Springfield. I find it not 
uncommon in sandy fields, growing up thinly to pitch 
pines, the present summer, where it is breeding quite 
plentifully. It was not uncommon in June to hear several 
males singing at a time. 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. M. 


98 PUTNAM, NOTES ON THE 


A pair of Yellow-breasted Chats (Jcteria viridis Bonap.) 
are breeding here the present season. Noticed another 
pair in Ludlow, Mass., about June 3d, which were probably 
also breeding. Have seen a specimen taken in Berkshire 
county, in the breeding season. Only straggling pairs 
of this species, however, reach Massachusetts. 

The following species of Hawks, though extremely 
rare in winter, should probably be properly included in 
the above list of ‘“‘ Resident Species :” Hypotriorchis col- 
umbarius Gr., Accipiter Coopertt Bon., A. fuscus Bon., Bu- 
teo lineatus Jard., and B. pennsylvanicus Bon. 


July, 1864. 


V. Notes on the Habits of some species of Humble Bees. 
by eo W PUTNAM, 


(Communicated October 22, 1863.) 


During the summer of 1862, while in Warwick, Mass., 
my attention was called to the Humble Bees by finding 
three nests of Bombus fervidus Fabr. and B. vagans Smith. 
These nests were formed of the deserted nests of mice, 
one under a barn in an old stump of a tree, the other two 
under piles of stones in a field. One of the nests of B. 
fervidus I kept ina box for some time, and watched the 
actions of the bees, but as I then neglected to make full 
notes, and as my first observations were confirmed by 
Jater ones, I allude to them here only to introduce an inci- 
dent which has relation to the duration of life of the 
various kinds which always compose the communities of 
the Humble Bees. Upon leaving Warwick I left my valise, 
in which was a nest of bees, at the depot. Two months 
afterwards, in November, it was brought to me, when upon 
examining the nest several large queen bees were found 
in a lively condition, while the males, small females and 
workers were all dead. When the valise was left at the 
depot there was but one queen in the nest. This incident 
proves that the queens are not only late in leaving the 
cells, but that they are capable of enduring cold which is 


cm 
HABITS OF THE HUMBLE BEE. Sh) 


fatal to the other bees. In the summer of 1863 while at 
Bridport, Vt., on the borders of Lake Champlain, I was 
so successful, in my entomological excursions, as to find 
as many as twenty-five or thirty colonies of bees, and to 
collect fifteen complete nests. These were of the follow- 
ing species: Bombus fervidus Fabr., B. ternarius Say, B. 
separatus Cresson and B. virginicus Fabr. As the general 
economy of these four species is the same, my observations 
may be considered as made upon one community, pre- 
ceded however by the following special statements in re- 
gard to the several species. 

BomsBus TERNARIUS. ‘Two nests collected: one under an 
old stump in a deserted mouse nest; the other, in Septem- 
ber, under the clapboards of a house, about eight feet from 
the ground. Upon removing the boards, a large bunch of 
sheep’s wool was found, evidently collected by rats, as 
there was a quantity of nut shells, with the under jaw 
and other bones of a rat among the wool. In the 
centre of the wool the bees had their cells. By etherizing* 
the bees twenty-eight specimens were collected, which, as 
it was after dark, when the bees are generally at home, I 
have reason to beheve were nearly all that belonged to 
the nest. There were thirty-five cells containing young, 
and thirty that were filled with honey, having their tops 
covered with wax. This is the only instance of my find- 
ing the honey cells closed over. There were also a number 
of bunches of pollen in which there were no eggs. 

This species is not so common as B. fervidus and is far 
more savage in its disposition. I was informed by Mr. 
Brigham Rockwood, that he had noticed that this species 
never takes possession of the nests of mice (Arvicola) 
which are found so plentifully among the grass, but 
always chooses a place under cover of boards or stumps. 
* Bomsus FerRvipus. This is the most common species at 
Bridport, and is of quite a gentle disposition, allowing its 
nest to be disturbed for some time before it makes any 
show of resistance, merely exhibiting its uneasiness by 
buzzing. The communities of this species are found in 
old mice nests, both under stumps and boards; and also 
among the grass in the nests of the common field mice 
(Arvicola riparia). They also occupy the forsaken nests 


a 


« 
100 PUTNAM, NOTES ON THE 


of the house mice, as in one instance a colony was found 
under the flooring of a shed, in a nest made of bits of 
paper, rags, &c. This was the largest community collected, 
consisting of about seventy adult bees, one hundred and 
fifty cells containing young, and two hundred young larva, 
in various stages of growth, in the pollen masses, besides 
fifty cells filled with honey. ‘This nest was found on the 
23d of July. July 28th a nest was discovered in which 
there was a single queen bee and five or six large queen 
cells still soft and recently finished. 

July 8th. Two queens were seen fighting upon the 
outside of a nest. So firmly were they united that they 
did not part until placed in alcohol, although pushed about 
for some time. They were both of the same species, but 
one might have been an invader, as I have found upon 
placing a strange queen, in a nest, that the rightful sover- 
elgn immediately commenced battle and in a short time 

expelled the intruder. 

~ One community kept under glass on a window, with 
free ingress and egress, continued working, until, on a 
very hot day, the young became baked in their cells, by 
the heat of the sun. ‘Then the old ones left and did not 
return. 

Aug. 6th. A nest was brought home and the cells, con- 
taining young, placed apart from all old bees for the 
purpose of ascertaining if the young bee cuts its own way 
out of its cell. The cells were all of large size. In about 
half an hour a queen bee had come out and was seen 
walking over the other cells. She was immediately re- 


moved and the other cells were examined, but no signs of 


their having been cut could be seen. In the evening a 
slit was noticed in one of the cells and the young bee was 
seen at work cutting with its jaws. In a short time 
it made an opening in the cell large enough for it to push 
its head through. It then commenced cutting on each 
side, from the slit, above and below; now and then with- 
drawing its head and resting. Then it tried to force its way 
through the opening, but finding this was not large enough 
it cut a little more. The bee evidently did not wish to 
work more than was necessary, for it often tried to force 
its way out. At each attempt it made but a small enlarge- 


will 


HABITS OF THE HUMBLE BEE. LOL 


ment of the orifice; but, after spending half an hour in 
alternate work and rest, it succeeded in fr eeing itself from 
its prison. Then it stood, for a short time, on the sides 
of the cell, moving its wings, after which it commenced 
walking over the other cells. This was a queen bee. 


~ Aug. 8th, another bee came out in the same way. Aug.: 


10th, two. Aug. 14th, one. Aug. 15th, another, which 
was the last in the cells. They were queens and all quite 
light colored when just from the cells. 

These facts prove that the young cut their own way 
out of the cells. In another nest a young bee was seen 
to come from the cell while the old bees were present, 
which did not concern themselves about the matter fur- 
ther than to give a few passing glances and to cut off 
some jagged pieces of the cell. As soon however as the 
young bee was out of the cell, one or two old bees trim- 
med the edges of the cell and removed a few fragments 
from the inside. 

BoMBUS SEPARATUS. Several colonies of this were found 
under old stumps and in other situations similar i those 
in which the nests of B. fervidus were found. Tlus spe- 
cles 18 nearly as ferocious, on being disturbed, as B. terna- 
rius. 

Bompus virernicus. A single nest of this species was 
found under an old stump in an orchard. On the 27th of 
August three males were captured while flymg under a 
large tree on which they frequently alighted. So much 
did these bees resemble large flies in their actions, that at 
first | mistook them for those insects. Male Humble Bees 
are often seen flying in this manner under trees. Are 
they not the drones which have left or been driven from 
the nest? 

Let us now notice the life of a colony in its different 
stages. In the spring, the queen bee, having left her old 
home, may be seen roaming about in search of a new one, 
which she soon finds in some such place as previously 
described. She immediately collects a small amount of 
pollen mixed with honey, and in this deposits from seven 
to fourteen eggs, gradually adding to the pollen mass until 
the first brood is hatched. She does not wait, however, 
for one brood to be hatched before laying the eggs of 


102 PUTNAM, NOTES ON THE 


another, but, as soon as food enough has been collected, 
she lays the eggs for a second. The eggs are laid, in 
contact with each other, in one cavity of the mass of pol- 
len, with a part of which they are slightly covered. They 
are very soon developed; in fact the lines are nowhere 
‘distinctly drawn, between the egg and the larva, the larva 
and pupa, and again between the latter and the imago; a 
perfect series, showing this gradual transformation of the 
young to the imago, can be found in almost every nest. 

As soon as the larve are capable of motion and com- 
mence feeding they eat the pollen by which they are 
surrounded, and gradually separating, push their way in 
various directions. Hating as they move and increasing in 
size quite rapidly, they soon make large cavities in the 
pollen mass. When they have attained their full size they 
spin a silken wall about them, which is strengthened by 
the old bees covering it with a thin layer of wax, which 
soon becomes hard and tough, thus forming a cell. The 
larve now gradually attain the pupa stage and remain inac- 
tive until their full developement. They then cut their way 
out and are ready to assume their duties as workers, small 
females, males or queens according to their individual 
formation. 

It is apparent that the irregular disposition of the cells 
is due to their being constructed so peculiarly by the 
larve. After the first brood, composed of workers, has 
come forth, the queen bee devotes her time principally to 
her duties at home, the workers supplying the colony 
with honey and pollen. As the queen continues prolific, 
more workers are added and the nest is rapidly enlarged. 

About the middle of summer, eggs are deposited which 
produce both small females and males, and it is supposed 
by some observers that it is from the union of these, at 
the last of the season, that the eggs are laid from which 
the queens are developed: but there seems some reason 
to doubt this, as a new nest, previously mentioned, was 
found on the last of July occupied only by a queen and 
queen larve. It is true, however, that all eggs, laid after 
the last of July, produce the large females, or queens, and, 
the males being still in the nest, it is presumed that the 
queens are impregnated at this time, as, on the approach 


HABITS OF HUMBLE BEES. 103 


of cold weather all, except the queens, of which there are 
several in each nest, die. 

The efforts of my friend Mr. Rockwood to procure 
nests for me during the winter have as yet been unsuc- 
cessful, those which he had marked for removal having 
been destroyed by mice. 

It is desirable to ascertain whether the queens remain 
torpid during cold weather and what use is made of the 
pollen and honey stored during the last of summer and 
in the fall, which perhaps is food for the queens during 
the mild weather in spring before plants are in blossom. 

But little wax 1s made by the Humble Bees, as it 1s only 
used for covering the cocoons of the larve, for thinly 
lining the nest on the inside, strengthening the old cells 
which are used for honey pots, and occasionally covering 
these pots, and propping up the old cells. 

During some years Humble Bees are very numerous. 
This is generally the case when a dry and early spring is 
followed by a summer producing a good crop of clover. 
After such a season, if the following spring be favorable, 
nests are very abundant. 

Though very similar to those made by Reaumer, over a 
hundred years ago, it will be noticed that my observations 
differ, in several particulars, from those made by some 
European naturalists who have written on the Bombi. 

Some observers have stated that the eggs of the 
Humble Bee are deposited in cells, partly filled with 
pollen, which are enlarged by the workers as the young 
increase in size, and that the old bees, cutting holes in the 
cells, feed the young until they are fully developed when 
they relieve them from their prisons. This is quite con- 
trary to the results of my observations in New England. 

At present I cannot believe that the peculiarity of food, 
or the structure of the cells, produces a difference of de- 
velopement in Humble Bees, for the larve,as has been 
previously stated, were seen to make their own cells from 
the pollen paste, while the old bees were quite indiscrim- 
inate in selecting the plants from which they procured 
both pollen and honey. 

Ts it not more natural to believe, as has been suggested 
to me by Professor Wyman, that the difference in the de- 


104 PUTNAM, NOTES ON THE 


velopement of the eggs is owing to their being laid at 
various times after impregnation? Thus, if I am right in 
supposing that the queens are impregnated by the males 
late in the summer, the eggs laid soon after produce the 
large queen larve: the next set of eggs, laid in the 
spring, produce the workers, or undeveloped females, 
while from those deposited ‘still later, male bees are prin- 
cipally developed. 

This opinion seems to be corroborated by the state of 
the nest, previously noticed, found on the 28th of July, 
which had been recently commenced and contained only 
queen cells, the parent queen being obliged, by her recent 
impregnation, to lay only such eggs as were adapted to 
the season, As no first brood of workers, or second 
one of males and small females, had existed in this nest, 
the eggs producing the queen larvee must have been laid 
by the large female or queen, found in the nest, and not 
by a small female. . 

The fact, that our species of Humble Bees take posses- 
sion of the nest of mice and rats, accounts for the large 
number of mites found in most nests. 

Three parasites are common in the nests of our New 
England Humble Bees. They are,a small beetle of the 
genus Byturus only known thus far in the imago state; a 
moth of the genus Nephopteryx: the larve of which is quite 
abundant in most nests, and a dipterous insect which is 
often found in the larval state. 

It is singular that in all the nests, which I collected, 
not a single specimen of Apathus was found by Mr. Pack- 
ard, though this parasitic bee is generally supposed to be 
quite common in the nests of Bombi. 


Additional Notes, August 3, 1864. A nest of Bombus 


pennsylvanicus was found at Upton, Me., on the sixth of — 


last June, in which there was but a single queen bee with 


seven cells of the smallest size, containing larve, and sev- 


eral eggs in a mass of pollen. 
A queen of B. pennsylvanicus was taken, on July 20th, 
under leaves in a wood. 
Professor A. E. Verrill found a queen Humble Bee in 
a torpid state under leaves, before the snow was off the 
ground in the spring of 1863. 


a i" 


LEAF-CUTTING BEE. 105 


VI. Notes on the Leaf-cutting Bee. By F. W. Putnam. 
(Communicated Oct. 22, 1863.) 


/ 

While at Bridport, Vt., Twas enabled to make a few 
observations on the habits of the Leaf-cutting Bee 
(Megachile). My attention was first called, on the 26th of 
June, to a female busily engaged in bringing pieces of 
leaf to her cells, which she was building under a board, on 
the roof of the piazza, directly under my window. Nearly 
the whole murning was occupied by the bee in bringing 
pieces of leaf from a rose bush growing about ten yards 
from her cells, returning, at intervals of a half minute to a 
minute, with the pieces which she carried i such a man- 
ner as not to impede her walking when she alighted near 
her hole. About noon she had probably completed the 
cell upon which shé had been engaged, as during the 
afternoon, she was occupied in bringing pollen, preparator y 
to laying: her single egg in the cell. For about twenty 
days the bee continued at work, building new cells and 
supplying them with pollen. At the end of this time she 

rad probably completed her allotted aa as she was not 
seen again. 

On the 28th of July, upon removing » the board, it w 
found that the bee had made thirty ce alls, arranged i In nine 
rows of unequal length, some being slightly curved to 
adapt them to the space under the board. The longest row 
contained stx cells. and was two and three quarters inches 
in length. The cells averaged about one half an inch in 
length; the whole leaf structure being equal to a length of 
fifteen inches. Upon making an estimate of the pieces cf 
leaf in this structure, it was ascertained that there must 
have been at least a thousand pieces used. Jn addition 
to the labor of making the cells, this bee, unassisted in all 
her duties, had to collect the requisite amount of pollen 
(and honey ?) for each cell and lay her egg therein, when 
completed. Upon carefully cutting out a portion of one 
of the cells, a full grown larva was seen engaged in spin- 
ning ashght silken cocoon about the walls of its prison, 
which were quite hard and smooth on the inside, probably 
owing to the movements of the larva and the consequent 


ESSEX INST. PROCKED. VOL. IV. N. 


, 


106 PUTNAM, NOTES ON THE 


pressing of the sticky particles to the walls. In a short 
time the opening made was closed over by a very thin 
silken web. The cells, measured on the inside of the hard 
walls, were .35 of an inchin length and .15 in diameter. 
The natural attitude of the larva is somewhat curved 
in its cell, but if straightened, it just equals the inside 
length of the cell. 

On the 31st of July two female bees came out, having 
cut their way through the sides of their cells. Five other 
cells were opened, in the hope of finding a pupa, but with- 
out success; two of them containing larve, and three, 
dead bees fully formed. In these last mentioned cells, 


several hundred minute Ichneumons were seen, which’ 


came forth as soon as the cells were opened. 

August 4. Three more bees came out. One was a 
male, and differed from the female by not having a sting; 
by its blunt abdomen; by the hairs on the under side 
being fewer and shorter and not of so deep a red color, 
and by being very hairy about the underside of the head. 

August 5,and 6. A female came out each day, after 
which no more appeared, the rest of the cells having prob- 
ably been ichneumoned, as upon being opened in October, 
by Mr. Packard, Ichneumons were found In nearly all. 
Most of these parasites being then in the larval or pupal 
stages, were probably not developed until the spring. 
Are there two broods of Ichneumons in one year, or are 
those that came out on the last or July of a different 
species ?* 

July 3, A female Megachile was discovered making a 
cell of pieces of leaf in a small hole in the ground. The 
hole was about two inches in depth and the cell was just 
commenced, as there were but four quite fresh pieces in 
it, which appeared to have been cut from locust leaves. 
This was of the same species as the one that built her 
cells on the piazza, and which has been identified by Mr. 
Packard as M. centuncularis, 

Another species was also seen cutting pieces from the 
rose leaves, but its cells could not be discovered. This 


* For farther observations on these parasites, see Mr. Packard’s remarks: 


in the following article. 


LEAF-CUTTING BEE. 107 


was yellow, with the four terminal segments of the abdo- 
men black. 

July 22. Two cells of Megachile were brought to me, 
having been found in the crown of a bonnet in a closet. 
One of these cells, about half filled with pollen (mixed 
with honey?) contained a small larva, and was closed by 
several pieces of leaf which were quite fresh. The other 
cell was empty and not completed. 

August 4. A third species was discovered, in consid- 
erable numbers, on the same bushes. These were of 
about the same color as the preceding, but so much 
larger as to be easily recognized. 

These three species, assisted by a single specimen 
of a blue species of Osmia, which was captured while 
cutting out a piece of leaf, on the 28th of June, were 
so numerous, and worked so diligently, that they ruined 
five or six rose bushes, not leaving a single unblighted 
leaf uncut, and wer e forced to take the leaves of a locust 
tree as a substitute, “alu they almost invariably hov- 
erel over the rose bushes before going to the locust tree. 

During the last of August miny specimens of the three 
species of Megachile were collected from the thistle flow ers, 
where they were quite abundant. 


VIT. The Humble Bees of New England and their Para- 
sites; with notices of anew species of Anthophorabia, and 
a new genus of Proctotrupide. By A. S. Packarp Jr. 


[Communicated April 238, 1864.] 


The following descriptions of all the species of Humble 
Bees known to inhabit New England, together with descrip- 
tions of some of their parasites Wi ill, it is hoped, draw the 
attention of entomologists to the ereat interest attending 
the study of the erowth and economy of our native bees. 

Mr. E. T. Cresson in a “ List of the North American 
species of Bombus and Apathus” published in the Pro- 
ceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia for 
July, 1863, has given descriptions of over forty species of 
Bombus, and eight species of Apathus. This has been of 


108 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES 


service to me in distinguishing our species. I have also 
followed his synonymy of the species therein given. 

We have in this country nothing published concerning 
the economy of our Bombi previous to the present year. 
For two years past Mr. F. W. Putnam has paid consid- 
erable attention to observing the habits of several species 
of wild bees, the results of which he has embodied in the 
interesting articles preceding. I am indebted to him for 
nearly all the material upon which these notices are based. 
I have also been much aided in identifying the species. 
by a labelled series of most of our species received from 
Mr. E. Norton several years since, and more recently by 
asmall collection of species from different parts of the 
country sent by him to the Museum of Comparative Zvdl- 
ogy at Cambridge, Mass; the Museum also contains over | 
twelve hundred specimens, of four species, in all stages of 
growth, being the collection made by Mr Putnam. I © 
have also had access to the small collection of this genus 
in the Harris Cabinet now belonging to the Boston 
Society of Natural History. 

Among the numerous parasites upon the Humble Bee 
we have insects belonging to the Hymenoptera, the 
Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera. Hach have a dis- 
tinct mode of attack. The Stylops and Conops live within 
the abdomen of the bee upon the fatty tissues of its body 
The Meloe clings to the outside of its body and sucks in the 
juices of its victim through the joints of its corneous 
harness ; and after it assumes the pupa stage, passes a period 
of inactivity safely lodged among the cells of the bee’s 
nest. The Byturus is less intimate in its friendship 
and probably troubles the bee only as it consumes the 
stores of food laid up for the bee grub, while it may also 
prove to be serviceable in acting as a scavenger in 
clearing the nests of the cadavers of-those bees which 
have perished within their enclosure The unknown 
dipterous larva noticed below, is undoubtedly, from the 
structure of its mouth, a carnivorous animal, and lives by 
sucking in, like a leach, the juices of the young bees. 
The species of Nephopteryx, which differs so much from . 
its allied species in its habits, feeds largely upon the 
waxen walls of the bee cells. As to the habits of Apathus, 


* 


OF NEW ENGLAND. 109 


in its early stages especially, we know nothing definite. 
We are not yet acquainted with the forms of the larva 
and pup» as distinguished trom those of the bee upon 
Which it is a purssite, ant indeed know the two sexes of 
but a single species. As yet we know of no ichneumon 
parasite of Bombus. It will be of interest to determine 
whether this genus by reion of its secludel habits 
while in the preparatory stages of its existence, is exempt 
from the attacks of these vigilant enemies to most other 
insects. 

For a proper study of our Humble bees, we should 
collect the nests and colonies from the Inst of May until 
late in the autumn. We should watch the queen bees 
as they are searching for deserted mice nests, or 
other convenient places, in which to rear their colo- 
nies, and follow them to their holes. We should then 
watch for the different broods, and collect the young 
and mature bees of both sexes, and also of the work- 
ers, or undeveloped females; and as it is a well known 
fact that each sex including the workers are composed of 
individuals of two sizes, we should endeavor to trace the 
history of each of the six forms into which the species 
is specialized and ascertain the functions of each. Early 
in the spring we can only capture those queens which 
have survived the winter, while late in the fall we can 
often secure the males in large numbers, as they frequent 
autumnal flowers. 

It will therefore be necessary in order to collect the 
young of all these different broods, to take the nests at 
short intervals during the summer. The cells containing 
the young, with whatever parasites that may be found 
among them, may be placed in alcohol, while the mature 
bees may be pinned. The simplest method of collecting the 
nests is to visit them befure sunrise or after sunset, when 
all the bees are in the nest and we can secure the whole 
colony. The bees can be picked up with forceps as they 
emerge from the nest, or caught with the net and then 
pinned. Refractory colonies may easily be quelled by 
pouring in ether or chloroform, or burning sulphur at the 
aperture, as is the best method of procedure with wasps’ 
nests. The alcoholic specimens of the mature bees may 


110 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES 


be dissected open for the purpose of finding the Stylops 
and Conops lodged within. The author would be greatly 
obliged for m: aterial to aid him in the study of our wild 
bees, and would take pleasure in cor responding with those 
interested in the study of their habits and forms. 


Bombus FERVIDUS Fabricius. 


Male. Head yellow in front both above and below the 
antenne. Thorax yellow. Abdomen yellow with the tip 
black. The black band between the wings is_ broader. 
than in the female, while also the front is much narrower 
and the legs and wings are paler. Length, .65—.70; 
breadth, .80—.32 inch. 

Female. WUead long in front; black, with a few yellow 
hairs above the insertion of the antenne. Whole body 
lemon yellow except a narrow black band between the 
wings, and the two black terminal rings of the abdomen. 
Wings notas dark as in B. pennsylvanicus, but dark 
smoky. Legs with the second. to the fifth tarsal joints 
very little longer and slenderer than in the females of the 
other species, though hardly differing from B. pennsylva- 
nicus to which this species seems nearest allied; they are 
black; tibia with fuscous hairs on the tip and along the 
edges, while the first tarsal joint is dark fuscous above, 
beneath much lighter. Compared with the male, this sex 
often differs in having no yellow hairs below the antenna, 
while throughout the body the hairs are finer, shorter 
and more dense. The tip of the abdomen. is pure black, 
while in the male it is partly yellow. Length, 1—1.25 ; 
breadth, .40—.45 inch. 

Worker. Only differs in size from the female. Length, 
.40—.60; breadth, .17—.35 inch. 

In a nest of this species, collected by Mr. Putnam 
at Warwick, Mass., which numbered five females and 
forty workers, all had black fronts below the insertion 
of the antenn». But another colony of twenty fe- 
males and workers from Bridport, Vt., had the fronts 
almost wholly yellow, with a few exceptions. This was 
especially marked in the lar ger sized females, while 
most of the smaller sized females had black fronts. I am 
hardly prepared to say that such differences as these 


OF NEW ENGLAND. rt 


distinguish the two broods of larger and smaller sized 
females, but would at present consider that the variation 
noticed above is not confined to either size. 

This species is common in all parts of Maine, and Is 
one of the most common species in New England. 


BoMBUS PENNSYLVANICUS Cresson. 


Male. ‘Head black, intermixed with obscure yel- 
lowish on the face and vertex; eyes very large and 
prominent, almost contiguous on the vertex, Thorax 
above and on the sides tawny-yellow, with a blackish 
band between the wings; in some specimens the thorax 
is entirely yellowish. Wings fusco-hyaline, darkest 
along the costa and towards the base. Legs black; 
hairs of the basal joint of the posterior tarsi pale ; > tarsi 
brown. Abdomen with the first three segments tawny- 
yellow, slightly mixed with blackish on the base of the 
first seement; T emuining segments black. Beneath black, 
sparsely clothed with pale hairs. Length 10 lines,” 
Cresson. 

female. Head and eyes as described in B. fervidus but 
the antenne are longer and more slender; black in 
front. The yellow band on the thorax is broader than in 
the male; im some specimens there are a few yellow hairs 
on the scutellum. The three basal rings* rf the abdo- 
men are yellow above, and the basal one is often partially 
black, the remaining rings black. First tarsal joint 
fuscous, much larger than in B. fervidus. In the form of 
the body this and fervidus are closely allied, ey being 
flatter and a little longer than in the othe species. 
Length 1.05 ; breadth, 45; expanse of wings lL. 85 inch. 

The mea sureme sont given would indicate that this species 
was the same size as ‘fervidus, but it is a little larger by 
about .05 inch. 

From want of specimens I am obliged to quote Mr. 
Cresson’s description of the male. This is our least abun- 


* For convenience of description in this paper I have practically ignored 
thé fact that the basal ring of the abdomen is in most hymenoptera thrown 
forward upon the thorax, as I have observed the passage to take place in 
the semi-pupa state; hence what is in reality the second segment of the 
abdomen is called in this paper the first or basal segment. 


112 | PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES 


dant species, being very rare in Maine, but growing more 
abundant as we go southward. My specimens were col- 
lected by Mr. Sanborn in the vicinity of Boston. 


BomsBus TERRICOLA Kirby. 


Male. Head broad and short, eyes narrow, as in 
B. fervidus; the front is a little broader than in that 
species but the eyes do not approximate so much 
above; there are a few yellow hairs on the vertex, 
and on the clypeus are a few yellow hairs mixed with 
black. Front of the thorax yellow, as are the sides; 
beneath black; no yellow hairs on the scutellum. 
Basal ring of the abdomen black, the second and third 
rings yellow, the remainder black, with scattered tawny 
hairs around the tip. Legs much as in the male of B. 
fervidus, but the basal joint of the tarsus is more arcuate, 
being broader in the middle, and narrowing more rapidly 
towards the base; they are black except the fuscous tarsi, 
with Jong black hairs on the under side of the femora, and 
the tips of the claws are black. Length, .65; breadth, 
O72 Jich: 

Compared with B. fervidus the antenne are nearly one- 
fourth shorter, so that by this character it would be 
easily mistaken for a worker, though the hairs are much 
looser and more uneven than in the other sex. 

Female. Head very broad and short, eyes of moderate 
width, much as in B. pennsylvanicus; front black, dis- 
colored with a few yellow hairs above and below the 
antenne. There is a narrow line of black on the front 
edge of the thorax; behind, and extending as far as the 
insertion of the wings, is a yellow band; beyond, the 
thorax and basal ring of the abdomen are black. Second 
and third riigs of the abdomen lemon-yellow, the hairs at 
the base of each ring honey-yellow; remaining rings 
black with long loose fuscous hairs about the tips and on 
the hind edge of the penultimate ring, the presence of 
which easily distinguishes this species from B. pennsyl- 
vanicus; beneath smoky black. Wings dark smoky, but 
not so much so as in the other species. The legs are also 
paler, but stouter with broader joints, while the femora 
and the tibie are black with smoky black hairs beneath. 


OF NEW ENGLAND. HS 


The first tarsal joint is still more arcuate than in B. penn- 
sylvanicus, and broader, while the remaining joints are 
shorter and thicker and more fuscous. Length, .80—.85 ; 
breadth, .45 inch. 

Worker, length, .55—.60; breadth, .25—.30 inch. 

This species replaces B. pennsylvanicus, in Maine 
where it is one of the most abundant species. The females 
are common early in the spring, while the workers 
first appear in the middle of June. I have one worker 
from Mr. Sanborn collected about Boston. It may be 
easily mistaken for De Geer’s B. pennsylvanicus but it is 
shorter, broader and somewhat smaller. In form more 
regularly elliptical when seen from above than any of 
the other species. The broad head, honey tint of the 
basal abdominal rings, shorter antenne and especially the 
fuscous hairs about the tip of the abdomen will further 
distinguish it from De Geer’s species. Sometimes a few 
yellow hairs are present upon the scutellum. 


BompBus virainicus Fabricius. 


Male. Head short and broad; the front being broader 
and the eyes narrower than in B. fervidus; the joints 
of the antenne are also a little shorter than in that 
species; vertex of the head yellow; between this and 
the insertion of the antennxw tho front is often black 
but more often yellow, while the clypeus is covered 
with black and yellow hairs. Whole thorax above and 
beneath, the under side of the femora and basal joint of 
the abdomen yellow, while the rest of the abdomen is 
black. Beneath on the side of the abdomen are thin 
yellow hairs; the basal yellow portion on the upper 
side of the abdomen is indented on the mesial line of 
the body. The legs are a little slenderer than in B. 
fervidus, while the tarsal joints are more’ cylindrical, 
longer, more dilated and provided with longer and 
slenderer spines; black; tarsal joints tinged slightly 
with fuscous brown, with fuscous hairs. The whole body 
is shorter and broader, more elliptical, the abdomen 
shorter, the sides converge more towards the acute 
tips; the wings are paler and the hairs longer and hardly 
so thick as in B. fervidus. The size of the male is equal 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. O. 


114 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES 


to that of the worker of B. fervidus. Length, .50—.55; 
breadth, .25—.30 inch. 

I have carefully compared male specimens from Maine 
and Massachusetts in Dr. Harris’ cabinet labelled by him 
“ Bombus impatiens Say Ms.” They do not differ from 
undoubted males of B. virginicus, and I agree with Mr. 
Cresson in considering it as a synonym of our cemmon 
species. 

I have taken the males very abundantly flying about 
asters and solidagos during the middle of October, when 
out of twenty males but a single worker of some other 
species occurred. 

Female. Head broader than in B. vagans, front black 
with a few yellow hairs between the antenne, and less 
than the usual number on the vertex. Thorax and basal 
joint of the abdomen yellow above and on the sides, 
black beneath; remainder of the body black. Wings 
paler than usual. Legs with the tarsal joints longer than 
in B. vagans; the first joint longer and slenderer, with 
fuscous hairs on the edges, and the remaining joints 
dilated more than in B. vagans; dark fuscous, with lighter 
fuscous hairs. Length, .30; breadth, .42; expanse of 
wings, 1.60 inches. 

Worker. Length, .50; breadth, .20 inch. 


BoOMBUS SEPARATUS Cresson. 


Male. Head a little broader than in B. virginicus, 
to which this species is very closely allied; the eyes 
are large and full, and the front is narrower by one 
third than in any other species; vertex yellow, the 
tuft larger than in B. virginicus; a yellow tuft below not 
reaching to the base of the labrum; both the maxille 
and lingua are shorter than in B. virginicus; lingua 
with a single circle of spinules near the tip, which last 
is longer than in that of B. fervidus; the joints of the 
antennee are shorter and more contracted in the middle 
than usual. Thorax and abdomen colored as déscribed in 
worker. Legs black; tarsal joints slightly tinged» with 
testaceous; femora beneath thickly clothed with long 
yellow hairs ; first posterior tarsal joint longer and narrow- 
er, remaining joints much stouter, though no longer than 


/ 


— 


= 


OF NEW ENGLAND. 115 


in B. virginicus. Abdomen wholly black beneath. Length, 
.65 ; breadth, .35 inch. 

Compared with B. virginicus this species is considerably 
larger; the head when seen from above is much broader, 
eyes twice as large, outer edge of the fore wings straight- 
er, making the wings more triangular, and they are a 
little darker. In form the two species are very similar. 

Worker. Head short and broad; the front is black, with 
a transverse yellow tuft just above the antenns; the 
hairs are remarkably short, dense and more glossy and 
velvety than usual. Thorax ofa rich lemon-yellow above; 
in certain lights, especially on the sides,, tinged with 
pruinose. Two basal segments of the abdomen obscur ely 
fuscous, intermixed at the base with yellowish hairs; 
second ring most distinctly fuscous; remainder of the 
abdomen black, with very short hairs. Length, .55; 
breadth, .22 inch. 

This species connects B. virginicus with B. vagans and 
.B. ternarius, which last it resembles in its broad head and 
compact body. The obscurely brick-red base of the 
abdomen will serve to separate this species from B. vir- 
ginicus, besides the smooth, glossy, velvety bloom which 
is due to the short, evenly cut, dense hairs. 

Mr. Cresson observes in a letter, “ that the second ring 
of the abdomen varies from yellow to dark fuscous, 
sometimes quite red. The hairs on the head are some- 
times mixed with yellow on the vertex and sometimes 
entirely black.” 

Mr. Putnam collected a nest of over twenty workers at 
Bridport, all of which had the second ring reddish above. 
At another time a solitary male was captured which did 
not differ from the workers. Anotber male was taken 
near Boston by Mr. Sanborn. 


BoOMBUS VAGANS Smith. 


Male. In form and size closely resembling B. vir- 
ginicus ; the front is wholly yellow. Black; thorax above 
and beneath, two basal joints of the abdomen and the 
under side of the femora yellow; beneath, on the side 
of the abdomen to just before the tip are sparse yellow 
hairs. Tarsi dark fuscous, with fuscous hairs. Wings 


pale. Length, .55; breadth, .28 inch. 


116 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES 


Compared with B. virginicus, the head is smaller, 
antennee slenderer, front more yellow, and there are not 
so many yellow hairs beneath the abdomen as in that 
species, while the first tarsal joint is narrower and all the 
joints are a little more fuscous. 

Female. Wead a little narrower than usual; front dark, 
with a yellow tuft above and below the antenne. Black; 
thorax and the two basal abdominal rings pale lemon- 
yellow. Abdomen wholly black beneath. Legs black; 
femora beneath black; first tarsal and remaining joints 
-black. Length, .65—.80; breadth, .28—.42; expanse of 
wings, 1.04 inches. 

Worker. Length, .35—.50; breadth, .17—.22 inch. 

This species is full and plump. The larger sized 
females have finer, denser hairs than the workers, where 
they are more than usually loose and uneven. ‘These last 
are often found with very pale yellow hairs. 

In a colony of thirty workers collected at Warwick, 
Mass., by Mr. Putnam, there occurred no special variation 
except in the different shades of yellow on the fronts. It 
is one of our common species, and occurred abundantly 


the last of August in company with B. ternarius about 


Chamberlain Lake at the head waters of the Penobscot 
river. : 


BoMBUS TERNARIUS Say. 


female. Head broad and short; front broad with yel- 
low tufts above and below the antenne. Black; thorax and 
basal ring of the abdomen yellow; an irregularly defined 
black band between the wings, sometimes produced behind 
into a triangular point on the scutellum, extending to the 
base of the abdomen; second and third abdominal rings 
red; fourth yellow, and the tip black; beneath black, the 
posterior edges of the third and fourth abdominal rings 
provided with yellow hairs. Legs black; tarsi fuscous, 
especially the inner side of the first joint; femora clothed 
beneath with yellow hairs. Wings pale smoky, of the 
same size and formasin B. vagans. Length, .70; breadth, 
.32; expanse of wings, 1.30 inches. 

Worker. Length, 40—.45; breadth, .17—.25 inch. 

Male. “ Colored same as the female,” Cresson. 


OF NEW ENGLAND. PEF 


Compared with B. vagans, the legs are very similar; the 
first tarsal joint is however not so broad and convex 
without, while the remaining Joints are much the same. 

In a nest of twenty-three specimens collected by Mr. 
Putnam at Bridport, Vt., the scutellum was invariably 
yellow. Most of these specimens have the fifth abdom- 
nal ring red, so that there are three instead of two red 
rings. In nearly every case the front of the head was 
darker than above described, since by their pollen gather- 
ing habits the longer yellow hairs easily rub off. It is a 
common and widely distributed species ranging according 
to Cresson from Maine to Utah, Puget Sound and Arctie 
America, and southward to Pennsylvania. 

I append the description of three additional species 
described from Connecticut and New York by Mr. 
Cresson. 


BoOMBUS PERPLEXUS Cresson. 


“ Male. Head black, with a tuft of pale hairs in front 
below the antenne; vertex yellowish. Thorax bright 
honey-yellow. Wings hyaline, apical margins faintly 
clouded. legs black; base of femora beneath yellowish. 
Abdomen with the three basal seements bright honey-yel- 
Jow, the third segment having a slight admixture of black ; 
remaining segments black. Beneath black, shehtly mixed 
with yellowish. Length 8 lines. 

