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Ne ee aig ew eee Oe ey tee mE ee ence Mee ke, a mn ee ont _eapoemn hk aeeeees es wos 7 Ti = 7 y ahh yO et Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/bulletin190113121 unit i eT * Pe ee ee OR OY Matus, So1bo, acl Jay KA ( UML tH toa =) gn wv (U. S. DEPA ENT OF AGRICULTUR . BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 121. - B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. I. THE SUPPOSED RELATIONSHIP OF WHITE SNAKEROOT TO MILKSICKNESS, OR “*TREMBLES.” By ALBERT C. CRAWFORD, Pharmacologist, Poisonous- Plant Investigations. IT MOUNTAIN LAUREL, A POISONOUS PLANT. By ALBERT C. CRAWFORD, Pharmacologist, Poisonous-Plant Investigations. III. RESULTS OF LOCO-WEED INVESTIGATIONS IN THE FIELD. By C. DWIGHT MARSH, Expert, Poisonous- Plant Investigations. LABORATORY WORK ON LOCO-WEED INVESTIGATIONS. By ALBERT C. CRAWFORD, Pharmacologist, Poisonous- Plant Investigations. IV. THE SOURCES OF ARSENIC IN CERTAIN SAMPLES OF DRIED HOPS: | By W. W. STOCKBERGER, Expert, Drug-Plant Investigations. V. APPLE LEAF-SPOT CAUSED BY SPHAEROPSIS MALORUM. By W. M. SCOTT, Pathologist, and JAMES B. RORER, Assistant Pathologist, Investigations of Diseases of Fruits. VI. THE IMMUNITY OF THE JAPANESE CHESTNUT TO THE BARK DISEASE. By HAVEN METCALF, Pathologist in Charge of the Laboratory of Forest Pathology. IssueD ApRiIL 18, 1908. ~ wy, z Ie WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1908. SE {9 \/ Bg w= i Sy. 28 > ee VV) | LAs! 140 BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chiefof Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods. Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge. Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge. Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Haven Metcalf, Pathologist in Charge. Truck Crop Diseases and Plant Disease Survey, William A. Orton, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge. Cotton Breeding Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel and Daniel N. Shoemaker, Physiologists in Charge. Tobacco Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel, Wightman W. Garner, and Ernest H. Mathewson, in Charge. Corn Investigations, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge. Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations, Thomas H. Kearney, Physiologist in Charge. Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge. Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge. Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge. Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge. Crop Technology and Fiber Plant Investigations, Nathan A. Cobb; Crop Technologist in Charge. Taronomic and Range Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge. Farm Management Investigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge. Grain Investigations, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge. Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge. Vegetable Testing Gardens, William W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge. Western Agricultural Extension Investigations, Carl 8. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge. Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations, E. Channing Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge. Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in Charge. Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent. Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge. Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge. Grain Standardization, John D. Shanahan, Expert in Charge. Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., August Mayer, Expert in Charge. South Texas Garden, Brownsville, Tex., Edward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge. Cotton Culture Farms and Farmers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work,Seaman A. Knapp, Special Agent in Charge. Seed Distribution (Directed by Chief of Bureau), Lisle Morrison, Assistant in General Charge. Editor, J. E. Rockwell. Chief Clerk, James E. Jones. in Sen PEN ES? Page The supposed relationship of white snakeroot to milksickness, or “‘trembles”’. . . 5 PeeaMnMeENIITIL RIGO PUM ke ok ee Hp ole wea pe oon eel oo ed F 5 Coen Ves IPaUlOMs snes .e eet ont ees We PS eek co Ree 15 mee of white suakeroot.on rabbits. 2. =< 2 sos: . 2.522232. . 2eke 15 Resa TEOUUGEY: PEAY one a oes ate ye a: 15 Extracts from fresh plants preserved in chloroform...........-.-.- 16 mie Cie aeOI Ami as ed oe Be eee rie ter BA as oh oe es wie ee abe 17 mee Of White AiakeropL ON CAIs.< - 23255. 2c se 5 oe wine Soot hoi 17 Prec or white enaercot'on dosd. = 500020522 ee 2s eben 18 ' Eifeet, of white snakeroot on sheep...-....-.....-.:2.-..2.--24-5-2- 19 Ruecwor witite sMAKeroot OM) MAMA. — 42 20a sc be mane snes 19- TLR eg els fg Pes St pe Ce de a 19 Renpoinat,. Lapras poidonotis plant 22ers lyse. 2 ble 21 emitter ONL ROMO CCR Sip 1. PASTS eto ee oe 2c Sie bel 21 Puech oumouninim lanral on-sheep: . 2-5-0222.) 2 be andes = beaks case tes 26 Peer OLMoOUMn IAtEeL GU Pa Dits....-.J2.-.-25.-2222254.).~ sae 25 22s 29 Deere MEN EOINS OR ONEOD ING oe 2 ee = oat ca w= asc 5 es © ony e manele nhs 30 a mCEIME RG one ee ee 30S = S's A oe eee we oe ee eee 30 eenaediale go Cito mer peer eee sre 8 ts A a oe EE oe 34 eS SES I Wai Teo og ee ae ae Pe a ee eee 34 Results of loco-weed investigations in the field. ...........2..........-.-.--- 37 RSPAS tian = Serr eh ea ha a Pe a Pale teal aie ts 2 hm anh oA ae 37 Laboratory work on loco-weed investigations.........-...........--.--+------ 39 esneny) Ck ASC VORNCTERS 2b oe 5 toe ke sens So By eek Se oe F< wns o See 39 The sources of arsenic in certain samples of dried hops..............-...-..-- 41 LEN SEG BER ee a eS eo eg eT 41 Origin or camiplen ot-hops, examinedice 226 s2¢ anc ee c eaes ea. s+ eee S515 42 Pomel Orr OD rnp: Halles hie Tee Se: . 2. SER oP oc Sn aR 43 The absorption of arsenic by the growing plant.........-...--...-.-.-.-- 43 Impure sulphur as a source of arsenic.........-..---.-- S Bhat a eee 44 [TL TUTE Tos ART aa ag ae ee eed YPM ory 45 Apple leaf-spot caused by Sphaeropsis malorum .............-.--------------- 47 DHE RIO eee ree NE ey es ee Bs SS Oe. PO Re Se 47 MeatieasereNntnt SG 2 eee Os. Set! Seat Se BY A ol ate Le ero 48 SEMI RCLI oe iene Le See ie Se ols RE eb ee see Be 49 Rerrew eaters ROTTEN 9). oi try aaah ot aM Dn awbow ie gs eee ad Bee a2 50 DER Eee ITIP Cw Serre nscale r tee Mba. Sere Se I eR 8 52 MrReTaCM INRAC Nit ts SOREE A es Bae os ers (8 te eR it 52 SOMO ae Aeeeeee tee ee ee ee wu. oath wowed ede soe sE ee 53 MEL RMRRE LC i. idee ast ee OR Lot 2s es ode ee 2 54 The immunity of the Japanese chestnut to the bark disease......... 2.2.2.2... 55 SLU is gio i 55 NORA Gu Taio ee Se Pte SU ec ke 59 Ree rs ee Oe ce ge 2 OO ee out echo ee wells n aoa 57 « The seven papers constituting this bulletin were issued in separate form on Jan- uary 28, February 20, January 28, January 28, February 21, March 12, and February 10, 1908, respectively. 121 3 Prare I, ide II. Ty. ILLUSTRATIONS: Flowering branch of white snakeroot. 1 le i eg eee Sac ee ee ee ea ett, Be ec Flowering branch of mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.)....2------ Fig. 1.—Apple leaves showing leaf-spots produced by natural infec- tion. Fig. 2.—Apple leaves showing leaf-spots produced by inoculation with Sphaeropsis malorum Pk ..............-------- Fig. 1.—Unsprayed Winesap trees defoliated by the leaf-spot disease. 2.—Sprayed Winesap trees in full foliage, located in the same orchard and photographed at the same time (October 19, 1906) as those shown in figure 1 . 121 Fig. (Eupatorium ageratoides Page. I4 99 2a 48 B. P. 1.—356. MISCELLANEOUS. PAPERS. THE SUPPOSED RELATIONSHIP OF WHITE SNAKE- ROOT TO MILKSICKNESS, OR “TREMBLES.”* By Avserr C. Crawrorp, Pharmacologist, Poisonous- Plant Investigations. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. Many of the early settlers of the Ohio Valley, especially in Indi ana and Illinois, were affected with a peculiar disorder known as milksickness, a disease which is said to have caused the death of Abraham Lincoln’s mother. Persons with this disorder usually showed no mental disturbances save slight apathy, although late in the course of the disease there might be coma. Milksickness was usually characterized by vomiting, which might be bloody, and obstinate constipation, but in rare cases this was absent.” So marked was this constipation that the name paralysis of the intestines was once suggested for the disorder.°. The abdominal walls were retracted and the pulsations of the abdominal aorta could thus be easily seen. Later in the course of the disease tympanites has occurred.?. The urinary secretion was diminished and the breath took on a peculiar fetid odor which was considered pathognomonic. a One of the most serious diseases which formerly threatened the life of man and beast in the forested parts of the Ohio Valley and adjacent territory was that known as milksickness, or “trembles.” Although of late years much less trouble has been experienced, an occasional outbreak is reported. In responding to a request that the United States Department of Agriculture investigate an attack of milksickness ‘occurring near Peoria, Ill., a favorable opportunity was obtained to test the widespread and persistent popular belief that the plant known as white snakeroot (Hupatorium ageratoides L. f.) is responsible for the trouble. After a study extending through several months, Dr. Albert C. Crawford, Pharmacologist, acting under the direction of Dr. R. H. True, Physiologist in Charge of the Poisonous-Plant Investigations of this Bureau, has shown in the results summarized in this technical paper that the eating of the plant of the white snakeroot by animals or man is not followed by the disease and that there is probably no relation between them.—B. T. GALLoway, Chief of Bureau. > Crookshank, N. On the “Sick Stomach” of the Western Country, or Gastro-enteritis. Phila. Jour. Med. and Phys. Sci., vol. 12, p. 254, 1826. © Dawson, J. Causes and Treatment of Milksickness. Proc. Med. Conven- tion, Ohio, 1842, p. 48. 4Wood, G. B. Treatise on the Practice of Medicine, vol. 1, p. 462, 1858. 121—1 0 6 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. Associated with these symptoms were those of prostration, with rest- lessness and great thirst. Pain was referred to various localities. The temperature usually remained normal or was subnormal, rarely exceeding 99° F.7 At times it reached 100° F. There are, however, very few recorded cases in which the temperature was actually meas- ured by a thermometer.2 The pulse remained about normal, but might at times be accelerated. Nothing very characteristic was noted concerning the tongue save that it was enlarged.* In certain cases difficulty in swallowing was reported; in others hiccough was a more or less prominent symptom.” No reports were made as to the con- dition of the pupil or of any ocular disturbances save an intolerance of light.° There was said to be an incubation period of from two to ten days,’ although apparently some cases had no such period.’ The disease itself usually lasted from two to twenty days, but chronic cases are reported.” The disorder generally occurred in spring or autumn, particularly in autumn, although it might appear at any season.’ The conditions which were especially favorable for its development were said to be those which interfered with normal excretion.’ One attack gave no immunity, but rather predisposed to a second one." The post-mortem records are few in number. The only lesions reported are those of irritation and inflammation of the stomach and “\immell, J. A. Milk Sickness in America. Verhandl. d. X internat. med. Cong., vol. 2, pt. 5, p. 54, 1891. >Hurd, A. Milk Sickness. Clinic, Cincinnati, vol. 9, p. 280, 1875.—Way, J. H. Clinical History, Nature and Treatment of ‘“ Milk-Sickness.” Amer. Jour. Med. Sci., n. s., vol. 106, p. 310, 1898.—Yandell, L. P. Inquiry into the Nature of the Disease Called Milk-Sickness. West. Jour. Med. and Surg., 3 s., vol. 9, p. 393, 1852.—Drake, D. Memoir on the Disease Called by the People “Trembles.”” West. Jour. Med. and Surg., vol. 3, p. 178, 1841. ¢ Graff, G. B. On the Milk Sickness of the West. Amer. Jour. Med. Sci., n. s., vol. 1, p. 354, 1841. @ Coleman, A. Observations on the Disease Generally Known by the Name of the Sick Stomach. Phila. Jour. Med. and Phys. Sci., vol. 4, p. 825, 1822. é Graft, G. B., l. ¢@, p. 354. 7 Beach, W. M. Milk Sickness. Trans. Ohio State Med. Soce., vol. 38, pp. 131, 133, 1884.—Kimmel, J. A., 1. ¢., p. 50. 9Yandell, L. P., 1. @., p. 394. *Yandell, L. P., 1. ¢., p. 892.—Kimmell, J. A., 1. c., p. 54. «Byford, W. H. Milk Sickness. Nashville Jour. Med. and Surg., vol. 9, p. 467, 1855.—Yandell, L. P., 1. «, p. 379.—Beck, J. C. Milk-Sickness. North- West. Med. and Surg. Jour., vol. 14; p. 497, 1857. Jj Philips, W. H. Milk Sickness. Cincinnati Lancet and Observer, vol. 38, p. 142, 1877. . i Philips, W. H., l. c., p. 147.—Yandell, L. P., 1. c., p. 392. 121—1 RELATIONSHIP OF WHITE SNAKEROOT AND MILKSICKNESS,. 7 intestines, as shown by hemorrhages into the lumen of these organs and injection of their walls, with at times adhesion of the intestinal! walls to one another.” The pyloric region was found contracted,’ and Peyer’s and Brunner’s glands were swollen. Graff has reported in one case adhesions and thickening of the cerebral membranes.*_ In other cases in which autopsies were made very slight lesions were noted.° The clinical symptoms of some cases of milksickness resemble closely those described by Vaughan and Novy under the name galac- totoxismus’ and would probably be so diagnosed if they occurred outside of the areas where milksickness is prevalent. Schmidt’ sug gested that cases of milksickness occurred in cities, but were not diagnosed as such. Other cases resemble other forms of ptomaine poisoning described by Vaughan," while the symptoms of still others resemble those occurring in Van Ermengem’s cases of sausage pois- oning. These cases described by Van Ermengem‘ showed marked nausea and vomiting and severe constipation, although two cases had diarrhea. ‘There was retention of urine, while the temperature, pulse, and mental symptoms remained about normal, as in cases of milk- sickness. Some difficulty in swallowing was noted and there were ocular disturbances—diplopia, dilatation of the pupil, ptosis, ete. The post-mortem examination, as in milksickness, showed no char- “De Bruler, J. P. Milk-Sickness. Chicago Med. Jour., vol. 15, p. 209, 1858. b Davis, K. H. Milk-Sickness. Atlanta Med. Reg., vol. 1, p. 394, 1881-82. © Byford, W. H., |. ¢, p. 465.—Drake, D. Morbid Anatomy of Milksickness. West. Jour. Med. and Surg., vol..4, 1841, p. 234. d Graff, G. B., 1. ¢., p. 366. © Crookshank, N.,. 1. ¢c., p. 256. f Vaughan, V. C., and Novy, F. G. Cellular Toxins, 1902, p. 216. Compare araff, G. B., J]. c., p. 864; also Walker, J. W., Milk-Sickness, Science, vol. S, p. 483, 1886. 9 Schmidt, C. H. Milk Sickness. Cincinnati Lancet and Observer, Y¥ol. 20, p. 412, 1877. "Vaughan, V. C. Ptomaines, Toxins and Leucomains. ‘Twentieth Century Practice, vol. 13. ‘Van Ermengem, E. Ueber einem neuen anaerob. Bacillus u. seine Bezie- hungen z. Botulismus. Zeits. f. Hygiene, vol. 26, p. 1, 1897; Untersuch. ii. Fiille y. Fleischvergift. mit Symptomen y. Botulismus. Cent. f. Bakter., part 1, vol. 19, p. 442, 1896.—Romer, P. Ein Beitrag z. Aetiologie des Botulismus. Cent. f. Bakter., part 1, vol. 27, p. 857, 1900.—Kempner, W., and Pollack, B. Wirkupg des Botulismustoxins (Fleischgiftes) und seines specifischen Antitoxins auf die Nervenzellen. Deutsch. Med. Woch., vol. 23, p. 505, 1897.—Brieger and Kemp- ner, W. Beitr. z. Lehre von der Fleischvergift. Deutsch. Med. Woch., 1897, p. 521.—Kempner, W. Weiterer Beitrag z. Lehre von den Fleischvergift. Das Antitoxin des Botulismus. Zeits. f. Hygiene, vol. 26, p. 481, 1897.—Osler, W. Modern Medicine, vol. 1, p. 282, 1907, — ms 121—1 8 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. acteristic macroscopic lesion. From the spleen was isolated an ane- robic bacillus which could reproduce the symptoms of the disorder in animals. This organism was found in various places in the meat used in making the sausage. On culture media it developed an odor of butyric acid. The toxin obtained from these cultures would re- sist heating at 70° C. for a short time, but heating to 100° C. destroyed it at once. Van Ermengem mentions that in cats injected with this toxin there was muscular rigidity and that the ocular symptoms in these animals were not marked. Dogs, however, were very resistant to the action of this toxin. This organism has also been found in the feces of hogs. A similar outbreak occurred in Darmstadt after eating vegetables infected with the same organism." No doubt the term ‘* milksickness”” has been made to embrace a variety of clinical conditions; in fact, there has been such confusion in the reports that some authors, as Yandell, have denied its existence as a peculiar entity.” The mortality as given by Coleman® is one death in every twenty or thirty cases. Others, as Mendenhall,’ allude to milksickness as a “very grave disease ”; others, again, speak of the outlook as favor- able under the proper treatment. In the same portions of the country in which milksickness occurred a similar, if not identical, disorder also affected domestic animals, especially cattle. In them muscular tremors were present and became especially noticeable when the animals were driven, so that this dis- order received the name of “trembles.”° It was also called the “ tires,” on account of the disinclination of the animals to move. A rigidity of the muscles has been noted by McCall.’ The post-mor- tem examination showed the gastric mucosa to be softened and the stomach and intestines contracted,’ in some cases gangrenous,! and at times there was more or less peritonitis. The odor developing at a Fischer, A. Ueber eine Massenerkrankung an Botulismus infolge Genusses * verdorbener ” Bohnenkonseryen. Zeits. f. klin. Med., vol. 59, p. 58, 1906. Norre.—The bacillus Aeroganes capsulatus which occurs in the human intes- tinal tract may give rise to infections associated with constipation. See Herter, Cc. A., Common Bacterial Infections of the Digestive Tract, 1907, p. 207. + Yandell, L. P., 1. ¢, p. 398.—Hibberd, J. F. Observations on Milk-Sickness. Western Lancet, 1845, vol. 8, p. 445. € Coleman, A., I. ¢., p. 325. @\Mendenhall, I. Milk-Sickness. Chicago Med. Jour., vol. 18, p. 435, 1861. eYandellenien 2s lke Gr est aus. / McCall, A. Facts and Observations on the Milk Sickness. West. Jour. Med. and Phys. Sci., vol. 3, p. 467, 1830. VGratt. Ge Bs ols Gy) pe 02. 1 Dickey, W. Essay on Milk Sickness. Western Lancet, vol. 13, pp. 891-895, 1852. eT RELATIONSHIP OF WHITE SNAKEROOT AND MILKSICKNESS. 9 some of these autopsies was especially offensive and was compared with the odor arising in mercurialism.¢ In one case the cerebral ventricles contained fibrin and the brain itself was surrounded by serum and pus.’ The spinal cord in this case showed signs of in- flammation. In other cases no special lesions were noted.° It was proved that many cases of milksickness were commtnicated to man by means of milk and its products” or meat’ obtained from cattle affected with the “trembles”; even the amount of cream usually added to coffee is said to have induced the disease. Other cases apparently arose without the products of diseased animals being eaten, as by using contaminated water; /% and, again, cases have occurred in vegetarians.” In some cases the fencing off of the sus- pected springs from the pasture was followed by the disappearance of “trembles” from the neighborhood. The “trembles” still appear at times, although much less common than formerly,’ its disappear- ance being traced to the cultivation of the soil;/ and it is associated with certain shady, sharply localized, wet, untilled areas. No char- acteristic geological peculiarity has been proved for these areas." Drake met the disorder almost entirely on oak plateaus, and especially NiGratt, G. Bi, 1. ¢., p. 363. © Philips, W. H. Milksickness. Cincinnati’ Lancet and Observer, vol. 20, p. 132, 1887.—Beach, |. ©, p. 137. 4Prake, D., 1. ¢., p. 194.—Wilkinson, G. W. Etiology of Milksickness. North- west. Med. and Surg. Jour., vol. 14, p. 156, 1857.—Townshend, N. S. Milk- Sickness. Jour. Comp. Med. and Surg., vol. 4, p. 118, 1883.—Schmidt, C. H. Milk Sickness. Cincinnati Lancet and Observer, vol. 20, p. 411, 1S7T. ¢Yandell, L. P. Report on Milk Sickness. Proc. State Med. Soc. Kentucky, p. 94, 1868. [Gives negative reports. ] f Graff, G. B., 1. ¢@., p. 359. 9 Crookshank, N. Observations on the Milk Sickness, Cincinnati, 1840, p. 11; Sick Stomack, Ohio Med. Rep., vol. 1, p. 11, 1826.—Yandel]l, L. P. Inquiry into the Nature of the Disease Called Milk-Sickness, West. Jour. Med. and Surg., 3 s.. vol. 9, pp. 385, 389, 1852.—Walker, J. W. Milk-Sickness. Science, vol. 8, p. 483, 1886.—Wilkinson, G. W., 1. ¢, p. 158.—Thompson, 8. W. Milk-Sickness. West Jour. Med. and Surg., 3 s., vol. 11, p. 480, 1853.—Jones, J. T. Short Essay on Milk Sickness. East Tenn. Rec, Med. and Surg., vol. 1, p. 330, 1852-53. eS AOUeH, Jd. T,. 1. ¢, ps 329. *Connor, J. J. Further Contribution to the Subject of Milk-Sickness. Chi- ¢ago Clinic, vol. 17, p. 333, 1904. J Yandell, L. P., 1. ¢, p. 387.—Walker, J. W., 1. ¢.. 540: also Trans. Indiana State Med. Soc., 1873-75, p. 128. Note.—Some areas are not entirely freed by cultivation. kYandell, L. P., 1. ¢, p. 379. Note.—J. S. Seaton in his ‘Treatise on the Cause of the Disease Called by the People the Milksickness,” p. 10, claims that he can pick out milksick areas by the geological conditions. ' Drake, D., 1. ¢., p. 184. toi— 10 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. disease is contracted by leaving the cattle in these areas over night and that the disorder can be avoided by withdrawing them from pasture before dark. Corn fodder experimentally exposed to the dew in these areas communicated the disorder to a yearling.’ One of the peculiarities claimed for this disease is that cows will show no’ symptoms so long as they are milked, while their nursing calves die with typical symptoms, but when the milking ceases the cows develop the symptoms in the usual manner. In other words, the poisonous agent is partially eliminated by the milk.“ The urine is also claimed to eliminate a portion of the poisonous body.’ The suspected milk in some cases was noted to be of a greenish color,’ but usually there was no characteristic noted which is peculiar to it./ The disease was apparently known to the early French mis- slonaries in the eighteenth century, but accounts of it first appeared in medical literature in 1809-10.2. They were numerous from 1840 to 1850, but now notices seldom appear. The etiology of this disorder has remained in doubt, and Osler, in an address before the young medical officers of the United States Army, mentions its causation as one of the many intricate problems remaining to be solved. Rewards were at one time offered by several States for the solution of this question, but these do not hold at present. Opinion has been .divided as to whether ‘“ trembles,” or milksickness, is of parasitic origin or due to the eating of certain plants, as Rhus towicodendron or R. venenata,' Bignonia capreolata, “Beach, W. M. Milk-Sickness. Trans. Ohio State Med. Soc., vol. 38, pp. 128, 1380, 1884.—Lea, W. W. Cursory Remarks on a Disease Vulgarly Called Milk Sick. Phila. Jour. Med. and Phys. Sci., vol. 2, p. 51, 1821.—Way, J. H., LRGs weo o Walker, J. W., 1. c, p. 483. ¢Kimmell, J. A., 1. ¢., pp. 50, 52.—Drake, D., 1. ¢., pp. 198, 200.—Graff, G. B., Ee pRoOO: ¢ Graff, G. B., 1. ¢c., p. 360. © MeCall, A. Facts and Observations on the Milk Sickness. West. Jour. Med. and Phys. Sci., vol. 3, p. 467, 1830. f Graft, G. B., 1.°¢., p. 359. 9 Drake, D., 1. ¢., p. 162; also West. Jour. Med. and Phys. Sci., vol. 3, p. 482, 1830. k Osler, W. Aequanimitas, 1904, p. 116. 7 Landrum, Z. C. Rhus Toxicodendron, the Cause of Milk Sickness. Atlanta Med. and Surg. Jour., vol. 7, A, p. 1, 1861.—Chase, S. C. Cause of Milk-sickness. Chicago Med. Jour., vol. 18, p. 488, 1861.—MclIlhenny, J. J. Treatise on the Disease Called the Milk-Sickness, Springfield, 1848, p. 6.—Nichols, J. H. Milk-Sickness. | Clinic, Cincinnati, vol. 10, p. 26, 18S76.—Brewington, W. J. Milk- Sickness. Clinic, Cincinnati, vol. 10, p. 76, 18S76.—Crook, J. W. Twenty Propo- sitions on Milk-Sickness. North-West. Med. and Surg. Jour., vol. 14, p. 491, 1857.—Jones, J. T. Short Essay on Milk Sickness (Colica trementia). East Tenn. Ree. Med. and Surg., vol. 1, p. 324, 1852-58. 121—1 RELATIONSHIP OF WHITE SNAKEROOT AND MILKSICKNESS. AF Eupatorium ageratoides, Lobelia inflata, ete. Graft? eliminated arsenic, copper, etc., as causative factors and showed that small quantities of the butter or cheese (1 ounce) or of the beef (4 ounces) obtained from animals with the “trembles,” if fed to a dog three times a day, would reproduce the symptoms in forty-eight hours and cause death in from three to six days; but his inoculations failed to produce the disorder. Graff adds that the poisonous principle seems to possess the power of infinite reproduction, stating, “It will be found that each pound of flesh of that animal so destroyed will possess as active powers of destruction, and will, in its turn, serve to contaminate the whole body of another animal in the same degree.” Vermilya ¢ claims that he was able to reproduce the disorder by feed- ing Lupatorium ageratoides and that his experiments were corrobo- rated by Rowe, but A. W. Bitting, of Lafayette, Ind., reported to this Department his experiments in which he fed a horse 210 pounds (105 kilos) of this fresh green plant in five days without serious effect. He also fed two lambs with 80 pounds (40 kilos) without effect. Similar experiments are reported by Drake.? The theory of a plant poison was emphasized, as herbivorous animals were sup- posed to be the first affected and from them the disease transmitted to the carnivora, although the cases do not always originate in herbivora.° a Jerry, W. The Plant that Causes Milk Sickness. Med. he Surg. Rep., vol. 16, p. 270, 1867.—Drake, D., 1. ¢., pp. 213—224.— Jones, J. Ht hae 2, D. d24. > Graff, G. B., 1. c., pp. 357, 360, 362, NotTe.—Graff says the meat is active ‘‘raw or boiled,’ but there is evidently some mistake, 4s he states on page 361 that “I boiled a large quantity of the beef in pure water for several hours, and afterwards evaporated the liquid thus obtained to the consistence of cream. Although this extract contained u large quantity of gelatinous matter, with some of the other constituents of the flesh, yet, on being given in large quantities, no perceptible effect was pro- duced.” Compton, J. W. Milk-Sickness. Indiana Med. Reporter, vol. 2, p. 255, 1881. e Ohio State Board of Agriculture, 15th Ann. Rept. for 1858, 1859, p. 673.— Barbee, J. W. Facts Relative to the Endemic Disease Called by the People of the West Milk-Sickness. Western Jour. Med. and Surg., vol. 1, p. 182, 1840.— Drake, D., 1. ¢., p. 214. NotgeE.—The view that arsenic is the etiological factor in milk-sickness has been strenuously upheld by Seaton in his Treatise on the Cause of the Disease Called by the People the Milksickness. Louisville, 1841. @ Drake, D., 1. ¢., pp. 215-217. Notr.—The cases described by Barbee in the Western Journal of Medic ine and Surgery, vol. 1, p. 182, 1840, in which dogs were killed with decoctions of this plant, seem to be merely cases of so-called salt action. *Compare Jones, J. T., 1. c., p. 328. 121—1 LS MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. In 1843 Heeringen,’ and later, in 1853, Heusinger,’ compared this disorder to anthrax. and in 1858 Wood on purely Hterary evi- dence argued the presence of “a germ.” © Byford and De Bruler ° called attention to the fact “that it undergoes multiplication in the system ” and that it lost none of its virulence by passing through four successive animals. Gardner / and Hessler’ claim to have found para- sites in the blood, while Philips" compares the organism seen by hin to that met with in relapsing fever. The examinations of the blood made by Schmidt were negative.’ Molds and mushrooms also have been claimed to be the etiological factors.’ No one has yet reproduced the clisease by injection of pure cultures of organisms. The question thus remained in doubt, with the weight of evidence in favor of a parasitic origin, when a paper by Moseley * appeared. As his paper attributes the origin of this disorder to the eating of Eupatorium ageratoides, or white snakeroot, it was deemed advisable to analyze his evidence, as follows: Experiment No, 1—This consisted in feeding a cat weighing 44 pounds (2,041 grams) with a solution made by extracting the leaves of three or four (4) plants in one pint (473 c. c.) of milk. After taking about one-half gill (59 ¢. ¢.) of this extract the animal showed tremors and dullness and was found dead in about twenty-six hours. The post-mortem examination proved to be negative. It is possible in this ease that bacteria may have developed in the milk and pro- duced poisonous compounds before feeding. This experiment was performed by Moseley’s assistant and the animal was not seen by him until after death. Erperiment No, 2—A tramp kitten of unknown history weighing 30 ounces (850.5 grams) was fed with a decoction made from one-half “ Heeringen, BE. Discovery of the True Cause of the Disease Called by the People Trembles, or Milksickness, Louisville, 1845. » Heusinger, C.F. Recherches de Path. Comp., vol. 1, p. 126, 1855. ¢ Wood, G. B.. 1... p. 465. @ Byford, W. H., lL. ¢., p. 467. © De Bruler, J. P., 1. ¢., p. 209. - / Gardner, J. Milk-Sickness. St. Louis Med. and Surg. Jour., vol. 88, p. 290, ISSO. ? Hessler, Ro Preliminary Notes on an Almost Eextinet Native Disease, Trem- bles or Milk-Sickness. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. for 1905, p. 122. t Philips, W. H., 1. ¢, p. 139. '’ Schmidt, C. IL. Lo@. p. 412. i Wilkinson, G. W., 1. ¢@. p. 15!.—Howard, KE. J. Mukosma. Indiana Jour. Med., vol. 2. p. 370, 1ST71.—Borland, 8S. Essay on the Milk Sickness, p. 27, Little Rock, 1845.—Drake, D., Loc. p. 218.—Johnson, J. M. Milk-Sickness. Atlanta Med. and Surg, Jour., vol. 7. By p. 293, 1866. Compare also Mitchell, J. K.. Five essays. k Moseley, KE. lL. The Cause of Trembles in Cattle, Sheep, and Horses and of Milksickness in People. Ohio Naturalist, vol, 6, pp. 465 and 477, 1906. 121—1 RELATIONSHIP OF WHITE SNAKEROOT AND MILKSICKNEsS. 13 pound (226.8 grams) of the fresh plant and also some milk extract of the plant, more of the plant than the first (a larger cat) received. The cat was dull and showed tremors at times after the first feeding, but the appetite remained good, and eleven days later trembling could still be seen. Eighteen days later the animal was fed on the carcass of a rabbit which had died after eating the same plant (see experi- ment No. 6). This rabbit had died three days before the feeding of the cat began. Some tremors were seen in the cat, but it ate and con- tinued active for three days, when it was killed. This experiment is open to the objection that nothing was known of the cat previous to the feeding, and cats often show slight tremulous movements of the cutaneous muscles. Then again, granting that the tremors were due to eating the meat, no record is made of having preserved the rabbit meat on ice, and decomposition may already have begun, and the mere presence of muscular tremors of unknown origin without the other clinical symptoms does not indicate the disease known as “ trembles.” Experiment No. 3—A cat whose previous history was not given was fed on the same carcass given to the cat referred to in experiment No. 2, and on that referred to in experiment No. 7, after it had stood two days, and the feeding was continued three days; then it was fed on a similar rabbit two days after death. This animal showed tre- mors and died in twenty days. The temperature of this animal rose about 24° F. on the third day before death. The buttocks were re- - ported soiled, so evidently it had no marked constipation. Now, con- stipation is a symptom which Kimmell, Drake, Chesney, Graff, and others had previously noted in animals affected with the “ trembles,” and is one of the characteristics of milksickness.«. Post-mortem ex- amination showed two ounces of acid fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Experiment No, 4.—A cat which was sick before beginning the experiment was fed with a milk extract of the plant, but only showed light symptoms (diarrhea) and “* was seen to tremble only a few times and then under conditions which might probably have produced trem- bling without the aid of any poison.” This animal was then fed on meat from one of the rabbits used in previous experiments. Moseley said that “ the meat seemed to affect him more than the milk.” Experiment No. 5—A dog was fed on an aqueous extract of the plant mixed with milk and some chopped-up plant mixed in hash and showed some trembling and weakness, but Moseley adds * he was not so different from usual except in the early morning but what all these things might have escaped notice if he had not been watched.” In other words, an animal which Graff had shown to be very susceptible @Chesney, J. P. Milk Sickness. St. Joseph Med. and Surg. Rep., vol. 1, p. 99, 1880.—Kimmell, J. A., l. ¢., p. 51.—Drake, D., l. «3; cow, p. 170; horse, p, 173; dog, p. 174.—Graff, G. B., 1. ¢., p. 360. 121—1 14 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. to the “trembles,” when fed with Hupatorium ageratoides, the sup- posed carrier of the disease, showed practically no symptoms. He then adds the remarkable report of his assistant: “ While I held the dog’s mouth open a friend poured the extract into the dog’s mouth. The dog choked and coughed the extract into my face and mouth. T was in a room while the mixture was steeping and also on the pre- vious evening. At 10.30 I was taken with a fit of cramps and the fol- lowing day was nauseous. Several times during the three following days I had fits of trembling, always accompanying the extension of limb.” In this connection it may be stated that the present writer's laboratory assistant and himself squeezed their material by hand, handled it, and made their own extracts in a rather close room with- out experiencing any such effects. Lxeperiment No. 6—In this case 2 ounces (56.7 grams) of the snakeroot was placed in the cage with a rabbit. The rabbit died in three days. No tremors had been noted. This case can be excluded because of the absence of any accurate clinical report or histological examination, as rabbits are very apt to die of intercurrent diseases, especially coccidiosis. Experiment No. 7.—This is of the same type as experiment No. 6, and open to the same objection. Moseley merely quotes the report of his pupil as to the presence of tremors. Experiment No. 8—This experiment consisted in injecting subcu- taneously into a rabbit weighing 1,383 grams an aqueous extract of 3 grams of the plant. This injection was followed by tremors. Three days later the animal was fed with 2 to 3 ounces (57.7 to 85 grams) of the leaves and branches, and died in one hundred and twenty hours. There was no constipation. Moseley says, “ The effects on her actions und appearance were not striking and might have escaped notice if I had not looked for them.” Experiment No. 9.—A rabbit was fed for three days with an aque- ous extract of the plant. The only result noted was a “* tremulous mo- tion of the sides, with more rapid respiration.” This animal was then fed with a milk extract of the plant. No constipation resulted, but the same trembling was seen, and save for a slight lessening of strength “she has seemed well.” Experiment No. 10.—This experiment consisted in feeding a milk extract of the plant, but with only slight action. A rabbit was reported to tremble after eating 67 grams of the leaves and branches of a fresh plant, but survived. Experiment No. 11—A young lamb weighing 40 pounds (18.14 kilos) was fed with the leaves of this plant. The animal showed trembling and died in four days, having eaten about 29 ounces (822 grams). There was no constipation. The kidneys were found to be 121—1 Bul. 121, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE I. FLOWERING BRANCH OF WHITE SNAKEROOT (EUPATORIUM AGERATOIDES, L. F.). RELATIONSHIP OF WHITE SNAKEROOT AND MILKSICKNESS. 15 much enlarged, weighing about twice as much as normal. One can form no positive opinion as to the cause of death. The enlarged kid- neys, taken in connection with the history of convulsions and fluid in the peritoneal cavity, might suggest a nephritis. Six ounces (170 grams) of the liver of this animal were fed to acat. This cat showed merely a few tremors. A second cat also ate 6 ounces (170 grams) of the muscles but showed no tremors, and a dog after eating 4 ounces (103.4 grams) of the liver showed no symp- toms save some dullness, but after feeding on the heart and spleen some tremors were noticed. None of these animals died. These experiments, taken in the hght of Graff’s work, indicate that the sheep had not the disease commonly known as “ trembles.” Moseley explains the lack of results in some of his experiments by the existence of a hypothetical immunity, but cases of milksickness are known not to possess immunity—in fact, one attack rather pre- disposes to another, so that it can not be said that Moseley has even proved Hupatorium ageratoides to be a poisonous plant, much less the cause of “ trembles.” RECENT INVESTIGATIONS. In the month of August, 1906, a rather serious outbreak of milk- sickness, or as it is frequently called in the case of stock ‘ trembles,” occurred in the vicinity of Minooka, IIL, resulting in the death of about 50 head of cattle. The office of Poisonous-Plant Investiga- tions was asked to undertake an investigation into the cause of the trouble. In view of the fact that only plants as popularly understood are the subject of investigation by this office, only plants were studied. The widespread and popular belief that the eating of the white snake- root (Lupatorium ageratoides), illustrated in Plate I, is the cause of the trouble seemed to direct the principal efforts of the investigations toward that common plant. It was found in considerable quantities in pastures in which the animals were supposed to have contracted the disease, and in a number of patches the plants had been browsed, presumably by the stock. Material from these patches, both dried and in chloroform water, was preserved for study. EFFECT OF WHITE SNAKEROOT ON RABBITS. EXTRACTS FROM DRY PLANT. To prepare the material for use, 200 grams of the dry herb. were extracted with cold water and the extract evaporated to the desired concentration in vacuo at about 55° C. When such an extract was fed to a rabbit weighing 4 pounds 2 ounces (1,871 grams) no symptoms were noted, either immediately or on the following day. Two days after the first dose a like quantity was again administered and no 32893—Bul. 121—08——2 16 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. symptoms appeared, the rabbit weighing 4 pounds 5 ounces (1,956 grams). After receiving three further doses, representing 200 grams each, in a period of five days the animal showed no symptoms of “trembles ” or of suffering of any sort, the weight increasing under this treatment to 4 pounds 8 ounces (2,041 grams). The animal which had received this treatment gave normal delivery to young and made a rapid recovery, the young appearing abnormal in no respect. Thus, although the rabbit received the equivalent of 1,000 grams of the plant in a week, no symptoms of milksickness appeared and the animal steadily gained in weight. After a rabbit weighing 4 pounds (1,814.3 grams) was injected subcutaneously in the back with an extract of 20 grams of the dried plant muscular tremors were felt in the limbs and in the masseter muscles, but recovery followed. When a quantity of the same extract representing 40 grams was injected into a rabbit weighing 4 pounds 1 ounce (1,842.7 grams) no results followed, but an extract of 60 grams of the dried plant proved fatal in about twelve hours, the animal showing distinct tremors. Following the injection of an aqueous extract representing 5 grams of the dried plant into a rabbit weighing 3 pounds 8 ounces (1,587.5 grams) there were no tremors and the rabbit was apparently normal, though the temperature rose 2.2 degrees F. in two hours and twenty- five minutes after the injection. _A rabbit weighing 3 pounds 12 ounces (1,700.8 grams) was in- jected subcutaneously with a concentrated extract representing 10 grams of dried Eupatorium and no tremors resulted, but in the two and one-half hours following the injection a fall of one-half a degree in the temperature was noted. Death followed during the night. On increasing the quantity of extract until it represented 20 grams of the dried plant and injecting this subcutaneously, shght tremors were felt on careful examination by the hand over the hips after almost an hour and a half. An hour and forty minutes later no tremors were felt and the rabbit seemed normal. The temperature two and one-fourth hours after injection fell 2 degrees F. Death ensued during the night. These animals had been kept under observation for two weeks pre- ceding the experiment and had shown nothing abnormal. EXTRACTS FROM FRESH PLANTS PRESERVED IN CHLOROFORM, To prepare extracts from material preserved in chloroform the fresh plant was placed in a container and covered with water containing enough chloroform to prevent fermentation. When wanted for use the liquid was pressed out of the plant and concentrated in vacuo to the 121—1 RELATIONSHIP OF WHITE SNAKEROOT AND MILKSICKNESS. 7 proper degree. An extract representing 109 grams of the dried plant weighed after extraction (perhaps about 400 grams of the fresh plant) was given by mouth to a rabbit weighing 3 pounds 5 ounces (1,502.5 grams), but no symptoms were observed. After a similar extract representing 127 grams of dry residue had been injected subcutaneously into the back of the same rabbit dis- tinct tremors were shown in the hips. and masseter muscles. Death followed during the night. No enlargement of the kidneys was seen. EXTRACTS FROM ASH. The method of preparation of extracts from ash was as follows: Ten grams of the dry herb were ashed in a platinum bowl and the ash washed into a porcelain bowl and carefully treated with acetic acid to decompose the carbonates, then evaporated to dryness and treated with water. The free acid was removed by repeated evaporation. The residue was treated with water, but not all dissolved, perhaps owing to the formation of basic salts. An emulsion consisting of the solution with the undissolved portion when injected subcutaneously produced marked tremors in the hips in rabbits after an hour and a quarter, and later in the masseter muscles. A marked acceleration of the respiration was also observed. After one and three-fourths hours the masseter muscles still twitched, but after two and one-fourth hours slight, if any, tremors were seen. No tremors were noted on the fol- lowing day. In ashing plants a large portion of the calcium-barium group will unite with the oxidized sulphur, forming insoluble sulphates, and thus be rendered inactive physiologically. Thus, trembling resulted from the injection of less of the inorganic salts than corresponds to 10 grams of the dry plant. This muscular twitching is well known to result from the hypodermic injection of certain salts (sodium, etc.), but not after administration by mouth. An injection of a similar extract from 20 grams of the plant also produced the same result. EFFECT OF WHITE SNAKEROOT ON CATS. After an extract prepared from chloroform-preserved material corresponding to 50 grams of the dry plant residue was fed to a cat weighing 1 pound 8 ounces (680.3 grams), emesis followed in about fifteen minutes. When an aqueous extract corresponding to a dry plant residue of 39 grams was evaporated to 32 ¢. c. and 7 ¢. ¢. of this extract were fed twenty minutes after the emesis referred to and 11 c. c. were given thirty-five minutes later, urination and defecation fol- lowed promptly with renewed emesis in about ten minutes. Thirty 121—1 18 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS, minutes after the administration of the last dose of extract 14 ¢. ¢. more were fed, emesis again resulting in about eight minutes, followed about fifteen minutes later by further efforts toward elimination by the intestines. Since in both dogs and cats emesis is especially easy, no especial significance is to be attached to that phase of the results, No tremors resulted and the appetite remained as usual. In order to reduce the lability to emesis which may follow the administration of large doses, smaller quantities of the extract were given. If 7c. c. of an extract concentrated to 32 ¢. c., representing a dried plant residue of 39 grams, were fed, no emesis followed for three hours. On taking a further dose of 8 c. c. the animal vomited within ten minutes. However, five minutes after this, slight movements of the skin could be seen, but these were apparently only such cutaneous movements as are commonly observed in cats. After 6c. c. more were fed emesis soon followed. The same result followed the feeding of 11 ce. c. after a period of about fifty minutes. During the course of feeding with Eupatorium extracts as above indicated, the cat gained an ounce in weight in a week, showing nor- mal appetite and evacuations. After four days more the weight increased about 5$ ounces (155.8 grams). After a further interval of two weeks without treatment, when a concentrated extract representing 35 grams of plant was fed, no tremors or other abnormal symptoms were to be noted, although the animal was kept under careful observation. When, on the day fol- lowing, an extract representing 65 grams was given no symptoms whatever followed other than evidence of a somewhat laxative action, and the cat continued to increase in weight. This animal gained 219 grams during the month it was kept under observation. EFFECT OF WHITE SNAKEROOT ON DOGS. An extract of Eupatorium representing 23 grams of the dried plant preserved in chloroform when fed to a dog kept under careful observation produced no symptoms, and the appetite remained nor- mal; temperature before feeding, 100.6° F. When, twelve days later, a concentrated aqueous extract representing 200 grams of dried plant was given to the same dog, weighing 14 pounds 12 ounces (6,690.4 grams), having a temperature before feeding of 101° F., no symp- toms resulted, the temperature after one and one-half hours register- ing 102° F. No symptoms appeared during observation for three more days, the weight increasing to 15 jounds 5f ounces (6,959.8 grams). Eleven days later the weight increased to 16 pounds 15 ounces (7,682.7 grams). The animal was very playful throughout the investigation. 121—1 RELATIONSHIP OF WHITE SNAKEROOT AND MILKSICKNESS. 19 EFFECT OF WHITE SNAKEROOT. ON SHEEP. A lamb weighing about 25 kilos when fed 58 grams of the fresh plant showed merely some diarrheal symptoms. EFFECT OF WHITE SNAKEROOT ON MAN. The writer became so convinced of the harmlessness of the plant that he decided to take the plant extract himself. Four hundred grams of the fresh Hupatorium ageratoides were collected at Land- over, Md., under the supervision of Prof. C. F. Wheeler, one of the botanists of the Department of Agriculture, and extracted carefully with water, chloroform being used as a preservative. This extract was evaporated in vacuo and made up to 154 ce. c. At 11.10 a.m, September 30, 1907, 14 c. c. of this extract were taken. Seventy-four ce. c. in all were taken by 1.45 p. m., without any special symptoms. The taste of the extract was exceedingly disagreeable. By 4.15 p. m. all but 40 c. c. had been taken; that is, an extract of over 300 grams. No untoward symptoms characteristic of milksickness were noted the following day; in fact, the writer never felt better. To simulate the conditions which occur in herbivora, 100 grams of the dried plant from Illinois were digested with pepsin and pan- creatin and the concentrated products taken by the writer in the period of one hour without the production of any serious symptoms. SUMMARY. To sum up, it certainly can not be said that it has been proved that milksickness is due to any constituent of Hupatorium ageratoides. The transmission of the disease by eating small quantities of meat or milk of animals sick with the “trembles” and the fact that cooked meat or boiled milk * does not produce this disorder point primarily rather to a parasitic origin, while the fact that Lwpatorium agera- toides” is abundant in areas where the disease is not known and ab- sent in some milksick areas ° also indicates that the plant has no re- lation to the disease. If it does, it would be only an accidental carrier of some pathogenic organism.’ According to reports, the same flora may be in the areas in which * trembles ” occur as in those free from it, and milksickness is also said to occur where no vegetation grows (inclosed pens).° The disease also has disappeared from an area aSmith, C. H. Milk Sickness. Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., vol. 77, p. 471, 1867-G8.—Wood, G. B. Practice of Medicine, vol. 1, p. 465, 185s. Notre.—Some toxins from infected meat are not injured by boiling. >’ Wilkinson, G. W., 1. ¢., p. 153.—Graff, G. B., 1. ¢., p. 361. ¢ Brewington, W. J. Milksickness. The Clinic, Cincinnati, vol. 10, p. 77, 1876. ¢ Walker, J. W., 1. ¢., p. 483. Wilkinson, G. W., 1. cp. 158. 121—1 90 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. after simply clearing the woodland where it occurred and turning it into pasture. Again, severe epidemics have occurred in winter when the foliage has disappeared, which would tend to exclude the higher, non-evergreen plants as the cause of this disorder. In fact, all the evidence in hand is against the causation of this disease by such plants, and certain analogies with cases of botulismus suggest a somewhat similar cause. If there is any truth in the statement that cattle ex- posed in pasture to night air especially contract the disease, this fact might suggest the more or less direct connection of some night organ- ism as a carrier of the parasite, and certain parasites are supposed to be associated with certain localities. Very little is known chemically of H'wpatorium ageratoides. @ Heeringen, E., |. c., p. 9. Nores.—A full bibliography can be found in Schuchardt, B., Die Milch- krankh. d. Nord Amerikaner, Janus, vol. 2, pp. 487, 525, 1897-98. The most interesting experimental paper is that of Graff, while that of Drake is valuable for its fund of personal experiences as told by the settlers, and that of Schuchardt is the best literary handling of the question. Bupatorium perfoliatwm, a closely allied plant, has received some chemical attention, and a nonnitrogenous body, eupatorin, has been obtained. While the author states it will kill mice on subcutaneous injection, he fails to give the dose, and nothing can be drawn from this report as to its physiological activity. Shamel, C. H. Eupatorin: The Active Principle of Hupatorium Perfoliatum. Am. Chem. Jour., vol. 14, p. 224, 1892. Latin, G. Eupatorium Perfoliatum. Pharm. Jour. and Trans., 3 s., vol. 11, p. 192, 1881, 121—1 BP 1 —326. MOUNTAIN LAUREL, A POISONOUS PLANT." By ALBert C. CRAwrorD, Pharmacologist, Poisonous-Plant Investigations. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. Many members of the Ericacez, or heath family, contaim principles _which are injurious to man and to animals. Of these the members of the genus Kalmia especially interest us on account of their wide distribution in the United States and from the fact that many cases of poisoning in animals have been attributed to them. This genus is American in origin, but is found mainly in the Eastern States. The members of this group received their generic name in honor of Peter Kalm, but their popular name, laurel, was given on account of the resemblance of their leaves to those of the English laurel tree, a member of an entirely different family.” On account of the beauty and perfection of their flowers they were once proposed as a national emblem.° Of these, mountain laurel (Aalmia latifolia), shown in Plate IT, is probably the most important. North of Maryland it is usually known as mountain laurel, while south of Maryland it is sometimes known as ivy.? It has also received many other names, as calico bush,¢ laurel,f sheep laurel, mountain ivy’ wintergreen, great laurel,” @The mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia L., has long been recognized by many people as one of our. most deadly shrubs. It is a poison fatal to live stock, es- pecially to sheep and goats, which seem more likely than cattle and horses to browse on it. The Bureau of Plant Industry is in receipt of letters inquiring into the facts concerning its action and the methods of treating poisoned stock. Dr. Albert C. Crawford, Pharmacologist, under the direction of Dr. Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge of the Poisonous-Plant Investigations of this Bureau, has given the matter laboratory study with the results here briefly stated.—B. T. GaLttoway, Chief of Bureau. bKalm, P. Travels into North America, 2d ed., vol. 1, p. 2638, London, 1772. ¢ Bailey, L. H. Cyclopedia of American Horticulture, 4th ed., vol. 3, p. 854, 1906 4 Gronovius, J. F. Flora Virgin., pt. 2, p. 160, 1748. €Coulter, S. Catalogue of Flowering Plants * * * Indigenous to In- diana. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Resources of Indiana, 24th Ann. Rept., 1899, p. 607. f Gronovius, J. F., 1. ¢., p. 160. 9Smith, J. E. Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia, vol. 1, pl. 73, 1797. hCutler, M. Account of Some of the Vegetable Productions Naturally Growing in This Part of America. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. Mem., vol. 1, p. 442, 1785. 121—11 21 99 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. American laurel,t wicky, rose laurel, ete. The Pennsylvania moun- tain laurel” (Rhododendron maximum) is a closely allied species, while in California the name mountain laurel is apphed to Oveo- daphne californica, a member of the family of Lauracee. Mountain laurel usually occurs as a shrub, growing from 5 to 15 feet high, but in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina it has been seen reaching to a height of 25 or 30 feet.? The species extends from New Brunswick and Canada to Florida, and through the Gulf States to Louisiana and Arkansas, but is espe- cially abundant through the Eastern States along the Allegheny Mountains, where it forms dense, impenetrable thickets.° In spite of the name “ mountain laurel” it grows on hills and banks in the lowlands, but especially along the courses of streams. . The leaves are of a tough, leathery consistency and are evergreen. The flowers, which are nearly destitute of odor, have a peculiar arrangement of their stamens, which bend over with their brown anthers projecting into pockets in the corolla,’ so that when this flower is visited by a bee they fly back, scattering the pollen over its own stigma, and also over the insect, which then carries it to other flowers, securing cross pollination. The flowers have a waxhke appearance and vary from a white to a rose color. The wood of the mountain laurel is close grained and hard and is a substitute for boxwood, and it may be used for making handles of small tools, etc.’ The powder covering the leaves has been used as a snuff.” The laurel leaves have been utilized ever since the time of the colonists as one of the evergreens for Christmas decorations.’ ¢ Coulter, S., 1. c., p. 607. b Marshall, H. Arbust. Amer., p. 127, 1785. ¢ Reports of Explorations and Surveys * * for a Railroad from the Mis- sissippi River to the Pacific Ocean, 1853-54. Senate Doc., 2d Sess., 38d Cong., wells WS} Teta 4h os dies Wetaley dAaron, C. H. Our Common Poisonous Plants. Cram’s Magazine, 1900, vol. 2, TU TO € Sargent, C. S. Report on the Forests of North America, 10th Census, p. 98, 1884. f The details as to the historical structure of this plant will be found in the following works: Paschkis, H. Contributions to a Closer Knowledge of Some Little-Known Leaves. Pharm. Jour. and Trans., 3d ser., vol. 12, p. 86, 1881-82. Also Zeits. d. allg. oest. Apoth.-vereines, vol. 18, p. 484, 1880. Breitfeld, A. Der anatom. Bau d. Blatter der Rhododendroidez in Bezie- hung zu ihrer systematischen Gruppirung und zur geographischen Verbreitung. Botan. Jahrb., vol. 9, p. 319, 1887-88. ‘ Vesque, Julien. Caracteéres des Principales Familles Gamopétales Tirés de VYAnatomie de la Feuille. Ann. des Sci. Naturel. Botan., 7th ser., vol. 1, p. 240, 1885. Solereder, Hans. System. Anatom. d. Dicotyledonen, 1899, p. 541-551. 9 Hmerson, G. B. Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts, vol. 2, p. 445, 1875. h Browne, D. J. Trees of America, p. 364. 4 Kalm, P., 1. c, p. 264. 121—11 Bul. 121, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Il. FLOWERING BRANCH OF MOUNTAIN LAUREL (KALMIA LATIFOLIA, L.). MOUNTAIN LAUREL, A POISONOUS PLANT. 23 Notices of this plant occur in the early botanies* and books of American travel. Capt. John Smith describes, in his Generall His- torie of Virginia, 1624, volume I, page 10, a “ Kinde of tree like Lowrell,” while Hudson in 1609 mentions “ rose trees” as occurring on Cape Cod. Catesby describes it under the name Chamaedaphne foliis tini, floribus bullatis umbellatis, and says distinctly that “ When cattle and sheep, by severe winters deprived of better food, feed on the leaves of these plants, a great many of them die annually.” ’ The Delaware Indians are said to have used a decoction of these leaves for suicidal purposes.° Public attention was especially called to this plant by Peter Kalm, the Swedish botanist, after whom Linnzus named the genus Kalmia. He described it under the name “ spoon tree,” because the Indians at- that time made spoons of this wood. During his travels in America in 1748 he noted that calves which had eaten of the leaves became “sick, swelled, foamed at the mouth, and could hardly stand,” and reported from the observations of the colonists that sheep, especially young ones, died very quickly after eating of these leaves, and that horses, oxen, and cows were made sick but seldom died, as these ani- mals ate only small quantities of the leaves. Deer and partridges were said to feed on the leaves with impunity, and the venison from these deer was harmless to man.? A snake was said to have been killed by dropping a tincture of this plant on its back.¢ © John Bartram, an early American botanist, was an ardent lover of, and writer on, mountain laurel, and by him it was brought to Collinson’s attention, who then introduced it into England about 1734.’ It would seem more appropriate to have named the genus after him as his work antedated that of Kalm. During General *Van der Donck, A. Vertoogh van Nieu Nederland, 1650. Translated by H. C. Murphy, 1854, p. 19.—Plukenet, L. Almagest. botan., 1769, p. 106; Alma- gest. botan. Mantissa, 1769, p. 49.—Gronovius, J. F., 1. ¢, p. 160.—Linneeus, C. Spec. Plant., Ed. Willdenow, vol. 2, p. 600, 1799. Spec. Plant., vol. 1, p. 393, 1753. Ameen. Acad., vol. 3, p. 13, 1764.—Trew, C. J. Plants Selects, 1750, pl. 38. Ray, J. Hist. Plant., vol. 2, p. 1927, London, 1688. -[Bannister’s list of 1680.|—Hudson, H. Discourse. Collections of the New York Historical Soci- ety for the Year 1809, vol. 1, p. 121. ’Catesby, M. Natural History of Carolina, vol. 2, p. 98, 1743. © Barton, B.S. Some Account of the Poisonous and Injurious Honey of North America. Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans., 1802, vol. 5, p. 61. 4Kalm, P., 1. ¢., pp. 264-265. * Barton, B. 8. Collections for an Essay towards a Materia Medica of the United States, pt. 2, p. 27, 1804. fAiton, W. Hortus Kewensis, vol. 2, p. 64, 1789.—Catesby, M., ]l. ¢@, p. 98. 9 Darlington, W. Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall, pp. 130, 141, 228, ete., Philadelphia, 1849.—Bartram, John. Observations, London, 1751, pp. 26 and 69. 121—11 24 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 3raddock’s campaign against the French and Indians in 1755 many horses“ were lost from eating mountain laurel. The plant was intro- duced into France by Michaux.” In 1802 George G. Thomas ° per- formed some experiments with Avalinéa latifolia and LY. angustifolia on himself, on a friend, and on some dogs. These experiments he embodied in an inaugural dissertation which was presented to the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania. Six to 15 grains (0.4 to 1.0 gram) of the dried leaves produced distinctly unpleasant symptoms—rapid pulse, a feeling of fullness with pain in the head, throbbing of the temples, with nausea, vomiting, and dilatation of the pupils. In dogs the administration of a decoction of 30 grains (2 grams) was followed by marked salivation, with stupor, rapid respiration and purgation, paralysis, and finally convulsions. ‘Thomas made the interesting ob- servation that if the laurel was mixed with lard the toxic symptoms were much lessened. He examined the distillate from the leaves for an essential oil, but failed to find any. After Thomas, several experimenters reported on the action of mountain laurel upon themselves. Bigelow.’ who saw the dried leaves taken in doses up to 20 grains without producing symptoms, questioned if the leaves had a specific action, and traced any injurious effect they might exert to their indigestibility. Others, as Osgood,’ Stabler,’ and an anonymous author in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, volume 10, page 213, reported severe symptoms on themselves. This action was compared with that of Veratrum.’ From this time on few reports of experiments were published, yet the number of cases of poisoning in stock reported to the Department of Agri- culture induced the Commissioner to call attention to this subject in his report of 1863.4 Sheep are the animals usually reported as affected by the plant. Under ordinary conditions, however, eastern- bred sheep will not eat the plant unless they are starved or their supply of green or attractive food has been cut off. As is well known, most of the cases of poisoning occur in winter,’ when the laurel is the only green plant around, although western-bred Barton, Bo. 13 ¢. 0.160; » Browne, D. J. Trees of America, p. 364. ¢Thomas, G. G. Inaugural Dissertation on the Kalmina Latifolia and Angus- tifolia, Philadelphia, 1S0v. ¢ Bigelow, J. Amer. Med. Bot., vol. 1, p. 140, 1817. € Bigelow, J., 1. ¢., vol. 8, p. 185, 1820. / Stabler, R. H. On Kaimia Latifolia, Amer. Jour. Pharm., n. s., vol. 10, p. 241, 1845. 9 Medical Properties of the Nalmia Latifolia. Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., vol. 10, p. 213, 1834. h Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 18638, p. 242. i Remarkable Instance of the Absence of Animal Instinct. Penny Magazine, vol, 7, p. 288, 18388. 121—1I 25 bho MOUNTAIN LAUREL, A POISONOUS PLANT sheep if suddenly turned into a laurel area may eat it at any time. As the leaves are tasteless and of a tough, leathery consistency, it is very evident why animals will not eat the plant under ordinary con- ditions. A good illustration of actual poisoning is given by Rusby * where out of a flock of 1,000 sheep which escaped into a laurel area, at least 27 showed symptoms of poisoning. Those affected were mainly the young ones. In these cases the tracks on the snow around the bushes and the presence of leaves in the stomach showed conclusively the cause of the trouble. Halsted” reported poisoning in cows after eating laurel wreaths which had been thrown from a cemetery into their pasture. A striking case occurred in the National Zoological Park, Washington, D. C., where six Angora goats were poisoned by laurel thrown to them by visitors; later, a Diana monkey died with typical symptoms after eating the leaves held to it by a visitor. ‘The leaves of the plant were found in the monkey’s stomach. The post- mortem examination in this case was negative. Since these poison- ings occurred visitors have been prohibited from carrying laurel into the park. Barton in 1802 ¢ called attention to the fact that the honey made from Kalmia angustifolia was poisonous to man, and while no direct proof? has been published that honey made from A’. latifolia is poisonous it is perfectly logical to suppose that it is, as Plugge found that honey made from’ Rhododendron ponticum,’ a closely related plant, gave the same chemical and physiological tests on frogs and mice whieh he considers characteristic of its active principle, androme- dotoxin. Rhododendron ponticum is the plant which is supposed to have yielded the honey which poisoned Xenophon’s / army. Under these circumstances the Secretary 6f Agriculture advised against raising bees in the neighborhood of mountain laurel. An unpublished report is on file at this office of investigations in which extracts of mountain laurel were mixed with honey and fed to bees. wReby, Ei EL, The Poisonous Properties of Mountain Laurel. Drug. Cir. and Chem. Gaz., vol. 46, p. 27, 1902. b Halsted, B. D. Eighth Annual Report of the New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station for 1895, p. 855, 1896. ¢ Barton, B. S. Some Account of the eee and Injurious Honey of North America. Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans., 1802, vol. 5, p. 59. 4 American Bee Journal, 1896, pp. 92, 146, 246, thee pt A. I. A BC of Bee Culture, p. 249.—Honey from Mountain Laurel. American Bee Journal, vol. 35, p.° 825, 1895. €Plugge, P. C. Giftiger Honig von Rhododendron ponticum. Arch. d. Pharm., vol. 229, p. 554, 1891.—Thresh, J. C. Notes on Trebizonde Honey. Pharm. Jour. and Trans., 1SS7-SS8, vol. 18, pp. 897, 404. /Pliny. Nat. Hist. (Translated by Bostock and Riley), vol. 4, p. 341. Ab- bott, K. E. Letter, in Proc, Zoolog. Soc. London, pt. 2, p. 50, 1834. 121—11 96 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. The name of the investigator can not now be ascertained. These bees are said to have shown no symptoms, but the honey they made pro- duced typical symptoms in two persons who ate it. It has been claimed that the flesh of birds after eating laurel is poisonous. to man,” but Wilson,’ Audubon,? and Aaron state that they have fre- quently eaten without-injury partridges whose craws were filled with laurel leaves and buds. It is probable that many of these cases of poisoning were really due to ptomaines, as they usually occurred from undrawn animals. There are few cases in man of poisoning with laurel. Children are said to have been poisoned by eating the plant in mistake for Gau- theria procumbens, although there are no published cases to that effect. Laurel is claimed to be used in certain liquors to render them more intoxicating.’ Barton” noted that the flowers of A’almia lati- folia would produce a vesicular eruption in certain persons. EFFECT OF MOUNTAIN LAUREL ON SHEEP. Stable-fed sheep and lambs were turned into an inclosed area in which the mountain laurel was the only green plant. These sheep, which were kept under observation for several hours, refused to do more than merely nibble at the leaves, and when placed in grassy areas where this plant was growing they positively refused to touch it. These observations agree with those of Wood‘ on Aalmia anqusti- folia. Other animals besides sheep seem disinclined to eat it. Kalm reported in 1754 that the leaves of the trees in Pennsylvania were de- voured by a worm, but that the mountain laurel leaves were un- touched./ | Sheep weighing about 50 pounds (25 kilos) were fed with doses of 5, 10, 15, 25, and 35 grams of the dried ground-up leaves in- closed in gelatine capsules without producing poisonous symptoms. Fifty grams, when given to a sheep weighing 33.5 kilos, induced a staggering gait and slight salivation, but doses of 85 grams would cause death in a very few hours unless diarrhea set in. Under these “Unpublished answer to inquiry. See note on page 35. > Barton, B. S., 1. ¢., p. 60.—Elliot, D. G. “ Game Birds” of the United States. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1864, pp. 363, 364, 1865. ¢ Wilson, A., and Bonaparte, C. L. Amer. Ornithology, vol. 2, p. 319, Edin- burgh, 1831. 4 \udubon, J. J. Birds of America, vol. 5, p. 79, 1871. © Aaron, C. E. Cram’s Magazine, vol. 2, p. 502, 1900. f Unpublished correspondence. (G. Watkins, 1896.) 9 Chesnut, V. K. Principal Poisonous Plants of United States. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Bot. Bul. 20, p. 45. "Barton, B. S. Collections for an Essay Towards a Materia Medica of the United States, p. 35, 1804. ‘’ Wood, T. F. Is Sheep Laurel Poisonous to Sheep? American Agricul- turist, vol. 42, p. 66, 1888. I Walm,4es,. bes vole ds ip. 266. 121—1r MOUNTAIN LAUREL, A POISONOUS PLANT. roi conditions sheep have survived this dose. In starved animals no doubt smaller doses would be poisonous. , _ One experiment was with a sheep about 7 years old; weight about 29.5 kilos. On June 1, 1905, at 11:05 a. m., the temperature* was 104.5° F., respiration 60, pulse 90 per minute. A slight secretion from the nostrils was present owing to a coryza: pupils about one-fourth of an inch wide: the conjunctiv “all buccal, and mucous membranes nor- mal. Eighty-five grams of powdered dried laurel leaves in sealed gelatine capsules were given. The feeding lasted twenty-five ‘minutes. Following the administration of the capsules little inclination to eat was manifested, urination and slight defecation taking place dur- ing the first hour. At 1 p. m., respiration was 110 per minute, pulse 117, temperature 104° F. Marked disinclination to move was shown, the sheep permitting itself to be easily turned on its side. It ate only sparingly. Two hours after taking the laurel leaves urination was repeated and slight emesis set in, followed soon by mental dull- ness, as shown by decreased attention to surrounding objects, with a loss of alertness, while the face took on a sleepy appearance and saliva began to accumulate about the mouth. Respiration was some- what labored and the unsteadiness in gait became marked. Two and three-fourths hours after eating the laurel the sheep assumed an awkward attitude in standing, the hind legs being set wide apart. Repeated emesis became a prominent feature and continued for about an hour, the ejecta being thin and mustard-like. Apparently to facil- itate breathing, the mouth was kept open most of the time. Weakness and unsteadiness increased until three and one-fourth hours after eat- ing the laurel. At this time it was difficult for the animal to stand. At 2:46 p. m. the temperature was 107° F., respiration 50 per min- ute, pulse 124. The pupils were of the same size as before the feeding. The abundant nasal secretion at this time became a very marked symptom, and continued so throughout the history of the case. Weakness increased until the animal could not stand, and a dimin- ished sensitiveness to skin irritation was noted. Death ensued quickly at 3:06 p.m. No convulsions were noted at any time. The post-mortem examination was made at once. The sheep ap- peared to be well nourished. Some mustard-colored ejecta were found in the trachea as well as in the bronchioles. The lungs crepi- tated markedly, but showed no special amount of fluid. The pleural cavity contained no increased amount of fluid. The mucous mem- branes were not discolored. The heart contained no clots, was not dilated, and contained only a little dark blood. The stomach was full of food and its walls showed no signs of irritation. The intestines “In all cases the temperature was taken by the rectum. 121—11 YS MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. a! were apparently congested, but showed no hemorrhages. The small intestines were more or less filled with thin normal-looking contents. The kidneys appeared normal, the bile was of a dark-green color, and the bladder was contracted and empty. The central nervous system was not examined. The bile from this sheep, which amounted to about 20 c. ¢@, was treated with alcohol, and after evaporating off the alcohol in vacuo Was precipitated with lead acetate. The filtrate when freed from lead by HiJS and injected into guinea pigs produced absolutely no symptoms characteristic of laurel poisoning. On May 22, 1905, one of the yearlings previously used, weighing 24.5 kilos (49 pounds), was fed with 90 grams of powdered dried laurel leaves in sealed gelatine capsules, the feeding beginning at 11:15 a.m. and taking about fifteen minutes. Before feeding, the pulse was 135, respiration 50 per minute, rectal temperature 103.9° F. After forty-five minutes an increased secretion of saliva became eyi- dent about the mouth and the sheep nibbled slightly at the grass. At 1:15 p.m. the temperature was 105° F., the head was held low, respi- ration was somewhat labored, and saliva ran profusely from the mouth; pulse 104, respiration irregular, 144 per minute, pupils un- changed. Two and a quarter hours after feeding, the animal became less active, the ears were held back, and the general aspect was that of a sheep half asleep. Respiratory and salivary symptoms contin- ued, the animal standing with the hind legs wide apart and showing evidence of weakness in the hind quarters by a staggering gait. Four hours after feeding, profuse nasal secretion became a con- spicuous feature and weakness increased to such a degree that the subject was unable to stand; respiration 120, temperature 104° F. The nostrils were moist; pupils normal. Convulsions soon appeared, with sensitiveness to touch persisting in the conjunctiva; knee jerks active, pupils a trifle dilated. Ten minutes later emesis followed. Respiration was apparently increasingly difficult. The hind legs seemed stiff. At 3:50 p.m. the pulse was 104 per minute, temperature 103.8° If., with continued attempts at emesis and repeated tossing of the head from side to side; pupils normal. Death ensued at 9:30 p. m. No discoloration of the mucous membranes was noted, and con- stipation prevailed during the period of observation. At no time was a marked thirst shown. The post-mortem examination made the fol- lowing day showed the trachea injected and very moist and two or three teaspoontuls of pure serum in the pleural cavity. The lungs were oedematous. The auricles were relaxed and filled with black clots: the left ventricle contained very little black blood. while the right ventricle contained very much more. The abdomen was dis- tended with gas. The stomach was partially filled with food; the second and third stomach walls showed no special lesions, but 21 _ MOUNTAIN LAUREL, A POISONOUS PLANT. - 29 the intestines throughout showed marked hemorrhagic enteritis. The small intestines contained very little solid matter, but there was some well-formed fecal matter in the cecum. The liver was perhaps a trifle pale and the kidneys were slightly injected. The spleen showed no macroscopic change. In none of these cases was it pos- sible to secure the urine for examination, as the bladder was found empty. On October 14, 1905, a five-year-old (7) sheep, having a tempera- ture of 101.8°F., at 1:20 p. m. was given 90 grams of fresh laurel leaves ground up and mixed with meal. The ration was practically all eaten at 3:20 p.m., when the‘temperature stood at 104° F. At 6 o'clock on the next morning a failure of appetite, together with slobber- ing, was noted. Numerous soft stools were found in the pen during the day. At 10:12 a. m. increased salivary secretion produced a frothy appearance about the mouth and the sheep held its head low. At 2:15 p- m. slight emesis and marked secretion of nasal mucus occurred ac- companied by a temperature of 103.5° F. Twenty-five hours later the slobbering had ceased, but the appetite had not returned and the temperature stood at 102.9° F. Twenty-two hours later (1:45 p. m., October 17) the temperature was 103.5° F. and the ani- mal seemed normal. The presence in the pen of numerous soft stools was noted. The sheep recovered. EFFECT OF MOUNTAIN LAUREL ON RABBITS. On February 6, 1905, a rabbit weighing 2,096 grams received: hypodermically one drop of aqueous extract of laurel (1 gram of dried leaves in 3.75 c. c. of water). Further administrations were made as follows: February 13, 2 drops; February 21, 3 drops: Feb- ruary 25, 4 drops; February 28, 6 drops; March 3, 9 drops; March 7,12 drops; March 10, 14 drops; March 22, 20 drops. On the last date evidence of laurel action appeared and a slight loss of appetite was noted. On March 30, 25 drops were administered as before, fol- lowed on April 5 by 30 drops. At this time the animal weighed 1,828.5 grams. At 9:49 a. m. the temperature was 100.9° F., the ad- ministration of the extract following three minutes later. The resulting events were as follows: 10:05 a. m., mouth moist; 10:50 a. m., convulsions; 11:15 a. m., could not stand; 11:55 a. m., could sit up in usual posture; 1:54 p. m., appeared normal. At 3:50 p. m. the temperature was 103.3° F. The animal lived about a year after the close of this investigation. A rabbit weighing 1,559 grams, which had not received any pre- vious injections, was given hypodermically at 9:54 a m., April 5, 1905, 30 drops of the extract used in the preceding case. The tem- perature five minutes before administration was 100.8° F. The fol- lowing symptoms developed rapidly: After nine minutes, interfer- 121—1I 30 : MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. ence with the gait, followed shortly by urination and increasing evi- dences of weakness, with marked difficulty in standing, was noted; slight convulsions were seen 35 minutes after administration, repeated at intervals during the following hour and a quarter; at 11:15 a. m. paralysis of the hind legs led to a straddling attitude, head held back, and sphincter relaxed. The temperature at 11:50 a. m. was 95.2° F. At 1:54 p. m. the animal was much better. It could walk but stag- gered. At3:49 p.m. the temperature was 102.3° F.; condition good. The rabbit seemed apparently all right until April 13, when convul- sions occurred which were followed by death. GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF POISONING. The symptoms commonly observed are salivation, tearing, an 1n- creased flow of secretion from the nose, emesis with convulsions, and later paralysis of the limbs. On post-mortem examination the main macroscopic lesion is dilation of the vessels of the intestinal walls,’ and if the: case is not too acute, hemorrhages into the intestinal walls occur, resembling what is known as rhododendron poisoning. The aqueous extract of the flowers produced the same symptoms on rabbits as that made from the leaves. ACTIVE PRINCIPLE. Comparatively little chemical work has been done with mountain laurel save testing for a volatile oil? and arbutin.© Most of the chem- ical work has been done on a closely related plant, Andromeda japonica, now known as Pieris japonica. Eykmann®@ isolated an amorphous glucosidal body which he called asebotoxin, which melted at 120° C. and had a lethal dose for rabbits of 3 mg. per kilo. Plugge ¢ studied the same plant, making his first report in 1882. He extracted the plant with water, then precipitated with lead acetate and lead subacetate, and after removing the lead with sulphureted hydrogen or sodium sulphate concentrated the fluid in vacuo at 50° C. This colorless fluid was then shaken out with chloroform, and the chloro- form on evaporation left transparent, noncrystalline scales, which he ‘alled andromedotoxin. The mother lquid gave an amorphous “Tn one case of poisoning by Andromeda polifolia, this was noted by Plugge. Veber d. Vorkommen d. Andromedotoxins in Andromeda Polifolia. Arch. d. Pharm., vol. 221, p, 814, 1883. 5 Stabler R. H. On Kalmia Latifolia. Amer. Jour. Pharm., n. s., vol. 10, p. °46.—Bullock, C. On Kalmia Latifolia. Amer. Jour. Pharm., n.'s., vol. 14, p. 260, 1848. © Kennedy, G. W. Arbutin in Kalmia Latifolia. Amer. Jour. Pharm., vol. 47, DacOs tS i. @®ykmann, I. Ff. Sur le Principe Toxique de Andromeda Japonica. Ree. d. Travaux Chim. des Pays-Bas, vol. 1, p. 224, 1882. Phytochem. Notizen u. einige japan. Pflanzen. Abhandl. d. Tokio Daigaku, No. 10, p. 1, 1883. € Plugge, P. C. Ueber Andromedotoxin. Arch. d. Pharm., vol. 221, p. 1, 1888. 121—1iI MOUNTAIN LAUREL, A POISONOUS PLANT. 31 body, andromedorubrin. This andromedotoxin gave no precipitates with alkaloidal reagents and did not reduce Fehling’s solution, but gave certain color reactions and produced distinct and characteristic symptoms on injection into guinea pigs and frogs—severe retching, which, however, is absent after large doses; disturbances of respira- tion; convulsions, and paralysis. The characteristic color reactions are as follows: (1) Concentrated sulphuric acid gives a dark reddish brown color and dissolves it gradually. On warming it becomes a deeper red. On dilution with water this passes into a hght mulberry-red, disap- pearing with alkalis returning with H,SQ,. (2) Evaporation with dilute H,SO, (1:5) on water bath causes rose-red color. If the body is pure there is no odor, but if not pure there is an odor of ericinol, due to the decomposition of ericolin, an attached body. (3) Dilute HCl acts the same as H,SO., only it gives a color more nearly violet-red. (4) Dilute phosphoric acid, 25 per cent, gives a mulberry-red color. By this means 0.0000005 gram of andromedotoxin can be recognized. Especial emphasis is laid on the second and fourth reactions.? Plugge also extended his studies to other members of this group. The first of these to be examined was Andromeda polifolia. He made the plausible claim that because the chloroform “ shaking ” from the aque- ous extract freed from extraneous matter by lead gave the same color reactions and produced the same action in animals as that from Pieris japonica it contained the same active principle, but he admitted that this body was much less active than the andromedotoxin obtained from Pieris japonica. He explained this weakness as being due to the fact that the plant was grown on a different soil and that the active principle varied from that of Pieris japonica much as the active principle of the various species of Digitalis and Aconitum vary.” In using this method with Leucothoé catesbaei* Plugge noted that the first six or seven chloroform shakings gave an amorphous residue, while the seventh to the ninth gave a white crystalline body from which he obtained the characteristic physiological action and color reactions of andromedotoxin. From Chamaedaphne calyculata he obtained some crystalline de- posit, but in this case from the lack of material was unable to “Plugge, P. C. Vorkommen von Andromedotoxin in verschied. Ericaceen. Arch. d. Pharm., vol. 223, p. 906, 1885. +>Plugge, P. C. Ueber d. Vorkommen d. Andromedotoxin in Andromeda Poli- folia. Arch. d. Pharm., vol. 221, p. 818, 1883. ¢Plugge, P. C. Vorkommen von Andromedotoxin in verschied, Ericaceen, Arch, d. Pharm., vol. 223, p. 905, 1885. 32893—Bul. 121—08——3 oo MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. positively identify it as crystalline andromedotoxin. The material obtained from this plant was less active physiologically than that obtained from Pieris japonica. Crystals were also obtained from Azalea indica. In 1887 Plugge “ and his pupil de Zaayer’ made a more extended study of the andromedotoxin obtained from Rhododendron ponticum. They summed up the previous chemical work and studied the active principle pharmacologically. They claimed that the body shaken out by the chloroform could be precipitated from alcohol or chloroform solution by ether in the form of crystalline needles. Muto failed to obtain these needles from Pieris japonica, the plant Plugge first worked with. This body contained carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but no nitrogen, and melted at 228° to 229° C. Plugge and de Zaayer gave it the empirical formula C,,H,,O,,, although the figures for this conclusion were not exact. It was readily soluble in water and alcohol, but very slightly in ether. They stated that it was more soluble in cold than in hot water, although Plugge elsewhere states the opposite. In water, alcohol, and amyl alcohol it turns the plane of polarization to the left, while dissolved in chloroform it turns it to the right. It gives no precipitate with alkaloidal reagents. When subcutaneously injected, 0.0001 gram caused death in a frog (Rana temporaria) in a few hours. This conjoint paper apparently so settled the question as to indi- cate that all that was necessary to determine the presence of andro- medotoxin was to ascertain if the chloroform shaking from the plants gave the same physiological action and the same color reaction as that described for andromedotoxin. Plugge did this with Walmia latifolia and from its action on frogs decided that the fluid extract contained one-half of 1 per cent of andromedotoxin. By this method he decided that andromedotoxin was present in the following plants: Pieris japonica Thunb.. Rhododendron ponticum L. Andromeda polifolia L. Rhododendron chrysanthum lL. Leucothoé catesbaei (Walt.) Rhododendron hybridum Wer. Gray. Rhododendron falkoneri Hook. f. Chamaedaphne calyculata (1.) Rhododendron maximum LL. Moench. Kalmia latifolia lL. Rhododendron grande Wight. Kalnia angustifolia L. Rhododendron barbatum Wall. Azalea indica I. Rhododendron fulgens Hook. f. Monotropa uniflora L. Rhododendron cinnabarinum Pieris formosa Don. Hook. f. Pieris ovalifolia Don. Rhododendron punicewm Roxb. 4Plugge, P. C. Ueber Andromedotoxin. Arch. d. Pharm., vol. 224.° p. 12; 1883. > Zaayer, H. G. de. Untersuch. ii. Andromedotoxin. Arch. f. gesam. Physiol., vol. 40, p. 480, 1887.—Plugge, P. C. Andromedotoxin. Verhandl. d. X internat. med. Cong., vol. 2, pt. 4, p. 28, 1891. 121—II MOUNTAIN LAUREL, A POISONOUS PLANT. rai) Plugge concluded that andromedotoxin was the active principle of the Ericacez in general. In the case of Rhododendron hirsutum, Plugge* found that the chloroform shaking failed to produce any immediate symptoms in frogs, but three hours after injection convulsions with slight respira- tory disturbance occurred, with the secretion of mucus from the mouth. These symptoms completely disappeared, differing from those of andromedotoxin. This extract gave no reactions with dilute or concentrated HCl, 25 per cent phosphoric acid, and dilute H,SQO,. In studying the distribution of andromedotoxin, Plugge makes the interesting observation that concentrated solutions of Erica vulgaris, now known as Calluna vulgaris, injected subcutaneously into frogs ‘ause symptoms resembling those of andromedotoxin poisoning, yet chemically no trace of this bedy could be found.? Lasché also studied the action of extracts of Walmia latifolia and Kh. angustifolia on animals, and corroborated Plugge’s data, but isolated no pure body and made no chemical analysis. He used the berries in his work.° Matusow,’ while accepting the beltef that andromedotoxin is the active principle of the leaves, says that the chemical reactions of the root correspond with those of andromedotoxin, except with hydro- chloric acid. He claims the presence of calcium, magnesium, alumi- num, manganese, and iron in the roots. Archangelsky © examined another member of the Ericacez, the Rhododendron chrysanthum, a native of Siberia, and isolated a crys- talline principle, rhododendrin, with the empirical formula C,,H..O,, which was inactive to frogs, and a crystalline body, rhododendrol, which acted on frogs similarly to camphor. He also claimed the presence of andromedotoxin, but did not isolate it. He examined Rhododendron ponticum and obtained the same color reactions and physiological reactions found by Plugge with andromedotoxin. 7Plugge, P. C. Andromedotoxinhaltige Ericaceen. Arch. d. Pharm., vol. 229, p. 5538, 1891, b>Plugge, P. C. Fortgesetzte Untersuch. ii. d. Verbreit. d. Andromedotoxins in d. Familie d. Ericaceen. Arch. d. Pharm., vol. 27, p. 171, 1889. © Lasché, A. J. M. Examination of Some of the Poisonous Ericace:e of North America. Pharm. Rund., vol. 7, p. 208, 1889. @Matusow, H. Analysis of the Root of Kalmia Latifolia. Amer. Jour. Pharm., vol. 69, p. 341, 1897. © Archangelsky, K. Ueber Rhododendrol, Rhododendrin und Andromedotoxin. Arch. f. exper. Path. u. Pharm., vol. 46, p. 313, 1901. 121—I11 34 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. Hayashi and Muto failed to obtain crystalline andromedotoxin from Pieris japonica by using Plugge’s method.“ So it can not be said that the active principle from mountain laurel has been actually isolated in a pure state. Using Plugge’s method, the writer failed to obtain active crystals from mountain laurel, but obtained crystals by a different method, namely, from the filtrate after ether precipitation. Plugge’s principle is precipitated by ether. In no case has the writer found the ether precipitate physiologically active, and an ether extract of the crude plants possessed the toxic action of the plant. Full details as to the chemical and pharmaco- logical investigations will be made later. Laboratory animals, as guinea pigs and rabbits, after subcutaneous injection show tearing, retching, convulsions, and later paralysis. This physiological reaction can be used as a guide in the isolation of the active principle. Before death in males there is an ejection of semen. REMEDIAL AGENTS. The fact that sheep which have diarrhea have recovered from toxic doses of mountain laurel would suggest purgative treatment. Farmers very commonly administer lard in this condition, and this no doubt acts by hindering absorption. The use of lard in laurel poisoning has been substantiated by the experiments of Thomas, who found that the animals were less likely to become poisoned if lard was administered. In case vomiting and purgation do not occur, this result should be encouraged by the usual agents.’ To induce vomiting, 60 milligrams of apomorphine hydrochlorate may be given subcutaneously and purgation may be encouraged by giving 2 to 6 ounces (60 to 180 grams) of epsom salts dissolved in water as a drench. The treatment is purely symptomatic and no true antidote is known. It seems of interest to ascertain whether the action on the glandular secretion noted can not be obtained free from great toxicity by a change in the chemical structure of the active principle. MEDICINAL ACTION. Thomas treated one case of diarrhea by means of a decoction of Kalmia latifolia, and the leaves have also been used empirically in the treatment of certain stages of fever. Locally an ointment has “Hayashi, H.. and Muto, K. Ueber Athmenversuche mit einigen Giften. Arch. f. exper. Path. u. Pharm., vol. 47, p. 220, 1902. > Remarkable Instance of the Absence of Animal Instinct. Penny Magazine, vol. 7, p. 283, 1838. 121—II a MOUNTAIN LAUREL, A POISONOUS PLANT. 35 been employed for various forms of skin diseases, such as tinea, etc., but now it has fallen entirely out of use. A tincture is still used by homeopathic physicians.* The only indications for its use would be as a substitute for some member of the veratrine or aconitine family. “Boericke and Tafel. Amer. Homeop. Pharm., 1896, p. 279. Notre.—K almia angustifolia is used by the Cree Indians as a tonic. Bul. Torrey Bot. Club, vo]. 12, p. 58, 1885. Nore To0 THE SECOND Eprrion.—Since the publication of this article it has been learned that the leaves used by the experimenter referred to on page 26, footnote a, were examined by Prof. Victor K. Chesnut, whose card catalogue was found very useful in preparing the historical portion of this paper, and he identified them as those of oleander and not of mountain laurel. 121—II B. P. I1.—340: RESULTS OF LOCO-WEED INVESTIGATIONS Pie ee LD By C. DwicuHtr Marsu, Lrpert, Poisonous-Plant Investigations. FIELD WORK. The word “loco,” from the Spanish, meaning crazy, has been ap- plied for a great many years to a disease of stock and sheep in the semiarid region of the West. There has been a general belief among stockmen that the disease is caused by certain weeds known as loco weeds. The name loco weed has been applied to a large number of plants, but two are considered especially obnoxious—dAragallus lamberti and Astragalus mollissimus. More or less desultory investigations by scientific men have been made on this subject, the general result of which has been to imply that the disease was produced by some other cause than the loco plants. The later investigations have made it seem quite probable that the cause of the disease must be sought in some other direction. The investigations here recorded were undertaken to clear up first of all the doubt concerning the source of trouble. The first essential point was to demonstrate whether the loco weeds did or did not cause the disease. The work of the first season, the summer of 1905, accomplished this demonstration in a very satisfac- tory way. It was clearly proved that Avragallus lamberti would “For many years stockmen of the plains east of the Rocky Mountains have reported great losses due to a somewhat undefined cause known as * loco.” It has been estimated that the losses from this source in Colorado alone have reached the sum of a million dollars per annum. » Royal Commission on Arsenical Poisoning, London, 1901-1903. Report of the Medical Officer of Health for the City of London, No. S6. € Windisch, W. Wochenschr. f. Brauerei, vol. 18, p. 30, 1901.—Hantke, F. Letters on Brewing, vol, 1, pp. 16-21, 1901.—Petermann, A. Ann. Sci. Agron., vol. 2, p. 396, 1901. dChapman, A. C. Analyst, vol. 26, p. 10, 1901.—Fairley, T. Analyst, vol. 26, p. 177, 1901; Pharm. Jour., vol. 65, pp. 654, 758, 1900. ¢ Baker, J. L., and Dick, W. D. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., vol. 25, p. 174, 1904. fDunean, C. County Analyst’s Annual Report to the Worcestershire County Council, 1905, Appendix I, pp. 22-24. 121——1v 41 49 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. hops, which do not come into direct contact with the gases or fumes from the fires. From the experiments cited the conclusion is drawn that hops dried by the indirect process are arsenic free.? It is known, however, that traces of arsenic sometimes occur in hops which have been dried by the indirect process, a condition which has been urged in England as an argument against the purchase of im- ported hops, thus rendering more difficult the sale abroad of those grown in the United States. Since under the ordinary conditions of hop production in the United States there is a surplus which requires an annual exportation of a considerable portion of the crop,” it is highly desirable that this product be prepared in every way free from deleterious substances which would interfere with its sale and use abroad. During a recent study of the processes of curing and sulphuring hops © some experiments were made to determine the most probable source of arsenical contamination. The possible sources include fuels, arsenical sprays, the soil, and sulphur both when used in the field to destroy pests and when burned under the hops on the kiln during the drying process. Since the open-fire, or “ direct,” process of drying is never used in this country, and as traces of arsenic have been found in hops not treated with insecticides, only the soil and sulphur were considered in these experiments, which, though not fully complete, have yielded results of so much importance to American hop growers that they are here presented in preliminary form. ORIGIN OF SAMPLES OF HOPS EXAMINED. The geographical distribution of hops containing traces of arsenic was first investigated. Dry commercial samples were obtained from England, Belgium, East Prussia (Altmark), Bavaria, Bohemia (Saaz), British Columbia, New York, Wisconsin, and the Pacific coast. Upon analysis? small quantities of arsenic (1.5 parts to the million, or less) were detected in samples from each of the regions just mentioned. ‘These results indicate that hops from any of the hop-growing districts of the world may contain traces of arsenic, and suggest the necessity for the thorough examination of hops whatever epuncan, (Cf loc) Cit, past. 4 Merritt, E. Bul. 50, Bureau of Statistics, U. S. Dept. Agriculture, table 5, p. 18. ¢ Stockberger, W. W. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 804, U. S. Dept. Agriculture, 1907, pp. 19-26. 4 xcept when otherwise stated all analyses for arsenic were made in the Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture. 121—1v SOURCES OF ARSENIC IN DRIED HOPS. 43 their geographical origin, as well as the desirability of a careful scrutiny of the methods of cultivation and curing used abroad, par- ticularly those processes in which, contrary to the American practice, hops are dried over open fires. EXAMINATION OF HOP SOILS. Samples of soil from a number of American hop fields have been examined for arsenic,* but in no case has its presence been detected. However, these results do not necessarily prove the absence of arsenic from the soils of the fields examined, since the hop plant has a very extensive and deep-growing root system which might very readily explore soil layers unrepresented in the samples taken. Since traces of arsenic have been found in unsulphured hops grown on some of the soils from which these samples were taken, it may be inferred that the samples were not representative of the true soil conditions as just noted or that arsenic may be present in the soil in quantities too minute to be detected by the ordinary methods of analysis, the larger and measurable quantity in the plant being due to gradual accumulation during the process of growth. THE ABSORPTION OF ARSENIC BY THE GROWING PLANT. Some early authors held that living plants did not absorb arsenic,” but numerous plants have been found to contain this substance,’ which was doubtless derived from the soil. Nobbe“@ states that only a very small quantity of arsenic is taken up by plants, though aec- cording to Angell¢ plants of rhubarb, bean, rye, and buckwheat accumulate appreciable quantities from soils heavily fertilized with superphosphates. Davy / found arsenic in peas, cabbages, and Swed- ish turnips grown in soils mixed with superphosphates, 40 per cent of which Lyttkins ” states contain arsenic, in amounts varying from 0.012 to 0.26 per cent as estimated by Stoklasa.” Collins ‘ found that-barley “The analysis of the soil samples was made in the Bureau of Soils, United States Department of Agriculture. b Targioni-Tazzetti, A. Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, vol. 5, pp. 177-191, 1846.—Dan- berry, Chas. Quart. Jour. Chem. Soc., vol. 14, pp. 209-2380, 1862. ¢ Pfeffer, W. Pflanzenphysiologie, 2 ed., vol. 1, pp. 482-453, 1807. 4Nobbe, F., Baessler, P,, and Will, H. Landw. Versuchstat., vol. 30, p. 409, 1884. e Angell, A. and A. F. Chem. and Drug., vol. 60, p. 450, 1902. f Davy, E. W. Philos. Magazine, vol. 18, pp. 108-113, 1859. 9 Lyttkins, A. Kgl. Landw. Akad. Handl., vol. 38, pp. 317-820, 1894. hStoklasa, J. Ztschr. Landw. Versuch. Oesterr., vol. 1, p. 154, 1898. ‘Collins, S. H. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., vol. 21, pp. 222-2238, 1902. 121—1V 44 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. grown on soils containing arsenic may accumulate large amounts of this element, most of which, as has been further shown by pot ex- periments,? occurs in the barley grains. Likewise, Gosio ? records the accumulation of arsenic in the leaves, stems, and fruits of squash plants which had been watered with dilute arsenic solutions. In order to test the capability of the hop plant to.take up arsenic from the soil, two adjoining plats of sixty hills each were selected ina hop yard and from May 24 to August 5, 1907, the alternate hills of one plat were watered weekly with solutions of arsenious acid and those of the other with solutions of arsenic acid. Each solution was made up in five different strengths, the arsenious acid ranging from 0.01 to 1 per-cent and the arsenic acid from 1 to 3 per cent. Solutions of each acid were then applied to fifteen groups of two hills each in amounts so regulated as to form a gradually increasing series. In this way the total amount of arsenious acid administered to the plants of each hill ranged from one-tenth of an ounce to 24+ ounces and the arsenic acid from 2 to 20 ounces to each hill. When the hops were mature, those from each group of two hills which had received the same treatment were gathered separately, dried without sulphur, and prepared for chemical examination. Upon analysis traces of arsenic, from 0.5 to 3 parts per million, were found in each sample examined. While the amount of arsenic in various samples was not in direct proportion to the amount admin- istered to the plant, the balance of evidence is in that direction. Necessarily the experimental error is very large, but when due allow- ance is made for it the results warrant the conclusion that hops will take up from soils containing available arsenic amounts relatively proportional to the quantity contained therein. IMPURE SULPHUR AS A SOURCE OF ARSENIC. That the sulphur used in sulphuring hops frequently contains small quantities of arsenic is quite generally known and has been suggested as the source of the arsenic occasionally found in dried hops. However, analysis of the different grades of sulphur in com- mon use indicates that from the quantities applied in most cases suf- ficient arsenic would not be produced to account for the traces some- times found in hops, provided it was uniformly distributed through them. Analysis shows that there is often wide variation in the amount of arsenic contained in samples drawn from different bales 4 County Councils Cumberland, ete. Tech. Education Rept., vol. 10, pp. 1-121, 125-150, 1901. b Gosio, B. Atti r. Accad. Lincei, vol. 15, pp. 730-731, 1906; abstract in Centbl. Bak. Par. u. Infek., part 2, vol. 18, pp. 724-725, 1907. ¢ Riiffer, E. Wochenschr. f. Brauerei, vol. 18, p. 109, 1901. 121 IV SOURCES OF ARSENIC IN DRIED HOPS. 45 of the same lot in which all the hops were grown and dried under practically the same conditions, and also in samples drawn from dif- ferent portions of one and the same bale. This apparent contradiction may be explained on the assumption that the arsenic volatilized by the burning of the sulphur is deposited on the layers of hops next the floor of the kiln while the upper layers remain practically free. To test this theory, a series of experiments was made with a small kiln in which different lots of hops were sepa- rately exposed to the fumes of equal amounts of the different grades ‘of sulphur, after which samples were carefully taken from the top and bottom layers before the hops were removed. The experiment was repeated with double the quantity of each grade of sulphur used before. For comparison, a certain quantity of arsenious oxid was added to the sulphur, with which a final lot was treated. The preliminary results of these experiments fully support the theory that arsenic may be transferred from sulphur to hops and unequally distributed therein. The analysis of the samples shows in practically every case a very appreciable difference between the amounts of arsenic deposited in the upper and lower layers of the hops. The evidence further indicates that the greater portion of the arsenic 1s deposited in the bottom layer. The variation in the results obtained with the different grades of sulphur was less than was an- ticipated, since each grade apparently increased materially the arsenic content of the hops. Although each test was repeated, using double the amount of sul- phur, the relative proportion of arsenic present was not constant. However, the results indicate that a larger arsenic content may be expected when the proportion of sulphur used is increased. The samples from the last experiment, in which arsenious oxid (the white arsenic of commerce) was added to the sulphur, contained rela- tively large quantities of arsenic, twelve times as much being found in the hops of the bottom layer as in those of the top layer. CONCLUSIONS. From the foregoing experiments the following conclusions are drawn: (1) Traces of arsenic may occasionally be found in dried hops irrespective of their geographical origin. (2) If available arsenic is present in the soil it may be taken up by the hop plant under favorable conditions. (3) Except in rare cases the amount of arsenic derived from the soil by the hop plant is probably smaller than 0.01 grain per pound of dry hops, which is the smallest amount regarded as deleterious by the Royal Commission on Arsenical Poisoning in England. 121—1yv 46 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. (4) By the use of impure sulphur during the process of curing, hops may be contaminated with arsenic, which will be concentrated in the lower layers on the kiln floor with the result that certain sam- ples may show an amount greater than 0.01 grain per pound. (5) The probability of hops acquiring arsenic from what seems to be a very ready source may be much lessened by employing only the very highest grades of purified sulphur in hop curing, and the quan- tity used should be reduced to the lowest possible limit. 121—IVv B. P. I.—342. APPLE LEAF-SPOT CAUSED BY SPHAE- RKOPSIS MALOKUM. By W. M. Scorr, Pathologist, and James B. Rorer, Assistant Pathologist, TInwestigations of Diseases of Fruits. INTRODUCTION. The disease of apple leaves known as * brown-spot,” “ frog-eye,” aN Ao) “ leaf-blight,” or “ leaf-spot ” is very common throughout the eastern United States. As these names suggest, the disease is characterized by circular or irregular reddish brown spots with slightly raised purplish margins. (PI. ITI, fig. 1.) These spots when first visible to the naked eye are very minute and purple, but rapidly increase in size until they attain a diameter of from one-eighth to one-half inch, while the affected tissue becomes brown and later sometimes gray. The mature spots are usually circular, but after midsummer may be- come more or less irregular or distinctly lobed in outline, a condition apparently brought about by a secondary extension of the disease from two or more points on the margin of the original circular spot. If the infection is bad, a number of spots may coalesce and form large brown patches involving half the leaf or more, but in these dead areas the margins of the individual spots usually remain distinct. These spots should not be confused with those produced on apple leaves by the apple-blotch Phyllosticta. The latter are yellowish and minute, never more than one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, and will not be considered in this paper. Leaf-spot is of greater economic importance than is generally sup- posed. It makes its first appearance early in the spring as the leaves are unfolding, and infections take place continuously throughout the growing season. As a result of its attacks trees may become com- pletely defoliated from six weeks to two months before the normal period of leaf fali. If this is repeated for a series of years, the trees become weakened and the life of the whole orchard is materially shortened. Moreover, the fruit from such prematurely defoliated 32893—Bul. 121—08—_-4 AT 48 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. trees is small and of poor quality, and the fruit buds must necessarily go into the dormant stage in a rather immature condition, often re- sulting in a partial or complete failure of the next year’s crop. CAUSE OF LEAF-SPOT. Considerable confusion has existed as to the cause of this leaf- spot disease. Though no inoculation experiments have been reported, the disease has generally been conceded to be of fungous origin and has commonly been attributed to Phyllosticta pirina Sacc., and less commonly to Phyllosticta limitata Pk. and Sphaeropsis malorum Pk., while species of Hendersonia, Pestalozzia, and other fungi have been reported as occurring on the diseased areas. The disease in its economic aspect was first mentioned by Alwood 14 in 1892, when he described a “ brown-spot ” of apple foliage and re- ported a serious outbreak in the Virginia orchards during the preced- ing summer. He attributed the trouble doubtfully to Phyllosticta pirind. In 1895 Kinney? cited the same fungus as the cause of apple and pear leaf-spots in Rhode Island. Stewart,® in 1896, reported a serious outbreak of leaf-spot on Long Island caused by an undescribed fungus which Peck named Phyl- losticta limitata. In 1898 Alwood * again recorded the common occurrence of Phyl- losticta pirina on leaf spots, but found Sphaeropsis malorum Pk. and Hendersonia mali Thiim. associated with it. Lamson,® in 1899, gave Phyllosticta pirina as the cause of “ brown- spot ” of apple foliage in New Hampshire, while Corbett,’ in 1900, described a “ brown-spot,” or “ frog-eye,” in West Virginia due to the same fungus. In 1902 Stewart and Eustace’ questioned the parasitism of Phyl- losticta pirina and P. limitata. In their opinion “at least a large part of the so-called apple leaf-spot is due to spray injury and weather conditions and not to fungous origin.” They suggest that the fungi in question live saprophytically on leaves injured by Bordeaux mix- ture and arsenical sprays, or in the case of unsprayed trees on leaf- spots which are in some way the result of atmospheric influences. A possible explanation for the formation of the spots is “when a shower is followed by bright sunshine, drops of water on the leaves act as lenses and concentrate the sun’s rays to such an extent as to overheat the tissues underneath.” ; In 1902 Clinton* recorded Sphaeropsis malorum as the cause of brownish spots on apple leaves in Illinois “ much like those of the “The serial numbers used in this paper refer to the bibliography, which will be found on page 54. 121—-v Bul. 121, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agricuiture. PLATE III. | Fic. 1.—APPLE LEAVES SHOWING LEAF-SPOTS PRODUCED BY NATURAL INFECTION. Fic. 2.—APPLE LEAVES SHOWING LEAF-SPOTS PRODUCED BY INOCULATION WITH SPHAEROPSIS MALORUM, PK. APPLE LEAF-SPOT CAUSED BY SPHAEROPSIS MALORUM. 49 leaf-spots or Phyllostictae fungi, but are apt to be more irregular and larger.” ‘The same author,’ in 1903, stated that most of the apple leaf-spot troubles in Connecticut were due to this same fungus. Stone and Smith,’ 1903, in accounting for a serious outbreak which occurred in Massachusetts the previous year say “there can be no reasonable doubt that frost was the destructive agency.” They observed that the spotting of the leaves continued throughout the summer, and that even as late as August spots as a result of spring frost developed on leaves which had not previously shown the injury. Sheldon,'* in 1907, transferred the fungus Phyllosticta pirina Sace. to the genus Coniothyrium on account of the dark color of the spores and proposed the name Coniothyrium pirina (Sace.) Sheldon. From an examination of herbarium material and fresh specimens from dif- ferent parts of the eastern United States there is no doubt that the fungus commonly called Phyllosticta pirina in this country is a Coni- othyrium. Apparently mature spores from a European specimen of Phyllosticta pirina in the herbarium of the Department of Agricul- ture are hyaline and ellipsoid, agreeing with the original description of Saccardo,” so that his species may prove to be autonomous. In view of the conflicting statements and apparent uncertainty as to the cause of apple leaf-spot, the writers during the summer of 1906 and 1907 made a study of the disease in connection with demon- stration spraying work in the Ozarks. It was found that Sphaerop- sis malorum, contrary to the general belief, is the cause of the disease. CULTURAL STUDIES. A somewhat cursory examination of a large amount of leaf-spot material collected in Arkansas during 1906 showed that there was no one fungus which fruited constantly on the spots. The pycnidia of Coniothyrium pirina (Sace.) Sheldon were found perhaps more commonly than any other, but two species of Pestalozzia and one each of Coryneum, Hendersonia, and Alternaria occurred frequently, while occasionally the pyenidia of Sphaeropsis malorum and a spe- cies of Septoria were met with. The same was true of specimens received from Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. Pure cultures of all of these fungi were easily obtained by the poured-plate method. All grew well and fruited abundantly on apple agar or sterilized apple wood. In the early part of the season of 1907 cultures were obtained from leaf spots by a somewhat different method. During the first spring outbreak of the disease, spots of various sizes, together with a little of the surrounding healthy tissue, were cut from the leaf and placed in a solution of mercuric chlorid (1-1,000) for two or three minutes. The bits of leaf were then ‘thoroughly washed in sterile water and 121—v 50 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. transferred to slanted apple or potato agar. The writers separately made many sets of cultures by this method, using spots from leaves of Ben Davis, Winesap, and White Pearmain trees. Within a few days by the aid of a hand lens hyphe could be seen growing out from the center or margins of the small spots. Mycelium devel- oped rapidly and in about two weeks spores were formed, so that the fungi could be identified. The results were uniformly the same. In all cases in which the youngest spots, that is, those one-sixteenth of an inch or less in diameter, were used, the fungous growth was ¢ pure culture of Sphacropsis malorum Pk. In cultures made from the older spots, in which the central tissue had become brown, some- times a pure Sphaeropsis was obtained, but more often a mixture of things. Coniothyrium pirina developed about as commonly as Sphaeropsis, both species often growing from the same spot. In addition to these two fungi, two species of Alternaria, a Cladospo- rium, bacteria, and yeasts were frequently present. This cultural work, frequently repeated, gave evidence that Sphae- ropsis malorum, always developing from the youngest spots, was the specific cause of the disease and that the other organisms were mere concomitants. Of course, to prove this inoculation experiments were necessary. These were made as soon as pure fruiting cultures of the different fungi were obtained. INOCULATION EXPERIMENTS. A number of different sets of inoculations were made, but the method of procedure was the same in each case. With a sterile needle the fruiting fungus was scraped from the surface of the agar and transferred to a tube of sterile water. In cases where pycnidia were present these were crushed against the side of the tube with a sterile glass rod to set free the spores. In order to ascertain the presence of mature spores a hanging drop of the fluid was always examined microscopically. This spore-bearing liquid was then sprayed on both surfaces of clean young leaves with an atomizer. Trees in more or less isolated young orchards were selected, and no two fungi were used on the same tree. From 20 to 40 leaves on two or three different shoots were involved in each inoculation. Checks were always made on separate trees by spraying 40 or 50 leaves with sterile water. The first inoculations were made on May 28, 1907. The fungi used were Sphaeropsis malorwm, and the undetermined species of Coryneum, Hendersonia, and Alternaria previously mentioned. It was raining at the time and the weather continued wet for several days. 121—-v APPLE LEAF-SPOT CAUSED BY SPHAEROPSIS MALORUM. 51 On June 3, 1907, purple specks were appearing on the leaves which had been inoculated with Sphaeropsis, and on June 18 these leaves were badly affected with leaf-spot. (Pl. III, fig. 2.) On a twig bearing 30 leaves, 12 showed a dozen or more well-developed spots, and a few of these leaves had from 80 to 90 spots each. Twelve other leaves on the same branch had from 2 to 10 spots each, while only 6 remained free from the disease. On another branch 12 out of 20 leaves were badly affected. With the exception of an occasional spot, evidently resulting from natural infection, the leaves sprayed with spores of the other fungi, as well as those sprayed with sterile water as a check, remained free from the disease. Another experiment was made on June 19, 1907. Spores of Sphae- ropsis malorum, Coniothyrium pirina, Coryneum, and Alternaria were used. The work was done at sunset following a shower, so that the leaves were wet. Again the leaves inoculated with the spores of Sphaeropsis malorum soon became badly affected with the character- istic leaf-spot disease, while the others, including the checks, devel- oped no more than an occasional spot. Another test was made with Sphaeropsis alone. The young leaves of a 2-year-old tree were inoculated during a period of dry weather in mid-June. The spores were sprayed on the leaves at about 10 o'clock, while the sun was shining brightly. At the same time sterile water was sprayed on the leaves of an adjacent tree as a check. Though no rain fell for at least six days after the spraying was done, numerous purple specks began to appear on the inoculated leaves within a week and soon developed into the characteristic brown spots. A few spots, never more than one to a leaf, appeared on the checks. The mature spores of Sphaeropsis germinate so rapidly that in dry weather the dews provide sufficient moisture for leaf infec- tion, as indicated by this experiment. TInoculations made on June 26, 1907, with Sphaeropsis malorum, Coryneum, and Alternaria gave results similar to those previously recorded for these fungi. From 20 to 50 spots developed on each of the leaves inoculated with Sphaeropsis, while only a few scattered spots occurred on the leaves of the check and on those sprayed with spores of the other fungi. On August 4, 1907, inoculations with Coniothyrium were again tried. Leaves on rapidly growing 2-year-old Ben Davis trees in a nursery were used. The spores were obtained from a fresh culture and were so numerous that they clouded the liquid. The work was done during a light shower and some rain fell the next day. The same experiment was repeated on the evening of August 1, 1907. Though it did not rain at this time the trees were wet down with sterile water on the following night. . 121—v 59 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. Again, on August 21, 1907, this same fungus was used for inocula- tions, which were made in the evening just after a heavy rain. For the next two days the sky was overcast and occasional showers fell. The results of these three sets of inoculations with Coniothyrium were negative. Spots were found here and there on the inoculated leaves, but no more than on the checks which were sprayed with sterile water. Similar spots, never more than two to a leaf, were found throughout the nursery at this time and were evidently pro- duced by a natural infection with Sphaeropsis. CONCLUSIONS. The following conclusions may be drawn from the results of the inoculation experiments described-in the preceding pages: Sphaeropsis malorum Pk., the black-rot fungus, is parasitic on apple leaves, producing circular (or irregular) reddish brown spots an eighth of an inch or more in diameter, and is undoubtedly the cause of the apple leaf-spot disease which occurs in the middle West. The common apple leaf-spot disease of the Eastern States, being so similar in every respect, is doubtless caused by the same fungus, although some other fungi may possibly produce similar spots. Coniothyrium pirina (Sacc.) Sheldon, although it occurs abun- dantly on apple leaf-spots, appears to have nothing to do with their formation. The several other fungi that were tested, such as endersonia sp., Coryneum sp., Pestalozzia sp., and Alternaria sp., proved to be non- parasitic in these experiments and probably occur on leaf spots only as saprophytes. SOURCE OF INFECTION. Sphaeropsis malorum is perhaps the most common fungus that inhabits pome-fruit orchards east of the Rocky Mountains. It is the ‘ause of the black-rot of the apple, the pear, and the quince and pro- duces cankers on trunks and branches of these fruit trees. It occurs abundantly on dead twigs and branches in nearly every orchard, pro- ducing spores in enormous numbers. This is perhaps the most fertile source of infection for both fruit and foliage. In old orchards, par- ticularly where pruning is neglected, the leaf-spot disease is much worse than in young orchards. The leaves of young trees adjacent to an old orchard become more spotted with the disease than those farther removed. Another source of infection is the diseased fruits of the previous year’s crop. Although the fungus fruits only spar- ingly on leaves on the tree, it produces fertile pycnidia in consider- able numbers on these leaves after they have fallen to the ground. 121—y Bul. 121, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV. Fic. 1.—UNSPRAYED WINESAP TREES DEFOLIATED BY THE LEAF-SPOT DISEASE. Fic. 2.—SPRAYED WINESAP TREES IN FULL FOLIAGE, LOCATED IN THE SAME ORCHARD AND PHOTOGRAPHED AT THE SAME TIME (OCTOBER 19, 1906) AS THOSE SHOWN IN FIGURE 1. APPLE LEAF-SPOT CAUSED BY SPHAEROPSIS MALORUM. 53 TREATMENT. Since 1892, when Alwood ** first recommended Bordeaux mixture as a preventive for apple leaf-spot, other writers have advocated the same method of treatment. The prevention of this disease has been one of the most striking results of various spraying experiments and demonstrations conducted by the Bureau of Plant Industry. Waite, in 1901, in connection with bitter-rot experiments in Virginia, con- trolled the disease with two applications of Bordeaux mixture. His recommendations in Farmers’ Bulletin No. 243, p. 19, are based upon this work. Similar results were obtained by Scott '* in Virginia in 1905. In the spraying demonstrations in the Ozarks during 1906 and 1907 the writers found that the spraying ordinarily necessary for the protection of the fruit from fungous attacks ¢ will usually control this leaf trouble without any additional treatment. During both seasons unsprayed trees were shedding their leaves by August 1 and were completely defoliated by the middle of September, while the sprayed trees remained in full foliage until the first killing frost. (Compare Pl. IV, figs. 1 and 2.) In addition to the injurious effect upon the trees this premature defoliation caused the fruit to be small and of poor quality as compared with that from sprayed trees. An average barrel of Winesaps from sprayed trees contained 612 apples, while 731 from unsprayed trees in adjacent rows were required to fill a barrel. For the control of this disease alone, without reference to the diseases of the fruit, an application of Bordeaux mixture should be made in the spring a week or ten days after the petals have fallen, a second application four weeks later, and a third about four weeks after the second. Three applications are necessary only in exceed- ingly wet seasons in sections where the disease is severe. Ordinarily two treatments, one about three weeks after the petals are off and the other four or five weeks later, are sufficient. A weak Bordeaux mixture, such as 3 pounds of copper sulphate and 3 pounds of lime to 50 gallons of water, is effective in controlling this disease, Bordeaux mixture of full strength not being required. ” “For a combination treatment for the leaf-spot disease, the diseases of the fruit, and the codling moth, see Farmers’ Bulletin No. 283, pp. 41-42. ‘Por various formulas and methods of preparing Bordeaux mixture, see Farmers’ Bulletin No, 248, pp. 5-10, 121—v BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 Alwood. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 17, pp. 59, 62. 1892. * Kinney. Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station Report 17 (1894), pp. 188-189. 1895. 3 Stewart. New York Agricultural Experiment Station Report 14 (1895), pp. 545-546. 1896. : 4 Alwood. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Proceed- ings, vol. 47, p. 418. 1898. 5Tamson. New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 65, pp. 106-107. 1899. ® Corbett. West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 66, pp. 202-204. 1900. 7 Stewart and Eustace. New York Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 220, pp. 225-2383. 1902. . 8 Clinton. Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 69, pp. 192-195. 1902. *Glinton. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Report, 1903, p. 298. 1908. Massachusetts (Hatch) Agricultural Experiment Station Report 15, pp. 32-34. 1903. 1 Sheldon. Torreya, vol. 7, pp. 142-143. July, 1907. “ Saceardo. Michelia, vol. 1, p. 134. 1878. 8% Alwood. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 17, p. 64. 1892. “Scott. Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 93, p. 27. 1906. 121—v D4 B. P. I.—347. THE IMMUNITY OF THE JAPANESE CHESTNUT TO THE BARK DISEASE. By Haven Mercaxr, Pathologist in Charge of the Laboratory of Forest Pathology. THE EXTENT OF THE BARK DISEASE. The bark disease of the chestnut, caused by the fungus Diaporthe parasitica Murrill, has spread rapidly from Long Island, where it was first observed, and is now reported from Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New York as far north as Poughkeepsie, New Jersey, Penn- sylvania, and possibly Delaware. It is no exaggeration to say that it is at present the most threatening forest-tree disease in America. Unless something now unforeseen occurs to check its spread, the com- plete destruction of the chestnut orchards and forests of the country, or at least of the Atlantic States, is only a question of a few years’ time. AN IMMUNE VARIETY. Observations made by the writer during the past year indicate that all varieties and species of the genus Castanea are subject to the disease except the Japanese varieties (Castanea crenata Sieb. and Zuce.). aoe eee 54 GAUSS = aye iste ele eee one See ernie oe ee 48-49 caused by Sphaeropsis malorum, paper......----..------- 47-54 Characterisies 202 6. So. bergen oe ees eee ee 47-48 cultural studies). $.2 2.221. asthe = ices eee eee 49-50 INOCUlAatlOM EXPenImMents! =a. se-o- aa e eee eee eee 50-52 summary of results of investiga- tons? =e ott, aoe eee 52-53 SOUTCE TOL IMeCtON 5. << Farce Sey Haye ee eer ee eee 52 GPCATMEND A sce c 3S Bote ecrid Lava d olpe Ao eee ee 53 ihoco-weed investigations in the field, paper... ....2.2.-2-2-46-2242- 220227 eee 37-38 laboratory, work, paper. ....;42422-2 nee eee ee Secereee 39-40 Man ettector white snakeroote:--2-.--22222-+------ as Sapte Ae eee eee 19 Marsu, ©. Dwiaut, paper entitled ‘Results of loco-weed investigations in the MCLG? Bos Senne meee meet tl oc et elalto a.) st 37-38 Mercatr, Haven, paper entitled ‘“‘The immunity of the Japanese chestnut to pie Wark disease tee eh aes kos aS dn. oS oe ee ee eee 55-56 Milksickness, or ‘‘trembles,’’ history of disorder and previous experiments -... 5-15 recent amvestioatlons® saseeo meee see eee 15-19 SUTIN anya eae eee 19-20 supposed relationship of white snakeroot, paper.. 5-20 Moseley, E. L., experiments with white snakeroot........-...2.-.-0.-.------- 12-15 Mountain laurel. See Laurel, mountain. Niiinees venesiniltpabkeGiseases.. 6. A025 6a ho: 4s See 5 eee ee 55-56 Orchards, apple, infected with leaf-spot caused by Sphaeropsis malorum, paper. 47-54 ROISOMe Mountain yinelyactyesOriTet ples... 22 aes tee eta ye 30-34 Poisoning by mountain laurel, general symptoms.......-...--/..------.----- 30 remedial agents i 22. .: to. Oe eee ee 34 Poisonous plant, loco weed, investigations, papers.......2...--2---:22-:s2e5¢- .. 37-40 mountainelatinel:papercse ssa ua! git lel Nis pee a 21-35 WiNievenAKeraot, = PA Pel. GaSsa2)- 5 2 has A ye ee eee 5-20 Rabbits, effect of extracts from ash of white snakeroot..........-------------- uW/ of dry plants of white snakeroot...........--2.-<--- 15-16 fresh plants of white snakeroot preserVed in chloro- (00g A pe ee oes is ob ae 16-17 ToayOUouoH ent Ebb eee Seen Cea EE Re Se att ais clot 29-30 Relationship of white snakeroot to milksickness, or “‘trembles,’’ paper... -..--- 5-20 Results of loco-weed investigations in the field, paper............------------- 39-40 Rorer, JAMES Brreu, and Scorr, Wi11AM Moore, paper entitled ‘‘ Apple leaf- spateaused by Sphacropsismalorum "2... 2.32 eco. dv -ece es sence ee ees 47-54 Scorr, Witt1AM Moore, and Rorer, JAMes Biren, paper entitled ‘‘ Apple leaf- Spotcaused by opaacropsiaimalorum:” 22.65 5. abells Ceanee see eee 47-54 Sheep venect OL mountaim darel. . os ah eb ce be ned ap eeasien- ae ace eee 26-29 SRI ELSA EROOL A eras ciarse aor Se eter Reger ets eet oe eae 19 nakeroppeayimlbe mele CiiOMsCALS so. o2s4-- 47s ae ee eee Geet eee 17-18 GODS ee setae A ci eee oe ie OP lees, Sia Sree 18 IAD. = sini de cece ck 2 thet ees eee ee oot 19 BN DELS SS es eee ree eee tie cee tine ee 15-17 BH OCD re here chk - bas's bie ~ Smee tes chee aera : 19 supposed relationship to milksickness, or ‘‘trembles,’’ paper. 5-20 INDEX. 59 Page. Sources of arsenic in certain samples of dried hops, paper........-.----------- 41-46 Sphaeropsis malorum, cause of apple leaf-spot, paper..........-.....------- 47-54 Bice poiwommp with loco-weed, papers... -.-2-. 225... 2-3-2222 ee eee les. 37-40 WOOUIEAU ANTON, \Papene eo ost ee eee ok re esd wos 21-35 Wine AmakceeMni se sete ons ee esas ees. 22 = 8-11, 19 SrockBERGER, WARNER W., paper entitled ‘‘The sources of arsenic in certain EN OOMe® NONE poe a sees tet et ee a en te le tS 41-46 Sulphur, impure, as a source of arsenic in hops...........-.-..--.----------- 44-45 Supposed relationship of white snakeroot to milksickness, or ‘‘trembles,’”’ paper. 5-20 Trees, apple, infection by Sphaeropsis malorum, paper..........--..-- ob eecebals 47-54 chestnut, bark disease, immunity of Japanese variety, paper............ 55-56 ‘““Trembles,’’ or milksickness, supposed relationship of white snakeroot, paper. 5-20 121 O Bui. 122, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE lI. A SuGAR BEET FouR MONTHS OLD AFFECTED WITH CURLY-TOP. (Natural size.) Peon WEP An) MENT “OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 122. B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. CURLY-TOP, A DISEASE OF THE | SUGAR BEET, BY C.0; TOWNSEND, PATHOLOGIST IN CHARGE OF SUGAR-BEET INVESTIGATIONS. Issurp Apri 25, 1908. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1908. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Pathologist and Physioloyist, and Chicf of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Burcau, Albert F. Woods. Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge. Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge. Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Haven Metcalf, Pathologist in Charge. Truck Crop Diseases and Plant Disease Survey, William A. Orton, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge. Cotton Breeding Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel and Daniel N. Shoemaker, Physiolo- gists in Charge. Tobacco Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel, Wightman W. Garner, and Ernest H. Mathewson, in Charge. = Corn Investigations, Charles P, Hartley, Physiologist in Charge. Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations, Thomas Hl. Kearney, Physi- ologist in Charge. Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge. i Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge. Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culturé Investigations, Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge. Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge. Crop Technology and Fiber Plant Investigations, Nathan A. Cobb, Crop Charge. Taronomic and Range Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge. Farm Management Investigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge. Grain Investigations, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge. Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge. Vegetable Testing Gardens, William W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge. Western Agricultural Batension Investigations, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge. Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations, . Channing Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge. Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Vowell, Pomologists in Charge. DLaxperimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent. Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in charge. Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge. Grain Standardization, John D. Shanahan, Expert in Charge. Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., August Mayer, Expert in Charge. South Texas Garden, Brownsville, Ter., Bdward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge. Cotton Culture Farms and Farmers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work, Seaman A. Knapp, Special Agent in Charge. Seed Distribution (Directed by Chief of Bureau), Lisle Morrison, Assistant in General Charge. r Technologist in Editor, J. BE. Rockwell. Chief Clerk, James E. Jones. 122 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or PLANT INDUSTRY, OFFIC. OF THE CHIEF, Washington, D. C., January 28, 1908. Srr: I have the honor to present herewith the manuscript of a bulletin entitled ‘‘Curly-Top, a Disease of the Sugar Beet,’ by Dr.C. O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge of the Sugar-Beet Investigations of this Bureau. I recommend that it be published as Bulletin No. 122 of the Bureau series. The bulletin presents the results of the investigations and ob- servations by this Bureau during the past six years. It deals with one of the most destructive diseases of the sugar beet, and while the results obtained thus far are in the main negative, the object in presenting them at this time is twofold: (1) To encourage the growers of sugar beets by showing them that the presence of this disease in their locality during a certain season is not an indication that it has become a permanent factor in the cultivation of sugar beets in that locality, and (2) to assist other experimenters and observers in their efforts to find the real cause of the disease by bringing together the results of what has already been done by this Bureau to that end, thus preventing useless repetitions. It is the purpose to continue the investigations along all possible lines that promise a solution of the problem until the exact cause of curly-top is known and a satis- factory remedy for its control discovered. Respectfully, B. T. GaLLoway, Chief of Bureau. Tlon. JAMES WILson, Secretary of Agriculture. 122 , 2 ‘ 4 > : ‘ > 7 \ ni f > b é n . + — i *) J rs = + ile * ri at » he F i hy , fms ay eee, CONE NS: ; Page. Spa OLIE OMI Oh ee ee ee eer ee eS Pe ie oe ace oe vi CO SUEISET OS ONCE ES) oan we eee eee a eS a 8 [eS 25) NEU CT) RR i? ng Oa eg Eis AIC ne eS 10 Possible causes of curly-top. ........-- rehearse re Roe ey ke) oon Bes 13 [UO CLLIE aA ort ie ie a eae Reet ne he a a rn Pee 14 IMAP Dn er Ses er eh See renee A OB PE et ia iis Skye wrccatane § oi eae eo Se 14 IGE bene tie Pe RCD VCS eo oie g SSC soe os eat See oe 14 Ie Sita Rio CRS OMG Sin Soe os ee as. eee ante. ey 15 Gee, Ol DU ICIC ER ET ee Se RS oe eee At op eh AE ices 16 PCRS eens Sie ene eee SS SL see eek th. os) ok XS te ee 17 Meet ACIS SPI Yeo ot ee ee OS LAS oe eka coos olen Sees 18 MaipAne SeeOn MCU LOO) ONT rt iee 8 ore BS! Pie = Bae ont dm acre owe'ss dense 18 Insufficient supply of moisture at taproot.........-.-- a Xe a Ne oS 18 PIRAHEC IAPR MRO LOOS MG Assen wakes a aN Nee Noes ao co cc's’ aida oe 19 MoInive SUPP y LOO WANIADIC.- 2.2 - 5s. Sot ee nett nx senate nerendpaeees 19 Watertoo cold when applied to plant: 25. foe). 62-2... ess eset 20 Pe nici Mia NOUN COMPITGNn es Sima ee noe aa Pee EES FS ce es cet ie 20 SPE HMLUSTO uaa a: (010 0G Lote Ae a ee Nee en 20 SPECS C/E i aa Aye at NS Oe ee NE SE a pe a 21 Se Deut hgeoiay Maneatis See ee os 2S oe ee we eae 21 Rack of available plant food im the soil..............-.....---:....--- 21 reba eile GIN Sy UN Ge BONN, os Mette ERIS eRe ac ale. Ve ow eiecin d+ nes he ace v 22 MonsannG ae AAI Im) Ge COU, oe. Soy Seth Jocks ee ee ee em 23 Soil too acid....... BO COORD Oe bee oor Re ee A en ee ee 24 Improper preparation of the seed bed......:....----.-.-.-.-.--..-.- 25 iniproper/culipvation Of the beets! 22 /-5-0-...~--2-.-.--2-2-ca---2- yp 25 Insufficient supply of air around the roots....................-....-.- 26 PA PRUL MAL ALIMOSp mene CONOGUIONS. ©0555 so 98. aie ssa se eee e eee 27 Atmosphere too cold at time GL SenMAMAROI oe. tsk eos Soe we eee 27 Hots dry wands. 2220 | Fea oo EM ee ee ee ee ee ere 27 Puptomaa Bh ON he (eel ty Nepe base il oh ee 28 Combination of unfavorable conditions...........:.......-.--..-¢..----- 29 Noleouseculve appearance of Curly-top......-.—.-. 6... 5.2... ne ee tee 3 1 CRUG TELS IN rege Tails 921.00) 3a se ae a A Oe op a a a 3 NEUSE SUS aot) 2) 0 ele a 31 UN SIE CSU Sg Re eee a 3 ae NC re Sey ek eS els ok Se. Saw caw need se eee 32 aCe TRCSER Mae SOIC eran Sa: SA ele x ew on once eae ewes 3 ar ea ere ee Shae occ Shes onsen sens 35 122 LEU ST RATIONS: Page. PuarE I. A sugar beet four months old affected with curly-top ......-- Frontispiece. Te eAhealthy sucambeet tour months oldess 25-5. e ses e eee 34 III. Fig. 1.—Leaves from a sugar beet three months old affected with curly-top. Fig. 2.—Leaves from a healthy sugar beet three months .0) 0 Ne erg eee ie tt i nS OF em ae 34 IV. Fig: 1.—Cross section through a vein of a beet leaf affected with curly-top. Fig. 2.—Cross section through a vein of a healthy beetaleaics ee tten tae. 2652640 oo ee ee 34 V. Fig. 1.—Cross sections of a sugar beet four months old affected with curly-top. Fig. 2.—Cross sections of a healthy sugar beet three MONTHS HOLE Semel oc. oe cb cndtotee fore ee Se a 34 VI. Fig. 1.—Longitudinal section of a sugar beet about four months old affected with curly-top. Fig. 2.—A sugar-beet plant that has apparently recovered from an attack of curly-top..........-...... 34 VII. Fig. 1.—Beets in greenhouse defoliated artificially. Fig. 2.—The same beets shown in figure 1 with new tops four weeks after defoli- AblONiseese eae eee = 2 A Sina CEE eee eee eee 34 VIII. Fig. 1.—Garden beets four months old showing symptoms of curly- top. Fig. 2.—Garden beets four months old free from curly-top- - 34 IX. Fig. 1.—Sugar-beet field in which nearly all the plants in the fore- ground have been destroyed by curly-top. Fig. 2.—Field of sugar beets seriously affected with curly-top, showing here and there an apparently «ameatumvaneet.: 4). 05.. 2. sce e oat ee ae eee 34 X. Fig. 1.—The fourteenth consecutive crop of sugar beets in a field entirely free from curly-top. Fig. 2.—Sugar-beet plants three months old in pots, showing the effect of various methods of WLM Oe ee es oo 3 oS ie tes eee Rtas ee an 34 XI. Fig. 1.—Stem of seed beet affected with curly-top. Fig. 2.—Stem of ieallthyeseedw beets: . 3222s nc acta oe Sos eeee eee a eee 34 122 6 B. P. 1.—323. CURLY-TOP, A DISEASE OF THE SUGAR BEET. SYMPTOMS OF CURLY-TOP. The external characters or symptoms of curly-top are to be found in all parts of the diseased plant. The leaves that develop after the beets become affected with curly-top are very much smaller and more numerous than normal leaves, and the petioles are very short. The leaf blades are both shorter and narrower than normal leaves and are decidedly crinkled and puckered. (Compare Pls. 1 and II and figs. 1 and 2 of Pl. III.) On the under side of the leaf blade are many elevations, giving the surface a rough appearance. (PI. ITI, fig. 1, and Pl. IV, fig. 1.) The leaves are more or less packed together as com- pared with a normal beet and the crown is decidedly broadened, as shown in Plates I and II. The roots of beets affected with curly-top are usually hairy, but this character, although nearly constant and distinct, is somewhat variable, being frequently more or less marked than Plate I and Plate VIII, figure 1, would indicate. In regard to the internal characters or symptoms of curly-top, the tissues of the leaves or leaf stems show a distortion of the .cells. (Pl. IV, figs. 1 and 2.) A comparison of figures 1 and 2, Plate V, will show the marked alternation of light and dark rings in the cross section of the diseased root, the fibro-vascular bundles being darkened throughout its entire length, as shown in Plate VI, figure 1. The roots are more or less fibrous or woody and pass through the slicers with difficulty, often causing the knives to clog. There is no decay or softening of the tissue in any part of the plant, except as indicated below. In addition to the constant symptoms—curled leaves more or less roughened below, thickened crown, hairy roots, dark fibro-vascular bundles, and tough woody roots—there are some other symptoms that frequently accompany the constant curly-top characters, but which are not sufliciently constant to be considered symptoms of curly-top. These may be known as conditional symptoms, since their presence depends upon conditions of growth and environment. One of these conditional symptoms is the stunted appearance of the diseased beets, which becomes apparent if the disease attacks the beets before they reach their full size. This nondevelopment of the 122 7 8 CURLY-TOP, A DISEASE OF THE SUGAR BEET. beets is often looked upon as one of the chief indications of curly-top.4 If the beets are full grown before they are attacked by curly-top they will have all the symptoms of the disease, but necessarily can not be stunted in the sense of being below the normal size. Not only may beets have curly-top without being stunted, but they may be stunted by withholding the water necessary for their development, as shown in Plate X, figure 2, or by subjecting them to other abnormal condi- tions of growth without producing any of the constant curly-top symptoms. Curly-top beets sometimes have a wilted appearance as if suffering from lack of moisture. This symptom does not always appear, especially in those cases of curly-top that develop after the middle of the growing season, while in any case the wilted appearance of the leaves is not marked until the season is considerably advanced. Moreover, perfectly healthy beets present a wilted appearance when the interval between rains or between irrigations is too long. The outer leaves wilt first in both instances, but in the case of the diseased leaves the wilting is not necessarily accompanied by a drying out of the soil, and the addition of water will not restore the diseased beets to their normal condition, Another almost constant character, but one that is not confined to curly-top beets, is the presence of a dark spot in the interior of the crown, as shown in Plate VI, figure 1. A cavity frequently develops in this spot, as shown in the figure referred to. The tissue in the darkened spot does not usually decay, although it becomes somewhat softened and either shrinks or fails to develop with sufficient rapidity, thus forming the cavity. A cavity similar in appearance, apparently due to too rapid growth, forms in healthy beets. OCCURRENCE OF CURLY-TOP. Of the various diseases of the sugar beet, two have been more or less destructive in this country for several years. One is the eastern blight, or leaf-spot disease, due to the fungus Cercospora beticola Sace. ; the other is the so-called western blight, or curly-top, the cause of which has not been definitely determined. The latter disease only will be considered in this bulletin. Curly-top has been a subject of observation and study by the writer in the field, in the laboratory, and in the greenhouse for the past six years. It seems to have been known for many years in this coun- try. Doctor Hedgecock, of this Bureau, states that he saw distinct cases of curly-top in garden beets in Nebraska more than twenty years ago. aSmith, Ralph E. Beet-Blight Investigation. Report of the Plant Pathologist to July 1, 1906. Bulletin No. 184, California Agricultural Experiment Station, p. 240. 122 OCCURRENCE OF CURLY-TOP. 8) There is no record, however, of a serious outbreak of curly-top until the summer of 1900, when it appeared simultaneously in several widely separated sugar-beet areas in the western portion of the United States. In each of these localities it did considerable damage. Since that time it has been more or less destructive in one or more sugar- beet sections each year. Curly-top has never been reported with certainty from any other country in which sugar beets are grown, and in this country it seems to be confined almost exclusively to the central and western portions of the sugar-beet belt. It has been studied in Indiana by Arthur, Golden, and Cunningham. It has never been observed by the writer east of the Mississippi River, and while it has been seen in practically all of the sugar-beet States west of the Mississippi River, there are localities in several of these States where sugar beets have been grown for five years or more in which a case of curly-top has never been observed. Curly-top is not confined to any particular variety of beets. It has been observed on garden beets (red beets) and on stock beets (mangel- wurzels), as well as on all strains of sugar beets. As a rule it is more common, however, on sugar beets than on stock or garden beets. Even in those localities where curly-top is very severe on sugar beets, it has been observed that the stock and garden beets suffer compara- tively little from the disease. A striking exception to this rule was found in 1907 in our experimental field at Garland, Utah, in which certain plots of garden beets contained a higher percentage of curly- top beets than could be found in any of our sugar-beet plots in the same field. Plate VIII shows some of the garden beets affected with curly-top compared with healthy beets from the same row.’ Curly-top outbreaks are not limited to those sugar-beet areas in which alkali is most abundant in the soil, nor entirely to the irrigated portions of the sugar-beet belt. Curly-top is not usually found in all the fields in any given area, even when it is very serious in that locality. Fre- quently adjacent fields are attacked by this disease in very different measure. Even a given field is not equally affected in all parts, as shown in Plate IX, figure 1. Furthermore, in the same row beets are not all attacked to the same degree, and frequently we find dis- eased and healthy plants standing but a few inches apart. (See PI. IX, fig. 2.) Young plants seem to be most easily attacked by curly-top, but it is not uncommon for beets that are full grown to develop symp- toms of this disease. Sometimes second-year beets that are appar- ently perfectly healthy when selected in the fall show signs of curly- top during the second season, Its appearance on the stems of seed 122 10 CURLY-TOP, A DISEASE OF THE SUGAR BEET. beets is strikingly shown in Plate XI. The main stem shown in this plate was trimmed for single-germ seed and then covered with paper and cloth bags in the manner described in Bulletin No. 73 ¢ of the Bureau of Plant Industry, the young shoots showing curly- top that developed under these conditions. When the outbreak is very serious, new cases occur from day to day or from week to week throughout the season. The large majority of vases developing in any locality during a given season, however, make their appearance before the plants are one-half grown, and _ fre- quently more than 50 per cent of the cases found in a given field occur before the beets are a quarter of their normal size. NAMES OF THE DISEASE. This peculiar disease of the sugar beet has received so many dif- ferent names in different localities that considerable confusion has resulted. It has been known as the California beet disease, a bac- terial disease of the sugar beet, bacteriosis, bacterial gummosis, blight, western blight, stunted beets, whiskered beets, hairy-root, and curly-top. . Owing to the fact that this disease of sugar beets first appeared to an alarming extent in California, it was called the ‘‘Califormia beet disease.”’ This name was soon abandoned, however, as what appeared to be the same disease was found in several other States that year (1900), and since that time it has appeared with certainty in seven of the sugar-beet States. In 1890 Professor Huston, chem- ist of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana, noticed an abnormal appearance of certain beet samples that he was preparing for analysis. These beets were examined by Dr. J. C. Arthur, of the same station, who found large numbers of bacteria in the diseased specimens, and the disease was consequently designated as a bac- terial disease of the sugar beet. In 1891 Miss Golden published the results of her investigation in regard to this and other diseases of the sugar-beet root found in Indiana.° She isolated an organism found in beets having ab- normally curled and twisted leaves and made inoculations into a small number of healthy plants. Four out of six of the inoculated beets de- veloped leaves similar in appearance to the original beets from which the organism had been obtained. It is to be regretted that such a small number of inoculations into healthy plants was made, since this a Townsend, C. O., and Rittue, E.C. The Development of Single-Germ Beet Seed. Bulletin No. 73, Bureau of Plant Industry, March, 1905. 6 Huston, H. A. Sugar Beets. Bulletin No. 39, part 2, Purdue University Agri- cultural Experiment Station, 1892, p. 49. e Golden, Katherine E. Disease of the Sugar-Beet Root. Proceedings of tho Indiana Academy of Science, 1891, p. 92. 122 NAMES OF THE DISEASE. 11 is one of the crucial points in determining the cause of a supposed bacterial disease. Another report on this disease was published by Professor Arthur and Miss Golden in 1892.4 The presence of bacteria in great num- bers in the diseased beet was again verified, but whether they were the real cause of the disease was not clearly established. Some por- tions of the description and the figures given would seem to indicate curly-top, but the great abundance of the organisms and the ease with which they could be seen and isolated would, on the other hand, seem to distinguish it from the disease which forms the subject of this paper, at least with reference to the cause or causes which pro- duce the curly-top symptoms. Furthermore, Miss Golden states on page 93 of the article above referred to, describing the disease under investigation by her, that ‘‘during the early growth of the plants no difference can be seen between the diseased and healthy ones, but as they develop, the outer leaves of the diseased plants wither, while the heart leaves curl up much more than the normal, are dull in color, and the under side has a mottled appearance, causing the leaves to resem- ble somewhat those of the Savoy cabbage.” According to the writer’s observations of the curly-top disease, the center or youngest leaves are the first to show the disease by their curled and puckered appearance. If the disease appears early in the life of the plant all the leaves may be affected, as shown in Plate III, figure 1. The leaves do not usually become dull in color and the outer ones do not necessarily wither or even wilt in the first stages of the disease, although they sometimes wilt and frequently become a few shades duller as the disease progresses. When examined by transmitted light, the leaves of curly-top beets often persent a mottled appearance, but this is not usually to be observed by reflected light. Small but distinct elevations, of which no mention is made in the papers cited, are produced on the under surface of the curly-top leaves. (Pls. ILI, fig. 1, and IV, fig. 1.) Furthermore, no reference is made in these papers to an abnormal appearance of the roots of the diseased beets. In fact, the statement is made regarding what seems for some reasons to be curly-top in Indiana that the healthy and diseased roots can not be distinguished by any external characters. This may be true of the beets that are not affected until late in the season, but the roots of curly-top beets when attacked before the middle of the grow- ing season are decidedly hairy, as shown in Plate I. Curly-top may be a bacterial disease, but certainly it does not seem to be due to an organism so easily seen and so readily separated as that in the disease described by Arthur and Golden. ¢Arthur, J. C., and Golden, Katherine E. Diseases of the Sugar-Beet Root. Bul- letin No. 39, part 3, Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, p. 54. 122 12 CURLY-TOP, A DISEASE OF THE SUGAR BEET. Dr. Erwin F. Smith,@ in charge of the Laboratory of Plant Pathol- ogy, Bureau of Plant Industry, in reviewing the work of Arthur and Golden expressed doubt in regard to bacteria being the cause of the disease of the sugar-beet root described by them and held that the trouble was curly-top. This led to a further study of this disease by Miss Cunningham.’ It was not clearly established by her investiga- tions, however, that the disease found in Indiana is due primarily to bacteria. Insumming up the results Miss Cunningham says, ¢“‘ Trans- fers of diseased tissue to the healthy beet root resulted in changed appearance of the plant which indicated almost certainly that the disease was transmitted.’ This still leaves the bacterial origin of the disease in doubt. Several citations to articles relating to bacterial diseases of the sugar beet were made by Miss Cunningham in con- nection with the article mentioned.“ These diseases were referred to by Sorauer ¢ as “‘bacterial gum- mosis,” by Kramer / as ‘‘bacteriosis,’ and by Busse 9 as “‘gum- mosis” of the sugar beet, but judged by the descriptions given, these diseases do not seem to be curly-top. Subsequent to the work done by Arthur, Golden, and Cunningham in this connection, Doctor Smith made numerous tube cultures and poured plates from the interior of diseased beets received from the Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana, but with no definite results. Frequently the cultures were sterile; at other times a variety of organisms was obtained in small numbers, especially if the beets were somewhat wilted. It is evident, therefore, that with our present knowledge of the curly-top disease we should not designate it as a bacterial disease of the sugar beet. The remaining names of the disease in general use refer to certain characters of the affected plants, and it is largely a matter of judg- ment which one is most suitable. The names most commonly in use are ‘“‘blight’”’ and ‘‘western blight.” Either of these names might be used without confusion were it not for the fact that we have a@Smith, Erwin F. The Bacterial Diseases of Plants, a Critical Review of the Present State of Our Knowledge. American Naturalist, vol. 30, p. 116, 1896. 6 Cunningham, Clara A. A Bacterial Disease of the Sugar Beet. Botanical Gazette, vol. 28, 1899. ¢Cunningham, Clara A., 1. c., p. 188. @Cunningham, Clara A., 1. c., p. 191. €Sorauer, Paul. Note at end of a review of some papers on a disease of sugar cane. Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankheiten, vol. 1, part 6, p. 360, 1891. f/ Kramer, Ernst. Die Bacteriosis der Runkelrube (Beta vulgaris L.), eine neue Krankheit derselben. Oecsterreichisches Landwirthschaftliches Centralblatt, vol. 1, part 2, pp. 30-36, and part 3, pp. 40-41, 1891. g Busse, Walter. Bakteriologische Studien uber die ‘‘Gummosis” der Zucker- riben. Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankheiten, vol. 7, pp. 65-77 and 149-155, 1897. 122 POSSIBLE CAUSES OF CURLY-TOP. 13 in the middle and eastern parts of our sugar-beet area a true blight of the sugar beet due to the fungus Cercospora beticola Sacc. These might easily be distinguished as eastern and western blight of the sugar beet were it not for the circumstance that both may, and often do, occur in the same field in the middle part of the sugar-beet belt. The objection to the term ‘‘stunted beets” lies in the fact that this abnormality may be produced without developing the other symp- toms of curly-top; that is, a stunting of the beet may be brought about by causes which do not produce the other symptoms of curly- top, as shown in Plate X, figure 2. ‘‘ Whiskered beets” and “‘hairy- root”’ both refer to the peculiarity of the beet shown in Plate I, in which the small rootlets are very greatly multiplied. While this character is always noticeable on curly-top beets, it sometimes occurs on beets that do not possess the other symptoms of curly-top, and it is therefore undoubtedly produced by some condition that does not cause the development of all the symptoms of curly-top. Further- more, this peculiarity of curly-top beets is only to be observed when the beets are pulled up. On the other hand, the peculiar appearance of the leaves of beets affected with this disease is noticeable as one passes through a field of beets in which curly-top occurs. The writer has therefore proposed the name curly-top for lack of a better and more characteristic one, which it is hoped will be supplied when the! real cause of the disease is known. This character of the diseased plant is easily recognized and, as already pointed out, usually appears during the early life of the plant, but may become apparent in the latter part of the first season’s growth or even during the second’ season. POSSIBLE CAUSES OF CURLY-TOP. In different localities and under different soil and climatic condi- tions curly-top appears sometimes without any apparent cause and sometimes accompanied by parasites or abnormal conditions of soil and climate. Various theories have therefore been advanced in order to account for the occurrence of this disease in the various localities where it has appeared. Among the theories that seemed most plausible because of the conditions and circumstances attending the occurrence of the disease, and which have on that account received more or less consideration, are the following: (1) Bacteria. (2) Fungi attacking the leaves. (3) Fungi infesting the roots. (4) Insects. (5) Abnormal moisture supply. (6) Abnormal soil conditions other than moisture supply. 122 14 CURLY-TOP,.A DISEASE OF THE SUGAR BEET. (7) Abnormal atmospheric conditions. (S) Poor seed. (9) A combination of unfavorable conditions. The following is a brief description of the methods employed and the results obtained in studying these possible causes of curly-top. BACTERIA. The symptoms of curly-top as already described suggest at first the presence of some parasite as the cause of the disease. The writer has made many attempts to prove or disprove the bacterial theory of curly-top. Nutrient agar plates have been poured from different parts of diseased beets of different ages and under different conditions of growth. In only a few cases has an organism been isolated, and such organisms have not induced the symptoms of curly-top with certainty In any case, as already stated on page 11. Inoculations have been made into various parts of healthy beets of different ages and under field as well as greenhouse conditions. It might be argued that the organism was not capable of growth on the culture media used, and therefore could not be separated in the usual way. With this possibility in mind, pieces of tissue were cut from different parts of distinctly diseased beets and inserted into incisions made in healthy beets of different ages and under different conditions of growth, but always with negative results under the conditions employed. FUNGI. FUNGI ATTACKING THE LEAVES. The general appearance of curly-top beets indicates a more or less starved condition of the plant, although a chemical examination of the diseased plant does not show an absence of the necessary food material, It is possible, however, that the cells of the diseased plant are incapable of utilizing the material that it has taken up. This led to the theory that the leaves might for some reason fail to perform their proper function and thus the whole plant become starved. One of the most serious natural injuries that has been observed as occurring on beet leaves is that produced by the fungus Cercospora beticola Sacc. Pure cultures of this fungus were obtained and the spores were sprayed upon healthy leaves until they became as thor- oughly infested with the fungus as possible. No symptoms of eurly- top appeared in any of the beets thus treated, either immediately after treatment or during any subsequent growth of the plant. Like- wise in the fields where Cercospora was most prevalent, no cases of curly-top have been observed, even when the plants were almost entirely defoliated by the fungus. 122 FUNGI ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 15 In order to carry the theory of leaf injury to the farthest limit, several hundred sugar beets growing in the greenhouse had _ their leaves removed and were left otherwise undisturbed. (Pl. VII, fig. 1.) New tops were rapidly formed, all of which were in every respect perfectly normal. (Pl. VII, fig. 2.) The treatment was repeated in the field in the West, where curly-top has frequently been found. Some of the rows of beets selected for this purpose were entirely defoliated several times by means of a sharp knife with no apparent result except a marked retardation in the growth of the beets. Finally, in those localities where curly-top is most prevalent, the beet leaves suffer least from attacks of fungi and the atmospheric conditions are most favorable for the performance of the life functions of the leaf. If curly-top is due to any changed condition of the leaf, that condition is not induced by a reduction of the leaf surface or by the inability of the leaf cells to perform their normal functions, FUNGI ATTACKING THE ROOTS, In certain parts of the sugar beet area where curly-top is found m re or less frequently, the soil is sometimes permeated with a fungus th: t grows close to the main root of the beet, often matting the fibrous or :-eding roots together. This fungus often forms in the soil a network of white filaments easily seen with the unaided eye. Pure cult ires of the fungus, which proved to be a species of Fusarium, were obtained in the laboratory. The same fungus was found in fields containing diseased roots in widely separated areas, even from different States. Inoculations were made with this fungus, beets of different ages from seedlings with only two leaves to plants two- thirds crown being used. These inoculations were made both in the greenhcuse and in the field. In some instances the fungus was simply iaced in contact with the healthy root, and with other plants incisions were made in the roots and the fungus placed in contact with the cut surfaces; but in none of the artificial inoculations did the fungus seem to penetrate the tissues of the beets, and no symp- toms of curly-top were produced in any of the plants inoculated. A quaniity of soil was obtained from one of the fields where curly- top prevaiied in 1905, and this has been used for two years in growing sugar beet: in the Department greenhouses at Washington under a great variety of moisture and temperature conditions. In some instances the moisture has been applied to the surface of the soil only; in other cases the seed and resulting plants have been watered only from below. Some of the plants have been given an abundance of moisture, while others have received just sufficient to keep the soil barely moist enough to keep the plants active. The temperature has varied fro 85° F. to 50° F., some of the plants remaining con- 31255—Bul. 122—08 » L6 CURLY-TOP, A DISEASE OF THE SUGAR BEET. stantly ata high temperature, others at a low temperature, and still others at an intermediate temperature, Tt is noticed that if the soil is allowed to become somewhat dry the fungus appears among the soil particles and around the roots of the plants, but in all of these experiments the only result noticed was a difference in the size of the plants. In no case were curly-top symptoms induced in any of the plants grown in this soil under the conditions used. It should be added that the same fungus is often apparent in the soil, and even in contact with the beets, in fields where not a single case of curly-top can be found. Nevertheless, there may be condi- tions under which this or some other fungus in the soil may affect the beets directly or indirectly in such manner as to produce curly-top. In support of this theory is the fact that the writer has in a few in- stances found the mycelium of a Fusarium fungus actually growing into the tissue of the small roots of diseased beets. It can not be stated positively, however, that the disease is caused by a fungus until the disease can be produced at will by inoculations made from a pure culture of that fungus. THE USE OF FUNGICIDES. The fact that a fungus is found so frequently in connection with curly-top and that in a few instances a fungous mycelium has been found in the tissues of diseased beets has led to certain experiments with fungicides. The substances used were corrosive sublimate and copper sulphate. Solutions of different strengths were made and the roots of distinctly diseased beets were soaked in these solutions for different lengths of time. The copper sulphate solution first used consisted of 1 part of cop- - per sulphate in 3,000 parts of water by weight. One lot of beets was soaked in this for two minutes and another lot was soaked for five minutes. When removed from these solutions, the roots were all rinsed in distilled water. Upon examining these roots the following day, it was found that the fungus was not dead. The two lots of roots were again soaked for two minutes and five minutes, respectively, in the copper sulphate solution, 1 part of copper sulphate in 1,000 parts of water being used. This seemed to kill the fungus, and the beets were planted in 6-inch pots in the greenhouse. The mercuric chlorid solution consisted of 1 part) of mercurie chlorid in 1,000 parts of water by weight. One lot of beet roots was soaked in this solution two minutes and another lot was soaked five minutes, and both lots were then planted in 6-inch pots in the green- house. For comparison, a fifth lot of diseased beets was planted in 6-inch pots in the greenhouse without any treatment. A number of beets in each lot, including the controls, began after several weeks to 122 INSECTS. il present leaves with broader and smoother leaf blades, and in from three to four months the leaves were normal in shape. Some beets in each lot, including all treated lots, retained the curly-top symp- toms, although the fungus could not be found again upon the treated beets. It has been cbserved repeatedly that beets with distinct curly-top symptoms frequently recover to all appearances when kept for several weeks under normal greenhouse conditions, while others under similar conditions retain the symptoms of curly-top for months. In the vicinity of Washington, D. C., the treatment with fungicides would indicate that the destruction of the fungus growing in contact with the beet does not influence the recovery of diseased plants. It is not to be assumed that the foregoing treatments with fungi- cides are considered practical, even if they caused the diseased plants to recover. The experiments were undertaken wholly for the purpose of shedding light upon the possible relation of a fungus to the disease under investigation. INSECTS. Frequently curly-top is associated with some insect pest. This occurrence often leads the grower to the conclusion that the insect most prevalent upon the diseased beets is the cause of the disease. While one of the many insect pests that infest growing beets may be responsible for the disease, in the opinion of the writer this has not yet been demonstrated beyond doubt, although Doctor Ball, Director of the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, who has done con- siderable work on this subject in cooperation with the Bureau of Entomology, holds that the so-called ‘‘white fly” is the cause of curly-top. @ Frequently the curling of the leaves of curly-top beets seems to be due to a failure of certain portions of the leaf tissues to develop beyond a certain stage, as shown in the younger leaves in Plate III, figures 1 and 2, while certain other leaf cells seem to make an abnor- mal growth, causing the development of projections on the lower leaf surface, as shown in sections of leaves in Plate IV, figure 1. Whether or not these and other abnormal characters of curly-top beets are due in any way to the work of insects can only be deter- mined by further investigations. «Ball, E. D. The Genus Eutettix. Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Sciences, vol. 12, pp. 41 and 84 and plate 4, July, 1907. The Beet Leai-Hopper, 16th Annual Report, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, June, 1905, p. 16. 122 18 CURLY-TOP, A DISEASE OF THE SUGAR BEET, ABNORMAL MOISTURE SUPPLY. ENTIRE SEED BED TOO DRY. If one studies the curly-top disease in a restricted locality for a single season he will almost certainly be misled in his conclusions. With reference to no conditions attending the appearance of curly- top is this more generally true than with the moisture condition of the soil. In some localities where curly-top has been especially prevalent during certain seasons the seed bed has been particularly dry, so that the seeds germinated slowly and unevenly and the seedlings started with difficulty. As all other conditions so far as observed seemed favorable, it was fair to conclude that this one unfav- orable condition was responsible for the diseased condition of the beets. However, if one continues his observations in another locality or into another season he will find cases of curly-top in fields where the moisture conditions were entirely favorable for germination. In order to investigate this point still further, greenhouse experi- ments were conducted in which the minimum amount of moisture was used to germinate the seed, with the result that the seed was slower in germinating, but the seedlings, if given a sufficient supply of water, grew normally. If only a minimum amount of water was given the seedlings, they remained abnormally small, but otherwise showed no symptoms of curly-top. (Pl. X, fig. 2.) INSUFFICIENT SUPPLY OF MOISTURE AT TAPROOT. During the first few years in which curly-top was most destructive it occurred only in those localities in which there was a scarcity of moisture, and the diseased beets had the appearance of plants suffer- ing from a lack of moisture. This led several observers, including the writer,” to arrive at the conclusion that curly-top is due to a lack of moisture at the taproot of the beet. Subsequent observations in the field and carefully conducted experiments in the greenhouse have demonstrated that whatever may be the cause of curly-top it is not lack of moisture alone. In order to demonstrate more conclusively the effect of an insuffi- cient water supply, a number of seedling beets were started in the greenhouse in large pots of earth. Some of these plants were given a sufficient quantity of water so that they were constantly supplied with moisture, some being watered entirely from below so that the taproot was constantly supplied, while others had the water applied only to the surface of the soil. Still a third set of plants started at a Townsend, C.O. Some Diseases of the Sugar Beet. Report No. 72, United States Department of Agriculture, Progress of the Beet Sugar Industry in the United States, 1901, p. 90. 122 MOISTURE SUPPLY TOO VARIABLE. 19 the same time and under identical conditions received only enough moisture to keep them alive, and this was applied to the surface of the soil, the object being not to give sufficient water at a time to per- mit it to soak down and moisten the soil around the taproot. The results are shown in Plate X, figure 2, in which the dwarf plant (@) received only enough water to keep it alive. The leaves were normal except in size and the roots showed none of the curly-top symptoms. ENTIRE SEED BED TOO WET. The observations of recent years seem to prove that too much moisture during the early part of the season might possibly be responsible for the appearance of curly-top. However, a series of observations in different localities shows that a wet seed bed may do considerable damage to the stand by causing the seed to rot and the seedlings to damp-off, but this is not necessarily accompanied by curly-top. Greenhouse experiments along the same lines have demonstrated that an excess of moisture during the early life of the plant will not produce the disease. Likewise, a very wet seed bed not followed by the addition of moisture either in the form of rain or artificially applied does not, according to the observations made by the writer, insure freedom from curly-top in all cases. The distribution of dis- eased plants in the field, scattered as they frequently are here and there among the healthy beets, would prove that a seed bed too wet could not alone be responsible for the occurrence of diseased plants. Dr. Wilhelmj¢ is of the opinion that curly-top is closely connected with water supply, but this point does not seem to have been estab- lished by actual experiment and, as has already been indicated, one may reach almost any conclusion by extending or limiting his obser- vations. MOISTURE SUPPLY TOO VARIABLE. In some of the irrigated sections where a limited amount of water is divided among a large number of growers, it sometimes happens that too much time elapses between the irrigations, so that the beets suffer for a longer or shorter period from lack of moisture. When the water is obtained the beets are given as much moisture as the ground will hold with the hope of being able to keep them supplied until water can be obtained again from the ditch. Under these conditions curly-top has sometimes appeared. In order to determine the relation of variable moisture conditions to this disease, beets have been made to pass through their extremes @Wilhelmj, A. Eine Ejigenartige Riibenkrankheit. Zeitschrift des Vereins der Deutschen Zucker-Industrie, April, 1907. 122 20 CURLY-TOP, A DISEASE OF THE SUGAR BEET. of moisture and drought, the wet and dry conditions being carried farther and for a longer period in the experiment than in actual prac- tice. The results have been only dwarfed plants without any curly- top symptoms. These experiments, combined with many field observations of beet growing in which there was great variation in moisture supply, sometimes entirely unaccompanied by curly-top, lead to the conclusion that this condition alone is not sufficient to produce the disease. WATER TOO COLD WHEN APPLIED TO PLANT. Since irrigation streams are frequently supplied with large quan- tities of water produced from melted snow, especially in the early spring, and since the young plants are most frequently affected with curly-top, the theory has been advanced that the early irrigation waters are too cold. It is difficult to understand how cold water could induce curly-top in a few beets here and there throughout a field, and yet it is not impossible when we consider the individuality of the beet. It is likewise difficult to explain under this theory the late cases of disease that appear in the middle and latter part of the summer. However, in order to dispel all doubt in regard to the matter sev- eral series of beets were started in the greenhouse, and as soon as the seedlings appeared they were watered with ice water only. In some of the experiments the plants were watered with ice water every day or every two days, while in other experiments the interval between waterings was longer. These experiments were continued for several weeks without producing any curly-top symptoms. It might be added as further evidence against this theory that one field which has been under the writer’s observation for the seasons of 1905 and 1906 is irrigated with water from warm springs, yet each season a few cases of curly-top have appeared. Hence, cold water applied at any time during the growth of the plants is not the pri- mary cause of curly-top. ABNORMAL SOIL CONDITIONS. SEED BED TOO COLD. It is well known that a damp, cold seed bed has a marked influence upon the germination and growth of plants. There is a strong desire on the part of seed growers to plant their seed as early as possible, so as to give the plants a long season to grow and also to be able to har- vest the beets before cold weather sets in. This practice sometimes leads the growers to plant before the ground is warmed to a normal planting temperature. While this condition has not always pre- ceded an outbreak of curly-top, it has sometimes been associated 122 LACK OF AVAILABLE PLANT FOOD IN THE SOIL. 21 with it, so it was decided to test the effect of a cold seed bed upon the growth of beets. Accordingly, an air cooler was installed in a small room in which the temperature could be controlled within cer- tain limits. Boxes of soil were placed at different distances from the cold-air generator and also at different distances from the floor, and the soil was maintained at such temperature that germination and growth proceeded with difficulty. An insufficient supply of light in the room used for the work prevented the experiment from being entirely satisfactory, but during the several weeks that the plants lived they showed no signs of producing curly-top symptoms. SEED BED TOO WARM. The fact that the later plantings are the ones that are occasion- ally most severely attacked by curly-top_raised the question with some growers as to the possibility of a too warm seed bed being the cause of the disease. In considering all the conditions under which curly-top is produced, especially the frequency of the disease in seed beds that are not above normal temperature, one must conclude that excessive warmth of the seed bed does not produce curly-top. To test artificially the effect of an abnormal temperature, some seedling beets growing in pots of earth were placed near the furnace, where the temperature which was recorded daily from a maximum and minimum thermometer varied between 72° and 104° F. While the plants made very little growth, owing to the excessive heat, they showed no signs of curly-top even after several weeks. SUBSOIL TOO HARD. In some localities where curly-top has appeared, a hard subsoil has been found to exist so close to the surface of the ground that the beet roots grow down and come into contact with it without being able to penetrate it. This condition does not obtain in all places where curly-top has been found. Indeed, the disease frequently occurs in localities where the soil is of a rich loamy nature to the depth of several feet. Furthermore, in many localities where there is a hardpan underlying a shallow soil, beets grow without develop- ing curly-top. The beets produced under these conditions may be dwarfed, they may extend abnormally out of the ground, or they may have sprangled roots, but these abnormalities do not necessa- rily accompany curly-top. LACK OF AVAILABLE PLANT FOOD IN THE SOIL. The apparent inability of curly-top beets to grow even where tem- perature and moisture conditions are known to be normal led some of the growers to assume that curly-top is due to a lack of avail- 122 22 CURLY-TOP, A DISEASE OF THE SUGAR BEET. able plant food in the soil. The inability of the badly diseased beets to grow would indicate either that the diseased plants were unable to take in the necessary plant food from the soil, from the atmosphere, or from both of these sources, or that having absorbed the necessary food material the plants were unable because of their diseased condi- tion to assimilate it. Experience has shown that plants growing in poor soil are no more susceptible to curly-top than those grown in rich soil. Further proof of the incorrectness of this theory is found in the fact that fields in which beets are utterly destroyed one season will without the application of any plant food produce a‘good yield and quality of perfectly healthy beets the following season. This has been demon- strated in actual practice under the writer’s observation every sea- son during the past six years. In one locality several thousand acres of beets were entirely destroyed by curly-top in 1903. The following season a large part of this area was replanted, and in every instance a most satisfactory crop of beets was obtained, the most diligent search failing to reveal a single case of curly-top. Many of these fields received no special treatment for the crop of 1904, and if there had been a lack of plant food during the season when the disease was prevalent it is fair to assume that there would have been the same lack of available plant food the following sea- son. Again, a lack of available plant food would not affect 50 per cent of the beets in a field and leave the remaining ones perfectly healthy, especially with the two kinds scattered about over the entire area and standing, as they frequently do, within 8 or 10 inches of each other. Plate X, figure 1, shows the fourteenth consecutive crop of beets on the same field without a single case of curly-top. Furthermore, sugar beets are frequently grown on soils that have become appar- ently exhausted by numerous grain crops; but it is very seldom that any cases of curly-top are found in these fields. Curly-top may be due to a starved condition of the beets. but if so the trouble is with the beet and not with the soil in which it grows. LACK OF HUMUS IN THE SOIL: The two main sources of humus for the irrigated lands of the West are stable manure and alfalfa. The small amount of stable manure produced as compared with the large area to be supplied with humus makes it impossible to obtain enough humus from this source to put the soil in the proper physical condition. Formerly it was customary with many farmers to let the alfalfa fields remain undisturbed for a long series of years if they continued to furnish a paying quantity of alfalfa. Under such conditions many of the other cultivated field 122 TOO MUCH ALKALI IN THE SOIL. 23 crops suffered for want of humus, and the same conditions prevail in some localities at present, though many farmers now use alfalfa as a rotation crop, plowing it under after only three or four years. How- ever, the scarcity of humus, especially in earlier years, has sometimes been associated with curly-top, a circumstance which led to the advancement of the theory that the scarcity of humus was the cause of the disease. Observations of more recent years have tended to discredit this theory. For example, in some of the extensive wheat-growing areas of the West it has sometimes been customary to grow wheat after wheat for a number of years, in some cases even until the yield was no longer profitable. During these years of wheat growing, fre- quently no humus was added to the soil except the small amount furnished by the stubble. If, now, beets are grown in this soil the first crop will be poor; that is, the beets will be small but no curly- top will necessarily appear. The second crop of beets will be better than the first, and the third crop will be better than the second, even without the addition of any humus, but in no case will there be any curly-top that can be attributed to the lack of humus. On the con- trary, curly-top has been found in more recent years just as frequently in fields well supplied with humus as in those that are deficient in this material. Furthermore, the fact that beets will thrive without the addition of humus in fields where they were entirely destroyed the previous season by curly-top is proof that the lack of humus alone is not the cause of this disease. TOO MUCH ALKALI IN THE SOIL. Many growers of beets in the more alkaline regions have associated curly-top with the presence of alkali. It is well known that the amount of alkali in certain layers of the soil varies from season to season and from time to time during the same season. Without any means of determining the amount of alkali in the soil it was assumed that the alkali was especially abundant in those spots or localities where the disease appeared. More recent observations have shown that the soil may contain a sufficient quantity of alkali to kill the plants without producing curly-top, and even if the quantity of alkali present is not sufficient to destroy the life of the plant, but only to interfere with its normal functions, a dwarfed plant will result, but none of the curly-top symptoms is necessarily produced. On the other hand, curly-top has been frequently observed in locali- ties where an abnormal amount of alkali is not present at any time during the season. Several series of greenhouse experiments were conducted to sup- plement the field observations in regard to alkali in relation to curly- 122 24 CURLY-TOP, A DISEASE OF THE SUGAR BEET. top. In these experiments sodium chlorid and sodium carbonate solutions were used. The solutions were made up in four strengths, namely, 1 part of the salt to 1,000 parts of water, 1 part of the salt to 500 parts of water, 1 part of the salt to 100 parts of water, and a sat- urated solution. The plants. treated varied from seedlings 2 weeks old to beets 10 weeks old. With the seedlings, 10 c. c. of the solution were applied at a time; with the older plants, from 20 to 50 c¢. c. of the solution were given each beet at each application. The dilute solutions were applied to the plants daily for thirty-two days. Some of the plants died, while others remained alive, but assumed a yellowish tint with- out showing any signs of curly-top. The seedlings that received the saturated solutions all began to wilt within thirty minutes after the solution was applied. Several of the plants died without showing any tendency to recover, while others began to revive in from five to seven days and continued alive for several weeks with the appear- ance of normal beets. In the case of the older plants, the dilute solu- tions made no appreciable difference in their appearance or growth, while the saturated solution caused the leaves to assume a slightly paler tint, but in no case did the characteristic symptoms of curly- top develop. SOIL TOO ACID. While the Bureau of Soils was making a survey of one of the im- portant sugar-beet localities in California in 1901,” certain observa- tions were made regarding the relation between the acidity of the soil and the blight, or curly-top. It was noted by Messrs. Lapham and Heileman, who had direct charge of the survey of the area mentioned, that many of the soils in the valley under observation were either neutral or slightly acid and that few of the soils showed even a slight effervescence with hydrochloric acid, indicating either a very small amount of carbonate of lime or none. They observed further that the soil was acid in those fields where the disease occurred in that locality and that the disease did not occur in this locality in any soil that was alkaline to litmus. These observations naturally led Messrs. Lapham and Heileman to the conclusion that the deficiency of lime as carbonate gives rise to a neutral or slightly acid condition of the soil, which is a very important, if not the most important, factor in the cause of beet blight, or curly-top. As indicated, how- ever, under the preceding theory, an alkaline condition of the soil does not prevent attacks of curly-top. Field observations and experi- @ Lapham, M. H., anid Heileman, W. H. Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, Department of Agriculture. Soil Survey of the Lower Salinas Valley, California, 1901, p. 506. 122 IMPROPER CULTIVATION OF THE BEETS. 25 ments indicate that applications of lime, whether light or heavy, will not prevent curly-top. It is possible, however, that under some circumstances an acidity of the soil may be a factor in producing curly-top. IMPROPER PREPARATION OF THE SEED BED. A properly prepared seed bed is one that is plowed at the right time, under proper conditions of moisture, and to the correct depth without turning up too much raw soil. It must be worked at such time and in such manner as to conserve the moisture and to produce a firm seed bed below, with a fine mulch about 14 inches thick on the surface. Owing to the many conditions to be fulfilled in properly preparing a bed for beet seed, it is not surprising that in many of the fields in which curly-top has appeared one or more of these conditions have not been fulfilled. This was especially true several years ago, before beet growing was as well understood as it is at the present time. This theory was suggested by the appearance of curly-top in cer- tain fields, while in other fields in the same locality differently pre- pared to receive the seed, the disease was absent. More extended observations and experiments teach us that plants growing in the most thoroughly prepared seed bed are sometimes seriously affected with the disease. Again, the distribution of the diseased plants in the field, as previously mentioned, contradicts this theory. IMPROPER CULTIVATION OF THE BEETS. This may include both the time of cultivation and the method em- ployed. It is generally conceded that cultivation should be begun as soon as the rows can be followed, but in regard to the depth of cultivation and the distance that the cultivator teeth should be kept from the plants there is considerable difference of opinion among beet growers. One of the strongest arguments against the belief that lack of cultivation may be a cause of the disease is to be found in the abandoned or neglected beet fields which one occasionally finds here and there in different parts of the sugar-beet belt, inasmuch as these abandoned fields are frequently free from curly-top. If the method of cultivation.is a factor in producing the disease, it is presumably because of the injury to the side roots due to deep orclose cultivation or to both deep and close cultivation. We find that deep and close cultivation are practiced just as frequently in the areas where curly- top has never appeared as they are in those areas where the disease has been most destructive. By way of experiment a number of beets of different ages were injured by cutting the side roots with a large knife. The results so far as curly-top is concerned were negative. 122 26 CURLY-TOP, A DISEASE OF THE SUGAR BEET. The first operation in caring for the beets after they are up is that of thinning. It is well known that any delay in performing this operation will result in a decrease in the yield of beets to the acre, but so far as can be ascertained by field observations and greenhouse experiments the delay does not produce any of the symptoms of curly-top. INSUFFICIENT SUPPLY OF AIR AROUND THE ROOTS. It is well known that the roots of land plants must receive a suffi- cient quantity of air in order to produce a normal growth of the plant. The appearance of curly-top in many fields where a crust had formed on the surface of the soil led some observer to think that this disease might be due to a lack of air around the roots. A study of curly-top in other localities established the fact that the disease is not confined to those fields where a crust has formed on the surface, nor even to those localities where the soil is of such a nature that the crust forms readily under the conditions that prevail during the early life of the plants. In some instances curly-top has appeared in localities where there was an excessive supply of moisture in the early part of the season. This led to the suggestion that too much moisture at the taproot, if continued for some time, might produce curly-top by cutting off the air supply. In some of the many sections of the sugar-beet area certain seasons have been excessively wet. Some fields not properly drained have been for a number of days under water. This abnormal condition, if of sufficient duration, invariably results in a weakened condition of the beets, as indicated by the yellow color of their leaves, a state from which they may eventually recover to a considerable extent if normal conditions are restored and allowed to continue. In no case where these excessive rainfalls have oc- curred and abnormally wet conditions have prevailed for several weeks have any symptoms of curly-top been observed. Curly-top usually occurs in the irrigated sections, where the danger of excessive moisture is, of course, at aminimum. In the greenhouse this abnormally wet condition of the taproot has been repeated with plants of different ages and at different temperatures with similar negative results. As already pointed out, curly-top often appears in those fields where the soil is well drained and under thorough cultivation and thrives where the conditions for a proper air supply are best. While a lack of air around the roots may be a secondary factor in producing curly-top, it certainly is not the primary cause of this disease. 122 HOT, DRY WINDS. raf" ABNORMAL ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS. ATMOSPHERE TOO COLD AT TIME OF GERMINATION. The experiment just described served also to illustrate the effect of a cold atmosphere upon the young beet plants. Aside from retarded growth, no abnormal symptoms were observed. Fre- quently in the field one finds that the desire to plant early leads to the production of seedling beets before the cold nights are over, so that the young plants are subjected to extremes of temperature. While these conditions have sometimes been followed by a more or less severe outbreak of curly-top, there have been so many excep- tions that one is led to the conclusion that no relation exists between curly-top and the cold atmosphere. HOT, DRY WINDS. In many fields where curly-top appears, windbreaks are to be found along one side of the field. These windbreaks may consist simply of a fence, or of a row of trees, or of a field of grain. It has been frequently observed that the beets growing close to the wind- break, -and therefore most completely protected from winds, are least affected by curly-top. (Pl. IX, fig. 1.) These observations lead to the theory that hot, dry winds blowing over the beet fields, as they often do nearly every day at certain hours in some localities, induce the disease. In order to produce as nearly as possible the same conditions arti- ficially, a number of seedling beets were started in pots in the green- house, and when firmly established were placed in the laboratory engine room, where the heated air from the boiler could be blown over the plants. This was accomplished by arranging an electric fan on the same level with the plants and allowing the fan to blow the hot air from the boiler over them for several hours each day. The plants were supplied with an abundance of moisture and all other conditions were normal, except that the light was not as intense as it would have been in the open. Several sets of plants were treated from two to four weeks in the manner described. Some of the plants died, pre- sumably from the treatment, but in no case did any symptoms of curly-top appear, either during the treatment described or during the subsequent life of those plants that were returned to the greenhouse alive. Therefore, the éxperiments thus far conducted along this line indicate that hot winds alone are not the cause of curly-top. At the same time it is difficult to explain why it is that the healthier beets are frequently found in the more protected localities. One exception to this general rule was observed during the summer of 1906 on the Department experimental farm at Amarillo, Tex. About one acre 122 28 CURLY-TOP, A DISEASE OF THE SUGAR BERT. of beets was grown for experimental purposes, and that part of the plot best protected from the prevailing winds by a plot of sorghum contained many specimens of curly-top. POOR SEED. More frequently than any other one factor in sugar-beet growing, the quality of the seed has been held responsible by the growers for the outbreaks of curly-top. Many of the men who hold to this theory have no definite idea in regard to what constitutes the particular poor quality of the seed that causes curly-top to develop. Some growers, however, believe that there is in some seeds an inherited tendency toward, the disease, while others maintain that small or poorly devel- oped seeds produce weak plants that are unable to grow in a normal manner and are therefore easily attacked by disease. Whatever view is held in regard to the details of this theory, the distribution of the diseased plants in the field—a badly diseased plant often standing within a few inches of a perfectly healthy one— would tend to support the poor-seed theory. On the other hand, we find a number of circumstances that appear to render this theory impossible. In 1903 curly-top destroyed 50 per cent of the beets in a certain locality, and the seed used was a part of a shipment the remainder of which was used, according to good authority, in two other localities. In the second and third localities where this seed was used practically no curly-top developed. It should be further noted that some fields in the badly diseased locality were entirely free from curly-top, although they were planted with seed from the same shipment. If all fields and all localities in which this seed was used had been equally affected we would have strong proof of the poor-seed theory. In 1904 certain fields reported to have been planted from the same sack of seed were variously affected, some being very badly diseased and others practically not at all. If curly-top is due to the quality of the seed, it would be difficult to explain why some seed beets show curly-top symptoms during the second year’s growth when they were to all appearances perfectly healthy during the first season of their existence. In experiments with small seeds as compared with large ones, the plants in both cases have been equally free from curly-top. In these experiments it must be remembered that the size of the seed ball does not indicate the size of the individual seed. This latter point can be determined only by close examination of the seeds to be used. Finally, the same quality of seed is generally used in different parts of the sugar-beet area. If curly-top is due to inferior seed it will be necessary to find some explanation for the entire absence of curly-top 122 COMBINATION OF UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS. 29 in certain portions of the sugar-beet area. Whatever the cause of curly-top may be, the bulk of the evidence indicates that the quality of the seed is not the primary factor in its development. COMBINATION OF UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS. Negative results in matters like the foregoing are conclusive only so far as they relate to existing conditions: and circumstances, and it must be remembered that under other conditions the same agent or factor might give positive results. Therefore, it can be stated with certainty only that the factors discussed are not responsible for curly- top under the circumstances and conditions under which the observa- tions and experiments were made; that is, there may be conditions not yet investigated in which the fungus, for example, may produce the curly-top symptoms. Or it may be that some fungus other than the one isolated may yet be found to be responsible for the disease. In considering the possible factors that might cause curly-top, many combinations of unfavorable conditions have been suggested and many of them have been investigated. ‘In this connection the theo- ries mentioned may conveniently be considered under the following groups, namely: Parasites, soil conditions, weather conditions, cul- tural conditions, and seed. The bacterial and fungus parasites isolated have been tested; that is, inoculations have been made into healthy beets of different ages, from seedlings a few days old to beets one-half to two-thirds grown. Both field and greenhouse conditions have been tried; the field conditions under various methods of irrigation, the greenhouse conditions under different degrees of temperature and moisture. Various combinations of soil conditions have been made, dry and moist soil being used at temperatures varying from 80° F. to 50° F. Dry and moist soils were combined with hot, dry winds, and conse- quently hot, dry winds were combined with dry and moist soils. The same seed was tried under different conditions of soil with respect to dryness and moisture, with respect to alkalinity and acidity, and with respect to temperature and time of planting. In none of the combinations of unfavorable conditions that have been tried have any indications of curly-top traceable to these conditions been pro- duced. It is entirely possible that some combination of conditions will be found that will produce the curly-top symptoms. However, the matter does not seem as simple to the writer as it is expressed by Doctor Wilhelmj ® when he says the beets do not become diseased whether they have a great deal of moisture or none at all in the form of rain during the first part of their growing period, but that they do 4 Wilhelm}, A., 1. c.,p. 482. 122 30 CURLY-TOP, A DISEASE OF THE SUGAR BEET. become diseased if a hard rain falls after a period of drought. It is undoubtedly true that the digestion of curly-top beets has become abnormal, as Doctor Wilhelmj states,¢ but the cause of this dis- turbance has, in the writer’s opinion, not yet been established. NONCONSECUTIVE APPEARANCE OF CURLY-TOP. One of the most important facts in regard to curly-top is that it very seldom appears two consecutive years in the same locality. During the six years that this disease has been under observation by the writer it has been destructive during two consecutive years in but one locality, and in this case the relative number of diseased beets was not nearly so great the second year as it was the first. In general, it may be said that the appearance of curly-top in a given locality one season does not in any way endanger the crop for the following year. As previously stated, the locality in which curly- top was so destructive in 1903 had an exceptionally good crop in 1904, practically no cases of curly-top being found even in the fields in which the beets were entirely destroyed the preceding year. BEETS RESISTANT TO CURLY-TOP. The distribution of healthy beets among diseased ones in many badly infested fields, as shown in Plate [X, figure 2, would seem to indicate that certain beets are resistant to curly-top. For the pur- pose of breeding plants resistant to this disease, several hundred healthy beets were selected and siloed. Care was taken to find healthy beets that were growing close to badly diseased ones, so that in case of possible communicability of the disease we would have those that were unmistakably resistant. Selections of this kind were made in different localities in 1902, 1903, and 1904. In each case the siloed beets came through the winter in good condition for plant- ing, and very nearly all of them produced seed which was of good quality. The difficulty in determining whether or not the seed would produce beets resistant to curly-top was found in the fact that it is impossible to predict where the disease will occur in any given season. It has never been serious in more than three or four localities at one time, and these more or less restricted; and the fact already pointed out that it practically never occurs two years in succession in the same locality makes it impossible to know where to grow the beets to deter- mine whether or not they are resistant to curly-top. Even if we knew in what locality the disease would occur, the fact that adjacent fields or different parts of the same field are affected to very different degrees so far as the appearance of the disease is concerned would still render the problem impossible of solution from this standpoint. Again, it would seem that plantings made in any locality just as soon @Wilhelmj, A.,1.c., p. 435. 122 PERSISTENCE OF CURLY-TOP. 31 as the disease makes its appearance ought to help in determining the resistance of plants; but observation has shown that plantings made with the same seed, but a few days before or after certain badly diseased fields were planted, are frequently but slightly if at all affected with curly-top. At one of our sugar-beet stations where a quantity:of seed selected for curly-top resistance was planted along with twenty-five other varieties and strains, some curly-top beets were found in each plot. This seed was all planted on April 22, 1907, and each plot received the same treatment throughout the season. At the end of the grow- ing season a careful count of all the curly-top beets found among each of the twenty-six varieties and strains grown on equal areas showed that for every 10.7 beets affected with curly-top found among those grown from seed selected for curly-top resistance there were from 22 to 124 among the other twenty-five varieties and strains not selected for resistance. A large number of selections were made from the plot that indicated curly-top resistance, and this strain will be perpetuated and improved with a view to making it entirely resistant to curly-top. COMMUNICABILITY OF CURLY-TOP. All evidence thus far obtained is against the transmission of curly- top from plant to plant by any known means. In the field we find beets badly diseased growing side by side with others to all appear- ances perfectly healthy. It is not uncommon for this condition to exist throughout the season. Furthermore, several instances have been observed by the writer in which two plants have been found growing in close contact with each other, one showing all the symp- toms of curly-top and the other presenting a perfectly normal appear- ance. This state of contact continued throughout the season without developing any curly-top symptoms in the healthy beet. Bits of tissue have been cut from diseased beets and inserted in incisions made in different parts of healthy beet roots, but in no case has curly-top developed under the conditions used. No definite conclusion can be reached regarding the point, however, until the exact cause of curly- tcp is known. PERSISTENCE OF CURLY-TOP. In almost all cases, beets that have become unmistakably affected with curly-top either die from the effects of the disease before the end of the season or, if the beets continue to live throughout the season, as they frequently do unless the outbreak is very severe, the curly-top symptoms remain apparent. No amount of special attention seems to be effective in restoring the diseased beets to a normal condition so long as they remain in the field where they were first attacked. In 31255—Bul. 122—08——3 ‘ 32 CURLY-TOP, A DISEASE OF THE SUGAR BEET. some instances if they are taken up and removed to some other soil they seem to recover after several weeks, so far as the appearance of the leaves is concerned. Thus, a badly diseased beet transplanted to a greenhouse of the Department of Agriculture in August, 1902, was photographed six months later, showing the flat leaves commonly found on healihy beets. (PI. VI, fig. 2.) This change does not always ; take place, however, even when the beets have been placed under different climatic conditions and transplanted into entirely different soil. Some badly diseased beets planted in the greenhouse in August, 1905, still retained their curly-top symptoms even at the end of eight months. If the diseased leaves are removed the new set produced shows all the leaf symptoms of curly-top. If the new set of leaves is in turn removed the third set may be as badly affected as the first or second, as demonstrated by repeated experiments in the greenhouse and in the field. If the beets are left in the field and given special attention in the way of irrigation, cultivation, etc., the curly-top con- tinues to develop in the same way and to the same extent as in the adjacent rows where the beets have received no special attention. SUMMARY. Curly-top is not identical with any disease of the beet previously described, except possibly that described from Indiana. It is a distinct disease with well-marked symptoms. It has not been reported with certainty from any country other than the United States. It has thus far been confined to the middle and western parts of this country. It is capable of appearing under a great variety of soil and climatic conditions. It does not seem to be produced by any one abnormal condition of soil or climate. It does not seem to be due to any parasite isolated thus far. It does not seem to be due to the condition of the seed. It attacks stock and garden beets as well as sugar beets. It is not limited to beets of any particular age. It does not seem to be communicated directly from beet to beet. It has not appeared to any serious extent two years in succession in the same locality. There are indications that a strain of beets resistant to curly-top may be developed. Growers need not hesitate to plant beets ina field even though their entire crop of beets in that field was destroyed by curly-top the pre- ceding year. 122 DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. / Prare I. (Frontispiece.) A sugar beet four months old, showing the usual external symptoms of eurly-top—the curled and twisted leaves with greatly shortened stems and poorly developed blades, but abnormal in number; also the excessive development of side roots on the dwarfed main root. (Natural size.) Pirate II. A healthy sugar beet four months old for comparison with the diseased beet shown in Plate I. (About one-fifth natural size.) f Puate Ill. Fig. 1.—Leaves from a sugar beet three months old affected with curly- top; one leaf from each whorl. The rough lower surfaces are apparent as well as the short petioles and undeveloped and twisted blades. (About three-fourths natural size.) Fig. 2.—Leaves from a healthy beet of the same age as that shown in figure 1; one leaf from each whorl. The young leaves are not yet fully expanded. (About one-fourth natural size.) : : Puare IV. Fig. 1.—Cross section of a healthy leaf through a vein, showing the posi- tion of the tissues. Fig. 2.—Section of a leaf through a vein of a curly-top leaf, showing the annormal position of the fibro-vascular bundle and the unnatural cell development producing among other changes the projections on the lower surface of the leaf. Puate V. Fig. 1.—Cross sections of a sugar beet four months old affected with curly-top. The cuts were made at intervals of 1 inch, beginning 1 inch from the crown. The rings of fibro-vascular bundles show the dark color characteristic of curly-top. The rings are more striking in the larger part of the beet; each section, however, has the dark color. (About natural size.) Fig. 2.—Cross sections of a healthy sugar beet of same size as that shown in figure 1. Fibro-vascular bundles are apparent, but are not dark. The photographs for both figures were taken one hour after cutting. The sections for figure 2 were made at intervals of 1 inch, begin- ning 1 inch from the crown, as in figure 1. (About natural size.) Puate VI. Fig. 1.—Longitudinal section of a sugar beet four months old affected with — curly-top, showing how the dark fibro-vascular bundles are continuous through- out the length of the plant. (About four-fifths natural size.)* Fig. 2.—A sugar beet that was obtained in August, 1903, at which time it had all the symptoms of curly-top shown in Plate I. This photograph was made seven months later, and the leaves have almost no curled appearance. The plant appears to have recovered from the curly-top. (About two-sevenths natural size.) Prate VII. Fig. 1.—Beets six weeks old defoliated just above the crown by means of a sharp knife. Conditions for growth remain normal. Fig. 2.—The same plants four weeks later, showing new vigorous tops free from even the slightest symptom of curly-top. Puate VIII. Fig. 1.—Garden beets four months old showing symptoms of curly-top. These beets were in a row on south side of seed beets among which were a number of cases of curly-top. Fig. 2.—Garden beets from same row showing no sign of curly-top. é Puate LX. Fig. 1.—Field that was planted to sugar beets and a good stand obtained. Curly-top has destroyed all the beets in the foreground. In the remainder of the field there are many cases of curly-top, but the beets continue to live. Fig. 2.— Field of beets affected with curly-top, showing the possibilities of selection for curly-top resistance. Not more than | per cent of these beets are free from curly- top. ; Puate X. Fig. 1.—Field showing the fourteenth consecutive crop of beets free from curly-top, proving that successive planting of beets without crop rotation will not - of itself produce the disease. Figure 2 represents three plants (A, B, C) which received treatment as follows: A received an abundant supply of water from below only, B received an abundantsupply of water from the surface only, and Creceived just enough water to keep the plant alive, but never enough at any one time to soak down to the taproot. The plant C, although small, is in all respects perfectly healthy; that is, it possesses no symptoms of curly-top, which shows that an absence of moisture from the taproot is not a condition which in itself will produce curly-top. Plants A, 6, and C are of exactly the same age. (About one-eighth natural size.) Pruate XI. Fig. 1.—Stem of seed beet affected with curly-top. This plant showed no indication of curly-top during its first season’s growth. Fig. 2.—Stem of healthy seed beet for comparison with that shown in figure 1. : 122 34 Bul. 122, Bureau of Plant Industry U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE ll. A HEALTHY SUGAR BEET FOUR MONTHS OLD. (About one-fitth natural size. Bul. 122, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III. Fic. 1.—LEAVES FROM A SUGAR BEET THREE MONTHS OLD AFFECTED WITH CURLY-TOP. (4 Fic. 2.—LEAVES FROM A HEALTHY SUGAR BEET THREE MONTHS OLD. (About three-fourths natural size.) (About one-fourth natural size. 4 ~ ly ees » - ~ - s PLATE IV. Bul. 122, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Ga A W y ~ BS fo CuRLy- Top. LL Ae @, TD QA ae y V] A C Fic. 1.—CRoss SECTION THROUGH A VEIN OF A Beet LEAF AFFECTED WITH Fic. 2.—Cross SECTION THROUGH A VEIN OF A HEALTHY BEET LEAF. Bul. 122, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE V. Fic. 1.—Cross SECTIONS OF A SUGAR BEET Fic. 2.—Cross SECTIONS OF A HEALTHY FouR MONTHS OLD AFFECTED WITH Sua@arR BEET THREE MONTHS OLD. CuRLy-T op. About natural size. (About natural size. ) oie Fo ues Tey il ey ~*~ Ufln ime i l i) Bul. 122, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VI. FiG. 1.—LONGITUDINAL SECTION Fic. 2.—A SUGAR BEET PLANT THAT HAS APPAR- OF A SUGAR BEET ABOUT FOUR ENTLY RECOVERED FROM AN ATTACK OF CURLY- MONTHS OLD AFFECTED WITH Top. CurLy-T op. (About two-sevenths natural size.) (About four-fifths natural size. Bul. 122, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII. Fic. 2.—THE SAME BEETS SHOWN IN FIGURE 1 WITH NEW ToPS FOUR WEEKS AFTER DEFOLIATION. Bul. 122, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE VIII. iy : oa - A » & te 7 ay wf iis s £ = eT i | ee nates) eae “at oe ee eae Bul. 122, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IX. Fic. 1.—SUGAR BEET FIELD IN WHICH NEARLY ALL THE PLANTS IN THE FOREGROUND HAVE BEEN DESTROYED BY CURLY-T OP. oot cath sok FiG. 2.—FIELD OF SUGAR BEETS SERIOUSLY AFFECTED WITH CURLY-TOP, SHOWING HERE AND THERE AN APPARENTLY HEALTHY BEET. Bul. 122, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE X. FIG. 1.—THE FOURTEENTH CONSECUTIVE CROP OF SUGAR BEETS IN A FIELD ENTIRELY FREE FROM CURLY-T OP. Fic. 2.—SUGAR BEET PLANTS THREE MONTHS OLD IN Pots, SHOWING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS METHODS OF WATERING. (About one-eighth natural size.) PLATE Xl. Bul. 122, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Fig. 1.—STEM OF SEED BEET AFFECTED WITH CURLY-T OP. Fic. 2.—STEM OF HEALTHY SEED BEET. . / INDEX: Page. Acid, excessive, in soil, probable relation to curly-top. ...........-.---.-.--- 24-25 PEA IOML OL HOU TeMOM TT CUEIY DOP) 4 22. = <-.:.-.2..-.-2.--.-.25- 10 Atmosphere, abnormal conditions, effect on plamts...........-....--.------- 27-28 cold, at time of germination, effect on plants ............-.----- 27 Paceetiawaisesse, Name torcurly-fOpes- oi... -.- 2. s--6 225 eee eae eee eee 10 possible cause. of curly-top, experiments..--....:......:-.-.-.---.- 14 presence in beets affected with curly-top ...............--.-------- 10-11 Bacteriosis, VaTiant Name tr CUfly-tOp. .. .. 2 << cne 2 ewan ee ee ee ee ee 10, 12 Pallets 2.1). Opimion on calse or curly-top . -...-=5.----¢---2--+-----2--= 17 Beet farm, experimental, Utah, occurrence of curly-top .............-------- 9 Bieahe bel OCCURTONEE OF CULY-DOP. 2. fac 2.4 edge oe'es se - oo ne ese aes ce 9 Beets. See Curly-top, Leaves, Roots, etc. ECM ReARE LIU DCCINCISCARC psi. 2-H ose See aio oe se Nak eves sees 8 a See 1 Stare a Rp 2 pee Sas arin 13, 14 Ves ucbayamer cs 7:8 orchid Bg Am le aed i ae ea 10, 12 Western vaniant name for curly-top —°--).-2 2245-2... -Ss--2-c 2-2-2 - 10 Breede Meets resistant tO Curly-top..-:-...-..5-00..20.-.-2.----2- 2.2220 30-31 ‘California beet disease,’’ variant name for curly-top...........------------- 10 CASTELL POSSE Fe. 2 O0e) 0008 0) pe Ae ln ee 13-30 Cercospora beticola, cause of leaf-spot disease ............-....-..----------- 8 {hg ECEI OLS allied 2 FAP et ences nl ee ae ea ne aE mS 13, 14° Milorid, mercuric, use in combating curly-top.-...2.:...........-..----...--- 16 On Ts EGTA SB SU oy cl eal pe a a eo re 20 hoe BEG LeU cam 2] TU Ce ol a ae 31 Copper sulphate solution, use on diseased plants..........--.------ gh a: 16-17 mn. cavity possible symptom of curly-top. -...-.2..-...-.-..-..-+2--..- 8 Cultivation of plants, improper, relation to curly-top .............-..-.---.--- 25-26 Maly ton echGice On AIG. TEAGONS...2.°5..022--2 0-2! ee ee eee 13 COMMMen NEY, ex peMinenin...-2.0..2255...-..'...2.-.-.---. :..222..22--+----<.2.5--.2--2505 9 tim Sa. hy ve Bul. 123, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dent. of Agriculture. PLATE f. WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGES SHOWING BLUE-MOLD DECAY. (Specimens considerably reduced in size) BREURER S KevsreSicc sae U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 123. B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. } THE DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. BY G. HAROLD POWELL, PoMOLOGIST IN CHARGE OF FRuIT TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE INVESTIGATIONS, ASSISTED BY A.V. StuspenrAtcH, L. S. Tenny, H. J. Eustace, G. W. Hosrorp, AND H. M. Wuirer, or FirLp INVESTIGATIONS IN PoMOLOGY. Issurep Marci 31, 1908. SE ae cain AGRICULTURE efi COMMER Zan oS Dna WINURLTURNO Sis WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1908, BUKEAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. ; Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods. Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge. Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge. Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Haven Metcalf, Pathologist in Charge. Truck Crop Diseases and Plant Disease Survey, William A. Orton, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge. Cotton Breeding Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel and Daniel N. Shoemaker, Physiolo- gists in Charge. Tobacco Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel, Wightman W. Garner, and Ernest H. Mathewson, in Charge. Corn Investigations, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge. Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations, Thomas H. Kearney, Physiologist in Charge. Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge. Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge. Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge. Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge. Crop Technology and Fiber Plant Investigations, Nathan A. Cobb, Crop Technologist in Charge. Taxonomic and Range Investigations, Frederick VY. Coville, Botanist in Charge. Farm Management Investigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge. Grain Investigations, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge. Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge. Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge. Western Agricultural Extension Investigations, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge. Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations, B, Channing Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge. Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in Charge. Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent. Vegetable Testing Gardens, William W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. ° Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge. Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge. Grain Standardization. John I. Shanahan, Expert in Charge. Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., August Mayer, Expert in Charge. South Texas Garden, Brownsville, Tex., Edward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge. Cotton Culture Farms and Farmers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work, Seaman A. Knapp, Special Agent in Charge. Congressional Seed Distribution (Directed by Chief of Bureau), Lisle Morrison, Assistant in General Charge. Editor, J. BE. Rockwell. Chief Clerk, James BH. ‘Jones. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS IN POMOLOGY. SCIENTIFIC STAFF. William A. Taylor, Pomologist in Charge of Fruit Marketing Investigations. G. Harold Powell, Pomologist in Charge of Fruit Transportation and Storage Investi- gations. George C. Husmann, Pomologist in Charge of Viticultural Investigations. A. V. Stubenrauch, Bapert in Fruit Transportation. H. P. Gould, Pomologist in Charge of Fruit District Investigations. L. S. Tenny, Pomologist in Fruit Marketing, Transportation, and Storage Investigations. S. J. Dennis, Hapert in Refrigeration. ‘ H. J. Eustace, Expert in Fruit Storage. George W. Hosford, Assistant Pomologist in Fruit Marketing, Transportation, and Stor- age Investigations. “ Alfred Tournier, Special Agent in Viticultural Investigations. W. F. Fletcher, Scientific Assistant in Fruit District Investigations. H. M. White, Scientific Assistant in Fruit Marketing, Transportation, and Storage Inves- tigations. F. L. Husmann, Viticultural Superintendent. Cc. A. Reed, Special Agent in Pecan Investigations. 123 2 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Unirep Srares DeparrMent or AGRICULTURE, Bureau or Puant Inpustry, Orrice or THE CHIEF, Washington, D. C., November 22, 1907. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled “The Decay of Oranges While in Transit from California ” and to recommend that it be published as Bulletin No. 123 of the Bureau series. It has been prepared by Mr. G. Harold Powell, Pomologist in Charge of Fruit Transportation and Storage Investigations, as- sisted by Messrs. A. V. Stubenrauch, L. S. Tenny, H. J. Eustace, G. W. Hosford, and H. M. White, all of Field Investigations in Pomology, and has been submitted by Mr. William A. Taylor, Pomol- ogist in Charge of Field Investigations, with a view to publication. The investigations summarized in this manuscript are unique in that they have involved the actual handling and careful inspection of large quantities of oranges through all the various operations to which the fruit is subjected in its progress from the trees in California to the markets in eastern cities. This has included the actual custody of numerous carload lots of fruit while in transit under different methods of railroad transportation. The investiga- tions, in general, have been conducted on a commercial scale and under commercial conditions, with a view to securing accurate data regarding the practical requirements and needs of different phases of the industry, but the laboratory method has been applied to the fullest extent practicable under the conditions existing in the field, the packing house, the storage warehouse, the railroad car, and the salesroom. The perishable character of the product under investigation, taken in connection with the physiological and economic factors involved in its harvesting, transportation, and sale, has apparently been re- sponsible for much of the misapprehension that has hitherto existed regarding the causes of decay of California oranges in commerce. A satisfactory determination of those conditions has required continuous observation of large numbers of representative lots of fruits simul- taneously at distant points. No individual producer or receiver has 123 3 4 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. found it practicable to make such an investigation. In fact, it developed early in the investigation that the problems could be promptly and economically solved only through the development of an organized corps of scientific workers who could prosecute different phases of the work simultaneously in the producing sections, in transit, and in some representative eastern market, maintaining con- tinuous communication by mail and telegraph, so that the conditions to which the various shipments of fruit had been subjected could be thoroughly understood. Such a corps of workers has been gradually built up in this work, and the results set forth herein are believed to fully justify this feature of the Bureau organization. The present paper is the first formal and comprehensive publi- ‘ation of the results of these investigations. It should be stated, however, that the various branches of the industry have been informed from time to time regarding the progress of the work. This has been accomplished through addresses delivered before meet- ings of growers and of various organizations of warehousemen, re- frigerating engineers, and railroad men, as well as through the personal contact of a large number of packing-house foremen with the experimental work. Occasional circular letters summarizing the conclusions reached have been sent to the individuals and associations interested. Largely as a result of the thorough organization of the industry and the active cooperative spirit shown by the leading men in it, a prompt and general modification of methods has resulted and _ is still in progress. While the work is not yet complete, it is believed that the phases reported upon should be given wider publicity in all our orange-producing districts because of the bearing they are likely to have upon the handling of this and other fruits in commerce. The accompanying illustrations are necessary to a full understand- ing of the text. Respectfully, B. T. Gattoway, Chief of Bureau. Hon. James WItson, Secretary of Agriculture. 125 CON EN ES ® LCM 60 oe a Koy 0 ea See ee a ek en a General description of the California citrus-fruit industry____-_-______ ithevemtenizo£ the: Ciirus-triit industry. e=22. 2 oe 2 ee Methods of handling and marketing the citrus-fruit crop____-________ LGR See CULO See UTS eens ee, a eye ne a 8 RAGE Peter Se GENEL S@ 2 eae ye aioe" pot ee te oe Shin pines Cisse ents sees Be Ee As Theinvestieation Ofmhe cases (of decays = 2 EBC DIMERMNO sO te ChuBUSVarUits =. esas nb st Ee ae Mechanical injuries related to the handling of oranges____________ The extent of the mechanical injury of the orange________________ Growers and packers not aware of the extent of mechanical tA aU; [UU Beat a hs ee ee Es Bs DS The injury of the fruit an economic problem___________________ A reduction in the cost of handling a perishable product not Sub eR iii TS ELS ee Ck ae Se Ne A weak point in the present method of handling the orange____ Methods of insuring a uniform condition.of the fruit___-______ Experiments with different methods of handling oranges___-__--_______- The experiments with oranges stored in packing houses________-- The decay in oranges in different sections__________________- The decay in oranges in different periods of the season______~_ The curing of oranges; before packing=——- Phe prishine.ol Califormeay OTANe es = .— = s ihhewashine ot Calitomia Orances=— ee = The necessity for washing the fruit should be avoided____~~ Packing-house equipment and conditions_______________________ Features to be avoided in a packing house________--_--_--~- PEA ech va OLPOLAN SES Alita LPaAl Sites == ia ee a A ee CENeCTAIUGCSCrI DON ZOL Une CRPECTIMCNTS. 992 22a 2 HE SAO MCUUNRUIMIel Co ClttlaplOnes = ae ek Methods-used in preventing decay in oranges in a large CHMITeRG HM DTININeCN Ngee = eee Ae SEGRE LOT LA Tne Ise CO ma sae eee ee A practical illustration of careful handling methods__---~~- An illustration of better handling methods_——--~~~-~ eee The shipments of precooled fruit__..____.____.__~~-- eee a A comparison of the decay found in connection with the different peek oC Unio ee Be 123 12 6 CONTENTS. TMherOpjece OL cooling fruit berore Shipments = a eee Rhetretniceration of citrus iruits 10) transij===== = The cooling of oranges before transportation___-——22= === Historical data on the precooling of oranges_______-_-___-__-__ The keeping quality of oranges after arrival in market____---__________ The investigation of the temperature of oranges while in transit_______ Nemperature: records im ventilated cars._<=22. 32 22 PemperavuTre records in WCCO CATS= = 2-2 > se eee Temperature records of fruit cooled before loading and iced regularly TnMELAN Site ee ee a ee ee eee Temperature records of fruit cooled before loading and iced in Cali- AO TULA: OW ye eh ee ee eee Summary of precooling record s22 2s = = See Stumm atisy 22 ee ee ee et es a ee ee Description Of plates] 2 =s8se. she eee Minh Gee Re Ee ae oe ee ee 123 CU OU OT “1 C1 & bo PuateE I. Ta, IIT. TVs We VE YALE Ke VIII. IX Mra... 1: 5. ipo DRATIONS PLATES. Page. Washington Navel oranges showing blue-mold decay____ Frontispiece. Washington Navel orange trees. Fig. 1.—A tree sent to Cali- fornia by the Department of Agriculture in 1873. Fig. 2.—A PrCCetnTee VeArs able pla mules ks ee 74 Jalifornia orange groves and a packing house. Fig. 1.—A typi- cal view of bearing orange groves. Fig. 2.—Interior view of an orange packing house with an overhead sizing machine___ 74 Orange brushing machines. Fig. 1.—A common type of brushing machine, with a hopper. Fig. 2.—A belt-carrying device over SD LUG Miaenatial Cle Meise os ne eee es Sree Sa ee (4 Orange packing-house machinery. Fig. 1—An automatic weighing machine. Fig. 2.—A type of sizing machine______ 74 An interior view of a desirable type of orange packing house____ 74 The washing of citrus fruits. “Fig. 1—A lemon washing machine in operation. Fig. 2—Washed oranges on drying racks______ 74 Valencia oranges. Lower specimen affected with sooty mold TRV RO AY (Spe se Aa ee SS ee 7+ The cooling of oranges in cars before shipment. Fig. 1.—The experimental plant used in 1905. Fig. 2.—The experimental TUTE Man eS to leibal BIS UG Se eee ee eS eee eee 74 TEXT FIGURES. Types of shears or clippers used in picking citrus fruits. A, a sharp-pointed type; B, clippers with blunt points; C, sheath Sil WA) 0) OL EVs oes pees eee a Ae ek ie SD eh 1 ee 15 Grading belts used in assorting oranges____-__._.-. -__--. --- 17 Boxes of oranges in a car, showing the standard method of Na Wig ics 0 eS A ate ay ee es eS ee ee = 19 Diagram illustrating the average amount of mechanical injury i Oraneedin ten packing NOUSES= 2A nul S88 eee 24 Diagram illustrating the average amount of mechanical injury in oranges of ten growers who pooled their fruit________--_~ 25 Diagram illustrating the average quantity of fruit cut by ten PN RCE Rea TTC eet ies T V Come eee es ee a ee 26 Diagram illustrating the average quantity of injured oranges POUCH Ine DIS On ake) DORON == 29s) 27 Diagram illustrating the percentage of decay in oranges held in > fayetoheens drVoyg (Shetek Glo Oy (Sas Be Ee eer ots Diagram illustrating the percentage of decay in oranges picked at different times during the harvesting season, 190G6___ ae 123 =! Fra. 10. alas 12. TY. 26. ILLUSTRATIONS. Diagram illustrating the percentage of decay in oranges handled with average care, shipped under ventilation, February, 1907__ Diagram illustrating the percentage of decay in oranges handled rather roughly, shipped under ice, February: to April, 1907____ Diagram illustrating the percentage of decay in oranges cooled cYsvorer Sdorhayopiayer MM hYelL Woy Wine Ie Oye se Boxes of oranges packed in accordance with the method used in loadinevavcar with 549 DOxes: 2. es eee eee Diagram illustrating the percentage of decay upon arrival in market and for two weeks thereafter of precooled oranges handledwcare hulls OO see ee ee Ds at te eee Diagram illustrating the percentage of decay upon arrival in market and for three weeks thereafter of oranges handled THOU LAO yey 1S) UH OS OVO ly WUNOX se Keen wale (eee Diagram showing the temperature record of a carload of oranges shipped under regulated ventilation, April, 1906______ Diagram showing the temperature record of a carload of oranges shipped under regulated ventilation, April, 1907______ . Diagram showing the temperature record of a carload of oranges shipped under regular icing, May, 1906____________ Diagram showing the average temperature record of two car- loads of oranges shipped under regular icing, May, 1907______ Diagram showing the temperature change of the oranges in the top and bottom tiers of boxes in a car shipped under pecwlar icin gees. = a et ES A ee Diagram showing the temperature record of a standard carload. of 384 boxes-of oranges, precooled and shipped under regular Hema, Wished gyal yom WO - Diagram showing the temperature record of a carload consisting of 549 boxes of oranges, precooled and shipped under regular ieings SATs GOT: oe Be eee eee Diagram showing the temperature changes in the fruit in the bottom, middle, and top tiers in a carload of 549 boxes of oranges, precooled.and shipped under initial icing only______ Diagram showing the temperature record of a carload of oranges, precooled and shipped under initiai icing only, May, 1906____ Diagram showing the temperature record of a carload of oranges, precooled and shipped under initial icing only, May and ULI S Sal. Olea ear A te ee eee Diagram showing the temperature record of a carload of oranges, precooled and shipped without icing under regulated ventila- LHKOVM, e\jo)y erlll, GS} 0)7¢ Se ooh tte conte SNE ee Se 123 Page. 44 46 56 60 61 64 B. P. I.—325. THE DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. INTRODUCTION. Soon after the United States Department of Agriculture, through the Bureau of Plant Industry, began a study of the storage and transportation of fruit the orange growers of southern California requested that an investigation be made of the decay in citrus fruits while in transit to eastern markets. ‘Fhe losses from decay were estimated variously to be from $500,000 to $1,500,000 annually. The financial importance of this large amount of decay to the orange grower and shipper, to the buyer, and to the orange- consuming public made an investigation of the possible causes desirable. A general survey of the industry was made in 1904, and for six months in each year since, experimental investigations have been car- ried on in an extensive way in the groves, in the packing houses, in the cars in transit to the East, and in the markets. As this investigation has been so closely related to all the opera- tions of the California citrus-fruit business, a general account of the industry will be necessary for a proper understanding of the dis- cussion of the causes of decay in oranges during shipment. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CALIFORNIA CITRUS-FRUIT INDUSTRY. The introduction of the Washington Navel orange in 1870 from Bahia, Brazil, by the United States Department of Agriculture under the name of the “ Bahia ” orange and the sending of two trees propa- gated from those introduced from Brazil to Mrs. L. C. Tibbets, Riv- erside, Cal., in 1873, mark the most important epoch in the history of citrus-fruit culture in California. There were many types of oranges growing in southern California at that time, most of which were descended from trees planted in the gardens around the old mis- sions by the Spanish fathers. None of these oranges equaled the new 12% 9 10 DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. Navel orange. This orange was a prolific bearer, the fruit of fine quality, the flesh meaty, juicy, and seedless, and the skin of a texture that insured good shipping quality, of a rich deep-orange color. The trees were of medium size, which made the groves more manageable than those of the tall-growing seedlings. This variety was named by the Californians the “ Washington Navel,” in honor of the city from which it was sent to them.” (PI. I.) The Washington Navel was widely planted in southern California, the State acquired a world-wide reputation for its citrus fruits, and a new era in orange culture in America began. In 1906-7 the Washington Navel crop in California reached a value of $12,500,000, with a gross value, including freight and icing charges, of $20,000,000. The two trees sent to California by the Department of eaeauaee are objects of historic interest in the city of Riverside at the present time. One of the trees was transplanted by the city from the Tib- bets place in 1903 and stands in a thrifty condition at the head of Magnoha avenue. The other tree, shown in Plate IT, figure 1, was transplanted in May, 1903, with the assistance of President Roose- velt, to the court of the Mission Inn. THE EXTENT OF THE CITRUS-FRUIT INDUSTRY. The citrus-fruit industry of California has grown up gradually. It began to assume commercial importance by 1880, and in 1886 amounted to a thousand carloads of 800 boxes each. Between 1890 and 1895 it had grown to from 4,000 to 7,000 carloads annually, and from 1900 to 1907 to between 25,000 and 32,000 carloads annually, i. e., from 6,000,000 to 11,000,000 boxes, having a gross value of about $1,000 a carload, or from $25,000,000 to $32,000,000. The lemon comprises from 10 to 15 per cent of the citrus crop. There are a few pomelos (grape-fruit) grown. Three-fourths of the oranges are of the Washington Navel variety, the remainder comprising the Valencia as the most important variety, with fewer of the St. Michael, Mediterranean Sweet, Thompson, Ruby, Maltese Blood, Jaffa, seedlings, and tangerines. There are probably from 60,000 to 70,000 acres of citrus fruits in California, distributed among 5,000 to 6,000 growers. From 90 to 95 per cent of the citrus fruits are shipped t to markets outside of California. “Vhe Washington Navel orange was first called ‘* Bahia ” re the late William Saunders, Horticulturist of the United States Department of Agriculture. ‘This name has been adopted by the American Pomological Society and appears in its catalogue of fruits. The name ‘ Washington Navel” is in almost universal use, however, and although of later origin than “ Bahia’ it will be used in this publication. 123 CULTURAL CONDITIONS IN THE CITRUS BELT. i THE LOCATION OF THE CITRUS-FRUIT INDUSTRY. The citrus-fruit industry has reached its greatest development in southern California, which is made up largely of the San Ber- nardino, San Gabriel, and San Fernando valleys. It has become most prominent in the foothill regions and lower lands extending down from the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains, which make up the Sierra Madre Range: in the Riverside district; at the base of the Temescal Range on the Corona bench, and in the Coast region in Orange and Los Angeles counties. There are smaller but not less favorable regions in Santa Barbara and Ventura counties, close to the mountains, and in San Diego County. In recent years the industry has been developing north of the Tehachapi Range of the Sierra Madre Mountains, especially in Tu- lare. Kern, Fresno, and Butte counties, though oranges are grown to a limited extent in other fruit-growing counties in the central and northern parts of the State as well. The greatest development has occurred in Tulare County, where the annual production is now about 2,000 cars of oranges, mostly of the Washington Navel variety. New plantings have been made which under favorable conditions may increase the annual production in that section to 10,000 cars in the next few years. The orange crop of northern California matures from four to six weeks earlier than it does in the southern part of the State, notwith- standing that it is from 200 to 500 miles farther north. This unusual condition is due to the topography of the Pacific coast. The large inland valleys of northern and central California le between two great mountain ranges extending north and south. The Coast Range Mountains shut off the modifying influences of the sea, causing rela- tively higher night temperatures during the summer months than prevail in the southern part of the State. CULTURAL CONDITIONS IN THE CITRUS-FRUIT BELT. Citrus fruits are grown in California on many types of soil under an intensive system of orchard management. Irrigation is nec- essary except from December to April, when the rainfall usually occurs. As in other horticultural industries there has not yet been developed a uniform system of management in respect to the han- dling of the soil, the use of water, the application of fertilizers, or in the handling of the trees. In a general way, it may be said that the tillage is frequent and thorough during the season from March to August or September; that cover crops, especially winter vetch, Canada peas, and burr clover, are coming into general use as a winter covering and as a means of improving the condition of the soil; that pruning, except with the lemon, is not systematically practiced ; 123 12 DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. and that commercial fertilizers of various kinds are probably used more extensively than in any other orchard industry in the country, except in citrus-fruit growing in Florida. The groves are variable in size, the smaller ones containing from 5 to 10 acres, the latter being a common unit of size. There are many of 15 to 20 acres or more, and the groves of some growers range from 100 to 200 or more acres. There are a few large companies and cor- porations engaged in the business, some of them having from 250 to 2,500 acres of citrus fruits. A Washington Navel orange tree three years after planting is shown in Plate IT, figure 2, and a typical view of orange groves in bearing is shown in Plate IIT, figure 1. The harvesting of the Washington Navel crop begins in Novem- ber in northern and central California, and extends to the middle of June or the first of July in southern California. The Valencia sea- son opens the latter part of May and extends into the latter part of September or the first of October, the trees at that time bearing the crop to be harvested and the partly developed fruit for the crop of the following season. The other varieties of oranges are harvested from February to July. The lemon is picked from the same grove in practically every month of the year, although the largest part of the crop is harvested from November to May, a single tree generally containing fruit in all stages of development from the blossoms to. the mature lemon. | METHODS OF HANDLING AND MARKETING THE CITRUS-FRUIT CROP. The citrus-fruit growers of California are as a class men of high intelligence, and many of them are of large business experience and capacity. Cooperation in the handling of the citrus fruits is the corner stone on which many of the successful business practices rest. Among the various systems of marketing the fruit there have been developed some of the best examples of cooperative organiza- tion among fruit growers to be found in America. These cooperative associations, organized primarily for the busi- ness of packing and distributing the fruit to market, handle from 70 to 75 per cent of the entire citrus-fruit crop. There are also firms and individuals who pack, distribute, and sell fruit on commission for the growers. More or less of this fruit is sold f. 0. b.-cars in California, subject to inspection on, arrival in market, or for cash f. 0. b. cars in California, while some is consigned to distant merchants. There is also considerable buying of the fruit from the growers either by the pound or in lump in the orchard taken asa whole. There are a few growers and fruit-growing corporations who pack and market their own fruit. About 40 per cent of all citrus 123 ; METHODS OF HANDLING AND MARKETING, 13 fruits shipped from California is sold at public auction in eastern markets. brews _ Among the cooperative organizations, the California Fruit Grow- ers’ Exchange packs and sells through its own district agents in the markets somewhat more than 50 per cent of the entire citrus crop. This organization is formed to regulate the distribution of citrus fruits throughout the country and to give to its members the benefits that arise from its cooperative efforts of various kinds. This Ex- change represents about 4,000 growers, who are organized into more than 80 local incorporated associations, the primary function of which is to prepare the fruit for market. The associations in the different producing regions combine into one or more local incorporated dis- trict exchanges or selling agencies, which sell the fruit through the distriet agents or at public auction and receive the money therefor through the medium of the California Fruit Growers’ Exchange. There are 13 of these district exchanges. Each local district exchange selects a representative to act for it on the board of direc- tors of the California Fruit Growers’ Exchange, which is an incor- porated body acting as an agency or clearing house for the district exchanges in the marketing of their fruit and which operates for the growers without profit to itself. It takes the fruit of the district exchanges after it is packed, and with their cooperation and advice places it in the different markets of the country, sells it, collects the proceeds, and turns them over to the district exchanges, which in turn pay the growers through the local associations. The California Fruit Growers’ Exchange is the agency through which the grower is able to control the larger business problems and the general policy of the handling and marketing of the citrus-fruit crop. An association, whether a part of the California Fruit Growers’ Exchange or organized independently, is composed of a number of growers who are incorporated with a board of directors and officers for business management. The association usually owns its own packing house, where the fruit of the members is assembled and pre- pared for shipment, or the association may lease a packing house from a railroad. The fruit of an association is marketed in the name of the association or of the district exchange of which the local asso- ciation is a part, in the latter case both the name of the local associa- tion and the district exchange usually appearing on the package. The fruit of the growers of an association may be handled as an individual account, but the usual method is to ship the different grades of fruit of all the growers under brands selected for each grade, the individual grower losing his identity so far as the market is concerned when the fruit enters the packing house and has been graded. In handling the fruit in this manner, the shipping season 123 14 DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. is divided into periods varying from two to six weeks in length, and these periods are known as “ pools.” When a pool covers a month, it is referred to as a “January pool,” “ February pool,” and soon. The members of the association are credited with the weight of each grade of fruit delivered, and at the end of a pool receive the pro rata of the proceeds represented by the quantity of fruit deliv- ered to the packing house during that pool. The responsibility of the association or of the individual or firm that packs and distributes or sells the fruit for a grower usually begins when the fruit is delivered at the packing house. The asso- ciation in a general way controls the time of delivery of the fruit of its members to the packing houses and the proportion of their crop that shall be delivered at one time, giving each member an oppor- tunity to furnish his pro rata of fruit during the marketing season, based on the relative percentage of his crop to the holdings of the association as a whole. Previous to the beginning of the investiga- tion by the Bureau of Plant Industry little attempt was made to exercise control over the conditions under which the fruit was har- vested and delivered for packing, but during recent seasons much careful attention has been given to these important operations. In most cases the fruit is picked by the owner or manager of a grove, or by labor under his direction, the labor being paid by the box or by the day. Frequently the fruit is picked and carted to the packing house by contract at a fixed price per box or rate per hundred pounds. Among the cooperative associations and individuals or firms shipping for growers or buying for cash, a system of gang picking is growing in favor as a means of insuring greater uniform- ity in the condition of the fruit. A picking crew with a foreman is: employed by the officers of an association, for example, and the fruit of the members of the association is picked by this crew. Under this system only skillful workmen need be employed and very efficient work is secured when the labor is directed by a competent foreman. Some association packing houses that do not have a picking gang employ a picking inspector, who sees that the fruit delivered by different growers to the packing house has been carefully picked. The most uniform results are secured when the same labor is em- ployed continuously. Since two or three pickings of oranges are made from the same tree during a season, this condition is not always practicable on the average ranch when the picking is done by the owner. Usually the owner has to secure such labor as is available for each picking, and often can not employ the same set of men more than once. This is especially true where the help is secured through Jabor agencies. Under these conditions there has been a lack of uniformity in the condition of the fruit from different groves and from the same grove at different pickings. 123 PICKING CITRUS FRUITS. 15 Among the laborers are found Americans, Japanese, Mexicans, Chinese, and a few of other nationalities. Experience has shown that the ability of the labor foreman is of more importance than the nationality of the crew in securing efficient work and that the general policy of those who employ the labor in respect to the care with which the fruit is to be handled is of greater importance than both. PICKING CITRUS FRUITS. In picking citrus fruits it is necessary to sever them from the branches with sharp clippers or shears. The fruit is then placed in a picking bag hold- ing from 20 to 50 pounds, slung over the neck and shoul- ders of the picker. From this it is emptied into pick- ing or lug boxes, and in these the oranges are ‘deliv- ered to the pack- ing house. Some- —_— times the packing SS — or shipping boxes are used for this purpose once be- fore shipment. Formerly the most common type of shears in use was a small one with sharp-pointed, curved blades, | : Fig. 1.—Types of shears or clippers used in picking citrus fruits. A, a shown 1 figure i sharp-pointed type; B, clippers with blunt points; C, sheath clippers. A, which, when not handled with care, often punctured or cut the skin of the orange. Since greater care and attention have been given to the operation of picking, many new styles of clippers have been invented and put into use, most of them with rounded or blunt points. Blunt-pointed clip- pers are shown in figure 1, B, and another style, known as sheath clippers, in figure 1, C. 123 16 DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. PACKING CITRUS FRUITS. The packing houses are located either on the ranches or at the shipping stations, usually at the latter points. Some of the large corporations and a few individuals have the fruit packed in houses on the ranch, but the association houses and those of the other types of shippers are generally placed alongside the railroad at the ship- ping point. The houses vary in capacity from 1 to 15 carloads of fruit a day. The capacity of all the packing houses in California is said to aggre- gate from 400 to 600 cars a day, though the daily shipments do not average more than 150 cars during the main shipping season. In no other fruit industry have the appliances for handling the fruit in the packing house been so highly developed. The average orange packing house is equipped with box-making machines which nail together the boxes used for carrying the fruit to,market; specially constructed hand trucks for moving several picking or shipping boxes at a time; hoppers for receiving the fruit; washing tanks and scrubbing machines to remove the sooty-mold fungus, and drying racks in those sections where the fruit has to be washed; elevators to carry the fruit to the grading and sizing machines, drying racks, and other places; carrying belts or chutes; automatic weighing and recording scales for weighing the different grades of fruit of each erower ; series of padded bins, sometimes with self-adjusting bottoms, for receiving the different sizes of fruit; belts to carry the packed boxes; presses for covering the boxes; and sometimes a system of fans to assist in drying the fruit, and a machine to wrap the fruit auto- matically. All of the stationary machinery is run by power, making the interior of a large packing house in operation resemble the in- terior of a complex factory. There is a wide variation in the type and arrangement of the dif- ferent kinds of machinery. A general idea of the steps through which the orange passes may be gained from the following brief de- scription of a common type of house. The fruit is dumped from the field boxes into the hopper (see Pl. IV, figs. 1 and 2), which leads to rapidly revolving brushes (Pl. IV, fig. 1) which clean the fruit. From the brush the fruit is elevated to a sorting or grading table or grading belts, figure 2, where it passes before the grader and is sorted into two or more grades by hand. Each grade then runs by eravity or on belts through an automatic weighing machine (PI. V, fig. 1), where the weight of the grades of each grower is recorded, to the long sizing machine (PI. V, fig. 2), and from there, in various ways, to the packing bins seen in Plate VI. If the fruit is to be washed, it is first dumped into a tank of water; then run between orushes submerged in the water (Pl. VII, fig. 1) or with water run- 123 PACKING CITRUS FRUITS. 1% ning over them; then elevated or run to drying racks (PI. VII, fig. 2) or under a blast of air, after which it is usually run through all the steps described for brushed fruit, or the hopper and brush may be left out and the oranges delivered to the sorting table. There is a wide difference in the simplicity or complexity of arrangement of the packing houses and a similar variation in the speed with which the machinery is operated. A complex, undesirable type of house is shown in Plate III, figure 2, while a simpler and desirable arrange- ment of the machinery is shown in Plate VI. The packing of the fruit is done by men or women, the laborer being paid usually by the box, though sometimes by the day. The packers average from 40 to 100 boxes for a day of ten hours. Fic. 2.—Grading belts used in assorting oranges. The grading of citrus fruits is based on the general texture of the skin of the fruit, on its appearance as influenced by scars, and on the general form and style of the fruit. The grades have no refer- ence to the size of the fruit. There. are usually three grades packed—* Fancy,” “ Choice,” and “Standard.” Some packers also have so-called “ Extra fancy” and “ Extra choice” grades. 2 Neil le muy EP ToL cn +i . a a | a Bee neearococoee 2 ae ol TIME OF SHIPMENT AFTER? PAICHING MMMEDIA TE 2204S LATER FOUS LATE Fre. 10.—Diagram illustrating the percentage of decay in oranges handled with average care, shipped under ventilation, February, 1907. The result of the shipments under the second series, i. e., of fruit handled carefully in the groves and packing houses, is brought out in the following table: TABLE ITV.—Percentage of decay in oranges handled carefully under commercial conditions and shipped under ventilation from February to May, 1907. pecans followi ing immediate shipment and approximate delay of 2 days and | Date of first shipment. | 4 days. | ae ) 2 days.) | (4 days.) | Average. 2 | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. Webrianye 26. a2 cee: Seen ne eee ek osc och ene ee 2 eee ON 0.8 | i158} 0.9 ING yRe ba ep ae ee ee SC 2 Ss NS eee? ES iS) gif) iiss | 16S PAT GUS Bara eee at 2 a et ee las Sie ache a eee a eee 1.0 | Lo) 2.3 | 17, PANTO LLG ort ges ak ee ot Se Re ne Ree es oe one 0 ne a 0.8 1.4 20 | 1.6 WEIN Sees aS ocean Roa: aa loo cene SA ARSE Ce eae Dem ras seen ne 201 | 1.7 2.7 | 2.4 AVETAP OU sane asic eons ae wae cisse base amcor soe ac cele | le mLae yy 0 IG On hee meee Ole eee = ra — a © 123 ‘ METHODS USED IN PREVENTING DECAY. 45 This table shows that oranges can be handled in a large commercial business with enough care to insure the arrival of the fruit in market in sound condition when shipped under ventilation through a large part of the Washington Navel shipping season. It also shows that there is little practical difference in decay in sound fruit shipped in February or in the succeeding months. As the fruit of this house has shown no better inherent keeping quality than other sound fruit from the same region, a brief description of the methods employed in handling the crop will be useful in showing how a crop is carefully handled in a large commercial business. Methods used in preventing decay in oranges in a large com- mercial business —The fruit shipped under the last series was grown and packed by a corporation owning several hundred acres of groves and packing its own fruit. When the present investigation of the Bureau of Plant Industry was undertaken in 1905, the fruit from this house sometimes arrived in market showing from 5 to 30 per cent of decay. The handling of the fruit was done with the average care used in preparing the fruit for market at that time. An investi- gation showed that 20 to 25 per cent of the oranges were cut with the clippers or were stem punctured, and that the packing house, which was equipped with overhead sizers, contributed to the further injury of the fruit. In 1906 and in 1907 the fruit was picked with care. The labor in the groves is paid by the day. It is under the “management of a competent foreman. As a rule the orange as cut from the tree has a long stem, and a second cut removes the stem close to the fruit. The pickers average from 40 to 50 boxes a day, and the clipper cutting and stem puncturing have been reduced to from 1 to 3 per cent. The loading and the hauling of the boxes to the packing house are done with care. Gravel is kept out of the boxes and they are not filled full enough to bruise the oranges on the top when the boxes are stacked. The packing house is handled by a skillful foreman. The oranges are not brushed. The machinery is of the simplest kind and is run at comparatively low speed. The packing and the loading of the cars are done with care. The packers average from 50 to 60 boxes a day. The frit has been shipped under ventilation until about two months after most of the shipments from southern California have begun to be forwarded under ice. From the business standpoint this fruit took high rank in the market as soon as careful handling methods were adopted in 1906, and it has held it ever since. In addition to a good pack, it has commanded the confidence of buyers on account of arriving in sound condition day after day. The excess in net return has been many times greater than the extra cost of careful handling. The extra cost of handling the fruit carefully has probably not amounted to 10 cents a box. 123 . 46 DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. What has been accomplished here can be duplicated, so far as the sound arrival of the fruit is concerned, by any other shipper in Cali- fornia who will preserve the natural keeping quality of the fruit by handling it carefully in the grove and packing house rather than attempting to handle the shipments at the lowest possible cost under conditions that make the fruit susceptible to decay. THE SHIPMENTS UNDER ICE. The shipments under ice in 1907 began in March and extended to the last of May. They were made from different parts of the citrus PER q i/o Gee e 1. aneunseeee i aa i SECOS Seale a Coco ae Bi ECE EE EEE EEE et TIME OF SHIPMENT AFTER FACHING IMMEDIATE 2 0AYS LATER SF OBS LATE Fic. 11.—Diagram illustrating the percentage of decay in oranges handled rather roughly, shipped under ice, February to April, 1907. belt. There were two series of shipments under ice. The first was from a group of houses in which the fruit was handled in the groves and packing houses rather roughly. It included apparently sound brushed and washed fruit, commercially packed fruit, and mechan- ically injured fruit. The second series was from a group of houses in which the fruit was handled in the groves and packing houses with more than average care. It included apparently sound brushed fruit, commercially packed fruit, and mechanically injured fruit. The result of the shipments under the first series, shown also in figure 11, is brought out in Table V: 123 SHIPMENTS UNDER ICE. AG TABLE V.—Percentage of decay in oranges handled rather roughly and shipped under ice, February to April, 1907. Decay following immediate shipment and approximate delay of 2 days and Treatment or condition of fruit. 4 days. (None. ) | (2 days.) (4days.) | Average. vy 1 Per cent. | Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Brushed fruit, apparently sound)......----25.2222s222cesce--5- ie, 3.7 6.4 3.8 Washed fruit, apparently sound). 95/22 0.5.2.2. 225. 22252225225 2.0 | 4.2 S21 48 PAP INTMIETCIAUy PAC KOO MEUM a a nos see eon ae ene nee ceee 3.9 8.9 12.6 8.5 Mechanically: injurediinuit 7.2... 202-2554 -252-5-22%-2 22) 7.0 18.1 32. 4 19. 2 DAP ELEE AES ee Re ee pA ier tae SEP COE ele Pane IEEE 3.5 8.7 14: Obes Bees 5 Two important factors similar to those developed in the shipments under ventilation are brought out by these shipments: (1) The decay is least in the fruit that is handled the least, i. e., the apparently sound brushed fruit, and greatest in the fruit that is mechanically injured; (2) the decay increases as the time between packing and shipping increases. The delay in shipping the fruit causes.the least injury to the soundest fruit and develops the greatest injury in the mechanically injured oranges. The result of the shipments from the houses in which the fruit was handled with care is brought out in the following table: TABLE VI.—Percentage of decay in oranges handled carefully and shipped under ice, March to May, 1907. | Decay following immediate shipment | and approximate delay of 2days and Treatment or condition of fruit. | 4days. | (None.) | (2days.) | (4days.) | Average. ; Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent. Per cent. ferushed iruit, apparently: sound... 2. :....5.-- 5. Le. ee ot 1.0 | 128 2.6 1.8 Commercially packed fruit................-. a A ee 1.0 | 2.6 4.6 roe MOEPHATICRL YT UGG IrOlb «2 scan ete cc site cases eae 7.9 9. 14.7 10.5 POR ROS een + ark See Reels Sele Sra Ae en ah ee ek 3.3 4.5 Rp Bee ey As in the other series under ice, the least decay developed in the sound brushed fruit and the greatest amount occurred in the mechan- ically injured oranges. The decay is proportional to the length of time that elapses between packing and shipping. The decay in all of the shipments in the second series is less than that in the fruit that was handled more roughly, on account of the sounder condition of the fruit. A practical illustration of careful handling methods.—There are in- cluded in the last series shipments from a grower with extensive groves, whose fruit early in the season of 1907 arrived in New York in bad condition. Some of the carloads developed as much as 25 per cent of decay. Both the shipper and the receiver thought the decay was due to excessive tenderness of the fruit brought on by over- 123 48% DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. fertilizing or to other methods followed in handling the groves. An investigation of this case showed that about 20 per cent of the fruit was mechanically injured in handling. The pickers were paid by the box. It was not considered essential to ship the fruit as soon as it was picked. The packing-house machinery was not well adapted to the careful handling of the fruit, and in the packing house the labor was done with no great care. The grower decided to change his method of handling the crop. Two or three foremen were tried in the groves before a satisfactory man was found to handle the picking gang; the labor was paid by the day, the picking was done with care, clipper cutting and other in- juries were reduced to an average of about 5 per cent, the packing- house equipment was remodeled and simplified, the fruit was not brushed, and it was delivered by hand from the picking boxes to a wide belt that led to the sorting table. The packing-house operations were conducted with more care than formerly. The result of these changes is one of the most striking that has come under the observa- tion of the representatives of the Bureau of Plant Industry. The decay in the commercial shipments disappeared as soon as the old methods were changed and did not reappear throughout the season. Irom the business standpoint the brands from this grower, which up to this time had been handled with caution by the New York buyers, commanded confidence and sold at prices not often sur- passed by other brands of fruit. The fruit from this house handled in the experimental shipments developed the following average decay: Apparently sound unbrushed fruit, 1.2 per cent; commer- cially packed fruit from the same bins, 4.1 per cent; mechanically injured fruit from the same bins, 14 per cent. This grower has recently stated that by insisting rigidly on the careful handling of the oranges the net increased receipts averaged from 50 cents to $1.50 a box after the change in methods was adopted. An illustration of better handling methods.—There were also in- cluded -in the shipments under ice oranges from an association that in 1905 had the reputation of producing fruit of the poorest carrying quality, though excellent in other respects. An inquiry in several markets showed that the receivers always expected excessive decay in the brands of this fruit. Many of the growers believed that the decay was due to mysterious local climatic and soil conditions. An investigation of the case in 1906 showed that the growers had de- pended on the Scutellista cyanea Matsch to hold the black scale in check and little fumigation or spraying had been done in the section for three or four years. The groves were badly infested with scale. Probably 90 per cent of the fruit had to be washed. The packing- 123 ¢ SHIPMENTS OF PRECOOLED FRUIT. 49 house management exercised little control over the picking of the fruit. On the whole, it was carelessly picked, much of it showing from 25 to 30 per cent of injury. The handling of the fruit in other respects was done with average care. The packing house was of the type shown in Plate ITI, figure 2. The fruit that was washed passed through more than a thousand feet of machinery of different kinds before it was packed. The fruit often remained in the house a week or more before it was shipped. As the conditions in this association were typical of many others, both packing-house experiments and shipping experiments were car- ried on during 1906 and 1907. In 1906 the fruit in the packing- house experiments developed the following amount of decay: Ap- parently sound unbrushed fruit, 1.9 per cent: apparently sound dry- brushed fruit, 4.2 per cent; apparently sound fruit run through the washers and all other machinery, 10 per cent; mechanically injured fruit, 23 per cent. The growers were convinced from these experiments that the fruit was not inherently poor in keeping quality. There was a general fumigation of the groves in the section in the autumn of 1906, and not more than 50 per cent of the fruit was washed in 1907. The overhead machinery was eliminated, the equipment considerably sim- plified and changed, the picking was done with more care in 1907, part of it by a picking crew under the control of the packing house, and the fruit was shipped out more quickly whenever the car short- age did not delay the shipments. In 1907 the average decay in the shipping experiments was as follows: Apparently sound brushed fruit, 1.8 per cent; apparently sound washed fruit, 2.6 per cent; com- mercially packed fruit, 4.8-per cent; mechanically injured fruit, 26.9 per cent. This association has not yet reached the limit of practical improve- ment, but the reputation of its brands of fruit has already been ele- vated to a higher class, as the fruit has continued to arrive in the markets in better condition than formerly. THE SHIPMENTS OF PRECOOLED FRUIT. The shipments of precooled oranges in 1907 were begun in March and extended into May. They included apparently sound brushed and washed fruit, commercially packed fruit, and mechanically in- jured fruit, placed in cold storage at different lengths of time after packing and allowed to remain there until the fruit reached a tem- perature of 35° to 40° F., when it was shipped in refrigerator cars cooled by icing before the oranges were loaded. 23059—Bul. 123—08S——4. 50 DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. The result of the shipments from a group of houses in which the fruit is handled roughly in the groves and packing houses is shown in the table following and also in figure 12: Taste VII.—Percentage of decay in precooled oranges, March to May, 1907. Decay following immediate cooling af- ter packing and a delay of 2 days Treatment or condition of fruit. | and 4 days. (None.) | (2 days.) | (4 days.) | Average. Per cent. | Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent. Brushed irmits apparently soundse.- ae 2so2--- See ee 0.1 2.3 3.4 1.9 Washed iruitvapparently soumde ss. -a-.-2 222 = ee eit eee 0.8 2.3 5.5 2.9 Commercially packed Gruit®ie- meas aces = cosa ae ate eee 2.2 6.2 Orel. 5.8 Mechamicallliy any ure cllstry unites tee a= ee ae a le fal lot ote iat tor = 3.0 9.2 13.9 8.7 IAVOT ESOS. se ccione cee eee aoa es eine sestettels eo mee siaseiaria 1.5 5.0 SO) oe eee eee PER CENT. DEC halal 15, ale [sil aero: Er laaeee po z Sette tone Se ae axial BROS) — + 22-2 eee SEE EEE A don ee a ene TIME OF COOLING AFTER FAGHING IMMEDIATE OAS LATER 9 DAXS LATER Fic. 12.—Diagram illustrating the percentage of decay in oranges cooled before shipping, March to May, 1907. Tt will be seen from the table and from figure 12 that the appar- ently sound brushed fruit decayed least and that there was a pro- eressive increase in the decay through the washed, the commercially packed, and the mechanically injured fruit. This increase in respect to the different types of fruit is similar to that occurring in the ship- ments under both ventilation and ice. The precooled shipments also ‘bear out the principle of the shipments under: ventilation and ice in that the least decay developed in the oranges that were cooled quickly after packing, and considerable decay developed in the fruit in which there was a delay in cooling after it was packed. It ap- pears to be as essential to cool the fruit quickly if it is to be cooled before shipment as it is to ship it promptly after packing, under ventilation or ice. Tf the decay has an opportunity to develop for several days after the fruit is packed, it can not be eliminated by cooling the fruit to a lower temperature later on. 123 COMPARISON OF DECAY IN DIFFERENT SHIPMENTS. 51 A COMPARISON OF THE DECAY FOUND IN CONNECTION WITH THE DIFFER- ENT METHODS OF SHIPMENT. By comparing the data under the different methods of shipment it will be seen that the apparently sound brushed fruit arrived under all conditions of shipment with the least decay: that the apparently sound washed fruit, which is more susceptible to decay on account of the washing and additional handling to which it is subjected, decayed more; that the commercially packed fruit, which contains more or less injured fruit, decayed still more, and that the greatest amount of decay developed in the mechanically injured fruit. Sound fruit to start with, therefore, is the foundation for sound fruit in market under all methods of shipment. It is equally clear that it is essential to ship the fruit promptly after packing or to cool it quickly if it is to be cooled before ship- ment. A delay of two days in shipping under ventilation or ice or in the cooling of the fruit resulted in an increase in decay, while a delay of four days developed a still greater amount, the increase being least in the apparently sound dry-brushed fruit and greatest in the mechanically injured fruit. It is better to leave the fruit on the trees until it can be shipped than to pick it and leave it in the packing house several days before shipment unless the weather is cold enough to retard the development of decay. As to the amount of decay under the different methods of shipment, the least decay developed in the precooled fruit, provided the ship- ments from the houses that handle the fruit roughly, as shown in figures 10, 11, and 12, are compared. On the other hand, there was less decay in the carefully handled commercial shipments under ven- tilation, discussed on page 44, than in any other series, notwithstand- ing the fact that the shipments extended through a greater length of time than those that were iced or precooled. This was due to the sounder condition of this fruit as a resuit of the careful handling methods used in its preparation for market. It will be seen also that the decay in the fruit shipped under ice from the group of houses that handle oranges carefully, discussed on page 47, is less than the decay in the roughly handled fruit cooled before shipment, discussed on page 46 and shown in figure 11. ; The comparative data bring out clearly that if the fruit is unin- jured when it leaves California it is likely to arrive in the East in comparatively sound condition, and that under adverse conditions, such as a delay in shipping the fruit, there is less decay in apparently sound fruit than in oranges that have been injured by handling. These data show clearly that it is detrimental to the shipping quality to delay the shipment of the fruit after it is picked and packed, and, 123 52 PpECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. finally, that fruit which is susceptible to decay develops the least trouble when shipped under the precooling method. THE OBJECT OF COOLING FRUIT BEFORE SHIPMENT. The principal object of cooling fruit before shipment is to quickly retard the ripening processes and the development of decay and to equalize the temperature in the car during the trip. In ordinary iced shipments the fruit is loaded in a car in a warm condition, It requires several days after the fruit is loaded before the temperature of:the fruit is reduced to a degree of cold that retards the ripening and the decay. The ripening springs forward with unusual rapidity as soon as a fruit is picked, and as the air of the car is moist from the transpiration of the fruit the conditions are favorable to the rapid development of decay. In a refrigerator car the fruit 1s cooled by a slow gravity circulation of air from the ice bunkers. The tempera- ture of the air as it leaves the bunkers may fall as low as 34° F. It is warmed by contact with the fruit and grows warmer as it ascends and reenters the ice bunkers of the car. The temperature in the top of the car is several degrees warmer than in the bottom during the first part of the trip, as shown in figure 20, but this difference grad- ually grows less as the fruit becomes cold. These are fundamental difficulties in the present methods of han- dling perishable fruits. They limit the distribution of fruit to the area over which the top tiers of packages can be safely shipped, thereby preventing the development of the most distant domestic and foreign markets. They make it necessary to harvest the summer fruits prematurely to provide against the ripening that takes place in transit, thereby placing large quantities of insipid, flavorless peaches, plums, and other fruits before the consumers. THE REFRIGERATION OF CITRUS FRUITS IN TRANSIT. All of the considerations previously mentioned do not apply to the shipment of oranges under the ordinary methods of refrigeration. The ripening processes in citrus fruits proceed so slowly and are of such a nature that it is not necessary to ice the cars to retard the ripen- ing even with ripe fruit in hot weather. The citrus fruits are iced primarily to retard the development of decay and secondarily to re- tain the fresh appearance of the fruit on arrival in market by pre- venting undue evaporation from the skin during the trip. A carload of oranges under refrigeration cools down slowly, as each orange is partly insulated in the paper wrapper. The loose ends of the wrap- pers make a layer of paper between the rows of oranges, and the fruit is packed so firmly that this prevents a free circulation of cold air 123 COOLING ORANGES BEFORE TRANSPORTATION. 58 around each orange. The cooling is done by conduction of heat from orange to orange and to the air surrounding the packages. In warm weather a car of fruit often covers from one-fourth to one- third of the trip across the continent before the temperature of the oranges drops to 50° F., as shown in figures 18 and 19. The fruit, therefore, may decay during the first part of the trip if it has been handled in such a way as to make it susceptible to decay, especially if it is not shipped promptly after picking and packing. If it is shipped promptly it does not decay excessively except in hot weather, as will be seen by reference to figure 11. The icing of the fruit retards the development of decay temporarily. It transfers the decay from the shipper to the receiver. It does not affect the shipping quality, except the general appearance, or the keeping quality of sound oranges, but it is a means of overcoming for the time being the bad effect of handling the fruit improperly in the groves and packing houses. THE COOLING OF ORANGES BEFORE TRANSPORTATION. The cooling of the orange before shipment insures less decay in transit in poorly handled fruit, as the fruit is started in a cold rather than a warm condition. The fruit arrives in sounder condition, but the oranges that might have decayed in transit under ventilation or ordinary icing decay after the fruit is removed to a warm tempera- ture unless it passes quickly into consumption, as shown in figures 14 and 15. Icing or precooling used primarily to overcome the effect of improper methods of handling in the groves and packing houses should be severely condemned,,as it is a means of deceiving the purchaser who buys fruit that is apparently sound only to find the decay developing as soon as the fruit is removed to a warm tem- perature. The use of icing or of precooling as a means of overcoming losses that the grower and shipper can not prevent in the ordinary course of business is commendable and is essential in the handling of most of the orange crop in California in warm weather. The precooling of citrus fruits is worthy of consideration from other points of view. It appears to be possible to save ice in transit by loading the fruit in a cold rather than a hot condition, and it seems to make it possible to increase the freight-carrying capacity of a car if the fruit is properly cooled. without increasing the prob- ability of decay. Theoretically the heat withdrawn in reducing a carload of 384 boxes of oranges from 70° to 40° F. is equivalent to the melting of about 2.6 tons of ice. The rest of the ice used in transit: is consumed in protecting the fruit against the heat that comes in through the car and in cooling the car itself. The cars, 123 54 DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. however, have to be iced before loading when cold fruit is shipped in them, a practice that is not followed under ordinary icing. The saving of ice in precooled fruit when the cars are reiced as often as they are under ordinary icing is shght and does not appear to be of practical importance. The saving comes, however, from the fact that it does not seem necessary to reice precooled fruit during the first part of the trip as often as it is done in ordinary icing. In the shipments in which the temperatures in the cars have been under observation during the transcontinental trip, the temperature of the fruit cooled to 35° and 40° F. has not begun to rise, even in hot weather, until a third or a half of the transcontinental trip has been covered, while in cooler weather the cars have covered the entire trip to New York without a detrimental rise in temperature, often arriving with at least a ton of ice in the bunkers. Under regu- lar icing the cars are reiced six or eight times during a transconti- nental trip. Representative records of precooled cars shipped from California with initial icing only are shown in figures 24 and 25. It is not intended to draw conclusions from the data at hand as to the effect of precooling as a means of saving ice, but rather to present a limited amount of data to show that this phase of the subject is worthy of careful consideration on the part of shippers and transportation companies. The second point worthy of consideration is the possible increase in the freight-carrying capacity of a car when loaded with fruit that has been cooled properly for shipment. Under the present method of shipment, the minimum freight weight of a carload of perishable produce is established not by the actual carrying capacity of the car, but by the height to which it is safe to load the car without excessive decay in the top tier or tiers of fruit and by the spacing between the packages that it is necessary to leave for a free circulation of air. Tn the experimental shipments of the Bureau of Plant Industry, a number of 40-foot cars have been forwarded with 549 instead of 384 boxes, the latter number being a standard load under ordinary icing. The increase has been accomplished by loading the cars 7 rows of boxes wide, leaving all of the space next to the walls of the car, and 3 tiers high, the upper tier being laid on the side, instead of 6 rows wide and 2 tiers high, as loaded under ordinary icing. The standard method of loading is shown in figure 3. The method of loading with 549 boxes is shown in figure 13. Under the latter method of loading the fruit may arrive in New York in hot weather with a difference in temperature of 5 to 10 degrees between the top and bottom tiers of fruit, as shown in figure 23, but as the temperature of the fruit is low when it is loaded, it appears to be safe to ship oranges in this 123 HISTORICAL DATA ON THE PRECOOLING OF ORANGES. io manner in cool weather. In hot weather the cars can be loaded 2 tiers high and 7 rows wide, making 448 boxes. In the first case the capacity of the car is increased 165 boxes, or 11,880 pounds, and in the second case 64 boxes, or 4,608 pounds. In a train of 30 cars the load is increased 356,400 pounds in the first case or 138,240 pounds in the second without adding dead weight to be hauled in the form of extra cars. This phase of the subject seems worthy of careful consideration on the part of shippers and transportation companies, especially in a time of car shortage. Fic. 13.—Boxes of oranges packed in accordance with the method used in loading a car with 549 boxes. HISTORICAL ‘DATA ON THE PRECOOLING OF ORANGES. The first precooling of oranges was done at the plant of the Los Angeles Ice and Cold Storage Company, Los Angeles, Cal., in the spring of 1905. At that time several carloads of fruit were cooled to 35° to 40° F. in the warehouse for the Bureau of Plant Industry, and, through the cooperation of this company, about 10 loaded cars were cooled by forcing cold air from a coil room in the cold-storage house through ducts which led to the car and back to the coil room. The cold air could be forced in either direction through the cars. A general view of the plant used in 1905 is shown in Plate IX, figure 1. The same line of work was continued in 1906 by the Bureau of Plant Industry, the fruit being cooled in the cold-storage warehouse. 123 56 DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. A 3-ton ice machine was installed by a commercial company in a packing house at Arlington, Cal., in the spring of 1906, from which cold air was forced through a loaded car and back over a series of ammonia coils, and so on continuously around the circuit. The plant was built on a so-called intermittent vacuum principle, the object being to reduce the atmospheric pressure in the car frequently by a fan, thereby drawing the warm air out of the packages, to be replaced by the cold air when the cold current was again turned on. The capacity of this plant was too small for the purpose of either a prac- tical or experimental demonstration of its value. In the spring of 1907 the Bureau of Plant Industry had erected, under the direction of Mr. S. J. Dennis, expert in refrigeration, an experimental plant in cooperation with the Los Angeles Ice and Cold Storage Company, for the purpose of making accurate tests of the “wee |_| TIME Seca? AFTER ARRIVAL IN MAFPHET IMMEDIATE /WEEA LATER 2 WEEKS LATER Fic, 14.—Diagram illustrating the percentage of decay upon arrival in market and for two weeks thereafter of precooled oranges handled carefully, 1907. cooling of oranges in cars by forcing cold air through the cars. ‘This plant consisted of two 30-inch-square insulated ducts leading from an ammonia coil room capable of supplying from 16 to 20 tons of refrig- eration in 24 hours. With a motor and fan the cold air was forced in either direction through the car and back to the coil room. The tem- perature of the air was varied from 20° F. when first entering the car to higher temperatures. It was forced through the car at different velocities and in volume varying from 4,500 to 6,000 cubic feet a minute. This plant is shown in Plate TX, figure 2. .It is hoped to present a report on this plant from the engineering point of view and a discussion of the cold storage of oranges in a future bulletin of the Bureau of Plant Industry on “ The’ Cooling of Fruit for ae ment.” 123 KEEPING QUALITY OF ORANGES IN MARKET. a Tn addition to the work at the plant at Los Angeles, Cal., extensive shipping experiments were conducted by the Bureau of Plant Indus- try in 1907 with fruit cooled in cold-storage plants in different parts of the State. A few cars were cooled also at the 3-ton plant at Ar- lington, Cal., by different parties, and about 300 cars of fruit were cooled commercially in different ‘cold-storage warehouses, the fruit having been stored primarily on account of a shortage in cars. During the summer of 1907 an experimental precooling plant was erected by interests connected with the Santa Fe Railroad at San 2 es ee oe ae eee TIME OF INSPECTION AFTER? AA FIVAL /N IMMEDIATE 4WEEA LATER 2 WEENSLATER FWEERS LATER Fic. 15.—Diagram illustrating the percentage of decay upon arrival in market and for three weeks thereafter of oranges handled roughly, shipped under ice, 1907. Bernardino, Cal., and another plant at Roseville, Cal., by interests connected with the Southern Pacific Company. THE KEEPING QUALITY OF ORANGES AFTER ARRIVAL IN MARKET. During the season of 1907 data have been secured on the keeping quality of oranges after arrival in market, the fruit having been prepared for shipment in different ways in California. The ship- ments included apparently sound brushed and washed fruit, com- mercially packed fruit, and mechanically injured fruit. Shipments were forwarded under ventilation, under ice, and after precooling, but not under conditions that make a comparison of the three methods feasible. 123 58 DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. On arrival in New York the fruit was held for different lengths of time in a storeroom of a wholesale fruit merchant, and the decay was determined at the end of each succeeding week in storage. Shipments of this type arrived during April, May, and June. One series of tests included the regular commercial shipments of a large corporation whose fruit is handled in the groves and pack- ing houses with extreme care. The fruit is the same as that repre- sented by the results discussed on page 45. All of it was forwarded fel hal By a sok rene bcp | SESSDECrs saaeeees pe ea eee ea (aa SS VENT FECOPD oD VYENTS OPEN wm VENTS CLOSED ¥ Lune = os i < N N = SR ct ARS MOR GTIGHNNS) on (oO) Geen ala RS A bas eS Esk oxe FEE Bes = E Soe 8 HQSs ulna Ge ale WE Sin Lae srs WS aN >& e Y8& & uv BES ess seS eS Ee Sse zg B Se SVS 9 Q NSS Beet ralts a & PETS SES Se F FLS FS TEMPERATURA: FE] +] FAHP. oe ae eae HE 60 F palm | Romp | | | tt iP ae sold VI] TN | Pes BV] RtsReRE ze eal ER Re BB aaa 1906 APRIL 5 G Z reg 9 10 Mt Up a fm RE IS. Fic. 16.—Diagram showing the temperature record of a carload of oranges shipped under regulated ventilation, April, 1906. under ventilation. The decay developed at different lengths of time after arrival in New York is shown in the following table: Taste VIII.—Percentage of decay in carefully handled oranges, shipped under ventilation, after arrival in New York, 1907. Time of inspection. Character of oranges shipped. | On ar- | After1 | After 2 | After 3 rival. week. weeks. weeks. Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent. Per cent. Commercially handled fruits -s6..22. -os2 226 Ase sche eas eee ees 2. 5.0 9.1 eA There was also forwarded from this house in June, after pre- cooling, some carefully selected fruit, commercially packed fruit, and mechanically injured fruit. The decay in the different lots at 123 KEEPING QUALITY OF ORANGES IN MARKET. 59 different lengths of time after arrival in New York is shown in the following table, and also in figure 14 (p. 56): TasLte IX.—Percentage of decay in precooled oranges handled carefully, after arrival in New York, 1907. Time of inspection. Character of oranges shipped. anor | eadtacn lactone Afte After 2 rival. | week. weeks. Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent. PD DEIUL UAB ONTIG GNU iat sre) tae fs nae ons ot Sais bal ne ean oan 0. 4 2.8 9.7 Cmmimercialivenaudled trilths so: cose - ena Mi ees sec an cic qese sense cecse ape 3.6 9.7 Mechanically imjured) Mult... . Js .2nc op sew oe eee '= = Sede se a ~ ais aera ores | 5.2 16.7 25.4 al SN ‘ | S S NW XS Sh eo iss ; 9 : = ea wer es ee Bos - 3 at) ie Re ee er ee Sou S N ¥= RS FG \y Sos = Ne SHK Sv Seats Ae & eS 8 y x SS Se IN SS eS SS eee tee Pee SRS ek ~~ OS é Pease) ee eke = Se eS x Zan Ha aaa baled | 80 aaa ae itaba ob | || nee a oe ee am iN sal | | | | Hee ee See Bean SHEnaRenBnGn el | COCO RCE AN een YN See BEE: a |_| | 7EMP AIR IN CAR. P.O VENT FECORPD CSVENTS OPEN mmm VENTS CLOSED (907 AFARIL é 7 4 9 /0 4/ f2 KA /‘@ 15° /6 die 18 Fic. 17.—Diagram showing the temperature record of a carload of oranges shipped under regulated ventilation, April, 1907. These data are comparable with the decay under ventilation so far as the commercially packed fruit is concerned. There was a little less decay in the precooled than in the ventilated fruit on arrival, and the development after arrival was slightly less. The difference shown is so slight as to be of no practical value except to indicate that precooled fruit that is reasonably sound is not more likely to decay after arrival in market than equally sound ventilated fruit. The increase was slightly less in the apparently sound fruit and greatest in the injured fruit. 123 60 DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. The following table shows the amount of decay in fruit from houses where the oranges handled were picked and packed rather roughly, the fruit arriving during May and June under ice. The data are shown also in figure 15 (p. 57). TABLE X.—Percentage of decay in oranges handled roughly, shipped under ice, after arrival in New York, 1907. Time of inspection. After 1 week. After 2 | After 3 weeks. weeks. On ar- rival. | | | Per cent. Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent. Apparenthy souneeiniliies see aee eee eee ee a eee eae 1.4 6.1 12.7 17.0 Commeroiallyspacked) frail: 226 js cses vents ase ae eee ee 1.9 | 13.0 20.7 25:3 Mechamicallyainypned trite cee epee ene Sate a ere 7.4 | 22.9 39.9 46.1 : SF E.G & N AS si : Sct Bee a ke REISE es RF OaG Sots sy Sook UWE Se oe eRe SR SS ee PPG seseS § Ee se sy gs i) BANS S ) Be vs gt xX => k& =v FL Ss Q t 3 5 § SSENE § EL Gk S-§ TEMPERA UfPE SAHFe. iF 7 4) ——— ee PATFT clas | Be Be See= 52 = = ami EB Fic. 18.—Diagram showing the temperature record of a carload of oranges shipped under regular icing, May, 1906. 13 This table shows the least development of decay in the apparently sound oranges and the greatest development in the mechanically in- jured fruit. The increase in decay in the commercially packed fruit, which contains more or less injured fruit, is greater than the decay ‘in the sound fruit from which the oranges showing visible mechan- ical injuries have been eliminated. The data on the keeping quality of the fruit in New York, taken as a whole, show clearly that sound fruit to start with is the basis for good keeping quality after arrival in market, as well as the basis 123 TEMPERATURE OF ORANGES IN TRANSIT. 61 for soundness on arrival; that carefully handled sound fruit keeps as well when shipped under precooling as ventilated fruit, but that unsound fruit having the decay retarded during shipment either by precooling or by icing decays badly when exposed to a warm atmos- phere. The general impression that iced fruit decays more quickly than ventilated fruit when exposed to warm air is usually true so far as oranges that are mechanically injured are concerned, as the injured fruit is more likely to develop decay in transit under venti- lation, but it is not well founded when applied to sound fruit. AWWERSIDE, CAL. SAN BERNARDINO,CAL. BARSTOW, CAL. NEEDLES, CAL . ALBUQUERQUE, N.M, GLORIETA MT, N.M. WAGON MOUND, N.M. FATON PASS, N,N. LA JUNTA, COL. DOOGE CITY, HAN. ARGENTINE, HAN. STREATOR, ILL. HUNTINGTON, /ND. SALAMANCH. Ad SERSEY GIT¥, Not f.. 2 | ! fo aa rat See wre S = s A5E.8 eee ha t u SUNE sormay\_2a.\_.24 es |\.26 | 27 | 2e.|.29 foo jor [7 | 2 | 2 | 2 ilo f Fie. 19.—Diagram showing the average temperature record of two carloads of oranges shipped under regular icing, May, 1907. THE INVESTIGATION OF THE TEMPERATURE OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT. During the spring of 1906 and that of 1907 an investigation was made of the changes that occur in the temperature of the fruit, the air in the car, and the outside air during the movement of cars of fruit across the continent under ventilation, icing, and with fruit cooled before shipment and forwarded under several conditions of icing. The records were taken by Mr. G. W. Hosford and Mr. H. M. White, who made several transcontinental trips with train loads of oranges, reading the thermometers several times a day by entering the cars at the icing stations and other stopping points. 123 62 DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. ‘This investigation was made possible through the cooperation of the railroads in allowing the icing in transit, the reading of the thermometers, and other matters connected with the investigation to be done by, or under the direction of, the representatives of the Bureau of Plant Industry. The records appearing in this discussion were made in cars forwarded over the Santa Fe route. From three to six thermometers were placed in each car, one to determine the temperature of the air just above the boxes of fruit, the others to determine the temperature of the fruit itself. These latter were inserted in oranges in the packed boxes. With the ex- ception of a few cases noted, the fruit temperatures were taken in the upper half of boxes in the upper tier midway between the door and the end of the car, one thermometer being placed in an orange next to the outside of the box, and another in an orange in the inside or center of the box. For this purpose special long mercurial ther- » pote |e | S| So |e ie es io cee Fic. 20.—Diagram showing the temperature change of the oranges in the top and bottom tiers of boxes in a car shipped under regular icing. mometers were used which could be read without being removed from the orange. The fruit temperature shown in the following diagrams is the average of the inside and outside fruit temperatures. In some cars a thermometer was placed in the lower half of a box in the lower tier in front of the door. All of the records were made in standard 40-foot refrigerator cars loaded with 384 boxes, except as noted. The diagrams that follow cover two representative records under each method of shipment. TEMPERATURE RECORDS IN VENTILATED CARS, The accompanying chart, figure 16, shows the temperature record of a car shipped in April, 1906. The record of the temperature of the air of the car was not begun until the train reached the vicinity of Raton, N. Mex. This car was forwarded under regulated ventilation ; that is, the ventilators, or ice plugs, in each end of the car were sup- 123 TEMPERATURE IN VENTILATED CARS. 63 posed to be closed whenever the outside air was warmer than the fruit and were opened when the outside air was colder. The regulation in this respect differs from the standard ventilation in practice, which usually provides, so far as the temperature is concerned, that the ventilators shall be closed whenever the outside temperature falls below 32° F., but does not provide against the rise in temperature in the car when the outside air is above the temperature of the fruit. The regulation of the ventilators in this car was not entirely accurate, as shown in the vent record at the bottom of the chart. The fruit temperature is an average of the temperature in the inside of a box N Xs S Ni aes eed a= : Se SS. < 2 ; N N j BS GD re SR N xX : é S Y iS x e . § S 3 N S SN : 5. y q 6 3se fb SN GS N = sf w ASS \y Yr WS S ot SN S : 8 -A, Rea SSA Teena i SRR ys ay PEPER re = Ba pe ) pa a aa dia Os Is Perales FAL ane 60 Be Bee LI scm ou Re Fe oe m. as Sriveas pines re S555 MP FU Fic. 21.—Diagram showing the temperature record of a standard carload of 384 boxes of oranges, precooled and shipped under regular icing, March and April, 1907. in the top tier at the end of the car and the temperature in the fruit in a similar position in the center of the car. It will be seen that the temperature of the air of the car lags behind the temperature of the outside air, while the lag in the fruit tem- perature is much greater than that of the air of the car. The fruit temperature changes slowly even when extreme differences occur outside. The chart shown as figure 17, page 59, presents the temperature record of a car of oranges shipped under regulated ventilation in April, 1907, with somewhat different weather conditions from those occurring on the former trip. 123 64 LGECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. The results of the experiments with this car demonstrate the fact that the temperature of the fruit changes much more slowly than the temperature of the outside air. Tt is worth noting that several times during the trip the temperature of the outside air fell below 32° F. and at one time dropped to 24° IF’. Notwithstanding the fact that the vents were open at the time, the temperature of the fruit, while falling steadily, did not reach a point where there was danger of reading. Two days of this comparatively low tempera- ture, April 13 and 14, 1907, only reduced the fruit from 50° to 38° F. The afeeaae of these records shows that the temperature of a carload of oranges under ventilation changes slowly in comparison SAN BERNARDINO, CAL » SELIGMAN, APE. WINSLOW, APIZ. GALLUP, N.M. GLOAYETA, NM. LAS VEGAS, NM. £4 SUNTA COL. PEVERE, N10. NV. SUBSON, /ND APANDOLPH, NY. YERSEY CITY, NS, BAGOAD, CAL. ee RaaRe Si amis ans encis “arr avian Ae dabernceo LCT ptt Ll MIP OUT SID Af ic 2p Comptes) EE A purr. 1907 APAIL é Z & 2 10 ‘1 42 AF 19 15. 16 17. 18. Fic. 22.—Diagram showing the temperature record of a carload consisting of 549 boxes of oranges, precooled and shipped under regular icing, April, 1907. with the temperature of the outside air; that the temperature out- side may often fall to the freezing point or below without injury to the fruit, provided the fruit temperature is somewhat above that point at the time; that the danger of freezing depends on the per- sistence of and the degree of the low temperature without or the rearness of the fruit to it when the car enters a freezing tempera ture: and that the temperature of the fruit in transit would be more uniform if protection was made against warm temperatures as well as against cold in the handling of the ventilators. This suggests the need of an organized messenger service for the regulation of ventilated fruit cars, the ventilation to protect the fruit against both excessive cold and heat 123 TEMPERATURE IN ICED CARS. 65 TEMPERATURE RECORDS IN ICED CARS. The chart shown as figure 18, page 60, shows the record of a carload of oranges shipped under ice in May, 1906. The fruit started at 63° F., which is comparatively cool, and the outside air was also com- paratively cool until the train -reached western Kansas, after which it averaged considerably higher, except at the end of the trip. The temperature of the fruit was 63° F. in starting and reached 50° F. on the fifth day, but did not fall much lower, while the outside tem- perature remained high. The record shown in figure 19 (p. 61) represents the average tenrpera- ture of two cars shipped in the same train under ice in May, 1907. Each car showed practically the same temperature throughout the trip. The temperature of the fruit is the average of five different temperatures in each car. Two of them were taken in the usual 262 73 2 ARS eee ee BS sips sk Seas ul steals ate | | 50 EERE / = TF ZF Si Se Ze o = vo |__| Fic. 23.—Diagram showing the temperature changes in the fruit in the bottom, middle, and top tiers in a carload of 549 boxes of oranges, precooled and shipped under initial icing only. place, halfway between the door and end of the car, two were taken in the top tier in the middle of the car and represent the average temperature of the inside and outside fruit, and the fifth in the center of the box in the lower half of the lower tier in front of the door. The fruit started at 64° F., reached 50° TF. on the fourth day, and arrived in Jersey City at 48° F. The chart shown as figure 20, page 62, shows the average cooling of the oranges in the top and bottom tiers of boxes in the cars shipped under ice in 1907. The temperature was taken in the upper half of the boxes in the top tier and the lower half of the boxes in the bottom tier. The bottom tier cooled faster than the top for several days, the maximum difference reaching 7 to 8 degrees on the third and fourth days of the trip. Gradually the extreme difference be- tween the tiers disappeared, the temperatures of the two tiers from the seventh day remaining about 4 degrees apart. 23059—Bul. 123—OS 6G DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. The records show, in substance, that under icing the fruit is not reduced to a low temperature until a considerable part of the trans- continental trip has been covered, and that the fall in temperature in the top tier lags behind the bottom tier throughout the trip. These records indicate the reason why the fruit sometimes decays excessively when shipped under ice and why the top tiers of fruit, especially in cars of deciduous fruit, reach the market in an overripe and decay- ing condition. Many oranges leave California at a temperature of 80° F. or higher. The decay starts during the early part of the trip under the icing method, before the fruit is cooled. N N S S : . ee Seri: Nj SoS : : es Vx » Dass Sige tenes ie ce Te x x we Ry OS X aw & NS SAG ie ¢ Sud is 8 Beg xo SLR eee Se, See f® SS. Roe be ues Eas sre SS > ee ey Sais et eee SR BE Ls F & & Sic See eS 8) SN Nee TEMPERATURE : ; AHP. ce 7 Ht} fe ad Pea Ps BS ae Bie 13906 way | (eleewNiers. | 72 2 75). 76 | oa eo ieonlieema| Fic. 24.—Diagram showing the temperature record of a carload of oranges, precooled and shipped under initial icing only, May, 1906. TEMPERATURE RECORDS OF FRUIT COOLED BEFORE LOADING AND ICED REGULARLY IN TRANSIT. The chart shown as figure 21 (p. 63) is a record of the temperature of a carload of oranges of 384 boxes placed in cold storage before load- ing and which left California in March, 1907, at a temperature of 38° F. The car was iced before the fruit was loaded and was reiced in transit at the regular icing stations. The temperature of the fruit remained practically constant throughout the trip, the air of the car changing slightly with the outside air. The accompanying chart, figure 22 (p. 64), is a record of the tem- perature of a carload of 549 boxes of oranges placed in cold storage before loading and which left California in April, 1907, at a tempera- ture of 38° F. The car was iced before the fruit was loaded and was 123 TEMPERATURE OF FRUIT COOLED BEFORE LOADING. 67 reiced regularly in transit. All of the thermometers in this car were placed near the door. The fruit temperature is an average of the fruit next to the outside of a box in the third or top tier and the fruit in the center of the lower half of a box in the bottom tier. The temperature of the fruit rose to 45° F. during the first half of the trip and prob- ably would have risen higher if the outside temperature had not been colder during the latter half of the trip. The accompanying chart, figure 23 (p. 65), illustrates the average temperature of the fruit in the different tiers of a 3-tier car loaded with 549 boxes. The fruit was loaded into the car at a temperature of 38° F. Upon arrival in Jersey City it was found that the temperature N = : er : : a . § NON Sa R Phas . = Oke tite eae Siege yes, GO ie ea ee Se a Se SUG GS es ei ee ee See Oe Gy Rass eee YUNE 4907 MAY \_23S 24 r4e) 26 27 £8 29 JO a / 2 TF ee Ss Fic, 25.—Diagram showing the temperature record of a carload of oranges, precooled and shipped under initial icing only, May and June, 1907. on the top tier was 51°, the middle tier 48°, and the bottom tier 43° F. This is the largest difference that has been found in any of the 3-tier precooled cars under observation. The record is the result of reading the temperature of the fruit at the beginning and end of the trip and is not a continuous record from day to day. TEMPERATURE RECORDS OF FRUIT COOLED BEFORE LOADING AND ICED IN CALIFORNIA ONLY. The chart shown as figure 24 is a record of a carload of oranges placed in cold storage before loading and which left California in May, 1906, at a temperature of 42° F. The car was iced before Joad- ing and was reiced at San Bernardino before leaving California. It 123 68 DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. was not reiced during the rest of the trip. It arrived in Jersey City with about 700 pounds of ice in the two bunkers. During the first half of the trip the weather was reasonably warm, but the tem- perature of the fruit remained fairly constant. During the latter half, through Kansas and as far as Illinois, the outside temperature was higher. The temperature of the car then began to rise, the tem- perature of the fruit rising also from 45° to 55° F., but lagging con- siderably behind, with a tendency to recede during the cooler weather at the end of the trip. In this connection the record of the car under ice shown in figure 18, made in the same train, should be noted. In this car the fruit started at a temperature of 63° and did not drop N . S Ree aCe oe: 5 = S Sie (ee ae S S Sa NANI S igick S pe = S ©. 8 SSE . ES Se ee eee N S S) Soe LR Roliges ae = S RY 8 = y © sv KG See ~ y Ky ~ J ne BR Reg 8 SSS > Sg) 48 Bee n Nee N CEN Se RS ee SP Sere TEMPE FATT URE SAPP. oa b | | Bei ea aa fia b aa 30 4 , SEDS=pos cca ena 20 a ee | the eeu cm VENT AECOARD <3 VENTS OPEN mmm VENTS CLOSED I9O7APFIL Cuma g 9 10 1/1 42 | 45 /4 15 16 LTENSTS: Fie. 26.—Diagram showing the temperature record of a carload of oranges, precooled and shipped without icing under regulated ventilation, April, 1907. below 50° F. during the warm weather. In the fruit precooled and iced in California only it started at 42° and rose during the latter half of the trip as high as 55° F. The condition of temperature in the precooled car is preferable so far as the decay of the fruit is concerned. The chart shown as figure 25 is a record of a carload of oranges of 416 boxes placed in cold storage before loading and which left California in May, 1907, at a temperature of 39° F. - This car was iced before loading and was reiced at San Bernardino before leaving California, but not during the rest of the trip. The car was loaded 7 rows of boxes wide on the bottom tier and 6 rows wide on the top 123 SUMMARY OF BULLETIN. 69 tier. It arrived in Jersey City with 3,000 pounds of ice in the two bunkers. The temperature of the fruit rose gradually from 39° to 48° F. In this connection the record of the iced car shown in figure 19, which was in the same train, should be noted. The lower temperature during the latter half of the trip reduced the tempera- ture of the fruit to a lower degree than the fruit in the iced car shown in figure 18, and at the same time it prevented as great a rise in the cold fruit as occurred in the car shown in figure 24. It also saved the ice as compared with the car shown in figure 24. The chart shown as figure 26 shows the record of a carload of oranges placed in cold storage which left California in April, 1907, at a temperature of 37° F. The car was not iced either before or after loading. It was forwarded with the ice plugs inserted. The temperature outside was warm and the temperature of the fruit rose rapidly. After the train reached Winslow, Ariz., the temperature of the air at night began to fall below the temperature of the fruit, and from that point on the car was run under regulated ventilation. The record indicates that it is not safe, so far as the temperature of the fruit is concerned, to load precooled fruit in warm weather in a hot car and to forward it without ice. SUMMARY OF PRECOOLING RECORDS. The substance of the records under precooling demonstrates that the temperature remains fairly constant in fruit that has been cooled and is forwarded in a car iced before loading and iced regu- larly in transit; that the temperature of fruit cooled to about 40° F., forwarded in a car iced before loading, and reiced at San Bernardino, Cal., only, remains fairly constant for at least half of the transconti- nental trip, when the temperature may begin to rise if the weather is warm; that it may be safe to ship oranges cooled to about 40° F. to points in the western half of the United States with California icing only, provided the time in transit is normal; that the fruit may be shipped across the continent in reasonably cool weather when handled under the preceding conditions; that the need of reicing in transit would probably have to be governed by the quantity of ice remaining in the bunkers at any point and not by a predetermined fixed rule, and that it is not safe to load cold fruit in a warm car and forward it without icing. SUMMARY. The citrus-fruit crop of California amounts to nearly 30,000 cars annually, of which the orange comprises from 85 to 90 per cent. The fruit is grown under intensive culture, and the handling, ship- ping, and marketing of the crop have resulted in the development of complex and highly specialized business practices. 123 70 DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. The losses from decay in the orange during transportation for- merly amounted to $750,000 to $1,500,000 annually. The decay is’ caused by a blue-mold fungus which enters the orange through me- chanical abrasions in the skin. The most common forms of mechan- ical injury are those caused by the clippers in cutting the fruit from the tree, stem punctures, and scratches and bruises produced in the packing houses. Most of these injuries are invisible to the inexperienced eye. There has been a wide variation in the amount of injury in the fruit of different pickers, growers, and packing houses, the variation commonly running from 1 to 50 per cent. A good deal of the trouble has been related to methods of business which place a premium on the amount rather than the quality of the work done by the picker, the grower, or the packing house. By holding in many packing houses in California fruit that has been picked at different periods of the season, in different sections of the citrus belt, and that has been handled in different ways, it has been shown that the fruit that is handled the least develops the least decay, while the fruit that shows the greatest amount of injury develops the most decay. From the standpoint of the packing house, the least decay develops in sound unbrushed fruit. Brushing in- creases it, washing increases it still more, and any treatment that cuts or tears the skin is followed by the greatest amount of decay. There appears to be little difference in the amount of decay in oranges grown in different sections that have been handled in a similar manner, or in oranges picked from the same grove avith equal care at different periods of the season, at least from January to May. The “curing” of the orange for a few days before packing wilts the skin and in the early part of the season makes it phable to handle. The curing is probably not harmful to uninjured fruit, but under the conditions of commercial handling in California the blue mold begins to develop in the injured oranges during the curing period, but does not develop far enough to be seen by the graders except in fruit that has been injured severely. Tf the fruit is packed promptly after picking and is shipped at once in a cool temperature the decay may not develop in transit. The most progressive shippers now pack the fruit promptly after picking. Tt is unnecessary to brush so large a proportion of the sranges as has been customary in the past, and the washing can be avoided by treating the groves properly for scale. The packing houses all through the citrus belt are being modified in the direction of more simple machinery. The shipping experiments of the Bureau of Plant Industry dur- ing the last three years have included 297 shipments of fruit to New 499 av SUMMARY OF BULLETIN. ca York. The shipments have included oranges handled in different ways before packing. The fruit has been shipped at different lengths of time after packing, and it has been forwarded under ventilation, icing, and precooling followed by different conditions of icing. From the standpoint of the handling of the fruit the least decay has developed under all methods of shipment in the sound, carefully handled oranges, and the greatest amount has developed in those that were mechanically injured. From the standpoint of the prompt- ness of shipment after packing the least decay has developed in the oranges shipped immediately after packing, and the decay has in- creased in proportion as the time between packing and shipment has lengthened. From the standpoint of the method of shipment the least decay developed in the precooled fruit that was loaded in the cars in cold condition. The cooling of the fruit to a temperature of about 40° F. before shipment appears to save ice in transit, as the cars do not require reicing as often as they do when forwarded under regular icing. It appears also to increase the freight-carrying capacity of a car by making it possible to load the boxes more closely than is safe under regular icing. From the standpoint of decay, precooling the fruit is not essential, as the decay can be avoided by handling the fruit carefully. Precooling retards decay temporarily, but does not remove the cause. It should supplement rather than take the place of careful handling. In the market holding tests the fruit that has not been mechan- ically injured keeps the longest, while the greatest loss occurs in oranges that have been thus injured. The temperature of the fruit changes slowly in transit. In venti- lated cars there may be extreme changes in the outside air, and if the extremes do not persist long the changes in the temperature of the fruit are relatively slow. In iced cars the temperature falls relatively fast during the first few days, but a train may cover one- third of the trip across the continent before the temperature of the fruit reaches 50° F. The decay develops rapidly during the early part of the trip, while the fruit is warm. In a car in which the fruit is cooled to 40° F. or lower before shipment the temperature remains nearly constant if the car is reiced regularly in transit. In cool weather it remains fairly constant without additional icing after the car leaves Califormia. In warm weather the reicing during the first half of the trip can be avoided, but the car may need re- icing during the latter half of the trip. 123 dA by Asel Ha. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Puate I. Frontispiece. Washington Navel oranges, showing blue-mold decay. The upper figure shows the stem cut short, with an injury in the fruit made by the clippers. The decay started at this injury. The lower figure shows an orange with a long stem and a puncture made by such a stem. The decay is developing around the injury. (Fruit considerably reduced in size.) Puate II. Washington Navel orange trees. Fig. 1.—One of the Washington Navel orange trees sent to California by the Department of Agriculture in 1873. Fig. 2.—A Washington Navel orange tree three years after planting. Puate III. California orange groves and a packing house. Fig. 1.—. 5ssenee so eases sees eee - 29-30 percentage of injury in handling .........:.---.------ aE es Sle Eee 24 stored in packing houses, decay, experiments...................--- 30-32 temperature while in transit, investigation. .........--....-.--..--- 61-69 ywariewes prown in: California; value’: uoos20e0 Jie 22tc UN 2s Si =x 10 Mechards clucis inte COVEr CLOp i= seer. ease; Sosa oe been eee abe useless 11 PACKER OLANCe cCAy aMWOlkKin = 8 s3c55055 2025 aCe ee a oats Sete ek 17 Packers nintLenest In carer plekan ci s2e2 52. Cae ee ee eine fo eek 25-26 PCa Penn? OUIBIA Lt, Sees tet tee lS eee nk Sek onsen seek 16-18 benefits from prior curing questionable. ............---- 36 Gare Im placing and pressive: ete. soe 222). ch a. 2522 se 36 ouge equipment andiconditions! s20 ese 2 ee eso Se 40-42 fOAUUTEStnO WE NOIC Gl. == 5. <2 ee men Een one cee ck . 40-42 methodsitorberavandedtns <5 = ste Ne 8 ee etalk 40 suggestions for improvement in handling fruit -..........---- 40-42 houses; capacihy andsequipment =. ---seeeeres seen sa5 0 a oe 16 iiatOnt a6 et <.sos to nas ona os aoe ee ee SOM SRE Se 16 OrAnCeseCcare less Mame tne sate. a a eee eee ee NE Ne 40 jor shipment, temperature’. <0 1d sss ee Ste Pe -- 19 RIL EBL ONS sie oes thee oo ie eR. Say oR ce 40-42 VARIOUNELE DA. <= 2 ae es poo ones SY glee! te OA 16-17 Whensdamp, cause of decays setae - 265-2 oe Lee. 39 pea, Canada, cover crop in citrus-fruit belt... s2snee%2 =<. 22 22 fae. 2 ose. 11 renmciliom.digitatum, blue mold of orange’ 2. 2282.2). 2. ok ets wesc eee 21-23 giauoum-DMUe Moldtohoranre.sssss seer a Sloe o es Sue ee 21-23 Pickers, injury to fruit, percentage by each of ten in same grove.....----.--- 25-26 Picking citrus fruits, careless, cause of injuries and decay.......------------- 70 ignorance of growers and packers as to importance of care. 25-26 INVES PAllOnsns TOUNIUTICS ses. 28 ee wae Sonnac sce 23-33 ie pte oyayo ley sors peed ae ye i ap ode ha, of a ee em eae 14-15 payment by the box as factor in losses ...........------ 28 Grows COCHIN DILUb erences So seen Rhee Sac ca Nea hee fests Lee ele 14 78 DECAY OF ORANGES WHILE IN TRANSIT FROM CALIFORNIA. Page. plates; description as. seeeees ess aac pe See pehi oS Rac aeeaee pee ee eee 74 iPonrelosiin® California; production 2 sess 4-45-22 - = eee eee ee eee eee 10 Pooling system, cause of careless handling -22 5... 2-2sss02cees csc acess sse 29 Brecooling ot citrus inuits sa diyanita ges eee een see ee eee 71 datas. Sos tepesads sees ae eee ee eee eae 5d-87 OCC tet ie boas ae ot ee 52-55 PLOUIP (NESSMMNECESSAR Yi. aoe ee eee eee 50 shipments under ice, percentage of decay ----.---- 49-50 Sumimanyzolmecondse sap an Sees gee eee eee 69 Refrigeration of citrus fruits, object of cooling before shipment ----.---.----- 52-57 Inbransit. methods. 5 s/c aee a ape ee ee 52-53 See also Precooling. Retriceratoricand Wem anebera: & ef. See eee eee nea 20 senvicesmethodsioishiip pin gas a= see 4 eee ee 18-20 Recions «ciirusaruit Calitormiae 2 2- eee ae ee 11 Saissetia oleae. See Scale, black. Seale: black, smjunvatoworame ey. i422. 22 Steer. eee ae ees ee eee eee 38 Scutellistarcyaneayenemiysois) ackascall eps seers eee eee 38 Shears, prepare the @ See also Bioeebas of fompeuene e on page 1, 124 PREPARATION OF CUTTINGS. 11 cuttings some time, commonly two weeks, before planting them. In other words, the joints were somewhat wilted before being planted. This practice appears to be necessary under greenhouse conditions, and growers in northern Africa seem to be quite insistent upon the same practice for out-of-door culture. When planted under the humid conditions of the greenhouse, cuttings are much more likely to decay at the surface of the ground unless some of the moisture is evaporated before the cut surface is put in contact with moist earth. Prickly pear cuttings do not callous over and produce roots from the cambium and buds as do cuttings from ordinary trees and shrubs, but the cut surface heals over and roots are put forth from the areoles which contain the spines. It is important to bear this in mind in the propagation of the prickly pears. From the greenhouse standpoint it is necessary that the cut surface be thoroughly dried before the cutting is set. Some attention was paid to this practice when the first plantings were made in the spring of 1905. An attempt was made to prepare the cuttings at least forty-eight hours before they were planted, but it was not always done. Indeed, a considerable part of the planting occurred immediately after the cuttings were prepared. No bad ef- fect was observed from the practice followed, although some of the cuttings were planted during a very wet season. Since that time no attention has been paid to the wilting of the cuttings. The practice has been to use one-joint cuttings almost entirely for planting, and it is believed that this is the most advantageous, all things considered, for commercial practice. The favorite instrument for making the cuttings has been a hoe straightened out so that the blade is in a straight line with the handle. This is used much as a spade might be used for the same purpose. With this instrument the whole plant is cut up, as nearly as is convenient, into individual joints. Of course it is not always convenient or even possible to strike the union between the joints exactly, but this is approximated as closely as possible. Sometimes the instrument severs one side or the other, but this appears to make little difference, if any. When the 6 acres of ground were planted in the spring of 1907, it was done with the avowed purpose of performing the work as it was considered the practical farmer or dairyman would carry it on. It was the intention to get as practical a test as possible. The plants after being brought to the field were cut up into single joints mainly by the writer, but the hauling and distributing of the cuttings were done principally by negro and Mexican labor. The handling was done entirely with pitchforks, and the laborers were not cautioned at all about being careful not to injure the stock. As a result, practically every joint planted upon the entire 6 acres had from one to a half 124 12 THE PRICKLY PEAR AS A FARM CROP. dozen tine holes in it. In spite of this, it is certain that at least 99 per cent of the cuttings grew. Indeed, the stand on all portions of the field was practically perfect. The above experience is cited to show that there is nothing im- practicable in our method of rough handling of the cuttings, not as a justification of such handling. The less injury the cuttings receive the better they will grow and the more vigorous plants will they make without doubt; but it is by no means imperative that care to the sacrifice of speed in handling should be indulged in. The cut- tings will withstand quite rough treatment and still make good plants, but they should not be unnecessarily bruised or mangled. As has been stated, single-joint cuttings have been used as a rule. Occasionally when joints were very small two of them have been left attached. The whole plant has been used invariably. All the joints appear to grow equally well, but large, heavy joints two or more ‘years old make much the best plants. Good plants are always obtained from old woody stems, often six or seven years old. These are also much less likely to be bruised and otherwise injured in handling than the younger growth. The Mexican people who handle very small quantities commonly plant two and a half to three joint cuttings. Their object is to get fruit as early as possible. In the cultivation of their large tame forms they are not concerned with the stock-feed side of the question. They claim to get a good crop of fruit the third year from such cut- tings, while it would take five years to secure the same crop from single-joint cuttings. Good crops of fruit have been secured from single-joint cuttings of the native Opuntia lindheimeri in three years in southern Texas. The large tame forms of Mexico are much larger plants, and it may consequently take them longer to come into bear- ing. Indeed, none of them grown from single-joint cuttings along- side of the Texas forms produced fruit in any quantity the third year. METHOD OF PLANTING. There are many points connected with the various operations of planting, cultivating, and handling of these plants that have not been fully demonstrated as yet. The best that can be done in con- nection with some of these processes is to give an account of the methods which have been used in these experiments. It is expected, of course, that these will be improved upon as our experience in growing prickly pear becomes more extensive. When the cultural work was taken up a 6-foot row was decided upon as the most suitable. The distance between the cuttings in the row has been varied from 2 to 4 feet. Although plantings have been made for the purpose of determining which is the best distance, 124 METHOD OF PLANTING. is still it is not possible to make any definite recommendations at the present time any more than to say that close planting appears to be more productive in a general way than the more distant planting. So thoroughly did this appear to be the case in our first experiments that the entire 6 acres planted in the spring of 1907 had cuttings planted 2 feet apart, from center to center, in 6 or 8 foot rows. It is recommended to those who contemplate the cultivation of this crop for forage in southern Texas that 6-foot rows be adopted and that the cuttings be set 2 feet apart, from center to center, in -the row. This will enable one to cultivate one way for two seasons, and the crop if harvested at the end of this time can be cultivated again for the succeeding two seasons, when the second crop is being grown, and so on indefinitely. It will be difficult to get a horse through 6-foot rows after the second year. It is quite possible that further experience will demonstrate that other distances will be more advantageous. It may be that 2 feet apart in the row will bring the plants too close together to produce the maximum yield, or that the red spider will prove less injurious when the plants are grown farther apart. These are questions which will require prac- tice to fully demonstrate. At present it appears that 2 by 6 feet is the proper distance. The stock planted has been secured from native pastures within a radius of 2 niles from the experiments. The plants cut off at or near the ground have been loaded on wagons with pitchforks. Sometimes the larger plants have been cut up somewhat to facilitate handling. Wagonloads of stock of this kind have been distributed in the field in piles (see Pl. I, fig. 3), which' were subsequently pre- pared for planting by cutting the plants into individual joints with a hoe straightened upon its handle as described elsewhere. The cut- tings were then distributed with a pitchfork to the places where they were to grow. Much labor can be saved by a careful distribu- tion of the material so that it need not be carried far. Several methods of setting the cuttings have been tested. In the earlier plantings some were set on edge in furrows or in holes opened up with a shovel. This hand labor was very expensive and troublesome, and it was soon recognized that it would not do for commercial practice. In the last plantings made the cuttings were not touched by hand at all. A portion of the 6-acre tract planted in 1907 was laid out in rows by running a shallow furrow with a small walking plow. The cuttings were laid against the furrow, the base reaching nearly to the bottom of the depression (Pl. I, fig. 3). Another furrow was then turned in the same di- rection, throwing dirt over the bases of these joints, covering ap- 124 14 THE PRICKLY PEAR AS A FARM GROP. proximately one-half of them, sometimes more and sometimes less.“ (PL I, fie. 2.) Another portion of the field was simply marked and the joints were laid on the surface of the ground at proper distances in the rows thus laid out. (PI. I, fig. 4.) When the ground is very dry, cloddy, or otherwise poorly pre- pared, it will be advantageous to partially cover the cuttings: but if the ground is well pulverized and in such condition that mois- ture will be brought to the surface by capillarity, just as good results will be secured by simply placing the cuttings on their | sides in firm contact with the ground. Indeed, in the first plantings better plants were secured in this way than when the joints were planted on edge. There is good reason for this. Attention has been called to the fact that roots spring from the areoles or cushions of spines and spicules distributed regularly over the surface of the stems (joints). This statement is equally true of the new growth. It always springs from these areoles, but these spaces are always more numerous around the edges of the disk-like cuttings. When the cuttings are laid flat on the ground it is but a short time before unequal evaporation from the two surfaces causes them to dish shehtly. This will leave the areoles in the center of the lower surface in contact with the ground. They will form roots in a very short time. From any portion of the slightly upturned edge of the joint new growth may take place. In the case of joints buried 6 inches or more by the plow, or otherwise, the surface for new growth is reduced at least by one-half and the base or foundation of the plant is also reduced, or, more properly, is much smaller than when. the cutting is laid flat and the whole edge is in position to send out new growth. It is very fortunate that the plants grow readily in this position, for planting in this way greatly reduces the labor involved. Usually all that is necessary is to drop the cutting into place from the fork. At other times it may be necessary to press it down with the foot or a sight pressure of the fork after it is in place. It should be borne in mind that the cuttings should be in contact with the ground. If they are held away from it an inch or so by clods, or even by the long, stout spines found in some of the varieties, the chances of their be- coming established are greatly reduced. Indeed, if none of the are- oles is in actual contact with moist earth the cuttings will not grow. TIME OF YEAR TO PLANT. There are indeed few, if any, crops which have such a range of adaptability as regards the time at which they may be planted. Be- “Care must be taken not to cover the joints, for they will almost invariably rot if this is done. 124 CULTIVATION. 15 ginning with February, 1905, plantings were made between the first and tenth of each calendar month, except August, for the next twelve months, to determine, if possible, the most favorable season. No plantings were made in August because it was excessively dry and hot, similar to July, when cuttings failed to grow. All other plant- ings grew as well at one season of tlie year as another. All of the plantings, except a part of those made in February, were upon uncul- tivated ground, the joints being placed in a furrow and partially covered, as described elsewhere. This feature is again a decided advantage, for it enables the farmer to plant this crop at almost any time of the year. In other words, it can be done during a season when other farm operations are not pressing. There is little doubt that cuttings will grow even in July and August, provided those months happen to be sufficiently moist. RENEWAL OF PLANTATION. Little is known about the length of time during which a plantation will grow when repeatedly harvested in a systematic manner. No reliable data are available. The nearest approach is in the case of the planting made by Mr. D. M. Poor (PI. II, fig. 3). This planta- tion, consisting of two-thirds of an acre, was established by Mr. Poor about 1885. He laid off the ground in rows 2 feet apart, with an ordinary two-horse plow, in land which had been cleared of brush but never broken. Native pear was chopped up into one or two joint cuttings, distributed in the furrows, and subsequently partly covered with another furrow. The area has been used more or less for twenty years, but it has never been cultivated. It has never been harvested closely and certainly never systematically. A plantation well established and cultivated is good for an indefi- nite period, say fifteen or twenty years. Should plants in various portions of the field die for some reason, it is a very simple matter to establish new ones when the crop is on the ground. All that is neces- sary is to cut off a joint and put it in the proper place flat on the ground. CULTIVATION. Upon the subject of cultivation little need be said. The ground to receive the cuttings should be well and deeply prepared, and subse- quent cultivation should probably be shallow, for the plants are shal- low rooted. There are no cultivators known which are exactly suited to this crop. In the experimental work described in these pages an ordinary one-horse spike-tooth cultivator has been employed. The objection to this implement is that the framework is too large, inter- fering with the projecting branches of the plant, and also it is not easily regulated as to depth. Some tool of the nature of a one-horse 22052—Bull. 124—08——3 16 THE PRICKLY PEAR AS A FARM CROP, sweep which could be regulated so as not to go into the ground much more than 2 inches would be more serviceable. In the experimental plantation it has been the endeavor to cultivate just enough to keep down the weeds and prevent the ground from baking. To keep down the weeds thoroughly it has been necessary to go through the plantation occasionally with a hoe, knocking down such stray weeds as the cultivator did not reach. TIME OF HARVESTING. It is not the purpose of this paper to attempt to say how often it will be most profitable to harvest crops of prickly pear from estab- lished cultivated plantations. Experience in this matter, as in many All that will be attempted at the present time is to state what can be done with one definite plan of cropping. a others, has been too brief Prickly pear has been considered a slow-growing plant. and in- deed it is a slow grower under natural conditions, where it is obliged to compete with hardy grasses and other vegetation. In a previous publication * the opinion has been expressed that it will take five years to produce a crop on uncultivated lands in the vicinity of Eagle Pass, Tex., while in the same publication estimates made by ranch- ers give the period as from two to three years. There appears to be no reason at present for changing the first estimate for uncultivated lands, while it has been demonstrated that a crop can be profitably harvested in two years in cultivated plantations. Whether a_pro- portionately greater vield can be secured by allowing the plants to grow three or four years has not been determined, but a paying crop can be secured at the end of the second year, and probably can be utilized at the end of eighteen months to good advantage if plantings are made in February or March. The first harvesting done upon the experimental tract was two vears after planting. As shown in an- other place, there was at that time more than sufficient roughage upon an acre to feed two cows for one vear. But little fruit will be produced the first two years, but quite a large crop will usually be secured the third vear. METHOD OF HARVESTING. The different methods of preparing prickly pear for the use of stock have been sufficiently discussed in other publications? and need not be repeated here. In the singeing process economy depends largely upon the dispo- sition of the plants. In the case of natural growth much time is “Bulletin No. 74, Bureau of Plant Industry, * The Prickly Pear and Other Cacti as Food for Stock,’ 1905. ’ specially in Bulletin No. 74 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, pp. 12-20. 124 METHOD OF HARVESTING. 17 consumed in walking from one plant to another, because the plants are usually scattered over the field. Systematic planting economizes both time and fuel. In the harvesting which has been done thus far upon the experi- mental plantations the torch has been used on standing plants, and cattle have then been turned on to graze them (PI. IT, figs. 1 and 2). Others have been cut down and hauled out of the field. This work was done in the spring of 1907. In the autumn of the same season little, if any, difference could be noticed between the growth made by the plants harvested by the two methods. Those plants grazed by the cattle, however, were left in a very ragged condition and conse- quently did not present so good an appearance. So far as growth is concerned, however, it must be admitted that grazed pear was nearly, if not quite, as good as that which was cut down and hauled off. There are several methods of harvesting open to the grower, two of which have been mentioned here. Besides these methods the plants may be cut down before singeing, and, if desired, two rows may be cut into one center. The plants as they lie on the ground may then be singed. Again the plants may be singed as they stand in the row and then cut down, the cattle being allowed to graze them where they fall. It is quite possible that the best method is the last mentioned, The singeing is done by pointing the blast flame downward in the center of the plant, because in this way the maximum surface is covered at one time by the flame. Afterwards the outer joints will be touched by the blast. These processes can easily be regulated so as to interfere but very little with the stump which is to be left stand- ing. After the singeing the plants can be cut down and grazed where they fall. This will avoid leaving the stems partially chewed and macerated, in which condition they are more hkely to decay and result in injury to subsequent growth. Of course the plants can be cut down before singeing, but the burning can not be done so advanta- geously after the plants are felled. When standing, both sides of the joints, which are in a more or less upright position, can be easily reached with the flame. while when felled the lower side in contact with the ground can not be so easily singed. The two most impor- tant requirements are economy of time and fuel and protection of the stumps which are to produce future growth. These requirements should be borne in mind constantly. Any process which economizes time and fuel and does not injure the stem is the one to use. It seems to the writer that singeing and then cutting the plants down to be grazed where they fall accomplishes this result best. In some instances in the experimental investigations the harvesting has been close, leaving nothing of the old plant but the original cut- 124 18 THE PRICKLY PEAR AS A FARM CROP. ting. In other cases the harvesting has been done so as to leave all the joints directly attached to the original cutting. The latter plan leaves a stump of two to four joints. If the plant was established from a cutting laid on the surface of the ground, a large base and a good surface for future growth to spring from will be secured. There is no doubt that a large stump of this kind is an advantage; neither is there much doubt that these old stumps will produce a much heavier yield for the second biennial crop than is produced from the freshly established cuttings for the first crop. A considerably heavier growth was secured during the season of 1907 from plants having a stump of three or four joints from which to develop. VARIETIES TO PLANT. In the southern Texas region there are several native varieties of prickly pear, but in each locality there is usually one variety which predominates. The very fact that it does predominate is fairly good proof of its superior value for that locality. In the vicinity of San Antonio the predominating variety is the typical form of Opuntia lindheimeri Englm., and this is the one which is considered the best of all the forms for cultivation in this immediate locality. Before any plantings were made upon the ex- perimental tract a careful examination was made of the varieties in the neighborhood, and this one selected is the most promising. Subse- quent results—for other varieties were also planted for comparison— confirmed the first judgment. There is no question that this is the most valuable of all the forms and species used. It has prominent and formidable spines, which turn white toward the end of the first season’s growth, and abundant light golden spicules.* Another native variety with a trifle darker color, less formidable spines, and brown spicules has also made nearly as good growth and a much heavier crop of fruit. This may prove valuable. From 150 to 200 varieties have been planted. On the whole, none is to be recom- mended above the spiny native just mentioned. Some of the vari- eties planted, however, have characters which are decidedly ad- vantageous. One cultivated spiny form secured farther south is very promising for breeding purposes. It has withstood the climate the first two winters very well, but should another winter like 1904-5 occur it is certain to suffer badly, for it was cut back very severely then in the locality where secured. The spines on this one are not as formidable as on the native form that is being grown, and the spicules are almost 7See Bulletin No. 91, Bureau of Animal Industry, 1906, pp. 9-11, for further notes on this species. 124 COST OF PLANTING. 19 entirely absent on the joints. This variety has made a growth at the rate of not less than 55 tons to.the acre per annum during the past two years. The prospective planter should study the plants in his locality carefully before planting. He should select that form which makes the largest and most rapid, clean growth, and from that variety he should choose the most healthy plants. Selection should be made first for vigor and second with reference to the habit of the, plant. In southern Texas those forms growing most erect are to be pre- ferred. In no case should a low, prostrate, or sprangling form be used. As compact a growth as possible is desirable on account of the ereater ease with which such forms are singed and cultivated. An open-branching, low habit of growth renders the operation of culti- vation very difficult on account of the interference of the branches with the animals and the machinery used in cultivation. COST OF PLANTING. During the spring of 1907 a careful record was kept of the cost of planting 6 acres of prickly pear upon the experimental plots. Owing to the requirements of the farm, men could not be employed regularly for fwll days on the planting and preparation of the ground, but so far as the value of the record goes it is considered that nothing is lost, for the time has been kept in hours for man and team. The ground selected had never been plowed. It was in native grass, closely pastured for several years, and had been grubbed nearly clean of mesquite and other brush years ago. The greater part of the plowing and harrowing was done at odd times between the 1st of January and the 1st of March. The season being very dry considerable difficulty was experienced in getting the soil well pulverized, and even the plowing was done with much difficulty. The stock used for planting was secured from various local sources, ranging from close by to 2 miles distant. The greater part of the stock, although it was practically all of the same variety, was hauled from a neighboring ranch 2 miles away. Some was cut from a pasture about half a mile distant, and about four loads from a smaller experimental tract planted two years ago contiguous to the present field. The time employed in the various planting operations, exclusive of the preparation of the ground (plowing and harrowing), was as follows: Hours. One man and team hauling stock (6 acres) __----------~- Aude oe fet SE ee a? 8p One man and team marking (6 acres) and covering (3 acres) ~~ ------ ee Sean f: One man distributing cuttings (6 acres) __--_-~ Toros ae D4 The laborers used in hauling were negroes and Mexicans, and the time was not employed to good advantage. It will be seen from the 124 20 THE PRICKLY PEAR AS A FARM CROP. above statement that the heaviest item of expense was for hauling the stock for planting, which ought to have been done, even under the disadvantages of distance, much cheaper. Assuming the value of a man and a team at $3 and a man at $1 a day of ten hours, the cost of planting an acre after the ground is prepared is a little less than $6. If it is assumed that the value of the preparation for planting is $3 an acre, then it costs about $9 an acre to get the cuttings planted. With good labor advantageously employed this expense could doubtless be reduced to $6 or $7 an acre, but even at $9 the operation is not expensive when it is consid- -ered that a plantation is probably good for fifteen or twenty years and that subsequent planting or establishing plants is a simple matter when the material is on the ground and all ata is necessary to estab- lish a new plant is to lay a joint in firm contact with the soil. SPINELESS COMPARED WITH SPINY SPECIES. Much emphasis has been placed of late, especially in popular writ- ings, upon the great advantages of spineless prickly pears. The spines of these plants leave an unpleasant memory. They are diffi- cult to handle, and the novice usually can not conceive how the plants can be utilized at all on account of their formidable armament. It naturally follows that if spineless forms can be substituted the last objection to them has been removed. They could then be handled with bare hands, and eaten as they grow by all kinds.of live stock. So firmly is the “spineless cactus ” idea established in the public mind that much talk has been made about establishing such forms, even on the deserts, supplanting the native forms and producing an abun- dance of forage for live stock—this to be utilized without the singe- ing process to which the native spiny forms must be subjected. While such ideas are very interesting and attractive, there are many practical considerations which must be taken into account. Of course, the experience of the writer is as yet meager, these experiments having been carried on only about four years. How- ever, observation, together with three or four years’ experimental evidence, while not conclusive, points strongly to certain conclusions which are not at all favorable to spineless forms for southern Texas, for the immediate future at least. Thus far no spineless forms have been found which are hardy under the conditions existing at San Antonio. The writer has secured ten or twelve spineless forms from Mexico, and the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction of the Bureau of Plant Industry has imported for investigations as many more from Hawaii, south- ern Europe, and northern Africa, all of which have been planted and well cared for. All that are left of these spineless forms at the 124 SPINELESS COMPARED WITH SPINY SPECIES. 21 present time are such individual plants as have been protected dur- ing the winter. There are a few nearly spineless forms here and there in southern Texas, but so far as has been observed none of them are quite hardy. They live through one or two winters all right, but may be frozen down badly the third winter. The nearest approach to hardiness that has been seen is in the city of Laredo, : Tex. There are here a few plants (nearly spineless) which often pass the winter uninjured, but they were frozen to such an extent in February, 1904, that not less than one-half of the joints broke off. Even these are not hardy upon the plantation at San Antonio and probably would suffer nearly every winter at Laredo were the plants there not protected by surrounding buildings. Lack of hardiness renders the spineless forms of no economic value at the present time in southern Texas. If they can not with- stand the winter temperature it is of course useless to plant them. But while this is true it is not at all improbable that these smooth forms may in time become very important and possibly entirely supplant in culture those forms which are now being grown. The bringing about of such a condition is, however, a long and tedious process which will involve vears of breeding in which the farmer can usually take little or no part. Work along this line is now being conducted for the benefit and use of the future, but present results must be secured from spiny natives. Of course, in experimental work sight is not lost of the fact that economic conditions may change in the future so that it will be advisable to have spineless forms, but the whole question is one of production. If spineless forms which are hardy and which will produce more feed than spiny species which are now being grown can be evolved they will be valuable in proportion to the excess of feed which they will pro- duce. This is as yet a purely experimental field, but the spiny native varieties have been proved to be valuable. Aside from lack of hardiness, the spineless prickly pears have other disadvantages. Wherever grown they have to be fenced. It will be obviously impossible to grow them in .uncultivated pastures, even in regions where they are hardy, for they would be grazed too closely, if not exterminated in a very short while. Fences are expen- sive. Unless the area planted to these forms were very large, which it could not be for some time, a rabbit-proof fence would be re- quired. This sort of fence has been found necessary in order to protect the varietal plantings made by the Bureau of Plant Industry at San Antonio. Spineless forms would be severely injured by rab- bits, gophers, and rats. The latter often do considerable injury to the spiny native plants, but the spineless forms would suffer very severely. A planting of about a hundred cuttings of imported varie- 124 22 THE PRICKLY PEAR AS A FARM CROP. ties, not all spineless, was completely -destroved in a fortnight by rabbits in southern Arizona two vears ago. When a large acreage is planted the danger from these pests will not, of course, be so seri- ously felt, but it will be many years before any extended plantings of spineless forms can be made. There is not enough stock of spineless prickly pears in this country at the present time to plant 5 acres if it were all gathered into one place. A plantation of spineless prickly pear would not only have to be fenced. but stock could not be allowed to enter the field at any time of the year, for they would trample over the entire field, knocking down plants hither and yon and causing an unwarranted waste. All of the crop would have to be harvested, loaded on wagons, and hauled to another lot to be fed. Remembering that 100 pounds a day will be eaten by an average cow, it will be seen that this procedure will mean considerable expense. In a 100-cow dairy it will mean the moving of 5 tons of material for feed each day, besides the removal of the manure. On the other hand, the spiny forms, singed and fed where they stand, obviate this expensive han- dling and cause the manure for 100 cows to be distributed each day on about one-fifteenth of an acre—by no means a small item in main- taining fertility. With spiny forms the number of plants fed or grazed each day is absolutely within the control of the rancher, even though stock is allowed in the field all of the time. ; So far as southern Texas is concerned the advantages of the spine- less and spiny prickly pears concerning which we have any knowl- edge may be summed up as follows: Advantages of spiny native forms. Advantages of spineless forms. 1. They are hardy. 1. They do not require singeing. 2. They do not require fencing. 3. They are injured but little by wild animals. 4. They require a minimum of lhan- dling. 5. They accomplish the distribution of the manure during the day. QUANTITY OF FEED PRODUCED BY PRICKLY PEARS. Our knowledge of the yield of prickly pear, either under natural or cultivated conditions, is as yet quite imperfect, and the state- ments made herein with reference to yields are made with such reservation as is consistent with the meagerness of the evidence. However, it is believed that all computations in whatever manner made are exceedingly conservative, and underestimate rather than overestimate in every case what may be secured from a: cultivated crop of prickly pears. 124 QUANTITY OF FEED PRODUCED. ood The first plantings at San Antonio, and, indeed, the first attempt ever made in this country to cultivate this plant as food for stock so far as the writer is aware, occurred in February, 1905. A plot of ground 416 feet long and 208 feet wide (2 acres) was secured under lease the preceding winter. Half of this area was plowed and put in a good state of cultivation, the other half being left in the condition in which it was found, i. e., in native sod, with all brush removed. One half of the cultivated portion (one-half acre) was reserved for varietal plantings and the other half was planted to three or four varieties of native species, the typical Opuntia lind- heimeri predominating over all others. The whole area was laid off into 6-foot rows, numbered 1 to 69, and all plantings have been made on this plan, variation being made in the distance apart of the plantings in the row only. Early in March, 1907, when the plantation was 2 years old, the first harvesting was made. No weights were obtained except on a small scale—too small, in fact, to make a reliable record, and conse- quently need not be reported upon here. In one instance 75 head of stock were turned in to graze off two rows which had been singed. As nearly as could be estimated this number of cows got from this small area a full day’s ration of roughage. There were some young cows among them, and some which did not eat pear as freely as they should, but nevertheless they had been fed prickly pear regularly all the win- ter and were still receiving it daily. Accepting the above as the measure of the biennial production of forage of this plant under cul- tivation, it will readily be appreciated that at this rate 2 acres of this crop would, roughly, supply roughage for 75 cows for one month, and 25 acres would, roughly, supply their needs for one year, but as it took two years to grow this crop, on this basis it would require only 50 acres to furnish rough feed for 75 cows continuously. It is recognized that this is a very crude and imperfect estimate of production, but it is, nevertheless, instructive when taken in connection with what the eye can see of the 2-year-old crop shown in Plate IT, figure 4. In or- der to put the matter very conservatively, suppose this area was in- creased 50 per cent; this would mean that 75 acres would furnish 75 cows with continuous roughage. This is still a production equaled by that of few areas in the country. ‘This quantity was produced during one very favorable and one very unfavorable season and probably represents about the average crop. More definite data upon production were secured early in October, 1907, when the plantation was 31 months old. At this time two rows were selected near the east side of the native plantings on cultivated ‘ground because they were thought to be typical of the half acre of the cultivated native Opuntia lindheimeri. These rows were har- 124 24 THE PRICKLY PEAR AS A FARM CROP. vested down to the original cutting and weighed. These two rows, numbered 20 and 21 in the records, yielded 8,518 pounds. Rows 35 and 36 were then harvested, and weighed in the same manner. Row 36 was considered the poorest in the area. This was in part due to its being in close proximity to uncultivated ground and in lesser part to the ravages of the red spider. These rows were taken in order to be certain not to overestimate the production. These two rows yielded 7,269 pounds. On the four rows, therefore, there were pro- duced 15,787 pounds. The area occupied by them measures three twenty-sixths of an acre. The yield to the acre, consequently, was 136,820 pounds, or 682 tons. On account of the time of the year at which the measurements were made it is rather difficult to reduce this thirty-one months’ growth into yearly terms, but if it is assumed that three years’ growth was secured an average yearly production of 224 tons of green, succulent forage is shown. This estimate of the average growth per annum of 224 tons is cer- tainly conservative. It is evident that the growing season is not closed the 1st of October, but, on the other hand, that a very decided increase will occur between that time and February. Again, the measurements were made at the close of a long dry season. It is quite certain that the growth for the remaining five months, together with the water absorption of the humid winter season, would be expressed by tons to the acre. Besides this growth of plant body, there was produced during the third growing season between 4 and 5 tons of fruit to the acre. .This fruit’ is greatly relished by horses, cattle, sheep, and swine, and is harvested by them without assistance and without injury to the plants. In feeding dairy cattle¢ at San Antonio it was found that a com- plete roughage ration of prickly pear consisted of about 140 pounds for each cow daily. In feeding steers for market at Encinal, Tex., an average of about 75 pounds was eaten daily by each steer. These figures would indicate that 100 pounds is about what the average ani- mal will eat in a day. But the yields previously stated show that sufficient roughage is grown here on an acre for about one and one- fourth animals. Any way it is figured, roughage of prickly pear for one mature bovine animal on an acre seems to be a very conservative estimate. CULTIVATION AND NONCULTIVATION. At the same time that estimates were made of the rate of growth on cultivated ground rows 37 and 38 were harvested. These were grown without cultivation. As stated elsewhere, a furrow was opened “Bulletin No. 91, Bureau of Animal Industry, 1906. 124 SOME EFFECTS OF CULTIVATION. 25 in the native sod, the joints laid against the land side, and the dirt pulled back over their bases. The growth of pear on these two rows in thirty-one months weighed 980 pounds. This is at the rate of 8.49 tons to the acre. Reducing this to terms of annual growth in the same manner as was done in the other case, we have 2.83 tons to rep- resent the growth per annum upon uncultivated ground; in other words, eight times as much forage was produced under cultivation. (See Pili; fic. 1.) The method of planting insured the rooting of the cuttings prac- tically the same upon uncultivated as upon cultivated land. Practi- cally every cutting in either situation rooted and grew through the period specified. It should be noted that the plantation is under fence. The prickly pear upon the uncultivated ground, therefore, had to com- pete with its full complement of grass growth. It would have made a greater gain if the grasses were grazed off, as they commonly are in the native pastures of the region. The figures showing the relation of the production under the two conditions are conse- quently not comparable with what would take place in pasture- grown pear. Indeed, the growth in Mr. Sinclair’s pastures just outside of our fence was very much greater than that upon our uncultivated area. This furnishes a very strong suggestion as to the cause of the increase of prickly pear in some sections of south- ern Texas since its occupation and settlement. Formerly, when grasses were not grazed so closely, they were stronger competitors of the prickly pears than they are now and were able to keep it in check. Overgrazing, coupled with the prevention of fires, is doubt- less responsible for the excessive growth of prickly pear in some sections of the region. On the other hand, the rapid increase of mesquite and other brush tends to check the growth of the pear, for it does not thrive in the shade. SOME EFFECTS OF CULTIVATION. During the year 1907 the drought from June to October 1 was much more pronounced than the average for this section. The prickly pear in the pastures surrounding the experimental plantings, as a consequence, was suffering considerably by the 1st of October. Nearly all of it was somewhat shriveled, and in a few instances the color had begun to change, showing the beginning of interference with metabolism. Upon the cultivated area, on the contrary, the long period with little precipitation had no apparent effect. Al! plants were thrifty and vigorous. It is believed that no particular injury would have resulted if no rain had occurred for another three months. ‘ 124 26 THE PRICKLY PEAR AS A FARM CROP. The effect of cultivation upon the development of spines is natu- rally of some interest, and since the writer has often been questioned regarding the comparative spininess of cultivated and uncultivated plants, a few remarks upon the subject are made, with, however, no attempt at any generalization. In the case of the typical form of Opuntia lindheimeri, which is being grown in the experiments, there is a decided increase in spininess under cultivation. Indeed, the en- tire plant looks somewhat different when cultivated; that is, a plant under favorable conditions is just as different from a plant growing under unfavorable conditions in this species as in the common culti- vated crops. A comparison of Plate II, figure 3, with Plate IT, figure 4, will tell better than words what the differences are. The first is a view of the Poor plantation, which, although planted originally, is in a practically native condition, for it was never cultivated. It will be readily seen that the spines are fewer by several fold upon the uncultivated plants. No quantitative measurements have ever been made, and consequently only general statements are possible at this time. USES OF THE CROP. A more or less complete discussion of the uses to which prickly pear is put will be found in Bulletin No. 74 of this series, and a further discussion of the value of the crop is contained in Bulletin No. 91 of the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department. The crop appears especially adapted to dairy purposes because of the comparative ease with which the ration can, be balanced by the addition of concentrates. which are used with all roughage jn this region. The succulence appears to be a decided advantage, and of course can be obtained at any time of the year if the plants are erazed where standing or are harvested as fed. The importance of this can not be overestimated, for it applies to all seasons of the year, and oftentimes green feed for dairy cattle is as difficult to secure in the summer as in the winter. There is an impression in some sections that this feed can not be used after the new growth starts in the spring, but this is entirely disproved by the practices of several ranchers who have used it at all seasons of the year with good re- sults. Of course there is a period during which the young growth will not be eaten on account of its being distasteful to animals,* and this growth will therefore be wasted at that time, but there is no season of the year when pear will not be readily eaten, especially if other feeds are short or dry. It is very probable that the crop can also be used successfully for the production of baby beef, as has been suggested by Mr. Sinclair, «See Bulletin No. 91, Bureau of Animal Industry, 1906, p. 17. 124 PRICKLY PEAR COMPARED WITH SORGHUM. 27 who has fed pear with as great success as anyone in southern Texas. This region has been a favorite breeding ground for many years, anc much beef is constantly prepared for market, a large part of which is accomplished by the use of prickly pear at some stage of its growth. The great drawback in any beef production—especially in the pro- duction of baby beef—is a lack of continuity of feed. An abundance of pasture is to be had in some seasons, but in other seasons it is too short for the maintenance of a steady rapid growth. A roughage like this, therefore, which can be utilized at any season and is a sure crop, fills a gap not filled by any other. Prickly pear roughage is relished by nearly all kinds of live stock. No ease is known of horses being fed on it, but other classes of stock eat it readily. Cattle, sheep, goats, and swine relish it, and even chickens utilize it when it is chopped for them. Hogs will eat even stumps and heavy joints that cattle leave. In short, it can be said that prickly pear is of vastly more impor- tance in southern Texas than is ordinarily appreciated. A crop which will produce twenty-odd tons of roughage to the acre per an- num with a degree of certainty not attained by any other, and this readily eaten by all classes of live stock, is not to be disregarded as an important farm crop even if it has been looked upon as some- thing of a nuisance in the past. PRICKLY PEAR COMPARED WITH SORGHUM. Upon another page it has been shown that 224 tons of prickly pear ‘an. be grown each year upon the gravelly-black-waxy soils of the San Antonio region of Texas. The main hay crop upon the ranch where the experiments are conducted has always been sorghum, and since the experiments were started this has been placed in a silo. In the season of 1906 about 1 ton of silage was secured to the acre, and in 1907 about 24 tons. These are estimates made in the silo. In feeding tests upon the ranch in 1905 it was found that 6 pounds of prickly pear produced the same results in feeding dairy cattle as 1 pound of dry sorghum hay.* If 1 ton of hay is assumed to be equivalent in feeding value to 3 tons of silage, then the hay produc- tion from sorghum has been on an average for the past two years only seven-twelfths of a ton to the acre per annum. ‘This seven- twelfths of a ton of hay, assuming the relative value of sorghum hay to prickly pear to be as 6 to 1, is equivalent to only 34 tons of pear. In other words, prickly pear has produced more than six times as much roughage during the past two years as sorghum. Of course, the yield of sorghum mentioned here is abnormally small, but sea- sons occur every now and then in this region when crops are short, «See Bulletin No. 91, Bureau of Animal Industry, 1906, p. 4. 124 28 THE PRICKLY PEAR AS A FARM CROP. and while they may be assumed to be at the lowest point of produc- tion during these two years it is against these years of shortage that it is necessary to provide. ENEMIES OF THE PRICKLY PEAR. There are many fungus and insect enemies of the prickly pear, but only one insect and one fungus need be considered in this place because the others have not thus far given cause for any appre- hension. The black-spot fungus (Perisporium wrightii) is first found as a soft, brownish area, usually more or less circular,on any portion of the joint. This soon becomes black and rotten,and later dries up when the ascogenous bodies appear upon the epidermis. Often there may be a dozen of these spots on a single joint, and these are approxt- mately one-half to 1 inch in diameter: usually and extend clear through the joint. When but one or two occur the joint may re- cover, the tissue healing up around the diseased portion, when the dried diseased tissue falls out, leaving a notch or a clear circular opening through the joint. When the diseased spots are numerous, the plants are very much impoverished and the joints often drop off, the healing in this case occurring at the union between them. Fortunately this disease appears less prevalent upon plants under cultivation. In February, 1905, when the first plantings were made, one row, 208 feet long, was planted to very badly diseased pear in order to study the behavior of the disease. There are at present some diseased plants upon this row, and many of the cuttings failed to grow, but the vast majority of the plants have overcome the dis- ease quite perfectly. It 1s much more common on some varieties than on others, and the badly diseased material which was planted was discovered later to be of a different variety from that which it is recommended should be planted in the vicinity San Antonio. The typical form of Opuntia Jindheimeri which is recommended is much less subject to this disease than some of the other native forms. It is a common disease in many species of prickly pear throughout the pear region from Texas to the city of Mexico. The only practical remedy is to feed the diseased plants and propa- gate from healthy stock only. At the present time it looks as though this method of handling would reduce the injury to a minimum. The cultivated area referred to, except where diseased pear was planted, is quite free from disease now. The stock was carefully selected, however, and there appears to be no disease on either the cultivated or uncultivated areas. The red spider (V'etranychus opuntiae), on the contrary, 1s more serious upon cultivated than upon uncultivated land. These minute 124 ENEMIES OF THE PRICKLY PEAR. 29 animals work around the areoles of spines and spicules first and gradually cover the entire surface of the joint. After they have worked on the pear, a yellowish or brownish dead callus forms over the entire surface. This cracks in places and there is often a consid- erable exudation of mucilage, which, although white at first, finally turns black. The plants are very much disfigured by this mite, but it can not be stated at present just how much real injury is done, for no plants have been observed which have been killed -by it. It may be difficult for the uninitiated to recognize what the trouble with the plants really is, but after seeing it or having it pointed out it can not be overlooked, for the diseased condition is very character- istic. It is not so easy to find the mites, however, because they are very small and at times nearly, if not quite, abserft. Just what their habits are during the season has not been worked out. It is certain that they were abundant in March, 1907, and less abundant in the autumn of the same year. The Mexicans are very familiar with this diseased condition, but so far as known have not interpreted the cause. . Attention has been ‘alled to it several times by Mexican ranchers, who deplored its presence and expressed the opinion that it might in time entirely destroy such forms as nopal amarillo, naranchado, chaveno, and certain forms of joconoxtle. While these fears express extreme views, there is no doubt that the red spider is a pest to be reckoned with. However, in Mexico, as in the United States, the greatest injury is done when plants are close together or growing intermin- gled with other shrubbery. This crowding together of the plants is probably the cause of the large numbers a mites which developed in our cultivated experimental area. Cun apreparation and. handling 22 Sse. ee te 10-12 HMairgpastunes, avavability of prickly: pear’ == 222-522 ees S usevandeadaptanonkobr prickly. Dea 2 = eke a 26 Lbpavera ES IONE TAKES heh CYS) ee ee ee ee 28-31 Experimental planting, 1907, methods:employed, ete _____ .___-__--__-_---- ieee 13-14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 28-24 Feed yield to the acre of cultivated prickly pear, estimates______________ 22-24 Fence requirements of spineless varieties___..__..._-___-______________ 21 MavoOrprickive pear, relation tO use) by sto¢k=22-— -- "= tS 26, 27 recevine fatal. tO" prickly: pear. Mewass 2 ses. 0 eee fe 10 Fruit, time of DRUG HO esha ee de a eee ee 16 Muneus. black-spot, Gescription and, remedy = ==— = = 28 SC OMTASPEOUINO OU DECK) CAT te Se Lae er oe ae Se i per; Sorasss CiLect ON STOW OF DLick ly, Dears) i es ee ee See 25 Greenhouse propagation, decay. of cuttings,,ete__.___-.-__ _-____-_____---_-_— 11 EATEN LIne: stline \and MmetbOgs: = —.— 2 a a 16-18, 32 ROU PON USL Ole RiCki WnnGnt= =. 2 5. - pet ees gS te ee ee eh fe TRIG Shy Seer a Ure ato ay ay ay NK bel ehh ney: W ee Ss Oe ES a ee ee eee 27 Implements for cutting, handling, and planting prickly pear __- ~~~_- Se blaleyss: BESO WI) OLS ROME) CLL URN es ee en ee ee ee ee ek 7-8 Weconoxtie injury by red spiders. 22 ee a se mes BoE ES 29 Jomnt-droppine disease, cause and effeets=--—-..---+_.._..--_..__.=__- 30-31, 32 ATO ae o nou si Ges WRC TCH rs a2 2a eee Le ee Se ek 19 Mexico. Imetiod OF planting prickly pear; ete_2--_ —~—.--=-___- + 12 Mites, red spiders injurious to prickly pear ___--~------_- : 15, 28-30 PAN Gia Oe Ty line apeereO SPiGels. —e == 84. 2 we See ee AY) Ona amnrilO, INuUry De nen SDIGeRSs2—— ==. a 29 124 Ya) co 86 THE PRICKLY PEAR AS A FARM CROP. Page. Opuntia lindheimeri, description, characteristics, and recommendations__ 19, ° 23, 26, 28, 32 freedom from, disease: =.- 2233 eee 28, 31 spininess increased under cultivation______________ 26 Pear, prickly, climatic requirements: 222). 40.52 eee COltIVaATION: Woe a ee ee ee 15-16 ands use: historical) notes eee 7 first -attempt 2-22“ eee ee 23 fungous’ and insect -enemies2===_ "= — 2 er feed? «produced s.--32" 22 a ee Re eee 22-24 erowth, -rate 22 228.222 bl eee eee 16 propagation and harvesting methods__—___--_-=.-________ 10-18 spineless species, advantages and disadvantages__________ 20-22 spiny (species; advantages: ==> =32e ee ee eee 22 USCS. ee ee a ee ee 26-27 yield and value, comparison with sorghum_____________- ‘_ 27-28 Under sCWltiveatlOl = Se 22-26 young growth distasteful t0 animals_—_—_-_-_______________ 26 Perisporiumewhichtn, description and remedy = =a eee 28 Plantations srenewala soe 224 2266 sono ee eee eee 15 PPT GIN COS Gs eee rr ee es eee 12-14, 31 MeTHOUS ee a Se ee es 2 Se ae ee ee _ 12-14, 31 S@qSON 242. ails eee ee ee eee 14-15 Bilants: selection «tor propagation. ——__~_ == SS ee eee 1b Ssettine Wdistancevapart 2. 226 2 ee alae! iRlates; GC ESCriptiom j=. = ea sa ee ee 34 Poor .D\ Mi planting of prickly peal=-—= "=== as ee 15 Precipitation, San Antonio, Tex., monthly totals, 1S97—1906____________ 8-9, 31 Prickly pear. See Pear, prickly. Propasation, ae eee 18 Rabbits injurious, especially to ‘spineless varieties=— =) == = eee Al Rainfall, San Antonio, Tex., monthly totals, 1897-1906_______________- 8-9, 31 ations Gaillvaspnickiivs peat ton: CAL tle ee ee eee ee 8, 22. 23. 24 RedeSplders my UTIOUS LOmDLICkly, Peate 2 = =. — eae sae ae ee a 13, 28-30 Rodents injurious, especially to spineless varieties _____________________ 21 Rouchacevaluevor droucht-resistant, CLoOpeses = ee ee S Shots Ming roy ani MES lhe OKe (fovare hm Ko ats es SS ee ee ee S-10, 31 pastures, depletion o£ prickly, pea 8 Season for plantings 222-02 3 ee ee ee eee 14, 31 Setting splantscinwteld> two methods. = = 2 ee es eee 12-14, 31 Sheep steedineoniprickly pears = 22-2 ee eee ee 1,26 Singeimns GpTrOCESS GineChlONS = 2 2s ssa 22 ok) a eee 16-18, 82 Sorehum-syieldicompared with prickly, peat ===) eee Za Spacins iplants sproperi@istan Ces 22 = 222) ee NS} S31 Spiders:cred) Sinyuriguss 2 22240 a. ee eee 13, 28-30 Spineless varieties, advantages and disadvantages___________-_________ 20-22 IME BRO Hyey loveceyero Ma veaey aLoySSHi ou hy Esse ee A 18, 21 importations, experimental planting_-____________-~ 20 notshardy;, useless: in Dexas a Ee 20, 382 124 INDEX. 37 Page Spines, development, effect of cultivation______.__.___________-___ 26 hindrance tor propagation Of planit=—~ ae 14 Spiny varieties, advantages and disadvantages_______________________ 20-22 ‘SSETETAE TAG oa LOND UU CS mia) Se 2 ee ee eee 31-32 SWiiemleedin Rone Drickilyepea rss 2 — ss. Ye = a a ee 27 Temperature, average, San Antonio, (Rext cI SSS=190G= = eee Le re Be 9-10, 31 Metranychus opuntiae, injuries; observations.---.--*-~- = 2880 AEG Coa Ke (ores NN C0) 1p ee ee ee i ee ee DS a ee ee Seen eee 8-10 forage cultivation, space between plants__________________*____ 13 LEATN Gs Sea Su RAN COLO GA he Se Se 7-8 need of drought-resistant crop for roughage__________________ 8 WATTS GICS MMT ELC TCC as eee a ee oe he eee 19 Wan eilecs Can Eni) SClLOCULOIN == sa ann iy Spor ee ee eA ae eer ee 18-32 ESHER er et Orns ease eer ae tes kare as eo ee BE ae 19 Wield stone acre under cultivation: estimates: 224322 ee 16, 22—24 124 O j reeiit al (gigs si eee = J A y 7 Bul. 125, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE Il. HARVESTING CHEMLALY OLIVES IN A DRY-LAND ORCHARD AT SFAX. Pao OEPARTMENT— OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 125. B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURE IN NORTHERN AFRICA. BY THOMAS H. KEARNEY, PHYSIOLOGIST IN CHARGE OF ALKALI AND DrouGut RESISTANT PLANT-BREEDING INVESTIGATIONS. IssuEpD AprRit 11, 1908. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. EROS: BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chicf of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods. Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge. Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge. Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Haven Metcalf, Pathologist in Charge. Truck Crop Diseases and Plant Disease Survey, William A. Orton, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge. Cotton Breeding Investigations, Archibald D, Shamel and Daniel N. Shoemaker, Physiolo- gists in Charge. Tobacco Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel, Wightman W. Garner, and Ernest H. Mathewson, in Charge. - : Corn Investigations, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge. Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations, Thomas H. Kearney, Physi- ologist in Charge. Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge. Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge. Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge. Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge. Crop Technology and Fiber Plant Investigations, Nathan A, Cobb, Crop Technologist in Charge. Taxonomic and Range Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge. Farm Management Investigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge. Grain Investigations, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge. Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge. Vegetable Testing Gardens, William W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge. Western Agricultural Extension Investigations, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge. Dry-Land Agricultural Investigations, BE. Channing Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge. Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in Charge. Paeperimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent. Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge. Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge. Grain Standardization, John D. Shanahan, Expert in Charge. Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., August Mayer, Expert in Charge. South Texas Garden, Brownsville, Tex., Edward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge. Cotton Culture Farms and Farmers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work, Seaman A. Knapp, Special Agent in Charge. Congressional Seed Distribution (Directed by Chief of Bureau), Lisle Morrison, Assistant in General Charge. Editor, J. %. Rockwell. Chief Clerk, James I. Jones. ALKALI AND DrouGHT RESISTANT PLANT BREEDING INVESTIGATIONS. SCIENTIFIC STAFF. Thomas H. Kearney, Physiologist in Charge. L. L. Harter, Assistant Physiologist. 125 2 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, Bureat or Piant INpustry, Orricr or THE CHIEF, Washington, D. C., January 5, 1908. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend for publication as Bulletin No. 125 of the series of this Bureau the ac- companying manuscript, entitled “ Dry-Land Olive Culture in Northern Africa.” The culture of the olive without irrigation in a region where the average yearly rainfall is only 9.3 inches is the most highly suc- cessful example of dry-farming methods applied to a tree crop of which we have any knowledge. It has long passed the experimen- tal stage, having been carried on in southern Tunis with the methods now in use for at least fifty years and having been developed on a vastly more extensive scale in the same region during the early cen- turies of the Christian era. The description here given of the methods and of the type of tree adapted to this system of culture will be of special interest to that portion of the southwestern United States where olive culture is pos- sible. But it also concerns arid and semiarid regions outside of the olive zone where arboriculture, based upon other crops, seems des- tined to become an important feature in dry-land agriculture. The present paper should stimulate the search for useful trees capable of being grown profitably under dry-farming conditions. In the course of an expedition to Tunis for the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, the primary object of which was to obtain promising varieties of dates for trial in the south- western United States, Mr. Kearney spent several weeks in the dry- land olive-growing districts studying the methods used and the conditions under which the culture is there carried on. This was done at the suggestion of Mr. W. T. Swingle, of this Bureau, who has charge of investigations in dry-land arboriculture. The drought-resistant variety of the olive that is grown in Tunis has been introduced with a view to establishing dry-land olive culture in the United States. Investigations along this line will be carried 125 2 vo 4 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. on in cooperation between the offices of Plant Life History Investiga- tions and of Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investi- gations. Acknowledgment is here made of the valuable assistance rendered Mr. Kearney in the course of his investigations by the Tunisian au- thorities and by private individuals interested in olive culture. Men- tion should be made of the courtesies extended by M. Fidelle, late controleur civil at Sfax; M. Minangoin, inspector of agriculture in the Direction of Agriculture and Commerce at Tunis; Mr. Leonardi, British vice-consul at Sfax; M. Robert, president of the chamber of commerce at Susa; and MM. Louis Fidelle and A. Chatel, olive growers at Sfax. The illustrations which accompany this paper are considered essential to a full understanding of the text. Respectfully, B. T. GALLoway, Chief of Bureau. Hon. James WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. 125 Li EGC IOC CON ONT wees eR aS Ss eg ee ee Importance of dry-land arboriculture in ancient Africa_________________ Divino vre cuimine- in: MOderny Lumiss i) oe 2 oe ee ee es General’ characteristicso£ the Stax region_ 2/2 ~_—-_- 2 eee OITA bora eee eee eee teen ME RS Oe See ke eh DOS ha Dive eI C: AO Semen een en ee TEES ee hg ee eee Moporctraphy aAndenawiral vecetavion. _ oso 2 Fe = yee eee Ney OU a Se ee Ad, ctl LE Ca aes ce ae ns ge eee eg ps ee LEY Bes Fae ee Sree O ion Orensird S (Ole Staines. seeeees So a hoy res ee ee ee SIU CSV UTE Gy 5 TO MVM es Se ee ee Se a ae JETRO OREN KODA peepee BOs eee ee be RE be Le pe he Bee eee ee ae eae ee gee S Ce Lear roe hn oe wT Cle et a eee ee ee es SO a ce JEJE ahah ieee on eS eS eS eed De oc ER eee a en ee ey ae DISTANCE DEhWeCH CHENUEEE sre 2 ees he se Se a imMerands MechoG Or \Hlanibin = es Ln ee 2 WterinawtieyOUNS mb ReCs.- tw api my Alege et 5 Pee ee 4 BSI GN eye Sa TE yn epee t= Ate ee pin Mee ence hs! eh ee IMIG OU CMaes. gt FAT ee a Re 2 a i ee ee eS JEYP UPR AT WES oe th 2S cl Raga nh eA he a ee Dedede (CESS OU ne ols oA al 9 ee ig ae ee a eS SULELERSYPY0) ayia eG Se a se eS ed ee en ee ee ee Relig le ObarainitellstO™ vAels == se eee eae OT So te ILO he 8 08 Sag ee SS ee ee ee ee eee eee Soe AC ET YUN £40 es ramen tape des ae i es Se OE ee ee LI LSCGHCL DS EOFs CO) bea) (eH ISIS SS Sea a ee ee ee Pa emer yn sO SAN TS SP a A Eh Es esi eg IS Ae as aS Sed eA A 19 20 21 22 )9 23 24 — es 28 28 30 9 ” 32 ” » 36 38 9 45 LE LOS RAs OMS: PLATES. Page. Puate I. Harvesting Chemlaly olives ina dry-land orchard at Sfax_Frontispiece. Fic. II. General view of the older ‘dry-land olive orchards near Sfax____ Ill. A fruit-bearing twig of the Chemlaly olive____________________ IV. Fig. 1. Recently planted dry-land olive orchards near Sfax, show- ing the careful alignment and wide spacing of the trees. Fig. 2.—The interior of a Sfax olive orchard, showing wide planting, clean cultivation, and careful pruning__-__---_____ TExtT FIGURES. 1. Map of Tunis, showing the probable extent of the dry-land ar- yD 9 vo ( 9 boricultural region in ancient times and the area now occu- Diedebydrylandeolive yore ag Sas see ee ee 2. An olive tree, probably several centuries old, growing without IGS ation win “AlSerige = >: = ea ee ee . Diagram showing construction of cisterns at Sfax—_-__-------__ . Diagram showing method of planting olive truncheons at Sfax__ . The “maacha,” the tool used by the Arabs in exterminating Bermuda ierass and other’ weedss_-2 == == = . Diagram illustrating a method of conducting surface water to the (basevof aniolive tree 2 eee 7. Sketch showing the proper form to give in pruning a three-year- OldMolive AtiheeLe = Ss... a Se eee ee eee - 8. The tree shown in figure 7 as pruned when four years old___-~—- . The tree shown in figures 7 and § as it appears when five years olde sea ee ee Se Ae DE eee, Se Ale NO ES oe ee 10. Chart showing the rainfall and the production of olive oil at Sifax strom! 895° tO: 90D == = ae ae ee ee Aa) 6 42 42 42 no vo B. P. I.—33T. DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURE IN NORTHERN AFRICA. INTRODUCTION. A great awakening to the possibilities of dry-land agriculture has recently taken place in the western United States. Land is being rap- idly taken up and brought under the plow, largely by eastern farmers, in regions where the average yearly rainfall does not exceed 18 inches and where water is not available for irrigation. The unusually heavy rainfall of the past few seasons has allowed many of the new- comers to obtain good crops of small grain and forage under these conditions: but the recent recruit to “dry farming” must not lose sight of the fact that such periods of unusually heavy rainfall are sure to be followed sooner or later by periods of drought, when the plants ordinarily grown in humid regions will give him but uncer- tain results. To insure against disaster he should be on the lookout for drought-resisting varieties of the crop plants he is familiar with or else for new crop plants adapted to arid conditions. No class of plants is more resistant to drought than certain trees and shrubs, some of which are extremely useful in countries having a climate similar to that of the Great Plains and Great Basin regions of the United States. Arboriculture (tree culture) is one of the safest and most promising lines along which dry-land agriculture ean develop. Experience in various parts of the Old World has shown that drought-resisting trees will live and will often produce a crop in years when no shallow-rooted annual crop will return the seed sown. The most highly developed and successful example of dry-land arboriculture known to the writer is based on the olive, a tree that is peculiarly well fitted for growing under arid conditions. Its leaves are protected against excessive loss of water by the thick skin or cuticle of the upper surface and by the scurf of scale-like hairs with which the under side is covered. Its root system is of such a nature as to permit it to grow without irrigation in regions where the rainfall is scanty and the ground water is practically out of 125 — ‘ 8 DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURE IN NORTHERN AFRICA. reach. The roots of the olive run for long distances comparatively close to the surface of the soil, and are thus able to take up the moisture that penetrates a few inches into the ground after every moderate rainfall. The unusual hardiness of this tree is shown by the fact that in many localities in northern Africa where it was once planted it has persisted for centuries without receiving any attention, often running wild and mingling with the native trees and shrubs on the driest hillsides. Fifteen hundred years ago southern Tunis was covered with thriv- ing olive orchards, but these gradually disappeared after the country was conquered by the Arabs, so that at the beginning of the last century olive culture had almost died out in that region. A good beginning has since been made in reestablishing it, and to-day the dry-land orchards of southeastern Tunis are the wonder and admiration of olive growers the world over. A description of this model arboriculture, of the climatic and soil conditions under which it is carried on, and of the methods used and the results obtained can hardly fail to interest those who are concerned in dry-land agriculture. It is true that in the United States the olive can be a profitable crop only in the warmer parts of the arid and semiarid districts, 1. e., in southern and western Texas, in southern Arizona, and in California. But there are other drought-resistant trees that are better able to withstand cold and can therefore be grown to advantage farther north. Some of these, although not yet well known in the United States, are of great im- portance in various parts of the world, being grown either for their fruit, for forage, or for timber and fuel. In the drier parts of Europe and Asia there are varieties of our common orchard trees that would probably give better results under dry farming conditions than the varieties ordinarily grown in the humid parts of the United States or under irrigation in the West. An account of dry-land olive culture in Tunis should therefore be useful even outside the olive zone, as it will direct attention to the type of tree and the methods of culture that are likely to give the best results. IMPORTANCE OF DRY-LAND ARBORICULTURE IN ANCIENT AFRICA. Southern Tunis is to-day an arid, treeless waste, almost a desert, covered with a sparse growth of thorny bushes and coarse bunch- grasses. There are no streams of considerable size to furnish water for irrigation, and the average yearly rainfall is small, ranging from 8 to 14 inches. In many places a fair crop of wheat or barley can be expected only once in three or four years. This region is now uninhabited, save by a few thousand Bedouins, who wander from 125 DRY-LAND ARBORICULTURE IN ANCIENT AFRICA. 9 place to place in search of pasturage for their sheep and goats. Ex- cept on the coast and at a few points near the mountains along the northern and western borders of the district there are no large towns and hardly any permanent villages. The desolation is almost every- where complete. Yet during the third to the seventh century of the Christian era this whole dis- trict (fig. 1),from the seacoast west- Wee 7S BIZERTA ward into what tip" fs S Is now eastern Algeria, was thickly dotted with thriving villages and eoarms. °In‘an area not exceed- ing 20,000 square miles —15,000 within the bound- aries of modern Tunis and_ per- haps 5,000 in Algeria—t here were at least a dozen cities of 10,000 to 30,000 inhabitants. A network of splen- PEG/ON OF DRY-LAND ARBOR/- did paved roads, DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURE IN NORTHERN AFRICA. December being the month of greatest rainfall, with a second maxi- mum, only slightly lower, in April. July and August are the driest months. The total rainfall at Sfax varies greatly in different years. Thus, in 1890 it amounted to 17.4 inches, and in 1895 it was only 3.2 inches. During the seven years from 1898 to 1904 the total rainfall was only 41 inches; hence the yearly average was only 5.8 inches. The rela- tion that apparently exists between the rainfall and the size of the olive crop is discussed farther on. There are no perennial streams in the Sfax region. The inhabi- tants depend upon wells and cisterns for water for irrigating their gardens and newly set out olive trees as well as for household pur- poses. The wells vary greatly in depth. For instance, about 30 miles north of the town there is a well 220 feet deep, while only 34 miles away there Pp = is a 33-foot well. EE The average depth is perhaps between 50 and 80 feet. In the zone of Fic. 3.—Diagram showing construction of cisterns at Sfax, being gardens contain- a section through two of the openings (0) in the concrete ino a variety of cover (t) by means of which water that falls upon the plat- : ; form (p) enters the cistern (c) ; s is the surface of the soil. fruit trees which hes between the town and the olive orchards, the roads are bordered by cisterns of a peculiar type (fig. 3). A concrete platform, often 40 or 50 feet square and about 2 feet high at the edge, slopes from all sides toward the center, the opening of which is protected by a con- crete cover. Small holes in the sides of the cover allow the water that falls upon the platform to enter the cistern beneath. Water is drawn when needed through a hole in the top of the cover, which is protected by a movable lid. This type of cistern has been used in Tunis for two thousand years or more. In years of unusually small rainfall, such as 1904, water becomes so scarce that 4 or 5 gallons (the capacity of the ordinary water jar used by the natives) are retailed for 2 cents. It has been necessary at times to import drinking water from Naples and to use sea water for washing clothes. 125 SOILS OF THE SFAX REGION. re TOPOGRAPHY AND SOILS. TOPOGRAPHY AND NATURAL VEGETATION, The portion of southern Tunis in which dry-land olive culture reached its highest development in ancient times is that where Quaternary deposits form the surface covering. The district around Sfax that is now occupied by olive orchards is a slightly rolling plain of low elevation, extending from the coast toward the base of the high table-land that occupies central Tunis. In its natural condition it is a steppe, in many ways like’the great plains east of the Rocky Mountains, and especially like parts of western Texas and eastern New Mexico. It bears a scattered vegetation, a conspicuous feature of which is the Christ thorn (Zizyphus spina-christi), a spreading thorny bush with most of the trunk underground, thus resembling the mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) as it grows in eastern New Mexico. Like the mesquite, the Christ thorn generally occupies the summits of small mounds, which it has probably helped to form by catching and holding wind-blown soil. While its stems are usually only 4 or 5 feet high above ground, its roots are said often to penetrate to a depth of 12 feet or more. The presence of this shrub makes the clearing of the land difficult and expensive. Sagebrush (a species of Artemisia) and coarse bunch-grass make up the bulk of the natural vegetation. SOILS. The soil that is considered most desirable for olive culture is bright red in color. It is generally of considerable depth, but at some places within 20 miles of Sfax hardpan is said to be encountered only 24 inches below the surface. To an average depth of 7 feet the soil appears to be generally rather uniform in texture, but below this strata of fine material alternate with layers of coarse sand and gravel. As regards water content, it is stated * that when the surface soil was air dry, at a depth of 8 inches the moisture content was found to be 6 per cent, at 20 inches 10 per cent, and at 40 inches 14 per cent. This would indicate a distribution of soil moisture to which only trees and deep-rooted perennials could adapt themselves. It is said” that even after several months without rain the soil at a depth of 8 inches contains enough moisture to stick together when squeezed in the hand. At the end of January, 1905, however, when heavy rains had followed a prolonged drought, the writer observed that while the “Bourde, P. Rapport sur les Cultures Fruitiéres * * * dans le Centre de la Tunisie, 2d edition, 1899, pp. 13, 14. »Bertainchand. Note Explicative sur la Carte Agronomique et Hydrologique * * * des Terres de la Région de Sfax, Paris, 1896, p. 16, 26017—Bull. 125—08——3 18 DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURE IN NORTHERN AFRICA. first 8 inches of the soil had been thoroughly moistened the next 16 to 24 inches were very dry and powdery. As to texture, this soil when dry has the appearance of a sandy loam, with rather coarse particles. An average of the results of mechanical analyses by the chemist of the Tunisian government ¢ of 82 samples collected in every part of the Sfax region gives 80 per cent of “coarse sand” and 20 per cent of “fine material.” Yet an apparently typical sample collected by the writer in an olive orchard about 5 miles from Sfax was found by the Bureau of Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture to contain a great deal of silt and clay, amounting together in the surface foot to 45 per cent of the whole and in the third foot to 23 per cent. The remaining 55 and 77 per cent, respectively, consisted mainly of * fine sand” and “ very fine sand.” The real state of the case appears to be that in the natural condition of the soil these fine particles are held together by lime or some other cementing material, so as to form particles that resemble grains of coarse sand. These become separated when the soil is shaken for a long time in water.? Table III shows the results of mechanical analyses made by the Bureau of Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture of soil samples from the Sfax olive orchards. Tape I1].—WVechanical analyses of soil samples from the olive orchards of Sfax. | Me- Very | : ae | ying Coatse ee a ee | Silt, Clay Sane ept |gravel,| sand, | sand, | sand, | sand, | a OS tON tance Locality. taken. | 2tol’1to0.5| 0.5 to | 0.25 to| 0.1 to | 0.0085 pee | | mm. mm. | 0.25 |0.1mm.| 0.05 | mm. | | mm. mm. | | | = | Inches. | P. ct. | 12, Gir PC. (PS Chs IB iti | eae Pe Ct: Olive orchard, Sfax..........-.- 0 to 12 0:2) 43 pil 24.1 AUG) ikea 30.0 IBfoV AS os-nseucbs.qacanspDanonol 13 to 24 4 | Gis d 9.7 33.9 24.0 | bak] 16.0 D6, 3 eee ee Re eee ae 2 to 36 | 5 | 7.9 |) 10,3) |) aaa 2k Ge yet ening DO ee see eee eee eae hiecise 0 to 12 | Ay 4.6 6.8 26.4 22.5 13.4 | 26.2 Olive orchard, 20 miles north GUS Tae aiens kc wen eee elie (*) | a3 7 Be eee) Sze) | 5919) ors: | * Adhering to olive truncheons, probably about 12 inches. Chemical analyses of a large number of samples of the Sfax olive soils by the chemist of the Tunisian government show them to be very rich in lime (calcium carbonate), of which there is an average of from 5 to 10 per cent. The potash content is also good, the average being 0.1 to 0.2 per cent. On the other hand, they are rather poor in nitrogen (0.03 to 0.05 per cent) and in phosphoric acid (0.04 to 0.05 4 Bertainchand, 1. ¢. ’In the French method of mechanical analysis of soils, much less water is used-and the digestion is much more rapid than in the method followed by the Bureau of Soils; consequently by the former method the aggregates of fine particles are less likely to be broken up through the solution of the cementing material. 125 OLIVE ORCHARDS OF SFAX. 19 per cent). According to Trabut,‘ a high lime content is a very favor- able factor in growing olives for oil production, as olives produced in limestone regions are richer in oil and the oil is of better quality than where the soils are deficient in this component. It should be noted that while the nitrogen and phosphoric acid content of the Sfax soils would be considered low for most crops, the high yields and good quality of the oil produced at Sfax are sufficient evidence that the supply of these two elements of plant food must be amply sufficient for the requirements of the olive. This can perhaps be explained by the fact that the roots of this tree occupy so great an area of soil (one-seventh to one-tenth acré) that while the percentage of these elements to weight of soil is everywhere low the total amount available to the roots is actually rather high. THE OLIVE ORCHARDS OF SFAX. THE VARIETY GROWN. The Sfax orchards contain only one oil-producing variety, the Chemlaly,” to which prebably at least 95 per cent of the trees belong, the rest being varieties with larger fruits used for pickling. The fruits of the Chemlaly are very small but are produced in great quan- tity (Plate III). They are exceedingly rich in oil, yielding 30 per cent in factories where modern presses are used and as high as 344 per cent in extraction experiments made by the chemist of the Tunis government. These are unusually high percentages, but they are at- tributable, perhaps, more to the heat of the climate than to a pecu- larity of the Chemlaly variety, for still farther south in Tunis the olives are even richer in oil. In the extraction experiments above re- ferred to, olives grown in the celebrated oil-producing district of Bari in southern Italy yielded only 28.2 per cent. In European countries near the northern limit of olive production the fruit is said to yield only 13 per cent of oil. Oil made from the Chemlaly variety is very pure and of excellent flavor. For commercial purposes, however, it has a serious defect in its high content of stearin, or fixed acid, which causes it to congeal at relatively high temperatures. This characteristic renders Sfax oils difficult to sell in northern Europe, and it is especially prejudicial to their use in preserving sardines, etc. It is not, however, an insuper- able objection, since the excess of stearin can be removed at a rela- tively small expense. 4Trabut, L. L’Olivier, Bul. 21, Service Bot., Gouvernm. Gén. Algérie, 1900, p. 43. » Five or six very different varieties, ali: known as Chemlaly, occur in Tunis. That grown at Sfax is commonly designated as the “ Chemlali de Sfax.” 125 20 DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURE IN NORTHERN AFRICA. Opinions differ as to whether the high stearin content of the Sfax olive oils is a peculiarity of the Chemlaly variety or is due to the character of the soils of Sfax. That it is not attributable to the climate seems certain, for oils made from olives grown in still hotter and drier parts of Tunis are said not to congeal more readily than do those from the northern part of the country. M. Bertainchand, the chief chemist of the Tunis government, holds the character of the soil to be responsible, the soils in which olives are grown in northern Tunis being generally heavier than those of Sfax. It should be noted, however, that oils produced in the oases on the northern edge of the Sahara, where the soils are sandier than at Sfax, resemble the oils of northern Tunis rather than those of Sfax in their per- centages of fluid and fixed acids. Perhaps the low water content of the soil contributes to this peculiarity in the composition of Sfax oils, northern Tunis having a much higher rainfall and the oases being abundantly irrigated. The latest authority who has investi- gated this subject holds, however, that the percentage of stearin is essentially a characteristic of the variety rather than a direct result of the physical conditions.“ Whether the large yields of fruit obtained at Sfax from the Chemlaly olive are an inherent characteristic of the variety or are due to the climate or the soil or the superior cultural methods used seems not to be known. All authorities agree, however, that this variety is exceptionally well adapted to growing without irri- gation in a hot, dry climate. It has been suggested by Dr. L. Trabut, government botanist of Algeria, that the Chemlaly will probably be useful as a drought-resistant stock upon which to graft larger fruited varieties. It is, in fact, thus employed to some extent at Sfax, but its value for this purpose will probably be limited, since olives that are large enough to be commercially valuable for pick- ling can in all hkelihood be produced only where abundant water is available. ; PROPAGATION. The Chemlaly olive is never grafted at Sfax but is grown on its own roots. It is always propagated by means of large truncheons— pieces of wood taken from the base of the trunk or of the largest roots—a method that seems to be peculiar to Tunis.? These cuttings 4See Marcille, in Bul. Dir. Agric. et Com., Tunis, 1906, p. 516. ¢Dr. L. Trabut, the government botanist of Algeria, states that it is not practiced in Algeria. Prof. S. C. Mason, arboriculturist of the Bureau of Plant Industry, reports that the cottonwood (Populus deltoides) is sometimes propa- gated in western Kansas by means of “ snags,’ or truncheons, pieces of wood with several buds obtained by cutting up the branches of this tree. They are of the thickness of a piece of stove wood and 1 or 2 feet long. They are some- times set in deep furrows and the soil is then firmed in around them. 125 CLEARING THE LAND FOR AN ORCHARD. Oi are obtained from the old neglected trees—relics of the ancient olive orchards—that are scattered over the country (see fig. 2). When such trees do not occur on the estate that is to be planted, the cuttings are purchased from natives who have them. Either the whole tree is uprooted and all the cuttings it can furnish are removed at once with a saw or else only two or three are taken off at a time. In the latter case the usual method is to cut with a hatchet about half way through the root that is selected to furnish the cutting, at two points 8 to 10 inches apart. A spade is then struck into the upper cleft and the root is split down the middle as far as the lower cleft, thus leaving unhurt the under half of the root from which the cutting has been removed. The wounds are carefully trimmed with a pruning knife. In this way the root which furnishes the cutting is left attached to the parent tree and continues its functions. The truncheons thus obtained are generally 8 to 10 inches long and of very unequal thickness, although said to average 4 inches. The drier the weather and the soil at the time of planting the larger they should be. In no case should they weigh less than 24 pounds, and they are generally heavier, tor the vigor of the tree for the first year or two, at least, depends largely upon the size of the truncheon from which it originates. They retain the bark and should have at least three eyes or buds. If they have roots attached, these are cut off and care is also taken to trim away all rotten wood. The best results are obtained with cuttings taken below the surface of the ground. When of the dimensions just described they will not be injured by exposure for two weeks to the sun and air, but if a longer interval elapses before they are planted they should be wrapped in straw or else buried in the ground until wanted.* CLEARING THE LAND. The first step in establishing an olive orchard at Sfax is, of course, clearing the land of its native growth of erass and bushes. Where the deep-rooted thorny shrub known as Christ thorn cecurs this is “Four dozen such cuttings were imported from Sfax by the Department of Agriculture in 1905. They were taken from the trees about February 15 and were covered with soil until the end of the month, when they were packed with wet straw in ventilated wooden boxes and shipped to New Lork, being watered at least once during the voyage. When unpacked at Washington on April 20, only one or two of them showed signs of life. When planted, however, hardly one failed to send up numerous shoots, which by October 15 had reached a height of 4 to 5 feet. They were sent to San Antonio, Tex., Tucson and Phoe- nix, Ariz., and several localities in California. In most cases they have made a good growth, and material for further experiments with this variety seems to be assured. 125 22 DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURZ IN NORTHERN AFRICA. a troublesome and expensive operation, but otherwise a fairly deep plowing is generally effective. As a rule, the greatest difficulty in getting the land clean and keeping it so is due to the presence of Bermuda grass, the worst weed of the Sfax region. As irrigation is not practiced, except that the young trees are watered by hand during the first one or two summers after planting, it is not necessary to level the land. In the largest plantations it is the custom not to clear the entire surface before planting but merely strips about 12 feet wide, in the centers of which the rows of trees are to be set. These strips are broadened from year to year until the whole surface of the orchard has been freed from weeds and brush. Whenever possible, however, it is preferable to clear the entire area at the outset, since the unreclaimed portion harbors Bermuda grass, which ‘rapidly spreads into the strips containing the rows of trees. PLANTING. DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TREES, Wide planting, combined with clean cultivation (see Pls. I and IV), is the chief factor of success in olive culture at Sfax. Fifty years ago the Arabs hit upon the plan of setting out the trees about 80 feet apart each way, thus giving slightly less than seven -trees to the acre; but this small number is said to produce as much oil as do 50 trees at Susa or 60 to 80 trees in northern Tunis. The natives continue to plant at this distance, but there is a tendency among the French owners of orchards to decrease the distance be- tween the trees to 65.5 feet, which gives space for 10 trees to the acre if planted in squares and 114 trees if planted in quincunx, as is now frequently done by French olive growers. This system of wide planting conforms to the habit of the olive tree, at least when grown under the climatic and soil conditions of Sfax. It is there a com- paratively shallow-rooting tree, but the roots form a dense network extending horizontally to an average distance, it is said, of 25 feet in every direction. The root systems of two olive trees at Sfax 80 feet apart have been observed to meet. Great care is taken, even by the natives, to secure a perfect align- ment of the trees and to plant them at exactly equal distances. Con- sequently the Sfax orchards are models of systematic planting. 4@One olive grower at Sfax informed the writer that practically the entire root system is contained in the first 3 feet of the soil. The shallow-rooting habit of the olive at Sfax may be at least partly due to the method of propaga- tion by truncheons, which prevents the formation of a taproot. Rooted cut- tings, such as are used in other parts of Tunis, are said to quickly develop a taproot. There is little doubt, however, that the olive is more shallow rooting than most fruit trees. 125 PLANTING OLIVE TREES. 23 TIME AND METHOD OF PLANTING. The trees are set out from November to February, but the best months are November and December, the benefit of the winter rains being thus secured. When heavy rains occur immediately after planting, as many as 98 per cent of the trees sometimes live, but ordinarily only 80 per cent survive. If the truncheons are set out in November, the shoots appear the following spring. If planting is deferred until February, the shoots do not ordinarily appear until the following autumn, or even the second spring, and the percentage of trees that fail to grow is often very large. The truncheons are always planted at the bottom of holes (see fig. 4), these being generally 2 feet square and 2—or sometimes 23— feet deep. The young shoots are thus partially shaded, and the soil around them can be kept much more moist than if the truncheons were planted near the surface of the ground. It is advisable to prepare the holes several months _ be- fore planting, in order that the soil at the bottom may become thoroughly aérated and be moistened by the first autumn rains. For November planting it is recommended that the holes be made in June or July, since at that time the soil is still moist from the spring rains and hence easy to work. In a lght soil a native laborer can dig these Fic. 4.—Diagram showing method of planting olive holes at the rate of fifty a truncheons at Sfax. (After Minangoin.) day. In planting, the hole is about half filled with loose soil. The truncheon is laid on ‘this, the side on which the bark remains and which contains the buds being of course uppermost. It* is then pressed down and covered with about 2 inches of soil. Manure is never put into the hole. As the shoots push up, the hole is filled until, two or three years after planting, it is nearly level with the surface; but it is desirable to maintain a slight depression, in order to hold as much water as possible around the young tree. Of the numerous shoots that spring up from the truncheons, all are preserved the first year, but during the second year all but the two most vigorous ones are removed, and during the third year only the best and strongest shoot is allowed to grow. 125 24 DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURE IN NORTHERN AFRICA. Occasionally the truncheons are planted in nursery form before being set out in the orchard. In a large orchard thus established near Sfax that was visited by the writer, the trees, after having grown one year in the nursery and three years in the orchard, were 5 to 6 feet high above ground. Ordinarily, olive trees grown from these large pieces of old wood begin to bear when six years of age, but do not give any considerable amount of fruit until ten years old. The estimated cost of planting one hundred trees in the manner above described is $4.75 to $5.30, including the purchase and trans- portation of the cuttings, digging the holes, and planting. This is only possible because of the very cheap labor obtainable in Tunis, 40 to 50 cents being the ordinary day’s wages of laborers in the olive orchards at Sfax. WATERING THE YOUNG TREES While the olive orchards at Sfax are not irrigated after they are once established, sufficient water for that purpose being unobtainable, it is usually necessary to water the young trees during the first sum- mer or two after they are set out. For this purpose the water of wells and cisterns is used. There seems to be much diversity of opinion as to the number of waterings that are necessary, but the usual practice appears to be to water two or three times during each of the first two summers after planting, at the rate of 5 to 10 gallons to the tree at each watering. Frequently the young orchards are given no water during the second summer. In one plantation visited by the writer the trees were watered only once after planting. It is said that in exceptionally rainy years no watering whatever is necessary and that the trees planted in such years make the best growth. The labor re- quired in watering is a considerable item in the expense of establish- ing an olive orchard at Sfax, the nearest well being often a mile distant from some of the trees.* The natives water their trees by means of earthenware jars holding 4 or 5 gallons, but on the large plantations owned by Europeans a watering cart is generally used. To facilitate its passage, a strip of land 6 feet or so wide on either side of the rows of trees is left unplowed during the summer.” @Minangoin estimates at Angas should be one well to every 570 acres of orchard. (L’Olivier en Tunisie, 1901, p. 57.) SAS a means of avoiding at least part of this laborious watering, it was sug- gested to the writer by M. Louis Drappier, of the Service des Antiquités et des Beaux Arts at Tunis, that a practice followed by the Arabs in establishing orchards in parts of Algeria where water is scarce might be advantageously adapted to dry-land olive culture. This consists in placing in the bottom of each hole in which a young tree is to be set about 100 pounds of cactus pads and covering them with a thin layer of soil, upon which the young tree is set. It is said that a supply of moisture sufficient to last two years is thereby assured. It would seem doubtful, however, whether an adequate supply of moisture would thus be provided and also whether good conditions for the roots of the young trees would result from this manner of planting. 125 TILLAGE OF OLIVE ORCHARDS. 25 TILLAGE. Good tillage is essential to successful dry-land olive culture as practiced at Sfax, and this was thoroughly appreciated from the be- ginning by the intelligent natives who brought the present system into general use once more. In order to keep as much moisture as possible in the soil, a dust mulch, which reduces evaporation to a minimum, is maintained on the surface, especially during the sum- mer. This loose condition also facilitates absorption of the rain that falls in autumn, winter, and spring. Furthermore, the greatest care is taken to destroy all weeds that appear. Bermuda grass is the most troublesome of these, much of the land suitable for olive culture around Sfax being thoroughly infested with it. As it is advisable to extirpate this weed before the trees are set out, the best results can sometimes be had when planting is postponed until the second year after work on the orchard is begun. The following method is recom- mended by Minangoin for getting rid of Bermuda grass. A shallow plowing—to a depth of only 3 or 4 inches—is given with the rude Arab plow, followed by a harrowing, or preferably two cross harrowings. In this way the soil is pulverized and the grass roots are turned up and exposed to the sun and air. On the other hand, a deeper plowing would only bury the rootstocks out of reach of the teeth of the harrow and the shoots would quickly find their way to the surface again. The land is then gone over with a rake—generally the primitive Arab instrument known as the “ mes- saba ”’—and the rootstocks gathered up by it are burned. A second, somewhat deeper plowing, followed again by the harrow and the rake, is said to be in most cases effective in extirpating the grass. A different plan requiring much more time and labor, although equally effective, is generally followed by the Arabs. Instead of the plow they use the “ maacha” (see fig. 5), an instrument made like a plow, but having in place of a share a flat, thin bar about 24 feet long, set so that its front edge slants toward the ground and adjust- able so as to cut the soil at the desired depth. It otherwise resembles the native plow and is guided in the same way. This implement is passed over the land at intervals of a week or two, especially in sum- mer, but also a few days after every rainfall in winter and spring. The maacha does not remove the roots but is set so as to cut off the grass stems an inch or so below the surface of the soil. As a result the roots, deprived of leaves, finally rot in the ground. It is some- times necessary to use the maacha a dozen times in rapid succession before the land is clean. The instrument as used by the natives requires a great deal of strength to operate. The driver must stoop and throw the whole weight of his body against the handle bar; but 25 < bo 6 DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURE IN NORTHERN AFRICA. an improved form devised by a French colonist at Sfax can be guided by a man standing erect with his hands on the bar. The importance attached to getting the land clean is shown by the fact that the ‘“m/’rharci” contract (see p. 34) is not considered to have terminated until the Bermuda grass has been extirpated. The extraordinary precautions taken to get rid of this weed show how essential clean culture is considered. After the land has been cleared of weeds, it is worked less often. To obtain the best results, however, it 1s necessary to plow at least three times every year, irrespective of the age of the trees, The Arab plow, set to a depth of about 4 inches, is generally used. One authority recommends that the first plowing be given in the winter, immediately after the harvest, in order to loosen the soil that has been trampled down in the proc- esses of harvesting and prun- ing. The second plowing should take place in spring, after the trees have blossomed, and the third in August or September. Many growers, however, omit the plowing in summer, and on some large plantations only a single plowing is given, soon after the harvest is finished. A marked benefit results if the Fic. 5.—The ‘‘maacha,” the tool used by the Arabs Soil is stirred to a greater depth (hte sa grass and other weeds, with a French plow once every two or three years. It is con- sidered advisable, however, not to plow deeper than 10 inches, to avoid injury to the roots of the trees. In addition, the maacha is passed over the land, especially after a rain in winter, as often as is neces- sary to keep down the weeds and restore the mulch. At least three cultivations a year with the maacha are considered essential. The natives as a rule do all their cultivating with the maacha, using the plow only in preparing the land for seeding to grain. It is customary during the winter to keep around each tree a shal- low basin of the depth reached by the Arab plow. This is at first simply the nearly filled up hole in which the tree was planted, but is extended as the tree increases in size, so as to be always a little greater in diameter than its spread of foliage. In summer the ground is cultivated up to the bases of the trees, but each autumn the surface of the basins is packed down and made smooth, so as to facilitate gathering the fruit that drops to the ground 125 TILLAGE OF OLIVE ORCHARDS. 27 during the harvest, which would be hard to pick up from plowed ground. The basins also serve the important purpose of catching and holding rain water around the bases of the trees during the win- ter and spring. In one plantation visited by the writer there were two short, shallow trenches, converging in V-shape, as shown in figure 6, on the uphill side of each tree, which serve to conduct the surface water after rains to the basin around the tree. The suggestion was made to the writer by a French tenant on one of the new olive orchards near Sfax that the rain which falls upon the surface of the orchard could be better utilized if only an area around each tree corresponding in extent to that occupied by its roots were cultivated, Jeaving a strip of smooth, unplowed ground between each two neighboring trees. The water falling on the lat- ter would run off the hard ground between into the cultivated areas around the trees. As a result of the existing practice of keeping the entire surface of the orchard cultivated, all the water is absorbed where it falls, and in the middle of the spaces between the trees, at least while the latter are young, sinks into the ground without reaching their roots. After the trees have reached their full growth, however, it is probable that their root systems occupy practically the entire area of the orchard. Until the olive trees begin to bear a consider- able quantity of fruit, i. e., usually until they are about ten years old, field crops are fre- ¥16- 6—Diagram illus i trating a method of quently grown among them, but after that time, conducting surface and sometimes after the sixth year, all such water to the base of p A an olive tree (t). crops are rigorously excluded. Barley is the crop that is most often grown in the young orchards, although wheat and horse beans (Vicia faba) are also grown. All these are fall- sown crops. Wheat is a more uncertain crop than barley at Sfax and is thought by the natives to draw more heavily on the scanty supply of moisture in the soil. Even barley, though sown every year, can be counted upon to give a good crop only once in three years. In some orchards barley and horse beans are grown in rotation. From the outset, however, strips of ground 10 to 12 feet wide, in the center of which are the rows of trees, are left absolutely bare. These are widened and the area devoted to small crops is propor- tionately diminished each year until the olives begin to bear, when Bul. 21, Serv. Bot. Gouvernm. Gén. de l’Algérie, 1900, p. 41. 125 28 DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURE IN NORTHERN AFRICA, MANURING. Chemical fertilizers are not used at Sfax, and even the application of barnyard manure is rather the exception than the rule, although it is admitted that a marked increase of yield can be obtained by this means. Domestic animals are few in the Sfax region, and in the extensive orchards recently planted by the French on the edge of the olive-growing district manure is often almost unobtainable. Some of the richer natives who own the older orchards near the town are better situated in this respect. The first apphcation of manure is said to be generally given when the trees are 10 to 12 years old, and thereafter is repeated every four or five years at the rate of 100 to 200 pounds to the tree. The manure is buried near the foot of the tree, the following method of putting it in being recommended by the manager of one of the large French plantations: A trench about 6 feet long, 2 feet wide, and 2 feet deep is dug on the uphill side of the tree, about 6 feet distant from its base, and is filled with well-rotted mixed barnyard manure. For- merly the manure was buried around the tree at its very foot, a prac- tice that frequently injured the bark of the crown. PRUNING.? One can not visit the older olive orchards around Sfax without being impressed by the symmetry of the trees and the uniformity in size and shape of their tops. This regularity is due to the great care that is given to the matter of pruning. Certain of the natives who are adepts at this work and can prune on an average eight or ten trees a day receive 60 cents a day for their services. The cost of pruning is partly and sometimes fully covered by the value of the wood removed in the process, firewood being scarce and dear in that region. The larger branches are removed with a saw and the smaller ones with a pruning hook, care being taken to make clean sections. From the time the trees are three years old until they begin to bear they are trimmed a little every year, just enough to give them the proper shape. Severe pruning of the young trees is avoided, as it interferes with the proper development of the root system, upon which so much depends in the dry climate of Sfax. During the first two or three years it is considered inadvisable to prune the root shoot that has been selected to form the trunk, as otherwise it will grow up rapidly into a spindling, little-branched stem. When the tree is three years old the terminal shoot is cut off, and the first four 4Much of the information contained in this section is taken from Minangoin, N., L’Olivier en Tunisie, Tunis, 1901, a publication that has been freely consulted in preparing the chapters on cultural methods. 125 PRUNING OL'VE TREES. 29 branches below it are allowed to develop, all branches farther down the stem being suppressed (fig. 7). It is said that bearing commences on an average two years earler when the terminal shoot is removed than when it is allowed to remain. The removal of the apex of the stem causes the four branches that are left just below it to ascend obliquely instead of spread- ing horizontally. The year following the tips of these four branches are in turn removed and all but one of their lateral twigs are cut back (fig. 8). Dur- ing the fifth year new twigs begin to shoot out from the buds on the stumps (fig. 9) and the young tree begins to assume definite form. The pruning is directed so as to secure a symmetrical, well-rounded top (Pl. Fic. 7—Sketch showing _ the I and Pl. IV, fig. 2) with the leading ee eae ee eee ee branches at regular intervals and rather The dotted lines indicate the far apart. Care is taken to prevent the ade BYE her tree from becoming so tall as to make harvesting difficult, the ideal being a height that equals the spread of the foliage. The inner branches are kept well thinned out, so as to in- sure the access of as much light as possible to all the fruit-bearing twigs. The rapidly growing erect shoots, which absorb much of the sap of the tree and bear little or no fruit, are removed, except those that are destined to become the main branches. Branches growing in a horizontal direction or inclined to droop at the end are favored. The yield largely depends upon the attention given to these points. The superiority in size of trees and the greater magnitude and regularity of yield shown by the Sfax orchards as Fic. 8.—The tree shown in figure 7 as compared with those of other parts Pnnaeet nn Seats old. (After of Tunis are largely attributed to the . ‘are with which the pruning is done. When the trees begin to bear, biennial pruning is generally sub- stituted for annual, and the operation is usually performed imme- diately after the harvest, in January or February. On some plan- 125 30 DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURE IN NORTHERN AFRICA. tations, however, the trees are pruned lightly every year, and this is said to insure larger yields year in and year out and to cause less injury to the trees. In annual pruning, the custom is to prune lightly after a small crop in order to secure a heavy crop the season following. After a good crop a thorough pruning is given, as the same tree will not yield heavily two years in succession. HARVESTING. Olives commence to ripen at Sfax in October, those borne by the youngest trees being the first to mature. The harvest ordinarily begins in the latter part of October and lasts until the end of January, but when the crop is unusually heavy it sometimes continues until March or even April. The fruit is mostly sold on the tree, the buyer taking charge of the harvest. In this, as in all operations connected with olive growing, greater care is taken at Sfax than in most. olive - producing regions. The harvester by means of a double ladder (see Pl. I, frontispiece) is able to gather most of the Fig. 9.—The tree shown in ES T and 8 as) fruit by hand. The use of it appears when five years old. (After 6 5 VERGE EO. a pole is avoided as far as possible, since the olives are likely to be injured by bruises when knocked off. Moreover, many of the young twigs, which are to bear the crop of the following year, are destroyed when this method is followed. In pruning, the im- portance of making every part of the tree as accessible as possible to the harvester with his ladder is taken into consideration. The natives are very dexterous in gathering the fruit, holding the branch with the left hand and stripping it with the right, three fin- gers of which are armed with the tips of rams’ horns, worn like thim- bles. The fruit is stripped off into a basket which is fastened to the ladder. When full, the basket is lowered to the ground by means of a cord. It is then emptied by the women upon pieces of cloth or mat- ting, and the fruit is freed from the débris of leaves, twigs, etc., mixed with it. Finally the olives are packed into large panniers, two of which make up a camel load (450 pounds). In the evening or 125 YIELDS OF OLIVES OBTAINED. 81 very early in the morning these baskets are loaded upon camels and are thus transported to the factory. When received there they are placed in shallow cement tanks without covers and are left exposed to the weather for three or four days. This renders them soft and permits the extraction of the oil with much less pressure than is equired when freshly gathered fruit is put into the presses. The olives are sold both in the orchard and at the factory at so much the “ kaffiz,” an Arab measure containing about 136 gallons. The ordinary price paid per kafliz at the factory is $13 to $15, which is an advance of 10 to 20 per cent on that paid for fruit on the tree. The price of a kaffiz of olives varies as much as $4 during a single season. In 1899 it rose to $20, and even $22, at the factory. YIELDS OBTAINED. The rapidity with which the orchards come into bearing depends largely upon the thoroughness of the cultivation given them and the degree of skill used in pruning. While well-tended trees sometimes bear a little when only 3 years old, neglected trees do not begin to yield until they are 12 or 15 years old. Asa rule it is eight to ten years from the time of planting before any considerable quantity of fruit is produced. Well cared for trees that are 10 vears old are con- sidered to be worth $3 to $3.50, the value increasing to from $5.70 to $7.60 for trees 15 years old and from $9.50 to $13.30 for trees 25 years old. When they reach the age of 25 years the trees are generally in full bearing. According to one authority, however, the yields con- tinue to increase up to the age of 40 years. Minangoin® gives the quantities of fruit and of oil from trees of different ages as follows: TABLE IV.—Average yields of fruit and of oil from olive trees of different ages in the orchards of Sfax. Yield of oil. Age of tree. ce Percentage “ABsalites | of weight ¢ Pies of fruit. Le oS Years: Gallons. Per cent. Gallons. Lb 3 See ee Se Ee eS a en ee eae ns oh Se See 5.3 15 0.8 epee Oe Se 5 se SS eS: 10.6 15 1.6 jbo Tt awe FES OER SS ee a AO Sete 2 eee 15.9 20 3.2 aS SS ESS a Es ee 2 ER Ree ee eee File 25 5.3 It is evident from the data given in Table IV that not only the total yields of fruit and oil but the page of oil to fruit by a SS N. Culture de YOlivier * +* * dans le Centre de la Tunisie, Tunis, 1900, p. 16. In the original the quantities are of course given in liters, not gallons. 125 32 DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURE IN NORTHERN AFRICA. ~ weight increase rapidly with the age of the tree. When 25 years old, the average yield of oil per tree is about 6 gallons. Some individual trees attain a production of over 50 gallons of fruit, but such heavy bearers are said to constitute not more than 1 or 2 per cent of the Sfax orchards. After the trees have come into full bearing their yields are said to remain stationary until they are 50 years old, when their pro- ductiveness begins to decline. When 80 years old the yields are said to diminish and become very irregular, dwindling to almost nothing in trees a hundred years old. If thoroughly pruned, cultivated deeply enough to lay bare the roots, and well manured, however, old trees can again be brought into bearing. The crop at Sfax from trees over 20 years old is said to be worth on an average about $2, although sometimes attaining from $3 to $4 per tree. It must be remembered, however, that there are only seven to ten trees to the acre. It is instructive to compare the yields given in Table IV with those obtained in other olive-growing countries. Thus, in Provence, in southern France, well cared for trees in full bearing are said to produce an average of only 3.9 to 5.3 gallons of fruit, which, if we take the percentage of oil to be about half what it is at Sfax, would give about 0.6 gallon of oil. Hence, although in Provence the trees are planted only 33 feet apart. which allows about 60 to the acre when in squares and 70 when in quincunx, the yield of oil to the acre from well-tended orchards would still fall short of that at Sfax. The olive is markedly periodic in its bearing and will not produce two heavy crops in succession, no matter how favorable the climatic conditions may be. At Sfax the rule is said to be that if a tree yields heavily one season it will give a medium crop the second and a light crop the third season following. Different trees yield heavily in different years, so that every year some trees are giving their maximum crop. In January, 1900, there were in operation at Sfax 28 oil mills operated by steam power and 48 native mills operated by animal power. There were 15 mills controlled by Europeans and equipped with modern machinery. The total number of presses was 155, of which 56 were run by steam and 99 by animal traction. RELATION OF RAINFALL TO YIELDS. It is interesting to compare the amount of rainfall with the char- acter of the olive crop at Sfax during each of a series of years, such a comparison being given in Table V and being shown also in figure 10. 125 RELATION OF RAINFALL TO YIELD OF OLIVES. 30 Taste V.—Yearly rainfall and olive production at Sfar in the years 1895 to 1904, inclusive, the latter being indicated by the exports of olive oil from the port of Sfax during each following year. ae Olive crop of the year.* = Total Proportion Year. rainfall. | Quantity of the ic “*| average | yield. Inches. Gallons. Per cent. Vit Se Se ae ee ee a ee ee ee CRI thy pa ae en, ee Ae ee PLT SS Oe a ee eee ee 10.53 | 627,989 | 94.0 Wee ee a tat A ee ee a eee 12.92 | 706,625 106.0 ULL Ee Se Se se ee eS a 6.75 983,360 | 148.0 [UL Le Se OE a ee en ee ee a ee ee ee SNA 523,258 | 78.5 A eon Es ee Se ee oe ee Seri Se oer eee meme eee 4,13 612,711 | 92.0 1 Tih. SLB eee ve SSIS Sipe ee eee es ee eee 7.93 233,120 | 38.0 Oj ee TS ee ee ee ee eee ee ee 4.58 1,022,980 153.5 TSE cee ee 3 a Se SR eae eee 5.26 | 591,985 | 89.0 © SRE ES EE a a Se ae eee ee eee 6.77 | 666,386 | 100.0 AWeraee, LOI VOATS => aA tea. Soe BS se et 6.44 665,368 100.0 INORITAL Ors O Veare 2 oae8 fa ee a. Nee ee eh et GS Neo a ne ee «Tt should be noted that the statistics of exports do not discriminate between oil pro- duced by the crop of the preceding autumn and that of two years previous, some part of which is sometimes held in reserve at Sfax if the market be dull. However, a com- parison of the average prices of olive oil at Marseille with the volume of the annual exports from Sfax furnishes no evidence that the price is the chief factor in determining the quantity exported each year. It is also uncertain to what extent the coming into bearing of the recently planted orchards may affect the figures, although presumably the addition thus made to the total production has been a gradual one and not likely to cause marked fluctuations. In the main, therefore, it is believed that the above figures are fairly representative of the annual crop. To arrive at the total annual production of oil by the Sfax orchards we must add to the figures in the column showing quantity pro- duced, 531,700 gallons, representing the average amount that is consumed locally or shipped overland to other parts of northern Africa. This is said to vary little from year to year.: Although the records do not cover a sufficiently long period to establish a definite relation, it would appear that there is some con- nection between the size of the crop and the amount of rainfall of the 13 SS 7 1,100,000 a a | 000,000 900,000 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 1895 _ "96 97. °98 *99 19000! "02 *03 04 1905 Fic. 10.—Chart showing the rainfall in inches (dotted line) and the production of olive oil (solid line) at Sfax from 1895 to 1905, the oil production being expressed in num- ber of gallons exported during each following year. preceding year or years, but not that of the spring preceding the ripening of the crop. Thus, the comparatively heavy rainfall (3.6 125 34 DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURE IN NORTHERN AFRICA, inches above the normal) in 1897 doubtless had something to do with the large crop of 1898, although the total rainfall of the first five months of the latter year was less than half of the normal. Again in 1901, when the crop was less than half the average of nine years, the rainfall for the first five months was not greatly below the normal, but that of the year previous was less than half the normal, and during the three years previous the annual rainfall was only a httle more than half the normal. It is noteworthy that in 1900, after two years of rainfall much below the normal, the crop was about an average one. This was probably due to the heavy rainfall of November, 1899, which was more than three times the normal for that month, while the precipitation during the first five months of the year in which the crop was made was less than 40 per cent of the normal.