Female and worker not seen. 

One specimen, Connecticut. (Coll. Norton.) 

This species closely resembles B. hudsonicus, but the 
form of the body is more elongate and not so compact as 
that of the latter species, and the color is much brighter.” 


BomBus BIMACULATUS Cresson. 


“ Male. Head black, mixed with yellowish on the face 
and vertex. Thorax honey-yellow. Wings sub-hyaline, 
slightly stained with yellowish. Legs black, clothed with 
yellowish hairs, especially on the femora beneath. Abdo- 
men with the whole of the first segment above, and the 
second, except a few black hairs on the middle, and a 
round black spot on each side, pale honey-yellow; the 
fourth segment mixed with black and yellow; the third 


~ 


118 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC. 


and apical segments black. Beneath yellowish, hairy. \q 
Length, 7 1-2 lines. 

Female and worker unknown to me. 

One specimen, Connecticut. (Coll. Norton.)” 


BoMBUS AFFINIS Cresson. 


“ Female. Head black. Thorax in front and on the sides 
yellow; between the wings black; scutellum, yellow. 
Wings "fusco- hyaline. Legs black. Abdomen with the 
whole of the first and the sides and posterior margin of the 
second segments above yellow; remainder of the second 
segment rufo-fulvous; remaining segments black; be- 
neath black. Length, 8 lines. 

Male. Colored the same as the female, except a slight 
admixture of yellowish hairs on the vertex. Length, 8 
lines. 


Canada, (Saunders) ; and New York, (Coll. Norton.)” 


APATHUS. 


The genus Apathus may be distinguished from Bombus 
by the males having broader fronts, and the tibiw being 
convex instead of concave on the outer side, the whole 
joint being rounder and thicker, while the first tarsal joint 
is longer and not so convex on the posterior edge as in 
Bombus, being very straight and oblong. 

The females are more easily known by having very acute, 
triangular, bidentate mandibles instead of having them spat- 
ulate and three toothed as in Bombus. The head is also 
shorter and broader; the front is much broader, since the 
eyes are a little smaller, as are the ocelli; both the 
clypeus and labrum are shorter and broader, and the 
antenne are a little stouter. The tip of the abdomen is 
larger, acute, the surface convex and not concave as in 
Bombus, and the sides are flat, giving the tip a quadran- 
gular form. 


APATHUS ASHTONI Cresson. 


This is the largest New England species yet discovered 
and differs very considerably in its coloration from the 
others. 


female. The head is short and broad, the front broad 


OF NEW ENGLAND. 119 


and covered with short wholly black hairs. Thorax 
lemon-yellow above, descending partially down the sides 
in front of the fore WI1Ngs ; ” there is a short lozenge- 
shaped black space, lying par tly on the hinder edge of the 
meso-scutum and the anterior half of the scutellum, 
while the hinder convex edge of this last piece is rather 
broadly margined with yellow. The two basal rings of the 
abdomen and half of the third are black, while the side of 
the third is yellow; fifth ring black above, yellow on the 
sides; tip naked, large, triangular, incurved, with an oval 
depression on the upper side; beneath, the body is wholly 
black. Legs stout, short, black: tips of the tibia fuscous ; 
the inside of the first tarsal jomt partially, or in certain 
lights, wholly deep fuscous; remaining joints dark fus- 
cous; the fifth one including the claws darker than the 
others. The wings are a little paler thanin A. elatus, 
with black veins. Length, .75; breadth, .385; expanse of 
wings, 1.45 inches. 

T have taken several female specimens of this handsome 
species during the middle and last of summer, at 
Brunswick, Me. There is one specimen, “ No. 215,” not 
labelled, in the Harris collection belonging to the Boston 
Society of Natural History, which, as nothing to the 
contrary is stated, must have been captured near Boston. 

In size and form and partially in its colors it is similar 
to B. fervidus, and is perhaps a parasite upon it. 


APATHUS CONTIGUUS Cresson. 


Male. Front black; vertex yellow; thorax and two 
basal joints of the abdomen yellow ; body beneath, and the 
five terminal joints of the abdomen black. Legs black ; 
tarsi fuscous, the basal joint blackish except on the edges. 

It very closely resembles B. vagans Smith, differing from 
it by the nearly twice as_ broad front, which is black 
instead of yellow, as in B. vagans, and the body is entirely 
black beneath, where B. vagans has long yellow hairs. 
Length, .67; breadth, .28 inch. (Mus. Comp. Zodl., Mr. 
Norton. ) 


APATHUS CITRINUS Smith. 


Male. Front black, a few greyish-yellow hairs on the 
vertex. Thorax and four baso-abdominal rings covered 


120 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC. 


with sparse greyish-yellow hairs, being very thin between 
the wings, and on the middle of the fourth joint of the 
abdomen; beneath black. The abdomen is at the ex- 
tremity a little broader and more incurved than in the 
preceding species. My specimen is very pale greyish- 
yellow, Mr. Cresson however describes it as “ pale lemon 
or greyish-yellow above and on the sides,” and it is most 
probable that the specimen before me is hardly mature. 
Legs, outer half of tibize, and tarsifuscous. Length, .55 ; 
breadth, .28 inch. (Mus. Comp. Zool, Mr. Norton.) 


APATHUS ELATUS Cresson. 


Male. Very closely resembling B. fervidus Fabr. The 
head is black, rest of the body, except a black band 
between the wings, and the black tip of the abdomen 
deep lemon-yellow. Wings much darker than in the pre- 
ceding species. Legs black, sometimes dark fuscous; 
femora clothed with yellowish hairs beneath. The extreme 
tip of the abdomen has a few fulvous, or yellow hairs. 
Distinguished from B. fervidus chiefly by the black front. 
Length, .65—.85 ; breadth, .25—,.35 inch, 


NEpHOPTERYX Hiibner. 


NEPHOPTERYX EDMANDSII nov. sp. 


Cinereous, with a decided purplish hue. Head, an- 
tenn, thorax and abdomen rather pale cinereous, con- 
colorous, without any dark scales; palpi much darker at 
the tips and on the outer side; within paler. Fore wings 
with two transverse parallel lines; the inner one a little 
outside of the basal third of the wing; blackish, diffuse, 
angulated just before the costa, straight below; a slight 
blackish discal dot ; the outer sub-marginal line is situated 
on the outer fourth of the wing; it is dark within, the outer 
half pale, straight, angulated acutely opposite the discal 
dot; not angulated in the costa; just within this line and 
in front of the discal dot there is a pale patch, free from 
the dusky scales. An obscure marginal row of dots, the 
apical one much larger than the others. Fringe pale cine- 


reous, Secondaries, abdomen and legs uniform pale shiny 


OF NEW ENGLAND. 4 | 


cinereous ; the former paler towards the internal edge ; 
beneath both wings are nearly concolorous, the primaries 
a little darker however, but without any markings. 
Length of the body, .37; expanse of wings, .75 inch. 

Larva. Body cylindrical, tapering slightly towards 
each end. The head is of moderate size and somewhat 
flattened as usual, presenting the usual semi-elliptical 
form ; the three simple eyes are placed in nearly a straight 
line parallel with the anterior edge of the pro-thoracic 
ring. The pro-thoracic (cervical) shield is sub-lunate ; 
each of the two succeeding rings is impressed by three 
transverse lines, forming four transverse ridges. On the 
abdominal rings there is but one of these impressed lines 
like the suture between the different rings, except that it 
extends only as far as the sides of each ring; like the 
sutures they are roseate flesh-colored; there are two 
sub-dorsal rows of minute setiferous tubercles, one on each 
elevation of the ring; and a similar lateral row; the 
pleural region is raised considerably ; of the nine stig- 
mata, the pro-thoracic one and the last abdominal one 
are the largest, and the pro-thoracic stigma is placed a 
little below the line of the others ; the supra-anal plate 
is seml-oval ; ten pairs of rather short abdominal (prop-) 
legs. Ofa pale flesh-color with the lnes and _ sutures 
deeper roseate. Length, .45; breadth, .08 inch. 

These larvee were observed Jan. 16th, twenty or more in 
number, in a box containing the remains of a nest of 
Bombus fervidus taken during the previous fall at Warwick, 
Mass. The larve had eaten up all the cells, and while 
some were spinning their thin cocoons, which were very 
slight compared with those of Galleria, the honey-bee 
moth, others had died for want of food. 

Pupa. ‘The body is obtusely spindle-shaped, since the 
upper and under sides are continuously convex from the 
head to the tip of the abdomen. Head prominent, the 
front convex; epicranial piece large and broad, convex 
behind, on the sides deeply excavated for the insertion 
of the antenne; the clypeus nearly round, being convex 


- behind and on the sides, which narrow towards the square 


slightly concave front; in front of the clypeus is the 
transversely narrow labrum which is a little produced in 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV, oP. 


122 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC. 


front and obtusely pointed; in front are two triangular 
pieces, united for a slight distance along the mesial line, 
but they soon separate to allow the base of the maxilla 
to pass up between them; these last are very long and 
slender, and with the legs and wings extend down to the 
anterior edge of the fifth abdominal ring; the forewings 
are long, narrow and acute, the outer edge very oblique, 
and continuous with the hind edge; the pro-thorax is 
short, excavated in front, with a slight mesial tooth; the 
hind margin convex, with a mesial excavation corres- 
ponding to the tooth in front; there is a mesial ridge 
on the pro- and meso-thorax; the meso-scutellum is sol- 
dered in front without suture, behind acutely pointed ; 
behind is (probably) the post-scutellum, transversely 
linear, but distinct; meta-thorax as usual, square behind; 
the second pair of wings are visible at their insertion and 
along the hinder edge. Ten abdominal rings very equal 
in length, minutely punctured, smooth on the emarginated 
hind edge; from the fifth, the tip slowly becomes conical ; 
the extreme tip is rather obtuse, not spinous, but with a 
few hairs. In color it is of the usual reddish testaceous 
tint, but paler than usual. Length, .384; breadth, .08 inch. 

The year after this larva was discovered at Warwick, Mr. 
Putnam raised it from the larve found in bees’ nests at 
Bridport. This species is respectfully dedicated to Miss 
A. M. Edmands of Cambridge, who was the first to draw 
attention to its interesting habits. In this respect it differs 
much from other species of the same genus. Ratzeburg 
in his “ Forstinsecten” figures two species which feed on 
the pine leaves, and Dr. Clemens* describes the habits of 
two species which feed upon the American Elm. 


MicroGasTER Latreille. 
MICROGASTER NEPHOPTERICIS Nov. sp. 


Male. The body of this species is black with pale and 
black-brown legs. The eyes are provided with short scat- 
tered pale hairs thickest around the margin like those on 


*Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 205. 1860. 


aes ee 


OF NEW ENGLAND. 125 


the head, which is wholly black. The surface is finely 
punctured, and the front is covered with fine hairs, espec- 
ially thick on the middle of the clypeus where they form 
two lines of silvery hairs pointing inwards, while the lines 
themselves diverge outwards, thus forming a triangular 
space, and below is another triangle of silvery, but much 
shorter hairs on the labrum; the four sub-equal jointed 
labial palpi are pale testaceous; the basal joint darker ; 
the three-joimted maxillary palpi have the middle joint 
pale, the other two darker. The surface of the black 
thorax is hardly punctured, but finely and irregularly 
striated. The pale white wings contrast with the black 
body; patagia pale testaceous; base of the wings black, 
nervures pale; the marginal one darkening towards the 
blackish pterostigma which is a little paler in the middle. 
Legs black at their base; outer two-thirds of first pair, 
outer half of second, and tip of third pair of femora pale ; 
fore and middle tibiz and tarsi pale, hind pair pale on the 
basal two-thirds; the hind tarsi dark; all three pairs of 
claws blackish. Abdomen black, with a few pale sparse 
hairs. Length of body, .13; breadth, .03; length or one 
primary wing .09 inch. | 

This species agrees well with the typical European 
species in most respects. The antenne are 18-jointed, 
and the joints are long cylindrical, impressed in the sae 
by aslight constriction. The neuration is ike Ratzebure’ 
figure of M. flavilabris, but the pterostigma is a little 
bre oader, and the outer cubital cell is still more incomplete, 
no traces of the third and outer side of the minute trian- 
gular cell bemg present. 

‘wo males found by Mr. Putnam to be par asitic on the 
species of Nephopteryx described above, were raised by 
him while at Bridport, Vt. 


Conorps Linneeus. 


The history of this genus is very fragmentary. I quote 
from Westwood’s “ Modern Classification of Insects” a 
summary of what was known in regard to its habits up to 
the date of the publication of that work. “These insects are 


° 7 


vA Gh ove ea 


os 


124 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC. 


generally prettily colored, and are met with upon plants and 
flowers. The species are parasites in the larva state upon 
bees, as first discovered by Baumhauer. Latreille also. 
states that the Conops rufipes undergoes its transforma- 
tions in the interior of the abdomen of living humble bees, 
escaping at the margin of the segment, having reared four 
specimens of the Conops in a box in which he had placed 
some of the Bombi; and Messrs. Lachat and Audouin 
have published an interesting memoir upon an apod larva 
found in the intestines of Bombus lapidarius which La- 
treille attributed to this species of Conops. M. Robineau 
Desvoidy has also observed a species of Conops pursuing a 
Bombus with great patience, and flying on it several 
tines (Comptes Lendus de ’ Acad. No. 23, 1836), as has 
also M. Dufour, who, moreover, possesses a Bombus terres- 
tris from the anal part of which a Conops rufipes is depen- 
dent, the swollen extremity of the abdomen of the latter 
being retained within the former. (Ann. Sc. Nat. Jan. 
1837.) I have also frequently observed Myopa atra flying 
about sand-banks in which were the burrows of various 
bees.” Vol. 1 p. 560. 

I translate two passages from the memoir of Messrs. 
Lachat and Audouin*, referred to above, which describe 
the larve and their habits. “ A white, very soft and foot- 
less larva (figs. 1, 2,3, 4,) was found the 7th July 1818, 
between the ovaries above the stomach, between it and 
the sting and under the dorsal vessel of a Bombus lapida- 
rius Fabr. which was deprived of its fat; it had eleven 
rings, a long neck, a mouth, two lips, two hooks and 
several papille dependant from the skin; the rest of 
its body was distended, a little furrowed above and be- 
neath, by a longitudinal series of points grouped usually 
three by three on the side of each ring, which likewise 
appeared plainly constricted.. The extremity opposed 
to the mouth, corresponds to the rectum of the Bombus, 
has an anus slit vertically, and two more elevated lateral 
plates, placed near each other and very curious in their 
organization and their importance. It bears much resem- 


*Mémoire sur une larve apode trouvée dans le bourdon des pierres. Mém. 
de la Soc. d’Hist. Nat. 1828. Tom. 1. p. 826-339. avee fig. 


OF NEW ENGLAND. 125 


blance to Dipodium apiarium of Bosc, and is like several 
dipterous larvee described by Réaumur (Mémoires, tomes 
Ivand v.) M. Latreille refers it to Conops rufipes of 
which he has found four individuals in a box in which he 
had placed some Bombus terrestris Fabr.” 

“This larva, then, passes its first three stages, lodged 
directly within another insect, there living upon the fats, 
and receiving like most dipterous larvee, through its pos- 
terior openings, an abundant supply of aur, that another 
being inspires for it. Already has M. Dumeril surmised, 
that from the curvature of its abdomen, the Conops must 
lay its eggs within the body of some other insect.” 

The larvee are represented by the authors as being flask- 
shaped, convex above, flattened beneath, with the anterior 
portion of the body ‘elongated and very slender; while 
upon the obtuse anal extremity are placed the crescentic 
respiratory organs. 

We have nothing new to communicate respecting the 
habits of this genus, but merely to note the occurrence of 
a@ species which is parasitic either upon Bombus vagans 
Smith, or B. fervidus Fabr. Unfortunately the specimen 
died while issuing from the body of the bee so that the 
wings were not expanded and the colors were not devel- 
oped; and since a colony of each of the two species above 
mentioned were pinned in the box, itis uncertain upon 
which species the Conops was a parasite. 

In the dilapidated specimen, which Baron Osten Sacken 
has referred to the genus Conops after reading my descrip- 
tion, the large eyes do not meet on the vertex, but their 
opposite edges are straight and parallel, leaving the front 
of the head between them of even width above and below, 
and as wide as the breadth of either of the eyes; the 
front is deeply excavated for the reception of the antenna, 
on each side of a triangular prominence ; the antenne 
are apparently three-jointed ; the first very long, square, 
and truncated at the tip; the second is a third shorter 
than the basal joint, but broader and conical, and contin- 
uous with the slender, minute, acute third joint ; the pro- 
boscis is very long, reaching nearly to the tip of the abdo- 
men and clavate at the extremity. The abdomen is 
apparently somewhat shrivelled, and iy cylindrical, the 


126 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC. 


tip a little obtuse and incurved. The legs are large and 
long, with stout joints and strong claws ; the femora are 
dilated, the tip of the tibize much enlarged; and the 
tarsal joints are broadly triangular. 


Notes on an unknown larva allied to that of Volucella. 


Westwood (Intr. 1. p. 558) states that the “ larve of Vol- 
ucella reside in the nests of Bombi and Vespz, upon the 
larve of which they subsist ; they have the body long, nar- 
rowed in front, transversely wrinkled, with fine lateral 
points, and the tail armed with six radiating points ; the 
mouth is armed with two bifid mandibles, and with three 
pairs of tentacula.” The pup of this genus have not 
been described, DeGeer figuring only the larva and imago 
of V. bombylans (Mém. tom. vi. tab. 8. fig. 4—9; and see 
Réaumur, Mém. tom. iv. pl. 33.) 

Several nests of Bombus fervidus and B. vagans were 
found by Mr. Putnam to be infested by larvee which it 
will be seen agree in many respects with the above 
description of those of Volucella. 

They were 13-jointed. The terminal triangular portion 
appears to consist of a single ring, though in reality made 
up of three segments soldered together. In form the 
larvee are oval lanceolate, narrowing in front, and the 
dorsal surface is convex continuously from the head to 
the anal tip, and beneath flattened; with two dorsal and 
two lateral rows of stout bristles spinulated at the base. 
The head is broad oblong, flattened from above; it is 
nearly as long as the pro-thoracic ring, and two-thirds as 
broad; very square in front, the sides are parallel and very 
slightly convex, arising from the front edge of the head, 
and above the mouth are two minute sete which do not 
appear to be jointed, or to differ structurally. from. the 
other spinules upon the surface of the body, except 
that they are simple; these are all the appendages to the 
head that can be seen when the mouth is retracted; in 
one specimen however where the mouth is partially 
thrust out there is seen attached a v-shaped organ (max- 
illee ?) such as are described as occurring in Volucella ; on 


= a 
wae 


OF NEW ENGLAND. 197 


each side and near the base of the head is a convex raised 
vertical ridge, with its edge armed with obtuse short 
spines which probably protect a simple eye situated at the 
bottom of the depression. The middle of the body is 
nearly twice as wide as the pro-thoracic ring. All the 
rings are separated by weil defined sutures; they are 
convex, and angularly so on the sides; the spines are 
very equal in length, the two dorsal rows approximate 
and are rather remote from the two lateral rows; the 
tip of the abdomen, which, judging from the three pairs 
of spines, is originally composed of three rings, is semi- 
ovate, triangular in form, suddenly flattened above; at 
the base is a pair of obsolete spines; the remaining spines 
are longer than those on the front of the body, radiating 
outwards, but hke them are armed at the base with three 
or four pairs of obtusely bifurcate spinules which stand 
out stiffly at right angles to the spine itself; the lon- 
gitudinal anal opening is protected on the sides with 
minute obtuse spines; on the under side of each ring 
of the body, with the exception of the terminal one, are 
two transverse angulated ridges; the front one smooth, 
while the posterior ridge is provided witha single row 
of minute teethlike spines. The larve are of a dirty pale 
flesh color. The head is concolorous with the rest of the 
body and of but little harder consistence. Length, .36; 
breadth, .10; height, .07 inch. 

While bearing a general resemblance to the larva of 
Volucella as figured by Westwood, they differ in being 
much narrower, very hairy, or rather spinulated, and. the 
terminal portion of the body is not provided with stout 
spines as in Volucella, but is continuously hairy with the 
rest of the body. 

I quote in this connection notices by Westwood of 
other dipterous genera which are parasitic on wild bees, 
with the hopes of stimulating observers in this country to 
search for these interesting parasites in the nests of 
American wild bees. 

“Some species of Anthrax were supposed by Latreille 
to be parasitic on bees, while Réaumur (Jém. tom. vi. pl. 
27. fig. 13) figures Anthrax morio, of which he observes. 
“ Plusieurs mouches de cette espéce ont été tirées d’un 


128 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC. 


nid creusé dans le bois”. p. 290. “ All these authors 
have, however, overlooked the direct observations of 
Schaffer, who has figured the larva, pupa and imago of 
Anthrax ornata (or a closely allied species) as one of the 
parasites in the nest of the Mason bee (Megachile muraria) 
(Abhand. v. Ins. vol. 11. pl. 5. figs. 11, 12, 13.)” 

“M. V. Audouin has confirmed in his unpublished obser- 
vations the parasitic habits of Anthrax morio by rearing it 
from the nest of an Anthophora. He has given me one of 
the exuvie of the pupa, which retains its previous pupa- 
form, and exactly resembles the pupa of Bombylius. He 
remarked that the Anthrax makes its way out of the cell 
of the bee, immediately before assuming the perfect state, 
by the assistance of its dorsal spines, in the same manner 
as Cossus. I have also found exactly similar exuvize in 
the nest of Megachile muraria.” p. 534. 

The muscid genus Tachina besides attacking parasitically 
grasshoppers, caterpillars, the larvee of saw-flies and other 
insects, 1s known also to frequent the burrows of the 
smaller species of wild bees, such as the Andrenide. 


ANTHEROPHAGUS Latreille. 


ANTHEROPHAGUS OCHRACEUS Melsheimer. 


Female. Pale testaceous honey yellow, with darker 
antennee, legs, and elytra; the head and pro-thorax above 
and beneath are honey yellow; the anterior two-thirds 
of the head, pro-thorax and elytra is covered with very 
fine yellowish hairs arising from the fine punctures which 
cover the upper part of the body; the antennz are also 
very finely haired; on the head the minute hairs are 
arranged longitudinally; while upon the pro-thorax they 
all converge to a mesial point near the hind edge of the 
pro-notum. ‘The elytra are a little darker especially along 
the suture. The ends of the antennal joints, the base of 
the coxe and tibie, and tip of the terminal joint of the 
tarsi are black. Length of the- body, .16—.18; breadth, 
-06—.08 inch. : 

This species was identified for me by Mr. F. G. Sanborn 
of Boston. He informs me that the species is common 


OF NEW ENGLAND. 129 


on the flowers of the sweet briar and other Rosacez, 
but that my female specimen is much larger than usual. 
Hence the above description will not be out of place. 

Both at Warwick, Mass., and at Bridport, Vt., Mr. Put- 
nam found several nests of bees infested by this beetle. 
Though it is probable from the fondness which these in- 
sects manifest for the sweets of flowers, that they visit the 
nests of the bees for the purpose of consuming the honey 
stored up within them, we do not as vet know the extent 
of the injury they cause, or whether in their early stages 
of growth they are not true parasites. 


Larva of MELOE ANGUSTICOLLIS Say. 


This insect, as 1s well known, is parasitic in its early 
larval stage on the bodies of wild bees, and dweils as a 
pupa in their nests. I have found them several times upon 
the bodies of Bombus, Halictus, and Andrena, with their 
heads plunged in between the head and thorax of their 
victims. During the flowering of the willows in April, I 
have found them in abundance upon the flowers, while 
those bees which had evidently brought them there were 
more or less infested by them. I have tried in vain as 
yet to rear the larve by feeding the bees with sugar. 
They are comparatively hardy and with proper care in 
changing the bees as fast as they die can most probably 
be raised to maturity. They are very active in their 
habits, very quickly deserting the halfdead bee for a 
newly introduced and more lively one. 

I would here venture to suggest that there is nothing 
very abnormal in the development of this genus of Coleop- 
tera, so far as concerns the different forms of the young ; 
judging simply from the form of the semz-pupa figured by 
Newport, which is called by him and previous observers 
a distinct form equivalent to the larva and pupa form, I 
would suggest that that stage is simply the beginning of 
the pupa form, 

In studying the development of Bombus, I have ascer- 
tained that the semi-pupa takes on a most remarkable form, 
intermediate between that of the worm-like larva and the 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. Q. 


«* 
- 

j 

( 

- 


130 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC. 


matured pupa; but the transitional forms between show 
that they gradually merge together. Owing to the great 
rapidity with which the pupa is developed beneath the 
larval skin which in most insects is hard and thick, the’ 
intermediate stages pass on so rapidly that we know really 
little about them. 

The “ semi-pupa,” as it may be called of Meloe has not 
been compared with the similar stage in other Coleoptera, 
_of which we know almost nothing, hence it is not to be 
wondered at that so philosophic and acute an observer as 
Newport should call the immature pupa of Meloe,a fourth 
stage of existance, intermediate between the larval and 

yupal. 

The specific characters of our larva can be best brought 
out by comparing it with the figure of Newport.* It is 
shorter and broader throughout. The head and thoracic 
rings are together longer than the abdomen, which is 
shorter and more ovate than in the European species; 
the head is longer and the pro-thoracic ring is longer 
than the two succeeding rings, where, according to New- 
port’s figure, it is a little shorter than the mesial thoracic 
ring; the two hinder rings also dilate more on the poste- 
rior edge, as do the abdominal rings; the setz attached 
to the hinder edge of each abdominal segment, which are 
large and conspicuous in Newport’s figure, are in our 
species minute, and the terminal sete are shorter; the 
legs of our larve are a little stouter than in the species 
referred to. Its color in the young is very pale, becom- 
ing in the full sized individuals nearly black. Length, .06; 
breadth, .02 inch. 


Notice of StyLops CHILDRENI Gray. 


I was fortunate enough during the past spring and after 
this article was presented to the Institute, to discover the 
male of this species. 

According to Westwood (Modern Class. Insects) this 
species was discovered in the abdomen of a species of — 


* Trans. Linn. Soe. Vol. 20, tab. 14.) 


OF NEW ENGLAND. 131 


Andrena, carried to England from Nova Scotia, which was 
in the collection of Mr. G. B. Sowerby; it was figured by 
Prof. Westwood and with many details formed plate 59 of 
Griffith’s Cuvier, Part Insects. Though named by Mr. 
Gray, no description has ever been made. The insect has 
not subsequently been noticed by observers in this coun- 
try. 

On the 29th of April I captured an Andrena placida 
Smith flying about the flowers of the Mezercon. This 
specimen was stylopized, and flying briskly within the 
nest and in company with the bee wasa male Stylops, 
which agrees in all respects with Westwood’s figures, ex- 
cept that he does not represent the abdomen as being long 
enough. Ina few hours my specimen died, and its abdo- 
men long and flexible, which the insect had kept in con- 
stant motion, opening and shutting its large and broad 
anal forceps, soon partially dried up, then resembling more 
Westwood’s figure which must evidently have been taken 
froma dried specimen. The whole body, the antenne 
and appendages of the mouth were velvety black; abdo- 
men slightly brownish ; legs and anal forceps pale resinous 
brown; the tarsal joints, and tips of tibiew pale testaceous. 

I have little doubt but that this male was at the time of 
capture adhering to the body of the bee in order to unite 
with the wingless female within the abdomen of the bee, 
and thus the use of the long flexible abdomen and large 
terminal forceps are obvious. 

Is the wingless specimen a pupa, or female? That it is 
a female, and was destined in about six weeks to produce 
immense numbers of young there can be httle doubt.* 

I proceed to notice a female and young discovered dur- 
ing the preceding year. 

On the 18th of June while collecting Hymenoptera 
which were feeding upon the flowers of the garden Rasp- 
berry I captured an Andrena vicina Smith, which was 
stylopized. Near the middle of the abdomen, on the upper 
side, projected from between the rings, the flat triangular 
head of the female. Upon drawing out the whole body, 


* During the middle of May I captured two more of the same species of 
Andrena, each with a female Stylops within its body. 


132 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC. 


which was very extensible, baggy and full of a thin fluid, 
I examined it under a high power and found multitudes, 
at least three hundred, of very minute, dust-like Stylops 
larve issuing in every direction from the body of the 
parent. Most of them issued from near the head, over 
which they ran, as they must do when the parent is in its 
natural position, in order to get out upon the surface of 
the bee. The soft body of the female rapidly dried up, 
causing the death of many of the larve, and as I was un- 
able to rear them, my only object in mentioning them now, 
is to describe briefly the appearance of the female and the 
young at the time of birth. It appears therefore that the 
female does not lay eggs, but is viviparous. Siebold was 
the first to show that the females were such, though ap- 
terous, wormlike, of so abnormal form and so different 
from the winged male; and it seems a little strange that 
Westwood and others should call this form a “ larva” 
when they plainly perceived that its body was filled with 
the newly hatched young. The head of the single female 
that fell under my observation resembles very closely the 
figures of Newport in the Linnean Transactions; it is 
flattened, triangular, nearly equilaterally so, with the apex 
or mouth-region obtuse, and the two hinder angles each 
containing a minute simple eye ; the larger part of the head 
above consists of the epicranium, which is narrowed in 
front and its edge convex; no clypeus, or labrum can be 
distinguished ; the mandibles are also obsolete, being two 
flattened portions lying in front of the “ gena” and sepa- 
rated from that region by a very distinct suture ; the mouth 
is transverse and opens on the upper side of the head, 
while in front lies the rather large labium, and the rounded 
papilliform maxillee. 
The larve are in form linear elliptical; head semi-ovate, 
while the tip of the abdomen is truncate. The sides of 
the body are continuous, there being no suture between 
the segments; seen laterally the larva is thickest at the 
meta-thoracic ring. Two simple eyes are lodged near the 
base of the head. The body is so transparent that the 
intestine can be traced easily to just before the tip, where 
~ it ends in a cul de sac. The two anterior pair of legs are 
much alike ; coxe short; femora and tibie small, cylindri- 


OF NEW ENGLAND. de 


cal; asingle slender tibial spur; tarsi consisting of a single 
clavate joint equalling the tibia in length, much swollen at 
the tip, where no claws can be discovered; the hind tarsi 
are longer, very slender, two jointed, the terminal one being 
bulbous. The pair of terminal stylets inserted in the four- 
teenth and terminal joint of the body are a little more than 
one half the length of the body. The whole body, espe- 
cially the abdomen is partially covered with long setose 
scales, which project from the side of each ring. In color 
the body is pale grayish. 

In their movements these infinitesimal larvae were very 
active, as they scrambled over the surface of the body of 
the parent or of the glass slide, holding their caudal sete 
nearly erect. 


Notes on a new species of Anthophorabia parasitic on the 
Leaf-cutting Bee, and a new genus of Myrmarides 
probably parasitic on the former. 


In Westwood’s “ Introduction to the Modern Classifica- 
tion of Insects,” we find the following notices of chalcid 
parasites on wild bees and wasps. “ Pteromalus apum 
ig parasitic gregariously in the nest of the mason bee. A 
brood of Encyrtus varicornis was obtained by Esenbeck 
from a cell of Humenes coarctata. Réaumur has described 
and figured (Mém. vi. pl. 20, fig. 2, and pl. 21, fig. 3,) a 
species of Chalcis, which is parasitic in the nests of the 
American wasp (Lpipone nidulans) and which he regard- 
ed as the female of that wasp.” Westwood also mentions 
that Monodontomerus lives in the nests of Osmia, the ma- 
son bee; and on the authority of Audouin states that the 
same genus Is also “ parasitic in the provisioned nests of 
Odynerus, Anthophora and Osmia. The male has most 
singular antenne, and minute rudiments of wings, so that 
it does not quit the cell.” 

Newport* has given us many new details of the history 
of the wild bee parasites. He states that the larve of 
Monodontomerus are flat, very hairy, and spin silken co- 


> 


* On the Anatomy and Development of certain Chalcidz and Ichneu- 
monidge. Trans. Linn. Soc. Vol. 21, 1855. 


134 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC. 


coons when about to pupate. The imago appears about 
the last of June, perforating the cell of the bee. The lar- 
va is an “ external feeding parasite” consuming the pupa 
as well as the larva of Anthophora. Very full information 
is given concerning the habits and structure of two spe- 
cies of anew genus of these minute parasites, which he 
calls Anthophorabia. The males differ remarkably from 
the females, especially in having simple eyes instead of 
compound organs of sight, besides the usual three ocelli. 

We were tortunate enough in cutting open the cells 
of Megachile centuncularis, brought by Mr. Putnam from 
Bridport, Vt., to find that nearly a dozen were ichneu- 
moned by these parasites. There were counted in one cell 
upwards of one hundred and fifty of the larve; whereas 
Mr. Newport only found thirty to fifty in a cell of Antho- 
phora. A few perfect females had hatched out, it being 
the middle of October, and there were besides a few pupa, 
but the large majority were larva which have survived 
the winter as such, so that a new and much larger spring 
brood of the Chalcids must appear, when it is to be hoped 
we shall have an opportunity of describing the male. 
The larve were all clustered upon the outside of the 
dead and dry Megachile larva. 

Upon one of the female Anthophorabia I accidentally 
. discovered an exceedingly minute Proctotrupid, one-nin- 
tieth of an inch in length, which I am unable to refer to 
any known genus, and which will be found partially 
described on a following page; it is highly probable that 
it is an egg-parasite, as are most of the Mymaride, to 
which section it properly belongs; and it is not too large 
to live in the eggs of the Anthophorabia, small as the last 
named insect is. 


ANTHOPHORABIA MEGACHILIS nov. sp. 


Female. The head is very stout, broad and flattened 
posteriorly ; the front is rounded ovate, narrowing a little 
anteriorly ; the occiput is very distinct, and its vertex is 
very considerably elevated and slightly angulated; above 
the ocelli-bearing piece it is linear, but towards the eyes 
widens out into a linear triangular portion ; in front, is a 


OF NEW ENGLAND. 135 


tranversely oblong piece bearing the three ocelli; in front 
of this is a smooth triangular area which rapidly contracts 
to a narrow line which connects this area with the ante- 
rior portion of the epicranium, thus dividing the front 
region of the head into two lateral halves composed of the 
large broad pieces, unusually developed in this genus, 
which bear the ovate eyes; the anterior portion of the 
epicranium is narrow triangular, and its surface is very 
convex; clypeus very short, tranversely linear oblong ; 
the mandibles are long and narrow, their tips very acute 
and slightly incurved ; antenne nine-jointed ; second joint 
nearly as long as all the remaining ones collectively, a little 
dilated beyond the middle, but not bent so much as in A. 
Jasciata Newp.; the succeeding four joints are shorter and 
more closely united together than in A. fasciata and the 
three terminal ones are united apparently into a single 
jot more acute than in the European species. Thorax 
and abdomen much flattened, hardly convex above; pro- 
thorax longer than broad, triangular; meso-scutum very 
small, trapezoidal, the sides converging a little towards 
the scutellum, which is larger than the scutum, oblong, 
twice as long as broad, the sides very exactly parallel and 
a little convex behind next the curved transversely oblong 
post-scutellum; on each side is a linear oblong parapsidal 
piece, and the parapsidal pieces on each side of the 
scutum are here especially marked, occupying a space 
larger than the scutum itself; meta-thorax narrow, small, 
shorter than broad. The fore wings have the costa divided 
into three convex portions of which the basal third is 
most convex ; the sub-costal nervure follows these convex- 
ities, terminating nearly at the outer third of the wing, 
directed inwards at its extremity towards the middle of 
the wing, being more incurved than in A. fasciata. Hind 
wings nerveless, lanceolate, obtusely angulated in the 
middle of the costa, apex sub-acute. The legs are rather 
long and slender; cox long; femora, especially the hind 
ones, considerably swollen ; tibiz long, slender, not dilated 
at the extremity, with very slight and unequal spurs ; 
tarsi five-jointed, slender, of very equal length, not dilated 
at the extremity, hairy and having the tip of each joint 
provided with a slender spine. The six-jointed abdo- 


136 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC. - 


men is flattened, oblong, ovate, the sides quite paral- 
lel ; tip a little obtuse ending in the slightly exserted 
ovipositor which is only visible from beneath. The body 
is of a uniform pitchy blackish brown including the entire 
head and antenne. The legs are of a uniform pale testa- 
ceous honey yellow. Length, .04 inch. 

Pupa. Side view. Head and thorax very exactly 
equal in length to that of the abdomen. The head is very 
narrow, and the rather long ovate eyes are situated nearly 
midway between the vertex and the anterior edge of the 
‘“oena” near where the antenne are inserted. The thorax 
is bent at nearly right angles to itself a little in front of 
the middle; the terminal half of the antenne lie near and 
parallel to the wings and the middle pair of long slender 
legs, which last reach to the middle of the abdomen. The 
first pair of legs are seen bent upon themselves midway 
between the insertion of the wings and the head; only the 
femora and tibiz are visible, the tarsi being laid under the 
antenne and the front of the head. Only the first pair of 
wings are visible, being inserted just half way from the 
vertex of the head to the base of the abdomen; they are 
long and narrow oblong, and in length equal the distance 
from the vertex of the head to a point parallel with the 
base of the abdomen. From under the tip of the wings 
proceed the tarsi of the last pair of legs, which terminate a 
little beyond the basal third of the abdomen; they are a 
little incurved towards the middle of the sternal surface. 
The meso-scutellum is distinctly seen, and is quite sepa- 
rate from the meta-thorax, when the body of the pupa is 
slightly contracted. In outline, the abdomen is elongate 
oval; the pleural line between the tergum and under side 
runs diagonally from the tergum of the base to near the 
tip. The minute, slender ovipositor surrounded by the 
pupal membrane projects considerably beyond the tip. 