* That successful olive culture without irrigation is possible with even a smaller rainfall than the normal for Sfax is indicated by the fact that the oil production of 1903 was only a little below, and that of 1904 was slightly above, the average, although. following periods of five and six years, respectively, during which the total annual rainfall was only about 60 per cent of the normal.? LABOR. While some of the French owners of olive orchards near Sfax manage their own plantations directly or through foremen, the majority have found it more convenient, and until very recently more economical, to follow the practice of the native proprietors and enter into contracts with tenants, or “ m’rharcis.” The latter are natives more or less skilled in olive culture who undertake the planting and care of the trees. It was formerly customary to ter- minate the agreement between the proprietor and the m’rharci when all gaps in the orchard had been filled by replanting, all Bermuda grass had been extirpated, and the trees were beginning to bear, which was generally accomplished eight years after the planting. It is now more usual to continue the agreement until the trees begin « After this bulletin was in type, a report was received that the total exports of olive oil from Sfax in 1906 (crop of 1905) amounted to 592,000 gallons, which was below the average for the preceding ten years. This is doubtless to be explained by the small rainfall of the years 1902 to 1904, which averaged only about 60 per cent of the normal. On the other hand, the total rainfall in 1905 was 9.9 inches. ‘This may have been partly due, however, to the rapid extension of the orchards during the past twenty years having begun to make itself felt through the increase in the number of bearing trees. It is to be regretted that no data are available which would throw light on the influence of this factor as com- pared with that of annual variations in the rainfall. 125 LABOR IN OLIVE ORCHARDS. 35 to bear sufficiently to pay the current expenses of the orchard, i. e., for about ten years. At the expiration of the contract the m’rharci receives in remuneration for his services one-half of the area planted. This arrangement has the advantage of retaining in the neighbor- hood a number of skilled laborers upon whom the proprietor can generally depend for the care of his part of the trees after the con- tract has terminated. The division of the trees between the proprietor and the m’rharci is made by drawing lots, under the supervision of the amins, who act as agricultural magistrates, and whose duty it is to settle disputes between employers and employees.” It is said that the amins, al- though themselves always natives, are generally fairly impartial in regulating differences between Europeans and their m’rharcis. The proprietor generally seeks to have the plantation divided in such a way that the holdings of his former tenants will be scattered among his own. Many of the m’rharcis prefer, however, to receive money for their share of the trees. At the beginning of the contract a sum amounting generally to 30 or 40 cents for each tree is advanced by the proprietor, to be used by the m’rharci in purchasing the necessary animals, tools, etc. The loan, which bears no interest, is repaid when the agreement ends, usually in trees from the m’rharei’s share. The proprietor furnishes the land, while the m’rhareci contributes the truncheons that are planted, the tools and animals used, and all the labor required in clearing, planting, and cultivating. A single m’rharci generally plants and cares for from 150 to 300 trees, while if he has a family to aid him he can sometimes handle as many as 600. He requires one camel for plowing and cultivating every 25 acres. The entire product of the field crops grown in the orchard during the first few years is the property of the m’rharci, unless, as often happens, the proprietor furnishes one-third of the seed used, in which case he is entitled to from one-fourth to one-third of the crop. It is estimated ” that under this system it costs about $1.40 per tree to set out an olive orchard and rare for it until it is 10 years old. Until recent years, decidedly better results were obtained under the contract system above described than when the proprietor directly or through a European foreman undertook to establish an orchard; but the former method is becoming every year more expensive. Many of the best native growers now have trees of their own to care for and are no longer willing to bind themselves out as m’rharcis. The m’rharei no longer finds on the land to be planted an abundance of old trees from which truncheons can be obtained, and these must “See Bul. 92, Bureau of Plant Industry, p. 32. >Minangoin, N. L’Olivier en Tunisie, Tunis, 1901, pp. 59 and 68. 125 / 36 DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURE IN NORTHERN AFRICA. frequently be purchased for him by his employer. Furthermore, the m’rharci now expects his employer to advance him 40 cents Or more instead of 20 to 30 cents per tree at the beginning of the contract. But, notwithstanding the increasing expense, the contract system still has decided advantages. Europeans who have planted and cared for orchards by hiring laborers under their direct supervision rather than by contracting with a m’rharci have generally found their ex- penses heavier and the work—especially that of getting rid of weeds— less efficiently done. Besides, they lose the advantage of having around them, when their trees begin to bear, a number of their former m’rharcis, skilled and trustworthy men with whom they have been accustomed to deal and who are usually willing, for moderate wages, to continue the cultivation of their old employer’s orchard as well as of their own. Some of the large plantations belonging to nonresident Europeans are managed by a French agent or foreman under contract for a cer- tain period (generally ten years). He receives a small salary ($30 or $40 a month) and is entitled, at the expiration of his contract, to a certain percentage—usually one-eighth or one-tenth—of the land planted in olives. He in turn either hires laborers or else contracts with native tenants or m’rharcis for the planting and cultivation of the orchard. It is said that an orchard established under the super- vision of a competent foreman will yield sufficient fruit after eight years to pay all or most of the running expenses. The cultivation of the orchard after the m’rharci contract has ex- pired is carried on either by reengaging the m’rharci, in which case he receives one-third or one-half of the crop produced, or else by hiring day laborers. In the latter case it usually costs the owner 18 cents per tree annually to have the cultivation and pruning done. If paid by the day, a laborer earns from 40 to 50 cents when engaged in cultivating or plowing. With a camel he can plow 24 acres in two or three days and can cultivate the same area with a “ maacha ” in one day. For pruning, which requires special skill, a man re- ceives about 60 cents a day. ‘The crop, as we have seen, is generally gathered under contract by the purchaser, the harvesters being usually paid with a share of the fruit. UTILIZATION OF THE RUN-OFF IN OLIVE CULTURE IN OTHER PARTS OF TUNIS. Olive orchards occupy large areas in northern Tunis, notably in the neighborhood of the capital itself and in the valley of the Mejerda, the principal river of Tunis. In this region the annual rainfall ¢ is sufficient for olive production without any special meas- «The average annual rainfall at the city of Tunis is 18.8 inches. 125 RUN-OFF IN OLIVE CULTURE. ot ures being taken to conserve the soil moisture. The olive is also an important tree in some of the oases of southern Tunis, where the scantiness of the rainfall “ is compensated for by the abundant supply of water from springs that is available for irrigation. But in one of the most important olive-producing regions in Tunis, i. e., that surrounding Susa” on the eastern coast, the normal annual rainfall of 16.6 inches, although greatly exceeding that at Sfax, is yet so small as to make it worth while to employ a special method for utilizing it to the fullest possible extent. This method is very different from that used at Sfax, and in its way is almost equally interesting. The country around Susa is very hilly, being divided by limestone ridges into small valleys and ravines. The bottoms of these valleys and the lower slopes, which are made suf- ficiently level for the purpose by a system of terracing, are occupied by small basins, separated one from another by low banks of earth. Each basin contains a few olive trees, usually only from two to eight. The stony upper slopes and summits of the ridges, which produce a scanty natural growth of shrubs and grasses, are not cultivated. At intervals along these slopes, or “ meskas.” as they are termed by the Arabs, are shallow trenches running obliquely toward the bottom. These are so arranged as to catch and conduct to the basins as much as possible of the rain water that falls upon the slope. The owner of each orchard has a recognized right to all water that falls upon the slopes adjacent to his property. The basins are said often to remain filled with water during the month of January. The heavier texture of the soil around Susa as compared with that at Sfax is favorable to this method of irrigation by rainfall. as it permits the water to flow from basin to basin, instead of being all quickly absorbed in the first one. It is generally observed in this region that olive orchards that are watered by the rain that falls on the “meskas” give larger and especially more regular yields than those receiving only direct rainfall. From the nature of the case, accurate alignment and widely dis- tant planting of the trees as practiced at Sfax are out of the question at Susa. The trees stand comparatively close together, so that there are often forty to the acre instead of only seven to ten, as at Sfax. Much less care is taken to cultivate the soil, and this also is more or «The normal annual rainfall in the oasis of Gafsa is 8.5 inches; in that of Gabes, 7.6 inches; in that of Tozer, 5.1 inches. In the oasis of El Oudiane, 9 miles distant from Tozer (see Bulletin 92, Bureau of Plant Industry, p. 16), there are 25,000 olive trees, with an average yearly production of 132,000 gallons of oil. > Susa, better known by its French name of Sousse, is about 70 miles south- east of Tunis and about an equal distance north of Sfax. 125 38 DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURE IN NORTHERN AFRICA. less inevitable from the nature of the ground; but there seems to be no good excuse for the small attention that is paid at Susa to prun- ing, as compared with the thoroughly scientific way in which this operation is performed in the Sfax orchards. Many of the trees have several trunks, which is explained by the natives as having been due to a violent storm, which a century ago laid low most of the olive trees around Susa, after which event several shoots at the base of each tree were allowed to spring up.¢ The greater part of the olive trees around Susa are of great age, often 100 or 150 years old, it is said. But when well cared for with respect to cultivation of the soil, pruning, and manuring, even these old trees are reported to give good returns, netting the owners in some years as much as 95 cents to the tree, or $38 per acre.” SUMMARY. (1) Arboriculture is an important phase of dry-land agriculture and one that has as yet received little attention in the United States. (2) The olive, owing to its peculiar leaf structure and to the char- acter of its root system, is especially fitted for growing in regions where the rainfall is shght and irrigation is impossible. (3) Fifteen hundred years ago the olive was grown without irriga- tion under a rainfall of from 8 to 14 inches over an extensive region in northern Africa, the prosperity of which in Roman times depended chiefly upon its production of olive oil. A vast region that is now practically an uninhabited desert was then covered with olive orchards and with flourishing cities and towns. (4) During the last hundred years much progress has been made in reestablishing dry-land olive culture in southern Tunis. There are now nearly 500,000 acres of unirrigated olive orchards in the neighborhood of Sfax. (5) As would be expected from its nearness to the Sahara, the cli- mate of Sfax is almost desert-like. The summers are very hot and the average annual rainfall is only 9.3 inches, sometimes falling below an average of 6 inches for seven consecutive years. As in California, the summer is the dry season and the winter the wet season. (6) The ground water hes too deep to be reached by the roots of the trees. No water is available for irrigation. (7) The soil of the Sfax region that is considered best adapted to olive culture is a red loam or fine sandy loam that is fairly uniform in texture to an average depth of seven feet. It is very retentive of moisture, rich in lime and potash, but apparently deficient in nitro- gen and phosphoric acid. @Minangoin, N. L’Olivier en Tunisie, Tunis, 1901, p. 32. bMinangoin, N., 1. ¢. p. 54. 125 SUMMARY. 39 (8) Only one variety of olive, the Chemlaly, a small-fruited oil- producing variety, is extensively grown in the Sfax region. It is a very productive variety and its fruits yield an unusually high per- centage of oil. ; (9) Wide planting and thorough cultivation are the most impor- tant principles of olive culture at Sfax. The trees are planted 65 to 80 feet apart in each direction, giving space for only seven to ten trees to the acre. (10) The olive is propagated at Sfax by means of large truncheons or pieces of old wood, each containing several buds. These are set to a depth of about a foot in holes, which become gradually filled as the young trees grow up. During the first summer or two, two or three waterings by hand are usually given. All shoots but the best one are trimmed away within three years after setting out the truncheon. (11) A good dust mulch is always maintained on the surface of the orchard, and weeds, of which Bermuda grass is the most trouble- some, are kept down by frequent cultivation. As a rule, the soil is stirred by a shallow plowing three times a year. The most impor- tant plowing is the one that immediately follows the harvest. After the trees begin to bear, no other crop is allowed to grow among them. (12) Great care is taken in the matter of pruning, the trees being given a broad, symmetrical top. The interior branches are thinned out so that plenty of light and air can reach all the fruit-bearing twigs. The comparatively sterile, rapidly growing, erect branches are removed. Skillful pruning is an important factor in the large yields obtained. (13) The harvesting is done by hand, more than usual care being taken to avoid bruising the fruit or breaking the branches. (14) After eight or ten years the trees generally yield enough fruit to pay the current expenses of the orchard, and when about 25 years old they are in full bearing. The average yield per tree is then about 24 gallons of fruit, which gives 6 gallons of oil. (15) There is apparently a relation between the yield of the olive and the rainfall of the previous year, but none between the yield and the rainfall of the year in which the crop is made. (16) In another part of Tunis, where the rainfall is about 16.5 inches and the country more hilly than around Sfax, the rain that falls on the slopes is collected in trenches and conducted into small basins in which the trees are planted. 125 DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. Piate I. Frontispiece. Harvesting Chemlaly olives in a dry-land orchard at Sfax in southern Tunis. Since the quality of the oil is impaired if the fruit becomes bruised, the use of a pole is avoided and the picker uses a ladder to reach the fruit-bearing twigs. DPruning is managed so that every part of the tree can be reached in this way. The native pickers protect their fingers with the tips of rams’ horns and can thus strip the fruit off the twigs without injuring their Lands. The olives are collected in the large baskets shown in the illustration and are transported by camels to the factory. The plate also shows the clean cultivation of the orchards, the dust mulch maintained on the surface, and the care with which pruning is done. PuLate Il. General view of the older dry-land olive orchards near Sfax, showing the wide planting and clean cultivation practiced and the uniform shape given the trees by careful pruning. The leafless trees in the foreground are figs, these and other fruit trees being occasionally planted in the olive orchards that belong to natives. (Irom a photograph furnished by the Direction des Antiquités et Beaux Arts at Tunis.) ; Puate ILI. A fruit-bearing twig of the Chemlaly olive, natural size, from a pho- tograph by M. Minangoin. The fruits of this variety are small but numer- ous and are very rich in oil. They are jet black when ripe. Prate IV, Fig. 1.—Recently planted dry-land olive orchards about twenty miles from Sfax. The view shows the careful alignment and wide spacing of the trees, which are 8O feet apart each way and number only 7 to the acre. Most of the trees shown are from ten to twelve years old. The hillside in the immediate foreground and that in the left background are unfit for planting to olives because of the absence of soil, a calcareous rock coming to the surface at these points. Fig. 2.—The interior of an older olive orchard at Sfax, showing the entire absence of weeds, the great distance between the trees, and the well-rounded symmetrical form of the trees due to scientific pruning. These trees are about thirty years old and are in full bearing. 125 42 PLATE Il. Bul. 125, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. re oy) i Dye GENERAL VIEW OF THE OLDER DRyY-LAND OLIVE ORCHARDS NEAR SFAX. Bul. 125, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III. ¥ A FRUIT-BEARING TWIG OF THE CHEMLALY OLIVE. Natural size.) "a Bul. 125, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV. Fic. 1.—RECENTLY PLANTED DrRyY-LAND OLIVE ORCHARDS NEAR SFAX, SHOWING THE CAREFUL ALIGNMENT AND WIDE SPACING OF THE TREES. Fia. 2.—THE INTERIOR OF A SFAX OLIVE ORCHARD, SHOWING WIDE PLANTING, CLEAN CULTIVATION, AND CAREFUL PRUNING. PND X., Page Africa, ancient, importance of dry-land arboriculture________________- §-12 Agriculture, dry-land, importance of arboriculture____________________ 3S Algeria, ancient, flourishing condition, causes, ete__-.________} —~________ 10-12 OCOD Riel Ope ees See nS BE a ete ee 8 ne 9 condition irom, third) tomseventh> century... = = ee 9-12 BMOnG TeuleLvation In, ancient Munisso2- = 2 A fs ee ee 11 orchards, establishment by French capitalists________-__________ 13 IIHS Sak OUGIES, Ine SeLLLINe. COMLEACIS. 6 = Bet Sent. ee a ee ee 35 PUM eALle Oise MST: Seen meee stones sige) ee ee ee ee ee 10 Arabs, destruction of olive orchards in ancient Tunis___________________ a2 BEOOLICuULLUre, dnportance im ancient Africa 22 = Sa eS $-12 Arizona, Tucson, precipitation compared with Sfax____________________ 15 temperature changes compared with Sfax___________ 15 MeV vOWANS) Il iOliVeOnCHhATOS=— 225" ==. te es) Le Pat Pe OLIVE LCC 1) UE OSC Suse sree aera a a ET eek 26-27 Basins, olive orchards, use in conservation of moisture___--_- 39 means eHOLSe. SLOWIne ine Olivelorchanrds 22 se eee ee : BT Bermuda grass. See Grass, Bermuda. Bertainchand, opinion on cause of excess of stearin in Sfax olives ________ 20 Calcium carbonate. See Lime. California, Fresno, precipitation compared with Sfax______________ ates San Diego, precipitation compared with Sfax___________ 15 mameis, use in cultivation of olive orchards, Sfax.2. 2 += 9. 35 MAnKEUNS SOLVES! SS fake eens Set = ET Se Se 30-3 MeehatliyOluve: Ol COMLEML 2— =~ = as 2 ae ee 19 CUTER nye 2 a ne ig ee eee See pias 19 SaleninwHuropean COUNTEICSS es ae ee 19 LEC AC ESCEUD TIO Nowe Se eee ee ee OF. ee __... 19-20 PHS tee Oril at HADLUS 2. =). oe ee SEO eres 2 308 2 ken pe oe 17 Sfax, resemblance to mesquite of New Mexico _________ 17 RNC n Swen GlenGe Unis. TEMAS 2-5. a set Us Ft 10 Slax GeScripelon Use. ClC=— Ses epee et eS ee = 16 miteecontent, SOUS OL Stax recion_— 9 9 eee eee 18 ewane. lind ton Olive plantings” => * 2 fo es ee =e ee 21-22 Sfax region, difficulties from Christ thorn ___________ = 17 montract system, Olive orchards, Sfax-_..----_-2 ____ 34-36 ELVeuILLa Cee ts Se Pe 36 increase of expense___ : nse 35 Contracts, care of olive orchards, Sfax, advance payments_- 35 olive orchard planting and care, Stax =. 34-36 Cottonwood, propagation in Kansas from “snags _ es 20 Crops, field, grown in olive orchards, Sfax, ownership __________ 35 125 43 44 DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURE IN NORTHERN AFRICA. Ing Cuttings, olive, imported from Sfax by Agricultural Department, 1905, ie History;! Cte wit. st ee De Securing: (care; Ct@ 5 es ee ee ee Pe See also Truncheons. Drappier, Louis, recommendation of use of cactus pads in planting olive: truncheoniss of. ee ee ee ee 24 Dry-land agriculture, importance of arboriculture____— = = 3! in ancient Africa__—__ 8-12 olives culture ine modern Tunise.. 22 See 12-39 tree culture, relation to wealth of ancient T'unis_____________ alls Seasons, settect onleyieldtonioli ves .= se = eae ee See eee eee 3 Bust. muleh; Polive TorchardsyeMeCESs ity ee eee ae a eae ee 25, 39 HV Oudiane Oasis, Olive spr WC tlie e se ee eee ee eee ee il EXPOLES) OF LOliVe Olle irOMi a Shas, oS 9119 (Aes eee me 33 19OG 22 Se Th. cee Pe Eee ee eee ee 34 Factory, olive oil, treatment of fruit before pressing _____-______-________ 3 Fertilizers, chemical, not used in Sfax olive orchards__-_~_-=_ == 28 Miles, (Cuuheiyetcicraly sho ehaveneiair Aephanise na ty Pee) es 11 Horeman; olive) orchards, Stax, Tequirementsso= = sees sen eee eee 36 France, Provence, olive trees, production of oil compared to Sfax trees___ 32 Hruit, value of oliinemimecss20: years 0) Ge ates tence see eee 32 yield at different ages of olive tree; average________________-- 31-32 Gabes; oasis; “ammnreilieraimitesyy sc Soe Saas re ee on Gatsa,) ‘Oasis, «arom ereeninnt ey N= 8 ek 55 oo eeepc Sa ie eg 37 Graimecrops involivesorchards_—— —2=<2:. 25 2 ee ae eee 2 Grass, Bermuda, extirpation, methods at Sfax______ sy te eee 25-27 troublesome’ weed iniwSfats resion= == seen ere 22 Harvest. time: volves vate Stas. 6. <9 ee eee ees 30 Harvesting: olive eatherins by hand 222 ee eee 30 method at Sifax =.) = 5S ee eee ee eae 30-31, 35 Holes for planting olive trees, number dug per day by one laborer________ De ELOLSE Hans: or OwalNSMW Ole Ke 0 TC lye 1 ae Pat! Introduction: to ullenme® 2. oa) Se eee eee 7-8 LEIS AONE An CLEMO ULINTS yl Ob sD Tel Cts Geli meee eee eee eee 10 italy. BanNiidistrict oulmeomt ert Ot Olli yes eee eee 19 misathze (imedsure torssellane: Ollvess Size. Cem = = a aes ee Seen ee ok Wahory Oliver eco yee O sty [yas Clealy, okite gS iiret pn ea 24 management at Slax2 = 5 Jee eee 3 remuneration: ab iSfax 7 oe Se ee eee ee ee eee 355 requirements of m’rharcis at Sfax_____-—=__=__ 35 adder), usesins olivemharvestins: >_> aes ee ee eee 3 Lands, Tunis, purchase from government, rates, conditions, etc__-______ 3 Eame* content; sovlstobestax region. __ 222) 22 eae eee ee eee 18 imestone Lesions suitability: LO Olive) Cuil ie eee ee eee eee eee 19 ““Maacha,” use by Arabs in eradication of Bermuda grass from olive orchards 22522 somes ke oo Se ee eee 25 Manure, barnyard, application to olive trees, method ____________-______ 28 musesin. olive orchatdss 27). ee eee 28 Marketine- olives valiauon “im: prices at |S talks ae ee 31 =. sa eS 35 LO) pe ss a OS ae 2 3 ee 34 from oases of Sahara Desert, resemblance to that of northern ARTOIS Sew 0S ae ee eS Se 20 percentage of weight of fruit and average yield at different EOS Ol we COC meses 2 seperate ores Bey Geen Me eT Se 31-32 produced in limestone regions, quality_________.___.__________ 19 SIPDly OL Ancient OMe LCOnT Lins = — > plate ete iG Eeage. SOULDEEN “LuniIS;, GECline, CATISES== ==) = 12 yeanivaproduction: of southern: Dumishss == 22) et 18 Olive, Chemlaly, adaptability to hot, dry climate ___--___-________-___- 20 CHUpTe AGApLALLON® tOv GPY -TeIONS™ =o ese A 38 pueYenGisy rite. ap More a es ee eee ree 38 congress held at Tunis, 1SSS, decision as to orchards and WIC: Obs unis: ORCHALI N= serie meee eee 13 INtrFOGUCHIOn! Of Present. Sytem 2. ee 12 methods Of Gry-Culiure im Toms ae 8 ee te 14 MONG A OY) eile od MG 0 | eee cern iat = ST Se eee oe ee 36-38 southern Tunis, Mg Aa te ee eee ae 38 Bitine eflOns “ietalO US! eee ee ee 3 SS Boe without irrigation, possibilities of dry climates___-______ 3 orchard. See Orchard, olive. DEGHUCINOD se MOAT VS) 5La ks oP OOP Od — eee een 2 35 102 0 aes 2 a ee ee eg 3 OCCT LOS SOP nk pe eed ee 24 WISSEL Lite OG WN 0 Wits Senne ES Se oS ee 1a Chemlaly, causes of large yield at Sfax__...2..2_-.._______ 20 MUMDer ln ven. 1s O2—1 GOA ss eee 13 Verne Lye TOM ilies les ) PeCiO Nae te eee 39 muvee, Marketing variation in prices, ef@i- 224 oss... .. 31 pickling varieties, need of abundant water ______________ -_ s 20 ye togit tee 3 ee See ee Oe . 3 125 46 DRY-LAND OLIVE CULTURE IN NORTHERN AFRICA. Page. Qlives; propagation, methods iat Sta ee ee 20-21 Sale. On: :ireée; «Custom 22a a2 ee ee ee ee 30 time: \OL “ripening 222 se De ee ee 30 Orchards, olive, Algeria, use of cactus pads by Arabs in planting________ 24 chovetermn Mb ovenksh ookesincurenopy loyy “Nig ysjo iby extent ~s--45--) 2) er ee eee ala conservation of moisture, methods at Sfax ------ PF ors: Cultivation 2222 Se ae Ss Se ee ee 26 distance. between. tiees=._ 2 eee Pps establishing. ‘Stepsit =) S's ae ae ee eee yi mecessitystor clean’ cultures] == se eee 26 Propagation splantvine: RetCa= a aaa a ee eee eee 19-36 Provence ge rance 23s 22s a) ae ee ay restoration in Tunis, encouragement by government______ S SSD Gules eee ee RE SE ARG a Meme! sO a et 19-36 age at which trees pay expenses________________ 36 appenarance: ands yield22=2 =. 2: = 22 a See eee Vis Cleaning *thesland=—22— 2 6.2 = ee ee eee 21-22 cultivation after expiration of contract, manage- ment, GXpenses:(¢tel ee eee 35 extents 1881... > ee eee 12 srowth since. J88i. ae ee ee eee 13 harvesting. -2 $2250. 3 Se eee 30-31 lapORe == es 2 Se ee eee eee 34-36 MATING. i222 22 Se eee 28 Dlanitinig=-. 22. eee ee eee 22-24 pLropabation 2 =— = Se EE eee 20-21 proprietors, requirements by m’rcharcis’ contract___ 35 DEUMING ~= 22. Ss 2 Ae ee ee eee 28-30 HEN EON Cope Tenbavdell to) yale 32-34 tillage. 2 oe Bek ee ee ee 25-27 Varlety STOW! 222 eb) ee ee eee eee _. 19-20 WOLK OF rench Capri Galiis tse a eee 12-14 VLG] GUS: ao ae fs 8 eee ee 31-32 SOUtHeEN SM RuUNIS prEsemi reste mes a ee aes Ranniers. userinemanriketin es OlVvesee 22s see se oe ee ee eee eee 30 LEO ONO BVEKel Cominemit, Soul or Sieh ieee 18 Ristache: teu tivatlonmanm ene t ss Url Sa) ae ee ee eee eee eee lat Planting: olive, wmefandamethodes =e s5s sass ee eee 23 method sSawt, Sfaxe. 2 ue ee See ee ee eee ee 22-28 Plgtes: “GeSerip tions ee: 2 2s 2 eee ee, eee eee 42 Flowing deep, clearing and! for olive sor Cl ayr Cs See eee ee 22 methods for extirpation of Bermuda grass in olive orchards___ 2b, Olive OfCGhards!]s)4s 3s wee ee ee eee 26 Pole usesin harvestingeswinyjury to: fruit ante ees ae a eee ee ee 30 Populus deltoides. See Cottonwood. LETHE TREO EOE COME (YOMUIS Or sutslp-cen even KO Nees ee 2 1S Precipitation; Mi Pasowaex;, COMpPALGed swish Lee ee 15 Hresnom@al= 7 compared ayyal gs axes eee eee 15 relavioneco olive’ yieldves 22333). = 32-34, 38 St.George With: Compared Mayville see eee 15 SAN SAMILONIOS LEX. 7 COMP ANE yy tibia ticle eee 15 San Dieso. Call... COmpPaed) iyvaiilin see ee 15 125 INDEX. 47 Page. HELCGIULIO LS La Rowe SUNTN Go oe oe 15-16, 33 Vatdatlons Lom CiuLeLeniit Veatge = =.= oe 2 ee 16 iicsom -ATIZ. = Se ee ee 24. usein propazation- Of Olives= == — == a eee 39 See also Cuttings. TMnis, climate notchanzedysince: ancient times "= 222s eee 10 northern, “Oliveseultune 2: _- ee ee eee 36-38 uninterrupted = ee eee 12 presents condinon===—.=- === er Le ee ee eee S-9 Twigs, olive tree, injury by use of pole in harvesting___________________ 3 Vegetation, naturale iSiax recion.__. - =: 22s ee eee AL? Water, absence of perennial streams in Sfax region___—_--—__-_ == _ = = =~ 16 SCair Clityy,a Sia ap eT OM se ale ee 38 SSCA US TSS Tica ci 2 Fa os 2 Sa I Say eg 16 Selling AingSitarmaee = =. = ee ee 16 Wraterine-olivestrees emenhods at) Sia see ae ee ee 24 young trees, necessity, methods at Sfax, ete__________________ 24 Wells; mumberwrequinederor Si ven conchae =e cee eee 24 Stax, deSchipgonee = 2+ |. 5 = 2 ee eee 16 Wiheat-crovwinganeolivezoneliar 22 225 2 eee ae eee a ee eee PAE Wood; ‘scarcity andmnecd@at Stax... 22 = See Se ee eee 28 Yields, average, of fruit and oil of olive trees at different ages, Sfax_____ 31-32 Zizyphus spina-christa. See Christ thorn. 125 O Urs) DEFART MENT GF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 126. B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR; A CATALOGUE-INDEX OF THE KNOWN VARIETIES REFERRED TO IN AMERICAN PUBLICATIONS FROM 1804 TO 1907. COMPILED BY W. H. RAGAN, EXPERT IN PoMOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. IssuED JuNE 30, 1908. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1908. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Physiologist and Pathologist, and Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. Physiologist and Pathologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods. Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge. Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge. Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Haven Metcalf, Pathologist in Charge. Cotton and Truck Diseases and Plant Disease Survey, William A. Orton, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge. Cotton Breeding Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel, and Daniel N. Shoemaker, Physiologists in Charge. Tobacco Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel, Wightman W. Garner, and Ernest H. Mathewson, in Charge. Corn Investigations, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge. Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations, Thomas H.Kearney, Physiologist in Charge. Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge. Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge. Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge. Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge. Crop Technology and Fiber Plant Investigations, Nathan A. Cobb, Crop Technologist in Charge. Taxonomic and Range Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge. Farm Management Investigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge. Grain Investigations, Mark Alfred Carleton, Cerealist in Charge. Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge. Vegetable Testing Gardens, William W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge. Western Agricultural Extension Investigations, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge. Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations, E. Channing Chilcott, Agriculcurist in Charge. Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in Charge. Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent. Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge. Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge. Grain Standardization, John D. Shanahan, Crop Technologist in Charge. Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fila., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., August Mayer, Expert in Charge. South Texas Garden, Brownsville, Tex., Edward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge. Farmers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work, Seaman A. Knapp, Special Agent in Charge. Seed Distribution (Directed by Chief of Bureau), Lisle Morrison, Assistant in General Charge. Editor, J. E. Rockwell. Chief Clerk, James E. Jones. POMOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS. G. B. Brackett, Pomologist. W.H. Ragan, Erpert in Pomological Nomenclature. 126, Bs LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BuREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF, Washington, D. C., December 14, 1907. Smr: I have the honor to transmit herewith the copy for a bulletin entitled ‘‘ Nomenclature of the Pear; a Catalogue-Index of the Known Varieties Referred to in American Publications from 1804 to 1907,” prepared by Mr. W. H. Ragan, Expert in Pomological Nomenclature. The manuscript submitted is a nearly complete compilation of the published names of cultivated varieties of pears, accompanied by brief descriptions and histories of varieties, including origin, form, size, color, texture, flavor, quality, and time of maturity. I recommend that this manuscript be published as Bulletin No. 126 of the special series of this Bureau. Respectfully, B. T. GaALLoway, Chief of Bureau. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. 126 hit ‘eee : y ) Cheah lamas ahh ii a CRA we lp aatgoee (4 4 “ i issih 2 Hai: i sta ip ae e ieee ah si NN Ae PE Uist Tae e, ere “4 SMR beh ee ohh y Lion # ral ap Lia ~ S CONTENTS. Page. ae MICHIOT SG atic stg tS aA Sek tO ea a a so Uae ara aiS\do amsecmiae x o 2 ofa 7 Code of nomenclature of the American Pomological BOGKCUY 5.02. -taaae seems ome 9 EMO lore a ain om. 8 Siaccin «wait aicje dan ansacans sues one esse F300 sean ee eee A 9 DOemin Ok HEMNOR: Yee Awe eae aa clets Se SMR ESAS 2 = lace Measles Jam 10 SPER MN CENTER eve 2S, RPE RAD, S88 OE eS ee teal a lk. cee 10 [ERTS CEN ede Cottier PREECE Let ge Tec OO apes Cote oe er ee he e 11 broMpomient Of fe catslogue-IMdex. 0.55. fade an = eins - ore nae nsucieaccae 11 Abbreviations used in descriptions of varieties...............-...-22.-2-+ 11 Abbreviations used in citations of authors and publications............... 12 Alphabetic list of abbreviations used in designating the publications BEPEOLOUE Sor S32). LLU SE eis A 2d Ft RS RBA re wes oie wide te 12 Catalogue-index of the known varieties of pears referred to in American publi- SnD ME apr Meee MU. Be Oo... << wenn e neh sudo a delete wiaeas cacaee 17 Index to the American literature of the pear, 1804 to 1907...................- 263 MOREE oo as 2a iase oa) Sa ans eae: an 2 RR SOR ee ee ae eee 267 ee ee ee | * 5 “ hey why) i ee “\ B, P. 1.—337. NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR; A CATALOGUE-INDEX OF THE KNOWN VARIETIES REFERRED TO IN AMERICAN PUBLICATIONS FROM 1804 TO 1907. INTRODUCTION. This bulletin is the second (following the already published ‘‘ Nomen- clature of the Apple”) in a contemplated series in which it is hoped that the names of all the cultivated fruits will ultimately be published and disseminated for the information of those who are interested in the correct nomenclature of varieties. In the series to which this belongs no effort is being made to include varieties and descriptions from foreign authors. Foreign writers (other than those of our near-by neighbors of the Canadian Provinces, who are always treated as our own) have published the names of many varieties that are not included in this compilation. It is true, how- ever, that an occasional reference is made to foreign authors as having published names of varieties or as giving descriptions referred to in the following tables in the column devoted to remarks and presented as historical facts. It will therefore be understood that this is purely an American work and that what is to be found in its pages is but the reflex of the literature of the pear as it occurs in publications of American authors and writers. Many American writers on the names of fruits have acknowledged in varying language and with more or less emphasis that our nomen- clature is in a deplorable state of confusion, and each has regretted his inability to accomplish more than a small part of the great task of correcting and simplifying it. This confusion is the result of a combi- nation of causes, of which the greatest has been the enormous expense of such an undertaking and the little promise of pecuniary reward. Robert Manning, late of Salem, Mass., who established in 1823 the first extensive collection of varieties of fruits, carefully selected and named, in this country and who realized to the fullest extent the importance of correct nomenclature, said in the introduction to his ‘Book of Fruits,’”’ published in 1838: The innumerable errors in the names of fruits are inconceivable to any but a collector. It is very desirable that there should be some acknowledged standard, to whose authority in doubtful cases of this nature we might appeal. 126 8 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. Col. Marshall P. Wilder, the long-time president of the American Pomological Society, subsequently said, under the head of ‘‘ Improved Nomenclature” : In the future, we desire to use but one word for the name of'a fruit, as with the Bald- win apple, the Bartlett pear, the Concord grape, and other renowned fruits, which will be perpetually known by appropriate and easily remembered names. In a word, we desire to establish a system of nomenclature which shall be pure and plain in its diction, pertinent and proper in its application, and an example not only to our own but to other countries; to strike off the hundreds of Beurres and Doyennes from the names of our pears where it is possible to do so, and to write hereafter Anjou, Diel, and Boussock in the place of Beurre d’Anjou, Beurre Diel, Doyenne Bous- sock, etc. . The necessity for such an improved system of nomenclature has grown with the multiplication of varieties and the increasing impor- tance of our fruit industries. In the hope of supplying this ‘‘improved system of nomenclature” the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the American Pomological Society, is now laboring to facilitate the reform so earnestly desired by Mr. Manning and Colonel Wilder, and by all true pomologists of subsequent time. Among our standard fruits the pear in many of its characteristics ranks next in importance to the apple, and is therefore made the subject of this publication. In collecting data for its foundation no pains have been spared to make it as complete and as reliable as possible. A careful and painstaking search of the American litera- ture of the pear, extending back to and including the publication of the Domestic Encyclopedia in 1804, enables us to present a fairly complete synonymy of its nomenclature, embracing both leading names and their synonyms. These have been arranged in alpha- betic order and with special reference to ease and facility in deter- mining any and all questions which may arise in connection with the nomenclature of the pear. As in the preparation of the apple bulletin, the code of nomenclature of the American Pomological Society has been followed in the naming of varieties. This code, as already indicated in the quotation from Colonel Wilder and in common with the tendency of the times, inclines toward ease and simplicity in varietal nomenclature, and when ap- plied to the pear has led to many changes, which will be clearly appar- ent to the student of pomology. A large percentage of our cultivated pears originated in foreign countries and have come to us with names which are generally long and difficult of pronunciation, especially by the uneducated tongue, and abound in superfluous prefixes, suffixes, and meaningless verbiage. The rules cited authorize their simplification, and this authority has been freely availed of in the preparation of this bulletin, though in all cases in which changes have been made the 126 CODE OF NOMENOLATURE. 9 original name appears in its proper place as a synonym, so that the student will have no difficulty in tracing the name to its source and also in determining by means of citations the authority for making the change. It is not claimed that all names that appear in this catalogue as leading names represent distinct varieties, as it has often been impossi- ble to determine from the meager information obtainable that such is the case. All names that have been found in an exhaustive search of the literature of the pear, conducted as preliminary to the completion of this work, are included in its pages. Concerning some of these no reliable information has been found, and of course they are only given as names that have been published (the citations always tell where) for what have been claimed to be distinct varieties. Many of these will probably prove to be worthless seedlings or old and already named sorts, along with which they must ultimately take their place as synonyms. Some instances will be found in which one name has long been ap- plied to two or more distinct varieties which it may not now be advis- able to change. In almost all such cases a “‘distinguishing term”’ is used to designate the one from the other, as in ‘“‘Jargonelle (Eng.),”’ “‘Jargonelle (Fr.),’’ ‘Bon Chretien (Sum.),”’ ‘‘Bon Chretien (Win.),”’ etc. (See Rule 1 of the Code.) Leading names are printed in black- faced type and synonyms in italics. In order that the Code of Nomenclature may be fully understood and appreciated, its complete text is herewith presented: CODE OF NOMENCLATURE OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. (Adopted at Boston, September 10, 1903.) PRIORITY. Rute 1. No two varieties of the same kind of fruit shall bear the same name. The name first published for a variety shall be the accepted and recognized name, except in cases where it has been applied in violation of this code. A. The term “kind” as herein used shall be understood to apply to those general classes of fruits which are grouped together in common usage without regard to their exact botanical relationship, as apple, cherry, grape, peach, plum, raspberry, etc. B. The paramount right of the originator, discoverer, or introducer of a new variety to name it, within the limitations of this code, is recognized and emphasized. C. Where a variety name through long usage has become thoroughly established in American pomological literature for two or more varieties, it should not be dis- placed nor radically modified for either sort, except in cases where a well-known Synonym can be advanced to the position of leading name. The several varieties bearing identical names should be distinguished by adding the name of the author 126 10 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. who first described each sort, or by adding some other suitable distinguishing term which will insure their identity in catalogues or discussions. D. Existing American names of varieties which conflict with earlier published foreign names of the same or other varieties, but which have become thoroughly established through long usage, shall not be displaced. FORM OF NAMES. Rute 2. The name of a variety of fruit shall consist of a single word. A. No variety should be named unless distinctly superior to existing varieties in some important characteristic, nor until it has been determined to perpetuate it by bud propagation. B. In selecting names for varieties the following points should be emphasized: Distinctiveness, simplicity, ease of pronunciation and spelling, indication of origin or parentage. ©. The spelling and pronunciation of a varietal name derived from a personal or geographical name should be governed by the rules which control the spelling and pronunciation of the name from which it was derived. D. A variety imported from a foreign country should retain its foreign name, sub- ject only to such modification as is necessary to conform it to this code or to render it intelligible in English. E. The name of a person should not be applied to a variety during his life without his express consent. The name of a deceased horticulturist should not be so applied except through formal action by some competent horticultural body, preferably that with which he was most closely connected. F. The use of such general terms as seedling, hybrid, pippin, pearmain, beurre, rare-ripe, damson, etc., is not admissible. G. The use of a possessive noun as a name is not admissible. H. The use of a number, either singly or attached to a word, should be considered only as a temporary expedient while the variety is undergoing preliminary test. I. In applying the various provisions of this rule to an existing varietal name which has through long usage become firmly embedded in American pomological literature, no change shall be made which will involve loss of identity. Rute 3. In the full and formal citation of a variety name, the name of the author who first published it shall be given. PUBLICATION. Rute 4. Publication consists (1) in the distribution of a printed description of the variety named, giving the distinguishing characters of fruit, tree, etc., or (2) in the publication of a new name for a variety which is properly described elsewhere; such publications to be made in any book, bulletin, report, trade catalogue or periodical, providing the issue bears the date of its publication and is generally distributed among nurserymen, fruit growers, and horticulturists; or (3) in cer- tain cases the general recognition of a name for a propagated variety in a community for a number of years shall constitute publication of that name. \ A. In determining the name of a variety to which two or more names have been given in the same publication, that which stands first shall have precedence. 126 ARRANGEMENT OF THE CATALOGUE-INDEX. i /) REVISION. Rue 5. No properly published variety name shall be changed for any reason except conflict with this code, nor shall another variety be substituted for that originally described thereunder. ARRANGEMENT OF THE CATALOGUE-INDEX. All names and synonyms of varieties are arranged alphabetically and each name or synonym is immediately followed by citations of American authors or publications in abbreviated form that have used the same, and, as far as possible, these citations appear in the chronological order of their publication; viz, the first American pub- lisher of the name or synonym, as the case may be, appears first in its order of citation, and so on to the end. Different editions by a given author and serial publications are indicated by the number of the volume, the date of the copyright, or the year of the publication. In the case of standard publications, the date of the copyright, when ascertainable, has always been given the preference. Immediately following these citations and in the case of leading names will be found all known synonyms, and after a synonym its true name. Thus, ‘‘Sickel. D’45,415,’57,443,'69,852. 1’75,555, ’85,570,'97,714. Syn. of Seckel”” means that Downing and Thomas in their several editions and on the pages cited have published “Sickel” as a synonym of ‘‘Seckel.’”” Through this order of publi- cation and citations the reader will be enabled to find the variety and what may be said of it in any publication in which it has appeared and which has been discovered in our search for names, and thus this bulletin will prove to be a fairly complete index to the American literature of the pear. Following the publication of varieties and their citations will be found a tabular and abbreviated form of descriptions that will aid greatly in conveying a correct understanding as to their leading char- acteristics, including origin, time of ripening, etc., together with a column for remarks in which many additional facts are briefly presented. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIETIES. The following abbreviations are used in the descriptions of varieties: Origin: Amer., America; Eur., Europe; Eng., England; For., Foreign; Fr., France; Mass., Massachusetts; N. Y., New York, etc. Form: a, acute; f, flat; obl, oblong; obo, obovate; obt, obtuse; ov, ovate; p, pyri- form; r, round; t, truncate. Size: 1, large; m, medium; s, small; vl, very large; vs, very small. 126 12 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. Color: b, blushed; br, brown; c, cinnamon; g, green; r, red; ru, russet; s, striped; w, white; y, yellow. Texture: b, buttery; c, crisp; co, coarse; d, delicate; g, gritty; j, juicy; m, melting; t, tough. Flavor: a, acid; sa, subacid; p, perfumed; s, sweet; spr, sprightly; v, vinous. Quality: b, best; g, good; m, medium; p, poor; vg, very good. Season: e, early; m, medium; 1, late; ve, very early; vl, very late. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN CITATIONS OF AUTHORS AND PUBLICATIONS. In this catalogue many publications are referred to in abbreviated form. These abbreviations will need to be well understood in order to obtain the best results from the study of its pages. Several classes of publications are referred to. Standard works are usually indi- cated by a single initial, as ‘‘D” for ‘‘Downing’s Fruits and Fruit Trees of America,’ and wherever a ‘‘D” is found in connection with the date of the edition and number of the page it means that Down- ing’s reference to the variety specified may be found in the edition referred to and on the page mentioned. ‘Trade catalogues, agricul- tural experiment station bulletins, reports of societies, and period- ical and other publications are referred to in a similar manner, each being fully explained in the following list: ALPHABETIC LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN DESIGNATING THE PUBLICATIONS QUOTED. AN Sree Proceedings of the American Pomological Society, 1852 to 1905, in- clusive. TACO Wea eer A. Clark Tuttle, catalogue. MD) So ee. A. D. Barnes, catalogue. ADF&S....- Mrs. A. D. Freeman & Sons, catalogue. Ne ite aa Ke Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1847 to 1893, inclusive. AHCC&C... A. H. C. Chadbourne & Co., catalogue. ATG Soot A. H. Griesa, catalogue. 386 th!) eee American Horticultural Manual, Part 2, 1903, by Budd and Hansen. AUETOrt Aes =. American Horticultural Annual, 1868 to 1871, inclusive. OR ces Arthur J. Collins, catalogue. AJOL. oo American Journal of Horticulture, monthly, volumes 1 (1867) to 9 (1871), inclusive. ANB eee Bulletins of the Alabama Experiment Station, Nos. 30, 98, 106, 112 and 117. AlaNCo..... Alabama Nursery Company, catalogue. ZAI Veal & Iepeeeeeu Alexander & Hammond, catalogue. AIA eee ee American Agriculturist, weekly. AMassH..... Addresses of Massachusetts Horicultural Society. A MIB 2 aeehee Amherst (Massachusetts) Agricultural Experiment Station bulletins. Am Be, . American Farmer, monthly, 1820 to 1881. AmGar.....- American Gardening, 1883 to 1902. And Neseeee- Andorra Nurseries, catalogue, 1895. AN&OCo.... Albaugh Nursery and Orchard Co., catalogue, 1894. AGE aan Annals of Horticulture in North America, 1889 to 1893, inclusive. AP ceecetsc A. Pullen, catalogue. ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR PUBLICATIONS QUOTED. 13 MPG) as od nak Report of the American Pomological Congress, vol. 1, 1850. ArizB.. i525. Bulletin No. 15 of the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station. yc) 43 Transactions of the Arkansas State Horticultural Society. JUN 5 ois 5 A. R. Whitney, catalogue, 1887. Asana 3.4213 Special Report of the American Pomological Society, 1904-5. AQ Se... Albertson & Hobbs, catalogue. | eee ere Barry’s Fruit Garden, editions of 1851 and 1885, by Patrick Barry. 1318 O0yieemode Brown Bros. Co., catalogue, 1892. BBE ka 2 Benjamin Buckman’s List of Fruits in Trial Orchard. 1 eee The Culture of the Peach and Pear, edition of 1886, by John J. Black, M. D. B(PhN....- Bloomington (Phoenix) Nursery, catalogue. Bh ees 2% Bulletins Nos. 6 and 8 of the Division of Pomology, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, 1897 and 1899. Grarsdias, i: A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees, edition of 1817, by William . Coxe. OAGseu.2 55. Charles A. Green, catalogue. Cee Bulletin No. 147 of the California Agricultural Experiment Station. CalSBofH... Reports of the California State Board of Horticulture, 1889 to 1902, except 1890 and 1899-1900. CanExFr.... Reports of Canada Experimental Farms, 1894 to 1905, inclusive. Can. =. ..2: Canadian Horticulturist, monthly, 1878 to 1905, inclusive. (O13 ee eee Bulletins of the Cornell (N. Y.) Agricultural Experiment Station. GBCore. 4.2 Chase Brothers Co., catalogue, 1895. CEXxFB...... Bulletins of the Central Experimental Farm, Canada. CExFR..... Reports of the Central Experimental Farm, Canada, 1894 to 1905, except 1897. €Gens.... -- Country Gentleman, vols. 2 to 26, inclusive. OnNG 2... Cherokee Nursery, catalogue, 1893. GCEWeS .....- Charles L. Watrous, catalogue, 1897. GING=s . 22h): California Nursery Co., catalogue, 1893 to 1895. C(O) HS. 2. -. Reports of Columbus (Ohio) Horticultural Society, 1886 to 1904, ex- cept 1890 and 1895. E Galen... The American Fruit Book, edition of 1849, by S. W. Cole. MOTH, 42. 82. Transactions of the Colorado State Horticultural Society, 1882 to 1905, with a few omissions. Cine... ...- Transactions of the Connecticut Pomological Society, 1891 to 1903, inclusive. Cult or03F The Cultivator, 1834 to 1865, when the Cultivator was merged into the Country Gentleman. Dee sPRL es The Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America, editions of 1845, 1857, and 1869, by A. J. and Charles Downing. Ds i oe Appendixes 1, 2,and3 to The Fruitsand Fruit-Trees of America, 1872, 1876, and 1881, by Charles Downing. DomEnc.... Domestic Encyclopedia, first American edition, 1804, article on fruits, by Dr. James Mease. 1 One - Re hs ae Elhott’s Fruit Book, or, the American Fruit Grower’s Guide, editions of 1854 and 1859, by F. R. Elliott. EFABC..... Catalogue of Fruit Trees on Trial at the Experimental Farm, Agassiz, B. C., Canada, 1900. 13) Se E. W. Kirkpatrick, catalogue, 1894, 1901. BY Dee eee E. Y. Teas, catalogue, 1872, 1874. ABs 2. 42/4 Ellwanger & Barry, catalogue, 1890, 1894, 1895, 1901, 1902. JBW&B .... NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. Pear Culture, edition of 1858, by Thomas W. Field. Franklin Davis Nursery Company, catalogue. Fred E. Young, catalogue. Frank Ford & Son, catalogue. . Reports of the Fruit Growers’ Association of Ontario, Canada, 1882 to 1905, inclusive. Fruits of Ontario, edition of 1898, by Linus Woolverton. Frank 8. Phoenix, catalogue. Farmer and Gardener, 1843 (copied by Transactions of the Indiana Horticultural Society, 1882, p. 128). The Northern Fruit Culturist, edition of 1849, by Chauncey Good- rich. Proceedings of Georgia State Horticultural Society, 1876 to 1904, with a few omissions. The American Gardener’s Calendar, by Bernard M’Mahon, 1806, Gardeners’ Monthly, 1859 to date, with omissions. Nomenclature of our Russian Fruits, edition of 1887, by Charles Gibb. Greening Brothers, catalogue. G. B. Brackett, catalogues, 1853, 1868, 1871. George C. Roeding, catalogue. The Genesee Farmer, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, and occasional numbers later. . George H. Miller & Son, catalogue. Hooper’s Western Fruit Book, edition of 1857, by E. J. Hooper. Harcourt’s Florida Fruits, edition of 1886, by Helen Harcourt. Horticultural Art Journal, monthly, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890. Hand Book for Fruit Growers, editions of 1876 and 1903, by F. R. Elliott. Hoopes Brothers and Thomas, catalogue. . H. E. Hooker & Bro., catalogue, 1873. History of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, edition of 1880, by Robert Manning. Hoffy’s North American Pomologist, 1860, edited by William D. Brinckle, M. D. The Horticulturist, monthly, 1846 to 1875, inclusive. The Fruits of America, in two volumes, edition of 1851, by Charles M. Hovey. Huntsville Nursery Company, catalogue. Bulletins of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Nos. 3 and 31. Transactions of the Iowa State Horticultural Society, 1867 to 1905, except 1868 and 1870. I. E. Ilgenfritz & Sons, catalogues, 1899, 1901, 1902. Transactions of the Illinois State Horticultural Society, 1860 to 1905, inclusive. Indiana Farmer, monthly, 1840. Transactions of the Indiana Horticultural Society, 1861 to 1905, inclusive. John Bidwell, catalogue, 1893. J. B. Wild & Bro., catalogue, 1892. John §S. Collins & Son, catalogue. * John 8S. Kerr, catalogues, 1891, 1901. John Van. Lindley, catalogues, 1893, 1895, 1896, 1899, and 1902. ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR PUBLICATIONS QUOTED. 15 MichHort. .. MichSB..... MinnH...... The New American Orchardist, editions of 1832 and 1841, by William Kenrick. Transactions of the Kansas State Horticultural Society, 1874 to 1905, except 1876. Kansas Fruit Manual, edition of 1886, by the State Horticultural Society. Name modified by Mr. T. T. Lyon as chairman of a committee of the American Pomological Society. Louisiana State Experimental Station, Bulletin No. 22. The Book of Fruits, edition of 1838, by Robert Manning, revised and republished as the New England Fruit Book, by John M. Ives, in 1844 and again in 1847. The Magazine of Horticulture, monthly, 1835 to 1860, inclusive. Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 1837 to 1905, with a few omissions. Transactions of the Maryland State Horticultural Society, 1898 to 1905, inclusive. Transactions of the Maine State Pomological Society, 1873 to 1905, inclusive. Transactions of Montreal (Canada) Horticultural Society, 1876 to 1888, inclusive. Bulletins of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, Nos. 31, 104, 105, 177, 187, 194, 205. Transactions of the Michigan State Horticultural Society, 1870 to 1903, inclusive. Michigan Horticulturist, monthly, January to December, 1886, inclusive. Special Bulletins of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, Nos. 27, 30, and 35. Transactions of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, 1874 to 1904, inclusive. Transactions of the Missouri State Horticultural Society, 1859 to 1904, except 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, and 1878. Transactions of the Mississippi Valley (later the American) Horti- cultural Society, 1883 to 1888, inclusive. Northwestern Pomology, edition of 1894, by C. W. Gurney. Transactions of the North American Pomological Convention, 1849. Transactions of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society, 1885 to 1905, inclusive. Transactions of the New Jersey Horticultural Society, 1876 to 1906, inclusive. Transactions of the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers’ Association. N. W. Craft, catalogue. Transactions of the North Western Fruit Growers’ Association, 1851, 1852, 1855. New York Agricultural Experiment Station Circular, 1890. Transactions of the Ohio State Horticultural Society, 1863 to 1904, except 1868, 1873, and 1899. Transactions of the Fruit Growers’ Association of Ontario, Canada, 1869 to 1905, except 1880 and 1881. Biennial Reports of the Oregon State Board of Horticulture, 1891 to 1903, inclusive. Reports of the United States Pomologist, 1887 to 1895, inclusive. 31006—Bul. 126—08——2 16 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. Reports of the Pennsylvania Fruit Growers’ Society, 1867 to 1876, inclusive. Prairie Farmer. Transactions of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, 1888 to 1906, inclusive. P. J. Berckmans Co., catalogues, 1901, 1903, 1906. Pioneer Nursery Company, catalogue. The Pomological Manual, edition of 1831, by William R. Prince. Pear Culture for Profit, editions of 1869 and 1883, by P. T. Quinn. Name modified by W. H. Ragan as chairman of a committee of the American Pomological Society. Rakestraw & Pyle, catalogue. Fruit Culture, edition of 1885, by William C. Strong. Stark Brothers, catalogue, 1901. Special Report of the American Pomological Society, 1904-5. South Haven, Michigan, Experiment Station, list of Mr. T. T. Lyon. Silas Wharton’s catalogue, as republished in Transactions of the Indiana Horticultural Society for 1872, 108. Storrs & Harrison, catalogue. The American Fruit Culturist, editions of 1875, 1885, and 1897, by J. J. Thomas. The American Orchardist, edition of 1822, by James Thacher, M. D. T. V. Munson & Son, catalogues, 1889, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1896, 1899, 1900, 1902, 1903, and 1904. Transactions of the Virginia State Horticultural Society, 1898 to 1904, inclusive. Biennial Reports of the Washington State Board of Horticulture, 1891-2, 1893-4, 1895-6. The Fruit Growers’ Hand Book, edition of 1851, by W. G. Waring. Western Horticultural Review, monthly, vols. 1 (1850-1), 2 (1851-2), 3 (1852-3), and 4 (1854). Transactions of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, 1870 to 1905, inclusive. . Wisconsin Horticulturist, monthly, March, 1897, to February, 1903, inclusive. William Parry, catalogue. The California Fruits and How to Grow Them, Ist, 2d, and 3d editions, by Prof. E. J. Wickson. Transactions of Western New York Horticultural Society, 1876 to 1905, except 1877, 1878, 1884, and 1885. A Short Treatise on Horticulture, edition of 1828, by William Prince. .. William 8. Little & Co., catalogue. . William & T. Smith Co., catalogue. Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1894 to 1905, inclusive. 17 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES, ‘jemBynd Aq peqisoseq | our “SSBPT ‘U0 -sog ‘sueqg slounig Aq poyvulsiig | our *peqiiosep JON “9L8T ‘eq eYBIg UBSIYOI 3B peyqryaxg |---- 7” ‘SPST Ul psonporqUl puv “ssByy ‘WIBYQIVM YB poeywUIsO | our 1D “BIBID eByueg ‘Yoo[g "Vy “IW &q peyeuisig|*---* “1OISGOM “Wa Aq Byeaysny ul Surmois punog |---*>- -9} Bl PUB OBIV] AIOA SB GGRT 10J ensoyeyBo VILOpUy Ul poqiuoseq | [A “ely ‘Aqunog Bsoodey[eR = Ul poJBUISIIO BSul[psss eouvyo y | our “ose “d ‘plord Aq poyswyqnd [°° 7" "|" 490qq Vy ‘Si JO ULIRy UO “Ty ‘eoueplaory 4B poazyeUIsug | our *SYIBVUIOY “AVTENY | peste |b ees eel oaet oe ad sinhablekz apeurprvy Jo udS “2ETS.V “BLSLETUOD “6STTRT6L‘ZE.M “TOLUpy seggoe C6 Ce a a aaa a im ema) YL | Dr 4 (8s alee s fn eth Fs Meme (UT Ny jw | AOI |*~-ssBAw |"** ‘ON 8,BUB ‘eqvI;Upy s,euBq ‘suAg “99°69. *L0Z'6S. 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UV “99 1 | doqo |---ssvpy | ‘Z9.‘ecTPS.V *L98'6S.'88E'PS.A “OPPS. “CEES JOU “IGIIAOH “O9T9]0D “spy “eUUBAOT OF MA 5am veel eaeere | Pak ee oe JouAg “GQITAOH *088'69,9EPLE.‘SLECF. “96T'EE. AUCD “Ehid ‘anand ajinoo y I de Ge bl ae cea weeeseerssss Quy S,Moo[g “WAS “s9'C6.V “6SE'T6.HIOMSIVO “I “owoy Ba ae | ses MP | ce ch eae wortessseoses sc urRyoy Uealy ‘UBYOY you_ ‘sukS “OLl‘eh HJOsv “uvyIV [Ad laeiueealnssene ss alkene ELS SES SPSS SIE” SESS eae oe eee saiqy sep afaq “UA “YW “seIqy Ser BRR OES PR oO CSF ae rae ake sresrssseerees ss Kquiooreqy JO UuAg “FS9°69.d “bumprag s Aquosos9q Vy Tg COG Ona BIW ila ae * Sulppoeg s,Aquioso1eqy ‘eiquioioseqy “‘suAg “pCN'69.d = *AQuiO1Ieq ¥ Bee Gare Ca a bias | a Ee or ae Aquios91eqy JO'UAgG “6IT'SL.‘TS‘69.¥ “atquioso49qy BoB SE ee TO: | [pes Sara ao a ee BN Rss eae QOIGGY ORUUPOON Ag. ih. Aaa e ‘ging §=“99'T9.V “SLE “$8. “9OPL6.'287'S8.697'SLaL “ZLZA_ “OSE9G. 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ThZ'LF.OH = “H0gGV eve calscnemccle sce awenee sie cer ce encase seestoccesesscesesecesesesssseseseee Za10q jo udSg “po9O'69.0. ‘zalad 909V RRS AGS ye Seas ae eee eee “--""punog Jo uAg “26869. “9LZA “GES *69.'SFR'LG. “urabuoyy 2090 SRR CSD C0 SECTS ara CCR Se IO Bie amie Damcrnon cress | sk@liieg Jo‘udg ‘ecideq ‘sivissag 9] 9qqV ‘pavnopy Jo -uAg “6P'Z6. *Z69‘26.(099'G8,98S'GL.L “2686S. “9LZA *FS9'69.'SFR'LE. = “papnopy 9qqV =P] PSCC Gor qyuounveg Jo'UAS ‘ShI‘PL.WOH “9L‘'SL.V “19969. 9 “TuounDbag ap 9qq9V ‘reed JO oUlBN ‘LO6T OL POST WOU SNOILVOITANd NVOINANV NI OL CHUUAATU SUVAd JO SHILAINVA NMONM AHL JO XFTANI-FASOTVLVO 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 18 IGOR qinig Jo ssorsu0g Aq poqoofey “ACN ‘1opue -x9]V JO UMO} OY} UT pozBUIsIG “ULSIIO uMmouyun jo AyoNvVA Uso, V ‘OPST UL poonpo.yuyT *poqiiosep JON ‘suOW UBA UYOr IG Aq peyBULsUGO “xa ‘Aqunog uos -Aviy ‘vonig “7 “Vv Aq peyeulsig9 “peqiosep JON “peqiiosep JON *OLa[90"T UO] Aq [BART 7B poastey “LE8T UT psonporqUy “nRa1adQ SB ous A[QRqoIg ‘esd ‘pegt ‘ISUNANONIOF Ny Uy JOP “d “W "100 Aq paqiosed “SUOW UBA UIPIBE WOOL ‘912d ‘prera Aq poysqnd *SUOTJONPOIZUTS ,JAOATY JO 9UQ “ASOOUIO JO sjeuuy WoOIT “G98T UL pop “ssByq ‘OUIT{OOIg 4B pozBUIsIO BA 8 3A d Ba-3 | das BA da BA | dAs rae es das afs | nak (q3 | nak wuifoo} niwh wuiqf | nia ulq qa wif | niAd foo | qsad uf | nis *SyIBUloyy ee es BISSNY jo IopuBxa, Vy jo ‘uAg 9968, 41ND gor eae ay Makes et sroseeess ss goquroy) Jo "usS “00.08 VAT Ree i, et RE a ca oe = he en Ce ee eS ee 96016. 11JOV *BISSNY *RISSHY JO JopuRrXo|V “OUSSNY ap sapupxray py “LaUULOY) sapunxray yp “£69 *26,‘09S'S8,98S'S2.L “CLG “FESS. 910H “GET'S, HJOSBW “999'69, 6PP'LE.q *AopuURXoLTy “A0ATH PP OBYOIW “49 ‘guuedog ABIN 10JUT AA MON ‘NOITBS1IO A 10VULM ABIN MON ‘orgie ouuesOG ‘NRA -NON JOAITT,P SUH ouUVAOG ‘IVATT{,P SIH ouUVAOG ‘NROANON JOATTT,p ouUDAOG, ‘uodueTY ,P OATH] ,p ouUVAOG ‘uodUeTY ,.p vuUDAOC “SUAg ‘“ZRP‘L6, “TT “wooUeTy Se ee ee ey VOIGT .D oquBpuoy “udg ay “(ud ) qoIqyy “WV ,.P W10g ‘WOT VP 10d ‘ICV ,P Ive ‘Qo1qVed ‘VUIALV Pp WsVqa][VBO “Qorqjod oelanog “Qorqyy Pp olanog ‘sudg "E69'6,L “TL “We 1¥ 9121 *AIOGTY *yL00s -snog Jo-uAg °20,10.66.101 “ZFL'69.d “6SSTIMH M$ “862'7S, HJosRy ‘au2j4aqly SS ror ae WO VY VU “Q1oq]V sul olog “oiqyy,p 1eaq ‘sudAg “T “Queqly 90-ULd “CAONHV ‘SIN 6UL6Hd “TO 86 2691S £ “OUlRTy ‘odnsyryy 96016. 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POSEN LITT Tee“ Jouuos adn iiirly ox Gre [099 Jo usG “OFT'SOHANM “6CCITIAHIOLV | “899'69.0 “12990 IAN igs sitee sete we ee th gel ater, qNSvIIGY JO UAS “LIP 6S/S8eFe.A "7DLU eee sap ie serressssroqunog Jousg “922A *299'69,7SP'L5. “Ele IS. “DAM EIT IE I AN UCI I IP EOE -967'0¢, Josey *eayuy ec eee cece este sess ase eee ses eaesasesesees nvo10esQ jo “udg "P1296. TILL “npaLabO my “GPST ‘SIOMOLD qindy JO ssomsuog Aq poxoofoyxy CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES, 2 a e 6 a 3 3 a = a A S = «ou aq OF SOSTMIOI ,, ‘PVs SuruuVP, 4.10G 0% “POST UL QUBAIG “y Aq pops “post ur guBAIg “y Aq poyN.Ay gol ag em mm 66 7a 6 oo Se i ea OP TL. TISSRW *A0T PIO A OTL PPI OTR I a Slant yl CS ahs Ftp a ERIE PS JeU 6. HILL “NM Reles19 souy See ee eS ee oe a a ae soury youd “LelPG. HL SApsoy samy STrrrrrerrerr ere eee eee eee ee eee Ape yy soury “udS | “souly “G18 ‘Aqooog pBRolsojowmog UBOLOULy 4 Jo Surjoour 7R 9019 PlO siyy UOIy ATLITea Pam ONSMMA LECCE RTER ILOCOS. 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GIT TIR.M "tld ‘ownftag jsniny Spe ee UOspaByory JOcuAg “ZHZ‘LOTIUT casnény OPBINY JOCUKS "LISLE TUOY “SILT COE TEL “PDosnyy isnbny aii alia area, cee iar, Sai ad InetfoyT Jo 'usg 69. CA ANaUIT aursnbny Se eee Se ec CL PL ABO “tye unsusny ese uysny ‘Ig ‘uUsNsny 49 ‘Usnsny 4uTeg ‘ost ap allog ‘sudg “J ‘uyysnsny eee VBPOS JOUAS “GPEC A “TST 69" EFS LS. SNDLY UDA asnbny ‘oSOY JOUSS “OWOUVAA = “99F'L6. 9°69, "16, ‘SEZ LE, T1JOSeyy -uahoy ajsnény PLES VH 2CCL. NICD “papndyy a9snbny InoleT Jo 'ukg “¢E99'69,q “4NaljaT aysnbnp wee eee e wees G PSR eases Seen eee ee ea ee OLIN IO UAS 79969, DUNG aIsnbnP “Suluo0y jo ‘L8G'E8.°690'SL.L, “piBnstyy JO ‘UAg TLVWOHV ‘€ UA *869'26.TSS'G8,L8S°CL.L “89°69. “6SS'66. "GL'8G,910T] “asipuppy ap ajsnbny Fics os isimar ws oa igre imate eee euBOTNOg JO"UAS “oLZ1 ‘eubojnog ap ajsnbny a eiaia bo hemetinant G4 oneeey 2 aa TAOY JOuAQ “gee ‘“watiog asnbnp yslouvg Jo‘udg “99'Z9,V ‘Jslouag ajsnbny eae jorvanvog Jo-usS °299'69,. “IST‘OP.ASSty ‘ada20ny SRR a Seca eas earns aeons ae yoyeanvog Jo‘usg °*199'69,q “Mabny pe Ie aa ae igre aia qorwanvog Jo-uAg °*199'60,d “9LZT “abn 910} X9 |, “1Rad JO atuBN 7 i ‘panunuoj—Lo6l 0} FO8T uLouf suoYyDIYgNd UdIWaUP UL 07 Pailafat Sipad Jo sarjar.uva UNOUY IY) Jo Lapur-anbojD}D,) 126 27 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. “GPT UI poonpoazquy ‘sooulAoid welpeueD ey} Ul pezyBuluNsstp A[QBIOpIsuOD ‘suey ‘eoued “Mey ‘oXy “EH 'O Aq poxBUIsIO ‘O.‘a_ “zI8 -sBdy We parvyo.o PeyueutLiedxe UT “saul -poes SNOJEUINE §,allose1y) JO 9UO *gog “d ‘zegT ‘oungjno “1210 Jo oulzesey ul poysiyqnd “) ‘a ‘21s -SBBY 18 PIBYOIO [BIUoUTIIEdxe UT “SIPN JOQUIAA OAT] YONUL vary, “ATP VT Aq poysqnd I BA our | 3A I 3 uifq | n41A3 {9 nad wif | nda ele ewer eters emcee ees accccccs SOgE aes is waseus eels se VO TRUE el jo ‘ug “TST 6P. 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THAY TAR eeaeE euIqoYy Jo"uAg “geld ‘“Wosnyy snbny “Wsnay.p osn ‘aUuiqoy ‘jwsoay ee ee ee ouIqoy jo ‘udg "eel "oi0ay Binieidieleveeue.G'ate+e| ein jei astele ale oe Wie einleld ae, QUIOAY ,p o1nog udg “T *QUJOAYV Nisa i saute YOOAY JO UL “ZEZIHSSVW “8GV'LE HJOFBW “81/9N DOOAW Faas aan ain Saale wislata wala teeleewidiaiale wl owinldie wu view a we VU e wie Saas oe XTHIOLV *“pleiTy }BooOAV Op Sa I IC a Nt atari IR ol cha J ok ES SION WBOOAY “UAG “Yo *FRIOAYW “--aurqoy Jo"uAg “TELM “eld ‘ysnbny fo spaq joosnyy ‘hoy sad ‘Wsaay ee a ea ee se. -ouu0 g asino’'y jo “uAg “OPT Ze “161d “ayouDay ey hy ea gush ie tec et (0) P| 0) OLIN] “udg a | “uOTRAY Serr errr r rere ee ee eee er er ee ayjozny OUIISOUIg] ‘uAS a “aypozny we eee eee en eee ee eee eee ee ee tenner e nee een a[fa1oy Jo uAg “O8TAL ‘SaDLL Iny ‘aqjopRury jo "uAg “19969. “IGT “2ES‘FS.V_ “SOUT “O9FR. GLEN “ST 2e HJosRW “quadng uunmy Pica eet ace hts oie ByuBdoides Jo ‘uAg ‘"ye7'06,HUBRD ‘aowDbsag ysiod uunmny ‘aSIPBIB JO UALS “LGh'26.'9L6'S8.‘SSS'SLL “OTH “6FE'FS.A “6ET'L9 FOOSE. USV “asiposvg uunmny “yourssiog s,urey wip ‘sen uuMPhy s,ureyery ‘sug go'0L. VMOHY ‘F99 69.0 “SHAN Wungny ee (any) Used BUT Jo UA _“ZSS'ERL “HOR'HI. “49IDNYo UUNiny Fe Rie NOR ies ine SOT See eS udvety Buoy Jo‘udg “gGlq “sayDnymoyy uunjny verseeceressecssssesssssss*-QAtgeIoNT JO “UAE "Z0L'67. “OOS M buna uunmy MES pers[LM ‘euULOgNy ,p ‘Vuoduepivy{,.P otineg ‘sutg “~ ‘juoduepsey uUNgny Se ae ete te IBUTOD Jourumng jo "uAgG “pZL'69OLG'LZE. “4DUjOD UUNniNnyY “QUULOINY Pp ABUTJOD uA “£69'26.‘TSS G8,‘28S'SL.L “OLGA “OTH “LTP'6S. 688°PS. “€99°69. “ESb' 29. 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Hose ‘9221 “JoupouRqueg -AZofourog JO syeuuy ul poysyqng | pur j------ ds | fqur| 14 I GUO: a7 ASC ale Saeaee seas ae eek GALS cease ee qtoalg oisydeg uver udAg “7 *aysydeg eae Sef eh inc |e oletasel| Los ais ascghiecie reir nie oxairin isi (eie ano iryniein(e in/eiesa| evel eieteiecria\o\nieseinfolnieic iz oivicle\sisic Ts eit ieieie iris cca ei suRIaJOA JO°UAS *102'69,q “noauunog “e981 UI poms TTEETE ASV amg BH OL RS FR a Ce NO LA ICO) eee Oe MO SES Ie ae ae Se SSC Meo os eee RO RSs ah ae EA LE See ee, oe ean ee CF99,HSsey “syueg “AlIvg = 1esuvMy[A Aq uUMOIH | Ur |---"-7]--7 7" qoo 43 ul (010 (Oa | ciara | a ade ee a OS F696. TSS°G8'LE6'GL.L “6Ge'6S (6PE'FS.q “oul qioyurg SE SRD | ODEO PORES RO RE [Se S| RSS | RRR RCRA OO Sa oe (‘Inog) Teyoorey yo usg a8 69.4 “NOD D] ap pung Pie all ee [ne A gg” Sa | Gee aegis IT oo. SA 1 ee ee yWor1ouvg Jo‘udg [ove Josey “bunquoy s jgfosoung "Te “d ‘yest ‘ormgqno -IJ10H{ JO oulzesey ul poysiqng |------|-----"|--- 77> [pees SPs | SSE IS Ge ae iO rcs ae Sere aa OR Or CRORE ong Sinquey sjjoroueg ‘udg “y “4jo1tueg eon x | eee pat ne, ee ee ee a ce oe AL oe es || Fr Ae eae tee PED LOTAE ITO ‘udg “62469, oun FP TI I Cie icles ate se ae Ean OOPS fo em Pea Pale IOS) syuvury Jo udg “68'86. HIIL “syuunwy -g *joI[B_ SB oUTRS Aqaissod Boke peralers etal late srs erage [Shosatcltesy, |p cae rglg speak wasn eck ak eae age anny is eee aed ad alog Joye” olineg usAg “Ye ‘elog 0912 Ve" | “EL8T “qslanqmnoyi0oy ul ‘BuRIp | ; -u[ yo ‘soudvy “Af Aq pouonmuoy |**-- ~~ [egg oll scons lakeoets"| sae pas: i! SR Ieee aE cE” REE PEST? ees — a oe JT[e_ olineg uAg -Y “4orLeA « OPLBLY BV | ~ rerer,, SB ‘Tet ‘d ‘epgt ‘ergo | | SCO TMIOLOUIZES ee Ll POUST[CNae less al -sas class ate ae alts eaeele oe leSaes TEMAS Sake Co Ge a. 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A SEES. OKT Pp JoWDbLI ‘0 ‘a ‘21s ‘aqonog o[Inog ‘alelLanog | op URI ‘OuRT_ URI ‘opuoy o1mneg ‘0}4],p o1inog, -sesy 78 prvyoio [eyWeUTIedxo UT ONUM JO oUuRIq oLINeg ‘suAS ‘TZF‘SO,.MAXAUBO “OUZT *81q,pP opowRSIOg SO COG Bcacralinal oxsacr all pc aeall beng Alli neteiatedl feed law ape mg oe LOD a | mtn a tree mp ro wm Oe uke Se tore. eh gece Men eae 9124 “AOI AIZIG, P opoues10g ‘Od torterstterecsssscscssese ss -QqQoTGUTYW OSSOIN) ‘UAS “QIZT ‘OUMIOINY, p oJouesI0g OCT a aa haicks otena | aca Nal crater ea [Sra RAI ro RMR eae [oie eee a LOL e a te ea wee ss SE ee ep. Se tee eT QZA “ILLOPO[SUY, p opourRsiog OU FIOM ig ned aera) toca Ala naw danse . dl: eeedlpae- oxeg | sea cCOUN aes cm) es pat etre" aa es omnia eee OLA *9}0. P CUURSSRID OPOWIRSIOg Bp Cas ae SREY Oe ouRSsRID JO'ULG “OTA “CCTM ‘auuDssD49 ajownbiag Pee Ra gi a aa le al UZ ‘Sooyporurg so[[Neq & asouvsiog yourvsiog Ioysey jo-udg ‘7ec'cs.L “LLGA “OSE PS. 49ISDY JowDbiag : : “JOULE SLOG Ioysvq jo udg [ati roc sale ll cain Al WSaINe in ae col lay oa log eee ol [en Sate we oy “162 F6.T1UBOD “LTT “68S'PS. A “SLS‘'LE,AU0D “CRITE M “Ld = “4901 .pjownbiog DiS GIP He alco nodes Saline WAS SAIS SS TEIAIage oS AAAS FS OURSS UID NOS UAg singe BOF Caorait: oer seu Des bur) coum amey, aka 5 ll eich | ak wid ead |W hahcininneall tascam | eh cece c hemceme re Sealine ke + Syecoce aa kee Sciecae\ ease a ache dh = wile “-"qapvg JO'UAg “OLIG ‘“JappgQ Jownbsag seteee ‘Heeler Vali eo aa aa MEA ro IE Las Kae Ra SiS SEP =p aS © cee SS ee is a as a TT Rea Os cS ‘UTA ‘O ng jowDbiag “JOUIBSIOg YL ‘jourvsiog Ystsasy Appny ‘reed o1o0]] “Woures1og UUININY Youelg “Woures.ieg, ysysuyy ‘yourrsieq uWUINgny Ysysuq ‘youres1ogq uouTUIOD ‘euUTOINY,p o74OUr 481] poqiosepun s, poly UT CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. oul 3 ds (SomN TASH se) Mp ac|ORial- see es -usi0g ‘jouresing uumMyny ‘youresieq uumgny ‘suds “pz *“CaNy) JowrRsig “APOIVA VIMIOJITPVD OATPVU PTO wy {AIS HES= TO | SRR Sas Series a tese tegen Be -""-66'76, HJOMSIVO “RjowWRaog is ape ace ae nage puByryT Jo WAS “1676, HUB) “pUDYYT ap 9149 dag FF De gy yy age ge a pueyvy jo;udg “[6z'66,1UvO ‘“punjliVT ap ayounig aag “UMIS[og ‘soulpey, ‘uorods 4] ydosor otsotg “fey Aq poyeulsi9 SUBULYOIOG OLInog ‘suBuryolog o1puRrxely ‘sudg Hs: *sURWUYyIIOg susonbeg jo‘udg ‘99°6E4IND “L6L'ee.uen ‘anbsn yy ausanbag Sees sc ornecrscercceccosec“""-99T9AOIG JO°UAS “cgid ‘susanbag NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 36 reyes” abe eas osino’y yo"uAG “G08'69.d “S8T'Z9. MSV “6E1AOTL “sayounsaay .p ajownbsag *JOUIRSIOg pou JO UAS *16Z'PE,TIUBO “T27‘S.OJOVOM “LET OSHW ‘aUmoNyY .p ayounbsag a lt esis ope a coamce dean cerned (qny) Jourssieg Jo‘uAg ‘“OLIq “aUWomMyY.p ajownbsag , JOWRsiIeg Wun qouresiog auIngny “Ny WOIy JOUNSIP,, ‘sAus suTuUBY | ou | d sf | qa 8 CLO) iene meer UA "1606, UBD “LES‘PS.V CIT TPM SLE OS'SE IN OUWOPNY,p Jowrsiog Ber CTI) et mag aa el i 5 el let ak iat hake led ta all sc[rtccttstetstereess--"*-qOuIRSIOg IOUIUING JO"UAG “RgI1q ‘a4laja)OUY Pp anouDbiag ‘uopd ure Fy 2 Mecha come" nog ea ant ier ig cero Laie eg ne Jo “WAS “212 “ZZh‘6S,‘968'FS. “SLL'69,G99'LG,‘Eee'Gh.d “allajajbuy p juowpbiag ‘apurRy[OT jo ‘udg “LITT *LIb‘6S,688'FS. A“ PSL‘69,‘POG'29,‘O8h'Gh. qd “Uuooualy Pp ayownbiag SRE SERRE rigs gene AS sass OURSSBID JO'UAS “ZOLTPM “auwossD4) ayjownbiag BE ei aga aco" USS “tte s"-nvounIg JO"UAG ‘919'69,q “ad’yT .p aUuDSsSsD4) jjOWNb1ag store s"nvounrg Jo ‘uAg °919'69,q ‘“nNn—aUunsgT ap aunssplg anounbiag ar eine 2 Vise asc OUBSSBID JO "UA “6ZL'69,d ‘“aWWoINY,.p auDsspLy ayjouvb.a gg “--ouUsstig JO"UAG "6Z1'69,TLE'LE GLE Ch. “96T'SE. LU0D ‘aunssp4) anounbiag Uigvarm ath arace. ofS nibs © ote th mie Seplalel arate sien bial Sie Sia a cel Stee aie Oia te Sal are ID erat calor a eget iar oyng Jo ‘uAG “02969. “9986S. “PELE “S07'Sh. HJOSVIN “LET'Ib. MM “pnvdns9 ayjownbiag SEIS sdursyonveg Jo‘udg ‘9¢p'2¢,.q ‘“pnoidn) ayjowpbsag “---oqqgoururve Jo"Usg “06169. “182d “anaUNUaYD anouDb.1a Tt Lrg sigan € 2's Stactre oyng Jo ‘uAS “CS'e0, HOW “912 “anapDD ayownbLag BRS SS TST SCAG SIE Selene beeper sdurvyonvog Jo "UAg *99P'26,‘186'E8.692'SL.L “998'6S.'PSE'FS.L “GOR'TS.A OSh'LG.‘298'Ch. “ORT TCLIh. MM aap ayoumbiag Geis 5 ieaeaiadscheapeelt-F qopey jo uAg “pez‘gzzid “0L9'69.A “993M = “JAD anyownb.a PSE RI AE Sie Fe Sa ieie eesSI LS RiSi eay ojng jo'udg *029'69.q ‘o/ng ayjownbiag PS EF Reser e igiise alge sdursyonwog Jo-udg “99e'6G.— “9CP'LS.q ‘ofng ajyjownbuag SOG eR Sep roo orloIssnog Jo ‘UAS *699'60.0 ‘SIP‘'GS, “O68'PS.A ‘avaissnog ajjouwnbiag SIF oc be cap abd ie coe paar ay aap ani “sdurvyonvog jo‘udg “dunyonvag ayjownb.1a 7 Siete Ee saa ces ae ae ta ert hee nieisisio mae ine" icine esnm ie iri jesnq1og Jo‘udg ‘SOF'GS, ‘ayompbuag peice tere er aor ascre a a yournsiog Wooly Jo"uAg “qyH “Wnuajaz jownbiag Pigs inrnlmlgpticishe asain sia 2 s.2Sisebieisise aisle eicisins aris oe WnpsA Jo"udg “Gy “2ZNpsA jowmpbag sf ieiele eiefo ae = sgiesaa access OSUGATAR IOMUAR “OOP PCa “(aDUDUING qOulDbiea gi oduvajsg Joudg "99869. ‘Ll = ayounajig jownb.ia gg qourRsieg dourming Jo"uAg “ZEG ‘eg, “LET “wowmung joupbsag jourvsiog SsIMg Jo'UAg “PZP‘'6S, ‘OOF'PS.A “9O'KEAIND ‘assyng juoWnbLag assINg JO'UAG “LIZT “96I'SETUEH ‘assing juownbiag *puvysugq JO ‘UOjsBUIgIg WITT AQ pastByy j---7 7c |o oe ds { naqi | sur Te [RSS a0 (ae ao a a ee aa a Clie aa ene Lae 11969. *JOYeg Jouvsiog PASSE SIRS Sees aeies | a le er TO a Op vdcrsic) OUTS] wx) vss oka) cep eee wteh ahs ontop eR eh SIG ort as CCL i eto ibaa at oli | ase iy RS at eae Ga ag ty eat a Ae jourvsiog ssImMg Jo ‘Ukg “¢98'69,d_ ‘Fd ‘a9hny quownbsage irs [panies hsnis Salm |e Shoes | eI i Sie [Laie Sa he eae ear ieorire woes apernega prank aie en eo a journsiog AjIvg Joucg “qh ‘“~nuuDs jounb1ag STISISCH SESISG) | SGIG5 SISSIES ROCHE [ieteraic inte | Rininielinin|ninieleloinin nina |=)=)= sisir mins o\mcigimic nisin since ce OME SLOG ALLE O MAGN “Ohm DMD MUDe aC ten Le oi mn = Q nm etic iptg |e See ery lle oae | ea *syTRUIO YT 2 2, 4 es ° : | 0. “reed Jo ouleN a a= pl etl = j ; ‘ponunw0j—zo6l 07 rogr woLf suoywoygnd uvarwwawp Ur 07 patlafas suvad fo sayarina Unouy ay) fo capur-anbopnyn9 126 37 ‘uopdueyy sB aures A[QIssog “4STT poqLosepun s,ploly UT “EpBUBD UT Apavy jou ved], CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. *paqLiosep JON *O9UN LOST Jo"udsg ‘O8tT “99L69.'ELS°29.. “LESH °962'0S, HJOSBW “9aUNILOy ajounbia gg ““-9Alguion’y Jo ‘UA “GLC. USV “OLS PETA “C9L'69.'68bL9. “99AaaLY anouDbia gy vecectteneces uododsyf,p oyjouresiog Jo UA “scT‘Le HJOsBW “Ua1adsy ajjoupb.ag --qaussnq jo ‘udg ‘02969. 6SS‘ TINH M § 860'2S, HJOsBW “pssnqg ayjoupbsag ws tae cancen cece gonorq Jo ‘uAS “69S TINHM ‘862'29. HJOsBW “yano1g ayjowvbiag Oe SASSI CNIS TIN 2 I pouBsiog poy JOUAS “THS'69.d ‘9940q ayjowvbiagy POI 233 stttetssessss"-9R9T0I0A JO UAS “1626, HUB) ‘abau0L0 4 ap ajownb.a gy “qouBsiog 109sVy Jo"uAS “LZ “LTP6S.“688'FS.0 “T9169. FOR'LE. 62F'SE. ‘asnojnoy ap ayjownb.1a gq cece cece eee e ence entrees cana ceceeeeesoreeseeeeans UZ M «SuDshvg sap ajowpb.iag . ‘sdajnog yo "uAg “C69 L6.‘7ES fo8.(2e9°CL.L "90L'69.‘88F29.0 “SSU'Th HUE “SLId = “Suajnog; ap ajyjownbsag OOPS I hate IO ICES uopduwie yy Jo ‘uAg "81169. ‘supshvgd ap anounb.a g PEORIA OC, Avuoyyed Jo uAS “T2969. “TET M “Apuayisog ap ayjowpbsag pete Sate qouBsiog Joysvg Jo‘udg “Sl2'ZE.UAH “Lltd “sanbspg ap anowpb.19 qT “‘qoulvsiog 10ysBy JouAg “LIZ “OCh' PS, LIJOZVW “LIP‘6G, 688'FS.A “(GL'69.F9G'LG,‘6ZP'Sh. PCLT. ZhU'Ze.M | “Sanbog ap ayowpbsog vette eetenecee tte re ULSIO JO “UAS “6SI'XTUEDD “6SI'LEI1OH "UDsiO.p ayowvbsag raise sat ““spordiiw Jo uAg -zee's.L 029'69,'29F' 26. ‘sparduj yw ap ayjowpbsog "Spal TW JO "UAS *G69'26,'ZS9'E8,ZES'CL AL “1L'6% VHOHV ‘88'69.V ‘8986S. “LIZA “TOS'Ze, Jose “spaidayn yy ap ayownbsag sete eet tener een e cece steer eee ceereeetererte te “"-* Hey ‘Soule op eyowrsi0g ‘alinog 1oyseg Jo uAg “¢69'26,‘79G'G8,‘LeC'CL.L “Tee'6."L18' S.A TGL69'SCPUSCCF'SE. SLTLE AUD “OOT'TR, L6E'ZEM (2/0997 2g 0) 2p 2ouDbz9 gq “th? Aaeeaeen Ree joulvsiog Ioysvg Jo UsS “192'69,.0_ “94atTt4z) 0) ap InowDbsagT wide ie eiulete ulerw a alla aie wate. e Sian, tate fareara! “"162'P6, HUBO *Ysany op o}oW Rag ““*puvyfoy Jo udg “g2z'2e,7U0ED, “WOoUI] VP puDzjOY] .p ayouvb.19 OpuByIOH Jo UA “46926, ‘7ES"ES"RET'ELL “LLZA *PSL'69.'F9S'L,‘OSF'Sh. “OCT. OFU'ZEM «“apUD/IOH .p ayouvb1a gq RAE ARES ee: Baten see epuRoH Jo UAS “PSL'69, “PUDIIOL] .P 4901] .P eae ‘ “TOULe. log 1Oysey JO'UAS “162 PE TIUVO “LIPS. “BOS*LS.6ch'Sh. “490UT .p aowpb.9 qT Jaen DEGRL URES acr poUBsIog Jong Jo"UAg “goIq “UuapduDpy ap aynounbsag “opueyl[oHy jo udg “2120 “LTP'6S.“68E'FS. “PSL‘69,PNS‘LE,‘OEh'Sh. a ‘aLabnog ap ajounbsag Sa air SR AOE “ee ystureyy Jo ‘uAS “09269, ‘O8Z TOCA "aupunjy ap ayjounbsag (ung) Teey our Jo UAG “E9869. “OC TF. MM “9UDIG UDP FY NO aig .p ayouvb.19 gy vote ett e ee eee eee Tete e eet uopdurey] Jo “uAg “82269, “988049 9K Pp InOUDbLIg “qourssi0g Jour -UNg Jo"ULY “OOOAVAT *29869.C “OCT IFM “LL2'LE.AUPD “Sd “917 P pers - ‘uepdure Joukg *969'26,‘299'CS,‘8ES'SL.L “LLtH. “S982. “968. 9 P= anowpbsag ee eae i ae upodsa.q Jo udg “gog'6e.bSe'Fo.a_ “Uquadsy pp anowvbsag ‘uolodsgy,q Jo ‘UAg “C69'/6, ‘ZOG'G8,'L8S'GLaL, “SOP'SS.USV “LLZA “SETH °029'69,‘SSh'29,.0 “Uasadsy .p anoupbsag 4 ‘uoledsy oJ OMRsI0g ‘udg “‘OO.0AVAT “LE XTHIOLV ‘T9F'bS.'602'8h, HJOSe WH “Ussadsq,p ey,oWeAOg stttetecereesececes “-"-qouresiog Iojseg Jo"uAS “1G2'69,q. ‘aumasng ap ayjowpbsag oossse seecteteesesessseeeeess-== gape JoUsg “SEl'ZeM ‘aNapng ap sownbsage “‘yourvsi0g Joysey joudg “LZ “LTP'6S, “688'FS.A “1SL'69.'F9S'2S,6CF'SE. “SLS'LE, MUON “LLId “Wong ap ayowpbsog Lrscaras Tiotetersrsseeseess=="*-q9pduByy JoUsS “82269, ‘Salarnag ap ayjowvbsag 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 38 ‘ssuyq ‘ouryoorg Jo ‘yoanys -y ‘§ “aq Aq uMoY4g “ppng ‘yorg Aq popustULodey, “ZS Ul VISSNY WoT, poonporuy ‘soljo -lIBA Pod osapun Jo ISI] §,PlolyE UT “LPST Stoqureydoag BSuluuvyy J1oqoy AG pop,iqiyxoy “ZO8T “SSBIT ‘1lOjSOg 3B 001} 4S1IY OY} ULOL] INIT ween sense eee ee nee eee eee nee ce eee eee eee ee eee “TT ITT OSOW OFVOWRIIOT soobosepa sce ogana journsiog Iaysegy Jo-uAS “[e2‘69.d “Wad .p apuoy ajjownb.iag SPataibaiel=[e)=) -qotunSiog UMININY Jo"UAS *“0zz‘8.0JOV Du obred JO) 2uasQ ayownba gg Bee ee eee AVBSIBA\ JO"UAG “GH ‘“(MUSIBAA JO) aueDUIpLO ayjownb.iag cM SERIE SE ihn Se oa eee iets We ee oe S19e]noOg Jo 'uAG ‘“SrIq ‘“suapnog fo a70wDbiag SAIS Realy TSAR 2 ASUS asiaes sis cess youmvsiog poy Jo UAS “TPS'69.q ‘anbsnjpy ajjownbuag Sas Rin sitie Sie aSisiais Sie Sica 9 woo JO'UAS “91169. “Ozu smoyynyy ayjowpb.a g a er IE oATVRIOWT JO"ULS °ZOL'69. “OLZT CTPSTAOTL ‘"20upsonT ayowpb.ag es so sae oe ee ea GR a Bag os Ses ack, OAIQVIOVT JO*UAS "PGT “ONT ayoumbiag FARRAR LY ciDey es uowly Jo°uds "[eZ‘Gsal “20869, ‘02G'L9.q “asyno'T ajjownbia g Neseaace’ Ly yaaie pat theta eee ese ine oP ee mee GOOLE. EISSVIN “UopPOgqTT oyjowrs10g 2 TESTI Tagrii IIa yey elie ese OE ed rag eqese7y youdS “leq ‘aj/asayT ayounbiag ‘aqaso'T JO “UA *G69°L6, TLOG9OSP'2G.0 “LSP'CS.HJOSVIN “22QasaT ajowobiag ss ee aR Re pete See fe Oe en ere Z2'79, EISSBIL *orquardwoouy 0}, OWR S10 See ce | jo 'udg *669'6,29S MCL.L ‘“S086S.1 “TL9°69.“GSP'29.@ “68T'SS, HJOsvIW “Ounoquiayy ayjoumbiag “-BSrnoquiopyy joudg ‘“09e6G,q “Ge Hloseyy “bunoquoy syowpbiag PR i Seo os Sa eae ee [SoD Jo uA “ZLL'69,q “Punsoay ayowpbiag ‘Arpney Jo 'ukg "69°26. ‘SCe'CS ‘BEG'CL LD IP'6S. TIJOSVIN “PL‘SG, HSSBIV “LL20 “SETH °019'69."G¢r' 20. I ‘ooeG4Q10T “hupnpy ajjowpbuag alk tech NA Saale ea aN A os = JOUIBS.10 JasuBy fo ‘uAg “LLEL "SS Jasuppy ayownb.a g *SyIRUIOYY *rvod Jo oure Ny *ponuruo,y—L067 02 FOST mouf suoynoygnd wooiwawp Ur op pasiafrs sinad fo savjaunr Unouy oy} fo xapur-anbopn)}D) 126 39 MoS Sets ec SS es [ena SR Smt, “HS “TAT een tes ollosseyog Jo°udg “ppl'zeM “beltd “AapunyT haopsag ere elec Mech also i tle a ge era ee ee TORTS On DAR OOO. CL PegDMR Pelco sls cooled amen rensy Sri cea [= Santee a | > Sages SSeS Shearer a sno Sem ean es Amn RSA RS eS ne “AITO rT ORICA i OOIRy a LEB OES CT: we ee ee ee ee SS an eae Geer ange mae =” PROSRTH I) gO Ika pe 00269. “fiosspn?) ap is9ag age ale i “7 AusQUOW Jo‘usS “6LE'ER. AT “OO TUM “OST'sh. Jose “Aubyjuoyy ap is9g Pe ea a were Re eric eres: see Sess ese = Saale yO “AG “Oly GO -sayDLUIT oD to067 WwW Jo udS "20169. “EST‘09, HJOSVW “yy ap 1s9g ek. ee ere eee atatg JO"UkS "10169, “94492 D) ap 1897 pig aiers peices So | cia ae ON0W VT JO-uAS “FEZNHV “6Lld “aNOY YM] ap sag see niees [Spon ayt corer esc cr nee ce aor yo oar SST engo: WAC rOnT Aim G OC mua raan aagtT Pig gh | he OUT | RE ERS See To” ee ay et eet ae Sas et ela Ade bee ee Ve ET aside | | iambic | ite alac gS Ss aa a al a JoyuourneggD JouAg "FHldg *PTUOWUNDYD ap w3I_ ‘od *SOIJOLIBA Poqwosepun Jo 4SI s,prelt Uy ee elo ss feild hs a tlelabatcls tales S229 926 SE IE *Jo}WOWUNLYD op Iso ig iacaetictaks | fi mamemica Mitel ge |i lich arhee lt Men Nal Nae a ae i 1 AOSstBO jo "uAg “CZTdd “hOSSIDD ap wag Ree ape Bone eae Re eae eee ee ene ae eae eae Aossvep Jo*udg 00169, ‘aubdjaug ap isag rataretibers fasergst ata ctareta cnetaaratntavd “Toot Wey Jo"udg "00269. “EC TA MAY Pp sag ea eg ee pe Breer aes te ee cee ogee ee JoUOUINBYD Jo'uAg “PRld “jayuounnyD wag “OO.OAVAM “eUPtsa) Jsogq Nabiadiei lala Os Neale irae i ie aa eae i yO SG at Foe J ZIzO “ALO qseg were SAIS LORS ot ERE Ee Seok ER eS puriqiog JO-UAS “ZCL‘PL.FISSPIL “NDassiouny puvwysag iittala | Ieinttablesictla BeOS a aed

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OSHWN “UD “RYURTWossog Fah cee ah ha Ea Me is win ia S noggin oo cables” Ripenc ies aches gaan Edna ey Bssog offog ‘UAS "TJ “RSsog ORES ap ee oe La OS EAR Oo OVA JOUAS “ZOL‘69.d “79D 44 SAT BERR S SIO SPR ESOC S CA TORRE A OOD Rs ASA ARO Oro oBdA Jo UAS “ZOL‘69.d “YIDA Is9_T Lota aY oat rare ok acave PaaS ta Mn cea RT oer eho teria OCA Jo "USS °ZOL'69. “704 Isagq ihe arabe rat fhe asekter [eitaya Gt Ciatcte iota [Sierra ara eeTeeieTa ie renee WBA Joukg °ZOL'69. “DA 189g YOGOST EOC OCIA SS CIG OR POMS SOO SSPE OOOO IO IOOS HO UBUISOY JO'UAG “SIZA “UWDULSOA isa_ -0}q.p Aosstep youdg “ecs‘es,L “00L'69, “6S'LG, HJOSBW “91y .p hossant rsagq oe shelciotmie ele le letoinie S20 oloielese isi loi iale ec cice a ees uoqynodry Jo ‘usAg “SJzq “UWORN0QIT 1s9a_T ~Troredsueg Jo uAgS °701'69.d ‘SLZa ‘a1QnLndwmovuy sage fais spaimsie ima) SSL ade uoumreyT Jo udg "2/169, “WOWDET 189g UOUIBET JOUsS "21169. “O8ZA -AAUDPUOY 1897 “Ttuoiodsa (zog Jo ukg “6LE'e8.A “TOL'69.0 “Uauadsy wag Pts as Oe peepee eee See abe cate Aossvep Jo udg “g1zq “fossane 4o fiossyng np wag Pi a rigte a a alae at ner ae ice LN COTO OIPUIA JO'UAG “SIZ “IaUpULA ap Ag vitworreber Tt Tt tea 998A JO'ULS “ODOM VAA “2OL'69.A “IDDM “IS ap 1897 Bee 5 eee sa olossByog JOUAS “EC1'69.d “PPL'CEM ‘PolId “Aupuvg fsapisag | | e/elelels]) e SMe ese ics a Piel | earl be wie ae g ey ie | 5 ‘1ved Jo oulBN ‘PonUNyUo)—LOG6T 02 FOST Wolf suoynoygnd Unrwamp Ut 07 pailafas sinad fo sajna UMoUY a4) fo Lapur-anboyD)In) 126 41 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. pote e tence eee eee eens wseeeescesesssgouBy JoudsS "96969. "“UWana1y 9 UOg aLunag SSL, JOTMTOg JO UAS “E99%eR,‘SEC"CL LL “bL9'69.(99G2E. “4ayUnyjog a.unag [rare steers sess teen a tee ee eewen cannes jounqslog JO‘UAg ‘Slay ‘jaunfsiog a4unag [Fini liam =) o-eninin moles jounqslog Jo"uAS “P1969. ‘81209, HJOSeW ‘jaungsiog asinag eee pare or oer ae ee Yosqueurntg Jo-udAS “OILZ.OJOVDA “YoDquaunig assnag [RRR OCIS ey a O1.P 9JOUIVSIOG JO UAS “92H ‘9NY AL LO DUD] asinag Sab eka MSE ayopvury Joudg “26969. “9lZa “SuzondD,) sap 9UDLT ILina gg cTrsequen Jo udg “222 “G89'69 LSP 26. “ORS LZE.AIND «= “sa7uDNT ap OUD) g aLunag poona ne och eee Care on opie @IUOAVT JO‘UAG “60T‘L6'Z6.OJOVDA — 92U0Ar'T ap 2UD)IQ a4ina gy | “OVIOW BT JouUAS ‘“Sizq “LOE ‘6S. “GCE FC.or "002'69.“C2P29,898'SF. “S6T'8E. AUD “TAT TH PETE “Aassar ap oung asinag ouUdAOG OPI JO"UAS “egG’cs, ‘RescL. TL “E8U'ZOUSV “OEE 6S. ‘Zze Fe. GS ‘TIAOH “088°69'S28°SF.IZUTE. MM 96T'82.AU9D “OST ATOUMMOg “oOUnY atinag . Shiga” sb aan snes obeS Cuing) vey ouvrg Jo "UAg “E9860, ‘“Shld ‘OUD aLunag pie cat oe iar quowAeg JO"UAS “682'G8.L “LZCH “PLELE.d ‘“yuowmnarg asinag \Saee gok gk «Ske ees page Poe ne yuournveg Jo"UAg ‘“90g'FG,J1OT] ‘“yUuOoWarg aLinag cy ig ne BS Petree he 3 oyoneg jo ‘uAS *6LE'2O. MAX AUBO OOUAVAA ‘ayonag asinag ‘suBULyoLog JO “UAS “28768, 696CL.L “8L‘89. VIIOHV “LLET “9986S. “FL9'69.“COF'LE. “98'S HJOSVN “TCS SSB ‘supuyo.ag alinag a ae pe haat ae ee peek tS 4sloueg jo ‘udg “$1969. “TMDIANON 78109 J ALAN FT “qslousg Jo"UAS “ND.OAVAA ‘ese‘es.‘8E6°CLaL ‘99°79.V_“POE‘OIE ES. A —“FL9°69.LOF'LE. “SHE'S MSY “SITS. “Isyouag alineg “777 qtouueg Jo "uAS “ece‘cg, ‘gecCL. .L "9086S. A *FL9°69.L9F26.0 “jouuag aLinag Sees eee qlouueg Jo "UsS “6SSITHHM “66039, HJOsBy “vauuag aLinag weet cence eee cote een e seen ererccee soutnseg JoO"uUAS °¢/9'69,q ‘saumnbag asinag apps SETS ar [voinveg Jo ‘uUAG "16‘SF, SSB ‘/DaunDag alinag Seco a She ee Soa Ee tp ee “qsevA Jo°uAS ‘g/7q “quownDag a1inag OLAJo'T JOUAG “EheFG USN “6S‘TAOH, ‘yuownnvag asinag Gans Wabasaiia typ eras arate ae ie “-quoumvoeg Jo "uAg ‘oee'2¢, JOSRW “yWounvag atinag “noynveg Jo "udgS “gce'cs, ‘SEC'CL. LL “LL2A “88TH *g29°69.‘L9F' 20. “0986S. ‘0SE FS, “LOSE. SSB “naynbag asunag ees open Jo uaAg “gegtcs,‘Ses‘Gl.L “Poe FG. A “SGr'6F. WOH “sdupyonvag a1inag GEE Sa CORE AGRA oe ois es ong Jo"uds “21z‘9lZq “sdupyonvag asinag ‘sdurvyonveg Jo ‘uAg “28278. “9986. ‘PCE ESS “S08 TS. “£2969. 9SF'L9,298'CF. “996. AIND “96 es.1UeD “sdumyonnag asunag Bee et see ae ete Oe eoseg JO “UAg [osog Ss Bylo d] “SOL.ATUHM “9ISDT aldnag SCECRQOS OOH SH Id 1B JOUAS “NDOAMVAA “CBE'6L ABI "919d YD atunag = ae ie whe ee ei legly EN yur jo;udg “Le‘ez.410T “yayDg asinag wettest teste c este nee c reece tec e eee eee ee Aoyieg Jo‘udS ‘¢19°69.q “Aapwg aLinag RESO er SISO oe gondeg JoudS “gzZ‘TIIAHJOLV TF TL.HSStW “yandpg alinag “layayorg Jo US *Z0Z'06, HJOV “L228, 66S SLL ‘SLSO.VHOHY "€19°69/‘8SF29.0 “8986S. ESR FS.A “LTRS HSS “YaNayoDg aLunag “--="quounvideg Jo uAS “6986S. "78969 ELFLE. “ORE LEAIND §‘aL0un¥ aLinag oie eget Tl dP ons aden dee oleTueuNYy Jo “uAdg *€19'69,q ‘a4aluaUNnY asinag piece aa qsjoueg Jo ‘udg “p9¢'098'6S. A “£29°69,'L9F'LE. “Ws1oUag ajsn6ny asinag jor PREG ante a eae aan sTeyod Jo "uAS *Z89'69, “4901 .P WOssnpNY a4unag “OTOL jo udg “Zoc'eg,‘SS'CL..L “78S “OFZ. “LOP‘998'6S, ‘ECF. “uossnpny asunag “-uondurossy Jo"uAg ‘cee TT eze' TUM “7eC'es.L °219'69.d “uoudwoss yp aLinag "uihe) tegieal paved > Acie aqqeutojuy Jo "ug °Z719'69.d “FL'SG SSB “a//9UlO}UP asunag Teer EO pied. oe, ee be “s****9uTOJUY Jo “ud “T1969, 9UL0JUP aLinag “*"""uossIpny jo*udg *199'69,q “Uwossipny DUUY asinag 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 42 “ON[BA JO JON *SUOTY usA uyor Aq Aq poz,BUISIIO ‘sordBN Uurory Q0uTYSIp AUornddy “SIV “mOSsBag “panutjyuojy—LO6L 0} FOST modf suovypnorygnd unos pr “ApTENH SSS 3 nik huve | ENo(oy AB reas all esr la re ys IA oie oy (IR pelle ocr cinema Pte Al fasercheyne |e veratere clot: eye ltteer oe |Sapoceolspecosesee $s 6) nis yu Cie A SBiOntsE ry 45 Q 2) ty} fe) > | 2 iS e eh 4 + S ° 3 3, B 5 5 : 5 r s See ee AIO IS IO FOSS alley eis) (0) Jo ‘ads ‘OP eSHIOsR yw “npr buvojp ILLNI NBASITBID JO UAS “OSS TITLES ILLS TUM "FOS'G8.98S'SLaL ‘SL°89,. VOH VW “96% ‘TSS. AMO. ‘8G TXUEDD "99'S. V 829°69.C9F'29. “6089S. USV “ThSS OL MN “18'CG HJOSVW “OOT'GS.“PSEPS. “SL‘TTAOH = "9988 ETS'TS.A 9“ nDabunjg aninag wot Sree eee eee ee eee te ne Dee eee teens srrrrsess--919'69.q *(G) WORT) oLINOG WOIpTD “UAS *869°26.(E99'CR.88C'GL.L “LLSA °929°69.69F'29. (1) W0I7T oLIMEg weet thee seteceee eee ee Apuvy) joudS “00.00 VA “S6.NpUy ‘ApunyD asunag woe steerer eee eee eee ee Avuopeyy) Jo udg 919'69.q “Anuaypyp asunag ‘S100 “OSTH <“eSP‘IIINHM ‘908FS.400T] 0086S. ‘TSS FS. |“ uoLDYD aLinag “"""queBqeig Jo 'UAS “EeeG'Gs.‘Sec"GL.L “8ST “LPL'69.POP'LG.q ‘asnaumyg asinag parang es TeqdvyD Jo uAS “21169. “TLE6S.868'FS. OFS LFAIND = “7pidnyD asinag Topas ses sons cnscwrorss 57" -SULIBYLBD JO -UAG “OSl'SP. HIOsBIN “au21a7IDD auunag. “‘quommerdey jo uAS “Slot “6986 ‘2CEFS. “RORTS. A “SPOR. OSV =“7uowWnnIdDD auunag =Vofetale/=[um iste =\clci=lelninlnr=/cis TOUMLLO FT JO UAS “GETOG. UAXHUB) “aU2.voF] WOWHD aLinag SRO OS IS SOCIO OG mcr Jouorydue) Jo 'uAS “OP TL. SSB ‘7aUaLydwng asenag wots cere ce teen tee eres eee ee tees sdureyonvog Jo uAS ‘ge6F.Od VN ‘aappg aLinag cnet tenet eee eee ee ee eee ee eee eee eee ee omg Jo'usS “09E6S. 7apDD aLinag cote e eee eee eee eres cece eee ee eee eee quowmAg Jo uA -ege'6C.o “quowhg azinag crete seen seen eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eee ee UMOIg JO‘UAS “SEZ “wang, ainag *boruimg yo udgs -ege'Gg.‘SeGGL.L “8teH °929'60.‘69F'LE. “S81'So. HOS “bowing asunag 2 TSS Alm iae iain aisle nim wie nic nininininjmininim a winlm sloquiely JO ‘UA 08969. ‘“Ipupyoung a.unag FoSamcdooRacoR con neountg Jo uAS 91969. “822A “OPE LPAIND § “nosunug asiunag “UMOLE JO UALS “682'E8.TL6'CL..L LU6H —L2TH “09869. ‘OSEFS. “SLE"ES.‘Z08TS. A “96T'SS.TU0H ~“Unoug aLinag Fis ae Sea a NS args Gel Sais iter = cies ei caee eeie. sie = weysnolg JO-UAg ‘gIzq “woYyhnorg aLinag pose ates sordeN JO°UAS ‘STF‘6S.0l “092°69.‘86P‘2E. ‘SCF ‘SSEGF.d ‘aazWoLg aLinag agi aga sri em a Aide tae a ae cane neha eh OT a O68'FS.A ‘Str‘Sh.q ‘vezu0Ag olmmeg nveuNnop}oIg JO uAS ece'eS.L ‘84H 62TH “9TT‘2S.94077- °929'69,‘89F'26. “2986S, “ESE FS. “ETETS. A “6SS ITO TUM “LSP ‘6S. '660'CS. 600 TITS, HJOSeW “npaunojyja.g aLinag Esier? neouno}JoLrg JO WAG ecg‘es,‘Sec'G2.L, “E9E6S.TSE'FS. “NDaUNOJaLE aLunag os Oe SRS Ce yoossnog Jo uAS “T9e"8.q “2FL‘60.q “yoossnog asinag “embonog Jo UALS “SLZT “GTP6G. TOE FS. “LOL69. 29929. CG8'Ch. ‘OFT TR. “Dinbonog ainag “asog Jo ‘uAg *69‘8L. FI UBD SPT TAHIOCV "99'79V —“L20'G8. “69C'GL.L “908M “6ce6S. “CIShS.1 “Gg'TAOTT “99SE8. ZOE TS. A OSS FS. 6228S. G6°0S.USV “TOTOTOD. ~—s*#9'69, “OP‘2G, ‘8GE'SE. 99°6E91ND = “29°26. 6S'FF.08'88.N O68. «= ORT TE. STOT'Ze. SE OS0g aLunag *1voed Jo oWIRN Ur 07 paslafat sivad fo sayaiuna unouy ay) fo xapur-anbopn70) 126 43 ‘ele ‘d ‘Test ‘Ativg Aq poqiosep Ayoug CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. *OOIULOD) YJIM [Boruept ALQISsoO. “UIBANO'T JO ‘suo, UBA uyor "Iq Aq pe RUIsUGD ul 143 | UL AO “UMOIE Jo ‘uAg "L200 "TApLG‘Lee'Sh. dd “O6T'S8.1UAD = *(Ayoodsoaul) nofuy.p asunog “nofuy Jo‘udAg “6ce‘TIT‘Lee 11 2ae' TUM "88S'G8. ‘OLE 'GLaL, “OSS6S OIE FS “OISTISAMD “bS'ZV “TO'TAOH “LOM “9988S, ROE TEA § “6LZES POOSAUSV = *629°69.'SP'LS.(098'Ch. “GETTER “noluy .p atunagq ‘OL O]ZUY JouAg ‘OD.OAVATM “SLE “SLZ‘OLTA “LTF‘6S.'B8EFS.OL “LEZ PSV “9620S, HJOSVW “19969 R9G‘OOFLGTSE'Gh IZ Tb PERM “SGI *adda70)/0U Vp atunag “UMOIET JO “UAg “LLZ SEL "0986S OSE FEL “OTL69 TLE LE ASRS. LLG 180688, AUeD = ‘asloquLy Pp aLinag “uMOIg JO "UAg “LLZL 0986S. 0SEFS. OL “OTL69. TLELG. ‘Leech. “O6T‘Seuep ‘asnazquiy Pp Ea ted “QOYOBUR syuvury JouUAg “OO.0AVAM ‘819°69.d ‘ZOSTS. a “29yIDUDT syUDWY Pp aLina gy ‘stjuBUTy Jo-UAS “OD.OUV TA 20206, HJOV “282'GRaL “SLEER A “90'CO.V “LZ “ZTEOG Se FSA “OLS ES UT “OSL. LS FPN “SL9°69' TLE'LS (008'SE.“68F‘0G. G0EEh AJOSCW «ORT TPM SIUDWLY Pp aLinag “-syuBury Jo uAg “ZoE'6S, SoS FS. A “81969. TAPS, ‘008'Sh. “SNUDW YY .p a4enag rg EES ELE ELEC EP Re aes see ee*"sdureyonvegd Jo “udg *18¢'G8aL ‘SUDULY .p aLinag ‘siuBury Jo USS *1CT'68, HJOV “PORES. A “L8S'GRG9G'GLAL “LLC TES “SCITL “'B0E'6S.'ZCe'FS. A LOBAN “9608, USV “GOP 'GPATOHT *829°69.09E'Sh.A “99'6EIIND “96T'SS AUD “SOUL Vp a4anag ‘apuRy[OTT Jo "uAg’ “Egc'es, ‘SEG “Glo “LLOL “L1P6S.688 ‘FS. “$82‘69.‘F9S'L9. OEP ‘Ch. A “SlId “UOIUaT yp asunag “qoIqTy Jo‘uAS “OD.OUVAA “eSs'CS.L ‘“Sze‘es.a “2986S. a "SLBH_ “81969. GES'LE. “SOP‘OS ABV “CO'TIAOTL “PES ‘PS. JOSCW °794Q7 Vp a4anag i ee ee ee ei i wee eee “YSTULO] yo “uAg “09269. “fhavog Lina rime Ain myes aislhace snteaeie itm peo meee Doe = eee ree Si eer CIS IG “STARE ouMeg Mpbtr mah (it Lor pee Auwy youdg "272'69. “L6‘SF, LISSPEN *4977ND atanage ete’ (-Bjoq) Juodueprvyy jo -udg “oze'6e.‘T9E'FS a *(AOLO"T “VY JO) qz4ND atinag *AUIv’T JO usG “ELE6S. TH “SATA “LG2'60'E8FL9. “Ele IS. “LET Th COVE Waldng alinag ah eer ere eens AurwyT JO'UAS “S/ZT “OOF “TLE. “94ND asanag Sel ceed bs Th Sk aa” botanist ie Ausyuow jousg ‘1026.0 “wang atinag ‘OU Jo -UAS “PETIT “098"6S, ‘Ose FS. “OZ‘RE. TIJOSRW “Coogee. 99'6E9IMNO “96I'SS.duen “pnodvi9 atsnag Bs erik < Oma oar gees 7 he “--Zuruoy joudg “P9969, “Guruu0g asinag “AIULOD eLINegG Jo'udg ‘“eee’es, ‘gece, “PORES, A “uO7NA, ap aoIWoD aLinag OSI SAS Teg ie ““UOTNO, ep a1UlOD elineg ‘uAg “TJ ‘*aosWOD dINeg “"BUIOTOD Jo'UAG “OD.OAVAA ‘8196.0 “CIS I94101L “S124 “DUO]0D aLinag itl ee Fabs QUOUINBIABD JO"UAG “LESEG.V “GOES'6S SLEEPS. A “DWO]0D aLinag “""""IRUIJOD olineg Jo‘uAG “LEZ‘PG,V “wunjny fo 4pW]09 aLinag “IVUTJOD ESsBq JO'UAG “SZ “LOF*GS. ‘OSES. A 628°69.'TES' LC FER CE. “SLZ28. ‘LOVE AUD “TOM °979094d NP Sap 4DU]09 aLinag a ABUTOD OSB JO"UAST “POUTR.OGU'GEM °919094d WP ADUL]OD aLINdgT “IvUJOD aL” JO*UAG “STF‘6S.06EFS.A "81969. ‘TLL. 98'Sh. “AUULOINY .p LDU ]0) I14na T ‘OUNLOINY Pp ABUOH ‘(souUBIY JO) USTYSUG,p olanvg ‘ulysugq,p eine ‘ouuloy -NY,P IBUT]OD olIneg ‘UUININY JO IvUIjOD eLlIneg ‘suAgG “69°16, ‘EOC'CR.SESCLAL “LIZT “ORTH §‘STh‘6S.‘068'FS.A °829°69, ‘ZLP‘LE.E18'Sh. A “TOUTE M “ATW OD dINdT HOD JorusAS *ZSL'6O,. A “OST'SIUSV “GSO. ETTI.V “TESS CIS FSA “NOD atinag I — 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 44 *SYIVULOY alaiai=inisseta/aiafo bieinlnialenisieniose oer TTTIO TTT O) ‘udg “09269. ‘eleld ‘sbuufog ap aLunag Se ee ee a i - 181}.IN0D jo ‘udg “00.09 VA “VDLJLNO) ap ALdna gy PSelsess =a pege kieien Sap An aso ee ee suluoy JoUAS “PR9'69,q “yo2U0D ap aLinag JoyuomINBYD Jo"UAG “gTL‘69.q ‘JayUuOWNDYD ap a4inag sGislelaefs selenite ese Siahmisiniciesisietdinaieie queqeig JO'UAS “618'6S.,0 “NDIULDYO ap aLunag Pe eeageinn se SS aporian JO UAG “61209, HJOSVW “wanoy ap anbijpvid 29499 ap eLinag Be EE a SE OLS E SMC (a ntzypyato) wins’ SOA sdb me cHAMI pO) Cp EYE Miebat ‘quounvidey jo-usg “OOO VAM “612‘G8.'192'GL.L “78969. 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VIIOHV “18969. ‘EL'89410H ‘S12 ‘aul0ay.p asinag UO[BAYV fO'uUAG “NO.ORVAN “UOPDAY,p a4inag SSCS erie woapodenN jo'udg “61869, “Wan p atinag OJOUIMIBE JO"UAS “[yZT ‘“aISsDAISNP ,p a4dnag_g “oyjouraree JouAS "ZEE‘6S‘ZLE FSA “OGL'69.'STS'LG.'SEP Ch. “aISDLISNY .p ana Gera Ceo S Soa aaa eS ae OO OLIN Y IaISBY JO'UAG “PITA “27224aISN PV .p aunagy Sr iSodes or aed cic) skoleligete/= lea” ahr tekeiniee youiqny jo‘udg “00.0G VAN “YRQNY.p aunag uoydurossy jo 'uAS “00.0EVAA “62°69. VUOHYV ‘“Uoudwoss yp aLinag pineal aecjepete a ciis 2 is lolne ree incr este eile oei UOJLY JO ‘UA “00,.0D VAN “UO .p atinag “IVIJOD OSsBq JO'UAG “TSZA “LOP‘'6S.‘OSE'FS.A “6Z8'69.‘7ES‘LS. FPP Ch. 99'6E.9IND "81S E968. AUD “OST TF “O6BT'TEM “lOMd “wosuabsy .p asinag be | OS ate ei ne ge ee Sd Bilequiely JousAG “CEH ‘YybunquaLy .p alunag “"*-"giequiery Jo'uAg “S/Z‘LE,qU9D “SSUZEM “paquaLy .p a4inag NBBIOW NOTH JO UAG “OSs‘9IZA_ “6EE“GS. “CTE FS. A “GTAOH §=*812'69.806'29.LEF SF. “LOT'S. AUD “(OUIOS JO) Biaquasy.p alanag “BIOQUIAIY JO UAG “COE‘'GRL8S'SLaL “9CE'OS. FISES.A “SLE‘S8.‘60E'TS. A “LOBM “CSS FS. 6178S. G6 0S. MSV “TIAOH 089'69.°29F'29.ezh‘Sh. “1189.99 “GENO “LS LE. OSPR. G6'SEIN “96T'EE.TUOD “OCT TIP SST'ZE. SM “BlaQuias yp aLinag B3S)s) oteFaseen Sis fein iererste sietens abl asiey yey NBAIOW MOTH Jo'usS “E1169. “ld ‘“Woduapsy .p alunag ekerescic) 2)-in aii be sabia she2= = ctetelele/musiatcinacteheieie) Sie aDuUBY JO'UAG “FOI ‘swag np jwodwapsy .p ainag states nisiereinis (Gicicie ie ag cients eis ove niciblie.s Si ai aie aaa s asino7yT jo'udg “C0869, “a0pnDL VY .p aLunag aaa aes eae osog Jo'uAS “OO.0G VAM ‘“SsIdeq ‘quowaid p.p asinag ‘rvod Jo oWIRNY “panulyuojy—ZLo6l 07 FOST mouf suoynoygnd unrwaump ur o7 paiafas sivad fo sayjaupa unouy ay) fo xapur-anbo7n}0) 126 45 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. ee ee ee ee ee ee es Soo prety Pea ee eS emote see See STO TO AS ‘00.08 Sack ‘C6. NDUYV “Ln0p D) IP aLsnag Bethe otras veel Ra call te et | Neo ce ae © oie gee Ae ee eee ae eae a OLB TON uO “UAS *C0L‘69.0 anadpyg D) AP ALANA eececeelescecceelececesl|e eee ses|sceceseseslesesee sere se eseee see esses esessssesesece sulu0 yf jo “udS “P9E 6S. A “9 uwm0y ap ILLNI J Peri Ate oo IR. ere "*Suygoy jo udy “gec'eg. “6ES'CL cL | “P9S'6S A “F89'69.OLF'LE. “Oupuoy ap asinag PA SS pes fc Fe Si We nel ieaet elei ae quoy joudS "0¢z‘Zb. {Jose OLU'IP. MO UA ap asinagr Od Od Og ed ee oe ee ee a NBOIDLO!W qnoTy jo ‘UL 9 "ELL‘69.C “way ap ILLNI J OC ee ee ee ed ee 0 Ue suo y jo udS “6S ‘6P. Josey “ULLaYy Uayroy ap ALLNI ‘osuyor olinog Jo “UAS “0O.0OE VAT ‘6L'69. VIIOHV “£8969. “2ST ATHJOV §=“894'2¢, HJOSByy = -abuyosr ap aLinag Se ee ee a ee s1B Be jo “uAdg “COL‘69. “SUD]D ap ILLNI geek: | Cae ota lias ep ae ee, weed Gk a Ts" "TMOG JO :cAg ‘OTL'60; “UO A] JLIQUDS] (pp Alina g elineg Joyseqy joudg “g¢ig ‘vadsa ayaanon saufiz] .p asinag aaa Fades ah ged hla k I CIS ALIS JoyuouINBYD Jo'UAS “pPHld ‘“aahp] .p a1inag NBIANON IJOAIF.d JoUAS “gez‘1¢, JOR “nDIanoN LIA] .p a4inag “TBVDLOW JOT Jo ‘uAS “CST‘ZO.UsV ‘6es‘6s.‘czE hs. "GTAOH “LESH. *9//9QNON 49017]

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PR ST TE ER ME RAR A Pe SunGe eo youn, yo ‘udg "SLZT "YOUNG ap aLinag ‘PIM JO'UAS “LAT “LL ‘TAOH —°989'69.'62F'2S,'098'SP. “96'S TUPD “OST'TP.680'ZEM “919A Ap atinag teeee osog Jo uAg “Eg'TAO]L “ece'Gh.d “9618, LUD ~(OUIOS JO) a//a{ ap a4snag ‘u910}}0,\\ Jo‘utg ‘OO.OTVAA "P96 A “E89'69,'Z9F'29.0 “6Sh'PS, HJOSVY “UasaNaA, ap asunag mavevese siecle wane va yoossnog Jo ‘uAg “ZPZ'69,d “OPS LEATNO 00/49)1894, AP aLina gy “QUBQ BIT JO “UAS “83'bL HUI “LpL'6O. “S8TH “ege'rS. A “088'e8, "P18 19. SUT 19a20H “00/4910 ap assnag Sie ass ZOABN OLIN] JO"UAS “6969. “OSE'9SUFIV “LEC. V “79DM ap a4anage ee iia i JeId yo "uAg OIZT «SANT S104], ap ILLNI SW fe ein. 5b WtSe Sore ctelene's bial e's eae cle © aja erate uMOIg, JO ‘udg ‘SECT “Uatnanaty, ap ILLNI sininleSln.e= (= SAiaim\e)aiurereiwels, #78 016, wieesee = we “sordudT, JO'UAg “C68 11O ‘Sazbuo, ap aLinag cceseagisecueeeveceresenasauswas qyoroqjoodg jo ‘uAg “11869. *B.19q)906 S ap ILLNI GT ame oS 6.0le aia'als = slave dela) a atatee aa CW eel a wie be saojnog yo ‘udg “90269. *s4a)n0g ap ILLNI ‘Bioquioly JO “UA “LIZA “881 S9.U3V “998'6S.‘bIE “O9.A “TIAOH *089'69,'29F'26.'E2F'Sh.“OST'T SSE M “SaUNIYdLO Sap auunag Se A ETF eee ne (Sny) quoduepieyy Jo -uAS “EEL'69.d. “Sa7NDIT Sap aLinagq eerie ocd See bases Sees qioqosuy Jo usg *199'69,"226'26, “anutag ap a4unogy “s10q Mery JO “UAG “08969. “TIAOH “S1B'LE,AUOD “SBE'ZEM sdunyosaq asanage aie gates aiptalatteetaie secs eak ese “ssee="s=""Usttofy JO US “L0ZH ‘SlOg sap asanag wwe (eye aha et <6 0 aC ene ae soe Tey yjo‘usg "SLE “sauIndag sap PLAN wiare wiwisletaiatateicieianata ele eee ate tate erat ear aiee suvrezg Jo uAg “66869. “S9b]9g Sap asanag Gale etieieiet erate Street ctar tear uyjuond yureg jo uAg “POZE M “UNUand 7ULDS ap assnag A ea ae See pneury yo udg “G39'69, “61609, 1JOSBW “PROWL Y TULDS ap aLinagy wares nvoumMos1ed JO'uAG “G89'69._ “9ZT'O9HJOSVN “SLZA “Nbauynosaq assnag aiayalonce ier siuiw uslarerataiaisatwhaiataiate oe oan uenoy Jo‘UAS “OOOUVAA “woRoy ap a4anag Dean clala'e'o a Es eid ale duce eels weep ae oa a eed uleWoy Jo'UAS "96969. “AULOY AP aLinag sldeewteg vlan sean cnmcn ae ete metals “*-"seuing Jo UdS “S99'69. “420Y0Y ap asunag Seer ee eee ee ree oe ee qupjos jo udS “6FE'6S. A“ 9ULYY ap auanag Pg GEIR OeAE ouryy jo'udg “ecg‘es, “Gee‘G2.L “T98'6S.OSEbS. A “aULYY ap asunag Sener aTe SrATARIe ATS See es een eee oouny Jo -uAS "96969. “UY ap asenagy pretest ett e eee eee eee ~eereesss==s99mNgIO JO UAS “99169. ‘IUMWaY ap asunag alsiaipig do's ce ae we Ceieiaid sine sa ate ma & oie auloy Jo uAS 'RIZA “OSE FS. OL ‘aUIaY ap ILANI ‘a0UBY JO "UA “Ege'es, ‘6ge'er TL “CEITT “T986S oar suluoy Jo"udg “pgg'69.d “a8‘Sh,HISSPIL “youluoy alinag *xouy jo uAg “p9G'GS,68S'GL.L “SLT “OSTH “LEZ'bS.V ‘SIP'6S.‘068'FS.A “88'6F.0d VN °G69'69.'99G'LS,098'CF.d 99'6E. FIND = LETTPEOU'CEM =“ S6TId «= WOU, alinag “---oqjopeuly JoUAg “O1ZT “199'69,'89C'29. “6IP‘ZE HJOSB “Lowy aLinag Ea Wins sans peak tats eae ke Se eas ok uum’ Jo‘uAg ‘“SIzq “2YbVUM atinag She Sess 2 ORR ES Sie ne MeO Lie Be purr Jo'udg ‘OPe'9G, MSV “punjpy asinag ‘YoMUoy Jo us “PGG'Gs,‘6EC'GL..L ‘“SLZH ‘“OSTH ‘SIF‘6S.‘068'FS.A “LES‘FS.V “OCF'6P.WOTL = °Z69'69,99G'LE,'Z9E'S. LER 'LE.P9'GP.HJOSVW =“ youuay aLunag ‘souuoy JouAg *21Z C8.6SC'GLaL “9869. “TITIIIUOND “LLZH °269'69.‘09F' 29. _ “18°69, 9119, 40H ‘Tee '9SUSV Z9OPL'9G.V TSS TISSUIL “POLS TESS HJOSBW ‘“souuay aLinag ‘allojo[suy Jo-uAg “Pge'6e 7 “LEH “OOR'LE. OST FS ALOFL “0G'ES, SSB “S8'FS'2CT' GG, HJOstN “sapn sr aLinag Joos terete teen e eee c ances c eee n nese e tenes asuyor op olineg “UAS “7 ‘aSUYOF OLIMO ors aseaases- area UBA JO -UAS “OO.OTVAH 36969. “7429D UDA Una alinag [one Se ae Rey Ba nie aire Oro a a Se eae ean pee 26969. STR RF Ota SEU RO OC ROS ao cs or mae SOOO qoove JouAS “66886, UAxHURD “qooor aLinag Jars cc ct cert ee ee eee eee eee eres ee ee eee UMOLE JO'UAG “LIZA “Paquensy aLinag Ja JO UAS “TST'Z.UdV “LLE ‘OIA “LES6S‘EIS'FS.A “LL'TAOHT "98960, 'PZP'LG.'098'SF. “a/Qvupd mwoouy aLinag gos me aa sa na = ec ae Ne SSSA Gieogaysh) Vso0Y Jo uA “e908 69,7. “funy ILMNI “Apleyy Jo uAg “gg TILGeeTT‘Sce TUM “886'S8.0L6'SLaL “SS8'OL. 410 “LL‘OL. 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USV “LOS‘E8‘FISIS.d “Apo atunag ‘1ved Jo oWIeN ‘panunuoj—ogl 07 tosT wouf suoynoyqnd unawaup ur 07 padtafas sipad Jo sayauiva unouy ay} fo capur-anboyn) 126 51 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. “6oT “dG Joa ‘uvuropjuoy) ATJUNOD Ul poysTque Sit Crrrrrr Tere e eee ee eee eee eee ee o. “*" 0010 jo ‘udg 27869. ‘Uay aLinag ee ee ee “UMOLE jo ‘uAg "CET vues Wehebig po ets bee TOMTOM JO USS *LE4'PS.V "96008 HHI SS (MEE panics ashen aia ZONWN JO'UAS “OGRE GL.L "$6969, pines aouny JoudS “198'69.'1 eee ee Trrteterrrstertsss ss" "TBI TON Jo "CAR ‘OSU ZEST ‘9d ZB Jaunyng§ fo a4unag ose ‘4ayjnjog fo a1unag CQ ‘8204 ‘“9NaslON aLinag “‘QUIDLE) LION OLLNI ST CE PS.A “ULDYILION a4unagy “TION JO"UAgG “128699529, LOR Sh. 219IN aLdnag Bali bs ee Th tel aorta ben ne a en aang he | aed “nofuy jo ‘uAg “OfE' 6S. 0 “T19IN aLdN9 Fa eee ea TRIN JOUAG *18e'G “SGE'PSL “ON'SP.HJOMVIN “TAN asanage “ZOAWN JOURS “OSCR TLE SLL, “260 6909F 28.1 _ “OL'PS.'99' 89.110 ‘POCTIMELM ‘SU'SS,68T'1SHSSBN “€8'FS, 66068 2S. CLF IS LJOSUN “270DN aunag FOP gt ee pl E> kaw ge BY ane a ee ae GED. uAg “CORES OL “LOUDN ALdna a wceveVes ben geddnecceeus wb © uooajoden jo udg "802'29, FIL "18a “woajod DNy ILLnI ts eg ers opiclic Lok atta ages OVC USUI] | jo ‘udg ‘C16 OJOV Yo “u02]}0d DY ILLNI "SoJUBN JO UAG “goe'es,“6ee'CL AL “SbEX TPTITUOD) “ZRG9MD “22TA “OSTEL “S89'60C 26629. _“SOP'9SAISV “ene'6s, ‘CCFC, A OLFS MOH “SERGHISSUNN §“PSP'EG ERG OSU «= “SLDIUDAT adanag RSS A OLSON “8189. A SEED oe RS ae hea ear Piemeicnes cere Shy cela aUTeIUOJOAOW JousS "REGCHIAVN “6EL IPM ‘2UIDUO/ LOWY a44nag wee e ewe eeeescess een evesseseessessess . “BoOlJUOW oO ‘udg ‘O0.0E VA “pono aLinag Sah y keke ph ite ning “-offepuoyy Jo'udg “C6y69, ‘822d “AllapUoyy a4anage *Agsuseny jo 'udg = *peg‘es,“6ee'G2.L “93TH “1986S. ‘T¢e'be. 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A PL'SGHISSBIL | “E6969,‘CLP'LG. “GSE, HJOSBWY = “uoLenDyy asinage ee wee “oS TX TUAND upysey DRPAICES | ‘PIC 7OUAS “OSS, IST GO. USY “LLC LTEOSETE'FS A LL'TAOH = “980°69, bar. 2S. ‘00 Sh. andyfuboyy aLinag mea Cae ee yoossnog Jo 'udg ‘ZPL'69,q ‘anbhifiuboyy atinag eee. 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HJOsVW “Nayayory alunag IULYY Alina g aouBy JoudS “293M “60F'6F.4IOH ‘azuny aLinag “o9e6S.a “LL °96969.‘09F'L9. [fxs cwieln aim enn ew a0 8 iain owiniw =o winin nin cinininin sjeinl= wie sousy Jo ukg -969'69.q ‘“asuDy aLinag fone __, e0uBy Jo WAS “OOOMVAA “p9S‘es, ‘OFS “Glob “LIGA “W9S6STSEFS.A “GORTS.A “ZOT'SS‘TSS'TS. HIOBVW. *969'69,‘EL4'L9, LEP'Sh. “9NGEAIND, “BLZ‘LE ‘SELES AUD “SOUTH OBECEM “PSA ‘2ouny auanag av RR reset baa aeee AUT Jo UAS “16L'690,.0 “SLCH “EPC PL UBV “79190NY auunag Fo Bos Soe One Geass Ose SAE SE EE Jayon® Jo uss “OVOMVAA “4929NH atunag So Rade eG abion seus roypspiodoy Jo uAS °961'69. “Olaquazimnyag ap aUJd ALdNIT "969°69. “L269. VIOHV “SL2 '29008Lg assnag Saat tele: : ‘B1GOIg JO UAS "68G'C8,TLE'GLL “CLEA “OSI‘'SZIH “198 6S. TSEFS A “SOTUHM °969'69.‘C2P°29.E98'SF.d 09h. HJOSBW “a1Qa1g anunag Be a, a Ra ie ate oe a[PVUlog Jo ‘usg "66969. “LNOY AP 27]9]UL0T OLLNI oy as aie foe Pe oe sUBSSBIY) JO “uag “GJId “dDad 427]NJ ID] J 40 1D)I aLLN2 J “OUBSSBID JO UA “6LZT “OCh6S.S6EFS.A “TLS'29,“CLeGh.d “SET'Z8 LD) alunag “eqstuBqin Jo ‘udg “Gze‘6L HVI ‘PSS'Ss.OFSGL.L “Ors '2F.4IND “Awanbig asunag ‘oystuBqin Jo uAS “Cse‘cs.L “72td “PETA ‘“881'29.‘S8e'9c UsV “soe'6S. ‘ThE bs. a TSTIAOH “PLE'€8.‘S0E'TS. A *TL8°69.‘SFR'L9,C98'Sh.d LST TP OM “Awanboid aLunag “assoy “ed Joudg “pee'eg, “OFS GLa *789'69.69P' 29. assofjag addyiyd aunag Go me ge ep gy pe IS WUNBVII9g JO'UAG “NV.OGVAA VWNdLlad a4inagq “[enqedieg JoudS “00.08 VAA “CAPT “S6HPUY ‘6F'C6.HPD ‘Wnjadsag ainag Pass Sea xnvepiog Jo 'usS “gp4‘69.d “Ibs AHJOLV ‘WnvLlag aiunag Sui ape tancigniec Ss oat Sere ee a ee DOCTOR ueseg jouds ‘gizq “Uahnd asnag See chiang pode ee ene ee I9JSON 1oyBq JouAS “LEU ThM “94jS0NT Layo alana ge pe gee Pe ae Avuoyyed Jo uAg “119'69.q “AMnuayjsnd aLinag ge oe ea, Jodumeg Jo -uAS “G69'69. “22109, HJOsBW “jodwind asunagq ; ‘sMorpuy Jo 'UsS “OO.OEVAA ‘FSS°SS.‘0FS Glob “822d *099°69,°29F°29.0 “ZOF‘6S.,“6LE'FS.A “OTS'eS HJOsBW ‘jowpno aiunag peieiatescicks asmno7Ty Jo'udg ‘0ge're.q ‘“6S‘TAOH ‘“aLopnvuny asinoT auuog no aLunagr Bee ae Sear es O3aMSO Jo'UAS “99'79.V “S8IH ‘CSA eS. UsV ‘obamso alinag eee putes ge ee siequiery JoudS ‘g/z‘zg,quey *(sdureyoseq Jo) suyaydio atinag ‘astno’yT Jo UAS “S8T‘Z,USV “ISat “ChE 6S.OSE'FS.A *G08°69.06S°26.268'Sh. ‘a40pnDL yp asinoT auuog 4o aLinag *9IN4 XO, *1vod JO ouULeN “panunyuwoj—o6l 07 FOST wolf suorynoygnd unriuaUuy w 07 pailafas sipad fo sayawvr umouy ay} fo xapur-anboppwy 126 53 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. ‘uIyneg ULOAy QourSsIp sdvytey ee oe weer eel ter nee Se SIR Nh nc --quountidey jo"udg “96T'ee,(UeH *(SMOToaT[O9 BULOS JO) Aouad | astnag_ “YSiWle,y JO “UAg "TOCA “09L°69,SEF'LG.A “LEe6S. ‘FEF “ISTAOH *(A[snoauo.tse) souadg' asin gy ‘aouedg Jo "uAg “gees, OPSGL.L “LPISXTHIOCV “L7H “FET “S986S. A *608'8F.AIND “FFT ‘9b, JOSE *169'69.99P'26.G9E'SE. “S68 TUOD "SEL TP POU TEM “SelId = ‘aouads! asinag Beka pe kee ae audg JoUAS “62F'FO.UAXAUB) “26969. “and g aLinag : trtttrtsttstsssss ss -orgMosuy Jo ‘uAg ‘LFL‘69,‘F6F'LE,d “ajnog auinag : ; ‘asuBNog JO ‘UAG “S23'G8,09'GL.L “LLZH “9986S. *L69°69.‘89F 144.4 “TVITIUODO “18'FS 40H “LISS. HSSBI “ThS‘e¢ Josey ‘abunjnog aLinag ee sals/eeeesite aes

Sin othe re eA NG AS “-*"-uIgneg olineg Jo"uAg ‘Cp ‘OP, JOB “uUnag asinag “TIPO Playag Jousg "¢¢g'Gg.“OFS'GLaL “LIZA °269°69.69F'LE. “Tee9S USV ‘sanamprayrg asinag Cert pape | MS pag vas She inumeg jo'usg ‘ceydeq ‘s9‘eL,.V ‘aburtsang atinagyy ais, aap Goo neces eee “--"**yo17edeg Jo"udg “IOT‘'69'FO. VW “4a2jadng asinag “neascuing Jo udg “ece'es,OFS'CLL “FUPLOJOVOA “SFT PLAIOH “OL'EL.V “nvahowng asinagq RRO EAS Sag cate kn apie an! eS uluend Jo‘udg “SolipM “umuand 7g atinag “sUBaJIO JO "UAG “Ceg'es,‘OFE ‘GLoL_ “09'SL.OJOVDA “FU'E9XHO *89'%.V “6G [OF L609 £6F LE. "CST'E9. ‘OSES. -USV “1ge'6S. FOS FS. “COLES AION “PIE TSA “SEP TS HJOSCWL “SDIOYIIN “78 94inag hats Cae oe OPEN cael aet tac seu] jo ‘udg “89969. “SIZA “SINOT 1UIDES aLinag weet eee ee cette ee eeeee eee ayjourmer Jousg “0616. “IStA *4909H JUS! atinag FA RTS a EO an eS RP ea i me RR Ysa y jo “udg ‘09169. “ANOW VY “79 atinag ‘Jaq Jo -udg “PESCR OFSCL.L “ISTSUSV “OITA “2086S. ‘E18 FS. 0. “LL'TAOH "98969. FGF LS. OOESE.A ‘“OPSLPLEFPAIND “SLZ‘2EO6T' ES. AU9D “OSTTF.“68TZEM “avhioy atinag Ra > SS aa Cag ee Se saat Be aig aE uMOIg Jo‘uAS “OTL‘'69.0 ‘“INGY atunag Se et a ie eer gee alg “--""""uMoIg Jo‘usg ‘OTL‘69.d ‘assnoy a1inag ‘a1INeg I0jsBqy JO ‘udg “OST'ZOUSV “LIZA ‘“Tee‘6S.‘ZIS'FS.A “TS2‘69.‘Sth'2G.‘Sth' SE. -adnoy assnag Be Sate ee OE Sa ia SUO|W UBA Wuey{ Jo‘udg ‘7816.0 psy abnoy asinag i paahet alee eee ihe ment mead opi ----nofuy pey jo-uds °269'69.d. “nofuy .p abnoy a4inag ‘ ‘guuedcg ABiIn Jo ‘usg “GEA “ShLCOTEF'LE LIES. “OGT'ES. LUE *(@MTOS Jo AjJoeILOOU!) aHnoy a4inag ‘umMOIg Jo‘usg “PRe'cR,‘OFSCL.L “STH “0986S. OCS FS. A “OTL 6OTLELG (Lo8'Ch. A “LLZ'LE.OGT'Se.AUOD “OTE CEL'ZEM “Ghd = ‘abnoy asinag Care oD eee eo rresss-"-"=-99 p ejomBsleg JO"UAG “OJZT “apUoY asinag Cee le stingray Saget cinta "roo" -**pIpkuBy jo‘usg “C6. NpUY ‘“pivluDH woYy a1inag a Cee rr aaenithes Sean al scresrpipsuey jo"udg “00.0 VAN “Plviuny auoy atinag “sso Jo uA °Z6C'F6, HUB) “GOT'26,OJOVOA “EE LF IG FRIN “9uDMoY adinag 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 54 *SYIVUIOY *9IN4Xo,L “10104 “OM JO UMS “IZA —“GIF‘FOWOT “OCS TIMHM *662'2¢, HJOSVy *u949919,4 auunag i ee ee id Ysiyeiy jo ‘usg OO.0R VAT “YSYDLY U0A ILLNI BERD RGUCCORORO AGG 7200 Gop acne esa a BUA Jo 'UAS “OO.ORVAA “101A alunag rater tale Siete re eters DUOATT Op OWIVA JO'UAG "L6'Z6,OJOVOM ‘auloarvT ap aja, ILLNI ttt tt ttt tere eee ee eee Dene eee eee ““JeIq Jo 'uAg *989°69.d "J4aA aLdnag ‘uMOIg JO'UAS “LIZ “09 “6S OSEFS.H “OTL‘69. TL 29, 268'Ch. A “OBT'EE. AUD “SEL'ZEM “OhId “Waa auunag RA OEE SE PI te HoyBsilA ossvding Jo-uAg “zGe'6¢.q “suopy UDA aLinag ; ‘OTE Jo “uAg “LEC HSV 068'FS. A “GP'990OTFS. 410 “€6r‘CS. 1 “JoseNW “799'69.F9E'Sh.A ‘SEL'TF.M ‘99‘6E4MO ‘SEl'Se..UeH ‘suoyy WHA auunag TUNIVIL uvA Jo'usS “Goc‘es,‘OFSCL.L “PETH “COT'AIUHM ‘SCF. USV “e9e'6s. ‘Ese FG,.q “E9910 “28°69. S9E'SE.“S9'FP.OL'SEIN “TSE. HJOSB, “wn UDA aLinag ““"oypssoqg Jo"uAS “0OOMVAN 66969. “Za'ZL, NIV) ‘ayossaqig UDA alunag cree e eee ee eee “eee -Orany Op WEA TO Ad ‘She ‘OWN IP UDA ALLNI T cee c wwe n ewes wt Sr Sine en ars eee eae NON TOmUAC mn CCT rma Dt ota at rr ttere cece eeeeeee ee ese COUNT) JORUAC. (OOO CVINRM xlauuo) auutve a “xyoull -rony Jo uss “g98‘69.e9S'2¢. “6SSTIMHM “660'S9, HJOSeW, “ryougqwany a.inag weet eee ee eee eee eee nsec neste cneneees “AINOYYL, JO UAS “ZETH ‘“Avnoy sy asunag “SITON 104 -ul\\ Jo udg ‘POE'SE. HJOSVW “Urnoyy, alinag ‘S6'8F. HSSBWN “ZZE'8o.‘OFE LF. 10, agit gree tek Shs ee re ae eo ouUvy, JO‘UAS “TEP Zh HJOseW ‘auuny aLinag etwas pages ath dctih athe Ae sap cate U0dBL JO'UAG “OCe'ZE.HJOSVW ‘OL TEM “WOOD Z, a4unag We peM ei erkcs Va Maar mak wa, BESO Soe UIyNIS Wine JO"UAgG “YL‘OP,HJOSRW “UZNY aLinag P TT ; . ‘uysodng Jo uAS “sgt ‘e2, “MOH “Zcr'ex.Usy “e9e'6s.‘ece'FS.A “FISTS. A ‘O6FOG, HJOSvW ‘auiuadng a.inag ‘uyaodng Jo uAS “cpe'rT‘ese'IUM *298°E8. a "68S'G8.‘TLEGLAL “64'S. VILOHV '99'%9.V ‘GOGH “LCLH ‘88‘GG.410—{ °869'69, “GOP'LE. “OSS'OG. GES FS USV “6PF'ATMHM § “6ST PS. Ose “uifwadng aLinag [ar ek essing Jo uAg ‘eeTH ‘1986S. ‘OSE FS. ‘asseng’ ILANI J JOAIFL.P SING JO 'UAG “PRT'EG, VW “NDaANONy Waa] .P SING aLunag ieee es ee Se eppns Jo usg “NKO.OUVEA ‘Dppngy aLinag (oe Gat eceen ae Bae oicngcanin icresni ytoddo04g Jo'udg “joT‘e9,4a0R, *749dda0719 atinag 2 “SUBUIYIO}S JO “ULG *827°68.(096'CL.L *869°69. | LL6T “PSE FSA “6CES ION “EPTAOH “98h'7G. ‘CLF TF. HJOSBW “SUDWLYLaIg aLina |eastss peat nears age et hea ca aco ECC Apivyy Jo udAg ‘geqy “UDULy.aIg aLinag eek SUBULYI01S JO uAg “gcP‘LG, “GEO PGUSV “EPTITAOH “supwyo1a7g aLinag Be eee ee eas Aprey jo usg ‘gge'6G.a “OSe'9G. USV “supwy21979 aLinag ig phe ae ig OI TEEC sqievddeys Jo'udg ‘og Tce, josey ‘sjvapddnjg asunag neil wow Jo uAS "96969. ‘“8ZIH ‘FSEPY. “STO. HSSBN. “wad gy auunag Fer a i alg A ep in IEE ESS eulledsy JO'UAS ‘S6FLG,q “Udy alinag *rvod JO oUIvN “panunjwo, )—LO6T 02 FO8T wou suoynouygnd uvowaup Ut 07 paLiafos suvad Jo sayaruna unouy ay) fo capur-anbojn}0,) 126 55 ‘soar Aq paqwosocy CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. ‘90k Y JO Sul[poos B oq 09 YYSNOYL “Led ‘egg ‘orng[no -IW1O]T JO oulzeseyW ul poysiqnd “purl -Sugq Jo ‘sIaATy svuroyy, Aq postey EE eee 8 fqp | nasa ul OA0) |--**= OW Sh i he ie ii a an sehres ves 06 ‘coe he. *soydtn op 120" “AUS IWOW JO "uAG “Gee's ‘ORS'GLL_ “She GL 10H “SLOT OETH = “9986S. GSES. “RGI'SP,HJOSUN “E0EIS. A LOIN = “S9TOIOD 10L'69, P24 22898'Sh. A “LS LE AUD IG Tb PEE M “Sb “hubyuopy ap 129g Senec 8 Try OR POY. WyBANOT JO"UAG “RELTHPOL'TEM "SOTA “IULDANOTT ap izag Shai i po a ne lcs ala geting phe dit O1Lold JO ‘uAg ‘TOL 69,q_ '9LL91d D) ap zag “OVO, BT Jo ‘uAg “98T'96-HIL “CCC E8,0JOVOA “POS'SLALSE LL BI “SO4'C8,0FS'SLaL °99'CO.V ‘S146 “9STH “1SS'PG USV “LEGS. ‘Goes A “LOBM “ZhE LP. HJOSYW “00L'69,'SLP 1G‘898'SF. A “99N'GEAIND “R6NESAUOD “IZ PEZEM “6L4ld ‘OHO 0] ap wag "HOH JO"UAS *00L 69.0 “CS'CE MM “A4aH ap izag er ee Le WOH JOUAS “PE TEM ‘Yeld “Ata .pizag "WoH Jo uA “eee'es “OFS'GLaL “SLA “SIP‘6S.T68 ‘PS. “00L'69,'S99°29Sth'Sh. SCL IPM “99°62 AIND “LET'S. UE “aH .p ag “ooo'C8.aL “LOVSST 2G HJOSVW "EPS FE USV “eCeFS. A “1Z‘es (6811S, HsseWy ‘uesadsq, p [zog OessByoH JO-UAS “O8TA “ESL‘GO,TLS'LG,GEF'CE. “fassnyog .p zag fiat apew (Ar sos Pog Ns ety OAOSSVYOA JOUAS “Tees “LOE'PS. A “aIssvyo .p 129g ‘ouMOUINBYH Jo'UAS “Cee'es“OPS'GL.L “OSI “6L4ZA “SLE OS. GSE PSA “812‘69,‘699 ‘AGCEEP Sh. 96S AUOD “SSLTPC EPL CEM “FOI —“00GOD_—“a/asUOWNDYD ap aq Pia PETES 5 5 ee ese ae cees wae OLossByoy Jo UAG “pPL‘Ze MM “AsasspyD ap izagq OMossByoy Jo UAS “188‘69."LOEFS.A “SER'Ch.G “Al4assDYD ap Izag Saree vs me Oe Cee eae ee © rane Sema ma OLlessByoy Jo “utg PELId ‘MassDYyD ap izag_g PUSTS STIS SS A See ee “--£osstwp Jo udg “Zorih.‘Zerze.M “Aosspg ap izag Ea Foran Ramah eee Sossteg Jo ‘udg “gee'Gs,“OPS'CL..L “4901 (Pp fiossin9 ap zag 914.P Aossrep Jo uXg “eee'cR.L “00L'69.0 “92 .P Mossymp ap izag Aossie) Jo “uAS “DOL'69.G “9ETH “SCItd *L0z) “Aossymg ap zag ‘UdBO 66969. “62°89. VIIOH VW “PP'LOGIOH “ORE LE AIND §=‘Uang ap izag Siping i Woy jo‘udAg “ez tpPEUZeM “ALP iz9g ‘LIN 10yseq JoudAS “OST'ZA.USV “LIZA “1EL‘69.‘SzP “LQ ‘G2PCh.d “OOTP. SM “SLU°LE'86T'SE.1U0 “ECIG “SOLD SALT a)jajuownDnyg Iz9g Ba SS tS ys aS Secs SIs ss SSE See se usBD op zag “UAS "JT ‘*UWaRD 1Z0q Re oe TN ate Ye amet Pe NGL ets iar gla eee SIP‘6S.16E'FS.A PETAIOD «vue g 1z0q i ee ea Sas atin a ain eee ae eR souBy Jo udg 96969. “LLZq ‘“juowhag i OG SOR OD Ose big ince aegis quoumnveg yo"uAg “p6Z‘'6E,410}] “Juowhag ‘quOotInelg ‘yuouInelg o1Ineg ‘yuUOUr -Aog’ o1inog ‘sudg "29°26, 682'°C8,TSCL6L “LUZ 96969.‘ FLEE. = *JuowAog EN Cape Bie awe Tae, ie aaa eee eee AjWoAog Jo 'uAg “LE‘SE FJOsRW ‘apspyy Apsaaag woe eee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee e eee eee nee g[sBy] Apoaog ‘uAg “yy *ApIoAOg woes resets etc etc trees e terete erase mensaneess uepdurey] yo 'uAS “g721'69.q “papznag # oft sinib = wininimininle = ojhic a cinlein == sie am cewiele wouBsIog JouruIng Jo-uAg “ZElZEM “a4al4anag ae ae wosucIoM Jo "UAS “S9'OL. VHOHV “PEZ'FS, Jose “NozuoL0 4) a4snag een Pere * sae UOSMOIO NM JO "USS “CO'TL. VY “PIG'TILINIBH “UoZUoLo | aLinag naps see SERB =a WosuoOIO M Jo “uxgG “gge‘eR,‘OPS'EL.L “SET‘09.V “wosuoLo44 Tan 3 ; “quim “ZUM JO USS “OChEF.AIOH = “86'SF.HISSPN “SCTTRO6T'ZE MM “Quenyzii a4unag Roe te wewisie cae wee shar soos smn quinyZzyM Jo"ucg “09'FP.HSSPW “QUulooz)L 4 a4unag ae COEOS A LLZA “LOPLE “OSS TIM M | “660'7S, HIOSBW “JOP UTM CLINT SOOO ED OSE COROT SoBe qumyz4t ay Jo ‘utg “60 LF (SSCP, ASSP “Qunzpy A ILANI 126 —————— ee NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 56 *Sotqoll -BA paqiiosapun JO 4SI] S,Plol UL |-* 77 *|7777 7 “Sulu MO Jo [lorvdsue Azoq wor jouystp Apuovddy “GhST Ul poy BUISIIO ‘uoredsy “fg ‘fey Aq posiey Sher S| an accra | A aR ei tar ce i So Re ee eo hap quomnveg Jo ‘udg "P60 66,10, “JADA fizag eR te en eS JOBA 3° “aA ‘S6l4q “JOD fizag SEGRE ESC SRe is '= “CES sas ee nictet= qOBA JOUAS “SST'Th.“OBI'ZEM “861d “Jan, fizag *jloredsurg Jo ‘udg ocg'Gg‘TRS‘GL.L “O8'PL, HUOIN “98TH ‘“SLZH °202‘69.‘9L6'29. “aundsung fizag “Aossyep Jo uAg “ges‘es, THS°CL.L “L986. “SLOH “OLP'L9.d “an Pp hossand hizog “IOIUIBY) JO SUAS "9998, THSGL AL “2986S. A “8LEA “OLFLE. “6S0'2S, HIOSBW “1ayutop hizag eases murae oi "ToT" quounBoeg JO "UAS "F6Z'6S.410H ISDH “IS ap fizag Pea ee < eT Bee See. ee qoBvA Jo -uAS “O6I'ZE.M ‘SDDA JUDY ap hizag Ree Ge SAB SE COR ROC O GSS ---£ossteg Jo uAg “00L'69,d ‘“SZldq ‘hossand ap fizag SiSie sinists nisin urvano7y Jo ‘uAgG “612K “PEL‘69O8F' LE. “SEL IP = “wpanoT ap fhizag eta ka Si an a aaa Se ee eee 91}0W BT Jo uAS ‘64g ‘ayo Dv) ap fizag uslodsa.q Jo uAg *29869.0 “SSP29.q *(A[snoouoise) wasadsq7, D hoe : ‘ue10ds ] | 149 Jo uhg “ege‘es, ‘OFSGL.L “T02°69.‘9LF* 49.0 "606 SP. HJOsvy “uasads gy .p hizag SPE Pare ene JowuourneyyD jo ‘uAg ‘“g2Z°28,qU9H ‘“PeId “Jazuownpnyyg ap fizag Fin Wine Cie s/elatsiche piel ele erie Spins ae oe dllassBypy Jo ‘aAg PolId “fsasspyg ap fizag Tig EO URE Sil R Ss c[> sleisieiclste'sleinnisine: Aossveg jo uss “¢pi' tM “GSI ‘fiossip) ap fizag Bei aisis = win erereieielela/sisiciclaefsjewie "7777" "suBII}0A JO ‘usS “OFT‘OF, Hose "SUDLIIIA IIT “OBA 10 ‘uAg “GGG°G8. 0FS'SL AL ‘SLOH “198'6S.068'FS.A “S67 0S, -HJosvyy *Z0L'690.'GLF'26.‘82r'Sh. SST IPM = “99°6E9IND + “S8'ee.quen ‘yaD4 zag SSS Ee e's oie sim sielsiseels Pisin Rinisisls Seles Deseo nD Zoe ‘uAg ‘Izy APIRY 120 el Si eee sreressesses Kp og JouAS “68I'IS HSSeW “fpLny 29g pacdet ers ici 9¢1'69. HMI "86°99. HO *2908'6S.FSe'FS.a “ete Ts.ad *TRoardsutg 120g PS OR iasaie Si artisis: sere cele aisle cinelalciest seis aiiote hiatal 48BB A JO usg ‘Seq ISDDA Wy wag “MOH JOoUAg ‘SIZH ‘“STP6S.‘T6E'FS.A “SOC'2¢.'8cr' ch. “L6L'e8.quen “2ohoy wag 4{prIvMUloy JO"UAG “OFLC FJOSVW “7punmuray wag TOSsONy fo uA “GSS 1G, HJOsvW “a7 Pp Lossan wag BO ae ao00e1q JO uAg G69'69, Wd ‘2000aLg 12ag ae ae gine “rey jouAg °ZOL'69.d “PLT IAXWD) BIE OIIIND “WI 120g Sih inl iaataicias ini siieieseis alsin a[LossByouy Jo ukg “ECL'69,'CLG' LE, “alwassDYyoy 1 29g ECC ra re a oe en ne TOL'69.0 LTS TO AMOH “SLZT “A NRQNOY 120g Soar See uorods yp Azog ‘uoredsq isog ‘sudg “[0L‘69.d. ‘8424 “Uslodsq Izog cs aN ch Ne tt Sk SUBIOJOA JO'UAG “ECe'Gsy,‘OFG'GL.>- Cel eee a ee LoTUUBY suv _ ofesioulopeyy UAG “Ye “AapUURG epouel” Pap et ts eee ee gonbuvlYy o9IT JO IAS “S1ZH “GOE'SEAIND “Lnajy ayounrg ystuedg Jo udg "ggg'69,d ‘ayounig pa ast eae auues0d OMG M JO"UAg °G69'26,.L “oUDIg Fake age occas sca naa sovsssss-Kuoyet_ JouAS “00.0EVAA “Pry uayorg ~ poy Auoeyeig ‘udg “yy *AuOyeTg” *1vad JO OUIGN ‘ponunuoj—Lo6T o7 FOST wouf suoynoygnd unrwauwpy ur _o7 pastafas sinad fo sayaunr unouy ay) fo vapur-onbopp)n7 126 59 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. oA ‘d ‘GIST “SHN}NYAO FT UL poysyqnd “UIBANO'T JO ‘suow uBA uYOLr “Aq Aq pa} BUIsUIO “1wod Areulynd y *poqosep JON “O ‘a ‘ZIs -suay 1B pavyo.o [eyUOUTLedxXe UT “OOUBLY ‘UANOY 7B GEST ul jouNgsIog “WT UIA ULsI9 “poqiosop JON ‘rer d ‘gpg ‘orngyno -IWOTTL JO ourzesey Aq poystqnd “69 'd “2887 ‘AQoloog [Ring[no -1Q1O FT SP POSNYoRss vy JO SUloour ye SuruuRy yloqoy Aq pezqryxg ‘TIL “Boag UI poJYBULsIO VABY 0} poUTIRI[O “I RPO, oq 07 oAOId ABUT SIG "YIN X MON JO ‘poospool_ soumve Aq GEsT Ul poonporqUyT ‘OW ‘uepuUre) Jo 9}R, “ospora “qd Aq pester [BO BIBT) ‘aqung Jo ‘yoorg *y Aq poyeursi1O “peqitosap JON “POST ‘BIpedopoAoUy O1YS0UT -Od Ul oesBeW “Iq Aq paquosed terecseereees=--irpqouog ap [eiouay ‘udg “yy *dueqouog uosjoden youdS "6186.0 “ISta “OR LEAIND ‘aj4nodnuog Renee Se ake ro nae oe seresrecssss--BusolOg JOsImoy ‘uAg “Yy “RUsojog “II [IMJO JO oLimog TOUMTOG op ong “opiapod oerumog ‘suds ¢69°26.L “FL9'69. *AOLTEM TOM ics ck Cie MS PE ce ee Eas punog Jo ‘uAg “Ggs'69.d “4901p LDayog PL Rick tide are aoe os toe hee ee punog Joudg “CEes’6.d “OL'ZO.V “ESQ “4DALIOT -“qolesslog, ooun yO “JO[osslog ounqloy ‘yo[essiog ouuesOd ‘sudg “Y “yoresspog ee a) pavustog ouuesog ‘usg > | . IRUSTOR SEE uogjodey Jo "uAg “61869. “SLZA “86'SP. ISSR “woajodpN slog Bi ee SIPS OO sreeeeseeseessrounqgsiog Jo‘uUAS ‘OO,0GVAM “SDL 8 Jaunqsiog “ASBLY S,jounqsiog ‘ounJslog, olineg ‘founqsiog otmnog ‘sudg ‘Ops 1OMAXAUBO “T *pounqgsjog SR aah al ahaa han aid gle tg) lita) 2 aha Ph eect Sc hag oh hg OB Sa AES 9STOP fuer) “ep yog “"RIUIOYO JO ULI) Udary) ‘BIUIOYOR JO UOAYIO VOID “BIWIOYOR JO uo1}) ‘oJA1JOUN ossOLy VYSSoULOg VUATQUOIZID ‘OUIIGQUOIBID ‘suUAg “YT “RT Weyog AUS SRS SESS Elio ein eke tae 5 Ci iano aaa upuiso0gq deuy uepfon ‘udg “yy *UlpUsog “*-eurpog jo udg “9ge‘Th ELT OF, HORRY “buyprag 8 upog "77" "Zul[poog s,urpog ‘uA *60‘LF, SSVI “UIP ee [eyoor ey, jo ‘uAg *118‘69.0 “nog i] ap ‘O "7 we ee ee ee ee ee ee eee co's p= EG TROT Id ‘udg i § *|Rog youquoumrg Jo'usg ‘“ZL‘I6.OJOVOA “vad 497)Ng 8 yooquaunlg pniipebtek he gil rigel o S CC eS Cit yepjog yo 'udg “98 ‘69, “Yyonquaunig roy Ng s,qoRqueuny gd ‘uosjodeN olineg ‘yovquoumnygd oneg ‘suds ‘ZI‘I6,O0JOVOA “Worquownyg NOSIS ES ASAE He < ‘onstq Jo*udg (Ziq ‘swosso7q ynoyjyin vad 10 ‘4vad ssajuLosso)g SE Seas | SSE are ajournsues JoudS “16369. “GITTPM ‘9d = “Apoorg ae rae auuane Jo UAS “2LZ2E.TU9D “OST'ZEM “COX MON JO) LDaq poobpoolg ‘odinog AWB “UAG “SZZl “PCE TUM _ “PSP'LE LEGS. FSSSLAL “99E"F8Y'TL. ES°S9, WOF “961A “ESE 6S.“OGE'FS. A “ESD “SOS ‘S98'ES.“660' TS. A “FG'OS.USV “ESTED "GOL'69.'SZP'LE.Z8E Ch. “99S Eh, HIOSVN “IST‘Th. M “SS'Lb. ‘6r' FR. ‘O'SE. WN “poospoorg Seles ais 's heen < Sin SRas Sage his tne Seek reese s qjournsurs Jo‘udg “ggsA, “poolg ee “91Z1 *yoSpolg EGE oS See ce! Ven cet yoold_ 30 uAS ‘TES‘IT‘Tee' TUM ‘gqladng s.y001¢7 GER ase or see ae ee auUIDV JO'UAS ‘“GCSTIL‘TPE TIL TesIUM = ‘awoPy 8.4017 es aes bs ee Seon € See oe reer eS ee ee qaedng § yoo[d ‘udg “HM “MOOD “Re Tis Saar I ARERR BSI REE AO aaa 10OONGA “IAA *JOOId WF “*-="-aqrueg er1od ‘oy10,7 ood “suAS “{gT‘ATOUMMOg “passed "G69'26,‘G99'S8,TFS'GL.L ‘lZL “898'6S.‘T6EFS.A “ST'66, 687‘ FS'FS.V “SL2'FS. SV OZT'SS.4IND "ZOSTS.A “L9TPIOD “ST'6R.OU VN. “S0L‘69.'L96'99, SSeS “SET Th. MH “18°LP.OL'PF.88'S8.N “99c'eS, 68E'SF.OL'2E, HJOSB “SISId =“ Mopbayy $ .4049991q 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 60 “6PST ‘S1aMO14) qinig Jo ssorsu0g Aq _ pogjooloxy *6FST UI SIOMOIYD qynig jo ssorsuog Aq poqooloy ‘orT “d ‘coeT ‘449 -J009 [BAINI[NOQIOF, YOK MON uleyso A, JO SUIooUL 4B pozIqIUXa |--- "7 > Sina esries oictatec cw ie miala seseseessessescerrogrodeNn Jo'udd ‘619'69,q ‘aod wayalyp wog panes ae eS CUIM) UeTo1yO UO” JoUAS “P8869. “WOU A ap UaYa1y) UOT Hone Ast spars Culm) UsljeryO Ug Jo'UAG “EPL'Ze SM “sl0oUda, ap UayjaLyO Uog a gage ie’s hime ee ale ee epee pete wa a 934 0[L8Y) Jo “udg “S26 OUND ap UIYILYO Uuog (UIM) UoTyoIyD UOg Jo UAG “FR8'69.d “SUNOT, ap UayjaLy) UOT oe Sage Shee PAS Seem See oouBYyY jo uAg "96969, “SUDY ap UIYOLYO uog “-==="--99UBY JO'UAG “LIZ ‘aUDY ap uayaryy) uog esate nn icin ee (Td) UeeryO UOg Jo-udg “TOTTP. 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OCLTRZELZEM LLS2E.AU9D “T9'6SId “LSID “O6T‘ALOUM MOG ‘apy .p UayayD UOT poe iSiGIi a asi Stare leis Siar nicisio/tleine Piagis's Sela es ear G62'0¢, HJOSPW ‘Uerlodsy,p Ueljoryg Uuog ‘ystuedg Jo°usdg “0O.0E VAN ‘“SLZA “SETH ‘SIP ‘6S.‘168'FS. 01 *868'69.‘296'2¢ 0Eh Sh. “ZCT'ThOPT'ZEM “864d "6020 ‘aubodsy .p uanalyp WoT “--="--""--CuTM) UeljoryO UOg Jo -UAG “pPEg'69,d ‘adouryunjsu0) ap UayjaLyy) UOT PBS SDOOS SOAP SSETOOISS JoyuouMBYD Jo ‘uAg “gTZ‘69,q ‘22WOWNDYD ap uayalyg UOT ‘oVUBDUO WT watjoryO UOg JO'UAG “FOL‘'69.d “OFE'LE,IIND “SOTTRM “Saljarnsg ap uayjalyg Uog Fam apie align pega emcee pee ystuedg Jo ‘uAg "86869. ‘QUULOIN P Pp UAYALYD UOT sesasenadcaden os IBA osslosuy JO "UAS “g/Zq “pazpbaIunA assiobuyp .p wayaLyg Uog ea kh ee a ee CULAA) UdslJoIyY UO, Jo uA "SL6N ‘ass1obu VP Ualjady) UOT ees (UIM) UeeIyD Uog Jo UAG “FRs'69.d ‘ORELE.AIND “YonP.p Uar24YO UOT okt bee yony jo-usS “SCL‘TF SPL CEM “FOIA “WON. UAL) UOT OBITNIVED JO UA “OTL‘69.d “GLH “aSNayuDYD SUI Y .p UaYaLyD UOT SEA'FG.V *SoTfoxnig Wojos1y) wog 99969,“ oudDg wayjasyg Uog is deuiacked cine hele ot ttndiach entire pias inthis tiara SAR OPV'SO.HANM 9 ‘JOUWTIOT OUTOJUY UoTJoIY) UO She = SSE SS Sis SASS SS ARR SS S's CUIM) UstjoryO UOg JO‘UAS “FR8‘G0.G “UWatjalyQ Uuog wioisjsista: so) sicijsizis sinj= (olsen isi SiE ieee Cumg) uoyoryg Uog Jo;uAg “GGId . “UatjaLyO UOT *SyIRUIO yy “rvod JO ouleN *ponurjwoj—ZLoé6l 07 Fost wosf suoynoygnd unruaup ur 0} passafas sivad fo sayaruna unouy ay) fo xapur-anbopp} 0) 126 61 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES, weet eee SR Oita SILI (1; 1) udyoryO wog yo ‘udg “T9269. “TOUTE *S10ULIA Uayasyy uog “Clu ua}jeryo Uog JoUsS “SCT‘O6.HPUT “LETH ‘SIP‘6S.‘16e wee aaa | ete oak afer werefocececslereccctecesoreyeerccccss) FG “T9L‘69.'29929.08F'Sh. “TOT Th ME “99'6E.4IND “9d “oun L warasyD uog , “TOMO ULBITTTM uBysNYyO pooy Jowung ‘uBysuyO JetuIng ‘ueye1y9 uog Jourumng ‘qUBSOA -ANYG ‘OULIQUOISIIYO OFNA) JOUIUIOY ‘OSSOLy OUAIQISUYO 09ND JOUINIOY ‘oudIqI0H -ayjody rourmog ‘sijeyog ‘07 4[,p URayeg ‘(oUIOS JO) e1Ineg spaByoiy ‘sulppoog §,pooyy ‘UolQoryO UOg aouruing Yysny ‘(oulos Jo) rwsng os1eT ‘ajjouosieye ‘045,,p udoIYO UO sory ‘OLOPONvE URIYWOIYH UO SOIH “UOWoIYO UO” sory ‘BULOY ID HOWery) OLU.P MONBID “YONBIH “OsnoYy TYoOPBIH ‘(Your 947 JO) 1OlvIH ‘yooviyn YQuesoAdngg IOUIOAOY ‘OUIIGOISWYO JOUIUTOg VIG ‘OUIIGQIsMUg ony) act ‘ossoyongd oc {040.P offouwy ‘onbsnyw us ory uog ‘Ajovay UoNe1yO Uog *OOST SB ALIRO ‘onbsny 076[,P UoToryO Uuog ‘ounBe 04g ,.pP Udo1yO Uuog ‘o4q[,p UaWoeryO Uog se odoingy FnoYsNoIYyY poyway[NH | our 3 8 t A I dad |- ting | ‘ueqo1g9 uog ‘orjponvog ‘avoq solweooyjody ‘sudg “7 ‘Curng) weoryg uog wecccaleccccs|ecccceleccccclececcccsi|secccesleeessesleeseeseses(eseeese ses eseseseessesessesessseees ysruedg jo ‘udg “96869. “muds UatjasLygD uog "ystundg jo"udg ‘gce‘eg. “168 = side's ‘TITS. “FSD “99'6EIIND “61d “Yysrundg uanasy9 Uog es Ss. 5 LOC.OFOVOA *AYSOTGOS VoToIy) VOY 9 Se es ee Sennen cnn enn nnn n nner nna “-""opeupang ‘suyded surg weyjoryg uo” | gos ee ae a eee tote Pe Peaere mens Samos 4SOAOIg JO"UAG “CZEBL. 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OGL) 4 (al i es ee Sl Pe OS ae a [erstsr S| Smge IOW | -oYO “Jsolg op oJUBSSRH ‘SUIY[OW JSolg “Jsotq Jo vod Suiyvoig ‘sudg “] “ysorg "ped ‘OG8T ‘ong [Noo TT *(oul0s JO jo oulzesey ul poysyqnd qsang | uw 3 das | qut 43 wm | dyqo |--"XN A[snoouors9) Noyes A ‘1oWoIg VYIOpoIy] ‘toulo1g Yooper “sudg “yy *seueIg CI a i i | A a a I a “--qsolq Jo'ucg ‘egiq ‘jsarg fo avad Buryooag ee epee are) : ‘9ECNHV ‘c6S | “OSh 26,696 G8. TSG SL.L “GFLOHIOLV “JOH “CLZT “LOL‘69SLELE. “SOE UC FRCS, ‘OPST UT “Rg ‘AIUNOD OBA f “USV “87R'6SETE'FS A “99'COSLET' PGW “TS'SS HSSBIN “SOFM = “£9E'ES, ETS 1S. -vjoq ‘AoarryT wo Aq poyeursirg | our | 3a-3] das | wif | nadAd | w Ce eee Cd | IS TIAOH “2eT°10D «“O¢k‘G9,‘e¢ ‘OOL' GF, HJOSVW "G87 1299 SP 440], ‘ourMApURIg ‘opuvig jo judg “969 26.L “698'6S(9CE'FS. A "GEL'FS‘GZ'7O.V PIE'IS.A “ZOT‘OP.HISSUIN “9Sr ide RE (ere ae al tied il (ncaa faeeceats emt a GP AOH *ZOS O6T LOT GF, HJOSVIN “LOL69, TS LE ‘ShE'SE. “ULDUWLIH JUDY s apudsT Sole veel escisicciaels sti Re ce sis ros SS cies ester cess pare el bent. sm eeo oar = ones See ee eo opuBig JO"UAg °102'69,d “UlDW4ay “1S ap uDLT Rey nis oS EE Ls eee RRC a ame “apuBig JO"UAS °202°69,0 ‘SLZq ‘8,apuDsg ‘suOW UBA UYOL “IG *S opuBLg UIBULIOD JUIeg ‘BISopuBIg SnIAg Wa Ayqeqord tynyiqnop uso ‘UIBUIIOY) JUIRg S,opuvIg ‘UIRULIOy 4g Op UBIg ‘s,epuBIg ‘suAg - sapurnig ‘asIno’y olrvyy JO -uAG *1g9Zq “LLEFS. A “T8606 20, 668'SF.A*LOT'e8.TUON =“ pappunjy pjaiq s,yorpposg eo [ARE Beil oo Socio ote oo Fo eet osINOT OVW JO UAG “g6e'6S‘128'FS. A “LE TIAOH “/pys4oyy plaig 8 yoUppoLgy asino’yT OUR ac AvW ss. ee ee ee a [eee + eee See pace ~ 4 Sie meee = ae "OST Sh, HJOsB WN "ecT' 1PM *yorpprig “TPS LO OPST UL poPVUIBIO { J SRE DoS te Oe BOE Cea jeuidgy ,p JouooBVIg atlog “UAG “JOL‘'69,q "JOUOOBIg “€Sojoulog JO speuuy wWolyy s | f QS. ete ges ciel Peete (xnolind) JuURqeig op ossoyong *uAg “T *(xneWnq essoyonqd) JuREqrig “ASOLO JO SpRULLY UOT COC Che Tin bel ese ilierrccen ee a [ayer (yoluede)) guRqeig op osseyondg ‘udg “TY *(YorledeD ossoqonqd) purqrig “ qeplog Jo-udg “960°L6,.L “JuDqnlg “OO]10]B AA ‘OO]107B AAP [Ol ‘XNeu -1BYO Op O]JOLAIoyy ‘UIUTe Lf ‘UdTIe AA [BIOUOD ‘adIUIOD Np oJURpUOT ‘osnoureYyyD sep o7VUBpPUO,T ‘osnoUloyO op oyuUBpUOY ‘osnouleyO op oyUBpUO ‘oshourBYyD oyURpUO., ‘BUIISST]U9][00x GY ‘URq BIG Op ONC] ‘SUOP UBA a1ISsaq ‘NBOUILY LD ‘OO]107B AA ,p WIN ul BA A mql | qs I djqo |---- Sjoq | ‘nvoureyD op olImeg ‘osnourvyD o1Ineg ‘oUolooxg oped ‘sudg “JT “jurqrig Leas heats uryAog Jo"uAgS “T00ONCA “S22'SL 410H “SOL'Se.V “aun s,uryhog See eee ee eune s,uryAog ‘uAg ee | “urysog svuny Jo*usS “g61'69.0 “T84‘SZZd “Ua nog wee eee ee eee eee eee esses eres eeeseseees ouMOg jo “udg ‘Gl1OA “JISSNY AIPULAL 8, 2unog “BA ‘Aqunog VUSIM JO OST Ul pozPRUIsiO ‘AN ‘purysyT SuoT ‘Surysnyy 38 po vRUIsIO “peqitosop JON cure; ee et et tet eee S JOSSNY 19QUI A S SUMO ‘usg “T *oUMOg ad herd ete fod ate bee akg a5 OFS'LFAIND “SPLE. HOS “UyopMog *1ojsoulesinog Jo “usS "LOL'69. “6986S. A "SLZA "SS'FS HJOSRY “0z'SS HISSYN “9ujsamabanog s91,0n0g tos SS Atle eek Cen ie oe en eee sBury Jo “us "862'69.0 “satan | ee OT[LOAIOPY Jo ‘us “LEL'ZE. ‘OO d ‘sDanog “TLSI ‘SUIUUBW JAoqoy Aq poziqryxg | ur |---*-> fering: f Co Wie Fy 9 BHO IPPC H C0 oY clade Neel kat Ae ei et ioe inal i OOAVAA “6S LZ AsSsByy *vojnog 126 — _—w - . _ s —— ————— St NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 66 ‘9 “gq ‘zIs -suSy 18 prByoro peyueurtiedxe uy f7-7 Pe ee es es | eke Ry paaaemeSi ageat ea ei ee an azuoig ourejnosuy,p ssoyong uAg “00.00 VAR ‘“ssoyong ozuoig pa a a aks, Janene ele een ee weenie |e ee ener ee e]oe eee et tegen setters seers eros eIgag jo ‘uAg “peldeqd ‘“warybug .p azuoig ‘OST UT poonporqUy “KCN ‘olAxuorg 48 poqeulsi1O eur | 3A-3 | ds | rl MAS o> SOC OM SSS Ni ot sca = a inate nets eee are ces tna en eae OS ATHIOLV “ZST29.V “1929410 “xXUOIg “SUI | -uUMO( JO ‘IeMOIgG op 9},0]1RYD | —Iomorged Se oeulUS ATGIssOg | ---- "°F ies as firssieeiase ipa si te aS taloloiah si hSi re 218 S515 .o 5 |e aie ceeaig Saini y akc ie okay ari? ae ana IOMOIg 9p eq90KIBYO “UAG “YW “AMOI PI | ‘oozq .p Auuog ‘uAg “LEZNWHV “d ‘OS8T ‘JSMNgNIGAO FT UBIPBULS | | ‘O0O8 VA ‘OOOPNV ‘6SEGHIT “FOAGPA “FL88LVH *28'T8.'PT‘08. 89G “eZ JIM de ae aan Pearle ach ai Spe Sader d ego Sere eines Sp ia hal | (lo gaat = “UBD “GZE'BL FIBRIL “8@{LL.OJOVDOA “LS XTHIOLV “LSTL ABD “MARd YAOMYOOIT c -yoorg Jo ‘souamey “apy Aq pastery f | BOS [0g [al eM OER CS tant es ge ae Me OES Pe WR Sie Se hk “-ezTdeq *yyAOMyooIg “ysjoyyoorg Jo "udg “ZgPTS HJOsey “SIU, “/ownbsag isjoyyooug “7g ‘d ‘6181 ‘Aqetoog [Bolsojour | -Og uvoweury JO suoTORSUB.LY, Sate OUIGsIOg Tesmey) ATUEOL |eo > eles seal sn ss alee Yo era RSS ISSIR Fag jouresieg ysjoyyoorg ‘uAS ‘“ShSHWH ‘28'6L.V “9StOUNIOIg | “qoulRsieg [as | -UBH Jo'UAS °969'26.L “LLZT ‘SETH “P8e'6S.'698' FS. “LL'TIAOH “692'69, "29h LS, \eeioenen | oes mes lige seal legal Sarees sees ‘gge'ee. “LLG LE 96T Se. TUOD LETT SET ZEM ‘FUd ‘S810 “sownbilag spo0Lg ‘joursyuqd Aq peqLtosad 10.0 tie pelea [fr=ah@.'g =a CEL See & sees | aos Pe ||P eo sSssses “OUSLIOI Op 9} JOSSNOY ‘oUSvIOI | OPUBLD VP JOJOSSNOYy, ‘sudg ‘Zid *JOSSNRY YSNG | | | ‘ysuug jo-udg “9INg “ZL'FL.OJOVOA “S822 1IIAH poe Sos aoe es eee eee | eer keane lpeesen arene “JOY “GIT'SLS6'CL SSRN “60L'69. “9E'OLILOH “LE'ELES6O.V “UIANY YSULT “puBlsug ‘QLOULSOL 18 posi’ y (0.0 age Secteateetieiies | 8 | qp nto | I doqo cad Buy PEs re TESS See eee eae ae usenet) UStyiygd “uA ep tabe | “T “Usp “Oa ‘ZIs | | -SU3V 18 paiByoio [eyUoUITedxe WIS Re eer | ee ce a Bhar STC Koei eee Sod ede hati a ae a eee 2 ge OBVSSILIG 8p ossoyond ‘udg as fi “ORSSIIG “pol d ‘epgy ‘orngpnoy10 | jo ourzeseyy Aq poysyqnd ysiq | | 60269, “6ST ‘69e'6C‘9CE' FSA “EGU ZPAPST'Sh Hose *“poomesuyig “QOUBI ‘ouulal A ul po VUIsIIO P PeNEE eae Ger cal a Ss Soap sl ess Sees Se ee ost SaaS oa pat One ee ee LE emeel 602'69.0 “INOW PE PULg SS ra SKF S3 S SSS Si ag ee Ysimo[y Jo ‘udg ‘092'69.0 ‘“SSIId 9 ‘a7Ud) 4 ystureyy Jo usg 09269, “IS TAOH “OGT'SS.AUOD “SEL TRCCLT CEM “UDI T ‘SOUUON Sop 110d ‘vag S,UNN “SeuUON So “SoUON Sod “UMOUY ATUIBIIOD JOU VISIO | oul BA Ad uf 3 ul ife Kos aa Es ei ‘QUUON od ‘Slvusiig ep alineg ‘sudg ‘g[NgG “969'26.L “88°86, HUT *STRUSIIG. *SOTAQS jo Quegug “iW Aq pelBUlsioO et (aaa ake neg suf | aq3 I CC OR lees ae ph | Sa eRe eae qneyug ettog ‘uAg “00,00 VAA “80L'69.d “99'SS.410T{ “FNeYNa : quourpeirg JO"UAG “6ETH “69E'6S (LSE FS. A “JUOW IIL 7 aa at ad eae aa eg ae ysng jo-uds OST er, Hjosey, “ysng hing “116 °d ‘Tost “Aslwng[noy.10 “quoul Ul LPT *d “W109 Aq pequosoq | ul | BA | wiqf | mid | ut Ao |*---Seq | -loma “us -969'26699S"C81FS°GL.L “80269. “LIZI9AIOH “SLGH “FUOWTRNY “GOST UL po “SSC “Oul[yoorg 18 poeyVUulsItg at weean || OR me aa a ed (ea agen al fees gta | pi rg SDE GRAD |Pee ge ae ee ee ee aie ee “Op'99 FISSBIW *1dOpSMolP ul 3 s 00 & ul MOQ Prs02 2 2S PERRIER SEES SS SESS SRS ae Eran eie ps pein eee fee ae ee me 80L'69,q “Aemarg Mm nm Beene =e | cemliae lee aa “syIvUley B 2 4 + ° 2 3 oR, “ved JO oWIUN 5 g 5 = ‘ : ‘ponurjyuoj—ZLo6l 07 FOS] wouf suoynoygnd UnowaUP Ur 07 pauafed suvad fo saad UNoUY a4) fo xapur-an6bo7p70) 126 67 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. *paqlosop JON “CPST ‘Suuvy Waoqoyxy Aq poxyqyNXsy *ASOTOWO Jo speuuny Wor, . “LPT ‘Fumuey, woqoy Aq poyquypxg “GOST OJ oNSOTRPR,) SOsUNn]Y og ‘ourepy oq OF OAOId ARW “POST Ul ‘UORIBI AY SBTIG Aq poyeaning “peqttosop JON “TIT ‘AVUNOD UOSIPRI, wor, pojRtodeyxy *OOURI YT, UT Ayyeradsa ‘poureeyso ATysry AOA “Sulypoog §,MOIg sv ‘g2T ‘d ‘OpST ‘orngyno “IWOH, JO oulzesey ul poysyqnd “GY8T UL popIOd yy “SSBIY ‘OUT]YOOIG 18 poeqIRUISLIO ee ee ee ee Bp SSG Ot OGG ISCO! | ICC tt tv balad nish y Ai ‘CEM BA BS fq |qni143 oo | nis3 foo | 143 oqoTqo oqou I aaa meses {ver | ane “"“"ssByl ‘quuog ovynIg *SOUUB(T Sop UOTI[IIeA ‘AUNLOINY ,p WOT [TUL -10A ‘UOT A ‘ourordng ‘neeqI10D IWed “Go[duIoD sunoD-ANON ‘osnoy Rosny ‘OTLIpBoSN | ‘o[[Ipvosny sory ‘sourecy soq ‘bop aq ‘seljexnig ep o1inoeg ‘sjossnag jo Aqnvog ‘uuingny jo Aynvog ‘ouUulogny ,p oulist{fog ‘Sjossn.ig Jo ojjeq ‘sejjeaxnig op og ‘Sfossnig op offog “Asnsny 10 NOY ,polfed ‘Noy epeajjeg ‘sudg “| ‘spessnag “ChOS HIND §"G62'09 TJOSBIN “Seb LISSUAN “OoSOg op ounIg ‘OUULBSSBIY) LOPUT AL SUTBIQAOFT JUIBg OC ‘NROIINAg op IOATTL ,P OUBSSTAD ‘IOAT]T Pp OUBSSBID ‘NBOUTLIg, OUBSSBAD ‘NBOUNA OLIN] “IOATT] ,P OURSSBA) OFFOUIBS.IOG “NvounIg op ouvSsSRID oJJOWIBSIOg “sUAg “YY ‘NROUNIG CAPM NSS ence ae ees Bes ““OULIGsuBUIsnig Jo*udg “gez'pe, vy “aur” 8 woulinag “SE PSV "G6e Se JOB “OUT, SueUIsNAg “UAg "96'S. {69°2F ISSR “ou qsuRrwuanig "OS WAL ‘ong “CEUEP AIOSRIY “Uapin A, Uno. *(ooul.I gd) ureutioy Jo ‘uAg “gpe‘6c, ‘Cee hCG. “LEs‘6OSPS'ZG LPR Ch. “urDULLaD “1g unorg Sareea “OUISSOJY JOCUAS "BETTE M “Wd abuDLQ UNOLT wrens ss ssseessssoss" Ppl UMOIg Jo°uAS “OI'ZLHPUL “MS “Dad plang 8 UnoLg TUS TNGS AE Ne IS aa aS ak Ne Se Bet AD Tae, Bcd Ch atta st etic TN) Te BOSS SBC a SON SSSI OSGI “uMolg jJo-udg “gezy *4wa7INgG UNo.g Bee rc ee a ee er eerie ee a nog cee eee RT eee en ee “UMOLEL JO “UAG “SOP'L6.68S'SS.TLSSLL “TS TAUODO “PLE TIUELM “OPES. DoT MN “9989S. 'ZhS PS. USV “E9TOOD “ROTA “OTL'6O,TLE'LG208'Ch.d “99'GRAIND “L228 “WD "MS “OCMIPCSETES “OhId “OSTU, “S8TOASCTROMR) ‘atunog unos stanisinnieinaien Ta asians ois “7 "OxNpYyaty JOUAS “ZI8'69. “FGld “PIttupy unosgy iS Skee 5 yp ae La ae a ee “s""aynpyory jo “uAg “CETTE ‘DAU pp UNnoLg®> ‘aLIneg Usp[OyH enry, ‘esnoyy ‘1994Ng pay ‘ole pay ‘estoquIy,p a10g ‘oLNed ey ‘ApuBuLion Jo 4zoquresy ‘uOg eo] Quequresy ‘qaequies] ‘sity ‘alanesg, Aoiy ‘TeyqNg Usery ‘1eqqng ABry ‘alineg ABIy ‘olINeg Uep]Oy ‘WequiBsIy ‘QaRquesiq ‘19}4Ng UMOIg ‘lined UMOIg ‘J10A B1Ineg ‘xno Y dlInog ‘essnoy s1inag ‘esnoy alineg ‘Ynq Jo o1inoeg ‘q1oquresy] olineg ‘ouUIOINY ,p SUH Vineg ‘sup auneg ‘10x Np elineg ‘ee10q ono ‘(qouely 9) JO) eloq e1inoeg ‘UdINGAGLy ap e1ined ‘10, Pp dIneg ‘j19quLeST,p d1Ineg ‘UdBH 9p alINneg ‘(A]j001100U1) NOfuy,p s11neg a@slOqUIY Pp OlIneg ‘asne|qury,p Wlineg ‘10jjNg o1ineg ‘UMOIG @1ineg ‘o1ineg ‘s,umeypeg ‘esloqury,/T 10 esloqury ‘oslorqury 10 esioquiy "suUAg “J “UMOIE wore eesescecececccccccerrersecsro""MOIg JO USS “ELT‘OP,HJOSBY “Humpsag s,moug CTS Sg SSCS yn ts cere oe She ea aites Cate Le ON SRY SeahtUed cD he ek eR woereececcccccccccccrsrses---mBysNOIg JO‘UAS “COZ M “NO upybnosg “8H ureysnoig ‘umRgsnolg olinog “sudg “969'26,'999°C8,TFE'GL.L “SiZAd 6TH GTR'6S, ‘QGS'bS. A “SES'FS.V “OTL‘69,80G'29,FSE'Sh. “SST'LPSTT'Sh. Josey“ wtYsNoIg *q1NO0D Uepqog ‘UAG -969'/6,99S'SR.TES'EL.L, “SLZH “GETH “GTF‘6S,"16E"FS. “PICIS. ‘Sch'Sh.d “ORES “SCTE GT Sh HJOSBAY “SSL'IP.“SOTZEM "YAVd WoOIg Palit a Te NA ital Slingo perme ia age meet rior aL Ale efi N I “aul yoolig 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 68 ‘SMOUIBW “V “Gd ples og ‘oures eq? oq Avo yanppns pus sy | ss Fane esl [> Nome | |e Sc “HT | ‘emtig “oxttd “Qqexteog ‘sudg “cce‘o, HBT ‘PpPT‘0S8.‘ece'292'92. HI = “WeyIng “IM. WO JO OATWGU B oq 07 PIRS -wadxo “\) “Ef ‘ZISSUBY 7B [BI] UC ‘opoTosqo ATGvqoid pus pro ‘d ‘Zest ul yoMUey Aq poqiwos “LU ‘Uolre AY 78 poYBUIsIIO “BMOT JO *SULBI] “COP ‘6S9 ‘OOF FS. OL “ULLBY [By UeUL ‘ “O9T *poqLlosep JON ees eee ee ee ee ed Pee eed a ee aeaneosa: jo ‘udg “6S LTE “YAO NX | MeN Jo ‘UBUBYONE OBUST WOT |---- ~~ 3 AS {uloo| nat {nog||ncokoyo Koy OOO) Oiap |S See Coa Ss Sao “‘SYIVULOY *ponuluwoj—L06T 0} FO8T wouf suorpoygnd unorwiaump Ur 07 pasiafat sipad fo ‘ypNg “VEE ieee OH “vrs ""=-9mA05Ing eABISNYH ‘UAg “JT ‘oudOSING POSTE SS osape “----"="=-7BOIA JO'UAS “OSCSHWH ‘4a7spuobing “Io SULLOsING ‘194Se0u41031n g ‘roysooMosing “SUAS ‘STF6S.‘T68' PS. “SE‘FS.V “S60‘0S, HJOStW ‘roy StMOSing “IBOTA JOUAS “68T'Z.USV “Le TAOTT *(Ap}oor109u1) wasormsabing SEPT or TOSVULOBIN g JO UAS “STPF6S IGE PSA ““aIstaulabing Bee algal Joysvulosing Jo"usS "996E IMO “SP'LEHIOSVY “S6T‘eE. MUD “Laysaausabung SOS SERS SI02 JoysvuLosing JO"UAS “9)'0P, HJOsvW ““ajsaawmabing “-=-"--9muesog oI M Jo UAS ‘epig ‘anjpbing pee? tae esiqing “UAS “L6°CL.V “St TL.OJOVDA ‘oSplaqungy Sebee >>> *[Burjeds 0) sv orns oN] ‘aspliqiung Jo‘uAS ‘g9‘FZ,.OJOVDA ‘2biqung eter aer ey , ‘OSNO[NOSITA JO"UAS “ERzT “11869. P8929. 0S GF. LOVEE. AUOD “OPLZEM “L8tad {napping ating ean ewe ee Oe uossIng] Np olineg ‘uAg "Yy ‘UOSsTNg ULOYL IoWUINg Jo'UAS “gg1'69,q *swa27D)] Sap apumibng “"-U1OyL Lou JO"UAS “RGg/‘69,d ‘“Stld ‘apunibng et aS oJUBpUOT UsTgaIyO UOg Jo‘UAS "FOL‘69,q ‘“Ppeplbng “-""" GOURBIOg JoIsegy JO'uAg “ZEL‘ZeM “Ld ‘est‘Ajouywmoqd 2bng “4opBO op o110g ‘(A[QooI1100uT) yous ‘pnedeig ‘pnedeip o1ineg ‘qopBy olineg ‘sdureyonveg olmog ‘pnedeip oyjyowesiog ‘01,epRO of OUIBS.10g ojng o}JOWUIRSI0g ‘OyNg JOUBS1Og ‘OBSSsI1g op o[[og ‘sdurvyonveg ‘sudg “7 ‘ojng ‘meyng “uA “g9p‘26,‘68z “C8 TLE SLL “99'C0'6S'SS.V “GILT “OPTH “eee‘6s.‘STe‘bSA “893M “780 Eo. USV ‘POT'0L. 0089S. "TS4ES, 4101] “ZOS'TS.A “6L‘ITAOH “F9TATOD “T1L‘69,‘62F ‘29, ‘9GE'CF. “2660S. 008 FF. HJOSeW “9968.41ND “29'2F.90'FP 6L‘'S8.IN “6ET‘TP. OOZES “UNyNg Fg eh eed ungng JouAS “Zgl'to,.UsV “6I‘TIAOH “TIL‘69.‘6zr‘29.' yoe'cr,. dq “wniing ie in Salsa e nallie waht iat olathe iin hae aie s Be SHIA “OTR YU’ “ORV'E6.0JOVOA “ppug PONS an coe “ULBI[NIO A JO “uA *G/8‘69,.. “OLLNO buridgy S UDUDYONE “URI NI A HSSBW “68'7G. OSE. HJOSVW ‘auinag buridg man 8 wouDyong SATE ARES fey SR Seeh oae ose! mele ioe eens Sie ne heer ~-PIl'69,V “URuTyong *xog Jo'uAg *296'26.(069°C8., “€6.0NO “FOU “86a ‘6Ee ‘TI'6ceIUM “OLS. HOW “69808. NIBH “PSoTded °39°C6, “EZ I8CGRLL.V “TOT ST sisizisieieinle iste ouT[ESsnOY Jo*udAG “OGIq ‘*(A[SNOVUOLIO) aUUOg aNLg “1ved JO oWUeN $91JAVLDU UNOUY IY} fo rapur-anbopp}D) 69 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. ee es Raat 8 I uA ‘IZU Te M ‘aapog po xnBA Jo-uds “9ST'69, HIT “21269. “FOE'89,0H "RLZT “TNVA ap PVD | “o}}Opuy ap 10d ape, ) Op o110g ‘xnRepinog op UBT, ‘apBo od 8) ‘sdurey: 1189 aineg ‘9399pPB) 9p oVyouLRs10gq ‘0190PBO aqjoued ul 3 | 8 fq ah Ww [QOXs|ss= =e Igy -ing ‘gepr, ) op ,OWBSINE * qopRy) yourssiog ‘sdureyonveg ‘sudg ‘“gel'zeM "yepRO “OPST UL OOURI UL PoYRUIsNO On iimasees|) “See had) Miraud I (0 Ko (0 (Jal enh C0 fn) Spot as a aN ea Is OLIIPNBIBY BL op soayjeq “uAg “J *o491PNBIVD | "SOF L6,'062'S8, “SSB “WOTBS | CLEGLAL “99 “ESH'SGUBV “CLEA “OPI “G1P'6S ‘C68 PSO “STE'TS. A “BLT Lb, 78 UMOIE JO POS WOL] PoYVUISUG | oul | SA-—3 US fq | mids | ws ea ed “MOH “GIL‘69.' SL LS, “OLE, qd "860'PP HJOSC CL'LE 89 PR TS' SEN ‘PIGId *96qRD Slee Iie ieee arm plc oe heen fcc goer al hace a | on eateecel I ccna aaa ee ahaa Deen a a === Qn dg jo;udg “cET‘og HAXAUBD “Burlpaag abavT austign 0) “d “21S -SBUSY 7B plvyo1o [RyUNUTLIOdXe UT PES elegance oe a haere ae BORIS Sulppeeg osie7] ours g ‘udg “y tout g *paqiosep ON “-""="--quomdAg olineg ‘udg ‘“gge‘6c,q “quowAg *BUT[PoVS SsoTyQIOM B A[QBqoIdg Pee ea EES SS sic < aise sic SSS ae a cisirgeinge = icine ae eel paneer SS re eres Tene Se Sate TOL'SL, vy *aong eet th eatin lise aored ‘ ‘ouuokoy OFM JO "US “SETI “OOE‘9SCGS. L “6ORER. A “FCCT “CEES “SB TT Ee el Es con Oe Sake Gee Sneek alae eed (a eet PAO OO Ts O1OG) sORs GOrORR Lomas ce oP. d ‘oe bRaIND ‘(erydepeyiyd JO) 4vag saying Sheik [okie basi eae a 9 Re eSCR SS BSCS SRST SSG eR Ccl eR StLe SOT oqo chtoyap cyano uAg “G6‘0S. MSV “(BluRAlASUUDdY JO) “Dag 4a7Ng “ouusA0q SEER WIT ESE ESET Ota, Jo "ads °969'26,‘96s'cs. THs'GL.L "89'S. V “9ge'6S. Beer “Da sone SESS youoyosuaso}y JO “UA “FS2‘69. ‘BOG. “8Sh'eS MOH “Day 497)NgT LITT reuuesog Avip Jo udg “ZHF9.USV “OST‘ALUM MOT “swag s9Ng Sao okra "TTT TTT [BINWO, JO "UALS “87869. “UDbIyorw Jo sayNg passe DOSER COC age “nofuy jo"uds ‘gTe'te.q “noluy Jo saying “77 pUBIATT OJI A JO"UAG “GH “aYISI~pUD/ArT assia Ay ausIQuayNg o> sie “oUTaAOT OGM JO"UAS "962 TE. HIOV, “OLE FGA PULIQuanINg 22225 soos" "=guuedOg OGM JOUAS “Z8z'eG dV “SOF “voyNg SOO OO er yor a oe Tee pada poe Oe a cere 7) 12) “udg "O60'SS MSV 49aINg ast ‘O° “Zis “Susy 7B Prvyo.o peyUuUTIedxe UT “"OOOUNVA INE Foe PSs Sos “"*"" (tq) ojpouosive Joudg "29269, “P89aeD]] 8.497)ng “PRET ‘AQolD0g [BuNA[HoAO PY] sourf] Jo satyoeour | 1 WOISTOH WL a AQ paqrqryxsy Tl Gee biel ieee pee Ce Cen Creer Cees eS ee eee Sarasin ih i rt a a tr reress eee eee FT uayng ope ee ale lnoe cache cedih’ coalpe scoala ee [pe cuiccrincs aos sen sccnc css?" UIME) CSO JO WANs -COREOG “SUARO MRD ielannerEn, ‘oet “d ‘epst ‘oangypno | =] E TAA AYO CATES HER 109 Oy OS La (SH COLNE Ba] cafe IS | IIS N PAY SEN I dF Se Na | ic IS A ta ati IO CR at tS tet eae os ysng Arviuig ‘udg “yy *ysng “LOPBULSILO IOJ POUIBN “OPRT ‘KJaIOg [BINA TMOIAOFZ sqyoesnyo -BSSBIY JO Suroow 4B pozqryxG ““"S8TTS. SSB “ceP‘OFR Josey *[jaling “-9[shig YO Jo “UAN "68Iq “WD jung ssorerecessssming Jo‘;udS °26°GL,.V “burprag many ,suang “B1JOOg BAON Ul poyVuUlsNg | SIIB ene cote ica tga a “s*7*""""* Sulppeag MON Suing ‘uAg “yo “sung “OPST UL Poplntyy | ‘ueredsy, fey Aq pozyeUlsg | uw 3 eA | auf soorseseesss "boing oineg “uAg “969'26aL “IT *boyuing *969°16.‘9SG°G8. ‘TES “ssByy ‘OLoqyynog jo “jouing “¢ “Iq Aq postey | Ww 3 s | foo “OIF'6S. TOE PS. “ZTL‘69.‘896'2¢,02E'Ch.d “6ET TEM “young “PEST Ul UOJIBY A SBIIG AQ UMOIH |---| po (kes i pli aes ea JOEL 64.HPUl “MS “uopsuypang ee a oS a aera OE Aleta Ae | Ieee aca Oa Ptateusanetes jo “hg ‘CLEA “GIP6S. TEES. PIE'TS. A CCST IPM ComDyduyiung “OUIVSUILANG “SIFY OJ poweN “OgsT ‘Ajoloog ]Baingjno ‘ommeysaling “UAS “96926, “H40]] S}asnyoUssey 07 poytodoy | ou | d S oo | gf | ws | qor |---oryo | ‘geg'os‘TeS StL “TT2‘69.'89S'29. “6 TF6S.T68FS. a PFS ‘6R. HJOSB ‘owesuypng 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PHAR. 70 ‘osIpeavd JOULS “OOOAVAN '996°C8,‘ChS'GLL “Sb TATIYO “LV “GEELIUSV “SpE'OG. OL ‘C8S' PSSA “Le8'69.TES2G. “GEL Th. “OS0g assnqazDp ‘OsOg JO UAS '969'26.L “SSS USV "SLEM “6ZE'6S,‘GTE PS. “SOTAOTT “P2969. 9CF'LE FLEE. “GETTPM “961 S8.LU0D “os0g assDqa7D9 ‘tp d ‘Tgt ‘Aqoloog TBiNQMOYAOF_ ~«—s- Sos oussvy ‘saqVIMUIO «Jind Jo ylodoy { 1 HM A ee M1. Nr ale ah eee Tor seesses "TTL TISSBy *[OUNGsTog osstqo[rg RoR rauaualet ai messin siefelalein oic\* ““"uByoneg Jo uAg ‘opl‘ce FoR “woyonng asspqajn9 BE ode Dl awakes see PIO TOMAR SO) VA 29707 29QV asspqaingp vonage ae “""*-OSIPBIBY JO "UAS *128'69,q ‘assnqa7zDO ‘aSSBqa|BO IO panos -o[8) “oou0ke | op olunog “sudg GS'G8CPSGL.L “SLEA “OPTEL “61F'6S. B OF SSoUoyl] SJ! Worf powleN | our 3 fs oof | nA | w 1d0 [77 "Sod | ‘Z68'FS A “SOBM “ZIL‘GO (89629. PLE. “LES'Gh. EJOSBW “99'6E.4TND ‘*asseqaleD ASSRQOTBH SB oUlBs ATQISSOg |~°*°77|7777 77 ds q AO | [amici a4 eae SE pean CE ae ACS Ge SS ae ee OSSBQo|B) UAG "291d “Za M “YSEqo[RO zg SI OS teat a | races ohg lfaemren to a | abe Tater are degny a's 9 cai face ere rege ; “yoorproqO Jo ‘uAG “OOOAVAN “LASL NIV “Yyooups2qgo asspqniDD I BA A qe ni nt KOLO (07 | lee aes aoc | tha eld alata DSI OTS IT Oe = ee st aed ooh oe EES: 96946 L “AOATH, p AOssyeg *A[IBO WIN Tpour St 4nd ‘01 ,P AOsson% ‘oF G[,P Tosswny op zoe yo, ,p AOSsveD ‘Surpooaid oy} sopqurosor ApVROLy | OUT BA ds qp | naqa& $ (fig WOO oe I | op 1zog 07 o,p AOsson’% isog 07o1,p Lossony opjowvesiog ‘sudg “77 “OVELD AOsstey “AOSSTBD JO SUIPTIA. ‘OSIBANOUIIIOT, “LOVIN LOJUTAA [[BULG “OLIMNog AoJUTAA [[BUIg “nofuy,p oyossnoyy Noluy,.P JOPOSNOY “IOATTT,P OLIN 41990q ‘vO SourNN ‘Aosson% oq *(Ao[pur'yT 0} BuIpdioooB) noluy,q ‘7[,p Aossoney Azog ‘Aosson% op Azog ‘Aossiey op Azoq *AOSSTRD ‘AOSSB) Op 1204 “IOATHT,P AOssrey op izog ‘Aosstey op izog ‘Aosson% 10 Aossreg Ul poLOAODSIP AJOMRA plo uy | JA 8a | ds | qp |naqis| s Leg Fae It | np og ‘Aossend op jsog ‘Aossrey op isog ‘ousvjorg op isog ‘sudg 77 oe. | | “(UINng) 9803 Gaza Penne | (eek eee (Me ic ol eee al eee ace Et Jo UALS “BSS “PSPS. “668FS._ “$9869. “E8529, “GbE Gh. “Sed ‘any Pp ysoa 107709 *Cuing) osoy Jo "UAS “E9869. “SLE “bZP‘6S.“66E'FS, 1 Dg | PP Se ol ee aes eater | emer ERO oS ROG ees OS Hose “SP‘0S,‘99'6E.4IND “OSTTR SSE “Wsoy 70709 ATS (Cuing) osoy Jo"udg §ggg'69,q “wozoL07]~DD it (ung) OSO%Y jo ‘udg "SEI “PDSOY NDI]]UDD Seca he hee ee 2a cae Pe Cuing) osoy JouAg "E9869. "70zZ04nDI]IVDD oyR) Jo-udg “ToS'Z9,HIOLyY ‘“buypaas niyoyng BIYOYRD JO"UAG “OPS LP IAOH “Laying pryoynoD SUITPIDG BIYOYBH ‘1099Ng BPpoYyRD ‘sudg “ye “ePyoyRD “ite saa SS = ipishe LSE giG oe Io SNS Sinica oe ialaKel ogc mip inden ce “IBSO) Op W11Og “UA ‘“RQGlq *1RSdBD “= "ueRD JO"UAS “96'EL, FISSPIN “E82‘TIT‘SP'2Z9, JOLY “LES'FS. 4 ‘a0UD np uaDg | “MOB) JO "UA *969'26,‘9ES'E8.TFS'GL.L “ZS'69.V °6L'69.‘EL'89, RED SIS | Seana “VHIOHV “SLO0 “OPTH “Z1L‘69.‘SLPL5.d “881‘SS,‘ZOL'SS, HJOsBW ‘a0UDLY ap WaDD ‘Tg ‘ON suOy UB, ‘(A[SNO -0U0I10) SoT[OXNIg op ouussO( “ooueI Np uoBH ‘“ooURIY Op UNBD ‘sUAg “T ‘WeRD See OBINGBO JO UA “GTP 6S.'Z68'FS. A “9TL669.'S9S'26,ZEFSh. “60IId = “ODIL-PDO TAPER Eb © ores er sists sph: pc lnis efor XNBA JO'UAS "62°69, VWOHV | ““nD4 ap ajappg “OW ‘SINO'T “V9 1B LEST UT PoPIX a “OOUBLT ‘OUTRILO'T UT PoYBANIND “BUIST ce Lteet -mord AOA ,, ‘pres SulmMo “I d4qoao *SYIBVUIOY a “1vod JO oulBN “ponurjuoy—LO6T 07 FO8T Wodf suoynoygnd unnwowpy ur 0} paar. suvad fo sayawpe UuNnouy ay) fo Lapur-anbozn7}0) 126 71 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. “Ry ‘SUOUTV Jo ‘yRuIypy soursc Aq poyeusitg |--*°°*|o "ty Nps | Ree pean tere mcr i age B19 Fel ha aa SiR I Ba ah “qoPSSNOY SYVUIBH ‘Ss yRuIBD ‘sudAg “YW *yRuURD ‘doorqy, UiATBY Aq poyRuUIsIgG | ut a ws | uilq | qsqa Ww (ol) Po Pg| pesueas (47 Wl prpeae ie aan sa ke ible Darga geet Ch SOUIXAUB) “OOWOUVAM “LES6.d *UPATRD secne aluwes=e|ajaucealacuuweliea ce eun|ucsennlegeccnn|agaceugueas te Bit te IOC ava) =) aso Jo uAg “€98'69.CL “DSO pnd? ‘Oa ‘218 NG eh an Ths CLEMO MT ERO LLT LGC ONUUT IO len tee aril aie ee | Sea man | clare a focaee meas mie JS nmin ale er ere an eee sett tl cake a Nak ee2"""M,OUVAA ‘‘qonolep 0) “a “ZS -susy 78 prvyoio jeyuowtiodxe uy | yur |**-"**| d {q nad sHoun |) Cohis hoy Ie aoeaes Le | ae ee ie ie ee cc oan eh ae LSTOMAXAUVD “OO.OAVAA “OUTTW oVXITRD Cat hae Af d t A3 Jee P| eae al Ee ae ee RCE Orc a Cn tae niet Soy ie Oe ae “"""16['ZE, F{JOSRW *BsOIOT[ ED “ULLOD) ‘UOABTT MON *169'26.'996'G8,‘ZhS‘'GLAL “3LZA “IPTEL *698‘6S.‘298FS.G_ “LOTOISD “PI1L'69. ‘SFL, 928 Jo ‘spivMpy 1outoAOH Aq posrey | UL rie | eile 5 qdoo} nak ul [gor |" "UMOD | ‘Gh. GLT'SP.IND = “Sh'6P.0S2'2G.OFL'9F. 28S Sh. HJOsBW “Sep. FISSBIy = *UNOYTRD *SOTJOLIBA poqiosopun “Jo 4SI] s,pjaq uy UVIIN) OSSVQO]VO “UAG “SJZT ‘*dJVA OSSEQaTRO quoumneidey joudg °289'69,0 “OPL‘IP.M "a8sD4 asspqayp9 *papsnoy, jo udg OOOTVAA ‘SLOT “STL‘69.‘89S'24. “68ST OST'SS TIJOSVW =“pupbnoy, asspqajpp MEMMRRTEOS: ees SUBULYIOIG JO “UAG *969'69, “SUDWYLaIg assDgajDO SR ee ete ie ee aia eerie “tne UBA Jo"UAS “E18'69.q ‘ayplioy asspqajDg | Poe ee OS hee ce a a osipBieg Jo "UAg “17869, ‘aUUDIADIY assa0UILg assDqa)DQ Re Go SO ae aie gee ga oe ee a osog JO‘UAS ‘“Pel‘6P.440]] ‘asog asspd asspqgajpg Jno rsrtescsccresacsccnesbens->=* = -OT010O iD OSfadels(), maga: as \(900)) esseoleO iesvcanived nie lial Be eet sameness Yoopslogg Jo udg “WOOAVAM “yoarpsaqo asspqajyv9 | We Seed gp St tote ossBqo[By) JO UAG “ZIL'69.d “ZEl‘Th PSUZEM = ‘anbsngy asspqajp9 ee ee ee ee a ee OSSBQI[BO jo ‘uAg ‘SIZ1 “ysnyy asspqga)v9 eta tA ah wniep UBA JO ‘UAS “E1860. ‘“P4ON Np asnasjsuojy asspqa]p9 Sa EMail Br os eae une uBA JO ‘UAG “E1869,q ‘asnanajsuoyy assnqa)D9 BS hah A TS a aN I aati Sie -""uMIByy UBA JO ‘UAG “E1869. ‘SLZA ‘aL]sUoyy asspqgajDpD So Stor ol eee ae | oe eee ge a ee AE osIpBIvg JO UA ‘OS TE 9OT'ZEM ‘aUuUDluDyy asspqga7D9 a ee No oa re cee cece ar cae eee mney UBA JO ‘UAG “E1869, ‘a7pl4adwmy asspqazng ig ese. eae eee univ UBA JO ‘UAG “ZOL‘ORIH $‘“6IP‘6S.‘Z68'FS.A PLES. = a8801H asspga7Dp Poss ric tae ara. Woe oe | ce Se ON pe ied OR a a Dc ah ee a WOA 0 SBCoTBO jo uAg “SLEA “UIIL) a88DqQ7]09 MGS sae cee we ee ae a eee aes OFT IP O9L EM “oURPUOY assEqaley Ce Sh eo eo en pt ee univ UBA JOUAG “E18'69,q “PL4ON Np asspqazDg “dSSBQGa]vO Sees he er eae allt aes cleo Le ile e | Rea | Jo "UA ‘SLZH “GIP‘6S.268FS A “IL‘69.899L9.FLE SE. “DLT 91QNOT asspqajv9 “19Q0}0O JO “UAG “GFT Soe Bs Se peas 2 sais 2 gine =| (ea (ase a pala oS “Bq ‘ZOM'CLITOL TP TL. HSSVN “OSTL.V ITIL. VIMOHV = 9490790,.p 988099109 ee ee ee ee ee es ee es ee es ee (490) OSSBQO]VO jo ‘udg *169'L6.'98S°S8.L "Sb TL. 10 *9LQOPQ.p assDga2D9 PEE SOO FUSS a RI A RSS a NNN gah Ali wnivy uevA Jo udg “E2869, ‘OGT'Z¢, HJOSBW “SsuD yI4aNy ap assDqa]D9 ‘OUBIATOT JO “UAG *969°L6.'9SS'S8SFSGLAL “SLBA “ESL°69. SLPL9. ES Ieee Tiere Wage on: 2 CSR 5 feces eas ccna PISLS AION “6L'OS. HSSPW “6IF6S.Z6E'FS. A “VET PS. HJOSVW “aUbrujaq assoqaqv9 Oe ae | age cir | © cabs enn tii ompmiee se ieee ake |e eae al dae Reece ke = [j10s pourvu & sv poyluep! JON] “Tes‘os sy ‘aub14 v] ap assnqazpg “OSSBQO|BO lee ol shes oleae a Led See | eg | on eee JO “UKS “SLT “GIP‘6S'Z6E'FS. A “CIL'69.‘B9S'LE. bLE'Sh.C ‘@PUDIIOH .P 288099109 RGSS Se ST SES a Rinse gue a SG AEE SIO SOR | a tS (ea ae a SE TOR ACE a WNIBA UBA JO ‘UAG “£1869, “PUDIIOL ap asspqayD9 *YOIBy pue AveniqoiT ul uodi1 OF ples Pe | eed (Ps HI 0 2 ea as Ne ol Ha (0 8 cc Vt TO ear irs te a aM eg: va Nei liad si tecarte Lg NA ee See > “*"""" TTT Sh, AOR *"IOATH, P osseqoypep eS ‘OSSBQO|BD IOUIUING JO “UAS *269°26,99SC8. "ZFS i TIPTH “ST2°69.626°29.0“8S8'bS. A “OFF'ZS. HJOSBW “97 Pp assvqnjDg = So ea hee Oe OMSL TCS OTM MCLE | as foe ome wa mui yee a elie ieee gree LOW ae a Daueh oon comes Seer eg ae aaa eae ee zq *ARARY ap asseqeyeg cae eai tae aa WIV Jo “Us “L9'GO‘GESLE. "724q1V-.P 988DQ010) es ed i i i i ci arn i UINnIRyy uvA jo ‘uAg €18'69.d “Uu0fDLD) IssDqnyD) NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. ~~ *solqan -BA poqMosepun Jo 4sIT S.plela UL “saljoll -BA poqWosopun JO 4SIT S.Pleld UT ‘QO8T ‘LBpUETRO ,S1oUep Ivy ul uoyeW.W Aq peysiqnd ‘ss ‘Aquno9 UOSIPVAL Ul EST Ul poPRUISIIO “qnorjoouU0,) JO ‘SpIBMPW LOUIVAOL) AC PoPBUISIIO “q1oq ou) ]B1ouey Yous oy} IOJ pouwrwN “GEST Ul posonpo.rjzul seq BABY 09 posoddng “6FST UL SIOMOIDH ymig Jo sseisu0g Aq pouleEN “TLST ‘AQoro0g yRangynory -1O}{ Siesnyousseyy JO Surqoour 4B TOPTEM “d “W100 Aq pozqryxg -guULa]NOSUY JO sul[pees posoddns yw ¢ *‘Sloput]y JO vAeU Vy “paqiiosep JON yo Conca| ATqeqoig -Ul0) YIM yRouepr Ur | 3A our | 3 | vod Pra Risers |J---++- Fee! pa ul 3 de | furq A | w09 SA | wf ds wl “SYIBUIOY “ponur}wo)-—LO6L 0} Fos, wouf suorypoygnd unowauy Ur 07 padiafas sivad fo “9104 XO], nad3 dao > SS ogo oxy) Bo ini iake es ihe eimasbassacbeseis is! cxele eee alesis a\eiaim male) sie reieias ueyoy Jo'uAS ‘PTL'69.d 6121 “SUOW Up uossdEyD Aieehe[Sieeg-r\2 =ibia(eisieiithate ssa sie Si0ip.e ie ainicigie:ssiaie eil=holosiesS/aiaie uoiodey wueyy “uAg “y *UOdedtD ae’ aeiskaianarlames momante sexe ee eI jewtals {g8qTBOIBH “Ozu AL Av odey aes ‘TEL69.0 “CLG. USV “MS ‘Any advg CA BE SS See ie er eS eee ee 1eC6:d ‘“SZI'XTUEeHD *uoJURD ; : *PIL'69. “GLVGHAIND «= “SSF HSB sadoyojyurg SpPe Diese Perletintalove te cin Sie eieiciniey sais) sae ode mi Sie arge qloqoiuey [Rtouey “UAG ht ame a aLlineg 10jseq JO‘UAS "26926, “490UuT .p snaubrag burwung 0 ees ete aes 2 ROLATIO ELOISE JOP UAC me -TG) 460; dante) DUD ‘oLInog Joyseqy Jo uAS “OTSS8.L “O81'29 ASV “LLG “TS8 6S ‘LTE FS. A TSL‘69.‘82F'LS. ‘CoP Ch.d “OOTTP. MM “S61‘ES.cuen “Suzwung Se Sieiieiscieicie! goipine = ister gessny Usploy Jo'uUAg “TO.ONH ‘“90L'46,L “Undo s,4auunp PRIS Saag petals ica oa a) as ate vee gape anatase ola osog Jo'UAS “F19'60.C. ‘“az27auUrD i Reais iS aE ae ee Cumg) UeyeryD Uog Jo'UAS “E9869. “IT Pp azjaung orelstai pleisia/siciviein cynics ainirin,2/Sinisie ntessiajoinimereyatolaieln = pianislaleaieleya ayopuepjeq ‘uAg “J ‘a]jopurD Cae SBUBD SBT ‘SBUBD BT ‘JUeIvg MOg ‘IaIANOg “queIBVg Uog “suAg “JT ‘stURD ‘auIOyyRD “UAg ClEH IPI, “PTL°69. 62715. ‘9¢'0S. 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L99°G8.GhS"GLaL “Wad WWbng abpriiquiny *]2]9SSNOY 8 young “CSUSS.V 8 yDUDD “1Bed JO ouUlRN saya unouy ay? fo xapur-anbop1y) 126 73 19) “g ‘ZS -sUdy 7v prvyoro [eyuoUTodxe uy “ojoposqo Ajquqoad puw plo “uateds “TR WIM pe BULsi1o 9ABY OF Pres “per 'd ‘oounmg Aq poystyqnd *paqiiosep you ‘prota Aq poystqnd “UdYOILY oY} IO Vy ATUO ‘0 ‘a ‘21s -SBUSY 7B preyoro [ByuoUTedxo uy “ZOST UL pop “SSBIY “OUIP[OOIg 4B poPBUIsIO “GLp d ‘TST ‘oangqno -IMO]{ JO oulzesvy_ Ul poystqng “sorqola -BA pod Mosopull Jo IST] S,P[oly UL ‘SUOW uBA uyor “aq Aq poe, BUIsUO CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. “puvy[sy epoyy jo ‘yjtug “EE *s Aq poonpoajuy “CPST Ul SOT uvA uyor “iq Aq po,RUIsIG ‘oytjoid pue A > - Bpoq. G{qo) 5 --== } oqo |°--“sloq | eg ee Be ceaeal “104 (hPa ages Ing Me a “-"“"SsUy | i{eks): [Poo aoa SE Se aoe lod dao |--""3foq Exner Iu niA3 | ut | Aes! 8 naq& | yu Ceiaarare |oeeee- eet sacha pe Ad ul ul AGM ||| Aaa nid3 ul nak Ww naqd | ut nas Ww CTRITULY ,p otlog ‘[eirurpy ‘suds CUES OS ODE CDOS IOUS ROO avait tary “CTL'69. “oUt OISeD “OSSRPIOA ‘09J9]OSSRH [[VUIG ‘OLoTTIS OP AIO ‘094OJOSSUH 09140 ‘OA VeosNA ‘plVA VRosnL “UOWJOYIeT ‘puviwyoyoey “OV O[OSSR) VT ‘UOJ OY 10 YBoOsSN Udedy “Yoo "sudg “sEz'pe,y “SPOS IND “G6Z'09.O8 LSP. 068'8E, HIOSB NW Ld@ 18. EVO GOIVTP LEV ZEOMT TEd — o}JaTOSsTD BQ JoUsS “OOT'CEM “Led “JUoWossng cre aan a an cial I I de a 6E TL HSstW “SIL'69.d “ep Ndesstg “OJUBSSB) JO"UAS °*169'L6,°L99 “TIUSP. HJOStW ‘sun yy ap ajunsspg OSt "SO Sa4GT ap ajupsspg “GTL°69.6LF'LE. “-""*4as01g Jo ‘uA “OLE6S. OL “SLEUT SIBW Op oyuBssBy UAg “7 tee ity Rt ke ee See cE, oa eee ollessBy) aduiory, “UAg “] *edyRSsRD I\suy casa haan: aia 77a" eae bea as Ge. oneness ae er we oan OULIGa[sSBy BT “UAg "T ‘olqeasrg RNa ae ee sgh IBUI}OD SLoquiery Jo USS “PEL‘69,0LS'Z5. “72/0140 OUT[OIR 9UTOY ‘EUI[OLRD UVENy ‘suAgG “GOL, FISSBIY *oUuyporRD 4 77 *qgoulRy) quepiselg “uAg “yy oUAAOC, OUTEM JO "UAS “08869. “TZU IPM “fhld “op URSSED “yourR) *a/81409 OP OO, HISSUAY *WOPAPARD “S12°LE.T U9) aISlIVO a110g “uAg “OST TRS T6UZEM “064d SoTJOoIBD op esmMo7y “uAS “JT *sayjaorRD Woy] Jo -uAS “O6T'ATOUMWMOGd ‘swag finmpsng a “""MMAByy UBA JO"UAS “szzq nOfpsDg “uiondey ‘OSeP Josey “suoyy un, upondng ‘SLZA «“DULOIOD aumony .p aurondn? “suoW ue, UoNndRy “C8 OPS'GLaL “PO‘AX XUCDD “OFTH “6IF'6S.‘Z6E'FS. C1eCh. OST SP.'SS'Th. HJOSPW ORTTR. MM | *Uyondrg ujondeg Jo uds “eT L‘69,‘g9e'Le,‘cLe‘ch.q “unyondng uosjoden jo uds “see‘or. Hose “auayay 1g fudng uoajoden Jo ‘uds “61869. “Std “OPS'LPAIND ‘auapayy ajyurng ap frdng cae eee 6 ba Se a SIV JouAS “61E'6¢.‘90E'FS.A_ “vUuazaAT “IS ap Jyudng “qeoH sdog ‘uss § ‘806'26.‘06Z "G8. LG ‘GLaL ‘OPTH «O28 69.268 FS. “BSTOIOD “OPE *ZF.AIND = “F169. ‘08F ‘L9 5 2 apne ee ps a CR eT Net eee = queqBig jo‘udg *269'26.1, “nDausmyg ee Sa scoot nRoUTBYO UoOA OpITYOM ws “OS FO. UAXAUVD “00.0aVAT “NBOUICY YD eames =| (21% hile eee o}JOLBYD ossooulig ‘o}O[IVYH ssooultg ‘sudg “YT ‘“(ssooultd) oyopeyO TOMOTE OG JO uAg "269'L6,'L99°S8'CPS'SL cL “CLP LG.81G 99. 68'SS, at eS -HJOSVW ‘SLZA “STL'69.TSP'L9.0 “68ST TS. HSSVW “OLLIE SI ““amoug ap a}70)4DY9 98740] SACRO | -1ByO euuog ‘YsIWo[q UsTjerYyD UOg ‘In, ep UojoryH UOgG ‘sudg “T *oWOLITYD ‘TLE'6S.898' PS. A “SES PS.V “S62'0G, HJOSeW “suOW UA SepreYyD BIDE GS ORE SOS OR eve uc1ysOOH UBA JO 'UAG “cCe‘OL. ILO “waynoz] WHA sajuDYyp alla 2 Pie ae ro tank AAS Sh las udZYSOOH UBA JO'UAS “QIZT “wWaTYONOT]T UDA sajuvyD WozYSOOH UBA JO “UAS “TLE'6S, ‘SCE FS.A “Wahoo WHA sajivyD “uy YSOO FT] UBA 30 UA °169°L6.°L99°C8. ‘CFS GLaL “812 6% O8F 49.C “086'9S.'ChS FS. -3V PP'PS.V ‘OSES. IIOH “681'TS.HSSBW “ZLPTS, HJOseW ‘wazybooy] un, sajunyd eae pe Ap he os eo ae er jourg Jo "uA ‘“gTL‘69,d “YW sa,uDYyD eae eeel ee as See a eae ele ee aac SEI TOM COC qoulg JO 'UAS ‘QIZA “WWE sapuDYyD Si Pas | Se arte Seay PUTS JO “WAS *269'L6,LES°G8‘SPS'GL AL “STL'69.O8P'LE. 9WS Sa}uDYD *(-3joq) quod “UapIByT JO UAS *269'26.'L99°G8,‘GhS'SLL “Te'TS'6G HOW “6L0H “GIP 6S.‘G68' FS. ser vena OPELH MND "69S'25'OLEGH. CG “LLG LE AUC “LOT'ZEM “S6TId “DIaISNW fo savy Sie Riera atciol lio a aisle a wc an ene inio pe acai Giclee leila e0us0D JO'UAY “GE.NPUY ‘a2WI0y sa,uDYyD OC Ome =F 16 cial anys ces oe L69°L65L56'G8.‘7FS'GL.L “SLM “STL°69,‘08F'26.d. *YOMoperd soparyp a toselovesoierctazs| te (etninin (mia olnistnisjarelzin cease =ala) tsiataieteles ale sia Sfahe jsoulg JO 'UAS “OOO VAN SIUM] SalLDYyO SSRI GSI |" Bore aren © Aa epee one ee ae ae SoByy) seoijoq “uAS “T *(Z) JUStTed sopzeyD “MOPaLM ‘SoLIBYyD 9p ----Seq | seoeq ‘suoyy UB A saIRYyD sod1jeq ‘seprVyO seoyeaq ‘sudg “7 ‘(T) JUSI[oq sopeyyD ‘mosjodeN jo "uAS “OPE ie eae “WAND “OCSLG TOP SE. A LOTES.AU9D “OPT TPL IP LOT CEM AYDILIN YP .p SapsnyD ‘CSfeq) yuodusprey jo-uAS “ZhIH ‘6IP eee “6S. C6E'FS.A “SEL°69.“69C°25.OLECF. "LIS LE.AUOD 9 “GbIId 9 “aYyoLuny .p sajLpvyD ‘g0ud09 JO “UA aie pees CO COUAXAURD “OODOOAVAA “967 16.HIOV “62L'88.HANM ‘99Ub09 sajunyo CsByO) WoAtg Jo 'uUkg “LTL'69. “0d T saj4oyD JouIseg JOU “21269, ‘“daulspg sajuvyg eae gist uogjodeN Jo udg “61869. “8974049 Se eee nanns SUT][OD JO "UAG “ZZL'69.d “aLaywuogLDYO “9IN}XOL, S i} “reed JO OULBN *ponulywoj—ZLO6r 02 FOST wouf suoinojqnd UDI UL 07 padlafas sinad fo sayjarnr unouy ay) fo xcapur-anbojnDy,) 126 I~ CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. “UILSI10 CSOD JO og 09 “ORT ‘d ‘O68T ‘AJoIoog [eBINg[NoZ10 TF] BYSBIGON JO SUOIJORSUBLL, UL preg 7 *poqiiosep JON “GO8T UL popIU.top ‘SSUP, ‘OUIPOOIG 7B poJRVUIsIIO veh “paqiiosep ON "606 “d “ATH AM 98 ‘oUdIg YIM yRouopt A[QRqoig “pus -SUG ‘UOJSBUT}T JO ‘SUIBITITM *£ Aq postel Ss8o— uBRMg JO BSul[peeg ‘a0uBIY ‘[a7U0UT -NBYO JO IBBTTIA oy} Oy poureN “4ST poqosepun s,ploly Ul 70) ‘ag WAY -SUsy 1B prvyo1o [eyueuIodxe uy “S98T OL pop. ‘ssep ‘OUTPYOOIg 4B pozJBUlsIIGO “Aqrpenb ul ouy ynq yyord roy TRUS oo, ‘asuoqureg sv oures A[QIssog Id YUM pazyeuUIsii0 savy 07 pasoddng 3{q i niAs | ut dyqo ~---Ljeq *AIOTUT, p osouyyD *JOULRSIog soulyy) “08106. 49N 9LL‘'T6, IOV ee Be nae O.TISSUW “UOITTNO q1v341NIg Jo'uAS “26869, "IpsvbyNIg ap ssaisaayD ping eile aU) fet pal et ae udug Joudg ‘opt ce, FJOsSUp “usiug,p LaypaayD ‘OTAXAL "86,30 V IIOTISTM Jayeyoeg Jo uAS “E19°69,q “492700049 SATE eo OPIS Ned *aSfoulayy i ee ee ed £6266, HUBO * Ge w oie latollaid'e dia aarw eleuraedru = aie's 64!s/G iM 6haN 5 ape so) a LAIR 0 Os @ pian e ae Bis eee Lae OF ELV “te “ON ddnjg ‘ddv[p ‘patg Jo-udg “Ss7SHWH ‘eo6L,.HANM ‘EF'6L.0]0VDA maa “Gaede SS a ea ries ao TSU'29.V “2E'CO. SSVI 16 “ON Adj) Bele 2 atin wiors|| ana a wicte wen ev ua use eens oc ons sie.c bas, aa(e wise hs RN wie at Op‘eL Vv ‘09°09, HSSPW ‘Oz ‘ON ddnjg (SSBW_) SBIOYDIIN JO"UAG “O8'L1,F6'9L 611 SL. SSW “L) “ON dda) Se es ee ee pres Pasrecacsreresesree res: sn. Ray ey “Or “ON ddvjy DPReadiee | east SO ee Ea oa TeYMON JO -uUAg “O8'ZL,.ISSPW 'S9'EL.V “el “ON dj) pedal pe eaetene (ate we ear a gO chow ate Sone ie ooo Jaysaqoiog joudAg ‘o¢'0o,FsseW ‘YON ddpj) Py : éSTLI8 FY i cmaktcsgel (peice pi agai Or sola nk eerie gt fdas Z6°9L,86'EL.0C'09.TISSBWN “@ “ON ddv7g Se SOs serra sc ome Ses oe ATG. COT Plc RG G1.0 Dd eRE Ry oT "ON ddvnja e ayoaeg dejo Jo "us “68'86, HUB “SSC'TIL PES IT PCE IUM “£9e'€8. A (2Gh 16,696 8. TSC SLL CR TLHEL PP TL 260 OL. £9 GOH “06289 “LL OL, SL SPIES ‘89. VMOHV “8602. USV “Ch'LO.HIOLV “1T'89,'0S'09. WSSU “ansoany 8.ddmg = "g ON 8,ddeqy ‘oywoany coussey | 8,ddep ‘ddvfo suds “SegNHV “160626, HOOD “PPE EL 410 ‘ejfsoany ddryg Aynveg ddvip joudS "60296. HT “6.0080 “(79 ON) Ainvag s.ddnjg ate a (alii aa ee a iis ea rt a ($9 ON) Aqnvog s,ddvjpjudAg “yy *Agnveg ddrig Bg dS haar re ne acne! Noe GE aywoaBy ddeig joudg ‘g'ging ‘68s “ddnj9 aa eo ee duo ‘udgS “Z2CSHNH "SESFS.V “Sh'OS.AIND “TEF'G6z‘oe. TOseW “ddryg9 FOES 2 S060] SG aS 0S eno S eR ECS CO eRe SASS SSAC ddxjp jouss “0216.0 “Shlid “dng cette ccc clorr crete cern eee cecer sc eee nvase[O Jo uAS °9/9'69.0 “6GIH “S9?7UDNT ap nvab4Im]9 ‘SOJUBN OP NBOSIIVIO ‘NBI[SLIVIO oLInog ‘nves11RIO olinog ‘suAS SEZWilV ‘S'9 pee IA | “NG “SLF'26.L “80106. HTL “6IT'S8. HUN “6EC'SZCI “CHS “SL9'GO. “HBORARLD pees aisicescasl Sista ese VIBID JO UAS “6LZA “GIGS. F6E8'FS.A@ “0GL'69. 69S LE CLE Ch. “94RD “BIMIeyoOd JO “uUASg Brod age os GIF'6S.Z68FS.T_SESFS.V “96C0S. HIOTV “09'FF.HSSBIN — DIMayog fo wostn) tee ee ee eee ~eluoyod JO"UAS *GL2‘69, PLS'LS,“Z6E'GE. a24tjound assoLp AYISTULOT IULIQUINOLII) a a ee ZYUOLG OP UOIPID JO UAG “SEZTPS,V “ZUIdLS ap WON “ZUALIS Brien eicir ap UOIZIO ‘sUdIIG Op UOIZID ‘sUAg “OST'IP. SM “Se'PP.69'8E.N °Z} WAITS ap W0IRTD POSES IOIE|| AOU IAI SFIS ZJUOIIG OP UOT} JO UAG “CF‘0G IND “Suattg ap Wo4jD ‘ouuoAOg VIA JO"UAS “E8T'Z9, -USV “GIZA *088°69,98F'LE.‘828'Sh.“96T'Se. AUD “epld =“ auquiajdag ap uo. oulefepBAY Padiyg JouAS “IgE pe.q “ayoDUDT saULsyy Sap UOLILD roteeereeeerorosss (IBA) QUIO[OPBA JO “UAG “LITT ‘ayoDund sawing sap UoLpID aed ah ae thas tas ae ae Se Oe Oe Seed ole a ee -anend suoyT B SOWIR) sep uo ‘oulopapBWJo‘UAg “POSES. A “86926 (LES'E8.L “ZIM “ISTOIOD “eps'6s. Tee bs. a “CZL'E9. 6S FS.USV 60869. THR'LS TFE'CSh. COG EP.HJOSV “OFF. 99'6E.4IND POSEN “LISLE. O6UES. AUD “SITTER 6ZUZEM “Sd “SLID ‘sautng sap woLn9 aulefapeyy JO UAS “ZSCL.L “OL IME “SPULLDD AP UOLILD Se DBR AIEEE DLO GREE. eae e U01}1,) olthog Jo USS “S69L6,L “work . ) 6—_US—— 31006—Bul. 1 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 80 ‘SUOW uRA uygor ‘aq Aq por BUIsIO “EST UL SUO ueA uyor “Aq Aq pezBULSIO “UUO0D ‘UdAB ]{ MON 78 splvapy “AON Aq pasley ‘Og ‘zIssusy 4B paByoio [RyueUtedxe oY} UT [Ro -1yuopr ATqeqord ‘y.1R[Q JUeptsotg “suOW uvA uygor “iq Aq pop}BUIsiIO ‘Og ‘Zissesy qe pareyoio jejuowtdedxe oy} UT “Surstmo0.ad you gnq ‘edA} Qjopaeg 949 IO -ouy Aqyenb foystueqin JO pos ulod yy sastu1oid Ivey JO AJolIBA 19G0JIO UY sianiunaucnyes ‘ogouRieodde Ul oATIORIAIW “P91 -JIRG II] IOTOO puwB ‘uIIOJ ‘oZIs UT *pepueuruos ATYSIY S] PUB STON J0JUT\A SoTQULOSe yy, “Sutstuloid AJoA SB poques -o1del {toytOX MON [BANY WOT -ostuoad 4ROI8 JO SI PUB JJo]IIBg So[qUIEseY, ‘noluy Jo poos wo.apaq 09 posoddng *Surstuzoid pure ‘Aqryenb ouy ‘as.1BT eygT “Ad0g ‘MIO “IouLy ye ddvjpy ‘sissoyy AQ pogtqryxg | “TOFANB -oounipodde ouy B SBy | *SyIBUIOY | ‘Sect ‘On stow Uva ‘uAg *g69'26,‘299'¢8,‘chS'GL.L “6LGL “SPIT ‘GIP'6S.'268'Fo ur Caley ae ap A (00 es dele kaye Slog | SEZ ESV “IT'0S.Od VV “CSL°69.69G'2E.9LE'S. A “89Z'TS,‘09'SP HJOSVW == “UOPUTTD BOR OI OLY 1 NIE OE EC REIL Dota blest Sy eee ek a [eRe 2 L e e e ee iptaret hepato me mec 212) 2212) (6) jo “uAg ‘CCL'69.q. (audjuawmalg Sess Rees g ero iealn Ts male a(t Meal ros | Sealiece tae ae alee ee nee More Jo°udg “OZ 999'69,'TeP' 2S. “auualiog juawaD ahaie | c.eieleia.s\|.a/eeceie. =) isyetcee| ais sale 6 |e) eee wel @e/eaim ae he Se Rinne > =e ala) s a6 eon eee asp de aes oe ae 808 6m a erm e (wep) QIOATSL Jo “uAg "CL'69. "VLOULT WawW)) oul BA s | wfd| nw ur | doqo |--- Bri (5° Ohne pe 2 iesaiaaieliabeabeeteame EA et iar cs Aate aet es Senge e's | ouljuoU[D “UAG "ZZ1'69.. 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Og "C6G'09.'89' GF HJOSeW “BART | Neisiets ase ce 5 aisisiarieNe ctrl 8 = ISI a cis sot aaa OOORVAM Buypaag s.ddnj9 su. eini> ©\0) 0:0 ele, ainin[s(mie alm|minolo lp ele\eiut slam) = lola ~]0\= (ee) slain) = (en ih in = lw ae, Oe 16°EL SSP “L681 ‘ON ddnjg SENS ERR SERS pen seeena peninsula OS'2L.6ITGLASseW “Let ‘oN ddnjD eae Sanaa ae tier nk Nba GIT99GLV “SITGL SST PL Sse “ger “oN dd p79 SiR pisveie 212 Sleieeeielnzes © shwinsshavcimiecayniclainiaicieie ie eae Samara el hnl ig ka an chee te Ov'SL.V “LIT (on ddnj9g Syiimi< Ja hale[minjeis(oeisiminiace}s s,s \pimjatwim(=(elibi~ =o in iavem nine eee ps a aimee © ie ee ee ee) = OP CLW ‘TIL ‘ON ddnjg B56 EO] [rein Gee Ke aie Rar 20] eta ON Rew) ES ER A ICT a ST I TS Sk at ZT TS,HSSVW “GIT‘99'GL.V “Lor ‘oN Idn7D poate teiasa fascias | Shas es eka acicechlc ia elesodeta ess oo (ai Sai ae aaa ge ae OS‘LL6IT'SL EST PL. SOEL SSC *9l “ON Adj) Asano | eneaoe\leonoccisonedc|Sacoboclogococ|lon ocacoldpoc poems. JOnt Sesion po oOGO a C306 Caen Ono aCe OO BAO OOCSOS LURE FLY ae Ys (oy op “ey “ON s,ddng (SaaS SIO DOO OB OOD OOAN OA Scio Core IE ODOC OME =*=---977'7) AIOE “BL ‘ON s ddnjo gan tae ae Prorcnenerstesscsscronsss**s@TTOOGL WV SIT SL HSeBW “99 ON ddDID ‘Aqnvag ddvip jo-udAg “6FTA8HANM “FELSLVH “06 98.0F0V Ou ‘96'18,96°6L61199'SL.V , OOT6ST'6L CLL. 06 OL SIT LIT SL, HSStN “79 ‘ON ddn9 e aneta atataia @ cievetalaia(al anys isin!@ stu’ elete (ef aie's ls im =leini~\eiejlale nm ele'v sole i= = aia Ona le 10. HSstWw 99 ‘ON ddnjg ain aia ieiniale.8jnlale wmlele)e,e\6plase.c.e =u) s0\0,0'0 Ain (a 45 mS Teale aia ©1810 16 /Mie mee Ap <5 50 Se OFGL.W 09 ‘ON ddnj9 Pipa cileinia@is weisigleiara cc siceine me tirinselc lel leas aaiaie i Saleg soe ieee Sie OFGLW “96 ON ddnjD eee Seema ia eee ais Seater eee ee air aa) oe eae a eel ee a OFGL.W ‘96 ON ddnID a) | vies Bile lee (Oe | oe ee | fe || Sa % = saiiee 2 is =| 0g. ‘ved JO oUleN B S ieee i P ‘panurjuo;y—LO6r 07 FOST wouf suoypoygnd unruaUwpy wr 07 paslafod supad fo sayjarina UNOUY YY} fo xapur-anbop0j0) 126 Bee eee eee eee 81 “AJOUBA plouy | | BA “SPST UL poyqiyxo puB ‘UMOF -10}8M JO ‘suljog *y Aq pasrery “1odo0x O7R] B PUR MON ‘ooassolltay, WO yy 0) “gi “ZB -sUsy 1% prvyoro [eyUouT1edxe UT “‘SUBY | “1orZOq YR poyeUsi1o oABY OF PIR |>-- 77 “RLEISNW ULOLy “RA ‘RIMapAry 7B portooor suolog | ur | Sa “O1YO “puRpOAd]) ieau ‘4oQ “JOD Aq pozPBUIsG | our | Ba “SOLPOIIBA 07 RI oAY-AJUOM}] JO JST] B UL pouOTyUOW, fae Nip CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. ‘TO}VT OY} JOU JI ‘waT BUG puR osno7yT Jo puqay Vy “peqizasep JON Se en irs | Tur dyqo |- 80 o 28) bo cadn i aac cra |i ae SUBYT SS AStiny: | ut | dyqo |----omo “| aRUITOD osseq Jo'UAS *969'26,'L96'CR‘EbS'GL.L “62869. “SIEIS. “uUOg 4pUujo9 “"qBoOSny, UBULION JO "UA “ZL1°69,q ‘aslog 4DUU]0) “qoues *| -Ioqry Jo "uAS “E7269. “62 “OSS TINH M § “66279, HIOSB quastouy aaah “nell este TaqUL AA ‘VOUTRS.10 TOVUTAA * OUURTY 0.110 J ‘Iemjpog 9p O110g ‘Wony, pirprog ' ‘OUUNU IY ouuvy pus vuUB WY ‘oures.LOg, 0VB'T ‘ajqvavduoouy * OSNIOBL ‘ ounvyy aq ‘yony,.q ‘OLOPOULUIOD * JABUT[OD ‘S.LBUTTOD ‘010 IVUI[OD ‘IOATTT,P IBUT[O) OAIPIB], 0740UL ~vsiog * IOATTT,P [BAOY 07QOUTBSIOg ‘IOATTT, p ouuog 40 offog ‘ouuog Poa ‘suds “GLP L6L9S'G8EPS'CL.L “6L4ZH "STH ‘Och‘6S.‘868'FS.A — “82'69,‘OLS'29. ‘PERSE. 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HINT = 88979409 89/09 em ae “77 ""*" CSUBY) BOO JOUAS “GEZNHV ‘9/00 “ssa]po0g ‘ssajpoevg s,e[OD ‘1Red $,9]0) ‘SSo]Poog PUB SsoTaIOD 8,d]OD ‘sSofoIOD S,ae]OH ‘VJOH ‘suAG “YL “CSU ) BIO) he Se alae a a “"""JOIUTM §,0J09 “UAG “ZE'G6,dq °2109 ritenr cn ee eae © “ete stots" (17) offamosiee Jo‘uAg “ZQF'Zo,940F] “Aqjop | “4109 Jo “uAg “BLE ER. a ‘“869'L6,‘2g¢ ‘ere’cl.L “OL * ‘OLVUOHV ‘“OLT'FOATOTL “SPIEL “CLG “EL'69.'O8F' 2S. GIE FS. adeno 81109 Fe OC a a a -*--aLanog 84109 “4109 olmnog ‘suAg “6IS'bS.a “3100 (deme oS Pap Se “-"" 99004) sopIRYO ‘vous sayvyD ‘suds ml Shel “UYJO) JO"UAS § *869°L6,'266'C8,EbE Gla, ‘OGP‘6SF6E'FS.T “GEO. ‘C6E'SE, HIOSB «68'S. HISSB “92/0041, suujo9 HoyRSILA S,ULJOO ‘IOAI}{,p ouueAOG “suUAg “TT “UO ““-""""pory BYgG JO"UAG “gEZB]T “Day DYg 8,u1]4I0) “UIPYOOD fo uUAG “STAPd “927'76, HJOV “‘O6.0AN “TSAUOIN “PS‘OS.TIUINN “6P'GL PUL = “FOS'6L. BI “Pgh 8.2009 ot heii ge ial Saige nats sn on a ninealoniasen Sa wiaeinel “FATTO TO GAtee ok SOME CLL uoD 7" pLqAH 8, UIpooD ‘sulpyoog ‘sug “yy *UITYIO9 TaysnioO uojdmuyy jo‘udg ‘"288'6¢,q “4Dag 4aj8NID storesscss css TO STM *PHqAH Je38nID “TOMUIOD Jo "UAG “6ZL'69. “OSF'OS OTE. TJOSVIN “OT IPM = “49/8T]D | “1BO1A JO “UAG "869'26,'299'G8,'ChS'S2.L “SLT'SS.V “681'Z9,‘9IF'8S,USV “E8t “SFIH “PSE'6S. ‘FFE 199.0 “LPIAOH “PUTUHAM $ ‘S90 §*28'69,‘2¢9'LE,‘ShF'SF.“OOT'TR. MUNDO 126 —— NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 82 “IRWOD YP [BoIWUEp! ATqIssod ‘Og ‘zIssuay “UWIR] [BIUOUTIIedxe 7B peyBAIq[NyY *paqlosep JON “OPST OL0foq A]VIOYS Spossnig Iv poZYRUIsIO SITET 4 CRC NTO eS GCG CO) SEI CeT| a10g avujog uhg ‘Ielid *(uepjoy) IRwyog “IBUI]OD OSSBq cheese pa jo WAS “62869. “99'6E.9IND “LEVEE AUD “96 TEM “WMd “xnvauidy nujog ‘TBUTJOR AUIOYL JO "UAG °969'26.8GS'G8.'EFS'ELL “GLE eras ‘PRTHL §“ZLE'6S.(098'FS.A—“SCL'69. OLE LE OLE GE. “Roth. HJOsBY “aundgy snuj09 BBSHdarinda| |p SOR EU TDS SSC ASINoaceC Aa SoRoC oR Ta oue IVUIJOD JoUIUINg Jo ‘UAS “9TT “Ajung “owjog De a eee all per tet ae et as Ine CCF CO. MAXAUVD “OO.OAVAA ‘“AoAOUNG avU[oOD eae (CSc aay amene er eer 68'ZG, HJOSBW ‘GSTS. HSSBW “407 np aemyjog [Bex2 gccen aig ABUIJOD OSB JO UAS "ISSA “SOP'6S. ORE FSA “ECL PPPS. ‘2940 LDWIO9 aja asele ein!=ala | epminre IVUTTOD JO "UAS “OZF6S.“E6EFS.A “ESL°6O. PERSE. “96L'SE, TUE) “aaL0q 4DW09 cit ties sc|| eke tery reins Saat ate oe (uepl[oy) IBUOD JO"UAG “TE]Iq ‘avog wpUjo09 ieigear’<) (2° Ml ieee a ae a oe he ene a G6S6E. HIOSVW ‘OOLTFAZ6U'ZE ST *ZOMOg ARWMpOD weet etste|eeeee esses sopyeauy Joudg "67269. TIZ‘F9. MOH “6LZA — “SAPYDAUT sap 4pUL]oD | fot Papasan ates oc'y eer hs Iewpop assvg Jo usS “62869. “80F6S.H “GLEN “MII ap owj09 “B1oquiery-JO “UAS “SSIGO.USV “Oksd “9ZE “6S, 3 x3 aay PIShS.A “UTAOTL °089°69.‘ZOP 298th Sh. OST TF S88. SduDYyosaq spw7j0p Meds i ae peal | RMR DE The, oe a ee ie ae ara Jojsoofy JO uAg CZL‘69.0 "0Gh ‘6S. 1 “LaSIIPY ap ALDULIOD PE SSS SS ee eRe oe | eee aes | eras XTNAIVY, JO ud OOOFDVAH “LInsvyy ap 4pulj0) ee SS aaa agate ae oe eieieien a Sie ace oe eee HUONG 151 K9) udg “R906 9d “JOT ap “puljoy) {iZaSeeerlelae kos ee ee qneyRped Jo-udg “paIdeq “6G2‘ecT'zg, FJOsSVIW “ynvyDjaq’ LpU1]0) dacs -ddal halle. ASE Soak NOTE eS ee iBuyoy) oysuor Jo uAg "PEL‘°69.q “aybuor ap Lpu1]0) Se Kee |r ae tate mat tn em a eget eercem SLL NI OLO PU LTEAAWETO) ‘udg “PRS GQ “4001 pp 4DUW7]09 De RIESE sae Gatoie f= Sa Sasa Se Sole le alee IVUT[OD OSB JOUAS “LOP‘6S ‘OSE FS, *4922F7 ,p 4Wj09 NBODIOW INOTH Jo wAG *969'26.‘8SS°G8,“EPS'GL.L “CSUCU.USV “OTSA “6kE 6S. “G7EFS. CLCTAOH «"80G'26,"28b Ch, 901g] Pp LDULIOD Giese apie tes ee Be BILOTH JO UAS “S2Z'2E.qU “EET'TEM “ae .p “0wj09 ee ie i ee remo jo ‘uss "26169. “LOVYT DP ADULIOY Sa RP oo eT BL cane, tial ae Regs So ema 3: YW UBMS JO ‘uAg ‘OSIq ‘917 ,p LvUlj]0g “IBUI[OD Jou, Jo UAG “OOF‘86.-UAXAUBO °20Z‘06, HJOV 860'26'899'S8,eFS'GL.L “6L6H. “F2L‘69.OLS'29. TSTTh.PSUCEM ‘9x Pp LDW)109 char eae IBIUJOD MON JO'UAG “F2L°69.d “6LET “NDIANON AUMOINY Pp LDULIOD Se See ra pee pa IBW[OD elIneg JO'UAG “LIZA “IPL MM ‘auwmoinpy.p wowjo09 “TRUI[OD BLoquIory JO 'UAS “OV.OAVAA “869‘26.'899°G8, “Ehs ‘GlaL “GLC “PRI “162 FS. MSV ~“FSL‘690LS'L9.0 “Oth6S.“E68 FS. “TOT TIIMNHM age oss ESTIAOH “GIS'IC. A “STS‘'GGOLT'SP SST LF. HJOSVW “69 TE.M “Ouaquiary .p Lnwj09 “4SOTV JO “UAG © °869'26, BSG'S8, Rabe arg ‘ChS'GLaL “CL66S.A “SOT'LG, FJOSVW “PZL‘69.‘Z8F'2E.0 “99'EG. 410ET 7801 hp 40UW1109 go FSi Ses ee a ee ae ee ale qnsBiieg JoOUS “LIP6S‘S88 FS. “Apusnyg 40W]09 Torres es ateesssssssess9qinog Jo'udS ‘9G °299'69.‘CSF25. “OF IUHM “Avusmyp 40u1j09 ‘TIOIN Jo ‘uAS *SyIVUIOY eRe ag ORS iia | aac oe cama | a ec | Aa a aaa "86926.‘8S9'G8,EhS'°G2.L “I8tH ‘86FS.A *128°69.‘90S°29,‘TOR‘Sh.a> “osog 4pwj09 Q mn See | ees Siaooa lls alas ¢ ; eee ld a S = | 8, reed Jo owen | fone fo) = . . i=} Fal Selva | Neyetys|t ened “panuljwoj—Lo6l 0} FO8T wolf suoynayand wnowauy ur 07 pasiafa. sivad fo sayauina unouy ay) fo copur-anboynyn) 126 83 “GET ‘MIOA MON ‘49 -UNOD Jo}JSoYO SOA, Ul poPBUIsIIO “OPST ul Surrey JLoqoy AQ pozIqryx *paq ios -op jou fpr Aq poysyqng Teo ‘oso ukg JO ‘XO “S “YUAN poyeUulsNo ‘Tet d ‘epgt ‘orngyno -IWoJT JO oUIzesey UL poysyqnd *s1Rak OM} 1OJ dooy 04 preg “CUIA) UorjQoryD uog Suyquieser AjoWRA plo Uy CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. ‘norods@y aofepy Aq poste yy Pe oteadaeeewww at ecduvndcidae C2068 CECE BIquin[og Jo ‘usg ‘ICFP, HSsBy ‘umaQuin}o,) SS yoosieg JoudS —"“OIS “10OONGA “OST'S6,.HIIT “Muquinjoo “Nol[BAITA UBICUIN[OD ‘AsNoTesaILA BIQUIN[OD ‘UBIq “UMNJOD ‘SUAS “OPGNHY “Z8P‘L6,608 “68,'166'SLL “SFVFLAIOH "JOH —"99'2.V ‘S61 “PRI, “Sh ES USV “ELE'6S.6TE FS. “OOFM “OS TAOH "C28 “#8, ‘608 19.4 TATOOD “SC SFA “SPL'LPALOH, — “CL'69,'28P'2E‘O8F'SE. “OST TEM “BIQUINTOg Pee eg Rg ae aa case a ce ae ae eae ae el stresses TOTO FISSVA “JAP. P oquinjog OS NAS SS ae a a a Te ee eee ee eee 6221 “Unlo9 CAN de, 5 SS Sesto osmAg' “OO. OE Vn eS SSLGD, ‘PIN Ip 2940]09 ““MRo}1op Journ Jo'UAS “21269, “GIS TNIIOH «GEA FS, TJOSRW “NOV ,p 99.40]/0) “TOPTLM “TOD yo ‘ukS "E6,ONO “OPSIT‘ORe TUM “869°26,86¢68.L “9pIded = “wapyi4, J9U0]/09 APPTEM “TOPTEM JOUOTOD “SUAS “S9ZNHV OO.OUVAA “LZASUPIW ‘SLI'96.1 lL Af ‘PITT6E.dOWN “OLT'ES HOW “ES IS.V “OLLLCCIVSL ASSP “JOPITM “199 i a vi Pe te eile ee ee iit OFSTUBGI, JO -UAG “T1869. ‘PUMLOINY ,p DULO]O.) Fe OOO OR SOE Ze OS RULOJOD op oyonbuog "ukg “yw *(-buoD) BMOTOD ‘RULO[OD BT ‘BULO]OD 9UTTIOYNY,p eulo -ndeg ‘eurlojop Np o1lineg ‘BUo}OD elameg "suUAg “OPS'IO.MAXGQUBO “]T *RUOTOD BFP a ehe” Cie Sgt eee ae eae es eee Seed! nofuy Jo-udg 1 ‘oge'6e,.q “980g ID1u]09 “NOITBBIT A essvding yo ‘udg “Zoe'6c. a “P98‘69.‘0SC'2e.q *(A[snoouor1e) suojy un, s0U]09 RRA eR IBUIJOD OSs¥q JOUAS “Z7'EX TUL “SOPCS‘OSE'FS.A “SuOyT UDA 40UL]09 SEES 5 Page ae eR SENSO be SoplyRAU] JO ‘UAg “CZZ'69.q “SuOsy UDA sDUL]0D OFZ 6 HUT “EST OR APUL “OO TRSZ6'ZEM “SUOW URA IRITOD ee gS ee ee a oe eT ce Sas IBUTTOR) JO ‘uss ‘661d “oujoD oN eave eee ee | he eee euuey “USS “ShIH “9SIUL ‘00D “WeUITOD “IBUIJOD VSB JO UAS “86916 LOE SSL “SCA “SOP‘6S. O8E'FS.A “62869. SES'LS.FPFSh. “LEVEE AUD “Ele “aUurpisaenog avuj0) 2026 ESOS ESC C Id JoUAS “EPSP USY “OCT TP BOLE OT “UrDAaanog LpUL}0) Zeegon "Torts ttt auIqRg Jo UAG “OST'Sh.SFLETJOSVN “Z6'ZEM « “9ULQDS 4DU]09 wn ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee eee eee IBUIJOD JO UAG ‘“6hIq ‘sapulj09 tres ec e ee eee nee cece eee w ene eco ne IBUITOD OssBq JO "UAG “[OTId “nay spujog : raat a he “IBUIJOD ossBg Jo UA “TSS FSSA —“SOF6S.‘OSE' FS. “67869. ‘TES LE FER'CE.A TOI = “NAL ADU]09 piecicterale= eiajeicivic’=ins\eiaisie = “-IRUITOD JourMINg Jo "UAS "PFL‘69.OLE'LE. “990994 4DUL]09 sisi bar TIOIN Jo "WAS “gec‘es.L “12869. 69 LF. HSSPN “99'6EGIND “19IN 40U]09 icin eel SHON 107MM JO 'UAS “OOKOTVAA “P8869. “ESSCOGA “SHIN 40109 ‘TIPIN JO ‘UAS *869'26.‘8CC'GS, ‘EFS * ‘CLL “@LZA “PETE “SL‘6S.“6CE'FS. A “60626, OLE'Ch. “OF OF. HJOSVW “7/19N 4070) aces “"*"Z9NBN JO URS “REC*CR EFS EL AL “LEA “$6969. 0928. “292DN’ 4109 ‘ouUTOIN yp onbsny 1Burpog osseg ‘onbsny reurjog osseg ‘suAg “678°69.d “612A “GIS TS. ‘onbsnyy sewyjog 0] 0u -Tarve Jo ‘UAS “TSS “26E'6S.TLEFS.A_ “OGL‘69.ETS'LE SEF SE. “ayaulmDs 4puj09 ma __TBUT]OD B8SBq JO “UAS | “860'L6,'SES'SR."EFS' SLL “18S'FSCA “EOF 6S.‘O8E'FS.A “67869. SES LS. FFF SE. POT TPM “LOTSe, Tue “quod uapsvyy 4DUO9 ‘IBUITOD OSS¥q JO "UALS *R69'26, ‘Sec'CS ‘EhS'CL.L “ISS PSA “SOF6S.“OSE'FS.A “678"GO.TESLE. FERS. “SUD 40109 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 84 ‘slivg SU aures ay} A[qissod !paqiosep JON “ONTBA PFA] JO oq OF preg “IL ‘o[UpSUullUIB yy ‘prByo -10 [Bl} S,ueuryong ulurefueg UT “SUO;W UBA UYOL- aq Aq pezyeursio A[qBqold ‘stosuy jo Ajolo -og [Bangynos0;, AQ paqwoseq ‘0 “a 218 SUSY 1B pavyoio [BJUUILodxXo UT “6PST JHOGB ‘gouBly ‘Ssiosuy 4B po} RUIsIoC “uoljonp -o1juL Jueder AfoAyRIBdMI0D JO O SSsolsd 8p ON “PSST UL SLOMOLYH WNIT JO -W09 Aq peprBosIq, “poqtios *syIvVWOY “OIN{XO “AuSUOW Jo udg ‘coos L “10L'69. “pun ap assaidwog ke aR eon frond gc et ot halon had ay SAI Jo ‘UA SOL £8. OJOVO “SHAT DLDID assajdwo) spre Sele © etapa eee wr rrorsesceesscees =" ERT IG FSSC “Sfit_ op eydu0g "TT XMBYOIN Jo UA “ESh‘6S. LOPS. “SLSLE.R6E' SH. “enDYU ap aidwop an Mai oo AuBy Jo"UAS ‘R12F “ELE'6S “ONE PEA “TLe'Sh. “AwnT ap aidwop RR” SRG te nae ““""""OIpUBlY JO"UAS “6L'80-VIIOHV “SuapuDjy ap aidmop '869°L6.'8S5°C8.EPS'SLL “620. 6g" Py HISseW *9} 01d OD ‘SOEPS. A “PLT'L6.910H “=== 1ousad yy Jo “UAg sturuy jo'ud eirtere\s imions total ie cna a FE Se A oek tae ee Fe eee ee LUC. g Jo. “189 “PRLEL “2INDUMUL ul 09 ~--->-9uuad0d ou jou Ag ‘POA “juuahod WOUWWOD Cyny) Jourvsieg Jo ‘uAg "€99°69,,G9G'2G,998'Gh. CG “LISLE 96 SE. AUOD “ESZEM “td jowmpbsagq wouuog a en Gd aes [eres eestebre *AlIOg IIOPOULULOY?) “-rBUfog Jo uAg “geg‘GsAL, 269.0 “PRIH = “aLopowu0g “SIZL “ON SUOW UTA tg "869' 26.8968. SFSGL AL “STE ISA “OLG'LG¢ GL y PSC CQ _09'GF. HyJoseW ‘etopouiuto) “OLEA “OZP 6S EOE PSO L169. “6109 66%'SST 16, HJOsVW “ayoujaqg asypsspuud) a Nad | ea eae | Sie is a1jOUTfad JO‘UAg “97, fstetciaics cies chat Sereda tects Acs Ske cael aaa na aoIllO,) Np vatong *uAg “Ty soyouurd oofWoy "JOINS OOTULO) apg els | Sialicasye eS A CNIS A EC eyovurd oalmo0g np euusso0q “uAg “yy “s19SUY odIULoOD Np oJuRpUo, ‘ao1U09, np eqwepuogy ‘sudg “Ty *(oJUBpPUOW) dDIWMOD Pape sa ig “777ABOIA JO UAG *869'260L “S286. “E8B'OCTH “UOIMOT, ap 297109 Sager ys eiicbas ae Shas © ae “-="punog jo"usg “2e¢G¢,q ‘“wo/nos, ap a21uL0) *(stosuy JO) oo1ul0g np suuesoq ‘ea1utog np oumasoq ‘oa1ur0D op suuaAOG “aoqoy etineg “suAg “68S WHY ‘SOND ‘“S¢h'26.L “F62PH “OB.OAN ‘OGF'98 HUN “T6S “ovtulod ; “UOSMB'T JO “UA "0920, HPUL | 00.08 VAA “L0L'6a1 “SSS IT'SEe' TUM OF 26. HPD) “Leela “BT88.(VH “OF | 66.96 L8.HOW ‘O8T “98. AIL “POL L8éGLT 8.110 ‘S0L‘GS.V PPI 'S8, WIRD “yawon RES OURS Sea | ea Pee ts suoIquLo’) se) Vally ‘udg “T *ehoiquiog 28 ALES REAE Bae ae wae SnquIn[o) Jo ‘udg GW Lanuy pp snquinjog Histzscinis leis cae eae iat cree phi So eae “777 TOATET.P SnquINJOD ‘uA “IY “snqwmnyo) “BIGQUINTO) JO ud “608'S8.L “JOH “E1e'6G. 61 | PO. CLUILAOLL “GcL‘69CTSP'LGK08F' SF. "ZESEF.HJOBVN. “asnoypbur, Drquenjog | | oe UA “869° 26aL °99'Z9.V cacy [ocrrttt | JOH “eze6S GTS FS. “SS ‘Sh.AINO “G22 ‘69 8P'29. OSP'SP.A “nazDb.14 ULIquinjoD | | = 3 S =| 3. ‘ivad Jo awIeN “ponunuo,y—Lo6l 0} FOST Wouf suoypnoygnd UDILUaUp UL OF paulafat sinad fo sarjaruna unouy ay) fo raput-anbo)Dq,) 126 lie ereeiae pact emcee xuBYyoIW JO UAS “91869. “Std “LOE FSA “SOT TAM “PR DYOYY ap 21uLo9 Nites 2 Gee 4 OF TLHSSER = “eOpR[OI_ ap opto) stung, Jo "uAg *g99°69.d “SabouLrT ap ajuLo) | “AUIV'T JOUAS “OO.OAVAA ‘S9P'L6. ‘060'S8.'LS'SLL “SFTH *262'69.E8h°29. “O98'FS. A “G9SM “POETS. “8E'GR.OA VN “E9TOIOD “S6F‘0G.99' ZF. HIOSVW “TEUTIF.M “99'68:91ND “96T'S8.cUen “AunT ap ajuw09 ahaa oAQoqUIBT Jo UAS “00D.0GVAA ‘aisaqupT ap ajo) -apodoor'T JO‘UAg ‘OPT'Ce, {IOSBW ‘apadaonT ap ajwog epee age Nac aerate “users JOURS “SU HY OBL aM peueaa 3 20D ‘oIpuByy JoUAS “OOOUVAIA ‘OP'LS.INIBY “OLEES. A “SSP'L6.'626°S8.T9SSL.L «CNT XUPDD § “PLE6S. A LEL'69. |‘eSr'za.d "es‘se.aing ‘0gs'oG. USV “ZSFEAIOH “GIES. SSP “alpunpy ap aju0g “LOIPSUBT] So] ULesey Ver) “BMOT UL [BII} UO AJONIBA YOUaTY VW [777 * eats cam elpere Met aueAhe cei DR a oe eat ee eee en ee aliduoy) juepiserq udg “wy ‘aysduog [o.e) *ynoIQo9UU0,) UOJ] 31 poAtooar “ssuyy ‘u0jdueyy10N Jo ‘yun aq |---* (0 | ei | A3 Ws ie CO! 5 TON); | cians Maver ae mines scans t So tetelels = rem qnooevuuo) s4uny iq ‘uAg “ZzZq “yNoyveuUOg Prt pestee ae Hts let ot) Oh tne | alin letied we fie ena ote Ito. e ete | [ere Simla maf ie lel wate et are! al let lel Sie ie eal a plait atl wislata as win a one e im aria ul[yuoD Jo ‘udg “cOe'98, WIBD “pighy $,UNyUon “YIOR MON | ‘£7 UNO) Lo] Solpojso A, Ul PezyBUIsUG | our 3 i) MF onidojoglf pane A owmsai te hia foyey AS. OF goes as ita Sai, Maes paqép s,aypyuog uAg *gzZ'69.q “UT yUOY “9 U0) OT | Jo Sul[pees y ‘sBxXey, WOIy ‘MeN [>"> 7” Vege siey es | le’s ni herman sissies hn) = s/2'7 eon leases SSO Pers oe as ce a ee ae Ce ee ee pee ea oer ZOSTOTAL “WOOTYUOD eM els lie otsilp coma» abla cae osama (= ACN Nati ale a SS A nt ee a OS alsojomog Jo udg “gzZ‘'69,q. ‘anbibojowogd ssasbuog “SUL | | -Aip 1oy pasn Agaryo ‘Apawy AloA [~~ -7 = 7) liga oi | eed Sng hak poms Ce ig SO eee Maciek G2S'E8.OJOVOA “SF ZB OSHW ‘OWT sfessosuog “UOINRIG JuoUIIIOdX sy UBSTYOIT > | 4B peqsey Al[Ny you ‘Sulsymorg | --~ ~~ BA 8 eof | habe) ood) ole Koy ees ose “ODOM VAM “STZ'LZ6-HUT °922'26.°962' 16. HIOV “SOZAUPIIWN “OSASUON ‘aoUesasuog 3 on loo oon an Seb es eos [etetetate mAal etal le iefetelm\ ale FET RCO II OTST SOOT 509 glo) Af i) “uAg “CE9'69. “UadNaNsI, J, ap a8saULog nD | *"s1By Jo udg Je em An | agape sha | ita (ic tr | neice (i aac eile “OLEE8. A “GLZA «SETH =“ PLE*6S.“69e'FS. A PPI‘OP. Josey = “AvunT ap assajmop Pa I nn ITED Py Fah a Pa NN Nal Ua A Aa II SIBy_ JO “udg “OFL'69.q “ADULT ap assajzmo) 5 | *so]d@n EE Or een (viet (teint eit Ba arene | ghee! (Pisa ae li, eels Jyo°udg ‘Oszd ‘78e'6S.‘298'FS.E *092'69.'S6F°LE.‘S88Ch. “plouaty ap assajyuog es meiner eisien nie pb een a aes SS RE Sep ae OS ae ar Rae a gaa peat Sate eee proquivyy Jo"udS “gzL'69.. “pLoquupyg ap assayuog BS Src lfm Sa (Rea be ll aga tae Ne Ol Pantene ote JSOTYV ossoqlog Jo “UAS “EZZ‘69.d “OSSOG EPSPS USV “7807 V.P se | “4so[V er heer fame Ne fe aie otal Faeries | ace 3 ed Jo 'udg "669'26.‘89S°C8.‘EFS'CL.L “6LE'SLE6S. A “OLS C8PLS. 801 Vp assaqwog 5 Ww | d-3 | Ba wf | qnaa I AGO" -SRSe|Pe ac we a a ia eee “-"""qsOlV,p OSSeJUIOD UAG “TJ “4SOLY assepwog pena | penietcisins | == ser == ahaa tiie |i saeeiattal| (etisalat ctr tain blaticdini iii eee it aan Shr 2p «toy Ug! aye ep Rp age] ofa) Tad eee ee ae ir | en ea ala a aaah aipur,y Jo‘udg ‘629,410 ‘SlZq ‘s4apunpy fo aqwog is *(ojW0D) ANatfe'T Jo "UAS “OD. VAA °669°L6.‘8S¢' oR, (ee ee ee eee elite mehS. © |S riial be ©. tinea s clis eS leans Vo ase ‘OPS AHJOCY “ELE'6S. A. “LEL'6OC ESF LS. ="“AnayaT aywog es meet when Lratiaisey c [bs (Rm alee eae eo or gd be, AUIVT JOCUSS “12169. “RL “AuevT aymog 4 “SIIB JO “UA “SCh‘16,61'S8. Q re 2 |e a nn | Sei aa) “Sagas i aga | TOSCLL “LEL“69.E8FLE. TSE TISSVIN “98'S. “6E'TS.HJOSVN “S14 ap 2709 ‘OP “d “TSE | = ‘Sqoloog RANQMOLAOP, syyesnyo | S -ESSPV yo ao} UMD, sq poyiodey, SS ee eee Ce ee a OF TL. FISStIN “AUIOW op oyuloO9 4 o- 126 ————— OO tC tt ‘dg ‘aIssRsy | qe patyoro yeyueusedxo uy | “PEST Up UOWVY A SBIIG AQ peyBA{INO | --- ‘al 28o “d ‘plot Aq, poqstosep tN ah Sie mo aa ieee: "SET ‘OGRT ‘ALN [NOLO ]] JO S[BUULY 90g ‘O68T Url sso[ABg Aq poonporUy “ed ‘RIqdppeiqd VB popyRursug | ul d S00 “OORT ‘AvpUOTR, 8,.1ouOp -iey ur ‘uoyeWW Aq poystqnd “eget ‘AqOIOOg [RAINg[No -Q10y{ syourty Aq uolsodx gy UBICUIN[OD S,PITOM 3B POUIGIGXM |°-°~” “AQOY UH Aq poonpomur “eA ‘AjyuNOD es100H SUIT Ul poyBulsig | Ww | - las qt *purpsugy | | | ‘uoaeq ‘ayshnyy *Aoy Aq posrey | ur |" **” |} As | wiloo} NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. “SYIBUIO YL “Append nas A ae eRe LD AY get Sol tlhe et SG Gil ae Seats RO (Ayonjuey Jo) 1aVUI AA S,[BeuLOD "UAg Oe ar ST he oo = “""""""9UUILOQ ap vatong “uAg S.01 [aici iS E70 [pci cn EO SRO Gch i Oc SA AAD WINE OIE OC 20 ------ yrs s,1edoo09 *uAg ‘OOO V A “19 AHJOLV Bea a of[e1o yy JO “UAG ee ee iit SEI 5) (oli: fots tomo dats! ‘6G d "sUAg = *G69'26.'8E9°CSPS'GL AL, GT “68G'PS PII Oe nidog yo udg Se ecw awe e mentees esas ee sses sane Wea s,10d009 ‘udg ete an aa ae “*""q10OSTOY d0Ull s,oysAnyy ‘usg “7 "669° 26.'896° G8.‘ EFS'SL aly Res |e "77" "-ZaMUBYy JO ‘UAG nooreseessssozamupy Jo uAS “66°C, HJOSBW 681‘ TS HSsP “neouio) $,[DIULOD “eal a *]ROULOD “oUUIO) SS Sahice ages oe LL ee OL ODAELSOLY™ punog Joudg “¢Es‘69.d “6rIid “wayjapsoo can asIno'y avy Joudg “E1969. "snLoyo109 "GOL69.(00G'26.. “ZLPIS, HJOSRW 7/0409 ‘aplvyunbog “612M “DAFT Sdog ‘padon ‘vordog “pecs qaoyy = "ey dog *BIdoy Jo"udg “OZP6S. 868 “C6ZOS. HJOBVW “ELe'Sh.d “68Gb. SSB “vado9 “PS'SP.TJOSVIN “06'69'LF. SSB “Dandog [eq todoog Josudg “zZg¢~eprey = *"77Dy 8 ,.4ado009 “YW "Tea tedo0g ----yodoo9 yo°udg ‘OLe6. HIT “Apog s.4adoo9 *ssoa109 hae ““o*"peoysdey Jo-udg “FTL'69.C. "LOE "6GL'69. TLS“ LG. k TZG 2S te V SPOS. ATND “yy «s0do00g9 SORTS Tae, 669'26-89S'G8.EhS'GL.L “CLE6S.H “CLG “PSP'L9.q “eyood ie nS Cor ce geen inenseyT JO “udg “OO0ORD VA “ANINSIT AJUDISUOD "V.10SUOD ap Bigot “zoMuBy Jo"Usg “ZE6G GIO “ZamuDY Lanjasuog --ZaMuBy joudS “Tes‘9G yUsy ‘“zanupy LnajjVasuo) POR DROSS A IES i “"" ZOMUBY JO*UAG “G1ZT ‘“azamuny sazjvasuog *ZOMUBY JO "UAG “PLEOS OLGA 'SGL‘69'PSP'LE. “ZamuDY 1))1a8W0D ‘PRI “FLS'6S.“6GEFS. A “OSES OH, “Zanwpy La] Lasuop “zalULDYy Lnazjvasuog *]Bypore Ww Jo udg "SGP'26.(GL6'S8.T9SGLL “OPeILeseIUM “SLeE8.A “86 FL. HOON “LLOL.WIIOHV 9929. V O0P'6S. SLE PG T‘E9. GOP 9S. SV STF PS AIOE "O0S2ESOST'SS. SCP FS, HJOSBW “Ln0g D) ap 4a7]VaSUo) --=(HuoD) BUIOTOD Jo"UAS “TElep, HJosBW “pu0j99 ap ajanbuog “1e0ed JO OUIBN 86 ‘panunuoj—lo6r 02 FosT wouf suoyvoygnd unowuamp ur 07 patiafes sivad fo sayarunr unouy ay) fo xapur-anbo)D}0) 126 87 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. ‘elp d “Test ‘orngno -1}10}7 JO oulzesuyW ul poysyqnd “pul ‘KBADA 7B POLBULSIIO OABY 0} PIVG 6) “T ‘218 -SBSY 1B preyoro [eyUsUIIedxo UT *qourqsIp Ajqeqoid ‘fore7y AQ uoMdiwoseq ‘O ‘ag ‘zisseay ye pareyo1io) §=yeyueuredxe uy, ‘o0uBL YY ‘S1osuy jo ‘foloyT or1puy Aq po eUIs1IO ‘Oo ‘ag ‘zIssusy ye pasyoro yeyueuredxe uy “ed “wiydjepeytiyd ‘soles INN TH JNUysoyD 4B eyes 107 “paqiosop JON “OLU0D OT SI sSIqy sABS “pT ‘ayouroo0 + JO ‘SMOUIIBI “A “S “UIBANO’T JO ‘suo; uBA UyOLr Iq Aq pez BUIsIIO ‘082 “d uo pfarg, Aq peqitosep JON “A419 Uap! UIB}1e0UN JO 41 VYSnNoYyy Surmmoqd ‘o1equg sdeyiag “RPBUR) ‘ST[[BMUIOD 7B poyBUIsIIC “WOATE “W Aq pasrey *paqiiosap JON ‘Oo ‘ ‘zIsseay [eyuewltedxe uy ye -preyor0 uojsuvig Jo'udg “gzpT¢, cose “burypaag uojsunsg eT ERS bl oR aa See. ees teteT ae eae eS ee Sul[pseg uojsuwig-udg “yo “uO ysURID Se Al ee Cl a eae et ee ee ee 1aq0WQ Jo'UAg “TEl'ep, Josey ‘aursromns9 Steen a pene eae ee Es Meee NL ee NN le Or a ae al ae 19G01Q JO'UAS “ORI “wl0MDLD “vod WYSIIM ‘101Ng JeuUIN, ‘Iveq ployuRig ‘Bed ULOGuURY ‘1o4yNg Jour -uIng ,Sivow ‘(A090 “4AIOT]T “UIQ oy} Jo) Ajreq s,yoreyy ‘Apeq s,ouseyyT ‘1oyng Foun ALB ‘(sivoyy JO) JojIng Ayre” ‘(vueipuy Jo) 10j9Ng Ajeg ‘(RUUD “UID JO) Joyyng Apreg ‘toyng Apeg ‘royng “sudg “OGOAN “LLV'GSHO “SyRsg 0.0aVaT artssayy Jo ULS “C1969, ‘1B1JINOH op sBuBUYy ‘suxg “T Pe ee er re onenbyinog yo ‘udg OOAVAA a a eee a IBAIF{ Pp onenbymog “uAg PEEPS ST oe “Sages eas anon’ oJInOD Jo uAg “opi ded * FA SOC are * Ga ae ise sa - aic ene euuIOINyY ,p sneny ojinopj ‘udg “T ‘onan’ oyin0g POG” SPSS ES Ree a ee eae nvoailoep IouIUINg JO°ULG “LTL‘69,d *JOs4y ap ajnog pa va Oe earns (erect err eor ve “eyuBseidesg Jo'uAg “ges, UR ‘“jowDbsag puDjineD *JOOJSMOD *PUPINO?D “1B1} *yRapin0g “L9QUY «pp auanbyanog var | -In0D) op elineg ‘AB1ZINOD sp seuBUy “Y tanonbyanog ‘IUULOINY ,p ININ?) 7J4NOD SeT[90INOD Lue] "UAG “YW *se;jooaNoEg ~-ABUIBYD IBUT[OD ‘eqinoD sIqiy ‘[BIlury ‘suxg “TT ‘aqunog “m0g [ieee ens sm, Seemete ree oy Fi Re, ea ee ee ena ai a 812 “INeT]o'T JUNOD ‘UAS *69F'L6.'612°C8.‘T9S' SLL “bLe6S.6c8'bs.a “Apun’y Jo ssajunog pis oe aca eae ae nea age aeniae G a o a sABy JouAg “CElO6.UAXaAURO ‘shoy DuvjD ssazunog ‘ays|uTq “IQ Jo ‘WAS *669'L6,'S99'SR, EFS SLL "€8t'7e7H “TL8‘69.‘SbR'LE. | “DULOJOD JuNOD Re ee ee ee eee ee ee ee eee ee ee ween ° ---6¢°00., HP “yunog "*"sapnoyy, Jo uAS "89969. “6LZA "94DIY JUNG ap UO;NOD 2 ESSE ESO SRP SERS: ¢ 22 sa" Aenea icy alisseyy Jo'uAS “cTS'69.q “sno Sid ccosanahp ones “(4ny) UWeern Buoy Joudg “p08'69.q ‘“aumomy.p flog 97209 WesRPnS a Sy saeaae ys Sessa ner Cuing) [Bey ouBIA Jo‘uUAS “gg8‘69.d “flog aynoD [aie en kickass koa 2 3 See DBILIBD JO UA “OTL‘69,. 'a4avT ap psvj1Nj09 *19}009 snyyeurog “UAgG “ZRR‘L6.‘OTE'eR, COSCLAL “GLA “6SL69.PSP'LE. “S28‘6S.‘098'FS.“b9'LE. 65197, HJOSBIY *10909 I a Fa eR I AL TIO Ag UIB[AJOD SOIN ‘UAG “"T ‘“UPRV}OD = pines = ere w =feintn i= alata Jaysn[p “UAg “62469. “FOOD. HJOSBIN “6S'Se,V *1eMUOD enw eee tees ements er cc cere sews cc easaaesasscecce SI[TBMUIOD pio’y ‘usg bp | “ST]]RMMIO) ee ee ie a a as 13409 Jo ‘uAg “OBL SS. V “194009 SNYIULO) "SI[EUIOD alIsaqd “UAG “669'L6,‘8ES°CR.‘ErC'CL.L “I6BL'ATHIOLY “O8'FL°89, 7 “GlE‘6S. “88PL9.0 O8' FS, HIOSRIY ‘IVES HSSBT *ST[ousIO) Re aie mg ners tae LS orbs | Pe SO EE GIZA *Utjoudo.) a[leuso0) aaiqg “UAg “Ye *elppousr0) NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 88 “ssvy ‘uUA’T Jo ‘uy -Jng Jevasy Aq poster Suljpoos y ‘ON ‘AJun0D puowmyory ‘UISIIQ “Eyes JO Sul[pees V ‘aqeposqo Mou ATQRqorg *pooylprvy SJI 0d 0} SUIOOS Jour JoIyo s}T *AVOLIBA [BUSTUBUIO UV “3830p Aq poqiuoseq “SUI[Poes SUOW UBA VY SB A[IBa SV PVTBAQ[ND {plo AoA ‘ASIBUUOBLD JO SV FST UL JOPILM “d “W109 Aq poqqraxg uL ul oul foo wfoo nawAs djqo -- " ssByy 2S SS at *SyIBUlOY *9IN4X9 I, eae SAE EO am Ot a ee akg ee a pO he TIO DE widsig juiwg ‘udg “YT *urdsyag pe 2's 2 DIGS alee IES ols S55 ate 20. 00.66. TAL “669'26aL "882°86.sV *oosT9 “UOSUILI) 0818/7 ‘OUISOUIOI,) OSSOINH “QNOY,p dUISOUeID ‘euIseUIOIQ ‘suAS “7 ‘“6Itd ‘*WOstUpIQ ' ‘QUBSSBI{) JO UAS “GLA “OGh6S.“868'FS.A “6ZL°69.TLS'LG. “CLEGE. “96T‘SE.TUID "GlId ‘aupsaug OR ee ROS DEE AOS EOD ROOD Bers SR OO UOSUI,) JO'UAS “6IId "Noy ,.p aursawasi9 SEAM EY. Ua ER ED RRR ee ek UOSUMI) JO'UAS “6[lq ‘aussawmai9 *(qo}00g oY} JO) svuIUIB’T ‘JlorouR_ “‘sUAS 669'26.‘8SS‘S8.‘EhS'GL..L “62 ‘GhIEL ‘8826S. V “Och ‘6S. S6E8'FS.A “6CL°69.‘TLS‘LG.‘Gee'Gh.d “eC'Fh.‘89'8E.1N *pIOJMTID REIS ICO SORIA OYPBUB | OUUBSSBID JO'UAS “OAIq ‘aayoDUDG auupsspLig - OUUBSBID PoLESoIB A ‘9oYORUB SUUBSBID “SUAS “Y{ZTIP MA “oyorurg ounrsstiy Torta tessa esses s ==" OTBSSBID JO 'UAS “LOL‘86,HPUL “MS ‘JOwDbung auunssnsp “"" “OUBSSBID JO UAS “OOT'S6.HPUL “9908.9 FL. HPL “Glid ‘Jownbsag auunssps9 ci a ouRSSvID JO ‘UAG “OCT “99 6EIMO “COlIPSGE'CEM “Gld ‘auupsspsg eT OSF eGo se ere eee OURSSBIQ IOUTMUNG ‘aIq,p ouRSStIQ ‘suAg “J “(‘TINg) oURSStID preg ORS I eo nvounrg Jo ‘uAg 9/969, “nnDIUNIG ap 12017] .p aupssD41Q ‘neounig Jo ‘usg “669°L6.'89S'GS EFS CLT, “GLE “92969 FSF 29.0 “OIG SF. HJOSVW “490177 (p auDssD1ig al a ae a ee jourRsiog poy JOUAS “[PR'69,d ‘97 .p auDssDIQ SPR RS SSP SSS * Sues eo (ung) sURSSBID JO"UAG “E98'69,d “977 (Pp aUDSsSDLO OUBSSBID JO'UAG “OFGTIO.MAXAURO “621'69,d “aUUlojnY .p aupsspL1g OE Oe ERE RSs SSO Re cys oeyjourmrer JO"UAG *061'69,d aISDLISNP ,p aupssplg a Ng td ge echt) Sea teteeike neounrg Jo"uAg °*9/9'60,d ‘S120. “Noaunsg aupssplg ‘0110W BT Jo usG “L09°99'08.PLF'6L. P9G BL L8E 22,696: 9L OF FL. HI *(A[snoouodte) jowpb1og aupssp19 PEC Pak Eee OUBSSBIY) 01, 0UIRB.1OG op OULLO Hf uhg Ti *(JOUTRS.10 gq ) OUSSTIYD SIS PE Ting str tet nie Siniele sian eirlne sin meisis riers ed1oyifTy jo usg “612, ‘adsoyj) PY aupssvs9 “10}1Ng 1B] q ‘ouvselp JOUVSING OUURSSBID “JOUIRSIeg OUURSSBID ‘OUURSSRID ‘JOUIRSIOg OURSSRID ‘OUULOINY ,P OUBSSBID “OURSBID ‘IBEed 10}INg IVY IO YB[q olInog ‘VB[q olIneg ‘QUULOINY ,p OUBSSRAD O}JOUIBS.IOg ‘OURSSRID 0LLOUIRSIOg ‘OUULSSRID OJOULBSIOg ‘OUBSSRIQ, JOUIVSIOg “SUAG “G69'26,'8C'GR“EFSCLL “61ST “OFTEL “Och‘6S.‘S6E ‘PG. SES ESV 60L°69 TLGLG, GLEE. “O6T'ES.TUSD “OSTUL “FEI “ouesstID OURSSBIQ JO'ULS “Mg M JOwDbiag auuDsD49 oUBSSBID jo udkg “CLId “L8G[BOIBAY “PUDSDLD in io eintnehei tices ouuog-osiiy Jo ‘uAg “peIg ‘awipnnodns9 eee eee ee oyng Jo uhg 029°69.. ‘OLEH ~pnodvg ale a Sa Se Re nn tno ee en ON LELLE OMI) hO 110 ef ‘usg ‘YW «*asTRuuoriy “1ved JO oUIGN *panulyjuo)j—Lo6l 97 FOST woLf suoynoyqnd unowaup ur 07 paslafas sinad fo sayarina wunouy ay) fo xapur-anbopnyDy) 126 89 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. Ae Aoi ewww ee ew ace conse eee ease cesses syeesescsseseesssees Cg OOO IOS Gr Bg ICT A OSI ACO SEN TAU | by usg ‘zo1duq “UDLINO “010 } SUISI ' ELEN COM POUL CANS UTT COED RD res CN CONTI CORES DIESIINT a ftw ew [etme | fcase Hm Specie Nesey Sen Sema pr apa Ara em 69 ya RPA tee A eee on 46GL,.V *uBlINng “"""IBOIA JO‘UAS “GLS'60,q “aauny Sache gS in ae ate LT Fae eae NP ae ee WAYSUIGM JO UAS “SSA “Waybur)sp).P 24ND EDEN TkeDSO LOE NTial|C Seamer Mellie amma mete Toh es ener nee TRI tS SS pO aI Se aN an ACIS RS, Shain Se” Se ae ee 682 LE, HJOSRY *eypOWpod eng “OPRALO[OY) UL poysey Puy che) BN opene poy I Nvtsy ke LOE COUN oN Phy | SOME NH Sa SSN SIE A a IN | aR TI LST Ys ale ete ier ae RNS A ICC CL'ES.OFOVODA *AOUIRY any ».anisplta ets Jee lew add cee wuly eee Sas Sele Que e eb ekeaias coe IWDIA JOUAS “ERz‘OeTA | !aune eS) Bek eer ae n> UE Ww di ee oa Oh PoyueTT Jo*uAG “TSZ'69,d “CUuINLajeg Jo) pupjsaquing Sane ck SP eho ee JxUsT] Jo UAG “ZOGOO. OSB W “pupjsequing “660'26<8S9°G8. PPS'GLAL “C2460 “OFT “0ch'69. WU (082.°60. TL9°29,'GL8"Ch. “LU (puBploquiny Jo eATyeu y “6oPP. HSSVW “S8e'eh. HJOSRW TL'bh. 88'SEIN TPL TP. S918 ( A ad “UB A) Use suoyT Jousg “F08'69.0 “ESS “SSUTRCOPT'ZEM LSI “ZBI. ‘a88INg ap ajyjoynD *paqiiosep you top ‘d ‘Qo6T “aod SEM [yee tay COMA Og er SANS HST PANS a0 AG EN Da PMO AR I Ua at (IE aA aaa eg | (ach i Ms aN lca CA sh ahahaha Ano "a eed “uAg “y ATEN eee IOspulay JO‘UAG “L172, AUD “Sele M “(Youery oy} Jo) auppryy assyng ase sp aeenaae IospurM Jo ‘usgS “ege'ze “1pe'Ch.d “STLIb MST “awDpoyy assyng “Cay oyfouosie¢ Jo ‘uAS *192°69.0 “OPIE “6IT‘TP M “PSItd “181 “aumppoyy assng gs SOD SOO St “--" (Sug) offauosive Jo 'uAS “O8ZH “MS ‘auppoyy assing “QOUTTSIP “VIVA UIVRS ‘UseLDy oq ABut SAQWUept OF SB ULBZLE0U /) uyeg ‘onbsnyw ojuBpuoy oiq,p euldgy ‘sudg “LlZ‘Le, [Ue ‘owEpRA essyNnyD ae 9 oe IRR cae a Ra Ee 2 (1g) ofjouosee jo uss “291'69. “NTP aD assINg “suoA'T TRO PATO JOP LESSING WAG) PesIey| our | o | Aes) iunfoo As || tom | daqor | ssessmap | ss Cte e eel pressin) ouepeyy ‘ucg “]T *paRssyng tafe tat la e 5 PEO AC MIEISE SUAS OCDOC IOC OF fa¥oL, eTjeuosiRe yo uss “O8Z I INIaYINY “ABofour SOMMIGUSTS LUNya LULONT- UOMCnUna CTs (OU Nees ees|| see) IMCILCEL IQS) uur: NACL C OW sais iy ||eati en See esas =e se = on ae ouleny) ep eyuRpuoy ucg “] ‘auseNng Rice Pine ieie sicicis So's AS ee eeiers siecle” 3 wees IBA JO'UAS “C1869. *49A1T Pp 97)27/19N|D “ANID op POUINVe ACHR Bess O Hace MLOS CI [e feces |) Cen Cp | CUMCA S|) stm ||| (CQO este ssatesis Rie coe ese walk ese Se se eee ern “ANID op poyty onq “uAg “"yT *AndQ Piseace 94 Senko ae ® 2 see Sers CULM) UatjoryO uog JO "UAS “FR8'6O,d ‘a2uauaysn4s9 See ee eee MOLD jo uAS “06,04AN *2010YUD 8, N0LD “sexo, ‘Aqun0,) UOSABI WAM OM eA NOTI CT COMIT, SANONT ||ipemceent smear y | tee eae atm ociaeal| times beri easiness Race aS Vf |e a a a ae al “"""MOSTOAA OBBST ‘“VDIOYD S,MOID ‘SUAS “10.‘86.NSL *MOIQ “Losoyaloo | UL PoYVULBIIO “ERT UL poLIqryXs B) BA s (aie sie ut CO t=O a ae eee eee ee ee aie aaa ake ae ae eae ea 1229. V onary *poqLiosop 10U ‘sesuR “ nek woltoury Jo"uAS “C7e'6S,AL “ELSA “0G‘6S,HJOSBW “OSF'LE.d 6] “ON 8,DuDq ‘caleniaaiaieie > -°'- Sela INULMBYY JO'UAG “ge'Z8, FTSSB WV “600 62H Josey “L] ‘ON s,pung “AOAOH Svuvqg Jo-udg “exe's. “OSF'Le.d “ITTITUOD) *0S'09,‘9T 9S, HSSBW *Z02'6S. ‘9ST FS. TES SOT 82'8¢, HJOSBW “ol “CY 8 vung a snjsnsny Jo'udg “00G‘09,HJOSRW ‘Ul (ON 8, nuDGg BC Te isla; ibid Wine x quae meade “"-a[qBiruipy JO'UAg “2026S, HJOSBA “g “ON s,DUDg “uuy ‘TON 8 ,DUuDg ‘00S *FUOMTTIRG ‘pabuoaT jauvg “L039. psofung By By Jo-udsg *g02'26,‘99G'68,TS9'°G2,.L “L68°6S.A “PF I8'69,'279°L9. 126 —————— NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. ‘) “a ‘ZIs -susy 1% patyolo [wpuotUTIedxo UT ‘ ost a ‘Tpst ‘yom “Ud Aq, qsBO TNO uB SB peysyqu, “Ter d ‘epg ‘orngjno -IWI0]] JO oUIzZeSV~ ur peysT[qnd ‘uolodsy “fey AG pasteyz “SS8T ul AJOMBA MOT VB SB poJIqIyXg . ‘ssep ‘Aanqxoy jo ‘ur0q -Ireq “uer) Aq QTST Ul poyeUsUO *SHOMOLY) JIMA JO ssorsuo0;y Aq pojoofey ‘“urOqiReqd ‘uer) roy suo; uv, uyor aq, Aq poure Ny “SMALRULOY djosesne d *Aqpen pein a|| mba ead hibe’ks cae | Welt tht Se 1 TRE SOY sree" -1ROPTO) Leung Jo uAS “2T2'60.q 9907 PD auboduny dO ad SPirieE ls peepee Sot ean aselalpcernial he st paia ac || potenti: | oon i memeatmeben SS VACHE YUL ihn yoy Cea gS NuAN LUN “7 «°0ARI0g Stetina eee RRS ESSA MEO eS So SF |e ARRAS Sa en ek amen TO Fee) Ea TSU ep josey ‘ayjopung aq we eee eee eee eens Se Te So OSE AS oe Ox ULE a Ul “7s "urBoed Jo°uUAg “Tel‘ep HJoseW “waar p Uypoad sat lcaor a coe AAA IIs dae 07, Seto alg as bata ais ea, eas Ee coe eeeoweceos** IOATH Pp Ulsoed “uk “YW cuypRoog SSO Son pApeoee loooe Soo goD Sao Soop Sona s 5 Res 48 ceeee (‘urng) asoy Jo ukg “29869, “JOIN A eA | seciowc Si wie mS so sis aloe shaie rine cin er com init oS ear as aoe > a eo Saige = gine See eer (CTIIN GS) RORORT ATOR CUA SR COR GO Cimeateuo TU maCn Ticleicle Sl Seay ie Salue Cayce ae Tans eee “== ""-g9pBd JO UALS °019'69. “29PDD I gS ey 0 SIO ar ghana ee ie IR NIE EE AOS ing nq jo'uAS ‘ZITIq “ung aq “--"* JOMOIG 9q OFFOTIBYO “UAG VT “eMOIG, Od “-- spuBuy Jo udg <‘ccTdeq g9'G,,.y ‘Jayonog aq woH fo-udg 00269. “L618. (UeH “anvapLog aq CUIA\) UolyoIyO UO JO'UAG “PRQ‘G9,q “UaMuamaysn4g UOT aqT | ee [awe eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eee ee oRTTGBO Jo-uAG “OIL'69.d “euNuabsy 19g 9 | | “ABAB JO UA *669'26.'699'S8, PPS'GL..L “9286S Sangh] Pos eewicbioac [Rocco / SSSSe ec 7) OLE *ZEL69.OSP'LE. “9G8'9G USV “S8'PG 4IOH “GRI'SS ‘ahG'es HJOsVW “pang aq or iss: >= ub eee |Paecssenoe IESE SIR ACID TAS ss" "-"°TT'TTTUOHO ‘SSG, HSsvIN “STe'I¢,g °ARAtg og SE eee [SoBe te aorasae|scaeoe SoenapS acre ance Te gemma aor ele a= aaa deal ois ie Sead oe Ciee | EUAN VT O CCAM POOL OO Cia] Pa CL 5 eee [pSieee|ipos oars acma|a acon tera eee ~--eqqgourures JO'UAG “TSA "2686S. ‘SLE'PS.A "06169. ISLE ‘SEF FS. “a2sp4jsny IVUTOD Jo "UAS “OCH'6SE6E'FS. A “PER'PS. “O6T'SS. Ue “Yony | alist ks lic Saeco g a | Es Pag ohm a ee ee a peek SSIES SOS OSS Seis AKON NS “EhL'ZE MT, POI “YONY J | “S1oquiery JO ‘uA “gRT‘'Go WsV me, Faleewed Jey eee 9886S PTE FS. TAO *089'69.'29P'L9.'8er'Sr. a “HDfiDg S1oquary NBIdIOW INOTY JO"UAG “TOTEM ‘“Ouvaquasy 7 Pe AERO PERRIS ir IP CIR EES RI lSeeoaoaes [Suljpoog uroqived 1oF popucyur Ayquqorg] ‘9¢'96 AIPW ““DbnNg s ,usoqguvaqy ‘BUITPoog ULOqGTeRO( JO | | UAG “SGS'TIT'GEeTL'SZe' TUM “PSP'L6.‘EL2'G8.GSS'GL aT, “9886S. 028 FS. “E9'TAOT | 99'Z9.‘06'SS.V “693M “L6'SF. LISSBIW “Z81'Z9.LEE'9S. 60S. USV “8D “ZEL‘69. TEP LS. ‘98E'Ch.C “OS' LP 8S PP. 8988 IN “LISLE AUD “CEL TP PSUCE OM “Ounpaag 8, Usogunaq *OBYDIW “IS MON Sooo MA ‘SOUON ‘S,0U0q ‘SUI[poog s,utoqived ‘u1oqrReg ‘sudg “Ye “SUTTpses uLOgIeIg ULOGABOG JO"USY “REZ PG LV “SPOS AIND "G62z‘'0S, HJose pl (SUOW UB A JO) UL0Q.L09q Sal s2 sees pve ncc ose alas a cease nace casos =o" SIT POoM UIOGTBEM JO (WAG “ces “Loa PGiudy wuoqunamd | |P2eaecrsen ac (SUOW UBA Jo) ULOqTeog “UA “OTP6S POE PS. “GOT'ZEM "“WIOgireg Weg prsreerdep se ea aen se Rp were eer OsINOT] JO°UAS “RPT'Tp. M ‘240puney * Nenagh pgp Si echoes ouuoAO(] TOUTING Jo°UNS “LPLTL “1Ze'PS al “Momung s,wnaq, | ty = i) wm | ty | e) oy 3] es iy jist || ih 2 4 2 © S S read JO owe N Le i} = : . ® | ‘ponulyuoj—Lo6l 07 F08T wolf suoynoyqnd unruiaup Ur 07 pasiafos sipad fo sayjauna unouy ay) fo xapur-anhojn)n) 126 * “THUAN T, qe Aouuejog *y Aq pox,RUIsoO 93 ‘Oa ‘21s -SBSV 18 plvyoIO [BL UOUTIIodxe UT “uMISs]og ‘oustop -of Jo ‘olose1y “Py Aq posteyy *gog_‘d ‘2¢gT ‘orny -[Mol.LoOFT JO ouIzesey Ul poysty “Qn qd “OlIneg 1oISBo, So[qurosoy ‘deyund ‘WH Aq “TIT ‘Aoarg 48 [eIy UO poll} SB IBY sv Aparvy sorvord fo1ezUuo Utley uO me 5 “OSST UT poPVu -15110 fuotodsg@ “fey Jo Sutpoos y CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. *poqtosop JON 9) x | ‘21S -sesy 78 prvyoro [eyuoUtIedxo UT *1oSO00a(T “W OF poRotpep fsuow uRA uyor -1q¢ Aq posTery maqas ‘udS ‘OPLGO. ANAM Avune’yT oq ‘ATi otnog ‘Aouunjoq omog ‘sukg ‘y *fouurpog YIOW BT JO UAS “LEG BOAVH “EST‘ALoUM MOG ‘97/0 -D]-aq (ung) soy Jo "UAg “E9869, ‘Sa4azUO WW 2) aT Lae aNpyory Jo"usS “Z9s'69. “WLM P-2-D]-9T “OUTZIBUTB’T JO ‘O6.OAN “26169. “6LZH “SSA FE. FJOSR ‘auzjsnwmvT aq OE eet ELS oABYBpd JUSpIselg vA ‘UAG “We ‘okRYyRd dog inickohae lis liars hat qneyepd remjpoo uAg “] *ynRyRPeg Sheepshead siethiie juoumvidey Jo "udg “Z89'69.d “9492001 DB] ad ““""0aTTBA JO"UAS “Eset “SZP'6S. ‘OOF FS. “L869. FBS LS LbE CE. = “Udayzusa y ad a cihlekeipe an al cans ges = asno7y yo ‘uAg “C0869. ‘Aassar aq See eat ae ystundg joudg “geg'69,q “Asaunp aq etn nie ae ‘qournsiog Ajrey Jo°udg ‘“Osig ‘"yayonyy aq ae St teen Ure punog Jo‘udg “cEs'69.d ‘a4nqnoy40 7] 9d Ee Sr ree Pe be qBX Jo'UcS “ORs'69,.q ‘“epunjyjoyy aq NROANON JOAT]T,P OLUNog *uAG “YY “NRIANON JOATH. ait ies Pach aie 5 de wae Woy Jo*udg ‘00269. “Muay aq aeipcrapbeicmrce ess a6 + F696. HIT = “nD99L0 Fy ap jasunyy aq ORTIRD Jo UAS “OIL ‘69. ‘aNauasywy nosy soLy aq we eee eee eee eee een scene “ro -7 79 OFOVHT] “Ruudsy og ai satis ayjopeury Jo ukS *269'69. “aoppULD auiDap aq eece es AvuojUoT JO-UAS *06L'69._ “9apuaA fivuajuog aq pao (CUIM) UeTQoIYO UOg JO "UAG “PRs‘'Go.d ‘sassay aq er cere ra eh phere ae ce ee emo eee rol Ea eee So a al iain (‘suy) quoduepaey jo UAG “2Z'2e,qUen ‘asno)noy, ap juoduapsvy] .p saoyaq eg ee (‘Buy ) quoduep : “Ivy Jo udg “Te'9L OSHW 199°. V “SOPOG. USV “suabuy p juoduapivy (Pp 89a FES COME RPE SOG | GOCE) Ob) AD ie Ci | a eee eae (‘Buy ) juoduepae x yo suds ‘CHOPS. USV SPI ‘FEE 69,‘T98'FS.A “STS‘IS. A ‘GFUIPM. “99°68.41IND “O6T'Se.cUEeD ‘juoduapinyy .p saouyaq Baek Aa eral | acon orem |code |peoo wa tame deck all tone yesue aaa bayer SR 3 souuesO1g Jo UAG “ES1‘'69.d “OP IIHJOLV ‘sauuahory ap saoyaq amps terete ep (ieee he sSNA N | ese |e Nae ame aa em oad taal (pines coo ae ossicles Ole Salsa souudAO1 gg JO UA ‘08'89,VIIOH VW ‘av0wbo1y ap saoyag eH SIS Tal a oe Ane Nel SE eat aia ated | ates 2 || eee he eae eS hp EAs pz ‘Usted sereyO Jo uAg ‘ZEL‘69,d ‘sazupya ap saouad estat i etetasar oie eye ie metal ee Sen nha | sess cael ie nce eerie le ic (nit So si ees | Seeie poe ier cure ari ce” cane) 9 a a alee lea Se 4ST ‘JUSIeq septvyO Jo “UA 669'16.°606'S8.FFS'GL.L “ScTded ‘OLe'6S. A “CEL69L8PL9. “Sa74DYD ap saorjaq (sjoq) yuoduepivy joukg “geL'69‘FSECh.d “6918 OT ee ps eee cic | Sear ne a pry (ies |S, || eae ier | een] reer eel 9 i tt SE te a Ae AGES BO ECIne COO O Aa e cee ‘guy juoduepiey jo usg “SFTET “Fee ‘6S. TOSS. “LIS Le. Aue “yuoduap.y .p sao1aq zi (suy) quoduepiey jo ‘udAg ‘ge2'69.q “s4abuy .p saoyaq 4SOTY Jo UA “6LE'SLE'6S. A “POL'69 SPL. “681'TS, HSSPW 78077 .p sa019q erin S Ri Sha ia ae eS aaa ne a eis cake TIJOAND JO'UAS “OO.AVAA ““ayaang saoyaq as Gen: 4ST “QYSIEC SepreYyD Jo "uAG “9/E'6S,‘Z9E'FS. A “SUOTT UDA sajLoyD saouag eit ee in i rs Sonal oa OS mio liners eas Sea Ses Se sicinee rere IST “AYSIjeq seplvyD JO UA “617A “GFOP.HJOSRW “sazupyD saoyaq *AqaI00g [BINI[NI -]}10}]{ UOpuOT 94} WoOIT poatooayy Sdd1]9q Sep oUTIO ‘sedljeq{ ep euro ‘suAS “YW ‘seed Sia tena | Sone ahead cag ae Clip ah assoyjeaqd Jo uAS “FRO'G9,q ‘aljsambinog assoljad ‘assojjoq eddiypiyd ‘a1jseur ‘UIMnIS]egq ‘eusIOp | -sinog assoyed ‘(uojsog Jo) a1jseulsinog ‘essojjad Jejseulsimog ‘ossoyjed -of Jo ‘alioSeain “fF Aq pasiery Ww inl pees wf | nidA8 | yur | dyqo |----3jeq | eddyiyd etineg ‘(e11l0de1)) ossojjad a1ineg ‘essoyjed elineg ‘sudg “J ‘assosjod SESE eS GI [ea I Pa ae aaa) Renata ieceed el coer) egestas werner ce et ee edge Aqmeg Jo uAg + *G99'69,q “SavavunjsaTy ag Boe eee ee eee a ae eee eee COLT AMCUUNS! ordyat lo Keo MS AG GE cae Nel CURIE AOL S| | sahara ace | Uk tha ae ee Jjgdeen te 5 er cteraen catalase cinemas aodol ata tes seie a iaicreinie eitcinmicisinic = sie aM OO TOC Om Age tO OO) lie. LOO SOIO CL ‘boaqjad ourpuoy ul 3 s furp 1X ul |OGOAO |*---Syoq | ‘sae ep Inepq ‘enbooqjeq ‘s1eqjeq elaneg ‘boeqjeq atimeg‘sudg “TJ *hooqied PIS Sia eae | eed ag A aap i eae ase ee eee | ee rs Neos ee oc a a yoyaeg Jo-usg “P7e'6G.A “Juawa)p9 ap ynoanjad ea OSTNO OTRO Lae *COS'69. ‘asinoyT aq pla a a a) Aa aR Oe “o1su0'T Og OLInog ‘uUAg "Yy *aIsUOT Od aqjomyod earesstuui0g “UAg “T ‘eR,OWLOG Bi. eet OOAVAA “OPE LEAD ‘otAyT 0 RR Seo ecemieeenn = eee sce Osea eeree Mineo Ae cmiteiciciae aie ae ote hea OOOHVAT ‘esstiad a9 Kee ha yoroqjoods Jo ukg "66926. TTE' SSL “8OS'Le.d “SUOFY UDA S90N aT “‘SUOW Op sedljoqy ‘asnoy Bl] op sedljoq ‘SUAS “PEL‘69.d ‘ZU IPM ‘SUOW UR SOOTTOd [erent eter pepeiee ener. plvIoAT JO'UAS “OO.OUVAA “Puvsaagq 801/9q ios Gi Joaoun( Jo 'uAg “612 “4ausowna¢ 8992/97 “*""S1oquiery Jo uAg ‘089'69,q ‘suaydsc sap saolaqd ‘suUOW UBA Sodleq JO UAS “PL'S8.fVIT ‘PLOOVUOHV ‘PEL‘CO.d “SFI ‘9286S. 29S FS. A “PRO'S. HJoseW “suopy ap sa01aq sii cee RIO srrese=""-sorudIoAad JO 'UAG ‘Q/Zq “suo; ap oot. *yefuoa noT jo usS “O0.O0MVAA “FEL'69C ‘8Z09 HIOSVN “6120 oe L ih Gee sooljed Jo UAG “eCTL.V “FEL67. “FLOR VHOHV “6101 ‘asnayy ph eit ~B) Jo wAS “LLOL VMOHV ‘“FEL'69. “697. HJosVW ‘aLa1pnvID) D) ap s90naq *(seoljaq)) eusiopor yo "UAg *669'26, ‘GEE'S, PPS'CLAL “€EL°60.0 “FO AX XUIHD ‘GLE ‘CTS TS. “GPU IR.M “aub.opos ap saoyaqd Ae Wiaterientareresitnaies tore AE IG a ‘OO.OUVAA “Angy ap s202q 31006—Bul. 126—08S——7 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 96 *|Bolquept sduy -1od {sauoN soq YIM posnyuog |------ “OEST Ul poyweulsi10 Suypoos suow ueA y | utr ‘opr -d ‘gggy ‘orngyno -1}10}] JO oulzRSvy ul poysyqng “GPST ‘SIOMOTY qinig Jo ssorsuoyg Aq popaivosiqy *poqWosep JON |------ ‘UMOUYUN ULSIIO | our *poqisos -op dou S]I[]P ‘eyepsurmaey ‘uUBUL -yong ulurefueg Aq pojsey Bulog |------ “SHIBUOY “mosBag SSE ds | ooq qa& s Q m re set lest [Saeed © < tal 3 2 = ° [| ce ~ ae a reeeeseeciosessscgipasirg Joudg ‘92e'6G.198'PS. A ‘OLETIIMM “FIS'Ze.440FT *sawogr sat plates ca | xe re Sc Sl iat dil PSUGLV “2218 DAMN “68Z'SET'FS. ION. “SOUTONW Sod Bae ee tl pais oe quBqeig Jo UAg “8Z'PL HUW “62869. “ESCH “POPE. “Suoyy UDA 20uI89CT aay | (213 [il eae oa or elena a me SO ate Ct REP Gtk T DS e GEL'69,d *SUOT URA OITSod ‘sTJouIOD JO “UAG "F288. CVH “TGT'ATHIOLV °669'26,'899'98,‘Eh9'S! «L ees ESTES: | GL8'6S OL “GLE “SEL'69'S8F'LS-C “OOF FS AIOHJOSVW “OCH FS AIOH *8270UL0.) da4rsaq Pere lsicisisg jrcctr rt tsts sete eesos ss === -aOUIBsIOg Poy Jo uAG “TP8'69,q ‘aanbsnpy 3271019 ad Payne cca Rote See SE Rg SSS Seay So eee eens jourvsiog poy fo'udg “Tp8'69,d *9272029 ag Reb PaSO SIRT EP Tie pheno esas Scapa eedae souIRjUOse” osog “UAgG “AZ ‘SoUyRUOJSod PEI presiding: § eR oeEE SECS eS oumrainosuy jo'udg “61e'ZIZA “SyOUoLUDdsy sag DSSe Sees 30's Saas Seer ES verre sIoysig JoUAS “981'G9.G “GLE “SAna0g wnaq saq His Sas cRaG See ets oes SCeS Ge osee ee sjossnig Jo uAg *999'69, “samp sa rec aa sdnossvyo Jo-udg “E169. VIMOHV “GEL'69.C “ZIS'LG, 1 JosUN “sunasspyosaq ‘Bioqitary JO*UAS “g8T'S9,USV “L1Z ‘OSTA "OZE'OS.'PIE'FS A “T'IAOH *089'69,‘29F'L9.'8ch'Sh. A “961 ES. AUD “sdupyosaq “dureyosod Jo"usg “Ses'FeV “Sh'0S. 41ND 9630S, Jose “97D T man 8 dupyosaq Bb Oey OO CDS OCR IO STOIC OO SOO Tas OCT O 01e'yT MON 8,durvyoseq ‘usg “yz *dureyosod sninieiniaes nis feisicia'a's sie/eeaisis siciniereatelete) afehn ieinie c/=icte\ctelcis eres qovA JoudS “ZOL'69. “SDD 1M aT SRDS SESS seis Ssh gi Ss aie a peaclonnee CUulM) UeTjoryO UO” JO"UAS ‘“FR8'69.q “UD JuLDy aq nevounig JO'UAg °9/9'69.d ‘“SLZH “ULDIQlaH Julwgs aq raqosuy Jo'usg *"[99°69,q ‘auidayiDD ajuwms aq nevourmmosoy etineg, ‘uAg “TJ ‘nveuNoIEG ae iain mie Sin ie cieisiajninie © vinnie sinisieins rieensines = s/n sininini= seuinqd Jo‘uAg ‘S6l ‘“s1toyoner aq POSER SOD S Gantm {ore CrcsIO0 7 OF uinburygovy jo udg “EeprTp ‘OLN 28. “uenburyooy ad s\aini=ncaialalelmnls ee Ig’ | -Soq owepry ‘soysodsog oysydeg oursperyy ‘sudg “T ‘(oulepLyy) seyodseg “0681 UT NOES URC SEAN To LOTMP ON OGe ee [resi clip a ts galerie (eco ole menos medic ne nos co pe oS Sa ee ee aaa nl IPZNHV 3S “I ‘(orpuy) soqiodsed ‘90uvI yy ‘S10sUV ‘sowiod jo ‘foroy orpuy Aq pozeurs109 | ut BA ds | wfp | nA | [ur Cit itawers Iq | -soq oolney ‘soja0odseq Wues{ ourepryy ‘soyrodseq iq ‘sudg “JT ‘seziodsed BOP OHS SOIC I BO I FA i ie (ay (ia eee al ie a a yoraqjoodg yo‘udg “2/869, “ZIF'6S.L. “ST TAOT §=“buaquodsaq ‘yosoqjoods Jo uAS “00,08 VAA Seale Ree Ae eh Se Os Ue aS ee a ee a (aia a "002'26,{69S'G8,'FFS'S2.L “LL8'69.‘8G9'26,“S8e'PS “Shs PS. USV “Hsaquaodg aq “LL ‘oyepsurmiey ‘wer PT OMUMCIDLG ERE CUR DOIEO PE OUIOG Mle aie rae iets eee cc eh ces opens reo. [ree Ow a eure "ieee eae Ser ai ea ee eS Tad ‘sjnos 30 Kl i A Ha OL Se ARTE HA i eli Go Ci pis eaeitly ~/s sien ccin ww win noe aes * <>" STONOG JO UA s COL Goin Saami id: "SNLOS JO"UAS *00L'L6,699'S8FHS'SLL “6LEA eda" ee Fa Sigua hos telesales ake ‘RPTH “SE2‘69.'88F'2G.C. “928'69.'298'FS.A “GLUES HSSEW “T0P'ZS.H JO BBR “SN]40g 9 ‘sivusiig Jo"uAg ‘99888. “99'CO.V “SLP'L6.‘10E'SR,E80'SL. L Hien aa GLa SI need ae ica laa al) at | | aaa | aes eaici “ZOE XUIDND “ELE'29. 11ND “LIZA “SPTH “9286S. “198 FS. “189°69.OLF'29.q “saUuON Sa “yoo ysouyR “IW Aq ZL8T wt Aqoroog perngno1y -10H O10 Jo Juljoour 48 poyiqnyxg |----- [oto Br Ses Nees Bee eae ae Benen Seine wares oo ee ZUPLLO ‘FOU'ZOIOW “SSF‘OLE'TIINHM ‘SouuON sod 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 98 *sUOW URA UO Ag Aq payRulsi1g *[BO1T -uspt oq ABUL UBULIOYOL PUB STYL, *ASOOUL -Og JO sjeuuy woul uoydioseq “6PST ‘SIOMOID ynIg Jo ssorsuog Aq poqoolexy “)g “zis fqur | nda uf & Cur qaa Savane ple UOLON (Gp Moa cod Ran |e ss sc| tase ee: areas sam clinmcssisin |- ‘) ‘q ‘ZIsseusy 4B ULIey |ejuewliedxe ey} UO pezyBAIIND | w (oer RR SouS 00 nif ; | “aI 10900q ‘puelsy s1q IO} SUOW UBA UYOL ‘Ay Aq pouleN BA Bia earns wigs bea See ioe a E2) y cr] a Bll clloeeal ite ene “*SHIBUIYY Zz = 4 Bs g ee geeinsilt ed re “771 Bp [{e is sess iolere ese are nir ig ol saee esac cise elial jo ‘uA ua Jouds “LLE 6S.“29eES.A “won Behe aeues OAC ps Se ant eae ia pit as. PIG Fo uss “LLZ‘OIZA “MONE "00L'26.'699 C8. bPS'GL.L “6L6H “OFTHE “982‘69.06F'29. “T6T‘'SS.41OHT “LLE°6S.‘Z98'FS. A “*SLZ ‘PS.USV “S6I'SS.892'FS. ‘9TS‘29'ES, HIOSVW “POST IIIUNHM ‘F8'PS.98'2S.V “OTN aE Sides aro aa VIE SO” Tae a Se ee ee Id Jo UA "98969. “WaaleT .p Uaz}VT gape 90 ha BUSS ao o Crap cca otgeor udgTId Jo "udg “TIS'69.d ‘aUumoINY.p Ua ‘PpId Jo “LLG 96VEE AUP “CLTCEM = “UalG “UOT [Boo ‘WoT yeyo -OIRW ‘UIT[IG SOLy ‘HeT[Iq euUsAOG ‘uOTIG UeAsOd ‘UOTTIG WOoRved ‘UOTTIG ‘ouUTOy -NY.P UeTid “‘suAS “69P'26.L “6PIH “L28'6S.298FS.A “SIS‘TS.a “O0@d “UOTTIG eae ee AN paciiae ek Pee ““uBULIeyoIg Jo uAS ~“g2e'6¢. a “UDwayid “UA “LUTAOH, “98969. FZP‘LS. 098 GF. Jos nN de eee 002'26.6S9°SS8. FFS'GL.L “ELZT *URWeyTd auuopnaiq Jo"usg ‘gEL'69,d ‘auloyjup auuopnarg TISSS GS Getic geysers seisse Se ree isa saipescceleciats wulOyjuYy euUOphelg “TJ *euuopnag “Curng) usljoryD Wog Jo “uAG “gg8*69.‘E8S°29.OFE Sh. “6SId IUMIQIISILYD LAUWUWOS ag aloiq ouusA0g ‘uAg “Y *a1VIG CeRAT eae Ee ae IES Ma RR i aes Ce oaqoBvued [sid sine ‘udg “VW “dover Pld RIG JO uAG “ISL'ZUSV “LLG “Le8'6S. STEPS. “LL‘TAOH °989'69, bar‘, ‘098 ‘Ch. CLE FE AIND ‘SLULE ‘96'S. AUOD “OSTIF OSES M “CA “AULLQUayNG 8 Jag E 00L'26.L “SIS PS. “anng sjavq Sodas oan ele qsnsny [eld Jo ‘uAS “OFS‘IO.UAXAUBD “OOD.OEVAH ysnbny $91 ib ho oe en ome gees ee ad Pe ice noe qsnsny sjeiq udg “yy “asnsny Pd ‘IOAITT ,P HOA OYSUBALAG ‘oJIaA OSUBA[AG ‘AVIA BYOUBAIAY ‘IOATHT.P WIA VYOUBAIAS *|BAOY ‘UOJaW 9p oI1Og ‘eINIBN BT ep a[leALep ‘sdoy op UOTE ‘o[[IGQVy ‘AO1.IMOY BT ‘NOssBN op sune]Iny ‘vaygor0g OSSOIH ‘UOT]IG SOLH ‘UeT[IGd SO1H ‘1oAIF{,p OJOIDBIN ‘IBAIF{,p AOIOINOW ‘IOLA -nog Aoroinoy ‘AoLOINOY ‘puowlo,y ‘uso, Arq ‘sdiyjjrgg ejqnog ‘ayeAoy veyy -O10G ‘UOT “AAIT{,P UII “UEIG ‘eusIq1e7INg s,JeIC ‘10}jNg S,Jolq ‘soy, SIOIL, Sod ‘UOJPW 9 ‘UIBIBANO'T ABUITOD ‘aXseJ9O ‘4WIOA OlINeg ‘ayeAOX elmneg ‘sdoy op uojey olaineg ‘UOjey, elineg ‘eonbyuluseyy o1ineg ‘ajqvivduroou| alaneg ‘Jalq olineg ‘ajeA,pP Wane” ‘sInoy, sol, op etlineg ‘a[joy ep alineg “SUAS “TfZ WHY “S8'LL.V ‘C6S “STO ‘6SP'26.'699'G8.'FFS'SL.L “PLO PPS SLALOH “18129. Us V ‘6ZIH "210869. EIS S.A“ LL‘TAOH = 989'69,F2P'29.098'Sh. A “96T'SE AUD =“ 01 Peers; mes Gas (umg) Usyer14D Uog Jo'uUAg ‘“GGId ‘AULIQISILYO INH 21d pe ot eee or yy ae ee pourBsiog jesuBy JoudS ‘OL'6h.Od VN “vosyord ‘reed JO ouIBN ‘ponurju0j—o6l 07 FOsT mouf suoynoygnd unriuamp UL 07 palafas suvad fo sayjaruna unouy ay) fo xapur-anbojnjn) . 126 99 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. *qooer sv oures oY) Sdeysod ‘1¢gT uy Sumas qaoqoy Aq porrqryxa “UO BIg YuOUTLIOd xX sy [BIN[NOMISY SOUT, 4B [By UO * read 048] SNOII0} {IOUT B Og 07 PIB “SOJIN 10200(T 8B OURS SsoTaqno(d *paqtrosep qou S10y0g “7 as100yH Aq poqyrodeyy “OPST UT “SsByy ‘Woysog ‘xIq “SIP JO Wopreds oy} Ul poPBUIsIO 70) Shay ‘218 “Susy 7B preyoro pRyuoUTedxX9 UT | ‘0 ‘zis -SRBay 78 prvyoro jeyuoUtodxe ut “SSB ‘OUIP{OOIg 9B poyeUIsUG9 “QO8T UL porIqIyXe ‘gogT Uy poy * Ao] purT (ol o[0 (a) | fai ae toqyooq ‘udg ‘ogee. ‘*2'CL‘ZOrSL410H “Sh‘ILHO ‘OFTL.HSSeW ‘*AoTpUyy “1d “1914 See | eae ee “uoTjo'udg “FS‘CR,HSSBVN “FOULLV “6LZA “O9S'SST'LE, josey *1927uaT 10;0q7 waste cclec eee cacse|scceaitineccccsanerwuceannccses So Sle Loyque'y Jo'uAS “ge2'69.d *“aLyjUaT 40;20q yooy joudg “ec'e6,‘6F'26.H8D “PeIdeq “yoy 10,007 ‘godny Jo"uAS “OO.OUVAA “2zI'86.0 “JOSAT “P0296. HIT “OFP96.T6E'S6.UAXAUBD “PS'86.FS'26.HBD ‘7Oliny sane sq SER ee ee oe eee ee ore CLUTS., SSB “S2bIS, Josey *qoour ‘iq qnoyoounog Jo'udg “ZT TRAOLT eM “PoMoIUUDD squny 4d pis alata! a sim Ginnie aias\w a ieee, e/kin'S, i aia )n [emia eels eat ea ““-9mopz Joudg ‘opideq ‘amoyy 10:0q lap ee ha ag oe suyysoH Jo-uAS “Tad “OGKOAN “2898 HPUL “surysoy “4g wSwswee ss Swceee sn elew teed a CUS eer ve buses evuss £12'26. FUT “S200 1d “roo Jo*adg “OPS TOM AXAUVO “OOOMVAA “L92MOLD “LT wort t tree tree eee ence teen eee tee e ees uetiq ueAog Jo'udg “[pl‘69.d “Uazjig 400q Rieiaistesetats a ter= <9 elem pias apini~™= “"*"*sajr0dsoq Jo"udg “00.0AVAM *Sajodsaq ‘4g Poe eee " 022'T9.910H “6SSITUHM “PSI‘SS.(667'7S, JONNY *AoTANOg “Id [wog Jo"uAS “ZSTIL HL “Sd00g “4 tae Akasa “""" 62S. HANM “f1U0g 1d “-"""uputuoeg Jo"udg “gii‘eZ06L9.V “uDuYyoDg *4q “nvossnody, JO"UAg *00L'26,°6S6'CSFPS'CL. L “LL8°69. A“ 80L°69.'86F29. “8L2'SS.‘LST'L9. “Ses FS. HJOSVW = “Nvassno4y, 1n9}0q Wnt se neces cece rere wececes sworn neassnoly, Jo‘uAg “oCp pe, FJoseW “npasosy snapoq i a ia i er os “OST‘CS, HO. BW “STION invyog ‘roijueyT Jo"uAg “62 “LLSSBW — *002'26.'6S9'S8.“FFS'GL.L “2286S. “8EL'69.86FL9.q. “4anUaT «n9j00q |S te ia sae yooy joudg “T'¢L.410H “66'EL.V “IP TL.HSSBW “yoy 4naj0q : P “Word Jo “UAS “00L'26,°699"S8, FEC'CLAL “LLE6G.OL “SEL‘69. LOF29. “OSS TIMTM $= “FOT‘'SS, 660'7S. OSB “uoudy) snaj~oq Ba Peek Be ole ane Aa eae alae ae 5 Rar aoe uoideg Jo'udg ‘“6lZq “uosadng snapoq ppp OSES eich Tesi “"""nrounojorg Jo ‘udg ‘929'690,q “nDaUNOJaLg snap~odg “00L'26.69S'C8, FFSCL.L “LLEOR. AT OLS “SEL669.'S6F' 26. *AVTANOG In9}00q Rapin lg SR ay mk oltojopsuy JouAg “ooF'2G.d “(Yond oy} Jo) 7apuDU Y 19qQ90T pee ecae ne ee ee Ee BE TS Ee te ae fee Onl gia ee “-"" 9CZ'U8 FISIAA *Iv0g Gaara ss sroseeesseccossss---aQuIRsiog JosuBy Jo*uAS ‘OI'6R.OdVN ‘“Uuorig “LESTT'L78 TUM “6Sh'L6, 08268. ‘20'SL.L ‘JOH ‘“6OSAA ‘LOGOS, ‘TSt'FS.UsV “HESS. “Eze'FS.a “Oe ‘Es. ‘FOE ‘TS “SOVLTUEM ‘“60'TAOTT “PL'6R.OdU VN ‘8919100 “IP‘LE,.EISSP@I “IST‘9. 110 “BBW “LEL‘6OTEP‘LG. ‘SLES. TSE LLPR.S8'S8IN “SPITE. 69U'EM “ChIId = “XI hes cee en eee ak ae ees? ap. Meee athe athe Saas Sieg “""QD.OEVAT “Ysrewyyid Paya athe re eeleelig ier a Nahe tele des VUUAIVA JOCUAS “OO.OUVAN “AUuuasDA ANIA be a ck AM oe Sg en ge see anes O.OTVAA *AprLH ANIJIITG *pusydiy Jo‘uds ‘ZW V ‘0OO.OUVAA ‘SITOOHANM “002'26.L “FOS96. IIL “S&NPUY ‘2O‘FK.APA “Y6Z'S6.HSSPN “punyd)y 4napaug ‘AuIB Jo ‘udg “62Z‘8L2T “ELE'6S.‘098 PO. “IST‘OP HSStI “22°69. ‘E8h'26.TL8Ch. “OS2'7F. HOSP “OL IR.M = “4a7burd wee ee eee Sn A el i so Dent Nellie acai ea at kot oga NM a pi “uRWIGg 126 aE s NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 100 “GIST UL AqID SeTIRIO Aq Bssny— Wory.- paoNporzuT Ne) | -pury Aq poqiosop AJouBA plo Uy “AN ‘puvjs[ 3uo07T ‘aa09 ugy ‘Seog ovesy Aq peonporjUuy *AlIbg YY TesUBAMTL A AQ peyBay[ny *SHOLOSIA puv Apaey oot} fourospuvy AOA FINI ‘Sd0y{ ulory UO di1osaq “OO8T ‘AjaID0g [BIN}[NIY4I0 sijesnyoessey jo Suneeur 4B umoys ‘dde[9 e10pooy,, Aq pasiey “191ZOY pus jeurvyng Aq paqisoseq “SITIN “1d IO} POUIVU PUB /PST UI pe, BUIZIIO “syIvuMey *oIN4xXoL | “100 aqnog jouAg ‘Tel‘eh, HJOseW “IZUZeM “S6lld = ‘aUuoIny .p ajqnog SPR SHS SRN AR U I RSRC p aater a COSTES popBey] OMT Jo;uAg “Geld 992709 a)qnog = “*BABUIOAP BABUYO}TIT “gsny | -SRy ‘vABUIOApYO Se “SUAS “OO.AVAA “VET 96.UAXAUBO “GH *oldneg o[qnog Sasa | FS Sie a OOO UIA (ala torqraouaodtey agate Gyhe AIM YD A EVLOHON GE ts ga Ge 2 a hee Co eUuUIOINY ,p sqnog ‘[euumnjny sxqnoq ‘sudg “y *elqnog “uosiog ‘AjnBog UBL -roury ‘sudg *19'¢2 ‘00169. V “OPL°69. 08°89. VIIOHV “SS'LT'29,10F] *ST10si10q pope See OVS Son Grane Se OSG sl1os10og Jo "uAG “FEs'g9, IIOP] “wosLog aaa ae ge eae ae ie ee a yostoqd jo ‘uAg °02Z'20.'602 96. HII “HasLoq “V0810q SP Sat ok | UAS "2O.APA “SOIGS “SITOOHANM “ZCI'86,0JOSHA “SLT'96,HIIT *JoS10q ge a ae at ia ache pig Si ae eae (Il) offouosive- Jo uAg “ZRF ZG, IAOFT “ww0og SUED NE | ein caper kt Ue oe ee CLOT “IG'6SF6EFS.A “FSTOIOD “110g Race ao [ows sotto tet sesssesesoss-2"--o9nqgT0g Jo'UAG ‘OF2'69.d ‘a2JaanoNT a7Dhoy aayjoLoq Prien : PIG Jo UAS “IST INUSY “OIGH “2086S ET's. “LL TAOH Micheecns: “98960. FGF 29.'098'°SF. “BLS LE OGT' SE. TUL) “OST IP 6818. “ayphioy aayj0Loq Gee Sores | Soesicicileisicinisisinioieisieisinis I inisisii-r i ST OATION OI BAOM COHPOLO GI EMAC opis Bae Deuce, SARUM RAS Sees whet TERMS age aAuog ‘uAg “CZT‘Ip.M ‘“alfjAuog arden aaped | ocean) | ote a iraranhes|| haaa ghey ty Para chs hha [Wiens afc ha a | get | Cr ed a ee ga ae ae ae aousAOIg JO*UAS “Cgud ‘aj1u0g SYnIS SEE aie eos cistat ove! spore niente a ile eos Sul[pseg uroqived Jo"uAg ‘oge'6G,q *s,2u0gd FHSS Te Ppa rae - lee ala SOT TAO Gat OmU Acme alech eos Olle mai iL C100 Cs Res 00 "2 1 SBS Cra Gd Ge UCDO Se PicS ovsuvy jo‘udg ‘“Lerzemy “uzydjog proto ics Aedes kay ate Irihsralotekc hes ato Ie wig Suo7T jo'udg “qyH ‘“DApysaososoyy DYISOAYOb}Og aa Ee Ieee Lt OC punod jo‘udg “¢es‘69.d “PES FS. “wap4vA, $,ajvpQ ““q aaa | ea JouIny Jo'UAS “TAT TIIAHJOCV ‘OFL‘69.d “OIGZ.V “aun L0700q ‘Iopeay Jo°uAg “SPS TT‘Ses'IUM “HIS. HUBD “SPSL. -OFOVOA ‘“SLECLUBV “OOT'6X.V “LZ°69. VIOHV ‘“COMCL 01699101] “4apaay “4g ‘Iopsey Jo-uAS “O9ZNHY ‘898'E8.E 0S ‘Z8.0JOVON “6ST'ST‘6L,.HUBD “00L'26.‘6SS°C8.FFS'SL.L “6EL°69.0 “4apaay 10,007 “61'9L, HANM ---- Bog | ‘68'GL, HUOIN “18e‘SL.UsV ‘“CL‘IL.VWIOHV “88L°69.0 “61Z'19.910H “SITeN 10}00q sniony Jo"uAg “08e'ZO.UAaXaUe) “628. HO “SnIONT “LT a Re Es Lee ee ““sniony Jo‘udg “00.0GVAa “Ua2nT “Wg al SA ote aa AgtpuyT iq yo"udg ‘ose‘es.a “OPIdeG “9S'TL.V “AatpurT 40j00q ) ot. s 3 ‘1ved Jo eWIRN ‘panurju0j—Zo6l 0} tog wouf suoyvoygnd unrwamp Ur 0} pasdafas sinad fo sayaruma umnouy ay} fo xepur-anbojpjn) 126 101 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. *quridstur v Ayqissod VI ‘uoyty 9B Ajoloog yeang “[NOWAOF, SlOurTT Ul possnos!q *sI ‘d ‘gegt ‘Aqa100g [B.1NQ[NOI4.10 FT ST OsNyoRsse PL jo Surjoout 7B poiqiyxXe Ysa pil | ae ‘Qysluy Merpuy “iq Aq poyvUlsuO “SUIUMOKG *f "VY 0} pazRo -Ipep puv Adley o1puy Aq posteyy “dul[poog 81a] Mo 8B ‘z6T °d ‘gest ‘erngpno -q10}{ JO oulzesey ul poysiyqnd “UUOD ‘UdARTT MON JO ‘SOAT 1H Id AQ posrey *Bulyoood 10} Ajuo qy dinay fpeaeureuso Aporyo “SIOMOY oTqnop YUM AjouvA yRJUCUIvUIO Uy *(Iq) o]]OUOSIBE o[QUIOSeI 07 preg “Ic “d ‘gpg ‘Aqoroog yeangynoy -10}] S}josnyorssey JO Surjoour 7B sulUTBAY Joqoy Aq poyqryxg 8 qt nad ee qa das jufqp| nasa wy | diqo |*-*-Sjogq ur Cesai|S aris SUT TO CLG On cineain Iq =) WERE) “"** Bog ee es ee eee ev enen necro seecececesrccsuce SeSteC ew ieee Vee Wn 1827S. HL "Yoo ] wog ouustog aR kil a th ot atl qojossiog Jouds ‘0O.OAVAA ‘20J28810q auushog ie ee epee, eee rr “** pavusjog Jo‘uAS ‘00,.0E VAN "plvusiog auushiog ‘euusA0q OI AA Jo “uAS “6SS'S8.'ShS'SL. L “GLE POCA “E8129. ‘FS FS. UBV “9LE'6S. ‘CEE. “E6'SE.V “GRIT -AOH, ‘08869. 98F2G,'828'Sh. A “IZUTPM ‘9S'PRAIND “96L'Se.1U9D “oun, auuahog aes [ureqto0un AqIQUepy) “LTe'S9. FI *a4cnagr auuahog pe De iat Ee hs ES OST Aqieg jo"udg ¢99'69,q 440g auushog uossipny Jo‘udg *199'69.q “wossipny duu Py auuehog ‘ouuoAog a1 MA JO UAS *16'F0,0J0SA "9886S. ZZE'FS.A ‘08869, 9EF'LE.‘SLECR. A “ISU ZSUZEM LR “ZGIUL, ‘auuahog “usd Jo°udS “OOOAVAA “ISUPOMOM “6LZT ‘ZOPZS. Josey “uopIC Uehog “uat[iq euuedocy ‘adTTIC 10ov00q ‘ued uooved ‘sudg ‘TPHL‘69O6P'LZE.d “ST'Se. SSRN ‘UeTTTd Uetog “6ESSH WH “OZF'6S.‘F6E'FS.A “SEZ $G.V “9620S. HJOSVW “OO'FR.ASSPW “OOTP “99'68.9IND “96L'Se.7 49D ‘UO}UMOGg ; det sion ear “Buyumog euuosog “udS “69F'L6.L “OGOAN *SuyuMog “uooRr yy Jo ‘udg “sees. 028'FS. a“ LL2°69.‘C0S'2e.“C6e'Ch.d “LEL‘ee,Tuen “buypaag cab Whales “UR YOM Jo"uAS *002' 26,6998, ‘ChS'GL.L “CIR6S. "ZL869'FSS'ZS.q “Ge‘9¢aIOH] = “unjmog as natanne oe aduadaeieium + Io[MO JouAS “CZT'eh. ‘76'S, HJOsvW “Oulpypaag 8 .4a]n0q ee es See nena esas = at =~ ST SG eRe OROCT, ‘udg st “10 MOd a eee a "002'26.‘669'G8,FPS'GL.L “2286S. “°6'SC.V “SLZZA*ThL'69.‘06F2G. “MO ‘ *papyinog oulIpuBxe|Y "UAG “00.0 VAM “002'26.'669'C8, FES'CL.L “96960. “617A * paseo “yoossnog Jo ‘uAg ‘002'26.'68SE8,FFS'CL.L ‘Z8T ‘.USV “HE ES. A “GLZ'O0CT "TFL‘69,SEF'LE. “S8le¢, Hyosey “add2pyq ajqnog Rept lob 2 Oia oi Or aI A, aid jousAg “96l'se,dUeH “sdi7/4d a1qQnod “*yoossnog Jo‘udg “ezl'ep. TJOSVW “sd2/Yqf 21Qn0T cs agg qatoqosuy Jo"uAg *199'690,q ‘azansunyy ajqnog Se popvoy] OMT JouAg “Gtlq “papbayy 2jqnoq “""" "soja, xnoq Jo‘uAg ‘SITIbSsl'Ze a “‘pappay ajqnoq ~--=(aqovued) ino, aqnog jo-uAS ‘g0lid “Wnty podig yun bursanojy ajqnoqg ae Torres sess FOMOLT ONO JouAS “LOld “dM , “Sulsanojy ajqnoq “IOMO[A OTQNOG Ou, ‘BUMOMOLT O[(Nog ‘inepy eqnoqd ‘omoeuny ‘uvueuy*sudkg “Ye “WMO; ofqnog *(gqovueg) Ane,q eqnog “LOW = “ANI 9]Qnod “LDIg pahigy ajqnogd “aq alqnog “qin pediuig ya Sumomory oqnog “uAg “Sz TP OT "7" TOMOTT eTqnod JouAg “gzr‘ear‘ Th. ZeUTEM “""" "9A a[qnog Jo -uAg “SP LE, HJOSVW “Sid Talat inkete S eles xno& xXnop ® o1l0g ‘1vog poAg ojqnog ‘sudg “'T Rw ew www we rr sooo" se ToTOn HSSByl *yojdug e1qnog 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 102 Sur ‘d0UBIY, ‘sIosuy 4V poyeulsu9o | ur | 3A-3 ur ‘yolluexy Aq AJVOIVA MOU SUISTUIOId B SB PoSVT |--- 77 7|7 777 nm oO is) “SyIBULIYY a 5 “panurju0)—L067 peebels ais ne sae “--"*-*o1mnog Jojseg jo udg “OOTP AM ‘sappanug ap Laayy pauuaiog “uooudTy Jo uAg “eze‘es.a “O9G‘Ss. ‘GES ‘CLL “SSe‘6S.H “SSl'99.USV “6LZAT “GhL‘6O.PEP'LE.d “WooUa] 7p waar] .p auuahog Pate, ane ; Date 10188 JO ‘uAS “PLE'ES.a “00L 26.{09S°S8.°SS°GL.L “O8T'OX.USV “LLA‘FIZA ‘FPPPS AION “9Se'6S.‘L1S'bS. “ISL “60 SEP LS. SCPSE.C “SLO LE SOLES. AUD “OOT TP. S6L' CE “ESId “4a0U pp auuahog sins vere rcisessrmecesss=s""- 1OuUvsIOg JOIsSeMm JO UAS) “Wea “wang yp euUuahod: “"“UgoD Jo "uA “Och‘6G.F6S'FS. A “ae .p auualiog “ABV ,p ouuos0g ‘sAuyod, ‘susg '99'TL. SAPd “TS'OLOSHIN ‘T60‘S8.‘E24'SL.L_ “6L4Z1 ‘CSIEL ‘SLE 6S 89S FEA “SPLO9 COP LE. “8ST LG. OLS SS. OF SS. PLES. Jose “strjoq ouuosog ‘oauoAOCT JowlUINY Jo "uUAG “Gee ‘TI‘SZE‘TUM “68S “09D *F22'S8.{960'GL.L “PUIIAXUOD) “16F'Se.440H “PES'6S.‘1Z8 FG. “SOTNUAM “PCL'E9 LE8'99.6FS FS.6L6 9.U3V. °89'S9.'26SS.V “69SM “6S ‘TAOH $= “F9S'E8.‘00ETS. A “9O'LF,HJOSVIN § “GPL‘69.‘PER'LG.‘O88'SE. “a7 pp auuahog ~"9[010,) 8p ouueA0d jo ‘udg “GFL‘69.0 “Uanoy ap anbyodd J ap 2294909 ap auuahog ‘uonoy op onbiyyeig vo -laj opeumesoqudg °2)02.VIIOHV “9ST'69. HII “h2°69.d ‘e]d.109 op ouudtog ir Se hi uoey Jo'udS “ZIZ‘69,q “(A[Snoouod1e) sazjaxnag ap auuralog ‘oumoA0g ABID Jo"UAS “ZhL‘F9.USV “SCA “SEE'6S CCE PS. A “ShL “69 28P'29088'GF.d “LLS‘L8.96L'SS.TUOD “OSE M “9d ‘“aumony.p auusiog ‘uooueTy Jo aAg “2es‘TT‘22eIUM “OSS. SHAW “OTS‘S8.'260 CLL "GEL69.HIIL “26826, HJOSBI “1TtZA “OST “GPL°69. PERLE. 9 “E8T‘99,‘COF‘ 9S. USV “2PS9C 90H “ese'ec.TZe'FS. A “GZS*ES.“608'TS. A “ORE'LF.AIND = “uooUar yp auuahog ARIS SIRI aIG Stns) 8/8IRigAAe Lek sreyoq ouuosog Jo'udS ‘“epZ‘69.d ‘“S1e‘6S.a “AD y.p auuahiog sigpla scale She Se aioth suuosog ABIN Jo‘uAS “G/Zq “pMaAng auuahog SU9A019 jo ‘udg *6°8'69.0 *69'LP, HSStW “29JJ0L9 auuaiog ah ae ae. le, OR ee a ee OSSZE. HJOSBW “OL IPT ‘ourporrg ouuosog ““-syaossnog Jo‘uAg ‘Te‘yAOF, *(suo0l}90][00 YoueI 9UIOS Jo) yoossnosg auuahod “OUNDAO(T AwIn jouds “29TeI0D “GhL‘69.‘L8F'L¢.‘088Gk.q *(euloSs Jo) yonossnog auuaiog “yoossnog jo-udg “6e¢'682'SR..L "eepuc.d "Pesec‘STS‘FS. “TSIAOH “SFTP M ‘ayjaanoy yonossnog auuatiog “yoossnog jo udg ‘gog'es.@ ‘SSTTL.ANL “6lca «Pes ‘6S.“STe‘FS.A —*89°S9.‘2E1'S.V “OIG TSAI) IS TAOH “S605. USV “L8T'SG‘SP'TS.‘89' Lh. Hose “yonossnog auuahog “yoossnog jo ‘uAg "eS9'G8,GhS'GL.L "CbL69.0 "8'2%.USV “Te IAOH ‘ayjaanon yoossnog auuahog “yoossnog Jo‘udg “ges‘TT‘9ze'IUM “6CI'ES. SHAW “6S9'S8'ShS'SL.L “9GT' SSCL. “OH “69 TL HBL “TE'F9 HOW “OOCT “GPL'69.'SEP'LE. “Z8T'Z9.‘0SE'9S- HSV “69 -3M ‘TS'TAOH “698‘ES.‘FOS'TS.A “LSTSS.‘ZPTS. ‘892. Josey “yoossnog auuahoq “revod JO oUIBN 0} FO8T mouf suoynoygnd unriuaMmp Ur 07 patiafat soad Jo sayaruoa unouy ay) fo capur-anbo0D) 126 103 “GOBT ‘Kreg y IOSURATT OT sq jalendoy lap da | Oe 2 fel 29e Sa om aae fa cc CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. *poqiiosop JOU {6PgT ‘SIOMOIH qiniy Jo ssorsu0g Aq poyoofoxy “uoouety yo 'udg “geroo.UsV ‘“6lcd ‘thL‘69.‘PEh'Le.d “oee'bo.a ‘auqun py auuehog See y eee INOSSBABADT JO'UAG “ODOAVAA ““NasspaniT ‘yf, auvpo py auusiog vainincahsailithaheraty pin tei aa red NBEUIOD JO"UAS “NO.OMVAN ‘noIuL0g auopo py auushog ee Tee Se “"**zorauBe yo "udg “LEeeL‘OST‘CL4410OH ‘“4alaups auuaiog See eee ea eee eeeeee “OPT'SOTIANM “uypweEr oun tog prinine bye ak AA SS, *---f9aoyH Jo"uAdg “pR1‘6o,q ‘“Avaozy auuafog aa en woreeececesoesessess-prering JoudAg “‘OO.OAVAA ‘“P4DILINpH auuahog “uooual Vy joudg ‘09e'cs,‘Cpe'G.L “8T'99.USV “ThoT “OSTH $= ‘ZhL‘69.‘FER'L9. “PII'LS, “WOH, “SEE 6S. TZE FS. A “97S. AIND “7Sh*LF HJOSBW “nvvanoN 1901/7 Pp 814 auUuahog aie) ee aS oe a ee uoously Jo ‘udg “ThE *U0NUI] V .p 49017 pp sisp auuahog ‘auuakog Atin youAg ‘Qge‘eg, ‘gho'G LL, ‘CHL F9OSV 89°29. V “Shed “oee‘6e.‘ZZ8FS. A “LOTION “Sp L'69,‘2Eh'L9, O88'Sh. CA “996E AND “LL7'2E.96T'SE.AUOD “OTR. OST CEM “Old = “slup auuafiog “souudAOG ABIN JO “UA "E63'G8.‘CLS'SL.L “LSS PY USV 99 689IND ‘Aap vuuahog ia, ‘ouuodod ARID JOUAS “ZhL'PRXUSV ‘80'S. V “GLZT “eke ‘BR, C8 FS. A “GOSM ‘898'E8.'SOS'TS.A “ShL‘69.088'Sh. A “96T'SS.1UAD ‘psp auusiog pee ‘(euuesoq) JINVQNOH JouUAG “cOg'es 18S‘ SLL “9ST'69.'22' SO. ANIL «= “SF L‘69. T6P'29. “SOP‘OG.USV “9S'SG.VSTS'TS.A | “T6P0S. HJosBI = ‘ynvqnoy auuafiog *(ouuatocy) 4NBq ‘CSIH = “08eS. 40H “gze‘6e. ‘2908'S. “WDQnoH auuahog ‘ouusAod ABIN JO ‘UAg ‘“GpZq ‘abu0JDH auuaiog gig ROG Oe are seeceerorecso=*=-STIQAGIS JO "UAS “668'69; ‘rnIDH auurhog ‘auuvAog ARID Jo "UAg CPL PIUUSV “OLET “oee'os.‘eee'rs. a “obL*69.‘LEr‘L¢.‘08E'Ch. = “enaypy auuaiog eee eee eee renee eee tenet e tence “sUBOJIO JO ‘UAG “SIZ ‘ajuDpUuo yy, auuahog (Ch ae --- 9ury nop jo ‘uAg 00. OGY A at ‘aULV NOL y auualog ‘alIneg 1098Bq JO 'UAS “OST'ZO.USV “FIZL “FSTH TEe6S‘LTS'bS.A “TS2'69.'87PL9.'Cth'Gh.d = SOLSe.UeD = “sdwajtsg np auuahog arson aa C O ayovued oo1m0g JO'UAS “KO,.0A VAN ‘2yoDUnd a01MW09 np auusiog “““90Imtog Jo ‘uUAG ‘gze‘6c,‘e9OebS. A "POSTS. QUOT, ‘(SiesuUy Jo) a01m09 np auuaiog “90IULoD Jo "UAS “GCC TIT LER TL L2e TUM “26°78,6E' TS, HSSBW “89EE8. A *086'S8,'297'SL LL SP ILEMI “PrL'69.0 “PSAHJOLV “LLYOL. VMOHYV _ ‘“bS'69.a10TT “89'C2.'6S “p9.‘89'S9.V “ISTH ‘S28'6S.e9e' FS, “S9T'ZS.'ZSS' TS, HJOsByY *aoyW09 np auuahog “BUIUMOC JO "UAS “162 S8,E16'S2,.L “26°81, 71888 “GLEL “PPLGOZOP'LE. “SLE‘PS.A “HOSS, “SES PS. EOSVy = “buyunoq auuaiog BERT steargnt sage Se inate seeee we ee ee eee ee ewe TSE nd SE “910g ounotog essences ued wesod Jo ‘udg —"T67'es.EL0'CL. L “L688. UBV “UalMT auuahog 3 ro ORISA: uoftId Jo"uAS “228'6S.'Z9E' FSA “SIS TIS. A “ual auuahog ein ola ehals Hatin eatone oars “eral JO hg “op 0e,11N0 962 0¢, LJOSB IN OLIUT auuahog ste t eect eee reece eee e cee c ener ee teees INUINBY JO ‘UAS “E169. ‘Lnunpg ap auuaiiog siete iain = ieee: oa ie eco e “oLaneg 10ysBqy JO'UAS “OOTY ‘sdwajuisg ap auushog ce Se SoS fet SA uvofquoyy JousS “OO.0OAVAT “woaljuosy ap auuaiog veetccereee sete terse cece "7" ""=yoossnog JO ‘UAS “ZFL‘69. ‘apotapy ap auuahog ‘auueAO(] Jouluing Jo UAg “FOTEOUSV “89'TOV “PESOS. EL‘6O PEPE. “6S'TAOH ‘7911N Lf ap auuaiog weeeewe ne vesier vs asd 827 spe oanns Sr camels =e sOT Trio Terge “udg Ted “L9NFT

& 2. ee tae eee ae oTOssollqd] UBA O1Ineg ‘uUAg “T *aypossoigd We ie ee Pe gre hgaa a es perks DS ORGAO E ) 962 16 HIOV “OMIT Gio} ng S,eyosong at. Wk Ged Ra ea eet be oe eee ae quomolg olineg “usg “WY “quowoig zadviq Jo-udS “¢Zr‘er, HJOSPW “SOIbM ‘a7 .p zardvig 2 i, iis SARs ee, ER ae AGP zardvrq “wks “ecr'ep Hose +zoydvaq ‘ouuasog OTM JO “UA “OET'ER SHAW “9°69. HITE “08869. °89'Z0.V ‘Cro'CLL “6ST'69. HMI “06T‘S9.USV “87 TXUEDD “OFZ “ISTH “1S‘8¢,91INQ “9F2‘69, Gerle.d “SLE6S “E98 FS.A “LTTAONM ‘OIS‘TS.A “SLOP, Josey ‘ayjynargy auuaiiog cit ae a ne goa eae 9I[NeIlg Jo ‘udg “CO THHM ey LUC auuahog “qoTjequRg jo uAS 9F2'69.0 “ZSTH “828'6S.‘898'FS,. “OST TR OLT'ZE.M “291]91UDg auuahog | JoTTEIURG JoUAS “EO'RF, TEL‘EP. HJOSVW “LIZLE.TUON [Ota *979/97UDg auuahoge ay ee Eee ee ia ee ieee SHAG Oe 75)" Seo ISl‘eh. Hjosey ‘opeAoy ouuesog ; ‘outakog Avin JouAg “opzd “oee'6e,‘7ze PS. “ShL°69.“LEP‘L9,‘O8E'SF. “LLS‘LE.AUOD “CCL‘TP. OEE M “OPI “enoy auuafiog ‘euuadog Avi JouAgG *002'26, “098G8, “CPSCLL “S886S.‘CC8 FS. “ShL‘69.‘2EF2.088'Sh.d “96L'S8,qUeD ‘abnoy auuafiog “09968. "GhS'G2.L “OSL ZL410H 29 TL. SAA | “SST‘6O.FIMIT “6224 “ISTH “9bL‘69, ‘T2929. “6LE°69.‘208 FS. “OTS'TS. osoy ouuesog AES ring ADO Beare uIqoy Jo -uAg “06P'2E.q *(lol[suvT Jo) wrqoy auuaiog “UIqOY Jo"uAS “CHS ITSee IU A “Z08'SS,"F87'GL.L ‘9FL'69.0 “FSz' TXU0DO "89°29. V “FSI'8G.IIND “LOGOS UIV “SI'eC. HSSVN “617A “ISTH “8LE‘6S. "898 “FS. PSPS. ITOH “G69BM “STEIS. A “€8'FS,‘T6P 0S, HJOSeW “Or Th. OLU' Zk “wiqoy auualiog ‘ouussog pediiyg Jo udg “S8z‘TIIXX -UeDD “T8889. “9Es‘6S.“E7eFS.A “GORTS.A ‘SOlTFM “00@d =‘ayovung auuahog ior SOLOS BORD SOOO AGA S “UVULPOION JO 'UAS “ZOGUp, FJOSVy “wow yosany auuahog “AuUSIJUOW Jo uA “09C'CR,“CFSGL.L “S16 TOL'69. FLFLE. “6986S, SSEFS.A “SE6RLOAUVN ‘S6I‘Sh.HyJoseW ‘anbsn py auuatiog “GF0S.9IND "9620S, HJOSBW “69°LF. ISSR “suoW| ouUaLOg pe ate he SO POO ARO Bee EOC OS Daa ieuAeW JO'UAS “F188. (-VH ‘valuhapy ‘hog *SyIBUIOY *OIN{XOL, | ‘1vod Jo oulBN "PpoNUT}WO)—LOG6T 02 FO8T Wouf suoynoygnd upowaUwp Ur O7 pasuafas sunad fo sayjaruna unouy oy) fo xepur-anbopnjn 126 105 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. ‘uotods ] role Aq peoonposjuy *Sulyood Aoy ponyRa A[UO *[Inelg nq s¥ oures oq ABT! ‘Tor nq esuoydyy yA pereUIsI0O eer VON *g ‘zis -“SUBV 7B preyoio Feieeurnedcs url *ponold e1OUIRSIOg SB PR Aq poysyqud “AON ‘loqsoyooy ‘udeIH “Vy SeTRyO Wor, poareoeyy Beiente| baminere | aats 10g ‘oua £0 (qT ourmmsg Jo ‘AS “FT'EOHO “FOES YSV “OFELEAND “ONT DP 14497 ap assayong IO JO UAS *90F'26,'012'C8,'L67'CL.L “ET ‘ZLOJOVOA “O8'F9AIOTT *89'CO.V “62869, “SOP'IGUSV "a7 Pp 144agT ap assayong “Lilog jo ee "86'9L HSSPW “ESTH 998'F S$. “IST'S, TJOSVW “EFL'IF.M “t4uag7 ap assayonq = (ossoyon({) s10q W081 V jo ‘uAg "ogg" C8aL *LeL 69.4 “6L0T “DLIQULIL VP assayong na elas e CIBWA) oWIeTNOSuYy JouUAg “HZ “prDBaLDA IULIINOBUY ,p assayong ie ERA hag MOL eh rs td ossoyoncy eZuol_g ‘OO,.aV AQ ‘azuo1g auajynobu y P assay ond ‘ouenosuy Jo°udg ‘“gez‘TIl9es' Tl ‘9ze' TUM “T82'¢s,'¢ ‘PCCSHWH ‘6S °89'29.V “OF'SS. DAMN “6286S, "F98'FS. A OS FS, 612'8¢. 41 3V 69 SM “EL.CAOH “698'E8. FOE TS. A ‘S'6ROAVN ‘2bL'69, FOP'LS.188'Sh. “99'68.4M9 69°2P.'99'FO8'8EN “EPUTP TLE M “LL0'LE‘96'EE, AUD “auaynobuy ,p assayonqg “qsoTy Jo-udg ‘00L" 16," 09'S8,"SFS'SL.L “6LE'SLE'6S. A “C8h'LS. 780] ¥ Pp assayong =sigaee aiuoosuy Joudg “Secll “ZEN. “CN'98, HINT “ORT'S8‘2TE6L YON “88ayon Tels aisle Sian eWieinia seen mss cece IBUIIO A, JO'UAS “OFLC, JO BBY “ouL27_ 44 aTDG ap ong *SUBOLTO JOUAS “GFL'6X.C “6LE6S. “SSI'SG CSP FG, TTJOSV WY “SUD9]40,p ONT *[BYyDIBP JO “UAS “Sz PL, AUN ‘ocrded "F189. USV "89'09.940H ‘O0F6S.A "ISTH E8PL.d «"'SwDayLO,p ong *ZOABN Jo uAg “C6969. “6L7T “OOSTINHM § “00808.‘TIT'SF. path) ‘sunoua N ap nq SMP Tes poe sasiee se Mees awme's ccsoceisoce a SCO Ml 10 cag eq ‘husoyy ap ong “queqeig jo ‘ug “OSEES. A "FS'Z8HSSVIN “8618. V O9F'26.'182'S8.890 SLL “8°bL. UO “OLEOS. A “ESTA LELOO FPL. “09G'LE.TOR'SES FE. HJOSBW = “JUDQDIg ap Ing ‘sbuind Jo “uAS ‘Ple'e8. 002‘ 26,0998, CFS “GLoL “POU'Z9. HOW “99'Z9.V “0986S. “9ZZA_ “89969. FSFE. “envapanog ap onq ——— IBOLA JO “UAS "PPE ESA “SISTA “OFSZEIIND «69 TF. “@nvapsog ap ong Mink. Durie ge. GS piojype Jo a “OPL‘ce Hose = “pLolpag ap pe ayeumny Jo “uA *002‘26."09G'ES*CFS'CL.L “LPL‘69. ‘azpun ali aq BULGE N fo (ole udg “GEES. 1 “S81 ‘CO.USV “OES “OE ‘6S. ‘FE FS. 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SHAW “Solqolr ‘SCI PIZA “PSI “FOODS. USV “ELS, AJOSVN “SLIOIOD “1S2'69,‘ Lah LE. Soh Sh. “BA IOJUIM OPT YSouy oy} JO ou | JA | BA-B| Ss | furqs|}qnas3| | 4qor |" "Tq [SOS IN ‘SSTOP PUL “SL7'LE,86T'Se, TUOH “OOTP, “S6l'TEM “Sid ‘etinog 1o}seq ae se 31006—Bul. 126—0 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. pe a) ‘¢ ‘ZIsse3y 4R twoTqoeT[o09 TOY ee nee eae erence a aigay nora Games = aehewricge Seas Bea IOC eI FPA 3 4 GSA ICS “RST ossoyon ‘udg “""T “VST A ‘QTC BNIVA PalapIsuod JON | wr j-77 7” QF | Ol |) Asa | or) ony [too See ees OEE CRaLIEEE ODE BETEAO TEL Na beet A eect 96269. “UD LOMST LAL “Surpeoard oy} wioOdy yoUTYSTGG | our 3 Ay | unt | DAS!) Uns | eh Ne eee eee eT ead cob bv re aaeed: aehtaai Peis pehals EES 992'69.q *(PUuz) STII “SPST UT “Sse “p1oy OOOAVAA “00'F6-d°N “T0L -peg MON JO ‘SITa ‘sty Aq pestey | ur | 3a | das “26.199°G8.9PSGLaL ‘S269. “OS‘ATHIOLV “IST29.V “GPO. 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OPT ZEM ‘auoying ysnbug Cumg) osoy Jo'udg “96L'ee, Ae “SOY jO))V09 Ysybug ‘O10 0[ SUV yo-uds ‘OltT “LIP‘6S. ‘BREF. “T9969. “e9G'2¢,TSECh.d “2610 = ‘aLenag ysybug (qny) JouBsIog Jo‘UAS “T0L‘26.‘199'S8.OPS'SL.L “LL0 “2169 688'FS.a “£9969. ‘G9G‘2¢,998'Ch.a “OBE. AUD ‘dd ‘yowvbsag ysibug ee i ee a a ee ee ee ee ee ee punog jo ‘udg pee TT xXueno) NI ysybug Cqny) Jouresr1eq Jo uAég “LIZA “LIP'6S ORFS. *299'69,‘G9S29,998'CF.d ‘Idd ‘jownbiag wuniny ysybug pe ata ee epee UOSHIBH] JO UAS “61169. “96L'SS.V “HOT aqabug Serer eee eee eee eee ee ee ee ee! ee ee ee) worysugy ,p ezuol g ‘usg a | “WoT ysug oe dee tad 85 ee TE syequB,A Jo 'UdS "QO.OAVAA “syDjuDA, jUDfug “onsIpol quvjuy jojossnoy ‘ourrepoN ‘eSrporg gueyug suds *T0L'26,‘T99C8. ‘OFS CLL Ter'6S. = “@8S‘OSTL «= “TOTTTIMM «98°69, OFS'2G.‘C8eCh.d _ “ens poig yuryug ‘enFIpOLg yuBsuG JO ‘UAS “OCTET “OST‘9SA1OH “G68FS. “19PP.TISSVIN “00'Ch. HJOSBW. ‘20ypo1d juvfug “1B0Od IBBNY “ROG YBIIH ‘sudg ‘08'64.V “PSS ITXUEDD ‘eh‘OL, HOUT “GGL. 00'SL, HPUT ‘OFC TUM ‘OSTOP AND “OSLE EISSN. “292 PS7 89.960 08. E21 ‘OF. 6868.09 LE. HJOSVNY “Qooypug al (al aaa S| aa ah Aaa teal MAO apd eas 69 TPM ‘eWpyny,p sosodug SSSI US OR RCTS eo ees a ae | Jopuvxely 1o1odmgy orneg ‘uAg “Ye “JepURXe;V Josedwg Dewees Ve] Ss sean wee Ses cam esis = Mle alere wo a tenes S Smt o Ccim nls malate ee adIsseyy JO asg “C18'69.0 “NOI LULU Sek |e ur aa ae Leet ka ee ee ns ih nvoejloy) JouuINg Jo uAS ‘LIL‘69-0 “Panupwug§y Woatg oyrugy Jo uAg "9¢L‘69.‘L6P'LE.0 “Moarg Ajpugy i ee “OOF ‘SE, FLJOBB TEI UIG | Sk oe ee eee qroarg Ajay “QaIOATE optus “suxg "9¢1°69.qd “OAT EL oT wees eee cence reese se weamngecsesasssesesencteve = -eTTUg, OUUO g uAg “T Pye | sepunq jo ‘ug °999'69.q “s10yo0y ap ajrugy ‘(oyrmmg) shop] JO'UAS “GFZNHV “F6.0 90 "698'E8. “09F'L6.‘T86'S8. “C96 'SL.L “22eAHIOLV "OSC “2886S. A “1E2'60.'06F 15. BLECL TEE OG. UBV “OS'S. TEIOSR “2298. F278. 6121. TS Se. SSBW “Wshayy .p aymug “““QIOATg, orgy JO UALS “TOL‘26,‘T9S'G8‘9FSGLAL “S88'6S. “oalg apg ee ee ee er ee ie - “7 7*"" TO ATXUODO “yueLsyuy allel fe De ay ST Oh *yequy See ee rae eres “= --oouviolg Jo‘UAS *9CL69.d “oar aounsougy ella Se elaine ele ale wlelo a eee aces cee eee WOATE, ooURIOULG ‘uss "90169. “OOURIOU ousredsy “UAG “TOLL6.‘T9S‘E8. OFS 'SLaL “O8ZAL ‘T2r6S. FOES. “LER‘TEJOZVWY « “9G2'69,Z1o'26."Cer'ch. TOT Th aM “pve Saat een eint =~ eee!» 31am ia aS pala\ Ewin hat mls wp [inane Wels [lm aim m= =) ere a 0 \=)wlaiew ie meiere. eis im lee ms =m NTR Sl os Sa a ogee a eae ee ee ee hae FST‘£0.110 “RITA “OSL 69. “SESFS.V “N6COS. HJOSVIN LLS‘2E.1U0D "LATTE. OSE M “96TId “WONT 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR, 114 “ZOL “d ‘“GxgT ‘Aqejoog [BIISOT -OWOg UBIIOUIY 9) JO suoT}OB “SUBIZOIG “SULMOYOIg oq ABVUISIYY, | *SYIVUIOY Saas Ts chan ee eres ee eS Te EOSIN TF aKO| CON Gt 8) ‘udg “Stid “OINXO TL, POPP eg OPCs | ROR es icest eee 9 ULOUL, 10VUT AA [2s cap ls Meee ace oe eee ae: ee eae u1oyy [BAOY Jo uss *geL‘69.0 wee eee eee [Reese Osea rie sarierini=/= oD OOMSIOAG TT jo ‘udg "POL‘'09,I10H 9 “burpaag s punytgy “"""poomMsudaBy JO'UAg “L/P 6G I1OL, “poomsuaany 8 puvysgy ‘oounyO JO"UAS *10L‘26,‘T9S‘G8.‘OFS'EL.L “08% "99169. CL9°29.C. “Ter6S.‘6E'FS. SFTUHM $‘S8e‘9r, Josey *7pdoos2 on Man = eri fie Ree = at ee ela e Ct a A ed ap 0}401qUTy JO “uAg “OLEA aE ‘apphoy aur oa Sines 2 AES pete roa ae mena s eS al eee BLBIATBS Jo “udg “16869. “SUL ASO peak Fo ai nce i all ac Re i he gh Oe re hed Soa as UIOYUL, 107UTM Jo ‘udg “68869. “LOVE (Pp a8SOYy auiagy (tung) esoy Jo "UAS “Z8Zd “PZP‘6S.66E *€98'69.(E8S°2¢.GhESh.@ "996E4IND “G6IT'TPCET'ZE MBE aS ON png a RRNA eo PORES ELT ( OTS PYM Naas 9 sburnqd jo “uA “OLEH = “SYDYOOY np ae SS eae PUREE eS pean pele $e spun Jo'uAS “9/2 “899°69.' FSF LG. “Dyooy np aurdy iD Rae, Sakae bers BIA JO'ULG “OST'6H.HIL ‘9OS'9SUSV “FEES ‘spun audi ‘sbuinq Jo uAS 89969. 99'9.V “O98 6S. A “OLS E6TA “SHOES. USV ‘sound aurdy 7. Orda Sos sain etic Meee aha svuing jouds “9/Zq "7lofayooy ap pone iy PAS ER PESO Sr ero eke ee svuind Jo‘uAS “912 “899'69,PSF'LE.q “Sabow2T ap aur oad Jo"udAS “LgCTBOIBH “EsT‘ATouMUuog “waahy .p audgy f “ULOTLL, 107UTM JO usg “69869. “99°68. 4IND “ZSL‘TF. SPE MM “SOTId “861 “6610 “202 Pp guy EE ET aa tel (agp TOA SOME Hoek je UW1OUf, ouitang Jo “udg “Stl d. caqujad a1 Pp aurag ‘ISNONOY,T, ap aig .p aurdgy (ung) oso jo “PZP'6S.(668'FS, “E9869. E8929. “ChEGE. ‘asoy inaynog ay p audgy ‘WO Joumng Jo-uAS “00.08 VAN “Z9F‘00. UAXMUBOD "T102'26,T9S‘G8.9FS‘'GLL “OSGA “6ES'FS.V ‘“POP‘6S. 668 FS. “892‘69. ELS LS.‘ T PE Sh. BREE EAL fe ‘WAS “BSB ppeag Aa ‘98S SF HIOSVN “OST TF LET CEM “8ST “L8GTBOLV “OST ATU WOM ‘ay paudy jf Seeeiye MERC ene halen: (ung) esoy Jo"usS “Req “ESS'LG.“CHEGh. A “SbId “any p aurday SS fas gat PERS > de Pegs bg PARSE SPEAR VUIBPBYT YSsSTAD Jo UAG “*LIZ°18,TU9D 977 (P awd (‘suqy) opouosieyp yo ‘uAg ‘O0,OL VAT “90L'L6.‘F9S°S8.6FS'GL.L “OSTH “86869. 8LE FS. “89L'69. P69 LE. LEE Sh. “99'6E.91ND “ZELE HJOSBW “LLS'2E‘LEL'SE. AUOD “STILTP 820 CEM “SSItd ‘aUbsody weleiclese a cie esis ne\c en /inia wisn == asiweiete=/s/sininle minim pieiomy Jo-uAg ‘gIT ‘aubundsy IospurM Jo‘udg ‘gg‘cn,y “sgideq ‘“hyonjuay fo souug concer eter eee eee eee eee tee Suwoyorg Jo'udg -“Zor'ez,.y “wapengyy ysubug aoe SESE. V “Ups A YSTpsuq THA M "49940 pay ysybug Cay) epouosie SHORES ae jo udg “O82 “F2TH “T2p‘6S, ‘Sees. A *L9L‘69.‘PIS‘LS.“6E8'Sh. "1994 pay ysubug (suq) offeuosiee yo ‘uAS “T1SCR.L 1869. HOW Peo aa “SCC TITAHJOLV ‘89269. “LSS. FOOS. ASV “CST‘OP.APUL “azjauobune ysybug ‘1vod JO oOUIBN ‘penunu0g—ZLoOé6l 07 FO8T wouf suoynoyand unruaUmp ur 07 pasafas sinad fo sayaruna unouy ay) fo xapur-anbo7D}0) 126 115 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. ‘o0uBIy ‘SIosuy jo AoloeT orpuy Aq po BUIsWI0O *poqMosep JON “TSS Uy SuruUBy Joqoy Aq pozqryxg| | ‘ZO8T ul “sseyy ‘UOJsOg JIveU poJINIyT *poqiosop JOU :69T ‘d ‘Tpst ‘yomuexy Aq poystqnd “poqLiosep JON “€})8q “¢ AQ poonpo.juy “yO X MON ‘AVUNOD Xossqy ‘UTSIIO ‘ourods@,.p oonbsnyy sv ‘Tsz d ‘pprg Aq poystqnd ‘ope, ATOA pue Ajyenb ysry yo oq 09 pounrey[D ‘uotodsay “fey 10y power fsuoWyT ueA uyor aq Aq posreyz *poqLtosop Jou ‘OLT “d ‘TpST ‘YoLruey Aq poystqnd WOT} BOTT -qnd uvuLio 8 WOIy poyonb oure Ny “LUST ‘AYR 9784S OrgO 78 ZIPOM OoT Aq pozqryxg “OATL -onpoid AOA puv sNOIOSIA oo.L J, “ZE8T ‘Ajoroog pBarngnory -10}]T S}osNyEssey JO Surjoour ye “0 wy Avvo AQ poyqryxg “APOMBA UBISsNyy B ATQRqorIg “UL ‘O]VPSUTULIR ‘Og ‘zisse3y 48 pieyoi0 [RyUouTIedxe oy} UT “ASojoWOg JO uNqly Wo1y er re ry sh as see eee eee Se ee ee ACO TT 20. ‘ads ‘6LU' AHIOLV om | BA oul d oul 3 OUD | eens TA ae oor wu | 3a-3 our 3 ds taf eared 09 s | 3url d wif 8 Curd das C low sur | d[qo |---"A CN BPRS AES IA 10.f waar |] CokoyaQay || ciate I d |°""3pa | a lSrerecara] Sore ayo awe Gla Sep ena mee erate oe yaa Ts ,OdO) eens oes ‘P8169. ‘Aauozy uvadoung pidge oie “""""*-olIBfoylog UBA JO‘UAS ‘09Z'2C,HJOSByy ‘auiDjaysag UDA auabng ‘ouedng Jo 'uAS “bRZWHV ‘O8S'€8. A *S82‘68'SL,HUOUN *102‘26,‘T9¢'G8, ‘OPg' LoL “188 CL.Usv “GL4Ideqd “Os'TS.‘19'8L.V ‘SFTPL‘ZOU'CL410H ‘SILO ‘addy auabng Sensman seen uecaescanewcese wens eesce -qaoddy euosngy ‘uAg 00.08 Va cl | “guetng a =. "TEL eh, WIose Ww “90 DURING “SITON JoVUTLAA JO "uAg "E8CL_“SSE6S.‘OFEFS.A “ST'TAOH “b89‘69.“LbP‘29. 0S 'Sh. “NDausnorg sn aeneemeanen ath poste nere goatee SHON JoVUTM JO UAS “R9'CL.V “eCTdeq = “worunisgy Secebae wae Uee cue coc an bes CAL TREN ER OMe EN senteeeees = *=-g07'89.G “MOHNISA ah SN ot ae AAI i ay edviqsq.p olineg ‘uAS “yy “edeaysg CECI. SSB *0FUOD AOYISA OE eh a I i ate Wi Cady Azeyioysy ooung ‘udg “T *AZRYIOISA Ce ee ea JOUTRIST,| ep juoptsel J ‘uA DS | “jouseIS| Ce es SLT Sin CSO F 98 i ae eee OPAL TET a eee I II Al ES ousodsy,p oonbsnyy ‘udg “yT ‘ouseds| [PASS SPER San ete eo ae Oe OO aka Ai T9¢eg,., *ouopeds| eis nd 9 cen ciead SCO Raa NeE Tce emeae sol VBploOg yo 'uAS -“LeEPe,y ““arpjog ursadsay etme ms one meting gh oe “-oalperon’y Jo 'UAg "9169. ‘ausiquassayy 8 ursadsop ILT‘Sh. yO Sv *(p, OlInog) oujsodsg oa Sees SSS SS Tee ae neq wow youdg ‘9¢9‘69.q ‘ORS'ZPAMO ‘autsadsa ‘uidg o11ne OWOAVAA “6EL'69.‘86F'LE.0 “SOLE. WJOsB_ ‘euysedsg Pe at et AB Ley eae a Moods yp 9} LOeOSSTLo YY ‘udg =i I *xossa ‘unreodsq o1imog ‘sudg “Moods 96716, HJOV ‘o}jowRsseg suos0dsq meee een Toes Sie eee Oe ee oe ee eee C6L,TZ'LL.HO °% *ON Woredsy ‘uoledsay Jopessnoy ‘uLedssy eyqnog Cea eqnog Joyossnoy ‘uedsa,p Jejesstfoy “suAS "“EPpPaWHV “I0L'26. “] ‘Wesodsa "" (Bug) oypouosiee youdS “p9s'GSL “8SL'69. “ZST'OF.APUL “eSTId “aubsvdsgq Se ie ee ee a 99F ‘ZS, T1JOsB TT *quuopedsy SSTARAS AT SA LIRAR STS youoyosuesoyy{ Jo 'uAS “P8169. “ZOS‘0O, HOSeW “uDuazYysa See SHE SSO AE eS Baer A “T9008. RT *otasy SA SG > > Bale oie es elossvyog Jo uAS PZlid “Asasspyosy [pos Fo == Pees ose ons wnandncann ane taetwa=nssvease Srp Tew «nes Taq ‘uw SP bSS i co cman ets Tae ce ere eos: gjozny Jo-udg “g¢2'69.d “ajjozn py auzjsausy RRS ip ay wax ide ian oS eet SR reine qsoulg sopivy) “uAS “yy “sou” PE oS Rae CESS Oks Vg eae ee ime ae “""""ge)69.q *epuysowig 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 116 “GPST UL SIOMOTY) qiniyy JO ssersu0g Aq poeqoofery | H “VLOULY ULory WOINdLLosaqy “suoIyBys JUeUTLIed xe [BIn}[NoUSY soul] ww [Buy uC “PPST Ul Ayaloog yeunqpnoso7FT szyesnyo -UssByy JO Suljoour 7B pepyIqiyxX oy “Cqny) Brequre1y eq Avy “DEST Ur SUIT] TTS ‘OgoT Ut payuRrd dary, | “PEST Ul edoing WOT] poonpo.rqUy | “qy stu MeIpuy seuLOyy, “Iq Aq pestey | ‘i Gezissaay | 4B pareyoi0 yeyueutiedxe ay} UT ‘Og ‘zIssesy 4B paieyoro jeyuewmlidtedxe oy} Ul “sseyy ‘U04 -sog Jo ‘vueq sbpuvig Aq poesiey ‘a7Rp Ajive ALVA B YB AUO -[09 sJesNyOessvyY Ul poyVulsug *peqiiosep you ‘uomisodxy uBIqmnfoD) SPHOM 378 UMOYS ‘Og ‘zIssesy 4B pivyo10 [BJUeUTLIOdxe ey UT ‘Og ‘zIsseay 4B pievyoio jejueursedxe ey) UT “SyIBUey ul | nas& n “IOARTA *10]09 Re yen) ceed Tee, es oben aSINOT OMB JO'UAS ‘Spat ‘asInoT Dun wiLoy “OISRIUB YT JO UA “REZ'PEV “9620S. 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LZU'ZEM «SHIA OST ALOUMUIOg = ‘anbsnyy = ajunpuoy eect a Ge ee a “OULBPBA ossiny JoudS “LZ Le,TUeH ‘anbsnyy ayunpuoy 2666 os aac ch’ oi/ele nab os eae OLU TEM “OsEy opurpuog “soraisnog Jo'usg “OO.0EVAIA ‘a4abnoy ajunpuog ae aah, ike nares sie Seah a ean oi Josluvd Jo “udg ‘O0.0d VA *JASlUDd hp ayuppuoy (oJUBpUOY) voTUIOD JoUAS “ORT “GOP'LE.G ‘S4abuy aaVmW0) np ajunpuog ‘(ajuRpuog) voIMI0D Jo UAgG “ZOL “26 199'G8,OFS'SL.L "8S'F9 410 "F92'69.0 OSS'TG, HJOSR *a02UL0g Np ayuDpuog “queqvig Jo"uAS “6L8'6S, “902W0) np ajunpuog IIOIN JO “UA “T28'69,979'2G,"10F'Sh. *(A]Q001109u)) ‘srog np ajunpuoy “YSiUo}y JO'UAS “286. A lt 1S‘ TAOH “09L'89. ‘8EF‘LS,O86'Sh. (62 eh HSseP “Q6TEE AMD "SEL “Slog np ayuppuoy an in aN | Eon 8 ng ica Bisa nofuy jo"udg ‘OST'ZO.UsV ‘“Ose'6S.ql “s20g np ajuDpuoy “B82'SC.USV “LSTH “COEFS.A SERS. TOTP OM “1680, HJOSUW “O6T'SE,TUOD ‘sjog np “AIL JO uA ‘TEp'CO,MAXAUVOD “21776, IOV “PLS. 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HSSBW “S6IS.V “Wallon [DLaUa_H ah errn dy hides “TT WOgoOL Jo UA “ece'OL. MOH “OL'6G, HJOSVN “waqaMoy “Uap parses esi 55 Seen gis oes wogeT}OL Jo "WAS “OOOMVAA “TEES. A “OL'26,‘299'S8.‘ LFS TLL'69.0 “LL‘OL. VIIOHV “88T'90.410T “L8ZAHJOCV “Uaqayio, Ww.iauap woqo}oL, Jo"uUAG “96°28, HOW ‘8818. HUD “OSI'ZL.I40]L “waqarIpor, “wap uoqo}OL JouAS °ZOS'GS.L “TS'ZS.OJOVOA “TLL'69. “waqarpoy, 1DLauaH ‘sqiodioy ‘poomemoryT ‘sudg ‘1gees.g@ “OS'22.V “PRS'GLMOTT «= “#02'26,‘299'98. ZFS‘ GL aL “G8SOG. “ELE “TLL'69.C09'29.0 “9SATMHM “696'CL'PS, HJOsBW “AOPART, [VIO as ea cn ace a Ne heioany bgt ara ara ae neha 1S) 2nd P99, Sse “URWIOYS “Woy Careehs tesla reac WEPdO Jo UAS “OGZ'SF. HJOSVW “OLTTR MM = “Wwnpgo 1D19Uap POE AP TTT Te ZT SR es ref. 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A “OLL'69.80S'25. “OTS'LG, 10H “L9G LG, HJOSBIY “JaWtno'T ap jp1auapy Preaek genes ei 2 2 ras OIOIOIIOUIB'T JO UA “ORS *249101LOWWD'T ap ]DLaUAH SESS Se er eS aor dueyonog yo;udg ‘gz{deq “dwpyonog ap jp419Uay ‘1vod JO oWlBN *ponulyuoj—Lo6l 07 FOST wodf suoynoyand undwawy ur 07 patlafat supad fo sayaiwor umouy ay) fo xapur-anbo7n70) 126 129 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. “sunjooo roy Ajo 4y 4nq ‘AMoys pu os1v'T ‘0 ‘a ‘ZIssusy qe pareyoro yeyuouedxe oy} UT ‘ULYS Pop[Ls B sBY yom “Bvoqiig oq Ayqissod Avy *poos AIoA SB 41 juosoridor Aireg 32 TOsSUBAT[ A ‘a0UBI YY ‘S1osuy yo ‘pregiy “W Aq poyRuUIsO *ROULLIQ OY} UOT oq OF preg ‘UIPYH op ourey -u0g “W Aq suo; BO postByY ‘UUOD ‘UOABLT MON 9B SpABMPY] OUIOAOH Aq po, VUISIIO ‘sudAo1g *¢ Aq Aor -og jeangynoysoF (CAM) ota -sInNO'T JO SUIooul 4B pozIqiyX “069T ur osuyumy ey Aq poditosoq ‘Og ‘zIssesy 48 pileyoio pequourtiodxe oy} ul “‘SUOW UBA UYOr AG YIM peyeUsO ‘AN ‘purl -S[ Suo7 ‘surysny,y jo ‘sung “UO WRTTM UIT poyBULsG, our BA A | uw |3a-3} A I 3 $s I 3 | 8 ul 3 Sy JA BA AS Se £ (ae ee 143 ul (Chem) ves Raa Serer oll (e deere al| Mente ater [eteseseees Sse, sctal| BSE iccrel loca ate -- ang x UW d |-"--spq nif 1 {qor |----Sjog Sciec cs es SANE 0400019) nid ur | dyqo |---3anq 43 sur | doqos |**~-3[oq niq3 | we | dogo |*"""“xX ‘°N W80IH Jo WAS "F116. “70119 ‘snud A op uojay, ‘dno’T op sry ‘se0und 91 ep a1log “qaweqor Balog ‘tuInbeg ‘ouso# -INg Op OAV] ‘TOI ¢ ‘puByayH Any sory YoULH sory ‘y1oqRy sory ‘|Boy ouBIy SOLD “QloqOH ‘I[IBOIH “GOTH ‘oTT[OT[IH ‘13-0-o[1H ‘vo100q epseyH ‘essoog,p OpIBY ‘OI’ OIGBIBIUOT ‘IQBILIUO YT “Q1OqQOSVC ‘IOAIP{, Pp VIO ‘prBsloey) oLINOG ‘prei00y) o,OUTBsIOg ‘opledojfog “SUAS “g0L'6,'2 L ‘O8td "Zoh'6S, HN “S6e'6E Hose *TLA0TTD [SoH Jo UAG “TITtq ‘9772607719 (uleyg Buoy) gonburlg Jo ‘uAg “fO8'69,q ‘anbuo) 2797714 a sayy OLIN g “uAg | “so Wo ‘[IBOTID Jo “uA ‘OOTH «= “2F'6S.S6EFS. A LL‘69. PLS LE ‘O8h'SE. OS TROE «Tt ‘728-0-a719 REVS OSES SPY TOSSR TESS Pepy Jo-uAG “ZOZEM “ZU ALOUMWMOd ‘wyNg papliy SOE oe eae aee 5 Cees ane e eS pm 10}4Ng peplly ‘e1op e1ineg ‘sutg "YW ‘“peplTy» PIR OSC UE CIO CCAS HOE IR RIC iO T fk {ogy WWopiserg “UG “YZ “WeqITD IBUIJOD BSSBI JO‘UAG “CEI ‘“sauypyy Worf ii Te ie GARR Oe ae mo PABUID Jo “US “68960. “LLL SP HJOSBW “wos ‘PIBYID OO “YABYID ‘PlOYID alimoeg ‘WABYyLD o1mMeg ‘pavpry ormoeg ‘sUAS “LPCNHV ‘S'9ING “68°86. HIT ‘“ZSr'26.'892'S8.L “68S “6IT'GZ410H “prey ‘oyeuny Jo ‘uAS “09C'CS..L “O8tA “61H ‘6V'9G Hssey “Gge'6S. “6908'S. A 99'SS AION “6 IP‘ZS. HJOSBy «-ayuDpisvg Uuorpiy : Letina, BE eile ‘SMOIpUy JO “UAS “26 TAOH “ZOE IS.A TOTPOD “GS LP. HSSBW °099'69.' TSP 19.6h8' Sh. “PEL TPT PT LE. HJOsB “UOsquy) Jem ems Sa SRE papeb bee ea ere angen ete el ier boer ys AoiAIyy urgeyog udg “yo *AaTLIy ‘SPOBYOIW “3g ‘UIBISIYD JUreg ‘UIETSITH UTRg ‘UIRISIYD “4g ‘uaTH ‘4g ‘owidruuind ‘youvuow Youq'sudg “LCNHV ‘SON “ers PSUsy “UyeIsyyD “7 JoJUOWOL YT OLMog ‘JoJUOUIOI op oLineg ‘UljoyyH op olumeg ‘sudg “]T “uTpeyy pS ae eee OE eS Be thet en ee sorereescesccscss" er 6r. Hose | * ALIEN Toren sesso weeeeeeeeresss* "QUIT JO "UAS “SpE ILeeslum “LDId Mosy UDUsIH SPPOO. 410}, *UMOJURUIAN “AUBULION JO JROSH ‘puBulyyy,| Vosny, ‘weuL -OT1V .[ 2Bosny ‘UBUOTY ,[ YBosN]T ‘puBWa[[v’T VBosNyY ‘VUSBUIB]|Y ,p VBosny_ ‘opaBuL -O[[V Bosn]T ‘PUBUDT[Y TBOsSN, ‘fepBosnpY WRULIOY ‘aslog 1BUTTOD ‘ureUuILy ~suUAg CLL'69.0 “SET'FS HJOSVW “OZTTR.SET'ZEM «ISI “MS “10ZD ‘ROSNY URUIEH OA ER’ yeosnyy UBULIEy JO "UAg “L8IUL “OSI.ATOUqWMOod ‘japposnyy upuLsapH ose Mr oe eae Fi es cer aArame “oT yg eee punog Jo udg “C869. “9869. FESS. A So SERED ae giao + asic S's i< SUOW{ UBA UIBULION JuIeg “‘UAg “T *JoOWRsIog URUIe “LIYDY UDULLIY *(SUOJ_ UBA) UTRUIE “UTBULIOT) “9S ‘(aouLI gq) Upeule”y "LOYD UIDULLIL) “490Ng §,p4DYys9H S,o0UlIg ‘UIBULIOD “YG MON ‘UIBULION) “YQ UMOIG ‘suUAg “T SOLE TLRS gk Seas LET BT ETRE OL RO Te ee nesuuoy, Jo 'ukg “SPP er. pe eo? Les oy ees “““pivyiep Jo uAg “99° TL. SAPd 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 130 ‘suOWT UBA UYyOr “Iq Aq posTey | Ww 3 BA | KOT ese> “soulATy op amney ukg “7T *somdpD RD UPTR | wks ko) 94 OXON NB ie | Ries (ee eat alee alee] |e, Be ied ea | ea laced || la cies ea Ml | lll lle ella De al A Sai ee Deal. ceed ea ial fad at a "96216, HJOV “eulrTqszonpD *peqtiosap JON aC OSS SS ECS Wea DOO ee Satgemineae sie Ppa baw s yk Wa? ad es ie Oe en aie Saree eee O8SZ1 *PARMOTD “NRadIOW WoT Jo usS “90E'eS.L “OSs “6EE‘6S, cami |\iG oh Need cera ks al fe ay | Sia ies a ake ‘GZE'PS. A SLL'69.GOS'LG. LEP 'Gh.G “SLO'LE. ‘L618, LUD “P6L'ZE ST “NDa0L0 Fy LnOj[H “HOJSBTOO A ‘UOISBTIO MA ‘UOISBIOM ‘BLIOJOTA ‘OTQUILL, ‘YonIg ‘SsinquioJINAA Op TOY ‘s}10q ‘ouMIOINY,p UIpULT ‘BLIOJOTA S,doysuv'T ‘WoLrejseg UOA ZULIGUOIY ‘puBUIpJog zuLiduory OULIGIoJING 10jUTM S,jJuOdUepIeAy ‘1oAT]T,p JuOduopreyy ‘Wuoduleprvyy “Quod -Uoplv ET ‘WOIGUIBYH op NBedLOW OUOTNOY ‘NBIdIOW VOTNOY) ‘UOIG ULB op ON’T JOH) NBIDIOW, XNOTH ‘UOIQUIBD 9p NB2dIOJT NOTH ‘NBIdIOW NOTH ‘NBI IOP OTH ‘B10q “WV ,q ‘IOATET,p IBVUTTOD ‘pxvquIe’yT olinovg ‘VUey op olMog ‘oyJOANON IOATTT DP } alIneg ‘WoIquUIeD op JuOdUepIey].p oLlineg ‘juoduopivy,p olinog ‘uorquTeD ap olineg ‘Sloquloly,p olineg “Wuoduepry,p o1tneg ‘sudAg “LZPZWHV ‘8‘9INE “quodueps y . “€1L'69. 8929. V “6886S. SZ8'FS.A“STAOH “G81‘29,'082'8S. S608. SV “OLE W WA Avutnoy, 7 poyeULeUG T |3d-3} ts | uIqs| qs T |d3qoao]- => --- Ta | ‘928°€8.O18'TS. A “99'6E.9IND “F6'8E.N “L6T'SE. AUD “OOT'T “PEL'ZEM “NROdIOW JNOTD Rigi eras emer atcan liars a one aia = arg caiieeaael| Peace | a in| ie ela alos nve10W WNOTH Jo uA “E1169, “Uouquipg ap Nda0L0 FY NO] | NBddL0 | NOTH Jo-uAG “O.OAVA “908'S8.L “O8CA “ELL‘69,"809'29."LEF ‘Gh. “nDa0L0 Fy-n0]) Ean Se eR Gea CO ACP eR Ee EAS NvIIOW IOTH Jo 'uAg ‘“gH1Z‘2E,qUeXy “NDIL0 WL 101D “au0Iq Seah aes | Serra | mosey |e -uegjo'usg *Z22'69. “S88'6S.A “68126, HSSPW “OPES'Lb4ID ‘auosqung fo fisojp 5 Mee Flee ela | oS lc os joc acct tsetse cesses" "-709T0dGN JO UAS ‘61869. “T8tu ““nasadmy 2 ap 21107) ede ral) IS pe es nr eager on | ahe e ieaaeeiciat TTOM ULE LOM LAG) MASc eIZOLG ULD Oa pra neOle) BPO SICYIM CAT TOMLIN i | ecerege nt sic ea) Sa TCI SIS sa sala gata ig SAS Gm ee emigre ciel es Sia as ane aiaais i seie sis sicbeini nisin s ciclo s)ei (cei Set eee ISL.§¢, josey, “oyourg ep el1oly “STTON LOPUT AA oc, FYUSTUL sTyy FYSNOY. WOATT “APY | -- 7 FUR | nt |e aa IOATH, P IVUTTOD “UAS “R1Z‘LE, AUD’ “LELE HSSBW “S6E'LE T1JOSVW “BOTD BISTHS | QOS seca sass 2 | ae soertscreccsessses spat LOM JO'UAG “qh “Mhnuyo0g uaysiO Day SSS |igstana call este any (ape | (ssny) AouoH jo ‘uAg “qh ‘(eULIQsTUOF]) Dinaopayy DAH | “BABYSING jo 'uAS ‘00.0 VAA “OFF'96.168'S6.UIXAURD “1908 HPI “4p “Pipysuny Dauy SCABMTHIT SOG MA BIN | 22-5 Suee eas sss os] ssie ss Sos 2s ps cists fils Seka ogi anemia a gcc aha tacit ieee toe eee al id aad ea 1908, H¥L “BAILS ‘9 'q ‘ZISsesy 48 prsvyoio jezueutltedxe oy Uy |-----°|---7-c|-o ocr oes [ESesea ease kGlE ee See Sia es oss Sea's Sistas SIRES Shs Oss a Sie See Os acter nek aaa 9E96 UAXAUBD “WOT pacleietess leona | isso cAall eacioaal ; epee ae eo SBT TOFUACS (OSH slaneHy pao DIS) SF ofa Yo f i152) 0)-4 YO) (al Pas Soe eee Rie | ie ee (es [Reo 90h (alae ee eI aC SOT OOS ar IJAIf{,p voepH UAG “YT *a0RPD ‘926 “d “Z68T ‘orny =(DINTOPT TOASTBUUys UU POUSTT eyo cssstsiia ane taeal romscania ail Soe ici a less tint Sasi el hai oas ties all ote cesta is Sl esis) aici te sie ieinisicas i= sari> etait ck alae ini oie lea Wsnly Joep elineg ‘UAg “YW “WSNTD SGadoag | etaseiats Pa siatade Sm aes felis epiclc tales aeesa ial ictal eisiniase/aeaic gon iiss ae ers peesmuenciala lee cians ick = ogre eS Leee espace ie uMOIg JO ‘UA “OTL‘69.qd ‘jlaquDpsiy PER gS Ie ee Sea SET | aa | Ea ee ar ioe ge oe acme oer a egy Besoin Ree a POS TS0[IH Jo usAg “L169. “927260.Lu SASSER edec ee POSS no) Aor) SUC OCr scr c oc) OPRontn | ipeccicor idl oo bOr Se SoS OOt AR et eCOc nit ioe SRO OGG a ISOS Ulpieiey Jo UAG °Z11'69,q “UwOpiDi1D Bere | Pee fee aaah ce ae | ea a ee mg eerie a UlprvIaH Jo WAS “ZLL'69.“O8ZA SES FSV IST'9P. HSSVIN “UN p4DLD wm Q op) Bale ce log ea) ele oe “SYIBUIOY 2 2 4 ak S 2 3 og. ‘rnad Jo owBN Se eye i = F < 5 a ‘ponunuoj—o6l 07 FO8T wouf suoynoygnd unoiuaumpy ur 07 pasafas suvad fo sayjaupa unouy ayy fo xaput-anbo)nj09 126 131 “PRT UL OOURIY, UL poyBUlsUIO “paqiosap JON ‘OpT “d ‘gegy ‘erngyno -IW10}] Jo oUlZUsEyy ul poysyqud “OW ‘OoRY JO ‘apupooy yoouy Aq pees Ulo1y pasiey ‘giz ‘d ‘prog Aq poysyand “anossiyw ‘Aqunog Arout0 3, U0 py ul poyeany “Aqpenb ur rood ynq ourospury {AjgoueA yRyUEIIOQ Uy “GOST UL poYINI “sseyy ‘“ouTTyOOIg jo ‘yoranysg "ys “aq Aq uMOIy CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES, “29¢ ‘d ‘opgT ‘orngqno -IWoyT JO oulzesvy ut poysyqnd “OTE OT Utasar 07 pus ‘TIT ‘orepsutunre yy ‘prvyo.o TRL} «=s,ueuryong uturefueg ut ‘OFT “d “egg ‘orngqno “TWOP, JO ouIzesey ut poeysyqud ‘Oa ‘zIsse3y 48 pareyoro yeyueuiedxe oy} uy 8 es! ee eT es OLN LEIP IOC (enn Vaya DN qneqnory jo Bee ora 7 Oe eae eet aoe OUUOg-asliyy JO “UA Valea ia intone Ses ya Pate ae A wistelaralera ate ote ayepooy Jo ‘OSS EG. 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USD “ZET'TP.9ET'2E.M “OPId “euuasog fray ‘ouuvA0d ABINH JO 'UAS ‘617A "GES6S.ZEE'FS. A “OPT FS. HJOSVW “GhL‘69,‘LEh‘L2.‘088'SP. ‘OT Be TNE) ‘supaq fivip ‘oauuaAod ABIN Jo “UAg "GOL'L6.860'S8.L, “GLE “SEE'OS.Z7E'FS.A “ShL'69,‘LEP‘LS.O8SE Sh. “Dad sang fip.y BO A eas Sas a UMOIG JO ‘UAS ‘“6FId “L8C[BOIRH ‘wang fipsp “uUMOIG Jo'UAS “SEZ “O9E'6S.‘OSE'FS.A “OTL‘69.'298'Sh. “SEL'ZEM “6hld “a4tnag fip.p Ree SESS Geoeer SSS t er Cee ere Eee er auuosog Avin Jo ‘UsS ‘ZET‘PO. MSV “fipip spe ee Sy hee Se ae eee ee ‘oouulg jo ‘uAg ‘ges'69,q ‘POP'6e.q “saan SE SI erik StS aS a goles aorog Jo uAg “egL‘69.q ‘220109 ap 92DL) Severe lr eemce s Meese are ae Ww yo UAG “98869. ‘aULIQuajing LaULWOY aNnDLH Re fee LE OO iin ge ee” ge 6EF'T¢ Woy, = °zV1IH ““"ToINvIy Jo UALS “OO.0AVAA ‘I8e'e8.‘9TS'Is.a ‘(Aossop Jo) youDsp “--* (uIMg) UsIJeIYO UOg Jo 'UAS “ZRZA “98'69,ERS"LE."OPE'Sh. A “DULON 2p 1101;DLD | Wanita Ai tia. 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ULUle LOO) Wiles ss seis 2 ealcee a aeiiee ones Ree ee sae mapy|emeR ae pi| mmm gear PSSST Tse TER TO Ss SMe aie eee Oe an See ae or Oo cen "-"""19aIH BAY “UAS “YW “1881 ° F “WBA JO ULG “POL‘L6, ‘E9S'SR“SPS'SL.L “*Zoh'6P. 968 FS. A 4 a : “BES‘PS.V 9620S. HJOSeW = “92269. 'FLG'2¢.'768'Sh. = “99'BEAIND «= “4eDA W994) eStart [le see ey] TES SEES moe | ok FR Ppa hee eee wipe RCT wn gm Geman oe eaghety an eo eT eo Raa “-asuvalAg Jo 'UAS “FIZ ‘ayoupajig sajury4 U904p g UTA WOT SB oUTRS oq ABIL = PCr eT BISE OAT, THOT, PAOMPOT MTS |=2 5° see ssa sF/eaes Re ee ere ese ese ese rec sts BESTA $s 2SS ss 8255 Stae ss 8 oUNID OUIIqUIO MA ‘OUITQUIE A oUNIH “SUAg “Qh “OUT AA Wooly ha ierecime Leake tle ate Sl (ce Da ae EE a JospurM Jo"udS “Ege'60,d “4ospuls{ Ur01p i) Ly 4 5 oay Aq BISsNyy a ea Ra fee ade [a et ee So Be | Ee FAC PSU ats Sa tan eee rate os ie ce oe a thaehr ee? Pe as SLOSHO *oUuyA Wooly (3) ui ehqep ey Yee pegatebes) Gye yp PORE | BaAS 2 ROSS SRS Soe 4 IRE oe |e he 2 Io SnrS 3 IRSo Si i 3 Nes SSeS SCs SOROS orp ta “"-"-0C0.0GVAIA ‘PIQRL Uoely Ne See ey? Binewe dian. colireme Blas~* 1p ‘aduBaltg Jo udg = “FOL'L6.' 99°68. F89' SLL =| Sak Mae || ceca |tetals | \Pecetadel jl? | (siecle 4 "E820 S7h6S.‘O0P' FS. + 99869, “E8S°2E. STFS. "EB Leo eee ae “OV ‘ou | -ny,p Soroyng ‘Bog IBsNg ‘W494 OLONG ‘pioA DONG ‘BANG udeIyH s,souNg Tapes oe OUIYO OP SLIDH ‘IOUTUING Udedy) ‘IBSNG Uoely ‘osveuMOARG SUAG “"T “JOOMS UII o ‘ ‘3 “BplaMsIOAOFT JO “usg | GF LE. Jose «ORT A Tou WIOg *(BplaMs1930 FH Jo) LDIg ivbng Agung WI9LpD BpIOMsSIOAOT] JO'UAS “ZST‘OR.APUL “eSl'zeM “wvbng 4awung u9I1p caine ge somiae mks sees: Se s*77*""qQ99MG UOOIH JO'UAS “JRTUL, ‘wang u9ItpD SSS 255 5 So Saeen PestyO Jo'udS “Les‘cp,q. *(Suepawy Ysysugq oulos JO) wwbng usa1H *qooMS u901F) JO UAS “FOL'L6.'C96°CS.‘SFS'GL.L “Z6TH “198°69.‘789'29. “BEF 6S.'968 FS. A “SEZ PAV ee hota sees | "9620S, HJOSBW «99'6E9IND “LEVER AUD “LET APC LEV'ZEM “LSI = *4DOng U924p ioe Gea ake Se ec pee es each Reed iaieae| (ek Eaten eee eae (ums) [Boy ouRly JO "UAg “T8O 78916. “LDbNg U9IILp RR iaacuntn basuab Nal Bie oe al ace ee Bl A ag wo hl nes aya vac eS ok ap cee eng e S “""oBsuB’y Jo"usS “CIT “UNDG U9I4) “185 ul UOYeA.W Aq poysttqng Boise wales ees Slits reales cere SS ae eae | ee IS FIO TS OI IT gp OE a Se SO INE Pa eK ARSIBOIVH “jyouuay Woo) Pane neh Ra | es eng anes 5 “ayBX. JO ‘udg ‘OSZA “ZOTTL “ZSh*6S.“96E'FS. A “9LL'69."FLS 22 TP il eae rhage epee alien = eine = Fa aes aes eh 1SZ6E'Sh.A 9968 AIND «SGP. TL'SEIN “LONTRS9RVTE | “aD fo 4D9g Ua241p 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR, 136 “Pll JO NBOATIABT oq Star si} yYSnoyy UoAT “AW | * ESE ee ein “ts “sBor’y jo ‘udg “OSS “SDON'T SOL) “qielioTy Jo udg “o2l'ep.HJoseW ‘7uplr0'T sory NBOAIYBT JO"UAG “CSZq ‘“nDIQAYDT soLlpy Soicleiciriel=i sotesssssesse==""-NBOAIISBET SOL) JOUAG ‘S[lq “72L0f DJ ap nDaAYDTT soupy Baas Secegi Rens hee s SoH Genet inees sane sap ea one eeeaT Tree SCO ATETEIS OLS) 2 AGE Reiiar crore siemctens |? (ios “““NROATIISBET SOLD JO'UAS “STIq *j2L0f D] ap noaanjsvyT sory “4SOLOJ OY} JO NBOATYB]T OD1B’T “VOLOJ Bl OP SOIH NBOATPR]T “Jol Bl op NBATVBAT ‘VOLO Bl OP NVOATPV]T SOL ‘JoLOY Bop NVOAIYSVY] SOLH'SUAS “T “NLOATISTH sory Mer onbiabbec i bcmeauaadipe! tated TsoTtH Jo wAS "ZL1'69.d “punjjLep find soup a fi in ge ems See i Tso[TH Jo ‘uss 71169. “Td 7290 souy BAe a SSRIS SIPIOP Pci" £2 lar ae” eeeeae a [s0[tD Jo WAS “ZLL'69. 7072) SOLD srnuisin: pein SPSS iaselale + ace Sitis, ee Sere arya b 9 = iis BTS OBB JO'UAS “G1ZT “JOLLY soupy ee ee ae ee anbiesuy Jo 'uAg “6lIq “SOL ]Dal-IUDLY 40 1DAL-OUDLY SOLD enbyosuy Jo 'udg *099'69.q “Maal ,p bay oUDLT SOLD tansanke iene snubenabarercn. WSOTLD Jo UALS “ZLL'69. “FATES Day OuDLy soLH | seg hee te ee ane porste Oh ony punog jo 'uAg “ecg69.d ‘aay ,p buo) wo uf so“y “ESE? SEs OAIPRION] JO UAS “OLZ‘P6TA ‘aLaupaso“y aps Sai pakre =" uoltid Jo 'uAS “00d “Uazjig soup PIA JO uUAS “OIG “LL‘TAOHL “wozj2q soLp ‘PIA JO UsS *F0L'L6,'9G'8, ‘FS CLL “LL6 *LL'TAOH, = *989°69. FEF‘. 09E'GF.“OST‘TP. GLE UanLIG soup 7 ea emcee |; Ne (es Soh ks GT ee Megane At pees co esis oo eee UIBl[OJO{) JO WAS ‘OSS «= U2D29709 SOLy [js aeies aia ainiclslaintnwcin-ednneisiniesciel alike Ssopl[vAuy Jo 'uAg “GZ1‘69.q “suOyY UDA LDWI0D soLD Salemi, Donidemen saiae ah. bic oma seis nvojiloy JouuINg JO 'UAS “27169. ‘a Pp NDIILAD SOLD Shape a (ung) UselyeryOD UOg JO "UAS “E9869, "aI Pp WarjalYyQ UOT SOLY Cums) ueyeryo uog Jo udS “¢98'69,q) ‘ovapnDag UayalyD UOg SOLD 5 i ahha ibid ihe Cuing) ueoryD UOg Jo'UAS “98°69. “6GId “WaraLyQ UOg soLy = sian | eae ae | ag Se ea rane gonburg punoy Jo ‘udg °262'69.0 9ZT'TP.M “SIld “puoy janbunj)g soup \prvesile sicistsseisinscisinions oyjonbuvlg JOuAS “Sev're.V 'SILTh OM “itd = ‘yanbunjg soip Shin Riana oh papers asc} > aA ae aes qtoqosuy Jo ‘udg “199‘'69,d “j42gobup soup “ORITGBDJOUAS “6TP6S.‘Z6E FS. “9TL‘69.‘89G'2¢, ‘Cerra “TST'Ze MM. ‘ynboyr 270049 “WOOL JO ‘UAS *F0L‘L6.°S99'G8.‘8FS‘GL..L “ZOTH “90 ‘9886S, ‘1886S. a I sy eaaeces| anata [oe tel oh. = al ie cdo eal eg 77] '922'69.‘G0S"LS. ‘88h ‘Sh. ‘SEhCS.G9'TS.987' Th. HJOSVW JDAOY ssaoudd $,woo1p rence | ie | Sedeca It gegen ug gata Ko aR | ae ane awe cae Rete ate Lape Sete woes ee ee USS app (oXonit gy ako) noah yyy Ape ce aie fe IKONS) ‘romors ding | ‘[eAOX ssooulld “BZ SMOUIIBN “BZIP .SMOUYBIY ‘[BAOY ssoo snourey oy} ‘W001 “IW AG Done | [A BA s suq | mqs ); uw iL "Zug | -Uid s,Wo00ry ‘ssoountg WOOL ‘BzI[] SMOTITETN 02,0UIRSI0g ‘suUAS “JT ‘*WOOID ‘Oa ‘zissesy | 4B pivyoro yejueulIedxe oy} UT | ur j-* ds if niqs | sul ote Bs | sissies 255 iaesgetelale odie ee ig te os ial otieln a Rie aie Cia Aaa Le aaa IoMo01n iq ‘uAS “yy “roTULOTD sapere =| [SIR rag anes atti | aera ce tac ioe aces) | Gear nena ie Cee aeoec nar paer 8 OS ouuog-ost4y TO UAS “9640S, HJOSRW ‘auuog ass1y | | ‘aqyjorqury oun g 10 poor Aviy «vod | proy ‘sedqy opny ‘ouuog ossiry ‘Kory pooy ‘ourpnedeig ‘09q,p ojJorqury ‘sudg ‘ajajosqo Ayqeqoid pue plo A1oA | our fweces \eancrs foo 3 8 eer |e oe ees ‘COlH “Ch6S.96EFS. A “SESES. WV GIT‘TELET‘CE MM PSI «= “EQTO «| *oUMOg-oSTeI) ieereceg| aa | ee | ASR eve Sua aie aga latsa|| feats *SYIBVUIOY iS = 4 ¢ 5 ° 8 9g) ‘1vad Jo ouleN Samia ( af es | ‘ S “ponurjwoj—Lo6T 07 FOST WoLf suoynoygnd unorwaump Ur 07 paulafas sinad fo sayauna unouy ay fo xapur-anbopnjnD 126 137 “PRST AQoloog [wrny [Noy -10}{ S}Jasnyoussey, JO Surjoour 7B YOM UBT M AQ popqyxXg “*BYUBIMIOSSEG WOIJ JoyIp ARI CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES, “""" (Su) offouosive joudg ‘SzzZe MM “awpppyy assin?) assosp See ea JOMIA SOLD JO uxg "10d “L974 Ip 9L10q 98804 aie kk ASE card hee a JopBosny of1e’7] Jo"uAS “EZId ‘ayjapoosny assosy errr Terre ree eee ee ee ee £9'PP, LISSRN “oyonog oTTmow OSsO14) [BYU "pOL' 26. 89698, 8hS'GL.L “9886S. “OSS _“TI8*69.G0S'LZG,.d. ‘alppy asso1p SR oe a ae TospurA Jo‘udg “Exg'6o,dq ‘a7au0bsne asso1p ystundg Jo udg '"K68'69,q. "9940 aUbjaLg PUuvLp assosyy ysiundg jo udg “g¢g'69, yo"udg "IND IS8OLD ‘PaId Jo'uAg “I8T'Z9, A “LLTAOLH °989°69,b2rLE.098'Ch. 1 “99Y704L0] assoLs) punog Jo'uAg “eEgs'69,d “E8Z “SA2/arNAg ap asso1y Se ee ee ee punog jo “Ul g "Ce8'69. “QuUDa auog aSSOLQ) | (Sug) effouosiee yo-ucAg ‘Ogza = “e6e 6G ELE 9G. ‘8G2'69. PIG LE LES GE. “LILA LELOL'88.1U9D “@Siid “awoppy assing assoLp Rit i ty Ne ae a ce ate eg aS a = uOSUILID) jo ‘ug “6l4Id “IUISIWULILD ISSOLF) Challe ccm iar te Maite kN! = 8 8 SE Listes 91J9[OSSB) YBAIT) JO * S ‘“Gld ‘ajajosspg asso1py poles cyerns7e alemiorcasie WNIByY UBA JO'UAG “CRP, OSV ‘ayjas1oyN fo asspqayDQ asso1py “WINIBW UBA Jo UAS *F01‘L6,96'C8.‘SFS'CLAL "E986G. A GES PGUBV “GSP HIOSBW “0Z‘eS. HSSVW *4a2/6uvT fo asspqaD9 assoLp eS ““UNMIBIT UBA JO"UAS § “E1869, "PLON NP asspga]DO assoLp 6 a epee eo CORE De WUNIBW UBA JO‘UAg ‘“SRTLE. EJOsBW “YysDga]/D,.9 asso1g ~--gonbusig punoy jouss °262°69.0 ‘9CL'TPM “SIld §=‘apuoy ananbunjg asso1p ie eee eee eran ayonbur[g Jo uAg "C1169. clad -ayjanbunjlg ISSOLE) oyjonburyg Jo ‘uAS "C1169, “S278. NM “ST1d = anbunjg assorp 16z'F6. HUB [‘spoas ynNOyIM IVIg] *BYURTWasseg assors) (SION Jor1oqo[suy Jo'uAS ‘SOT TE GLUE M 'STId = ‘92)9S20NT ap atsajajOuU YP assory CSION) ol10jo;suy Jo UAS ‘“ORE'LEAIND § ‘a4sajajbuy asso1p prog 2 a (AS Ne ee hd yy a eg sUWOINY Pp ejouVsieg JO"UAS “OLZq ‘“INIIQULy asso“py Iota Jo ‘udg “C1869. “aabuoy) VW assoLp Suo[qo osie’T Jo 'uAS ‘“68idq ‘996u0] ¥ asso1p qaaqoy yeosny jo'uds ‘[[id ‘aanbsnyy uvasr jug so1p “*qajossnoy ysnsny Jo “uAg “08H “92L°69.GOS'LE. “NOPY,p Jajassnoy so1p “Suly 19S JO "Eh8'69. “FOP‘'6S.“66E'FS.A ‘SES FS.V “GITTE. 80°78 Med «= “Jajassnoy so1p uIBULOY JO "UAS ‘“STF'6S.‘06E'FS.A “UDWOY sory punog youatg Jo°uAS “OELFAIND “LITd “S149 nDaywy 8041p OBTIIFBD JoUAS “91269. ‘SZUTRM “SY NDIDY soLp gntd iad 14 ae ake ae nveyey Jo‘uAgS ‘“OllId ‘“nvajoy soL1y dBTTVO Jo "uUAS “9TL'69. ‘SAU‘ThTSU Ze. |“ NDayDY soupy RN Tih eth ial atts UIBANO'T IO “UAS $“FEL‘69,G “a4an?) sop “-""-eynpyory Jo ‘ukS “79869. “tid “JauoubO sosp sjesstig Jo uA *g99'°69.0 ‘“a7/zpbasn JT soLp uveiy Buoy Jo 'UAS “SEl'ZEM “9d ‘“ayonog ayo Ww, sory (ung) [Boy oUVIA JO "UAS “E9869. “ayanog ajj7no s01p Cumng) wey ouvir joudg “ZZ TGS. PREFS. “E9869. ‘T8C'LG. FEE “LOG'CR.HJOSBW "LOVER. AUOD “EPUTR SST ZEM Ped = 197 P1991 Py SOLD Dee ae io Re pe ce take CurM) [voy ouBIy JO"UAS “99269. 7292 8040 “POL‘L6.'E96C8.‘SESCLAL “9886S. ‘us 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 138 *ONTBA ToyAqnop yo AyowvA AosdoO MON VW ‘TIL 'd ‘opt ‘orngno -Iq10}Y{ Jo oulzesep Aq poysyqng | “PEST Ul ZZ9W IvOU poyBUlsiO ‘Og ‘zIssesy our d 8 Le eee altered |------ our | $a-3 | ds | gee eer [= .foinesilinie aieymom Pan eee are. freetec|ee eee Tacwiasesss os 4B prvyor1o jeqyuduIIIodxe omy uy |-----"\7-- 77 "| 77" “Tel d ‘epg ‘orngyno -I}10}T JO oulzesey Ul poysiqng |------\7--- >" |7-- o> *poeqisos | -op ou “224 °d ‘prope Aq poustang 77772 “AotpurT Aq poqiros -op Ajouva uvodoing plo uy TL see eee oN | Ss I Pee SIR SING wt | nih ut foot sarc If pres | £3 yur Ol ileeeeere (op) ok 8 di |---- 3g wg | of ur | digo. |>=>-= 104 Soe eee) i Sell ES SO SEN (Nn | ‘ulyed wWoly SUIT poos Wowie” vy | -*- Hieriegee ts aaah 9: | en *peqiosep Jou 9 “g ‘ZIS | -SeSy 78 prByoio [eyuoWIIodxo Uy | *“Aiiod SUP{BULIOy poureoysqy | ur ‘Inyynay pue Aprey ‘Apouea upvuLtoy plo ave yur mie oO £ *SHIBUIOYY iB “AqTENDH *oIN} XO, “UIOT Oe i ie fete eee i rr ar ar UljsnH Jo'udg “gpe‘oOT “GF. Jose “wang s,auyjsnp “9ABjsny uog ‘udS “YY *9ARISTAD 4sNt) ep OA oor us “JT *4snH bea ides : i ae “QOULBS.IOg JOSUBH JO-UAS “LAZT “P8E'6S. Lop 698 FS. A LL TTAOH = °692°69,°LSF°29,"998°CF. dd “96T'SE. AUOD “aLunag s.ajiny SESS Fie S52 SAS TES ee ee -ossIny) oneyy ‘uAg “Ty ‘assIny std Jo uAg “98969, “NDSSDAT ap awnD]LNH preyiny ouussog ‘udg “yY “preppy a eG PUNE pas NR Ese SI> 25S IO ii a nea ie (op e110g) etieny “udg “yy *adteny ; *SUDAODIE JO “UA *F0L'26.'C0G'S8.‘SPS'GL.L “9G S9. “BV "IGS'6S,‘SeS'FS. A “ORE OP. HJOSBIW “6°8'60CFS'2G‘ZIF'SE.G “Shlid “Aasusany *‘jequoUINBYD AosuIONy $49, -[OW ‘Aosuions) §,140][OW eAnog ‘Aosurony Jo Jor elteng ‘sudAg “] *sesureny Beye ASE POTTS ea ee Jesigg Jo-uAg °¢2)'69,q@ ‘azjauany pe eee eek Gee a Be bea ne Spo 2 O0 Oba eqeg jo;udg “qh ‘“HQnpg DYysnsp UIA WdATH) JO"UAG “GH ‘aULquiag, aUNLD OUTeTapBW JO UAG °“G08'69.q ‘“vua~ppbopy Lsawmwog aunsy “OUTITOPBIT JO UAG “2/76, HJOV “wawwog aunip Ae Bae Sar Rae aa ee EE OUTO[OPBWY JO “UAS “60869, ‘“DuUalppboyy aunsy “TOMOYUINID JO"UAG “EZZ'E8.OJO VOU 6973. 0SHWN °914°69.0 “S9LIFGLVCE MM “LOW “aUuIQuajun MY Lamoyunip “OUTIGIOVUIAA ToMOYUINIy) ‘UA “00.08 “VAG “C8E'CR HRI “10¢8,HPUE “dD “PLS8.V “9LL'60.d “L0@Id *aoMoylUNIy SPONHV “L0dSWIN “69'288H(O)O “ZE'Z8.HLN ‘“puRrjeaory Ser Sk eats ie GE tLe pe a A as OST 96. MAX AUD “ouITqoyonzZ sory OBITHIVD JO "UAS “9TL'69. “SDUoYT SOLD pas ESS IOLA OP OO OSSOI “IOMIIA JO 1v9d YBoIN “sUAG “T *JOPIJTA OSSO1) Seo eae aes waa WNIBW UBA JO'UAG “GRPe AJOSRY “wnivyy UDA assoLy abges (PASSES eae ae ees Ioflempreyag Jo "usgS *169'69, “240g asso1y Sipe ee aie ag on a ee SOO BY 8S2C8.OSHW “Ao, TOULUIOY assoryy Rae tos ea Se aks TEES ee we opjonbuerlg Jo uAg "61169, “SnoT s1oy assouy ISE8.0SHW ‘JdoxuozpRy Jossory “penulyuoj—Lo6l 07 LOST mouf suoynaygnd unruaupy ‘read Jo oulBNy Ur 07 padlafas sinad Jo sayauine unouy ay) fo capui-anbon1n) 139 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. 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STS 19 UOT] “O87 “Nowy pe =P RS aang RS Sa Illa t= le Renay a | etre a eS pro SPR | POEs enn sie S mss Skee a OT Ue JO WAS’ “22760; “BuLipaag Ununs: “UWON 949 9B 100d !BUI[OIBD FINO Ul poos oq OF preg ul d v 09 TEA |) sec l= cow |e ay Yat | [enc sata oe, ie a at he wh miecae Surpeasg uoqrmeyy “usg "222°69,q “WoW | * POU OULULR TT ul a ea Saenl ee ees ul dit |--"" Bag: | elineg ‘aoyoowrey, o1inog ‘1eyoourey, otineg ‘sudg “fOL6,.L “T “leyoouRy “e014 JO pOOYlpIByY OY} SI Jour Jory syT TIL? sites Sa d t BA [OLalitere. vale SUVS etsnad salve aan coi dataneape oe cones Sroquey ‘uAg “gOl'Z6,OJOVON “ZI6.1TUBD “Sanquery ocdap cant as eae cae al eco jocctcruprccr otros rests cs cesses siessess os SINGUIBy JO"UAS “S0L'Z6.0J0OVOM “CU I6,HUBO. “962 16.HJOY “baaquvopy lL 3 s qoo nat ur da ---IOULy Si ee ee ee ee ee a 11169, "VysIeH Ve eae Pe al IR Tia Peed era er ted RE ee I ae Netiae ade Hl Nae Sa PSE SBOE SN EOI obs sdurvyonveg Jo"utS “¢29'69.q0 “49017 Pp suaybopy ee ee ee ed ee ed ee ee |e eee eee eee Pemae te apes oie STLOULCT jo “uAg “POL'L6, G20 S8.L 00° LP, LLISSUIN “U0 Ss L9BBD]T . “uvUIasa FT JO Schl igh a(S |e ea Pm ae | UAS “TLP26,'660'S8,S20'CL0L "SOT “9866S. O8EFS.A “OFF ATU M =“ unmsab0]7 Ww d s 00 nas Ww d4qo seeeee I o ew wees waste nw nae S Cee mene eee nw eeessaw ee eu Ness Sune em on esacsuras "71960. "Esty *WOULQSIP ST VUY “YStUle,y sefquesey | ur BA S Wee se iG) qa WA (CUM hos te |Tera Royo Koyp! eens |(cYe pete se aie Oe I aie oa (Gory) oUyeE, O1InNog ‘ouyey{ elineg ‘sudg “JT “sUyRy oS eal Gein lotn ahs 6 ela n =| o's uimrell |b 0 oin'a nial a6) so pam AS5 SSE [SER Se ee Jamas am wee Riese came sah nance anne yeoys BO Jo ‘udS “LOS si *(pasoddns) Dog happy ie ae ages | eae pvr ee apesortectectssctoccssscforsscccccsiecosssso o>" pus jo'usg “7zzSHWH ‘S6L‘60d ‘Se'IIA‘86a LAHJOry ‘Aappozy ‘Bd “erydjep “UOPBULPPBH 8, UMTS “USS “FOL'LG."C9S'ER SSCL L “SAGA “EOTEL *222°69,'908 “Bid Jo ‘ums “gq “¢ Aq posyey | TA | 3 | d fxo | q&B | yur | dogo |----*- Bd | LG. “1886S. TE FS. OB'LESSPIN “PSP'LEON “F27'LF. HJOSVW “WoL AUYppUsT pnd me Fy el wedge We ere alte P< a lees Ae og pee | ae eT dIsOOH] JO “UAS “OTI‘OSIANAA ‘SST'PL.TISSPN “§ “ON Bul]pI92g UOIDET | “MOdRH JO “UAG *F0L°L6, €9S'S8,ShSGL.L 0 “SOIH = °938°6S, 0284S. “Q0STS. A “GPS ‘CE. GF OP, HJOSBW “LOTATOD *212'69,“C0S" ech. “Lohr Hssvyy “9968.4IND “LAGE. LOVES “OPTIPGLUZEM "L0G Id «= 97qQDLnd wow] $ ,“wOIDTT _ oye “Sul[poeg s,doudvy ‘s,uoovyy ojqried ulBYyUMOG JouUoOR FAW Aq posiey -WodsuyT ‘ejqvivduloduy s,mwooRyy ‘Suljpoog weyquMogd ‘snqysejep ‘suds “Y *woory AREY LEM EVTELT ay mo | Mas) GWE ES TSKE) (0 942 f= eo a flea Ye [mers Neues VCO Ein (00 i (IR SU Scalia a oa) ae I ee yoAny sang usg “yy ‘joAnY ‘Oa ‘zissesy CIPam ian Dna OTOL LE ROMO OU POUL ills we nal io magick as DO er oinl= inlet aio ale) =is loin ele ~ pS er agy eioe= nee ookicia > cine wine Mian init a en ieee een OO. MAXAUROD “qh ‘euNnIy any Fe ra ee | ods vobdaictta a aie einige caer oe ies Yala a on gatas ""7""-*"aRx Jo'UAg ‘93869, ‘anDsy amp cuysny Jo"udg “pOL‘26,‘299'CS,‘ShS'CL.L “SLZH “92169, SLS'1E,q “4awwNg 8 ,uysnpy 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 140 ‘qWoyaRg Jo poos woay “op ‘103 -uvg Jo'MO[IeTT “OS Aq poyBuUls19 ola ‘QOBUIN |, IOAOURTT 7B poPRULsIIO << SUTYSNY SI STL,, ‘Pres ‘ZL d ‘oggT ‘orngqno1y -I0}{ JO oulzesey ul ‘AOAOT] "WO “TO8T ul poyMay ‘ssey ‘oul[yoo1g jo ‘yoayyinysg “iq Aq po ,RULsIO ‘oryo ‘AITOJNIA FUNOW!W jo ‘uojdureyy “OM Aq peyeULsig ‘oryo ‘ALOJO1LA JUNO! yo ‘uojdureyy DM Aq poyeUlsug *Syreuley SA da 3 ds | 3A-3| ds 3 A 3A ds | Ag nis3 BA 8 uf | nad3 o) eo eels © 4 ial o —) 4 ct Ee ° S oe = ele I dyqo | yobe Ber wen |e sul | oqo. I d4qo a gm Rea ii tk eae) ee eee BOOLOMT IMO TOMA Cro Ars | np offesuvg ojurpuoy ‘olfosvg oyuBpuog ‘wns BiAsicisie.* eiaiaie Sisisie Aaieie Rie aisieesn Tub OO n TOR “MOTIVE *(A[Snoouod10) OLINOg S,UBUDyI01g ‘UBUDyIEIg alinog ‘suBuryoioig olineg ‘ApavyyZ olineg ‘Ipavy] otanoeg ‘sudg “SICWHV ‘OS TO.OFOSUA = ‘SOMA “TZPL6.L *“LOT‘S6., HITE § “S8TT'88, HUOTW ‘26S APARHL “--"nved.10OW JNOPH JO"UAG “G‘TAOFT “LER‘GP,.d ‘“ausiquaying saquyy s juoduapsoyy Sete eee Ba ee opjoururee JO"uAG “geP‘Cp,q *(oeul0s Jo) sdwajutgd np juoduap.voyy , ‘oouRY JO UAS “LIZA “1986S. TSEFS.L °969°69.ELF'29, “LOVGP.A “SLU LESGL'EE AUN) “SST'Th06T'ZE. MFI “Sdwajutsg Np juoduapsoyy ’ / “NBODLOW NOTH Jo -uAG “9OE'SS.L “OSA “6ES'6S.‘CZE'FS. A “GTAOHL °§12'69, C0S'29.2EF'Sh. TOTP MO LOT'S8.AU0D =‘ waa .p quoduap.oyy ‘OTOSIIB ‘oNoyAO FT ‘oorur0g 0 quoduepre yy] .p saoiyo: ‘unIsjeq puv PION Up JuoduoprByT,p sooyod ‘yuoduepavy{,p sooipeq ‘yuo -Uoeply Pp Sodlfod ‘BIAAShy Jo seprByHO ‘eyoyNy,.p sepjteyy ‘(AOIo'T “VY JO) yoUIND olIneg ‘SoplvyY) oyNpyory ‘sojreyOQ onq yory “sudg “]T ‘(Sjloq) quoduopary ‘SOUSIA ‘sdosuUy JO JUOdMOp«Vy],p Sooljfoq ‘esno[noy, op JUOdUepIBET,p sedlfod, ‘sdosuy Pp Juoduepreyy,p soeoljoq ‘yuoduepivyy,.p sooljoq ‘yuoduepry, p sooljod ‘s1oSUY Pp Sodl[oq ‘aT[eS¥’T olLnog ‘soyney sop vtinog ‘sudg’y (‘suy) yuoduopaeyy “E2169. “16d 9 “Juoduap.vyy ae Se aa bee NeI1OP- JOTH JO'UAg “T6lq ‘Juodwaplpyy “POL‘L6.€9SS8.8FS ‘SLL | E244 “SOTH “6L2'69,'90S'25.. “88E'6S‘OLE'FS.A “89Z'PS.‘OTS'EG, HJOSvW *1OAOURT STs aol Pe aeee Lee ae” Oe SIouuByT JO'UAG “E6Z'S8.L “SLL°L9.q ‘“OLE'hS A * SHauUoe ieee abet Seckcirea dein te Seka are alec ayer one sulysny Jo-ucg ‘ZL‘0G, Josey ‘“6SLeloQ ‘suauunger * SLOUUBY ‘svuUeyy ‘wUUByTT ‘snUByT “SUAG “TLh‘26,'860'E8,‘G27'S2.L “89'S. V ‘C160 SOLH “S8h'29.d “888'6S.'0L6'PS. A “908 TS. “CL'09. 68h LP. Jose + *s1OUUR ie tae SIOUUBH] JO'UAG “812‘69.d “90E'TS.A “L6E'Sh. LOH “09'PP, HSSPI “SDUWDET PS eaiae sclera eaten ge ene eae A/S nib min ais SIOUUBT] JO‘UAG “CRgPlG¢,q “Duwoyy DRL ok ee ee ne ee ea BE IG pasar juepueg Jo'udg “pRig ‘wag burbuny Bee Cem he eee Oa ieee ao ee ae ee PP'99, HSS *yoooury Sr SESS" SESS SIOUURT]T JO"UAG ‘“RRE'EG ‘OLE FS, “SNUDET noyesi1A uojydmByJo*uAG °g/)'69,q “naypbiiA Ss wojdwopy “nelyesitA s,uoydurey “UAg “R88E'6S. 7 pe SRR Saar giao Ay ot Loysn{D uoydurey Jo"uAg § °*812‘69. Nopesit,A wopdwuey LasSnyy) 8 wojdwoyy