It differs very considerably from Newport’s figure of 
the pupa (side view) of A. fasciata. The head is larger 
and the vertex much lengthened, rising up beyond the 
thorax which is stouter and bent at right angles to itself, 
while in A. fasciata it is simply convex. The wings are 
laid straight upon the side of the body, while in A. . fasci- 
ata they are directed a little forwards. 


Es , 


OF NEW ENGLAND. bes wi 


Seen from below, in its general outline, the insect is 
long, narrow, elliptical ovate. The head is ovate, being 
longer than broad, and narrowing in front of the eyes; the 
vertex 1s very high and convex; eyes remote, the interme- 
diate space broad and curvilinearly ridged just within the 
eyes ; between the insertion of the antenne and the eyes 
is a broad space; the antenne are inserted near the ante- 
rior fourth of the front of the head; they are elbowed at 
the end of the second joint, which projects ata right angle 
beyond the head, thence they are folded upon the ster- 
num, converging - slightly, and their very acute tips reach 
to just before the coxa of the second pair of legs. All 
the three pairs of coxe are visible. The forelegs termi- 
nate at the second pair of coxa. ‘The ovipositor seems as 
if a continuation of the mesial ridge, and is nearly one- 
third the length of the entire abdomen. 

Larva. Body short and thick, fourteen jointed, cylin- 
drical, both extremities much alike ; the larva assumes a 
lunate form, the head being inclined towards the tip of the 
abdomen, which is likewise incurved ; the head is conco- 
lorous with the rest of the body, which is pale, pearly 
white; the rings are shghtly convex, with no Jateral raised 
line; terminal anal segment orbicular and rather large. 
Length, .04 inch, being one-third as broad as long. 


PTERATOMUS* nov. gen. 


This genus will be easily distinguished from Anagrus, 
to which it is nearest related, by the obtusely conical 
abdomen and the narrower linear wings. The generic 
characters laid down by authors are so scanty that the 
comparison with other genera of this group cannot be car- 
ried farther. n the figure, a side view of the insect is giv- 
en, and the following description is made from the insect in 
that position. Owing to its minute size the single speci- 
men was unfortunately lost from the glass slide before a 
complete description could be prepared. Hence I am 
unable to state the number of tarsal joints, or the exact 


* From the Greek pteron, a wing, and atomos, an atom. 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. R. 


138 PACKARD, HUMBLE BEES, ETC. 


number of the antennal joints, since they could not be 
distinctly made out with the light used; the figure repre- 
sents the insect when magnified 250 diameters. It will be 
noticed that one of the forewings is fissured, while the 
other is undivided, but has the base of the inner edge of 
the wing dilated into a tooth-like expansion, at a point 
corresponding to the origin of the lower branch in the 
other wing. Iam inclined to think that the simple wing 
is the normal form. The fact that one of the wings is 
fissured is interesting as showing the tendency of the wings 
of alow Hymenopterous insect to be fissured like those 
of Pterophorus and Alucita, the lowest Lepidopterous 
genera. In the figure I have not attempted to place the 
wings in their natural position. It will also be noticed 
that the right hind tibia and tarsus were wanting in the 
specimen The species, which so far as I am aware ts 
undescribed, is dedicated. to my friend Mr. Putnam, who 
has enabled me to bring it to the notice of entomologists. 


PTERATOMUS PUTNAMII nov. sp. 


Male. Side view. \ Head very large, equalling the tho- 
rax in size, but surpassing that of the abdomen; in out- 
line sub-rhomboidal, five sided, the vertex being equal in 
length to the under side of the head; the greatest length 
of the head is from the base to the obtuse point in front 
of the eyes; the eyes are large, globose, occupying a 
third of the side of the head; antennz equalling in length 
the thorax; divided into three portions, the basal thick and 
cylindrical, the fourth joint large and much swollen, while 
the terminal joints form a slender cylindrical tip. The 
thorax is short and high; the outline of the tergum is 
very convex, especially above the insertion of the wings ; 
the hind edge of the meso-scutum extends a little behind | 
the middle of the entire thorax, whence it descends at 
an angle of 50° to the insertion of the abdomen; the ~ 
wings are nearly twice the length of the body; the  fore- 
wings in the single specimen are dissimilar, since one is 
deeply fissured into two linear spatulate feather-like por- 
tions, while the edges of the wing are fringed with long 
nearly straight hairs;. the other primary is as large as the 
former, but a little longer, it is entire, spatulate, dilated 


OF NEW ENGLAND. 139 


slightly on the base of the inner edge, with a central row 
of fine scales representing a median nervure, and the 
edges of the wings are fringed with hairs much longer 
than those on the other wing, and a little curved, thus 
giving a graceful, feather-like appearance to the wing. 
The hind wings are half as large, very slender linear and 
fringed like the forewings. Legs very long and slender, 
hardly longer than the whole body, hairy on the tibize and 
especially so on the tarsi: coxe long and narrow; all 
the remaining joints are very equal in length and. size in 
each pair of legs; femora linear, not sw ollen : > tibie linear ; 

tarsal joints very indistinct, slender and hairy beneath ; 
no claws distinguishable. Abdomen compressed, triangu- 
lar, truncated broadly at the tip whichis obtusely rounded. 
In color the species is of a uniform dark piceous, with 
pale, almost whitish legs. Length, one-ninetieth of an 
inch. 


A species of mite is also abundant in the nests of bees. 
According to Mr. Putnam several of our species of Bombus 
almost invariably occupy the forsaken nests of field mice, 
and he supposes that these mites which are of comparatively 
large size, come from the mice. This opimion is most 
probably the correct one. Mr. Newport has given a most 
interesting account of a new genus of mites peculiar to 
Anthophora which lives on that wild bee in all stages of its 
existence, but mostly while a larva. Heteropus ventricosus 
Newp. was found in immense numbers in the bee cells. 
When the female mite 1s full grown, its previously small ab- 
domen swells to an enormous size, so that the animals look 
like “clusters of microscopic grapes.” This immensely 
distended abdomen serves as a nidus for the young, which 
it is probable, are born alive, as Lyonnet has observed to 
be the case with the cheese-mite when exposed to high 
temperatures. (It is worthy of notice that the viviparous 
Stylops lives in a high temperature; 1. e. in the abdomen of 
living bees.) We also learn that there are two other gen- 
era of Acari peculiar to the Apide; the Zrichodactylus 
Dufour which is parasitic on Osmia, and Ansetus Dujardin. 


140 BALCH, ON NATIVE GRAPES. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3. 


Fig. 1. Apatuus AswToni Cresson. 

Fig. 2. Nepnopreryx Epmanpstt Packard: 2a, Larva; 2b, Pupa. 
Fig. 3. Microcaster Nepnoprericis Packard : 3a, side view. 

Fig. 4. ANTHEROPHAGUS ocHRACEUS Melsheimer. 

Fig. 5. Diprerovs Larva, allied to Vonucenta: 5a, side view. 
Fig. 6. Larva of Sry.ops cutLpRENI Gray : 6a, side view. 

Fig. 7. Larva of AntHopHORABIA MEGACHILIS Packard: 7a, Pupa. 
Fig. 8. Preraromus Purnami Packard, side view: 8a, Fore wing. 
Fig. 9. Mrre from nest of Bombus : 9a, ventral view (enlarged). 


VIII. On Native Grapes. By D. M. Baucu. 
( Read December 26, 1864. ) 


It has been proved from numberless trials and disap- 
pointments extending over a long course of years, that 
the wine grape of Europe (Vitis vinifera) cannot be cul- 
tivated in the States east of the Rocky Mountains, with 
success, except under glass, both fruit and vine in open 
air culture, being sooner or later destroyed by disease, 
even in latitudes where the fruit would otherwise be per- 
fected. 

This much to be regretted failure is due neither to the 
cold of winter nor the heat and aridity of summer, but 
probably to the great and rapid fluctuations of tempera- 
ture peculiar to these States; for on the Pacific coast 
where the climate is far more equable most Huropean 
grapes flourish luxuriantly, and the bearing vines of Calli- 
fornia now number millions. 

Such being the case we in the East must turn for our 
table fruit and wine to the various indigenous wild grapes, 
(Vitis labrusca, cstivalis, &c.) healthy and hardy plants, 
which grow spontaneously, varying in kind with the cli- 
mate from Maine to Texas. The fruit of these wild vines 
is in most cases of the very worst quality, being acid, 
astringent and of a peculiar musky odour and taste, 
the so-called foxiness ; but that horticultural skill and pa- 
tience, by which have been elaborated from the common 
choke-pear all our well known varieties, approaching per- 


BALCH, ON NATIVE GRAPES. 141 


fection in quality and ripening throughout the entire year, 
is being applied to the wild grape, and the results of 
the few past years are astonishing. The goal of per- 
fection in this case is still far distant, but we have many 
good and some excellent varieties; and the number of 
these is being yearly augmented, so that it is by no 
means improbable that many grapes, hitherto popular, will 
be gradually discarded as others of better quality or habit 
arise to fill their places: I refer to the Isabella, Catawba, 
Hartford, &c., in all of which there is large room for im- 
provement. 

To be of value as a table fruit or for wine a grape must 
contain asufficient quantity of free acid, and sugar enough 
to temper, modify or partially disguise this acid, so that 
the juice shall not be flat and insipid but vinous and spark- 
ling. In the case of table grapes the minor considera- 
tions of size, beauty, flavour, thin skin, deficiency of cen- 
tral pulp, ete , are of great importance, but the first point 
to be ascertained ina wine grape is the AaB BY. of free 
acid and saccharine matter it is likely to produce in fav- 
ourable circumstances. 

To ascertain which (if any) of the native grapes ordi- 
narily ripening in this vicinity, was best adapted to wine- 
making, I have this autumn analyzed the fresh must of 
many varieties. I had also another object in view, viz: 
to ascertain if the table adapted to Oechsle’s must-scale 
by Gall, from numerous analyses of European musts in 
1851, 52 and ’53, were applicable to the must of our native 
grapes. 

The method of analysis in all cases was as follows. The 
grapes were gathered when perfectly dry, pressed and the 
juice strained through linen. The specific gravity of this 
clear must was taken by weight in bottle with perforated 
stopper; a portion of must was diluted with 50 times its 
bulk of water and sugar contents ascertained by Fehling’s 
method, (Annalen der Chemie und Pharm., Bd. 72. 
106.) ; this method is very accurate if carefully performed: 
finally the free acid in a weighed portion was neutralized 
by a solution of caustic soda of such strength that 1c. c, 
equalled .00825 grm. of Tartaric acid a Hg Oy). All 


. the free acid in must is not Tartaric, but in calculating 


142 BALCH, ON NATIVE GRAPES. 


results we can-consider it so with small inaccuracy. The 
percentage results obtained are as follows : 


Variety. Time of Gathering. Sp. Gr. Sugar. Acid, 
Rogers’ No. 15, Sept. 5, 9.20 : 
6 _& rT rT; 26, 1.0783 16.47 .66 
i 8 SOc. ea, ~Anso9 *17.90 .10 
Delaware, a e 1.0896 19.70 10 
‘ ss . 1.1021 20.63 65 
Hartford Prolific, Sept. 26, 1.0721 15.01 AB - 
Concord, oa et 1.0615 11.83 86 
Adirondac, Oct. 25; OTIS 14.00 28 
Allen’s Hybrid, a So ASO *16.20 O9 
Union Village, «  «€ 1.0556 *10.00. 1); 1.21 ; 
Rogers’ No. 4, Sept. 26, 1.0749 15.46 61 
oe Oct. 0, ely *17.30 65 
: No. 22, Sept. 26, 1.0723 14.56 16 
- CE PIOCTY = 5 1.0796 *16.70 9 
Jlinton, Sept. 26, 1.0688 13.77 2.40 
Alvey (Hagar), eo ete G40 10.37 2.60 
“ se Oct. 5, . 1.0734 *14.70 - 2.02 
Franklin, Sept. 5, 8.77 — 
eed “21, 1.0610 11.20 2.16 
Rogers’ No. 3, ion 26.6) ies 14.70 .66 
: ie os Oct. 5, 1.0749 *1S.30). 7 AT 
ce “ 19, Sept.26, 1.0680 13.65 81 
ey Ae che oy S065 12.60 62 
ss ‘<9, “Sept. 2h: 1.0680 13.41 87 
2 rs “- 26, 1.0742 15.00 OT 
- rao} ef e 1.0572 11.70 1.01 
‘ ea be Ff 1.0749 15.63 16 
: SO. OCtr Be) OG S0 *11.80 84 


The sugar percentage marked * in the table were not 
obtained by analysis, but are Dr. Gall’s for the corres- 
ponding densities. 

From these analyses native grapes would seem to be 
divided into three classes :— 

ist. Those in which the proportions of acid and sugar 
are well balanced; as Delaware, Rogers’ 4 and 15, Allen’s 
Hybrid, &c.; these grapes should yield good wine. 


BALCH, ON NATIVE GRAPES. . 143 


2d. Those in which the acid is deficient; for instance, 
Adirondac, Hartford, &e. 

3d. Those in which the great excess of acid overpow- 
ers all else and renders the fruit nearly uneatable: such 
are Clinton, Franklin, &c. , 

The analyses also prove that Dr. Gall’s table for Oech- 
sle’s must scale can be safely used in finding the saccha- 
rine contents of native musts, the numbers obtained by 
analysis agreeing closely in most instances with the tabu- 
lav amounts for corresponding densities. 

To produce a wine that shall keep it is necessary that 
the must should contain at least 15 per cent. of sugar. 

In Germany the must of the best grapes (Riesling) of 
the most favourable seasons contains 24—28 per cent. of 
sugar, .65 per cent. of free acids: this yields the most ex- 
cellent wine, and is regarded as the normal standard with 
which inferior musts are compared and often made to re- 
semble as far as possible by dilution and addition of sugar. 

This method of bettering the must of partially ripened 
grapes, by which in bad seasons (total failures excepted) 
a Wine can be made equal to the product of tavourable 
seasons, Is due to Dr. Ludwig Gall, who has published a 
treatise on the subject, an abridged translation of which 
may be found in the Patent Office Report, Agriculture, 
1860. 

To be of value for the production of wine, available for 
vineyard culture, a vine should be hardy enough to endure 
severe winters with slight protection ; healthy and vigor- 
ous, so as to be little subject to the attacks of mildew, for 
it is very well known that a vine which has lost most of 
its foliage from this or any other cause cannot ripen its 
fruit. Injury from frost is little to be feared if the fruit be 
well ripened before its advent; the clusters should hang 
on the vine as long as the weather permits, and the ripest 
(better if slightly shrivelled) removed in three or four 
successive gatherings; they should be picked on a dry 
day and all defective berries removed. Many things influ- 
ence early ripening, among which are soil, position, cul- 
ture, variety and age of vine and crop adapted to its: 
strength. The flavour of wine depends on the ripeness 
of the grapes and the proper proportion of free acids; this 


144 of BALCH, ON NATIVE GRAPES. 


flavour is not present in the must but is developed during 
fermentation and the after-preservation of the wine. | 

It might appear that undue preference had been given 
in these analyses to the “ Rogers’ Hybrids”; this is sim- 
ply owing to the fact that these grapes, arising from the 
union of the wild grape (Vitis labrusca) with the Black 
Hamburgh, and retaining some features of both, are more 
largely planted in this vicinity than other varieties, and 
are consequently more plenty in their season. 

It has been asserted that these grapes are not true hy- 
brids, but only seedlings of the “ Mammoth Globe,” and 
contain no foreign blood whatever. Such a conclusion is 
diametrically opposed to the horticultural experience of a 
century. For it is a well known fact that out of a large 
number, say five hundred chance seedlings of any fruit, 
but one or two at most will excel their parent; but these 
remarkable “seedlings,” some forty in number, have not — 
a bad grape among them, and are so far superior to the 
“Mammoth Globe” as to preclude all comparison. Their 
admixture of foreign blood is patent in the heavy clusters 
of fruit, so far pulpless as to yield 75—80 per cent. of 
juice, and the indigenous element recognizable in the © 
health, hardiness and habit of the vine. 

The chief value of analyses of grape-must lies in their 
repetition and comparison. The product of various sea- 
sons, climates and soils should be examined. If this is 
done we shall soon arrive at the grapes suitable for wine in 
different latitudes, and no doubt other important results. 
Those parts of the country lying on an Isotherm of 70°-72° 
for the growing months, June, July, August, and Septem- 
ber, wherever the summer rains are not excessive, are best 
adapted to wine growing; for a mean temperature of at 
least 65° for the above months is required for the ripening 
of even the earliest and hardiest varieties of grapes. The 
average temperature of Salem and vicinity, as deduced from 
observations extending over 45 years, is about 66.5°, and 
several degrees above this can be gained in well cultivated 
and protected gardens. 

The above analyses: are imperfect, several prominent 
grapes having been omitted, but I hope to extend and im- 
prove the collection at some future time. “ 


CLASSIFICATION OF POLYPS. 145 


IX. Classification of Polyps: (Extract condensed from 
a Synopsis of the Polypi of the North Pacific Exploring 
Expedition, under Captains Ringgold and Rodgers, U.S. 
N.). By A. E. VerRinuy. 


(Communicated February 29, 1865.) 


The report upon the collection made by Dr. William 
Stimpson, naturalist to the expedition, having been much 
delayed, the following tabular view of the classification . 
adopted is here presented, with the hope that, if imper- 
fect like every other, it may, nevertheless, afford some 
aid in illustrating the natural affinities of these humble 
forms. 

Although in a communication read before a Zovlogical 
Club at Cambridge, Jan. 1862, I attempted to demon- 
strate the existence of the three natural orders among 
polyps, I refrained from presenting this view in a paper 
published last year, in order that I might make further 
investigations upon the subject before finally publishing it. 


CLASS CNIDARIA OR POLYPI. 


ORDER I. MADREPORARIA. 


Polyps simple or compound with embryonic or rudimen- 
tary basal or abactinal region, which has no special function 
unless for vegetative attachment while young. Actinal 
area well developed, form broadly expanded, having a 
tendency in the higher groups to become narrowed 
towards the mouth. Tentacles simple, conical. Dermal 
tissues, and usually the radiating lamelle, depositing solid 
coral; the radiating plates being between the lamelle, are, 
therefore, ambulacral and appear to originate from the 
surfaces of the lamelle and the connective tissues extend- 
ing across the ambulacral chambers and filling them from 
below. Interambulacral spaces distinct. 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. S. 


146 VERRILL, CLASSIFICATION | 


Susporper I. Srauracea (Madreporaria rugosa* ). 


Coral simple, or compound by budding; chiefly epider- 
mal and endothecal ; septa apparently in multiples of four, 
sometimes wanting. ‘l'ype embryonic, likea young Astrea 
or Fungia. 

Families;—Stauride, Cyathophyllide, Cyathaxonide, 
Cystiphyllide. 


SuBORDER IJ. FUNGACEA. 


Polyps either simple or compound by marginal or disk 
budding, rarely by fissiparity. Tentacles numerous, in 
multiples of six, imperfectly developed, scattered on the 
actinal surface, usually short and lobe-like. Upper part 
of polyps scarcely exsert. Coral broad and low, growth 
mostly centrifugal, tissue chiefly septal; walls imperfectly 
developed, often perforate, subordinate, usually forming 
the basal attachment. | 

Families,— Cyclolitide, Lophoseride, Fungide, Merulini- 
de. 


: 


SuBORDER II]. ASTREACEA. 


Polyps mostly compound, either by fissiparity or vari- 
ous modes of budding. Tentacles usually well developed, 
long, subcylindrical, limited in number, in multiples of six 


* This group is placed here with considerable hesitation and princi- 
pally on account of the close resemblance in structure to the young 
of the succeeding and higher groups, when they first begin to form 
a coral, which then consists of a ring of epitheca or epidermal deposit 
with a few, imperfect, rugose septa radiating from the centre. If the 
number four be a constant feature of the arrangement of their septa, it is 
possible that they may be entitled to rank as a separate order of Polyps. 
To this opinion Prof. J. D. Dana inclines. Prof. Agassiz unites the 
group with Hydroid Acalephs on account of their resemblance, in some 
features, to the T'abulata. It seems to me, however, that the absence of 
transverse east in Cyathaxonide and Cystiphyllide and the perfection of 
the vertical septa in Stauride, Cyathaxonide and some of the Cyathophyl- 
ude, together with their general structure, shows them to be more some 
allied to the Fungacea and Astreacea, of which they may be considered 
embryonic types, while at the same time the group isa synthetic one, 
having analogies with nearly all the higher groups of Polyps and also in 
some respects, with Hydroids. . 


, s NEP 
’ ‘ 


OF POLYPS. 147 


encircling the disk. Coral mural, septal and endothecal ; 
growth vertical and centrifugal, producing turbinated 
forms which are often elongated. 

Families,—Lnthophyllide, Mceandrinide, Husmillide, 
Caryophyllide, Stylinide, <Astreine, Oculinide, Stylo- 
phoride. 


SuBORDER IV. Mapreporacea (Madreporaria perforata). 


Tentacles in definite numbers, twelve or more, well de- 
veloped, encircling the narrowed disk, therefore nearer the 
mouth ; polyps with the upper portion much exsert, flexile; 
growth chiefly vertical; coral mural and septal, porous. 
Polyps compound by budding, sometimes simple. 

Families,—HLupsammidee, Gemmiporide, Poritide, Mad- 
reporidee. | 


ORDER II. ACTINARIA. 


Polyps with well developed, often highly specialized, 
basal or abactinal region. Walls well developed, tenta- 
cles longer, more concentrated around the mouth, which 
is also, usually, if not always, furnished with special tenta- 
cular lobes or folds. Ambulacral spaces always open, 
destitute of connecting tissues and solid deposits. 


SuBORDER I. ZOANTHACEA. 
Polyps encrusting, adherent, budding from mural expan- 
sions; tentacles simple, short, at edge of disk. 
Families,— Zoanthide, Bergide. 
SuporDeR II. ANTIPATHACEA. 


Polyps connected by a conenchyma, secreting a solid 
sclerobase or coral axis. Tentacles few, six to twenty- 


148 VERRILL, CLASSIFICATION 


four, simple, conical. 
Families,—Antipathide, Gerardide. 


SuporpER III. ACTINACEA. 


Polyps free, capable of locomotion, with a highly spec- 
ialized, muscular base or abactinal area. Tentacles well 
organized, either simple or branched, varying from ten to 
many hundreds, often with accessory organs arising from 
the same spheromeres, such as inner tentacles, verruce, 
complicated or simple branchial lobes, cinclide, eye- 
spherules, suckers, etc. Mouth with special lobes or folds. 
Most of the species are simple, a few are compound by 
fissiparity, many abnormally bud from the walk near the 
base, a few secrete from the base a hornlike deposit 
similar to the axis of Antipathes. 

Families,—Actinide, Thalassianthide, Minyide, Ilyan- 
thidw, Cerianthide. 


ORDER III. ALCYONARIA. 


Polyps with well developed actinal, mural and abactinal 
regions, compound by budding. Tentacles eight, pin- 
nately lobed, long, encircling a narrow disk. No inter- 
ambulacral spaces. Ambulacral ones open and wide. 


SUBORDER I. -ALCYONACEA. 


Polyps turbinate at base, budding in various ways, 
encrusting, adherent to foreign bodies by the coenenchyma. 
Families,—Alcyonide, Xenide, Cornularide, Tubiporide. 


SUBORDER II. GorGoNACEA. 


Polyps cylindrical, short, connected by a coenenchyma, 
secreting a central supporting axis. 

Families,—Gorgonide, Plecauride, Primnoide, Gorgon-- 
ellidee, Iside, Corallide, Briaride. 


OF POLYPS. 149 


SuBORDER IIIf. PrnnATUALACEA. 


e 


Polyps forming free, moving colonies, the composite 
basal portion with locomotive functions and special 
cavities, with or without a solid free axis. 
| ania —Pennatulide, Pavonaride, Veretillide, Renil- 
idee 


Among the most interesting species in this collection, 
the following may be mentioned: 


STEPHANOSERIS LAMELLOSA Verrill. 


Coral low, subeylindrical, with a broad base, which 
completely covers small univalve shells with the exception 
of the opening; wall rudimentary; septa in four cycles, 
the primaries much the largest with subentire rounded 
tops; columella well developed, papillose, coste prom- 
inent, unequal. 

Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


HETEROCYATHUS ALTERNATA Verrill. 


A low species with very unequal septa and coste, the 
primary septa very prominent. Encrusts and covers small 
univalve shells. 

Gaspar straits. Capt. John Rodgers. 


BALANOPHYLLIA CAPENSIS Verrill. 


A species about half.an inch high, broadly attached, 
slightly turbinated, with an epitheca rising within a line of 
the margin. Calicle deep, broadly oval. Septa in four 
cycles, the principal ones much exsert, vertical, narrowed 
at top, those of the fourth.cycle joining the columella 
in pairs. Color of the living polyp bright orange. 

Cape of Good Hope. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


150 VERRILL, CLASSIFICATION 


EupsaAMMIA StimMpsonir Verrill. 


Coral free, elongated, turbinated, blunt at base. Calicle 
oval, deep; columella well developed, septa broad, the 
principal ones with entire inner edges, rounded. Length 
an inch or more; breadth of cell .30 

Interesting as a living representative of a genus 
hitherto known only in the fossil state. 

North China Sea. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


METRIDIUM FIMBRIATUM , Verrill. 


_ <A species closely allied to IM. marginatum of this coast, 

but apparently more elongated, with longer and more 

slender tentacles which are almost hair-like. Disk within 

the tentacles narrow. “Color pale orange, translucent, 

body punctate with dark brown, mouth deep orange.” 
San Francisco, Cal. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


PHELLIA COLLARIS Verrill. 


Edwardsia collaris Stimpson, Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Science, May 
and June, 1855. 


A species remarkable for its great size compared with 
previously known species from Europe. 


Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


PHELLIA CLAVATA Verrill. 

Edwardsia clavata Stimpson, 1. ¢. 1855. 

A species even larger than the last. 

Near Ousima, Japan. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


AMMONACTIS nov. gen. 


Column elongated, subcylindrical, with well developed 
basal disk, covered, as in Phellia, with a persistent epidermis 
extending to near the summit, naked above; but differs in 
having a lobe-like tubercle below each tentacle, distinct 
from the margin. Tentacles long and numerous. 


OF POLYPS. [at 


AMMONACTIS RUBRICOLLUM Verrill. 
Edwardsia rubricollum Stimpson, 1. c. 1855, 


Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


HALOCAMPA BREVICORNIS Verrill. 
Edwardsia brevicornis Stimpson, |. ¢. 1855. 


Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


HALOCAMPA CAPENSIS Verrill. 


Body elongated, tentacles twenty, blunt; ambulacra 
subpapillose. Six tentacles have. their inner bases dark 
brown; body pale reddish with dots and patches of flake 
white; inner side of tentacles flake white. 

Cape of Good Hope, 12 fathoms, sand. Dr. Wilham 
Stimpson. 


CERIANTHUS ORIENTALIS Verrill. 


A large species similar to C. americana nobis. Body 
elongated, ina tube of mud. Tentacles long and slender. 
Color of body deep reddish brown, outer tentacles 
translucent, yellowish and white, pale brown on their 
inner sides, greenish at base; inner ones purplish brown 
or sometimes grass green. 

At low water mark, Hong Kong, China. Dr. William 
Stimpson. 


NEPHTHYA THYRSOIDEA Verrill. 


Polyps forming thyrsiform bunches of closely clustered 
branchlets, three inches high and two broad. Color wine- 
yellow or light brown, with a dark purplish tinge below the 
tentacles; tentacles nearly white; spicula forming eleva- 
ted, transverse lines of silvery white on the stalks. 

Cape of Good Hope, 20 fathoms, rocks. Dr. Wm. Stimp- 
son. 


TELESTO RAMICULOSA Verrill. 
Cornularia aurantiaca Stimpson, 1. ¢. 1855, non. T’. aurantiaca Lamx. 


Hong Kong, 10 fathoms, shelly bottom. Dr. Wm. 
Stimpson. 


152 VERRILL, CLASSIFICATION OF POLYPS. 


Parisis LAXA Verrill. 

Coral forming openly reticulate fronds ; papillae numer- 
ous rounded, on all sides of the branches; coenenchyma 
minutely villous in alcohol. Calcareous joints shorter and 
internodes longer than in P. fruticosa nobis. a 

Hong Kong. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


ACANTHOGORGIA COCCINEA Verrill. 
Nepthya coccinea Stimpson, |. ¢. 1855. 
Hong Kong, 10 fathoms, on shells. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


VERETILLUM StTIMPSONIT Verrill. 


A large species six or eight inches long, the upper 
portion enlarged, more than half the entire length. Pol- 
yps much exsert, upwards of an inch long; tentacles very 
long. Axis thick, short, fusiform, a third of an inch long. 
Base white, somewhat striated; body light cream-color; 
polyps transparent, bluish white at the bases of the tenta- 
cles. | | 


Hong Kong, 6—10 fathoms, mud. Ds. Wm. Stimpson. 


VERETILLUM BACULATUM Verrill. 


Club-shaped, the base about a third of the length. 
Polyps scattered, not numerous. Axis small, fusiform, 
about half an inch long in a specimen three inches long. 

Sea of Ochotsk, off Siberia. LL. M. Squires. 


KOPHOBELEMNON CLAVATUM Verrill. 
Veretillum clavatum Stimpson, 1. c. 1855. 


Polyps more numerous and crowded than in K. Burgeri 
Herkl. which it resembles; body more claviform, naked 
dorsal space very narrow. 

Hong Kong, 6 fathoms, mud. Dr. Wm Stimpson. 


ALLEN, NOTES ON THE DUCK HAWK, ETC. 153, 


X. Notes on the Habits and Distribution of the Duck 
Hawk, or American Peregrine Falcon, in the Breeding 
Season, and Description of the Eggs. By J. A. ALLEN. 


(Communicated November 14, 1864). 


The Duck Hawk, Great-footed Hawk or American 
Peregrine Falcon, (Falco anatum Bonap. Falco peregrinus 
Wilson, Audubon and Nuttall), has not long been known 
to breed within the limits of the United States. Dr. T. 
M. Brewer, in the “ North American Odlogy,” (part I, page 
8,) published in 1857, says that but one authenticated 
instance has come to his knowledge of its having been 
met with, in the breeding season, south of Newfoundland. 
This was near Columbia, in Pennsylvania, where the 
young: that had fallen from the nest had been procured by 
Prof. 8. Ss Haldeman; but the eggs had not been discov- 
ered, nor many particulars learned beyond the fact of its 
breeding there. In a note on this subject from Prof. 
Haldeman to Dr. Brewer, published in Dr. Brewer’s ac- 
count of this species, Prof. Haldeman says: “ A pair [of 
these hawks] had a nest for many years about a hundred 
yards from my house, on a high and almost vertical cliff; 
but as a railroad now traverses its base, it is pace probable 
that the species will return to the locality. eee Te 
nest was difficult of access, and I never saw it; ent it was 
once reached, and the young taken by eetting: down from 
above.” Prof. Haldeman also states that he felt confident 
they bred among the cliffs at Harper’s Ferry, as he had 
seen them flying about there. 

It has recently been ascertained that the Duck Hawk 
regularly breeds on several of the mountains in and near 
the Connecticut River Valley, the young having been 
procured from Mount Tom and Sugar Loaf Mountain in 
Massachusetts, and from Talcott Mountain, ten miles west 
of Hartford, in Connecticut. From accounts that I have 
received from different persons of a hawk agreeing in 
habits with the noted Duck Hawk, I am fully satisfied it 
has long nested on some of the precipitous mountains 
bordering on the Connecticut River in the States of Ver- 
mont and New Hampshire. Mr. J. G. Boardman says it 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. 1, 


154 ALLEN, NOTES ON 


breeds on the cliffs of Grand Menan, where it is resident 
the whole year.* Although the young have been procur- 
ed, as above stated, from Mount Tom and Sugar Loaf 
Mountain several times in the last few years, and according © 
to Dr. W. Wood, also from Talcott Mountaint, Iam not 
aware that the eggs have been found in New England, or 
even in the United States, before the present season, when 
they were procured from a nest on Mount Tom, (April 
19th, 1864) by Mr. C. W. Bennettt. The only egg figured 
by Dr. Brewer was from Greenland, and its authenticity not 
ascertained wholly beyond doubt. Dr. Brewer mentions 
a drawing in his posession, by Dr. Trudeau, of another 
egg from Labrador; these being the only specimens to 
which he then had access. : 

In fall, winter and spring, this Falcon is not unfrequent 
along our Eastern sea coast, wherever its favorite prey, the 
sea ducks and other marine birds, abounds, but it is not at 
that season very commonly distributed over the country. 
Although it has been found throughout Eastern North 
America, chiefly near rivers, from Greenland to Cuba, and 
as far westward as the mouth of the Vermillion River, on 
the Upper Missouri§, but little definite information has yet 
come to ornithologists of its distribution and habits in the 
breeding season. Hitherto it has generally been supposed 
to retire to regions north of the United States to spend 
the summer and rear its young||; and though many do so, 
quite a proportion, it is evident, are resident in the northern 
parts of the United States the whole year, retiring to inac- 
cessible cliffs for the purpose of breeding, and thus generally 
escaping the notice of naturalists during that important 
season. Poultry yards that chance to be in the vicinity of 
its nests are so frequently visited for plunder by this daring 


+ 


*Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. IX, p, 122, (Sept., 1862)... 
tthe weit (Conn.) Times, June 24, 1861. 

The writer is indebted to the kindness of Mr. Carzs W. Bennerr, of 
Springfield, Mass., for the specimens and many important facts which 
form the basis of the present article. Great credit is due Mr. Bennett 
for the persevering efforts he has made to discover and procure the eggs 
of the Duck Hawk ; his complete success has not been unmerited. 1 

ir R. R. Ex. and Surv. Vol. [X. p. 7. 
||Aubudon found it breeding quite plentifully along the high rocky 
shores of Labrador and Newitenditnd , 


THE DUCK HAWK, ETC. 155 


species, that it is well known to many of our farmers and 
sportsmen, who readily distinguish it from other hawks by 
its bold dashing flight, and peculiar manner of capturing 
its prey; and its nests, I learn, are sometimes found by 
them, and the young destroyed. 

All accounts agree that they nest in almost inaccessible 
cliffs; and often the nest can only be approached by a 
person being let down by a rope from above. The old 
birds are represented as bold in the defence of their nest, 
approaching so near as generally to be easily shot. They 
arrive early at their nesting place, and though they often 
bestow no labor in the construction of a nest, beyond the 
scraping of a slight hollow in the ground, they defend 
their chosen eyrie for weeks before the eggs are laid, and 
are known to return for several years to the same site. 
Incubation commences very early, the young having been 
found in the nest at Mount Tom May 30th, nearly fledged*, 
and on Talcott Mountain inthe same condition June Ist, 
so that the laying of the eggs must occur by the last of 
March, or very early in April. The number of eggs has 
been known in several instances to be four. . 

Mountains Tom and Holyoke, in Massachusetts, afford 
several localities favorable for the nidification of the Duck 
Hawk, and sometimes several pairs, and probably usually 
more than one, breed about these mountainst+; about the 
last of May, 1863, Mr. Bennett saw five adult birds of 
this species about Mount Tom. Dr. W. Wood of East 
Windsor Hill, Ct., informs me, that two pairs of Duck 
Hawks were evidently breeding on Talcott Mountain in 
the summer of 1865. 

Discovery of the eggs on Mount Tom. Although the 
Duck Hawk has been long known to breed at the localities 
in Massachusetts mentioned above, those conversant with 
the fact were not‘aware that any special interest was 


*According to R. B. Hiprernu, Esq., of Springfield who visited this 
nest May 30th, 1861, and noted the fact. The nest on Talcott Mountain, 
Ct., was found the same season, and first visited only a few days later— 
about June Ist, 1861. (See Hartford Times, as quoted above). 

+ Since the above was written I have been informed by Mr. Bennett, 
that a pair of these Hawks actually raised their young on Mount Tom, 
in the summer of 1864, notwithstanding one pair was broken up the 
same season. 


156 ALLEN, NOTES ON 


attached to it, or that its eggs and breeding habits were 
but very little known to ornithologists ; and so, until very 
recently, no particular efforts have been made to obtain 
the eggs. Mr. Bennett, becoming aware of this, resolved 
to procure the eggs. He accordingly visited Mount Tom 
for this purpose April 7th of the present year, when he 
searched the whole ridge of the mountain, discovered the 
old birds and the particular part they most frequented, 
and also the site of a nest, where young had been raised. 
The old birds were continually near this spot, and mani- 
fested much solicitude when it was approached, often 
flying within six or eight rods, and once the female came 
within three, screaming and thrusting out her talons with 
an expression of great rage and fierceness. The birds did 
not appear at all shy, being easily approached quite near 
to, though in walking the cracking of sticks and the clink- 
ing of the splinters of trap rock made no little noise. One 
of the birds appeared to keep close to the eyrie, and both 
would approach whenever it was visited, screaming at 
and menacing the intruder, notwithstanding that at that 
time there were no eggs, as was afterwards proved. Mr. 
Bennett suspecting that incubation had already commenc- 
ed visited the locality again on the 9th, but only saw the 
old nest, the birds behaving as before. On April 19th, 
ten days later, he made another visit, and creeping carefully 
to the summit of the cliff, ata point near the eyrie already 
spoken of, he saw the female, on looking over the cliff, sitting 
on the nest, and but five or six yards distant. She eyed 
him fiercely for an instant, and then scrambling from the 
nest to the edge of the narrow shelf supporting it launched 
into the air; in a twinkling Mr. Bennett’s unerring aim 
sent her tumbling dead at the foot of the precipice, 
several hundred feet below. The nest contained four 
eggs, which were soon safely secured, and the body of the 
female was obtained from the foot of the cliff. The male 
soon coming about, was shot at, but he was too shy to 
come within range, except once, while the gun was being 
reloaded. The eggs were all laid after Mr. Bennett’s 
visit April 9th, and their contents showed, April 19th, 
that they had been incubated but a day or two. Incuba- 
tion seems in this case, to have commenced several weeks 


° 


7 


THE DUCK HAWK, ETC. 15 


later than usual, which may be owing to the late snows 
and unusual coldness of the weather this year during the 
first half of April. 