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A GLG GL Che WIOFT «= *MOUAYOSUOSOTT PUR GIT eee Sa eS Erle ae APES Sie ““yousyosuesoyy Jo"uAg “Pl‘OS TIL “youayog Dasopy AES = Raa A SS ag ale “So[OJIOP] LOssojorg ‘uAg “TJ ‘sepoyoW SES'PS. VV 96S‘0G, HJOSVW “1O'PP.LSseW *aang]Noi0}F ERS ee ee See oe ULOTT JO‘UAS “GTZ‘POZ‘96. HUT “au 8 ,wLogy Riek Nanas ec ar Stee 39 re UO] Jo uss “9L'6, HINT “Suzipaag' 8 wsoyy a SPS SEI SIG SIS E Stele RNAS Rane SH IOJUTAL S,ULOTT ‘SUI[Poog S,UIOT] “SUAS “Taq ‘UOT PN RESINS Gis asic view © eh'e SIE SEN CIE aa ss IOWUIMOF] UOJUBD olInog “UAG “yy *OULTIOHT Agjooly Jo-uAg ‘o¢ideq *fiajaauy aovsojy ; GOOF. PUT “AoTSoopy ‘OUSOOT] ‘g “ON SUI[poog s,WooVH “suUAS “GPZWHV ‘2O.aYA “06.SPNWHD OIU08:HANM ‘88. fVH ‘SOL'26.'699'C8,.L “OLS'E8.0 ‘“LLIdBq ‘ojsooy “-aisOOH JO “UAG “OS'S. HII “99'S. HO “S6U8.V ‘SSI'PLALISStIN ‘oDsoofy “BOq|Ig JO “UAg “LES*6S 9GE'FS. OL “66 TAOT “12°69. ‘T9F‘LS.‘Z98'Sh. 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"SES'PS, V “COE OF, I [josey “€6' LE. 16'PP, W "NIYIIUUOD 8 JUNT “AVOIIVA AIBVUITND o[GBVNTBA WV |--" "7 7) 7 777" 8 090 BA Ww yekeh, loa (3.0) Al esata aig dla ph ae ESL ESIC OER TT Se 4noijoouuoD sjuny{, “udg "7y “qunyy Sos eee | ue et eae = |\S Se ea | ea ene) [Meee ie |i ee lis) ee ee ee DAO MOSUNIE gO MAR) SOR) A.C). “Obama @ D4OssoDU ney, "KN ‘OSoMSO 7B poRVANIND | ur 3 s |3ulq} qd ul 1 Sor NON Renta che nae bP os be oe gee ea ee ee OFIMSO 8,ploOjrosuny{ “uAg “YT *psojsosuny “UNO, ‘UDA BTT MON TOMYDUBM DM OLIN hy ACM DOBLG Met: saan lt woe |e wen |e percens eae esas = =< FST Oe So aa sale abit Space sete meee eae aan” aie mp a nie sean er '6p, josey “Snqungy Shite ratte | aia tale wey wa teral| m ae tas] aa Potent ein Et etta| | Scctater kata |L Stee eta eee erate | este enacts eet ae yo udg ‘coi duq “IULIQLIYNG$ S$, IploquNy “opt ‘d ‘gggy ‘arngjno -aoy Jo ourzeSeyy ut poysqng |-----|-ece-|eeeeeefeec ee efeee ce ee fence efec ee cece eee ce ec eleee eee cece cece eee ee ce eeeeeeereteeeeaeeeteeeeenenee Sana ee. “GLP L6,'F60'S8. 916 SLaL “SSL ‘BOSUBMG : R ‘89°79. V “OCP'ROUSV “ELTT “OOTHT «“T6E'6S‘ZLEFS. A G'TAOHT «“ZIE'IS.A “O91 JO UMO} OF UT POST UT peyBUIsUG | ow | Br A wf | nt43 | ur | dyqo |--"ssey | ao “y82‘69,'G29'29,'b6ESh. TOM SPLP'P'EP. SSC “112 bP Zer eh Ose W TIO ‘ “SSB ‘ULETBS "p9G'CS,6FS'CL.L “ELT “Cr 6S, ye “youuoyor “ayy Aq poyeULsg | uw 3. 8 300 RON ur 1 [°° SStW | ‘O68'FS OL “SES'PS.V “E9S TS. TIJOSVN “TTOS.Od V “982'69,SL9°29,'F68'Sh,q jouensny OTe | ‘Zissusy qe paeyoro yeu eu ul ttm aaa wiala th! aieral lh mar fia/ala (ail w fare wie)| ew iaT mis wi ole hia hm) Se mia otal e eee: mini aim. =i atin die om aie are rtm et tik la ae o3nyy] IOJOIA ‘us “Yy “oon PEDO Sen eee ee eee ee ee ee 7 4 PROASH ED JO LAG a HO; ETee)) «Ct Dae ke ARO LET “OWBIUGO ‘AqUUM 7B peywuIsIg ‘nofuy pue nvesi1e[Q UseMjeq ssord y | Jur 3 s quid I dyqo OCs Ca aC tS eee ie Sulpeag s,pressnyy ‘uskg “yo *paessng FATLEd. TOy ATOTOS ISOULPR TMOT))) |e oes |e Aenean nad we =| oyBAO “dvoyny] olryspsojoreyy “uAg “6EZ' XUAN) “S17 LeE,1uey “60t@Iq “droynyy *“paqtios -ap you ‘yer “d ‘epey ‘anno -I}10]] JO ouIzesvy Ut peysIqny | qossnoy qaaqnyy qureg ‘udg “y queqny Sie ieee oe painting pice ea miei Pace ie eto nee eee eee cleric sijuvuLy jo “uAg "89°69, “pLDQny | “RpIOMSIOAO TF] JO Ikog IvsNg ‘eplaMsioAOF{,P 19 A O1ONG ‘BpPADASJOAO]T JO 1BSNg ‘910,.P JION along ‘epsJaMsi0fO}],p LedNg ‘BplOMsSIaAO]{ Op along ‘Eplamsies0 fT -eTqenyTRA you ynq CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. ‘IOARY IeyNoed JO puBw yuRsve[q | our | d-3 8 [ BA s (7 at Wer Jay | Jo 1veg avdng JoulUINg ueaty “1vsng seurlung UselH “sudg “T *RpraMssatoH ia ; eee alee NR ee tec ale RIES Re Oe ae ene Sen ea puvyaMoy jo uss “OPES LPAI “LOULAL 8,puvj noy “JEST “1OPBAIZING oq) ul pousitana aga: | | ag Nene | | ee arene || elif | Bite ae | aaa | | aaa || eae Sig et a Nee be oe SA pm tn io IOUT AA 8, PUBTMOTT ‘udg “YU “puryMoy EN re oe ie, Flee otter heed kaelhivhs. dent er cia een Se fbi Mun itete hee ee ae. somata *BIULSLTA UT PoPVULSLLO BABY OF PIeS I sai | Fe HA | ea ea aa et SI he pt ated ig Ca Ate JOJULA S,MOFT “UAG “JT “CULAA) *OMORT I | tani arta ER Tag lea [uuog ‘ureysutunig jo ‘emo ‘¢ fig Aq peyBuLsuUO| “s9'EZ,.V “OZ "ON @MOTT emmereareleuanire ad) | iicr mee SPS Sole eat oe ale Pape aie" sear | 7 [uuoo ‘ureysutunitg Jo ‘amoy “ff “Iq Aq poxyeulsuO] “So'EL.V "SL ON emo a amin tm pat | (ime WS ll ln o tele mln ales oa |e atale’s =, lew wie o\ail'a 6a eee e|\a a6 6\6 sible call om \mi= = lc d.minms cis cin minelely isis wales aie ]]JOMOF] yo “usg “BIS SF, HJosey “buypaag 8 2noyy “BUTTPovg §,][aMOT : ‘usg “CESIUM §“S8SCSHNH “ILP‘26,F60'S8,92S'SL.L “9G “99TH “S8L'69, “CPST UT “UUOD “UOAR]T ‘OIS'28,_“PET‘99 SPS UBV “OPE'6S. TLEFS.A = “OLE'ES,‘908'TS. A “SFF‘AIN HM MON JO ‘TTEMOH ‘soy Aq posivy | ut aN A wif aN I dr |-- > uo) |} “¢2'[TAoH “SOLVEL SPS CL ELT OL OSES, CIT 1S, 0H = “696, HJOSVIY = *]]OMOH “uD ‘Urey SsUTULig Jo ‘emMoH “¢ *¢ ‘Iq Aq poezPRUIsIUIO 00 ie sc AS wf | n1d3 FOOT sg CECT COST | sce TCL CQ) a oe acral = am Stas Solera aa ee oie sas OMOP{ 10D A 1OJOOM "uAG “T ‘oMOH “uUU0D ‘YOIa -ION JO ‘VION "AAO WOT PaAtoooy | our | BA ds tat nid TD, S| OG OME" “TUM OO srs aes ao eS eS ce ee ig aan esas asain t= aalanic ey C8169. “OST'L9.V *patMoH weet ele ewe Pi ae Ene eal ah eI ee ee oe aa ss oe os AORO RM BOUMGCI- IO TAR "S079. V “8 Dung fiaaopy Se PR | aT pecirein = | aati S| | a a Acie Pe ee a eee eee ene ene Sit mae COROT SURO JO UAC see hoy een ire en nao “AOAOTT “WO IOJ 3 “AvAoy] vuuedsog “uAg poureu pu AoreyT orpuy Aq posiey | we | BA | ds | wifq | nasé | yur | dyqo |------ IA | “GOL‘L6,599'S8.‘SFS'CL.L “1686S. “OStA “PS2‘69,'60C'26. “Se FS Josey * AoA OE 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 148 “ost “d ‘TEST ‘You -uay Aq ,,18B9INO,, UB SU possey,) “peqitosop JON ‘ost “d ‘6881 “oInginoysoFT JO sTRuuy 09S “G6R8T UL poonporqUT AT[BVULIO WY “ZEST UL BOlIOUTy 0} JUNG “4USstUy MoIpuy sBUIOy, AQ poPBULSIO | ") -g ‘zIssesy 4B parvyo1o jB)uouTIedxe 04} ul *purlsuq ‘uopoyyATO Jo ‘aysAnyT uyor “Avy Aq poy BUIsUICO *puvsug ‘uopeyzAT,) JO ‘oysAnyy uyor “Aey Aq po BULsI1O “‘puslsugq ‘uopeyyATO Jo ‘oysAnyT uyor “Avy AQ poe? eULsIIO ‘Og ‘zIssesy 4v pavyoro [eyueUTLIedxe 943 UT ‘oO ‘zIsseay 4B parvyo1o jeyueutliedxe oy} UT ‘Og ‘zissvsy 48 pavyo1o jeyueUTLIedxe 044 UT “Ioqued -1t9) ‘qd ‘§ Aq vo1YQ0U 03 WYSNoIg “ACN ‘oTfoqooy MeN 7B poz BULsIIO *SHIVULOIY “yBoT-YVO Joudg “Zz8'69. “9d “MS “L8GTROIVH “GsT'ATouqmod “7piwadwy SR IRR ste AS Me ih me YSIUoTy JO"UAG “SLE M ‘aUDLY dD) ap aoVujosad My “YstUuLoy yt FO uA °GOL'26,F99'S8,6FS'SL.L “FST'9.USV “OSS‘OIZA “LES'6S.FOS' FS. “IG TAO “T9L'69,'SEP'29.988'Sh. “SElTh. M “96'S. U0H “eelid PMG GL YE 901d Duad uy OLLIE. “TSSh HIOSRW 090. p ooyrioduy Bae arg gee eae aa oe IVUT]O,) ossBq JO “UA 67869, *9024D4ad WT asuoUIM] JO -UAG “OCS HJOSVW “OLU'IP. M “90 .P SLT asuamwmy eye ere eso Re as aka ese fae O10.P slg osueutuTy udgG 7] *aSUOUUT “Ay ‘AvspuryT ‘susg “LLP L601 ‘OVCNHLV “&SGN “LET'P6,'CLT'C6. LIC O6,HMI ~The TI' ces TUM ares Pe eee uate! A I I |"* OWBPL | “IST'SOL'68.HJOV “et'76.'2'68. HUB) “69T'68,V “CLS'88.USV “FI'S8 18 £VH “ouepy | STAG Wpse se gietsn {avon ales ener! Ie tee cera 1 60 (| |e i ela el eat rae pean 2 EI CEO ZOUTP. POLE M «| UPAOMYDT Be Oa nico trie ta fotcsaa ca fea edapaicmig Etaoin a asin ctcicig rico s2 aie niehg | eicieiate Slo aca ial age neg aie asnonositA Jo‘uAG *218'69.d “184 “DI ao | Jee---- -----e Fascia pede BOCES [> SRS Ae Cra ea ToS ISI eS OO OC OSIRIS IS CSFII SSSI SIO SS COONS SOC OVS a nGl “yqupeAy | | | “BI10JOIA oysAny Jo uAG “gue'eL UsV “L8L'69.d “LL iis aie li tatoo |e tae jroctscc syst sss siem essa slassssss22") 607 46769, 08'89. VILOHV “CSTILA‘CITIITHIOLY “PET'L9AIOH “DIL0j021 Ss, oyshneT Rae ed Nec A mC (mA VU | COLAO od Iie ae cae BIOTA s,oysdny “UAG -T *BPLOZOTA oYSAn [plese nekeracteaseS erates ois gh sreieinicig nies jocrctcfrots se |eeessos2-)-"--ssaoutrg eyshny jo ukg *282'69. “POL'L9410OH “SajpA1 fo ssavu4g Sayshing |: omar | P22" | @ | (urd | nrof | wr Wek) PSP estutgy Po ee SoTBAA JO ssooulIg ‘soyBAA JO ssooulg s,oysAny ‘sudg “T ‘sseouyrg eystny SE ID TRS aa eal ia) Rel ae) ae id “soul oysAny Jo udg “GC'TL,.V “18169. “FZT'L9410H “sa7pAt fo auld 8 ,ayshngy “4.10SULOY) gE Ia ar iar aeged ee aeiaee PE ag Jo udg “GOL‘26,F99'S8,6FS'SLL “98L'69. “FST'L94TOH “p4oswop aout 8 ,ayshingy Np Bl fees | Rae A | furp | nzof | 7 iNojs POPS rhage POMS S ES 2 SoTVAA JO oul s,oysdnyy ‘ourvsi0g s,eysAny{ ‘sudg “YT ‘ooulg oysAny | “OUI (ries Sai Sag | a Sa Sag Sc aaa alg eee aysAnyT Jo ukS “00.OGVAA “28269. “910'8¢, HJosvyy “jownbsag s,ayshingy FRE RDSS oa 20 iCGno odo SAC g0c4Souno ro SkiDd RaOrtbc soca tsa c TOR Soars a0 SORE Sr Seis Sy SOI COSI ONe Ue Any op sooyoq ‘usg “yy “ANY SHSIOR SOE C SC SG6 bo dS I00 BOO SOG Roni OcO EC RG Breer a IOS OGOU SSO a a SS OE aa a SS unny ourspey “uAS “YZ UNH Glam soe ees 8 wf AB ur | dqo | PS gland eet SRP EBL ee be OF 60, UAXAUVD “ODWOAVA UWosteyoj ny sgeis lela iansici erie leis Socks |ieie (21a) = | s)aizitiei in| eis cyeic\s (is'oisin sistas o/s) seisealsa te © ia =icisie Ste GIO SE Fens uopjeys Jo-uAg “GGs'69.d “JOH ‘“P8T'9G 410 “wouneT “91P'16.'COS'G8. P86GL.L “I6T XIUD “1686S. A “Ele eur | 3A As | quit) nzof | sur | qor |--- A-°N | “982‘69,‘TTS'2Z9.@ “TIT'2G, HJOSVW L619. VS TT'29.605°99,910 “HOpSUTQUN ce selec ce ECE ie eal ete ieee | tanelss i “xvod g E a St 5 : 5 S read Jo ouleN : S Fal ra < ‘ponunu0jg—Zo6l 02 FO8T woLf suoynoygnd undrwawp Ur 07 paulafas sunad fo sayjawor unouy ay) fo Lapur-anbo)n}0) 126 149 “ssRyy ‘oulpyoo.rg, jo ‘yaanyg *y ‘Ss ‘tq Aq posiey | wu [*----- ds “ASO[OWIO JO spwuuy oy} ULOALT wb “GPST ‘SAaMOLD aa] qinrg jo sserduog Aq poqoofey |----- "oy HH Hs *SOST Ul UOTYSsUT 4B pestey | TA |-*77 7? 8 3 seb eee Ga es cee a oul 3 ds > eur | 3A | des “6st “d “2¢8T A Qslngnoyso HT ey} Ul poysiqnd | ---~ Fey lee Ps oul d 8 a ut 3a e A Ee me ieee seman ea} ae! ge apm aM [oo ese ee |e ee p (lof Se i i + cc ke ld col IN A Sl eae ea : a <4 oO “suOW UBA UYOr Iq Aq poyRuIsGO "A ‘N ‘O30MS0 9B pexBuls 10 oul 3 “Kol -pury Aq poqiiosop Ajyouva pjouy | we jt A3 JA (0 Fl tie tC, qh3 8 61 | | apa te Heston qa [orrese [eee -gz0g nord | uy d TLIOA ul | OqOAO Tur | djqo |--- >" 1 “ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ “ “ £ t WOT FO ‘usg “SES 0986S. (0S8FS.A “OTL'69.TLF29.208'SF. A “1222896188. AUD “CELE M 74aqupsy aia! min: um09 “CMpa) Sury Jo uAg -C02‘16,‘F99'G8, “Gps “GLaL “F686. PLES. “FGL 69.9192, 968'Sh. “LE FP.CL'SEIN “Suna swowyooe Git > cain aa nie. itediigs ae os mg eS BSAC OOCVEH “I °X *T igi Pe ae OS SR eS ge Ihc ab. “* SOTOXT.P ofoq ‘uAG “YW *soT[oX] iN So eae Soe gan gg Beg CNIS Bx Jo uAg “68169. ‘a7Dq Saaz “LOJULM SAT JO “UAG *GOL‘26.F9S'CR.“6FS'GL.L “ELSA “68L'69.G19'26, “wajurg Saaz holies a wig 9) pe ee era na ee RS OQ JojUI A SOAT ‘UAG “J “IOJUTAL SOAT NOT[BSILA SOAT Jo udS °C0L‘26.F99'G8.6FS'SLL “68'6S. A “ELTA” “68L‘69,‘ZIS'LS. “nayDburA ,saaz Sie Rae a oth haha arias Ne git eS TSS NOYBSITA SOAT ‘UAG “JT ‘Nol[VSITA SeAT *BUI[P90g SOAT Jo ‘WAS “GOL‘L6."F9S'C8, “CFS'SL.L “ZOROS.A “ELTA “OSL‘69.‘ZIS'LE. “Buzppaag ,saaz Jo ‘udS "pge'6S, 698FS. A LL'TTAOH «= *692'69.‘L9P'29.998'Sh. “jownbuag s.saay P “JOuIvS.ING [OSUBH Jo WAS “LLVELCA “6987S. “LLTAOH “LL0'18.961'88.AU0D “FlIq ‘“pOwDbuag .saay sian la iainie nicinialai=im enn O}LOULBS.IOG SOAT ‘UAS *G0L‘26,‘F9S°C8,6FS'GL.L *JOWRSIOg SOAT Spt RRA Oo CRP ap ane oe GIRO Oaks BOSC Sepp qsnsny soayTjo‘udg *9g7'69,q “ysnbn yp .saay Fea Sak RRR MRR cbc BSE Tce Ob anE Wieck sco cat cc ysnany soay ‘udg “] “ysnSny soay Bag ge COO GOOD SAAS OOO TOC HOO SAR RC UI Ne Iveg SeAT ‘UAg 'Z6'8G,V *SOAT OBIT. P ONY ‘PPM Gory weezy ‘oyeq].p oyory odureyD ‘sudg “T *aqpejzy ca iaaeemaia eel gtk eee OBIT JO USS “PIM “PII Yor woyoiy Fic Pion Seas ot he C6E6S. “ELEA “LTTC9.96T'S9.V “OST'SL.T2a'8S. 41cH] 9 *purysy ie CAL NEUREE PRR tease Rp ee STII POCO SS I SIS eines], quieg *uAg “Ty ‘ornes] Pitas Se ene eee eran aes act nagioge sagen uMOlg Jo‘uAg ‘6pld ‘Apunwuon fo JLaquDsy ‘uMOlg Jo ‘udg “LLEL «0986S. OSE FS.A “OLL'69.TLELG.‘29e'SF.d“961'SE.TUON “UOg a? JuaquiDsy “reed JO OUleN ‘ponurjywoj—LO6T 07 FO8T wolf suorwoygnd unowauwp ur 0} patlafet sunad fo sayarima unouy ey) fo xapur-anbopnjn) 126 151 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES, ‘SUOW UBA Jo Ayo1og oY} JO yrodod OY} WOL “poqisosep you pal Aq peysi[qnd ‘TEL ‘d ‘epst ‘orngyno -1410}] JO oulzeseyy Aq peysyqngd | “OOUBI ‘249W Jo ‘aqjoururer “yy Aq posteyy “ecg ‘d “GpSl ‘oINg[NIIQIOFT JO oUIzesvyy JO «MlOd,, Ajquqoid st simqy | ege ‘d ‘opgt ‘omngmnoyz0;T JO OUIZBsByY UI peqiiosep Agog | “pac itosep JON “pod !rosep ON “LEST Ul ‘BOUBIY ‘SOPUBN 4B poPBUISUGO *peqitosap JON *peqiosep you ‘prerg Aq peysqnd “qooer “Iq SB oures oy} sdvy “19d “LOPTE AM “d “W109 Aq Uo, ‘uosyour se ‘yep -d ‘opey ‘orngqno -I410H Jo oulzesey ul poysyqnd Se ee a teens stew nee on ~ysruedg jo ‘udg *868'69,. hiaauve mitt | Ci: ty ier eet ieee “**IOJAUBL Op JoJessnoY ‘1oJAUBL oUUeAOG ‘sUAg “TJ ‘JOTAURF eee Og |-°= 222s th ener sew ecwenstewensentarerecwnversaversnnsneerneovneve>stope eg TTSSIES ie ee yours poy ‘uhg ae | “youve posi digs cea eee a Seek ayjourMBe JO 'UAS “OCZ'7F, HIOSBW “OLUIE.M «4901 .p anourmoe “OUIMTPOU IMA ‘BUITITOYTI AA ‘ATJOIA T, ‘SUOW UBA BUIGEg ‘((ouel iy O44 JO) sUIQBY ‘IOAIT], Pp OUIQRS ‘auIqRg SITY P 110g ‘1OIBP O[[OI ‘aurydeso (' ‘1aAl}],p 99 .0UIWIB Lf ‘(auTOS JO) sSdmeyulid Np yuodusprByy ‘aisBiysny .q ‘IISBIISNY,p OUBSSBID ‘ayQeuIMIBL IBUI[OD ee 4uIBg alineg ‘aIssviisny,.p —ddlINog ‘IISBIISNY,p WlIneg ‘oaJOUIUIEYH 9} JOUIBAIOg ‘oISBIYSNY,p 99g “sUAg “OPE TL ESS TUM $ “O8h'26.908'S8.'88S'SL.L “S23'GL. 92°29 10H “89°29. V “IStA “99TH "G6E'6S. CLEPS.A “06L'69. ETS‘ 2G. SEP'Sh.d ‘6 LF. 06 PRN “ZOT'TP. COLE. “oyoUyWRE tL A DTN LPR) OS eae quBeqgBig JO"'UAS “ER7q ‘LbL‘6O.‘P6P'LS.q “umn ee a ea IO[ABL jo udg “LOL Lp jose “LDIT 40j/iD 7, I i ees 10d jo ‘uAg C'Eh, FISSBIL “Y10d “M saupe ee i i i i id Soul, jo ‘udg ‘CIGzZuy "SIU ap ‘spr Tel‘eh, HJosB Wy eins bala lig ele taht oni eid inicio ea a ct te SO “"" 187 6ee'OR. HJOsVy = *ayTApee -ABu0q U0, jo ‘udg ‘cpeTiese'IUM <‘g9e9C UsV ‘99'¢¢,410T] ‘avapua, Anuajuog aisnojnr GLE ‘2O. 410 ‘LOTH «0 8‘6S.‘8Z8'FS.A_ “SPT‘F9.“ChSES. USV “TSe'ES.‘LIS' IS. | “06L “69.(G1S‘29,(966'SF._ 006‘6F. ‘SSSR. HJOSBW LEL‘TE.M ‘a9pua, Aouaquog ap asnojos ~--Avuequog JO'UAS “ND.OTVAA “629LOSHW 061'69.0 ‘Anuajuoyg ap aisnojor “Asnoyver ‘oyfeon, aq “suAg “C0L'L6,‘F9S°G8.“6FS'CL.L “LOTH “26S. ‘968'FS.A “E9TPIOD = *062°69.‘9L9'26.'C6E'Ch. “090FRELSEIN “L9Id *(BlOq) ofsnoyee VISnOo[Vr ep B1IOg "UAG ‘SEZ PC. V “IST'h. HJOSBW “IZI‘TpLEU'Ze MM *asnoyee piBy[v_ JO UAS “Tel‘sp, HJOsBW ‘spxoyog wor "RE DPE RAS PEE att | kn Sainte SIB[B(. op vuuoOg ‘sree op oLineg ‘sudg ad “"eesseyod JouAg “OSzd “ISe'6S.‘298FS.A “ESL'69.'ZLS'L9.‘Ger‘oh. rns L Sub re Gok Sand) Woh te ale Al Aruey JouAS “Z1eFS.a “e68Sh.d “urnboor POAVA “O6K.OAN “qo]OW sonbove *TTigte ae aa ee eee eee qorsureyO Jousg ‘1zIdVeq ‘jyaupwoy9D sanbovoe Ce ee i ee ne a - TSt ouymonborr 7 peace ee Al kn OR aC he ace tae oY Reap eae ‘qoovryo'udS ‘OO, VAT ‘aLdNIg §,Qoovs Si ee gis 4 aLINnag s,qoovr ‘qoowr alIneg ‘sug “ges‘eoy “GIFTS. HJOSVW “qoovr nak Sas tees, peste hs te uosyove “say Jo uAg “76E'6S.q “Buljpaag s,uosyoose Pani S ee at Sainte wos ‘SI Jo UAS “ccideq “sg'eL.V “194998 S,uosyovs eahoos sh aed ccootrr sss" Gosyoee jo ‘uAg “FL'b9,HO “CH ‘N JO) wosyonr UosyoVse ‘SI JO UAS '89'SL.V “68269. “F618. 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HJosew ‘aan oT aS Ek ee eee See pisiey jo ‘udg “c6e'6s, “PLES. “62'S QOH “pLpsayn'T *paeioy jo ‘udsg *202°26.°G99G8.0S6'GL.0 “I8tH “IZTH °962‘69.‘819°29.q “6IF‘Zo.HJOSVW “pLosayy DT Tilapia Slims tn Smee gm eecgo g poulRsiog 1ojsvy JO UA “g/z‘'2e,JUON) "WII DT pice Sissi sista isiaiatcier imi Sia so eer eae UIpIBIOy JO'UAS ‘"Z11‘'69,.q “WIPLDLID DT pinieelniniale telnet picineleieinicin, 6.2isipm eg oaleians qolose’yT Jouresiog “UAG “9CT‘69,HIIL *jolosery BB CORID SSS FIC O.ORVAA 89280200 HIT “S6.NPUY ‘C6eC6.MAXAUBD ‘vou BT BSG sigs is Sot Ts Samininiroie ee Sailor Jord Jo"udAS “ZOL‘TE.G6L'Ze.M “Aowounoy oT ‘OOUNYIOY Jo‘UAS “OSZA “TZh‘6S, “C68‘FS. "992'69. 19°29. ‘O8F SF. “OF OF, HJOsB WN HOYUIWIDT IP IUNILOT DT “aouNqIOY Jo'UAG “TZF‘6S.“C6E'FS.A “99L°69.ELELGOEF'GE. “SMD ap aaunjLog DT Be oe eS ea le OS ICC Sp Ro OO een 962'69.q ‘“Oee'Z9.410F “aqjgoARley Sada/Sinie Saiaacie canis} rin asa) abeleiaiehe ook mirisiz a) s\a\ekep aie UIBUIIIOY Juries Jo*udS ‘0G8°69.q ‘auDf0'T pee peiicinas asin ie re) sv ahalr ais incekks ole) abe deys aaa (sug) ofouosive yo-udg “egtid “Yybryy spoT Tee ers Co ee as JosputM Joudg “gss‘69.d “ecttd “yoy, ApvT GE Sicicesig elo itetniatnras eiein iri inic Gio einis neialaic eleiniaje im iotSI ele mina wakes mh I€ler. josey ‘uowey Aprey OA i ee aie eae ee eae TOON. aout Jo-usg “ped ‘ysag Appt Spee sar CSCNHV “‘OOU.OAVAA “SLT'96.HIIT ‘Solas °20,\t6.aya “ddelp Apey Rea Pa ane nk ea IBGE A ae aE aE RS GO a a a RRR 9 oat nm 03‘09, HSStWw “OUIIOAR YT ,Sorpey sp ieseiushe aches oe els pede eve ele le epee icicxe rr sete babes Colmepesole dopey olInog ‘ope’] olinog ‘suAg “Ty ‘ope'y AS era ehs ine eine miata essen ieee (ip nie asain minds BULOJOD JO'UAG ‘SOT‘TP.“SZU'ZE.M “DWOLI09 DT Recenter nian eS) sielaia\s rie sss [seis ticyo)s) Seale niseiere eis apodeor’yT op oyut0p “uA "yy ‘opodooRT “aqqopossBy Jo UAG “LZL'ZE.M °9772708S8DD DT TPPERA REE OES ESO SR SN pn amg OULIQIISBO JO"UAS “[RZT “aUusLigayspQ VT Be Se SR I Oke IR SECC Se BSCR Ra OAS svueg jo‘udg “[gaq “sDUDDQ DT *SYIVUlOY ‘rvod JO OWN ‘ponulywoy—Lo6l 07 FOST Wolf suoywougnd unorwaUp Ur 07 paslafo. sivad fo sayauva unouy ay) fo xapui-anbowww) 126 161 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. “EST ‘Kyoro0g «= [BANYINOIAOR = BIUBA -jAsuuog Jo 3urjoour 4B ‘erydyop -BIIYd JO ‘ppewy “AW Aq poyqryxg | ~~ "ZR8T UT RISSNY WIOIy poonporyUyT ‘URI ‘SUB ‘seqUR[d sep UIplee oy} 4B payBAyiINO wi ‘g[JapBosn, OF res Ate, | 0 ‘UBUIMON “Sf “JOId Aq SOIJOUBA [BJO YJIM posse) *peqtiosap JON |---> "ZEST Ul Aoppury Aq peqttosecT *Aosio¢ JO puvysy oy} uo JeTjesuRyT “Fw Aq pester I ‘ILL ‘opepsurumiey ‘ueuryong uluBlueg JO prvyoioO [BIIy GYQ UT |~~-- ~~ “SSB ‘IeJSaONO[H 1B *JOJSBOUBT *§ “TL UIA pozywUIsg |----~- “8281 Ul UINIS[og Ul peywUIsIO | w oul OAT} -onpoid puv’ snorostA AoA ve1y, | Ur ul is3 [ur qnidé | [ur maiqd} ut niqd3| | nis | ur nds ou Se Lig 69, T0338 *esspie'y wosey jo'udg 61269. “Lblid “bbq 8 unmg abisvT *(o518'T) See aocdsogsasee «| | joueS10g rowuIng Jo "udg “IZIH °z99°69.‘c9¢'2¢,q “jownbuag samung abit d |----3jeq djqo |---"ssey dqo |\-"" "Seg diqo j-""" TW TOs! sess ok Gi) aia ss4 10.7 siete cece crete eres [Cumg) ueyergo uog oq Avur siggy] “MS “4Daq Lvbng abxL0'T *Cumng) ueljery9 uog jo-udg “2TH *298'69,‘eRc'2¢.‘OFEGh. “691d “GRID *(eulOs Jo) w0bng abi T an ancienes cece scan ceecsenaes assoly euIqieyonz “UAg “CL‘98, HO “dh “Abang VFI] Paice ee 1oyooo[q JOUAS “RVE'6S.‘16E' FS. A “GOL‘'69.‘L90'LE.‘GGE'Ch, “194998 9OLDT 5 eee a Surly seuruing jo‘uds “eps'69.d “bzr6S.“66EFS A “Itt = “Jajassnoy abuv'T oe ae ae ae jonburlg punoy jo-udg 16169. “Glid ‘janbunjg punoy sb10'T Se ke ak Set EE ee PE Ee eBsUOLY BSSOIH ‘UAG “GRiqd ‘*HUO[GG vsIey Fetes aa eee Sema SS aa oo ak ee eas aT[OPBOSN]T VSsO1y) “UAG “eZ *fopwosny, osivy SSeS Srien eee em encicis Pray NBOATYSBET SOI) JO‘UAG “gyIq "jsasof ay) fo nosayvy absvT 20s © 6 ew oo eo Bin 0 were ene of oy wie ae alarm OS APIV “ssoqong ose] UOSUINID Jo'UAg “BIId “Uosuli4g absvT punog jo‘udg ‘6Flid *4919p109 abL0T (gejessnoy Ajreq sv oures oy} sdeqisg] “MS ‘eupReYyp eg os1"7 AESRReS RT ps eRe eens e usend JeyUIA\ JO*UAG ‘“TeT‘AyouUNWOd ‘waahy.p aulay DT Sie's Sans Se Senet RPO ian Ieee uremoy jo udg °969'69,d ‘aula VT ah ay ee ca eames = ***punog jo'udg ‘ees'69,q ‘abuajquin? oT qroqoy yeosny, Josudg “2227'28.4U9D “OSl'ZE MM “assault DT Sala ede aE pia! pate ND a a Se ee EPSPS. USV ‘910d BY “419A UVR ‘UIYVe ‘UIVBg WeeIy) ‘OBSUBT aq ‘euTdned “suAg “26269. “680'FS. WV 96'0S.‘TeLeh HJOSBN IZ Th. E28 Medd“ RSURT or eR ROS ee 5 eee NBBIOW INOTH Jo*udkS “ELL‘69,q “1107914 &.LayabuvT poate Fessyetestasssesssees ses S ese Ioyesuvy] Jo-udS ‘Zieee, qa “wang 8 sayabuvT Sp aioe Joasuey jo-usg *969'69,d_ “LST. ‘9ge'OF HJOSBW ‘aLinag 8 tayabuvT “Tey, $ ,Joljesue’y] ‘alinegd $ 1o1esuey] ‘JaT[esuev’y] olin ‘soInd §=“OSP‘L6.‘S0E‘S8.L “ZOSVTIUODD “PPE ‘Ee GND “toyposuRy 773 Seas nae a, BuO] Jo‘UAS “SOT'C6.OJOVDA ‘ausiqgbuvT sluesseyog Jo"uAg “eo1'69.d ‘PZltd 9 “OupiiM AspuvT “CSCWHV erate areca a eee lara Ets ose Dar chcloe Seo waleralnlcaye eee sein sini oeiels © Suis trae et a teria Tada “yyeispuey Ske Ay le LR ee ee eS = te ae JO[s0UBT sjepy “udg “T ‘*jJopooouey ED eae cn el ares RR ove. Pe ai a ia cee Ra ae OOT6L6IT'GL HSSBK *1eysRoue'y *(puodes ayy) asmnoT oD Eee ‘BAON OsInoT oe ‘osog sino ‘(A[snoauo011e) suO;Y UBA Wuey ‘Jepsurq ‘AvurByT ojuI0g ‘Awey] op oyul09 ‘AweyT op oyduloD “yo1ND sig aje1Ind olineg ‘1014nO slimeg ‘jon e1inseg ‘ayinO slimeg ‘sudg “{T *AWRT SES a acae 2 Scie tiae S Ge ee aden Sa eee pede 16169. “aSJouT[NOW BT ‘8110 HOA SUIPILAA ‘8170 BI OC ‘(A[SnoeuOI198) JOUL -B3leg ouBssBig ‘e1j0;T BI Op Azog ‘a1,0W~ BI ap Izog ‘Aosiof ep OUR _ saline ‘a}I0W BI op Isog ‘IpnuLy Uelg ‘Ipnwiy uleog ‘sudg “20L26.L “IT *e}0N PT -9IOIDLIOWI¥’T [B1OUO) ‘OLOTOLIOUIB’T ap [Bisuey) ‘SUAg “CHE ‘6C “FLEES. *alopo[oWRT] ip Bale ie ol ae “*""""proyaelg Jo'udg 622'69.d (49400 944 JO) sSoMMDT 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 162 “CW UBA) oLOPoT WOIy yUOTOyIpP ATOA ynq ‘suow uBA uyor aq Aq postTey *oo0Uor -MB’T TOF quiadstur w oq ABU STYLE : *poqLios -op pou 872 “d ‘ppt Aq poystqnd *poqiios -op pou :osz “d “prory Aq poysand 60z “d ‘egg ‘Aqoroog pRany -[NONAOH «OOTY = suOTpORSUBAL, ut uoAT “LC “EL Aq pouonuoyy *poqtiosep JON ‘Oo ‘ag ‘zIssesy qe paByoro pequouttodxe oy} UT “LEST ul Suruury qoqoxy Aq poyqryxX a ‘O'a ‘Z1ssesy 48 preyoio peyueUtIedxe oy} UT "S62 °d ‘6981 ‘SuruMOod Jo ,,sBu -Bi/) SBU’T,, ,{SBUBD,, 0 ABUT STILL ‘Oa ‘ZIsseay 48 piByo1o [eyueUITIodxe oy} UT “SYIBULO YY nad “911 Xa, “Blog [BART LOO OT WOO'T ‘[BAR’T OP D10[ Of WOOT ‘OL0[Q O] WOOT ‘ou-rod-ouR[_ *sudg “TT *]RART Se Se en ee yee ee ae Cay) oyjouosive jo"udg °*Z92'69.q ‘auwayjuaunDT (Bug) ojjouosiee yo"udg “gg9‘GL.y “ggTdeq ‘“wawmwngy $s wainoT Cha FE UMSV CTSL‘Sp. josey *eouemey ‘soutATy) Jo UA *ZLP‘26,'6% “GB 226'GLoL “TSST “8686S. A ST'SSAIND "86E°XWODD “86L°69.‘8TS'29. “08S, -HOH “6L'8G. ASSP “ONS TIM M “L1S‘SS.‘b8'PS ‘0087S, Hose “sawh7H ap aunv'T a in gps PGR iA aaa eS Hes keg Pigeon “ap Avune’y op olanog ‘udg “7 *Avuney — SARS BAAR SOOO OCR SSD ee eo ee Sarr 5 NBOATYR'T sory ‘udg "T NRoAyEy] sae Sa PN bad So ARIE RG ae ba RLS ig i doryye'y Jo-udg “60Z'S8.HO “LON 8. douwynT SD eae es ge Ee ee amy ee an pS TON 8,doryyey ‘udg “yy “doryyey -ouuvdod ABI JO'UAG “Opld “Nayvbur, 2j0'T SSRI enews AI y SOI oA REC CNIS ae Cee UY Ch HOOD Ciaran Cad QOte 99'68.4[00 “SUOW uv A oyr'y oRHSR Maly -< -SRG SS SSAC S - Heian eee ato OO.ONVAA ‘Woory opey eye'y josuBy Jo'udsG “TP 6P.410H “Jowpbiag 8 jasupy ajvT ES earn GEC OEE O}B'T JOSUBH JO'UAG “TPH6p.4LOT] “JasunpH) ayn'T ee ee ee 69'2b. HSstW ‘sdurryposog ouVy Be ape ceeterane, ware als/tk ciel so MEU Steere store eee So ieenzes O.OTVAT ‘oursstaQ opeT “POP'OS 66E FS. “OGId "MS ‘AUMaYIDD 2IDT Ora eer eure baba gan peo met apanaich Ge se AS oeS IwMjo) JoUAS “661d “youwnbia g 9j0'T Ho[PVE IOJULM Jo°UAS "TAA “CL'96. HOW “P92 DG 240'T “wrydpopepmd JOUAS *20L°26, 'GLAL “ZE869PES LE. LEL‘9G.V ROP PS AAOHT =" L9G'PS. Hose“ Yyoyo'T Paiste GIN AG Sia Se “*IBUI[OH OSseg JO'UAG ‘“ElZIq “U¢UaIAaN0Y DT ST pees Gs Gee GY Se a ll toe Cet *-rme0g Jo'usg °862'69,q ‘a420baup wna0gy DT yale ninisinic © /eie.eieiainin) biaiassictaie: sis cue7a cueeiotelele, oisimislal ante it cas Pi abeie can OS2‘ZP. FJOSV *SUssuy suy ‘seuBy Jo ‘UAS ‘O8F'26.‘908'G8.‘884 GLaL “TZTH ‘862'69.'819°29 d “S61'S. “WOT “4686S. FAS FS. TLSTAOH “2OS'TS. A “L6L‘6P, HJOSVW “OLT Ib. M “SDUDD SDT AIOABG JO'UAG “OST‘AToUMUIOd ‘asnasnoangy v'T ak i ie che Nt hk eee Me MOC AIOABY Jo'UsG °262'69.d ‘asaunoangy vT Fe NO ne ae ee ene Lea ci ae OBS BT Op Lol[BABy UAG “UY “OL[ESV']T “1ved JO OWEN ‘ponuryuoy—Lo6r 0} FOST wolf suoynoygnd unaiuawp UL 07 paslafor suvad Jo sayjarupa umnouy ay) fo xoput-anbojn)n) 126 163 ‘MOMLA Aq poqiios -oq ‘SSB ‘We[Vg 1B poyYRULaoO ‘Oa ‘zissuay qe paivyoro jequeuriodxe oy uy “6PST gers) qnig JO ssorsu0g 9y4 Aq poqooloxy ‘Og ‘zissuay 48 paeyo1o jeyuoUlliedxe ey} UT ‘Og ‘zIssBay 48 paeyoro yequoutiodxe oy} UT “YINOY oy} 7B 9[qV -nyea Ajuo :puqdAyq yequeLo uy “PPST UL poy = “SuOW uevA uyor Aq YUM po eULsIO ‘OOUBIY ‘[BABT 3° “O10 OT WOOT “A UPI pozBULSIIO, *AQOUIBA ArBUTTND y “O19[D OT “Iq 1OF pourweN *suRuUIyoog “G@ “YT Aq poqitoseq “QOURI YT ‘[BAB'T Jo ‘o10]Q oT wooT “Aq Aq postey QOUBIT ‘[BARBT Jo ‘olopo'y uooT “1q] AG posteyy ‘ooueiy ‘AOL, Ul poyeulsiig CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. “Ted ‘epgt ‘eangjno IO, JO oulzesey Ul poysiqnd “sqoyreur Aq -Ivou pu A]IBO IOJ popuduIULOdExT “21g d “PERT ‘OrNgMoYAO FT FO ouIz “BBW OG “OPST UI YINIy poonporg * poy liosep gou ‘ogg “d ‘para Aq poysiqnd *6PST ‘SIOMOI qmnigg Jo ssorsu0g Aq poqoofloxy Sane |legr jpesecelosanr | 4 ee eee re RGSS 8 wa nas ur | 07RAO |*** “30g Ul | dA-3| 8 mq | niga I j(afoyes OS It I 325) OOF TAS ||P Tre OO n son entnan nee oot ds | up | niA3 |] yur | djqo |--*"-"1q ul FP WP Coke |) qeodioy igi. J yfesi |) Cal(ofoue fees ese es yyene forces ds |3furoo) 143 | Jur | djqo |--*--~ I BS EN a RN Se cmc fas fee [ae | ue | digo ona baie seclond shi be on, 1 |q-3a}| ds mf nik | a |dOdO" |" "=" x. (Ny jtid: aosseyog Jo"usS “ESL‘6O. “ILL PFU'ZEM “PZ “GOZO “Mt4assDYIy I PIPE IT ap OS SE Ran ee rite ret Ba: 17 2 Saympesg 9,007 “why “ease. “90 eee eee ere fen enoopey WueH “ukg “a “oj00peT Sepia b atid Sunken GETHS.V "960. HIOIVN “68‘Ch. HISSVL *ouayquepoy Pie pa age aR OP abe Ong y Sg Cok dna ee fn B10qepo'y op oyuepuoy ‘uAg “ye *Seqopoy IBZ) VT JO UAG “9ET'I6.UAXAUBD “9S “ON 4029 IT ee i 9g ‘ON IBZ vy ‘udg ‘00.0A VA *IRZ) 9'T “IBOLA | Jo ‘aAg ‘9ZIeS.SHAW °202'26,‘699'G8.0SS°GL.L ‘“LLE‘E8. ‘SLTH ‘“bSe‘6S. ‘bE ‘PG. 68T'29.'960 FE USV “LE TAOH ‘OPE‘LP.FIND $= *S28'69.'L9C'L9.‘ShP'Sh. 94ND aT “IBO, BSOUIYD “uAg “ESZW “HV ‘092‘TI1‘See‘TI‘Sze'IUM ‘ZSZRH “82ZId “E8S‘S8. WARD “L0L°26,°S9S'S8..L “IL ‘C8. “OOLTABIV “6P‘6L. EL PUL “S0E'6L BI “€9'Ss. ‘6 PS SLTE8. 62'S'8L. 118) *0}U0g oT TNR Ha te Nas A Fh ag bosopoo'y uorony “uAg “T “(uelon’y) boseyg ay “OL91D bl uoo’Ty SUOW URA ‘vUZO[NOg ap o110g ‘ouso|NOgG op ouUuOg osmno’y ‘UIYsojaD ‘sUAg “YT “(SUOWFW UBRA) d10]9 aT Ree OT i leas xnould(] o10[9 oT UOA’T ‘O10]9 oT UOT ‘sug “JT “(UOOT) d4d]9 OF i 0101007 YOMopol yy “udg "TI *(YoLlopoi yy) BP) Bn | Se er eee ad, aE alle pacman Veal DIJO WT UosyT olnog ‘uAg “YT *(OLINaE,) 04019 9] ie a lal phate iit teil Po a1090'T onbyesuy “uAg “YT ‘(onbipesuy) osepd0'7] [occ e cece cere e eee eee ee reece eter eee eee a19IN OT olfoury “uUAg “VT “(aljeuLy) d1019 OF ee err te Er ee aVo]OssBO JO‘UAS “TRIlq “Uols/ayrI77 tritrstssterscrsereresss*-gqggtosse@g Jo ‘UA “GIT TR L0'28M “eld 9 “punasayoa’] wee eee ee eee eee eee eee nee eee uniqoy aineg “UAS “662°69.d “Unig oy H\cip\n/njnis\ rinse. winsainic m'=seje) == i= sip m= uoqoig Jo "UAG “R6L'69. “90G'09, HJOBRW “UWOjaLE IT ri daeens cores ee Rete ae ouuosog Avy Jo ‘usg “CpL'69.d ‘OFId ‘a4anag, a7 ears os senmmaien oie ae oi oouulg Jo "UAS *L02'26,.'C99"G8, 0SS'EL.L “88869. “wouDga’T see eteteeeeseeeeseseeeeees Fulssosdury Jo UAS “OGLE. HSSBIN “Oulssasbury 8,yovo'] SS ai ga ao a a aot ir ae UO4YXBT JO Id UddI “udg “YW *uopxXey] *qoUlON “UAS “LL'E6.HEN “62S'L2Z1_ “89% ‘TIL‘Ssee TUM “OST‘98 HII “Z2U'98.HO “€ee'98,HUONN “Z8a'PPT'oS. WIBD “WOSMeET “6ZZIA_ “16S “O8P‘26.‘908°S8.‘88S'CL.L “OPE 6S. 08E'FS. HT ShR‘AIMHM “LF ‘eh‘b Sh HSSBW “EV ITAOH “IZSM “92E'E8.‘O1ETS. A “EL19100 "S6L'69. OPP 'LG.CFF Sh. POLE ZO PRIN “CEP‘OF. OE FP HJOSCN “GOL Th. “ooWeI MET epecee CLE aa aie coe nn an aTJUAB’T epojuBpuoy UAG “T ‘oT[PUART pape °° ="? RN Blatant esnemnosirA Jo"uAg “L186. “81d “asnaynbiA DT tirbegnccdeemeisa ss iteey Me podiyg eduvig Jo UAg “Zbld “nNOlWY.p IULDILLA VT epee Gee ake pee oTBISUBA JO"UAS “ROL'Th.SLU'ZEM “9D/SUDA DT eee ee eee eee ee eee eee 6E7' FSW *O[[ BART 6 12 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 164 “Aotpury Aq paquiosed *TenusyL yNIgG ey} Ul BsoF, Aq peaqiwoseqd “TOI ‘UBLIpy poomMiepuy “iq Aq po} BUTUlesSIq. ‘oO ‘g ‘zIssusy y8 preyoio jRyueutledxe ey) UT “CORT Ul peyINIg “ssByy ‘eul[yoorg Jo ‘yorinys “Vv *S “1d Aq po} BuTs1O “618 Ul BISSNY UWOIy peonporyUy ‘uMOUyUN UISILO JN “WINIS[eg WOT] peAtedeyy “Q[QBNIVA JON ‘Og ‘ZISsB3V 48 paieyo1o [BjueUIIedxe oy} UT “SuOT}BYS Quoted xe STOUTT[] JO SpxIVYLIO [BMY oy} UT “UMOUY O19] quq St Sty? IBY pres suluMog “you -uey Aq sjsBoyNO YIM passeRiO *paqlioseap 10N QI ABJOT YUIIA [BoQUepT ATQISsog | 7 “OFLT JnoqeB pereVulsii1o {AJoWvA YOu plo uy “SYIVUIEY djqo djqo dyqo “-- SSB Bee suas | "Sled “so]deNn ep e110g ‘setd¥N ‘urwures yureg jueT ‘uleulies qyuivg Jeysey ‘sudg “]y “QueTy ERS P OD. a Coe DES D Oa RE te Re RERE RG Yous] Ossnoyy “asg “T *youeT “ELI °008°69.61S'25._ “08899. USV “FZT‘Z9.‘901'9G,.V *eeMRUAT “foywyy wouwaT OF SOUAXAURD “OOO VAM *ABUOWeT stpiaeiancinizve Siario)nintsloralo\eieyg tai sheicie Stas ate on Sie aio aa cae ep OO TISSBW ~ CssByy) WoUleT : “RA RQUOULI'T UNS “OLUF6. ABI “92286, UU “FEI6K.OJOVOM “2898. PUL “SAPT “AD ‘uoUteTy RAsle SER Rit osm shake teiniee.cnais,* AnelfoT YWepaty “ineyeTy eyWoy ‘sudAg ] *(97,ULIOD) AMeT[eT SIGE SIG Cis toe iSie alas ototni= ora eine obs Ineljey] euljsnsny ‘ineljey esnsny ‘suds “| ‘analy aay ee cas oe Oh GOUAXAUD “OOOAVAA “L126. 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OLSEN “9d “61D “Wooly SUOT *Ivod JO oUIeN ‘panuryu0j—Zo6l 07 FO8T mouf suoynoyaqnd unruwaup ur 07 pailafas sivad fo sayaruna unouy ay) fo xapur-anboppnp 126 169 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. ea vB SB UMOIS Uy A]]BIOadso ‘sor. -OIIBA O[GBNIBA SOUT 9Y} JO ouUO “OZ8I Ul BolLIOUTy 07 4YsNOIg ‘Q0UBIA ‘SOYOUBIAY IvOU UIZIO | ur “paqiiosap JON *“poqtios -ap jou ‘Apivy pus snolosta “998T UT poymay ‘papnys “VS “1d Aq poyeursiig |---- ‘Og ‘zissesy 48 piByoio jByueuTLIedxe oy} up |*°"**~ *paqitosep 10U ‘pf, 'd ‘geet ‘[euinor Jy [BINI[Nd14.10 Foy} Aq poyst[qnd “BMOT ‘onbnuqng 18 YMOMSUOT UIT M WIA UIs Boa een ew nfo cc en npenwcnne cccnccsoe BIE OREO SI ICC IOS I OE I 5 NICS I LIEV: SI tol ga fa 'm1kg ‘Zola ‘9uuOg asinoT “ous ureul -104) “49 ‘[BaY oUUOg OSINO'T ‘astno’T poor ‘stno’T pooy ‘astno7] suuog ‘aqouBay “‘sUAS “OZI‘88,HUOIW “06S °29F'26.'999'S8,‘0SC'CL. L “I8tA “2er6S.'L68' FS. “BES Id jo" "tat | PSV F0869,289°25 THESE. “99'6E. 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HSSVN “ESTP “ec‘2e‘2e‘oer‘9g, Hose NW Pe es BRS ae oe gi eee cage oe ee GLP‘ 16. 966 G8, 8L6G2.L °208°69.a peusiss cheb hss ony lest ie alco eal ler reo eg Bae aimlet” ace atoA'T JO'UAS *ZO,OLV “lOSRW ee aS SI ye ncaa ig Sie gee mimic ebricisleaierrs aoAT ‘usg “PPL6,V ‘udg “apo AT “oIN4XOL ‘Ived JO oulBN *‘ponulju0j—o6s 07 tos7 wouf suoynoygnd unowaump ur _o7 pawafas sinad fo sayjarime unouy ay) fo xapuj-anbojn}0) 126 173 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. PSE es eS Sh cae ay Ah oe Iv, ‘ouTepeyy Joudg “LIT “padiig auayapoy Sie aes aad | cee oll ke Saad || ery rea! al tac |e ee 8 jt" oulopopeyy Jo udg “Cee TTIUM ‘08% LzzId “83H ERD EI eu JapoRy 8 Sites al ee ee POSES Gl hos) Rene Pe Al RSencel ASeBCCe BESCOC eS b.ae. SCR MeNn Atlas Te Suir orcren ir etre jestyg Jo "uAg “C2269, “M9A. 2ULa]opDyy “OUI9] POOR eS OO IE FAAS EG te tl Ieee S| le OG, -opewW Jo ‘UAS “STH 60869. TEP‘'LS. IPE Sh. “8aWl4D9 sap UosL) LO auLajapoy as bres mp em | eb | ee art ieee welt ewww (Buy) ouleppeyy jo ‘udg "18S *SdaDUYy .p aulajapoy SI QCLOR DIBHHRAC UGUSITOR cillccke all's ua: cals ate cmiltcwkrcka| Some ec ames glint we | 8 COW: 1 final Sacha! Chae edb tice SCE siosuy Pp oulojopeyy UAg “7 *(Suy) oupopopey “OUIB[OPBY, OPUIBS ‘NBOAIZVY 1O NBOATYB]] 10g ‘uojepsey ‘oulo[epsuy ‘uopepseyy ‘oUl[opRy ‘SoULILD sep UOIYIO NB oUlefepEy ‘reed Zuljsvy] ‘Buolepsey Louru0g ound y ‘ouTUIOg OUNIy ‘vuelepsBy; OUND ‘(AT -1O9IIONUT) [OSIYO UveLy ‘o[suy osoy ALU ‘ourvpepey ApLeg ‘(A[oo1100Uu!) jeyuoUl -neyO Apieq ‘oyjoqyuoumneyD Apegq ‘souLleg sop UOIYID ‘seULIBD Op WO14ID “suAg “‘SYUOP OF1[OULIBD "SOh'26.(OL2'S8.'79S' SLL “SPI “Ehe'6S. Tee'bS. a “18 eS.6'0S. UsV “T9e'e8.‘008'1S.A oy} Aq pozBAIg[Nd 4s1y PUB OUIO] ZLIM “TSTOTOD «= “60869. IPP L9. 1PE'Sh. 98 PR. ONT SHAM *LL2'L8,961'SE. U9H -opeW “4S JO 4sBoy oy} 4B suodIy | OA | BA-3/ ds | wf |naqsh|} ur | dogo |----- 640 | ISTOP.APUL «= “9G°LF.‘Sh'PR. POSEN «= SILTP ON'ZEM “BUd S210, “OU OTOPUW *suBULyOIOg *( *d *PIOGaIS JO "UAS *06,0AN ACHPSHT AOU AFO Le ATAU MOU Vig essed: vealimcoe dio: iit te loss oali re oni|bns Shion ‘P6.06.SPNHD '8'86.99T'L8HO “S6'L8.V “€9°86,"6F'S8, HBD “Pl0qaig U0A auLDpDT AiwistoNs s||\eieieiwiee)|'ciemaia'st| diwle,o, cal] oe ws almrelaliice.c’e'e's||= ale a ala'sllnsinla's os w/a a\e'|\wiue a'ele,sieiw ploqers jo uAg ‘l0.ddd ‘Zoavl “6P'26,‘LP'GS, LBD “pjogars’ uoA UL ‘0°a “OFS T0. ‘Z188SB3V YB pAVYoIO [BIZ OY} UT | UL |-~~-*~ A | aan 3 143 ur ESS eae Saat UAXAUVD ="OOOAVAT — “GES. V "122'09.96' 0G. HJOSvW “FAO A OLR PR AY ‘OAAOLL JO'UAG “FHA PA “S8s'SL FLUO “802'L6.‘999'E8, poe |e >| Ree: Rear | aie worpeoscecieecsoestecceccore! (Oge'Gl.L “O8'T8.99'TL. V “SL‘OL.VHIOHV ‘608°69.d “ES'AHJOLY ‘aahasy auopoy a aa | ake ater ENE | Sa le Na Ni aa aad a a ht a eee ia S[90ssoy Jo‘uAg ‘OO.OUAVAN ‘“S/aassoy aupvpoy ‘(OULBPBWY) WNW JO UAS “CCTV | “PEA VA “OBOAN eco are Malt ac atom cara a alt Salk ogee gall ee ae *802'26,‘999°G8.0S6'GL.L “2986S. “1082S, HJOSBIL “60869. 12°28. “IL auDpoyAy "9 a Zetey 48 pasyor1o [BQ ueUILIO: ) ouy ur Se oe) (eed (or Se oe ee ees eee ee eee) -- “00.08 VA a “VOULED ol] ouupey *[OL1IO’] ourspRyy Jo"uAg “6zI SE ets | nec PARE Slee | BE ams |e |e ey sosesetissssssssscl ded ‘Z6‘CLHSStW “69 TLVHOHV ‘82Z‘IIIAHJOLy “Aung ap jo110T auvpoyy SES aetna ele lock iecaite at tg te os woewecclocnsccesculsessccscccscersscros=*1OLI07] OULBPBY JO°'UAG “SF'ILHO “Aauimg ap 101407 “au yr ‘oouBiy ‘siosuy ‘foleT oIpuy WIM pozeulsy9 | we | 3a-3| A |furoo|/niqh3| wt | diqo |----~- Iq |--*-Aourvg op joo ‘ouryy ‘Aureg op [olo7y ourepey ‘sudg “T *[O]1OT owEpEy rare ie eco fot ee efi rmage cream | age tic (Og Sa ay] PS eS Ue Be os (ye nk © aia catia - aaa urlgnyy jo ‘uAS “OO.00 VA “UNnnyT euvpoyy *soqtodsaqi Jo “UA *802'26,999"C8."089EL AL Piet ll saeorchal tage ioral needing ccmasssalh gaa one avec can TCL4I0H "OL'RL.V “LET‘PL.68TL, SSRN *608°69.0 “Saj40dsaq lauay] auppoyy “ABMUTUIUIO FT JO “UAg PS lf ee Se | eS | ape See || a OEFGO.MAXAUVD “OO.OMVAA ‘“SLT96' HIT 206. a Aonupwway eunpoyy “uINnIs}og ‘oustop -of jo ‘amtos01H “WH Aq posrey | we i----*- das | we jniqh3} | GONE ea [ball ences babe cota po al abet a aes O.OAVAA 60869. ‘eljose19 owepry Spe Se)= | cesta (arcane simp one a se eee oe real See ninia| sbieinaiecinield|sioe cine wo coos os ccs es >= OOTY. MOTO CAG ODI) SV UL clummne ee NantOl oa manne: ‘oouBI yy ‘SUO “0880. U AX UBD “1840 Jo ‘oravg “W Aq potoaoostg | ur |--*** s | furp} nisd} |] | ¥qor |--"" ~~ Id | 0O.OMVAA “18862. UV “6sIdVC “TF TLHSSPW “62C‘TITAHIOLY “otARy owepey *suUBUIYyOIOg, “BsITq OUlBpByY “UAG “Z8EER. A “8ESL.STe T9410 ‘ad “I ‘saw jo rouoy uy pouren | wm | 3a | ds | mfs | nik 1 | diqo |--"" Slog | “1sca “9606S. “9688S. SV "“PL'SS. SSB «6086922928. “BZ Pehl id “BZNG Fe NS aS AE A a a Waka | ak aah al ada ourepByy Jo‘usg ‘“P‘ZZ.OJOVOM “98'FS HJOSBW ‘“1Z‘Se. HSseW “Dsyg auvpoyy wee eee Stet ens cm eusg= twin | ere) a ho /pyoims rein a)eieinl wos e/a aw mia’s|| oiriwniaisinin'e «| mini imiaisimieid icin = minnie lwineeniwin (ieee TOT COM mae “80869. ‘rNaUNg suvpoyy ‘O ‘ag ‘zIssB3y NGM PIRUOLO TeIUsuLIOUxG ody Ul |. | | ee ae eee Sean ash tae ee eee eee ae rag ““"QO.OMVAA ‘SIN Up omepry Pages el teas cl lata eo a i ee ae “rvonq Jo'udg *g802‘26.{999'S8,066°CL..L “26869. “808'69.'27S'L8. ““bong auppoyy Sead a [megane a eee oa a a eee ee ee ek ee ate te ee ot a (ourepBy) Soylodseqy Jo UAgG “SPI‘PL QOH ‘“Sajsodsaq auvpoyy “SUTUUB AY WOQoY YIM popnag |---| ep 3 Gh PONG reer ne sa ees 6 TL. HSSRN ‘82 TITAHIOLV “eWoujod euepeyH SI seeree[ececec[eeccne[a ner ecs|scccce|aetaaa|secceccccslaceesscescescecccccsccoeesseeeees == 109HUT AM JO UAS ‘88869. ‘JUDAT ap sUwDpDAT 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 174 ‘LU ‘ooueplAorg Ul poyVulswg aalJOTYIO oq ABUT STUL, “UINIS]oq ‘Soul, -BW JO ‘BuUIO[OD yuNOD Aq posTRyT ‘uorods iy ‘fey Aq pastes Surppoos y “UINIS[eg ‘SoUury -vyW jo ‘uoredsay “fey AQ posrery *puB[s[ Suo7yT wo poyeuaisig *‘Tenuvyy yma oy) ul SsoRY Aq poqiiosoc “OST UL pops *sjossnig jo ‘oysuor "yy Aq posteyy ‘oryo ‘Aqunog SuruoyepW worl poonpoijuy ‘savod JO SSBlD [BIUOIIQ 9Y} 0} ssuol[eg ,¢ BUIST -woid AIOA ,, 9 0 PIBS STV] “9G -d ‘uomeig quoulliedx |] [eainyyno -USV UBSIYOI oy} Jo ueTINg Uy *peqiiosep you ‘prety Aq pegstqnd ul woo mt £ nat qak *SYIBULOY *aIN4xoL se etee testes ree eeeee “1oysoyouBy Jo UAS *OT8'6V. “IST'Z.V *1290/90 sajsayounyy we ee ee 10480 ouv yy jo ‘ukg O18‘69.0 ‘ayDT LISIYoUDL Risse sisiciajois)>/e. aie 194070 Jojsoyouryy ‘0}BT] JoysoypouByW ‘suAg ‘O18'69.d *Aojsoyoury, "> oaQaTYIO Jo UAG ‘99.LL.HBL “L8'8L2r'SL. PUL “SOFC. Hose “Yyowunpy corte ere t ersten teen eee ee eter ee ee Ur aaa aaa eel GC 90 id Vie OLN TLE My ~qomtos@essobosesecsanasses wotreecerecccsessssomeM jo ‘udg 49 “(‘sor) sauzoyr Scene asad ses pte SOUl[VI Op VueseT ‘souTTBIY WOIT AUD ‘sudg “TT *(4JTD) Soult “(uae -Si]) SOUT[RIT Op oJuUBpUOT ‘SouTTB Op oyuBpuog ‘sudg “T *(OJURpPUO.T) SOUTTRA De ar xt pees by dagen phe eS aS STION JoqUTAA JO ‘UA “S0OL'L6.L “Sauyonr ‘SOUT[BW JO ouryd -esor ‘(A[snoouoisa) ourydesor ‘soulreyy op ourqdosor ‘sudg ‘g‘ging ‘seule ‘ ‘uldsByT Jo ‘uAg § *g02°26.'999°G8.“TS6‘G LL *268°6S.A “OT8°69.‘22S'L8.0 “E8'FS, HJOSBVW 'ST'EG. HSsByW “widsDpy] Pp aujyouuoojnpy sulfop Jo uAG “72169. “1686S. A aDUULOO) DAT Oe el ite cn ae OO er ee 1ofey joprwog sedog ‘udg “TY ‘sole ee Sn ae ian cane sores ss 9[00F Pp OLIV] Bl OP ofUBpUO Wy “adg “YT ‘OTe fie ig mage ein pee ets an et woojodun jo ‘adg “61869. ‘OUNLE) ASSOLE) ULLO PUD] DE quoqoy ywosny Jo-uAg “S186. “td ‘abuojumyx fo uapoyr pci sree arses ge qoqoy FwasNW Jo UA “SI8'69.d “Hdd ‘sdapunpy fo uapwyy OREES SH See Seg aieiss sein nishepe cient als sient IBY og ‘Ie optsog ‘sudg “Ty “Te Re Te reue Se as So" 18C8 HO “Tele8.V *SuyUOURH I Se ea oe age ae Oo Moug JO "UAG °E9'66-d°9W ‘F6L'96- HII “noug pryouboyy ‘OO.AVE “SPWHD ‘10.00H OMSL “AVL “SME “6166 “2066/TAL “880° 86.SV “RTLOUSRW "00.08 VAA “SIS26.HIT “ShR96.UAXAUVO “GOCTUIIW “OSASUOT *opRUuse HW “OUIOPOPVWW JO UAG “OL]E8L “ISS LSA “Te PS. “GOGO. THESE. = “uajapboyy aaa Mik pS Da er toi ge aie fae EA VUlV[opB]Y JO uAg ‘6ZL 28.51 “$ild ‘aurajapboyy “oUIO[OPBW JO-uAS “eCZWHV “ESh‘L6 OLG‘S8.‘CSS'GL.L “SCO. USV “|epe'6S, “TSe'FS. 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HIOSBW “SPITPOM ‘970pDyr PSS Sagres Sassi wae oes Par Secec es eng OD RUTyATO GIA GO imighes OD UAL Pike MR TE JoTUURY eyoUBT_ JOUAS “ZL'EZOJOVNA “davuung ayounlg ajjasrowpoyy Po aeee pediiyg ouslfepryy ‘oyovurd soulreD sop uoIID “suAg “TRZq ‘ABA ‘OUTLOPRW ‘1Bed JO oUeN *ponurjuojy—Lo06r 02 FOSL mouf suoynoygnd unrwaumy Ur 07 padiafas sinad fo sayarsna unouy ay) fo xapur-anbojnjn) 126 175 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. “Bursrutoid pue Mou ssuRUTyoeg “¢ “d Aq popqryxd “oyLion3 -IBW Woy yourystp A[qeqoig ‘oouBl yy ‘sioduy jo ‘foley o1puy Aq pojeuLsi9 “ogo ‘snqummyog Jo ‘joderM “Oo Aq posteyy “CPST Ul UOS SITY 0} paiRoIpep ‘suo uBA uygor aq Aq poyBuIsiiO “GPST ‘SIOMOIDH JINIY JO SsoIZu0V JO YSTT poqoolor oy} UT ; ‘Tel ’d ‘epst ‘erngyno -W1oH{ JO oulzeavy Ul poysyqnd *peqtiosep JON ‘uoredsgy “fey Aq poyBururess{( . “"N ‘mIe[Bg £q “‘QOST UL PEMA “ssvp‘oulppooig Jo ‘yorinyg “y “Ss 1d Aq postey “Tenueyy qnIg 04g ul 330x, Aq poqiroseq OA a ees es aq I d ed eur | 3A ds | wfq | niqA | sur | dqqo |-**** 1g our 3 8 { rh us 1qo |"*--orgo PSE laces wejeceeeelereeee|eeeceee| eee eee| eeeeee|ee eee eeees uw BA A | wfq | niz43 | Jur | diqo |---- 3g ieee d d QDs + | NS ee| 2 s= ssl rss sss se Ae pre aaa es weeeeeereesssee = "OCOOAVAA “OCS HED “IRITAVW oF [JoNFIeW ee a nt ct a ear ie an ee ed tg ge eee ee oe TOL OP, HIOSBIN *OSSO1F) BL O}[JonaR “oyonsivy oeg'uAg "eZZWHV ‘“PIT‘ZO.HISIM ‘S‘9INE “6p ‘R6 IRD ‘o}sonsey 60296, HUT “O068'S6.UAxMUBD “9C'Ce'06, HOW ‘$9'06.£VH “T1869. “6P‘ATHIOLY “€S°690ST'L9.V “ZL 9941011 9 “Jorn saRyy PT ip a oe Oo iS are eta ala chee ie a 6 ee UBI[IBA JO “uAg “osrdeq “JUD]]IDA DYQaLvy Reitman take te Cee Jatssyed JOUAg “ge 2e410F] “Z08'LE, HJOSBW *4aIssiyjad WYyoaLDy “""IOIsstfad JO “UAG “SOL‘26,'96E'CR.‘TSS'GL..L “ISZA "S2S'L4. “49289 JOYDILD I Jeera 88 uetid Jo uAg “goL‘26.‘996°E8.‘TSS'GL.L “TIS‘69.FZS'L8. “UI [DYIIL0y “(BYOB | Jo “uks “Zuees. “SOL'26,‘996'CR,TS6'CLL “St FL HUOUN “T1869. “BIC. 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HJOSBY “youresiog your STR TSE Siig So" ee ene “ee eck Src are Avuary eq ‘udg “yo *fRueoIR "C1869. “ZCP6S'LOE'FS.A “GETS. “811994091 STN JO UAg “96Z'0G, HJOABY “s1/904049 ao aule)c ainlais = ele alee a sic ale a’edieaialaa ps alele aaltew apa idle aie x oes amelie er iene TEU Sh, Losey *xnvoaoIt iy era gen ee eo aha mit ies nae See ke? Sache yates mene oie agri Sg te eae 118'69.q *auynbsvury quoqosuy JouAS “6Zl'%8.M “Wd “aurDIYOS ayansunjy * Peele ge Fs sie Risie © SETS > =seises” oi * ska ar eee ee |= Scie nee 2s aeee ee ei a EP ‘OO. 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A “LE TIACH “DDT -omrequg sdeyied Seen Sg -N “IOspurM Ul poyRUTaLIO eur |-°---- as |ufqp| 14 | sur | a { ae heey SBS BE BS 2s 0000 Eo Sb co oaoe asec oor uviing ‘uss ‘zeldeq ‘soFL ‘GC TLOJOVDA “kWeW AjONIBA sty} yey} shes SuluMog é'S'N 2) i) *SyIBUley @ = < at S co 3 0. ‘reod Jo ouIBN, a gee He k= aS ; B 5 < ; a “pourjywoj—Lo6l 07 FORT wouf suoynoyqnd unniuaup ur 07 pasafas sivad fo saya unouy ay} fo xapur-anbo1n1n) 126 r~ ~ a CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. ‘9 ‘g ‘zisse3y 4B pareyor1o jejyuouedxe oy} ut “VOUT wory uoydioseq ‘SUB ‘Ayunog AgMOoD ul popRUIsIO ‘9? “'g ‘zIssesy 4B pareyqor1o jeyuoullodxe oy} UT “Tep -d ‘Zpgt ‘orngyno -W10}]T JO OUIzBSBy- ul poysqnd ‘sseyy ‘Ainq -xOy jo ‘vuvg stloueiy Aq posrey IOPIIM “d “W ‘TOD Joy “puy ‘tydjoqd Jorsoukeyy “H'¢ Aq pouren OPILM “d “W ‘109 Aq poyeatgnD “SSB ‘espuqureg jo ‘Teysaey_y urel “ILM. WII poy BUTsi1o oAvy 07 pIBg *poqtiosop JON “qSOA0I “W Aq GST UT poqutosoq “poqosop JON se) a aERSSY, *SUOT}B4S queulIedxe SIOUTT[T 1% [BI} UO “TSST UL PoPINAY ‘PPST UI JoArg Aq pestey ul d our BA ul BA ae ur d our 3 ® foo | nizA | ut | dqqo |"-"-ssvyy yl ere va) 228 | wee da Uw sla's sew e's ss PROLOG is Lu IO IL a try WInIBy ‘udg ‘yO UME “sT[ooreyy ‘stfoorey “suAg “C1869. “7eP‘'6S. LOE FS. 88S ‘Eh FJOSRW *syMIey < aAuoY Jo uAS “P86. “EHd *(A[OaLI00U]) auzg ULDIy “OIG JOUAG “PI8'69.d “PSUR LEU ZEM “Wd AMIS UND Fe a gk ee ae eee dog Jo'UAg “TEleh, HJOSVW ‘aua00Lg ap vag uyanyy Coen ew tec eennewcnsenwesesvacvennes neue ne dag yo uAg “P1869. “LIQ .p 298 Ul). plaice oie eV ial ales I 1 GIy Ht al dog Jo ‘UA “FIS'69,q ‘aUubodumnyD ap vag uljsvjy : ‘ag Jo"uAg “00.08 VA ‘PLIH “PIS‘69 ‘L292. 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UAXAUBD “JUDIPIDA [oOYssnIy ete a pine SS ka ae ty Sao ae ee eo 61F'ZG, HJOsBVy “ANOY VL ep [peyssey_ ila TSAWOIW “POL'TG.HIOV “ZEL8.HI(N “98. £VIT lide “Teysre wy Te og a a a IS'ZF.HJOseW “SIR “‘SIB Op ossoyong ‘srBy jo ossoyonq ‘Avun’y JO ssejyuloy ‘ABun] op ossoyMI0g ‘ARN'T Op ossoqzuLo0D ‘Buefet]T 1g op dey ‘sudg “goOL'l6.L “TL ‘SIBW ween ences eee eee teen etree teen e eee e erent ees OPCS, FJOSRPY ‘SEIS osynbaryy weet teen eset eee e ee eee eee eee eee eee uopdureyy yo ‘udg ‘ect‘deq “wap .p sinbsvyy treet tte ee eee -""Ieupeg Jo "uAg ‘“PIg'69.d ‘1Z‘k¢, HSSPW ‘LvUpag ap asinbspyy Sede a btc< reurpog Jo udg “98'FG,(06e'ZF, HIOSBW COLL IP. MM ““DUpag ap sinbanyy ‘sInbavy ou,L ‘eSSouUOTyoIe yy SSOUOTYOIR A ‘SUAg ‘I8SZH —GESFSV *96C'0G, TJOSBWY «= “*ETTTF.SSE'7EM OSI 80D “as TNDIe “IBUTTOD ossBq JO"UAS “182M “EOP‘6S, ‘Ose'FS. AL 6086978529 FRR'GE. POLITE. M «LEVEE, (Ue “aunDs a049Ng IOLDIT TO gS ft ea te a aaa | ae es Bae! er ee XIMIBW op IBUITOD ‘uss “YW TXTMIR AK Sie la. wlol pal wie te wlio eterna) aio Grea rel ts le] ar atin al Lia abet a eel SS lm Aww alate eae FIS‘'69,q “WOyWuR OD deep Se a a a ee da qgoyreyy Ayeq ‘udg “WY *yeyIT Tent ae Ce ee ae ee a a alIssep, JO “UAS ‘“cIS'6.q “wolny ‘golIneyy ossediug ‘SUBUL -yo0q Brydog ‘1a4sooyY Op JoTTessnoy ‘1oysoayT op puvurplay ‘sudg “sOL‘26,‘99¢ Sah Go pan po cea ae ee asInoy oByy Jo “UAg “LIT *(puooves 041) aisles! any *AUIB’T yo ‘uhg ‘giza ‘e2e‘6s.‘098'FS. 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UAXAUVO “OOOAVAA “WSO Wn py IV WAg “y cstW ‘read Jo ouIvN *ponulyuo)—Z06l 0} tOsT wouf suoynoygnd undiuaup ur 0} padsafas sipad fo sayjaruoa unouy ay) fo capur-anbojnjn) 126 179 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. o1INog 109seq Jo'ukG ‘1¢1'69,q) ‘aLNIDAT 1D) 9p a)pLAsayy ie le Fae tial OC qyuRqBig, jouAg “g6'I8,V “XnauLDYD ap ajjalasayy “Pd JoudS “ZOL'TP.S6U'ZEM ‘aunIDAy 1} ap aypaasayy eS SE aa ee ee ee ayn ee Seite ere ae ae ee OPAL, JO UAG “R6'Q ““aahyT .p aypaasayy ‘OT ]9ATOW JO “uAg ‘GLIH «TET ‘SF, OSV «“99'6EGIND $ ‘ZIP .2PU'ZE OM 901d “OU (Pp )/aadapy “IOJUTM JO JOPUOAA ‘OJJOSSNOY AO JossnoY ‘UIO 449d “AOAAT],P OTTPOAIOW “LOATH P OT[]0A.10W ‘p1O'T O[}4/'T “UBaAnog “yopeury ‘quoprury ‘sudg “7 ‘olJoAIOW See AT Sheree slog. 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HSSBW “ALU V 4naubiasuoyy pina RS OE ce aioe SUOJ, OP OLINog ‘SUBWY Op alIneg ‘sudAg ‘Y ‘(eL1IMeg) sUONY 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 184 “VONTA Aq poq tose. “POST UL pownay fdoUBIY ‘“SUITLOFY 7B po VULsUg * -sgouvig ‘WWoJorg “ostBANBEgG 7B puNo’y “OOUBL ‘stosuy 7B UOTZIIT[OI s,AOIoT UT ‘TU ‘oyepsurune y ‘ueuryong ururefueg JO spunols [RII} oy} Ul “BULYOOD 10] ‘RIS -Sny ‘YSIquITS 7B ATosiey UMOTH ‘O 'q@ ‘zIsse3y qB piRyoro [R{ueUIedxe oy} UT ‘e0r “d ‘ZO6T ‘3SlINgyNoyA0 F] UBIPBUB,) UL pool} UIUT A[QBIOAR “6PST ‘SSo1SU0,) [BOT -B0JOWOg UROWOUTyY YON oy o10Joq SSoIppe UB UT pouONuoyy ‘UMOTLY ATUTB}100 JOU ULSIIO *poqliosop JON *peqiosep jou ippng ‘Jorg Aq pouorusy “QOURL ‘uono y Jo ‘jounqstog “Ww Aq poste yy ‘O(N ‘{JUNO,) JOAOUB]T UL poJBULBLIQ “BSOTT ulody uoIdoseq = *1ved Suryooo y “SMIBULOY, “ApPENY | "SIOARLT “OINYXOT, Saeco s ene worsesesesss*Kog UInjUNOW Uvseln ‘Ug “T ‘UTRUNOT], pew, iain nics eerie) Abner Wine Aron nna aceatia a ~~ OSLOUTTNO YL VV Jo “uAS A | “oSTOUL[NOW Cqny) Wooly) BUOT JO"UAS "“FOS'69. “aUWOINY ,p ayonog ajjnoyy aa ah “deel BUOT JO"UAS “OGLq = ‘aUWOINY .p ayonog ajpnow “Udo BUO'T JO "USS “TR TRE'OS TEES A OST SESE. 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JoosnFT ‘guULOyNY ,p onenb onsuoy v ywosny ‘UWININY JO yBosNyY pox[Byg Buoy ‘yvosny PorOMOL WT ‘Peosn, UUININY PorOMOTT SUAS “SITIPM “627d *Wno,y yeosngg dig Beers User Buoy JO UAS “Tpe'6S‘Tee'bS.d STP'Sh. “9S “aunazy joosngy pee dgblcteee aia big te oe = eS Ei fal a “-ayBIMy JOUAS “Ziq “AouoN ap inosngy ‘gy igs catia imi Salaam “oyBINY JOUAS “22278, 1UD “9TT'TEM “NOV .p wosnT Be ee = eee “"q4oqoy Jwosn JO UAS “R18'69, “I8Zd "A4QULY Pp IDosTyY BORIS SSIS RS aie at Sia 2 Sy yeoOsnW UBULIOD JO‘UAS “ZLL‘690.d ‘aubowal Vp joosnyy “OUTTOSSNOY JO°UAS “OPUZEM “O6lq ‘aumojny.p uil D} ap Aaa) anbuo) D Joos So See ey lno[y ywosny jo‘usAg “6Z'ZIqd ‘euwomny.p ananb anbuo) v joosnpy ety Scie ie ame Se Sei te a oUTJOSsSNOY JOUAG “ZZL'IP.M ‘anand anbuo) v yoosnpy “7eosnyW UBULIOD JO*UsS *Z11'69.d “LLT “IStd “L8G “10Z0 “apunwaz) y joosnyy g Beaks ate PBVOSNYL UBULIEH JO"UAS “CPFI'ZEM “OST ATOUMUIOG “puDpuaz) Vy joosTay Br RES ERE SSRIS ORE Slate aaa i Seca t S[ossnig JO"UAg °999'69.q “a772pposnyy “60S'F8, HBL . 98128, -HUBM *96h'L6.'810'S8."S95'S1. 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A “OO8'TS.A “ZLSM “SSTOTOD ‘LTF'8S‘Z6b'S.‘OFS'SOT 6. PLS‘ Lb, HJOSCN “Suystome son ‘uvalsy) SuOT JOusS “1pe'6c, ‘Tee'rS. A “6STOIOD *OPE'LE.IIND §«“G08'69,‘STR'Sh.“SEU'CR MPI = 4ayDmYyynoy “BUI[Pvag S.1oxTe AM “UA ‘S‘OINEG “€2F'26.'860'S8.08Z'SL.L “9LE'E8.A “26S “64°69. VIAOHV ‘81869. “FPTTIIT “HJOLV “FOS'SL. TIS FIETL.2L98'69.°29'89, LOH = “9F'99, BFPO HSSeA “Ute A JUNOW 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 186 ‘oouBIy ‘SIIB 9B peyeursi9 | wm |------ d “yAnog oy] ul ydeoxe UMOU oT | our | 3A 8 *peqtios -ep qyou ‘q10dey Ayatoog [Bin4 -Nd4I0F [ReIQUOW Ul pouotUT oul 3 d “qnolyoout0g | Ul poxeuisizo 4198U3 ‘OIS “d ‘29ST | on gl) ok ‘AjoI00g [BOLBO|OUIOg UBoLIouly yO ssurposoord ul poutlepo st 4{)) | ‘cg “d ‘pH8 JBIN}[NI4IOW syosnyorssep jo Sujoour 4B preAA “Y Aq UMOYS *SyIvUloy T‘Aje100g | | | *1OARL A dyqo |------ 2a z J 778 oro {4 ‘um09 *9INIXOL | sass Trreeesesesessssess*“QUNJIVT O110}9SAY ‘ULEN o11049]/3Ty ‘sudg “J *UyeN cee “SIOQUSION ‘SIOGBN “Toysn]) User “sudg *602'26,299°S8. 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PLE LS'SEIN ST TP LOVES AID GPT TP GLU ZEM “FOTIA = “WOaTOdRN ee er ee ee ee ee en a ee ee ee i en ee query yo ‘uAg “LEUZE OM "Slid “sad 0Ny ‘iba: INO WT | ‘so1d BN op onay ‘sojdun jo ensiy ‘sojdeN Jo rveg S1q ‘euojag ous! aq ‘sede UL. | dA-3:| _ 8 mf ;nad3 uw | doqo ----sjeq | aq ‘Jouerg op ossoyuI0D ‘sojdeN op izog ‘vezuoig olineg “sUAS “JT ‘Su[dEN ae Pe OE TAINS Ree ol rlek oto Pee Sec oe eee eo ear asin ae CENT POPU RO GAny agers TELAAG mtUnLs 7mm pmmnCeg “O88T UI S93BOH prBUOVT Aq poonp -O1JUT ‘“olle[nosuy sequIesey | ul ~~" "*~ lpi a Gasca ales (Chea eee oe TBO: | tes eso oe SS sees Wee ted ese ae Suljpesg eden “utg “T *edey "eGgT Ul JemmIey “"WAq poyBUIsiIg | yur BA 8 wmf | niq& s (6 Colo (od) APS | aps Sina eee eee en Sone nae = SoJUBN Op one UAG "YT *(ALTRA,) seyURN “90UBIY ‘SOQVUBNT i “STRQUBNY ‘STRJUBN jo ‘oAnouuostep “Ww Aq posiey e1Inoeg ‘soJURN Op o1indg ‘soqgUBN op ouR]_ O1INeg ‘suAg “OTL'L6,.L “LT ‘SejueN “"""soqUBN JO‘UAS "ZOP'L6.L “C8Z' eS. A. “99'S “SPDT ae ne ge eRe oe SSS ae) aisles yweqezyq josudg ‘“ecideq ‘“Dupy “ASZO[OUL “Og jo wnq[y Ul poqWwosed | “suo, UBA UYyOr “Iq Aq posiey Q EF a an Ba a Etat gl a ht AouenN op ouuvweyy ‘udg “y *AOTEN pas cara tae be pies a poomM jo"udAg “Iszq “494 ULDAT uo SurYysBM Jo "UsS “L869. “4994) $,UOWON 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 188 *paqios -ep you ‘gz °d ‘prety Aq poystqnd |---77 7) “sulstmoid sv wy Aq pepaes -01 ‘suo UBA UYyOr Iq Aq pestey | oul |------ “UU0D ‘UBARA, MON 7B poyBUlsUO |--- >>> iusisaeraee “SSB ‘1o]SeqoI0 jo ‘ddrjp sneppeyy Aq postey | um BA ‘90UBI yy TOIT AJOMBA SITY) PIAloeI SUIUMOG “IJV *peqi1osep JON *Ag[pury Aq paqioseqd “qi0s Mou Suistmo0id ® SB UOISSNOSIpP Ul OJ poat1eyoxy zoe -d “spt ‘arngyno -Ij1OF] JO oulzeseyy ul poysiyqnd ‘Oa ‘zIsseay qe preyo1o [equeuedxe oy} UL yur djqo “SyIVUOY b Dineal?10(oyQ) “"""ssByl SOS giles “se eesess* ToIAnog UOUIg NBBAON ‘uAg “T “OPANOG UOWTS MON *(o0ULId ) ureurtey Jo uAg “ERE 6G.“CeeFo. “LE8'69.‘SPSLSCLER‘Gh.d =“ wpULday 7g) Ma Ay See tD UIBULLOS) “Fg SUOW UBA ‘NBIANON UTBULIOD “Yg'sudg 7] “UPRULLAD YS MON a WRC Sscaas Wha hae oS oa ak ie eee as neeqyo0d Jo'uAg ‘pPEe6c‘Zee'eG a “Dad MaN *(uimg) esoy JoudS *69'Fh, HSSBW “POLES 681'SS. LE FF. HJOsVyy . Laypnasoy Buoy ma Ny BOO SRS te Tie “7 9LoMJoH JO*uUAg “GOA = “wowjoeT Mar “7 UWOARH MON JO "UA “ZLG‘TC,‘Z9G'LF. HJOSeW “Ainpag warn maar Te PS ae Aqnveg UeAB]T MON ‘UAG “2ZE‘2E, JOBRI “UeART MON . “GI “ON ddejp uss 02869. “O0T‘0S69.V “62°69. VIOHV “08‘22:‘28'29, SSRN *TTRUMON ek oe ec eae uodUsTy JO-UAS "TPZA “Nada A Laur ivy ma : 9.V “FOR! __ {WOLad WOW Jo “udgG “GOL‘26,‘ES0'GR, “GES CLL ‘99'FO.V “POSES. “LLG “F89°69.‘80F'2G. “Hunquajan 4 fo youapaay 09K Reape Ges she Sagas i ae leas NREANON OUUFOINY,p AvUTOD “uUsG “]T sanW]OD MeN DEE PRESS Naas Ta ee ee gle 68 LCL, OJFOVO AT _*SANQMON LM Dg, a eek ae laa aeetes 02869. TET'Sh. HJOSeW "FOI "eSplig MON eae 2 pd dpe g PEEL teins cineh Beare ~ gts yoossnog JoO‘uAg ‘00a “YONOSSNOT NIN Se OE ET ST Lay Ae Rae ce Td ne RR. one Sg ae "1609. VS WRIVIeEg MoN "a (ORSES gS S? = 5 ee a" Ee Saad user) SuOT JO'uAg ‘THE 6G. ‘TES Po.a “wunINpy Man SAW SA" eG SS ae sae Sa Jaliniseag JO'UAG “"[RZq “UwosIDAy aanany eat eS IIUNIIGG JO'UAG “Th6G HJOSPW “PL'SG. TISSPIN “ISzq “suosvpuLf{nany Bas ee apart, DOC eo COD AOE OUBSSBID BSPY JO'UAG “GZ8'G9,d. “auDssDaQ anan pa Selec Le a) ee Deh ea Sa SO A uBWIYOIAN vuUeAOG “UAG “y “WeUTYyoIEN nofuy jo'udg ‘goe‘eg.q * WV ‘80H ‘SLTH ‘629°69. | “S@r 25.0 “O€8'6S, “9S FS. “POT TPM [AOR “(Yotlaty at} JO) siinayy snjd In ‘(SN[q ON) Slineyy jo usg 1°16, ‘LOG°S8, SCL. LC “O0P6S.A IST TUAHM “I8td “028 WS TP. HJOSeW “99'6E.IIND “LOSE. Puen “stunayy SN)d AN G0‘ 06. TST'68, HJOV “69. LEELS, “PPPS. pease are nofay jo-uAg “000M VAA ‘OST'29.UsV ‘ROSH “SLUNaYy SN) 9AN ate Nagata ante eh Ne kT NN uO, Ny a aT aa oa ogee SINOWON 9p and ‘udg “YW “SINOWAN ne ie en a A bia a ae SION JOUIAA JO"UAG “LTT ““ajury szanr “STION To}UIM JOUAS “O6T'2U.USV “COZH “ST'TAOH “ece'6G, ‘OPES. “P8869. ‘LPRLS. “‘OSP'Gh. LOLPP.HJOSBW “LOTTE. “66128. LOT‘ES. USD "ETI = “490277 (Pp SYANT Patter ma ee ne ga ca ora a TIN JO‘UAS “FRITH ‘868‘FS.A “99'6E.4IND “2222N *1ved Jo omen *ponurjuoj—Loé6r 07 FosT wouf suoynoygnd uporwauUp Ut 07 pailafas sipad Jo sayaruor unoUY ay) fo xapur-anbojnID) 126 189 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. *pourvuun sdeyiog *pouvuun sdeyiod “TIT ‘orepsuraise iy 48 paByo1o [RQ s,uBUyONgG uy “ILL ‘orepsuruisey 48 prvyoto [BY s,uBUyONg uy “AQOLIBA ey} JO UOTUOU 4ysuy eyy sdeysEg * poy BUTS -sIp pu® poureu soAou sdvyied “poy vuTUeSs -SIp puv pourvu JoAou sdeyi0g *pawyo10 [81y s,uBuyong ~uTuefueg uy *paeyoro lek} Sueupng urarefueg uy “BOLOULY UL UMOUY O[}41] IN “uUO0D ‘ploy -J18 FT JO ‘SOTIN “W '¢ Aq poqsoduy “egg ‘Aqo100g [BAN|[NOYLOT] IyeuuPUlD Jo Buyoour yew uMoYyg “TIOIN “Aq 1Oy pourvu :suop? uBA uyor “Aq Aq ‘TST UL pesyery ‘OW “Pley -pvoy 7B WOOJUNTT AON Aq poster “G98T ‘AqoToog [BINg[NOYIOH S}OSNYOBssV vp Sutjooul 4B post -QIyxe ssor1g dvi WA Uso “60L “d ‘gggT ‘eangyno “40H JO oulzesey Aq poystand “UMOT -MON WOIJ QOUTYSIP eq 04 SuIedg suo'T ‘ACN ‘puvysy ‘UMOJMON 78 poPBULsUO Bas og s | af | mf | Tt | qo |---gcanat | ‘29. “S0P‘9¢ ABV “OS'ATUH A “SbT‘'9G.V “IS‘9¢ 10H “9L'Fg 40H JOS mresinancse na ca Reb aealecthrerdl ace ale sacral eeeenrtalingss an 0c cc NOAM. 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A “LE'7h, HJosBy «suo up, fog Re ease gee een tee inten rc en ee icy As eA eee Tad ‘ON ‘ON ‘ON “ON ‘ON ‘ON “‘puvg Jo | ‘ON “WOISStW & ON “yOu y & ON “SOT[OATN “1Z8'69.°L7¢ “SOLIN “JOATH.D TLOIN “O8e'6S. “AEN ‘TOIN 01104 ‘ION 0410 ‘TON 24100 “ION ‘(Apa “** "Seq | -100u1) slog Np ouBpUuoY ‘JOIN ABU]OD ‘[[ION ABUI[OD ‘OSOg ABUI[OD ‘T[OIN o1INeg “THON o1inog “suds *012°26,°L99°68,7E9"CL L “ISZH “1Z8°69.'979' 29, TOF Sh. ee sakret| (eg eat Ger eae a oe a ig UOSIOYOIN, JO ‘uAg PO TILTX XUeDD “‘Buypaag UOSLIYOIUNT “BUITpeg UOSLOYOIN “USS “P6 TITX XUEDO “TL9IN ur 3 SA | uf | 4143 I dyqo |---->- OW | 668M PSST TS FUSL TZ OL AON “OTLL6.°299'S8'289'GL.L “07869. “WOSAOYDIN OL atm at le rete Sl cag na ac erie a aioe ac cn] sae a CT Sh up ges eG IR oa LT°ON ddvpgudg “$6 92.0169 SSRN“ (CSSBIX) SBTOYIIN Ode pose ss AB) COS MOK oy SON Onoda eg eto an oT” ane ae aeicl eee SBIOYPIN “49 Jofessnoy “uUAG “T *SRLOYIIN lll tiated Rites eae) ee ed ed Dd ee i @SIBOIN L1UOyT ‘udg “YW asyROIN De ee SA ae eee ee ae ee eae uodue[y JO*UAg “[Ze'Pe. a quuhog ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘Neg ad "udg ‘sV'1 “LEE OS GEES A “SE TIAOH “Z9T@T9D “ZC8'69."EFFR'LSSIP'Sh.d Y99YD PY Y4OA NAN DLY) LITULM, NAN Tul ceaieaeaal Namiiwedl x saa pcaaeaselieatca hawinall cae RAM |ooiha seen cs as OIL L6‘L98'G8 CSE CLL PLGA SLS‘L *MAYTWHT A UMOPMAN “UMOJMON JO ‘UAG “OU'STT “622. S2FR T6'SEIN “ST'2E. HJOSVW “POTTER SLE‘ Ze “nan vb194 UnojnaN = | SSS Sa EEO UMOJMON JO*UAS “07869. “OGU'SG.V “PLZ Bunpaag umojnan eur 3 8 woo} nid TE, (HOO ON Po Su Nicaea = eae: NOT][BS1IBA UMOJMON ‘SuUIpoog UMOJMON ‘suAG “0Z8‘69,q *UMOPMAN Cuemeslee nc Aleeboneallsseohilea: caddie ce alecae cle eens “J3q, uBMG JO'UAG “CZP'6S ‘OOP PS. A “ZEl‘eb. JOseW ‘OO‘6eIND “bbq es unng Man ainiare oral Wiaiatecie | temo s | wate Sicilia a tlevmrsll ar oicrets Slave ate msin'| atacgrsidorere tara terete tensistels cle ae iain “"uLBIndeA Jo'UAS "28°69. “PS‘9¢, Josey = atunag buridg man 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 190 “poqiosep ION “ABO -joulog jo mnqd[y Ul peysTqnd ‘SUOW UBA UYOL ‘Aq Aq poasleyY “COST UL peng “ssBy ‘guipyoo ‘yapanyg *¥ “Sid 4q pe BUIsIO “MIO X MON jo ‘uoyssUIAIT o8pne Aq pasley “Tel d ‘epgt ‘erngpno -IQIoy{T Jo outzeseyp Aq poysyqnd *AVOLIVA ssajqqviomM sdsyied pus plo uy eee ee Pivgatg crete gens pe eo iae sae eeUSTONON if jo ‘ufg ‘OST inst amen. *TtoumasO OFM JOUAS “EST'ZOUBV “GLE _ “088'69,' ‘azuayyT D OUBDY a7}aanNON “OIA[N YG JO ‘UAS “OOOAVAA “L276. HIOV “ZZ869.A “BOCES LE HJOSVW “aLayny ajjaanony pn Lee inky ae 0 Sine on enn Caines tne odie “TEP Eb JOsR AW t010G O[JOANON OEP LG. ‘fINO.p ajjaanony 3 aa | ache. >> iar Gnmaieiinainaany sagt ‘yal minima "*""soossnog Jo ud “OLE “OOS “YINOSSNO YF 2]]IVUNONT ea ae eee aa en a “77 -904,O10d JUIeYg Jo "UAg “IOIANOG UOWIG MON JO'UAS "18aq "PEGS CEE PS A “OS TIWED) “CHS PS C8685. UV “OOP 69.0 “Z8GH *97]79aNOAT “LILUNOT UOWLY NDIANON NBO JOUAS “EOK'L6/E8S'S8.G9SGLaL “OL'T.V_ “OSG “SLATE 12869,‘ 22629. “C8E'ER STE IS. “PRESS, aed eear sae “UND “OZ ES. THR TS, “GhS'0S.' TSP ‘LF, HJOIVW “ZIG SOPUOPAAOT] « “NDapog noaanoyr TONING JO UALS “PERG, “uoLEnDyy, noaanon JoJIntiag JO "UAS “PEg'69,q “wos~Dy NDIANOAT Bd ea iia a cciaaks sjessnig Jo‘udS “‘TelTp. My ‘yajdwog sinoj-anon @UBION JOUSS “17869. “PLP‘TESL9'TS i HJOSVW “POUL 2240]0 CYC Ol a3G8 [0 Chait bs ne aa Se soars “JOUTPT VIIBION “JOUTPT OUIBION ‘suAG “7T ‘opIRION aspeul[BL JO'UAS “EZTTS,V Bull paes ULOGIBACT JO "uA See) ee ‘O110] 0[3U A) ‘uAg OLL' 160L *SHIvUlOY *ponutyuoj—Lo6l 0} OST woul suoynoyqnd uvoiuiaup Ur 0} paslafas sivad Jo “APPBNYH *aIN4Xa J, REN RE nS AR ge Soe BO pe? a ke es ODIIBJON Jo uA *2¢°@1 JIOH “JOULE AUDIO AT Se Gare cars Yan ase Re aspeuBy Jo"usg “CCT'66.d4,) “OU22pIag pL0fyjL0 NT “peTdRd ‘Jayaag pLofyj4o nN “YOrRIY JO°usS "161569. DI $2440 NT “bE QQ TTSSBIY *APUNOD YLOJION ] Rae trie SS Dee ea ee a ine ease S florvdsueg JouAS ‘*Z02'69,d *azqzazpduo ny "Seiko Fo Jleredsurg Jo‘UAg ‘“SSTUL “O8T‘APOUN UO = "JOWDbLag 11040 q-U0N "12869. “OOF 6S. A “SZS‘86LSS. JOSVW *orRduON W[OYUON Jo*UAg “TELl‘ep, Josey ‘buypaag wpoyuo jy BUuI[pa0g WOUUON “uA “H *WOyUON ZEL‘69 ‘TeRS 16,Q. “SAUON “LLO P29. ‘9}JAS10N “ali neg, Pepseg | WORE ‘pepsag yourg ‘eurery ION o1ineg ‘sud ‘OSE'ZE.M OCTSTAd "UPR ION ghee cs sept ce © aouBy Jousg “CTT ae 69. ELF 19.0, “OPE LF. qa OQ “UIDYIL10 N SBUIISIUYD JO "UAG “TLE'6C.'SC8FS. A 220.N ‘uarads J IUGANOY ‘JOON 9}JUBPUOY ‘PON op e1UBPUOT ‘TON EP OT[ed ‘TOON saidy affed ‘[aON sordy ‘sudg “TJ "JOON RON tN eee a Cee BYUBIUTESSEg JO "UAS “PPS06. PS! 68.HQ9N “809 “ON eh Tihany OER NL ee ee Te YSAOYVY JO'UAG “ChZ‘06.G6'68, HAAN “LTS “ON ‘yolluay jo ‘udg aaa a “STF 6S.068'FS.A °269'69. ‘99929, '29E'S. A “FO'TH. HJOSVAL “suopy UDA fo 6697 “ON ea) ° ° ot 5 S. ‘1vad JO aulUN sayjaiuoe Unouy ay} fo Lapur-anboyD}DQ 126 191 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. *Z88T Ul BOLIOUTY 07Ul poonporqUy “neasITBIO ST SIT} dByy sya deyund “WH *‘yenueyy yng oy ur sso0p Aq poqiosoqd 61d ‘pola Aq poysqnd “eo ‘d ‘zpgt ‘orngyno -lJ107T]T JO oulzesvy ul porvodde uoldiiosep YY ‘ezIS oSUOUTUIT S}I 1OF poyBrqelod 901} [BUIZUO > “qaodad 8 ,Aqo -l0g [BINQINIYQAOTT §=yRorquoW; ur ‘qqIy soieygQ Aq pouoluo;, "16° ‘ZL8T ‘A, QIUOW Stoueprwy Ul poysyqug “0¢a “d ‘ZpST ‘orngyno -I}10]]T JO ouIzBsey Ul poysyqng “4sU yy MoIpuy svuaoyy, aq Aq posiey “ONTBA [9411 jo Ajqvqord fursi10 uMOoUyUN JO “1g d ‘zest ‘orngyno -IJ10]{ JO oulzesey Ul poysyqng “tet d ‘epg ‘oangino -IW10]] JO oulzesvyy ul poysyqnd *OZT “d ‘GOST “TOYO. X MON [BINY 90g *‘paqiosop JON “GFST ‘WONUAATOD [RoIsO[OULOg UBOUY YON o0jeq ssorp =pB Ul [fepueA, “Iq Aq pouo!UeP url (0 lows | rsa goo | nad | [ur | d[qo ssesss"""qpy “eyuodo oyng yo"‘udg “92% *(A]QO0I100UT) 72uU069 ‘C9869. “ZEU'ZEM “bed = “JauuouboO (u3Q) eee tasninte TEL‘Sh, HJOSBWy “4S ep a[R10yseg Steisys Se Eie onic o1Inog 1ejsvq JO‘uUAS “TPC. DAMN ‘9/DL018Dq Nve1VYy 11407 ‘ejeinojsvg ‘suUIOgNy,p o}tesny_ ‘uuiny -ny jo odidavg ‘sudg “Ter‘ep, ‘1926, HJOSVW “ZZI‘TF.SPUZEM “EILId | *e[t104std Sey De eas pn ye = caag ese rep erere Soo 08820. UAXAUVD “OOOATVAA “s09sT Rae mate gg ae) JeejsBq aQourVs1eg ‘UAG “YW “foes 62869. “STSTS. A LET‘LS‘TIL‘Sh, HJOSBWY *OATPIRE, assed pest gree Saat se See IELEh TJOSVN “OLE M *oujojaprw assed Zu07T ossvg joudg ‘6EZ'bS,V “9620S, Josey, ‘“spig buoT asspg SP ere ae a Snpaie Sie)0 Sinica sas mien Eley sO [OHNE ALA Gis ty eC oO Oneal ‘RUBSSBIO ossBding ‘“eUBSSBID oneN ‘suds ‘OFT'CO.HANM ‘00.08 VA ‘68IL,HSSVN “628°69.0 ‘eUUSStID asst IBUIJOD sss¥q JO “UA 62869. “96'ZEM [Old “LNaUuiA 4DULjOD assvg 7 ers as eee (‘SJoq) rBwyjoD essvg yo ‘uA “[g7q “wnibjag Jo 4puLj09 assDg feet as eee OS EP “""""""TBUITOD essBg JO'UAS “[Sz‘FeZT “NDIANON sLDUL]OD assDg "wes “"-"-onbsny Iewyog Jo udg “67869. ‘auwony.p anbsnyy 4pWj0) assvg vtttrrerrsseresssonbsnyw IBUOg Jo usS “62860, ‘I8ed ‘anbenyy soujog asspg 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 198 UNO) “TIT U04 -o[pueg Jo ‘YIOX ‘si Aq posrey “uuo/ ‘UdAR FT MON ‘uosiopueg jonueg Aq postey “ssByy ‘oulyyoorg Jo ‘yoy yng “Vy *S “Ad Aq poPBULSIIO *poqtosep JON “‘yenuey qini oy} url Ss8o0yT Aq poqtosog *S4ST] [BITT WOI}RIG JUOUTTIOX Gy STOUT] [TT OY UT “A CN ‘1ajsoooy ‘onsoreyvo ‘solIg UMOIG UL poyLiosop JON “PSST ‘Aqoloog RoIso;oulOg UROLIOWy 0} ueWMaysy “Iq Aq pojrodoyy BOS ge. naid wifoo| As ur na furp | asa oss 1k fur | niqAs sur | dyqo ur ht emer 4 um | 4qor ut AO ur AO Pen Os)) Pee CLULO a) : “mopOTPUdT JO uAS *T12'26,‘89C'GS,‘ESC'GL AL ‘OST'ZL. 10H *F9'TL: “SAV *TE8*69.C8S'2S. “SOP'6STSEPS OL “1GE'SP LOBBY “YLOA hpLogy 8 WoJa;pUagT PE Se “77 "HILO AVY S UOPo[PUOT “UAS “TST “eOP‘6S.‘Ose'FS.al *wOojerpuog oR RS. SSR’ Gee UU "eae aie hk Capp ks ie ae Seen EN ge ae 1€8'69.q “Wosloptleg RSet SO RANG SH PE SEE SSB Rr ee quepueg Jo'uAg “Tel‘ep. AJosvW ‘punpuag isis creme islets sin)siesaias!=)e\ sis sis feiclese) circ jel@\e lov cai ae lot ota tes Sea quepuoed Jo'uAg ‘“pgid ““opuag “quepueg op o10g ‘prepuog ‘avpuog ‘reod soAvuyy ‘ivog Sumsunyzsudg “y -quepuog syuBg [Riou ‘UAS “TEs‘69.d “08'S VIAOHV “Z6UIIT‘2eITHJory ‘woprquiog TOUSST[Od [BYOABY “TOISST[od [BVYOoIe “suUAg “"T “JOTSST[Od SS area ea une Ske a RRO Obs. PEs tea ns Sean Oke wees OSS Sh. HJOSVW "ployed eg atlas doses rsocescedecccccsreccss"=""""919UTOd ZOAGN ‘ZoABN “suds! “7 “SIMO Dated tawatont tp Sows TERT DIES REST SST ORES ES TE ESee OUR TOM TAR Se OZ BT @sEne Tes rareeeed) BOSSES tik tl DLL la eae are LOMO TOUAS “JOGA aoue eases clan [ poyeututes “SIP pus pourvu toaou sdeyiod) "‘OON.OAVAIA “9T'IGUAXAUVO °4 ON Saag “rood Jo uAS “28T‘96.HIT “OBK.OAN “OLT‘6S.HSIM "Z8‘98.H'PUL “Eg ‘ON S.Laffag [-poyeututes “SIP pue pourvu toAou ATQRqoId] “OOOAVAM “OST‘96.UWAXAUBO “GON S.laffag ~-- [po7BUrUossIp puw poursu toaou ATqeqord] ‘“9el96.MAXMURO "7 ‘ON S.Laffag ““SUTIpoog S,loyod “EON S,toyod ‘suAg “00.0 VAH “ood ~~ see ee ee eee eee a OOdad “SSO[II0g “LP8°69.0 “Buypaag s.yoad (i fiend I In) tt i emi tina) (GTi | nenalanemininasigicnibg one” cicieis choarisiclsi\eicis/='-\> isis -iai= =)-in/-i<)=\>/siclniais/= pantera ress - PLES. oped Ba Tee aah ca] Disa etek | (ie ee aed Ula ena ee cated TTA Ul (aD SOT IE TaN A Ne I i eae “*"TOSIBOd jo ‘uAg "MS ‘“LDad § JUN Uosipvad “POST Wy Nea MH ICAUIY Weise] peaks NCo Ly oF WlicHay fry gig) ESCH OIC cro DOES fe SS IOS IO CIS Fcc [o OO COC EISEN OO Wc CCC DD SCOR RE OF Se nOR er Obie nO SBOORO -"* Ie0g §4uny, none ‘udg ‘YW pes k MSPS Sess se smear liessisi mei Se oS | shessersie |[sieies alesse lise isin e,efepe, =| (sunnla heeiaie (mises sisie ele sinero ii Binns scolo) 2 sin ace fetal ais eurqoy jo'udg ‘Tel‘zem “hoy wag “uo USI JO ‘Mole A ‘AW AQ ze é Dene cuneate Sp cHI08 - ul (EANRO 0S fel EOS COO I SSS SOCIALE RODEO HS OGIO OIC OOD SIO OR OST Fpl [are ae Ie SSSR ODS SOG IR ODIO OCIN ES AEC ct FO PE. 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CO meu 6)e eee aéfetamanfeeecueiuwutpeGienecesolenaccensicace comekn{AbouwieaGatahene was pS eres) «toll 7: jo ‘uhkg SELES ‘eld “nDI)DY Md as lan ave eee we pe Se aa lesa wake of Sic 2 SS SA eae REA a ies ere ATOATOY JO UAS “ZPEEM “OIA “ULO Mad wees tee we ele ween eleweeee weaeieae Ba [nisie =e) eietnieleip isic/@)| 0) SeIa\eleia) tsi -ieieiainie = -ima/¥ * Se EAE O Me IOLU CLO Gh TO SUG "POL'69.C -anbsnpy MId Serien | Rete SEROEE | Pasar [ctetteslsceees|scetees|eeeeeeeteesteeteeescrteeeseeseeeeesteertenstees* "angen ONE JO UAS “I8GH “ASTIN TACT epee A Sue 9) w/e ee 4 sites on |in/ei emia inj) sie/*' mG) eie\ ein wins ms aeeiin sete) nie eae == ive tele SS ROMT RIOT PAW 10O.-LAG PROC: SUALOM YDS TY ope PEE Ie SS w|-neeee|eseeee|esecees|eceeee|eeeeeesfeeeceseer|ecseeeretereceeeeeerees = *198TU) JO “WAG 5. “SpROSNIY pining IDOeNAL BIT “FVOSNW OWT JO'UAS “ZCh‘6P.LOE'FS. A “PHE'9SCOC HE UBV “6EC'PS. VW “ZO8'60.“LLE SB eal, Sees: chs dlcoeped| oe eal Al ead cs seecc os ‘L9.OPE'Sh. A “OS'LS, ‘Shh. FOREN LIT TH6C1'CEM “Old “LL “MosnY Mad oe 2S) 6 aS a | Ne Ra | athena || acl asa bell ali aac he amen PS eam enor E OL NS | *969'69,.0 JaUUDYyoL N19 ‘oysonTivW Jo usS “eCCWHV | “198'L6.'L'18, HUB) “6P'LL.V “b OE ES. A cuits | Wa oe "G8C'68'SL. MON “TeTAed *112°26,899°S8,'289'GL.L “PLOLVWOHV ‘a4anbsoW aad garden ol ee WOYL Journ Jo"UAS “891'697.0 “Sd “IT pomdg amad BASU ROBO Di 0 Nig ocoms enorelligcs ai runlevel Allee alc Le. cy sg | ebepunpeae madaatiaaeaincarenmaper ss STs: 2a? Te OPS LFAIND ‘eWEpeW ossyny eed NORE SISOS Go I ORCI OIC OO ue IOP SICH a as SC ay 0[0SS8R9 yo “udg "1EUZE ‘Ted *9])9]088D) IMad Bab dhe cee eo ae yonbuv[g oa Jo "udS *Z08'69., “8EI'ZEM “LI “ananbunig aed ici pment es a **-AOssyUD JO USS “OOL'6I.CL “SCILd "492 (P I44NIT Md Se (OCR IOI CIC In) Rat ir iy ee COT narsece = $elae Ser OTa coin jo uAg C9169 (00824. *“1VDL09 Mad path |e ree oe ii ie ee inn mnele quodng ‘uAg “ZhZWHV ‘OLT‘P6.218T *Uo}suyUUeg wee eee le ee Be wlewe ed ee es wee ewe ew ewe eee weeeee wee ee ee eee “OouUT jo ‘udg OST ZL, 4401] onuuad ‘SSN PBOITIBIY “CN ‘UMOJUOpIOg Ul poywUIsO | we | 3aA-3| ds |ufoo) nik ul qor |"""""¢'N | ‘10zBIg ‘IBveg 10449Ng IO JosBIyT ‘SUAS “CT‘66.V “TES‘69.d ‘“SeE'sc's9 10H 1 *uueg “ONTBA ETAT] JO ATGBqorgT *Z98T ul Aoro'y AQ poqiiosoq “ssulypoeg “TIL'L6,'89¢'98,8S9'CL.L “I8td “TES sqysiuy “vy ‘souL iq Jo oug | [A | 3 s | foo | 183 | wr | ao |--*--Buq | ‘69,‘eeS'26. “S0P'6S. ‘O86 FS. A IST'Zb'SZl'eh. HJOSVN “POT TP L60'2e. MM *ATWJeRUeT Sic fa ey la co Fiabe Pigs SCL in) teh rhe Fook itil ae uoppoys Jo"uAS “16'ZO.USV “LPE6SE8e'FS. A LSS OH “pyayuad 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 200 “6g. ‘Zest ‘erngino -I}OH Jo ourzesvyy Aq peystqnd *punog woudy your -SIP SIY} Palepisuod SurmuBy ‘I, *puy ‘Aqunco ureuyng ‘aesey Usqney UM pox eUIsIO ‘T'U ‘ModMoN 78 poyeulsug ‘9? 'g ‘zIssusy 48 pavyoio jejuoulliedxe 044 uf *paq|tosap 10N ‘ed ‘Biqdjepryitgd iveu poyeulsii9 “PES Ul AqoI00g [BIngNoMWI0 IVBUUIOUID JO Zuoeow ye uMOYg “eq ‘wrudjepepad ‘UspiIVy s,UlBIJIVg Ul poVUIsIGO *SYIBUIOY "oIN4XOL, tt ee eee ee eee eee eee ste qonbarg jyourvsieg us “UW ‘yonbordg SPSS SCC “"aqsTuBqiy Jo uAg “T2869, “ilanboig nveunoy, JouAS “Z6L'Se. TUN “wap 8 bujsayor1d peat hapes Goes punog jo uAg “Ges'69,q “wapunat 8 Busayord SEERS EEG SOG CrIoG punog Jo uAg “Ges‘69,'2ES' 29. “OPE 6S. PES'hS.A “MDI Hursayorg NveuUoOL Jo-uAS “SPP. “LOL'ES.AUOD “6ZLTPAISTEM “Outuayorg crete retest ete ee eee eee eee UspIVA\ ‘UepIv A Ystsug sudg “Zor‘e,,.y “Suployorg PaO atlas chess, Pets -eoms Cee se ae A a MQ ee £8869. “BLOPOT BRS p22 “-wuedongd Joudg 02'16.SH(O)0 “puaodonyd “*sU9A01S JO “UAS *698'69. “92g dintd OTN Jo uss “go'eL.V “seIdeq ‘sa0p dunyd qoddifiggd yournsiog ‘ug “y “yoddiMa es ae Gaile Se Naar eR ie ao i Ra 2 wae te ae Se I TIC) so0H Jo'uAS ‘TTL 26.‘899°G8,ES9'CL,.L “SO TL SAV “POP‘6S.A “7Sza “ee8‘6o.‘Ses'z¢.d “sa0H addyyg ‘OLINeg Iojsvgy JO UALS “OST'ZO.USV “LLEA “TES'6S “LIS'bS. A “TSL'69.'87h‘L9.'Ser'Sh. “O9L'IPM ‘“S61'Ss,1Uuen ‘sanbog ap addyiyg Rage fe Se gee ris See lsicis essojfed JO'UAS “TI2'26.L ‘P89'69,d ‘assofjag addyiyg pecs Speke Seis ssialesesieieicisisisies sistele aksrcs Riclelc aia a aaah ZL'E8.OJFOVOA “AMaIVANoD dIW| Vga? peak: roaches “eee BIydepeliyd JO'uAS “pOP‘bS,A “YyoT viydjapypiyd ‘Youe’T viqdjepeyiyg ‘(Ajsnoouo.19) yourrds10g esuvig ‘qovey ‘suAg “1h'26,'060'S8,'BL6CL.L “IS'LL.HBO “PLZT *E8‘69.‘PES'L9.d “SOP‘99. ~USV “6EE'9S FIND “O6T'OG.‘G8T‘FS.V “SOF 'FS.1I0H “TOPS. HyosvW “erydyeperlyd ““punod jo'usg “€2Z'e8.0JOVOA ‘09'C3.0SHN ‘E8'Z8.HBI “4H ‘auuqpuntg i ie i i i i i i a eee i i i ars yovog jo “uAg *Te8'69.C IULLQYIIS AY J ““""Teqsopd Jo'udg “Ter AIMHM ‘mopvayy 8 .ajsar [pes csc sito ra epee ok, 0) Neg ecamna MOPBOP, §,10]S9Gq JO ‘udg "YM «cosa EC Wait ins oa SSOiaeee aS" “OUPPIM JOGAS “OVWOTVAA ‘amay wyosb2nf/d Si eine i ea Sa Se ea ee Se Se Seeger ee i ‘ONS Jo ‘udg “09169. UEAe a *883))D]9T C1'66.V “SLh'L6,'962'98,'8LC'SL.L “OLA “OSTH “S08'IS. “08 ‘LE HISStW “FOF‘6S.08E'FS.A “POTION “€9z'08,"CLT'Lh LOH, “ZE8'69,‘G89'ZC,'C0F Sh ELLP CTL Pb PS SEW “CSP'ES LEP‘ LP CBSE LEP LE HJOSVW “POL'TP LOU ZEM *01}0d Son tS ala ig me rages ee a youuvor Jo UAS "899'69, “Bld “WDA “IS Mad pica aed sang teie hy IOAIBH JOUAS “LIT TPTEEZEM “Bld “wDIL IS Mad * ‘SUNOU JO WAS “TTL'26,'899°S8,'ESG'SL.L “SCA “PCP‘S. ‘G69. “9F8'69.TST'LE EHEC. “LATE AUD “TE'CEM “OWd “/]9Ssnoy Md *1ved JO oWIeN “‘ponurywoy—Lo6l 07 FosT mouf suoynoyqnd unowaMmp Ur 07 paslafas sunad fo sayawor unouy ay) fo xapur-anbopDpDD 126 201 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. ‘XA UN ‘Sjgunop uojuayo ul poeyeulsug9 ‘a[qRilsop jou A[qvqord |" “upBuR,y) ‘oJU0L “OL “UOISUTTIAM WY eU0Ig UWL *purlsuq ‘uojsBur “Hd Jo ‘surent A ugor Aq pasrery ‘ZEST UL BOlLoury 0} GSNOIg “9109 7B SJOI SaTQCUN][BA JON “paqiiosep JON “uuog ‘AjuNOD pur -JOL, ‘BIQUINTOD OJ pouTRTD WISI *suoI?B4s QUeUTTIedxe STOUT 3B SMOTeT[Oo [RII} OG. UT “GOST UL poonp -O1JUL ‘oouBIy ‘oUDsIOANY UISIIO “peqiiosep JON “BUTUMO( “ayy sAus ‘Aqenb url eyqvwea A19\ omens s ufp nad peppers signa eas Fuypoog sawl[d “WAS “ESE “PLA “PESO. CLI. “VPI Ge LL TSS | “)aNBNTE a Sore hg ne ee “TTT 9CTLY “OOTLVUOHV “pE8'69.0 “Jouesujurid "XT Ad Jo ‘udg "ege'e8. “11 2'26,‘899'98.“899'G2.L "bOR6S. A "SL AHAH ‘“OOSIIMHM ‘XT snd ‘Wado ‘udg A ‘OPE LP.AMO “HE8'69. 62929 ‘HORSE. ‘alpyy asspd ing 811 fafelewleMintow =illowe iw wie clive dnt alataisle a ire wine ile! wiar= alelialae'p a's Wa jousg “eelipeM ‘aoyy oUM0Ld 8.1 ‘WWd Jo°usg “TTL‘26,‘69°C8..L ‘“Z8ZH “ISTH ‘“€2F'6S.‘S68 SE aa ta, ‘PS. SES PSV “OPE LZE.AIND “PE8'69.'6L9°29.FOR'Sh. 99 PR SSP “921040 $Id “Wd JO UAS “8SP'6SRGE PS. “RG ee ‘PS “GETPSV “9670S. HIOSBIN “OPE'LEAIND “88°F, LISS ‘O8SINOT ALD § Nid *(A[QoaL100UT) OSINO'T Le sseding ‘ope osseding "BUA | SAU ‘OMB OYMOLd SAU “OYNOId SAU “Ostno'yT oeW Said ‘sudg "T “Hid poco ws evens Pe ---"-pT'CS. WIRD “WOSHa ‘uoyseuyt Jo'udg ‘“6ZIS0, HUB “ZhEIL ‘ees TUM pS” "g0668.L “SC'TL.V “6L8SL.USV 88869. ‘awmazynobuy .p assayonq UojsDULj “UOpSBUI}T JO'UAS “6SCNHV “OOOMVAE 966 ‘16. HJOV “L888. rats “TTL‘26.‘899'S8.899'CL,.L “OS'LL‘OPLEGLV “GES TIAHIOLV ‘“ssayonqd Uojspupg ‘@ULIOTNOSUY ,p ossayon(y UOYsBUIyIY “---Zugq | ‘ssegondg uoqsvurytg “sudg “6¢ZWHV ‘6180, UPD “ZI'20.0JOSAA “woe “‘plojzid “UAG “6kC'FS.V “IST “-- "Bag | ‘Op, ASStIN “967'0S.‘TEL‘eh. HJOSCW “OSTTE.M “99°68. 41ND “LET'S. 1U9D “NON SSH Se ae SISSY Oe ag See ema COON ICL S/T RR Ses ee mmoyyg JouAg ‘OSUZEM "409d ploffid Pee gE Oe | RES a OSES TSE SS ole SORES ensiy Jo-uAg “09°69. “LaId 9779/0781 I TS a OIA ERO Oar O}JOUIUIVE JOUAG “TZ “WLDJY 3)/0L17 Sra Rial Shae lS ons ae ie epee ©) Sb Siva ais eater ae eS See ee -gonbig eyjourssiog ‘udg “T ‘yonbig FS RIO i NO i i OE OC OO I OI gw neouuoy, Joudg ‘“gppep,q ~“4adid ee ee ee punog jo udg ces'69.d “OPE 6S, ‘PSE ES. A sadid ae tl re Se aie 2 eee, cee eyuepuoy Usijyolyy Uog jo “udg “POL'69. “aIUuoid [fetes sw er ge = XI %Mq jouwhs ‘zea “XY Od et ete SS dye a al| oe ela, we iieieta aaa Wo Salis aU\wiewie whe wile sss anim ap alee CWC. nos ae ae ow ne IST Sh, HIOse *[osuld “OSSNY S,UBUITTIS ‘Nolpes11A “NOTBSITA reurumg ‘oouusg ‘uouRqe'y ‘UoIqey] ‘seAvin ‘euojezueqg AjIeq ‘Uojsog “‘suAg “POP6S,A “Gh 26.°F26'S8,963'SL.L “SISHWNH “6ST IIIAHJOLV “€e8°69.d “0L'79%, “UMD | “FS°8G.V “TIZ‘GL.OLT6G,‘Z8FELPVOL' 8G. 410H “E0S'S¢, HJoseW “fFOE'Sh. AND ‘oomUuld ‘ouuaAO(T OU M JO UAS “E8T‘Z9, USV recta tetae “POCA “9EE6S.‘ZE'FS.A “SS'TIAOH *088°69,98h°LE,82E°SF. “96T'SE, AUED “409d UIT a IT a ah a ie ek kA ah he el a Ivuljog esstg Jo"UAg ‘OfTIg *“LDagd ajddy auig SCOT OCT at cb cen cle ce enna omer) ac” Ra qivyould stuoeyT “udg “JT ‘yaeyoutd [peauer se: igbhileaaGegoss aaa seec tee tier os aca “"-"""" 60298, HIL ‘NGS RGERSISEL [ororecc cect crsccccessccccscescoss -ORsBInoOT, JO UAS “OOO VAM. “aSSDINO], 2419¢T Bor pine dc'| iG OUR Ea ~ gngaCaea a xneausiorjo‘uAg “0O,.0a VAM “Lnvaubs a119ig Se Guta ER (OC iin © SEES seine Sat aTouIOD JouAS “O0N.OAVAA ‘ajtaUdog a4t9id ee Gegeh It i Rage Sean iS See ALI JUIVY ‘BIIIg VI ap Izog ‘elelg VI eptseog ‘uAg “J ‘alld Dag JO UA “eze' Lp, HJoseyy “burprag 8 .a0491d Se ee ee seca a bes Cre pe ETE cae oe eee rete wee Raed Sutjpseg § d010I1g “udg “WU «+S "XI SNIg ‘XI olg ‘sudg "Bod | “ees‘69,ceo'ue.d “1ee9S, UFV “18'S, WOM “oss, WJOSV “1Z'e¢, HSSPN “XI Md 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 202 ‘paqlosap 10N “OULBS ey? Alqissod {dsog 07 aByrutts Ala A 7777 geek ae ee tee ae a ee as cae cae *oraT Aq poqiosaqd “q)0SUIOd “YW *f 10] pourvu So ‘g ‘euvuUog 4 peRUIsIIGO ‘ssBy ‘Aournd 3B poz RuIs09 “19d ‘Ogst ‘Aqor0g [eanginoys0 BMOT JO SUOTPORSUBL]L UL poysT[qng *poqiiosap you ‘9/2 -d ‘preg Aq poysiqng *"SyIBUl9 yy *oIN}XO J, ‘nol wow Jo'udg *T12‘26-‘699'GR.‘e99'CL.L ‘OLE 99°69. 96926. “SOF 6G. ‘TSE'FS.A “Te'eo MOH “OZLTE.M “Leld “auDpuogy,.p a1t0g “-"-Yste,yT JoUAS “FR1'29. HSV “LES‘6S. A “OStA *092‘69.‘8EF'L6.d “Aang as.0g 5 tisgsieleiots nsesacinere stele\ngey BYUBYOSSBA JO"UAS “[6Z'F6,HUBO GxI‘TS,HSSBPW *3419 2120q7 pisscoic\ ae Siccciciesmiss "= sek pola [esn410g JouAG “87869. “OF 6S. 9272UAYD aLl0g Pisiastiiy Rial ale. sveieieleaiBinss =/Tie o\S os jcieceicieia x ieee WUNIBW UBA Jo"uUAS "QIZT “LNOfPLD) aL10g arte Sahai ges acl aise ieis!seie ie Tinie ieee, ake a ela ee eee ire gee ae a 68SLTS HSSBW *else1ey a10g \ eas arcane ey sete prec CRASS qneyiig Jo"uAg “yTe'c¢, HJoseN “ynD//iwg au0g lesen Uae eae aot ae qyouoovig JouAg *101°69,q ‘Jouidy .p 10U0IDL Gg aLi0g [ESS eetsase ac acacia siRicieiase ite Seis ests aie pesseg Joudg “zg[‘ApouqUModg ‘auag aLi0g levee Brame pediys esuero jo uss “67869. “OST'ZEM “GI *Sayono Wy Cnv aiog ee ee a eed AvuIyIAe jo “uAg "T1969. "LLOA ‘NDILLOT feeesere nee mchalaiain emis asa ear icine Sei east or [eilupy Jo"uAg "991d "DLW YP 40g een we Sate a i a enbyesuy Jo'uAg “ZPUZEM ‘6d ‘anbijabuyp aviog ha eae eae og : SSR SCeES Se : ee tes etctes ata alatars erase pe a aiete SIP FS 10H “oT TIMopuy 0d IF Re ce > AJ AdueH Jo-uAg ‘O82 “06869. “O8ZH “LOGE. “spuDUP atlog Nicer oh a 80.p SBUBUY JO UA “EZe'6o. GEE FS. “GPE Sh. “sSDUDUp allo “q19QOY VISNW JO'UAS “T8SH “Sap‘6S.'L6EFS. A GLE LOVES. AU “OSCE M “ltd ‘aulay 0] D anog *S18'69, SLZ9° 29. “TPE Sh. * [eeereis gonburig aT Jo uA °208'69.d “BLZA1 “SCUCEM “LITA “819 0) D ALOT | [BoD Jo -uAg “Garbo. 'C6E FS. “GLL'69' PLE LG OBESE. “161d "J49QOD VD allog eke Oli eG iter ge ICICLE aAq aqnog jo‘udg ‘stig ‘@nah nap 0 a0g [riscisicissarsin'ss nicks SSCs Saisie ris sain minialsate soe pepvey{ OMT Jo°uAG “6ZIq ‘'8ajaj Tnap DaLI0g aaa ce a ee ogee ew Re te Pcs xXnoY 9p Ie[eJUloOg slIneg ‘uAg “YT ‘s[[ewULOg Se ee a PT ee BNET Ee SENS Ee On Rs ET 061'29.V “4yoSUIOg “TILL6.699°C8,ES9°CL.1, “L6'SL.HSSBW ‘SOP'6S.A “PL2H “PES 69. CESS. “SSTFS.V “S8'FS.410H = “FLF‘6S. ‘FSGS. GES" LF. HJOSeW PUNT RIO’ ee Oe ae Yoossnog JouAg “ZsT'c.USV “PES'6S‘SIS FS. "LOEW “yjnowhiT ‘JosuRyoIy JO UAS “TTL'26, 69E'G8, “E99 ‘GL. "COZ'89.91OHM “OTF6STSEFS.A = “TLSTTAOH “ShLOP. TiJosBW “227s Dbqunjp Be ee ee aa ee ae ee | Josuvyoly Jo ‘uA ‘OTP‘6S.“ISe'FS.a *2a78vbn07 7 ee or? ck ae mS oe ae gigas er aes a ee “2**"Mysold ojJoulBsIOg uss “YU “mMysold ‘Jasuvyory youdAg “T6869. “S84'S8..L SCH «ISTH «= “OTF 68.“T8EFS.8 "G6GOF. HJOSBW = “88'Sh., HSSBIY *197SDbquojig {a Sse ig alg ae aja sieis ma erie Se iene Sipgriries soe See SISSo[q Up ofleg “UdAgG “TJ ‘SISSOId aah SSE MESSE SS Oe ea ie ‘Say UBM JO'UAS ‘OGMd “YOnp,p 21107 pene yee Broqmery JOrudg “gyZ'2ze,f UD “OCT IP SSE OM “O4oquiad yp 9.410 Se oe ER RR ies Soe bare CUIM) UetQeIyO UOg Jo‘UAg “pgs’69.d ‘a42D0IYyJ0d ¥ .p 410g Piette ie sre atalalelee) etateaa 6, ales punog Jo‘uAg “0¢'ep,{HJOBRN “SCIP, ‘D10bu py .p a1t0g CUuIM) Usto14) Uog JouUS —“FS8'69. “SLS2ZE.AUOD “CTH OST'TEM "G61d_ “98200U yp a410g POO Se ae ee a Sad oe 01.10] 0|/3Uy jo ‘uUAS “GcId “ath OW VP LUO arrose aig mais bien oho) SIF oo 5S SS SSS SS ge ae Josuy Jo°udg ‘SIl‘tpM ‘“Gtld ‘9bup.p at0g eee ee BURUY,P O11Od JOUAG “g27'2E,TUOH “OSTIPISUZE M “SDUDWY .p 2410q Fe Shes eae So ea a ane eee ene e IVUI[OD BSSBq Jo ‘UAg “OLIId “SDUDUY,p 2410g SE 2 SES SS matte nti ees SBUBUY Pp W110 7 “udg "91728. Ue *RURUYy, Pp lod paca nelqd uow jo'udg ‘"Ty¢'2¢,‘esech.d “PULETTJOSeN “Leld “ANOW yp a410g tie | cis” aad wrrrresss"punod Youel yy, Jo ‘usg Wd *ANOUL p .p aL400qT oI he Re ae = Se 92 EO UL Ye TO ‘udg “66969. “1ldd “Anoul yp ast0g “| BUIp -1N) Jo UAG “gzs‘Ze,TUeH “ESTP T6U'Ze.M “(Aoaropy “JY JO) 212 Vroane "410q0 qeosnyw Jo ‘udg “OPTS HOSEN $s eaters qerqty_Jo “uss “T88 FS. 1 “AIQULY ,P 9410 *ASLOQUL YY ,P 2110 “L141. TU) “OREM “Wd UMOIE JO “T "OSE'FS.A | “O1L'69.'TZF'29.°258°Sh.d "T12'26.699'S8,e9S'SL.L ‘“C8Gd "829'69,'SES'29.C “GOP ‘E9869. ZO‘O0T'ES OSPF 6E ZS, HIOSTIN "COTTAOH, “6STIS.HSSBW °1949) VP 410g ee selseese se aelse nse mee ATT TOA ISTO IQ VP ALT . » i A i —————o Sti ( NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 204 “GOP ‘d ‘GEST ‘VION Woay uodtoseq. “paqiiosop 40N ie eae cs «424449446 108885 70 uUdg “*2Z'LE.TUOY) ‘ajsaynig ap aod lg ae a sooo sess"c-ouTeInosuy JO ‘UAg “LE68. CVE ‘srpuzpundy sap anog ; Toten ‘ouuoAO oF M JO UAG “EgT'z9,UsV “GSITAOH «“9er'LG‘SL8'Sh.d “9GT'S8. AUD “Epld ‘wnaubag ap aod get ee IOV |[--raseseeecececeeeeeseeceeeeetecssecrerrerser sees -EnE ge iH “SIMoog xXneq sop atl0d *‘SIMOssBYyO Jo “UAS “ZIL‘L6, | ‘oases ‘ece'eLL “C8C'6LGA “SEL'69.'98SLE. “Obe¢ HJOseW “sunasspyQ sap a.110d ee eae ES 7S eae eae aAg “JeId “INILADYD SAP ALL0T pe Cree eee a eam Peete) 0 SOL TUN aero) ‘uAS “2ZeId “TNIMIDYD Sap sdupyg9 Sap ALl0d inne s+" ca anale ace Sen aren ete gts De YStute] ce ufo) “L Ag ‘GIGId «S10 g Sap ALOT pshaeee jocrtrtr er esesessossss sarod qureg Jo UkS “OZL'TP SPICE M ‘adad JULDS! ap aujog *“Cumng) osoxy jo ‘usg a | “SCH “PEP'6S.“668FS.A *898°69.‘E8S'L9."ChE Gh. “ZEL'ZEM | “SEld + “asoy ap anog ee ee pire ointea ai raduenpretemMinirs real aR StS ae 7 CRITTIR ( g uAg Zlild ‘aaL0p ILO Bigere os (sultdg)} Uslem9AOg Jo'UAS “GOP6S.A “STA “SOS“GO'FFSLG. “sduapus ap aL0og PR SIRISS Sata PR RT BS Ietaln lala ete oi Tsirieic tees tea) 2 aan tegele cori OUI OL JO‘UAG “GEIq ‘UL ap aLl0g peice ieee tari eed od ae oS OLA aoulig Jo 'uAg “2E8°69.d “OST'ZE OM 20UM ap aod Srossissttarsssiers | srein\sisiszg:aiaisie\ ele) taiaicis) einictair Glskeeiae ine apatata sia east oRonee 4seltg Jo ‘uhg ‘S0TId (249d ap a0 i i a es Id}oI J jo uss . rae IF.M EVER Pe ap IL Chipeta ietien rite ee hare OS eel OL rea COS ea BOD ulsnsny jo “uss FIld ‘asld apanog Si laa Vgc lee a de aS <*--ysture,g fo Ug “09L'6X.d “Cl@td “18lad ap aLlog Toor tessa res sssessssssssssss"-gyouekeg Jo UAS “2pE'6S ‘FESS. ‘SBI “pLobiwag ap au20g moitisisisisinaie |e eo SiS sine oo ek Se a eae Duet TO nA Seep Ole et DUD rita Dial LOry: ‘ayouoAB ‘fiouahng ap aog ‘Pol “woubio .p aod ‘SeIq ‘“UOUbO .p a0g ‘98id “JNID Pp aL0T “saj]dDN Ip allo ‘SUOWT ap alo *SUOW OP 0110 POCL pan wee “1S‘Sh. HJOsVW “861d ened eras oynpyory jo “udAg i i a ns (tang) OSOY jo ‘uAg Bate ae igi ne ae a OE eae s3q UBME JO‘UAS “6TL'Th.M t, paR ea ORC eS. Sapa os ee Al qjueT JO‘uUAS ~¢ 4 7D: | “SLId einseiele’ataisia wie Seieielet: elnusia)s Sin isieisieie echoes nee yoteqjodg Jo uAg “eT ‘TAOFT Pie SS. cna yeas 68°CS. HOSP “6ST'IS. HSSPW “OST'Th. | Told JO 'UAS “S4B 18. AU “OST‘TP.“68U'CEM “Uojayy ap au0g Be ro Eee DAES ee TR Ra Ee OFS ZF. "JouuOg "WW Op e10g Siete RNA SMR ERAS es eee Le (umsg) ssoy jo usg “Seiq ‘aYysDIY ap aod ‘UIBANOT Jo "UAG “614ZH “18°69. 198'FS. “OPE'LF.AIND = “PE1‘69.“O8F29,E8e'SF. “OST Th Z8T'E. MS S0ZId “UNDANOT ap al0g Si siteicie cy eye cinistelesiaisis)s/sinisis/elnie Sia oer -ieTaieanre punog Wouely jo ‘udg “LT Tid ‘a4avy ap and ‘ouUdAOG OITA JO “UAG ‘088 69.0 “ESTZOUSV “GSITAOH “6lz'F7CT «“96TeS.AUeD ‘epg “UWOUlnT op aLlod Rat gicecaps mec Ce eRe souuoAO1g JO'UAG ‘“68T‘GG¢, HJosRy ‘souualody ap sa0ap ALOT ~--oulde'yT Jo uAG *ZT2'26.699°G8."ESC'GL..L “Z8CH *108'69.“989‘2¢. ‘guida'T ap 9407 ey “osmno'y jo ‘udg “GST‘29, Uo V “6¢°TAOT] *hassof? op aLl0 I jo-udg ‘0gs‘69.d “2786S, ‘PEe'hs.0 “SIP ULO YY *91N4 Xo L, *1vod Jo ouleN *ponuruw0j—/oéT 02 FOST woif suoynoyand upriwaup uri 07 patiafas sivpad fo sayjaune unouy ay) fo xapur-anbojn}n9 126 206 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. | ‘TRIN Jo ‘dg SA ee SOE fhe Et ak sk S| Ma aca srtfessessesss| sppetoo a “TOT'ZG, HIOSBIL “GST'TS. SSP “OPE LEAIND “OSTTP.Z8T'8.M MIN 940d ‘ouuasog og Jo UAg “ZILL6, “600'GR,“296'GLaL “€8T'Z9.USV “SS TIAOH ‘9Eh‘29.‘SL8' SF. “96'S. AU9D ‘aay ast0g ee Ag Wale Cig NT Lal A Sais be SENOS uogjodeN Jo 'UAg “GIS'69,q “woajodnyy aui0g IBA JOUAS “GSU M “ANI IT Lnasuojy aLlod -ouua£0cy OFA JO "UA “ER'ZO.USV “be “VEP'LESLEYE. “Ebtd “ANasuoyy 94107 |i Setgpeneee Beak cae ---(‘uung) Aynveg Jo"udg ‘O%Iq ‘anbly aLl0g Soe So ee wy aoe tan ee “*-"-oqriney JO‘UAg “TITSh, Josey ‘aunoy 710d SRS Re SES Sige me? SS BO Te at *pedoosydq o10d mad TWA JO°uAG “EZ Th. GEE M “49MIA NP 94107 “*7--Sury sourumng joudg [Zid ‘yajassnoy np aso --goadu0, Jo'uAg “09CCRAL “SEL‘69‘88F'L9. “ZOS'LS, JOsV “Nvapupingy 24107 srsince ste yecws yt anne tesa teres wae eS supsseg Jo ‘udg ‘“[64lq "20bnjL0g Np 710d PITS TTS TEAS AS -----*"qapaey Jo'udg ‘021'60,0 “ISTH “S610 “Wipes np aLtod WNT SS 5 TSR A ee eS ----guu0s0q o1 A Jo “udg “08869. “wahog np a1l0g ee aes ee ea or TueAnog Jo'udg “0G7'ZL, NIBH ‘anbybojowog sasbuog np 71.07 -*---onbiyesuy Jo ‘uAg “6lid ‘aon0q aod SESS NARS S sie aust, Jo‘udg ‘gglq ‘aubl4A ap asod ‘udg ‘OGF‘ES TOT “OOP PS, HJOsVW “sinaogy cnaq’ a4l0q OIAVT JO ‘uAS ‘OU TEM ‘O4AVT IU) Pp ALT “****nwouuo Jo "UAS ‘“6Zr' Th IST'Ze.M “NDaUUOT ap a4l0d “GOP'S. A "B0G‘29.‘68T'SS.' Loh FS, HJOSBW “sa4buoy ap 2410g *(Suq) ojjeuosive jo ‘uAg ‘Osta “e6e'6o.ELE "8G2'69.‘FIS'LS LES SE. “LIS LE.AUOD “SGTId = “$90ULL SIP 89]QDL Ip dW pp tae didi | tt ea bb cia BLN ““smor sio1y Jo‘uAg “GPU IFOMT ‘“S4nos sloLy saq ald Sone tek sig el Rh aarp ee srerrsserersessss--s-qrpsaangg Jo ‘utg “16869. “p4pbynig ap a410g Das Rees rE ES Raabe “(Igq) offouosiee jo ‘uAg “176, “S99UlLT Sap 94207 “*"srpusiig Jo‘uAg ‘92869, A “LIZA “189‘69.‘OLF'LE. “S#UUON SAC 94t0T se ine oath A "===" 1BOTTD JO UAG “ZL2'69. “S99UNO Hf Ap 94107 Rages “**sopryBauy Jo ‘uAg “CZ1'69,d “SapiDauy Sap 91107 ouuosog oA Jo UAS “gEp'Le,‘SLECH. A “(YOUOIT ON} Jo) WOW ap 2410 *paqttosop JON “pod osep JON | 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 206 *qnorjooUMOD Jo ‘SpIBMpqy IOUIBAOY Aq poYBULsLI( “88ST Ul BOLIOULY 02 YYSNOTg | «CMO 5, LOF popuoqur A[QBqorq “ESST UL peonporquy “UIBANO’T Jo ‘suoyy uBA UYyOL ‘Iq Aq pastRyYy “paqttosap JON *SyIBUlEY Stet eee ee ence eee e eee e eee Ry ts SRP gists <8 SoS e acs sae one anne Seo Cian *URTOd 05 cae nth eee “Od “M sourve -udS <“eyT‘cp.4ing “Lep‘eea‘ch. HJOSVI “YIOd pianists eR ms Sle UP aero ie eho age =e ie eres ae aca BAOWAIJAD “UAG “qH “NOW YSt[Od SG RAR RN ode aCe tee est noo 9 = CSC Sh OSB *OY0d Se Ss ae WASHOd JUBUEN'T “UIAEpIOg JURUEINEVT "SUAG “T *UTAOITOg | -ULY UN,P XIOYO ‘Ine{VULYy UB JO edIOYO ‘IneVBULy UN,p eodjoyD ‘sudg * *nReV0Od uryonbne, Jo udAg “p28'69,‘FES'28.q ~unjanbnn, anog UNIBW UBA JO UAS “E1869, “wWnivyy UDA a0qT (I) WerolyD Uog Jo‘uAg ‘“Tpig ‘anbuny, a20g Cumg) esoy jo;udg ‘gerg ‘aadyn], allog “-pediy4g esuvig Joudg “Zpig ‘aadyny anog ier, ; ‘eoIOT Jo uAG “OTT “Ege 00S LS, 68E'SF.A “96T'EE. AUOD “ELT'CEM ‘OSTId "azNL aunog IMOULY JO'UAS “PZL'Th.M “WNow yp LosanZ, alloy XIS Jo UAS *169'60. “LIS! aLlog uyonbne,a Jo‘udg “peg'ye,q “unnas aLlog uryneg Jo "UAS “FEs'69,dq “Unag aio IOMINIIOS JO'UAG “GRT'TS, ASSP “Walunwwag allo OST'ZE, JOSVW *Mousyag o1log gc micoin Pineisie eee eielniece “uepdurey jo -udg 92269. ‘28'Zeat ‘suidag sung auog pane Ae a ee Pe poco EE RIB LO wAgS “Z8c ‘OSE “6S E8EFS.A °99869.‘THS'LE, ‘GhE'Ch. “ITTF. TET'C8. MI 8ETId =“ NDag sUDy aulog UME Jo UAS “OIP‘6S.A “Tes‘9G, Host -wuayy 19 au0g gf © (Siegris ero sin E)= s\n Plea ae eIpuy juIeg Jo 'uAg ‘oce‘6c,‘Reehs. A “aupup 4S allo oF gistessinig) sipininieharereyets euljassnoy yo "udg ‘gee'ze,q ‘ZOS‘'2E, HOV “wuopssnoa aviog Baie tines Sie in \elicininis\s aieioinie aie eeicerocnnieicielels euljessnoy Jo uAg “OGIq ‘auuyassnoy auog Pee eae ae ee ae OTOPIY JO UAS “LOPS. "Z8CA “TPS 69.OFS'LS. ‘anjaqvey au2z0g Bit, Gane wigan rae neeosy Jo uAS gerbe. “bLF ‘Te, HJoseW “nvajobiy 110g OTEPIY JO UAS “6E'SS, HJOSVIY “68I‘IS.,HSSVM “apjapray au0g spaienss} 2 riepele' =i nate; s\alo\nfelaws:epate tetas SUBIOJOA JO 'UAG ‘“COP‘6S.A '99'1¢,q ‘noon au0g "| $eqry JouAS "Ee9g'6S. A “6IF'FS.IIOH “681‘CG, “CGF FS, HJOSVN *2.2Q1V 20ULLg anog | 4S0Aeitg Jo‘UAS “COP'6S. A “STA “9E8°69."2EC'26. “6ST'LG, HJOSVW “ys00a4g au20g steseee Se teee TeuTjo) essvg Jo WAS “g/Z'2e,1UEH “9BI'ZEM “TOM "19004 aulod Peete tee se sce ccs sot eciccccons Trrrrs-ABUEYIB Jo uAg “T1969. “qnDIog aul0g rr esct cscs see se ce soossesecssscgiddy jo uAS “FIT '299'60.d “6bId ‘auumog anog “ESCA “TE8‘69.'S8S'2E.0 “ELP'LG. 10H “09S IT WH M “0082S, HJOseW “9yoag a.u00g ‘rived Jo owen ‘ponurjuoy—Lo6r oF FOST wolf suormaygnd unowauwpy Ur 0} patiafat sinad fo sayarinr unouy ay) fo xcapur-anbojnyn) 126 207 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. *Buryood 10y ponywa A[UO “sBULOyL *sO1g sedooyy Jo onZo[Byvo oY} UT CO88T UT “pur ‘Aqunog upyuBIy Pqvin “¢ jo wey uo punogy “ssByy ‘OUTTYOOIg 98 HoANYS “Vv “S “Id Aq poywulsy1oO “PPST Ul Surauey yoqoy Aq poyqryx *poqtiosep you fed ‘gegy ‘orngpno -I}1oH{ Jo ouyzesey Aq poysyqud “OS8T ul ‘aouBIy ‘UONOY YB pozPBULsIGO “48I[ peqiLosopun 8,plolt UT ‘Og ‘zIssBsy 4B prvyo1o jejuouriodxe oy. UT “Z88T Ul BOLIOULY 04 YYSNOIg “PpoqLosep JON “peqiiosep JON "poqiiosep JON [A d ur d s [qou Sealpavece pial i A ore ood Cereal =p) Noyes A joudg "$9869. ‘naynbstA 89an0g Se ee ee ee ey a anaes “punog youoly yo "uAg ‘WUMd ‘14DId punog chaps: JTTUTTTTTTITTT TTT TTT ToBnywO Jo"ukg “EOLOSHN ‘BBL'Th IST 2M “4DId Punog ba teecwhes Pgeserenreanerarveesiansennn/reeaahinc-2 2-7 OOM CAG MTR — W\NOOH “DEnOd “TO JOIUL AM “Wops® M 8,o[BP9A 1) “UPBULIOD “48 8,0/8p9AQ “MOTH ‘o4104 -o[suy .p [BAOY ‘Biozuy o0g ‘aodtd ‘UoplYM BULAN ‘LeIg FULLoyoq ‘ouayq ~PUNJd ‘LOATH ,P OUUOG OSMO'T ‘UPBULIEH “49 JU] “AoT|epsog adie] ‘eudquine) BT ‘So[[oXnIg op ossory ‘oUUBOL OUIBCT OSSOLD ‘IOAT]{,P SUO] 10 UY SON ‘Toye UBULION) ‘BYAOJUNGT “IBATOG xnvq ‘Tog UsTszuq ‘nvouuo LNG ‘19Artp{,p Asseg op ossoyon¢ ‘Aillog op assoyong ‘UepIB A S,o[BPY “Aq ‘oangqnoipoF],q ‘Aorjapsog ‘HOINOMIO], OP OSS9VUIOD ‘UOMO, op 9dUI0D ‘as1B'] S,LoquIBYD ‘INOD o| vusBJoIg ‘LOATH. P IBATIOg ‘IBATIOG ‘UIIGqeUIJeg ‘Ing Np SeaAt}{,p eulissTjog ‘Aosso¢ op ayo ‘QUIAOSUY O[[O ‘UesuUeAINY, JO Aqnvoeg ‘UdIONAIO], op oynog ‘B1osuy ‘uosiepuy ‘ulesu0oW oqqy “suAg ‘8z7e'IUM ‘“TSh‘26.‘808'S8.'060'SL.L “E82 “OTH “9Pe 6S: ‘PES ESA “PLT P8100 ‘ceg‘69.‘Leo'L¢. "Chr ‘Sh. “SOL‘OP.APUL “MS “16'Lb.‘98' FP. 9688.0 Rg “6CL TH TSTZEM OPTI = S8TUL «60ZD)ASSIBOIBDH «= “S8T‘ATougMOd = “punog ee ee ee ee a ee ae svuBsuy yo “udg “ect dea “payonog ug [Uric et eerste ses eses eres esse eee reeeeesecesesesrssss mere UMOIS}I0d pint stegelyaeeiS lle ta Sareussele = AIS SiS SoS Gant aaiey Ca oe SCENES oie NBIdIOW YNOLH Jo-uAG “E1169. “870d iene 11901) ik || Sie a aael ele ane tst npeCaCe AE Gah nS -- "B56. V "se" 66.1 *Aosod jgpansed JouTUINS ‘oyTueyO o110g ‘Tranqziog np surssrq ‘[RsnjIog Bp suBsseg ‘AIBA SLOW ‘(UISUOOSTA\ JO) JouTBAIog AjIRG eGo ae es ‘BluoTezBq, ‘ol[rueyD ‘(aBsryoTyY Jo) 1049ng ‘oyjomsiog ‘sufg “J ‘[esnqlog SSB Whe ar ee eee eee Dee erg cia ie ae aaa ceo FF‘90, SSB *0yI0g "rofeW JoULS “PLZT “ISTH “GEES “ETh‘6S.'86E aay FS. “PE8.(6908S'L¢.90F CF. “18° LE. HSsBW “ST ‘Le HJOBBW “LOLDIT 19]4D98 8 ad og Cee --=** -qgssny od0g JO "UAS ‘“6eZ'FG.V ‘OO PP.HISSPINN “Ee'ep Josey ‘yassnay s,adog Sree fe ekg alegre eee el negra eran oe qossny sedog ‘udg “yy ‘“jossny odog “rayenty yo “uk AN hy 16. 69c‘¢g, ‘ees‘GL, GL “por “Pes' 69." 08S°249.d ‘28TH “68% hS.V “EGP epee “6S. 868'FS. A “6S PF. Hs - “60'FF.‘Z8'SE.IN “ST'LE.‘9SP‘ og FOBT IN “£9YDNO s,adod Salita Fal ie ae ge Dag te ge a sieuuo0g JO'UAS “6IT'EL‘1S'69.V ‘adog a pekel AAS! tae Do ae aie ca ce a Sea ese ee eo eae jo"uss -‘ze‘6e djosey ‘Ayvy puog POCO RIOCS EHC Soil sieinie.e cine eaess a eie.ca ele sisi sees sana er ee ane Sarma casts pee eT ‘onbis0jou0 g op eyd -WOLL, ‘elsojoul0,F B] op sydutowy, ‘enbisojour0,7 ssaidu0) ‘sus{g “TY ‘epsopowmog Recerca ane ees ae. aan or er ae atddy Jo uss °799'60.0 “96° LFIN “2410ul0g OUIUIOg JO*UAS “6ES'PSV “GPL IRM “9420 aumog ali ae eae a re Pd a tote siete od Ba OIIO PULUIO “uAg ‘WS7 OMMO"”g Sea anne tae SC ea Sic a Ca ““BIUBIOMIOg JO"ULS “qh ‘aULIQuazuUD.IULOT K “RyAOURIOWOg ““OUIIGUEZUBIOUIOT “WAS “GH “RFURIOMOd “pinysanqjog BABYSABHO ‘the "GH *BARzOd “eR fRYSBAT[Od leer eric UVR A ATEN Ce ULSTER 89 leo Me CUNY RA eg “we istmini Se ¢F Posey, *MBYSYIO[]Od 31006—Bul. 126—08——14 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 208 ‘ZOgl ‘IOMIIe YT PUT -3uq MON Ul poqioseqd ‘ssvyy me “O9CWHV ‘9€8'60.C1 | ‘0860. VHOHV ‘2619 ‘sUITY{oorg ‘VaTpnyg aq Aq pasrey | qur | 3 A foo | naX3 | JA | oqor | ‘ssvy_ | ‘TITHIOLV ‘66'T8.‘FOT‘LL.‘OOT‘'9F ‘69.991 29.V “6L°LL.PP'99. FP'S9, HSSBI *PUep|serd “SIOULY Ope a cet an is tec[octsscfesscesctessccsjeecsoectosserss-=-/ yo “mAG °199'67.d “OLS “PSE'PS. A —S6e‘Se. HJosey ‘sajdpyr ap 2ohoy juasarg BOTY OS ES I SEI ea I OS | ag oes ae ae sloq1y Jo ‘uAg *199'69,d ‘PSS'hS.a ‘SazuDAT ap JDAOY ywussaud : “IVUTTOD essVq JO UAS “TSZA , EOP‘6S. ‘088 See |Meat eg a ee | ‘6G. °628'69.'ZES'LS.FPF Sh. “LOVES. AUD “LE'CEM “SETI “sau ap quasang “UY WIM 9qenyeVa ynq ‘100d sem 4 BS SRN Tee T On cULO Ga CeCe of perl (Ils | came mattate || aso epee Ii pn nll ae 1 Eigeee | cea eae | Manan © Mgt Cnn ate Sin ee aN sceieaeemmnat ewer oe Sto LL. HiIl *FUOg Up spttiorg “SPST Ul popnay RSTTOMMCLEIARTLE Ol fac (RACH UUs LG) oes fo ee a oe ee SIS ose Sel Sis es SIOGN lea +t oun keene Sieh el eee aaa aa eo a me iowio1g plodoay ‘uAg “yy ‘reyuloIg IdjBMjose MM Jo'udg ‘9eg'69,d ‘“wayDNjaboy ap savas InenseT BBW jo usg “00D.0EVAR ‘whansaT Di“Dyy ap sav1WaLd Peak bears i aa Aynog yo uss “OOOGVAN “selded “Mnog Pp saovward *puvyqoog ‘ysinqg | RUPTONTR TAY TN; LA aw a Ca 0g ie) ga Woes a E>) eH |S eat ol | eae | | at (eg cen ie Le, | cae Se a a LLU LE. AUIH “LET‘ZE.M *oINgRUulal{ tala siniayofala(s/shelaiaisioiniaiatcls/=\={mlat= aa200001g JO UAG “E8'69.V “S69°69.A “NDQNOD 29000047 ‘aouvIg ‘sI0d “qneq -uy jo ‘y[neqnoy ‘jw Aq pestey | oul 3 BA TUN AS ee COG ON Paseo Iq | -Noy 99000017 ‘aaO00Ig IWwog ‘ea00001g otmMog ‘WAG “ZIL‘26.L “J *e000001g BONS BSSSnn (SnMSnis Im NnND Nelli lhl IONbGGNo Smo ohiGro| Gein OSS Sm ine oil omSei noobs XNOADL TL, JO'UAG “OO,.OAVAA ‘“LN0VLT IP 290004g | ; 9¢8'69.d Appi) ap 2900910 ‘1zed Suryooo y url { ical |(2 1° (el | a tenet OMMrine Ree arr era ittag cde kOe oS ve oi SS a ces'69.d “AT POeId ; “IBUI[OD Iiieeaieeectl chee (pee Romer ce cS nella ee itn one: oe, assBq Jo uAg “182A “EOP'6S. OSE FS. “62869. ES LE. FHP Sh. “LOTES. AUP) °19094d SR Se |SBC SSS OSS SSSI SEIS SIS || OSS GIS IIS SS SSS (amg ts) icepet OlOUeNeGL ike) GooNape Techiegs Toreucrde or. OeMaipexer Crepes g ‘aIG9Id PAvVAP] I1oOpouL -WO0D I0j SuruURW “I Aq poweN | uw 3 A wmq | nis3 | w TCO scsi ate il | alae eR Ss ie ae cee aqelg olineg ‘uAg ‘E1626, “I *e1ded “Aqotoog [BINg[NI1y 4 -10}]{ puBIs] epoyy Aq powleN SIU eaSK eu ig 6S Gs MULT SR (C3 Mi, h ULIEA a UY COLL oc JL (Gomme | acelin csc | lesa ecco msg ccna | un AST See Seen ae ete Pale a ea SW ikea epee SURO RE. Sear E A, TST'29.V “AL 99RId ‘QIN “OLT'F6.HPI “F9F'26.F82'S8.996'EL.L “64°69. VIOHV ‘T:yiuos | 0L'29.V FLSA “SE8'69.28S'26. “GOP‘6S.TSE'FS. A “OSE'9G. "29S FS. USV “SLIM -UYOf Ul peyBUISIIO OAvY 0} PIRg | OUT "ELE°E8.(208 1S,A “LETSIOD «SGC TS. “CTS GFF LF. HJOSVI “ISP'LF.OIS OF 410H + °99R 1d | preccieincis (6 geese garg ag @Gaeee gt > aia s--ejateg Jo uAg *189'69.q “wanoy ap anbuynad auieid Jo uAg “9€T'96.UAXAUVD “TAA ‘SLT 96.HIT “U0d np atuiDid [ips ase pte totais ere aetna leet mic es S.n)27ai5 eso sete Sie, eden) esha lyele mace O Santo ae eee eyeig JouAg ‘00.0G VARA “SE8'69.d ‘TIS‘89. HL “PUod Pp auidid ‘orgQ ‘WeUUOUID jo 4suiq “H “y Aq paonporjuy | our { Wah nd ee he quog Up oreig ‘puog np oiyerg ‘sudg "T “dled hides nae TBIIA JO UAS “C1869. _‘anbopDIDD ap 01124 Cues a Tries t sEsod Jo uss “Scl'eh, Ho Sew’ ‘aj1sD9 sino *peqitosep JON SERS Babar a eae so Gee eee a) bt 7@) SIMO dg ‘usg "YU “STMOg “SyIRUy B Ee 4 Es S = 3 8. *reod JO owen 5 = n 3 ‘ *‘ponuljuoj—o6l 07 FOST wolf suoywoyqnd UnoriwaUp Ud 07 paslafo sivad fo sayawnr unouy ay) fo xapur-anbowyD 126 209 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. *poqiosep JON "6gT “d “6887 ‘Ajo}oog [RAINg -[NOWAOFT[ YOK MON Ulojso\y jo suoovsuRiy, Ul peysyqnd ‘uj3110 UMOUYUN JO pus plo "TIT ‘oyepsuimie 7 ‘preyqoro [Wy s,ueurpong ulwmefueg uy *ssopon,ea A[qeqoid pue plo “pod tosop 10 N “Ter “dd ‘gpgt ‘orngpno -I10FT JO oulzesuy ul poysT[qnd “LET “dd ‘GO6T ‘Kjoroog $ yRangynoyso;T Aoss0¢ MON JO SUO!JORSUBLY, Ul poysI[qnd ‘sig -d ‘eogy ‘orngmnoyjz0y Jo oulzesey JO YIBIO Wo’ yourjstp ATQBqorg ee re es eee ee *(90uII gq) ASOAIBTT jo ‘ass *Le%60.C *WIOADIT 8, 9UM Sescecslevcusmeces|ac ai trrttstresesessss*a09mg Uaaty Jo'UsS ‘Zzb'6u‘UbR FG “wDOng ua—1p 8 PUM BO nen Penee e e ei s Yooper J joudg "TEU eh. Ose ‘YILIPILT IOUT eet eee eee eee ee ee eee ee rr) samieyuid Jo uAg "SIT "S6L'Z8. *sduajuid np DUM eee ee eee ee ee ee “OPL'GS, HIjose Wy *asURIO, Pp ound i ee ss ake sae) att ee ELTA gO Caps “18869. *MUlo ff ap DUM ee iach etal |) Sela 25): OY.) HTAYAN *yiosuoy auld pict sve Tar = ron Cam pies eee mm eae a uByoy Jo'usS “PIL6X.d “UoYyoy ap ayn) aud wee cee slew eee ware slee eee eee ese ee eee esse eee sees eseesaeees ooull jo ‘udg "LggTBOI1BD *JOULD. LI 8 PUNT peer me _ Mogry Jo wAS “ZIL‘L6. Shade cab oe 6998. ESSCLL “OOPOS. A “StL “9ESCO‘LESLE. “BOR LE HIOSBIY 7499) V 90UMT ‘Ved 8,e0ul dg da |rcttttteee ‘gould op otjog ‘ysoy ApeT ‘ourepy JoyO ‘oureq B aleyQ ‘suAg “Y ‘eoupIg wee mcnslenscccnnenlloeac cnet taneseneenenaasennanecesesesceue Pley. madg jo uAg “ONE CL USZV *ISULUIL a ee oo “VUOSTIY 919917 Jo"UAS §*202'26.‘C99'G8,099'SL.L apes ind nemsise [Pac cesic oases crease ces cs susseciuermossol “TRtie GOP. Oo 208 Pore CUS Gdn LE9 Lan ORCL GGl cae ‘OMd “LLIO *902)MULILT ee asad JOURS “ROM. “4D9g 8,98904c7 Re eee en ne eee ee ee Ivag 8,848 ‘O1} 01 I ap elog ‘sutg “Tl °4sojid “‘qsoAorg UAS ‘“OFL‘SO,HANM “SOPOOUAXAUBO “OOT‘EG. HILL ‘96216. HJOV “ZTL‘L6.‘69S'SR. “ESC'CL. LL “SOF'6S.4 doqo |'"*-Spom | “zsza = “988'69.‘2e9'20. OL‘CS.4I0FT «= “00S TIM M . ‘SEL FS. HJOSB «*ySOAOIG eek || ee bal |e a (ee BOC [SIAR SGD A SSOUGC Ie ok fe ee ee ei eae © eee Le jouAg “WMd ‘“40U]09 §jNnId_ Sal ainifay | rw. oh nC fa abate a} witht ate lalate’ stale! aie a wtallaiel's wie SiG ati armies are aoes “***yRUIIOD oss¥g JO aAg "62869. "Nate prise 01d: wr ul b/nei cla, whah eal ai|ie eiAte sel owen wale oblaic « nie'd'a hs Sine bain tin Blatd olsieiea® ete nia ares nn CaaS er “URW Od pice ee eh ei Sm ene a ET Ne ee eee er ee “* JopoI_ Ip Wlod ‘alqold od ‘sudg “T ‘doped ““pIvA ‘Iq quopiserg ‘wAg “YW “pre AL WWepysosg or) eee “qos ed jo “ul Ss WAAC I 70. LD JUAPWIL | ‘(Sold) SPW JO'UAS “NOZNWHV ‘00.04 VA qoqtID JoUsS “OFLCOHANM ‘OOOUVAT “POA PA 149911) jUIp wat Loews vo cs| soe ee SORT OR eka NOt JO "URN. “OOO VAS .uosssou guoDpeoder Wood JOUSS "ST'66.V “9ES'OR.A “UONIT JuUapIwasg “prvnoig jo-usS "“TkZWHV ger eayic ees sree ‘LEVCOGH “OOOTVAA “SINT “IST68.JOV *(UeeTH “V"D JO) papnosq juapisasd DIUM JUopIsarg JouUsg “LOUGH EN “PLOM “4 1UaPILT a eee eS esr e at fe nn ee O[[JTAUOUISG Jo uAg OOANVAA °97]/2QU0WSO,p JUapsaig dO ee “ose jo ‘uAg ‘OO.OAVAA ‘aUsDg D1 ap JUIPWILT Geeta] [etic cb ar femmes. ache fe aati et a a “*-ustandg jo‘udg ‘g¢x'69,.q ‘aubodsy .p Mapisatgd Shara reser ol eS lepeymrac acute sll Stee cy iol. seed atals em orale een ene welwinie ondno) Jo akg "97861, LUI ‘a14dnoy JUIPISIL T a ae Paes ean Soyer 1, eae LOTR. "SB'O8 PEELS OR ISSUN “WLS “MAID WOpysord ies sie BA. CTD MITAR | Te |G TCOn |e = = wees clscecccaboweseereuvecetwereseccruawvecvceasesesee ee ee erence -9'C6. HO *plnom key “""06.0AN ‘ANNO op puoukey ; ee : "Sh'26.'960 S8.SL0 SLL “PL6H “ESIH “bab‘6S,' 268 eae OW | ‘FS. “OP8*69.'8EC'29,'60F' SE. “S9'LF. 90 PR. 6L'SE.N “ESTE M “FIM *puowAry 96'6¢, HJoseyy “nATy ? “SUI[Poog S,pIByIG ‘pOOMsSUOABY S,piByig ‘suAg "KCN | ‘SI@L2L. AUP M “OFS69. 267 F9C PLE TO GIOH §«—“90F6S.4 “96L'SC, VV *POOMSTIAARY Poe Sing tng |" = RR en ade a ie an 9S ree cami nealing uIvANO’ Jo"UAS “ZZ “Sly nDazDY “neeyey sory ‘udg ‘“OllIq ‘nreyry ‘ofjeduy Jo erates ‘uAS “Eege'es. “90F6S.‘Z88'FS. A “OPP Lb HIpOSEW “6&7: OF AION, *burppaag ead oy “Bul[paag S,afjedey ‘sulppoeg s,eATedey "KN | sudg “Z12'26.'696'68,‘FS¢'GL..L “G6I'SS.V ‘0F8'69,‘88S'25. “90F6¢.‘z8e'Fs.a “ofjodry aM S SAD aes Ta Ce ee ee offedey jo°udg “Giz, ‘“burpsag s,afijodny aouBy Jo-uAS “ZIL'26,L “2uDy ‘ZOMUBY INO[[losuoH ‘ZaMUBY IOl[[OSUOD ‘OZOMUBY JoppIosuog “*-"Spoq | ‘zamueyy Jo[[losuog ‘zouurey Jol[flesuog ‘zerureyy aneypisuog ‘sudg “T *zomMuRy SUP alse ces a Bante ee te ee nee tee eee tee eee ene n nena 1908, Hel 4 *Rfeuury + "ZUR ‘UTBYOION ‘(eul0s jo AjJo01100u1) outydosor ‘“4ivuor ‘sduiojulIg np yuoduepiByy ‘doyoisey ‘suey op UsIJaIYO uOg ‘souRYy op UNoIyO uog ‘JuOUTANg ‘zuBy o1Ineg ‘osuRY alINog ‘e0UBY OLINg ‘UIBYDION olineg ‘ouldgy olineg ‘uly op elineg ‘zuRy ep oineg ‘qouBy Op olInog ‘UIBYOION op olineg ‘IoAIf{,p ang ‘e1puB[y op olineg ‘uel *| -o149 uog e1mneg ‘sdurequlid np yuodumapry ,potineg ‘sudg -ZIL'26,L “T ‘eoury ee ee SZ‘ Sh, Hose, “COU TEM “soTpuey 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 214 ‘822d ‘prota Aq poysqnd Bq ‘erydypopryiq, ‘TOIUSIY cai YVIA po PVuUl ao “SUOW UBA UYOL IG Aq postey TH ‘oyepsuruie yy ‘uvuryong? ‘fuog Jo Spavyoto [By oy. UT ‘JUNOD Boousg ul poywu “SITON 10JUT AA JO povs ULOL YT 18410. “Bq ‘UMOY -puxlyory ‘usysuno x “¢ Aq posrey “YBIN APOOYV’] AV UT paqBUIsUO “ght ‘d ‘aoung Aq poysiqng “POST ‘BIped -opAoUM OSoUIO(, UL poysTqng *SYIVULOY oul j""""* Saeen.< pone ree: Jeeeeee our | dA-3 UL Tey |p fs Te eee es) C2) iJ oc ta iy re) = e g nid ‘moon? ‘STS'IS, ‘L9QUT pp auray “CIL'L6,'699'G8.F9E'SL,.L “S81 “ph OF OEP RE, TL Josvyy ‘IUYOLDD) = away IOJUT AA Jo ‘udg ‘CST ENTE. USV '68S'FS.V “uTpoLvg Jo ‘usg “Th8°69.089'LE,“80F Sh. “TPS‘69.. yap tere eer er cre eaIeT op dlanog ‘udg “T ‘ouyoy vrtcteeeee “7 ouuodOd OAL JOUAS “OEE ESE “GZS O88'6998F'LS. “Avubiay gi elie ke cer eg sae “Totudoy Jo ‘uAS “S9G*PSSIS'ES LJOSVW, “daubloy PPS eee ssi OBIMSO JO"UAG “OSP'S6T' LP, Tosupy ‘Bunpaas 8 pray “rts ouuesOT OY M JO UAS “EST'TOUSV “gee OG OL “wavubay ee ed FUE © GEIR © Sieh, tikes SAL OTL ST TY ‘usg “CST'PS WV *LOTUSOY “IBUJO) OssUT JO UMS "IST “EOP'6S“O8E'FS.A_“68'69,'ZES'LS.FHE'Sh. “ETM “urimboa BS ela aiava'a)a/s(a is: = via ds6 (aise Sleie.e = .siwisiaisieeiaje le settee etme tent nec eces TP8'69, “SLB SOUL Sey O0OUV IA TAT TEAM ELT COIL | “OGOAN “Z8'98 TLPUL *SUTYSorJoy ie hea aa OBIMSO JO "UAS “ZOP‘6S “OSE FS. PEELE MOLL «= “Hurlpaag 8 paay Case te ete I packer Cuing) uoljoryy Uog, JO"UAG “S17 “Burlpaag s ,paay ieee acne Topsy Jousg “6EL'69,.d “OP'ATHJOLY ‘OSt'L9, WV “Ourlpaag 8 .4apaag “BuTTposg |S sLopodoyY ‘opsoy IOJVO(, ‘Lapooy “ACT ‘OOCNITV 9INE OTL LOL 00." is’ SLU96TITIL “tS'Z8,OJOVOA "Ao pooy Sgn en ie aI ee vUN | JO'UAS “GOL'Z,OJOVON “DUuUDT pry PES'69. GLUT EST CEM ORL 90D pay dsnoy yeosuyy “UAS “Zid *PROBN AY poy pee owe a Cung) Aynvog JOCUAG “Oe “YRg[VOIBY ‘aljapoosngy pay “Cly)) opfouos Ag “POLE “TGh'OS,"S6E'FS. A °192'69,"PIS' 2S. 6EE'Sh. “Japbosnyy pay SA REESE EC grees eS gs 1g eee Cuing) Aynvog Jo ‘Udg ‘9%lq ‘Japposnyy pay FE EE ES Oe ETT SSeS HOUR l TOCUAS” “TET Cp TTOae IN » “WOU pay A ac ka aa ke ee 1P8‘69,q *Wepary poy “*9TOUINSUBY JO'UAS “Jal “TAM “Ouidano)y pry : aaa . GEO LL TOL'69G6U'L9-V “PLOY PO “OUUDAOG ABIY) JOUAG ‘“ZIL*L6.‘867'G8,L “SRO “E88, 6 CG. CGE" SO Penna (uaa a Tose pee ese ses") 6b L'69 LEP LS, OSES.“ LLS'LE.“96T'EE, LUOD “CSIP “OSU “OPId ‘auualiog pay *Jayoog Mis aie ume sretetiessssssss*) Jo cUAS "LbR'6S,GES'ES.A ESTIAOH ‘Z98'69,EPP'LS.“SIP'SE. 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A “eLS‘Le,10TT wd cee re LLL ad LA Bl fae spreqoysy jo "uAg ‘oLInOg Spreyqgony ‘UAg “eIL*26,'69S'SR.‘PSS'GL.L “LOP‘OS. A “SLA ‘GPS'69 OPS 29. “8989S. USV “SPL‘O6'9G. V “6EE'9S.9IND “OPS‘OG, Josey *spanyoyy Bees cecnasessesacenasrestaaseuansn oulyyy ona gy ‘ourg yy ap aLINI ‘sutg 7y “Ouray 1894 YSU 10 vo1dg ‘voidg ‘surjeyYy op a}Jo[ossnoy ‘(auros Jo) doIdg qoyessnoy “IMeq Jofessnoy ‘SuLEyY JO Jojessnoy ‘onbsny Jojessnoxy ‘sulleyY ep qofessnoy “qefessnoy “ojessnoxy gmeq ‘eodg YSN, ‘uo oye] ‘oulrey RD uvsery ‘ouysoyyeO uuNyNYy ‘suAg “T “sSWpyYy “SDUIZIY yoavudaag savuhay *r9BU soy oy “oso [JAY “SOAOT OE Oc On tee oe ne Te ec nn at gar ade NEN chal OO.ONVAA ‘AON OASIS nerinta tas eR ease sig oo OO [JOAOY Jo 'UAG “1G'LE HJOSB “LNVY 2] 449]/1909y orca o> Foe XA ern. oe ee ee XNBq 9 V19[[T9A0 “udg ‘UU ‘edo[[fesoy Re ee eee ee Inoqory oO ‘udg ‘OP 'eS, Hose “SUuOyy UDA ANON "UL JO -UAS “GILG, 699 GR, FSG'GLaL, “LOF‘OL.A “CHR aN teeth bei e Jovudoy Joudg "Z8'69. 02709, HIOSBW “)4: ahaisralera nyavs Sisisiovals Soe aeialseiatee weleisiocm seen eeretaa cots JAOVULGVG JoBuUADY “UAG “"T 6.68926. “‘088'VS.UBV “98' FS. TO: ‘6V'99.1SES HSB “aULOY ap 4nojay Alas Sa Sc er ee nvoyog jo‘udg “corded “280% V “CSS IRSA “auMoy ap 4nojay ii i ae i a aaa iia suoWw uBA IN040% ‘usg | *InoOPIY “naa oe te Wis Oka Bs (Sug) oyfouosiee joudg “geL1'6o.d "Wd “409g 92.4989 ec ewe ewe ewer cesses ees ueund jo -udg 00.04 VAT ‘ZOP‘00. Mal xq UB.) “upuniy quay Bore ais ic ec ee oe Avuoqueyo Jo'uAg “00.0RVAA Avuajunyg iway “uostmmoy Jo'UAG “62'S HSSBW “88E'EF. ‘6S 68.6) LE. HJOSBW ‘aidouny 8 uasuay OMWOABY S,UesUTdY “UAG “Yo “Westley ores" p96'L) HOSA “Woz sUTUIMOY OS ‘26.L 60C'F0T' 96.1 “OLASUOTN “TAPT “86.0 Ld “6F'Z6.FS'0K.HBD *OOUR TON i i i i ras - {PABA UII 1zoq ‘udg "WH *] PIV MUOY as =. “BIIOQOLA, uven?) jo ‘udg ‘ZhS ‘69.0 “-"-9qQ0ul0y oJOUIBSIOg ‘uUAG “YY ‘eRJIJOY aus[ey{ JO ‘uA “6PL‘69.q 9964914 ap aulay arena 5 Seana kate eels, £62'00.602'96. HIT "F606.SYNHD ‘Sedo, sop ouyoy ‘Ive UBENY Jo‘UAG “ZSZH “PSTH “ETH'SS.‘RGE'FS.A “6ES‘ES.V “CIT SP. HJOSV ‘7F369.‘SOF'Sh. A “PSTTP.M “E6'2b.69'FP. PS‘SE.IN “S2410d sap auray “SOLQUNOD MOT JO'UAS “Z8ZAI OOF ‘69.‘Z8E'FS. “68'Sh, HSSBIL “6E8'69.‘08E'L¢,‘90F'Sh.d “PST IE.M “SD sing sap aujay ca > gine ectarest aoe rot ttttstsssssss""s98 pag Jo"uAg ‘“ZRZt ‘Sabjag sap quay ‘DLLOPIA PULIY 126 — NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 216 ‘ANI[BA OU 10 9[}IT JO ATGBQOIg ‘O° ‘218 -SBd Vy 1B PIBYpLO [BJ UOUTIIOdxXe UT “poq|tosop JON “puey -Suy Jo ‘sroary svuroyy, Aq posiey *JOYIIS LOJ “LEST ul “Bg ‘surpwayy 7B poyuRyd oar, ‘ONBIUGO ‘BAT -YSO Jo ‘WOSPIY UYOL YIM UISIAO “PEST ‘Ajoloog [erngpno1y -10}T Sjjosnyoessvy JO Surjoour 4B COUN "Y ULBITEM Aq pouqiyx gy “WOSHY LOF QurAd star B Alquqoid *paqitosop 10 N *poqitosop JON ‘9 ‘g ‘zIsseasy 4B pavyo1o0 yeyUoUTI1odxo oy} UT “get d ‘pegy ‘orngyno -IW1OY{ JO OUIZBSRIY Ul poys[qnd ‘0 a ‘zissesy 4B pavyoro0 yequoutedxe oy} uy “paqiiosap JON ‘poqizosap 4ON paq|sosep JON ‘S80yH Aq poqiios -aq ‘eysuor op ‘Ww Aq posiey *SyIBUlOY ni sinyeielersi((cninins is sieamnifieisisis “TOUTING SIOAIY JOUAG “E62 TITHIOLY “buaquasy .p asinag Jawuwng ssa por amg |r BToquIeLY,p olINSg LoUIUINY SIOATY “UAG “Ye “AeWWNE sIOATY me enn | 2 cenn ewe oa mineicininicain aiein cle na asia minis ee emacssimaccsae sooctes=-2 2225"), OG VA - ‘SSOOUlIg SIOATY teste | fen att cate | Nao et OO le aad Se Dek? be ws La pein SARL LCIC OPEL ION ae ILO 0 GO TRIO TED SGA inicit | eees cae Or (SIOAIY) OLINeG 10VUIM ‘OlINog 10OVUIMA SOA “SUAS “JT *SIOATY ecb wc ala nace se ccces lc ueeec|seaameclc(ennwac|awmen= sees ecaautis|e cores cuveeecenesesseceucwesssee O06’ XTUEDO OIL‘ L¢410—7 “OO 29, JOSB IW DVN a ‘=> ° Co _ “P90. €2°CO.OJOSAT "IAA “LPI‘I6.SH(O)0 pains UB) | ‘OL'TK.OJOVOA “S210. ‘C9166. ‘F2°S6.‘288'T6.‘896'S8. HUB) “g9e‘es., NIB *HOSUIT ee ee ee eae a ee ee ee ea ay [S019 jo ‘udg "CLL ‘69.0 . noT ap SU we | ae Siege at a ae FOFR.HSSON “96EFR HIOSVW “ESTIZTeraINO ‘OrqUrM UeA diy See (eae ees ie ee a ee ee ee eae esa ie ie Or ee ea a ry S98. LV uo0sd Ty pscacoa|areenoers 7 SinquryanM JO"UAS “29269. “CSA “OEP ‘TEESE HJOSBNN “OLaquajing, ap ony Se[> sens AoeceCBicsccnon ec NRdIOW NOTH Jo UAS “OSB “GCEPE A “S*TAOH “biaquajina, ap oy Bs] 2 Boece be Shee ck a Blak Soa ee OPE LFA "aMoYy op Ory cepee Brrr ie’ 5 eres Vargo meine gs eT ececeee Ore‘ ZP.INO “HTBANOT op OW Se eee eee ee ee eee ici ee ie ai ie} BUY jo ukg ‘007.0N VA “Buypaag 8 DY PODS OIG OS SCS ASO CC IC C0 UII IGCIIET ICO OTD IGSGSOII GS srocseossscses"SmITpoog s,Culy ‘UAG “ye “BUY Ss i i i ey o- NnVBopOs yy ald ‘uAg ony; NeolLOsly Bi hoe aevihcesna | ace us Com 2 hag Smale a ae ae ci lc aR NOISE a La “--e3ry Jo'udAS “OO.0G VAN ‘Sor Dbz eee ee ee ee ed Z ace rS e eea ee area ee Se cds udg "WT baa GI Pe ee “OOP FOULS “ETLL6OLS CR FSS CLL “LOPOSA “STA *ZPS'6I OSE. 82ND ‘SOP ‘OTOL ~~"! o110g ‘alJeply e1log ‘uossnpny olinog ‘aossnpny ‘suAS ‘18‘Ch, FISSBIN “OTLOPTy Sierras his |ie/ > Cieisieke 2°el| a ioos)s Sone iepniin/bin< nye) smieie sino sie'e ar iniaeisinie eis aicisia's C41q) ajouosiee jo'udS “[ZP‘6S.4f "7Dplyy Rais ie MER a TP RES vis a ee Rad ai ee Sas © Se [eiedury Aqioyory “uAg “ye *AQIOMOIY Pda eee Sky Sates ae kes re aa aete UIBULIOy JUIBg JO 'UAS “0¢8'69.q ‘“pUuowyory Ce i i ie a MOS FT jo ‘udg 62469: ‘ltlld *PUowULyorvy BH Sra h aka Nel wage tee ge a a ee A IOS CORI TOS Teler. HJoseyW ‘epuoy oyoy Ses i i i ry noypouory oolong ‘udsg “STZ L6aL a | *nolfeyoly RR dia ae ae aody Pp oyny UdS “ESTE M “SOS *ottNodag Oy es i i rie =e. “OlTB4T jo ‘uss *PIld “OUI

SSO s7-"""-qzaqoy yBosny_ JO uAG ‘SI8‘69.q “497/97DysNW 8 ,j49qQ077 “yOULBAIIg, 194Sey Jousg “L2H “LTR‘OS.“68EFS. “TSL°69.‘F9G'2E.6tr'SE.d “LLdd «= “Burdaay 8 j4aqoy Ce qraqoy aLined ‘uAg pS | “y9qoy ““"sdoary Jo uAg “E869. “PGES USV “SRT'SG.V “adunag 4aquly S4aary ce NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 218 ‘TSST Ur poyuRd sifoN IORUTAL LO 749/}1B_ JO poos WOLT ‘Oo "El ‘zIssBay av parvyo1o [eyUeUTWodxXe oy} UT *poqiosop JON *g22 “d ‘plata Aq poysyqnd “AN ‘UAjsoy ‘quBAIG *) WRITE JO vov[d oy} UO punog uBA , ‘98'C0. HPW ‘O9CNHV ‘F2FO.HANM *62'60.110 “SV “COPPOLA “1660. €60'F0.€26'L02'€0.612'66, HILT “WOOLV “LYaH Sere ose eat Cee ee tae eae ok Se be ee S[oossOY oUlRpL ‘UAG “yy ‘spaessoy = pees PSTTL “SOP‘6S,'Z8EFS. A “SSL‘LP8Z1'Sh LJOStW “SOT TPOM «*ssoy ESS TARTS Ses ests er aeiace bas ge amCtAR) Ark mug kaa Ries oie eae cae 68'S Hos ey *o}OWSOY Be a ath oe ge ee 2s Cham NS ii uvusoy Isog ‘UAg ‘“T *uRnWSOY eCAPEO STAB As Tee ie /FP8'69. “UAISOY IoyVMosoy suoyT ‘uUAG “T *1aPRMISOY nofuy ,p oueyi,A ‘ved ln y, ‘esoy AULON YL ‘vag osoy oy, ‘esoy TouUING ‘eulydneg Np 014¥z0y ‘SopuvIsUy Pp 077 CZ0Y ‘(SUBULIOS) OY JO) oULIGUaSOY ‘osoYy ould TT esOYy ‘ood [NL O110g ‘esOY op all0g ‘UOZO,P o110g ‘OUPPW OP o110g ‘osoY NBA,P 110g ‘odurey op [Rilog ‘esuojUIeYX op UOSO ‘UOSGH ‘10}JBAOSOY SuOT MON ‘osoy ould ‘osoy ANNOY oq ,p ouldy ‘ajiq,p ouldy ‘yvsoy JoTIVO Ysl[suq ‘inelsuoy oq ‘S1OlIQUOW ¥B] od ‘osoy NVA. ‘O][1¥N oq ‘NBETTIBD Aq ‘YRsOY BNTRO ‘oI ,p PVSOY JOUIIVD “FBSOY JOTIBD ‘TVZOLOT[IVH “VLSOY NoOTPIB) ‘Yusoy nvVoT[IVEOQ ‘QVzoINeIIBO “P9'S'F0. *OUSSOY ‘a[QBNIBA JOU Bey plo AoA. a) (OR oe oo | nah | uw ries ol aspury ena eS, ‘quUUIOINY ,_p ouuog ojyng ‘epliesig ‘J4vV_, olunog ‘“sudg “7 ‘(‘uIng) soy . “SUIUMO(T “I Aq onyTBA o]}91] JO poreptsuoy | 1 8 uf | nr 8 CLT CO Sea Tolga eck sseiicrciss sl media opeioteicie selec sito ele osoYy op ounjavg “UAG “JT ‘oUNjJlog dsoy | , *“Cung) osory gems as |} ee Ipsilon oaes|| ceueeeaes [acme Beane gape Sel | alia earn Ca | JO"UAS "E9869, "E8S°2G.'GPE'GF. “CEL'GPM | “SEId = (SUBULIOH oY} JO) auLquasoy i lbenno (ci Pa ial es al lc sie gi on ee ee ap eer oe ano OOD OS Cumg) esoy Jo"usg “E9869. “Shid ‘asoy auadsy asoa “9100 OY} 7B SOL SoTQBIISop JON | UW Clie NPS Oo terse Ae Fite, I (OOO | ie pcteial eieans ste feicis icicle scicici nie screen te solic lk) Sah SC ca eka SIL L6aL “oUuuledsog osoy | “STL'L6.‘0L¢ ‘ ea esis va) f | mig | w Cn | tas eae ‘G8.'PSS'SL.L "C8SH “SSTH TPS'LS. “80P'6S.E8E'FS.A “GOES 4TOHZ ‘our qesoy “ULaTBg JO ‘sodoxy Wea | “BTL‘L6.' OLE ‘IWV JO Woprves oy} Ul pozVUIsUG | Ut 3 | ds |furoo) nizo | wt |oqoao|----ssey | ‘G8,PS¢'CL.L “GLZM “PSTH “FPS'69.‘TPS'L9. “LOP‘6S.‘Z8E'FE. A “00S‘9F. Jose *sodoy *sIoAOL], JO | ‘qoueq sojeyo ‘W Aq peonporquy | ut 3 s | w qa JA Co a SED [fF SASSER S959 2G TOS SAS BEE SERS AER Tree eee sea 928'EZ8'CO. ANU ‘JloAosooy ‘oT[TAuNg ep orlog ‘(A]QOer100U) o1Ig UIQIVY ‘1v0Og UIP ploy ‘opreu “onTBA OU IO 9]99T] JO ATQBQOIg | WE |----~ s | doq | nash | Jur | BAO |---- Slog | -or00p, sudg “FFS'69.d “SPRGR. 16S OF HJOSVW “PCL TRCLEL'ZE SM “891d “oT TAUOY *enURyy | : ‘PPS “C86 PSTH «89 FS. SV qin oy ur s80— Aq poqmtosog | we | ---~ | ds /furqp|niqd&3} sut | qox |---------- “LOF ‘6S. “Z8E'FS.A “SOS ATUHM “6ST'TS. 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QOPI S EIS GRE ead Arm GOP HAC OOD OCOGCI0 UIBUIOY JO "UA “CGIq ‘aLinag ULUOy *poos AroA ‘OLINOG UVUIOY ‘oUloyYy BT ‘UIBULOY SOIH ‘OULOY souljouros fAqyenb Ul oqeuva | wut | 3A-3 s iy BA Wat || Clolofoy Jorseos eee ep ojuRpuog ‘UIBUIOY OlINeg ‘ouloOyY op olineg ‘sUAg ‘ETL'26,) “T “Ureuloy eas | a [UUme pees sees poses es pene ssssiosessoccoyeros= == -TOgsBufoy Jo uUAS “PI'pL.OJO VOU “SPT PL AION “ssayoinq@ UojspUjOYy “PLST | qsling[noy1z0F, yy Aq poystqng | utr ral || A ool BA ul (6 [SSS CID G | OO DODE SSE IRGC SO REDO S SIO ICO OO OOS ssoyond uojsvuUT[OY “UAG “Y ‘*UOISBPULLOY K = SS 02) Q oP) Pr lecelealt piece ales “SyIBUIO YY % Bl 3 ¢ ) M7 3 og *reod Jo ouleN 5 Speed 3 ; ; e *ponurjyuoj—Lo6l 07 FOST Wwouf suoynoygnd unriuwauwp Ur 0} padlafa. sivad Jo sayjarwwa Uunouy ay) fo xopur-anbhopnjnD 219 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. “OPST Ul JoIANOG uoUNg JO poos WOIg “poqiasap JON, ‘OPST UT poonporyur :yysrUy MoIpuy seuoyy, Aq posiRy “OTQBNIVA JON “BISSNY WOT poonporyut A[QVqorg “OS8T Ul poonpolquy ‘ON[BA 1BOIS JO ON ‘OE ‘zIssesy 4B paRyoro [R}VUOUIodxe oy} UT “LEST ‘roqurerdos ‘Kjoloog [BAN{[MOMAO TF, syyosnyo “BSSBIY JO SUTPOOUL 4¥ pozIqIyXG oes “Spo , “‘gapossnoy Arey Jo uss “SIT “E1L' 26, "Os" G8‘bSC'CL.L “89°79. V ‘282 “PSTH “PbS 96 dV “TGh'6S PGE PS. “OPS8'69, 189 "19, ‘Ehe'Sh. a “19° LF. “0S'PP, 39" 86. “GILT LOUZEM = «“O%td “SLID. “/7DFT Jajassnoy “dorods gy JO "UAS “E1L'26,0L8'S8, PSS'SLaL "28S “PSO. OFS LE. “Uasadsy jajassnoy “* *“OnSIpPOL¢ q,3 quBjug Jo"uAS “Z8Zt “9P8'69,0FS' LE. ‘anbipolg junfug jajassnoy ores uorodsgy JO'UAS ‘CSTE ‘e8e'rS. a “POSS IAOH = “uawadsy ajqnoq jajassnoy Secon ces uoredsgy JO ‘UAS “ZRZA_ “OFS'69.0S'2. “POEL OH “ajqnoq jajassnoy “quesqInig Jo “A S ‘PUZL.OJOVOT “S2'kO.HIIL ‘7tr ‘go SV “VLDBINIS ap jajassnoy a it Ti as ale Sh Naa es 8 ag 6 JOY Y jo ‘udg “CSEA *PLOLIYION IP JA] ISSNOY “‘sulloyy Jo ‘UAS ‘STI “81k, 26,'0L9'S8,FS9'SL.L “8G “FST TH ‘bar'69, “6686S. “O9TPIOD “98°69, 18S°Z9,EhE'Sh.d “ON'GEAIND $= “SL Lb. EL‘ FF, “69° SE IN “LLS LE L608. 1U9D "GILT Tek “OCId “98TO “SWaYY ap Jajassnoy 2 Gand Olle | yo°uAS "€12‘L6,'0L9'S8. 699 CL AL ‘8od “SST “T8698. UBV bCb'6S. 8686S. A “OTE us ia PIS'69." 89°29. 60F'Sh.A “902'8b. ‘TET ‘eh.‘8¢'th., HJOSB IW Lasoo 9p Jajassnoy Bina esate en ele rein qopossnoy oysuor Jo “udg ‘OP8‘69.q. ‘aybuosr ap jajassnoy tae eee JotauBs jo ‘uAg ‘18°69. “LILAUD SL, ap jajassnoy “--"sepunq jo ‘udg 169. “UlwDs ap jajassnoy ee a a deg Jo “Uusg 89°1S1d “LIQVY p /2]98snoy ae ie cei JOTESsNno y TOVUTAL jo uAS ‘682'PS.V ‘SZI‘Ib MM “49a .q jajassnoy Poa Bee eS gossny Ysyug Jo-udg ‘Zald “QUbD/ILE PUDLA AP jajassnoy pee ete aon aie ee eee en “--yorodsi Jo "UAS “SOP‘6S. “Ulsadsg ,p jajassnoy Weta aa ae CO a qopossnoy JO"UAS "ZStH “ANOY AP jajassnoy = Se “10}8Od0(T JO ‘ud 'ChR‘69. *4a}800q jajassnoy “AOSSIVD JO 'UAS “EEL‘'ZEM “Std “noluy,p jajassnoy es ORT a A Pee Ano WEES Se Se. CPUS De ane a aE eee Roe ChS‘69.C. “OATS Jo]assnoy Boia 5 yee eee suojoVy JO "UAS 'h8'69. “02G'09. HJOSVIN “8Ua]9V jajassnoy SEER LECT ORR EES SES sk, UY JOUIUUNS JO "UAS “pCh‘6S. 668 FS. “Wedd = “Jajassnoy | SUOYY JO'UAS “ZEA “PZP'6S.“6GE'FS.A_ “9P8'69,TSC'LS. EE Sh. “PSI “yajassnoy feces tes See oe tele Pee no tae COLUMN aa INO) op Jopssnoy Udg “Ye “Jayassnoy Reue ee ie ake eee e hia gts “youo'y Jo uk “Ch8‘69. “L6L'E8.AUeH “youaT assnoy Sapa PP SS ae a eo youeposnoy Jo uAS “G6E'6E., HJOSBIY “yourvy asnoy Zoe SOO SOS EE yourTosnoy UAS *96Z'0¢. HIOSVW “COTTE. = “99‘68491ND + *Yyousjosnoy abide tox UBM! JO Msg CIP'OS.A | “SL8°69."PSS'L8. “SENG 310 “doy punoy “yonbuel¢ punoy o51B'T ‘opuoy oyonbur,g ossory ‘puoy jonburyg sory “suds “] “jonburlg punoy See es Se OE Fw ByuRseldeg Jo‘udg ‘6¢'cg, FUR “yJounbiag punoy ene ab hiten wees eee cities see UIs Stes Ueno 26 FG, UBD “JoTnoy nvoej109 Journ, Jo'uAS “LIL‘69.d ‘ZZ1 “sab1a14 sap sabnoy ssa F nofuy poy Jo UAS “ZS'EL.OJOVDA *269'69.0_ “nofuy,p abnoy SENeSee Sele, eee ssid ‘apnearnoy umorg Jo ‘usS “SIZ‘l6,.L ‘abnoy ----9sreuuonoy ajog ‘uAS “J ‘es;RuueNnOY pie ee uenoy op uv ‘uAg “yy *Wenoy Peer ss ee ee Sere see are utnoy op olimeg “uAg * “uRnoy Patna bey jourvsiog poy Jo*udS "T227‘e8.0JOVOA “L¢'7R.OSHW ‘a7owDbsag ayj0y “RZOIGSOY “UAS "ESH‘26,"0LE'E8.'7E2'GLaL “SSSA “SSTH “T9'TL. ‘#9 ‘eg. ‘ece'bG FAO TT = “982PS.4IND “ORE ES.‘CESFS. A FETOIOD «FOO VW “6P‘TAOTT "PL3M “OSES. “TORTS. A "E869. 'Chb ‘LS. OTF Sh. 69°26 .'99' FF L'SEN *19ZITJSOY 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 220 “6PST ‘stoMO1D gma jo ssarsuo0g Aq poyoofloxy “AN ‘001078 \\ Jo ‘Youd “Y svuloyy, Aq posTey “OPST Ul Uatedsy “fey Aq pastey “anTBA JO ION “poqiosep JON “6PST SIOMOLDH qiniy~ jo ssersu0g Aq pojoofoy *SYIBVUIOY 3A-3)| ds Sc2e'be das 3 ds es Ci een aay Pat aie ie | Ada dscsene wf | n1oA ufp | nif ul a& *91N4XoL, | Bhar ets cbibscsidsecdestsedsibbdbbbotave (uma) Teory ouvI jo ‘udg *298'69.d ‘ayohoa Eee Feat eee “Ti PI Jo wag “SIL'26,.L “LLeA_ ‘a7phoy Ce alace a a err te “sores ToqUTM [BAOY JO UAG “ZEZq “Wau .p [phox ; Bee ig ieee Rigg be BS erie ieee eon oI OsaIt "OATH. D [esoy vesees punod Joudg “OS'TAHIOLV “e8t “SE8'69,‘LES'LE. *auuajajbuy ~p iwhoy psis cic) eivininmnieln alae -Teislaleisle\sicesteiniacem coe «/e.elesers Sulpoeog syoog ‘udg eislase raisins Selsileeis ners Sie ocr SIMoT Jo'uAg “g62'PP. HJoseW “wpusapy 1g hunqzoxy plete alesis REST eaES jossny YsMug Jo-uAg “Zeid ‘aubnjaug ap ayjassnoa Sir aioe Aosstwp Joudg *002'69.d “822 ZSLTF.SM “SZ “noluy .p ajjassnoy Diao I re CS OO a[WALOW Jo-uAg 90d “nNolupy.p ajjassnoy so jassnoy Dees sm mecc es wesc e spe secs rasa anes esmeaseceresseina CSG “16869, ‘98926. “UOpOSsnoy Soe aioe + Sia quInyy, JOU -SEl‘TP MAM “S618. LUEH “(outs Jo) auzjassnoy ‘UlpOSSNAL ‘WOTessnoY e110 4 “OUlfossnoY oLl0g ‘VUUIOINY,p UY BT ep onont) ensuoy B Jvosnyy ‘oneny onsuo] B Yeosny ‘uuINNy JO pug ey} Jo VROsNTT poyTBIS SuOT ‘WBosnW Pole, Ssuo’T “(A[snoouos19) suo g 0}4NIg ‘SUAg “Zb8°69,d CEA LET Sh HJOSVW “99'GE FIND “ZCL'TFOPU'ZEM «OG «6ST «| OUT PossNOYy PORDaS BBE Os COO ED "777" IBA JOTOSSNOY JO UAG “Z8et “paypba1wp, Jojassnoy Pi siedsaninitpbinieRehsie mys Sishci incea\ nie 8Seie/s sien ates poyesoeA Jojossnoy ‘udg “T ‘IRA JoTessnoy “WaxOMAOPURA JO"UAS “ET L‘L6.'0L9°G8, “Sg “SOF'6S.O “CSS “LFS'69TFS'LG. “SSTLS, HJOsSRW, “Uayansapun,g jajassnoy Fears eI hake a sain lee as 68S FE. V 9620S, FIJOSVW “QUeoUTA “98 JJQoTOSSHOYy Bee eo AE Bay ae nea Ricace qojosnoy Aye” yo udg ‘G9'88.N “JUDE ajjajassnoy : “suleyYy JO UA “OsE'C8..L “9F8'69. d ‘@82H “PSIH “682 FS. V “O9TOOD “69°8E.IN ‘0@Id “98IO ‘“SUuaye ap ajjajassnoy “d0g JO UAS “182d “FI8‘69LE9'26. “8686S “LLE FS. “Ild “wand

a Sige ter S SISO IEA Tis ie pace abasels ciate IS'Z,HJosey *dv0001g Joossnoy BIS Sins) SMAI ShSr™ clea Son casa ale ekcle a icf tine ‘sumleyy jo-usAg “Yer‘ee,quey Wag jJajassnoy DoS CROOD purrs trtt tts sss" -goressnoy ATIVq Jo UAG “ZEzq “NDaLpLad jajassnoy pita va tte ete REIS) SUTIOyY JO UAG “66E'FS.A “OtIq ‘“Ssumayey fo jajassnoy PSS IBIGIn Spee ieee apes apse mien Ae Oa sulleyy JO UA “OFS'69,q ‘anbsnzy Jajassnooy BORG ROR Oe eos TCs AC Suly Jourumng Jo'uAg “ZRzq ‘sous a] Jajassnoy "LPS'69. *Tehoy GLaL SSUODS0 (HRS es oenor| pase not sepung Jo-uAg “6424 “0E2'69.68F'LE. “S81'S¢, HJOseW “ums jajassnoy Teg es Fue sek Bae Se aca ee ee sepundg Jo'uUAg “0szq “wWDL jajassnoy SSoTUTYS Jo uAS “TEl'eh HJOSVW “Red “SUD Jajassnoy ‘ized JO oUleN *ponuljuoj—Lo6T 07 FO8T Wolf suoynoyagnd unruiaUp Ur 07 paiafas sivad fo sayawva unouy ay) fo capur-anbo]D7{0) 126 221 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. ed weet ww eee Pee ee ee Re ee *-"**-*9qqoulUBs Jo “UAg "CSA *La0LH /p auiqng (Iq) ofoUoZive JO -UAS “LTA “1Zh'6S."S6E'PS.S te mons eferos ee prosscstrconecstetcceciecsrersicrsecso*! “29260. P1929. ‘6ee'sh. “LL'LEAUOD = “EETTPLET'ZEM = “P6lId, = “0p ausqng “OV OUIUIBS JO “UA “E1Z'16,‘OLS Ee See eee eee eae le me i ee ia he i ee ‘G8.'PSS'GL.L “I8SSH °268'6S,‘CLE'PS. OPE LE.AIND = 06269, ETS'L9,“SEhSh.d “aulqng ‘oet “d ‘epgt ‘gp ‘d ‘zest ‘orngyno “410 JO oulzesey Aq poysyqnd TASS lpemecemne 8 (6 [Ra | ee Fo 0 ia (a a oe ouIqeg TBWOD “UAg "YW *euyTqes Se es ce ee ee eg ee uosivoTA YT jo "uA “MS “LD9 dT $ wossvauly ‘PZ8T IO ONSOl[VIBO s,WOFIVU MA SBIIS UL |---| re | ea Ne a ie ee) | asa CS ap pag ek ae oes “Bog S,udsiveudy “usS “YW *uosIveUAY “qsliny -[Noy1o_, UBIpBURD Aq poysHqna i |Peeeer s Ciedlnase=a7 [1 Gee Oe See eee eee eee eeeeee eee eeeeeee --""762'66,HuUeO ‘ysTty “Bq ‘1oysoyo “821 8E'E8. A “STL'L6.‘0L9'S8.‘FSS'CL.L “SST'PL.69 -JsoM ‘Ioygny uyor Aq pastry} WM |» BA | as | ust mids | [UI Col Ul ae as Bd | ‘ZL.‘SSUTL410H ‘8h8'69.d “OS'ATHIOLV “PL‘OL VMOHYV “S166. 1ST'29.¥ *10990Y “261 dd orn Aq pousttand oul 3a Ff fs 4 nis I Mle | iat) 1S (tal (Sa el ge ame ee Sar aah oem a ele Mi ae ar ls BISSnY op JopuBxe;y “UAG “7 “RySsny “Borg ‘Ajun09 uosyove ul umoig sB pojz0dexy Sees eed ee eras oes een ee ee ee ee nr *6L'S6, HAO “LL TIMHM “jossny ee OUlTassnoy jo “uss “16869. “061d “ULNISENY POAC RoR) IOC) eR | Packs) (Orc OO SOA |e Oa =) Sscinisielainlecssayeisini=ansineeiciarstssice Sy Sel PPE jewumg yo ‘usS “CbS'69, "Tad *J2]98Ssny * Foal | i cima | le eee a | Sa Ra | la | ge | cece | hag a AMYL JO'ULS “OSTA “GES'PS.V “LT TP.M “UaNaLYD UOg 8 asomysny “uOsliey yo “udg ab eco | | chet tgn | sie eee eel iaoaiyk | ga Sak Se "GTT “6LL°69'GLS'29. “ZCh'6S‘96E' FS. A LET “TA MM“ UaNasyD Wog $ a40ULYsny Ce ee ee rs eee ee eee ~AINY,L jo “uAg "CST “2LOULYSNY Sah aha Rasen a [Umeha | eed mea Pig ara pcre HPSS SE a SASS 2 AG Sy MRA St cere es cencen aL SQM Ps SN) SS RS SSS NES tee ae ee ng BROCE. Gee “udg “SLET “aUsiQVaumny ‘TIT ‘orepsurane yy ‘uvuryong uyurefueg FORM TTOS|[OOGLOU Le ALT oll esses allies al aera all peices is a og pire lel ers Ia ai oe oictemratokots slosmtoyase 'sfolecsiniate lata aiGio* Salen es) sa= =i weet meee eee e ewww ne en wwe etre a 2 eh “pony ‘Og ‘zIssesy HEA LEU OCC Me ATURE RG SOU Teleco ae a|ioae spr eae orl eae | eS ea ee aire ween ree mes IP ninyrielcesioineinic - sero none si aS euysny jo ydjopny sour ‘udg “yy *ydpopny oebacs oapaalen orehnteeel oaaectric pantelofnsci | a) .o {niche letersi ase) || Sas oa here e CO} ia came age Saag ed ae a See --a1q.p oeAoy ‘outqoy ‘sudg “T *soWUINgS [eLoy Ce) (ae ae aii |e peseacacar ssl pax isinl} Rie shesninie| p/eie.P45)s/=i=anie}| easinim.c/oschs fea elciomnseeniei=icie(oaiewisicieinisinine eib ONEABOOTIPT TO) “EA pa ea atin SUN TSE aE ed ees ie ee ee es eee ee ed i ee ey aeyqo10q quires Jo ‘uAg “BPS'69, (LPG. “27 9QNON ayphoy “10JUTM TBAOY JOUAG “SPS'69. SR | eae Wee ee eae | tees |e keess SRE Meee eee ‘PSI «‘6EZ'FS.V TEL‘Sh. HJOSVW “FAT'TP.'SPU'ZEM “ISI, “COD “49017 p ayvhoy roumung TesAoy jo-udg ‘Z8zd “9iy .p ayvhoy eulqoy Joudg “BITTP TSU “etld 9 .p ayphioy So faietaie| lea, 1 wie Jenene eee ne eee ee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee a Tad le phon Ae CI qureg yo ‘uAg “60F 6°. "787A “g/Dhoy 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 222 “peqiosep JON *poqliosep JOU /40UTISIP SB poulle[O “poqitosep JON ‘Oo ‘a ‘zIssesy 98 piByoio [vJuoUtIIedxe oy} UT “SPST UI SuTUUB YY JLoqoy Aq UMOYS “PEST ul Suruuvyy yroqoy Aq pojyrodury *paqilosep JON “6181 UI BISSNY Wor poonporquy "KN ‘Aqun09 BFoqRIKg ‘UOy -UBIA UBA “IJ JO ULIB] UO punog “6PST ‘SIOMOT) qiIntg jo sseisu0g Aq poqoofery *SyIBULOY “AqTBNeY | *eInqxe, aia S\b\e\n aw Mi e\e © eis btw/aln alana erwin a’mipie at a wialatstieietayateletate cl sietane . ‘ culcas STE Losey "11ey QuIeS AS Pay Le en eee UIBISTUY) JO UA “G0F‘6S.“9EE FS. “SSL ZES Wa7D) “78 age eee ace Bisiog Jo'UAS “6IF‘ZSTST' Sh HJOSUW “GQ Id ‘slooun4y jug Sor eels e 1 aie Babe rena ees SSTL.V PIS TILAIGD 9 “UULS]og spouray 49 deci oOo at ii ia oe wae? tpg an CENA TOE ID es AG SSlZeM “spursayg 49s pene PS CREPE EIS Eek oc SORE peated clam tae tae UOT Sh Vain RLU aE aS Rasp oro ee sorseesesessssss*"9ulafapeyy Jo "UAG 608 69.0 ‘aUurDjappyy -a7mngy Era re phat 2 aoyJOIOg Jureg JoudS “gg7‘Fo HJosVW ‘ajjaanoxy ajphoy aayjosoq ‘1s! “OTOANON o[BAOY ooyJoLog “Vg ‘ojjoaAnon avhoy ‘opvdoy ‘aTfoANON ‘suUAG “FTL'26,T29'G8,C66'GL..L “FE AXXUODD ‘Z8ed ‘6PS'69. LPS 2G.“STSTS.A “886P.OU VN “661'6P O11‘ 98h HIOSBN “ooyjOL0g JUTeE are “suod JO UALS | “FIL'L6,TL9'G8,"SSG'G2,.L “SCA “GPS'69.T8G' 28. “sruaq jug ‘uldsi19 Jo UAS “O6E‘TITXXUEDD “L6°EL,HSSVW “o¢e'02 410 | “6F8'69.0 “00T69,.V“I869.VINOHV ‘See TITHIOrY “TST'e99INO “wdswo wg Se PS anh Gi aes So SOROS [7 OTT JO ‘uAS 'F99'60,d “UDLLaD “16! ental ca tee 4 ee GEFS.V _"96'0S, HJOSVW *66'8h. HSSVN *OUNIg JUyRS Giese ee hate tombs PEO SCO A Age he Sei uljsnsny JO‘UAg ‘“$ilid “wysnP 7s cis uysnsny Jo-udS “2gza “TSl‘eh HJOSVW “SPI'Ze Ot ‘blldd “wusnbny qurvg i ittia Webi iie te aap) Smite Gee UU ROC RODS C ulsnsny jo-udg “piTtq “wysniny 79 ‘orpuy Jules Jo;uUsS § “F1p'26.'262'68,‘612'SL.L °Z2'29. AIL ‘06TH «= 08869, ‘8EEFS.A “STe'IS. A “SPS'ZG. TIP‘ch.d = ‘“8G'tP HJoseW ‘aupuy ag ‘oIpuy 49 ‘orpuy 4s aNOd SUAS “6186. “WA “ISTP USV “6L‘TAOH'167'9F. HJOSVW “orpuy yureg ee ae ee ea ae IBANG JO'UAS “EZZ'ER.OJOVOU “DAnuLvyns “4010 -dvg prvnopy ‘Jolodvg oyouresi0g ‘sug ‘11969. “STS‘IS. “COL'TP.T “qoreseg POU SNORT dee ore om Te JOLOUBIS JO “ULS “6OP'EG.“ESE'FS. A “Jaunbog See Ie pe pe soon Aaa eat ael ers ystusdg jo uAg -g¢s'69.d “auwmoinyp.p wsoy unufog eee SE a oe Da ke Cumg) UByeIyO Uog Jo'UAG “E98'69,d ‘any .p UDLfosy Ra ARMS Ce aR ee aS Foe oe ystuvdg jo udg “9¢3'69,d ‘auwony .p uwoifog Rh oa Ses eek ee Daan Ao[pyg Jo uds “Tel'eh HJOseIN “yous fajpog = isis (sola je\njo\s ln nlaleju i=in imhe a in/a/winieipo}sidis\e.pja/s uiwlelelalalcielariaiaiale slalsiate yov cAo[peg “UA “YI *£O[PBS Peet ecweesaenasrseeseceecencaseseecesrseedseccesseseees a[epooy jo ‘ud *G11'69.0 ‘OoDg SME a Poors i eae ae to gig el ARI euleyoeg Jo-udg “qh ‘pinuspyoog “BABULLTOBE"UAS “OO.OTVAA “€9'66.d°N “SARI ‘e'68.0JOVOM “AD ‘oureyrs dl ate cae a ea ea gee a ae BsBpuUBoR, JO"UAg “6F8'69,d “Jay099 DbDpunovgy ey eee Soe ee UdZUBIA UBA ‘[exoeg BSBpUBOLYG “sUAS “GPS8'69.q ‘“RStpURIEG Ng Ra Cae Senge mic tars, mare ig aus OV OUINIB ¢ jo ‘udg “062°69,0. “SUOY UDA 2UuLqQDS eT ae ajoulUIBe JO -UAS “ZOL'TPM “6P' LE, Hose “youerg ay) fo aurqng Ge bere cee ee et ose eae ba OC RIO NICHI 6&2‘ FS.V “(YSIUop,y) eurqrsg “ved JO oWIBN “‘Pponuryuoj—LoO6l 07 POST mouf suornoygnd wnowaUp Ur 07 paslafas suvad fo sayaunr unouy ayy fo xapur-anbopnyn) 126 223 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. pee aaa Paz Sega teen eer ee td lec ad | Ree seer eas ene ae ane Oe a eee Sete a ge a RATS STU RY LOL ate “CREA “UNA STUD julDs “UTBISIUDH JO"UAg “0¢8"69, apeetet esehi | arte Par gear Pt lee eer ‘OGTH “Sh'ITAOH “S21'Sh, HIOSVW “L6L'CE AUD “ISTIP ESCM “UIPISIYD UID ; “UIBISIUD JO "UAS “OST'ES. SHAW ‘P9P'L6,'682'E8,'192 CLL ‘OL'29.V ‘O6TH “60P‘6S,988'FS. A ‘0828S. USV “SP'ITAOH “LS1910D “SLIM +E ie ale a ae la eAe TIT/L TTI TI TTS) *886'€8,'808'TS. A “LPS"LE.OTF'Sh. “99°68. AIND “19'LF.'SC'bh,TL'8E.N “UIDISIUD “IS ee ele ed ee eee See ee ce ke eo Pe une wee ee ae UIBULIOy JUIBS JO‘UAg “0C8'69,d ‘a4 UlDULLaH jus : ‘ayjonbnue A jo ees apt ae a aera | ea ea |) Be ‘UkS "96216, HJOV "F28'69.0 122'09, HJOFBW “ESTA “UNanbnDA UNDULIH JULES SPOTIOSODINONT Ecco viecs les gee leer sige ie ee eile (rabas- LOT || 2 en aG Se ERE SOS ECE SST SSR ees CSET *POPRSv[AVA UPRUey JULES Dee ee erie eee” (eras seme ica ie ee SIE ce ccate ce (suUOW UBA) UTBULIED Jo'uAG ‘geIdeq “ZZ ‘“sUuosy UDA UWIDW4LIaH JUIDsS “SuluuRy, Weqoy Aq Aqowog yeingmMoyz0 FR 84408 “nyoessvyy JO Buijoour yw uMOYG || eae ee a ae AR ee ee eee eee on eres sats Per sesys ots ce a pesicnns 66'S, LISSeW ‘UOTI,L Upeusey 4s ‘UIBULIOY) “49 IOUIUING ‘UIBULIOy JUIRY §,410Ug ‘UTZIBY Op ULRULIEN qulRg ‘O10 ,P UIBULIOH QUIeg ‘(9UIOS JO) yUOP-1]0f ‘VoUDAOI JO o[[oUOZIBe ‘xNBOUDA ‘an[BA Ou Jo ATquqoig | oul d e pe 3 feet Al] (oUapapay di woe -Old Sop oJoUOsIBe ‘IOAOVT-90}F] Josue y-o0f7 ‘sudg “JT “(CuMg) UPRUIey 49 Brie ccs ibaa e we a0 oa coos | Saal es Silke ace baa ace ee eae uleulier) podii4g Jo"uAS “IEl‘ep, josey ‘podiujg wpuwsap jug We or peril Bea y Qi c= AIR oh bade I ea, | ace ae | | ““stang Jo"udS “68869, “SP‘ITHJOLV “18'S. VUOHV ‘stand uppulsap juLDS SSSR ie aa eae Cee pees ETE e eer emacs} rete siceee ee he eae eae a eo OT BULLER) LL R DON TLL es ole Sar eo Ley UL ee ee A sages Pe hes | aees| |S Bor eee aR Se teigle a ooo" Sa prs or isecmsiec sess eam - Cron) DedwAgiOLiAg. “OGRiBO;C, ceaiid DIU er Mumm late Ryne ke Boo ieee cles les oe cae eo coer co a eee alk a a UIBULIOH “IG MON JO'UAS ‘P1869, “NDIanoN’ UIDULLAH “1S bapa Lig ru es (Pans |e ge bat (Eero (Pa ee “ UIBULIOY) JUIRg JO ny, “CSA OG8'69,'SFS'LS. LEVEE. 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A “FO869'229° 28 TEESE. “OUDIT WIDULLID “Ig SOG SSE aap fea | Son [rcere sg ecocitecieorvorcemelocccessversss"*°*"""TIBULIEy IuIBg JO “aAG) “0C8'60,d “SéId “9UDIQ UIDULLOp 7uIDR F ; : ‘UrBULIoy JuIBg JoUAS “E2106, HIT “S08 C8.L 06TH “OTETS. “SPS‘ZEOFF'SF.A “OLIN “S6Id “MS “L610 “U2DUL4aD “7S! “UIBULIOX) “39 1oJUI AA ‘olvy BT UMOUyUL: 410A UIBULIOY JUIBY ‘8S ,O0ULIg UIBULIOY) “Vg ‘OUNRL TIRUIIOY “19 ‘SLI UIRUIIED) “49 ‘910 UIBULIOY “49 ‘IOATF,P UIRUTIOD JUIBY ‘UNI UIBULIOy JUTeg ‘OUBIG UTBULIEr quieg ‘ulBuIIEy “39 ‘puomTyoIYy ‘orvyey ‘oreg Bl eNUUOD UT ‘aUIIGSUBRULIEy] “UIT -yUBIY ‘oOfojry ‘suAS “0¢8'69.0 “82H “OGIH “99'68.9IND “SLaLe “L6I'Se.10eD eid ee OR ed el Ga Ge “IA | 8OUTh SPU EM SGI IGIUL “LSSTBOIVD IST ‘AToUq@ Mod = “Uy UIey) JURE Sipermicte| seni [SSIS I tte we eee el eens rd ot eee es eee ee --sod100y yo “udg "CST ‘s9bL0ap quIwy 31006—Bul. 126—08——15 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 224 ‘jasuByory Jo ug *1es'60.OFSLE. “Sha PSQISV “bh2‘SL.ZOZ'Bu. eet be ca (oo Pare SURE liegeacne |PaaersaS mrrreses a") OTeEE MOTT “TL TAOTL “eseesSTeTed “GORI TOsB IW “paHuUDYyLVY JaDYUY “IS | ‘psuryoy JOULS "POR LG, haaas rc co ot og ee "| G8U'G8'LOS'SLAL “1S8°69OPS'L. “OL 6S. P8EFS. A “SST Th M “ebuDyouy papyUW “1S “ouUd ieseorus (es (ana eke ail -A0C OPIUM JO USS “FTL'26.'TL9°S8.“GEo'G2.L “O8S6A A “bld “C6IUL “Dy “78 *UIMO FY OG OF SIND Poaotjoq UOAT I | We | BA-B a heres en) Grad fare (OCP ins (00s Oe el ata Ss pas saan NUR NAA Sah aae Torts sss" OT 6G SESE FS A SUTUISON “9S | “uIUa JO "UA “PTL‘26.‘TLS'S8,SCC'G2,.L “@0e‘IIIAH ies cel Dees iarat beara ac Lge ta © et JOCV ‘OIF‘6S.A “Z8ZA “OG869.6FS'2G. “LSPS, HJOSVIN “7Z'ES. TISSBVIN “ulwayy Jurog ie aa (tas mare Se ee Se ee ee ee oe OSU GAT) sO SUAS “ESSA “ILDIYY WS Se re Be ae sees GS ae ee ha ea arco Sa se a a aa ae onbiyesuy Jo‘udg ‘6Liq ‘ypyapyy jury See ti on crc renbipsuay Jo uss "09960. “PGE TP OM “6Ltd_ DMD “1S See ral he eye oa gat eli on cee eee oe aera ee we ea eye ae gig ie oe OISIUBGI JO'UAS “CBT “YLDIV “1S! RD ee le te Paegiies Jonbyesuy Jo uss “PA Th ChE M “6Ltd “904d JurDg Teecdlie eects at 5 mn | a Sm | OYSIUBI JO UAS “TAS6OSPR'LZG. CL “SSE"6S THE ES. CLE TUILM “OLDjY “1S! sSaieig2 [econ es| 2 ceeds eusryeis| See ee tial aomew ener | asa ki acoGrets owas crac wie ates Seren ER Saracens SIVNOILL JOULE “S19'GN. “Dy 1UIDg Secepelaemiees aber lec ee et ae ies =| Seatac ct Pere | Seen ean Steet tees eset essere eereeeeesre oMT Jo USS “OOOAVA “2UN'T “18 *POQIIOSSP FON TO es ee LOWE pT meee ees eee Daa te ad ee une sens OST SL 4A0FL “SST “SyNOT Juypesg Pee UMS R See Se als ecees | eng aad ge tp lots cae nell rate ye sea aan Son nae ae ae eer ulzoT Jo"ULG “06869. “991d “Ulza'T JuDy "rrr" TIZaT JO CUA § “Q6R*SE. TIJOsB IW Iq ‘ulpzaT WS sorte CT ay) aypouosive Jo “uAg 69.d “E81 “Juaunn'T Jurpy (Bug) offouoszrep Jo UALS “FIL L6 TLE ES. {CCC'CL.L “OSTA “B68 6S. “ELEFS. “8E2‘69.FIG'LS AUI) “SSUCEM “OSTA — 9QULDT JULDS! op ee Oo eae ae ee ee ad ydasor Jo‘usS “esoq “ydasor quipgy et aie gouuvor Jo “uss *899°69.0SF'25,088Ch.d LITTER. M “6ld D9 8 UYOL “1S JSOAIVH JO UAS “TSe'6e.‘N9E PU. A “Gl “ADI SUYOL “IS —_ “"JZOUUBOL JO CUAS “6F'SOATIOAUSIED “UYyor “TS ae ae St eee eos uuyovor jo-usg “OO.OUVAM “wryovor 1g “4Ioqoy pyeosnyy JOUAG "TSA 69.8129 ‘TRE'CE. “LOVER Uo “sou anhsnyy una “is AIPUR]Y JO UA “YZL'6O,d “WTA “aap ajsyidvg wna 1g ‘OA PULL OSS. OTR'6S PSE FSA CITES TIOSRW “aisudpg uve ‘ig Soe youUUBO JO "USS “YITH “SEY'69 $d ubap ig SVAIv]T JousLg * y “ubar 1g Sas Gar ta a ee cae WNBST JOUAG “ZW ‘aunDsy Jury fips se tes aie at ier seer woqnyy Josudg “TETep, WJosew ‘“jassnoy jwaqnyy jug “youre | -log Iaseq sev ourns Ajqeqolg | | DRA aE OST Re ele fit oe ae to Oe i ne OP 6e, A AOATH, P ULRTQIOH “38 “VOULRSBLOG Id|SVAy JO Roce Slopes alec 2a ee sl cere ols ome corset siressscss ss) AS IST TGL'69F9S'2S,. “OSh'FS JOS “IST'OF, HSSBW “4901H .P ULDIQLAH “18 ‘opt “d ‘est ‘arngyno arn ae -1yWWoH jo VUIZESRBAY ul peysyqnd | *** Sf ie | Phe ata ey el fe See Pa acee gg s qeat pte an co e Fan ie meron eae Gy ee, eae eee tyes ae oAVET “19 dp SOUUB A uAg WU “aAtH "48 nm Lae Q n g/P@/ele/e|s| ee] & *SyIBUleyy g Es Ss st 5 : 5 oF ‘vad JO oWIBN a bac] 5 : ‘ 4 : B 7 | | ‘ponulyuoj—Loél 07 toss wosf suornayqnd unnwUup ur o7 possafor sipad fo sayaior unouy ay} fo Lopuy-onbojjy) 126 225 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. “BYBIATBY SB ourvs ATGBqolg sar} -dIBA 10}30q Aq pepoasrodns MON *ppng iossayorg Aq popusurmi0dey ‘ose “d ‘praia Aq peysiqnd *YIOX MON UlojsSeM Ul po BUIsIO “E681 10} onso[ ~B7BO SAVIN “M “N Ul poysyqnd *Aqaro0g [wing -[NOIPIOH BIsIOeH JO Surjoour 78 suvuryolog “¢ “q Aq powqryxg “e0UBIY ‘S103 -uy ‘AoloT oipuy Aq po PBUIsIO OV} 0SION “IP, Aq porBUIsO “AJOUBVA Suryoood B APWOI49 “e98T Ul poy. ‘ssep ‘oulyoorg 48 po RUIZIIO ‘a0UBI Ul yvetndod Ajrow0y AjoeA plo uy coviga |[Makieccemet is ea eee or ere ee Sree or ae) WBIATVg Jo'UAg ‘“EeIq ‘aIUIAOL ap unaps “TEE HJOSVWN “GIL TETE'7e. “e8ld, “LSID. “NDNyDS | I a gene oie a had CIA Fa II ten edUVAOIg Op VRIATRgS “UAG “Y *;VRTATES BqUVIATRS Jo'UAS “OOOMVAA “ME'96.MAXAUVD “OSI “97LA]DE “IYBIATBS “EV ETALTRS SESS. HBL *Sungs|rs ‘sudg “Ty “‘woWoTEg “Ainqsieg Jo uAg "1g8°69,ThS'2¢,.q “buypaag fiangsijog “YT *Arngst[es f6.0MN “Woles “PIL 26. TL9°S8,"o¢¢ ‘ND ap WuaIUIA JUDY ‘sup osoy ourdy ‘sudg ate ait ast eet tee Sa a te te eee nS 1Z°CR. TIPU eddipiyg sino’y ‘uouiojeg puBiy “TS8'69.0 “GLO | ‘ Be FSi GelSTeie aim Rigo aa sin ise.) alr eae = res aa Bul[poeg Arnqsiyeg ‘udsg ™~ bbe ‘usg “20829, HJose yy ‘OIF'6S. “Z8SHM_— S869,‘ 2hS'29.d shay Scape Neagpoeng a Trreesessesessessesss-<-5e0CG BD “ZECOHSSUN "NB Op FUBUTA “3g pers TseGLasv “9LeL.W “egiduq = “28°¢2 UO “ses, “38 “TT UIIMS Jo -uAS “OOOTVAT “TAA “OO'86/ShF'96. YAXAUBD “ULYRNg JUDY ee gewaats (Buq) effouosivr Jo uAg “LZ'2e.AUD “SeC'ZEM “ClId “wosung jug *(Bugq) ajouosive jo udg “O8td “e6e'6S.‘E2e'FS.a “SeL‘69.‘FIS‘29,‘LEe'Ch.d ‘iid “uosdupg yung Ve eee pee srresesssesss"=-TIGdeNt JUIBS op olineg "UAS "YW “UpQUeNs Jules Se Ug oS Ch mbat bananas bbe ate aie aca hears altaig Jo-uAG “[Elep, HJOseW ‘a4491g puLDS “IIB JUIBS ‘eleag JUIRS ap ‘8TH OTT TRS GPLVZEM «EITM = “00d FUyeS alata ail iael a alhe ar e ES Ch'99,HISStW "ytd 4S pucuccntele, soi “Ts7""""""-orsnig yBvyo ‘esuojuIRY op yonburig ‘sudg ‘“Zgiq ‘ssuOJUTES Saif. tig inal eB cian ack aan ea, eg i ee oled JIBS jo ‘udg ‘Elid ‘420d Juipg “SUBOTIO JO‘UAS “PIL'L6.L “SZU'e9USV “62ZA “OGIH “6FL‘6% ‘E6PLE.0 “Tee‘6S. FOSFS.A “PITTS. 410H “LOT‘6, HJOSBIY “OPE'LE.AIND. “sDjOYyIIN “7S “OUUVAO(T ABIN JO*UAS ‘“£6% CS..L “OGLE. TU9D “a40q 19Y9UW “7S! "65869. “91049 J2YIUT JuIDy ‘jesuByoIy JO"UAS “6LP‘FO, “-UAXTUB) “OLIV “ESSE. USV “1S3'69.OFS' 22. “CST Ib. M “abupyosy 19y9IW “1S “auUUDAO(T 8JIGM JO “UA “g9'Z.V “O82‘eS. UsV “gs ‘TTAOH allog ‘10y3ye 7 ATOR ‘odeg aq “sudg | 088°69.‘9P'29.‘82E°SF.d “IZ IP.M “CST ORAPUL “96T'SS.AU9D “bd M “PDYIUT “1S Ge ee ee 2 cass esuuss0g IY M Jo"UuAg “6lZ7 “9UWDIG JaDYoIT JULY Sie ae | eee eden geo “"7 777" mIBISIqy Jo "UAS “SIT “99'68.4IND “sapyouW “1g Sooo | eae a “"--euuesog eyYM Jo"udS “CEOS USsV “(pUB|SUG MON JO) JaDYIIWW “1S “auUsAOG 94IG AA JO “UAS “O6TH “S8‘ITAOH *088'69.‘98h'29.‘828'Sh.d “9E'FR.AIND “16ID “(UO4sog Jo) zapyoyT “IS fais nates skagen fo rapa epee aa JOJUIM ABIDN JOUAG “POSES A “49077 .P 1ADYIU “IS ‘uooueTy Jo ‘uAg Eaebiusce “OIESS.L “STN. USV “SEE6S. A “GZS IbZA “ZhL‘6O PERLE. “49a .P 1aDYYT “7S ee ells eee erated ee ea ee ee ouuaAO(T JOUIWING JO°UAS “ZEL6U.d = “IT «Pp aDYIU "IS ng eae cage “7 +" yesuByory JousS “T¢8'6.d “Zs “IL TAOH “)26upyosy Javyouy jurDg 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 226 ‘Ao[pury | 4&q pequosep ‘{siepuv,qy woi1g | we |----*- d p3 | niA3 | [uw qo[ueg ‘4o][oJUByg oUUDAOG ‘oJoTOJUBY OUUVBAOG ‘sUAG “TT *}OT[OJURS ee I) FU St | ea ac (Sa oe “-"Bsoy BjuBs JO'UAG ‘8O'Ch.V ‘IPELL'cee'IUM “buljpaag vsoy viung ite HBOS A Gin |Penrece [ore lt Gh ipell Ee v asi e pl Pee ne Sec he eR oe cea ae ple hae Bul[poeg BsOYy ByuBguUAgG “JT *RSOY BURG OO.OFVAA “TAA “FOCI HIT “89°S6.V “IPs II'7ee'IUM “euy eee a0) Helsieleses| edeesiiel | iceman a se rag eae ba a a -durvy joudg "822'60.d “687'PS.V “9820S, HJOSVW ‘OPE'Lh.4IND ‘suidag sung "sso[UIyg JO UAS *0L2'S8 AL “CSSA 'OGE'6G.E8E'FS.O = TOTS, 99869. '7hS'LE.ShE'Gh.d “O8TO “noadsung SSE SEE Sehgaae cheer “HPA cae Ge dares eredsug joudg °Z0L'69.,d ‘a2/la4Dg suvg ‘afore suBg ‘UBT SUBS ‘ofiorvduo N ‘yOuLBS1og [lolBq- uON ‘Teredsung AZag *dulyooo 10J pen[Va AjuUQ | [UL d A jwfq3| q3sAa I d |------ag | ‘ojqvaedmoouy isogq ‘jleredsueg eyjoureSi0g “sUAg “IL‘'Z6. “T ‘[ferrdsurs PS S| EN ag a Sama | ALE | aia | accel al | aecicaed ia gl (es a eee Si aera ec edo eae Jlorvdsuvg Jo'uUAg "Z0L'69.d “420g suDg [BO ‘BUY BIUBY UL poywUIsug | | 3 da 4 ni& I ‘Og ‘zIssesy AE ADLB TOO ST ReMOUL[ LOU Ke OU) App parse [PSone chem ain Pele alps ssc |Rool aes Selgeataea t= maikycies Saat saa gee ke I ners OOOAVAA ‘og 1oUUtS eae) eT a Rae ERS oe 1 JouuRg Jo"udS “00,.GVAN Wwobsag s .savung ‘Og ‘zIssBay 4B pavyoio [BjueWtedxe ey} UT | see CCDS UTES Saas jourssiog S,doluuBg uAg “WY “eTUURS vrcspetssccsescrsessesscessss =" -QrOuUInsUBg JO"UAG “Z8Zd “UDI ap ajournbupg (‘3feq) ejounsueg Jo'udg °*7¢8'69,q ‘anbibjag ap ajoumnbung “aT QBny[BA 40ou ‘ysog por yQIm Azisolno y | oul [-----"}-7 777” pease mis | uw CIAO S| Pc SORE Passa S as erie ie onbisjeg ep ejournsuevg ‘udg “7 *(‘S[oq) vjoummsurg | | ‘OOUBLT ‘an[BA OU | | ap efoulnsueg ‘ol[eq],p eulnsuBg ‘oulnsuLg ‘BuLoMoly poy ‘ol[viy.p o11l0g ‘ape uly) ‘Apoolg ‘poorg *suAg “1G8°69.d “782 “6IL’ TF. “ESTE. M ‘91d ‘ojournsurs AEs ajournsurg yo UAS “TS8'69.0 ‘Z8CH “Ld “CHAM ‘92DI] .p auynbung |faceease sabe Searins esas Srna fesse tteeecrenseee* "=" @1OUINSUBE JO uA "2alq ‘aumnbungy TBAB JO‘uUAG “Tq faeces ar |b pooper eee fe ce srsesssost ooo") GF C6 8D TSAO “60CIA “S6'6L, HUVD “FO 8L,HPUL “vad punisy younpups | Jo7T BUS 70 UAS "§TL'26, 029° S81 Flees || | lle (Saeco | atletek | cnc | eet ied | ica ce ear ee “68. WIBD “8h6L HPUL IZ18,HO ‘PIE'b8.10T 68. 16 SZ. HPI “19869. “40az puns “‘paq!1osep JON “11 8¢, HOSE W *plojypurs *AJMUept 0} SB ureyse0u :.) PRONE [AU | Setar SEG Te ORM OE ee he REE Se ee 162 6. HU 1) toyjoWRsiog purs Ng ay ee aly ee ee? 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HSV “LLOL.VAOHV “62: TIAHIOLV “LOT'69,V “UMOIg WtS ORCI Ct SE ara aS AID a Re Cs (aia ed | aa a A ie IO ie a ee ee ee ees a sinqgzjeg jo"udg “qy ‘wabungz]pgy “Apivy PUB SNOIOSIA 9014 : Peryn Tt ACES, Uaekie poss hdolehianp Poe e@ | sec2o5 Pe SEq)| 520055) | RCo SS o505 OG CRe| Se be SU So lease es ee ledinqgzieg Jo-udg “ezz‘e8.0JOVOA “09 Z.OSHW “GHD *sinqgz[es o) lex} *syIVUlEYy 2 , “1vad Jo sulBN *9IN4XOL “ponutyjuoj—Logl 02 FORT woLf suoynayagnd wuporiwoup wi 07 pasiafr. sipad fo sarjaupa UNnoUY IY) fo xapur-onbopn)n,) 126 227 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. youoyos -ussOH SB owes ey} AlqRqorg | “ERST UL BISSNYY Woy poonposqUy *poqiiosop JON | “rod10 A AQ poqioseq ‘TOUV] | *poqtiosep JON ‘Og ‘zissBay 78 paByolo [eyUeWedxe oyy UT “ssByy ‘ULe[Rg ‘sdepuneg semoyy, Aq poPBAIy[ND *paqliosop JON “PEST UL MOWEYM seg Aq poyeaning *010UI 10 Ive 9uO0 dooy 04 preg “YRIBY SB OUIBS 044 ATGBQOIg “SSB ‘1oJSeqo10d jo ‘ddv[g sneppeqy Aq postr “61ST Ul BOlLeULY 07 YYSNOIg “OPST ‘STOMOTD yinigy Jo ssarsu0) Aq poayooferxy “Sursturo1d oq OF FOL ut preg ysngny Yuoyog Jo uAS “Oxepe ol, wnbny s,yuayos pitied itt as a ie i es aed ee i i ee ee ge remo ENS BS 3, yueyog ‘udg “Yy “ysnany yueys ay youoyosueso f] jo “ul «g ode Tose yy “yuayos ** *oUBYOsSuoso TT JO ‘usg "168 CLEP. A “ADI 8, youayDY Sg id (nied tera eid eee (ee ea (ed De eer eens *-+-2"5=° == OTT OSUesO FT jo ‘uAg "1686S, ‘SLE! PE .5 U0} LITO A ysnbn y s youayos’ Soa SHR gay Hagberg ace A Teak” pitta i Heute A lata ec s a H A eae dai t YOUBYOSUOsoO FT Jo ‘udg “OLT! 1T9yHD ‘9Te'e¢,gInO ysnbn V §,youayos sinew s\ejh)|\o ata wiete||e ie aw ie||\o ein mens ale wine lw)|(selele Sine dete in &le'|'s'sin ah © uu alullwle iu wiwia © o\s/miniw oale(s)eleie tee ue leis ls tama ss, © fein C wing) uoljo1y) uog jo udg "Er 369.0 "Syayos Ww 3 s q nis Lad CLC) Cig sate a cain |i ec a1ONG VSSO1y ‘To]laMploeyos olunog ‘suAg “PIL‘'26,.L “TT ‘selpeappoyos DI) Id Ii io Io) ining ieee (ie ii ead (are a at Aorsayy jo ‘uAg "E0E' LC, HyO#eN fiathsyy UlYyDYs _=iw.s(mbm/|\v.e (eis (ass |'m = =e m/u\|s'e\einalm||o ie o = nein {|G @/s\e'elallia alo nm siain|le nao a ipid iio ” ec Gy LTO Mi nT Se NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 228 | (a> eet *aATIVBIONT Jo uAg Kesecage aee e ‘OLEPOTA “LETH “29269. 6829.0 “S86S. ‘CISFS. A “SIS ISA “Utuadsy .p Lnaubiag Ieee ba | Secale) (eS ae onl fr eiharraaes [oe beak [eka [se RT| | eae eNO oti Mona Dato eAlyeion’y Jo ‘udAg °Z92°69.d “IP‘SS DAMN ‘Lnaubiag SHOCTIONADYIONT lee collisas geile acs co clitccee climate, occa Rhee oe alae wooed he ek a ceed cae ae ee ey eae nomenon ee le = A Aas cae aa pee SPVOL AWN “OL S]OS ae: ; eine” SBUISTIYO Jo uAG “QCT‘PL. Sse “YON ‘na2vb.A4 Burjpaag SSIS hele eS | Minin wiaiel | weiss, ele) aia cialajeisil sioiayere | sere erelaseic'= ic) afala\n.e\s)ste/n/a:a\e\~\s/eielele\s.«\eveleieig * 95 00ss 35° 455" tepuurepp Jo"uAg © -7eaT'ce sn “Ssa7paoR Sites | he fear ci 3 gen = 5 eal aioe alie ooeea MMR clcs So ee ak 8 Bano ae eR EE See CUB) e090 Jo uss “GEZNHV “CZ'IITAUEDD “ssaypaag seeee-|-+e--- ByUBIUesseg JO‘UAS ‘99126, HUPIW “16°68. HUB “IZe'SS. TIBI “GD ‘ssaypaagy Ee cafe ate ree SSIs San ET fo Se) ek a earns peo Stick oP CoD Soc oc nvousiA JOUAS “00O,.0OE VAM “NDIUb1A patfipy Ravjasoagy ees yo;udg ‘ceehG.A “Sea XIUODD “SeTTAOH § ‘ces‘69. ‘ePP‘L¢, ‘GTP ace | Mea Meng |fbsto-s ea | acm | fame ed = all Says S| |e > om ‘hd “99'6EIIND “EL'SEN “LOT'SEAUOD "GEA “MS “OSTUL “6810 “a7y0ag! ‘apAG ‘oppaAG ‘opporg eyoIg ‘orvadsoyxey, ‘oppoeg ‘ayoeg poeyeeuD poy ‘yoayuD poy YOR MON ‘sudg "SSG TIL ‘See 1L‘sze' TUM «= “$2h‘26,'960'S8.'8L4'SL.L ‘S'OING §=«'8zzI_ ZEISS “0689 ‘99°F. “FOTA “OSTHT “FSD “LPS‘6S.‘CSe'bS. A “LSr‘SS, TIJOSUN “13M “ee‘TTAOH ‘uMOUY IBed 4s8aq "ELE'S8. 808TS. A "FS‘6FALOH = —ZOTEIOD = 9G‘OF. APU = °ZS 369, SFF‘LG, ‘SIP‘Gh. ey} 3! psounouoid SuruMog “1p | eu q A | wfq | naqd 8 CGO ee Vd | “€0'Lb. LSPP.IN “Lepr. O9T'SF.AIND “GST Th. E818. M “6811 d ‘6d M *TOYI0S OU JOJESSNOY AQUA “Jojossnoyy TEQUILA ‘UIQIR UdYOL], MOATTT Pp o7QoJassnoy ‘“AVAAY,P Jo[ossnoy ‘BUGAOA,| OP dag UAV “IOATTT,P 1s. | see Sar es aia (Zoo | na0& 8 ONO) ||PPISE SERS deg UlqIRy ‘eusedureyD ep seg UlIBW ‘oeg UIT ‘uIeW AIq ‘sudg “Ty ")0g Gea SOT Rae ik aa ans a NT Ta OL jodoyseqag Jo udg -*zeR‘69,q *a7q Pp jodojspqag “-" 91q,p Jodogsrqeg ‘udg -“zesg‘69,q ‘*Jodoyseqas “-"uIgvag Jo "UA “CRE BE. FIJOSCW = ‘auinag upag *paqiiosap JON alineg ulyReg ‘UAG “yy *UTpROS ; -- 2860, “tag *poqitosep JON | ZS" RPRUSOPS ‘suo, UBA JO AJOIDOG 94} WOI O05) bit Co 2) 1) Mea) (here Neo es | oe ick Ss ol fella rar 2 ee eis OOS SLA SCC Ro oS eee S SOOO uvumMoog quero, ‘uUAg “7y “URTENODS “uep “SLL‘60.E88'Ch. “jownbiag yojoog 6LUATIJOLY *10}0008 *puvysy 3u0'T uo [wooT A[qeqoig Sean © Sap RA ate gnaig Jo udg “SO THHA ‘a7/navg “eg ‘Ailoag SABIN) ‘10UI Se He LO eS eue ae ae EAS ARES Re 5a Sane ee mee aD do ee as ee ae ‘uopdurey Jo UA “OlZ.0 “PRSLE. T1JOSPW jo as||Pecaras (cee eect Saspteh [e-eeagncl le 2 cepnd| |" ca ane Oey "SLL‘OOPSF'LE ESE'Sh CM “LLSLE.AUOD “SELTR.OOTZEM “8tTId “37/nH puv auoyog “SPST AoC) S| [OCP AEN HC ele (ops (alo g (al epee] pen reel | ame ltecsae = gar || 2 aero | eae Serta ea ermine to | ete op ea es IOI O0 OS Allow Sulpooyos ‘uAg “66‘SF, ISSR “ALO SuyPOoyIS Alo Sulooyos jo ‘uAg “60 LF. HSSBW “issayy Buyooyogy DOG UEONO TIA ONT ates «alcatel ar tamed |p oR wl ae ese dig lg Mee Ieee RMR ge os Lae = Se” yo hile RR eR Slee ieee 5 card inl See a kek Sk LOG SE AQI0OR *UBUTYS nD Q mM ee eae hee lee bce fees “SyIBUlOyY @ =| 3 t g : 8 % ‘read Jo oulRN re Ne Pe Bhim lee : : *ponurlu0jg—Zoél 07 fosr wou suoynoygnd unruaupy Ur 07 paslafas sipad fo sayjauna unouy ay? fo xapur-anbo]vD) 126 229 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. “UIRY -190UN OUIBU 9} Jo Suy[jods yoo1109 “COST Uy peynig “ssvNy “CUIpPpoor g ‘poywngs “vy “Ss id Aq Dos!ey ‘AN ‘uoiny ‘uoppys UBULION JO UWIBy 04} UO PUNO ‘sseyy ‘AINnqGxoy ‘BuBqd SpoUBIYT WIA po BUIsUO *IOOry ey? jo quorsd pesoddns oy ‘IorAnOg ‘Ww Aq posteyy “suo uvBA uyor rq Aq poz,eUlsi9 “Z68T uy Armed wey Aq poonposyuy ‘oO “g ‘zIssndy 48 preyoio |eyueutiedxe oy) UT “4A ‘Arnqpng ‘{0e] “18S _°0 Jo spunoi3 044 uo punoy e681 TIL ‘Preysurids 48 peqiqiyx | w |da-3| da uifdoa eur d *pasydoys “SUI[PaaS 8 pavydoys ‘Baytp Sg 8, pandoys ‘pavdeygs I dao |*-""ssep | ‘duyppaog Jojsoqoioq “suds “2L‘0L,VIAOH VY ‘S0P'66.01 “E9869. E8s'Z¢.dq *panddoyg pai | | Wea ala Eleanore ae Oa pasddoys Jo uAS ‘609‘8¢,HJOSVW “Giza “BLOG, HSSBIN ‘psaydays Tle “--pasddoyg Jo ‘uAg “pIZ‘Z¢.OH ‘“ge'oG. WV “PRISE, Josey ‘burpaag s.panydays ares -e'eh | few tof) oc ot Se ‘nes whee © Or ole eee \n’n ele oie e"e & panddoyg yo “uAg “16, ‘C8..L ‘Buy pray s psvdays ei cae wo") “paeddogs Jo uss “FLh26,'262'S8,"6L2'SL.L | “08G' ATU: ‘ghe'bs ang = “pandays *youoyosuasoyy Jo “UAg ‘OL t IITAHJOLV || een aaa ‘SSTH ‘OOP S.IOH — “$82'69,800'26.E1F'Sh. “£e'bS.'86h'ZOP'ee HJOsUW “8,yuays SESE ERS. CRt es | Marnaaeans seman ce e's es “**yousyosueso]] Jo "UA “ZoP‘EC, HJOsVN “7eniny s.youays secelee 2 “SSB PL [fF See a ee ees 8 oes sialic meieininestneuenis seasons sine enh ste in TCE Ee O DIRUal ~roustT Ay ‘oyddry Ay ‘ou dR M ‘pleyued ‘uoiny “NOBSITA yovid ‘pura “suds “Lee T 22s UM “LLb‘L6. ‘208 98 P86 ‘GLaL “Sao "ELE 8.4 090 ‘CSIH “06S “9971 “OSTH “E9869. ‘bhP'LS.0 Tur | 340r |" "ACN | “LhS6S.‘E8EFS.l “TOTTAOH = “2S‘TS. 440 “ZhS‘ES. ‘79'S. ‘66h ‘0S. HJOsVy “UOpleys I dyqo |" -""ssvy | “LION S.vuRq ‘uss “ge'Z8.HSSBW “S869. “SS1'29.V_ 6026S, HJOSBI_ “FNUMTYS BCR OSCR EI O9) (0 bo SC 85G 20 ic ioncip. wis SUCMaaoriae “"*"JoquommnBYyO Jo UAS “STL‘69.d “Jaluoyy -mDysy cial | teae eaten | Siete pe dearrntbd eal ba IORI LIT AI CE eajing Jo'uAS ‘“TOL‘'SP. SSB ‘7mDYs ppcaaaia| | Milan ielianice| | Sa. ahaha’ cack ce tne SIS eS A eh JeyUOUINBY,) Jo ‘udS "S12‘69.0 *jaJuouLNDY ys rales beers Yap EAS oS ee age the | Be] BYS Jo ‘UAS “9818. HPI “H-DUS ‘I-BYS ‘Bod pus ‘veg puBs ‘COS'6LABI “Sh'6L.‘e9'8L HPU “Bey BYS Jayoag Jo ‘uAs. "208 69.0 “STIAOH ‘OpEe'ZbIIND ‘auvadsayoyg Sa}=olalsie‘atule era/ele‘s\elei= wie(sic x eae ate SRS emer ete are uljnag od1og “Ud “FOR'E9,G “UNNAS : : “IOMMIIAS JO "UAS “ZRz‘ TST“ FES*6O. ee wala €hS‘2e.d “8886S. E8eFC. A “66'SP.HSSPN “ZOL‘IP. PSE. MUON Pp La1NLLIag ‘OUUIOINY .P JONAS LOMAS o1]Og ‘UOIXNBW NBEANON “UOSIBWY NVATON ‘TOSBWT CANON ‘SUOSIBUNJNON “YBI[TW OP JOH Mas eyUBPUOY “IOTITN ep euepUod “ABI op oyuBpuoy ‘OOUsIILV eTloa ‘suds ‘bLb‘L6, L66'¢8." 6L5'GL.L “FO AX XUIDD Ur | 9QO1 |" Bog | “SIS TIAIOH “78ST “PESO. ‘EPS. “EREPS. A “OST'SS “OSE TS Hose “AeyNAseg wes lee er resecrscccerelsccererscscsscosesesnTAg jo ‘uss ‘ze'ZO,HSsBW ‘“f0e'Zc¢, Jose ‘uhaoc aurydnsag rs |e eae ll ee ae SPEER SIS RO ER Ste eee oe jo “WAS “pe3'69.q "Uu10 aurydnsag pace sorstisesscess=-)"-9BOSn o41T yo udS "Isc “2L¢'2¢. ‘Ores. “621 ze “Old -aynanb-ua-jdag By seat lies Peale oe a alge ee sar Paes See Reet se eS oa Nel Jo UAS “LZLTROPL' Ze. | abups9 saquajdag ee pe | aa pee So ™ SRG yee oe a lie eae 22 SS 2: ae are Seo IU On ant B18°6G,' eoe're A Jaqujuag ae: ‘ROTNHV “O8T'S6. is: se ak "OC N | ‘SLT96.HMT °S6.0080 “S6.0Sf “G8T‘Z6.HIOV ‘OST‘'26.SH(O)O ‘%.dUM “RIBTAS ae SSRIS In Sn ese nie SiS ERIS heen TING Scr Ainieie'= Sis <> SR STRIA TOCULAS HCG Me EIAT RitaeaeLLO Ly, feel 6 Mm Gi | een, SaseaE Se ehaakt > coke eae uvUI[OSSOW JO ‘UAS “fFC8‘69,q “UDULJaSsOopyY 4snajDUay et Pegg whe Wie GP eg |), Se cae “aT [og InezRUes “*""AIIOQMBIYS JO “U ‘qn ‘“Dinuyopunyuag “40P' 16, “C82'SR, 798°C). ‘T6U XTUEDD = °86'09.V Tn PONG ao == VA | 606S.A “SLEA *FS869. “CFSE. FIT'LS HIOSVN “SIT'LS,‘OTS'98. 10H *H9OTIAS settee PES S51| HIRO GUC IIS TIS 2 GRICE a Ae TEE eke OSE SESS eS Seek aaa OOTE6.AMT “PTAs seteet leet e eee leeeee Pe miele aor am coe ne = OT TOY TO aig OS‘ CF. HOSEN “OLI'IF.M ‘972yoD, 4naubiag | ‘a1INEg J0ISBy JO ‘uAS “OTESSL “FIZA “TEE Fabel woul F aamemana re “ES ‘LIESS.A —“TSL‘69,‘SEP‘LS. ‘STFS. “ONT'TE.M “S6T'EE, TUE “saan Pp snaubiag *JOUIUIM JO ploy [Ue QORO) jee Ses eee usg 00,08 VAIA “LL2'2e.AU0D = “EET LET'TEM «PGT «= 99, P ANeUS]eg 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 230 ‘PW ‘o10wly [eg Jo ‘Irepoulg “IN UDI peyBulsi09 steers BA [ror sre |e cece sees cee ge |eccree: Sais = Ty tte ee eee i ras Bul[poeg S,arepourg ‘udg "T *1pepuys “S10 | -uloul) 10j quludstur vw A[qeqorg |-*"***\77777* pene aabes 1] Nees || pees 9] Kage ee | ple ask paige kpaiparann pelt mainder cs AO II 0 eI ea OOO ZTPLHO “snuypuyg “SEST “19IANOg UOULIg Ul e1JOSe1D “W YIM poyBulsuO ! 9p rmeAnog “UAg “F11‘26,‘0/9'S8.‘GSC°CL.L “ZS 99869. ‘EFS‘28. *AOTANOg uoUTS SPOCLOSO DEON |r aus b|eeceiee|| ate Splaateey eon all ce leOeee Talc. SROUO | empearae at Se ie se ore eae eros ae ORS eee er ee OR Fe STA MOUS RS a ar infant en oe yan Cacia Soak ~eduBatsg Joudg 99869. “puDlaid abunangy Pai pane eethe gt ee ee ein seek gC esuBATAg Jo'uAG *998°69,q ‘auu2quoapng oouuld Jo usG “6686S, HJOSBW “GIZA “€ES'69'ZLG'LE. “yassny supuiig qoledeg "USS “G0P‘6G.ERE'FS.A “SOS'FS 4LOT] «“*qorOUsTS ‘ay[NaLNg ‘aT[NeIg euUuIAOG ‘a[[Nelog auueAOG ‘IaAA}F{,p ouUUVAOG ‘aT[NeTg 9340Ur -BBINg ‘IMIG oInog ‘suAG “OF'OLOSHW “G8P‘L6.'S1S'G8.G60'S2.L "898 TA XUIDD 5 PESTIAHJOLV “O6T'S9.USV “OFZA “88TH “8LE'6S.‘G98'FS.A “LZTIAOH “S13 M “Ore *OIINOIS “WW UIA porBasi09 { | “TS. “OPL'69.'GER'LE.STR'SE. “99'6E.9IND “LEL‘ES.AU2D "PSU'ZEM “ISTid *erimeys aII_ 19jSVq JO UAG “OSl‘Z,.UsV “49017 .p 4naubaig “por “d ‘pest ‘Tudy ‘moraoy [einy | SIDOM TOM @AUNe SO MCL DOMSIGM Dhl: satel so se|oe yal gece ose age eal oo - Fy Beer SRE” per Seger Segre ei ee POVATUHM ‘UWodsy,p imousog i RN ng RSS PT eee TE eee ploqeig Jo 'uAS “E0'S8.HO “2upj0qa7g ‘On[BA OU “plod jo A[qvqoid ‘Ajoweva [B{uIIO Uy “91S UOA ‘TIPlOQ@Ig PlOqe!g UOA ouUIEpR ‘ploqaIg uOA ‘ou ‘suUAS “yy “ploqeTs “6PST ‘SIOMOIDH | qymig; Jo sseisu0g Aq poqooloy | eee aut | Reeeee emcee! 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HSSByy “URpleYys m a wa Eodee (ee feecien Vac i ce “SHIBUIOyY 2 = 4 Si S : | og, ‘read Jo owen 5 ct 1 a a : 5 4 | A a ‘ponuljuwoj—Lo6l 07 FOsT wouf suoynoygnd unruiauwp ur 07 pastafes sipad fo saryjariuva unouy ay) fo xapur-anbojnjy) 126 231 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. *BMOT ‘OUI BO “SN 1098047 [ENG WIM pozeuUlsi9O “197 B] ING £949] 4ieg JO Zuljpees B oq 07 WYsNOYL, “qqnog Oy} Ul UMOIS AQoBA [BJUOIIO UY “suo uBA uyor ‘iq Aq pazeuIs1o “pzST ul uOWRGM seg 4q payearying “BISSNY “YSUIP UT poyVuUlgUO “9PLed ‘gegt ‘erngyno -1Q10F] JO OuIzZesvA UY poys![qng “Uys UIq4 pus yjoous A[qeyivulas UV sevyT ‘CO ‘g ‘zIssB3y 48 pieyqo1o [ejuouriedxe oy} ut | Ww 3 “6PST ‘STIOMOID qinty jo ssorzuog Aq poqoofaxy |---*""|""- 77° “‘Suryooo zoy ponpea Jao | JA | Sail vee oak loa “moug joudg “TE'T6,H®D “LeSS.CVIT “OLeT8,‘£08'6L,6FU'EL, el “409g mous “SUOW UBA WUsTT Jo uAg °ZOL'26.‘T99S8,OPS‘SL..L “PSE'6S,A “O82 “Z82'69,‘006'26, “4amojy moug ivoag Moug ‘I-feg ‘sudg “Yo ‘MOoUg etl ie asda ine ales a a Ate lene th tall race 9 Rb antes Sieh yyAuig 7 ssi udg "yy *yyAug epee: Tae PPS Ce eet SIME uyLJoudg “pI6.OJOVDA ‘“ysuajoug *|-youoyosuosoyy Jo "uAg “pRZ‘69,‘809'29, "1686S, ‘ZLEFS. 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A “bId “Dag wvbng eee eee cee cece eee e en cc eter eeteensnenceenseeees prvalnyy jo‘udg “Gplid ‘wag wvbngy Se eee een eee “-"""qo0Mg UsalH Jo-uAg “Z8IUL “Dag svbng sete tee ee e|eee ee ee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee ee eee qooipug jo-uds “Lez‘e¢ Josey ‘wwag wwbng “BDIOM Spa Gas -S10AOH{ JO'UAS “FZh6S.66EFS.A__ “19869, ‘Z89'L9.‘9FE'Sh. “Dpsamsiahoy fo avbngy elesu nieve jn aisimt | ape eiie/atel oie my etela usa oletalere moet ote eis tenia mctie Aea a itl ac ane ah eel ec oe uBi sys yo “uAg ‘SUT “fpsog uvbng secceteetcleceeeesees "7" "yesTyO JoudS *COTOSAIOHSIM “Zar‘6S'O6E'FS. “LES Sh. = “upbng “"“sny |-ourqroyonz ‘vureyezZ “eABUIeYes ‘SUAS “OOOUVAA “822 e8.0JOVON “AD *aRang => SSO See a eeth eel ake eat ee OnE a FSHWH “SOl'Or.APUL “99'6E.4IND “zNaNS ; : “ylomug JO “UAS as ae 29869. “IZES HSSPIN “eS'SF.IIND “FOL'SE.HIOSBW “ZOTIh MM “ULoyL yodng mee Sarg [===> ===" Votre ee eee reece eee ence ene rece ere eneeeenes uoyy youns ‘udg “yT *ypoyns eecoes thyme “*-"""- Bag MOUs esouTyO ‘UAS “6F‘6L,HPUL ‘PS°L6.HPD ‘“bes‘6zzIA “PAT Jong PICNWHV ‘92196. HURD “6E'S6.d cS I | “PR'L6.V TRTF6.UOTN «= “98°G0,89700,'22'66.6'26.'8ZE'S6.T0C FFL FG. = “WINppNg sete tee ele ee eee ee eee eee ee eee ee eee eee eee eee leppns o1ineg ‘udAg “y “]Teppng settee cece |eer eee see eee sss" ""-epromsioA0H JO ‘UALS “19869. “Dpsamssahofy] .p j42A ALON! seeteteces|ecocs sasresseees- URBTOUWAL JOUAG “19869. “UAnps]oy ap aUWOMY Pp j492A I1ONg *yoomMg UVdIH JO -UAG “ZERZT mec ae ‘COTH —“19869,‘78S'26.099'6E.9IND “LTTE LEN'ZEM “LS L8TUL “2A auong sec cececes|eseewessesceseneens “""""q9aMg UdeIH Jo UAG “{61q “OST ATOUMWOg “p4a4 asong ste teseeeclee essere eee eeeee sortessssssses="EpTaMSIOAOH] JO ‘UAG “19869. “914 .P 4I0N asong! deseaROc Sel scion “77777 QOOMG BOTUTOD JO “UAG “19869. “B0E'LE, JOSVW “992UL09 Np gasoNg SS ie en re ee ns “-s"**qo9jodBN jo ‘uAg 6FZ ‘“99n0T aa19NY “uoajodeNn alin ie, wed Jo ‘uAS “I8ZH °618°69,“975'29,TOFSh.“6FTTR. ME L6T'EE.AU9D = “9a40q 9a40ng 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 238 “HOU LTO ODON lneaee ae Se eee IRD EMS SSIES cues © aI ee ne ces wane orn Feral SRG gh DORR G EG Cre pS Foe “"eeTT2 OSTW “seq JOINS BECO) [SIO Ee OC CI IC A ae a ouual[ne Jo UAS “21728. 1U9D “EElTh G9TsEM *(A[snooudd10) auuatiog wauwungy , “Sest ut suop uBA UYOLr Iq Aq peYBUIsIUIg | oA “EZ8T Ul poyBUIsIO | our “suo UB A uyor “Iq 0} peinqi39B ouros Ag ‘uorodsg “fey Aq posrey | our *yourBs -leg IoumUING WOIs JOUTYSIP 071N} *AVOLIBA Ajivo AIOA & 8B o[qeNn[BA ATUQ | oA “*SyIBUIOY doqo. |- >>> 3foq J Semen cL ERC NolesILA LOUTUING ‘TeByOI “49 TouruINg ‘eIq,P TOBY JUIBG “QuOUTTTIOL 1OY “QoATor ‘yuOUTIT[OF ‘UOTE -1[0f ‘quourejor ‘(JLOAT JO) 01q7,p AIIog op ossoyong ‘jG ,pP Maog op ossoyonq ‘yong ep euussoq ‘oj ,p ouusdsog ‘1ourumg s,uveq “sudg ‘cge‘TT‘eze' TUM “GSh' 26, F22'S8.98S SLaL "89°00. V “POLH “6PS FS.AIND “PEE‘6S.1eeFS. A “6S TAO “693M “OOS TS. “FCT'E9 FOO. MSV “ThL'6O PEELE. 9ee'ch.q "ouuedog JoWUINg “ye giana ai SEC as ao (ung) ouvssBIg Jo‘UAG “E9869, ‘aUDSsDLQ saUUNsy ‘900001 IBWUIT[OD ‘ATLeT IBUI[OD ‘1g .p IBuoOD ‘remMyOD uMNjny ‘suAg “S6IH ‘POV'AIMHM ‘ARUITOD oWUINg SSS ser (ung) uUejeryy) uog Jo'uAG “(6I‘ATOUMUIOG “woUsRwyg samung ‘SosIOLA Sop SodnoyYy ‘017 ,P NBOJIOD SOLH ‘TonuUBUTY ‘o1W ,.p ousedUIBYD od [OSI ap 0}.1NO0D ‘WnNOY,p da10[OH ‘o}q,p NBEJIeD ‘suAG “JT ‘NReJIEQ JOWUING “017 ,P oSSBqaTBO ‘SJoIO op oTfog “SUAS “99‘'GG IIOTT “SGEPG. ‘osstqo[Rp JoWUNS ie eT ae Lee ee ae Tay Soe BIVID JO UAS “FOL, HPUL “woying wawungy “Curmg) uoTqoIYD Uog JoUAG “CTL‘26,TL6‘G8,9CG'GLL “78CH “S6IH “FLSM “18e‘9S 3 V “POP 6S. 668' FS. A ‘OPP GP. HJOSVW = “E9869. E8G'2G9FE Sh. “99T' GP, 99'68.4 IND “LLELEAUOD “OCETPSZEUCEM “OSTA “L8TIO § L8CTBOIBRD “UayayO Uog samungy ““eumerne Jo‘uAS “2TT “22028. AUD “ESTP OS'ZEM “81D ‘alnag sawing “Cuing) stoqutery Jo -uAG “T1g°Gs,‘9GG'G2 LL “OL°EL.V ‘98 OLI10H °298'60.0 LL'OL VMIOH VY “OF AHJOCY “Biaquasy .palnag sawung FOF SO Saas jouresiog Iourumng osiey udg “JT *‘(o818’T) JowWRSI0g JowWUNS -uepduey jo-udg “cg9g'7e.d “LL6H “C6TH “Gch6G.‘968'FS.A JOWDbiag saumwwngs = wis) mnie afwhasoinfoimias=peiniola{ot>in=sat Cumg) [voy ouBIy JO ‘UAS “OZI'IP.M “sJownbiag sauung ‘a1OLIANOg Vl op UBT ‘OURT_ URI ‘orelAneg URI ‘OUR UPI pus uvypiyy “ourvsiog s,uopdureyy ‘Jourvsiog 1ourumMg Ayre ‘loWAnog ‘uopdurvy,p oJourvs10g ‘o11ojo[suy ,p oZourvsiog ‘09g ,p 024OUIRs -leg ‘Iourlang JourVsIog ‘SUAS “GT2°26,TLE'G8,C6S'GL.L “POS SL.ABI “T1889, HIT “GES FS.V °Z98'69, G9G2E “SEE'Sh.A “CECE M “89d “L8CTBOIVH “JourRSlog JaWUNg “LOSpUIM JO 'UAG “GTL'L6,‘TLS'G8,'GSC'CL. .L “660 LAHJOLV “06°29.V “E80 "OCH “S2r'6S.00P FS. =“ E88'69,'S8C'29 (Lre'Gh.d Nag wawung “CIq) o[ouUosIVe Jo "uUAS *F0Z‘96, -HIIT “SOl'eL.V “O80 “Ter‘6e.‘S68'Fe. A “29269, FIS'2e, 68e'er.d “Ainvag sawing Sek Seek Se Se, rate aaa pees ‘Cumng) Ajnveg fouAS “9Z'ZEM “Ytd “Ainvag sawwng P6l'66.HEN “OST'S6.HIL ‘S1°26.Hd ‘86°26.MS£ ‘882'e6.Usy “Aynvog JowuNg peccachspolnisi csiciejpicin isthe Bees (ung) sieqmiery Jo 'uAg “GTL'26,L “buvaquarp samungy Lear ee “Tc Tt coympyory Jo ‘uss "7986. “ELSE -AYNPYOLy wang oi Settfpinie:siticis risen Sieisiasla ele SiS MiaRcine Cease els 4soaAIvy jyo‘uAS “OOT‘ATUHM ‘“auwng *9IN} XO, “180d JO oulBN *‘panunuoj—Lo6l 07 FOL wosf suoypnoyqnd unruiaup ur 0} pasafet sipad fo sayjarsva unouy ay) fo xapur-anboynyn) 126 239 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. Seen Sees See ocr premscie (prime Sciam ota peers Sian a ae a oe es elie nn a cba oer oe ees SST ET TOC LLA Se Peal ooo ELEY ww nies ofan ene loc secs ae cenalscceewalaceriasleneneceinccceinacmcleneccnccersancaccercnces (umg) Aynveg jo;udg ‘SIP ‘922 “9tId «= ‘amaudngy ‘oyuBpuoy qiadng ‘uAg “9Ec'C!.L “682 RSV LOLee.quen Will a toa TCG, || IAS || ||) OO) |e cee ‘WSS PETH «= “P9869.“E8S'2G. TIPS. “POT HIOSVIN “ESL IPM top URpUOJsodng ‘auyiedng aLimeg “LEST UL poyBursQ | we | q-dA| Bsa | uqt | niod | uw (0 Fall eee ig | ‘uysedng ormmeg ‘sudg "pOZNHV ‘PLP'26.L ‘S‘9ING “6P'SL.OJOVOA ‘uysedng woe wis nleee nan |see wees cece als cniccalacewwelnen nc cel ene c cea cnclse sine cmaincsice cle aeccacesnisinin ayuepuojyiedng Jo ‘udAg “99°6E4[ND ‘ajuDpuoy quadngy [BO ‘BIBIO UIUMM man COLE FAC MGTBIIGILO) Nites caslecswcclaisesaliccs tealatezatn|eers: clues ecalkeens TRO et Bese sos Peet eer eee eae 89°C6.V “69826. HJOASIBO *quedng SORA ESB) ACERS PRO CIE | GOH Sea ttt bd agaiafe 5 | aise aay | flag names i es ae kat ged pte (ung) needs, Jo -UAg “P98'69,d “nalzDb4s1A samUng eae a a te ake woe’ .0 all hw: dicoamall Lk co © meal oom cs, & oa mal |e em suussOg 1euruIng Jo -uAg “pz‘eo sy ‘poe‘6e.‘1ze'bs.q “nayvbs,4 somung apse i | ete Is | REIS) OSE el ic ele thatis| ik Plead aba antic be] (comin inaaedna~ pga hace pe eye aigere a osuulg Jo 'UAg “EEs'69.d ‘“POR‘6S.G “naypbs1, sams ‘puvqsg jo udg peas len veda Rebkeslkeasen|Emanses|t sees r| em eeealeas kaso GZ8°69.09S‘LG, HJOSVW “ZOE. 6LEFS.A “POSTE. “ZSTOIOQ “nayDbiyA samung Se cere ag better as a ss [es sills as aillg nfs mL, Meanie 1 ee aes ee 5 eee Seana ({)BInqureyIN A, JO'UAG “gQlq “UoNusaA saUUNY OE OEE a Bettie eet eles (ind dd Ibias eae tae nal Ue pesnapnea twoti| | rd hen dictoonnanncy i ee ASN DS assnojnoyy, Jo "udAg “sag ‘asnojynoyy, fo ULOYT, sIUWNY “UIOY,L, JeuTuINg ‘U10y, LeurumMg TlBurg “4s9A UTYBg “WIeA UBS ‘e1q,p ould 040g ‘oUlIBYyeOD dels) ‘vonbsny, ayuRpuoy ‘9j190d 034 ,p ould y ‘044 ,p ould | ‘SUSI[BY| Sap Bpiv Ang ‘epavisng ‘sudg stT 00.08 VAL “CT L‘26.TLS°C8996'°GL.L “68S FS.V “bS7‘6S.'668'FS.A =" 8EL°69, eu | 3 ds | wp | 43 uL (Ia ee “SLG°LG.OFS'Gh. “OCT IPH “6S°L. OS‘ br OLSEN “OST ATOUMMOd “Woy, JowUNg PRI ICES | (CO SEIEIE) re al[cirs sine [trois vinnie [eieinicie wieire sf aieierso sooo irecmeelsi "=" SUUGAO( JAUIUIG JOA ““TOTOIOa)) nieUUOnmy okt Aen -auuel[n ¢ OY AEE GR SiO) ERLE A AY Iii tO eo esha Jo-udg -‘Lz'2e,quey ‘oct'ze oy *(UOISOg IBA PoT[Bd OS) JaDYIUY “7S samUNy FEISS III) CE i AE Arad Ata IRA CY ak a iin oS OI it alte rol ak leita pire yoyIV_ Jo°udg “LElIq ‘“japyoyy “1S sawungy *(uing) uleuLiay “4g Jo "uAg ‘POLH = “STL‘26.‘T29°G8,‘999GL,.L “SCC TIIAHJOLV ‘C8ZA “FG7°6S.66EFS.A = “ERS CS i alee a) ta “a ae cecil a Se) lS ls ae *8¢.‘9016F HJOSBW “P9869. ‘78SLG (LEE Sh. RELIPOL “Ofld ‘uMusap jg 4amung “Ctmg) esoy Jo uAg “HE PO.V “OP'XT “UENO “STL‘26.‘TLS°G8.‘999'GL.L “8S “PSPOS.668'FS.A — “£98°69, ERS" Le, “ChE Ch. PSSA Sasa aaless “A GleSe es SPEC SSO PSR TSS Sees apes So Tt 99°68.9IND “8S'Fh.‘99'SETN “LEVEE. AUOD “6ILTR CELE M «SEId | “aso 4awung ‘[BsNzIOT JO "UAG *9Ch‘L6,‘91Z Beets ale eakae[h rake a|eas -eileo sks es [Ro eae |aa gas cee eae ee “C8.‘8SS'GL.L ‘C80 “FETH “oss‘6S. “878"69,‘ZRS'Le‘sbE'ch.d = “TDONj40d 4awung FREES RGR SEB ISS) SSR OER) COR ant ACBE RERCODG Sr HnEH ib lb ia Oahiblns CRs SOE SAPO ROSIN sursstg Jo"uAS ‘Id ‘7vbnj10g samung Ag St] Gt Oe) sabe S EF auic| Soomaali Re ain SCS SSC ra or “o1q .psBuvuy Jo-usG “ccTdvq ‘09969. “S6lH “6ee'ts.a “add y-suld sawung soseod| oe ioe5| saeco Sicistels a feizeininve [Seca pew ond ail sicicas soo cence oe se SREB TO “WAR ROLE) aver COyRIN Cle: (wi mem ien cr miat TEED ‘Og ‘zissudy 4B parvyo1o [eyueuredxe 943 UT |----~- PRC) (CII COSC S) IE IO te idk Naar tea (CCE SSIES CIC OEIC EF Ny ea eat ba tein iat hI OOAVAA ‘Pfo}POsNY JoOWUNg, “GOST Ul eLOUL -1}[8q ULOIy YT PaAlooar COULIG “I | our RS [ u ur C6 [Sam | he te bag ES o1q.p uBpuog “uUAG “SIT “GP'LE FIJOSRW “SFI Id “SUPJ[e JowUINg “qapasSsnoy, 9U,L ‘Joelassnyzy “on[BA ‘so1y Of JoTessnoy ‘Jofessnoy ‘o1q,p 10y “Jofessnoy Np slog “JopessnoyYy os1B'T Ou 10 a3} Jo A[qeqoid puv plo | our |----*- Gee arg: We Tiras UL, | |RCOQ Ou es wane es & ‘laumuiIng Jo Surry “Jopessnoy sory ‘Jojessnoy yearn ‘suAg “JT “SUyYy JewUNg SQSECIG | SOC I IORICES | CIEE ICI TIS (CII Ae ediaraeaediay pa SE GE (Ig) ojouosive yo-udg “29/'69,d “PSldd ‘a]/auobsos samUNg “Cumng) Ueelyg Uog Jo “uAg ae Ose ae ae ea nosreecisscsoosss") -egeg “peh'6S,668'FS.A “298°69,‘E8G'2¢.OFE'SF. A “Z6IUL “UDYSIUYD poop 4ImUNS yo 'udg “CT2'26,‘T29'S8,96C°CL.L ‘“COIH ‘OTF6S.‘FSEFS.A GFSFS.USV FLSM “TORTS. “FSTAIOD = “898°69. C8926, FFE'SE. “LOE EP, HIOSVN — “980'FE.'99°6E. FIND, Sel aes cee al coke al SFr Tal ee cote ems eae -*l 6p 2b.7S'bP.99'SE IN “LEL'SE, JUD “SSL‘IF,“SSI't8M “PElid 9 "[07IY 9UDLy sauUng 31006—Bul. 126—08S——16 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 240, ‘uotodsq “fey Aq pastery “B1}00g BAON JO ‘u0WINg We Aq posiey “4o[}IV_ JO poos WoL “LEST Ul SuUURA WoqoY Aq pozIqryXg *poqiiosep JON “KN ‘udppooig jo ‘lououIeg a Aq yno 4ueg “bso “yorppRig uyor Aq puR[suq O7UT poonpo.qUT JA 3 8 0 te RG 8 ul BA d I S} eee ee ed ee ee id Ae ew wenn ASf -is Steeles ~*'* Sse sas SEO OSNG TO CULAR 062 T6.TIJOV “unang Woa ayjazng : ‘aqjozng Jo ‘udg TIP'69.'S88 PO. “800'6P OLS Sh. Hyoseyy =" (uededsoy) finang ap ayazng ‘opjozng Jo 'uAS “00.08 VAT “TSP‘26.808'°S8.'060'SLaL ‘8G LIP6S,‘S88'FS.a@ “98°69, 096'26.d “ShI'GG,440]] ‘R9EOG EPS HSUSV “FOLOF ES MIOSVW “GH'SE.V “PLM “STE'IS. A “Apavg ap anazny “UBABG UOA a}}ezNg ‘(UsetOd -sq) ABABG op ojJozZNYG ‘ABARG Op o}JosNg ‘ABARG ap o}josng* sudg “JT ‘ojjezng “u0}INg JO UA “OO.AVAA “F02'F6T'96. -HIL “12h'80,'268'S6. WAX AUB) “PETded “9S ILOJOVOA “UML JDaLpH swoyng | Masco Sa SaaS Soatian= a See ec heres UII JBI) 8,U0F4NS ‘usg "T "NOS Pe aes oma re oo ojjozng JousG “gC'99. TPS. 10 ‘9 IUHM ‘vang ap ajasng Sabhi, SRAtAe ee ebe abe ERT eee pees oe ae ors Bc as 60 LF. LISSeW ‘eupoNng el a ae i ic a an ao ae cane et eae or ee Eee 96766, UsV ‘oespding “noyest\ osseding Jo -uAS “E¢e'69,‘OFE' S.A ‘QOE'TS. AT “EYTPIOD “OFE'Sh.HIOSVN “£98'69,09S'LE.SIh'ch. ‘asnajnob4i4 asspdang “Nol[BSAT A, ‘osna[nos.al A assedang ‘ (A[snoouOAo) SUOPY UBA IBU[OD ‘suOW uBA | Satna gf 18 AS “PLP 26.°160°S8.626'SL.L “SSS TAUOD) “G22 ‘FOTH _ ‘2S8'6S,‘OFE ‘PS. “S9TOOD “F98'69,'0SS'L9. OTF Gh. “OL'LP, €9'FF, LESS. “OHS A asseding eee ane See ie GIT “9S LECES FP SOSEIN ‘S6VZEM "UyRWIey yg osseding ‘sluMoW JO “UA “GT L'16,‘SLE'S8, “GCG'GLaL “8G “F98'69.6FS2ZE.0 “GES EY V 96 OS. HJOsvyy “s2unayy asspding | Roh spa ay a ae JUKIBY OMB JO UALS “ZZ ISG 2¢,q ‘aolnayy asspdung Wd Jo°usS “ZSat “OPE ‘LPAIND “PES‘'69.6L6°L9. FOF Sh. “SST Th. MM *(ApJo04100uT) asynoT alunyy sspdung Sate anor Seas ret Oak Suen ean aeee jo‘udg ‘992'69,q ‘aaunjzsoy asspding “QUBSSBIQ, A8SUq JO°UAS “GTL'L6.‘TLS'G8.SS9'GL..L “SST “678'69 67S LE. “auDssp4) asspdins! SRE Oe aa ae eerie aan Ay a) dodurtn’y Jo 'udg -"zsaq *wadwiney Sulzuan ‘rodurin?) Jo “uAg nd ‘OL, “OSHW “89h 2612798, €SC VL “O6TIXWD) “SSUIITAHIOLV — “OL'9.V “TIP 6¢ 6S'2G,.q “OSL TISSBIN “TPI‘bS, 660 1G, lose “wadwen?) ap awaudng *SyIBUIOY SE ges ne’: eee es aioe Awiny Jo‘udg -zgzq ‘Apiny.p awaadng aoe JasarT Jo ‘UAG “TIT'Z5,0JOVONT ‘ay osjsad oy DUuojo) awasdngy Sola Ging Kiam ~ eda fstab ake royosqiedoy JO -UAg *962'69.0 “DULO}OD auasdng Iie ce eas a Sie gop 2S oe FOSS) OG LOSPUL A JO. “udg "egs'60,q ‘aumaudng bis Sse EOC CL ey A per ae qoosnW aT Jousg “LITT >.60'C8.M “Od ee af ayjeuosive = JOUAG “O8Z‘OLZZT “Tar‘6e.'S68'FS.APIS'L ‘Go. “MS ‘owaudng “reed JO OWIBN *ponutyuoj—Zo6r 07 FO8T wolf suoynoayand unruwaUup Ur 07 pasiiafos sipad fo savyjar.oa Unouy ay) fo xapur-anho72n)D,) 126 241 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF ‘VARIETIES. “Teb dd ‘zEgT ‘ormyno -IWoY Jo ourzesey Aq poysyqnd “poqtiosop JON “UUOD ‘p10y -YWON ‘ospeuley, rAe’T Aq posreyzy “Aqotoog [Bing -[NOIWOY, «BisI0eyH Jo BSurjoour 9B suBubporog “¢ “qd Aq pozrqryx” “poqiosep JON “paquosep JON “paqtosep JON “peqlioseap JON ‘ iS *Ayran4y TL ‘orepSuyunre y ‘uoryo9y -[00 [B11] S,UBULYONg UulWefueg UT . “reed pedis ‘ystpunod ‘[nyyneeq y TIL ‘wepqop ‘YOpooy “A \L WM [By uO *poqitosop JON “paqiosap JON “UOTIBA -1y[nd Jo AqWoMUN puR plo Azo A ul ur AO ky us ouUR YL, WIneg “UAg “yy *‘ouURy sod “JUOWTL By, | “BUUpPIS PIOJYBION ‘[ayoog “7 uU0D | PLOJYZION “suUAG “EZTTS.V “9SZT‘OR. SSP “PSTCeQ “eZL'OL 410}, = ‘espeuryRy, | SAL PARR SAAIS DENTS IEALER ERS te hen bas eek ae RE es AAO AAAS Oe ie $9°GF'Z -TyUseHE, a ey ee ee eee eae eee a ag JoOssny Uspl[or) Jo “usg *CTL‘90L L6..L “IYID Pee 4BYOOR |, UTBULION) “YQ "UAS “YW "yRJOORE “RAT AeE pie uodBy, dined “uUAg “J ‘UOOR] ““aqoyoRBy, InousIeg “UAg “YT *epPepRyL howl => te Deeaeey |p Uek eer @ RAR. 9 otcca Weeie. ee deo o Sao 3 sae “CPLOL FIUOUN “opspuNngey Sh ae er {cae aie Sh dk So ee Rel aha “BZINqulopAn AA jo “‘UAS ‘oct deg "LIQ pp aajsaapig Sagrse- se" \rDSTiaad ign le sidan ae bee Eady LUO LOE AANTO ILLA GS “cop dq “JUULOINY ,p aapsaajhig © ioe ipa oad | Naa Pid joudg 98969. “LL20 “LL'TAOH “9CT'IF.M “492 .p 1494 ayBunaplig caps act tales aa ? Arce Pas Oo SEG ae SE eae. 28 eae Id JO'UAS “7ZZSHWH °77494 aBuoaplig ; | osuvalsg JousS “OZER. M “Pied “4a Pp aA abunajlig SS Sade le reset eee oduUBAJAS JOUAG “LIZLE,TUOD “LEIP CSTE. M7494 abupazlig ensty Jo"usg “02°69. “4901 .p abunajlig ‘oyouBalAG 1oJUL AA “410A adUBALAG ‘oYOURATAS 10] UL \\ WOOL) “IOATT[,P 9A, asuUBA[AG ‘pIBIold odUBA[AG ‘oyoURA[AG ‘OUIIGUBATIS ‘adUBA[AG Udoly ‘esuBALAg 0}JOULRBIOg ‘asUBA[AG yOUTBSIOg ‘oyouBA[AS JOUTRSIog “SUAS “eTL'16,ZLC'CR, ‘9eC Sere ING | ‘Gl.L “82 “S6LH “Szh'6S.‘O0F' FS. = “998'69.E8S'LE.'SIbCh. “LL «= *asuBATAg 5 ert cere [ovr cstrssttssssssss sss pq Joos “Ore 2b.4IND “SL'Pr. 06'SE.N (97494 ayoupazig erica nigh oe RAE gee aR Tae i JeId Jo'udS “HzP‘1¢,‘O0R SE. = *490247 .p 1494 ayouvapig Ga aduBaldg Jo'usS “99869. “LLId = ‘ayoupajfig | Je4Xo0g Jo uAS “LpE'6S,“See'h. A “ee TIAOH ‘aplig fap faa pov crt s se ap ecgos res essccssrssesss = Jeq0es JO "UAS “2869. Er 15. SIF Sh. “anos gates BEAR Sn Sa Se Seo tor a seins Seniaae Sora areas nn ces EO Tae Oe Pcs Bitte eS Seas Be | FEES Sele Se Bie Sone °° “FBS ee ene Soo Se ~~ SS BSe Ie TOMA Cs & Lait met OnMNy Let (amma ‘ossIng “WOurvs.og podiayg ‘ossing ajJouresiog ‘ossing JourBesiog ‘oofoy JOUIBS.og “SUAG “ETL 16 (ZLE'C8, 96C'CL.L bade tubal “PCP'6S.O0F FS. “9670S, HIOSBW “C9869, POS LE LOGS. “PL4d «= “JOMRDIOG SSTMS ’ SS ig SES gh a eee as aor FOS oh‘96.LEL'P6. 9ZT 06. HILT “LOT ES. BI *SSTMS SSS HOSE GRO E A= aD Dae TEE ray sae Oe eater hela le kd CPIMELM | ‘407 BMQ00MS ‘(Bug ) ofjeu ene oe ~OdIBe JO "UAS “OSZH — “S6E'ES.ELEFS.A —“892'69.' FIG LE LEE Sh. “dog pang Se a Se eae eo Sg ar aed 2 Ee OR an > EST ILA “ysnany Joomsg ‘esepuoug Jo-uAg “2eCWHV_ “SIL'26.L “0L'29.V “S6IH ‘OSE ITMHM “TOP6S.ZEEFS. A “LES‘9S. FEO USV “PLIM “IZIAOH “ZLE'e8,‘LOE 1S. “S9TeloD iene wwiad “TIS TS.LOE'Sh. IND “9E7' GF. CEFF. HJOSVW “E78'69.'8STS' LG. FIPS. ‘abuDs¢C sunny ‘33g UBM JO UAS “CTL'L6,ZL9.°S8, 999 SLL “G98°69.'E8S°29.. “bZb‘6S.‘OOFFS.A “GES FS.V “9670S. HJOSVW “MS '99°68.41ND ae heed paral "BLO LESLEL'ES. AUD “SSU6IL TP TPTCEM “OST9EId “S6IO “L8SIBOURD “bby supmg ‘33q S,UBMS ‘INGD,Pollog ‘Yony,p allo ‘33q s,UBMG MON ‘UO]SOg JO 3aq s,[Moy -LOOW ‘(A[JOo1109uT) BAq [MOJ-1OOW;W ‘3394 [NOW 100, ‘Saq s,uBMS 8VIIT ‘33q ase “+ § UBM MON S,1JoA0Uy ‘Ieod DAG “IBeg 334 ‘vIq,pdieuyog ‘sudg “]T *SSq ueMg 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 242 ‘a d ‘ClsT ‘Ayoloog jeingnoysoy] BUBIPUT oy} JO suOIORSUBIY, Ul poysl|qng ‘oO ‘a ‘zissudy 48 pievyo1o jeyueulliedxe oyy UL ‘las10 A AY peqiosep :puRyoH] Ul pozyVUlsiIO ‘Agsod toy puvysugq Ul UMOT ‘UUOD “PLOSTIW ‘quByoleN BIzq “sijy AQ posiey “‘paqiwosop ION, ‘191 “d “ZpST ‘ornqjno -IM0R Jo auizesey ul peysiyqndg “IOIBOMIIOPY “I WIA “BA ‘ePASeIIO[VYO wm IU UISIO *‘poqisosep JON ‘punjsug ul Aitod soy payearqng “"paqiosep JON "C06T ‘AJoIoog [BANg[NOVIO FT YIO X MON U101S9 \\ JO ZuJoour 4B Allg Y Josue gy Aq poyqryxg *‘SYIVUlOY “penuyuo)—Lu6] 0} FOS). wou suoipoygnd uUvorwouy | sul (ohn losers OH ul POO are hnlee ee kas doqo |-- *umo9 Pied lente lSesticeretse oe a eee orjeee reste wrens ePeelescunesencte Lesa | Pee eae Jos + 2eeeeee ul (OKO) [iso eks Re ee ee ee ee Looe L, Auoyyuy ‘udg 8 | *1OYOILYL TES eee Ee Oe, See OS * Soe UBOUND Jo UAS “ZLGH. “SNUAA ap WOJAT “LOVEE AUD "CPUCEM “BI “SNUAA ap UOja], P 2 ah Oe Lak et as ee ee et OBI[IVBD JO “UA ‘6LEH “SNUAA AP UOIAT ERSEP SR yg OBINFBD JO UAS “OTL'6AA "WYO aD aja OWOAVAA ‘eIssay ‘uANpS]OT, op ouuLoINy ,p WoA o1Ong ‘UBIO}L0L, op o10ng ‘Ua]O LAT, Op sUULOINYy ,p a1ong ‘sudg £4 | “URLOPIOL Nihil gaa Sta ac ae ake AosstW) JOUSS “OOL'6)X.G “SPL “astmanauasway “*VOULBS.LO “TSL°69 FOGLE GORGE. “POUTRSOPU GEM «| Oun7eT, €6.A09) “Olea “ysonby womwias Fenda AOE TesTRE ysenbs uoquiay, “UAg ‘y "WO ,UPaAL, PLP L6 L6G S86L6°SLoL “LL‘OL VIOHV “SLT “LS'8S.V “SLP'8S4I0H ‘96T 7H ‘998°69, T9929. TTP'6S,S8eFS. A OOF FS SLSP'CS LEIS. FST 0S, Jose “Bag, ee ee eee ee CPO AUB) “OY TQYAL “SwojunBy Jo ‘WAS “OX.OAVAA ‘yspnby wojuhos ““"IOJABT JOUAG “TZp'Re.UsV ~wajuty s,Lopinyg See See ae eee 1OTABT JO UA “ZeP'SGUsVy “vUIb1A 8 .Lojiny, “qOJAVT, Jo 'UAG “OTL'26,'SL5°G8,99C'CL,.L “IIPOS A “CLCH CIL'ZSV “ad Lophn, IBIT SA10[ARL ‘sve udAg “YW s1OTABT, TOPULAA S,LOTABY, BIMIBILA LOABYL, ‘BOG LO[ABRT, ‘AOYIBOMMIOW SUAS “GSUS.STI(O)O ‘ze9aecusy ‘op Ary, Shaft IOUIOABT, JOUAG “OOOAVAD “8td “aUubo)nog ap sa1usa0n 7 UdO|NO op A UAg YY “OTULOART, “"moOJUNBY, [O° ) cyspnbhy wojunn sy, uUsg “YT “u“OpUNe rs C ate ite ena ysenbg uoqudvy, ‘ysenbg uoquney, ‘ysenbs PRES 4 NWBUYBL Jo US "PEP EG HJOBVNW “jsaawd]z]T 8 1)DUJO,L, JSOAIB]] S,J[eUIB YT, “UAG “YY *ypRUugRy, G°C8.99S°GL.L "99869. 09629. “SaaUadT Sap Vandi L SoSSy “-“soouorAg JO 'UAG ‘“Egzq ‘“SaaUaLig ap UINdLD,L ‘sooudls J ‘OIL F9.4I0OH —“SZh'6S. OOP FS. STS'TIS. A OCT TPO OSTta «= undue eo ea ee JOUIBSIOg 1ojSVGq JOUAS “SIZ LE. TUOH “Liq “Buysay 40 buys aN aT Es DA Pe Se aie pOurRsIOg Jojsvg Jo°uAS -“zpiize WM “bur. ossoyond 19JUTA\ JO'UAG “GPL‘G9.d “aSn07NA, ap aarpan J eae eng ee Rh of ote earn ot ean Minis ede nan RCo amenea (VP [tC ETEAI NIE “SIOAUY, Pp OATPIBY, *aIN} XO L, “reed JO OWIBNy Ul OF poddafal sipad fo sarijai.uor UNnoUY ay) JO xapur-onfio}D)D,) 126 243 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. 4A ‘uUopuBig 48 peBUIsUO ‘suOW uvA uyor aq Aq po BUIsIO ‘Q[QBIISOp JOU ‘PERT Ul poonporquT qyiniq jo ssorsuog Aq poqoofoxy “APOLNO [BANQNI14IOF] UOpuo’T jo ‘uosduoyy, 1oqoy Aq poureN ‘Og ‘ZIssesy ye paByoro [ByUeUZedxe oy) UT “681 Ul BISSNY WOLF poonposjuy “Q0UBI ‘jemjog ‘prviemy seme Aq posrexy “PEST Ul poynsy “‘sUOW UBA UYyOr “Iq Aq posiRy “peqiosep JON *90U RIT ‘Soule Ul poPVULsIO “1281 Ul SUOW, UBA UYOL “I YUIA poreUls}10 oAvy 03 posoddng ‘plpd ‘Zegt ‘ornqyna “WOH, Jo ourzedvy Aq poystqnd ‘ON ‘osprey ABO 7B siv9k AUBUI IOJ pozyBAtqyND oul 8 p mA | yw Paes OU mq&A | jw e |uifoo] niof | sur djqo doqo djqo ‘OIBP VUIBE ‘OLB “IG ellog ‘O1vA JULBE vo} oO) ‘soAOLL op eed ‘esrenoyy 77) 64d | OP OTe | ‘ondB., { 9p ofed ‘siBnoyL, ep efed ‘Aossef op offeg ‘sudAg “T ‘srBNOyL, vuciaices GA Pc otpuld ‘WAS “TIP'6S. “Sl2T ‘9TS'S¢, Jose ‘gec'ze,q =“dioyy al G um) voy Jo'uAS ‘Z8Z7 Pena Ble ca celts o Rico Ele ae oe "bor ‘6S, 66E'FS.A —“898'69,E8S'29,‘She'Gh.d GIT TR. ZEL'%8 MO BEId SS 'a804 AuwLoyy PMS OCR farce coin ns tele tena chee ca ee ouldg IBUI[OD uAg "JT ‘aruypog AWOL Be) Gee Gente Cs Momncier mmr iernrin mmr eri 6 ia i ayjorqury yo mAg 869'69, a tld ‘anauqQuey Ausoy,y TPS | ieee Reo RC as (ssoTU1Oy,L) eyjorqury Jo‘UAg “ZZIId ‘I/PLQULY 8897ULON.T SeeT RM te ae ee oe Pe Re” ee ee 898°69.“122'09, HJOsBW “sTOOWL ee ee eg er uosdwoy,|, yo ‘uAg zor’ aeeiasl M “UOSULO" S.nisjoisi «| ot Ia ge [paneer =| seaman egies ol) ba Mace alte TELG)) "SS'PP.0L'8E.N “L88'TR: ‘19°28. HJOSB WN “LOVES AUC “ESI ‘IYOUDLY 997104 oul d 8 ie BA Wie |feCekoxe Ka)|[SHSespose “OUI Y s9][BA “ULIEYZUIey oq ‘sa[#A eq ‘UIEYZUIey epeuu0g ‘sudg “YT *aoT[RA ponies | SEE | SSRIS Se ee Pe a eae | OO tang (eens 2G eerie oD OORT CAT EVA UNS!” (We OLaIVeCLGl CIE ULI UR CIO uCplYEL| ei [Eomeaieliaa soso snare analte syg alii willie ar Ae INoe’ ss RyIa oS eset wee geese See oay ee O) [OUOI LONG DCLOM [CAC UA Cea ONO TETRA: Eeeee Fescicrer earners crea) cian = =| eeciba cer ales|A™ og yg dl nce ™ ens le ston ns las ete ete nei een aT oe ear a eu | 3 s uf ais Jur | djqo SSR ND |Past => ee" = eas SS ee eae at oe eg pe ieee aS Z18'69.q ‘OUT UOTB A MEO (BOR SIO eae | eee tiers \ietaeienet |etnetd | nea|inea-nane tao atthe tobe ee ass mt OULONO Gani \utOLUAS la Gy) Cam acer Delma] DA NRLO Dette TO | : ‘auueAOd 811M seslags | Rigsaas | ies | pao pvt ssssss |] Jo oss “e819. USV “FCA 08869. NEF 19.‘828'CF. A “96I'EE. AOD “DIOUaIDA rao eed [ace | me eersac| | ne = ee See ael acs] Ses ile = el iis i eh aes h ea re a ae ae UT CAL OC 10. IAG “PEL‘'69.0. ‘QILPUDIDA BRO Ge | Ioan baer icra Ic AGIs Mier (ae orien ete Coad tC cio IS ot) DO GOO Ie SPR a tUr rr Or Gord “"""-9ssIvA Ineyeuag “UAG “Ye ‘aSSTBA [ur | 3A AS wu | nidZ I CON saan FL eel [Petree eee gia JUBITIVA “JURIPIVA [[BYSIV JUBTTIE A [Bqoore Ny ‘sudg VL “SURiIIeA “QSBB AA JUIRS OC YVR MA Azegq ‘ ‘JOB A Azaq QaBA Izeg ‘4svBA JuIBg ep Azog “JoRA olIneg ‘juouNBeg op elIneg ‘Jaw M Iseq I 3 TS | Cae TTA | Te OC ON eae ‘YIVA Isog ‘JVBA Iseg “BA Iseq “JsBUAA “49 oq [seq ‘suUAg “OTL'L6.L “I *J0®A Jarod |soscod pesca looeocr Vacca ciluecccs\eee so[r- cee 0 ee eS eNO BATE 1m CEA eee UR Cnem 8 cpae ine (Asi v2 a) op) Bile slcctteal tees satel Raber Saat 2 3 4 es ° : 3 og. ‘1vod Jo oWeN 5 g nm 4 : : F *ponuljuo0)j—Loé6l o2 tosr worl suoynoygnd unowaup ur 07 patiafas sivad fo sayjaruva unouy ay) fo xapur-anboj0)0) 249 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. “ESS UL SoTdures IOPVAII[NY OY} Ques [TepuIA “Ad “Surstmo0.d }} Petep|suoo JOPTIM “d “W “190 *suUOW UBA UYOL Iq Aq poywULsAO “POST Ul qWeey UBA UBOL WW Aq pozPBULsTO BN epee Boras | SAC Odn | y-yaal Uoeecen Meareee spc ut dA d uf AS ur doqo eee ee eeee uu 3 ds | fur | aA | Ja-] | djqo ’ “-"*""UBATTING Jo"UAg eee “--""-=-(pajeulutessip JoAou sdeyiod] “6se'eh TOFPW “ROLL ‘ON SUOW URA shige: “--"*** [paz BUIUassIp JeAeU sdeyieg) “66'SP, LISSPW “ZNO ‘ON SUOW UBA poezyVUuruMessip JeAoU sdvyied] “66'RP, LISSUN "PLOT “ON SHOR URA -[peyeuluess!p aovou sdeysog] ‘8¢'Zb, [1JOFUW “POOL ‘ON SUO ut, pe eullessip JaAou sdeysed) ‘66‘SP,LISSPN “OROL TON suo URA po,VUIMessIp LaA0U sdvyied | ‘66'SP,TISSVN “RZOL CON SUOW] URA ‘este ~seeessseee* [h9qBUIUTASSIP JOA0U SdBYIOT] “66'S, LISSCNW “ZRG ON SHOW URA “-[:poyeurutosstp AoA0U SdBYI0d] “66'RF, LISSPW ‘6SEEP, LJOSZUN °696 (ON SUOW URA acti pias ahi > tabs [payvuyutoss|p 19A0u sdvyiod] ‘66'8h, LISSlW ‘R896 ‘ON SUOW] URA “29869, GPS'LS,‘TIP'Sh.. “LS‘ZP. LTJOSBW “G88 "ON SUD UDA eee JoAou sdeyiod)] ‘66'8F, SSVW “628 °ON suo UBA *poyYBUTULoss|p JoAVU SdvYys0d) “66'SP,LISSUN “SER "ON SMO URA [ poyeurutesstp oA0u sdvysod) °66'8h, T1SSPW P [JOZVW “S69 "ON SUOW UR, Sa “ss -"-"* [paqBultasstp 1dA0U sduyio,] “OSE'EE TLJOSV SEE CON SUOW UBA *[ poqeururesstp 1oA0u SdBy10d] “66'Sh,TISSVIN “OSe'SP, LJOSVN "egg “ON SUOW URA ‘( poyeurumosstp tosou sdeyiog] “66'S, SSVI “SOf'Sh TJOSUW “S81 "ON SUOW UBA *poyeul -UWSSIpP 1oA0U Sduytod] “66'S, HSSt A “898'Sh, 6888, HJosvy “LLT CON suo UR, “sss =-uqaqRa JO‘UAg “TP TTAOH “€9°LF, "ISGP, HJOSvW “Ker ON suoyy UDA ““""YyqQoqVzg Jo"uAg “ShE'6S,‘99E'FS. A “OT8'69, 96P'LE,"S8E'Sh,. “TEL ON SUOJy UDA ““"""TOHIBAL JO "UAG "RGC'LE, “66'RF, FSS “LET‘OP HJOSUW “Esl ON SUOsy UDA soreresesss===TenoqpuTutessip doAou sdeyiod| ‘6x8‘Sh, LJOSBW "SOL ‘ON SUOW URA “Bere sroeeeeeeesesssssssssss"-U9W) JO UAS “SSI'SS, JOFBW “19 “ON SUOWY WDA *(SUOWY UBA) O19[) VT JO'UAS “COP'L6,'98T'ER'S9'SLAL “OL'E.V “GOL. “PLP'TIMELM. “1F'6S.EhE PS A “SCT UBV “PLM “GTAOH “8021S. “16 ‘Le IN “8L8°69,'89'29.‘61F'Sh. “LSP LISSUN “9OT'IK.M ‘94919 9] os] suosy UDA "ZL TTUAD) “Eee IND "YUZI[A SUOW UBA PSceore: “spc sin Sein cena sas ree hes noes 2 RODITVAM JOT Uo s Olean SU On “00.08 VA 00F'86, AXA UGD "ES'FE G1OT] *SUOW URA *pION np vyduroy, ‘Qjasseyy ep eydutolsy, ‘UNIVAT UBA OO T ‘INOJBIBD OWIOT ‘YSRBQRBIBD SNOI4sUOP ‘PAON Up osnes4s -u0 “UNI BA UBA OSSOIY) ‘0}49810N JO assBqeal[RO Osso1yH ‘1o3uB'] JO ossRqaleg asso ‘pIoN up 988898) OSSOIp) ‘YUSBQR[BO WSSO1) ‘WOJBIBY ‘aTBAOY OSsUqalTBO ‘osNOn.t4Suo | 988BQ2B ‘PION Np osnelgsuop ossuqea[ey ‘e14suo; osseqelTeo ‘oyepod uty OSSBQI[VH ‘OSsot ) O88BQ9/BD ‘PION Np assBqale,) ‘8S, UBULYOION op asseq -o[8O ‘puBlloH ep 8880/8) ‘UHOFBIB, OSSBQoTB) ‘o][leynog ‘Une UBA OLIneg ‘SUAS —“9IL'L6,'CL9'GR'289'SL.L“8LS'69.' S929. “OFFS, HJOse “UNE UBA Ek See a as "TT" "WONT JO"UAS “OPTS, JORBAL “Way]NET UDA ‘udqNO]] UBA SoBYO ‘uo, ysnoF] UBA soyeyy) ‘uaado0o tT UBA SOTBYD ‘udJ SOOT] UBA SOBYY “SUAg “YT ‘Ue, A0OH URA Sie cy i ei oe oe AoIyospqqory Joudg “OPT es, [yosRypy “Mosyospaqqopy uvA Hate « od dian 6M aletele an “--"""""qQ790H UBA UBeL oLIMOg “UXg “7] Soe eee See Hee oak eae ~--ysjusdg Joudg “s¢3'69.d “yohq UWA A a ystundg Jo‘uAg ‘s¢s'69,q “yoApunAd veteees aS|NO'T OVP JO UAS “E1569, “Uv9/ayWOT UDA pirat asIno’y oe JoO'udg ‘"S{s'69,d “4Dajayuod UDA “raAoMopuBA JO"UAG “El8'69.0 “99'SS OTL “GIFTS, Jose “saypg 4afiay, ap unA yop uRA S NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 250 ‘Oa ‘ZIssuay 48 pavyoio jejueuriedxe oy} UT “e0UBIY ‘WONOY UWLOIJ PoAloooy "1090490 III4 deoxy [IM ynq “snsny ul suediy ‘peranys “vy “Ss “id Aq “ssp ‘oulyoorlg 48 poxBUIsIIO ‘O ‘q ‘zIsseady 48 paByoio jequeulliedxe oy} UT ‘O ‘@ ‘zisseay 48 preyoro jequeulliedxe 944 UT ‘e0UBI A ‘UANOY 7B poyRulsUoO *Suistmoid oq 0} pres fsueumyoleg ‘¢ “qd AQ pepqyxa Serre errr eee ee eee ee ee) eee eee ee Joomg tool?) jo uAg *T98'69,d 2) )9pL aA PERT eae pale Re ee cee Mriais sisieininies Fass aaa O}JOTOSSBYE) JO udg “LLG LE. LUeD “ISSDPLIA Bes eG See ee eee ee OVE BI op o[GBiousA Np dtuoANOg ‘UAG “Yy *eTGvs1VUEA sicmpatsiate|n\cisicis's'sicleisio ats eos aitie Cea a ass Sinquropin A JOo°udg "Zod “ayy pp uaynwa, Bihari ciate lee aie piel cise) tis Smee XNBA Op o}JopVO ‘XNVA op JopBy ‘sudg “]T *XNBA ‘ -ulpanbnB A UIBULIEDy JuIRg ‘UjeNnbNeA oL10g ‘UUEYg ellog ‘SUAS ‘ZZP‘E0. UAXAUBD 00,.08V “AA “9TL'26.‘L9'S8.L96'GL,.L “88a “PL8'69.'FS9°L9.0 ZIT'SP HJOSB IN “UTponbne A Tape” = are sls dee ais Siakege Bicicng oni a All) O1Od “UL *“[6z‘F6, HUBO “RyULYosstA EL RADA GABLE 3 Gopi cL ealt ae h eaek Tele ee ees PP‘99, HSSB *“TRUNIEA Wa TEF PACES s aie ee 3 ie ates < sual A INBPoO| ug ‘YU ‘ouueIt, OO an eae ayoRuv OUBSSBIQ JO"UAG ‘OLIq ‘awUDSDL) payDbal4DA eo ea? tet A pee gt ctas mee ties Lt oe Bed De eSepuBowsg JO ‘UAG “6P8‘69,d “UWayUDLA WDA lair to tis a tisngy ane Sipe eee SIBIUBA JUBTUG ‘sIeJUBN JURJUG ‘SUAG “YY “SpRyURA ‘uljenbneA UBULIEs) 4UIeg ‘UljenbuBA a110g ‘SUAS “ZCr‘CO.UAXAUBD “ZLE'CR.L “PL8'69. “ESA “GIT. HJOSVN “Uyjonbuw, Simin we s/s) ale in||(na cl eiejeieja a 'wiele ese o(eli= s/s) = =(s(= im @n/b"= s\@)@)6's/niet> m/e aieial alien atfeysue BT uAg “T ‘oppegsuv, Meas ee ee Ae ea akVH “4S JO UAS “OPT'GG HJOsBW “aADET "1S ap sauUDA SS i TTI SARE a oes a 0SSE'98, BD *SUT[Poos 8, WOW UA Pub ieee NT kena oinaal UIVULION) “4S MON JO UA “P1860, “UIDULMa IS’ SuOyy UDA : {peyeurwoessip you sdvysod]| ‘RI‘e¢, HSSPW “GZgt ‘ON SUC URA apy ie easd ques [pezeuruosstp you sdvyied) "66'8h, HSSPW “ZO9T “ON SHOW UE A ‘S8E'Eh HJOSBW “06ST ‘ON SUOW URA VW “OSC ‘ON SHOW UBA pire a oe le [peyeuruesstp you sdeyieg } ‘Op LISSBIN ‘GGL ‘ON SUOTY UA ~-[pezeuturessip you sdeyiog] "66'8F, HSSPIN “LPL'9F, HJOSVW “ZRPTL “ON SUOW UTA Sie Re en ‘poco you sdeyiog] ‘66‘8F,HISSPW “FoF “ON SUOW UPA y TST 58 pozeurutessip you sdvy19q| “66'Sh. SSP “ICP ‘ON SUOW WEA by duet dist) [pezeuluiessip you sdeyiog] “GLT‘TS.‘66'SP, EISSVN “6ST “ON SUOW URA -[pozeuttesstp you sdeysied] “GLT'TS.HSSPW "SSeS. TIJOSBW “e621 ‘ON SUOW UA {peyeururessip you sdvyiog] “66'S, SSP “SEZT “ON SUOW URA [peyvuruessip you sdvyiog] "66'8P, SSRN “EEL ‘ON SUOW UBA “UOJUT[) JO tage ENE UA “6IF6S.‘26E' FS. A “ZEL'69.'699'L5,OLECF. “09'SP. HJOSVN “SSB “ON Susy WDA “9.10 POULULOD ini hoa Jo uAg -“Och‘6S.‘268'FS. A “OLG'2G.‘CLE'Sh.A00'SP., HIJOSBIN “SI@I “ON SuoTy WDA *SyIBUley “1Bed JO OULUN *panuruo,)—Lo6l 07 FosT wolf suoynoygnd unrwaup Ur op padiafas sinad fo saad Unouy ay) Jo Lapur-onbo]D}D) 126 251 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. *O19[O 9B] WOT “FW Aq pas1ey “ON[BA OF FIL JO pus po ‘renuey, ynig ey Wor “paqLtosep ION “peqtioseap JON ‘quoUuLie A ‘ured “WBYO PFV'] ‘IST PUBIE) UO UBIO popimay yt oroyM “XN ‘OZOMSO 0} JUOULIOA UOIJ UeHV “SUOW URA UYyOr “AG YIM poyeurug ou | 3a-3} ss | eul j--"""* s CUE aes fe + S| ' ‘ fur | aq Bp “a | 29¢C2.L surdg ao es ef as -* “ena jo wont s emer erelecercceeceliss “Ons yo tu djqo sseeeesel “geTat0g 1zog ‘SUBIOI0A Op Izeg ‘sURIO10 “@1BIZNOZBA JO'UAG “GRITS, HSSPW “OCT‘'Ze,‘ZLPS 1S. HJOBeW “ALI IZNOSSIA oie pa eae atest 7S" = “TROPA LO Oa “Ole Hae *PIIYYULA, AP 9470914 "O101ZN0880A, ‘alaIzllosa A “suAg RTUBOQ “OTL'26,‘ZL9' Ss, CUCLOJOVOA ‘CIPO. "EStT “88‘9G.V ‘Es 6998C' LE, OTZNOZIA NBOIRY ‘NBOUIEY W107 ‘SUBIOJAA Sac] ‘SUBIOIOA \ Sep |zog ‘NveAUOG ‘sudg “OIL'16.L “TT “SuRioz04 “Teese """"-Q1AIZNOZIA JO UALS “OSE'P.A “COT'ZS, HJOSBW “asaiznosa4 eitag sundg ‘alnoag ‘eine g Sujidg s,ueueyong ‘e1imoeg Suudg Aon s,uBuRyong ‘e1ineg Wt “SsuAg ‘OWOAVAA “C18°69, a “TZ8'8¢.410 “pSOG, TJosRyW *weNsV8, mee oes eee ee -**"Cump) waar) Suo'y Jo uAg ““(CuRq) WeeTH Buoy JouAG “OP'TEM “Led Cueg) Uaeaty Ju07T JO'UAG “ODO.OAVAN “9Gld “assing 40 vayoDUDG anbuo'T 91a4 ‘ESET ‘assing anbuoT 3494 sing 40 padiajgy anbuo'T 97494 “CuBd) Usa) Buoy JOUAG “FORKBOLT “TEE hE. ‘OPS ES. SAUTE SOSI'ZEM «ZSTIO. CayoDung anbuoT 31494 Feit sell | chi. ipa i slit calpains or FG S “Cdsq) weer du07T Jo -u 4g *b08'69,q *Uslsadsy Jo anbuo'T 2)42,4 gots oueae “ueely BSuoT Jo ud “[be'6G,q ‘aUUahDyy Dd) ap anbuo’TyT 2)4134 ‘usS “7886S. “OStH = °092'69,'S6F' LS, “auuafiv yy v) ap anbuoT aj4a4 ebieaees| Se "777" """"-9Lesseqoy Jo ‘uA “EC2'60,0 “FET Id “1921 .p anbuoT asa “Cany) death “| duoT Jo ‘udg ‘Z82‘S8.L “POSH. “SbP'6R.HJOSUWW ‘aumomyp,p anbuoT ajsa4 oases Mee We eee dpe da PA gd “uealy) uo’T jo “UAg ‘OG1d ‘PUMLOIN YP ,p anbuo'T ALIA UAg “GOF'L6.‘982'S8.L “E8td “0926969929, ‘s4abuy .p anbuoT aj4a4 “Uva Buoy JO "UAS “9TL'26,'Z29'G8,'269' 2S. “66 UIT “196. UdV “TRESS “TS8'bS a LOE TS A °C0.10. 66.101 “PLb'26.L “216'Z0,‘SL'86.HIN °S “08°60. ‘98S'2S.STF'Sh. “OZ'TESEU'EM “OSI RGTO. ‘anbuorT 97494 I Rae ea ee San ee AED elle) One “udg “YU «(TAOUPOATT Op apte4 aleicnieiaiels bg acta = arene ce ewiccslan mwielslewiaecswewnye Nie ele cath bine at wml ata “OFL'E6, OJOV DA “Wout 4 shsiatesiainars | Ses egies sretesssessss=-qmouaA Jo ‘UAg “69'CL HSE “FL8'69,. “buz/paag quow4a4 ‘LOICWHV “SINE “70. PA Npuy “PSI'86,HUB) “8ZT'96,‘ELT TA | VOHTIL “TST'68, IOV “OL'6S. CVE “PEL'L6,'921'06,'00'63, HAN M\ “Ap Nag] JUOUTIA 4 pies wp oneal ai f(g (o ye sys tsa) ota cena sturdg jo JuAS "SC8'69,0 ‘4901 ,p aubodsg .p uornpimsa4 “Qney{) UOTTULIA A JO"UAG “9TL'26,'ZL9'G8,‘Le6"¢ Si Sac “vo """"*sfossnig Jo uAg “S90'69,d “IUULONY ,p WON) ULIA ES SS Sa Ite “sul[poog quouLIOA “UG “068163 V “PLS'69,d *}WOUIA A on ee cee eee ewe e eee pei i: uo,p WON|TULIO A udg “7 “(yneBy{) UOT PU | feseeee “-""BuO'T JOUSS “ROl'ZE.OJOVOA “UolnOUvs) J UOLpULs? A ““spossnig Jo‘udg “Ezz‘IITAHIOLV “S969 “SamMDqd sap words, “Tors nq jo uAg "69969, “sauDGC sap 4a0uy ,p WoN]u4LIaA AM Jo UA *292'69,'FLS'LS,. SS “9 .p WONTIULLAA CLaL “PL8'69. “INDE UI ,p UONTNULLIA Cig) oyfeu -O818 Jo" uAS ‘OSZT “IZP'6S,‘S6E'FS.A LOL ‘69C FITS LS," 6Ee'Sh,d "391 Pp UONUusIA “-**""sfossnag JO “UAS “89969, “Z9TE TPL'Z Bes = sinirtn= a “sre eee=s"*“QUFBOA JO “Ws {QS PLS'69.C AT (Pp 9Uurnj494 cseseseee “--"uTeysepuer) Jo "UX “OL2'69,. “SPE IROM 2/0 (Pp 2UID)49.4 noeerecsecsceccncsoceos=-ureysepuer) JOmAg “ZIT “OL2'69.0 “ShI‘IP.M ‘stDj424 M ‘ROI “UO27ULLIA Oa.p ourepog “UsG “PLs'co,(d “oUpRpsa ttre e eens) POE COLA TAILED BRASIL) 46/0) OUMAL JO udg “99'68, 400, "Ehld “OnDOL9.4 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 252 ‘D “a ‘zisseay ye prRyoio pRyUoUItodxe oy. UL “OPST UL SUIUURY JAoqoy Aq MMos “LSSI Ul ‘OLIBIUG ‘UOT 7B poy yy ‘Og ‘zisse3y qe pavyoro peyuoultedxe oy} UT ‘GIST UL BISSNY WOLF poonpodzUy -aysAnyyT uyor “aay Aq pasrey “sOlg yinig Aq poeonporqur ‘aati jenueg Aq Wnossyy OF UdZR], “IOPIEM “d “W109 Aq poYBUISNO L1BOLA JO pases WO1] ‘aouBl yy ‘UO JO SysalOJ BY} UL palBAOOSIP SP AV “syIvUloy yu 3 B af wa & ry 3 s |e }]e]| & wn © a 4 fo) = a 5 > S =] . = . o ‘ponunuo j—/06T 07 FOST wolf suorynoaygnd UbIWIULp UL OF passafod supad fo sore t es cosnourA JOCULS “Egzy ‘uanads7T .p asnaubry “77 (CSny) quoduoprepy Jo 'UAg “EEL'6O,d ‘saubi4 il aR Naa ea ee kaa ousIA Jo UAG "Sid “a]jyslouad aubi4 A nO eC eT ae a --nROUST A, powTy Aavyodo0g ‘uss Y neous, ‘JOSUIRT 10 OULA ‘o]JOSTOULO(T OUST A ‘ao OULA ‘s,Apery 10 OULA ‘OURTA op ollo.f ‘oyfostoulog "suAg "ZEEEP JOSUW ZZ TEM. SOL OUST A BY a Se cpa eRe ee oO ae ls AddolA Suryowyos “UsG “yo tAAOTA Dee a ee ne en ea ee yduintay, ‘outer, op oydwowy, ‘SuUAg "YP toUUOT A Oe ge oe ei tS a oc ea te ee OO.OAVAT “BYAOPTA BUNOJIA JO ULG “GH “Dipupojdobousy DUrLojoLA “eABupo|dosoup BULLOJIIA “UG “00, -OAVAN “POTHUON “COLT PO TTBL “ZLUT6.HUL “EA PL OST O6KGON “d) TBULEOPOT A leitch began eth ti aber a rele aia ss NBIAOP WOT JOCUAG "ELL GO “DILOPLA Dee eee eh Ge ee DET 96. UAXAURY) “OPT OLS SE TJOSBIN TRPLOPOTA TPSTETRNG GR VT tiny hoe ee et “--osny{ jocusg “OOO VAA “OONTT 40)024 | “TOYO A “IOWA SALTY ‘susg “POV'SLEOGIUU “S686 MAXAUB) “TEE CELERY “BIS SHT SV GOL S *AOWTA “‘yoroq[a0dg Jo usS ZL? 6S. GRE jo. ‘FO. ISSR UBV “CVTAOH “GTS'TO. GE “OLS SR. JOSVIN — “BLaqq90d gy 9p a]ULoo2UA “yotaqta0dg JO UA “PRP LE TIE’ “2186989016, “GIF “CTTAOTL « “862'OR, LIJOSBW | “OOT TP. S661" “YotIQLa0d § IP 2]UWLOIUA ea -- yoraqjaodg Jo "uAG "ERqp “Ouaqjaid gy ap aJduooiA Poet AS gt ba “LOJA JOCUAG “WSSUSBYV “SESS PLOW “aot akvyepaq Jocudg -‘OePCOUAXAURD “OOQOU Vel DADYDIIT PUIPISIL | ILA SSN sie Reese ee SeN eee esse SABO TO “LAG ‘WDIIT PUIPISIL | IU | ROTA JO UAg “Ing UM “ISP 260808 ‘06C'SL.L “ESD “PSE'6G. PPE 'ES.S “Lp YAOT] COTE TS. “SOT eo 4: "GLSE9C LEE LE SPP GE. ep, 11Jos ppauyurs, [0 40014 CRRA AC Ses Se ae IBITA JO "UAS *f UVLO TIL oF PPQYIYD AL $9 ADIVA [> SSSR LS oa Ee ee see ae per tea e eT TCL WOT] ‘26 ZL. T1SSPW “LOTUNG TROT A *PIPUAULM ‘PIPUAULM JO 1BOLA “pTEFoyXR Ay JO [ROLY “PLOYAUTAL 9p OTTBOLA ‘anSo[e1B,) ap O[JepRId ‘ALN af ANIISUOP BLOG ‘ALON 1a} B_f “ALN of INOSuoP ‘INGISUOJT “IOATPT,P OLISSHY ‘IOATH],p @1Issayy ‘ain,) ay ‘MOLNO( ‘easuoT[y assoly) ‘seuing suldy ‘japeig nq ‘seuing ‘ang nq ‘xnReplog ap on] ‘eiN,) oT Ines -u0W oq ‘UOI[,) aq ‘92 AIND ‘aIND ‘TAALF[,P 9} aT [lan ) “UOTNO |, Vp BdTWTO) “UOTT,) ‘laysPUlOSINg ‘1asewisasinog ‘1ayseulsasinog ‘edR,~ uog ‘UOl{.) aelOfeT] eed ‘AS1OJT] BIg ‘Selafep] affeg ‘svuunq suid y alfeq, ‘Ateg] vp ofjag ‘oURALpPUY 9offod ett ig | ‘euuespy efeq ‘SUAg “LOZNHV “Cs 1O.OJ0SHA “SUING “6ST 'LOITLL “489A oe) sate 09, ‘1vod Jo oUIBN is Saad’ UNOUY ay} fO Lapur-anbo7]D]D,) 253 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. “962 “d ‘T68T ‘ony -[noyroyT JO syvuuy ul poysiyqnd “peqiiosep JON *poqisosop JON “AjoIOOg [BiNg{[ND -14I07T SP osNyoRsseyP JO Jutyoour 48 IOPIIM “d “W “10D Aq uMoYg r “Oro Jo ‘yooysouyey *y “Aq 4stNg[Noryzoy] oy} Yueg ouy put Mou sB Youuey Aq poysttqng *‘joureyn¢g Aq peqiioseq ‘Og ‘zissedy 4B pareyoro jReyuoUodxe oyy UT “poqiiosep JON ‘umMouy AjUIe4{I100 YQU UISIO ‘ZSRT Ul BISSNY WOIy poonporqyUT “poqitosop JON “OPST UL poonp -o1ju! fuotedsy “fey AQ poster ‘gz “d ‘prolat Aq poystiqnd ‘oouvI yy ‘Suosuy ‘foloT OLPUyY YIM poPRUIsUO enpangil ennai gee rca bab Srapeanesigins PIOGS Jo"UAS “PS'OR AMON “OP'GL.IPUT “pl0q71 UOA uyonow UOA ULsOZIey] “UAG “Yo *UYONOW WOR S|) etekick Toe see eaa LETH, OJOVDA “OPPOULBALOG BALOA 180d PIIM “UAS °162Z'E6, HS8BA *BALOA ew meeid|s aware | secu accUedlscetvasissncnduesantsnbisw cece te eceStcebaccnbeuake=sce’s ISGP, L[SSUN ‘Seajorg XnT XJoA LO8'FG,WOT] *asoyanozy A PAE: Pee ° oan tes Sip yais* = ess AINA Op offod "uAgG “UY *AIGIA Ce rg Ere SS OTTATA np OO g “udg "EZ TEM “011d "1OUVTA Bee eee) eee (ieee ee ee ee T®VA orn ‘udg 06716. FJOV “IRITA Penna aie hele hed [iron Sake teas Sal See eee ee oe Le pS emer he ee ee me ee “TAIL OJOVOA *siaqords op JUNOT, *(A[SNOOUOIIO) NOT[BSITA IOUT AA ‘9[NOBIIA ‘Oso[OSI1 A ‘OSNO[BAILA ‘RTH -a1l0q ‘(AUODSBH) JO) OBL OP O11Og ‘99B[H) OP IO ‘A[NOSIUA OT ‘asno[Ns11A -V'T ‘BO Od] ‘IOATE,P ePoIquivyy ‘oyjorqureyy ‘Jnope(ng “sudg “00.OAVAA 962'T6,HIOV = “SZP'6S‘00F'FS.A 68°69, F8C'29,OSF'Sh. dS LET'ES. AUP = “181d “POL Th GFL ZEM HAM “Z6IUL Ls “ASGIBOIVH “GLU ATOUG WO = ‘esnaynosly 4 Se EE EEC a “"-osnenosi1A JO*UAg “2/869. “99'6R IND “L81d ‘a8aynob11 4 Se sisis eS amici rie “TSP rince seer csceeccescssss2°°" "Gen AMOsITA JO UAR “SI -“sanOlIsA Pa ag pons sqoqoy ywosnyy Jo "usS “SI8'69.d “Iltd ‘ebuojumy fo urbsrA SASS pis hehe eels eae ae aisnig wy Jo‘udg “681, *(ATSNOeUOI10) abuojumyY fo urbs.4 Beats dr euuekog OY M JO"UAS “geE'6S.'7ZE'FS. A “O88'69.9EP'LE.'SLE'Sh. CL 00706414 pats pags Se NoyeVsitA LOUIUIN, ‘NoyesIlA S,JJamMog ‘suAg “JT ‘(‘UINg) NeT]RsIyA ‘oumAO OVI M JOUAS “GOTOD “ESTTAOH “66°08, “Udy “088'69.‘98P'LS.‘S2E'Ch.d “98 PRAIND “96T'e8. Aue “y4ot man fo naipob114 ASSN TOS EEN [Are g 7 LoduBMTT A Aq pouqIyXg)] “TPMSCOHANM “f ‘ON na1Db414 Cae a pate he oD ioulaig yo ‘uAg “pge'6c,‘60E'FS,q “(oulOs Jo AjsnoouodI9) N9717Db414 “aula AOC, aT jo 'uAg “6A TIT 988 TL‘9te TUM “6988. A “OTL'L6.'ZL9°G8.LEC'CL LL “SPELL OUN ESUZUUBV “SN'TWV “LES EE FSA “OO SPAIMO “ZSTOR.APUL “Bld MM “N91100114 BO TOI A POTION “-"""""nolesitA asseding Jo "uAg “Sof I¢.g “291706114 alee pipe cce ees Uecm ad ialeS sieke dal see eae eres cecee oouulgd Jo utg "E16 80,410 “nayobs, te Agreee F peisoul, joudS “9ET96 MAXAUBD “Eze'oR. HBL “GD “ynuppsbour, i ee i ee ere err InupeisoUulA “udg “ay *prisouy, ee ee ee ee er) ERT “SIe yauy A, “-esnoulA Jo ‘udg “OLTL.VIOHV “LL8'69.0 “98e'bo. HJosey “ussadsy ,p asnauy4, | uosadsq,p osnour, ‘uoreds gp osnoust, ‘sudg “OTL. VOHY “11869. *asnouy A “*""""9QUsIA JO"UAG “BCId “ADI PULA “-ausIA JO ‘UAg ‘gcIq ‘S,fippT 410 2u14 “**"9usIA JOUAG "gclq ‘“JasSUDG 10 2UI1A ee cake OIPUlA ep Isog “UAG “TT *orpUTA eee ee ee neg ap quooulA quieg udg Ty *queoUyA "00199749 JO "UAS “OIS'FRHVL S8VTTAXWD) “LeT'28.81 ‘08. HUCM “CSL AHPUL “T9829. HIOLV “ISS TS UHM “EOF TH. TJOSBIL “s7uUaoUIA Pe nd Sp ee Oe VERS eo Ee Cee ayo UlOTOTA SINOo’T uAg YT “UPIOUTTA PRISE PRR ES podiyg eduvs0 Jo Usg “OZ Th.M “NOCUY Pp 2ULDITIA Oe ee Oks. Tn eee eines Cumng) osoy youd “gos'6o,q “noluy.p aupiyi4 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 254 “QIBMBIOCL ‘YOOLD 8, UBUL -BBN IBel Vspoy| B UT paTaAOISIG “Z881 UL BISSNY WlOIF poonposlpUy “Zest Ul “pur ‘AjuN0) Aruey{sjo ‘100g “Id UNM ULsLIO “paqtiosap JON “F281 Ul UOWVYM SsBIIG Aq poywary[nuD _ ‘uosyove “yf Aq ‘0sgt ‘Aqotoog peingjnoys0 Fy IWBuULoUlD JO Sueour 4B UMOTS “suo UBA UYOL Iq Aq postey *Z0z “d ‘O68T ‘orn4 -[Noy10F{ JO syBuUY Ul peystqnd “ecg “d ‘est ‘erngyno -V10H{ JO oulzeaRy Ul poysiqnd “Z8RI Ul BISSNY WoIJ peonpoiyUuy —— *16z 'd “P68T ‘ystINg -[NojIOH uBIpvusy Aq peysiqng oul & ul biaisleiain’s ar ni& url nioA43| | nr sul “SHIBVULOY *9IN}XAL Kor |p=>2> 10H pisisisinis sieiSiios sny Peale ee Se fil RRR a diqo |--> “3[og Mocgom |Pesss san “queqtig jJo"uAS “OPS'68 TIL “LIL5L6 ferefeg 26G6'GL.L O0GM. LP L69FOR'2G.C “LOU 8S. HJOSBAL “OPE LP AINO §*007.407044 “UOSUIQOY ‘UOSJIOGOY “Yool) S,USUBN ‘Yool,) S, UBLIBBN “SUAS “g'gINg “LOWLY SETTA «= PLP‘L6.'860'Y8.(08S GLaL “SLBM “TLZ ; “O0OCH “9S8 69.‘ShE'FS.A “PZE'S8. “COSTS. A “POOL UIV “LETOVO “ESC'CPU'PL PLT LP. WOH “BL8°69.' 699° L9.'2ch oh. PS'Sh 96S PRPS EP LJOSVN, TLL LO'FPCUS' SEIN. PELTRCLST' CEM | UOPSUYYST AL “ouUeAOC] OFM JO"UAS “ET'79.138V “PEGA “ORES AEE FSA *088'69.9EP'L9-BLECF. A “OGTR. UO “foulmbsa T yornso Ah maleisiaineleialelgee eiaiels sain /siz s 2is/s/e'sIeicinssicias 2 Saas MBSIBM JO'USS “GH “Joumnbuag mpsuoy ---- qoulBSIog MBSIBM ‘(MBSIBAA JO) OITVUTepPIO OIJOUIBSIOgG “SUAG “J “MESIR AL tied Be ToUIBM JO'UAS 81°86. HEN “CLG. HILL “821‘G8‘0LT'6L, HPUL “bunpaag 8 sausoy *BUT[PIOS S,1OUIB MA ‘ug "ZLT'SO.HSIM «TAA = °98'66,‘TOT'96. 69T FEHR “62106, GON | “AOUIR AL PIS Oe pin wa ce Se Rime Dania Lita AgsuIe JO'UAS *99'68,91NDQ ‘abunsLy fapsusp 4 SicinGisciite sees ysis sss Ias Ss ysis eas Sa aes asuBin AojsuLeM “UAG “Ye *AO[SULIR AL Fe eas Buuoyog Jo-uAS “Ol'STSHWH ‘Zh‘SL.HPUL “I8'6L.‘ZOU'GL. WV “UapsAt eae eh eS UspIeM UMOIG "UAS “ZELl'ep,HJOSPW “6ZUIPTST'Ze MM “WOpre eae et Se cae aac SORE Bp ik dey echoes pe a PIBM JO°UAS “MS ‘Woad 1197 $.pLvM ete ofa Miele) *'*iniehehy/ Simic elsinie ini BASIE PISIeI Se cs Iv9g [9A 8,prVM “Uk -6L'9e, HIOSR “ple AL ie a aad i a a Nh es eal ate pace sean So occas Taal At “-e""""FOTUHM “FNUTCAL “MOUIO A qunoy jouAg °272'26,‘829'G8.‘299'SL.,.L “818'69. “009, HSSBIy “bu2/paag 8 ,.L9y)0M. “SuOW UBA GET “ON ‘glaueser epusury ‘suUAg “LTL'26,'EL9°98299'GL,.L “PLT TXU9DOD “E8CH *LL8°69, ‘gec'2G. “ZIP'6G.‘O88' FS. “COTPS.V “GhZ'PS.USV “EES'8G.E6L'GF HJOSVIL “LONI AL oo SiAsois. selaiel stele sels eieis.sfele,sjeininisinses eyes |S I) se Alai als Cisne So[VA JO oouNLG ‘UAG “Ye “SOTEML ssinise bine seisissiminie.gieis, 2c) srt" TOIBMIOSBAM OP SVOIUOIG “UAG “JT “1aPeMlOSE MA cio steps csceam che’ © OS) Sheng re a ere he RAG y a ihe aes oS Pe he ys ke ke, whe ae PPBM ed “UAS “HY “OPM “€6'6L.V “OTL 26./GL9' SS. L99'GLeL, “GLZA “LL8'69.‘8SS'2E. “ISPS HJOSBW “POTATO “YUSTeTPE AL piri a Seiieiels BESS SCOTS OSES Gs SEI II) I yo colselc/suaye lL eis! = Iq p ee Quy sibs satinirieiessjasjwinisinysisis)s)aieiuss2/cltoais) 2 US sass AaxeM Jo°usg ‘eze'ss, HPI “4H “Dfipaoyso, picicicini= cisist= sist eis cokes 4a UdXBAA JO'UAG “9ST'96,UAXAURD “GH “Dfip209804 “[po,BUILessIp puB powMvu4ON) “00.0 VAN “9ET'96. UAXAUD “GOT “ON YSouoto A -[-peqzeuluressip puv peurvu JON] “00.0 VAA “9E1'96,-UAXAUVD 8% “ON YSoUOIo A -[pezBululessIp puv poulvu JON] “OOO VAA “9ET'96.UAXAUBD “ST “ON YSoUoro 4 *aS9UOIO A “42]bNZ U0A geo Re ae oo Ne an Nid asouo010 A ap oyjourRsieg “UAG “YW See Se Ue leet eet es ar aga rejsnz yo°udg *118'69.0 *1ved JO oUIBN “panunu0g—Zo6l 07 FosT wouf suorwoygnd uniwaup ur 07 patiafes savad fo sayarua unouy ay) fo xapur-anbopn}D) 126 255 CATALOGUE-INDEX OF VARIETIES. ‘Ory WIeyyNOS peaAlsool puBpyIyy “ACT “uepies SITY Ul suBLyOIOg SINo’T Aq poeldAodsi(T “ACN ‘pusyor1our 480 ‘atourj9 MM “gf “A Aq pos!eyy woly 4I “SBS -uUByIY w01y AjoIvA A[IB— AIOA W “SuUUBY JLaqoy Aq WOW “TUX [BIUUe} HAD 944 4B pay xX oy “YOR MON JO ‘Topua A “Iq 10y pourvu ‘suow uBA UYyor “Iq Aq poasieyy “OIyO ‘WoOysuTUL “ILM Jo ‘2919 MA 08] Aq poonporzuy “POST ‘Kyo1oog [BAINQINIIVAOTPT Ssyqoesnyo -BSSBPY JO SUlOOUL 4B UMOYS YSINT *‘[enUBY JINIy s,sd0y7 wOI *paqitosep JON ‘op ‘dd ‘gest ‘aingno “10H Jo oulzesey ul peysiqng “poqttosep JON *paqiiosep JON “q1qey Sutdoorp JO 901} ‘0}007 “VY JIM ULSLIO “ACN ‘Uospnyy 38 poywulsi19 “paqniosep JON *Ayoto0g ein ynonso} Lnosst 01 JOIN ospng Aq pojtodexy *jBorytiopt AoxB \\ pus siq} yYsNO0Y}) ppng AOsseyorg 3a-3| ds ds our uf ee ees ee ee ee 82°96, J1OW Se ee es we Sewecleececel(weccoesleeseeunces eee een ce owe ses ee TOTO ANG TCH SLUA KS ee ee es ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee ee es ePp‘ol doqo weer erceee wee eres esececccesesesesesssses were eewe ceoneos's ATOR §,u0JIBY MA usg "T "T *TOVITUM GUE OSE ae Rte U010}}9 MA O1InNeg ‘ue10949\\ 9p olineg ‘sudg *UAlO}IOM 4 |" “Sea ag? ee (i ae a Sag ta ne ag a alana Nea lolel «hina Mable eric s tak diene eae ie 61869. *O1OUIO A "GLP ‘26.6608. T88°SL.L *99.1LS AB “GL "618°69.09¢ “L8U'ThS‘LE.AAOH «1921S, ‘60L'Sh. SLE LF, HJOSBW *40080M ‘S9°U8.SH(O)O “Ajuny 8 .sausayy *10USOM “PIP 6S. ‘988 FS. Rl a io a at Ae lit Tha leas el Ajrsq s,tousoyy ‘uAg °*Ze°L8, FIN HU, “Ae pro AA “o8,‘206CL.L “PIP “Topo M “ZYTOM . fin é LTL' 26. E29 FOCAINHM ‘0908. HOSE "SSIL.V "E824 “OOCH *628'69.‘899°L9.0 See es ee ee et ee 088'SL. UsV “LOVES HJOSB WN *WOPSUTTIO AL “Bunpaag 199Q19M *JOULDBLIT YIIQVIM “suly Nags prem e eR SS Roa 61869. “LST‘L9.OFZFS.V are | [rag tease a ES Cie eS tes a yooq[a A, JO "uAg “261 €¢,7 dey ee) ee ot te es Yood[aM Jo*usS 68°69. “68 Sh, LISSBIN YooqTaM “Jourvsisg yooqTaM ‘yWomMdey] ‘sudg “L61‘Ss.1U9H *YooqiaM sete eee esseaeaon PREG et SERS RRC GS PORE He aE FIJO. BW “WIM *088'69.98P'LE.‘SLE Ch. "IULLGLIVING WQLAH 9881944 SE alee ae oe ee ae a nie a a mle OUI AA Udoly) JO ‘usg ‘qy ‘aunty PULIQUIAN “IBULA A AXES ep ond ‘usg “YY ‘sRWyOM PERO 2265) GRC REs OG See ee es IaIoM JouAG “9z‘GCR.OSHW “ULIQISOFY aYos,49]1a44 WITGISOP PY, TOUT Ad * Usg “WY ‘JOTIOM _ UBUIpyeM JO UkS “9OT'SL.OJOVDA “Ajung 8 unmpiaA Stan aa tree A[Iey S,uUBUIPIOA, “UAG “YW “URUIpyoO AL “LE°290 ASSBWY “MOTIEAL SUTdoo A Bias earl le Valo tg ia pecan tatitiatet d phi idee acticin (RS Ane Oo > Moss a> 82869. “19sqay ToqqeM Jo"uss “cee'ge Jose “youUNINV Nojjed $.49qQ2M SR peda TOqqaM JO"UAS “OFS LEAIND “JouWNINY $.49qq9M ited ela | Peewee wala) ‘ae Ser SS [Bunny MOT[IA §,.1eqqa MA ‘[euunyny §,JaqqoM ‘sudg “U «(“deqqay *IDATOM -auhny *£OXBM oD ad “AWB SLOPTLA “TOPIEM “TOPTLM AUG “sUAS °Z9'20. PUT “89C HV “AON | 6806.fVH ‘OF'76,.HOW “IST6S.HIOV “183 06,9868, HUB) — AVA JOPITAL Scotia: pepe ey ce, , “ALVA JOPIM JO "USS “12°10, 0J0SA A “"7"") -epefcO ‘Top SPF TO. UV) “St2'26, HOW “CLE S8.USV “99T'L8HO “S6°L8.V “49PI AL “JOPTEM. hee ad ‘Joo Jo ‘ukg “SOZWHV “€Sh26.L ‘89°86 HUB “S6'OL HISSBNN “SE°SL.V_ “49D IAL sel) es, po ee a OMossBypy JO‘UAG “PZIIq “Dad N{ 10 DA ‘oyn “nA ‘1eed-yn¢ ‘ene ‘eusIqsef “qn ‘oneIy oN “oUIIGIEIINgG IeuIMI0g enBIyH ‘apuB]OTT eq “sing ‘e1q.p suyH o1Ineg ‘SUAS “ITh'e0.UAXAUB) “‘OOOMVAT “LIL‘L6.E29'C8,'89S'CL.L '26‘ZL 410 “ESC “SSP6S TOPS. “988°69.S89°29.'CCr'Sh. A“ OSTSh. HJOSBVN «FTIR aBA SAAT UAG “Z6'8C,V *OTBA tee Si ie TBA UGLY “IBA JO veg usely ‘onbavuow puvsy ‘sudg “T “IPRA “INZIN A Jo ‘uAg "Gap6S.‘TOR'FS. OFS‘ PS.V “66'8F.'88 Ch. HSSB “PUULOINV _P ANZLNM ee ae ee vO as te SUULOINY ,P ANZIN A “UAS “CTP‘6S TOP PS. “ANZA AA eS hae ae a ee er OFS I9Z4INM JO"UAG “96Z'0G, JOS ‘aumon yp 19z)4nAA St ee et eR Se ce ee ee oe OUULOINY ,p 1974.11 MW “udg ‘U “1OZJID MN “m09] -odeN Jo°udg "1scd ‘929°2S.TORGE.A*L6T‘ee.UeH *(A[QooI100N1) Bunquajanag OV 0L.P UOT[IULIOA ‘0}9,,p U9[NUIOA ‘IOAIF{,P a19S0A[Ag ‘eUTIOINY,p o14SaA -[Ag ‘WoTUIEA Journ ‘BinquiezIn A Op OY “1O.P e[epey ‘Sinquiejzan Ay Jo Surly ‘SINGuI0jIN MA JO depeiy ‘Binqureyin A\ JO Yooper Ba iiedet ep Youle “pay ‘SINqUIEZINM ep Ieper ‘(uoysog Jo) qyuoUIRIdeD ‘uoJesyUOW;W ap olinog ‘sudg “Pec'TIUHM ‘ChIP "Z8‘OPAPUL “oe‘Ze, Ose *Sanquiozan AA = ce et Bo tek RD Rec eee ee ee ee 00FF.Heseyy ‘ojeysuum| Se eee Beig Jo-udS “LCR MO “vId 614M VSM JOUAG “GOCHS. ABI “Younuosy 8 qyb144 a48 pT re eee e ie FB oa IST 1GS1[Eq sepreyO Joudg ‘go‘er,.y “egideq “mopar “WOpaT A “MOPEIM “SUAS “LTL'26,‘E10°C8 (L06'CL.L ‘99 TL. SABA “ESS 988'69.'Z9S2G. “STP 6S'S8EFS A “92‘9SZOU'ES PLES HJOSVW = “MODAL is ia aaa i” > Sechelt ae late) MOPdI AY JO “uAg ‘068 OF, HJose yw “UOPILM “MOZUOIO MW oLIMeg ‘WOZUOIO A OLINeg ‘UOSUOIO A, OLINeg ‘sUAgG “LTL‘'26,.L “IT “WOSUOIO A, *A@[SULIO A. jorusdg =-“Zel‘ep. josey = “ATES. UeD — “ORT TP. SL1'7e8 buns fajsuio.y4 s\n a OSes So 'e ln mimin'a ewe ie e's lwlote leas, & w Orde tateln wine ea iale esuRity A@[SULIO AA ‘udg "T + LO[SULIO MM, . ‘uepioM Jo'uAS “gS9ZWHV “COF26.L “€T€0.d9IO “LETT6.SH(O)O "222'86.'962'T6., HJOLV *19499g' 8 ,uapLoy Sar rece, Mila Re tae can ieee aa Uapso M Jo ‘uAg THq “ag. VT *(jaxoas) Uaplsonyng pe eg teas hte “""UeploM JouAS “OpE'Sh,IIND “mopvayy suapsoy “21998 §,Ueplo \ ‘([ax90g) UeploM ‘MOpBEW s,uepIOM ‘suUAG “g0Z‘06,HJOV “WepsloA, “Usp1B AA §,10s | -UPYIV ‘WOT ‘194s9010 M\ Youp_ ‘1eyseo1o jo veg You ‘sudg J *10}so.TO0 A 126 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. 262 OO eb “812 d ‘pio Aq poysiqng “TeLd ‘epgt ‘ornyyno -IW10}{ JO oulzesvy ur poysyqndg ‘eT -d ‘gost “09 AIOSIMN evrusroyyeg Aq poqiwosoq “al10B01) “WY Aq postery “mmnIsjeg ‘ausiopor Jo ‘emlosa1n “ww Aq po BUIsIIO “peqitosap JON oddez ‘q sv ‘exp d ‘Test ‘erngjno -IQ10H{ Jo oulzeseyW ul peysiqng “SHIBUIOYY naioA& |" spog weed: ““g°sny Sy enh ote ob y eeighd aabegene ee tn =a a hehe woreseceess-MOINZ Op olineg ‘uAg “TJ *HoyINZ bt ERAS SEC, ee et “"""yonnz op oong ‘udg “JT “yong, 2 ORR Panne Ne CRAG eae SPREE OR SO BOOS OST ojsnzZ uBA‘uUAg “T ‘dopsnZ Se ae ee eC ee Sire pee a Ivsng osivy Jo-ukg “qy ‘assouy ausmquayonZs “1Bang Jo ‘udg ‘SIINHV “OOOAVAR “9ET9G-UAXAUVD “E2Z'E8,0JOVOT “AD ‘auuquayong ‘00,08 V “AD “9ET'96-UAXAUVD “G6.NPUY “S6.0NO ‘06.87 NHD GL £8, 0F0V Oa “007 SS aS SES Treg Ciao nial iatoroho aaa 1v0Z Jo'uAg “FOT'ATHHM ‘Quadng ww0z7 “"""IBOZ Jo -ukG *288'69,'29G'26. “9S8'6S ‘LPS 'FS.A “ZETO|OQ “burpaag wv0z Fc: ina ae 2 Un lbe Gaull, esau enum, SinatreG 7. GG ChAbG eal Ober Gy ilie mecQ8 ] ClnUs Or “IvoZ jo udg “see'cy. “FLTSTAXUODD ‘80069, HIIL, °$02'09,V “GL6A “FOCH = “188'69,' C9929. 998'69,'2FS'FS.A “OLT'LF.HJosewW ‘Aimpag woz Ly Bag mane qiodng 1807 ‘sul[poeog voz ‘Aynveg woz sudg “egz'pe, YSy ‘“1v07T ellosely) upydez Jo-udg ‘eszq ‘auobaup sinoT urhsydaz Seo ak as ae See aS at1ose1y uTydez Jo-udg “Egszq ‘avobauy aursliydag ‘smno’7Ty ulneydez jo UAS “STL 26.'E29'G8,'809'G2.L. “9TF‘6S. “988'69,‘299' 28, “autobaupy sino7y uwaydag go el oS ee a a a all0s014) sIno’'yT uleydez ‘ud *998'69,q_ ‘*STNOT mended “9.110. “aly smmoT umdyqdeZ ‘elloseiy ulAydez sudg "Tel'es.SHAW “e8P‘26,‘Z18'G8, *POG'SLoL "868 XUEDD “ET'SSHIND “9886929925. “09S TINH M “9TF68.' S88 FS. “GHC PG UB “STET9‘8L'FS. OSES 4I0H “ZOP‘FS. ‘OPES. HJOSVIN ‘orfoSo1y ulTydez, tied eS las ORE SIDES SEO OCOO OO Gop bb ister T1908. Hey +‘eleysiez a eS Toe pg as PROG IoD vddvz jowrsisg ‘ukg “yy *eddez “"aBsng Jo 'uAg “E7Z‘e8.O]OVOA “DULDYDZ Bes ki RO an aed emai ees > SaaS ag Binid ee ie angen ee POLLSULLIAWIW 99 “eyoRze 48BX Jo'UAS “Tere. UAXAUBO “Z6S‘TLAIOH ‘ESCH “OPS‘ES.V “SZP‘6S. “1vod Jo owen ‘ponurjuoy—LO6T 07 FOST wouf suoynoygnd wpriaUp wi 07 paws. sinad fo sayorina unouy ay) fo xapur-anbopyw) 126 INDEX TO THE AMERICAN LITERATURE OF THE PEAR, 1804 TO : 1907. AMERICAN GARDENER’S CALENDAR (THE). Bernard M’Mahon, editor. 1806. AMERICAN HorTICULTURAL ANNUAL. 1867 to 1871. Five volumes. AmerRiIcaAN HorticutturAL Manuat. Part2. Budd & Hansen. 1903. AMERICAN JoURNAL OF HorticuLTuRE. Volumes 1 to 9. Monthly. 1866 to 1869. AmeErRIcAN PomoLocicaL CoNGREsS. One volume. 1850. AMERICAN PomoLocicaL Sociery. Biennial Proceedings. 1852 to date. AmeERIcAN Pomo.tocicat Socrety. Special Report for 1904-5. Anporra Nurseries. Catalogue. ANNALS OF HorTICULTURE IN NortH America. 1889 to 1893. ARKANSAS State Horticutturat Society. Transactions. Barry, Patrick. The Fruit Garden. Editions of 1851 and 1883. BerckMans, P.J.,& Co. Catalogue. Bmwwet., JoHn. Catalogue. Brack, Dr. J.J. The Cultivation of the Peach and Pear. 1886. Brown Broruers & Co. Catalogue. Buckman, Bens. Fruitsin Trial Orchard. CaLirForNIA Nursery Company. Catalogue. CauirorniA State Boarp or Horticutture. Reports. CANADIAN EXPERIMENTAL Farm. . Agassiz, British Columbia. Fruits in the Trial Orchard. 1900. CANADIAN EXPERIMENTAL Farm Reports. Ottawa, Canada. CanapiaAN Horticuttrurist. Monthly. 1878 to 1905. CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL Farm ButLuetins. Canada. Cote, S.W. The American Fruit Book. 1849. Coxtuins, ArtHUR J. Catalogue. Cotuns, J.S.,& Son. Catalogue. CotumBus (Oxn10) HorticutruraL Society. Reports. Connecticut HorricutruraL Society. Reports. Connecticut Pomo.oaicat Socrety. Reports. CountTrY GENTLEMAN. Weekly. Coxr, Witu1AmM. A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees. 1817. CuutivaTor (THE). Weekly. Davis (FRANKLIN) NuRSERY Company. Catalogue. Domestic Encyciorepia. First American Edition. 1804. Downine, A. J. (Revised by Charles Downing.) Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. 1845, 1857, and 1869. Downina’s APPENDIXES 1, 2, and 3, to Fruitsand Fruit Trees of America. 1872, 1876, and 1881. Exxiorr, F. R. Elliott’s Fruit Book. 1854 and 1859. Exxiorr, F. R. Hand Book for Fruit Growers. 1876. ELLWANGER & Barry. Catalogue. Fretp, Toomas W. The Pear Tree. 1858. Fruir ExprermMent Stations oF Ontario. Reports. 126 to o a) 264 NOMENCLATURE OF THE PEAR. Fruir Growers’ ASSOCIATION OF OnTARIO. Transactions. Fruits or Ontario. Report of the Ontario Fruit Experimental Station for 1898. GARDENER’S MonrHiy. 1859 to 1874. GENESEE Farmer. 1832 to 1854. GeorGiIA State HorticutTuRAL Socrtety. Proceedings. Gips, CHartes. U.S. Department of Agriculture. A List of Russian Varieties. GoopricH, CHauncEeYy. Northern Fruit Culturist. 1849. Gurney, C. W. Northwestern Pomology. 1904. Harcourt, Heren. Harcourt’s Florida Fruits. 1886. Harrison, J. G., & Sons. Catalogue. Horry’s Nortu American Pomo.ocistr. Dr. Brinckle, editor. 1860. Hooker, H. E., & Bro. Catalogue. Hooper, E. J. Hooper’s Western Fruit Book. 1857. Hoores Brotruers & THomMaAs. Catalogue. Horticutturat Art JourNAL. Monthly. 1886 to 1890. Horticutrurist (THE). Monthly. 1846 to 1875. Hovey, ©. M. The Fruits of America. Two volumes. 1851. Huntsvitt—E Nursery Co. Catalogue. IncenrFritz, I. E., & Sons. Catalogue. ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. Bulletins. Inuinois State Horticutturat Socrery. Transactions. InpiANA Farmer. Monthly. 1840. InpiANA HorticuLTuRAL Socrery. Transactions. Iowa AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. Bulletins. Iowa State Horticutturat Soctety. Transactions. Ives, J. M. New England Book of Fruits. 1844 and 1847. Kansas AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Bulletins. Kansas State Horticutrurat Society. Transactions. Kenrick, Wmuram. The New American Orchardist. 1832 and 1841. Kirkpatrick, E. W. Catalogue. Linpiey, JoHn Van. Catalogue. MaGazinE oF Horticutture. Monthly. 1835 to 1860. MAINE STaTE PoMOLOGICAL SocrETy. Transactions. MANNING, Rospert. Book of Fruits. 1838. Revised by J. M. Ives and republished in 1844 and 1847. MARYLAND State HorrticutTuraL Society. Transactions. Massacuusetts Horticutrurat Society. History. 1880. MassacHusetts HorticutturaL Society. Transactions. Meass, Dr. JAMEs. The Domestic Encyclopedia. 1804. Micuican AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STaTIon. Bulletins. MicHicAN AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Special Bulletins. Micuican State Horrticutrurat Society. Transactions. Minter, GEorGE H., & Son. Catalogue. Mississipp1 VALLEY (later the AMERICAN) HorticuLtturAL Society. Transactions. Missourt State Horticutturau Society. Transactions. MontrREAL HorticutturaL Socrety (CANADA). Reports. Munson, T. V., & Son. Catalogue. NEBRASKA STATE HorticutruraAL Society. Transactions. New Jersty State Horticutturat Sociery. Transactions. New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. Circular of 1890. New York Strate Fruit Growers’ Association. Transactions. NortH AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL CONVENTION. Transactions, 1849. NORTHWESTERN FRuIr GRoweERS’ AssocraTION. Transactions, 1852 and 1855. 126 INDEX TO AMERICAN LITERATURE. 265 Nova Scotia Frurr Growers’ AssoctatTion. Transactions. Onto Stare HorticutruraAL Society. Transactions. ONDERDONK, GILBERT. Catalogue. OREGON Strate Boarp or Horticutture. Reports. Parry, WitiiamM. Catalogue. PENINSULA HortTIcuLTURAL Soctety. Transactions. PENNSYLVANIA Fruit Growers’ Society. Transactions. PENNSYLVANIA StaTE HorticutturRAL Association. Transactions. Prince, Witt1aM. Short Treatise on Horticulture. 1828. Prince, Wm. R. Pomological Manual. Partsland2. 18381. Quinn, P. T. Pear Culture for Profit. 1889. RoEpING, Geo. C. Catalogue. Stark Brotuers. Catalogue. Storrs & Harrison. Catalogue. Srrone, Wm. C. Fruit Culture. 1885. THACHER, JAMES. The American Orchardist. 1821. Tuomas, JoHn J. The American Fruit Culturist. Editions of 1875, 1885, and 1897. Unirep States DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Reports. 1847 to 1893. Unitep States DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Yearbook. 1894 to 1905. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PomoLocy Drvision. Bulletins 6and 8. 1897 and 1899. VERMONT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Bulletins. Virernia State Horticutrurat Socrery. Transactions. Warinc, Wm. G. The Fruit Growers’ Hand Book. 1851. WASHINGTON State Boarp or Horticutture. Reports. WeEsTERN HorticuttuRAL Review. Monthly. 1850 to 1853. WestTeERN New Yorxk Horticutturau Sociery. Transactions. Wicxson, E. J. The Fruits of California. Ist, 2¢, and 3d editions. Wisconsin Horricutrurist. Monthly. 1897 to 1902. WIsconsiIn StaTE HorticutturAL Society. Transactions. YounG, Joun A. Catalogue. 126 ih Page Abbreviations used\in citations of authors: 2.22..-5..2.5-.2-55-56seese5cens 12-16 GeseriphOns Of VATICMCA- © 22 55265 -ceocs- ne cmaccean 11-16 designating publications quoted .-..............------ 12-16 American Pomological Society, code of nomenclature.-.....-........------ 8, 9-11 Authors and publications, abbreviations used in citations -..--......-.....-- 12-16 Bibliography, American, of the pear, 1804 to 1907 .._.....-.-...........-- 263-265 Catalogue-index of known varieties, arrangement and abbreviations used. --_- 11-16 list with. deseriptions|..-...=.--.2-2.<< 17-262 Code of nomenclature of American Pomological Society...............-.--- 8, 9-11 econ Gr yarlehies Ol Pediatr are at ane eset ac tn diet paws alae oo ooe wan 17-262 Descriptions of varieties, abbreviations used............------------- 11-12, 17-262 Bibivar cs varices Of peanee: Si ioe Ae ee ea steel does ene sgueses 17-262 nmr On ramMeuied Of Peatsen ao tame wean Maree ee so aloe a ae ns aos acns 17-262 imdex-catalogne of know varieties, list.c. 242.5 02-5-2.222-- ec ek .t-2eennne 17-262 to American literature of the pear, 1804 to 1907....................- 263-265 List, alphabetic, of abbreviations used in designating publications quoted .... 12-16 Literature of the pear, American, 1804 to 1907, abbreviations used in citations of authors and publications. 12-16 (1110 02> DEPARTMENT °*OFP AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO, 127. } B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. THE IMPROVEMENT OF MOUNTAIN MEADOWS. BY 2.5. CORTON: SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANT, FARM MANAGEMENT INVESTIGATIONS. Issurp Aprit 14, 1908. Ny Pwo: Wy Aeon WAL PANUEACTY WIS ‘ WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1908. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods. Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge. Investigations of Diseases of Fruits. Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge. Laboratory of Forest Puthology, Waven Metcalf, Pathologist in Charge. Truck Crop Diseases and Plant Discase Survey, William A. Orton, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Life Uistory Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge. Cotton Breeding Investigations, Archibald I), Shamel and Daniel N. Shoemaker, Physiolo- gists in Charge. Tobacco Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel, Wightman W. Garner, and Ernest H. Mathewson, in Charge. Corn Investigations, Charles 1’. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge. Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations, Thomas TH. Kearney, Physi- ologist in Charge. Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge. Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge. Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge. Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge. Crop Technology and Fiber Plant Investigations, Nathan 2ese-— -eee= eee eee II. Results of reseeding. Fig. 1.—A portion of a mountain meadow restored through protection. Fig. 2.—A portion of the same meadow seeded to timothy. -.--02- 2225225. eeseeee eee eee III. Plots at the Wenache Mountain station. Fig. 1.—Meadow seeded with redtop four years previously. Fig. 2.—Meadow seeded with mountain iorOMe-STAss ... =.=. 555255 Sees e ee eee ee eee eee IV. Mountain meadow injured by erosion. Fig. 1.—General view of the meadow. Fig. 2.—The same meadow, showing early stages of CFOSIOMN PA tee = a2 6 sa nas ean aoc oe eee nee see ee ee eee eee eee 127 6 Page. 26 26 26 B. P. I.—353. THE IMPROVEMENT OF MOUNTAIN MEADOWS. INTRODUCTION. For a number of years the Bureau of Plant Industry has been carrying on investigations to determine what can be done to improve the stock ranges that have become badly depleted through overgraz- ing. In this work considerable attention has been paid to the grazing conditions in the mountains where the problem of summer pasturage is of very great importance in the production of beef and mutton. A careful study of the conditions involved in these areas has led to two general conclusions: (1) On the mountain ridges, where the soil is usually very shallow and close to bed rock and is of a more or less sterile nature, very little can be accomplished in the way of range improvement. While reseeding may sometimes prove practicable, such improvement must ordinarily come through careful protection from overgrazing, in order that the original vegetation may be given a chance to restore itself. (2) In the mountain meadows and park- like areas, where there is ordinarily a good, rich, loamy soil, there are very great opportunities to increase the quantity of feed produced, and this increased production can very largely be secured by reseeding. In connection with these investigations a range experiment station was established in the Wenache Mountains in Washington State in the fall of 1902, at which time seeding experiments were begun. These experiments were carried on cooperatively by the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station and the Bureau of Plant Industry. The following year other experiments were undertaken in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, the latter being under the direct charge of Mr. Charles H. Shinn, supervisor of the northern district of the Sierra National Forest. In 1906 further experiments were begun in the Warner Mountains in northeastern California, under the care of Forest Supervisor A. H. Hogue. In addition to these experiments numerous observations have been made onthe results obtained by stockmen in various parts of the country in their efforts to improve the mountain grazing areas. 315T5—Bul. 127—08 » “1 8 THE IMPROVEMENT OF MOUNTAIN MEADOWS. WENACHE MOUNTAIN STATION. The Wenache Mountain station is located on the summit of the mountains, some 26 miles northeast of Ellensburg, and is at an alti- tude of a little more than 5,300 feet. It is highly typical of the entire mountain region along the eastern slopes of the Cascades in Washington. Practically all the different soil and climatic condi- tions found in this region are represented at the station or within a very few miles of it. The annual precipitation is probably not far from 20 inches and comes largely in the form of snow. The growing season does not much exceed four and a half months. The snow goes off some time between May 20 and June 1. The ground is usually frozen by the middle of October and snow falls to stay soon after November 1. The station lies in the general course traveled over in the spring by the numerous migratory bands of sheep in going from the desert or lowland ranges to the high mountain pastures in the Cascades, and again in September on their return to the lowlands. ,As a result the region had been severely overgrazed for a number of years and the vegetation was in a badly depleted condition, much of it having been completely exterminated. The station comprised a section of land that Babcock & Benson, the owners of a large sheep and cattle range, had inclosed with a good stock-proof fence as a holding pasture for their saddle and pack horses. As the problem of increasing the quantity of feed in the high mountain meadows was one of great importance to them, they donated the use of this section for experimental purposes. These men endeavored to keep out all stock from this area during those periods of the year when grazing might injure the grasses in the various plots, and in other ways did all they could to make the work successful. SEEDING EXPERIMENTS. The establishment of experimental plots at the Wenache Mountain station covered a period of two years. The first seeding was done in the latter half of October, 1902. The seed was sown so late in the season that there was no danger of its germinating that fall and yet in plenty of time for it to be on the ground before the snow, which began falling about two days after the seeding was finished. The melting snows in the spring tended to carry the seed into the ground and thus to insure germination. Approximately 26 acres were seeded, plots of timothy, Kentucky bluegrass, redtop, mountain brome-grass (Bromus marginatus), and 127 MANAGEMENT OF STATION. 9 white clover being started. In the spring of 1903 a little more than 30 acres were seeded. ‘The same grasses were sown and a number of others, as follows: Orchard grass, brome-grass (Bromus inermis), cheat (Bromus secalinus), Italian rye-grass, perennial rye-grass, tall fescue, hard fescue (Festuca duriuscula), sheep’s-fescue (Festuca ovina), Canada bluegrass, red clover, and alsike clover. The condi- tions at that time were highly favorable. The ground was covered with snow until June 1, 1903. On June 5 a warm wave swept over the eastern part of the State. This took the snow off very rapidly. The top of the ground dried out very quickly and it was necessary to cover the seed by means of a light harrow in order to insure germina- -tion. Later there were frequent showers which kept the ground moist and in excellent condition. By July 4 most of the plats were showing signs of germination. The majority of the grasses men- tioned were again tested in the fall of 1903, a little more than 20 acres being seeded in the first half of October. This completed the main part of the seeding, although in the fall of 1904 additional plots of tall fescue and orchard grass were started in order that the data obtained might be extended, while new plots of a few other grasses were established. The new plots were of slender wheat-grass (Agropyron tenerum), western wheat-grass (A. occidentale), tall oat-grass, and a native variety of sheep’s-fescue (Festuca ovina ingrata). Tn addition a number of plots were started on an area that had been plowed in the spring of 1904, the object being to determine how much value plowing has in the introduction of cultivated grasses in moun- tain areas. MANAGEMENT OF STATION. During the season of 1903 the proprietors of the land took a great deal of pains that all stock should be kept off the section until late in the fall. In the season of 1904 some 20 head of saddle horses were allowed to graze at the station from about the’ middle of June, the beginning of the growing season, until the first of November. Late in the autumn the station was also used for a few days at a time as a holding pasture for beef steers. Although the plots were very closely grazed in the late fall no harm was done them. In June, 1905, the property changed hands, Coffin Brothers, who hold very extensive sheep interests in the State, purchasing it. These men very kindly offered to protect any part of the experiments that the Bureau of Plant Industry might desire. As all the seeding had been completed and the plots were well established, it was thought best to have them regularly grazed and learn how the different grasses 127 10 THE IMPROVEMENT OF MOUNTAIN MEADOWS. stood pasturing. Since that date the section has been grazed in about the same manner as formerly. No further attention has been paid to it by the Department of Agriculture than to make yearly observa- tions as to the growth and pasturage qualities of the different grasses. GRASSES TESTED. Timothy.—Timothy was sown several times and under as many different conditions as possible, in order to give it a thorough test, 17 acres being seeded. Some of it was broadcasted on bare ground without further treatment, some was broadcasted and harrowed in, while a small quantity was sown on plowed ground. The quality of soil on which the seed was sown varied from a sterile side-hill soil, — consisting largely of coarsely disintegrated basalt, to a good, rich, black loam. The rate of seeding was from 10 to 12 pounds to the acre. On the half of the original plot started in the fall of 1902 where the seed was covered an excellent stand was secured. Had it been cut for hay it would have yielded in 1904 not less than 13 tons per acre. It has been grazed quite extensively, especially in the fall, ever since the first year and it stood this grazing well until the season of 1906, when in some parts of the plot it seemed to be dying out. In 1907 it had entirely recovered and was doing fully as well as ever. (See Pl. II, fig. 2.) The stand on the unharrowed half of the plot was at first only about a fifth as good as on the other. By a natural process of reseeding, the stand on the greater portion has gradually thickened, until at the present time it is fully as good as that on the first half. The timothy sown in the spring of 1904 without covering failed for the most part to germinate. Where it was harrowed in, a fair stand was secured, but one that was in no way comparable with that on the area seeded and harrowed the previous fall. Here, also, the timothy has reseeded itself until the stand is now as good as can be desired. In 1907 these three plots, aggregating some 7 acres, would have cut fully 15 tons of hay to the acre. Half an acre of timothy was tested on the plowed ground. A good stand was secured, but it was no better than where the seed had been broadcasted and harrowed in. Redtop—A little more than. 10 acres of redtop was sown in various parts of the section under practically the same conditions as the timothy. The rate of seeding was from 8 to 14 pounds to the acre. The first two years after seeding very little of this grass could be found, and except in a few scattered places the growth seemed to be unsatisfactory. By the summer of 1905 the stand had thickened greatly, there being on some areas a good sod where the first year after seeding there was apparently nothing to be seen. By 127 GRASSES TESTED. Et the year 1906 the stand on the greater part of the original plots was good. (See Pl. III, fig. 1.) The grass was then making an excellent growth and in many places was crowding out much of the original native vegetation. The redtop sown on the plowed area likewise gave an excellent stand and has done well. It is doubtful, however, whether the time saved in getting a stand of this grass would warrant the extra cost of plowing and preparing the land. Tall fescue (Festuca elatior).—In the spring of 1903 an acre of tall fescue was seeded on good loamy soil where the original vegeta- tion had been largely destroyed, its place being taken by yarrow and annual weeds. The rate of seeding was 24 pounds to the acre. This plot was duplicated the following fall. In the autumn of 1904 half an acre of the plowed ground was seeded to this grass. On half of each of the plots the seed was covered by harrowing. On those areas that were harrowed, a good stand has been secured and the grass has made an excellent erent Tall fescue ranks next to timothy and redtop in value. Orchard grass—One and one-half acres of unprepared ground were seeded with orchard grass in the spring of 1903 at the rate of 24 pounds to the acre, the seed being harrowed in. In addition to this plot an area of one-sixth of an acre was seeded under similar con- ditions in the fall of 1904, while half an acre of plowed ground was seeded. The stand on the plowed area was quite satisfactory, but on the unprepared soil it was very poor. While it has been almost impossible to get a good stand, the orchard grass that came up has made a very sera V erowth. Brome-grass (Bromus inermis)—Two and one-half acres were seeded in the spring of 1903 on a rich, loamy soil, the rate of seeding being 22 pounds to the acre. One-half of the plot was harrowed. Where the seed was covered an excellent stand was secured. By the summer of 1905 the stand had thickened greatly, there was an excel- lent sod, and the grass was beginning to spread over some of the adjoiming areas where there was a good soil. By the summer of 1906 it seemed to have disappeared in places in the main body of the plot, while along the edges it appeared to be getting much more abun- dant. In 1907 there was an excellent stand on nearly the entire plot. Mountain brome-grass (Bromus marginatus) —About 6 acres were seeded to mcuntain brome-grass at a rate of 25 to 30 pounds to the acre. As this grass is a native of these mountains and naturally grows on the loose, gravelly soil areas, the plots were located on such areas. Where the soil was very poor a stand as satisfactor vy as could be expected was obtained. On a plot of one acre where the soil was somewhat coarsely disintegrated and where the seed had been harrowed in, a stand was secured that, if cut for hay, would have yielded not less than three- 127 12 THE IMPROVEMENT OF MOUNTAIN MEADOWS. fourths of a ton of hay per acre. (See Pl. III, fig. 2.) Considerable seed has been collected from this plot for experimental uses in other places. One-half acre of this grass was tested on plowed ground. The stand on the plowed area was no better than that secured on the original plot, where the seed was merely harrowed in. The stock on the section have never grazed this grass to any extent, as there were other grasses that are much more palatable growing near it. Cheat (Bromus secalinus).—One acre was seeded to cheat in the spring of 1903 on an open park-like area where the soil was a good black loam and where mountain clover (77ifolium longipes) formed the prevailing vegetation. The rate of seeding was 30 pounds to the acre. The plot was duplicated in the fall. The grass seed germinated well where it was harrowed in, but the grass made a very poor growth and by the season of 1907 had entirely disappeared. Kentucky bluegrass.—EKleven acres were seeded to Kentucky blue- grass at three different seasons, the rate of seeding varying from 14 to 18 pounds to the acre. Except for a small plot of about one-tenth acre on plowed ground this grass made almost no growth until the summer of 1906. At the time it was apparent that the grass had started in occasional small patches and was making a fair growth and furnishing a little pasturage. The indications were, however, that it would be of very little value. Canada bluegrass.—A little more than 3 acres was sown to Canada bluegrass in the spring and fall of 1903, the rate of seeding varying from 20 to 25 pounds to the acre. The grass was seeded in an open park-like area where the soil was for the most part a rich black loam. One-half of each plot was harrowed. to 11 OG ec MTT Os Fl Re es 19 Festuca duriuscula, growing, test at Wenache Mountain station .........--.--. 12 elatior. See Fescue, tall. ovina. See Fescue, sheep’s. ingrata. See Fescue, sheep’s, native. Forage, increase in mountain meadows, work of stockmen.............-------- 16 127 27 28 THE IMPROVEMENT OF MOUNTAIN MEADOWS. Page. Forage, yield from reseeded pastures-:-.--.. = 22. =- sete = eee rot 18 Germination of seeds, snow as factor....-....-..J-2.5ee2 een eee es aH 8 Grasses, experiments on Cooke & Bull cattle range..........M.............. 14-15 growing, experiments by Babcock & Benson ....-............... 79) 14 in Cascades, eastern slope, Washington..................... 10-14 test on Cooke & Bull cattle ranges._ 32225 2 15 reseeding depleted meadows, varieties suitable...................... 16 tame, use in reclaiming depleted mountain meadows, results of experi- MOMS ere sec 2s cece Jenin ss os Sei rot ee 23-24 value for depleted meadows, results of experiments....._...._. 23 tested,,Wenache station... ............2. 5 ee ee 10-14 varieties used in Wenache Mountain seeding experiments ............ 9 Grazing conditions, mountains, Washington and California, investigations, results: -2- 2io5oc2.2 5.0.22 Lea See 7 Wenache station, effect on grass plots: !2...- 22) = 9 Growing season, Cascades, eastern slope, Washington.......................... 8 Hard fescue, growing, test at Wenache Mountain station ....................-. 12 Harrowing.in grass seed, value... ....!. /-... 9) 22) 2 ee 19-20 timothy seed, compared with sowing on plowed ground and unhar- rowed ground ..-.2..... 2.2282 3255) 2 ee 10 Hay, hauling to lumber camps, relation to increase of forage.................. 16 yield from reseeded pastures... /... 5.2.2.2) 2225s ee 18 of meadow seeded to timothy....,J2_£0..0. = ee 17 Hogue, A. H., experiments with slender wheat-grass......................... 20-21 supervision of range investigations in Warner Mountains, Cali- HOEMIA 2 ot. S22 sec oie if Hillsides, gravelly, value of mountain brome-grass....................-...... 20 slender wheat-grass!/2- 5 Soe) oe ee 20 Introduction to bulletin. <2... ...-..2.. 2.) 2 if hrigation, mountain meadows, value and management .................-..-. 23 Kentucky bluegrass. See Bluegrass. - Mountain brome-grass. See Brome-grass, mountain. Mutton, relation of summer pasturage............25.72 2). i Orchard grass, growing, test at Wenache station.......!.........__.7..7 Hat use in California mountains:..:_.2...)2 22 19 Overgrazing, effect on ranges:of Cascades .-1.._2_.._ 2) 8 Pasturage, summer, mountain ranges, importance.................._......... 7 Plates; description: 22-2. 52...2..........3) 2. ee 26 Plowing, danger to'mountain meadows. .:.-!.4...2..... 08.08 22 for reseeding meadows, experiments at Wenache Mountain station... . 22 Range, Cooke & Bull cattle range, experiments in sTOWINg grasses. . | eee 14-15 experiment station, Wenache Mountain, Washington, location......... 8 Stations, establishment. _.2!.2225200 gen 7 Wenache Mountain, condition.._.-........ 5. eee 8 Ranges, mountain, investigations by Bureau of Plant Industry, object......... 7 stock, mountain ridges, overgrazing, recovery............-.--.---.-- 7 Red clover. See Clover, red. Redtop, adaptability to mountain meadows, results of experiments. ......-.-- 23-24 and timothy, mixture recommended. 1)... ses ee 19 growing, test at Wenache station.....-._.../)2)s. ue 10-11 on Cooke & Bull cattle range. ............. othe Soe 15 habits of growth, value for permanent meadowss-eeeee eee eee 18 reseeding meadows, value on wet meadows, etc..................-.-- 18-19 127 INDEX. 29 , Page. Peseedane Cost 10K. s00-ReTe. PashUlGs 222-236. Sls spo. et ee ee eee ese eed 18 depleted mountain meadows, results of investigations. .........._.- 1b =A PETER OSM oe et MEET oy eer ae Ne ee AS eh gs fe Laos et ie 22 midcces. Improvenient of Tranee, methad..-.... 2222520 ee be eee ee 7 Rye-grass, Italian, growing, test at Wenache station........................ 7 12 perennial, growing, test at Wenache station........................ 12 Seed, brome-grass, harrowing in a necessity.............-..--...-.-2-2.2------ 20 [0 CORE Re iL RS a A ee 20 ovelard srom? wimaUIM, ormenet seo) oes Goch 5 wees. oes 19 issyllvay oer VeaG) PN 3) OE clos Se ee, SR heii, et a 18 ARTES e401 O MUN CON LCLen were te eens he Ee 19 TANCE, AAO WANE DO MCN Oar rs fara eR eee St kee ous ce Pee ces te nes 17 seeder, hand, value in reseeding meadows.-........-...---.----------.-2.---- 21 Seeding, condition and results of various grasses, Wenache Mountain station .... 10-14 of soil, experiments at Wenache Mountain station .......... 10-14 experiments, Wenache Mountain ranges, cooperation of Wenache sta- tion with Washington station and Bureau of Plant Industry. ....._. 7 , JC) na aes aoe 8-9 results for various grasses, Wenache Mountain station .............-- 10-14 sowing on horseback, advantages ......-.........----. Be gee ip 21 CRE he Lait Ay CWE eee eee ee ek see 8 RECUR MUN CS LOIS OW itera ee ee eee ERE hoe Soc ee fl 21 Sheep’s-fescue, growing, test at Wenache station............................- 13 native, growing, test at Wenache station...................... 13 Shinn, Charles H., supervision of range investigation in Sierra Nevada Moun- (ie WinayS), (CAM UU YO) aE ef oN So ee ce eee eee 7 Sierra Nevada Mountains, range experiments, supervision. ...............--.-- 7 Snow, Cascades, eastern slope, Washington......-..................-2.------- 8 IActor in, Perminanmon an Stace Reed. se seen = se oo. es ee ee Se 21 Stock ranges, improvement of summer pasturage, importance............-...-- 7 pLockmen, Taupe umprovement, efforts:.-...2-. 29-2... ..--2.-..2-.-.-----.5-- 7 Summary of experiments, Wenache Mountain station ....................---- 9-14 Tall fescue. See Fescue, tall. Timothy, adaptability to mountain meadows, results of experiments... .-..---- 23-24 ang redtop. mixture recommipndousees = so! ko le 19 Srowing, test at Weraehe. ctailom ease 2. el oe se 10 on Cooke & Bulleattle range. -.......>..............-.- 15 reseeding meadows, Cost, results, eie--0222- 2. -........:.-...+....- 15-18 use in reseeding mountain meadows, cost per acre, returns, etc... .--- 24 Vetches, growing, test at Wenache station............................5.-+.--- 14 Warner Mountains, range experiments, supervision...................------- i MV AHnOULE, CAUsS Of Genth Of yesetalions-.-.-.-.5--6--0-<-.-----...--.--.12--.- 22 filling, value in reclaiming mountain meadows...........-...------ 23 Wenache station, donation by Babcock & Benson, condition, ete..........-.- 8 Er EES 9-14 Wet meadows, methods of improvement...---.../..........-.....-.-----1--- 22 mn os ee EE 2] Vee Oe MRO O)e os See ee eee oss oe - ee 18 Wheat-grass, slender, experiments in Warner Mountains of California.......-..- 20-21 growing, test at Wenache station.....................---- 13 Walue tor Pravelly NUMNSIGe@Seveeeee so... 5... 5-52 .esee 20 western, growing, test at Wenache station...................---- 13 White clover. See Clover, white. 127 O Bul. 128, Bureau of Plant Industry, U, S. Dept. of Agriculture. “2061 NI “ZINW ‘VANA LV G1aI4 NOLLOD IWIN3WINadxX3 DS. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY —BULLETIN NO. 128, B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. EGYPTIAN COTTON IN THE SOUTH- WESTERN UNITED STATES. BY THOMAS H. KEARNEY, PHYSIOLOGIST IN CHARGE OF ALKALI AND DrouGuT RESISTANT PLANT BREEDING INVESTIGATIONS, AND WILLIAM A. PETERSON, FarM SUPERINTENDENT, WESTERN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION INVESTIGATIONS. IssueD JuNE 13, 1908. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1908. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Physiologist and Pathologist, and Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. Physiologist and Pathologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods. Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge. Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge. Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Haven Metcalf, Pathologist in Charge. Cotton and Truck Diseases and Plant Disease Survey, William A. Orton, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge. Cotton Breeding Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel and Daniel N. Shoemaker, Physiolo- gists in Charge. Tobacco Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel, Wightman W. Garner, and Ernest H. Mathewson, in Charge. Corn Investigations, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge. Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations, Thomas H, Kearney, Physi- ologist in Charge. Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge. Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge. Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge. Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge. Crop Technology and Fiber Plant Investigations, Nathan A. Cobb, Crop Technologist in Charge. Taxonomic and Range Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge. Farm Management Investigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge. Grain Investigations, Mark Alfred Carleton, Cerealist in Charge. j Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge. Vegetable Testing Gardens, William W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge. Western Agricultural Extension Investigations, Carl S$. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge. Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations, E. Channing Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge. Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in Charge. 5 Eaperimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent. Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge. Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge. Grain Standardization, John D. Shanahan, Crop Technologist in Charge. Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., August Mayer, Expert in Charge. South Teras Garden, Brownsville, Tex... Ldward C, Green, Pomologist in Charge. Farmers’ Cooperative Demonstrative Work, Seaman A. Knapp, Special Agent in Charge. Seed Distribution (Directed by Chief of Bureau), Lisle Morrison, Assistant in General Charge. Editor, J. EB. Rockwell. Chief Clerk, James E. Jones. 128 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DeparrMEentT oF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or Puant Inpustry, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF, Washington, D. C., March 25, 1908. Str: 1 have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend for publication as Bulletin No. 128 of the series of this Bureau the accompanying manuscript, entitled “ Egyptian Cotton in the South- western United States,’ by Thomas H. Kearney, Physiologist in Charge of Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investiga- tions, and William A. Peterson, Farm Superintendent, Western Agricultural Extension Investigations. This bulletin calls attention to the fact that we now import from Egypt an average of sixty million pounds of cotton annually, not- withstanding the fact that this country far surpasses all others in its exports of this staple. The Bureau of Plant Industry has experi- mented for several years past with a view to establishing Egyptian cotton culture in some portion of the United States. In the main cotton belt the results on the whole have not been encouraging, but in the irrigated districts of the extreme Southwest, notably in south- ern Arizona and southeastern California, much progress has been made in acclimatizing two of the leading varieties and improving them by selection. The climatic and soil conditions of the Colorado River region are admirably adapted to cotton growing and considerable interest in this crop has recently been manifested there. Owing, however, to the distance from manufacturing centers and the high price of labor which prevails, it is believed that a profitable cotton industry can be developed in that region only by associating it with some special type of cotton bringing a higher price than Middling Upland and not grown elsewhere in the United States. Egyptian cotton fully meets these requirements. Respectfully, B. T. Gatioway, Chief of Bureau. Hon. James Wison, Secretary of Agriculture. . 128 2 COMER ES: Be CINCH Oli Sa . ae ee Nae eee ee eck cc bc UIST EDU ECS 0) Roe ee Etiyeies| characteristics Of the COUNTY -.-25-----.-.-.--2+----2----2-242 RAS rhictire ee eee ee ee oe 2205 one cole te a bles SLIT pet EE al Sd ee ee 2 AAlEResistAnceOMine conan! plamives=—-°2-.2035022-22.l 522222 NETCIICH OL OWI ese enn rem me 8 PASUEITT EITM eee nen as eer eee MER eI EN nS a Siac [Ini a2 pala eke eS Ee ae oS es au OW Le Dea eas eee ey en et es TG Cr ee Sane eee 2 Gee a 22s Lie iN bloph dis 24 Bee ee ee ee 2 ee Quality and grades of Egyptian cotton....--....---- (Chualiqnneeal roayeyd ayers EIR ee ee Ne ee ee re [evel eater ia (DPW aaniloods) (a (Abe A See 51 54 65 44 52 65 |, 39 54 66 42 Rebruary=—-—-= 60 | 70 | 58 57 70 47 56 68 41 59 72 46 Marche sas 2 as) 63 | 70 5d 62 | 75 | 50 60 73 46 64 7 50 PAT nil Seer ne 66 74 59 70 88 | 55 67 82 D2 70 85 55 IMiary atest = Bee aoe 71 | a 64 77 91 61 75 90; 60 it 93 | 61 une ee 76 82 69 82 95 65 85 101 | 69 85 101 68 Joie ee 79 | 85 73 83 97 69 90 104 77 92% 106 77 AU SUS ene ee 80 86) 74 3 95 69 89 102 | 7 91} 104 77 September_______ 79 85 12 78 90. 66 8 97 69 84 100 70 October 75 82 69 74 86 63 (Al 86 | 56 73 87 58 November--_-_-_—___- 68 75 61 66 | 76 54 61 75 46 62 76 | 49 December=—-=——- =| 61 | 68 | 54 59 | 68 | 48 52 66 38 56 68 44 Wear: = 2 = s 7 77 63 70 83 58 70 84 56 72 | 86 58 «The Delta of the Nile, in which the bulk of the Egyptian cotton crop is produced, lies between Cairo and Alexandria. Meteorological data are wanting for localities in the Delta itself, but the conditions are probably intermediate between those at Alexandria and at Cairo. Of the two localities in the southwestern United States for which data are given, Phoenix represents the Salt River Valley and Yuma the valley of the Colorado River. For the third important area which is believed to be well adapted to the culture of Egyptian varieties of cotton, i. e., the Imperial Valley, in southeastern California, the available records are not sufficient to serve as a basis for comparison. Alexandria, on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt, has a less ex- treme climate than Cairo, which hes at the apex of the Delta of the Nile and almost touches the desert. The variation from season to season In mean temperatures and in the means of the maxima and minima is much smaller at Alexandria than at Cairo. Even at Cairo, however, the summers are decidedly cooler and the winters are some- what warmer than at Phoenix and Yuma. The yearly means and means of the maximum and minimum temperatures are much alike at all four localities. 128 CLIMATE OF EGYPT. 105) The table following shows the mean relative humidity of Alexan- dria and Cairo, Egypt, as compared with points in Arizona: TABLE II.—Mean relative humidity in percentages of saturation at localities in Egypt and in the southwestern United States. Month ene | Cairo, |Phoenix,) Yuma, ? Egypt. Egypt.* Ariz.? Ariz.> | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. | Per cent. PNT ANY a See 8 een Boe Ree ee ee eee dL 64 72 50 5 LNT Unis Ve a ES ee ot eee Be eee / 62 7 45 49 WGI 1a ee Oe ee es ee ae ee ee 61 61 38 | 46 AUN ee cee ae SE aoa enel Seat oe ee toe ee ee oe 60 54 31 39 I ay eg Red a SEY A Mea ee Oe TSS 60 | 50 26 40 UsicCUk,Re ee Ee en eS eae. Vee Ce ee 64 53 22, | 39 Jia iS. SS ee ee ee ee 67 61 35 48 J AVERYS) 12 = A ee Se ee eS ee See Se et ee Be 64 67 389 | 52 (SHEPULGTEn OCG) pene eee RE SS ee Care eee eee Pee es 63 68 38 49 “Di Ma OU a= aS abe BO SE ES 8 wee a OE ay ee Le es ed 64 72 38 | 49 EVEN OEA GE See ae pe ee a ee eee eee 61 72 44 47 IDTULTT pee See eee ee ee ee ee eee 66 7 44 51 NSAP pee Ss Be BS ey eG Pe ee oO ee 63 64 38 46 5 Mee pig hi daily Aa ate eee 5p.m. The above table is inserted because the humidity of the atmosphere at different localities is usually compared on the basis of percentages of possible saturation at the temperature prevailing when the obser- vations are made; but there is reason to believe that the factor that vitally affects the growth of plants is the saturation deficit, i. e., the difference in weight between the amount of water vapor actually present in a given volume of the atmosphere and that required to saturate it at the mean temperature for the period under considera- tion. Hence the following table is likewise presented: TABLE III.—WVean saturation deficit (weight in grains of the additional water vapor required to saturate a cubic foot of air) at localities in Egypt and in the southwestern United States. Alexan- Cairo, |Phoenix, Yuma, Month. dria. Egypt NE hate Egypt. bg és Ariz. Ariz. Grains. Grains. | Grains. Grains. SPecetry eer Wee eS ae doa Ss hs ok a ae ee eee 1.9 1.3 | 2.3 24 PSTN NG ea 2.2 1.6 3.0 2.9 ine oe a i ee ee ee oe oe eee ee 2.4 2.4 3.7 3.7 (th Lb Se 5 ee ee Se a a ee ee 2.8 ave aes 52 NRE Ree Se Se 9s 28 aS Se ee ee eee 3.3 4.9 7.1 6.3 “Un Be ee ee eee 4S ee eee 3.4 5.4 10.4 8.4 Tih 22 See eee A EE eee See Pork es RC eso S| | 3.6 1.9 10.1 8.9 “Toa Fe ee et reer ee ee BE eee 3.9 4.0 9.2 7.9 LDU Oty RAS a, le a es Se Ter Eee Se ES eee | 3.9 338 8.0 6.6 Sa) 0.) eae ie ale ee eee elon ee el TSE ee Te 3.3 2.4 5.4 2 Me ii GPa Sc a oe hs eee 2.9 | 2.0 3.6 3.2 TIBCBI ROG. sees ee ss ae ie Se ee 2.0 | 1.4 2.6 2.4 Vit \ Some St ESSE Janae Se Dine e se eeee cee cee b= nF oa FS 3.0 2.9 5.2 £.6 128 14 EGYPTIAN COTTON IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. During the summer months the saturation deficit is considerably greater at Cairo than at Alexandria, while in autumn and winter it is greater at Alexandria than at Cairo. At both Egyptian localities the saturation deficit throughout the year is much lower than at Phoenix and at Yuma, Ariz. A curve representing the variation in the saturation deficit of the air from month to month throughout the year would be much the same for Alexandria and for Cairo. At both localities there is a rather gradual increase from the minimum in January to the maxi- mum (which occurs in August and September at Alexandria, in June at Cairo), followed by a gradual decrease to the January mini- mum. Although less in demand for this purpose than formerly. 128 USES OF EGYPTIAN COTTON. 27 shade is desired; (4) they can be used for the manufacture of sew- ing thread and other articles which need to be very strong and for which no other type of cotton but Sea Island is suitable. Owing to the higher price of the latter, Egyptian cottons can in many cases be advantageously substituted. Among the various classes of goods wholly or partly made from Egyptian cottons may be enumerated lawns, sateens, twills, serges, and fabrics for covering umbrellas, as well as other highly finished cotton cloths. In these goods they are used largely as weft or filling. They are especially suited for making heavy fabrics that must also be soft and fine. Their fineness and luster adapt them to mixing with silk in cloths, floss, and braids. They are largely used in the manu- facture of sewing thread and of fabrics for insulating and for bicycle and automobile tires.¢. The lower grades of Mit Afifi are much employed for hosiery yarns. Except in cases where the brown-colored fiber is especially desired there seems to be little reason for preferring Egyptian to Sea Island cotton, although one manufacturer reports that within the range of the numbers used, the former furnishes a cleaner and better-looking filling than either Sea Island or Peeler (long-staple Upland) cottons. The highest grades of Sea Island have longer and finer fiber than any other cotton and therefore make stronger and finer yarns and thread. For these grades the Egyptian can not be substituted,’ but in manu- facturing various classes of goods the somewhat lower price of Egyp- tian cottons allows them to be used to advantage in place of the lower grades of the Sea Island, especially when the supply of the latter is below the normal. On the other hand, manufacturers seem to be generally agreed that for a number of purposes the Egyptian types can not be replaced by American long-staple Upland or Peeler cottons. The former have fiber that is stronger, finer, and more lustrous or “ classy ” than cor- responding lengths of the long-staple Uplands, and give yarns, thread, and cloths that are stronger and clearer (i. e., freer from “nep”) than can be made from the latter... There seems to be no @When prices permit, however, Sea Island is preferred for the last purpose, except for the manufacture of goods that are not to be exposed to very hard usage. One manufacturer of thread states: ‘‘We do not know of any Egyptian cotton which can successfully compete with Sea Island for counts [of yarns] finer than No. 110’s.” ¢ This freedom from nep or knots is one of the most desirable characteristics of goods manufactured from Egyptian cotton. It is somewhat questionable, however, whether it is not partly due to the fact that in Egypt roller gins are exclusively used in separating the fiber. 128 28 EGYPTIAN COTTON IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. question of the superiority of the Egyptian over the long-staple Up- land varieties in manufacturing strong sewing thread and cloths in which a smooth, lustrous finish is desired. Apart from specific qualities of the fiber, American manufacturers give other reasons for preferring Egyptian cotton. They state that it is usually more carefully ginned, graded, and baled and is apt to be freer from trash and short fiber, hence giving less waste in carding and combing than either Sea Island or long-staple Upland cottons. Egyptian cotton is also esteemed for its evenness of staple, the dif- ferent grades showing little variation in this respect from year to year. EGYPTIAN COTTON CULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. AREAS ADAPTED TO THIS TYPE OF COTTON. The Egyptian varieties are apparently best adapted to culture under irrigation in regions where there is practically no rainfall during the growing season. The only part of the United States where these conditions exist and where at the same SO Sin bemartins? Y\_we> || time the summers ns . =| are long and _ hot eat enough for profit- able cotton culture is the extreme Southwest, from western Texas to southern California. Since this type of cotton will continue to produce bolls and ripen fiber until a hard frost occurs, it is obvious that the largest yields can be obtained in regions where the autumn temperatures are highest. We must therefore conclude that the greatest success with Egyptian cotton is to be expected in southern Arizona and southeastern Cali- fornia—a conclusion that is supported by the experience so far gained. The valleys of the Salt River and of the Colorado River (Yuma Valley) in Arizona and the Imperial Valley in California have been found to be admirably adapted to the production of this type of cot- ton. The location of these districts is indicated on the map (fig. 1). Tt will be well to note briefly the physical characteristics of this region before proceeding to a discussion of the experiments that have been carried on there with Egyptian cotton. 128 Fig. 1.—Map of Arizona and southern California, showing the location of the Salt River, Yuma, and Imperial valleys. CULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. 29 CLIMATE. Meteorological records covering periods of several years are avail- able for Phoenix and Yuma, Ariz. Data as to temperatures and at- mospheric humidity “at these localities have already been given in connection with the discussion of the climate of the cotton-growing district in Egypt. These two stations represent, respectively, the Salt River Valley and the Yuma Valley. In the Imperial Valley observa- tions have been taken only during the past three years and under conditions that make a direct comparison with Phoenix and Yuma of doubtful value. Temperatures (see Table I) are slightly higher at Yuma than at Phoenix, the annual mean temperature, mean of the maximum, and mean of the minimum temperatures being each 2 degrees F. higher at the former locality. At Yuma the méan of the annual absolute maxi- mum temperatures is 113° and that of the annual absolute minimum temperatures is 29° F. It should be noted, however, that in the Yuma Valley itself the minima are undoubtedly lower than at the Yuma Weather Bureau station where observations are taken, the latter be- ing situated at a somewhat higher elevation, adjoining the mesa which borders the valley. Severe frosts frequently occur in the valley from the middle of November to the first of March. The rainfall at both Phoenix and Yuma is so small as to be prac- tically neghgible from the point of view of cotton culture. At Phoenix it is 6.8 inches yearly, while at Yuma the average is only 2.7 inches. The difference is most pronounced in the summer and early autumn, when there is considerable precipitation in the Salt River Valley, but practically none in the valley of the Colorado. As regards atmospheric humidity (see Tables II and III), the air normally contains considerably more moisture at Yuma than at Phoenix. This is true in every month of the year except January, although the difference is most pronounced during the months from May to September. The mean annual relative humidity (in per- centages of saturation) is 38 at Phoenix and 46 at Yuma. The mean annual absolute humidity (in weight in grains of the water vapor in a cubic foot of air) is 2.8 at Phoenix and 3.9 at Yuma. In the Imperial Valley the temperatures are probably normally higher than at either Phoenix or Yuma. This is indicated by the fact that in 1906 the annual mean of the maximum temperatures at Heber (8 miles south of Imperial and 57 miles due west of Yuma) was 88° F.,. while at Yuma it was 85° and at Phoenix 83° F. On the other hand, the annual mean of the minimum temperatures was the same at Heber as at Phoenix (56° F.), but was 2 degrees lower than at Yuma. The annual mean temperature at the three 128 80 EGYPTIAN COTTON IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. localities in 1906 was as follows: Heber and Yuma, 72°; Phoenix, TOP CHEE The rainfall in the Imperial Valley is probably about the same as at Yuma. At Salton, Cal., the nearest locality at which measure- ments have been made during a series of years, -the average total yearly rainfall is 2.5 inches. Data are lacking for a satisfactory comparison of the atmospheric humidity in the Imperial Valley with that in the Salt River and Yuma valleys, but there is reason to believe that the air is normally drier in the Imperial Valley than at either of the Arizona localities. As has already been remarked, the climate of southern Arizona and southeastern California is more extreme than that of the por- tion of Egypt where cotton culture is carried on, the summers being hotter and the winters colder; furthermore, the mean humidity of the atmosphere is much lower in the southwestern United States than in the Delta of the Nile. In Egypt the comparatively moist condition of the atmosphere that prevails during the period when cotton is ripening is considered an important factor in the production of a high quality of fiber, but experience in the southwestern United States has demonstrated that the Egyptian varieties of cotton can adapt themselves to a much drier atmosphere than that prevailing in the Nile Delta without injury to the quality of their fiber. In point of temperature the climate of southern Arizona and south- eastern California is an ideal one for cotton of the Egyptian type, which differs from Upland varieties in requiring a much longer sea- son and a much greater sum total of heat in order to produce its maximum yield of fiber. The usual absence of killing frosts after the 1st of March makes it possible to plant earlier than in most parts of the cotton belt of the United States. The long, very hot summer permits the formation of the greatest possible number of bolls. Finally, the warm weather that ordinarily prevails until the Ist of December is highly favorable to ripening and allows four or five pickings to be made. Another great advantage in growing this type of cotton in the Southwest is the very smal] precipitation. Cotton growing under rainfall has certain disadvantages that are avoided when the crop is produced under irrigation in a nearly rainless region. In the main cotton belt of the United States preparation for planting must often be delayed until the ground dries out sufficiently to be worked. Dry 4Jn comparing these records it must be borne in mind that at Heber the cbservations were made at a height of only 5 feet from the surface of the ground, while at Yuma they were made at a height of 16 feet, and at Phoenix of 47 feet. 128 CULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. 31 spells may occur in spring when the plants should be making their most vigorous growth. Prolonged wet spells in late summer and early fall may retard ripening, interfere with picking, and injure the ripe fiber by beating it out of the open bolls and discoloring it. Under irrigation in regions of little rainfall these drawbacks are avoided. The soil moisture is under the control of the farmer. By giving rela- tively large amounts of water during the early stages the plants are stimulated to make a vigorous growth. Later in the season, the production of bolls and the ripening of the fiber can be hastened by using water sparingly. Furthermore, the ground need never be wet at the time when picking should commence, and there is no dan- ger of the discoloration of the fiber through a period of rainy weather at the time of ripening. This is a very important consideration as regards the principal Egyptian varieties of cotton, in which good color is a valuable characteristic. Apart from the general advantages that irrigation affords in con- nection with cotton growing there is some reason to believe that it is characteristic of the Egyptian varieties to give better results when grown in regions of small rainfall where artificial watering is neces- sary. An expert on the subject in Egypt’ told one of the writers in 1902 that Egyptian varieties, when tested in the Sudan, underwent from 15 to 20 per cent of deterioration in localities where the rainfall was sufficient to produce a crop, but deteriorated only 2 to 3 per cent where irrigation had to be practiced. In the former case the staple was shorter and the seeds tended to become covered with short fiber. SOILS.? The soils of the Salt River, Yuma, and Imperial valleys vary in texture from a sandy loam to a heavy clay, or adobe. In the Im- perial Valley the average soil is heavier than in the Salt River and Yuma valleys, resembling much of the soil of the Nile Delta. These soils often show great diversity in a field of a few acres, the variation @Mr. Benachi, of the firm of Choremi, Benachi & Co. ‘>For a fuller account of the soils of the Colorado River region, the reader is referred to the following publications of the Bureau of Soils, United States De- partment of Agriculture: (1) Soil Survey in Salt River Valley, Arizona, by Thomas H. Means; Field Operations of the Division of Soils in 1900, pp. 287 to soz, 1901. 2) Soil Survey around Imperial, Cal., by Thomas H. Means and J. Garnett Holmes; Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils in 1901, pp. 587 to 606, 1902. (8) Soil Survey of the Yuma Area, Arizona, by J. Garnett Holmes; Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils in 1902, pp. 777 to 791, 1903. These publications give the area and distribution of the different types of soils in the three valleys and also the area and distribution of the different grades of alkali soils. 128 32 EGYPTIAN COTTON IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. being especially noticeable when the land is first brought under culti- vation. The lighter soils are generally regarded as the best for culti- vated crops; they work readily, are easily kept in a tillable condition, and can be cultivated soon after irrigation.” The heavy soils are well adapted to growing alfalfa and cereals. It may be observed that the physical condition and water-holding capacity of most southwestern soils could be greatly improved by the addition of organic matter in the form of barnyard manure, by plowing under green-manure crops, or by including alfalfa in a long-period rota- tion. While for the most part the soils of the Salt River, Yuma, and Imperial valleys are naturally very fertile, it is probable that if cotton becomes an important crop in the region leguminous crops will have to be grown in rotation with it in order to keep up the supply of nitrogen, since the cotton plant draws heavily upon this element. Alkali is found in more or less injurious quantities in various parts of these three valleys. As a rule the alkali accumulations are found principally in the upper 3 or 4 feet of sotl and are often largely concentrated in the surface foot, to which they are raised by capillary activity, aided by the great evaporation which -is characteristic of that region. The alkali is chiefly the less injurious “white alkal,’ consisting mainly of sodium chlorid and sodium sulphate. “ Black alkali” (sodium carbonate), which gives the soil an alkaline reaction in the true chemical sense, is seldom present in dangerous quantities. It is probable that only a small percentage of the total area capable of irrigation in the Salt River, Yuma, and Imperial valleys contains enough of these salts to seriously hinder the growing of cotton, which, as has already been stated, is one of the most alkali-resistant crop plants. WATER SUPPLY. In the Salt River Valley the area at present in cultivation, which was estimated in 1900 to amount to 120,000 acres, is supphed with water by a number of canal systems that have been established by private capital. The United States Reclamation Service has recently undertaken the irrigation of this valley, and is now constructing a great impounding dam on the Salt River above Phoenix, which will increase the acreage under irrigation and insure an adequate supply of water at all times. The Government system is expected to provide water for irrigating 200,000 acres of land, including that which is now in cultivation. “In Egypt, however, the heavier soils are preferred for cotton culture. 128 CULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. 33 In Yuma Valley only about 3,000 acres are now under irrigation throughout the year, all of this land being situated within a few miles of the town of Yuma. The water used in irrigating this area is pumped from the Colorado River. The United States Reclamation Service is now constructing an irrigation system, including a large diversion dam on the Colorado, which will provide gravity water for approximately 90,000 acres, four-fifths of which is located on the Arizona side of the river. The Imperial Valley comprises approximately 500,000 acres of irri- gable land in the United States, of which about 100,000 acres were actually under irrigation in 1905. This area is supplied with water from the Colorado River, the irrigation system being owned by a private corporation. There are also a number of smaller areas along the Colorado and Gila rivers that are, or can be, irrigated with water from these rivers. The total area that will be under ditch in the course of a few years in the Colorado River region can be conservatively estimated at 600,000 acres. During the last ten years the United States has imported an average amount of Egyptian cotton equivalent to about 120,000 American bales. Since the performance of the Mit Afifi variety at Yuma in 1907 gives good ground for anticipating yields of one to two bales to the acre in this region, it may be reason- ably expected that one-fifth of this estimated total acreage will be able to supply the normal American demand for cotton of the Egyp- tian type. Other districts in the Southwest where cotton can be grown under irrigation, but where the spring and fall temperatures are perhaps too low for the greatest success with Egyptian varieties, are the Pecos Valley in western Texas and eastern New Mexico and the southern part of the San Joaquin Valley in California. EXPERIMENTS IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC AND GULF STATES. Seed of the principal Egyptian varieties of cotton (Mit Afifi, Jan- novitch, Abbasi, and Ashmuni) has been several times imported by the Department of Agriculture and furnished to individual growers in various parts of the southern and southwestern United States. In 1900 and 1901 Mr. L. H. Dewey, in charge of fiber investigations, re- ceived numerous reports of trials of seed distributed by the Depart- ment of Agriculture which indicated that in the humid portion of the cotton belt little success could be anticipated with the Egyptian varieties. An excellent quality of fiber was produced at several local- ities, but the yields were generally small, due largely to the shortness of the season, which prevented many of the bolls from ripening. In many cases planting was delayed by wet weather in the spring, and §4230—Bull. 128—08S——3 84 EGYPTIAN COTTON IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. killing frosts occurred so early in the fall as to cut off a large part of the crop." Dr. Herbert J. Webber ” experimented for several years with Egyp- tian varieties in the humid section of the United States, especially in South Carolina and Texas. His results also indicate that these varieties can not be profitably grown anywhere in the main cotton belt, at least not without adaptation through several years of aecli- matization and selection. PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS IN THE SOUTHWEST. Experiments carried on in Arizona by the Territorial Agricultural Experiment Station and by individual farmers previous to 1902 pointed to the conclusion that heavy yields of Egyptian cotton of high quality could be obtained under irrigation in the warmer part of the arid region. The Abbasi, Mit Afifi, and Jannovitch varieties were grown by Prof. A. J. McClatchie on the station farm at Phoenix and were productive in the order named, Abbasi yielding at the rate of 460 pounds of lint to the acre. The Lowell Textile School reported that the Mit Afifi cotton grown at Phoenix, as compared with imported Mit Afifi, gave 4 per cent less waste and furnished thread that was 14 per cent stronger. In 1902 preliminary experiments were made by Messrs. Webber and Kearney, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, at a number of locali- ties in the Southwest as follows: Mit Afifi variety at San Antonio and Barstow, Tex., and at Carlsbad, N. Mex.; Jannovitch variety at Barstow, Tex., Carlsbad, N. Mex., Yuma, Ariz., and Calexico, Cal., and Ashmuni variety at Del Rio, Tex. In addition, Doctor Webber experimented in the same year with the Mit Afifi variety at Harts- ville, S. C., and at Houston and Brownsville, Tex.; with the Janno- vitch variety at Denison, Tex., and with the Ashmuni variety at Danville, Ga., and Waco, Tex. REPORTS OF EXPERTS ON THE FIBER PRODUCED IN 1902. Fourteen samples, representing each Egyptian variety from each locality where it was grown in 1902, were submitted to seven Amer- ican cotton buyers. The Jannovitch, grown at Calexico, Cal. (about “Jn Circular 26 of the Division of Botany, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1900, Mr. Dewey describes the results of experiments with Egyptian cotton in the United States up to that time. In these earlier experiments perhaps the most promising results were obtained by Mr. W. H. Wentworth at Floresville, near San Antonio, Tex., indicating that success is to be looked for west of the main cotton belt. ®’ Doctor Webber has described his experiments in Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Convention of the Southern Cotton Spinners’ Association, pp. 127-138, 1903. 128 CULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. 35 60 miles west of Yuma), was highly commended by all of these ex- perts. Two of them rated it highest among the fourteen samples, while four rated it as equal to any. Only one expert gave the prefer- ence to another of the fourteen samples. The same series of samples was sent to Mr. William Getty, buyer of cotton at Alexandria, Egypt, for a firm at Providence, R. I.“ His report showed the Jannovitch fiber produced at Calexico to be the best of the lot. Mr. Getty said of it: “ Length of fiber, quite 2 inches;? strength very good; uniformity, good; very fine; rich in color; spin- ning quality very high; valuation at present market conditions [August 4, 1903], 21 to 22 cents per pound; is especially adapted for sewing cotton and for same purpose as Sea Island; is equal to the best Jannovitch in all respects and could not be improved upon.” The Lowell Textile School, to which eleven of these samples were also submitted, reported through Mr. O. L. Humphrey, head in- structor in the cotton yarn department, on the Jannovitch grown at Calexico in the following terms: “ Staple fully 14 inches. Fiber very strong, fine, and even. Very small amount of unripe or short fiber. Cotton clean and in fine condition. Use for 60’s carded, 70’s and 80’s combed.” * These are higher numbers of yarns than were furnished by any of the other samples and indicate a fiber of supe- rior fineness. Mr. Humphrey adds, “An examination of the various samples would indicate that of the three varieties Jannovitch was decidedly the best.” Manufacturing tests of the eleven samples were made with great care by the Lowell Textile School.?. The cotton was “ picked” (1. e., loosened in preparation for combing), combed, roved, and spun into yarn with the same degree of care and following the same methods used by manufacturers who handle corresponding grades of imported Egyptian cotton. Exact determinations were made of the amount of waste occurring during each process and of the strength of the yarn produced. The waste includes moisture lost during the different manufac- turing processes, dust, fragments of leaves, of bolls, and of seeds, and @Mr. Getty, who had had thirty years’ experience in the cotton business in Egypt, also referred the samples to several experts in Liverpool, who con- firmed his opinion. 5’ This was a higher rating as to length than was given by any of the Ameri- ‘an experts, who placed the length at 14 or 1% inches. © Long-staple cottons are usually combed as a preliminary to spinning, while short-staple cottons are generally carded. 4The Lowell Textile School also submitted the samples to Mr. F. S. Kerri- gan, expert of a manufacturing company at Lowell, Mass., who examined them independently and whose report corroborated Mr. Humphrey's to a remarkable degree. 128 36 EAGYPTIAN COTTON IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. short fiber. It is stated in percentages of the weights of the original samples. The total waste from the sample of Jannovitch grown at Calexico amounted to 23 per cent and from the sample of the same variety grown at Yuma to 26 per cent. The average for the eleven samples grown in the United States was 26 per cent, while a sample of imported Mit Afifi® secured from a New England mill, which uses large quantities of this cotton, showed 27 per cent of total waste. The normal waste from imported cotton of this variety handled in the same way is estimated by Mar. Humphrey at about 24.2 per cent. The manufacturing tests gave the following results, according to Mr. Humphrey’s report: The running of the samples in the roving processes was excellent. * * * The roving made was exceptionally strong and even. * * * The samples of “ Jannovitch ” [from Calexico, Cal.; Yuma, Ariz., and Denison, Tex.| ran in the spinning almost without a break and showed in this process remarkable ” streneth. In order to compare the strength of the warp yarns of the various samples, 40 skeins of 120 yards each of every sample were reeled, the ends tied, broken, and weighed. The skein breaking was done on a power-driven yarn tester giving uniform speed. The strength is stated in terms of the average weight in pounds that was required to one ner skein of each sample. The samples of Jannovitch grown at Calexico and at Yuma proved to be decidedly the strongest of the eleven samples, 66 pounds having been the aver- age weight required to break the former, and 74 pounds the latter, while the general average for the eleven American-grown samples was 55.5 pounds. For the sample of imported Egyptian the average breaking strength was 45.5 pounds. Taking the strength of Draper’s Standard Warp as 100, the Jannovitch cotton grown at Calexico had in comparison a strength value of 146.5 and that grown at Yuma of 164.5, while the imported Mit Afifi had a strength value of only 101, which was surpassed by nearly all the American samples. This dif- ference is explained by Mr. Humphrey as * largely due in many cases to the greater length of staple, although the strength and spinning qualities of the staple are unquestionably instrumental in producing this result.” The samples of Jannovitch grown at Calexico and Yuma were ad- versely criticised by Mr. Humphrey in respect to only one character- istic, 1. e., the presence of a considerable amount of * nep ” in the fin- ished yarns. Mr. Humphrey says, however, that they * will compare fairly well in this respect with the bull of the Egyptian yarn of this number which is being manufactured at the present time.” Mr. Humphrey says of this sample, * This variety (grade and length) is, however, considered a fair average Egyptian cotton and one that is very largely and generally used in this country.” 128 CULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. 37 Mr. Humphrey concludes his report as follows: An eXalmination of these American-grown Egyptian cottons and an inspec- tion of the table of results as here given shows them to be, as a rule, long stapled, unusually strong, uniform and satisfactory in color, clean, and pos- sessed of good spinning qualities. The per cent of short fibers compares very favorably with that of the imported article, but the amount of unripe fiber in some of the samples is excessive. This may perhaps be due to the fact that the cotton was raised in limited amounts, and in order to secure the greatest possible quantity of each, the picking was more thorough and included a larger per cent of the contents of the unripe or partially ripe boils than would have, under ordinary conditions, been gathered. From the results of these tests we can naturally infer that there is a flattering future for American-grown Egyp- tian cotton, provided the standards can be maintained. This stock admits of the production of much finer numbers and better qualities of yarn than could be made from Upland, Texas, or Gulf cotton, and is inferior only to Sea Island cotton. RESULTS OF ACCLIMATIZATION AND SELECTION IN THE SOUTHWEST. In 1902 numerous selections were made in the test plats of the Mit Afifi and Jannovitch varieties at Barstow, Tex.; Carlsbad, N. Mex.; Yuma, Ariz., and Calexico, Cal. These selections were planted in 1903 at the same four localities on the “ plant to the row” system. In addition a test plat of the Abbasi variety was grown at Carlsbad. In 1904 the selections of Mit Afifi and Jannovitch made in 1903 were planted only at Carlsbad and Yuma. In 1905 the selections made in 1904 were planted at the same two localities, but those at Yuma were lost soon after planting, as a result of the unprecedentedly high spring flood of the Colorado River. A large number of selections were made at Carlsbad, however, and with these the work has since been continued at Yuma.* The Abbasi variety was soon discarded because it too nearly resembles Sea Island cotton, with which it would undoubtedly com- pete in American markets. It was desired from the outset to secure a type of cotton for culture in the Southwest that would be distinctive of that region as compared with other cotton-growing sections in the United States. The best means of attaining this end appeared to be by acclimatizing the very distinct Mit Afifi and Jannovitch varieties, especially the former. Numerous selections of Mit Afifi have been carried through five generations and have fully retained the distinguishing characters of the variety. Through a series of accidents the original selections from imported seed of the Jannovitch variety were lost, but certain selec- tions from the more or less mixed seed of the Mit Afifi variety with which the experiments were begun have so nearly approximated the “Tn 1904 and 1905 the selections were made by Mr. L. L. Harter. 128 88 EGYPTIAN COTTON IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. characters of Jannovitch that there seems to be no good reason for making new selections from imported seed of the latter. Throughout the course of the experiments the plants have been grown under irrigation on the best land and with the best care as to irrigation, cultivation, etc., that circumstances admitted. It was not until last year, however, when the work was carried on in association with the Office of Western Agricultural Extension Investigations of this Bureau, that it became possible to raise the cotton under favor- able conditions as regards cultivation and irrigation. Previous to 1907 these selections were exposed to so many vicissitudes—drought, alkali soils, inadequate cultivation, etc.—that there is good reason to believe that they are exceptionally hardy and well adapted to growing under conditions below the optimum for cotton culture in the region. CHARACTERS OF THE PLANTS. During the earlier years of the experiments it was extremely prob- lematical whether Egyptian cotton would adapt itself to conditions in the Southwest. The plants made a very vigorous growth, but pro- duced relatively few bolls, as is shown in Plate II, figure 1. These bolls matured so late in the season that many of them were cut off by frost before they opened. The opening of such bolls as ripened was generally very unsatisfactory, the valves of the locks remaining half erect instead of spreading horizontally, so that in picking the fiber had to be pulled out between the points. Each year, however, a marked improvement in yield, earliness, and the degree of opening of the bolls manifested itself. In 1906, whether through acclimatization or selection or a combination of the two agencies, such a great improvement had been attained that there seemed little occasion for further anxiety on these scores. The Egyptian plants were still, it is true, much larger and ripened their fiber later than those of most Upland varieties grown under similar conditions, and their bolls remained small and pointed (Plate IV). All these, however, are characters inherent in the species of cotton (Gossypium barbadense) to which the Egyptian and Sea Island va- rieties belong, as distinguished from that which includes the Ameri- ean Upland varieties (Gossypium hirsutum). No amount of selection can be expected to entirely remove them. But, as compared with the performance of the plants in previous seasons, there had been a marked reduction in height and in the development of sterile branches (Plate III). The relative number of bolls produced was much larger and the fiber ripened much earlier than in any previous year. Furthermore, the bolls opened out flat, so that the cotton hung as loose as from bolls of Upland varieties. 128 CULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. 39 In 1907 these characteristics had become practically uniform over the entire field (Plate I, frontispiece), not only in the selection rows but in the one-fourth-acre plats that were planted with seed from second-select plants of 1906 for yield tests and for experiments with different irrigation and cultivation methods. Before the middle of September the cotton was ready for the first picking. It was there- fore at least a month earlier than was the case during the first three years of the experiments. The satisfactory opening of the bolls is shown in Plate IV, while Plate IT, figure 2, illustrates the manner in which the ripe cotton hung loosely in the open bolls. Careful records of the time consumed in picking at Yuma in 1907 showed that it required only about one and one-half times as long to pick 100 pounds of seed cotton of the Mit Afifi Egyptian as of large-bolled Upland varieties, such as Triumph and Rogers Big Boll. YIELD TESTS. Yield tests of two Egyptian and five American Upland varieties of cotton were made at Yuma in 1907 on plats ranging in size from one- tenth to one-sixth acre. The results in pounds of seed cotton, caleu- lated on the basis of 1 acre, are given in the following table: TABLE VI.—Results of yield tests of cotton varieties at Yuma, Ariz., in 1907, in pounds of seed cotton and estimated pounds of lint produced per acre. | Pounds of seed cotton per acre. ‘ in gc Fe Estimated) Estimated Variety. P : percentage| total yield Gee Total of lint. | of lint. Dec. 1.¢ yield. Pounds. Mite Ani, (Beyptian)..—=-2.25) scones ae 2,880 3,300 > 30 | 990 Pannovitch: (Chey ptian) == =< sos ss eee 1,851 | 2,228 30 668 Rogers Big Boll (short-staple Upland)_--__.____-___- 2,897 2,975 34 1,011 Triumph (short-staple Upland)_-----__---_-________-. 2.571 | 2,660 37 | 984 Sunflower (long-staple Upland)-_-_-__-------.---__-_-- 1,950 2,235 30 670 Southern Hope (long-staple Upland)_--.--_-___-____ 2,572 3,052 30 915 Columbia (long-staple Upland)----------------_-___- 2,101 2,456 | 30 | 737 «The amounts of seed cotton that ripened before December 1 are inserted because the autumn of 1907 was unusually warm, and it is possible that the figures in this column more nearly represent the yields that can normally be expected than do the total yields in 1907. The amounts that ripened after December 1 were estimated by dividing the total amount of seed cotton secured at the last picking by the number of days that had elapsed between this and the preceding picking and multiplying the result by the number of days between December 1 and the date of the last picking. The results are necessarily only ap proximate, since the amount of cotton that ripened daily must have decreased toward the end of the season. +A 50-pound sample of seed cotton of this lot was very carefully ginned on a roller gin and gave 33.5 per cent lint. On the other hand, a 200-pound sample yielded only 29.1 per cent. Thirty per cent would therefore appear to be a conservative estimate. Since in Egypt the Mit Afifi variety is said to give from 33 to 35 per cent of lint, there is every reason to believe that the percentage of lint of this variety in the Southwest can be mate- rially improved over that obtained in 1907 at Yuma. The estimated percentage of lint for the other varieties in Table VI are based upon the average performance of these varieties in other localities. Notwithstanding the fact that in two of the Upland varieties the percentage of lint is considerably higher than in Egyptian varieties, only one of them surpassed the Mit Afifi in productiveness, and that 128 40 EGYPTIAN COTTON IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. to but an inconsiderable extent. The lower yield of the Jannovitch Egyptian as compared with the Mit Afifi is doubtless partly due to the fact that the Jannovitch plat in 1907 was planted with seed from plants grown in 1906 from an imported stock, while the stock of Mit Afifi had had the advantage of five years’ acclimatization in the Southwest. QUALITY OF THE FIBER. During the earlier years of the experiment it seemed so essential to concentrate every effort upon combating sterility, late ripening, and imperfect opening of the bolls that in making the selections only secondary weight could be placed upon the quality of the fiber. The Jannovitch variety, nevertheless, produced an excellent grade of fiber from the start. This was probably due to the recent origin of this variety, which had not had time to deteriorate seriously since it left the hands of the breeder. As has been stated, the fiber produced by this variety grown from imported seed at Calexico, Cal., and Yuma, Ariz., in 1902 was given a high rating by the Lowell Textile School and by expert cotton buyers in the United States and in Egypt. The Jannovitch variety was again grown from imported seed at Yuma in 1906, and the seed thus obtained was used in planting the yield-test plat of this variety in 1907. In this case also the American-grown product compared far more favorably with the average of the variety in Egypt than did the Mit Afifi variety during the first two or three years after it was introduced. The fiber produced by the Mit Afifi variety during the earlier years of the experiments in the Southwest was of decidedly inferior qual- ity. As compared with the best grades produced in Egypt, the lint was relatively short, in hardly any case reaching a full 12 inches. It was coarse and woolly and of a dead appearance, lacking the fine luster that is one of the most attractive qualities of high-grade Egyptian cotton. Very few plants showed even an approximation to the great strength that is one of the leading and most valuable characteristics of this type of cotton. In color also it left much to be desired, the brown tint being either nearly wanting or so irregu- larly distributed as to give the cotton a blotched appearance, as though artificially discolored. In 1905, the tendencies to sterility, late ripening, and imperfect opening of the bolls in the Mit Afifi variety having largely disap- “From the fact that the results obtained during the first year or two of the experiments were much more satisfactory with the Jannovitch than with the Mit Afifi variety, it might be inferred that when first imported the former is bet- ter. adapted than the latter to southwestern conditions. More likely, however, the Mit Afifi seed originally imported was of inferior quality. As heretofore stated, this variety is deteriorating in Egypt and becoming mixed with inferior sorts except where it is kept up by careful selection. 128 CULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. 4] peared, it became possible to focus attention upon the characters of the fiber. As a result, in 1906 the fiber showed a marked improvement in all of its characters, and this was true to a still greater extent in 1907. In the latter year selection was made so rigorous that the best individual plant of 1903 would have failed to pass muster. In the 1 acre of breeding rows planted with seed from the first-select plants of 1906, the length averaged practically 14 inches. The thirty-eight first selections of individual plants made in 1907 had fiber of an average length of 1,%; inches, as compared with an average of 14 inches for the thirty-one first selections made in 1906. In other words, a gain of 4 per cent in length had been made in one generation. This is probably the maximum length to which the Mit Afifi type of Egyptian cotton should be bred to meet the demands of the existing market. In all other characters—covering of the seed, uniformity of length on the same seed and in different bolls on the same plant, strength, color, fineness, and luster—the advance was so striking that it was in some cases difficult to realize that the plant of 1907 was only in the fifth generation of descent from its progenitor of 1902 (Pl. V).* No one characteristic showed more gratifying progress than that of strength. While in 1903 the plant producing fiber that could not be broken easily between the fingers was a rare exception, in 1907 it was the general rule. Fiber of great fineness, soft and silky to the touch, was also the rule. Brown color characterized the fiber on the great majority of the plants, and was almost as general and pronounced as in any field seen in Egypt by one of the writers. In plants which pre- served the Mit Afifi type the brown tint was conspicuous, especially when a mass of the fiber was examined, although much lighter than in the red-brown Peruvian and Nanking cottons. In plants that showed an approximation to the Jannovitch type, the fiber was of a delicate cream color, appearing almost white when compared with Mit Afifi, but showing clearly the brown tint when matched with American Upland fiber. The Jannovitch type was furthermore remarkable for the silky luster of the fiber. Strength tests—Careful tests of the strength of several samples of Egyptian cotton grown at Yuma in 1907 were made by the Office of Fiber Investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry. The tests were made on a special fiber-testing machine. The samples sub- mitted were as follows: No. 1, Mit Afifi, from a plat which received eight irrigations after planting; No. 2, Mit Afifi, from a plat which received only one irrigation after planting; No. 3, Mit Afifi, from a plat which received three irrigations after planting; No. 4, the average of the first picking from seven individual selected plants of @Puring each year of the experiments combed-out seeds of every selection have been preserved as a record of the progress made in breeding. 128 42 EGYPTIAN COTTON IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. Mit Afifi in the breeding rows which had received four irrigations after planting; No. 5, the average of the later pickings from the same seven selections. Jannovitch from the yield-test plat, which was irrigated twice after planting, was also tested. The Mit Afifi had in every case been grown five years in the Southwest, while the Jannovitch was from that grown at Yuma in 1906 from newly imported seed. In order to permit a comparison of the strength of the Arizona- grown Egyptian samples described above with that of cotton of other varieties and from other sources, the Office of Fiber Investigations also furnished the results of a series of tests made by Mr. Frederick J. Tyler upon different Upland and Sea Island varieties, as well as upon three varieties of Egyptian cotton. All of these were grown by Mr. Tyler without irrigation at Waco and Terrell, Tex., with the ex- ception of the two samples of Southern Hope (long-staple Upland). The latter were produced under irrigation at Yuma, Ariz., in 1907. The results as stated in the following table represent the average of the weights in grams required to break each of twenty individual fibers from each sample: Tasle VII.—Breaking strength of samples of Egyptian and other cottons grown under irrigation in Arizona and ivithout irrigation in Central Texrds. rors Number of Breaking Type of cotton. Variety. Where grown. <".. P F ly] ) ) 4 Broxva jirrigations. strength. Grams. Bey ptian. 2.2 -- s22-se5-| MitAni), Nowe 2. secs SoS ATigOnase oe S 4.6 Mitv Atif, NOs 2-222 -- 22 -t2 mass Arizona___---- 1 6.5 Mit Adify; No x38... 222) Arizona=-222= | 3 6.4 Mit: Afifi,, No. 4.._..-_.-.2 22) Arizona = 4 5.9 AVE, NO. 0222-2 as ee Arizona_-__--_- 4 6.2 IVA names ah ond eee Oe M@X AS) o ==> <2 - None. 4.5 UEMnMOVIGCH. s. ss. A Fe Texas 22-5 .-= None. 4.1 Sunflower... .. Texas. =" None. | 3.4 Southern Hope, No. 1___--__-- Arizona--..-=. 8 6.0 Southern Hope, No. 2__----_---| Arizona_____-_- 1 5.0 Upland short-staple___---__. CUIDEN DOL... oe tt a, dic 1: eee None. | 54 Cook Improved____--_-------- Texas. conecse None. 7.0 Brake £22 5 en) SDB oe None. 4.5 eC COlblOT. 26-2 eee eee Texas___._-_- None. 520 Jones Improved____------------ Texas: 2 seo=. None. See King_-_-__- ee oe ee) UR eee None. 4.8 Mortzagce Lifters. .2 =.) Dexas.- None. 5.9 WMSSEl Ue = = ool to See se seeal DOS ASceeas a None. 525 TPA G hs SS 8 ee eae ean None. 6.0 In regard to the Egyptian cottons grown under irrigation at Yuma it is interesting to note the relative weakness of the fiber in Mit Afifi sample No. 1, from a plat that was excessively irrigated, as compared with samples 2 and 3, from plats that received only one and three irrigations, respectively, after planting. The selections 128 CULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES, 43 (samples 4 and 5) were irrigated four times after the seed was put in. In the case of the selections an unexpected result is the greater strength shown by the later pickings (sample 5) as compared with the first pickings (sample 4) from the same individual plants. In Egypt, on the other hand, the fiber from the first pickings is reputed to be generally stronger than that which is picked later in the season. It will be observed that the long-staple Upland or Peeler vari- eties are generally very inferior in strength to the short-staple Uplands. A notable exception is the Southern Hope, which was grown under irrigation at Yuma. It is rather remarkable that in this case sample No. 1, which received eight irrigations after plant- ing, is decidedly stronger than sample No. 2, which was watered only once after the seed was put in. On the other hand, the Mit Afifi Egyptian, which received eight irrigations at Yuma (sample No. 1 in Table VII), was decidedly inferior in strength to that which was irrigated only one to four times (samples 2 to 5). The Mit Afifi and Jannovitch Egyptian varieties, grown under rainfall in central Texas from imported seed, appear to be deficient in strength as compared with the same varieties under irrigation in Arizona. From the manufacturer’s point of view, tests that are based upon the breaking point of individual fibers are not alone satisfactory indicators of the strength of a given sample of cotton. They should be supplemented by tests of the breaking strength of the thread, which depends not only upon the strength but the length and fine- ness of the individual fiber, the last character determining the number of fibers which can be spun into a thread of given diameter. But when the great fineness and the satisfactory length, as well as the great strength of the individual fibers of the Egyptian cotton pro- duced in Arizona in 1907 are taken into consideration, we can be reasonably certain that they will furnish a very strong thread.¢ Comparison of the fiber from different pickings.—In view of the belief prevailing in Egypt that fiber from the first picking is decid- edly superior to that from the second and third, the products of the first and of the later pickings from some of the best selected plants of the Mit Afifi variety at Yuma in 1907 were carefully compared. In point of strength, as has been noted, the fiber from the later pick- ings, which were taken together, was found to be uniformly some- what superior to that from the first, but in the other characters no pronounced difference was observed, except that in two or three cases the length was slightly inferior in the later pickings. In color the later pickings were in all cases equal to the first. “The results of the strength tests of yarns spun from the Jannovitch cotton grown at Calexico and Yuma in 1902 support this belief. 128 44 GYPTIAN COTTON IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. OPINIONS OF EXPERTS ON THE FIBER PRODUCED IN 1907. Small samples of the acclimatized Arizona-grown Kgyptian cotton produced in 1907 were submitted to 22 American buyers and manu- facturers of this type of cotton, of whom 18 reported their opinions of its quality and 11 furnished estimates of its value at current market prices. The prices varied considerably, ranging from 18 to 26 cents a pound, the average of all the estimates obtained being 20.6 cents. At the time when these estimates were furnished (February 15 to March 7, 1908) American Middling Upland cotton was selling on the Boston market for 12 to 124 cents a pound, and imported Egyptian cotton for 12 to 154 cents (“low grades”), 14 to 18 cents (“current grades ”), 164 to 19 cents (“ good grades ”), and 174 to 21 cents (“high grades”). The Arizona-grown fiber would therefore be classed with the high grades of imported Egyptian cotton. The length of the Arizona-grown fiber was placed at shghtly less than 14 inches (average of 10 estimates)—hence superior to most erades of Mit Afifi but inferior to the best grades of Jannovitch. As to evenness or uniformity of length, all but 1 out of 11 opinions were very favorable, 2 of the experts pronouncing the Arizona product superior in this respect to imported Jannovitch. In respect to fineness, the consensus of opinion appeared to be that the fiber is somewhat inferior to Jannovitch but superior to Mit A fifi. In regard to the strength of the Arizona-grown fiber, all the reports were satisfactory, most of the experts considering it equal to that of imported Jannovitch, while one manufacturer reported it as “ rather better.” The color was pronounced to be lighter than the best grades of Mit Afifi, but darker than Jannovitch. Only 1 out of the 14 ex- perts who rendered an opinion on the color of the samples criticised it as “ uneven.” The luster of the Arizona-grown fiber was generally regarded as somewhat inferior to that of imported Egyptian. The “cling,” or “ barb,” an important quality in making strong thread, was commented upon favorably by the two manufacturers who men- tioned this point. Opinions differed somewhat as to the freedom of the samples from waste, the consensus being apparently that in this respect the Arizona cotton was similar to all but the best grades of imported Egyptian. As to absence of “ nep,” the opinions were on the whole decidedly favorable. The manufacturers and buyers who examined the Arizona-grown fiber were practically unanimous in stating that it could be satisfac- torily substituted for corresponding grades of imported Egyptian cotton. 4Prices quoted on the Boston market as given in the Commercial Bulletin of Boston, February 15, 22, and 29, and March 7, 1908. 128 CULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. 45 It is evident from the reports received that the experts differed as to the variety of cotton represented by the samples, some making their comparison with Mit Afifi and some with Jannovitch. A sum- ming up of the opinions received indicates that the Arizona cotton is exactly intermediate between these two varieties in almost every character. This is not surprising, since the samples were taken from the yield-test plats of 1907, which were grown from seed ob- tained from the “ second-select ” plants in the breeding rows of 1906 and mixed together. As has already been pointed out, the seed with which the breeding experiments were conmenced at Yuma, although imported under the name of Mit Afifi, produced many plants which approximated the Jannovitch variety in the quality of their fiber. During the last two years superior plants typical of each of these varieties have been selected, and it is expected that in a short time there will be available a supply of pure seed of both Mit Afifi and Jannovitch Egyptian cottons thoroughly adapted to the climate of the Colorade River region. TYPES PRODUCED, To sum up, two well-marked types of Egyptian cotton, both devel- oped from mixed seed that was imported under the name of Mit A fifi, have been carried through five generations of acclimatization and selection and have now reached a high degree of uniformity and adaptability to conditions in the southwestern United States. These are (1) the Mit Afifi type, having fiber that averages 14 inches in length, very strong, soft, and fine, decidedly crinkly, and of a light- brown color; (2) the Jannovitch type, with fiber averaging 12 inches in length, smoother, silkier, and more lustrous than the Mit Afifi, and of a very delicate cream color. The latter type may be regarded as almost intermediate in most of its characters between Mit Afifi Egyptian on the one hand and Sea Island on the other. IRRIGATION EXPERIMENTS. In order to determine the effect upon the yield and quality of the fiber produced by different amounts of irrigation water applied at different intervals, a series of plats was planted to Mit Afifi Egyptian cotton at Yuma in 1907. The soil of these plats was fairly uniform, being a sandy loam on the surface with rather open sand in the subsoil. This land had not been in crop for about ten months previous to planting the cotton and had not been irrigated, so that it was very dry. It was plowed and prepared for planting early in March, 1907, was thoroughly irri- gated by flooding on March 23, and the cotton was planted five days later. No facilities were at hand for measuring the amount of water applied at each irrigation, but the effort was always made to irrigate 128 46 EGYPTIAN COTTON IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. ach of the plats for about the same length of time with the same head of water. In each case the land was cultivated with either a 5-shovel or a harrow-tooth cultivator as soon as possible after irriga- tion, although in the case of plat 5 cultivation was not possible after the later irrigations, owing to the large size of the mature plants. The table which follows gives the dates on which each plat was irrigated from the time the cotton was planted until the last picking was made: TABLE VIII.—Numbers and dates of waterings given irrigation erperiment plats at Yuma in 1907, | | Dates of irrigations. | Plat 1.| Plat 2.) Plat 3.| Plat 4.| Plat 5. Rees eo “ a eee = als | Mia G8 22 we 2 ee on eee no eo ee ae XS |Peee=e= x x x Misys 2B 328 Se ae a a Sot See Oe oe ee eee | Me |e 52 es eee x SULLY) Bi Se a ea a Sn Se ae er ee | ere | eee x Oia ek ae oe a ees Ea ee a ed ee ks |S ee eee x eM) 25. oe Se ee Ch ee ese See ee eee | See aes Rae x PATA PUIS CIC) aos Se ee ee ee ae ee ee ee eee | Eee ztcece x PAI SUS b 24s: = a Sa ee eee ne a 8 ee ee Pe ee eee ee x | eee x Sep tempers (as ae sae een ee DG le Sees x xX | Totalenum bepress son n ee ae eee ee en Re eee 1 3 2 2 8 In Table TX are given the dates of each picking on each plat, the number of pounds of seed cotton (calculated on the basis of 1 acre) se- cured at each picking, and the percentage of the entire yield of each plat represented by the corresponding picking and those previous to it. TABLE IX.—Yields of seed cotton (in pounds per acre and percentages of the total yield) secured on the irrigation experiment plats at Yuma in 1907.% | | | Plates Plat 2. IPlatiss Plat 4. Plate ee | Per | Per | Per Per Per Dates of pickings.! geeq | cent | Seed | cent | Seed | cent | Seed | cent | Seed | cent jcotton.| of jcotton.| of jcotton.| of |eotton.| of |cotton.| of | total. | total. | total. | total total | he Lbs | Lbs. Lbs Lbs September 19222-4222 2222 688 2 | SS Soe ee ee | ee | rae (oe ee |e Septemiber:225 5 2 See | Beene eine ne | eae | ee 664 S129: Sees ees Septemberi23=- === |-—- === ee ee 470 cGy Ree ee ee eee ee September 24-____- 451 BORG Nees efo tC aese soso 4 Ss eee ee ees Pee a ee ee @CtEODET 9 ee ee Peewee eee. Ses te Sl ee ee De | 332 12).2 Octo bere S22ee eee eee 567 7. Ieee ee = ee aes meee ee October 19__--__--- 72901, ||_ Lee ee ee ees |S bee EEE ea \aes 728) see OCCODE 27 en a lea ee 729 | 44.9 448 53) 4S | WETO DEI ee eer a aa | ree | | ae Fee 536 31.8 OClLODeE brea ae Eanes 567 54:8 fees [aveeees lee ee ees cee ms | Ve Ae eee tS, October 282—— = ODA Mamie Or Pe AS ee oe ed Se Py one | ee ee | eee ibis INOVenl ber pee = == ee eens oe aas ee] st Sea 584 BG oie ee et 391 46.3 INIOMEMIDeCLOse ames eee eee aloe to eee ee Eee Hescieest, ooh 308 | 68.1 [pseasscs oa INovember 1222-2 ls=_===2 ee 706 162, LSS ee ES Shee ae [soot euecl Sas 2 A te * Fic. 1.—EGYPTIAN COTTON PLANTS AT YUMA, ARIZ., IN 1903, SHOWING RANK GROWTH AND RELATIVE STERILITY. hey tie gD “2 a fs 4 Tu frp | at. * gi 7 ‘ sand Fic. 2.-EGYPTIAN COTTON PLANTS AT YUMA IN 1907, SHOWING PRODUC- TIVENESS AND SATISFACTORY OPENING OF BOLLS. Bul. 128, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture PLATE III. Fic. 1.—TYPICAL MIT AFIFI COTTON PLANT GROWN AT YUMA, ARiz., IN 1907. FiG. 2.—ANOTHER TYPICAL MIT AFIFI COTTON PLANT GROWN AT YUMA IN 1907. Bul. 128, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV. OPEN AND UNOPENED BOLLS OF MIT AFIFI COTTON GROWN AT YUMA, ARiIZ., IN 1907. (Natural size.) PLATE V. Bul. 128, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Mit AFIFI SEED COTTON, SHOWING IMPROVEMENT BY SELECTION: A, SELECTION OF 1903; B, DESCENDANT IN 1907. (Natural size.) Pry ei ah i Pop ” i i 5 oe - The ire — y Wane ae Pea RL PPE Xx. Page ENO OHS COLLON, GeScripwon and ayielda sess ee 18 experimental growing in United States __________________ 37 Sinmlarity tor sea island: coElones= 2st 37 Acclimatization of Egyptian cotton in Southwest, results____________ 37-438, 61 Alexandria, Egypt, average prices of Egyptian and Upland cottons, SOS 1) een eee t Ser kee eee 25 climate, temperature, and humidity_______________ 12-14 PU EONS LCI CEs COLO Mee ae ane en yee ee SE ee 15, 16, 32 soils. See Soils. AELIZ0NA, ALeAS AG a Pred stone ypulal COMO] = == Se ee 28 climate, humidity, and saturation deficit, comparison with JOR AA Oa se ee ee ee eee eae ee eee 12-13 temperaiburehuniMEeiby, ete=== ee DOERR experiments with wey ptianm-coutom, 1O02= = eee 34 irrigation experiments with Egyptian cotton, results___________ 4548 S00 DB SUPT Se ee ee ee Ss ee ee 31 Ashmuni cotton, American-grown, reports of experts___________________ 34-37 description, length of fiber, yield, and value___________ V7 experimental growing in United States________________ 34 Automobile tires, use of Egyptian and Sea Island cottons_______________ 27 Palbricaain) coods, use. Of. Hsyptian=cottone= =. 2 a 26 Bales, cotton, description, size, and weight, American and Egyptian___ 24, 55-56 LET G OES Coy RO) oe ote ag Of pee ae eee a ee eee eee ee 24 Southwestern” United (Statessaae a ee 54-56 Bermuda grass, eradication from cotton fields in Colorado River region__ 59-60 Berseem, maintenance of soil fertility in Egypt________________________- 11 NOtATON! WLEN COGLOMs Tie Li yin eenneetereee sed. ee 19 use as a winter crop in Southwestern United States__________~- 57 Bicycle tires, use of Egyptian and Sea Island cottons____.______-____-- 27 “Black arm” disease, Egyptian cotton, danger from infected seed_____~ 58 Boll-rot disease, Egyptian cotton, danger from infected seed___~--_~~ 58 weevil, danger of introduction in Colorado River region, preventive TAVOSU SULT Ce ee en rs Tt 9, 59 lOss*O£ cotton: Season On oun eee 59 Boston, average prices of Egyptian and Upland cottons, 1898—1907______ 25 @airo, climate, temperature, and humidity==— "~~ ___ =e ___. 12-14 Calexico, Cal., Jannovitch cotton, reports of experts____-__-----~- __.. 34-37 California, areas adapted to Egyptian cotton_____________- ieee i ee er oS experiments with Egyptian cotton, 1902_____ Seth ee et ae 3 Jannovitch cotton, reports of experts_______- : oS ee SOUL /MUPVEY Seen oe 2 ms 5 a 31 southeastern, climate, rainfall, temperature, etc____--------_ 29-31 Climate, Arizona, comparison with Egypt_.._..__.._______~_- 12-14 Salt River and Yuma valleys____________- . 29-31 California: ‘southeastert (232s Se Ss 29-31 Egypt, comparison with Arizona_______________- 11-14 34230—Bul. 128—08S——5 65 66 EGYPTIAN COTTON IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES, “Climatology of the United States,” authority for climatic data of Ari- pe TiO A ee ee ee eS 11 Clover, Alexandrian. See Berseem. Colorado River region, acreage under irrigation___-___-_—-_=-_______ = 62 area, adapted to Heypiuan) cotton eee 30 Bermuda crass SeradicavlOn se 60 Egyptian cotton, cultural suggestions_______~__ 48-57 labor. COndITIONS= = 222-20 2>2 = eee 57 Soils; authorities quoted===2=)—— = = Bal composition and fertilizer requirements__ 31-352 Suitability for Heyptian cottons=——===-—— == 8,9 use of leguminous crops for green manuring___~-~ 57 Water. ‘supply _- = "2. ee ee 32-33 Sediment average. 2 > i ee eee 15 Valley, climate, etc., represented by Yuma, Ariz., rec- OOS me ete ae ee eee 12, 29-31 Compress, cotton. See Press. @ottionuacreaes eh) cay es eee ee eee ial alkali ores StanCewesss = so Ss os ee ee ee 15-16, 32 American Middling Upland, average prices, Alexandria, Liverpool, And Bostone sl 898 190 (eet: 2 it. ee ee 25 balines Southwestern) (United States ==—— Se 54-56 boll-rot. See Boll-rot. weevil. See Boll weevil. Gultivation.«Hleyptian methods 2-2. aes eee tousecunesQust inuleh_-= == Se 53 cultural methodssthayptexL25 2" So ee ee 19-24 cultUurelingh sypirdescripiion= = "== 10-26 deteriorationlor varieties in Dey pts=22 = = 18, 19 drought, resistamces—-- - eee 47, 49 Heyvpeyielass markets: and (ex OES = ses = eee ee 24-26 Egyptian, acclimatization in Southwest, results_________________ 3743 adaptability to certain classes of manufactures_____-__ 26-28 American-grown, markets and transportation____--____ 58 and American, average prices, Alexandria, Liverpool, ands Boston, 1898-190. = = eee 25 areas adapted to culture in United States_____________ 28-33 GHA ACESS EGS i510 Ul yea OTe Se hk characters of the plants grown in the Southwest____-~ 38-39 culture ins United “States: 22 sss ee eee 28-60 machinery required_=2-2-23) eee 54-56 experiments) in, Arizona =~ eee 34H48 Califoniieaw< eee 34 the South Atlantic and Gulf States____ 33 Southwest, results, tests___________ 34443 fbePCOlOY 22 eet es ee i eee 26, 27, 41, 45 from different pickings, comparison____-._______~ 5 freedom from “nep” 2-222 ee ee Pail Waste: ....... 22 3). eee 28 orades) and quality:...£°-. ae eee 18 growing, Southwest, cultural suggestions_____________ 48-57 planting: distance and depth 52 128 INDEX. 67 Cotton, Egyptian, prices, average, Alexandria, Liverpool, Boston, 189S— roe SO Set as as Pa I 5 Dee tt ee Dee 7, 25, 60 quality. and sradessiatSries. 45 ease ei ee 18-19 Similarity: to- Sea) Islind Cottons 2s2-s+-» -)) sa 7, 16, 60 types produced in United States_-__--_-________-=.___ 45 uses by American manufacturers____________________ 26-28 varieties, source, description, and characteristics_____ 16-18 yield tests+ab Vimas sess Ses Os ees . 39-40 experts, opinions on American-grown Egyptian cotton_____ 34-57, 4445 fields, Colorado River region, eradication of Bermuda grass_____ 60 eaau ous (Les hero) opel Wbayee wl Dike ay ee a ne re ee een 24 Southwestern United States________________ 54-56 imports! trom Heypt AS98190 Twas a a ee 7, 25, 60 ny Ubys DY? LOSS eek ee se on nee se ee ee 14 introduction inte Heypt trom Geurzid=* +—_-.~.»--2 = 2 8 16 ATTICA HONE = aes ed ok Oo ee Res se 48-50 land: ‘preparations Hey pt == sss 2sss seers eee 19 picking, Egypt, time and cost, percentage harvested_____________ na Egyptian and Upland varieties, comparison________ 8, 39, 54, 62 in) Southwest} sugeestions ==""= ---- =). 54 planting; depth for Heyptian cotton Seed=-==..._-_=- = =~ 52 Egypt, time, distance, and quantity of seed___________ 21 Southwest; time and distanee-—-=-- +--+. = 50-53 plants, cutting after gathering the crop________________________ 54 prices, Alexandria, Liverpool, and Boston, 1898S-1907________ 25 Egyptian and American Middling Upland, comparison, TSO R190 (eee as Soe tow eee eae se es a eee Se Sie 25 root system favored by deep plowing and thorough cultivation_ 50, 53, 62 seed. Sce Seed. SLES S FENTO VIN Saas Fee ha eee bea > we ee 54 unit.of weight for basing priee in Weypt.=-=--..- = 2-2 - 18 Upland, grown in Southwest, strength tests___________-_________ 42,43 long-staple varieties, comparison with Egyptian___-_____ 27 Strene@th tesis==" =~) > = s— Se eee se 42 yields sew wma. 2-22 = ~~ eee 39 See also Varietal names. Crop rotation, cotton lands in Southwestern United States______________ 56 Dey pt=s2o2s]= 2- oe n oe a eee eee gy | one ees ss i i pf Cultivation, cotton; Heypt.--—2 =.=) wea eee ee teh = BRE td secure dust muleh=+-= 42222245... - --- set 53 welta,” Nile, climatie: @atas==== = setae bs see ee ee eee 12 Dewey, L. H.; experiments with Bgyptian cotton___-___-_-+_+--_-_-+_-_ 34 Diseases, Egyptian cotton in United States, preventive measures________ 5S—59 Dry goods, classeS made of Heyptidn cotton=-----_____________________ 26-28 HMeyut, 2ericultural; crop. acreage saaeas sae See Se 11 climate, rainfall; and temperature-==---2¢-2.--- .--.. 2+ ---_=- 11-14 Cotten: ACrCA S++ 22S = ae ee ee ee ss es ee 11 culture, conditions, sources of information _____-_________ 10, 16 description; methods 22 hess ee 10-26 imports: ‘Dy Wee See ees ee) ee 7, 60 picking; ginning, ang Deilin eases a ea ie 23--24 yields and marketgc eae See ee a ee ee: 24-26 68 U&GYPTIAN COTTON IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. Page Deypt) phy sicalcharacleristl cs = = eee 11-16 soils, origin, composition, and fertilizer needs_________=_________ 14-16 Egyptian cotton. See Cotton, Egyptian. Fabrics, classes manufactured from Hgyptian cotton______-_-__________ 27 Karmine implements sy pts = == = 20, 23, 24: Kiber, cotton, comparison oLeditterent pickings == === 43 ~ hHlength-of different sinleties see eee eens 2 eee Agate Strength winiluenceror itricablone =e eee 42-48 Hsyptian ‘cotton, American-er.o wal, QU ellitiy== 40-438 reports of experts______ 34-37, 44-45 yield and quality, influence of inniga tionss=2. 2 eee 4548 Hechlizer TequinementS tSOUlScOr wey) ea eee ee 15 Flooding, irrigation system, use in Colorado River region_______________ 49 Foaden, G. P., authority on varieties of Egyptian cotton________________ 10 estimate of yield of Heyptian coton=s =.= = ees 24 Fogs, absence from climate of Southwestern United States______________ 14 occurrence in Weypi, eiect on) CcottonyCro pases == == eee 14 Frost, relation to time of planting and yields__________________ 39, 50, 51, 53, 54 Fungus, cotton-disease, danger from infected soil, prevention___________ 59 HULrOW. ILLI Lat OM. COLOR pM eS yi) ty — es er ee 20 Gallini cotton, supposed origin of Mit Afifi variety______________________ alr Germination, cotton-seedatestine ==> 2 535) ae ee eee 52 Getty, William, expert, report on American-grown Egyptian cotton ______ 35 Ginning cotton, Wieynth eas ea ee ee 24 Southwestern United States = eee 55-56 Gins coutons requirements for Hyp tans CO iOM sere eee 55-56 roller andgsaw, COMpPAarisons=]—— 2 ee eee ee 24, 55 USe” in. Wy ptsee=s . = e e eeeeee 24 Gossypium barbardense, species including Egyptian and Sea Island cot- tons. Characteristics: - 2" ==. 2 = 3 Ae ne eee 7, 16, 38 hirsutum. See Upland cotton. peruvianum, supposed relationship to Egyptian cotton_______ 17 Grading: Hey ptiany Coton a . - 3 6 ie ee ee ee 18 Gulf States, experiments with Egyptian cotton_____________________=:. __ 33-34 Haserick, A. A., estimate of yield of Egyptian cotton__________+________ 24 Henry, A. J., authority for climatic data on Arizona___________-- = alat Eloeingscotton, Heypi methods ==2-2- 52222 eee 22-23 Holmes, G. K., statistics on cotton yields and markets_______________-__ 24-26 J. Garnett, soil surveys, California and Arizonas == === 311 Hnmidity, meansrelative, Heypt and Arizona.) == ee 13, 29 Humphrey, O. L., expert report on American-grown Egyptian cotton_____ 35-37 Imperial Valley, California, estimates of temperature, rainfall, ete_____~ 29-30 irrigation, area supplied with water________ 33 soils; descriptions === =— === ae ee 31-32 imports: «cotton, trom bey pt, 1901-42-52 ee eee 7, 60 IMadians as cotton pieKers= 22. Se 57 IMmtroduction: toy bulletine = =e ee eee 7-10 InMratioOn AdvantacessinecOutOn), Culiune= = == eee ee ee 48 Conditions Colorado River recion=2=. 222. 62 Cotto evils = + a ee ee ee 21-22 CieCtRONEStLenetn Of Cotton! fier = eee meee eee eee 2-43 128 \ INDEX. 69 Page. Irrigation, excessive, bad effects'oniecotton=———— = se 2D, 49° GD experiments, Egyptian cotton, Arizona, results_______________ 4548 fULTLOW, COMparedawibinhoOod hes ee 49 SUSSCSULOR S45 2— a ne ee ay ls ee Ee 48-50 Systems) Nie y Wall ye en ee ee se ee ale as’ Jannovitch cotton, American-grown, reports of experts___________ 534-37, 44-45 SieneniteSts S22. Sees Ee as = 36, 42-43 VIC LCSL Se oa Se ee me Sat te 39 California-, 1903; "estimated. yalue = 9-22 Bo 26 experimental growing in United States__________ 33, 34, 37 source, description, yield, and value_________________ 17-18 Jumel, introduction of cotton into Egypt from Georgia________________ 16 Kearney, Thos. H., experiments in growing Egyptian cotton___________ 3 TELELEN COs eee pe Ra eS SA ee Sete to ee OTE Kerrigan, F, S., expert, report on American-grown Egyptian cotton______ 35 Manor-=conditions., ColoradoeRiverm Resign sss. =e 57-DS Mand preparacion! LOPAeCOTLOD AN ee ype em aS ee ee 19 Southwestern United States____________ 50 MecumMinoOus Crops, Heypt,. as) SOULCES OF nitrosen_ = es ee ala aes: Southwestern United States, as sources of nitrogen___ 5ST Liverpool, average prices of Egyptian and Upland cottons, 1S98—1907____ 25 Lowell Textile School, expert report on American-grown Egyptian cotton_ 35 Lyons, H. G., authority for climatic and physiographic data of Egypt____ 11, 14 Machinery, requirements in Egyptian cotton culture______________ 5456 Manure, farm, Egypt, cost and methods of application__________________ 20 Markets, cotton exports from Egypt, 1898-1906_____ es Se 24 Hey pula Comonus AMerican-OnOWwns = se. 2. 