Location and Description of the Eyrie. The situation 
of the eyrie was near the highest part of the mountain, 
about one-third of the length of the mountian from the 
south end, on a narrow shelf in the rock, eight or ten feet 
from the top ofa nearly perpendicular cliff, one hundred 
and fifty or two hundred feet in height, and was inaccess- 
able except to a bold climber, and at one particular point. 
The nest was merely a slight excavation sufficient to 
contain the eggs; no accessary material had been added. 
The site had been previously occupied, and probably for 
several years; and for weeks before the eggs were laid 
was carefully guarded by the bold and watchful birds. 

Description of the eggs. ‘The eggs, four in, number, as 
already stated, differ greatly both im shape and coloring, 
the extremes in either being widely diverse. They are 
described in detail, and probably in the same order as laid. 

No. 1. Longer diameter, 2.18 inches: shorter diameter 
1.71 inches ; the shorter diameter is .885 the longer. The 
form is somewhat ovoid, one end being slightly larger 
than the other; but neither end is very pointed; the 
point of greatest transverse diameter is .645 the length of 
egg from the smallest end. In form this egg 1s very 
nearly like the egg from Greenland, figured by Dr. Brewer 
in the “North American Odlogy” (pt. I, pl. I], fig. 11) The 
general color is chocolate-brown, darker and more dense 
and uniform about the ends, the part about the middle 
being lighter, varied with small irregular blotches and 
specks of a darker tint than the ground color. The color 
of the smaller end is nearly a uniform dull red-ocher. 
There is also an irregular belt of scattered and apparently 
very superficial blotches of very dark-brown, or nearly 
black. Something similar is often noticed on the eggs of 
many birds that lay brown or speckled eggs. 

No. 2. Longer diameter 2.21 inches; shorter diameter 
1.67 inches; shorter diameter .755 the longer. Form 
nearly an ellipsoid, the point of greatest transverse diame- 
ter being scarcely to one side of the middle (.54 the length 
of the egg from the smaller end ); ends very nearly equal 


158 ALLEN, NOTES ON 


‘and not very pointed. The distribution of the color in 
this is nearest of any of the four eggs b>fore me to that 
figured by Dr. Brewer and only differs from it in tint. 
One end (the smaller ?) is very light-reddish, or reddish- 
white, becoming lighter from the middle towards this end, 
about which it is the lightest and thinly marked with irreg- 
ular mottlings of dark reddish-chocolate, which present a 
very superficial grayish tinge that is very characteristic ; 
the other end (the larger?) is of a uniform dark ferrugin- 
ous-brown or dull red-ochre, varied towards the middle 
by the appearance of the light ground color between the 
there scarcely confluent blotches of dark-brown that give 
the uniform deep tint towards and about this end. | 
No. 3. Longer diameter 2.32 inches; shorter diameter 
1.70 inches; shorter diameter .733 the longer. Form 
ovoid, the smaller end elongated and much pointed. This 
egg is the longest, and much larger in proportion to its 
diameter than either of the others. The point of greatest 
diameter is .656 the length of the egg from the smaller 
end. In this specimen the contrast between the ground 
color and the markings becomes very strong, the ground 
color which is seen chiefly in a broad band about the 


middle of the egg, being white or reddish-white, and the . 


markings very dark reddish-brown nearly approaching: 
purple, and are quite uniformly distributed in blotches of 
various sizes, the largest being near the larger end of the 
ege; the sub-markings are of a lighter reddish-brown 
and are more blended. 

No. 4. Longer diameter 2.16 inches; shorter diameter 
1.65 inches; shorter diameter .765 the longer. Form 
regular ovoid, the smaller end rather more pointed than 
the same in No. 1; point of greatest transverse diameter .60 
the length of the egg from the smaller end. In this speci- 
men the contrast of the ground color with the markings is 


very striking, especially when compared with specimens . 


No. 1 and No. 2; and the most peculiar part is that the 
greater end of the egg, which in the eggs of most birds is 
the end usually most subject to markings and to the 
greatest depth of color, is white, sprinkled sparingly with 
reddish specks, while the smaller end is deep, bright, brick- 
red, here and there relieved by small specks and patches 


THE. DUCK HAWK, ETC. 159 


of white ground color. About the middle of the egg the 
colors are in more equal proportions, the white patches 
becoming larger on the smaller end towards the middle, 
and the red patches on the larger end increase towards 
the same point, where the colors meet and become mixed 
in irregular patches of various sizes, from mere dots to 
blotches. The smaller end has a few streaks and blotches 
of dark-purple overlying apparently the other colors, as in 
specimen No. 

These specimens are very interesting, as indicating the 
great amount of variation to which the American Pere- 
grine’s eggs are subject, and especially so since they are 
all the product of one pair of birds, laid in one set, and 
identified as such beyond question. In coloration a 
transition can be traced between the extreme in the order 
they are numbered, which is undoubtedly the order in 
which they were laid, as indicated by the thickness of the 
shell as well as by the depth of color. 


Table of Comparative Measurements. 


Prop of breadth Point of greatest transverse 


L’gth. Breadth. to length. diameter from small end. 

Donk ote in. E74 tay. OC7SS 0.640 eth of the egg 
ne Sar £6 ™ 0.756 0.540 2 
=. 3 von 270 0.732 0.656 . 
ar | 2.16: ** 1.65. * 0.765 0.600 oi 
Average 2.22 ** 1.68 ** 0.759 0.609 a 
Greater extr. weet” kee ** 0.785 0.656 " 
Lesser extr. Sab." “1.65."' 0.732 0.540 es 
Am ’t of variation 0,16 ‘* 0.06 ‘‘ 0.053 0.116 < 


Dr. Brewer’s spec. 2.00 ‘* 1.56 ‘‘ — 0.780 


From the above table it will be seen that the range of 
variation in the four specimens in length is.16 of an inch; 
or nearly seven and half per cent. of the average length ; 
in breadth .06 of an inch, or about three and a half per 
cent. of the average breadth; in the proportion of breadth 
to length, about fifteen per cent. of the length, or nearly 
twenty per cent. of the average proportion ; the varia- 
tion in the position of the point of greatest tranverse 
diameter is about eleven and a half per cent. of the whole . 
length of the egg, the form of the eggs varying from an 
ellipsoid in No. 2 to an ovoid, which in No. 3 has the 


160 ALLEN, NOTES ON 


smaller end considerably elongated. It will be observed 
that the egg measured by Dr. Brewer is considerably 
smaller than my’ smallest specimen, and that the propor- 
tion of breadth to length scarcely differs from the same 
proportion in No. 1. 

In comparing the eggs of the American and the Euro- 
pean Peregrine Falcons, Dr. Brewer,-observes: “It [the 
American] closely resembles a variety of the eggs of the 
European species, but seems to present differences suffi- 
ciently well marked to be regarded as specific. * * * * The 
ground colors of both American and HKuropean are a 
reddish-yellow, and both are thickly covered with fine 
dottings of chocolate and ferruginous-brown, diffused over 
the whole egg, in nearly equal degree, and to such an 
extentas nearly to conceal the ground. The length of the 
American egg is slightly less, but it is of equal or greater 
capacity, and varies in its markings from all the European 
specimens that I have ever met with. These variations, 
though readily traceable by the eye, are not so easily de- 
scribed. The shades of coloring in both are closely alike ; 
the variation consists more in the distribution of these 
markings. In the European specimens, the fine markings 
of chocolate are distributed with nearly exact uniformity. 
In the American, the secondary colorings are now more 
thickly and now more thinly diffused, here leaving the 
ground color nearly unchanged, there becoming confluent 
and blending into waving lines, blotches and bold dashes, 
The egg in consequence, presents a more varied appear- 
ance. ‘These markings are also in greater proportion 
around the larger end of the egg, and the blotches are of 
a deeper shade, so there is a variation in the shading 
between the smaller and larger extremities not notiveable 
in any European egg that I have met with.” 

The amount of variation presented by the eggs of the 
Duck Hawk described above, shows that but little depen- 
dence can be placed on the eggs in deciding specific dif. 
ferences. The eggs mentioned by Dr. Brewer, are not 
much different from those of the true European Peregrine. 
One or two of the specimens before me considerably 
resemble Dr. Brewer’s, and likewise eggs of the European 
species as figured and described by authors, while the 
others are very different, one being remarkably so. 


—— 


THE DUCK HAWK, ETC. 161 


The eggs of the different species of this group of Fal- 
cons seem to resemble each other greatly, and to be sub- 
ject to considerable variation in the same species. In the 
manner of laying the eggs there is also a similarity, as 
might be expected among closely allied species; the same 
species sometimes laying them on the bare rocks, and 
again in a bulky nest of sticks and other coarse materials. 
The nest of this species visited on Talcott Mountain, Ct., 
was of the latter kind, while on Mount Holyoke the eggs 
were laid on the bare earth. 

Audubon thus describes the nest and eggs of the Duck 
Hawk as observed by him at Labrador: 


“T have nowhere seen it so abundant as along the high, rocky shores 
of Labrador and Newfoundland, where I procured several adult indi- 
viduals of both sexes as well as some eggs and young. The nests were 
placed on the shelves of rocks, a few feet from the top, and were flat 
and rudely constructed of sticks and moss. In some were found four 
eggs, in others only two, and in one five. In one nest only a single 
young bird was found. The eggs vary considerably in color and size, 
which I think is owing to a difference of age in the females, the eggs 
of young birds being smaller. The average length of four was two 
inches, their breadth one and five-eighths. They are somewhat round- 
ed, though larger at one end than the other; their general and most 
common color is a reddish or rusty yellowish brown, spotted and con- 
fusedly marked with darker tints of the same, here and there intermix- 
ed with lighter. The young are at first thickly covered with soft white 
down. * * * * In several instances, we found these Falcons breeding on 
the same ledge with Cormorants, Phalacrocorax carb ».”* 

Audubon adds that he is perfectly convinced that the 
Great-footed Falcon, or Duck Hawk of the later 
ornithologists is not different from the Peregrine Falcon of 
Europe. “Since my first acquaintance with this species,” 
he says, “I have observed nothing in its habits, form, or 
marking on one continent that is different from what is 
found on the other.” Since the difference in breeding hab- 
its supposed to exist when Bonaparte separated them in 
1838, and which influenced his judgment in the matter, 
has been found tobe not real, there seems e nothing 
whatever in the breeding habits orin the apPearance of 
the eggs to indicate specific difference between the Amer- 
ican and Kuropean birds. 


Springfield, July, 1864. 


*Orn. Biog., vol. V., p. 366. 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. U. 


162 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA 


XI. A Classification of Mollusca, based on the “Principle 
of Cephalization.” By Epwarp 8. Morse. 


With a Plate. 
[Communicated June 19, 1865. ] 


After becoming acquainted with the perfect unity of plan 
in the Radiata and the connected series of homologies, run- 
ning through the whole branch, (as demonstrated vy Prof. 
Agassiz in his private lectures) my interest was excited, to 
discover, if possible, a like symmetry of development in 
the Mollusca. Finding the universality of vertebration 
among the Vertebrata, of articulation among the 
Articulata, and similarly of radiation among the Ra- 
diata, I could not but believe that in the Mollusca some 
plan lay hidden, which, when unfolded, would.as definite- 
ly convey their type, and unite them alJ, asin the other 
branches. It is not enough to call them soft bodied ani- 
mals ; for in considering their shell as a part of their organ- 
ization, we have among them many of the hardest ani- 
mals known, and we also have an equal number of soft 
bodied animals in the other branches. Their bilaterality, 
as expressing anything definite, is an equally unsatisfacto- 
ry character. Prof. Huxley has given an archetype, or com- 
mon plan of the Mollusca, as he conceives it, with man 
truthful homologies, in the article “Mollusca,” English Cy- 
clopedia, Vol. IIL, p. 855. In his figure of the archetype how- 
ever, which is bilaterally symmetrical, we have details of 
structure only. , 

Prof. Agassiz in his “Methods of Study in Natural History” 
also suggests his idea of the plan, or structure, when he 
says, p. 34, “Right and left, have the preponderance over 
the other diameters of the body,” and says furthermore, 
that collectors unconsciously recognize this in the arrange- 
ment of their collections. “They instinctively give them 
the position best calculated to display their distinctive 
characteristics, and to accomplish this they necessarily 
place them in sucha manner as to show their sides.” 
This can refer only to the Lamellibranchs, and their shells 
are displayed on the sides, because they naturally fall in 
that position. This lateral preponderance of structure on- 
ly obtains among the Lamellibranchs. All Brachiopods 


ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CEPHALIZATION. 163 


are displayed from the dorsal or ventral valve. Also the 
Gasteropods, particularly the flat forms like Patella, Chi- 
ton, etc. and the Nudibranchs ‘as well, while in the figures 
of the naked Cephalopods we most usually have a dorsal 
view. 

Though Prof. Agassiz speaks of radiation as clraracteriz- 
ing the Radiates, and similarly of articulation and verte- 
bration as characterizing the Articulates and Vertebrates, 
yet Mollusks are spoken of as first introducing the charac- 
ter of bilaterality, or division of parts along a longitudinal 
axis, that prevails throughout the Animal Kingdom, with the 
exception of the Radiates. ‘This then can be no restricted 
definition for the Mollusca, since it pervades the two high- 
er branches ; and who will deny the evidence of bilaterality 
among the Radiates, the higher Echinoderms for instance, 
as Clypeastroids and Spatangoids, where we have as good 
a definition of a longitudinal axis, as we obtain in many 
Mollusks. Even among the Polyps, as in the Actinaria, 
the antero-posterior axis is clearly expressed in the undue 
prominence of the primary radii. 

Prof. Dana has been the first to publicly announce the 
plan of Mollusca, when he says, “The structure essential- 
ly a soft, fleshy bag, containing the stomacs and viscera, 
without a radiate structure, and without articulations." 

As far back as 1855 he has presented this thought in 
his lectures at Yale College. 

In the year 1852 Mr. Alpheus Hyatt had independently 
worked out a similar result, and has already in MSS. 
notes, the necessary data demonstrating the same.t 

Mr. Hyatt also proposes the name Saccata as more fully 
and truthfully expressing the type, than the unmeaning 
word Mollusca. This name not only expresses the Plan, 
but is equivalent to the titles Vertebrata, Articulata, and 
Radiata, and is in no way a qualitative appellation. 


*Dana’s Manual of Geology, p. 148. 


tMr. Hyatt has relinquished all ideas of publishing on this subject, 
since becoming aware that I was to do the same. During the prep- 
aration of these pages, I enjoyed his companionship, and many of 
the points herein stated, were fully and frecly discussed between us, 
and to him I am indebted not only for the privilege of announcing 
his proposed name, Saccata, but for the suggestion of certain points 
to be hereinafter mentioned. 


164 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA 


Objecting as all must to the introduction of a new 
name, still one so appropriate as that proposed by Mr. 
Hyatt, in lieu of one that has no relation to the Branch, 
except its traditional use, is certainly worthy of considera- . 
tion, as it so clearly indicates what is believed to be the 
fundamental idea in the Branch, that of the Sac. 

It might be said, in one sense of the word, that all ani- 
mals are bags, or sacs, in various degrees of development. 
And if we mistake not, Prof. Pierce of Harvard Univer- 
sity has expressed this idea, modified by saying that one 
is a radiate sac, another a simple sac, another an articulate 
sac, and finally a vertebrate sac, or a sac having two com- 
partments. Viewing the Radiates as degradational, in re- 
lation to the higher animals, or partaking a plant-like charac- 
ter, we may justly be allowed to remark, that the Mollusks, 
as a type, present the sac feature most completely, for 
nowhere (with few exceptions, e. g. Cirripeds), do we find 
the various organs so essentially concealed, or possessing 
the power of retraction within a sac, as in the Mollusca. 
And that this is the leading feature in Mollusca might 
properly be inferred from the following; that in the four 
prominent branches of the Animal Kingdom, we have 
sketched out, in the incipient stages of the embryo, or at 
least, in its first indications of permanent characters, its 
typical features. 

Thus,in the vertebrate ovum, after segmentation, we 
have the area pellucida, and primitive trace as indicating 
the future region, and direction of the vertebrate column. 
Among the Articulates, we have the transverse division of 
the embryo: and certainly the most prominent feature in 
the Molluscan embryo is the sac or mantle ; as in the Gas- 
teropods, where we not only have in the embryo a mantle 
developed, but a distinct nautoloid shell, from which the 
little animal thrusts himself. In Cephalopods also, as Kél- 
liker has shown in the development of Sepia officinalis, the 

‘mantle, or sac, is the first figure traced on the germ 
mass. ) 
In my search after homologies between the different 
groups in this Branch, I always met with difficulty in the 
relations of the classes ;—and though many of the views to 
be presented, I had long ago worked out, and had consid- 


a 


ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CEPHALIZATION. 165 


ered, and tested them, by personal examinations of the an- 
imals, it was not till | comprehended the importance of 
the sac character, and understood the “Principles of Ceph- 
alization” first enunciated by Prof. Dana, that I was enabled 
to clear up previous doubts, discover new relations, and, as 
I believe, rightly interpret the relations of the classes. 

“As the principle of Cephalization is involved in the very 
foundation of the diverse forms that make up the ani- 
mal kingdom, we may look to it for authoritative guid- 
ance, with reference to the system that prevails among 
these forms.”* 

In the following considerations, all preconceived ideas 
regarding the relative positions of the dorso-ventral, and 
antero-posterior diameters of the animal must be laid aside, 
and the essential structure of the animal if rightly under- 
stood, must be our guide. ‘The gradual morphological 
changes of the contents of the sac, and all other relations, 
are based on the principle of Cephalization. In the plate 
presented (Series I) I have given a typical figure of the 
six prominent groups of the Saccata; namely, Polyzoa, 
Brachiopoda, Tunicata, Lamellibranchiata, Gasteropoda, 
and Cephalopoda. 

For obvious reasons, only the intestine, head, and pedal 
ganglia within the sac are represented. ‘hese six figures are 
placed in their normal position, anterior pole downward, 
the dorsal region is turned to the left. Commencing with 
the Polyzoa (Series I, P) we have the sac closed, while 
the mouth and anus terminate close together at the pos- 
terior pole of the sac; the mouth occupying the extreme 
posterior position, and by a dorsal bend of the intestine 
upon itself, terminating dorsally. ‘The nerve mass is found 
between the oral and anal openings. In this class the 
mouth and anus have the power of protrusion from the 
sac. In the three lower orders, Cyclostomata, Ctenos- 
tomata, and Cheilostomata, the polyzoon, when complete- 
ly evaginated, presents no fold or inversion of the sac, 
while in the higher group Phylactolemata, there is a partial 
and permanent inversion of the sac under like condi- 
tions. 


* “Classification of animals based onthe principle of Cephalization.” Dana, 
Amer. Jour. Sci., Second Series, Vol. XXXVL., p. 321. 


don oF 


166 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA 


This latter group, combining the permanent inversion 


of the sac-walls with the lophophoric arms, is the first ap- 
proach to the Brachiopoda. No organ corresponding to a 
heart has yet been discovered. In the Brachiopoda (Se- 
ries I, B) we have a permanent invagination of the sac, and 
the mouth, as in Terebratula, already occupies a position 
some distance from the posterior edges of the overlapping 
shells, and the brachial coils, permanently occupy the space 
thus made.* 

We have in this group a dorsal flexure of the intestine, 
and a tendency to terminate as in the Polyzoa. In Lin- 
gula it terminates posteriorly and at one side. By the 
permanent inversion of the sac, the mouth makes a great 
advance toward the anterior pole. In Terebratula, Wald- 
heimia, and allied genera, where the sac is very short and 
swollen, and the brachial coils very large, the viscera are 
crushed to the front, and the intestine, which is short and 
simple, is nearly bent upon itself, though still occupying a 
median line. In Lingula, where we have a very long and 
flat sac, the intestine is long, and has ample room for con- 
volutions, but the anus, instead of terminating in a line 
with the mouth, is thrown to one side, in consequence of 
this excessive flatness of the sac. The heart will be found 
on the outer bend of the intestine and actually on the ven- 
tral side; the nerve occupying its homological position. 

(The manner in which I view the Brachiopoda, if true, 
will entirely reverse the accepted poles of their structure. 
What has been considered as dorsal, is here regarded as 
ventral, and what has been considered as anterior, is here 
regarded as posterior. Further remarks on this will be 
made hereafter). 

_ Thus far the balance of structure has been thrown to 
the posterior pole of the sac, and though we see a cephali- 
zation, or concentration of the muscular system and vis- 
cera, toward the anterior pole in Brachiopoda, yet that pole 
being essentially closed, we have no function manifested 
at that end, except the degradational one of adhesion. In 


*<Terebratulina caput-serpentes, and Crania anomala, projected 
their cirri beyond the margin of the open valves, and moved them as 
the Polyzoa move their oral tentacles, but in no instance were the arms 
extended.” Woodward's Treatise, p. 466. 


ON THE PRINCIPAL OF CEPHALIZATION. 167 


the Tunicata (Series I, T) we have, through continued 
cephalization, the mouth thrown to the bottom of the sac, 
or nearer the anterior end,and now the anus terminates 
behind the mouth, and posteriorly. 

The heart has also followed the intestine in its rotation 
and becomes anterior, and partially dorsal. The nerve 
mass is still posterior, and occupies a position between the 
two openings as in Polyzoa. 

We have commencing in this group, the Tunicata, that 
erratic bending of intestine, and varied position in its anal 
termination, that is witnessed higher up in the scale, and 
though apparently governed by no law, we can yet trace 
the progressive movements toward a normal condition, by 
comparing Appendicularia, one of the lowest forms of the 
Tunicates, and representing the larval condition of their 
class. In this form the intestine has a ventral flexure, and 
terminates on the ventral side. In Pyrosoma it makes an 
abrupt bend toward the anterior dorsal region, and termi- 
nates anteriorly. In Salpa it terminates dorsally, on a line 
with the mouth, though still anteriorly. In Botryllus it 
creeps up, and terminates nearer the posterior pole of sac, 
though still dorsally. We have in this genus, and other 
compound Ascidians, the excurrent orifices of several in- 
dividuals coalescing, forming a common cloaca for a com- 
munity. The dorsal flexure is distinctly seen in Clavel- 
lina borealis. In these three classes; namely, Polyzoa, 
Brachiopoda, and ‘Tunicata, the sac is essentially closed at 
the anterior end, and consequently the mouth opens to- 
ward the posterior end, and with few exceptions all are 
attached by the anterior end. 

This makes a natural division, corresponding to the 
Molluseoidea of Milne-Edwards, the Anthoid Mollusks of 
Dana, and a portion of the neural division of Huxley. In 
the Lamellibranchiata (Series I, L) we have the sac open- 
ing anteriorly, and the mouth permanently occupying the 
anterior region, though in the lower forms pointing pos- 
teriorly, and in all cases the tentacular lobes pointing in 
that direction, and the mouth bent downward (ventrally), 
and partially obstructed by the anterior adductor, or by 
the undivided mantle. The gradual enlargement of the 
anterior opening is clearly seen, wherein the Gastroche- 


168 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA 

nide, we have first a minute orifice, for the passage of an 
immature foot, or metapodium; this opening gradually 
enlarging in different genera, until in the Unionide we 
have the sac almost completely separated, except dorsally. 
It will be noticed that the anterior opening is also ventral, 
or nearly so in the lower forms. In Gasteropoda (Series 
I, G) the posterior end of the sac becomes essentially closed, 
and the ambient fluid now finds access to the gills through 
the anterior (though partially ventral) portion of sac, while 
with Cephalopoda (Series I, C) the opening is all anteri- 
or. Thus far we have traced the gradual cephalization 
of the contents of the sac, and of the sac itself. The 
dotted lines X X, running through the oral open- 
ing of each figure in Series I of Plate, show the 
gradual advance of this opening from the lower to the 
higher classes. In the lowest class all the display of struc- 
ture, with the oral and anal openings, lies at the posterior 
pole of sac. In this highest class, all this display of struc- 
ture lies at the anterior pole. Advancing from the Polyzoa, 
by the gradual advance of the mouth, the posterior pole 
becomes less prominent. Even when the sac opens ante- 
riorly as in the Lamellibranchiata, the posterior end of sac 
remains open, and the mouth, partially inclined that way, 
receives its food from that end; the food being conducted 
to the mouth by ciliary motion as in the three lower class- 
es. ‘The nature of their food is also identical, being of an 
infusorial character, and as such it is obvious that masti- 
cating organs, or biting plates, such as we find in the two 
higher classes, are not needed. 

So long also as the posterior end of the sac remains open, 
the anus terminates at that end; when this opening be- 
comes closed, as in the higner classes, the anus seeks an 
outlet through the anterior opening, and the mouth, that 
before received its food from the posterior end of the sac, and 
by ciliary motion, now distinctly points the opposite way, 
and is furnished with the proper organs to procure food, 
the nature of which requires separation and trituration. 


In nearly all the foregoing homologies, and also the po-- 


sition in which I place the Tunicate sac, I am sustained 
by the writings of eminent naturalists. With the Brach- 
iopoda, however, my views completely reverse the accepted 


v _ oe = 


Se 
~~ 


ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CEPHALIZATION. 169 


poles of the body, though, even here, according to “ Wood- 
ward's Treatise on Mollusca,” page 204, Forskahl an 1 
Lamarck “compared Hyalea with ‘erebratula; but the 7 
made the ventral plate of one answer to the dorsal valve 
of the other, and the anterior cephalic orifice of the pter- 
opodous shell correspond to the posterior, byssal fora- 
men of the bivalve!” And, if the views Iadvance prove 
correct, they were precisely right. In all my previous at- 
tempts to homologize the different classes, I had always 
met with an obstacle in the apparently aberrant characters 
of the Brachiopods: never fora moment doubting the truth 
of the accepted views, that indicated the regions to be 
ealled dorsal and ventral, as such, I labored in vain. 
When I undertook to interpret the relation of these classes 
on the principle of cephalization, I found that these ac- 
cepted views must be doubted, and it was with amaze- 
ment that I beheld such unlooked for results: that the so- 
called anterior pole is really the posterior pole, and that the 
so-called dorsal region is really the ventral region. 

It has not been without patient consideration that I now 
advance these views, knowing that by many they will be 
received with opposition; nevertheless, the more I try to 
make them comformable with already received relations, 
the more [am convinced that such relations are wrong; 
and itis only in believing that continued research will 
but confirm these propositions, that I now dare to offer 
them. 

According to the views here advanced, the Brachiopods 
are attached by a prolongation from the dorsal area, as in 
the lower Polyzoa, where they lie on the back. ‘That in their 
natural position in life, this valve is really uppermost. 
That the process of attachment also proceeds from the an- 
terior pole of the body, as in all the members of the Branch 
even to Gasteropods, with the exception of those attached 
by one valve, (e. g. Ostreans, Clavagella,) whether it be by 
a byssus, confined in cells of their own making, or buried 
in the mud, it is the anterior end which is fixed. In sev- 
eral lower forms, like Tridacna and Anomia, the point of 
attachment springs from the dorsal area, as in the two low- 
est classes. In regard to the posterior position of the 
mouth in Polyzoa and Brachiopoda, we have similar anal- 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. V. 


*e, 


ea I hl Oe 


170 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA 


ogies among the Articulata; Cirripedia, for example, where 
we have animals becoming attached head downward, and 
all the oral parts, as in the pedunculated forms, tending 
towards the posterior pole of the body; or in Limulus, 
where we have such a decephalization as it were, the mouth 
occupies nearly a central position in the ventral region. 

Again, considering the intestine as a simple tube, open- 
ing at each end, with the weight of structure evenly divi- 
ded between the two openings, is it any more incredulous, 
that the oral opening should be posterior, than that the 
anal opening should be anterior, as in the Gasteropods ? 

In Polyzoa, the oral and anal openings occupy a simi- 
lar position in all the forms. In Brachiopods, while the 
mouth remains in nearly a constant position, the anus 
terminates either ina median line, or by a lateral deflection 
of intestine to one side. In T'unicata, while the mouth oc- 
cupies a permanent position at the front of the sac, the 
anus terminates at various portions of the sac, generally in 
a median line, though there is usually a lateral deflection of 
the intestine. 

In Lamellibranchiata, the mouth and anus terminate 
in a median line, with few exceptions, (e. g. Pecten) though 
the intestine convolutes in various ways. In Gasteropods 
we have again lateral deflection of intestine, and though in 
many genera the anus terminates in a median line, yet in 
the bulk of the Gasteropods it terminates at one side or 
the other. In the Dibranchiate Cephalopods we have 
again the termination of the intestine in a median line. 

o ‘The diagram here given (Fig. 1) re- 

“presents an ideal longitudinal section of 

the sac, similar to those of Series I. The 
arrow within the sac, shows the direction 
of rotation of the bent intestine, carrying 
with it the heart, (see Plate, Series L.) 
which in Brachiopoda we find on the ven- 
tral region; in Tunicata on the anterior 
dorsal region; in Lamellibranchiata on 
the dorsal region ; in Gasteropoda on the 
dorsal region and also further back; and 
in the Cephalopods at the postérior portion of sac. The 
different positions of the sac openings (represented in fig. 


A Fig. 1. 


Se 


ON THE PRINCIPAL OF CEPHALIZATION. 171 


1 by arrow QO) follow the same direction, that is, from 
posterior to anterior, ventrally. Thus in Tunicata the 
two openings are posterior and posterior dorsal; the pos- 
terior dorsal, being the anal or excurrent orifice : this is 
always the shortest in Tunicata. In Lamellibranchiata 
the anal tube moves nearer the branchial tube; in the lower 
forms their outer covering coalescing and of equal length, 
while, higher up, the tubes becoming entirely separate, and 
in some of extreme length, the anal tube being the long- 
est. In Pisidium and other forms the branchial tube dis- 
appears, and water is received through a ventral opening; 
while the anal tube yet remains, occupying a posterior 
position on a line with the antero-posterior axis, in the 
same position the branchial tube occupied in the Tuni- 
cata: and, finally, both tubes become nearly obsolete, and 
the mantle is cleft all round, except dorsally. ‘Thus the 
progress of sac opening follows i in the same line of rotation 
with the intestine. ‘lhe progressive regions of attachment 
move in an opposite direction (Fig. iE arrow A). Com- 
mencing with the Polyzoa as the lowest class, we have, as 
in the Cheilostomata, the dorsal portion large and spread- 
ing, this being the fixed portion; the anal opening being 
turned toward this region, as in the Brachiopoda and 
Tunicata. (The movable part of the ventral surface, 
which is uppermost, being represented by the litile lid). 
This mode of attachment is the lowest feature; namely, 
attached along the entire dorsal region. 

As we ascend to the higher forms of the class, we have 
a freeing of the posterior portion of sac, and the viscera 
permanently occupies this freed portion. In the Brach- 
iopoda we have the sac free, held only by the peduncle; 
the means of: attachment springing anterior, and from the 
dorsal valve, as in the partially freed Polyzoon. (Crania 
and Descina are attached as in Lepralia). 

In Lingula, where we have the lengthened and flattened 
sac, the animal stands vertical in the sand. In 'T'erebratu- 
la and allied genera, the dorsal valve already assumes 
preponderance over the ventral valve, and now obtains its 
normal position uppermost. 

All the 'Tunicates with few exceptions are attached, ahd 
by their anterior end. 


172 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA 


In the compound Ascidians like Botryllus, where we 
have a community of individuals clustering round a com- 
mon centre, their dorsal as well as anterior regions are at- 
tached, or, in other words, the ventral and posterior regions 
are free only. . 

Among the Lamellibranchiata nearly all the lower 
forms, and many of the higher forms are fixed or stationa- 
ry ; and whether moored by a byssus, buried immovable in 
the mud, or imprisoned in cells of their own making, it is 
the anterior end which is fixed. This obtains, with im- 
portant exceptions. 

The Monomyarians combine in their structure both high 
and low characters. In their open mantle, and certain 
other features, they rank high. In their fixed position, the 
attachment generally springing from the dorsal region, 
they rank low. For these reasons, I have placed them in 
the centre (see Plate, Series II, M) not indicating by 
this their equal value with the other groups, for I doubt 
if their separation from the Dimyarians is valid, since the 
large adductor, composed of two elements, would indicate 
the presence of both anterior and posterior adductors, com- 
bined in consequence of the excessive shortness of their 
antero-posterior diameter. The Monomyarians present sin- 
gular features of analogy with the Brachiopoda. Thus 
they are generally inequivalve. The viscera are compact- 
ed toward the dorsal region, and, when attached, they are 
generally by a process from the dorsal portion, (e. g. Ano- 
mia) the lowest feature of attachment. In all these in- 
stances, particularly with Anomia, the analogy is very 
striking ; it is analogy only, and nothing more, for in their 
whole structure, and in the relative proportion of their 
diameters, they present just.the opposite extreme. | While 
we have in Brachiopoda the growth laterally, that is, 
spreading on the sides and depressed dorsally, and the 
valves, dorsal and ventral, in the Monomyarians we have 
the other extreme; the valves are right and left, and the 
display is on the side, the growth extending ventrally as it 
were. So narrow are they that in certain forms, Placuna 
for example, it is almost impossible to conceive the pres-— 
ence of soft parts between the valves. We compare the 
relative diameters between the Brachiopods and Monomy- 
arians, to show how unlike they are in this respect. 


ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CEPHALIZATION. 173 
Diameter. BRacHIOPODS. MonomyaRIANs. 
Antero-posterior. Medium. Small. 
Dorso-ventral. Small. Very large. 
Transverse. Large. Very small. 


For reason of their excessive narrowness, the greater 
number of Monomyarians lie on the right or left valve, and 
as their peculiar form precludes the possibility of locémo- 
tion by the usual organ, the foot, they either remain fixed, 
or swim freely about in the water, by violently closing 
the'r valves, as in Lima and Pecten. 

Among the Unionide, the highest family in the Lam- 
ellibranchiata. the animal assumes nearly a horizontal posi- 


ERRATA, 
Page 175, line 12 from bottom, for anterior pole read 
posterior pole. 
Page 180, lines 12—13 from top, for anterior end read 
posterior end. 


know for a certainty which part first becomes atracnea im 
Vermetus and allied forms; their first point of attachment 
must take place at the mouth of the tube or aperture, 
which is really anterior and ventral). ‘The Cephalopods 
are free; 

Thus we have the various regions of attachment, chang- 
ing and following in the direction indicated by the arrow 
A, in Fig. 1. 

1st, Polyzoa: dorsal attachment. 

2d, Brachiopoda: dorsal and anterior attachment. 

3d, Tunicata: anterior. 

Ath, Lamellibranchiata: anterior and ventral attach- 


ment. 
5th, Gasteropods: ventral and posterior attachment. 


\ 


172 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA 


In the compound Ascidians like Botryllus, where we 
have a community of individuals clustering round a com- 
mon centre, their dorsal as well as anterior regions are at- 
tached, or, in other words, the ventral and posterior regions 
are free only. 

Among the Lamellibranchiata nearly all the lower 
forms, and many of the higher forms are fixed or stationa- 
ry ; and whether moored by a byssus, buried immovable in 
the mud, or imprisoned in cells of their own making, it is 
the anterior end which is fixed. This obtains, with im- 


portant exceptions. ; 
The Monomyarians combine in their structure both high 


I111a )} LIC IUWCSU ITALULT UL ALLAULILLITLIL. All GALL ULITDO ALi" 
stances, particularly with Anomia, the analogy is very 
striking ; it is analogy only, and nothing more, for in their 
whole structure, and in the relative proportion of their 
diameters, they present just the opposite extreme. While 
we have in Brachiopoda the growth laterally, that is, 
spreading on the sides and depressed dorsally, and the 
valves, dorsal and ventral, in the Monomyarians we have 
the other extreme; the valves are right and left, and the 
display is on the side, the growth extending ventrally as it 
were. So narrow are they that in certain forms, Placuna 

for example, it is almost impossible to conceive the pres-— 
ence of soft parts between the valves. We compare the 
relative diameters between the Brachiopods and Monomy-— 
arians, to show how unlike they are in this respect. . 


. 


ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CEPHALIZATION. is 
Diameter. Bracuiopops. MonomMyYaARIANS. 
Antero-posterior. Medium. Small. 
Dorso-ventral. Small. Very large. 
Transverse. Large. Very small. 


For reason of their excessive narrowness, the greater 
number of Monomyarians lie on the right or left valve, and 
as their peculiar form precludes the possibility of locémo- 
tion by the usual organ, the foot, they either remain fixed, 
or swim freely about in the water, by violently closing 
the'r valves, as in Lima and Pecten. 

Among the Unionide, the highest family in the Lam- 
ellibranchiata, the animal assumes nearly a horizontal posi- 
tion in crawling, though the anterior end is always the 
lowest, and generally buried in the mud. Its embryos, 
like Monomyarians in shape, are attached to the ovisac 
by the dorsal margin, which is straight, asin Pecten. (Lea’s 
paper on Embryonic forms of Unionide, Journ. Acad. 
Nat. Sci., 2d Series, Vol. IV., plate 5). 

By their violent shutting of the valves, while in embryo, 
they may, after birth, swim, even as Pecten swims; at all 
events they are said to become attached by a byssal 
thread while young. Among the Gasteropods we have a 
few genera attached, or fixed, as in Magilus, Siliquaria, 
Vermetus, Spiroglyphus, Nerina, and Petaloconchus. 
These are now attached posterior end downward. In 
Calyptreea they are in a fixed position, secreting a ventral 
valve, upon which they rest. (It would be interesting to 
know for a certainty which part first becomes attached in 
Vermetus and allied forms; their first point of attachment 
must take place at the mouth of the tube or aperture, 
which is really anterior and ventral). ‘The Cephalopods 
are free. 

Thus we have the various regions of attachment, chang- 
ing and following in the direction indicated by the arrow 
A, in Dig. t. 

Ist, Polyzoa : dorsal attachment. _ 

2d, Brachiopoda: dorsal and anterior attachment. 


3d, Tunicata: anterior. ; 
4th, Lamellibranchiata: anterior and ventral attach- 


ment. 
5th, Gasteropods: ventral and posterior attachment. 


Day 


174 . MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA 


While we have thus seen that the area of attachment 
first springs from the dorsal region, and gradually changes 
as we ascend in structure toward the anterior end, so we 
find the principal organ of locomotion, i. e. the foot, is 
first developed from the ventral region, and in like manner 
tending toward the anterior end, as we ascend in the scale, 
until, in Cephalopoda, the specialized divisions of the foot 
surround the head, and point directly forward. 

Having personally communicated the substance of this 
paper to Professor James D. Dana, he has, in a letter to me, 
indicated certain gradient relations among the Lamelli- 
branchs, Gasteropods, and Cephalopods, as manifested in 
the special characteristics of the head, or anterior part of 
the body, so clearly illustrating the principle of Cephaliza- 
tion that I now take the liberty of presenting them. In 
the Lamellibranchs the foot is a simple muscular organ 
developed from the ventral surface and protruding anteri- 
orly. It is simply an organ of locomotion, in the lower 
forms not even performing this function. The oral open- 
ing is a simple slit, without the power of seizing or tritura- 
ting its food. 

In the Gasteropods the foot is more specialized, and as 
an organ of locomotion far superior to that of the Lamelli- 
branchiates, having oftentimes three well characterized re- 
gions, called by Huxley, the pro- meso- and metapodium, 
these regions oftentimes supporting certain processes, 
e. g. cirri, opercula. The foot not only performs locomo- 
tion but in many cases has the power of seizing and _ re- 
taining its prey (e. g. Natica). The mouth has an appar- 
atus for biting and triturating its food, being furnished 
with an upper jaw, or buccal plate, and a tongue, armed 
with silicious particles. In the Cephalopoda the footis so 
far differentiated as to be separated into prehensile arms 
furnished with rows of suckers, or hooks. These arms sur- 
round the head, and are thrown directly forward. They 
are capable not only of locomotion, but of seizing their 
prey, and performing also movements of aggressive action. 
In the higher forms of Cephalopods, the function of loco- 
motion is delegated to other organs, while the arms sub- 
serve the uses of the head alone, and the mouth, furnished 
with two powerful mandibles opposed vertically, forcibly 


ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CEPHALIZATION, 175 


reminds us of a parrot’s beak, or that of certain other verte- 
brates. ‘Thus we have cephalic power manifested in the 
mechanical action of the foot. 

Ist, Lamellibranchs— Locomotion. 

2d, Gasteropods—Locomotion, Prehension. 

3d. Cephalopods—Locomotion, Prehension, and Ag- 
gression. 

According to the principle of Cephalization, cephalic 
power is manifested either as a mechanical, sensorial, or 
psychical force. Thus the Cephalopods possess in the 
greatest measure, all three ; while Gasteropods, not indica- 
ting, to any great extent, aggressive action, may be said to 
manifest but little psychical power; and the Lamellibran- 
chiates manifest essentially only mechanical action. 

We have based the preceding considerations on the com- 
mon structure of each class, and for comparison have 
given an archetype, as it were, of each class (Series I). 
In continuing these archetypal figures, as illustrating the 
relative diameters and mean forms for each class (Series 
II and III), and also the mean, or average position in na- 
ture of the antero-posterior axis (Series IV), we obtain 
singular features of polarity,” which I will now proceed to 
indicate ; premising, however, that what follows is offered 
with reluctance, as I have not at present the opportunity 
to verify the statements as I would wish. In Series II 
the average lateral form of each class is given. In Series 
III a transverse section is given of the same figures in 
Series II. In Series II the arrow A indicates the direction 
of anterior pole, and D indicates the dorsal region in Series 
II and III. In Series IV a line for each class is given, re- 
presenting the average position of their antero-posterior 
axis in nature (A, anterior pole, P, posterior pole). The 
central figures in Series I], III, and IV represent cor- 
responding views of the Monomyarians. Inthe Polyzoa, 
(Series II, P) the sac is long and cylindrical, the mouth 
and anus terminate at the posterior pole, and the tentacles 
surround the mouth only; the anus terminating outside 
the lophophore. Witness in the highest order of Ceph- 
alopods, the Dibranchiates, the sac as in Loligo (Series 
II, C), long and cylindrical, and in all cases mouth and 


*We use this word in its most general sense. 


Tne a a 


176 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA 


anus opening anteriorly ; the arms surrounding the mouth 
only. ‘Two rough diagrams, alike in form, but reversed 
in one case, would represent each class as we have it here. 

In Brachiopoda (Series II, B) we have the sac widen- 
ing laterally, and correspondingly depressed dorsally ; 
mouth and anus opening posteriorly. In Gasteropoda 
(Series II, G) we have the same features, except that the 
parts are reversed again. In Tunicata (Series II, T) the 
sac is lengthened and swollen. Lamellibranchiata (Series 
II, L) the same. ‘The relative diameters ofthe Monomy- 
arians are unlike those of any other class, as before point- 
ed out. 

It is confidently believed that when these relations, or 
polarities, between the ascending, and descending, or, as 
Professor Dana terms them, the Holozoic and Phytozoic 
classes, have been farther studied, new and interesting 
features will be revealed. ‘Thus, the resemblances be- 
tween the Tunicates and Lamellibranchiates are too obvi- 
ous to indicate. 

Among the Brachiopods and Gasteropods, beside what 
has been pointed out, we have unlooked for similarities, 
as for instance Descina and Calyptrea, or Terebratula and 
Hyalea. Among the Polyzoa and Cephalopoda, though 
no polarities are brought to mind, except those given 
above, yet we cannot help remarking how strong the re- 
semblance is between the Polyzoa and Protozoa, through 
Vorticella: and if Vorticella belongs to Polyzoa, as Pro- 
fessor Agassiz appears inclined to believe, a few steps more 
bring us tothe Ammonitic forms of the Rhizopods. This 
is speculative (though suggestive), as it is now considered 
by many that the Protozoa forms a fifth Sub-Kingdom. 

In considering a transverse section of the sacs, as shown 
in Series ITI, we obtain a like order of polarity. Thus the 
highest orders in Polyzoa and Cephalopoda present a_cir- 
cular section. Brachiopoda and Gasteropoda are trans- 
versely oval; Tunicates and Lamellibranchiates are longi- 
tudinally oval, or in lower forms circular ; while the Mono- 
myarians have the dorso-ventral diameter in excess, and 
the transverse diameter reduced to the minimum. 

In considering the position, or angle of the antero-pos- 
terior axis of each class in nature, we obtain similar re- 
sults (Series IV). 


ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CEPHALIZATION. A Wer 4 


Polyzoa and Cephalopoda, we place in a_ horizontal 
position, taking a swimming Dibranchiate for comparison : 
this may be premature however. 

Brachiopods and Gasteropods with posterior pole slight- 
ly elevated, as in Cyrtia and allied forms of Brachiopods, 
and any coiled Gasteropod for example. Tunicates and 
Lamellibranchiates with the axis vertical, the anterior pole 
being below, and the Monomyarian horizontal again. It 
must be remembered that the above considerations are 
taken in their most general sense, representing only the 
mean for each group, many of them perhaps erroneous. 
They are given rather for the purpose of indicating a 
future path of inquiry, which the writer considers fruitful 
and intends to follow, than as points in any way settled. 

In ascertaining the mean position of the antero-posterior 
axis for the whole branch of Saccata, (that is, the average) 
we find that a line at an angle of 45° would represent its 
position in nature; the lower end being anterior. In the 
Radiates a line through the mouth to the opposite region 
of the body would stand vertical. In Articulates the an- 
tero-posterior axis would be horizontal. Among the Ver- 
tebrates, Fishes would be horizontal, as in Articulates; 
Reptiles have the head slightly elevated; Birds and Mam- 
mals still more elevated; so that a mean line, for these 
classes might be drawn at an angle of 45,° the cephalic 
region being uppermost. Man stands vertical. Thus ina 
diagram we would have the following: 


4 


| Man. 
Vertebrata. 
—— Articulata. 
Saccata. 
Radiata. 


Fig. 2. 
In the preceding considerations I have endeavored to 
show the importance of the sac, as the principal and promi- 
nent feature in their plan of structure. All animals, re- 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. W. 


my v 


178 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA 

duced to their primary elements, are sacs in one sense of 
the word, though in one case a radiate sac, in another an 
articulate sac, etc. Yet nowhere does this character pre- 
dominate so universally, nor is it expressed so simply as in 
the Mollusca; the leading idea as it were. It was shown 
also that, essentially, the heart is on the outer bend of the 
intestine, or between that and the sac wall, while the 
principal nerve mass was on the inner bend of the intestine. 
We would thus state their characters. | 


SACCATA, 


(1) Animals of a varied form, without a radiate struc- 
ture and without articulations. 

(2) Stomach and viscera enclosed by a fleshy sac, which 
may be closed or open, at either one or both ends. ‘ 

(3) Principal nerve masses, consisting of ganglia, which 
are adjacent to, or surround the esophagus. 

(4) Intestine bending inward, or having an outward 
flexure. 

(0) Heart on the outer bend of intestine. 
Sac open at { CEPHALOPODA. 


( HOLozolc, or | anteriorend. ~ GASTEROPUDA. 
TYPIC. 
Mouth opens Sac opens at 
anteriorly. ea ends. LAMELLIBEANCHIAT A, 


SACCATA. 
PHYTOZOIC, OR ( Sac open at 
HEMITYPIC. posterior end. ; TUNTOATA 
Mouth opens 
| posteriorly. BRACHIOPODA. 
Sac closed. Borys. 


We must now consider the relations of the Saccata to 
the other branches of the Animal Kingdom. In the paper 
of Professor Dana’s, above referred-to, he has used the terms 
alphatypic, betatypic, and gammatypic, as a numbering 


of the grades of types, whether of branches, classes, or or- 


ders; also, below gammatypic, we have degradational. 
The Radiates are regarded as degradational, and below 
this, hemiphytoid, also, the terms used above, namely, 
Holozoic, or true animal forms, and Phytozoic, or plant- 
like forms. i: 


4 
— 
4 


ON THE PRINCIPLE OF CEPHALIZATION. 179 


Applying these terms to the classes or groups of Sac- 
cata, we have the following: 


Alphatypic, CEPHALOPODA. 
Houozoic. < Betatypic, GASTEROPODA. 
Gammatypic, LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 


TUNICATA. 
BRACHIOPODA. 
Hemiphytoid, POLYZOA. 


PHYTOZOIC. Degradational, ; 


Prof. Danahas pointed out many interesting parallel- 
isms between the groups of the different branches. Let 
us now look at the parallelisms between the groups above 
indicated, and the other branches. Cephalopods approach 
nearest the Vertebrates through their lowest class, the fishes, 
and already many interesting analogies have been point- 
ed out between them. 

Gasteropods may be likened to Articulates, through 
their lowest class, the Worms, through certain resemb- 
lances many forms bear to the Leeches, Planarians, and 
Trematodes. Lamellibranchiates may be considered the 
essential embodiment of the branch to which they belong. 
Tunicates and Polyzoa may be compared to Radiates. 

Or, in considering their freedom or fixedness in life, we 
have Cephalopods free, as in all Vertebrates ; Gasteropods, 
a few fixed, as in Articulates; Lamellibranchiates, many 
fixed as in Saccata, with relation to the other Branches. 
Tunicates, the greater portion fixed, though they do not 
compare so well with the Radiates in this respect, but 
Brachiopods and Polyzoa fixed as in the lowest class of 
Radiates, the Polyps. 

We would thus have 


ALPHATYPIC, Cephalopds, Vertebrates, Fishes. 
GAMMATYPIC, Gasteropods, Articulates, Worms. 
BETATYPIC, Lamellibranchiates, Saccates. 
Tunicates : 
DEGRADATION AL OMA f ‘ 
vee Brachiopods, Tiadiates 
HEMIPHYTOID, Polyzoa, Ladiates, Polyps. 


saga: 


180 MORSE, CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA 


EXPLANATION OF Puate IV. 


Series I. Represents a typical figure of each principal 
group in Mollusca—viz., P, Polyzoa; B, Brachiopoda; T, 
Tunicata; L, Lamellibranchiata ; G, Gasteropoda; and C, 
Cephalopoda—(M, indicating Monomyaria, of the second 
series). «These figures are represented anterior end down- 
ward, the dorsal region being turned to the left. The tube 
within each cut, represents the intestine, the larger end of 
which is the mouth, and the smaller end the anus. The 
harp-shaped figure represents the heart, and the star repre- 
sents the pedal ganglion. 

Serres If. Represents similar views, with less detail. 
The dorsal region in this series is uppermost, and the an- 
terior end, is turned to the left, as indicated by arrow A. 
The curved line indicates the intestine, the large end be- 
ing theymouth. : 

Serres III. Represents transverse sections of corres- 
ponding figures in Series II. | 

Series IV. Represents the mean position in nature, of 
the antero-posterior axes of the figures represented above, 
A, Anterior pole, PP, Posterior pole. ‘The vertical rows 
of figures are identical. | 


Nore. Since lines 7—12, page 164, were printed I have had an op- - 
portunity of quoting the remarks made by Professor Peirce as reported 
in the Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., Vol. III, p. 8. 

‘Professor Peirce also presented a communication upon the form as- 
sumed by an elastic sac containing a fluid. 

The positions of unstable equilibrium he found to divide themselves 
into four special forms, the annular, cylindrical, that of a cylinder with 
a bilateral character, and the double or multiple cylinder. The ultimate 
form of the first case is a sphere. 

He also alluded to the interest of this fact to those who were not 
themselves mathematicians. For the primitive forms which Professor 
Agassiz had found to be the four types of the animal kingdom were the 
same, the Radiata being represented by the sphere, the Mollusca by the 
cylinder, the Articulata by the bilateral, and the Vertebrata by the 
double cylinder. Now, as all animal forms begin as elastic sacs, con- 
taining fluids, these forms seem the necessary ones for the condition of » 


equilibrium.” 
It was Mr. Hyatt who defined the animal forms in the terms used on 


page 164. E. S. M. 


VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF POLYPS AND CORALS. 181 


XII. Synopsis of the Polyps and Corals of the North Pa- 
cific Exploring Expedition, under Commodore C. Ring- 
gold and Captain John Rodgers, U. 8S. V., from 1853 to 
1856. Collected by Dr. Wm. Stimpson, naturalist to the 
Expedition. With Descriptions of some additional Spe- 
cles from the West Coast of North America. By A. EH. 
VERRILL. 


Part II, ALCYONARIA. With two Plates. 


[Communicated February 29, 1865. ] 


The specimens upon which the following descriptions 
are based were mainly collected by Dr. Wm. Stimpson 
while acting as naturalist to the expedition. 

‘They were for the most part preserved in alcohol, and 
many are accompanied by notes and drawings of the soft 
parts, which have been reproduced in the plates. In most 
instances I have given the descriptions of the colors of 
perishable parts, as well as notes on the mode of occur- 
rence, in Dr. Stimpson’s own words. 

Descriptions of a few species in the collection of the 
Smithsonian Institution and the Yale College museum, 
from the Pacific Coast of America, have been added, for 
the sake of making thepaper more complete. 


SUBORDER, PENNATULACEA. 


Famity, PENNATULIDE. 


PTrEROMORPHA EXPANSA Verrill. 
Plate 5, figure 1 


The pinnate portion is broad ovate, abruptly rounded be- 
low; peduncle, or basal portion, thick, swollen, a little less 
than half the entire length. Pinne crowded, about thirty- 
two on each side, long and wide, somewhat thickened, an- 
gular, the naked posterior margin somewhat concave, the 
anterior rounded and supporting numerous small polyps, 
and strengthened with sharp spines, which are often in clus- 
ters of two or three. The outer half of the sides of the 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. X. 


182 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF 


pinne as well as their anterior edges, are covered by small 
polyp-cells ; basal half of the lower surface densely covered 
by small papilla. Axis strong, pointed at the ends ; interior 
cavity of the base small. Length of a large specimen in 
alcohol 6 inches, breadth across pinne 3.5, length of pe- 
duncle 2.75. 

“Color (in life) white, bases of the polyps dirty white, 
on the stalk there are a few scattered blackish spots. 

It lives with the stalk immersed in the mud like Renilla ; 
undulating, moving contractions are often seen in the stalk, 
resembling those of a Holothuria.” | 

Bays opposite Hong Kong, China. Common in 6 fath- ° 
oms, mud, April, 1854. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


LeioptTiuum Gray. 


This genus is most nearly allied to Pennatula, but differs 
in having soft, fleshy pinne, with even borders and no ap- 
parent spicula. The polyps are in two or more rows 
along the edges of the pinne. The peduncle is enlarged 
into a conspicuous, contractile bulb. The axis is very 
slender, quadrangular, and extends only through the mid- 
dle portion of the body. ‘The rudimentary individuals on 
the back are developed in the form of conspicuous papille. 


LeEIopriLuM uUNDULATUM Verrill, nov. sp. 


Basal portion smooth, pointed at the end, swelling into 
a large bulb just below the pinne. Posterior part of the 


body, except along a narrow median band, covered with 


large verruciform rudimentary polyps, forming rounded 
papille, some of which are a tenth of an inch in diameter. 
Pinne large, very broad and rounded, with narrow bases, the 
edges thrown into undulations or frills. Polyps rather 
large, arranged in three alternating rows along the edges - 
of the pinne. Axis very slender, about two inches long, 
extending from about an inch above the basal end to 
about the middle of the pinnate portion. The naked base, 
of a specimen 4.25 inches long, is 1.75; the largest pinne 
‘70 long and 1.12 wide. This specimen has twenty-five 
pinne on each side. Pinnacati Bay, Cal. Mr. Stone. 
(Coll. Smithsonian Inst.) Ae Raa 


~ 7? 


POLYPS AND CORALS. 183 


PTILOSARCUS. 


This section of the genus Sarcoptilus Gray seems to be 
sufficiently distinct from the original type of that group to 
rank as a separate genus. | 

The form is thick, club-shaped; the pinne numerous, 
crowded, with thickened edges on which the polyps are 
arranged in several rows, each cell surrounded by promi- 
nent, spine-like spicula. The back of the body, except 
along a narrow median space, is covered by two broad 
bands of rudimentary polyps, appearing like crowded gran- 
ulations. ‘The basal portion is thick and bulbous, with two 
large interior cavities, one of which extends along the an- 
terior surface, communicating with the pinni, the other 
along the dorsal portion. 

The axis is long, fusiform, tapering to very slender points, 
which are curved (in preserved specimens) into a loop at 
each end. Connected with the lower part of the axis are 
very strong thickened muscles, which pass obliquely up- 
ward and outward to the wall-tissues, while higher up, a 
little above the lowest pinne, other shorter ones are at- 
tached, which pass obliquely downward to the wall. 


PriLosarcus (QURNEYI. 


Sarcoptilus (Ptilosarcus) Gurneyi J. E. Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. 
Hist., Vol. 5, p. 23, pl. III, f. 2, 1860; ? Pennatula tenua Gabb. Proc. 
Cal. Acad. Nat. Sciences, If. page 166. 1862. 

Basal portion about one half the whole length, thick, 
bulbous, very muscular, the surface strongly sulcated in 
contraction. Pinnz smooth on the sides, broad, rounded, 
nearly semicircular with a broad base, the posterior edge 
extending beyond the base as a rounded lobe: the edge is 
thickened and covered by the polyps arranged in four rows, 
each cell armed with two sharp spinules. Along the back 
are two broad bands of very small papill or granuliform, 
rudimentary polyps. 

Length of a large alcoholic specimen, having fifty-two 
pinne on each side, 10 inches; greatest breadth 2; length of 
pinne .80, breadth 1.50; length of naked base 4.75, diame- 
ter 1.20. 

Puget Sound, Wash. Terr. Dr. C. B. Kennerly, Dr. G. 
Suckley. (Coll. Smithsonian Inst.) 


184 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF 
Famity, Pavonarip# Dana, restricted. 


ViRGULARIA PUSILLA Verrill, nov. sp. 
Plate 5, figure 2. 


Very small and slender, the pinne extending nearly to 
the base, which is rounded and bulbous; pinne of the up- 
per portion surrounding the stalk on all sides except the 
back, which is naked; below they are separated also by a 
narrow anterior space, but the pinne of the opposite sides 
appear to coalesce anteriorly higher up, producing a sub- 
verticillate arrangement. ‘lhe middle whorls are separat- 
ed about .1 of an inch; polyps small, twelve to fourteen in 
the median whorls, somewhat crowded ; tentacles slender, 
elongated, with slender, rather distant, lateral lobes along 
nearly their whole extent. Length 1.75 inches; diameter at 
the middle .12. 

“Bays opposite Hong Kong, China, in 6 fathoms, mud. 
April, 1854. Color pale orange or dirty red’” Dr. Wm. 
Stimpson. 

The only specimen in the collection is probably young. 


Famity, VERETILLIDZ Gray, emended. 


VERETILLUM Stimpson Verrill, these Proceedings, p. 
152, April, 1865. ; 


Plate 5, figures 3, 3a. 


Polypiferous portion of surface thick, swollen, somewhat 
fusiform, broadest below the middle, the surface granulous ; 
basal portion less than a third of the whole length, bulb- 
ous, smooth, and very contractile; polyps rather distantly 
scattered, arranged somewhat in quincunx; between them 
are numerous minute papille or rudimentary polyps; in 
expansion the polyps are much exsert with very slender 
elongated tentacles, bordered with rather distant, elongated, 
slender lobes in a single row on each side, commencing 
close to their bases; axis short, thick, fusiform, situated 
just below the commencement of the polypiferous part. 

‘Whole length of the largest specimen in alcohol 3.5 — 
inches ; naked part 1; diameter where broadest 1; length 


=? lh Uh ee 
y C 


ait, Pa 
‘ ? < 
7 


POLYPS AND CORALS. 185 


of axis .35. When living, length 6.5 inches; breadth 1.75; 
polyps about .75, exsert. 

“Hong Kong Harbor, China, in 6 to 10 fathoms, mud, 
March 1855; also in 24 fathoms, shelly sand, China Sea, 
23° N. lat. April, 1855. Body whitish cream-colored ; pol- 
yps transparent with an opaque digestive tube, bluish white 
about the bases of the tentacles; base white, somewhat 
longitudinally striated.” Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


VERETILLUM BacuULATUM Verrill, these Proc. p. 182, 
April, 1865. 


Small, clavate, broadest near the upper end, which is 
obtusely rounded; polypiferous portion about one half the 
whole length; naked basal portion elongated, pointed be- 
low, in one specimen, with a distinct terminal pore; axis 
small, fusiform, less than one half an inch long; polyps 
much smaller and more numerous than in the preceding. 

Length of the only specimen obtained 2 inches; diame- 
ter .3. 

Sea of Ochotsk, in 25 fathoms, taken Aug. 1855, by U.S. 
Steamer “John Hancock,” Capt. Stevens; preserved by L. 
M. Squires. 


KoOPHOBELEMNON cLavaTumM Verrill, 1. c. page 152. 


Veretillum clavatum Stimpson, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 
7, p. 375, June, 1855. 


Plate 5, figures 4, 4a, 4b. 


Polyps large, the tentacles long and slender with oblong 
lateral lobes; surface of the body between the polyps, ir- 
regularly papillose, variegated, punctate with orange and 
spotted with brown; basal portion white, with a pointed 
extremity. Length 2 inches. 

Bay opposite Hong Kong, in 6 fathoms, mud, April, 
1854. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 

This species is more claviform and has more crowded 
polyps than K. Burgeri Herklotz. ‘The naked dorsal space 
is scarcely apparent, owing to the crowding of the polyps 
towards it upon each side. 


186 VERRILL, SNYOPSIS OF 


SUBORDER, GORGONACEA. 


FamILy, GORGONIDE. , - 


GoRGONIA VENOSA Valenciennes. 


Off Madeira, in 25 fathoms, rocks. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


Leprogoreia cuspipata Verrill, nov. sp. 


Corallum broad, subflabelliform, irregularly branching 


nearly in a plane, the principal branches arising near the 
base divide above in an irregularly dichotomous manner, 
forming a rather thick fasciculate clump. Branchlets 
thick, rigid, nearly straight, tapering to a point. Cells 
numerous, rather large, rounded, covering the surface of 
the branchlets except along a narrow median space on 
each side. Grooves rarely distinct except near the base. 
Color deep purple ; cells yellow; axis black. 

Cape St. Lucas, Cal. J. Xantus.- (Coll. Smithsonianl 
Institution). 


Famity, Puexaurip£ Gray. 


PLEXAURA FRIABILIS Lamouroux. 


Cape of Good Hope. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. : 

I refer with some doubt to this species, specimens of a 
large dichotomous Plezaura with long, upright, cylindrical 
branches, the terminal ones often undivided for a foot or 
more, and about .3 of an inch in diameter, tapering but 
little at the ends. The cells are often a little prominent 
and evenly crowded; the axis dark brown, scarcely com- 
pressed, even at the axils; the coenenchyma very spiculose 
and friable. 


It resembles in form and general appearance P. crassa ~ 


(Gorgonia vermiculata Lk.) of the West Indies. 


Lopnocoreia PALMA Edw. and Haime. 
ioe palma Pallas, 1766. Gorgonia fammea Ellis and Solander, 


False. Bay, Cape of Good Hope. Not rare in 20 


fathoms, rocks, Oct. 1853. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. fi 


POLYPS AND CORALS. 187 


One specimen differs from the ordinary form in having a 
large, very compressed trunk, with the long, subdigitate 
branches much more flattened than usual; color, in alcohol, 


light gray. 
| Lissocoret1a Verrill. 


Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, 1864. 


In this genus the coenenchyma is very thin, friable and 
highly spiculose throughout, the spicula conspicuous at 
the surface and covering the verruciform cells, which are 
eight-lobed in contraction. ‘Tentacles strengthened at the 
base by large spicula, which often radiate within the dried 
cells. Axis horn-like, smooth, usually without visible stri- 
ations. ‘T'ype, L. flabellum (Antipathes flabellum Auth.) 


LissocorGia FLExuOSsA Verrill, nov. sp. 


Corallum much branched, subflabelliform, the branches 
irregularly pinnate, branchlets slender, divaricate, often 
coalescing ; axis soft and flexible, dark brown ; ccenenchy- 
ma thin, membranous, filled with large fusiform spicula, 
visible at the surface; polyp cells rather large, rounded, 
verruciform, covered by numerous elongated and pointed, 
imbricated spicula. Color, in alcohol, grayish white. 


Hong Kong. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


MoriceEa SINENSIS Verrill, nov. sp. 
Plate 5, figures 5, da. 


Corallum irregularly dichotomous with elongated, sub- 
clavate branchlets; polyp cells verruciform, rather large, 
somewhat prominent, irregularly crowded, surface granu- 
lose with crowded spicula; external portion of the ccenen- 
chyma hard and coriaceous, rather thick, the surface thick- 
ly covered by small oblong spicula; tentacles strengthened 
by numerous red spicula. Axis, in alcohol, very soft and 
flexible near the ends, slender, dark brownish below 3 color 
of the ceenenchyma deep red. Height 8 inches, diameter 
of branchlets .15. 

Hong Kong. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


188 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF 


Moricea ? pivaricata Verrill, nov. sp. 


Plate 5, figures 6, 6a. 


Corallum low, much branched somewhat in a plane, 
branchlets slender, elongated, divaricate; covered by the 
very prominent irregularly crowded, sometimes secund, 
polyp cells ; these are mostly .2 of an inch high and spread » 
abruptly at right angles to the branches, and are some- 
what claviform, the summits being enlarged. The co- 
nenchyma is very thin and filled with large, thickened 
spicula, conspicuous at the surface, producing a granulated 
appearance; the polyp cells are thickly covered by more 
elongated, fusiform spicula, which are irregularly arranged, 
interlaced and conspicuous at the ‘surface, converging at 
the summit of the cells, which are eight-rayed in contrac- 
tion. Color, in alcohol, light ash gray, axis light fuscous, 
soft and flexible. Height three inches. 

Hong Kong. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


AcantTHocoreia coccinea Verrill, these Proceedings, p. 
12: - 

Nephthya coccinea Stimpson, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. June, 1855, 
Vol. 7; ps 375. 

Plate 6, figures 7, 7a. 


All the specimens observed of this species consist of 
simple clavate stalks, rising from broadly expanded bases, 
which, like the stalk, are densely covered with large, open 
polyp cells, irregularly crowded over the whole surface ; 
_the cells are surrounded by numerous, deep red, prominent, 
imbricated, spines, their outward ends long and sharp, but 
irregularly branched at their bases, forming thus a cluster 
of short, secondary spines; axis light brown, slender and 
flexible. Height of the largest specimens 2 inches, diame- 
ter .2. Below each tentacle, imbedded in the external 
membrane, are two rows of linear, crimson spicula, con- 
verging towards each other so as to form a series of V- 
shaped markings with the apex towards the ends of the 
tentacles. | 

Hong Kong, China, in 10 fathoms, attached to dead 
shells. “The specimens when contracted look like the fruit 


\ 


ie ee — FF - 


POLYPS AND CORALS. 189 


of the Sumac of New England (Rhus typhina L.) Color 
bright red, that of the tentacles and spicula deepest; polyp 
bodies hyaline, yellowish flesh color.” Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


Famity, Primnoipm M. Edwards, emended. 


Primnoa compressa Verrill, nov. sp. = 


Corallum much branched in a plane, flabelliform, con- 
sisting of several large branches arising from near the base, 
which give off, alternately from each side, numerous, long, 
slender, acute branchlets, which rise at a very acute angle 
with the main branches and are often again subdivided in 
the same way; branches and branchlets strongly com- 
pressed in the plane of the branches, delicately striated, 
stony, near the base dark brown, the branchlets yellowish 
white, their tips setaceous. Height of largest specimen 24 
inches; diameter of largest branches .25. Ccenenchyma 
and polyps not observed. 

Aleutian Islands. Capt. Gibson. 


Famity, GorRGONELLIDS Valenciennes. 


_ JunceELLa Levis Verrill, nov. sp. 


Corallum tall, simple, subcylindrical, rather slender, di- 
minishing in size both at the summit and near the base, 
where the polyps become obsolete; cells appressed, scarce- 
ly prominent, arranged in two broad bands, leaving a nar- 
row, median, naked space on each side, along which there 
is a well marked groove; they are placed alternately at a 
distance of about .2 of an inch, in about six vertical rows 
on each side, producing a quincunx arrangement; axis 
slender, cylindrical, calcareous, white, surrounded by about 
sixteen longitudinal tubes, two of which are larger and 
correspond with the lateral grooves, the others to the rows 
of polyps. Length of the single specimen, imperfect at 
each end, 20 inches ; greatest diameter .25. Color yellow- 
ish brown, in alcohol. 

Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VOL. IV. Y. 


190 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF. 
Fami ty, Isipz. 


Parisis Laxa Verrill, these Proceedings, p. 152. 


Corallum flabelliform, loosely branched, openly reticu- 
lated, only a few of the branches coalescent ; branchlets 
spreading nearly at right angles, somewhat elongated, 
curved, obtuse at the ends; papille rather large, irregular- 
ly crowded ; ceenenchmya thin, roughened by the points of 
minute spicula; axis slender, consisting of white caleareous 
joints alternating with shorter dark brown ones of the same 
thickness, but softer; color, in alcohol, light gray. Height 
of a small specimen 3 inches; width 3; diameter of branch- 
lets .20. , 

Off Hong Kong, China, in 15 fathoms, shelly gravel, 
May, 1854. Color, in life, bright light blue. Dr. Wm. 
Stimpson. 


MopsE.tua saponica Verrill, nov. sp. 


Low, spreading, dichotomous, branching nearly in a 
plane ; branches slender, diverging at an angle of about 
45,° obtuse at the ends ; cells rounded, papilliform, rather 
large, crowded. Color, of all the specimens observed, ver- 
million with yellow polyps. | 

Simoda, Japan. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 

This species is most nearly allied to M. coccinea (Isis 
coccinea Ellis and Sol.), but the branchlets do not coalesce 
as in that species, and spread much less abruptly. The 
cells, also, are considerably larger. | 


SUBORDER, ALCYONAOCBA, 
Famity, ALCYONID. 


ALCYONIUM RUBIFORME Dana. 
Lobularia rubiformis Ehrenberg. 
Arctic Ocean in 35 fathoms. Capt. J. Rodgers. West 


Coast of Behrings Straits in the Laminarian Zone. Dr. 
Wm. Stimpson. : : 


POLYPS AND CORALS. 191 


ALCYONIUM, SP. 


_A specimen badly preserved, and too imperfect for iden- 
tification. 
Hong Kong. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


ALcYoNiIum ? 


The corallum consists of rounded, glomerate clusters of 
large, verruciform polyps, striated at the tops. Color, in 
alcohol, bright red. ; 

Sea of Ochotsk. L. M. Squires. 


SARCOPHYTON AGARICUM Verrill. 
Alcyonium agaricum Stimpson, |. c. page 375. 


This species forms mushroom-shaped disks, which are 
circular, convex, with entire, revolute margins, and support- 
ed on a central pedicel about one-third as broad as the disk. 

The polyps cover only the upper surface, are rather 
large, three-tenths of an inch long and an eighth of an inch 
distant, the surface between them being covered with mi- 
nute dots. Upper surface of the disk bluish gray, polyps 
lighter with still paler tentacles; lower surface and pedicel 
dark cream colored. Diameter of disk 1.5 to 2 inches; of 
pedicel .5. 

Kagosima Bay, Japan, not uncommon in 10 fathoms, 
sand, January, 1855. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


NEPHTHYA AURANTIACA Verrill, nov. sp. 


Corallum thyrsoid in form, consisting of a stout naked 
pedicel, divided above into several short, thick branches, 
which are covered by small, glomerate clusters of crowded 
polyps; cells very small, verruciform, much crowded; their 
bases covered with closely imbricated, red spicula; the 
bases of the tentacles with golden yellow ones. Height 2in- 
ches; diameter of pedicel .3. Color of pedicel and bran- 
ches pale pink; polyp cells bright red at base, yellow at 
summit. 

China Sea in 23° N. lat. Dredged in 28 fathoms, shelly 
gravel. Color pale reddish gray; tentacles light yellow 
Dr. Wim. Stimpson. 


. 


192 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF 


Nerutuya tayrsoipea Verrill, 1. c. p. 161. 


Plate 6, figures 8, 8a, 8b. 


Corallum thyrsoid, consisting of a pyramidal head of 
compound; glomerate clusters of polyp cells, supported by | 
a short, thick pedicel. The short branches arise from all 
sides of the main trunk and spread abruptly, dividing at 
once into numerous small rounded lobes, which are dense- 
ly covered by the crowded polyps; cells larger than in the 
preceding, less thickly covered by the spicula, which are 
yellowish gray and quite small. Height of the. largest. 
specimen, 3 inches, diameter 2, diameter of pedicel .d, — 
length of naked part .75. 

False Bay, Cape of Good Hope. “Taken commonly 
in small clusters, rarely in large ones, in 20 fathoms, rocks, 
Oct. 1853. Color wine-yellow or light brown; polyps dark 
purplish just under the tentacles; the latter palish, nearly 
white; stalks with irregular, transverse, elevated, silvery 
lines of spicula.” Dr. Wm. Stimpson. | 


SPONGODES GIGANTEA Verrill, Bulletin of the Museum 
of Comparative Zodlogy, p. 40. Jan., 1864. 


Large, paniculately branched; principal branches few 
and large, covered on all parts by short, thick, glomerate 
branchlets, which are themselves divided into numerous 
clusters or small heads of polyps; the polyps are small, not 
crowded, most of them armed with a bundle of long, white, 
prominent spines, some with smaller single ones; bases of 
the tentacles filled with numerous. red spicula; the trunk 
is very open, cavernous, the walls membranous, filled with 
slender, white spicula; the base divided into root-like ex- 
pansions. Height 12 inches or more; diameter of trunk, 
near the base 3; of principal branches 2. Color of trunk, 
in alcohol, brownish gray; polyps dark red, with conspic- 
uous white spines. 

Hong Kong, China, on rocks in 1 fathom, April, 1854, 
Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 7 


POLYPS AND CORALS. 193 


Sponcopes capitata Verrill, Bulletin of the Museum of 
Comparative Zodlogy, p. 40. Jan., 1864. ‘ 


Trunk short and thick, dividing rapidly in a dichotomous 
manner, forming a broad rounded clump. Branchlets much 
subdivided, corymbose, the polyps all terminal, small, ver- 
ruciform in contraction, in rounded clusters of forty or fifty; 
with these are often intermingled little groups of three or 
four individuals supported by slender, white spines,. one of 
which is longer than the rest, and considerably exsert, sup- 
porting one of the cells on its side. The tentacles and 
polyp walls are also strengthened by slender white spicula. 

Height of a large specimen 4 inches, breadth 5, diame- 
ter of polyps about .05. 

Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


SPONGODES GRacILis Verrill, nov. sp. 


Trunk slender, arborescently branched, the branchlets lax, 
a little elongated, furcate, the polyps mostly arising singly 
along their sides in asecund manner, not crowded, scarcely 
clustered, small but quite prominent, supported by several 
slender spines, the walls and tentacles strengthened by 
numerous very slender fusiform spicula of. a bright red col- 
or. ‘The trunk and branches are open, membranous, dia- 
phanous, filled with long, slender, curved, fusiform spicula 
of a white color. 

General color light pink. Height 2 inches; diameter 
of trunk .25; of polyps .02. 

Loo Choo Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


Famity, CorNuLARID&. 


ANTHELIA LINEATA Stimpson, l.c. p. 375. 


Plate 6, figures 9, 9a, 9b. 

Polyps elongated, tapering somewhat towards the disk. 
Tentacles nearly halfas long as the body, slender, tapering, 
with a single series of oblong, somewhat irregular papille, 
those near the base of the tentacles shorter and nearly ob- 
solete. Body pale brownish with eight, longitudinal, lead- 
colored stripes, tentacles bright blue. Length of body 
about an inch. | 


194 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF 


Hong Kong. “Abundant on rocks at low-water mark, 
which it covers with a light bluish scum.” Dr. Wm. Stimp- 
son. 


TeLESTO RAMICULOSA Verrill. 


Cornularia aurantiaca Stimpson, 1. c. p. 375. (non T. aurantiaca 
Lamx.) 


Plate 6,.figures 10, 10a, 10d. 


Corallum irregularly branching, the branches and coral- 
lites straight, subcylindrical (clavate when young) marked 
with numerous, fine, longitudinal sulcations. The upper 
portion of the polyps projecting considerably beyond the 
firmer tubes in expansion, pellucid, somewhat constricted 
at the junction with the tubes. Tentacles long and rather 
broad, with a single series of elongated lateral lobes, which 
are themselves tuberculated. Color pale orange, polyps 
transparent with afew linear spicula on the sides, stomach 
crimson. Height 2 inches. 

Hong Kong. Dredged sparingly in 10 fathoms, shelly 
bottom. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


Tevesto? noposa Verrill, nov. sp. 


In this species the stalks usually rise half an inch or 
more and then divide at once into a cluster of twelve to fif- 
teen slender corallites or branchlets, which diverge from one 
point. By continued growth another leading polyp arises 
from the cluster and after a short distance produces another 
similar cluster, thus forming an elongated stalk, densely 
ramulous along the sides, except where the intervals be- 
tween the clusters occur, and even there scattered célls of- 
ten appear. Corallites slender, turbinate, a third of an inch 
long, the walls very thin, encircled by numerous elevated ~ 
rings, and finely striated longitudinally. 

Height of the largest specimen about three inches. 

Loo Choo Islands, in pools at low water. Dr. Wm. 
Stimpson. 

Dry specimens only of this species are in the collection, 
and therefore its true characters are somewhat uncertain. 
In many respects, and especially in the transverse rings 
around the tubes, it resembles some species of Tubularia. 


POLYPS AND CORALS. 195 


SARCODICTYON. 


A species of this genus occurs creeping over dead shells. 
The polyps in alcohol are mostly contracted and form scat- 
tered verruce about a line in diameter and rather morein 
height, connected by slender, fleshy stolons. 

Hong Kong, China. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


Famity, Tupiporip&. 


Tusrpora RUBEOLA? Quoy and Gay. 
Bonin Islands. Dr. Wm. Stimpson. 


I refer to this species, with much doubt, a fragment of 
Tubipora of very light red color, having the transverse 
plates about .25 of an inch apart; the tubes .1 in diameter. 
It is too imperfect to be determined satisfactorily, if, in- 
deed, it be possible to determine species of this genus from 
the dry corals. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


Prats V. 


Figure 1. PreromorpHa Expansa Verrill; a polyp en- 
larged. 

Figure 2. Vireuuaria pusitia Verrill; a polyp much 
enlarged. 

Figure 3. Veretittum Srimpsoni Verrill; a polyp 
somewhat enlarged; 3a, structure of the surface between 
the polyps. 

Figure 4. KopHoBeLEMNON cLavatumM Verrill; natural 
size, with the polyps expanded, front view; 4a, a polyp 
much enlarged, showing outline of stomach, below which 
are, apparently, clusters of eggs; 46, a tentacle much 
magnified. 

_. Figure 5. Muricea sinensis Verrill; a branchlet, natu- 

ral size; da, one of the contracted cells magnified to show 
the spicula. This and the next were drawn from nature 
by Mr. E. 8. Morse. 

Figure 6. Muricea pivaricata Verrill; portion of a 
branch, natural size; 6a, a contracted cell much magnified, 
showing spicula | ; 


Me. 


196 VERRILL, SYNOPSIS OF 


Puate VI. 


Figure 7. AcANTHOGORGIA COCCINES Verrill; a polyp 
much enlarged, showing spiniform spicula at the base and 
smali spicula below the tentacles; 7a, view of a polyp 
from above. 

Figure 8. Neputuya tayrsowea Verrill; a cluster of 
polyps from a branch, slightly magnified ; Sa, a polyp par- 
tially contracted, much enlarged to show the spicula; 80, 
one of the spicula greatly magnified. 


Figure 9. ANTHELIA LINEATA Stimpson; cluster of — — 


polyps natural size; 9a, a polyp enlarged; 9), a tentacle 
magnified. 

Figure 10. Trevesto ramicuLosa Verrill; a group of 
polyps in contraction, natural size; 10a, an expanded polyp 
much enlarged; 105, a contracted polyp somewhat mag- 
nified, | 


Nore. Part I of this paper, including a Synopsis of the Classifica- 
tion of Polyps, herein adopted, was published under a somewhat dif- 
ferent title in the fifth number of these Proceedings, page 145. Part 
III, embracing descriptions of the Actinaria, will appear as soon as 
the necessary plates can be completed. 


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HYATT, OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 197 


XII. Observations on Polyzoa. Suborder Phylactolemata. 
By Aupueus Hyatt. 


With nine Plates. 


[Communicated October 10,* 1864.] 
INTRODUCTION. 


The investigations recorded in the following pages are 
the results of observations made on the American species 
of the Phylactoleamata; with the intention of elucidating 
the structure of the genera, and of presenting the laws of 
their structural combination as fully as this can be ac- 
complished within the limits of the present communication. 

For this purpose synoptical tables have been given, ex- 
hibiting the anatomy of the different divisions, as far as 
our knowledge of ibe adult animals would perrnit. 

Had such a plan been possible at the present time, the 
synopsis would have embraced only the anatomy of the 
most complicated species of each generic series; and other 
tables, similarly constructed, illustrating every genus, would 
have been prefixed, one individual of each species being 
selected for analysis. But the small number of species 
now known in each genus not affording material enough 
for perfecting this system, the tables include only general 
statements of the characters of each genus, and these are 
arranged in a linear series in order to show clearly their 
serial relations. I venture, however, to assert, that, not- 
withstanding these defects, the results obtained by this 
mode of procedure are more exact, than if the usual me- 
thods of describing the anatomy had been followed. 

The advantages of thus analyzing the anatomical fea- 
tures of any natural division are at once apparent. ‘heir 
organization, as a whole, is rendered plain; and the reader 
is enabled to trace, throughout the structure of the group, 
not only the changes of any organ by itself, but even of 


*During the proof reading I have embodied in the original text many 
new facts discovered since the 10th of Oct., 1864, and the communica- 
tion, therefore, may be considered as covering a period extending from 
that date to the day of publication. 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. vou. Iv. Z. March, 1866. 


BS esl) i 


198 HYATT, © 


the different systems of organs, from their lowest to their 
highest states. 

The laws, also, according to which the changes, or dif- 
ferences in the parts, take place, are better illustrated by 
such a tabular view, than by any other method. 

The manner commonly pursued of describing the mi- 
nute differences between species, or genera, and of simply 
generalizing with regard to their anatomical peculiarities, is 


very unsatisfactory. It does not afford the means for com- | 


paring the anatomical composition of the parts of the in- 
dividual in each species, or genus, which is necessary to a 
complete understanding of the whole, and the differences 
are sought for and described, to the neglect of the agree- 
ments, that are either passed by, or only casually noticed 
in the descriptions of the larger divisions. Such errors are 
avoided by the use of analytical tables, which, besides the 
advantages before described, set forth the similarities as 
prominently, as the differences. We thus never lose sight 
of the initial points of the structure, while the differences, 
or changes, from t'me to time appearing, stand out even 
more vividly against the common background of similari- 
ties. 

It is far from my intention to underrate the labors of 
naturalists who devote themselves to the discovery and 
publication of new forms; their labors are essential to 
the progress of science. The ordinary mode, however, of 
prosecuting these investigations is, perhaps, too disconnect- 
ed, species being habitually regarded in the light of isola- 
ted creations, rather, than as allied to others by the larger 
number of their essential characters. This engenders a 
habit of always looking for differences, and overlooking 
agreements, which the study of series of species, or even 
of series of individuals would correct. 

The facts published in these “Observations” have been 
verified by my own experience, with the single exception 
of the spermatozoa. ‘These I have not yet seen, my obser- 
vations having been made, for three successive seasons, 
principally during the fall and winter months. 

The questions involved in the body of the paper, and 
the difficulties to be overcome in obtaining living Euro- 
pean specimens have obliged me to quote extensively from 


OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 199 


the works of foreign naturalists. References, however, are 
always made to the original publications, and the state- 
ments used have been, in all cases, sifted of facts that did 
not correspond with my own researches upon closely allied 
american species. 

The nomenclature of Professor Allman’s exhaustive 
“Monograph of the Fresh-water Polyzoa” has been adopted 
throughout, with the exception of a few alterations, which 
become necessary, partly in consequence of some ideas of 
my own, with regard to the composition of the organs, dif- 
fering from those of Prof. Allman, and, partly, because | 
here adopt a new view of the relations of the anterior and 
posterior poles of the body, originated by my friend Edward 
5S. Morse.* In an article published in these Proceedings 
he homologizes the parts of the animal in the various classes 
of the Mollusca, and arrives at the conclusion, as surpris- 
ing, as it is truthful, that the attached end of a Polyzoén 
is in reality the anterior, and that the peduncular end of a 
Brachiopod is the homologue of this, and, also, anterior. 

It therefore becomes necessary to alter the commonly re- 
ceived nomenclature, and to denominate the attached end 
of a Polyzoén the anterior; the free end the posterior; the 
anal side the dorsal; and the opposite, or so called hemal 
side, the ventral. 


*A Classification of Mollusea based on the principle of Cephalization. 
Proc. of Essex Inst., Vol. lV, No. VI, p. 162. 

Nore. Iam indebted to Dr. Joseph Leidy, of Philadelphia, for iden- 
tifying my specimens of Fredericella regina with his species, for tira- 
cings of all the species described by him, and for other valuable infor- 
mation. I desire, also, to return thanks to Professor H. J. Clark, of 
Harvard College, Professor A. E. Verrill, of Yale College, Professor 
Alfred Mayer, of Penn. University, Professor Theodore Gill, of the 
Smithsonian Institution, Mr. Elliott Smith and Mr. 8S. I. Smith, of 
Norway, Maine; to all of whom I am under obligations for important 
assistance. 

My thanks are also due to the Officers of the Smithsonian Institution, 
of Washington, and the Peabody Institute, of Baltimore, for the use of 
books which I could not have otherwise obtained. 

It is but just that I should also express the feelings of gratitude with 
which I cherish the memory of my father, Mr. Alpheus Hyatt, of Bal- 
timore, whose long continued generosity, while living, enabled me not 
only to accomplish this undertaking, but to plan, and prosecute others 
of a similar kind. 

Mr. Edward S. Morse perfected the drawings with the skill of an 


Te | 
ohh at Ss 


200 HYATT, 


The unquestioning manner with which I take up these 
views may excite some surprise, but they are founded up- 
on facts which calmed all the doubts I at first entertained, 
and satisfied me entirely of their correctness. Mr. Morse’s 
paper, entitled “A Classification of the Mollusca based on the 
principle of Cephalization,” fully illustrates the homologies, 
as well, also, as the general plan of that subkingdom. 

Mr. Morse has, also, done me the honor of quoting from 
my manuscript the term Saccata as a new name for the 
Mollusea. Since it has been so auspiciously introduced to 
science, and, as such a definitive term seems to be needed 4 
to give uniformity and completeness to the nomenclature 
of the four plans, I shall make no further excuse for its em- 
ployment in the future. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY AND CLASSIFICATION. 


There is no bibliography of the Phylactolemata, or in 
fact of the Fresh-water Polyzoa taken together, as far as 
our own country is concerned, but, in Europe, they have, 
from the time of Trembley,* their discoverer, attracted much 
attention, and the list of works, that may be consulted with 
profit, is extensive. The principal among these are the 
writings of Dumortier and Van Beneden, Professor All- 


accomplished draughtsman, and with all the interest of a zoélogist and 
personal friend. I am indebted to him both for this, and for many other 
favors that have rendered it possible for me to publish at an early date. 
In fact, my only regret, in connection with this article, is, that a gen- 
tleman of such acknowledged ability, whose time is important to science, 
should not be able to devote it to his own original investigations. 

The lenses employed were made especially for the purpose by Rob- 
ert B. Tolles, of Canastota, N. Y. The one half inch objective having 
an angle of 175° and one fifth of an inch working distance was especi- 
ally well suited for the examination of living animals. 

Mr. J. F. Richardson, of Portland, executed the engraving of the 
plates with the same skill he has shown in other scientific works, and 
with more than usual care. é 

The wood cuts are very large for a black ground, and, being printed 
directly from the wood, required all the skill and patience of Mr. Hol- 
land to produce accurate impressions. 


*Mémoire pour servir 4 Vhistoire d’un genre des polypes d’eau douce. 


. 


OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 201 


man, and Mr. Albany Hancock.* These experienced 
naturalists surveyed the whole field, and, armed with pow- 
erful modern microscopes, they completely disclosed the 
anatomy and physiology, making nearly all preceding ex- 
plorations interesting only as matters of history. 

Dr. Leidy is the sole authority upon this subject in 
America.t His observations have given us all the informa- 
tion we at present possess of our native species, besides 
adding two new and singularly interesting genera, Pec- 
tinatella and Urnatella, to the systematic catalogue. Of 
these two, Pectinatella alone belongs to the Phylactole- 
mata. 

Nothing of a general nature having been published in 
this country, it may, perhaps, be well, before proceeding 
with the structural analysis of the Phylactolemata, to give 
a sketch of the classification and a description of the dif- 
ferent forms of this suborder. 

The Polyzoa, for a long time confounded with the Radi- 
ata, were first definitely separated by Thompson in 1880, 
and called by him Polyzoa, thus taking precedence of 
Bryozoa, the name afterwards given them by Ehrenberg 
in 1831.4 

In 1834, De Blainville, although still continuing to as- 
sociate them with the Radiata, set off the genera Crista- 
tella, Plumatella and Alcyonella as a subclass, styling 
them “Polypiaires douteux.” || 


*DuMORTIER & VAN BENEDEN. Hist. Nat. d. Polypes composés d’eau 
douce. Nouv. Mem. de l’Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles. Vol. 16. 1843. 

VaN BENEDEN, Recherches sur les Bryozoaires. Mem. de lAcad. 
Roy. de Belgique. Vol. 21. 1848. 

DuMoRTIER & VAN BENEDEN. Hist. Nat. des polypes com. d’eau 
douce. Mem. de l’Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles, comp. au tom. 16. 1848. 

ALBANY Hancock. On the Anatomy of the Fresh-water Bryozoa, 
with descriptions of new species. Ann. and Magazine of Nat. Hist. Vol. 
5. 1850. 

Pror. ALuMAN. Monograph of the Fresh-water Polyzoa. Ray 
Society, 1856. 

+Dr. JoserH Letpy.¥Proc. Philadelphia Acad. of Nat. Sciences, 
Vols. 5, 7, and 10. 

tBusk. On the priority of the term Polyzoa. Ann. and Mag. Nat. 
Hist. 2d Ser. Vol. 10, p. 352. 1852. 

||DE BLAINVILLE. Man. d’Actinologie et de Zodphytologie. p. 489. 
Paris. 1834—37. 


202 HYATT, 


In 1837, Gervais divided the Polyzoa into two sub- 
classes, “Polypiaires hypocrepia,” and “Polypiaires infun- 
dibulati.” The first included the genera with lateral arms, 
and the second those with round lophophores, among 
which he placed Fredericella.” 

In 1848, Fredericella was restored to its proper division 
by Dumortier and Van Beneden, but they committed the 
mistake of uniting it with Paludicella,a genus with a truly 
orbicular lophophore, and devoid of an epistome.t These 
authors, also, recognized the Hypocrepian division, as limit- 
ed by Gervais, separating Fredericella and Paludicella as 
a distinct group. 

Professor Allman in 1856 instituted the order Phylacto- 
lemata, basing it upon the epistome, which is present in 
all the genera.{ 

He divides the order into two suborders ; Lophopea and 
Pedicellinea, the former including all the Hypocrepian 
forms, and the latter the marine genus Pedicellina. Al- 
though differing from Professor Allman in my estimation 
of the relations of Pedicellina, I have retained his name 
for the Fresh-water genera, from Fredericella to Cristatella 
inclusive. 

In the Suborder Lophopea, he has two grand groups, or 
families, founded upon the characteristics of the cxne- 
cium ; one the Cristatellide, for the genus Cristatella with 
its locomotive coencecium ; and the other the Plumatellide, 
embracing all the remaining genera, that have rooted 
coencecia. 

There is a partial coincidence between Professor All- 
man’s classification and the one I advocate. He makes 
of his Plumatellide two groups ; one equivalent to my first 
family including Fredericella, because of the obsolete 
arms, and another including precisely the same genera as 
my second family. ‘Thus the classifications virtually agree 
in regard to the number of the principal groups, although 
not with regard to their relative values. 


*GERVAIS. Recherches sur les Polypes d’eau douce. Annales des 
Sciences Naturelles, 2d Ser. Vol. 7, p. 77. ' 


tDuMORTIER & VAN BENEDEN. Memoirs de l’Acad. Roy. de Bel- 
gique. Vol. 21, p. 5. 1848. 


JALLMAN. Fresh-water Polyzoa. p. 10. 


OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 203 


According to this view of their relations, the PHyLacto- 
LEMATA comprise three families, or subgroups. First; 
the Fredericellide, founded upon the great differences be- 
tween the lophophore and nervous system of Fredericella, 
and the members of the other families. Second; the Plu- 
matellide, which ditter from the Fredericellide in the lopho- 
phore and nervous system, and from the Cristatellide in 
their ccenecial characters. ‘Third; the Cristatellide, whose 
ceencecia and mode of development separate them widely 
from both the preceding. 

The following is a scheme of this classification, enumer- 
ating the families and genera by name, and the number of 
species at present known in America, Europe, India and 


Australia. 


A ee eae 
] G me 
a Les ey eS 
q~ Ae 
” 
= 
cA 4 

a ao 3 = 

Lie} ns Sel ‘ 

5 ‘. y =) = nd S 

| a o . ce 

tr oH S 7, mene 

< 

e 

=< 

al 

ea . 

& FREDERICELLID®. Fredericella. Sha 

re Plumatella.* 5. is 1t 

© PLUMATELLID®. } Lophopus. mie! 

s Pectinatella. | 1 1|| 

< CRISTATELLID.E. Cristatella. Ye | | 

— 

a 13. AG od a0 

x 

~ 


*Plumatella includes Alcyonella, which is only a variation of the ordinary form of 
the species. 

tA species of Plumatella mentioned, but not named or described, from Melbourne, 
and the vicinity of Richmond. D. Oyly H, Alpin. Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d Ser. 
Vol. 6, p. 454. 1860. 

tA species mentioned by Dr. Leidy. Proc, Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 10, p. 190. 

||A statoblast, found near Bombay and described by Mr. J. H. Carter in the Ann. 
and Mag. of Nat. Hist. Vol. 3, p. 341, pl. 8, f. 8-15, 1859, supposed by him to belong to 
Lophopus crystallinus. It, however, undoubtedly belongs to a new species of Pec- 
tinatella, and I therefore propose for this new species, which is remarkable for its 
spines, furnished with many lateral hooks, growing only from the ends of the stato- 
blast, the name of Pectinatelja Carteri, 


204 HYATT, 
FREDERICELLA. 


These are plant-like animals with graceful dendritic 
forms, common in our brooks and ponds (Pl. 7). They 
cling, immovably fastened by their ectocyst, to the lower 
surfaces of submerged stones, or floating boards; and 
thrive best in the darkest places, often carpeting the dismal 
recesses, under the loosened bark of dead branches, with 
their lovely, campanulate corollas. 

Nothing can exceed the exquisite beauty of these small 
“phytozoéns”; their symmetrical outlines, the alertness of 
the motions of the polypides, and the surprising complexi- 
ty of the internal structure of their transparent bodies rich- 
ly repay the labors of the microscopist. 

Cenecium. This part of the colony, formed by the tu- 
bular dark brown trunk and branches, is made up of lines 
of little hollow twigs, or cells, each separate cell encasing 
a single polypide, and opening into the preceding cell, or 
parent Polyzoén, at the lower end. ‘Thence the cells 
are generally attached for some distance to the surface, al- 
though frequently the entire branch is free, the lowest cell 
alone being attached. ‘l'he extremities of the cells bend 
upwards, and are always free, but vary exceedingly in 
length. The color is due to the ectocyst, which is a thin 
gelatinous excretion, soft, and transparent when first de- 
posited, but acquiring with age a dark brown hue and 
parchment like consistency (PI. 7, figs. 4,5, D). This ex- 
cretion is the product of the coenecial, endocyst, or true 
body wall of the branches and polypides (PI. 7, figs. 4, 5, 
6, E). The endocyst is continuous throughout the gener- 
al system of branches or coencecium, and the latter may, 
therefore, be regarded as a common tubular cavity, more 
or less cut up into cells. Some scattered, partial divisions, 
made by ring-like folds of the endocyst, open in the centre, 
are found in each colony, but these are not constant, and 
occur only at rare intervals in the branches.* 

Polypide. ‘The free portions of the cells are capped by 
translucent tubes crowned with thread like tentacles radia- 
ting from the periphery of the Lophophore, or floor of the 


*Similar to those of Plumatella. PI. 8, fig. 6. 


OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 205 


crown. This is perforated in the centre by the round 
mouth, overshadowed by the tongue like Epistome (PI. 7, 
fig. 5, I, I’), which is an obtuse, upward fold of the lopho- 
phore, opening below into the neural chamber, or cavity. 
This cavity contains the orbicular nerve-mass suspended 
immediately under the epistomic opening (PI. 7, fig. 5, 5). 

The surface of the tentacles, the oral side of the epis- 
tome, the lophophore and the interior of the eS in the 
vicinity of the mouth are covered by cilia (Pl. 7, figs. 4, 
H, 5, H’). Constantly vibrating towards the Sake of the 
crown, these cilia create a vortex in the water, at the apex 
of which les the mouth, always open and ready to en- 
gulpb the microscopic plants, or Infusoria, that may be 
caught by the encircling current, and swept into this liquid 
trap. (Pl..7;, ie. 17). 

The polypides not unfrequently form a sort of cage, by 
interlacing the extremities of their tentacles, and imprison 
the more active of the Infusoriea, who would otherwise 
readily escape. ‘Thus inclosed, however, their strength is 
expended in fruitless eflorts to break through the tentac- 
ular bars, until finally exhausted and overcome, by the 
power of the miniature maelstrom, they are whirled unre- 
sistingly downward into the funnel shaped throat. 

The tentacles are used not only, as above described, to 
catch the prey, but for a multitude of other offices. They 
are each capable of independent motion, and may be 
twisted or turned in any direction; bending inwards, they 
take up and discard objectionable matter, or push ‘down 
into the stomach and clear the esophagus of food too small 
to be acted upon by the parietal muscles. ‘They are also 
employed offensively in striking an intrusive neighbor, and 
their tactile power, sensitive to the slightest unusual vibra- 
tion in the water, warns the polypide of the approach of 
danger. 

Between the lophophore and the coencecium, the internal 
organization is plainly seen, the pellucid wall of the tube 
offering no obstacle to the eye of the observer. 

The alimentary canal hangs from the lophophore, ocecu- 
pying the centre of the polypide, and floating freely in the 
rapidly moving blood. ‘The yellowish cesophagus, the 
stomach barred with brown, and the brownish intestine 

ESSEX INST. PROCEED. VoL. Iv. AA. March, 1866. 


206 HYATT, 


compose a deeply colored axis relieving and vivifying the 
shadowy outlines of the tube and tentacular crest (PI. 7, 
es3 Ko Kio, 

All these delicately proportioned members are balanced 
upon a fold of the endocyst, called the Invaginated Fold 
(Pl. 7, fig. 5, B), which is retained within the ccenecial 
cell by the Retentor muscles (Pl. 7, fig. 4,5, N, N’). These 
together with numerous other sets of small muscles will 
be described hereafter. At present it is only necessary to 
call attention to the Sphincter (Pl. 7, fig. 6, L), a broad, - 
contractile band surrounding the invaginated fold, and the 
large retractors (PI. 7, fig. 4, fig. 8, M, M’, M”), which are 
in two sets, one on each side of the alimentary canal. 
‘'hey arise apparently from two common bases, but each 
large trunk subdivides above into many bundles, which 
may be distinguished from each other according to the lo- 
cation of their attachments and divided into three branches. 

The fibres of the first branch, the Gastric Retractor, are 
distributed to the stomach; those of the second, the Lo- 
phophoric Retractor, to the cesophagus and oral region; 
those of the third, the Brachial Retractor, to the bases of 
the arms, and to the endocyst along the line of the Brachi- 
al Collar. The crest is swayed by these muscles in every 
direction ; or, when alarmed, the polypide may withdraw 
by their aid into the larger ccencecial tube below, very 
much as the finger of a glove may be inverted within the 
empty palm. ‘This is so quickly done, at times, as to 
bafHe observation, and the fully expanded polypide, with 
every tentacle stretched to its full length vanishes instant- 
aneously within the ccenceecium. Often, however, the in- 
vagination is more slowly performed, and the motions can 
then be easily followed. | 

‘The polypidal endocyst is first turned inwards, folding 
upon itself, and prolonging the permanently invaginated 
fold below. ‘The tentacles, arriving at the edge of the 
ceeneecial orifice, are pressed into a compact bundle by the 
action of their own muscles, and, together with the lopho- 
phore, are dragged into the cell by the continued invagina- 
tion of the endocyst until they are wholly inclosed and at 
rest within the sheath formed for them by the inverted 
walls of the tube. The sphincter muscle then closes the 


OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. A] 


ccencecial orifice above, and the process ef invagination is 
completed. 

The polypide in its exserted state is buoyed up and sus- 
tained by the pressure of the fluids within. Consequently 
when invaginated it displaces an equal bulk of these in 
the closed ccencecium, and their reaction, aided by the 
contraction of the muscular endocyst, is sufficient to evagi- 
nate the whole. 

The evagination begins with the relaxation of the sphinc- 
ter, which permits the ends of the tentacles to protrude. 
These daintily feel about for the cause of the alarm, and, 
if they fail to detect the proximity of an enemy, the whole 
fascicle is cautiously pushed out, and the sentient threads 
suddenly and confidently unfolded. 

The polyzodn reasons from the sense of touch inherent 
in its tentacles, and cannot be induced to expose itself 
above the ceencecium until thoroughly s satishied, by these 
sensitive feelers, that no danger is to be apprehended. In 
fact, these plantlike creatures, , singly mere pouches with a 
stor mach hanging in the midst, exhibit greater nervous 4ac- 
tivity and “animality,” than we find among the more highly 
organized Ascidia, or shell-covered Brachiopoda. 


PLUMATELLA. 


The species of this genus abound near the shores of our 
ponds, close to the surface, and are generally in company 
with Fredericella (Pl. 8). ‘They may be found attached 
to the under sides of Hat stones, or floating boards, but do 
not usually seek the narrow, dark recesses in which Fred- 
ericella often occurs. Better fitted to endure the sun’s 
rays, they may, occasionally, be seen in positions exposed 
to their full influence. I have been so fortunate as to col- 
lect specimens of P. Arethusa which were growing from 
the ends of the long water grasses ; their tiny branches, and 
living, crystalline flowers glittering in the light, and sway- 

ing to and fro in the open current without protection from 
the heat, even at midday. 

The coencecium is dendritic as in Fredericella, but the 
growth is generally more luxuriant, extending over larger 
surfaces, and the ceencecial cells are wider in proportion to 


208 HYATT, 


their length. The polypide, also, is capable of more ex- 
tended protrusion, and its motions, therefore, are less re- 
strained. The arms, previously indicated in the lopho- 
phore of Fredericella, are fully developed, and stretch out 
on the dorsal side just above the anus, giving a crescentie, 
or horse-shoe shaped aspect to the disk, which is retained 
throughout the succeeding genera. 

The ectocyst may be either transparent or brown in the 
same species, and the polypides may be widely separated, 
as in Fredericella, or be closely aggregated, the branches 
and cells adhering together by means of their gelatinous 
ectocysts. 


LOPHOPUS. 


Lophopus introduces us to a new class of characters. 
The ectocyst, in place of being a thin enveloping sheet, is 
a thick deposit of clear jelly in which the ccencecium is 
buried. ‘lhe branches are lobiform, and the cells even lexs 
widely separated, or differentiated, than in the aggregated 
varieties of Plumatella. 

Prof. Allman describes Lophopus crystallinus as attach- 
ed to the stems of Lemna, and other fresh water plants, 
but avoiding exposure to bright sunlight. 

These positions must necessarily, however, be less shad- 
ed than those occupied by the majority of the Plumatelle. 


PECTINATELLA. 


The reproductive and vital energies of the group reach 
their climax in the voluptuous beauty and endless multi- 
plication of the coenecia in Pectinatella (Pls. 9,10, 11, 12). 

The cells of the separate polypides are wholly merged 
in the lobiform branches, and the gelatinous ectocyst; often 
several inches thick, is gathered underneath the ccencecia 
(PI. 9, fig. 5, D). It affords a common base for all the 
colonies, and is no longer, as in the preceding genera, con- 
fined to. one coencecium. , 

_ The tropical aspect and luxuriant growth of the cling- 
ing masses, frequently several feet in diameter, investing 
the summits of submerged stumps, and the branches of 


OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. POY 


waterlogged timber, are unequalled among the fresh-water, 
or even among the marine Saccata of our climate. 

The communities, assembled in countless profusion up- 
on the gelatinous ectocyst, are crowded together and being 
compressed become irregularly hexagonal in their outlines. 
‘he polypides upon the lobiform branches, adorn the bor- 
ders of these hexagonal patterns with a dense, glistening 
fringe, speckled with the scarlet coloring of their oral re- 
gions; and the bare coencecial trunk (Pl. 9, figs. 5, 6, 7, A’) 
in the centre shine with a deep, opaline lustre, completing 
the rich, coralline effect of the fringed outlines. 

The protrusion of the polypides is not limited by the in- 
vaginated fold, as in the preceding genera, but they roll out 
nearly the full length of their evaginable endocyst, and re- 
semble columns supported by a simple ovoto and fillet 
(Pls. 10, 12). The fillet corresponds to the invaginated 
fold of the preceding genera, and the ovolo-like bend in the 
endocyst is produced by the contraction of the anterior re- 
tentor muscles. 

In July and August specimens of Pectinatella magnifica 
are very abundant in shallows and in the depths of Pen- 
nissewasse pond, but as the fall advances, those in the 
shallows die, and in October they can live only upon the 
logs in deep, cool water, or in shaded situations. These 
autumnal specimens are old, and being unable to with- 
stand the direct rays of the sun, disappear from all exposed 
positions, where they grow with impunity as strong and 
healthy adults earlier in the season. I have found them 
fifteen or twenty feet below the surface, showing a marked 
departure in this respect from the preceding genera, whose 
species seldom occur below two, or three feet, and are al- 
most invariably near the shore line. 


CRISTATELLA. 


The Cristatelle are by far the most highly organized, 
not only of the Phylactolemata but of all the Polyzoa 
(Pls. 13, 14). 

The ccencecia are neither dendritic, as in Fredericella 
and the Plumatelle, or lobate, as in Lophopus and Pec- 
tinatella, but naked, depressed sacks, capable of determi- 


% aS OUST ys 
Sa 


210 HYATT, 


nate motion; their interior divided by walls of reticulating 
muscular fibres into numerous radiating cells and tubes, 
The latter, however, do not meet internally, but leave a 
vacant space in the centre of the ccencecial trunk unoccu- 
pied either by the polypides, or the muscular walls (PI. 13, 
figs. 2, 3, A’). 

The polypjdes extend to the full length of their evagina- 
ble endocyst, and are destitute of an invaginated fold, not 
even possessing a fillet around the upper edge of the cce- 
noecial orifice as in Pectinatella (Pl. 14, fig. 1). They are 
disposed in rows upon the borders, inclosing the clear, 
bare central spaces with an edging not unlike the polypid- 
al fringes of Pectinatella (Pl. 13, fig. 1). 

The ectocyst loses the tixed character it still possessed 
in Pectinatella, and is only a transient, gelatinous excre- 
tion, thrown off in great abundance from the common base 
of the colony (PI. 13, fig. 3, D). 

The communities are not invariably gathered upon a 
common ectocyst, as in Pectinatella, but are sometimes 
single, as in Lophopus. 

There is, however, a very curious, and remarkable simi- 
larity of one species with Pectinatella. 

The ccencecia of C. ophidioidea herd together within 
confined boundaries from a few inches to a foot or more 
in diameter, covering such favorite resorts with a glairy 
coating accumulated upon the surface by the moving 
bases of the numerous colonies. The aspect of one of 
these settlements, supported upon this common ectocyst, 
is analogous to that of a mass of Pectinatelle ; especially 
to the old age, or degradational period of the life of a mass 
of the latter; where a large number of colonies still cling 
to a thin sheet of gelatine left from the decay of the great- 
er part of the ectocyst. ? 

This similarity may be explained by the fissiparous 
multiplication of the coencecia in both genera and the slow 
progression of Cristatella. The colonies of the last can 
never wander far from their place of origin, unless floated off 
by some accident, and, continually multiplying, they soon 
create a dense population in a comparatively small space. 

The distributionjof Cristatella is similar to that of Pec- 
tinatella, they being generally found together. 


OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 211 
REPRODUCTION. 


The Phylactolemata have two modes of reproduction, 
one by buds, and the other by eggs. The former occurs 
in two ways; by statoblasts, either fixed or free, and by 
regular buds, which grow out from the side of each poly- 
pide. The first are the founders of new colonies. The 
last merely increase the number of individuals in each es- 
tablished community. The colonies are, however, some- 
times multiplied by other processes, which cannot be classi- 
fied under either of the above heads. In large specimens 
of Plumatella Arethusa the polypides on the old trunk die 
first and the remnants of the ccencecia are gradually swept 
away, leaving the branches as so many independent colo- 
nies (PI. 8, fig. 1). This, also, is not uncommon with Plu- 
matella diffusa, and is, probably, peculiar to all the species 
of this genus that distribute their branches over a large 
surface. 

1 have directed, perhaps, more attention to the old age 
than to any other period of the growth of the individual, 
and among the many curious and novel facts, which this 
comparatively untravelled path of investigation has led me 
to, there are few more interesting than the above. 

Specimens of Fredericella may be often observed at- 
tached near the ends of their branches by the soft ectocysts 
of their younger polypides, the ragged end of the branch 
floating freely above. These may sometimes have been 
torn by accident from the parent colony, but in the majori- 
ty of cases they owe their liberation to the decay of the 
original stock. In Pectinatella and Cristatella the march 
of extinction is, also, from within outwards. But, in con- 
sequence of the greater width and the common occupation 
of the coencecium by the polypides, the decay of those in 
the interior does not effect the vitality of the trunk, and 
their living ccencecia carry both the quick and the dead 
(Pico; fe, 11): 

Thus death, which is an active agent in multiplying the 
number of independant colonies in Fredericella and Pla- 
matella, is, probably in Lophopus, and certainly in Pec- 
tinatella and Cristatella, of no avail; the constrictive pow- 
er of the endocyst being its functional substitute in the 


212 HYATT, 


three last named genera. Although the polypides of the 
Phylactolemata never display any marks of fissiparity, the 
coencecia are multiplied by division. 1 have seen the lobi- 
form branches of old colonies of Pectinatella divided from 
the ccencecial trunk by constrictions, which, gradually deep- 
ening, finally separated them from the latter. The form, 
the thickness of the ectocyst, and the vast number of coe- 


noecia upon every mass, indicate, that this selfmultiplica-_ 


tive mode of propagation is of frequent occurrence among 
the adults. 

Prof. Allman has observed similar phenomena in Cris- 
tatella and Lophopus, showing it to be common to all the 
genera having the thickened gelatinous ectocyst. It ap- 
pears probable, that this method of multiplying the colonies 
would also take place in Fredericella and the Plumatelle, 
if it were not for the toughness of the ectocyst. The par- 
tial divisions continually occuring in the branches of these 
genera and, apparently, restrained only by the stiffness of 
the ectocyst from becoming effective and severing the 
ccencecia, wherever they occur, into separate parts, are the 
homologues of the permanent septa between the cells of 
Paludicella and of the lateral partitions in the marine 
Polyzoa. This homology was suggested to me in observ- 
ing the readiness with which the lobes of Pectinatella were 
cut off; the constrictions occuring irregularly, sometimes 
isolating a whole branch, sometimes only a few cells. If 
the ectocyst was pergameneous in this genus the constric- 
tions would either not take place at all, or form scattered 
partitions, as in Fredericella and Plumatella. Thus the 
same function that produces a constant anatomical char- 
acter in Paludicella, Fredericella, and Plumatella, would 
seem to be the effective cause of the selfmultiplication of 
the coencecia in Lophopus, Pectinatella and Cristatella. 

Prof. Allman divides the mode of reproduction by buds 
into two, “non sexual reproduction by gemma, which at 
once proceed to the full term of their destined develop- 
ment,” and “by statoblasts or gemme-in which the develop- 
mental activity remains for a period latent.’* 

The statoblasts bud from the funiculus, a cord like pro- 


*Fresh-water Polyzoa. p. 41. 


— 


OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 213 


longation of the outer membranes of the stomach, connect- 
ing the lower end of that organ with the bottom of the 
cell in the vicinity of the bases of the retractors. 

‘The researches of Mr. Hancock, upon the early devel- 
opment of the statoblast, which he supposed, in common 
with other observers of that time, to be a true ovum, and 
those of Prof. Allman, give an almost complete history of 
their growth.* The former found them in Plumatella and 
Fredericella, in the interior of the funiculus, as large nu- 
cleated cells; and the latter, apparently begining his inves- 
tigation at a later period, as a mass of smaller cells, which 
must have resulted from the division of the primary cell 
of Mr. Hancock. 

They arise within beatl like swellings of the funiculus, 
and, enlarging slowly, push out to the surface of the chord, 
and upwards towards the stomach, until finally they hang 
upon the exterior, arranged alternately on either side, the 
youngest being at the lower end (PI. 8, fig. 2, W). 

According to Prof. Allman the contents increase in bulk 
by the formation of new cells, and are enveloped in a 
cellular membrane (Fig. 1, a) with an outer gelatinous 
envelope (PI. 8, fig. 2, W'’). Between these, two other 
membranes are secreted, one of which constitutes the horny 
sheath, and the other the annular ring of the statoblast 
(Pl. 8, figs. 7, 8,9, W', W"). This sheath and the annulus 
gradually assume a distinct cellular structure, and a horny 
consistency ; the former at the same time acquiring a deep 
brown color, and the latter a brilliant golden hue. 

The contents of the statoblast are often contracted, and, 
while in this condition, during the earlier stages of de- 
velopment before the horny casing becomes too opaque, the 
membranes may be analyzed by the aid of the microscope. 

The interior cells are large and colorless. They are 
surrounded by a thin, homogeneous membrane, which, 
when the cellular contents are reduced by contraction, 
seems to be drawn out into numerous, minute, conical pro- 
jections at the points where it is attached externally to the 
overlying membrane (Fig. 1, b). Iwas unable on account 


*ALBANY Hancock. Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol. 5. p. 190. 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. Iv. BB. March, 1866. 


214 HYATT, 


of the opacity of the sheaths of the specimens of Fredericella 
regina, upon which my investigations were principally 
made, to determine with absolute precision, whether these 
conical projections were tubes, or partly solid muscular 
bands connecting the investing membrane with the overly- 
ing layer (Fig 1, a). 

The cellular contents do not project into the interior of 
the cones, as they might be expected to do, if the latter 
were simply hollow continuations of the investing mem- 
brane. ‘This fact may be considered as favoring the opin- 
ion, that they are partly solid, and, perhaps, muscular, con- 
nective bands, or else there must be another membrane in- 
terior to the one described, which, also, invests the cellular 
contents and prevents the cells from flowing into and fill- 
ing up the conical projections. The overlying layer (Fig. 
1, a) is exceedingly thick, and acts, in all respects, like a 
muscular membrane. It is unconnected with the horny 
sheath, and either lies closely against the latter, or is sepa- 
rated from it; and may be smooth and of equal thickness 
throughout, or corrugated and of unequal thickness, as in 
fig. 1, according to its state of expansion, or contraction. 

The horny sheath is composed of flattened, hexagonal 
cells, the whole surface garnished internally with a thin 
coating of short, horny, brown colored sete (Fig. 1, W’). 
This sheath is so exceedingly tough and hard that it is 
difhcult to pierce it with the point of a needle. 

The annuli of the statoblasts of Plumatella, and of the 
other genera in which they are found, are made up of more 
prominent and larger hexagonal cells than those of the 
horny sheath. : 


In Fredericella the annu- 
lus is not developed, but in 
all the other genera it is, and 
in Pectinatella and Crista- 
tella spines are superadded. 

These spines apparently _ 

= arise from the annulus in 
Fic. 1. Section of the end of a sta- : : 
toblast of FREDERICELLA REGINA; b, Pectinatella, as described 
conical projections on the surface of the by Dr Leid y but th ey 
‘ ’ 


cellular contents; a, thick, muscular 
membrane ; w’, horny sheath. may be traced by a close 


OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. OTS 


examination of this part, by transmitted light, to their junc- 
tion with the body of the statoblast. From the edges of 
the statoblast they pass through the centre of the annulus, 
coming out on the border of the seam, that divides the up- 
per and lower sides of the annulus. 

Prof. Allman describes the statoblasts of Cristatella as 
surrounded by a ciliated envelope before the spines begin 
to be developed, and remarks, that these impinge upon 
this membranous envelope, which gives way before them 
and disappears. I have been unable to detect any similar 
ciliated membrane in Plumatella or Pectinatella, and, in 
this respect, Cristatella probably differs from all the other 
Phylactolemata. 'The gelatinous matrix of the statoblast 
of Pectinatella does not reach its full growth before the 
spines are produced, but appears to be carried up on their 
sides as they progress outwards. When the spines are 
fully developed, the reentrant spaces in the envelope be- 
tween them become filled out, and they are buried in the 
gelatine, like those of Cristatella when they first begin to 
protrude from the horny sheath. 

The gelatine is absent from the full grown statoblasts of 
Fredericella and Plumatella, which are found naked in 
the cceneecial cells, whereas those of Pectinatella and Cris- 
tatella are enveloped by it until after the death of the colo- 
ny; losing it only by decay. In the two first this covering 
is not essential, and it is absorbed before the bud is floated 
out of the eceencecium, while in the two last it is needed in 
order to protect the parent from laceration by the pointed 
hooklets of the spines, and it is, therefore, retained until 
lost by the exposure of the bud to external influences. 

Before the spines of Pectinatella appear, and often, even 
before the horny casing shows the deeper shades of the 
brownish coloring that afterwards distinguishes it, the stat- 
oblasts are detached from the funiculus. ‘They lie loose 
in the cceneecial cavity from this time until the death and 
decay of the polypides destroy the upper parts of the cells. 
Through the openings thus made, being lighter than waier, 
they are readily floated off and pass the winter unprotect- 
ed by any other covering than their cellular casings, al- 
though remaining near the surface, and consequently, in 
the higher latitudes, imbedded in the ice for several months. 


216 HYATT, 


Growth begins at the approach of spring and the edges 
of the sheath are split apart by the increasing bulk of the 
polyzoon, which protrudes between them. The opacity of 
the sheath has hitherto prevented microscopists from as- 
certaining the early history of the development of the 
polypide, and we are obliged to be content with such ob- 
servations as can be made during the later periods of its 
life, when it is partly exposed. 

The organs, when the little animal first makes itself 
visible, are well advanced in growth and the polypide is 
already capable of retraction and expansion. For a time 
it floats freely in the water, wafted about by the cilia, 
which clothe the whole external surface, and increases in 
size until the sheaths of the statoblast can no longer con- 
tain it; then, in some appropriate locality, the gelatinous 
ectocyst adheres to the surface, the cilia are absorbed, and 
the polypide enters upon a new phase of life as the founder 
of a community. 

The sides of the sheath and the annulus, although sepa- 
rated from each other, frequently cling to the bud, and may 
‘occasionally be found adhering to its sides even after the 
colony has attained its full size. 

Besides these floating buds, which might be called free 
statoblasts, there are others, originating in a similar man- 
ner, but from the attached or lowermost sides of the cells 
instead of the funiculus. ‘These remain permanently fixed 
by their external investment to the endocyst, and, on this 
account, I have called them fixed statoblasts. They have 
been described in Plumatella emarginata and Alcyonella 
(Plumatella) Benedeni by Prof. Allman, and by Dr. Leidy 
in Plumatella nitida.* 

It may be well to remark here, that the location of the 
free statoblast in Fredericella is different from what it is 
in all other genera. After dropping in the usual manner 
from the funiculus they become soldered to the sides of 
the parent cells, and being of the same size, are indistin- 
guishable from the true, fixed statoblasts. 

The fixed statoblasts found in Plumatella are much 


*Dr. Letpy. Proc. Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sciences, Vol. 5, p. 321. 


4 


OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. BAW 


larger than the free forms, have no annulus, and in many 
species the walls of the cells immediately under them be- 
come so compact and hard, that they cannot be removed 
from the surface of the wood or stone to which the cell is 
attached without considerable exertion. 

Certain so called exceptional forms of buds, also, previ- 
ously noticed by Prof. Allman in Alcyonella fungosa and 
Lophopus crystallinus, are very abundant in Cristatella, on 
the interior of the basal membrane* (PI. 18, figs. 2, 3, 8, 9, 
10, 11,12, X). They are at first small oval bodies near 
the border, jutting out from the endocyst of the tubes lead- 
ing to the second or third line of polypides. ‘Their com- 
position is similar to that of the statoblast. They have a 
thick external membrane and granular contents, but are 
devoid of a gelatinous envelope, and, also, have a large 
vacant spot in the interior which is continually varying its 
shape and position. Simultaneously with them, and con- 
tinuous with their outer envelope, a long ridge springs up 
from the endocyst and the outer membrane of the bud, 
which, becoming membranous, splitting into two portions, 
and connecting with the upper side of the ccencecium, even- 
tually incloses them in a tube (PL. 13; free: By 10, 11, Q). 
This ridge sometimes passes directly over the centre of the 
bud, and. sometimes to one side, but is almost always 
present. It occasionally retains the cord like embryonic 
character, and freeing itself from the endocyst, except at 
the extremities, forms a pseudo-funiculus, suspending the 
bud in the cceneecial cavity. ‘lhe thick external membrane 
becomes in course of time differentiated from the walls or 
ridges, and acquires the horny consistency of the casing 
on the free statoblast, but is never so opaque, or deeply 
colored. As the outer membrane stiffens no change seems 
to be made in the granular contents, -but the more con- 
vex face of the envelope sinks, forming an elliptical depres- 
sion, and the greater number of the buds become free (Er: 
13, fig. 12, W’). Prof. Allman found them to be hollow, 
and described this elliptical depression as an aperture. | 
was, however, unable to substantiate either of these con- 


*ALLMAN. Op. cit. p. 40. 


218 * HYATT, 


clusions in Cristatella. The rupture of the sheath and the 
consequent escape of its contents is not an uncommon oc- 
currence among the fixed statoblasts of Plumatella; and 
this seems to have been the cause of the emptiness of the 
specimens described by Prof. Allman. From their mode 
of development, and the place they occupy in the cceneeci- 
um, it is probable that they are the same as the fixed sta- 
toblasts of Plumatella. They differ, however, from the 
fixed statoblasts in being unattached to the endocyst when 
fully grown, but this not being an invariable character, 
and the elliptical depression, which is nothing more than © 
the accidental sinking in of one side_of the sheath, being 
quite common, even among the free statoblasts of Pluma- 
tella, I see no reason for considering them exceptional 
forms. 

At an early stage of growth, while still floating freely in 
its native element, the statoblastic polypide begins to mul- 
tiply by the process of budding. An internal swelling of 
the endocyst, on the lower side, in the vicinity of the bases 
of the anterior retentor muscles, first shows the position of 
the coming polypide. ‘This elongates into a little hollow 
sack with a thickened rim (PI. 7, fig. 5, Y), upon the up- 
per edge of which, in the Hypocrepian Polyzoa, a slight 
notch is formed by the duplication and pushing out of its 
sides into two loops joined along the centre (Pl. 13, fig. 
4, Y). A series of minute folds of the membrane on the 
upper sides of the loops are the incipient tentacles, and, as 
they enlarge, the intervening membrane is drawn up with 
them like a thick web; but this, hawever, eventually recedes 
externally and becomes the calyx, The loops growing out- 
ward augment their longitudinal diameter at the expense 
of the transverse, and the inner sides of each, approximat- 
ing and at last coalescing, make up the lophophore and > 
arms. Preceding the beginning of the tentacles, a trans- 
_ verse constriction of the body of the little sack draws the — 
line between the cesophagus, and the stomach; and the 
subsequent deepening of this constriction divides off the 
internal cavity, establishing the cardiac and pyloric valves, 
The muscles, which become well differentiated at a very 
early period, are divisible into three pairs: one pair attach- 
ed to the rim, the Brachial Retractors; one to the region 


OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 219 


of the oesophagus, the G4sophagal Retractors ; and one to 
the region of the stomach, the Gastric Retractors. They 
are active from the first, and appear to drag the polypide 
inwards, stretching the endocyst of the parent, which is 
joined to the loops, into a tube. “This tube is the future 
evaginable endocyst of the polypide; and, as the various 
organs are developing, it is everted little by little, becom- 
ing gradually capable of the adult evagination. 

The tentacles of Cristatella ophidioidea are not fully 
grown, nor the arms divaricated, until long after the evagi- 
nation of the polypide is completed (Pl. 13, fig. 5, Y’). 
At this period the tentacles of the external rows near the 
mouth are the longest, decreasing regularly to the mere 
tubercles on the ends of the arms, and the internal tenta- 
cles are not separated from each other, exhibiting only two 
closely appressed lines of tubercles all of about equal length. 
‘The division of the arms begins internally, and its progress 
outwards may be followed by the gradually increasing 
length of these interior rows, which retain their tubercular 
character until this division commences (Pl. 9, fig. 14). 

-'The mode of reproduction by true ova, although detect- 
ed by Dumortier and Van Beneden, was first fully describ- 
ed by Prof. Allman. ‘They are produced from the gemma 
dot, a bud-like mass on the upper side of the endocyst in 
the neighborhood of the orifice, which, during the fall, 
when not filled with ova, becomes opaque and granular." 

The testicle, first described by Dumortier and Van Bene- 
den, arises from the funiculus, resembling in its mode of 
formation, according to Prof. Allman, a true bud. The 


*Prof. Allman thus describes the earlier periods of the development 
of the ovum. Monograph Fresh-water Polyzoa p. 33. 

“* Development of the Ovum.—I have succeded in tracing the develop- 
ment of the ovum through most of its stages in Alcyonella fungosa. 

In this polyzoon the mature ovum consists of a granular vitellus, 
surrounded by a very evident vitellary membrane, on whose internal 
surface the contents appear frequeiftly to be aggregated in a course 
granular layer. It presents a large germinal vesicle, and a very dis- 
tinct germinal spot. After a time the germinal vesicle and the germi- 
nal spot disappear, and the vitellus undergoes segmentation, and after 
the mulberry-like condition thus induced has in its turn vanished, we 
find the contents of the egg have assumed the form of a roundish or 
oval body, richly ciliated on its surface, and provided with a large cen- 


i* 


220 HYATT, 


nuclei of the cells are of large size and in due time are con- 
verted into spermatozoa. ‘These have been observed swim- 
ming freely in the perigastric cavity into which the full 
grown ova are, also, discharged from the ovary. 

After the segmentation of the vitellus, the egg appears 
as a hollow oval body clothed externally with cilia, and it 
is at this period that most observers have seen and des- 
cribed its peculiarities. + 

Mr. Albany Hancock, although confounding it with a 
statoblast which he supposed to be an egg, speaks of one, 
an undoubted ovum, which, he observed forcing its way 
through the closed orifice of the cell, rending and destroying 
the parent polypide in its course.” 

I have, also, seen them during this stage in Plumatella 


tral cavity, which as yet does not open externally. When liberated from 
the outer membrane of the ovum, which still confines it, it swims ac- 
tively through the surrounding water by the aid of the cilia with which 
it is invested. 

As development proceeds, we find the ciliated embryo while still 
confined within the cuverings of the egg, presenting in some part of 
its surface an opening, which leads into the central cavity ; and through 
this opening an unciliated, hernia-like sac is capable of being protrud- 
ed by a process of evagination. The unciliated protrusible portion 
would seem to have been derived by a separation from the walls of 
the central cavity, and appears therefore to originate by a process of 
unlining, a true chorization. 

Towards the opening, which leads from without into the central 
cavity. the chorization is incomplete, the membrane as it separates 
being here still held to the walls of the cavity by irregular transverse 
bands; these bands check the entire evagination of the membrane, but 
after a time they disappear, and then the unlining and evagination are 
perfect. In the interior of the protrusible portion, and before the dis- 
appearance of the transverse bands, a polypide is developed.” The 
further development of this polypide, as described by Prof. Allman, 
does not differ materially from those produced from the regular buds 
of the adult cells. 

The same authority thus describes the testicle of Alcyonella (Plu- 
matella) fungosa on page 32 of the work above quoted. MW i 

‘*The testicle is composed of a mass of spherical cells, each of which 
contains within it numerous mate cells, ‘‘vesicles of evolution.” 
The visible contents of the vesiclés of evolution consist, at first, of 
nothing more than a well-defined spherical nucleus, and this is subse- 
quently transformed into a spermatozoal filament, which finally escap- 
es by the rupture of the containing cells. The spermatozoal filaments, 
in by genus, are simple vibrioid bodies without any terminal enlarge- — 
ment.” 


*Hancock. Op. cit. p. 186, note. 


OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. oor 


Arethusa, squirming in the perigastric cavity, and tossing 
the stomach of the polypide about, as ifit had been a play- 
thing. They certainly, in this species, evinced sufficient 
power to open a passage through the thin membrane of the 
polypide, although such did not seem to be their object 
at the time. 

No orifices for the expulsion of the ova have been as yet 
positively demonstrated. Meyen chronicles the escape of 
the eggs of Alcyonella (Plumatella) stagnorum from an 
opening in the vicinity of the anus.* But this is, proba- 
bly, erroneous, since, as observed by Mr. Hancock, “the 
great size of the egg forbids the possibility of its escape 
without the destruction of the polypide.” 

From the preceding account it may be seen that there 
are four localities, all within the coencecium, devoted to the 
function of reproduction. ‘These are, the ovary on the dor- 
sal side of the orifice; the free part of the endocyst of the 
cell on the abdominal side, bringing forth true buds; the 
attached portion lower down, giving birth only to fixed 
statoblasts; and the funiculus, generating spermatozoa and 
free statoblasts. ‘The true buds of Fredericella and Pluma- 
tella are numerous, although only one usually matures and 
prolongs the stem: when two or three mature, at the same 
time, the lateral branches are produced. ‘These buds grow 
slowly, forming the ordinary tubular cells. In some varie- 
ties of Plumatella, however, the buds mature more rapidly 
and in greater numbers, while the branch assumes a lobe- 
like form, the polypides, with the cells but half developed, 
crowding the upper surface. This mode of formation, 
which is only a variation of the species in Plumatella, is 
of generic value in Pectinatella, where the polypides are 
invariably arranged upon lobiform branches. In Cristatel- 
la the true buds are more numerous than in any other 
genus, and they mature until the ceeneecium is full grown. 

The gradual increase in the number of the buds, that 
reach maturity, coincides with the decrease in the tough- 
ness of the ectocyst, and its final obliteration in the higher 


*MEYEN. Isis. 1828, p. 1228. 
ESSEX INST. PROCEED. 1v. cc. March, 1866. 


222 HYATT, 


genera; and the absolute number of the buds to the expan- 
sion of the bud producing surface. As has been shown in 
the preceding paragraph, the number of the buds reaching 
maturity, and their absolute number in each cell of Frederi- 
cella, is generally less than in those varieties of Plumatella 
that have a gelatinous ectocyst; and they are less, in the 
latter, than in the Pectinatell#, which have no ectocyst; 
and less in the Pectinatelle than in Cristatella, where the 


ectocyst is wanting, and where the bud producing ‘surface 


is of the greatest extent. 


CoMPOSITION OF THE ENDOcYST. 


In the foregoing remarks the anatomy has been discuss- 
ed, so far as was necessary, in order to give clearness to 
the descriptions of the different genera and the subsequent 
notice of the modes of reproduction. It now remains to 
consider more fully the composition of the body, together 
with the relations and functions of the various organs. 

‘he endocyst is made up of four layers: (1) an outer 
large celled membrane (PI. 11, fig. 1, E’, Pl. 12, fig. 2, E’, 
Pl. 18, fig. 16); (2) an inner one of smaller cells (Pl. 11, 
fig. 1, E”); (3) one of muscular fibre (PJ. 11, fig. 1, E’’); 
(4) an epithelial layer lined internally with muscular fibre 
(Fis Liye. 1.3"), 

(1) The first membrane forms the external surface of 
the endocyst of the polypide and of the ccencecium. 

The cells on the ccoenecia of Fredericella and Plumatel- 
la are hexagonal containing a large brilliant nucleus and 
nucleolus (Figs. 3, 5). Their upper sides are depressed 
by the weight of the superincumbent ectocyst, and their 
longitudinal diameters are not so long as in the cells of the 
same membrane on the evaginable endocyst. 

When fully expanded on the living coencecium the cells 
are closely pressed one against another; but, if treated with 
alcohol, they contract, and, separating from each other, leave 
wide intervening spaces (Fgs. 2,4,5). These spaces have 


been figured by Prof. Allman under the impression that they 


were anastomosing channels, perhaps blood channels; my 
observations, however, have been too numerous to leave any 


OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 2293 


doubt of their being what [have stated. The larger cells are 
continually multiplying by division, and there result num- 
bers of small cells which lie scattered here and there in the 
supposed blood channels. Fig. 3 shows a large cell under- 
going theprocess of division, and below, near the right 
lower corner of the figure, there are two minute cells, un- 
doubtedly created in a similar manner, occupying the in- 
terstices of the membrane. Fig. 5 shows a group of cells 
taken from a point nearer the orifice than those of fig. 2, 
and, also, from a different zodid. ‘These are not so dis- 
figured by contraction and have more angular outlines. 
Fig. 4 shows a group of five cells, from another zodid, more 
highly magnified than either of the above, and more wide- 
ly separated. When the cells are so dispersed the intervals 
are usually more or less filled in by minute cells; but, in 
this instance, the spaces were vacant and the nucleus of 
immense size, the nucleolus not being visible. 


Tree!) =~ 
cf : 
per oy, 
FIG.” Fie;:3. Fia, 4. Fia. 5. ; 

Fics. 2 and 5, groups of cells of the first membrane, greatly enlarged, from the 
cenecium of PLUMATELLA VITREA. 

Fig. 3, one cell still more enlarged showing nucleus and nucleolus. : 

Fia. 4, E’, cells of first membrane: E’’, muscular fibres of the third layer: EK”, 
muscular fibres of the fourth layer. 

The cells on the coenccia of Pectinatella and Cristatella 
do not differ sensibly in their structure from those of Fred- 
ericella and» Plumatella. The outer sides, however, being 
free from the presure of an ectocyst, are more convex ; and 
the longitudinal diameters, instead of being less, are greater 
than in the cells of the same membrane in the evaginable 
endocyst. Plate 13, fig. 16, and figures 7, 8, EK’ present lat- 
eral views of the membrane in the ccenecia of Cristatella 
and Plumatella: in figure 8 the cellular structure 1s not 
given, but the relative thickness of the membranes may be 
estimated by a comparison of the two figures. The cells of 
the first membrane of the evaginable endocyst do not vary 


224 HYATT, 


essentially from those on the ccencecium, except in being 
greater or less than the latter, as mentioned above, and in 
having the power of expanding and contracting their pa- 
rietes. ‘They may swell to twice or three times the normal 
size, and contract again with considerable quickness, as if 
they had collapsed after parting with their fluid contents. 
From the evaginable endocyst they can be followed into 
the calyx, which, in the adult, is merely a web like fold of 
the first membranous layer; and from the calyx into the 
external ciliated membrane of the tentacles. 

The cells on the calyx and tentacles are of about the 
same size as those on the evaginable endocyst, but they are 
not so distinctly hexagonal, unless contracted. 'The outer 
sides are more convex, than those on the ccenecium; this 
peculiarity is, also, shared by the cells of the evaginable 
endocyst. ‘The nucleus is large and brilliant. The nucleo- 
lus was not defined. ‘The cilia are prolongations of the 
walls of the cells; each cell bearing one long slender hair 


(Fig. 6). 


Fia. 6, two living cells, with cilia, from near the tip of a tentacle of FREDERICELLA 
REGINA. 

The vibrations of ‘the cilia are not constant, and, if a 
tentacle be severed and quickly placed under the micro- 
scope, those that are at rest can be viewed without diffi- 
culty throughout their entire length. 

The cells become smaller on the lophophore, forming a 
denser layer than on the other parts of the zodid. There 
is no break upon the edge of the esophagus and the cells 
of the first membrane are continuous with the cells of the 
innermost layer of the alimentary canal. 

(2) The second layer is made up of smaller cells. It is 


rh 


OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 2295 


coextensive with the first, and is the principal membrane of 
the endocyst. 'The size of its cells does not vary apprecia- 
bly within the limits of the group. As a general rule, 
however, its thickness in the ccoencecium is quite double 
what it is in the evaginable endocyst, and on the outer side 
of the tentacles. On the inner side of those organs, and in 
the lophophore, it becomes as thick as it was in the coene- 
cium. In the arms, also, it is thicker than in the evagina- 
ble endocyst; but its greatest development in this respect 
is attained in the region of the sphincter muscles (Tig. 
8, EK”). This membrane is thicker than the first membrane 
in the other parts of the coencecia of Fredericella and Plu- 
matella, but thinner than the first membrane in the ccence- 
cia of Pectinatella and Cristatella (Figs. 7, 8, E’’). 

1 (3) The third layer is exceeding- 

H ly contractile. The transverse fibres 

} of which it is composed are loose- 
\ ly and irregularly set, but have con- 
siderable muscular power (Figs. 4, 
8, HE’). The ccencecial endocyst 
of Plumatella is sometimes drawu 
in by annular constrictions, hap- 
pening, apparently at will, in any 
part of the wall where the ectocyst 


Fic. 7, base ofacenecial jg sufficiently pliable, which are 
wall of a living specimen of ’ 

& SJ 
CRISTATELLA OPHIDIOIDEA generally referable to the action of 
viewed from the base, the hi | ] 
specimen cee inverted: EP’, t 118 muscular coat. Such annular 
first membrane of the endo- tet) , 
eyst: E”,secondmembrane  CONStrictions can be occasionally 
of the endocyst: E”, third traced to rows of small muscles ex- 
layer of transverse muscular F a. 
fibre: E>”, epithelial mem. tending across the cavity from the 

rane with longitudina s- : 
milne abies, oor endocyst to the alimentary canal, 


or to the invaginated fold. ‘These muscles, however, could 
not have been the cause of the constrictions in the dead 
Plumatella Arethusa figured in Pl. 8, fig. 10. The most 
careful observations of this specimen, with a high power, 
failed in bringing to light any such rows of muscles, and, 
in this case, all the plications, with the exception of those 
brought about by the influence of the retentor muscles (Pl. 
8, fig. 5), were due to the transverse annular muscles of 
the third layer. 

An involution of this layer aids in forming the base of 


226 HYATT, 


the walls in the ccencecium of Cristatella (Fig. 7, Ei’), but 
it does not probably extend into their reticulated portion 
(PI. 14, fig. 1, Q). Judging from the thinness of the lat- 
ter, and, from the fact, that all the longitudinal muscles of 
the body appear to be connected more or less with the 
fourth or epithelial membrane, it is quite likely that the 
reticulated portion, or those parts of the ccencecial walls 
which lie between the junctions of the walls with the up- 
per and lower internal surfaces of the ccencecial endocyst, 
are composed wholiy of longitudinal fibres, encased by the 
epithelium. Around the invaginated fold of Plumatella 
the fibres are thickly disposed and form the so called sphince- 
ter muscle. ‘This is not a narrow band, as described by 
Prof. Allman, encircling the lower edge of the fold, but a 
local development of the transverse fibres, as broad as 
the fold itself (Fig. 8, H’”). 

In the evaginable 
endocyst this layer 
can be seen, by 
careful focussing, 
through the fourth 
membrane, but only 
with. ease, when 
more or less contrac- 


ted. 

FIG. 8, Magnified view of the Invaginated fold In the arms and 
of a living specimen of PLUMATELLA DIFFUSA.* i i 
A’””’, ceneecial orifice: D, ectocyst: E’, first mem- lophophore ut 
brane of the endocyst: E”, second membrane of thick, and frequent- 
the endocyst: E’”, third layer of transverse mus- - 
alts aed sidgpderrrer tt nie Sphincter muscle. - ly, in the former, be- 
0} ourth or. epithelial layer, accompanied b 
longitudinal muscular fibres.) j f y comes convoluted 


by the action of muscular bands apparently developed in 
its substance. I was unable to trace this membrane in 
the tentacles, but judging from the great thickness of the 
second tentacular membrane, and the slight increase which 
takes place in the transverse diameter of those organs when 


*NoTE. Only three membranes are delineated in the ccencecial endo- 
cyst of figure 8. This is owing to my want of success in defining the 
parts of the innermost layer, in the specimen figured, which is undoubt- 
pd eee up of two layers, as in the coencecium of Cristatella (Fig. 7, 


OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 22i 


drawn in, as they often are, to less than one third of their 
full length, I have ventured to assume that it also exists 
there Ploy fe:.d;. I). 

(4) The fourth or epithelial membrane, lines the interi- 
or, investing all the muscles and the digestive system. It 
is ciliated upon the perigastric region, and upon the in- 
terior of the arms and lophophore, but not in the tenta- 
cles or upon the alimentary canal. On the abdominal side, 
a double layer, or fold, of this membrane, which I have 
named the Brachial Collar, constitutes a partial diaphragm 
reaching about half way round the, cesophagus. On the 
dorsal side it is disconnected from the lophophore, and 
hangs into the perigastric space, partitioning off the inside 
of the epistome, and a space below in which the ganglion 
is suspended. There are numerous fibres upon the inner 
side of this diaphragm attached to the cesophagus and en- 
docyst, between the bases of the arms, having sufficient 
contractile power to deeply infold that part of the body 
wall. 

Prof. Allman mentions but two membranes in the en- 
docyst, one, an outer large celled layer, equivalent to my 
first and second membranes, and another, an inner layer, 
equivalent to my third and fourth membranes. ‘Through- 
out its whole extent, the fourth or epithelial layer is lined by 
muscular fibres. ‘These cross the transverse fibres of the 
third layer at right angles (fig. 4, Ei’). and both were re- 
garded by Prof. Allman as a single inner layer of reticula- 
ted muscles. The longitudinal fibres, however, are inva- 
riably next to the fourth membrane, and remain attached 
to it, whenever, as in the neural diaphragm, it parts from 
the other layers. ‘The transverse fibres, also, never seem 
to be connected with the longitudinal, wherever a good 
definition of either has been obtained. No transverse 
fibres are visible on the neural diaphragm; and on the in- 
vaginated fold (Fig. 8), and the cesophagus (PI. 11), no 
longitudinal fibres are visible.“ In the two latter they are 


*NOTE. Since the printing of the plates, I have, in reviewing these 
pages, changed my opinion and now estimate the longitudinal fibres, as 
of equal importance with the transverse, and consider them a fourth 
layer of muscular fibre, the epithelial becoming a fifth membranous lay- 


228 HYATT, OBSERVATIONS ON POLYZOA. 


undoubtedly present, being occasionally seen in a direct 
view; but, when looked for in a lateral section, they are 
too diaphanous and closely adherent to the fourth mem- 
brane to be defined. Their incorporation with this mem- 
brane will also be justified by the description of its func- 
tions in connection with the alimentary canal of Pectina- 
tella. 


er. The endocyst is consequently made up of three membranous and 
two muscular layers; all the specialized constricting muscles of the 
body being derived from the third layer, and all the longitudinal from 
the fourth layer of muscular fibre. 

The inner and outer tentacular bands, as will be presently shown, 
are inseparable from the latter layer. The retractors, also, notwith- 
standing their disc like structure, can hardly be distinguished from the 
numerous abnormal bands, that occur in some species, connecting the 
endocyst and alimentary canal. These undoubtedly belong to the 
fourth layer, and the retractors may, therefore, be looked upon as hav- 
ing the same relation to the fourth layer that the sphincter has to the 
third. : 

The peculiar arrangement of the third and fourth layers retains the 
form of the parts, and gives stability to the entire endocyst. By the 
contraction of the third and relaxation of the fourth the transverse 
diameters of the parts may be decreased, and the longitudinal increas- 
ed; or, by the opposite process, the longitudinal may be decreased, and 
the transverse increased. During the invagination of the polypide, the 
fibres of both are in a state of contraction in the evaginable endocyst 
and in the region of the sphincter; in the coencecium, however, they 
are relaxed. But as soon as evagination begins, they appear to reverse 
this condition. The ccencecial fibres become contracted and those of 
the same layers in the polypide are stretched to their full length. By 
these reciprocal changes they materially assist the compressed fluids of 
the body in furcing out and expanding the polypide. I have, also, had 
reason to doubt the existence of a neural diaphragm. In examining a 
specimen of Fredericella regina from the side and from above, under 
very favorable circumstances, I was unable to detect the same appear- 
ance of an enveloping membrane just below the nerve mass, that led 
me to the conclusion mentioned; nor have I had any opportunity of 
verifying my first observations on Pectinatella, which, however, were 
faithfully made with one of Tolle’s one half inch objectives. Until 
therefore, Fredericella is shown to be exceptional in this respect by 
further observations on other genera, it is, perhaps, best to regard 
the existence of a neural diaphragm as doubtful. . / 


[TO BE CONTINUED IN VOL. V.] 


INDEX 


To Oommunications, Vol. IV. 


‘a) 
~ 4 


A. 
Acanthogorgia coccinea, 152, 188 
Accipiter Cooperii, 51, 92, 95, 98 
fuscus, 51, 92, 95, 98 
Actinacea, 148 
Actinaria, 147 
Actinidee, 148 
Actiturus Bartramius, 78 
Actodromas Bonapartii, 77, 87, 95 
maculata, 77, 95 
minutilla, 77 
pusillus, 95 
ZEgialeus melodus, 86, 93, 96 
semipalmatus, 77, 94 
ZXgialitis melodus, 86 
semipalmatus, 77 
vociferus, 77 
Wilsonius, 86 
ZKgiothus linarius, 70, 93, 96 
Ageleus pheeniceus, 74, 92, 96 
Aglaope, 31, 33 
americana, 33 
coracina, 31 
Aix sponsa, 79, 93, 96 
Alcyonacea, 148, 190 
Alcyonaria, 148, 181 
Alcyonella, (note) 203 
Alcyonide, 148, 190 
Alcyonium? 191 
agaricum, 191 
rubiforme, 190 


sp., 191 
Allen, J. A., Catalogue of Birds 
found at Springfield, 
Mass., 48 
. on the Duck Hawk, 153 
Alypia, 23 
Pupa, 24 


Ammodromus caudacutus, 84,92, 96 
maritimus, 84, 92, 96 


ESSEX INST. PROCEED. 


Ammonactis, nov. gen., 150 
rubricollum, 151 
Ampelis cedrorum, 66, 92, 95 
garrulus, 66, 93, 96 
Anas boschas, 78, 95 
obscura, 78, 93 
Anatolmis, nov. gen., 45 
Grotei, nov. sp., 47 
Ancylocheilus subarquata, 87, 94 
Anorthura hyemalis, 68 
Anser erythropus, 88 
Gambelii, 87, 94 
hyberboreus, 87, 94 
Ansetus, 189 
Anthax morio, 127 
ornata, 128 
Anthelia lineata, 193. 
Antherophagus, (Byturus) 104, 108 
Antherophagus, 128 
ochraceus, 128 
Anthophorabia, notes on a new 
species of, 133 
Larva of, 137 
megachilis, nov. sp., 134 
Pupa of, 136 


. |Anthus ludovicianus, 58, 94 


Antipathacea, 147 
Antipathes flabellum, 187 
Antipathide, 148 
Antrostomus vociferus, 53, 92, 95 
Apathus, 104, 108, 118 
Ashtoni, 118 
citrinus, 119 
contiguus, 119 
elatus, 120 
Aquila canadensis, 81, 93 
Archibuteo lagopus, 51, 93 
Sancti-Johannis, 51, 93 
Ardea herodias, 76, 93, 96 
Ardetta exilis, 76, 93, 96 


Iv. DD. May 28, 1866. 


230 


Arquatelia maritima, 87, 94 
Arvicola riparia, nest of, used by 
Humble Bees, 99 
Astragalinus tristis, 69, 92, 93 
Astreacea, 146 
Astreinz, 147 
Astur atricapillus, 50, 93, 
Aythya americana, 79, 88, 95 
vallisneria, 49, 79, 95 
B: 
Balanophyllia capensis, nov. sp., 149 
Balch, D. M., on native grapes, 140 
on the Sodalite at Salem, 3 
Bartramia laticauda, 78, 93, 96 
Bees, Humble, notes on the habits 
of, 98 
of New England, 107 
Bee, Leaf-cutting, notes on, 105 
Bergide, 147 
Bernicla brenta, 78, 95 
canadensis, 78, 95 
Hutchinsii, 87, 95 
leucopsis, 88, 96 
Birds, accidental and irregular vis- 
itors, 96 
catalogue of, found at 
Springfield, Mass., 48 
list of, in Mass. not ob- 
served at Springfield, 80 
resident species, 93 
spring and autumn visi- 
tants, 94 
supplemental notes to Mr. 
Allen’s catalogue, 97 
summary of Mass. spe- 
_ cies, 97 
summer visitants, 95 
that regularly breed in the 
State, (Mass.) 91 
winter visitants, 93 
Bombus affinis, 118 , 
bimaculatus, 117 
fervidus, 98, 99, 110 
impatiens, 114 
pennsylvanicus, 104, 111 
perplexus, 117 
separatus, 99, 101, 114 
ternarius, 99, 116 
terricola, 112 
vagans, 98, 115 
virginicus, 99, 101, 113 
Bonasa umbellus, 76, 93 
Botaurus lentiginosus, 76, 93, 96 
Brachy otus Cassinii, 52, 92, 93 


INDEX. 


Briaridex, 148 
Bryozoa, 201 
Bubo virginianus, 51, 92, 93 
Bucephala albeola, 49, 79, 94 
americana, 79, 94 
Butevu borealis, 51, 92, 93 
lineatus, 51, 92, 95, 98 [98 
pennsylvanicus, 51, 92, 95, 
Butorides virescens, 76, 93, 96 
Byturus, (Antberophagus), parasite 
in Nests of Humble 
Bees, 104,108 
C 


Calidris arenaria, 95 
Camptolemus labradorius, 88, 94 
Cardinalis virginianus, 85, 96 
Carpodacus purpureus, 48, 69, 92, 96 
Caryophyllidsze, 147 
Castiniares, 21 
Castnia, 22 
Cataractes lomvia, 91, 94 
ringvia, 91, 94 
troille, 91, 94 
Cathartes atratus, 81, 96 
aura, 81, 96 
Centrophanes lapponicus, 70, 84, 


Centurus carolinus, 48, 58, 96 
Cerianthids, 148 
Cerianthus, orientalis, nov sp 151 
Certhia americana, 68, 92, 98 
Ceryle alcyon, 54, 92, 93, 95 
Cheetura pelasgia, 53, 92, 95 
Chalcis sp., 133 
Charadrius virginicus, 77, 94 
Chaulelasmus streperus, 79, 95 
Chondestes grammaca, 84, 96 
Chordeiles popetue, 54, 92, 95 
Chroecocephalus atricilla, 90, 94 
‘Philadelphia, 80, 94 
Chrysomitris pinus, 70, 92, 93 
tristis, 69 
Circus hudsonius, 51, 92, 93 
Cistothorus paiustris, 83, 92, 96 
stellaris,68, 83, 92, 96 
Cnidaria, 145 
Coccygus americanus, 48, 52, 92, 


erythrophthalmus, 52, 92,95 
Colaptes auratus, 53, 92, 95 
Collyrio borealis, 66, 93 
Colymbus arcticus, 91 


septentrionalis, 80, 94 
torquatus, 80, 93 


INDEX. 


Conops, 108, 123 
rufipes, 124 , 

Contopus borealis, 54, 92, 95 
virens, 54, 92, 95 
Corallide, 148 [181 
Corals, description of new species, 

of the North Pacific Ex- 
ploring Expedition, 181 
Cornularia aurantiaca, 151, 194 
Cornularide, 148, 193 
Corvus americanus, 75, 92, 93 
carnivorus, 48, 75, 96 
ossifragus, 85, 96 
Coturniculus Henslowii, 48, 71,92,96 
passerinus, 71, 84, 92, 96 
Cotyle riparia, 65, 92, 95 
Cristatella, 203, 209 
figure of coenoecial wall, 225 
ophidioidea, 210 
Cristatellida, 2038 
Ctenucha, 33 
americana, 33 
Cressonana, 33, 35 
Larva, 36 
Latreillana, 33 
Pupa, 38 
semidiaphana, 33 
virginica, 33, 36 
virgo, 33 
Cupidonia cupido, 85, 93 - 
Curvirostra americana, 70, 93 
leucoptera, 70, 93, 96 
Cyanospiza cyanea, 73, 92, 96 
Cyanura cristata, 75, 93 
Cyathaxonide, 146 
Cyathophyllide, 146 
Cyclolitidx, 146 
Cystiphyllide, 146 
D 


Dafila acuta, 79, 94 

Dendreeica sestiva, 63, 64, 92, 95 
Blackburniz, 62, 64, 92, 95 
canadensis, 62, 64, 92, 95 
castanea, 62, 64, 94 
coerulea, 64, 83 
coronata, 62, 64, 94 
discolor, 64, 92, 95, 97 
maculosa, 63, 64, 94 
palmarum, 63, 64, 94 
pennsylvanica, 63, 64, 95 
pinus, 65, 64, 92, 95 
striata, 63, 64, 94 
tigrina, 48, 63, 64, 94 
virens, 61, 64, 92, 95. 


231 


Dipterous larye in nest of Hum- 
ble Bees, 104 
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 74, 92, 96 
Duck Hawk, habits of, 153 
eggs of, 153 
Dytes cornutus, 80 
E 


Ectopistes migratoria, 75, 98, 96 
Edwardsia brevicornis, 151 
clavata, 150 
collaris, 150 
rubricollum, 151 
Ellolite, analysis of, 5 
Emerson, George H., on Magnetite 
and an unknown mineral 
at Nahant, 6 
Bmpidonax acadicus, 54, 92, 95 
5 | flaviventris, 55, 94 
minimus, 54, 92, 95 
Traillii, 54. 92, 95 
‘Eremophila cornuta, 69, 93 
‘Ereunetes pusillus, 87, 95 
‘Erismatura rubida, 79, 94 
‘Eucyrtus varicornus, 133 
|Eudry as, 24 
grata, 27 
Larva, 27 
Pupa, 29 
unio, 27 
|Eupsammia Stimpsonil, nov. sp., 150 
‘Kupsammide, 147 
Eusmillide, 147 


|Euspiza americana, 84, 96 


Tuck Si canadensis, 65, 92, 94 
B. 


‘Falco anatum, 50, 92, 93, 153 
candicans, 81, 96 
peregrinus, 153 
Florida coerulea, 86, 96 
Fredericella, 203, 204 
Regina, figure of stato- 
blast, 214 
figure of living cells with 
cilia, 224 
Fredericellidz, 203 
Fulica americana, 78, 93 
Fulix affinis, 88, 95 
collaris, 88, 95 
marila, 88, 95 
Fungacea, 146 
Fungide, 146 


Galeoscoptes carolinensis, 68, 92, 96 
Gallinago Wilsonii, 77, 93, 96 


232 


Gallinula galeata, 87, 96 
martinica, 87, 96 
Gambetta flavipes, 77, 95 
melanoleuca, 77, 95 
Garzetta candidissima, 85, 96 
Gemmiporide, 147 
Geothlypis Philadelphia, 59, 94 
trichas, 59, 92, 95 
Gerardide, 148 
Gorgonacea, 148, 186 
Gorgonellide, 148, 189 
Gorgonia flammea, 186 
palma, 186 
venosa, 186 
Gorgonide, 148, 186 
Graculus carbo, 89. 94 
dilophus, 89, 94 
Grapes, native, 140 
ve analysis of, 142 
Guiraca coerulea, 84 
ludoviciana, 73, 92, 96 
H 


Hematopus palliatus, 86, 96 
Haliztus leucocephalus, 51, 92, 93 
Halocampa brevicornis, 151 
capensis, nov. sp., 151 
Harelda glacialis, 49, 79, 95 
Harporhynchus rufus, 68, 92, 96 
Harrisina, nov. gen., 31 
Sanborni, nov. sp., 32 
Helminthophaga celata, 48, 60, 94 
chrysoptera, 61, 82, 94 
peregrina, 48, 61, 94 
pinus, 61, 82, 94 
ruficapilla, 59, 61, 92, 95 
Helmitherus Swainsonii, 82, 94, 
vermivorus, 61, 82, 92, 95 
Helospiza Lincolnii, 72, 94, 96 
palustris, 73, 92, 96 
Herodias egretta, 76, 96 
Heterocyathus alternata, n. s., 149 
Heteropus ventricosus, 139 
Himantopus nigricollis, 86 
Hirundo bicolor, 48, 65, 92, 95 
horreorum, 65, 92, 95 
lunifrons, 65, 92, 95 
Histrionicus torquatus, 88, 94 
Humble Bees, habits of, 98 
additional notes on, 104 
of New England, 107 
parasites of, 107 
Hyatt, Alpheus, on Polyzoa, sub- 
order Phylactolemata, 197 
Hydrochelidon fissipes, 91,95. . 


INDEX. 


'‘Hydrochelidon plumbea, 91 

Hylotomus pileatus, 82, 92,93 [98 

Hypotriorchis columbarius, 50, 94 
I 


Ibis Ordii, 86, 96 
Icteria viridis, 48, 59, 92, 95, 96, 98 


\Icterus Baltimore, 74, 92, 96 


spurius, 75, 92, 96 
Ilyanthide, 148 
Iside, 148, 190 
Ixoreus nevius, 82 


Juncella leves, nov. sp., 189 
Junco hyemalis, 71, 92, 94 
K 


Kophobelemnon clavatum, 152, 185 
L 


Lanivireo flavifrons, 67 
solitarius, 67 
Larus argentatus, 80 
delawarensis, 90, 94 
leucopterus, 90, 94 
marinus, 90, 94 
Smithsonianus, 80, 94 
Leaf-cutting Bee, notes on, 105 
Leioptilum, 182 
'  undulatum, nov. sp., 182 
Leptogorgia cuspidata, n. s., 186 
Limosa fedoa, 87, 95 
hudsonica, 87, 95 
Lissogorgia, 187 
flabellum, 187 
flexuosa, nov. sp., 187 
Lithophyllidz, 147 
Lobularia rubiformis, 190 
Lophodytes cucullatus, 80, 94 
Lophogorgia palma, 186 
Lophophanes bicolor, 83 
Lophopus, 203, 208 
- erystallinus, 208 
Lophoseride, 146° 
Lycomorpha, 43 
Pholus, 45 
M 


Meeandrinide, 147 
Macrorhamphus griseus, 86, 94 
Madreporacea, 147 
Madreporaria, 145 

perforata, 147 

rugosa, 146 
Madreporide, 147 
Magnetite at Nahant, 6 
Malthaca’‘perlucidula, 32 
Mareca americana, 79, 95. 


INDEX. 


Mareca Penelope, 88, 96 
Megachile, notes on, 105 
centuncularis, 106 
Melanerpes erythrocephalus, 53, 92, 
Melanetta velvetina, 49, 79, 94 [95 
Meleagris gallopavo, 85 
Meloe, 108 
angusticollis, larva of, 129 
Melospiza Lincolnii, 48, 72 
melodia, 72, 92, 93, 96 
; palustris, 78 
Mergellus albellus, 89 
Mergulus alle, 91, 94 
Mergus americanus, 79, 93 
serrator, 80, 93 
Merulinide, 146 
Metridium fimbriatum, nov. sp., 150 
Microgaster, 122 
nephoptericis, nov. sp., 122 
Micropalama himantopus, 95 
Mimus carolinensis, 68 
polygiottus, 48, 67, 92, 96 
Mineral, unknown, at Nahant, 6 
Minyiade, 148 [104, 139 
Mites in nests of Humble Bees, 
Mniotilta varia, 59, 92, 95 
Mollusca, classification of, 162 
Molothrus pecoris, 74, 92, 96 
Monodontomerus, 133 
Mormon arctica, 91, 94 
Mopsella japonica, nov. sp., 190 
Morse, E.S., on the classification 
of the Mollusca, 162 
Muricea divaricata, 188 
sinensis, nov. sp., 187 
Myiarchus crinitus, 54, 92, 95 
Myiodioctes canadensis, 65 
minutus, 83 
mitratus, 83 
Myopa atra, 124 
Myrmarides, new genus of, 133 
N 


Nephopteryx, 120 
Edmandsii, nov. sp., 120 
Larva, 121 
parasitic in nests of Bom- 
e bus, 104, 108 
Pupa, 121 

Nephthya aurantiaca, nov. sp., 191 
coccinea, 152, 188 
thrysoidea, 151, 192 

Nettion carolinensis, 79, 95 
crecca, 88, 96 

Numenius borealis, 87,95 . 


233 


Numenius hudsonius, 87, 95 
longirostris, 87, 95 
Nyctale acadica, 52, 92, 93 
Richardsonii, 48, 52, 93, 96 
Nyctea nivea, 52, 93, 97 
Nyctiardea Gardeni, 76, 93, 96 
O 


Ochthodromus Wilsonius, 86, 96 

Oculinide, 147 

Oidemia americana, 89, 94 

Oporornis agilis, 59, 82, 94 

Ortyx virginiana, 76, 93 

Osmia, 107 

Otus americanus, 51, 92, 93 
Wilsonianus (note), 51 

Oxyechus vociferus, 77, 93, 96 

ae 


Packard, Jr., A. S., Humble Bees 
of New England and 
Parasites; with notices 
of a new species of An- 
thophorabia, and a new 
genus of Proctotrupi- 
dee, 107 

on the Family Zygenide, 7 

Pandion carolinensis, 51, 92, 94 

Parasites in nests of Humble 
Bees, 104 

Parisis laxa, nov. sp., 152, 190 

Parula americana, 59, 92, 95 

Parus atricapillus, 69, 92, 93 

hudsonicus, 83, 93, 96 


_Passerculus savanna, 70, 92, 96 
Passerella iliaca, 73, 94 


Pavonaride, 149, 184 
Pectinatella, 2038, 208 

Carteri (note), 203 

magnifica, 209 
Pedetexethya Holbolli, 80 
Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, 89 
Pelidna americana, 77, 94 
Pelionetta perspicillata, 89, 94 
Pennatula tenua, 183 
Pennatulacea, 149, 181 
Pennatulidz, 149, 181, 
Peregrine Falcon, eggs of, 153 

habits of, 153 
Phalaropus fulicarius, 86, 94 

hyperboreus, 86, 94 

Wilsonii, 86, 94 
Phellia clavata, 150 

collaris, 150 
Philohela minor, 77, 93, 96 
Philoros, 33 


234 INDEX. 


Phylactolemata, Bibliography and 
Classification of, 200 
Comp. of Endocyst, 222 
Reproduction of, 211 
species in America, 203 
species in Australia, 203 
species in Europe, 2038 
species in India, 203 
Picoides arcticus, 48, 52, 93, 96 
hirsutus, 82 
Picus pubescens, 52, 92, 93 
villosus, 52, 92, 93 
Pinicola canadensis, 69, 93 
Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 74, 92, 96 
Planesticus inigratorius, 58 
Plectrophanes lapponicus, 70 
nivalis, 70, 94 
Plexaura friabilis, 186 
Plexauride, 148, 186 
Plumatella, 203, 207 
Arethusa, 207 
diffusa, figure of invagin- 
ated fold of, 226 
vitrea, figure of groups of 
cells of, 223 
Plumatellidx, 203 
Podiceps cornutus, 80, 94 
cristatus, 80, 94 
griseigena, 80 
Holbollii, 80, 94 
Podilymbus podiceps, 80, 95 
Polioptila coerulea, 69, 83 
Polypi, 145 
Polyps, classification of, 145 [181 
description of new species, 
new species of, 149 
of the North Pacific Ex- 
ploring Expedition, 181 
Polyzoa, 197 
Bibliography and classifi- 
cation of, 200 
Pocecetes gramineus 70, 92, 96 
Poritide, 147 
Porzana carolina, 78, 93, 96 
noveboracensis, 78, 87, 95 
Primnoa compressa, nov. sp., 189 
Primnoide, 148, 189 
Procellaria glacialis, 89, 95 
Procris, 31 
americana, 31 
Progne purpurea, 66, 92, 95 
Pteratomus, nov. gen., 137 
Putnamii, nov. sp., 138 
Pteromorpha expansa, nov. sp., 181 


Ptilosarcus, 183 
Gurneyi, 182 
Puffinus anglorum, 89, 94 
fuliginosus, 89, 94 
major, 89, 94 
Putnam, F. W., Notes on the habits 
of humble bees, 98 [105 
Notes on Leaf-cutting Bee 
Pyranga estiva, 83, 96 
rubra, 65, 92, 95 
Pyromorpha dimidiata, 32 


Querquedula discors, 79, 95 
Quiscalus major, 85, 96 
versicolor, 75, 92, 96 
R. 


“allus crepitans, 87, 96 
virginianus, 78, 98, 96 
Recurvirostra americana, 86 
Regulus calendula 58, 94 
satrapa, 58, 93 
Renillide, 149 
Rhyacophilus solitarius, 77, 95 
Rissa tridactyla, 90, 94 
N) 


Saccata, a new name for the Mol- 
lusca, 1638, 178 
Sarcodictyon, 195 
Sarcophyton agaricum, 191 
Sarcoptilus Gurneyi, 183 
Sayornis fuscus, 54, 92, 95 
Scepsis, 33, 40 
fulvicollis, 33, 43 
Scolecophagus ferrugineus, 75, 94 
Scops asio, 51, 92, 93 
Setophaga ruticilla, 65, 92, 95 
Sialia sialis, 58, 92, 95 
Sitta canadensis, 69, 93 
carolinensis, 69, 92, 93 
Seiurus aurocapillus, 61, 92, 95 
ludovicana, 61 


noveeboracensis, 61, 92, 95 


Sodalite at Salem, 3 
analysis of, 4 
Somateria mollissima, 89, 94 
spectabilis, 89, 94 
Spatula clypeata, 88, 95 
Sphyropicus varius, 53, 92, 95 
Spizella monticola, 72, 92, 94 
pusilla, 72, 92, 96 
socialis, 72, 92, 96 
Spongodes capitata, 193 
gigantea, 192 
-gracilis, nov. sp., 193 


, = — ,-™ 


INDEX. 


Squatarola helvetica, 93, 96 
Stauracea, 146 
Stauride, 146 
Stercorarius cepphus, 90, 94 
parasiticus, 90, 94 
tercorarius pomarinus, 90, 94 
Sterna aranea, 90, 96 
caspia, 91 
frenata, 90, 95 
fuliginosa, 90, 96 
hirundo, 90, 93, 96 
macroura, 90, 93, 94 
paradisea, 90, 96 
Trudeauii, 91 
Stephanoseris lamellosa, n. s., 
Strepsilas interpres, 86, 94 
Strix americana, (note) 51 
Sturnella magna, 74, 92, 96 
Stylinide, 147 
Stylophoride, 147 
Stylops, 108, 139 
Childreni, 130 
Sula bassana, 89, 94 
Surnia ulula, 81 
Symphemia me ag 414 Od, 96 
Syrnium cinereum, 52, 81, 93, 96 
nebulosum, 52, en 93 
i 


149 


Tachina, 128 
Telesto aurantiaca, 151 
nodosa, nov. sp., 194 
ramiculosa, 151, 194 
Telmatodytes palustris, 68, 83 
Tetrao canadensis, 85, 94, 96 
Thalassianthide, 148 
Thalassidroma Leachii, 80, 98 
pelagica, 89 
Wilsonii, 89 
Tinnunculus sparverius, 50, 92, 93 
Trichodactylus, 189 
Tringa alpina var. americana, 77 
Bonapartii, 87 
canutus, 86, 94 
maculata, 77 
maritima 87 
Wilsonii, 77 
Tringoides macularius, 77, 93, 96 
Tryngites rufescens, 78, 95 
Trochilus colubris, 53, 92, 95 
Troglodytes «don, 68, 92, 96 
americanus, 68 
hyemalis, 68, 93 


239 


Tubipora rubeola, 195 

Tubiporide, 148, 195 

Turdus Alicise, 48, 56, 57, 58, 94 
fuscescens, 56, 57,92, 95 
migratorius, 58, 92, 93, 95 
mustelinus, 55, 56, 92, 95 
Pallasii, 56, 58, 92, 94, 97 
Swainsonii, 49, 56, 58, 94 

Tyrannus carolinensis, 54, 92, 95 

U 


Unknown mineral at Nahant, 6 
ae arra, 91 
grylle, 91, 94 
Sitenania torda, 91, 94 
Vv. 


\Veretillide, 149, 184 
Veretillum baculatum, n.s., 152, 185 
clavatum, 152, 185 
Stimpsonii, n. s., 152, 184 
Verrill, A. E., Classification of Pol- 
yps, 145 
Polyps and Corals of the 
North Pacific Exploring 
Expedition, 181 
Vireo flavifrons, 67, 92, 95. 


gilvus, 67, 92, 95 [95 
noveeboracensis, 67, 83, 92, 
olivaceus, 66, 67, 92, 95 
philadelphicus, 67 
solitarius, 67, 94 
Vireosylvia olivacea, 66 
Virgularia pusilla, nov. sp., 184 
Volucella, unknown larva allied to, 
126 
WwW. 
Wilsonia minuta, 83, 95 
mitrata, 64, 83 
pusilla, 64, 94 
pS 


Xema Sabinii, 90 
Xenide, 148 
Z. 
Zenedura carolinensis, 75, 93, 96 
Zoanthacea, 147 
Zoanthide, 147 
Zonotrichia albicollis, 71, 94 
leucophrys, 71, 94 
Zygena exulans, 20 [7 
Zygenide, notes on the family of, 
Larva, 19 
Pupa, 20 


Zygenine, 29 


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PLATE 7. 


FREDERICELLA REGINA Leidy, Mss. 
Fig. 1.* One colony, life size, with all the branches attached. (Gor- 
ham, Me.) 
Fig. 2. Two branches of one colony: one attached and one free. 
(Cambridge, Mass.) 


Fig. 3. Attached branch of one colony. (Gorham, Me.) 


Fig. 4. Magnified view of one adult zodid. (Norway, Me.) D, ecto- 
cyst; E, endocyst; V, funiculus; M, gastric retractors; M’, lophophoric 
retractors ; M’!, brachial retractors; N, anterior retentors; N/, posterior 
retentors ; F, brachial collar; G, calyx ; H, tentacles. 

Fig. 5.¢ Section of a young specimen, showing the internal structure 
and the limited extent of the invaginated fold. (Cambridge, Mass.) D, ecto- 
cyst; E, endocyst ; B, invaginated fold ; Y, bud; N, anterior retentors ; 1. 
esophagus; H", cilia; K/!!, esophagal valve; K/, stomach; K/!', posi- 
tion of intestinal valve ; K/’, intestine; K, anus; I, lophophore; I’, epis- 
tome; I//, mouth; H, tentacles; F, brachial collar ; S, nerve mass. 

Fig. 6.} Lateral view of an invaginated specimen, showing the shape of 
the coencecial orifice. A/!/!, orifice; L, region of the sphincter; D, ecto- 
cyst; E, endocyst. - 

Fig. 7. View of the same from above. 

Fig. 8. Front view of a zodid, showing the incipient arms and the rela- 
tive positions of the muscles. M/, lophophoric retractors ; M/', brachial re- 
tractors ; I’, epistome. . 


*This figure was drawn and presented to me by Mr. Morse. 
t This figure is part of astudy drawing made by Prof. H. J. Clark, and oblig- 
ingly placed at my disposal by him. 
' $All figures with no locality mentioned must be referred to the habitat 
last named; thus in Pl. 7, Figs. 6, 7 and 8 are all from the same locality as Fig. 6. 


PLATE 8. 
PLUMATELLA ARETHUSA Hyatt. 


Fig. 1. General view of one colony, life size, with most of the poly- 
pides retracted. (Norway, Me.) Three apertures in the ectocyst of the 
main trunk indicate the former positions of as many living polypides, and 
show this colony to have been a branch of a much larger colony, from 
which it has been separated by the death and disappearance of the original 
stock. 

Fig. 2. One polypide evaginated, with a younger polypide from the 
same cell invaginated. D, ectocyst, E, endocyst; Y, bud; M, _fastric re- 


tractors ; M/, lophophoric retractors ; M/', brachial retractors ; M, trunks of © — 


the retractors. F, brachial collar; V, funiculus; W, statoblasts; win, 
gelatinous envelope; N, anterior retentors; N/, posterior retentors ; AM, 
coencecial orifice; L, region of the sphincter. 

Fig. 4. View of the coeneecial orifice of fig. 2, from above, showing 
the four broad plications of the invaginated fold. The crenulations on the 
border are produced by the contraction of the sphincter, and do not indi- 
cate cellular structure. 

Fig. 5. Special view, showing the arrangement of the retentor mus- 
cles around the invaginated fold of the evaginated zodid in fig. 2. The five 
anterior rows Of the posterior retentors are contracted, and have drawn the 
external wall into five slightly crenulated folds. N, anterior retentors; N/, 
posterior retentors ; L, region of the sphincter. 


Fig. 6. View of the partial division between the cell of fig. 2 and 


the preceding polypides, formed by an infolding and thickening of the endo- 
cyst. D, ectocyst; E, endocyst. 


Figs. 7, 8,9. Upper and lower sides and profile view of the statoblast. _ 


W!, horny sheath; W//, annular sheath; W’"!', gelatinous envelope. 


Fig. 10. View of a dead and half decayed specimen, showing the pe- 


_culiar constrictions of the cell occasioned by annular muscular bands. D, 
ectocyst ; E, endocyst; H, tentacles; I/’, mouth; L, region of the sphince- 
ter; K/, stomach; M, trunk of the retractors. | 


PLUMATELLA DIFFUSA Leidy. 


Fig. 11. An old colony of life size, with but few xiii polypiten, 


(Cambridge, Mass.) 

Fig. 12. Enlarged lateral view of a branch from a younger colony, 
showing different degrees of invagination. First cell on the left has even 
the upper pliable part of the ectocyst drawn in; second cell is vacant, the — 


polypide and softer parts having entirely decayed ; sins farts seh 
sixth cells show different degrees of invagination. 


Fig. 13. Enlarged view of another variety of this species vith all the i) 


polypides retracted. Né 
Fig. 14. Enlarged ventral view of the expanded crest of a ly] 
from fig. 13. M/, lophophoric retractor; M/’, brachial retractors. 


Proceedings Essex Institute. Vol. LV. 


A. Hyatt, from Nat. E. S. Merse. on Wood. J. F. Richardson, Portland Eng. A. Holland, Boston, Printer. 


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PLATE 9. 
PLUMATELLA VITREA Hyatt. 


Fig. 1. Enlarged view of five groups on one branch, corresponding to 
the first five on the left of the branch below, fig. 2. (Cambridge, Mass.) 


Fig. 2. View of one branch, natural size. 


Fig. 3. Shows the great extent to which the polypide is often evagi- 
nated. D, ectocyst; E, endocyst; B, invaginated fold; K’, stomach. 


PECTINATELLA MAGNIFICA Leidy. 

Fig. 4. Outline of amass gathered on the stump of a dead branch. 
(Norway, Me.) The outline of the branch where it is covered by the mass, 
is indicated by a dotted line. This figure shows the general aspect of the 
mass, the great thickness of the ectocyst, and the general arrangement of 
the colonies. <A, outlines of ccencecia; D, ectocyst. 

Fig. 5. The outline of a colony, natural size, from a large mass, show- 
ing the radiating and tripartite character of the lobes. A’, ccencecial trunk ; 
A!!, coencecial lobes, divided into three minor lobes. 

Fig. 6. Ideal transverse section of the same, with the polypides ex- 
panded. W, statoblasts; A’, coencecial trunk ; C, polypide. 

Fig. 7. The colony represented in the outline of fig. 5, after being 
treated with alcohol. C/, dedd and retracted polypides; A’, coenecial 
trunk; A/!, coenecial lobes; W, statoblasts. 

Fig. 8. Younger colony, showing the central polypide. 

Fig. 9. Young colony, showing the genesis of five polypides, the pro- 
genitors of an equal number of branches, from the central polypide. 

Fig. 10. A young colony enlarged, showing the arrangement of the 
polypides. (Cambridge, Mass.) 

Fig. 11. A very old colony ; the coenecial trunk occupied by numer- 
ous statoblasts, and the half absorbed remains of dead polypides. W, 
statoblasts; C’, dead polypides. 

Fig. 12. Ventral view of a closely retracted polypide, showing the 
positions and relations of the three pairs of retractors. (Norway, Me.) K’/, 
bottom of the stomach; K, part of the cesophagus; M, gastric retractors ; 
M’, lophophoric retractors; M, brachial retractors ; N, anterior retentors. 

Fig. 13. Lateral view of a retracted polypide, showing the aspect of 
the fourth membrane and of the retractors during the process of invagina- 
tion. J//!!, fourth membrane of the alimentary canal; M, gastric retrac- 
tors; M/’, brachial retractors; V, funiculus; K, esophagus ; K!, stomach; 
K"', intestine ; I, lophophore; H, tentacles. 


CRISTATELLA OPHIDIOIDEA Hyatt. 
Fig. 14. View from above of the lophophore of an immature polypide. 
The arms are still joined near the extremities, and the tentacles and calyx 
along the line of the juncture remain undeveloped. (Norway, Me.) 


PLATE 10. 
PECTINATELLA MAGNIFICA Leidy. 

Fig. 1. Enlarged view of one polypide situated at the end of a lobe. 
(Norway, Me.) The full adult growth of the terminal tentacles is not yet 
attained. They become about one-third longer in the adult. <A’, cavity 
of the coenecial lobe; D, common ectocyst; E, endocyst of the coencecium 


and polypide; J, hepatic folds; M’, lophophoric retractors; M/, brachial - 


retractors ; N, anterior retentors; N/ posterior retentors. 


Figs. 2,3, 4. The upper and lower side, and profile of the statoblast. 
W!, horny sheath; W//, annular sheath; W’//’, spines. 


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Proceedings Essex Institute. Vol. IV. 


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Proceedings Essex Institute. 


PLATE 11. 
PECTINATELLA MAGNIFICA Leidy. 


Fig. 1.* Enlarged longitudinal section exhibiting a portion of the left 
arm and the left side of the body, of a polypide. The ganglion, however, is 
from the right side of the body, towards the observer, and is supposed to be 
pressed inwards, and away from the observer, in order to show its relation to 
the neural partition and the polypidal nerve. (Norway, Me.) H, tentacles ; 
H/’, tubular interior of the tentacles ; G, calyx; H//, cilia; O, bases of the out- 
er tentacular bands; O/, fibres of the inner tentacular bands, seen from the 
outside; I’, epistome; P, one-half of the median muscle of the epistome ; 
P!, left lateral muscle of the epistome; R, parietal fibres, probably abnor- 
mal, enveloped by the fourth membrane; I, lophophore; I!’, mouth; E/ 
the first, E/’, the second, E/’, the third, and E!’!’, the fourth membrane 
of the endocyst; F, brachial collar; F/’ neural partition; K, cesophagus ; 
K/, stomach; K//, intestine; K/!’, cesophagal valve; K/!//, intestinal 
valve ; K, anus; J’, the first, J/’, the second, J//’, the third, and J/!//, the 
fourth membrane of the alimentary canal; 8’, right ganglion; T, right 
lophophoric nerve trunk severed near the base; T’/, right epistomical nerve 
trunk; T/!, right brachial nerve trunk severed near the base; T//’, right 
polypidal nerve trunk. 


Fig. 2. Enlarged ganglion of another specimen from the same colony 
as fig. 1, showing the extreme variability of the ganglia and nerve trunks. 
T, right lophophoric nerve trunk; T’!, right epistomical nerve trunk; 
T!', right brachial nerve trunk; T/’/, right polypidal nerve trunk. 


Fig. 3. Shows the same ganglion contracted, the nerve trunks indica- 
. ted by the same letters. 


*This figure is composed from numerous drawings of different individuals. The 
number of the membranes in the tentacles, as has been explained in the text, was 
inferred but not observed. 


PLATE 12. 
PECTINATELLA MAGNIFICA Leidy. 


Fig. 1.* Front view of a polypide much enlarged, with the arms re- 
moved, showing the under side of the lophophore. (Norway, Me.) E, en- 
docyst; B, invaginated fold; H’, tubular base of the tentacles; Z, clear 
spaces in the endocyst ; L’, brachial contractors; M, position of the lopho- 
phoric flexor; I’, outline of the epistome; 8, nerve mass; T, lophophorie 
nerve trunks; T//, brachial nerve trunks; T/!’, polypidal nerve trunks; K, 


esophagus; K/!/, ashhineal valve; K’!, son K!!', intestinal valve ;— 


K/", intestine ; K, anus; M’, lophophoric retractor; M/, brachial retrae- 
tors; F, brachial collar; N, anterior retentors; N/, posterior retentors. 
Fig. 2. Lateral view of a portion of the inside of one of the arms, 
showing the fibres of the inner and outer tentacular bands. H, bases of the 
tentacles ; Z, clear spaces in the endocyst; I, lophophore; E/, the first, 


~ 


E!!, the second, E!/!/, the third, and E///!, the fourth membrane of the en- 


docyst; O, bases of the outer tentacular bands; O/, fibres of the inner ten- 


tacular bands. The third membrane, E'"’, is lifted from the second, E/’ , by 


the action of the lower fibres of the omer contractor, which also pat the 
knee-like ridge at L/. 


*This figure is composed from numerous drawings of different individuals. 


A. Holland, Boston, Printer. 


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PLATE 13. 
CRISTATELLA OPHIDIOIDEA Hyatt. 


Fig. 1. A colony of natural size in its natural position. The polypides 
are figured at the ends only, the outline of the colony between them being 
indicated by dotted lines. (Norway, Me.) Ff 


Fig. 2. Enlarged view of the underside of one-half of a young colony 
with the ectocyst and endocyst removed from a portion of the base, disclos- 
ing the stomachs of the polypides and the bases of the muscular walls. On 
the border are the buds attached to the upper side of the endocyst, and in 
the centre is the inverted cone formed by the interior edges of the muscular 
walls. On the left, the uncovered portion, the white lines show the posi- 
tions of the muscular walls, but on the right, the covered portion, they 
show only the temporary external folds of the endocyst caused by the con- 
traction of the ccenceecium. The relations and positions of all these parts 
are best explained by reference to the ideal section of this colony, as depicted 
in fig. 3, the lettering being the same in both; with the exception of K/, 
stomachs of adult polypides partially retracted, andt, stomach of an evagi- 
nated polypide in fig. 2; and D, ectocyst in fig. 3. 

Fig. 3.* E, endocyst; C, stomach of polypides wholly retracted; Q, 
muscular walls; Y, buds; Y/, immature polypides, capable of evagina- 
tion ;t X, fixed statoblasts; A’, coencecial trunk. 

Fig. 4. View from above of a portion of the border of the same col- 
ony when expanded to about twice the vertical height of fig. 3. Lettering 
same as in preceding figures, with the exception of A/’, ccencecial tubes, and 
A//'l, coeneecial orifices. Some of the latter are closed, and some, indicated 
by dotted lines, are open ; the polypides, however, are omitted from the lat- 
ter, in order to give a better view of the coencecium. 

Fig. 5. Enlarged ccencecial cell of the first row, the orifice closed 
over the invaginated polypide. A//!’, coencecial orifice; Q, attachments of 
the muscular walls of the cell; N, anterior retentors. 

Fig. 6. ‘Transverse section of the same, viewed from the ventral side. 
A/!, coeneecial orifice; Q, muscular walls; N, anterior retentors; H, tenta- 
cles. 

Fig. 7. View of a fully invaginated polypide of the first row, from 
below, with the endocyst removed from that side. The gastric and part of | 
the lophophoric retractors, have been entirely omitted. A///), coencecial ori- 
fice ; Q, muscular walls ; M, trunk of retractor muscles ; K/, stomach. 


* When this figure was drawn, I had, as I supposed, observed three rows of full 
grown polypides on the coenecium as in fig. 2. This, however, is probably errone 
ous, and I doubt whether at any time of the life of the colony, there are more than 
two living rows of fully grown polypides and one row of immature polypides. In 
this section, therefore, the innermost rows should have been represented in a re- 
tracted condition, the polypides dead and partly absorbed. 


¢ Fora magnified view of crest from above, see PI. 9, fig. 14. 


Rs 


Fig. 8. A tube isolated and viewed from the lower side. Y,) bud at~ 
tached to the upper endocyst; X, young, fixed statoblast attached to the 
lower endocyst ; Q, coenecial walls; Q, base of membranous ridge; E, en- 
docyst. 


Fig. 9. Two figures of the same statoblast, showing the variations in 
the form and position of the vacant spot in the statoblast of fig. 8. 


Fig. 10. View of the same from the upper side, showing the membra- 
nous ridge crossing the: statoblast and apparently connecting with the endo- 
cyst on the upper side. 


. Fig. 11. An older specimen, in which the ridge has formed a tube. 
Fig. 12. A still older specimen, from the interior of the cooncecium, 


showing the elliptical depression in the horny sheath. 


Fig. 13. View of the lophophore from above, with the tentacles and 
calyx removed, showing the distribution of the nerves. H, bases of the ten- 
tacles; G, calyx; M, lophophoric flexor; U, lophophorie nerve branches; 
U', tentacular nerve branches; I’, epistome; I//, mouth. 

Fig. 14. Epistome isolated and viewed from above, showing the mus- 
cles. P, median muscle; P/, lateral muscles. 


Fig. 15. Lateral view of a portion of the interior of one arm with the 
lophophore removed, showing the outer and inner tentacular bands, and the 
membranes of the endocyst in an alcoholic specimen. QO, outer tentacular 
bands; O/, inner tentacular bands. 


Fig. 16. Direct and profile views of a group of cells from the first mem- 
brane of the coeneecial endocyst of fig. 2. ’ 


PLATE 14, 
CRISTATELLA OPHIDIOIDEA Hyatt. 


Fig. 1. Magnified view of an adult polypide in its cell. E, endocyst; 
Q, muscular walls of the cell; M, gastric retractors; M/, lophophoric re- 
tractors; M/!', brachial retractors; N, anterior retentors; Z, clear spaces 
in the endocyst betweem the bases of the outer tentacular bands ;. O, bases 
of outer tentacular bands. 


Figs. 2, 3, 4. Upper and lower side, oad profile view of statoblast. 
W!, horny sheath; W’/, annular sheath; W/!/, spines. Of the last, there 
are in nature twenty-two short, and thirty-two long ones. 


Fig. 5. View of the anus, showing its oblate form, and also the eter call 


breadth of the intestine, when compared with the esophagus and the upper 
part of the stomach in the back ground; K, esophagus; K/, stomach; 
K/!', intestine; K, anus. 


Fig. 6. Section of stomach, showing the bile folds. i, 
folds. 


Fig. 7. Oblique view of the tip of a daisies showing the : 
attachments of the tentacular bands. 


Proceedings Essex Institute. Vol. IY. 


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