2 ee 58 Means. MNOMES ses TOLCR ON COe sees Se ee er 10, 16 soil surveys in Arizona and California, reference____ 31 Mercerized coods; Usei0L Hey ptian Cotton= ==. = ae a 26 Meteorological data. See Climate, Humidity, Saturation, Temperature. Mit Afifi cotton, American-grown, reports of experts______________ 34-37, 44445 SCRene this Lest Smee es: 2 3s ee 41-43 VLCC R UGS US ere ts 39 Egypt, acreage, description, length of fiber, and yield___ a LT experimental growing in United States______________ 33, 34, 37 planting, distance, Southwestern United States_________ d1 Standard lbs ypilaneveanienyi= = meee. 19 yield per “acre atex mas Ariz. WO0te 45 = 61 Muleh, dust, cotton, cultivation’ to; maintains Sse 53 MuitabionsOrifins: Of COULOM VaTICTiCS =a eee ee 16 “Nep,” freedom of Egyptian cotton, probable cause_______ ee 27 presence in American-grown Egyptian cotton___________________ 56, 44 New Mexico, experiments with Egyptian cotton, 1902___________________ 3 Nile sediment, thickness, determination________________ wee ee Seen eas Valley, crop acreage and adrricavion works2 ee 11 MITFOCeD. SOULCES, LUZ Vi bial CO D6 ae a eee ee ee nba Bea Ess in Southwestern United States_____________ en eee aT NDE COLLON, -G@eSCrip GON == see = ee See ee 18 Peeler. See Cotton, Upland, long-staple. Peruvian cotton, supposed relationship to Egyptian cotton_____~--______ a ly Phoenix, Ariz., climate, temperature, and humidity__-_—~ aoe 12-14, 29-31 128 “0 EGYPTIAN COTTON IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. “ Physiography of Nile River and Its Basin,” by H. G. Lyons, authority paar on climate and) Soilstot-Wey pie = 22- 2-22 ee ee eee ee 11, 14 Picking cotton, comparison of Egyptian and Upland varieties______ 8, 39, 54, 62 Egypt, percentage harvested at each time, ete____________ 23 timesand! iGOSt. = a=) = eS Se ee ee 23 in. Southwest,; labors: 2.0 «sec eee eee eee ee 57, 58 SUP eeShOnS i ee ee ee 53—54: Plant Industry, Bureau, experiments in growing Egyptian cotton, re- SultS\__- 2"... 23302 es ee a ee ee eee 8, 33-87, 61 Planting cotton, Egypt, time, distance, and quantity of seed______________ 21. Southwest, time, distance, and methods________________ 50-53 Plates, descriptionu 2-225 eee e see ee Fe ee ee 63 Plowing, deep; Lor cottonplanting =o 28 ess See ee eee Press, cotton, prices for various sizes and capacities____________________ 55, 56 LEQuiInemenis fOr WLy tle COUOM a ae ee en TF ity Prices, estimates on American-grown Hgyptian cotton_________________ 35, 44 market quotations of Egyptian and Upland cotton_______________ 25 Raintall> Arizona. aiverdceranniigioves sone eee 29 HDgy pt-=2222-s2s0ee 2. Jo eek ee See eee eS es es ee 12 INnjUTIOUS “to sHaypiian- Covtons== 2 22 eee ee ee 31 Reclamation Service, irrigation work in Arizona—_-___-___-__--______-__ 32 Rollerssins: usein cinnine Hey ptian Couon==="===——=— == es ee 24, 55 Root-rot disease, Egyptian cotton, danger from soil fungus in South- western United States 2=22. ---+ =) ss oe es eee ee 59 Rotation, crop, cotton lands in Southwestern United States___._______ __ 56-57 Hgypt <222442.22Vec.. 26.3 ee eh ate ee 11,19 Salt River Valley, climate, etc., represented by Phoenix, Ariz., records_ 12, 29-31 irrigation, area supplied with waterL_-__.--____.____ 32 SOUSE ed eSeri ptiOns= 2s toe os See ee ee ae 31-32 Sateens: use of Hay ptianeottons== «se. 22s. - ee ee eee 27 Saturation deficit, mean, Heypt and Arizona2222-222 = eee 13-14 Saw gins not adapted for use on Egyptian cottomn__________-__-_______ 24, 55 Sea Island eotton; similarity to Egyptian cottom__-_-2- ~~ 7, 16, 60 substitution of Egyptian cotton in manufactures______ 27 Sediment, ‘Coloradom hive)’ average:===2 2 =ssk se See ee ee 15 Nile. thickness: determination =.=" = -\= ss 2 Ses eee 1415 Seed, cotton, fumigation to prevent introduction of boll weevil__________ 10, 59 germination; teSts2s:2482 42. See eee es 52 MATKet Reese = ou ds ee Se ee ee eee 58 quantity sper acre in Hpy pt. 22) =) 2s). ae ee oe selection stor Southwest..22s.=-s3 25 2S eee 10: 37, 52: 61 Sodium chiorid. resistance OL Cottons sa 22 = a ee eee ae eae 16 Sous) alkali, ‘ColoradomRiver region. 22-9 2 eee eee 32 gry pee. a le ee eee 15, 16 Colorado River region, authorities quoted=2=2 = See 31 HKgypt, origin, composition, and fertilizer needs__________________ 14-15 Salt River, Yuma, and Imperial valleys, description____________ 31-32 South Atlantic States, experiments with Egyptian cotton ______________ 33—04 Carolina, experiments with Egyptian cotton_-___-_~--=__--_____ 34 Southwest, Egyptian cotton growing, cultural suggestions___-__________ 48-57 experiments with Egyptian cotton, results of tests__________ 384-438 Strength tests, American-grown Hgyptian cotton___-_-_--_-----____ 36, 41-43 128 INDEX. 71 Page. (SHUTOUT ETE ey oCop Gel nb NYE) sie hese ee ee ee eS Ne ee ee ee a 60-62 Temperature, mean monthly and annual, Arizona and Egypt___________ Alp Territorial Agricultural Experiment Station, Arizona, growing Egyptian COON CCKDCLCUNMEN LS ANG! SONU TS se wa ee A ee 34-37 MEStsaiCOULOn s yield and. Strength 2 ee ee Pe 36, 39, 41-43 Texas, experiments with Egyptian cotton, 1902________._ 34. SC VO UL Ss CO tLOM Ss = = ae = Bee rn © Sete ee SS ee a2 Whread:. tine; superiority of Sea -Island cotton=——_— -- =~. = 2 Tires, bicycle and automobile, use of Egyptian and Sea Island cottons__ 26 Transportation, Egyptian cotton, American-grown_______________ ay, Types, Egyptian cotton, developed from imported seed___--_- 45 BSCS TOhe me yp tall COLON = 5-1 eee mee ee A 26-28 Varieties. See Cotton, varieties. Mala ulinitve COLLOM. Seed. testin G2 = == = = es Ree 52 SiC COULOM eG Chit rl lbe ees te = ee oes ae ee 35 determination in American-grown Egyptian varieties_____ Sooo WALerasupply. OOlLOrAd OMMiver Teflon = eee 32-33 Webber, Herbert J., experiments in growing Egyptian cotton______ | 30-3 Weevil, boll. See Boll weevil. Wilt disease) danger from infected seed: === 5S, 59 Miciis a Coton, Ine ATIZONas LOStS:, [OO j= ss meee: a 39, 46 DAO) oe ee ee ee ee ee ee ea 24 Yuma, Ariz., climate, temperature, and humidity_._______________ 12-14, 29-31 experiments with Egyptian cottons, concentration of work__ 8 irrigation experiments in growing Egyptian cotton________ 4548 Valley, climate, temperature, and humidity______________ 12-14, 29-31 irrigation, area supplied with water____.________________ 33 SOUS PV OCSCrI) tO Messe ee 2 31-32 128 DoS: DEPAR EMEN Bar AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 129. | B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. BY ALBERT C. CRAWFORD, PuarMaco.ogisr, Porsonous-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS. ISSUED AUGUST 22, 1908. TA SSSSSASTY SS WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1908. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Physiologist and Pathologist, and Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. Physiologist and Pathologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods. Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge. Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge. Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Haven Metcalf, Pathologist in Charge. Cotton and Truck Diseases and Plant Disease Survey, William A. Orton, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge. Cotton Breeding Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel and Daniel N. Shoemaker, Physiolo- gists in Charge. Tobacco Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel, Wightman W. Garner, and Ernest IH. Mathewson, in Charge. Corn Investigations, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge. Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations, Thomas H. (Kearney, Physiologist in Charge. : Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge. Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge. Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge. Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge. Crop Technology and Fiber Plant Investigations, Nathan A. Cobb, Crop Technologist in Charge. Taxonomic and Range Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge. Farm Management Investigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge. Grain Investigations, Mark Alfred Carleton, Cerealist in Charge. Arlington Eaperimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge. Vegetable Testing Gardens, William W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge. Western Agricultural Extension Investigations, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge. Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations, BE. Channing Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge. Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. Field Investigations in Ponology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in Charge. Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent. Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge. Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge. Grain Standardization, John D. Shanahan, Crop Technologist in Charge. Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., W. W. Tracy, jr., Assistant Botanist in Charge. South Texas Garden, Brownsville, Tex., Edward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge. Farmers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work, Seaman A. Knapp, Special Agent in Charge. Seed Distribution (Directed by Chief of Bureau), Lisle Morrison, Assistant in General Charge. Editor, J. KE. Rockwell. Chicf Clerk, James E. Jones. POISONOUS-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS. SCIENTIFIC STAFF, Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge. C. Dwight Marsh, Hapert in Charge of Field Investigations. Albert C. Crawford, Pharmacologist. Arthur B. Clawson, Papert in Field Investigations. Ivar Tidestrom, Assistant Botanist, in Cooperation with Forest Service. 129 Pe LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. DEPARTMENT oF AGRICULTURE, Bureau or Piant Inpustry, OrrIce OF THE CHIEF, Washington, D. C., April 10, 1908. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a technical bulletin entitled “ Barium, a Cause of the Loco-Weed Dis- ease,” prepared by Dr. A. C. Crawford, Pharmacologist, under the direction of Dr. Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge of Poison- ous-Plant Investigations, and to recommend that it be published as Bulletin No. 129 of the series of this Bureau. For many years the stockmen in many parts of the West have re- ported disastrous consequences following the eating of so-called loco weeds characteristic of the regions involved. While many have doubted any causal relation between the plants in question and the stock losses, the reality of the damage has remained and has seemed to require a thoroughgoing sifting of the evidence concerning the part played by the plants. Accordingly, in the spring of 1905 a station for the experimental study of the problem was established at Hugo, Colo., in charge of Dr. C. Dwight Marsh, Expert, in cooperation with the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. Later a further feeding experiment was undertaken at Imperial, Nebr., in cooperation with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. Parallel with the feeding work in the field, laboratory work, designed to test under laboratory conditions the poisonous action of the plants from given areas, was undertaken at Washing- ton by Dr. A. C. Crawford, Pharmacologist. A further phase of his part of the work was an attempt to ascertain the nature of such poisonous substance or substances as might occur in the loco plants. In both of these lines of work Doctor Crawford has been successful, and the technical results of his work are here collected. Respectfully, B. T. GaLioway, Chief of Bureau. Hon. James Winson, Secretary of Agriculture. 129 3 INTRODUCTORY. STATEMENT. A scientific understanding of the so-called loco-weed disease has been demanded and sought after for several decades for most prac- tical purposes, but, in spite of the great amount of attention which this problem has received, no general agreement has been found among the results obtained. The field investigations have given such contradictory evidence that until the Bureau of Plant Industry of the Department of Agriculture turned its attention to the matter the whole subject of the loco disease was regarded by many as a kind of delusion and the existence of a distinct entity was freely doubted. Not only did this confusion characterize the field aspect of the matter, but the situation viewed from the standpoint of laboratory study was also much obscured. Some investigators claimed to have separated poisonous substances of various sorts from the loco weeds, while others of equal scientific standing denied the presence of any poisonous substance in the plants under general suspicion—the so-called loco weeds. In view of the great seriousness of the loco situation from the standpoint of the stock interests, an active campaign both in the line of feeding experiments in the field and laboratory study at Wash- ington was undertaken by the Office of Poisonous-Plant Investiga- tions of the Bureau of Plant Industry. The feeding experiments carried out at Hugo, Colo., in coopera- tion with the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, before the close of the first season developed evidence that there was in reality such a thing as a loco disease. The investigator in charge was enabled to describe the disease in its most important manifestations and made it possible to sift the facts from the large number of contradictory statements in the literature. The laboratory work, undertaken and carried on simultaneously, consisted of a pharmacological study, under laboratory conditions and with the usual laboratory subjects, of the action of plant mate- rial sent in from the field. The acute phase of loco-weed poisoning, as well as a more prolonged type of the disease, was studied. In plants found in this preliminary feeding to be harmful, the poisonous prin- ciple was sought, with the very striking results fully described in this paper. The demonstration of the presence of barium in the plants was followed by barium feeding, with the production of symptoms 129 5 6 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. which agreed with those produced in the laboratory with loco extracts and in the field experiments with the loco plants as seen growing on the range. By comparing these laboratory results with those produced in connection with the field work, it became possible to sift the wheat from the chaff in the mass of contradictory evidence detailed in the literature of this subject. The practical importance of the discovery of the true nature of the active poisonous principle of the loco weeds is very great. It not only sheds light on the loco situation and enables one to explain many hitherto inexplicable things, but it also adds much to our knowledge of barium in its medical bearings. It opens up most important prob- lems concerning the soils and the relation of the flora to them. It should be borne in mind that although barium is shown to be chiefly responsible for the poisonous properties of loco weeds in eastern Colorado, it is entirely possible that in other regions other substances may be equally or even more significant. This discovery also seems likely to provide a basis for a rational treatment of locoed stock. Unfortunately, the discovery of the fact that barium is the poisonous constituent of loco weeds came too late to aid in the search for remedial measures on the range during the period covered by this report, but those empirically arrived at have received additional support from these laboratory results. Thus the work in field and laboratory, undertaken after repeated attempts and discouraging failures by others, has yielded results to persistent scientific research and promises practical aid to the now suffering live-stock interests. The results of the laboratory work are presented in this bulletin. Ropney H. True, Physiologist in Charge. 129 CON ENS: reographical distribution of the loco-weed disease and allied conditions__ riantseassociated with, the: locoed? condition=— == — Clinical symptoms of locoed animals as described in literature __________ Conditions similar to loco-weed poisoning in other parts of the world____ Pathological conditions in locoed animals as described on the range_____ Notes on various members of the loco-weed family____-____-__-_-__-_-_-__ > aboratory: experiments—physiological _22-=— = se BESET UMeTE Ss OL WLS ese meen oe oe eM So SNOW (REIN CE GS Ss ae ee ee Jendseaanihe Byniiedy Cpe = ee ee ee ee SUVCHtANCOUNGIN CCHONS 2 ee eee a Summary of feeding experiments on rabbits_______-__________-_ EES DCEITNTENES FORM SHEE) eee = ere inn mE oa Ne ee laboratory, ex periments——-chemical === 2. ee ee Effect of the aqueous extract of ashed loco plants__________________ Totalwash Gdeterminations*o£ loco plants2* a= — == - 3 22s ee Barium determinations in the ash of loco plants___________________ JNO NIASTCY ONE S701 bebe Some ee ee es en ee ee Feeding experiments with barium salts on animals in the laboratory____ PARIS POISONIN SIN) AN ee ee ee Pathological lesions in experimental barium poisoning__________________ Toxicity of various aqueous extracts of loco plants___________________ a Theoretical antidote for loco-weed poisoning__-=—--~__.._____..._.__.~-__— Action of barium on domestic and farm animals________________---__-- Application of the results of these investigations to the range___--______ DOI Eo) 0 ee es ee ee oe err ee iU6(6 (gee ee eo ee A ee Ere ee 129 -| B, P. I.—375. BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE AND ALLIED CONDITIONS. In our Western States there is a marked annual loss of stock due to various causes. Some of these animals die in a condition known as “ locoed,” a term derived from the Spanish word * loco,” meaning foolish or crazy. This disorder extends from Montana to Texas and Mexico, and from Kansas and Nebraska to California.‘ In 1898 the United States Department of Agriculture sent out, under the immediate direction of Mr. V. K. Chesnut, a request for information concerning the ravages of the loco disease. It was found that in the ten States of California, Colorado, Kansas, Mon- tana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Texas, and Wyoming the loss in 1898 was $144,850. Of this amount, $117,300 was attributed to Colorado alone; in fact, the disorder spread so that this State expended more than $200,000 in two years and over $495,000 in a period of nine years in attempts to eradicate the loco plants, the supposed cause of the trouble.” The loss in one area of 35 by 120 miles in southwestern Kansas amounted to 25,000 cattle in 1883.¢ This loss in stock has been so great that the raising of horses has of necessity been abandoned in certain areas on account of the prevalence of these loco weeds. It is difficult to obtain accurate data, as the ranchmen believe that any information as to the prevalence of the disorder would interfere with the value of their stock.? Dr. James Fletcher, of the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, testified before the Select Standing Committee on Agri- “Stalker, M. The “Loco” Plant and Its Effect on Animals. Bur. Animal Industry, 3d Ann. Rept. (1886), p. 271. 1887. > Bur. Animal Industry, 6th and 7th Ann. Repts. (1889 and 1890), p. 272. 1891. ¢Day, M. G. Loco-Weed. In F. P. Foster’s Reference-Book of Practical Therapeutics, vol. 1, p. 587. 1896. 4Q’Brine, D. Progress Bulletin on the Loco and Larkspur. .Colo. State Agric. Coll. Bul. 25, p. 18. 1893. 129 9 10 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. culture and Colonization that he had never seen a case in the North- west of a Canadian bred animal being locoed, although the loco plants were prevalent. He explained this absence of loco disease by the abundance of grass on the range, because of which the animals do not acquire the habit of eating loco plants.t Cases have been reported, however, in Manitoba.’ PLANTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOCOED CONDITION. The condition known as “ locoed ” is popularly believed to be due to eating various plants, especially the members of the Astragalus and Aragallus genera of the Leguminose, or pea family, but particularly to Astragalus mollissimus and Aragallus lamberti. These plants have therefore received the name “loco plants,” ° or crazy weed. But others, as Astragalus mortoni,’ A. hornii, A. lentiginosus, A. pattersoni A. nuttallianus, A. missouriensis, A. lotiflorus, A. bisulcatus, A. haydenianus,! A. tridactylicus Crotala- ria sagittalis, Lotus americanus,’ Sophora sericea, Caprioides aureum, Aragallus deflexa,' A. campestris, A. lagopus,’ Malvastrum cocet- neum, Amaranthus graecizans, and Rhamnus lanceolata, are con- sidered by some as loco plants.’ In other places Stipa vaseyi, Leu- cocrinum montanum, Fritillaria pudica, Zygadenus elegans," and even species of Delphinium are considered loco plants, so widely has this name been used. In Mexico the term “locoed ” embraces a condition due to the action of Cannabis sativa and various members of the nightshade family. This term has been much abused and has been made to embrace many groups of symptoms. In fact, if an animal dies while 4¥Wletcher, J. Evidence Before the Select Standing Committee on Agriculture and Colonization. Ottawa, 1905, p. 53. + Wletcher, J. Experimental Farms Reports for 1892, p. 148. 1895. ¢ Sayre, L. E. Loco Weed. Amer. Vet. Rev., vol. 11, p. 555. 1887.—Stalker, M. The “ Loco” Plant and Its Effect on Animals. Bur. Animal Industry, 3d Ann. Report. (1886), p. 271. 1887. @BWastwood, A. The Loco Weeds. Zoe, vol. 3, p. 538. 1892. € Chesnut, V. K. Preliminary Catalogue of Plants Poisonous to Stock. Bur. Animal Industry, 15th Ann. Rept. (1898), p. 404. f Williams, T. A. Some Plants Injurious to Stock. S. Dak. Agric. Coll, and Hxper, Sta.-Bull 33; ps 21. W893: 9 Givens, A. J. Loco or Crazy Weed. Med. Century, vol. 1, p. 22. 1893. h Bastwood, A., 1. ec. 1892. 7 Sayre, L. E. Loco Weed. Amer. Vet. Rev., vol. 11, p. 555. 1887. j Amer. Pharm. Assoc. Proc. for 1879, vol. 27, p. 611. 1880. k Kelsey, F. D. Another Loco Plant. Bot. Gaz., vol. 14, p. 20. 1889. 1 Sayre, L. E. Loco Weed. Kans. State Board Agric., 5th Bienn. Rept., p. 209. 1887. m Anderson, F. W. Poisonous Plants and the Symptoms They Produce. Bot. Gaz., vol. 14, p. 180. 1889.—Pammel, L. H. Loco Weeds. Vis Medicatrix, vol. 1, p. 44. 1891. 129 PLANTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOCOED CONDITION. 11 showing more or less stupor it is said to be locoed.*. The early Spanish settlers seemed to be unfamiliar with the disease, or at least of any causative relation between the plant and the disease. The Spanish name for Astragalus mollissimus was “ Garbanzillo,” from its resemblance to Garbanzo (Cicer arietinum), which is used in Spain as a food.” The term as applied to this condition seems to be of comparatively recent origin.° A somewhat similar condition to the loco in stock is sometimes attributed by the ranchmen of our Western States to eating various sages.’ In Texas the loco disease is known as “ grass staggers.”¢ Hayes! has described as follows a condition known as grass stag- gers, which apparently has little resemblance to loco and is supposed to be due to eating overripe grass, especially rye. The symptoms, generally, take two or three days to become developed. The animal gradually becomes more or less unconscious and paralyzed and stag- gers if forced to walk. Although he may have great difficulty in keeping on his legs, he is extremely averse from going down and leans for support against any convenient object. He breathes in a snoring manner. The mucous mem- branes are tinged with yellow. Convulsions, or spasms, like those of tetanus, may come on. Recovery may be expected in cases which are not marked by extreme symptoms. If animals are not regularly salted, they visit salt deposits and eat the alkalis. This some sheepmen believe to be the cause of the locoed condition, but this is disproved by the occurrence of locoed animals in ranges without salt Others modify this view by claiming that the vitiation in taste from eating these alkalis leads to a desire for the loco weeds and thus to the locoed condition.’ “Stalker, M. The “Loco” Plant and Its Effect on Animals. Bur. Animal Industry, 3d Ann. Rept. (1886), p. 275. 1887.—Anderson, F. W. Poisonous Plants and the Symptoms They Produce. Bot. Gaz., vol. 14, p. 180. 1889. Notre.—The symptoms described in Janvier’s interesting story, “In Old Mexico” (Secribner’s Magazine, vol. 1, p. 67, 18ST), would coincide with those due to some member of the nightshade family (probably Datura stramonium). See also Pilgrim, C. W., Does the Loco Weed Produce Insanity? in Proc. Amer. Medico-Psycholog. Assoc., vol. 5, p. 167. 1898. bSayre, L. E. Loco Weed. Kans. State Board Agric., 5th Bienn. Rept., p. 209. 1887. Stalker, M. The “Loco” Plant and Its Effect on Animals. Bur. Animal Industry, 3d Ann. Rept. (1886), p. 272. 1887. @Mayo, N. S. Loco. The Industrialist, vol. 30, p. 473. 1904. € Science, vol. 9, p. 82. 1887. f Hayes, M. H. Veterinary Notes for Horse Owners, London, 1903, p. 425.— Compare Woronin, M. Ueber die Taumelgetreide in Siid-Ussurien. Bot. Zeit., vol. 49, p. 80. 1891. ’ Chesnut, V. K., and Wilcox, E. V. Stock-Poisoning Plants of Montana. U. S. Dept. Agric., Div. Bot., Bul. 26, p. 88. 1901. Nore.—The wide distribution of these plants is claimed to be partly due to the buffalo. See Blankinship, J. W., The Loco and Some Other Poisonous Plants in Montana, in Mont. Agric. Exper. Sta. Bul. 45, p. 79. 19038. 129 12 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF LOCOED ANIMALS AS DESCRIBED IN. LITERATURE. The animals usually affected are sheep, horses, cattle, mules,? donkeys,’ and goats. It is claimed that practically all herbivorous animals are liable to the disease, even antelopes being affected.° Hogs are said to be unaffected,’ but definite information is lacking. Cows seem to be less sensitive to this form of intoxication.° The condition is usually a chronic one, although acute cases are said to occur at times. The symptoms consist of digestive disturbances, as- sociated with emaciation and various symptoms suggesting lesions in the nervous system, central or peripheral. The animals lose their appetite from the first, begin to emaciate, and show symptoms of malnutrition and starvation. The head trembles, the gait becomes feeble and uncertain, the eyes become sunken and have a “ flat, glassy look.” There is a general sluggishness, muscular incoordination, and difficulty in motion; finally all control of the limbs is lost and the animal is unable to stand; the coat becomes rough and loses its Juster, and, in fact, all the typical symptoms of starvation appear. In some cases diarrhea is also present. All of Nockolds’s animals, however, were constipated and the stools were covered with mucus.? The dependent portions of the body may swell, simply as an expression of the anemia.” Sometimes there are symptoms indicating acute pain,’ the animals running about as if affected with colic. They may belch and their abdomens swell. Some claim that the animals are markedly salivated so that the saliva trickles from their mouths. In other cases the mouth may be dry./ The eyes may be rolled up so that the whites alone show. In some cases eke pupil has heen noted to be dilated, as in atropine 4 Kingsley, B. F. The Loco Plant. Daniel’s Texas Medical Journal, vol. 5, 10s BRAG alsteteh > Schwartzkopff, O. The Effects of ‘‘ Loco-Weed.’ Amer. Vet. Rey., vol. 12, p. 162. 1888. © MeCullaugh, F. A. Locoed Horses. Journ. Comp. Med. & Vet. Archives, vol. 13, p. 435. 1892. @Wastwood, A. The Loco Weeds. Zoe, vol. 3, p. 57. 1892. © Vasey, G. Plants Poisonous to Cattle in California. Report of Commis- sioner of Agriculture for 1874, p. 159. 1875. iNasey, “G., 12 (Cs Dp. 159: I Nockolds, C. Poisoning by Loco Weed. Amer. Vet. Rey., vol. 20, p. 570, 1896-7. h Patterson, A. H. Starvation Gidema. Med. Rev., vol. 56, p. 715, 1899. t Vasey, G. Botanical Notes, Monthly Reports of Dept. Agriculture for 1875, p. 504. 1874. J Anderson, F. W. Poisonous Plants and the Symptoms They Produce. Bot. Gaz., vol. 14, p. 180. 1889. 129 CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF LOCOED ANIMALS. 13 poisoning,’ but Wilcox states that they are contracted as after the use of eserine.’ The temperature of the animal falls from 3 degree to 14 degrees F. below normal.¢ Tetanic symptoms may occur,! or the muscles of the mouth and tongue becoming paralyzed may inter- fere with mastication. When water is offered to the animal, it gazes stupidly at it and may not drink for days. One of the symptoms noted is the loss of power to back properly. Cows during the first two or three months of gestation are almost sure to abort.f This is claimed by Knowles, however, to be due to malnutrition. As a result of these observations, suggesting some uterine action, the drug has been proposed as an emmenagogue.’ The psychical symptoms are shown by errors of judgment. The animal becomes dull and spiritless and wanders about half dazed. The mental dullness passes into stupor. This dull, stupid condition has been compared to intoxication with opium. If the locoed horse is led across a stick lying on the ground he often jumps high as if it were a great obstacle. The animal may now have maniacal attacks, during which he rears and may fall backward,’ and makes un- reasonable jumps and other unexpected movements, thus rendering himself dangerous to man.‘ Other symptoms due to disturbances of the central nervous system are hallucinations of various sorts. Though the optic nerve itself is apparently not affected, the animal will stare at an object for a long time without any apparent compre- hension of its nature. This disturbance in the visual function Me- Cullaugh claims to be one of the first symptoms of this disease. The animal seems to lose all idea of distance, as he will butt against an obstruction as if oblivious of its presence. Any sudden or violent motion made before him may cause him to fall. According to some, “ Schwartzkopff, O. The Effects of ** Loco-Weed.” Amer. Vet. Rey., vol. 12, p. 161. 1888. > Wilcox, T. E. Treatment of ‘‘ Loco” Poisoning in Idaho Territory. Med. Rec., vol. 31, p. 268. 1887. © Mayo, N. 8S. Some Observations Upon Loco. Kans. State Agric. Coll. Bul. 35, p. 118. 1893. @McCullaugh, F. A. Locoed Horses. Journ. Comp. Med. and Vet. Archives, vol. 13, p. 486. 1892. ©€O’Brine, D. Progress Bulletin on the Loco and Larkspur. Colo. State Agric. Coll. Bul. 25, p. 12. 1898. / Knowles, M. E. Loco Poisoning. Breeders’ Gaz., vol. 39, p. 973. 1901.— Sayre, L. E. Loco Weed.- Kans. State Board of Agric., 5th Bienn. Rept., p. 211. 1887.—Ruedi, C. Loco Weed. Trans. Colo. State Med. Soc., p. 422. 1895. 2 Miller,C. H. The Loco Weed: Its Probable Usefulness as an Emmenagogue. Southern Clinic, vol. 11, p. 269. 1888. Vasey, G. Botanical Notes. Monthly Reports of Dept. Agriculture for 1873, p. 504. 1874. ‘Parker, W. T. The Loco-Weed. Science, vol. 23, p. 101. 1894. 129 14 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. the animal loses the sense which guides him in finding water. A cow may fail to recognize her calf.*| There is more or less loss of control of the limbs” and tremors;° the feet are lifted abnormally high when trotting, and, if crowded, the animal falls headlong and will jump over little hollows as if they were wide ditches.4 The horse may shy without apparent cause and kick at imaginary objects,’ and, in fact, the reasoning powers seem to be lost. These attacks are brought on by sudden excitement or when crossing water.! There may be cutaneous hypereesthesia. The animals may remain with the herd, but they often wander away. Stalker records the following observations: I have seen a single animal miles away from any other individual of the herd, carefully searching as if for some lost object, and when a loco plant is found he would devour every morsel of it with the greatest relish. As soon as one plant was eaten he would immediately go in search of more, apparently oblivious to everything but the intoxication afforded by his one favorite article of food.2 All of Nockolds’s animals which were locoed were mares more than 6 years of age.” According to Stalker there is a passive type in which the animal shows symptoms only on being disturbed; the animal then becomes unmanageable. This happens even with old, well-broken saddle horses.? There are few published reports as to the symptoms occurring in sheep which are locoed. Stalker’ says sheep “ become loco-eaters, grow stupid, emaciated, and eventually die.” One of the few de- scriptions of the symptoms is that of Ruedi,” in which he claims that “Vasey, G. Botanical Notes. Monthly Reports of Dept. Agriculture for 1874, Dols Sie. > Anderson, F. W. Poisonous Plants and the Symptoms They Produce. Bot. Gaz,, vol. 14, p. 180. 1889. ¢ Sayre, L. E. Loco Weed. Proc. Amer. Pharm. Assoe., vol. 36, p. 111. 1888. 4Nockolds, C. Poisoning by Loco Weed. Amer. Vet. Rey., vol. 20, p. 570. 1896-7. € Knowles, M. E. Loco Poisoning. Breeders’ Gaz., vol. 39, p. 972. 1901. 7 Vasey, G. Botanical Notes. Monthly Reports of Dept. Agriculture for 1873, p. 504. 1874. 9 Stalker, M. The “ Loco” Plant and Its Effect on Animals. Bur. Animal Industry, 3d Ann. Rept. (1886), p. 272. 1887.—Nockolds, C. Poisoning by Loco Weed. Amer. Vet. Rev., vol. 20, p. 570. 1896-7.—Maisch, J. M. Poison- ous Species of Astragalus. Amer. Journ. Pharm., vol. 51, p. 239. 1879. ” Nockolds, C. Poisoning by Loco Weed. Amer. Vet. Rev., vol. 20, p. 570. 1896-7. + Stalker, M., 1. @., p. 278. j Stalker, M., 1. @, p. 274. k Ruedi, C. Loco Weed (Astragalus Mollissimus) : A Toxico-Chemical Study. Trans. Colo. State Med. Soc., 1895, p. 417. 129 CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF LOCOED ANIMALS. i 5 the symptoms in sheep are those comparable to the symptoms of cerebro-spinal meningitis except that there is an absence of fever. Ruedi speaks of sheep “ lying flat on the ground, not able to stand, and not able even to lift their heads to drink the offered water; the head and the vertebra in opisthotonus position; the four legs stretched out and stiff; breathing was stertorous, pulse slow, abdo- men much distended, diarrhea present. * * * Theheart * * * was very slow and insufficient.” The teeth (in sheep) may blacken and fall out.* It is mainly the young animals, such as lambs and colts, that are affected, probably due to the fact that their attention is more easily directed to the flower of the loco” plants. It is claimed (on slight evidence) that men have become locoed. The symptoms in them are nausea and headache.° Schuchardt 7 has called attention to the resemblance of the symp- toms in locoed animals to those which occur in so-called lathyrism, but most observers in this country have especially marked the resem- blance of the symptoms to those induced by the habitual use of nar- cotic drugs.° Asa rule the loco plants are refused by animals save when there is lack of other food, although at times animals have shown the keenest relish for these plants, rejected all other forage, and devoted their whole attention to searching for the loco plants.’ Stalker says that animals not too long addicted to the use of these plants, if confined, soon lose their taste for them (after two or three months)” although old loco eaters do not readily lose the habit. Stalker also says that “ it is to be presumed that the plant is possessed @Blankinship, J. W. Loco and Some Other Poisonous Plants in Montana. Mont. Agric. Exper. Sta. Bul. 45, p. 81. 1908. bBlankinship, J. W., I. ¢. ¢Day, M. G. Loco-Weed. In F. P. Foster’s Reference Book of Practical Therapeutics, vol. 1, p. 588. 1896.—Pilgrim, C. W. Does the Loco-Weed Produce Insanity? Proc. Amer. Medico-Psycholog. Assoc., vol. 5, p. 167. 1898. @Schuchardt, B. Die Loco-Krankheit der Pferde und des Rindviehs. Deutsch. Zeits. f. Thiermed., vol. 18, p. 405. 1892.—Parker, W. T. Loco-Weed. Science, vol. 23, p. 101. 1894. €McCullaugh, Ff. A. Locoed Horses. Journ. Comp. Med. and Vet. Archives, vol. 13, p. 485. 1892. f Stalker, M. The “ Loco” Plant and Its Effect on Animals. Bur, Animal Industry, 3d Ann. Rept. (1886), p. 272. 1887. 9 Stalker, M. The “ Loco” Plant and Its Effect on Animals. Bur. Animal Industry, 3d Ann. Rept. (1886), p. 272. 1887.—See also Linfield, F. B. Sheep Feeding, in Mont. Agric. Coll. Exper. Sta. Bul., 59. 1905.—Special Report on Diseases of Cattle. sur. Animal Industry, 1904, p. 66.—Wileox, E. V. Plant Poisoning of Stock in Montana. Bur. Animal Industry, 17th Ann. Rept., p. 115. 1900. 129 16 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. of some toxic property that has a specific effect on the nervous centers, and that these effects have a marked tendency to remain permanent.” 4 The fundamental character of the disorder seems to be a progress- ing anemia. The interpretation of psychical symptoms in herbivora, and especially on the range, must often be fallacious. CONDITIONS SIMILAR TO LOCO-WEED POISONING IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD. According to Maiden® a condition similar to loco is met with among animals in Australia and is there believed to be due to eating various species of Swainsona.” As Maiden says, “ Its effect on sheep is well known; they separate from the flock, wander about listlessly, and are known to the shepherds as ‘ pea-eaters’ or ‘ indigo-eaters.’ When once a sheep takes to eating this plant it seldom or never fattens, and may be said to be lost to its owner.” Horses, after eating this herb, “ were exceptionally difficult to catch, and it was observed how strange they appeared. Their eyes were staring out of their heads and they were prancing against trees and stumps. The second day two out of nine died, and five others had to be left at the camp.” Martin? experimentally studied these cases of intoxication and sums up his work as follows: 1. That one can by feeding sheep upon Darling pea reproduce all the symp- toms which are attributed by pastoralists to this cause. Briefly stated these symptoms are: Stupidity, loss of alertness and an agonized expression, followed by stiffness and slight staggering and frequently trembling of the head or limbs. Later, clumsiness and unsteadiness ensue, which slowly advance until the animal often falls down. In this stage, the action of the animal in running over small obstacles is characteristic. It jumps over a twig as if it were a foot in height. When first it commences to. tumble about, it is able more or less readily to regain its feet, but in the advanced stage of the disease this is im- possible and, after exhausting itself in efforts to do so, it remains lying down until it dies. During the whole time the sheep become progressively more bloodless, and in advanced cases the blood when shed appears to the naked eye lighter in color. It contains fewer red blood-cells (about two-thirds to one- half the usual number). (The corpuscles were estimated in several cases by means of a hemocytometer.) All these symptoms are much aggravated by driving. Thus, an animal in which the symptoms are little marked may exhibit them in a striking degree after being driven. In addition to the above the teeth @ Stalker, M., 1. ¢c., p. 275. ’Maiden, J. H. Plants Reputed to be Poisonous to Stock in Australia. Dept. Agric., New South Wales, Misc. Pub. No. 477, pp. 15, 16. 1901. ¢ Notes on Some American and Australian Plants Injurious to Stock. Agric. Gaz., New South Wales, vol. 4, p. 677. 1894.—Notes on Weeds. The Darling Pea. Agric. Gaz., New South Wales, vol. 3, p. 330. 1893. @Martin, C. J. Report on an Investigation into the Effects of Darling Pea (Swainsona Galegifolia) upon Sheep. Agric. Gaz., New South Wales, vol. 8, p. 366. 1898. 129 CONDITIONS SIMILAR TO LOCO POISONING. 17 (especially in young sheep) frequently become loose, and consequently displaced or even dislodged. 2. That the time which elapses before the onset of definite symptoms is three to four weeks in sheep of 2 to 3 years old. (It is probable, however, that with younger animals the time is shorter.) 3. That under the conditions of the experiment, the animals survived about three months. They lived, however, an invalid’s life. Everything was brought to them, and it is improbable that if feeding exclusively upon the pea, and left to shift for themselves in the paddocks, they would survive more than two months. 4. That if a sheep be returned to proper fodder after one month to six weeks feeding upon the pea, and before the symptoms are fully established, it may recover completely. 5. That when once the paralytic symptoms are established it will not recover: but if returned to proper food, will remain in much the same condition, be- coming neither better nor worse. 6. That Darling pea contains a very fair amount of nourishing material so that animals may, provided they eat it readily, retain their condition on it for some weeks, until the poisonous principle contained has had time to exert its effects. These plants, if fed with other herbage, do not seem to be injurious and apparently lose their harmful action upon being cultivated. As long as salt is properly fed the animals will not eat this plant? and are said to suffer no effects from it. Physiological study has shown the presence of a body with marked sudorific power which causes rapid emaciation in frogs.° It has been claimed that these symptoms are due to the presence of a narcotic poison in the plant.? Post-mortem examinations were negative save for the presence of a peripheral neuritis.’ @Woolls, W. On the Forage-Plants Indigenous in New South Wales. Linn. Soc., New South Wales, Proc., vol. 7, pp. 315-316. 1882. + Guthrie, F. B., and Turner, F. Supposed Poisonous Plant. Agric. Gaz., New South Wales, vol. 4, p. 86. 1894. ¢ Bailey, F. M., and Gordon, P. R. Plants Reputed Poisonous and Injurious to Stock, Brisbane, 1887, p. 25. 4 Guthrie, F. B., and Turner, F. Supposed Poisonous Plant. Agric. Gaz., New South Wales, vol. 4, p. 87. 1894. € Martin, C. J. Report on the Investigation into the Effects of Darling Pea (Swainsona Galegifolia) upon Sheep. Agric. Gaz., New South Wales, vol. 8, p. 3867. 1898. (Further literature on the indigo disease will be found in Bailey, F. M., and Gordon, P. R. Plants Reputed Poisonous and Injurious to Stock, Brisbane, 1887, p. 25). Notre.—In Canada a chronic disease associated with cirrhosis of the liver results from eating ragwort, or Senecio jacobaea. See Dept. of Agriculture, Canada, Rept. of Veterinary Director General, 1905, Ottawa, 1906, p. 31.—In South Africa a disorder known as nenta appears in goats after eating certain plants, especially Cotyledon ventricosa. See Hutcheon, D., Nenta, in Agric. Journ. Cape of Good Hope, vol. 14, p.'862. 1899. 9 44194—Bull. 129—08 18 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN LOCOED ANIMALS AS DESCRIBED ON THE RANGE. The pathological features as described by previous writers are a softening and ulceration of the stomach walls“ and a degeneration of the walls of the intestines with or without perforations. The peri- toneum may be found inflamed.’ The peritoneum and omentum in one case (cow), reported by Sayre, were covered with small nodules. These were probably tubercular in origin. The colon in one horse was found enormously distended, while the coecum and small intes- tines were normal,’ save that the walls appeared thin. Ulcers have been found at times in the kidneys, but were probably secondary in origin, as other cases are reported with normal kidneys. Faville has found in some cases amyloid degeneration. The pancreas and spleen are reported normal. The abdominal cavity may contain a slight effusion.4 The liver has been found cirrhotic, and at times shows tubercular lesions of a secondary nature. The inner coat of the bladder has been found softened, and in sheep the bladder may be markedly distended at the autopsy. The cerebral membranes are congested and perhaps adherent,’ and there may be blood clots over the longitudinal sinus or at the base of the brain. Effusions have been especially noted around the medulla. The arachnoid has also shown slight congestion, and in other cases the membranes showed a slight thickening. The middle ventricle was found filled with yellow serum, while the fourth ventricle contained a hemorrhagic effusion,’ and the base of the brain was covered by a clot. The hemorrhage may become organized and the brain be held to the membranes by tough organized fibers. In many cases serous effusion is present in the lateral ventricles. The arachnoid space is also in some cases simi- larly filled. Microscopic examination of the brain in the case of a steer showed atrophy of Purkinjie’s cells.’ In sheep the post-mortem examination showed paleness, anemia of the muscles, and great distention of the abdomen. The intestines 4 Anderson, F. W. Poisonous Plants and the Symptoms They Produce. Bot. Gaz., vol. 14, p. 180. - 1889. + Sayre, L. E. Loco Weed. Amer. Vet. Rev., vol. 11, p. 558. 1887. ¢O’Brine, D. Progress Bulletin on the Loco and Larkspur. Colo. State Agric. Coll; Bul, 25; p: 12. 1893. @¥aville, in O’Brine, D. Progress Bulletin on the Loco and Larkspur. Colo. State Agric. Coll. Bul. 25, p. 11. 1893. € Sayre, L. E. Loco Weed. Amer. Vet. Reyv., vol. 11, p. 559. 1887. / Stalker, M. The “Loco” Plant and Its Effect on Animals. Bur. Animal Industry, 3d Ann. Rept. (1886), p. 274. 1887.—Sayre, L. E. Loco-Weed. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. Proc., vol. 38, p. 108. 1890.—O’Brine, D. Progress Bulle- tin on the Loco and Larkspur. Colo. State Agric. Coll, Bul, 25, pp. 16, 17. 1893. 9 Mayo, N. S., I. ¢., p. 118, 129 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF LOCO INVESTIGATIONS. 19 were found filled with gases, and the mesenteric blood vessels filled with blood. No peritonitis, or ascites, or ecchymoses in the mucous membranes were noted in the autopsies made on sheep by Ruedi. The liver has been seen enlarged. In sheep the brain was anemic. Microscopically the brain showed atrophy and the Purkinjie’s cells disappeared or their processes atrophied. In these sheep the brain was so anemic that the distinction between the gray and the white matter was hard to define.* The membranes of the cord have been found inflamed and adherent, but the spinal cord was usually normal.? In some cases, however, the spinal cord has been found softened ¢ and cedematous. The arteries of the limbs were gorged with blood,? and at the same time there was a collection of serum in the abdominal cavity. Death is thought to be due to starvation. In other words, the pathological condition, according to published accounts, shows little that is characteristic save some action on the gastro-intestinal tract. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF LOCO INVESTIGATIONS FROM A PHARMA- COLOGICAL STANDPOINT. During the western immigration of 1849 the Indians along the Mis- sourl River described to the immigrants a plant (Astragalus mollis- simus) producing death in horses and cattle, which was preceded by various forms of excitement./ The attention of the United States Department of Agriculture was first called to the toxic action of the loco plants in 1873, when speci- mens of the plants, which were identified as Astragalus hornii and A. lentiginosus were sent from California by Mr. O. B. Ormsby, with “Ruedi, C. Loco Weed (Astragalus Mollissimus) : A Toxico-Chemical Study. Trans. Colo. State Med. Soc., 1895, p. 418. Sayre, L. E. Loco Weed. Amer. Vet. Rey., vol. 11, p. 559. 1887. ¢O’Brine, D. Progress Bulletin on the Loco and Larkspur. Colo. State Agric. Coll. Bul. 25, p. 12. 1893.—Klench, J. P. Rattleweed or Loco Disease. Amer. Vet. Rev., vol 12, p. 399. 1888. ; 4 Anderson, F. W. Poisonous Plants and the Symptoms They Produce. Bat. Gaz., vol. 14, p. 180. 1889. €McCullaugh, F. A. Locoed Horses. Journ. Comp. Med. and Vet. Archives, vol. 13, p. 486. 1892. / Storke, B. F. The Loco Weed. Med. Current, vol. 8, p. 155. 1892.—Kel- logg, A. California and Colorado ‘* Loco” Poisons. Cal. Acad. Sci. Proe. for TSto, Vol. 6; picd.- as7G. Note.—The very early reports of these loco plants were purely botanical. See Torrey, J., Botany, in Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Sur- vey, by W. H. Emory, vol. 2, p. 56, 1859; also Botanical Register, London, vol. 13, pl. 1054, 1827. 9 Vasey, G. Plants Poisonous to Cattle in California, Rept. of Commis- sioner of Agriculture for 1874, p. 159, 1875. 129 20 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. the statement that they were poisonous to stock, especially to horses. Mrs. J. S. Whipple also corroborated this information. The botanist of the Department, Dr. George Vasey,’ published a note and re- quested further information concerning the plants. These notes were enlarged by a similar contribution by Dr. P. Moffat on Avagallus lamberti.”. The following year Vasey reported with more fullness, and his description of the action of the plants is substantially what we find in most of the books of to-day. In 1876 Lemmon ¢ noted that Astragalus mortoni was “a deadly sheep poison.” At the same time Rothrock,’ botanist of the United States Geographical Survey under Lieutenant Wheeler, described these plants, and Kellogg, a botanist in California, reported that Astragalus menziesii was causing great losses in horses, sheep, and cattle and claimed that the cen had been familiar with this disorder for at least ten or fifteen years. This report of Kellogg was followed by that of Rothrock / in 1877. In 1876 a specimen of Aragallus lamberti was sent from Colorado to Professor Prescott, of the University of Michigan, under the name of “crazy weed,” with the statement that it was poisonous to horses and cattle and that, while the Mexicans often used it in making beer, it sometimes caused symptoms in men. His pupil, Miss Watson, un- dertook a study of its chemical properties. She failed to isolate any pure chemical compound, but claimed that in the root there was a body giving alkaloidal reactions and that there was also a resinous body present. Another of his pupils, W. R. Birdsall, took the ground- up root himself in doses of 20 grains at various intervals for several days and later 40-grain doses in one and a half hours, but without experiencing any marked symptoms except colicky pains. Rept. of Commissioner of Agriculture for 1879, pp. 89, 90. 1880, © Rept. of Commissioner of Agriculture for 1886, p. 75. 1887. Rept. of Com- missioner of Agriculture for 1884, p. 123. 1884. 4 Rothrock, J. T. Notes on Economic Botany, in G. M. Wheeler’s Report upon U. S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, vol. 6, p. 43. 1878. © Gibbons, H. Poisonous Effects of Crotallaria—Vulgo Rattle Weed, Loco Weed, Pacific Med. and Surg. Journ., vol. 21, p. 496. 1878-79. 129 22 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. Dr. Isaac Ott * undertook the physiological study of the question, and used an alcoholic extract of Astragalus mollissimus. We found from its action on frogs, rabbits, and cats that the plant had decided physiological action, as follows: (1) It decreases the irritability of the motor nerves. (2) Greatly affects the sensory ganglia of the central nervous system, pre- venting them from readily receiving impressions. (3) Has a spinal tetanic action. (4) Kills mainly by arrest of the heart. (5) Increases the salivary secretion. (6) Has a stupefying action on the brain. (7) Reduces the cardiac force and frequency. (S) Temporarily increases arterial tension, but finally decreases it. (9) It greatly dilates the pupil. Doctor Stockman, in England, about this time tried the action of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the dried Astragalus mollissimus sent from Texas. He experimented with frogs and rabbits in increas- ing doses, but without result.” In 1888 Hill reported that a species of Astragalus was acting detri- mentally on cattle, goats, and sheep in Cyprus and that these animals fell down as if intoxicated, and also that the natives in time of great drought feed their cattle with this plant mixed with straw, but that they were always made sick until they became used to it. In 1885 Professor Sayre, of the University of Kansas, undertook the investigation of the loco question. His first report was made in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences for 1885, and his reports have been continued at various periods up to 1904. The results of his experiments on various animals—dogs, cats, and frogs °—have been entirely negative. He administered alcoholic preparations to himself and took them until they became too nauseous to continue, and found they produced absolutely no symptoms besides the nausea. He suggests, however, that if the plant really is poison- ous it is due to its fine hairs, which might mechanically cause death. Sayre has stated that he has sent thousands of pounds of the dried loco plants to various investigators in America and Europe, but all reports were negative as to pharmacological activity. He has, how- ever, done some work on the pure chemistry of the plant and found that the plant contained 10 per cent of moisture and yielded 12.01 per cent of ash. Of this ash, 25 per cent was soluble in water, while 50.6 per cent was soluble in HCl. The insojiuble portion consisted “Ott, I. Physiological Action of Astragalus Mollissimus. New Remedies, WO. 11, —p. 227. -' 1882: o Hill, J. R. Note on a Species of Astragalus from Cyprus. Pharm. Journ. and Trans., 3 s., vol. 18, p. 712. 1887-88. i ¢ Sayre, L. E. Loco-Weed. Proc. Amer. Pharm. Assoc., vol. 36, p. 112. 1888. 129 ‘ HISTORICAL SKETCH OF LOCO INVESTIGATIONS. 23 largely of silica. He found CaO, K,O, MgO, A1,O,, and Fe,O,, with the acid radicals SO,, Cl, P,O;, CO,, and Si0,.2 Although Sayre claims thatthe plant is physiologically inactive, he tried by chemical means to isolate a physiologically active body and, naturally enough under the circumstances, failed to find one. He claims that while the plant might give alkaloid reactions, he was unable to isolate this body in a pure state, and that alfalfa reacted similarly. The investigation on animals was continued by Kennedy.” He administered an infusion of $ ounce of green Astragalus mollissimus to a fasting dog weighing 23 pounds, but there were no symptoms after 12 hours. A decoction of 1 ounce of the green plant and one of 4 ounces of the dried plant were likewise without action. Extracts with hydrochloric acid were also inactive. When 400 grams of the dried and powdered plant were fed in substance the result was merely to increase the appetite. The organic acid obtained from 4 ounces of the plant was also found to be inert. Kennedy did not state in what season the plant was collected and from what locality it was obtained, but says simply that the plant extract was inactive to a dog, a carnivorous animal, and that there- fore the plant is nonpoisonous. He adds that death might be due to the tough fibers and indigestible character of the plant. He over- looks, however, the fact that the plant might vary in its toxicity, and he infers from the experiments on carnivorous animals that these results would hold good for herbivora, yet he does not claim that carnivora become locoed in nature. Kennedy found that the plant lost 80 per cent in weight on drying and that the water extract which represented 30.6 per cent of the powdered and dried plant contained magnesium sulphate and sodium chlorid, tannic acid, gum, coloring matter, an extractive, and a “peculiar organic acid.” The ashed plant yielded 20 per cent of ash, consisting of magnesium sulphate, sodium chlorid, alumina, silica, and a trace of iron. “ The abundant precipitate produced by the alkaline hydrates, potassium, sodium, and ammonium was found to consist of magnesium hydrate, an abundance of this base being present in the plant.” Kennedy also obtained alkaloidal reactions, but failed to isolate the body giving these reactions. In 1889 the investigations were greatly stimulated by the report of Doctor Day,’ then of the University of Michigan. She claimed that she was able to produce marked physiological symptoms, using both Astragalus mollissimus and Aragallus lamberti in her work. She @Sayre, L. E. Loco Weed. Amer. Vet. Rev., vol. 11, p. 556. 1887. b> Kennedy, J. Loco Weed (Crazy Weed). Pharm. Rec., vol. 8, p. 197. 1888. Day, M. G. Experimental Demonstrations of the Toxicity of the ‘ Loco Weed.” N. Y. Med. Journ., vol. 49, p. 237. 1889. 129 24 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. administered daily 60 to 70 ¢. c. of a decoction“ of the plants to kit- tens, together with abundant milk and other food. She states that in two days— The kittens became less active, the coat grew rough, appetite for ordinary food diminished and fondness for the ‘* loco” increased, diarrhea came on, and retching and vomiting occasionally occurred. The expression became peculiar and characteristic. Emaciation and the above symptoms progressively increased until the eighteenth day, when periods of convulsive excitement supervened. At times the convulsions were tetanic in character; frothing at the mouth and throwing the head backward as in opisthotonus were marked. At other times the kitten would stand on its hind legs and strike the air with its forepaws, then fall backward and throw itself from side to side. These periods of excite- ment were followed by perfect quiet, the only apparent sign of life being the respiratory movements. After a short interval of quiet the conyulsive move- ments would recur. These alternate periods of excitement and quiet lasted thirty-six hours, when the posterior extremities became paralyzed, and. the kitten died about two hours afterward. There was no apparent loss of con- sciousness before death. The post-mortem examination revealed the presence of ulcers in the stomach and duodenum. Some of the ulcers had nearly perforated the walls of the stomach and duodenum. The heart was in diastole; brain and myel appeared normal, As might be expected from the emaciated condition, the entire body was anemic. In a second case 60 to 70 cubic centimeters of a more concentrated decoction were fed daily, with other food as before, to a vigorous adult eat. The symptoms of inactivity, loss of appetite, rough coat, diarrhea, and the peculiar expression of countenance were as in the first case. By the twelfth day the cat was wasted almost to a skeleton, and was correspondingly weak. Paralysis of the hind limbs came on, and the cat died on the thirteenth day. There were no periods of excitement in this case. These cats developed a craving for the decoction and “ would beg for it as an ordinary kitten does for milk, and when supplied would he down contented.” Doctor Day made controls with healthy animals under the same conditions, with the exception that they received no loco plant. She also fed a young wild jack rabbit on milk and grass for a few days and then substituted fresh loco plants for grass. At first the “loco” was refused, but after two or three days the “loco” was eaten with as much relish as the grass had been. After ten days of the milk and “loco” diet the rabbit was found dead, with the head thrown back and the stomach ruptured. Subcutaneous injections of the concentrated decoction caused nervous twitch- ings in frogs and kittens, and if large amounts were used death followed in from one to two hours from paralysis of the heart. The same Symptoms were produced in frogs by the injection of an alcoholic extract of the residue left after the evaporation to dryness of the decoction. In other words, Doctor Day was able to produce a chronic form of loco poisoning with the characteristic symptoms so often described *Presumably a 10 per cent decoction, U. S. P. 129 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF LOCO INVESTIGATIONS. 25 save in the occurrence of diarrhea. Diarrhea is not usually noted on the range. Sayre had already reported an ulcerated condition of the intestines of a locoed cow similar to that described by Doctor Day as occurring in cats. Doctor Day urged that the reason previous experimenters failed to produce symptoms was that they had used too small an amount of the plant and that by systematic feeding to healthy cats cases of loco disease may be produced. Storke states that “ Dr. V. C. Vaughan, of the University of Michi- gan, has since fully corroborated Dr. Day’s views.” 4 In her experiments Doctor Day used the leaves, roots, and stems of the plants gathered in September. She believed that the greatest amount of poison is present in autumn and winter. She later under- took the isolation of the active principle, and proceeded as follows: ” The roots, stems, and leayes were boiled ten hours, strained, and the decoc- tion concentrated to a sirup, poured, while hot, into a hot flask, corked and set away. At the end of ten days the sirup had separated into two layers— the upper a blackish liquid, the lower a brownish sediment. The liquid was poured into a flask and covered with six times its volume of very dilute al- cohol, 30 per cent (the sediment also was washed with dilute alcohol, to insure a complete removal of the liquid), corked, and let stand three days; agitated occasionally, then filtered, and the filtrate slowly evaporated in the air, when crystals were formed. It was found important not to hurry the evaporation, for when this took place too rapidly the crystals did not form. These crystals are microscopic in size, blue-white in color, and of a variety of forms. The most characteristic are slender and pointed, arranged in rosettes or grouped in various ways. They are soluble in distilled water and very dilute alcohol, very sparingly soluble in strong alcohol, not soluble in chloroform or ether. The evaporated mass containing the crystals, when dissolved in distilled water, is slightly acid in reaction. A small amount of this fed to a kitten pro- duced the train of characteristic toxic symptoms—sleepiness, loss of appetite, retching, and diarrhea—that is produced by quite large amounts of the decoc- lion. The crystals Sayre* claims to have already seen. He says that they gave no precipitate with Mayer’s reagent, platinum chlorid, or with ammonia, but that barium chlorid and ammonium oxalate gave a precipitate, and he believes that they were in reality an inorganic combination of calcium, so that while Doctor Day may have obtained an extract which produced characteristic symptoms she certainly has not isolated any pure active principle. Later she admitted that it was 4Storke, B. F. The Loco Weed. Med. Current, vol. 8, p. 157. 1892. ‘Day, M. G. The Separation of the Poison of the ‘** Loco Weed.” N. Y. Med. Journ., vol. 50, p. 604. 1889. © Sayre, L. E. Active Principle of Loco Weed. Notes on New Remedies, vol. Be INO, gta de 129 Dore BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. not possible * to make positive statements as to the chemical charac- ter of the active principle.” @ In 1884 there was a fatal outbreak of a disorder in horses in por- tions of the Missouri Valley in Iowa, Nebraska, and Dakota. This was almost uniformly fatal in a few weeks or months. The animals lost strength and became emaciated, although they were kept in pas- ture where there was abundant grass, There was marked stupor, the animals falling asleep while eating, and they “ would remain stand- ing for a whole week, sleeping much of the time, with the head rest- ing upon some object.” The post-mortem examination showed that “in every instance there was marked hemorrhagic effusion into the fourth ventricle, the liver and spleen were abnormally dense, the walls of the intestines were almost destitute of blood, and the stomach enor- mously distended with undigested food.” The post-mortem find and clinical symptoms suggested to Stalker ° that this disorder was due to some plant analagous to-Astragalus mollissimus. He found abundant in these regions Crotalaria sagittalis, or rattle-box, one of the so- called loco weeds, and by the administration per os to a young horse of an infusion of 15 pounds of the plant, given in two days, pro- duced the clinical symptoms and the post-mortem condition of the brain which he previously observed on the range. Power and Cambier ¢ undertook the chemical study and the isola- tion of the active principle of this plant, together with that of Astragalus mollissimus. They found that the Astragalus mollis- simus if distilled with water yielded a distillate which possessed a peculiar odor, which they thought due to a trace of volatile oil. On distilling with alkali they obtained ammonia and a trace of trimethy- -lamine. In the case of Crotalaria only ammonia was found.? They argued that because trimethylamine was not obtained in this case choline was not present. On distilling the Astragalus mollissimus with acidulated water (H,SO,) the distillate was found to contain acetic acid—settling the nature of the “ peculiar organic acid” de- scribed by Kennedy. From this plant they obtained a resin or mix- ture of resinous bodies by extracting the plant with alcohol, and after concentration precipitating with acid water. These resins in doses apeutics, vol. 1, p. 588. 1896. ’ Stalker, M. 1st Ann. Rept. State Vet. Surg. Iowa, p. 16. W885. _ © Power, F. B., and Cambier, J. Chemical Examination of Some Loco- Weeds. Pharm. Rundschau, vol. 9, p. 8. 1891.—Power, F. B. Notes on the So-called Loco Weeds. Pharm. Rundschau, vol. 7, p. 134, 1889.—See also Hoffmann, F., Loco-Weeds, in Pharm. Rundschau, vol. 7, p. 168. 1889. 4 Kennedy, J.. Pharm. Rec., vol. 8, p. 197. 1888. Kennedy also obtained am- monia from Astragalus mollissimus. 129 HISTORICAL SKEVCH OF LOCO INVESTIGATIONS. oF An albuminoid which was obtained by precipitating a concentrated aqueous extract of Astragalus mollissimus by means of alcohol like- wise was found to be inactive to a kitten in doses corresponding to 50 grams of the crude plant. A globulin which was isolated by precipitation from a 10 per cent sodium chlorid solution proved also to be inactive in doses of 0.2 gram. They then extracted 3 kilograms of these plants with $ per cent sulphuric acid, and after evaporation to a thick gum the mass was extracted with strong alcohol, the alcoholic solution was evaporated, and the alcoholic residue taken up in water and precipitated by neutral and basic lead acetates, and after removing the lead with sulphureted hydrogen the filtrate gave precipitates with various alkaloidal reagents. The sirupy residue which they obtained from Astragalus mollissimus by decomposing the precipitate with Mayer’s solution administered to kittens in doses of 0.1 gram produced merely frothing at the mouth with profuse flow of saliva, but the animals soon recovered. The presence of a large amount of calcium was shown but not estimated quantitatively. Power and Cambier summed up their conclusions by stating that both the Astragalus and the Crotalaria contain very small amounts of toxic alkaloids, to which they believe the symptoms of poisoning produced were due. Their work from a chemical standpoint is excel- lent, but from a pharmacological point of view seems to be deficient : in fact, Power does not claim to be a pharmacologist. What would seem to be the proper course would have been to test for themselves the action of the plant on various animals and, after deciding which reacted most characteristically, test, after various precipitations, both the precipitates and filtrates on various animals to see whether the original symptoms and pathological lesions could be produced. They failed, however, to test their mother substance. It is well recognized that plants grown under varying conditions and on different soils vary in the amount of the physiologically active principle they contain. In the case of Crotalaria, Power and Cambier had before them the experiment of Stalker, in which he reproduced the disorder by feed- ing the plant extract to horses, yet they claimed that the body which they administered was the active principle, merely because it pro- duced some frothing at the mouth and salivation in a kitten. The percentage of active principle they found would be too small to account for the symptoms, except in the case of a very active compound, Certain of these precipitates were also later examined physiologic- ally by O’Brine.* He also found the resin precipitated from an “«O’Brine, D. Progress Bulletin on the Loco and Larkspur. Colo, State Agric. Coll. Bul. 25, p. 18. 1893. 129 28 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED_ DISEASE. alcoholic extract of the plant and also the alcoholic extract from 2.2 pounds of the dried Astragalus mollissimus to be physiologically inactive. Oatman,¢ using Power and Cambier’s method with alfalfa (MJed?- cago sativa), obtained a noncrystalline mass which when given in 0.1 gram dose caused frothing at the mouth in a kitten, but no serious symptoms. This 0.1 gram represented about 5 pounds of powdered leaves and tops of the plants. Since the appearance of Power and Cambier’s work Sayre has published various papers on the loco weeds in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences for 1903-4, vol. 19, p. 194, 1905; 1901-2, vol. 18, p. 141; Seventh Biennial Report of the State Board of Agri- culture of Kansas, vol. 12, p. 97, 1891; Journal of the Kansas Medical Society, vol. 4, pp. 222 and 241, 1904, ete. He has contributed noth- ing especially new, but says that “the old theory that an alkaloidal poison is secreted in the plant causing the loco trouble has not been found tenable,” but wishes to be understood that he does not dis- credit the ground for the opinion that in some mysterious way certain disorders occur in cattle in connection with what is commonly called loco weed. He suggests that this connection might be some- what similar to the relationship between the disorder caused by over- feeding half-starved animals on clover or alfalfa’ and has had the plant analyzed as to its nutritive value, giving the table in the Trans- actions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences, vol. 19, p. 194. He makes the suggestion that any injurious action the plants may have might be due to the fine, hair-like projections on the plant which mechanically set up irritation. This supposition can be thrown out at once by the experiment of Day and others, who induced symptoms in animals by extracts of the plant, and by the fact that other coarse plants do not act similarly. This fine, hair-like material was found to constitute about 33 per cent of the plant on grinding, But Sayre himself does not seem to be positive as to any conclusion. He, like O’Brine and others, has obtained alkaloidal reactions from the plant, but states he has obtained similar ones from alfalfa.e At one time he said: I do not consider loco directly or indirectly the cause of the condition, but am of the opinion that what is called “locoed” is, first, congestion of the brain and spinal marrow (causing blindness and first symptoms), and, second, @Oatman, H. C. The Poisonous Principle of Loco Weed. Notes on New Remedies, vol. 4, p. 14. 1891-92. b Sayre, L. H. Loco Weed. Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 18, p. 141. 1903. ¢ Sayre, L. E. Loco Weeds. 7th Bienn. Rept. Kans. State Board Agric. for 1889-90, vol. 12, pt. 2, p. 99. 1891. 129 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF LOCO INVESTIGATIONS. 29 softening to a greater or less extent. These terms describing the alleged symptoms of “ locoism’”’ might occur in well recognized diseases resulting from brain lesions, which latter occur in so-called forage poisoning and poisoning from foul drinking water, etc. We are not prepared to affirm or deny that the loco weed produces a train of symptoms characteristic of the plant.? Again Sayre states: It seems not unreasonable to suppose that the peculiar condition of the ani- mals of the plains, when they gorge themselves with this highly nitrogenous weed, has something to do with the disease. A condition of malnutrition may- set in and give rise to the rapid growth of a toxic-producing micro-organism or an irritating principle. This principle may be capable of cultivation and of producing disease artificially. Be this as it may, we feel warranted in saying that the so-called poison is a development within the animal, not a product preexisting in the weed itself. Sayre also suggests the possibility of the plants producing hydro- eyanic acid, which, it is well known, occurs in sorghum.’ In the Journal of the Kansas Medical Society (vol. 4, p. 243), he claims to have isolated a crystalline body, but this he has not tested physiologic- ally. Sayre especially deserves credit for keeping the loco investiga- tion alive, and no doubt his change in position is due to his lack of facilities for pharmacological testing. Carl Ruedi? fed rabbits daily by a stomach tube with 10 c. ec. of an extract (unstated strength) of Astragalus mollissimus and recorded the following results: After only five injections one of the rabbits died, and the post-mortem showed to a nicety the congestion of the whole tract of the vena port and the anemia of the brain. I put six rabbits under the influence of loco, and the effect was marked, but not rapid, if not given in very concentrated solutions. The solu- tions were prepared differently, and each of the rabbits had its own prepara- tion, but the effect was nearly the same. In the beginning loco acts as a stimulant; the animals get lively, hilarious, running about, cleaning themselves, etc. This lasts about eight hours, then they become very quiet, sit in a corner of a box, and one can do with them pretty nearly what one likes; they do not move from the place, or just run into another corner, to fall back into the same complacent reverie. One can leave the door open and hammer away at the box, but they do not show any inclination to run away. During the excitement, however, they become fierce, and I had once the opportunity to wateh one of the drollest things possible: One of the rabbits, two hours after dosing it, got “Sayre, L. E. Further Report on Loco Weeds. Notes on New Remedies, vol. 4, p. 80. 1891-92. Sayre, L. E. The Loco Disease. Journ. Kans. Med. Soc., vol. 4, pp. 241-243. 1904.—What is Insanity in Lower Animals? Journ. Kans. Med. Soe., vol. 4, p. 222. 1904. ¢ Sayre, L. E. Loco Weed. Kans, Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 18, p. 144. 1903. 4Ruedi, C. Loco Weed (Astragalus Mollissimus) ; A Toxico-Chemical Study. Trans. Colo. State Med. Soc., p. 418. 1895.—Also Treatment of Animals Pois- oned by Loco Weed (unpublished article). 129 30 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. loose and ran under a porch. A heavy tomcat came near this hole, and com- menced sniffing about; this offended the rabbit highly, and it jumped on the neck of the cat, bit it through the skin, and the cat ran screaming away. When the animals are first under the influence of moderate doses of loco, they suffer greatly from hypersthesia of the cutaneous nerves; when one touches them with a stick while lying in a corner, without hurting them, one sees the platysma working away very forcibly, and sometimes they utter sounds of pain. Accord- ing to my experiments the loco weed works slowly but surely; as soon as the anemia of the brain sets in, the animals act in every respect mad like; one hour they are excitable, and then again dull and languid as can be. The rabbits eat, when well, very quickly, and whenever they haye opportunity ; not so the locoed rabbit; he eats slowly for a minute or two, then he goes into a corner and meditates, comes forward to nibble at a carrot or a piece of cabbage, but he never eats greedily, and does not steal it from the mouth of his neighbor, or only very exceptionally. I observed these rabbits for ten days; they did not die, because I gave them weaker solutions; but they all became very ill, and as I had to leave the park I killed them with the needle inserted into the medulla oblongata, and made the post-mortem. In all of these cases I found great con- gestion in the abdomen, and marked anzemia of the brain. The congestion of the vena porte commences certainly very early, but still the first symptoms are the nervous symptoms, first as excitants, then depressing or sedative, with a marked hyperzsthesia of the cutaneous nerves. Ruedi made an attempt to isolate the active principle and sepa- rated a base, which he calls “locoin,” from an ether shaking. This base, however, he found to be physiologically inactive, but believes the activity to be due to a body which he calls “ loco-acid,” which is present in the mother liquid after the shaking with ether. He, how- ever, has not obtaimed this in any degree of purity and gives no chemical data to substantiate this statement save that the fluid was acid. Experiments made at the University of Pennsylvania with certain loco plants on cats, dogs, and rabbits proved negative.¢ Other experiments on rabbits have been made by Doctor Lewis. These rabbits were fed on the leaves, stem, and whole plant, and aiso extracts of one of the loco plants (presumably Astragalus mollissi- mus) for one or two months, without producing any noticeable effect.” This uncertainty in the results of the investigation as to the cause of the loco disease turned the attention of observers into other lines. Pres- ident Ingersoll, of the State Agricultural College of Colorado, in his autopsies on sheep was struck by the presence of tapeworms (7aenia expansa) in the gall duct and small intestines. He apparently tried to prove a relationship between the tapeworms and the locoed condition by feeding the extract of a loco plant to sheep, and thus showing its harmlessness. . He prepared a decoction from 20 pounds of loco plant 4The “‘ Loco Disease.” Therap. Gaz., vol. 12, p. 30. 1888. > Sayre, L. E. Loco Weed. Kans. Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 18, p. 142. 1903. ¢ Sayre, L. E. Loco Weeds. 7th Bien. Rept. Kansas State Board Agric. for 1889-1890, pt. 2, p. 98. 1891. 129 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF LOCO INVESTIGATIONS. 31 (the species was not stated) and boiled this down from 12 gallons to 1 quart. This concentrated extract was fed in three days to a bottle-fed lamb; this lamb showed no symptoms, although kept under observation for two weeks. This theory of the causation of loco by worms was also considered by Curtice,* and later brought forward by Steele ® and Marshall.“ This idea is very suggestive when con- sidered in relation to the etiology of bothriocephalous anzmia.? Others, again, have claimed that the disease is due to-a parasite found upon the loco plants, but all specimens examined by ento- mologists proved to be harmless.? Lloyd, from his study of the subject, says: From first to last I have failed in obtaining a characteristic proximate prin- ciple, either from the fresh or dried plant. The disease called loco was as murky as the milk sickness so prevalent in the new settlements of Indiana and Kentucky in early days, and, like the numberless herbs that have been presumed to produce that obscure peculiar disease, milk sickness, loco was un- responsive to my chemistry./ : It may be safely said that if a specimen of the plant were to be examined in the ordinary manner by a chemist who had no idea of its importance he would report that it did not contain a characteristic proximate constituent.’ Can it be that an admixture of loco and some undetermined plant or earth infected with bacteria taken with the roots, each innocuous under other con- ditions, can by digestion together in the stomach and intestines result in the production of a poison?” To sum up, it seems to the writer that the poison of loco is a product, and not an educt.? 4Curtice, C. Tape-Worm Disease of Sheep of the Western Plains. Bur. Animal Industry, 4th and 5th Ann. Rept., p. 167. 1889. + Steele, C. D. New Theory about Loco. Farm and Ranch, vol. 20, No. 35, Deel lool, ¢ Marshall, H. T. Loco Weed Disease of Sheep. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bul., vol. 15, p. 181. 1904.—Data as to these parasites of sheep may be found in Curtice, C., The Animal Parasites of Sheep, Bur. Animal Industry, Rept., 1890. @¥aust, BE. S., and Tallquist, T. W. Ueber d. Ursachen der Bothriocephalus- animie. Arch. f. Exp. Path., vol. 57, p. 367. 1907. € Walshia Amorphella and the Loco Weed. Insect Life, vol. 2, p. 50. 1889-90. Snow, F. H. Loco-Weed. Science, vol. 9, p. 92. 1887. fLloyd, J. U. Loco, or Crazy Weed. Eclectic Med. Journ., vol. 53, D. 482. 1893. PLiloyd, J. U.;, 1. «, p. 483. kTloyd, J. U., 1. ¢., p. 484. Note.—Eccles had previously announced a somewhat similar idea. Sayre, L. E. Loco Weed. Proc. Amer. Pharm. Assoc., vol. 36, p. 115. 1889. ‘ Lioyd, J, U., 1. c., p. 486. 129 32 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE, But Lloyd adds, in speaking of the reports of various experts and ranchmen: Their description concerning its toxic action on animals agreed, and it was folly to argue that so many observers from so many sections of the country could be misled. There must be an undetermined something behind the loco weed.” In 1893 O’Brine, from Colorado, and Mayo, from Kansas, reported on their work with the loco plants. O’Brine failed to isolate any alkaloidal or other poisonous body, and his feeding experiments on himself and on rabbits having failed, he sums up in despair: “ The more I examine the loco question, the more I am persuaded that we must look for some other cause besides the loco weed.” At the end of his report he gives some ash analyses but fails to interpret them. He also fails to give details as to the method of obtaining and esti- mating his ash. O’Brine’s ash analyses are as follows: Potall aio. | e208 Plant. d SsiO..| and | CaO. |MgoO.| K.O.| NacO. | HoSO,.| Cl. | PoO5. | COs. ash. Al,0. Al,03. | | Astragalus mollissimus (whole plant) ....-....-.| 19-15 |32.77 | 16.26 | ‘6.05 | 8.11, |13.30' | 3.21 3..90.\6O.47) (612s AOsbS Aragallus lamberti (whole plant) sssscc se Se 13.52.)17.08 | 12.21 \14.27 | 2.62 |17.26 | 5.75 3.22 | 3.87 | 3.30 | 17.37 Astragalus caryocarpus ....|12.36 | 7.82 | 5.97 |12.10 | 3.55 |23.35 | 3.38 5.56 | 9.0 4.67 | 20.62 These analyses are evidently incorrect, as O’Brine estimates a carbon content of 4.13 per cent for the first, and for the second 2.22 per cent, showing incomplete combustion. Mayo” experimented with alcoholic and aqueous extracts of dried Astragalus mollissimus on guinea pigs, with negative results, and was first led to deny a relationship between the disease and the plants. Later, as a result of the post-mortem findings, he was convinced that his first conclusion was wrong and that “ the disease is certainly the result of animals feeding upon the loco weed.” Mayo says: A careful survey of the experiments performed and observations noted leads me to the opinion that the disease known as ‘‘ loco” is the result of malnutri- tion, or a gradual starvation, caused by the animals eating the plants known as “loco weeds,” either Astragalus mollissimus or Aragallus lamberti. If there is a narcotic principle in the plant, chemists have failed to find it and a fluid extract does not possess it, and a ton of the plant eaten by an animal ought to contain enough of the poisonous properties to destroy an animal. Moya; je sW:, ol. Ci. ps 453. >O’Brine, D. Progress Bulletin on the Loco and Larkspur. Colo. State Agric. Coll. Bul. 25, p. 17. 1898. © Mayo, N. 8S. Some Observations on Loco. Kans. State Agric. Coll, Bul. 35, Daa GHeS93: 129 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF LOCO INVESTIGATIONS. 33 Kobert ¢ has also tested the activity of Astragalus mollissimus and says, “Ich fand Astragalus mollissimus ziemlich unwirksam.” Doctor McEackran ” fed dried Astragalus mollissimus and Aragal- lus lamberti mixed with feed to a stabled animal for two months with- out result. (Animal not stated).° Similar negative experiments are reported from the State of Washington, but the amounts used were too small to form any conclusions.? Mr. V. K. Chesnut’ has busied himself with the loco problem, but mainly in an executive capacity, his own efforts being directed to the study of the relation of the loco plants to the disease on the range. He has done no laboratory work. Chesnut and Wilcox made numer- ous autopsies on sheep and experiments on animals. They claimed that an extract of Aragallus spicatus produced some slight narcotic action in rabbits. Their pathological examinations failed to show any characteristic lesion, but they state that the cerebral membranes were in all cases slightly congested. They deny any causative rela- tionship to the presence of worms or with feeding upon alkalis. They believe that sheep are more likely to become locoed if not salted regularly. Chesnut describes one case in which a lamb became locoed by nursing from a locoed mother, In 1901 Reid Hunt, at that time a special agent of the United States Department of Agriculture, studied the loco question in Mon- tana, working mainly with Avagallus spicatus. He moistened the ground-up plant with 93 per cent ethyl alcohol and then percolated it untilexhausted. This extract was evaporated and taken up with water so that 1c. c. of the solution corresponded to 10 grams of the plant. This was fed to an active young rabbit weighing 490 grams, 6 c¢. ¢. being fed by the mouth and followed in about an hour by 10 e. e. more, and two hours after this by 15 ¢. ¢c. This rabbit showed no symptoms during the following day. The next day it was very dull and there was marked muscular weakness, as the rabbit’s legs were spread wide apart and his nose rested on the ground. Later respi- ‘ation became very slow and the pupils were dilated. The paralytic symptoms increased and finally, after a convulsive movement, the “Kobert, R. Lehrb. d. Intoxikationen, p. 615. 1893. 4O’Brine, D. Progress Bulletin on Loco and Larkspur. Colo. State Agric. Coll. Bul. 25, p. 13. 1893. © After the manuscript of this bulletin was sent to the printer it was learned through Professor Carpenter that this animal was a horse. @Nelson, 8S. B. Feeding Wild Plants to Sheep. Bur. Animal Industry, Bul. 22, pi-12.- 1898. € Chesnut, V. K., and Wilcox, E. V. Stock-Poisoning Plants of Montana. U.S. Dept. Agric., Div. Bot., Bul. 26, p. 95. 1901.—Wilcox, E. V. Plant Poison- ing of Stock in Montana. Bur. Animal Industry, 17th Ann. Rept., p. 111. 1900. Nore.—The writer wishes to acknowledge the great literary help Mr. Chesnut’s card catalogue has been to him in the preparation of this paper. 44194—Bull. 129—08S——3 34 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. animal died, thirty-six hours after the first feeding. Hunt merely states of the post-mortem examination that the stomach was well filled and that the “ walls seem normal.” Hunt tried to isolate an active principle by the Dragendorft method, but failed to obtain any physiologically active shakings. He tried hypodermic injections of 80 per cent alcohol extractions of the fresh green plant, and after the injection of an extract correspond- ing to 60 grams of the fresh plant there was no effect produced. He tried to induce symptoms by feeding the plant itself to rabbits, but was unsuccessful, as the rabbits refused to eat the plant. He was not able to induce symptoms with the extracts of the dried plant.* Marshall ” studied the loco question with regard to sheep and prac- tically denies the existence of a locoed condition due to eating the loco plants, but believes the condition due to bad feeding, parasitism, etc. He lays great stress upon the presence of worms, but fails to see that they may be merely a secondary infection superimposed upon an already morbid condition produced by eating the plants. Others have claimed that the cause is an insect living upon the loco plants. Others, again, have suggested an analogy with trypano- some disorders. Chesnut has held the view that many of the cases of so-called locoed sheep were really due to parasites, but that there was a true locoed condition due to eating the loco weeds. The lack of agreement in the results of the investigators has caused many to doubt any positive relation between the plant and the dis- ease, and even as late as 1904 Payne © practically says these diseases are due to lack of nutrition and not to the loco plant. The matter has been summed up in a recent work as follows: Though many chemists have sought for the constituents, none have been able to locate the active properties, the trace of alkaloids, resins, volatile and fixed oils having each in turn been found destitute of it. Yet the poisonous properties are fully established by field observations. The destructiveness of these plants to stock is so great as to haye probably caused upward of a mil- lion dollars loss in the aggregate, and large bounties have been offered by State governments for an effective method of avoiding such losses. It is considered very probable that the poisonous constituent is albuminoidal.¢ @ Unpublished report. b Marshall, H. T. Loco Weed Disease of Sheep. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bul., vol. 15; p. 182. 1904. ¢ Payne, J. E. Cattle Raising on the Plains. Colo. Agric. Hxpt. Sta. Bul. 87, p. 16. 1904. @National Standard Dispensatory, p. S68. 1905. Notre.—The field experiments of Harding and Tudor are rather conclusive as to the relation of these plants to this disorder. Sayre, L. E., Loco Weed, Amer. Vet. Rey., vel. 11, pp. 558-554, 1SS7—-Blankinship, J. W., Loco and Some Other Poisonous Plants in Montana, Mont. Agric. Exper. Sta. Bul. 45, pp. 83-S4, 1903—Loco Disease, Therap. Gaz., vol. 12, p. 30, 1898. 129 VARIOUS MEMBERS OF LOCO-WEED FAMILY. 35 NOTES ON VARIOUS MEMBERS OF THE LOCO-WEED FAMILY. Astragalus caryocarpus is at times eaten in some of the Western States, but is claimed by some at certain stages of its growth to con- tain a poisonous principle. Frankforter,? from experiments on him- self, however, denies this. Astragalus glycophyllus has been used as a diuretic and Astragalus exscapus in the treatment of syphilis.” “The seed of A. boeticus, planted in Germany and England, are found to be the very best sub- stitute for coffee yet tried, and so used—roasted, parched, and mixed with coffee.” ¢ Astragalus nuttallianus, according to Smith,’ is a highly nutritious forage plant in spring. Astragalus crassicarpus has been prophesied by him to be a valuable addition to early spring soiling crops. clstragalus adsurgens (nitidus) and one or two other species of Astragalus are still used in Chinese medicine.° The Indians of the Southwest are familiar with certain loco plants.’ The Tewans of Hano are said to eat the root of Aragallus lamberti,and Astragalus mollissimus is applied locally for headaches by some of the Arizona Indians. One of these species is used as a flavoring material by the Coahuillas and is mixed with other plants as spices.’ Astragalus kentrophyta had a reputation among the Navajos for the treatment of rabies." The use of certain loco plants—Astragalus mollissimus— has been advocated on theoretical grounds in the treatment of certain forms of insanity, but without favorable results.’ In Peru and Chile Astragalus garbancillo, A. unifultus, and A. ochroleucus have been considered injurious to animals.’ Astragalus glyciphyllus and A. alpinus have been used in Europe as food for stock.” @Frankforter, G. B. A Chemical Study of Astragalus Caryocarpus. Amer. Journ. Pharm., vol. 72, p. 320. 1900. bMaisch, J. M. Poisonous Species of Astragalus. Amer. Journ. Pharm., vol. 51, p. 240. 1879.—Fleurot. Chimiques et Pharmaceutiques sur Ja Racines d’Astragale sans Tiges. Journ. de Chim. Med., vol. 10, p. 656. 1S54. © Porcher, F. P. Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests, p. 204. 1869. @Smith, J. G. Fodder and Forage Plants. U. S. Dept. Agric., Div. Agrost., Bul. 2. (rev: ed,) - -p: 12,. 1900. © Holmes, E. M. Notes on Chinese Drugs. Pharm. Journ. and Trans., vol. Sl, 3. 8, p, 1149°- 1891. f Hough, W. Environmental Interrelations in Arizona, Amer. Anthropolo- gist, vol. 11, pp. 143, 147. 1898. 9 Barrows, D. P. Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern Cali- fOMMIa, sp 675. L900: th Matthews, W. Navajo Names for Plants. Amer. Nat., vol. 20, p. 772. 1886. 4 Givens, A. J. Loco or Crazy Weed. Med. Century, vol. 1, p. 21. 1893.— Compare Hurd, H. M. Amer. Journ. Insanity, vol. 42, p. 178. 1SS5-S6. J Rosenthal, D. A. Synopsis Plantarum Diaphoricarum, Erlangen, 1861, p. 1004. Greshoff, M. Beschrijving d. Giftige en Bedwelmende Planten bij de Vischvangst in Gebruik, p. 51. 1900. kK Pott, E. Handb. d. tierisch. Erniihrung, vol. 2, p. 113. 1907. 129 36 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. Details as to the use of other Astragali can be found in Planchon, G., Sur les Astragales, in Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie, 5th series, vol 24, p. 478, 1891; 5th series, vol. 25, pp. 169, 233, 1892. LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS—PHYSIOLOGICAL. The first point in our investigations was to determine whether the plant exerted any poisonous action and to find some animal which responded regularly to it; then to ascertain if the lack ot results of previous investigators was not due to insufficient doses, and later to see if by feeding smaller amounts at repeated intervals symptoms comparable to those described as occurring on the range could not be produced. The animal finally selected was the rabbit. EXPERIMENTS ON RABBITS. ACUTE CASES. Experiment No. 1.—On September 8, 1905, an aqueous extract of 333 grams of fresh Astragalus mollissimus, made in Hugo, Colo., and shipped preserved in chloroform,? killed a rabbit weighing 1,616 grams in one hour and thirty-five minutes, while an extract corresponding to 167 grams merely caused drowsiness and loss of appetite in a rabbit weighing 765 grams. . Experiment No. 2.—On November 29, 1905, a rabbit weighing 1,162.3 grams was fed with a concentrated aqueous extract of 500 grams of fresh Astragalus mollissimus, which had been shipped from Hugo, Colo., preserved in chloroform in sealed vessels. This animal died in one hour and ten minutes. The symptoms consisted in dull- ness, rapid respiration, and signs of pain. At autopsy the stomach and upper part of the small intestines showed hemorrhagic ecchy- moses, with dilation of the dural vessels of the brain and cord, with a clot over a portion of the spinal cord. Experiment No. 3—On February 13, 1906, a rabbit weighing 992 grams was fed with a concentrated aqueous extract of 500 grams of the fresh Astragalus mollissimus, collected in September and pre- served in chloroform water. Before feeding, the rabbit’s ears were warm and the rabbit struggled when any attempt was made to turn him on his back. The temperature at 10.50 a. m., the time of feeding, was 103.5° F.; at 11.15 a. m., 102.5° F. At 11.30 a. m. the rabbit was breathing very rapidly and would stay on his back for some time if “Tn all cases in which the plants were preserved with chloroform sealed vessels were used for shipping. The chloroform was carefully evaporated off in vacuo before feeding the extract, the evaporation requiring several hours. The plants were collected by Dr. C. Dwight Marsh, in charge of the field in- vestigations at Hugo, Colo. 129 PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS. 37 placed so. The temperature at this time was 102.6° F. Both pupils, the one exposed to the light and the one protected, were con- tracted. At 12.02 p. m. convulsive movements of the legs appeared. The rabbit made one leap, the temperature rose to 103.6° F., and after a few convulsive movements of the limbs the anus relaxed and a small stool appeared, the pupils dilated, and the animal died at 12.06 p. m. Experiment No. 4—The feeding of the extract of 464 grams in- duced a fall in temperature of 2.4° F. in three hours, and the rabbit died several hours later (at night). Experiment No. 5—March 2, 1906, a rabbit weighing 928 grams was fed with a concentrated extract of 500 grams of the fresh seeds and pods of Astragalus mollissimus, made in September, 1905, and preserved with chloroform water. This animal died in one hour and seven minutes. The animal showed the usual post-mortem condi- tions. It was thus found that the aqueous extract of 500 grams of the fresh Astragalus mollissimus would cause death in about one hour in rabbits weighing about 2 pounds (907 grams), these rabbits show- ing constant clinical symptoms—urination, paralysis, more or less convulsive muscular twitchings, often terminating in general convul- sions, drowsiness, and stupor, with more or less anesthesia. The pupils at the time of death were often unequal. At first there was usually a slight rise in temperature, but this was soon succeeded by a fall. Often there were soft stools. The post-mortem lesions in these cases were marked congestion, with hemorrhages in the stomach walls and a secretion of thick mucus. The portions of the stomach walls most affected were the dependent portions near the cardiac end. The intestines showed dilatation of the blood vessels. The mesenteric vessels and also the vessels in the cerebral portions of the dura were markedly dilated; in some cases there were clots, especially at the posterior portion of the brain, between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. At times there were clots over the dorsal portion of the cord. On cutting into the brain the brain substance itself did not appear to be congested. The cord seemed about normal, but the vessels of its membranes were well marked. «The other organs showed nothing characteristic macroscopically. These experiments were re- peated many times and found to be constant. These acute symptoms were likewise produced by an extract of 500 grams of the fresh Avagallus lamberti from Arizona preserved in chloroform water (rabbit weighing 1,998 grams). An aqueous ex- tract of 150 grams of the dried Astragalus mollissimus® from Im- perial, Nebr. (1906), caused death in one hour and fifty-eight minutes @ All extracts from dried material were made at Washington. 129 38 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. in a rabbit weighing 1,530 grams, and an extract of 100 grams killed in one hour and twenty-two minutes a rabbit weighing 736 grams. An aqueous extract of 100 grams of the dried Astragalus bigelowii induced death in one hour and thirty-eight minutes, the rabbit weighing 1,502 grams. An aqueous extract of 150 grams of Astragalus nitidus collected at Woodland Park, Colo., in 1906 induced death in three hours and five minutes, the rabbit weighing 1,672 grams. An aqueous extract of 200 grams of the dried Astragalus bisulcatus caused death after several hours (at night), the rabbit weighing 2,423 grams. In certain cases this production of acute symptoms was not entirely a question of salt action, as was shown by certain other experiments. In other cases salt action seems to be the important factor, so that the production of these acute symptoms can not always be considered characteristic. CHRONIC CASES. Experiment No, 6—February 19, 1906, a large gray rabbit weigh- ing 2,055.3 grams was fed with 60 c. c. of fluid representing the con- centrated aqueous extract of 250 grams of the fresh Astragalus mol- lissimus, collected September 18, 1905, and preserved in chloroform. This rabbit was very hard to hold. The ears rested on the body. The temperature at the time of feeding, 1.30 p. m., was 102.3° F. At 2.57 p.m. the animal looked dull but resisted handling. At 3.30 p. m. it urinated. At 4.15 p.m. the temperature was 98.5° F., the pupils were about the same size as before feeding, and the animal became much duller. The next day at 12.50-p. m. the temperature was 102.4° F., and at this time the animal could be handled with greater ease. The animal ate in the morning. The same amount of extract was again fed at 1.24 p.m. At 1.35 p.m. the animal was much duller and could be turned on his back with ease. If disturbed he ran against the wall as if utterly unconscious of the obstruction. The animal had soft, liquid, brown stools and tried to le down as much as possible. If turned on its back with the feet up it would stay so almost indefi- nitely. Temperature, 103,8° F.; respiration very rapid. At 2.40 p. m. the temperature was 99.8° F., and the animal died a few minutes later. After death the pupils were much contracted. The vessels of the dura covering the brain were much dilated, but the vessels inside the brain were not dilated. The stomach walls were congested and marked with numerous petechiew and covered with mucus. Experiment No, 7—On February 19, 1906, a white and brown ‘rabbit whose temperature was 103.2° F. was fed 30 ¢. ce. of aqueous fluid representing the concentrated extract of 125 grams of the fresh 129 PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS. 39 Astragalus mollissimus, collected September, 1905, and preserved with chloroform. The rabbit weighed 1,502.5 grams. This extract was fed at 1.45 p. m., and at 4.15 p. m, the temperature was 102.6° F., but there were no marked symptoms. The following day at 2.04 p. m. the temperature registered 102.5° F. The same amount of extract was given at 2.09 p. m. The temperature at 4 p. m. was 99.8° F., the animal was dull, and the pupils were perhaps a little smaller. The animal could not be turned over without resistance. The following day, February 21, at 1.30 p. m. the temperature was 102.6° F., and at 1.45 the same amount of extract was given. At 1.54 p. m. the animal was much duller and the breathing was very rapid. At 4.10 p. m. the temperature was 101.3° F. . The animal had been dull ever since the feeding was begun. It nibbled food shortly before the last feed- ing. On February 23 the same amount of extract was given at 2.16 p- m., temperature 99° F. The breathing was very rapid, the ears shaking, and there was a sleepy, dull look about the animal. At 3.30 p.m. the animal was dull, but would still walk about if disturbed. At this time the animal weighed 1.445.8 grams. At 4.30 p. m. the tem- perature was 102° F. and the pupils were about normal size. There was a marked sleepy look about the animal, which sat quietly in its cage. February 24, at 1 p. m., the animal was very dull and could with ease be turned on its back with its feet in the air. It would sit in its cage perfectly quiet. The weight at this time was 1,417.5 grams, the temperature 96.6° F. On February 26 the animal weighed 1,560.8 grams. It was dull and refused to eat. The abdomen felt very dis- tended and tympanitic. February 27 the weight was still 1,560.8 grams, and the animal sat in its cage as if asleep, with eyes half closed. There was no diarrhea and the abdomen was very distended. At 11.15 a. m. there was a general convulsion and the animal fell over. At 12 m. the abdomen seemed even more swollen, the animal was hardly able to walk, and it fell over, uttering a cry. Pupils were about normal—perhaps a little smaller. The animal died at 12.10 p.m. ; The post-mortem, made immediately after death, showed the abdo- men markedly tympanitic, and the large intestines could be outlined through the abdominal walls with ease. The large intestines were of a chocolate color, intensely congested, and marked with hemorrhages. On opening the abdomen there was a decided putrefactive odor, and about an ounce of bloody fluid was found in the peritoneal cavity, together with fibrin flakes. The stomach was pale. the first three inches of the small intestine up to where it turned sharply were pale, and below this the intestines were injected and full of gas and of a dark red color. The kidneys were 3} centimeters long and were pale, 120 40 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. capsules easily peeled off; cortex pale. Liver pale and infected with some coccideew. The gall bladder was one-quarter inch wide and one inch long. Spleen a trifle pale; lungs pale, nothing abnormal; heart relaxed. On opening the stomach gas and fluid, with some food, exuded. The walls were pale, but pink in some places. There was no marked congestion or hemorrhage or perforation. The mesenteric vessels were dilated. The upper portion of the intestines contained a little mucus-like fluid, but lower down became bloody, and still lower contained pus-like fluid. The walls were hemorrhagic. The large intestine contained a soft, fecal-like fluid, very foul. Its walls were much congested and full of hemorrhagic points. The cortex of the suprarenal bodies was sharply defined, the medulle brownish. Brain pale, some dural vessels well marked, no clots or hemorrhages. Base of brain pale. No congestion seen on cutting into the brain. Spinal cord showed no hemorrhages or lymph effusions. Experiment No. 8.—On February 18, 1906, at 2 p. m., a rabbit whose temperature was 102.2° F. was fed with the aqueous extract of 125 grams of fresh Astragalus mollissimus, collected in September, 1905, and preserved in chloroform, 30 c. c. of the fluid being used. At 4.25 p. m. the temperature was 102.4° F. No symptoms were noted. This rabbit weighed 1,644.3 grams. On February 20 at 2.09 p.m. the temperature was 102.2° F. and the rabbit showed no symp- toms. The same dose was repeated at 2.15 p.m. At 4 p. m. the tem- perature was 100.3° F. The rabbit was dull but could not be turned over without a struggle. February 21 at 1.30 p. m. the temperature was 101.4° F. The same amount of extract was fed at 1.45 p. m. At this time the animal was dull and breathed more rapidly. At 4.10 p. m. the temperature was 97.5° F. Next day the same amount of extract was again given at 2 p.m. At 2.16 p. m. the breathing became rapid and the animal duller. The ears were directed for- ward. At 4.15 p. m. the temperature was 101.6° F.; weight 1,757.7 grams; animal slightly dull. February 24, temperature 102° F., weight 1,786 grams. March 5, weight 1,729.8 grams. The animal was fed at 3.20 p. m. with a concentrated extract of 125 grams of Astragalus mollissimus, collected in September. Temperature at time of feeding 100.4° F.; 3.40 p. m., no symptoms; 4 p. m., tempera- ture 102° F. March 7, weight 1,644.3 grams; March 8, weight 1,672.6 grams; March 10, weight 1,701 grams; March 12, weight 1,658.4 grams; March 14, weight 1,701 grams. In this case, where the same dose was given in a period of five days, very little effect on the rabbit was noted. Experiment No. 9.—On March 1, 1906, a black rabbit weighing 9,664.8 grams was fed with a concentrated aqueous extract of 250 grams of fresh Astragalus mollissimus, collected in the fall of 1905. 129 PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS. 41 On March 5 the weight was 2.296.3 grams. The animal was then given the same amount of extract. During the afternoon it passed mucus and thick pieces of feces and was dull; respiration very rapid. March 6, weight 2.282 grams; March 7, 3 p. m., animal very dull and would not eat; sat hunched up, but resisted being disturbed: weight 2310.5 grams. March 8, weight 2,183 grams; March 9, weight 2,069.5 grams. Pupils dilated: finger could be run almost against the eve, provided the lashes were not touched, without the animal winking or paying any attention. Rabbit ate very little and had not urinated since the preceding day. Left ear had fallen to the side as if the animal were unable to support it. Weight, 1,912.8 grams. From March 9 to March 11, 67 ¢. c. of cloudy urine were voided. This did not clear with acetic acid. Left eye tearing. March 10, head held to right side. March 12, weight 1,786 grams. Left pu- pil smaller than right, neither responding to light. Rabbit very weak. March 14, weight 1,729.3 grams. Would not eat. March 16, weight 1,644.3 grams. Right pupil larger than left, neither respond- ing to light. Diarrhea present. Breathing noisy. In sitting down she raised herself on her forelegs, evidently to take the pressure off her abdomen, which was distended. If disturbed, she would butt against the side of the cage, apparently oblivious of its presence. Knee jerks were very active, almost a clonus. Reflex from tendo Achillis active. March 17, forelegs spread out, head falling to left side. The temperature had fallen below 94° F. and would not register on the ordinary clinical thermometer. The ears twitched, the head was thrown back, the abdomen was distended, and the rabbit gritted its teeth. Died. Weight, 1,559.2 grams. Brain and spinal cord pale. Dural vessels plainly seen but not marked. Intestinal vessels congested. Stomach pale; nothing appar- ent macroscopically save a small pin-point ulcer.*. Heart relaxed. Post-mortem examination otherwise negative macroscopically. Experiment No. 10.—A mouse-colored rabbit weighing 1,927.8 grams was fed February 18, 1906, at 2.26 p. m., with a concentrated aqueous extract of 250 grams of fresh Astragalus mollissimus col- lected in September, 1905, and preserved in chloroform water. The temperature of this rabbit was 102.6° F. The fluid given was 40 c. c. At 2.45 p. m. the rabbit urinated and at 2.57 p. m. was dull and the respiration became rapid. The animal then aborted and had three young, two of which showed some movement after birth, but were apparently premature. 4Compare Plénius, W., Beziehungen d. Geschwiirs u. d. Erosionen d. Magens z. d. funktionell. St6rungen u. Krankh. d. Darmes, Arch. f. Verdauungsk., vol. 13, pp. 180, 270, 1907, and Tixier, h., Anémies Exper. Conséc. aux Uleér. du Pylore, Comp. Rend. Hebd. Soc. de Biol., vol. 62, p. 1041, 1907. 129 492 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. On February 23 the temperature of this rabbit was 102.9° F. at 1.40 p.m. She was then fed with the same amount of the extract as before. At 2.16 p.m. she lay down and became much duller; left ear fallen to side. At 3.30 p.m. the rabbit was unable to stand. The pupil of the eye exposed to the light was dilated. The animal died without a struggle. The stomach contained much bloody mucus. In the dependent portion of the stomach near the cardiac end were marked petechiz in the walls, with bright-red blood in the stomach itself. The heart was relaxed. The intestines showed nothing abnor- mal. The dural vessels of the brain were dilated; there was a clot on the dura over the fourth ventricle. Spinal cord and kidneys nor- mal, the capsules not adhering. Weight, 1,786 grams at death. ve periment No. 11.—On March 1, 1906, a rabbit weighing 2,126.2 grams was fed with a concentrated aqueous extract of 250 grams of the fresh Avagallus lamberti preserved in chloroform water. On March 5 this dose was repeated, 37.5 c. c. of the fluid being used. March 6 the rabbit weighed 1,956 grams; March 7, 1,913.6 grams; March 8, 1,828.5 grams; March 9, 1,701 grams; March 12, 1,672.6 grams; March 14, 1,644.3 grams. Experiment No, 12.—January 19, 1906, a concentrated aqueous ex- tract of 500 grams of the fresh Aragallus lamberti preserved with chloroform water was fed to a rabbit weighing 785 grams. The tem- perature at 12.10 p. m., the time of feeding, was 101.6° F. The tem- perature 1 hour and 43 minutes later was 94.6° F., and the animal died shortly after, showing the same condition as occurred after feed- ing extracts of Astragalus mollissimus. PREGNANT ANIMALS. Experiment No. 13.—A large, gray, pregnant rabbit weighing 2,891.6 grams was fed on February 22, 1906, with 42 ¢. ¢. of fluid, correspond- ing to the aqueous extract of 250 grams of Astragalus mollissimus collected in September and October, 1905, and preserved with chloro- form. At 4 p. m. the animal was dull, but still resisted efforts to handle. On February 24 this animal weighed 2,778.2 grams, and on February 26 it bore a litter of seven young rabbits. One or two of- these showed movements of the limbs, but were apparently immature. This rabbit on March 10 weighed 2,537.3 grams; March 12, 2,438 grams; March 14, 2,508.9 grams; March 22, 2,494.7 grams. Experiment No. 14.—On March 1, 1906, a black rabbit weighing 2,721.6 grams was fed at 12.15 p. m. with a concentrated aqueous ex- tract of 250 grams of the fresh Astragalus mollissimus collected in September, 1905. On March 2 it weighed 2,438 grams; at 2.58 p. m. it still resisted efforts to turn it on its back; at 3.15 p. m. it could be turned on its back with ease. March 6 the weight was 2,338.8 grams; 129 PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS. 43 March 7 the animal was very dull, would not eat, pupils dilated, hind legs paralyzed; died during the night; weight, 2,267.9 grams. The stomach walls were pale save at the dependent portion near the cardiac end, where there was a hemorrhagic, ulcerated area about 14 by 14 inches. The intestines were full of gas, but not hemorrhagic. The uterus contained eight immature feeti. The uterine walls were hemorrhagic. The kidneys weighed 94 grams; their medulle were dark and the straight tubules well defined. The cerebral dural ves- sels were congested and the spinal dural vessels were well defined. The bladder was found contracted. The blood gave no bands for methemoglobin, but showed merely those of oxyhemoglobin on spec- troscopic examination. Experiment No. 15—Control experiments made by feeding water were negative, except when a large quantity (150 ¢. c.) of water was given to a rabbit weighing 1,020.5 grams. The animal died in 12 hours with marked pallor of the tissues (hydreemia), a pathological condition quite different from that obtained by feeding extracts of the loco plants, and no such results were secured with the amount of water used in our feeding experiments. 50 to 70 c. c. SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS. Experiment No. 16—On February 28, 1906, a white rabbit weigh- ing 581.2 grams was injected subcutaneously at 10.35 a. m. with a con- centrated aqueous extract of 83 grams of fresh Astragalus mollissimus collected in September, 1905, and preserved with chloroform. The temperature before injection was 102.1° F. At 1.40 p. m. the animal was dull; at 3.12 p. m. the temperature registered 99.8° F. The ani- mal died during the night. The post-mortem examination was nega- tive. Stomach pale; heart relaxed save left ventricle, which seemed contracted; dural vessels of the brain dilated; kidneys perhaps nor- mal. No microscopical examination. Experiment No. 17.—February 28, 1906, at 10.25 a. m., a guinea pig weighing 496 grams was injected subcutaneously with a con- centrated aqueous extract of 83 grams of the fresh Astragalus mollis- simus preserved in chloroform water. At 1.40 p.m. there was mus- cular twitching. The animal was dull and could be easily turned. on his back. The hind legs began to show weakness. At 1.50 p. m. the hind legs were almost completely paralyzed and the animal could be easily turned on his back. Muscles of the limbs twitched and_ semen was expelled. Animal died at 2.15 p. m. Post-mortem showed dural vessels of cord and brain full of blood. Stomach pinker than normal: mesenteric vessels dilated. Heart almost empty of blood. Kidneys congested. 129 44 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. SUMMARY OF FEEDING EXPERIMENTS ON RABBITS. These experiments indicate that an acute form of poisoning may be induced by feeding concentrated aqueous extracts of Astragalus mollissimus and Aragallus lamberti from Hugo, Colo., and Imperial, Nebr., to rabbits, and that if the extract is given in smaller and re- peated doses a more prolonged or chronic condition may follow. The rabbits showing the chronic effects of these plants exhibit symptoms which have a marked parallelism with those reported as occurring in larger herbivora (horses and cattle) on the range when locoed; that is, the loss of appetite (Experiment No. 9), the ema- ciation and loss in weight (Experiment No. 9), the dullness and stupor, with more or less anesthesia (Experiment No. 7), the dis- turbance in the visual function (Experiment No. 9), and the mental symptoms (Experiment No. 6). The occasional abortion compares with what has been observed in larger animals. The dried Astraga- lus molissimus and Aragallus lamberti still retained their poisonous properties, as we were able to kill with aqueous extracts of the dried plants made in the laboratory under the proper conditions. EXPERIMENTS ON SHEEP. Experiment No. 1—On May 31, 1906, a sheep weighing 32.2 kilos was fed with a concentrated aqueous extract of 1,000 grams of the fresh Astragalus mollissimus preserved in chloroform water. The temperature at 11 o’clock, the time of feeding, was 103.4° F. At 11.45 a. m. this dose was repeated. At 12 o’clock the temperature was 104.1° F. At 12.45 the animal urinated. At 1.10 p. m. a similar extract of 2,000 grams was fed. The total quid used was 1,500 c.¢. On June 1 no symptoms were noted. On June 5 an extract of 3,000 grams of fresh Aragallus lamberti and 3,000 grams of As- tragalus mollissimus was fed. After feeding this the animal could be easily turned over on its back and its ear pricked with impunity. The animal at this time weighed 30.8 kilos. On June 6, at 11 a. m., the temperature was 104° F. The sheep had numerous soft stools, and was very dull, and would not eat. On June 7 the temperature was 103.7° F. and the sheep still refused to eat. On the Sth the tem- perature was 103.2° F. at 10.40 a .m., and the stools were still numer- ous and soft. There were then fed 640 c. c., representing the aqueous extract of 4,000 grams of the fresh Aragallus lamberti. The animal could be easily turned on its back. It weighed at this time 28.57 kilos. On June 9, at 10.47 a. m., the temperature was 103.4° F. The sheep still did not eat, but had no diarrhea. It now weighed 27.9 kilos, ae) and the temperature was 103° F. at 10/45 a. m. 129 PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS. 45 On June 13 the animal began to eat, and 1,700 c. c. of fluid, repre- senting 5,500 grams of the fresh Avragallus lamberti, were fed. The temperature at 12.30 p. m. was 103° F. On June 14 the temperature was 103.4° F., the animal weighed 28.3 kilos, and refused food. On June 16 the weight was 28.3 kilos; the temperature at 2 p. m. was 103.5° F. There was no diarrhea. On June 19 the aqueous extract of 1,000 grams of the dried Astra- galus mollissimus was fed with 420 c. c. of water. The temperature was 102.6° F. On June 20 the temperature was 102.9° F. at 10.45 a.m. On June 21 500 c. ¢., representing the aqueous extract of 1,000 grams of the dried Astragalus mollissimus, were again fed. The ani- mal now weighed 26.9 kilos. On June 26 the animal weighed 26 kilos, and its gait was very uncertain. The temperature was 104.2° F. It was fed 300 c. c. of fluid, representing the extract of 400 grams of the dried Astragalus mollissimus. On June 29 the animal weighed 26.8 kilos and the temperature was 102.8° F-. It was fed the extract of 1,000 grams of dried Astragalus mollissimus in 500 c. c. of water. On June 30, at 10.45 a. m., the temperature was 104.2° F. The ani- mal was very dull and died at night. At autopsy the intestines and stomach merely appeared pale. There were no worms, and the lungs and other organs appeared normal. Experiment No. 2—A lamb weighing 15.4 kilos was fed on July 6, at 1.10 p. m., with 640 ¢. c. of fluid, representing the extract of 2,000 grams of Astragalus mollissimus. At 117 p. m. the animal could be turned on its back, and it regained its feet with difficulty. At 1.24 p. m. it urinated and had a stool. The lamb died during the night. The autopsy the following morning showed the heart filled with clots; lungs normal save for hypostatic congestion. ‘The cerebral and dural vessels were dilated. About 14 teaspoonfuls of bloody serum were found at the base of the brain. There was none in the lateral ventricles, and no clots. The kidneys exhibited no marked congestion. There was no fluid found in the peritoneal or the pleural or pericardial cavities. The first stomach, however, contained small hemorrhagic spots, and the second was black. There were small hemorrhages in the intestines. Experiment No. 3—July 13, 1906, a sheep weighing 19.5 kilos was fed with 640 c. c. of fluid, representing the extract of 2,000 grams of Avragallus lamberti. The temperature at the time of feeding, 1.10 p. m., was 105.3° F. At 149 p. m. the sheep could be sasily turned on its back. At 2.23 p.m. the temperature was 103.6° F. At 3.42 p. m. the temperature was 103.5° F. At 4.20 p. m. the respiration was fairly rapid. On July 14, at 11.15 a. m., the tempera- 129 46 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. ture was 103.6° F. The sheep would run about but could easily be turned over. It had not eaten, but there was diarrhea present. July 15, at 3.30 p. m.; the temperature was 104° F. The animal had eaten. On July 17 the temperature was 104° F. and the animal weighed 18.8 kilos. On the 27th it weighed 17.2 kilos; on August 29, 20.8 kilos. Experiment No. 4—A lamb weighing 19 kilos was fed August 21, 1906, with 740 ¢. ¢., representing the aqueous extract of 2,500 grams of the fresh Astragalus mollissimus, shipped to Washington in Sep- tember, 1905. This animal ate at night, but the following day was dull. When seen on August 27 there was diarrhea present and the unimal was still dull. On the 28th the animal died, weighing 16.7 kilos. There was no autopsy on account of decomposition. Experiment No, 5.—A lamb weighing 15.6 kilos was fed on Sep- tember 4, 1906, with an aqueous extract representing 3,500 grams of the dried Aragallus lamberti, 1,000 c. c. of water being used. The temperature at the time of feeding was 104.3° F. At 2.48 p. m. the animal on rising to its feet developed a slight tremor of the fore legs and showed marked disinclination to stand on its feet. The tempera- ture was 104° F. The animal died at 4.25 p.m. The post-mortem was negative, save for some reddening of the second stomach.? These feeding experiments in sheep can not be considered quantita- tive, because, as is shown later, aqueous extracts of dried plants are often inactive, yet poisonous principles may be obtained from the plants by treatment with digestive fluids. Extracts of dried loco plants vary much in their toxicity; with some the writer was unable to kill rabbits, even when an extract of 300 grams of the dried plant was used. It is interesting to note that when the field station was established at Hugo, Colo., in 1905, almost all the aqueous extracts of dried specimens sent to Washington would produce the acute symptoms ef poisoning in rabbits, but during the third season of its existence many of the samples sent from the same area were much less active, if not inactive. LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS—CHEMICAL. The fact that the aqueous extract of 500 grams of the fresh As- tragalus mollissimus, or of 200 grams (in some cases 100 grams) of the dried plant, when fed by mouth, would regularly kill a rabbit weighing about 907 grams, with certain definite clinical symptoms and pathological lesions, was at first arbitrarily selected as our test @There was a slight odor of chloroform noticed on opening the stomach, so that perhaps the imperfect removal of the chloroform due to a hurried evapora- tion of the extract should be taken into consideration in this case. 129 CHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS. 47 to aid in the isolation of the active principle. Later the production of chronic symptoms by the aqueous extract or digestion of 200 grams of these dried plants given in doses ‘of 100 grams each on two suc- cessive days was considered essential. Carnivora, such as dogs and cats, vomit so easily as to render them unsuitable for these investi- gations. The aqueous extract was distilled with and without steam, also after acidifying with sulphuric acid, and likewise after the addition of magnesium oxid, but in all cases the distillate was Inactive. The concentrated aqueous extract was shaken by the -Dragendorff method with petroleum ether, benzol, chloroform, ether, and amyl aleohol, both in alkaline and acid condition, but the shakings yielded no physiologically active body. Shakings by the Otto-Stas method also proved inactive. Lead acetate, lead subacetate, silver nitrate,- mercuric chlorid, alcohol, phosphotungstic acid, trichloracetic acid, ammonium hydrate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrate, Mayer’s solu- tion, uranyl! acetate, silver oxid, and barium carbonate also failed to remove the active constituent. They gave heavy precipitates in all cases, but these proved inactive. Hydrocyanic acid was sought for with negative results. The pathological lesions in the very acute cases suggested in some respects oxalic acid, a saponin, a metal, or perhaps a toxalbumin as the active principle, but none of the pre- cipitants for saponins, such as lead and copper, or the magnesium oxid method yielded a body which was active. Proteids were excluded by the fact that the various proteid precipitants—alcohol, trichlor- acetic acid, lead subacetate, mercuric sulphate or chlorid, and salting out with ammonium sulphate and sodium chlorid (complete satura- tion and half saturation)—failed to give an active precipitate. Glu- cosidal or alkaloidal bodies were alsc excluded. On dialysing for twenty-four hours, some of the active principle went into the dialysate and some remained in the dialyser. Ether yielded a precipitate from alcoholic solution which failed to kall. The possibility of the activity of the plants being due to its normal acidity was excluded by neutral- izing the extract with sodium hydrate and precipitating the salts with aleohol. The filtrate proved active after removing the alcohol. The negative results in looking for active alkaloidal, or glu- cosidal, or proteid bodies suggested that perhaps the action was due to some inorganic constituent. The writer then boiled the extract three minutes and as the filtrate was still found active and the proteid precipitate inactive became convinced of the inorganic nature of the active constituents, and finally incinerated the plant. The acid extract from this was also active, but death was delayed several hours. This was believed to be due to the insoluble form into which 129 48 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. the compound was conyerted.* In fact, the question of solubility and the avoidance of an acid reaction, which of itself may kill, are the main points to keep in mind. These experiments indicated that the injurious action toward rabbits of the Astragalus mollissimus and Aragallus lamberti col- lected at Hugo, Colo., was due to one or more inorganic constitu- ents,” but it does not follow that all loco plants have the same poison- ous principle nor that the same species occurring on all soils has the same poisonous action.° Of Astragalus mollissimus from Imperial, Nebr., collected in 1906, 200 grams were ashed in a platinum bowl and extracted with water. This aqueous extract when neutralized produced no marked symp- toms in a rabbit and the weight of the animal remained about the same. The ash undissolved after this extraction was then treated with acetic acid and water overnight, and after carefully evaporating off the acetic acid on the bath (tested by htmus paper) the residue was fed, partly in solution and partly suspended in water, to a rabbit weighing 1,800.2 grams. Next day the rabbit weighed 1,771.8 grams, showed paralysis of the limbs, and died during the morning. The stomach was intensely reddened and contracted. An extract of a similar ash was made by boiling the same amount with a large quantity of 94 per cent alcohol. This was evaporated in vacuo and taken in water and fed to a rabbit weighing 1,459.9 grams. On the sixth day the animal died, having lost 70.9 grams in weight. The stomach showed reddening but no ulcers. An acetic acid aqueous extract, made from the ash after the alco- holic extraction, proved inactive, showing that the alcohol had re- 4Work is now being done by the writer on the inorganic constituents of various plants. > Seattered throughout the veterinary literature one finds cases of poisoning in animals with symptoms similar to those occurring in locoed animals which are attributed to eating plants grown on a peculiar soil, as in Oserow, Ueber IKkrankh, d. Pferde, welche Aehntichkeit mit der Cerebro-spinal meningitis haben, aber durch Vergiftungen mit Griisern yon Salzgriinden (Salzmooren) verur- sacht werden, Journ. f. Allgem. Veterinir-Medicin, St. Petersburg, p. 486, 1906. Abstract in Jahresber. tiber d. Leistungen auf dem Gebiete d. Veteriniir- Medicin, vol. 26, p. 226, 1906.—Compare also Etude sur Quelques Plantes Vénéneuses des Regions Caleaires, Bul. Soc. Cent. de Méd. Vét., vol. 48, p. 3878. 1894, ¢ After completing this work the writer found that Sayre had said that he “had the suggestion that the harm coming from this plant is due to the in- organic constituents; this clue has been followed up, but like the others has brought us no nearer to the solution of the problem.” WKans. Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 18, p. 144. 1903. 129 CHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS. 49 moved the active bodies. A 70 per cent alcohol extract of another ashed lot proved active, killing the rabbit overnight. . Of Astragalus mollissimus from Imperial, Nebr., 200 grams were ashed in a platinum bowl and the ash treated with acetic acid water. After freeing from acid, one half of the solution and emulsion was fed one day and the second half fed the following day. The rabbit at the time of feeding weighed 1,275.7 grams. Fourteen days later the animal died, weighing 1,105.6 grams. No autopsy. A similar extract of the ash from between 100 and 150 grams of the same dried plant produced death in a rabbit weighing 1,190 grams in two hours and fifty-eight minutes. The acetic acid extract of the ash of 125 grams of a mixture of the dried Astragalus mollissimus and Aragallus lamberti received from Hugo, Colo., June, 1907, after freeing from acid, was fed to a rabbit weighing 1,304 grams on July 29. On July 30 it weighed 1,332.4 grams. August 1 it weighed 1,219 grams, and it died the same day. The stomach was reddened and showed ulcers. A similar extract from 250 grams of the same dried plants on boil- ing gave a heavy precipitate, but this precipitate was inactive, while the filtrate killed a rabbit in four hours. Of dry Aragallus lamberti collected in September, 1906, 200 grams were extracted with water and fed to a rabbit weighing 1,516.7 grams. Two days later the animal weighed 1,360 grams and died the same day. The ash from 200 grams of the same dried plant was extracted with acetic acid, and after evaporating off the acid this was fed to a rabbit weighing 2,045.3 grams. Seven days later the animal weighed 1,729.3 grams, having lost 316 grams in weight. The ash from 250 grams of the same species of plant, after similar treatment with acetic acid, induced death in a rabbit weighing 2,069 grams in 2 hours and 20 minutes. The stomach was inflamed. EFFECT OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ASHED LOCO PLANTS. The filtrate from the ash from 200 grams of dried Astragalus mol- lissimus, from Imperial, Nebr., after similar treatment with acetic acid water and freed from free acid, killed a rabbit in several hours. Hydrochloric acid also rendered the toxic agent of the ash soluble in water, but proved unsuitable for our work, as it was found impos- sible to obtain neutral residues by mere evaporation on the bath. At first one of the heavy metals or members of the H.S group “@ was sus- pected, but on passing H,S into the slightly acid extract of the ash no “Swain, R. E., and Harkins, W. D. Arsenic in Vegetation Exposed to Smelter Smoke. Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 30, p. 915. 1908.—Harkins, W. D., and Swain, R. E. The Chronie Arsenical. Poisoning of Herbivorous Animals. Journ, Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 30, p. 928, 1908. 44194—Bull. 129—O8S t 50 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. active precipitate resulted, but the filtrate remained active. A spe- cial Marsh test was, however, made for arsenic and antimony with negative results. A test for tungsten with zine and hydrochloric acid proved negative. Members of the ammonium sulphid group were then suspected, but while ammonium hydrate alone gave a heavy white precipitate, this precipitate, as also the black one with ammonium sulphid, proved inactive save when not thoroughly freed from acid (used for solu- tion). The action of this ammonium sulphid precipitate on rabbits was watched for sixteen days, but without result. Nevertheless, the writer still suspected some of the rare earths.? Sestini® had found that if certain plants were nourished with a solution of a beryllium salt, in the ash of these plants could be shown the presence of beryllium. Two grams of beryllium chlorid were fed in aqueous solution to a rabbit weighing 1,800.2 grams. In four days this animal lost 241 grams and died. The stomach showed the same general pallor seen in chronic locoed rabbits, but no ulcers. The tests for beryllium by Sestini’s method, however, failed to show beryllium in the active loco plants examined. Thorium chlorid, cerium chlorid, and lanthanum chlorid in 2-gram doses and zirconium chlorid in 3-gram doses produced no chronic symptoms in rabbits or, in fact, any disturbance. Titanium chlorid, 2.5 grams, evaporated in the air and then fed in an emulsion to a rabbit, also proved inactive, but this inactivity may have been due to its insolubility. Thallium nitrate ec. p., in aqueous solution, in 2-gram doses, killed a rabbit weighing 2,154.6 grams in two hours and fifteen minutes. The stomach in this case, while pink, was not hemorrhagic. Zirconium chlorid has an astringent taste, and if fed repeatedly will cause the metallic astringent action. On boiling an acetic acid solu- tion of the ash with sodium acetate a precipitate formed.” The presence of zirconium was thus suspected and Dr. E. C. Sulli- van, of the United States Geological Survey, estimated it to be 4A similar extract was sent to the Bureau of Chemistry, and that Bureau also reported an absence of the elements of the H:S group. +’ Bachem, C. Pharmakologisches iiber einige Edelerden. Arch. Internat. de Pharmacodyn., vol. 17, p. 368. 1907. ¢Sestini, F. Esper. di Vegetaz. del Frumento con Sostituz. della Glucina alla Magnesia. Staz. Sper. Agrar. Ital., vol. 20, p. 256. 1891.—Di aleuni Ele- menti Chimici Rari a Trovarsi nei Vegetabili. Staz. Sper. Agrar. Ital., vol. 15, p. 290. 1888. Note.—The ammonium sulphid precipitate was very small if the phosphates were first removed with tin and nitric acid. @Bobhm, C. R. Darstellung d. seltenen Erden, vol. 1, p. 40. 1905. 129 CHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS. 51 present in the ash of a sample of Aragallus lamberti in about 0.01 per cent zirconium oxid, with also 0.1 per cent titanium dioxid. 7 Zirconium chlorid, 83 grams, was fed in aqueous solution to a rab- bit weighing 850.5 grams. This rabbit lost 96 grams in seven days, and was then fed 3 grams more of the same solution and the fol- lowing day 2 grams more. It died eight days later, weighing 656 grams. The stomach and intestines were contracted, but showed no ulcers. However, 4 grams killed a rabbit in two hours and thirty- two minutes. The filtrate, after treating an active solution of the ash with hy- drogen peroxid, proved active, thus showing that zirconium was not entirely responsible for the poisonous action. Yttrium, while not found in the plant, was administered as yttrium chlorid to a rabbit weighing 1,530 grams in 2-gram doses in solution. This animal gained 113.4 grams in five days. Didymium chlorid c¢. p., in 3-gram doses, was fed to a rabbit weighing 1,020 grams. This rabbit lost 70 grams in four days. The administration of manganese acetate’ in 2-gram doses was followed by a gain in weight of a rabbit of 42.5 grams, while a dose of 3 grams killed a rabbit weighing 1,077 grams in two hours and thirty minutes. Wohlwill® has emphasized the fact that the members of the iron group owe their comparative harmlessness to not being ab- sorbed by the gastro-intestinal tract. No zine was found in the plant.? It is well recognized that potassium salts given hypodermically are decidedly toxic and that ammonium salts given per os will kill, so that the writer considered the possibility of other members of the group being responsible for the injurious action. The fact that the alkaline distillate of the plant proved inactive eliminated the am- monium salts. . Cesium chlorid ec. p., 2 grams, was fed in aqueous solution to a ‘rabbit weighing 1,077.2 grams. In six days this animal lost 255 grams in weight, when it died.’ a@Wait, C. E. Occurrence of Titanium. Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 18, p. 402. 1896. Notre.—There seem to be no records of any study of the pharmacological action of titanium, ’Compare Jaksch, R. vy. Ueber Mangantoxikosen und Manganophobie. Miinch. Med. Woch., p. 969. 1907. © Wohlwill, F. Ueber d. Wirkung d. Metalle d. Nickelgruppe. Arch. f. Exper. Path., vol. 56, p. 409. 1907. 4QLaband, L. Zur Verbreitung des Zinkes im Pflanzenreiche. Zeits. f. Unter- such. d. Nahrungs- u. Genussmittel, vol. 4, p. 489. 1901. €Crsium occurs in various plants and the possibility of poisoning by this element must be considered. It is hoped that the writer may be able to under- take a more thorough pharmacological study of this element, 129 52 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. A second rabbit, weighing 1,020.5 grams, was fed with 2 grams of the same solution and lost 368 grams in twenty-one days. The spectroscopic test, however, failed to show cesium in the ashed plant. Rubidum chlorid c. p., in 2-gram doses, proved inactive. The platinum chlorid precipitate from the extract of the plant proved inactive. The fact that the filtrate after precipitation of the phosphates by tin and nitric acid and H,S was active excluded the phosphoric acid radical, and the filtrate after treatment with BaCO, and AgO being active excluded the H,SO, and HCl radicals as the toxic body. Fluorine was proved to be absent. A radio-active substance was suspected, but Dr. L. J. Briggs, Physicist of Bureau of Plant Industry, reported that the dried plant showed no special amount of radio-activity.¢ Power and Cambier, Sayre, and Kennedy had previously called attention to the abundance of calcium in the plant, and the writer’s investigations confirm this. Pharmacologists are averse to believing ‘alcium given per os poisonous. The writer has, however, fed 5 grams of the acetate of calcium in solution to a rabbit weighing 652 grams. This animal died in two hours, with marked irritation of the stomach, the result being due to the so-called “ salt action.” Much larger amounts were fed in divided doses, but without injury. Calcium phosphate and calcium sulphate in 2-gram doses proved harmless to a rabbit weighing about 1,400 grams. Three grams of magnesium acetate” were fed in solution for five successive days to a rabbit weighing 1,417 grams, but without apparent effect. Strontium acetate c. p., in 2-gram doses, likewise caused no dis- turbance. No strontium in any amount recognizable by chemical tests was proved in the plant. So that by a process of exclusion the writer was forced to think of barium as the main cause of the trouble. The writer noted that if the ashed plant was extracted with H,SO, water and this extract freed from sulphuric acid with PbCO, and HS the solution proved inactive to rabbits and also that after this extraction the acetic acid extract of the ash failed to kill. In other words, the sulphate of our body was insoluble in water. At times in passing H.S into active solutions of the ashed plant freed from the acetic acid by evaporation the filtrate and likewise the precipi- @ Acqua, ©. Sull’accumnlo di Sostanze Radioattive nei Vegetali. Atti della Reale Accad. dei Linecei, 5 s, vol. 16, sem. 2, p. 357. 1907. 4’ Compare Meltzer, S. J. Toxicity of Magnesium Nitrate When Given by Mouth. Science, vol. 26, p. 4738. 1907. ¢ Burgassi, G. Modificaz. del Ricambio per Azione dello Stronzio. Archiv. di Farmacol., vol. 6, p. 551. 1907. 129 CHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS. 58 tate were inactive. Noyes and Bray“ have noted that if H,S is passed into certain solutions in the presence of an oxydizing agent, such as ferric iron, H,SO, would be formed, which would throw any barium out of solution. In one blood-pressure record made with a dog (vagi nerves cut), a rise in blood pressure (a characteristic physiological action of barium) was seen to follow the intravenous injection of the aqueous extract of the plant, in spite of its normal acid reaction. Accidentally the writer found that Sprengel” had reported the presence of barium in Astragalus exscapus, a closely allied plant. Barium has also been found in the vegetable world by Scheele in 1788, and later by Eckard,¢ who found it in beech, while Forch- hammer ® proved it in birch, and Lutterkorth found it in the soil of the same area in which Eckard worked. Dworzak ¢ noted the occur- _rence of traces of this element in wheat grown along the Nile, and Knop/ found it in the soil. Doctor Balfour, of Khartum, Egypt, informed the writer that he knew of no eases in which this barium in wheat had produced poisoning. Hornberger’ found barium both in the red beech grown in Germany and in the soil on which these trees grew. It has also been claimed that various marine plants may take up barium from the sea." 4 Noyes, A. A., and Bray, W. C. System of Qualitative Analysis for the Com- mon Elements. Journ, Amer. Chem. Soc., vol. 29, pp. 168, 172, and 191. 1907. Note.—Barium sulphate is nontoxic on account of its insolubility. Orfila fed 16-24 grams to dogs without causing any disturbance. Bary, A. Beitr. z. Baryumwirkung. Dorpat, 1888, p. 25. ’.Sprengel, C. Von den Substanzen der Ackerbrume und des Untergrundes, Journ. f. Techn. u. Gskon. Chem., yol. 3, p. 313. 1828. © Eckard, G. E. Baryt, ein Bestandtheil der Asche des Buchenholzes. Evidently these plants must have been imperfectly freed from soil. 129 P 56 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. is due to the fact that certain inorganic salts interfere with the precipitation by H.SO,. A specimen of Avragallus lamberti (Tlugo, summer of 1907) with 12.44 per cent of ash was examined for its barium content by Hille- brand’s method. The method was as follows: Two grams of the ash were first fused with sodium carbonate and the fused mass washed with water containing sodium carbonate. The residue was washed into a beaker and treated with a few drops of sulphuric acid. The residue now remaining was filtered and after ignition was treated with hydrofluoric and sulphuric acids. After evaporating off these acids, the residue was treated with sulphuric acid water, filtered, and then fused with sodium carbonate. After extracting with sodium carbonate water, the residue was dissolved in just enough hydrochloric acid and precipitated with sulphuric acid. The precipitate was dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid and reprecipitated by water and weighed as BaSQ,.? So far as the writer can ascertain, there have been no control experiments made for this method to determine the experimental error. Of the above ash, 1.998 grams gave 5.2 miligrams of BaSQO,, which would correspond to 75.75 milligrams of barium acetate erystals— Ba(C.H,O,),+H,.O—in 200 grams of the dried plant. The residue by the Hillebrand method after weighing was tested with the spec- troscope and gave a bright spectrum for barium. The same ash was analyzed by the Bureau of Chemistry, using a shorter method, and they reported 2.7 milligrams of barium sulphate in 1.1217 grams of ash. A second sample collected earher in the summer, with an ash content of 18.6 per cent, was shown to yield barium corresponding to 3.4 milligrams of BaSO, in 2.5 grams of the ash.¢ One lot of Avagallus lamberti collected at Hugo, Colo., in May, 1905, and which gave an ash content of 37.3 per cent, was found to yield 3 milligrams of BaSO, from 1.998 grams of ash, or 173.88 milligrams of Ba(C,H,O0.),.+H.O in 200 grams of the dried plant, but this ash also contained 0.27 per cent of SO,. The Bureau of Chemistry reported the barium to correspond to 2.9 milligrams of BaSO, in 2.45 grams of the ash. The Astragalus missouriensis (Hugo, June, 1907), with an ash content of 21.8 per cent, gave 3: milligrams of BaSO, in 2.01 grams 4 Hillebrand, W. FF. Analysis of Silicate and Carbonate Rocks. U. S. Geol. Sury. Bul. 305, p. 116. 1907. See also Folin, O., On the Reduction of Barium Sulphate in Ordinary Gravimetric Determinations, in Journ. Biol. Chem., vol. By [oy cally) BRE ® All the determinations of barium which resulted either positively or nega- tively were made with the same bottle of sodium carbonate and H:SO,,. so that impurities in the chemicals were thus eliminated. © Report from Bureau of Chemistry. 129 FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH BARIUM. 57 of ash, or 76.58 milligrams of Ba(C,H,O,.),.+H,O in 200 grams of the dried plant. The residue after weighing was tested spectro- scopically and gave a bright barium spectrum. The Astragalus drummondii from Custer, S. Dak. (1906), Astra- galus mollissimus from Kit Carson County, Colo. (December, 1906), and Astragalus nitidus from Woodland Park, Colo. (October, 1907), were reported by the Bureau of Chemistry to contain no barium. The ash of the Astragalus pectinatus (Hugo, June, 1907) was re- ported by the Bureau of Chemistry to show no barium on spectro- scopic examination. Two grams of active loco plant ash yielded from 5 to 6 milligrams of BaSO,, but it can be easily seen that in multiplying this amount to correspond to 200 grams of the dried plant errors would be likely to arise, so that the whole amount of barium would not necessarily be accounted for. ANALYSIS OF SOILS. One sample of the soil from near Hugo, Colo., from which the Aragallus lamberti was collected, was examined by the Bureau of Soils, and that Bureau reported the absence of barium and zirconium, at least of any recognizable by the chemical methods used, so that it can not be said that the barium came from any soil accidentally mixed with the ash. Traces of titanium were, however, found. Evidently the plant must collect minimal quantities of these elements from the soil and store them. The water from a well of an adjacent area was examined by the _Bureau of Chemistry and reported to contain 37.4 parts of calcium and 13.7 parts of magnesium in one million, and that the water con- tained no barium.* FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH BARIUM SALTS ON ANIMALS IN THE LABORATORY. On these figures the writer took 0.2 gram of crystallized barium acetate c. p., using the acetate because acetic acid has been proved in certain loco plants by Power and Cambier, and after dissolving it in water fed it at 9.45 a. m. to a rabbit weighing 1,177 grams. The head soon fell forward so that the nose rested on the ground. At 10.58 a. m. the rabbit seemed unable to guide itself and would run into obstructions if forced to move. There was no diarrhea but it urinated several times. There was a peculiar tremor of the muscles noted. The animal would not startle by sudden noises and at 11.06 @ Barium has been found in well water in England. See Thorpe, T. E., Contri- bution to the History of the Old Sulphur Well, Harrogate, in Philos. Mag., 5 s., Vol: 2, ‘p. 50, 1876. 129 58 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. a. m. could be placed on its back with ease. The pupils appeared about normal. The whites of the eyes showed very prominently. At 11.35 a. m. the fore legs were paralyzed. The following morning the animal was dead, its weight being 1,120 grams. The heart was di- lated; the stomach was not hemorrhagic, but rather pale. A second rabbit, which weighed 1,630 grams, was fed with a solu- tion of 0.5 gram of the same salt at 9.42 a.m. At 10.35 a. m. the animal passed soft stools and showed a marked disinclination to move, with evidence of pain. The diarrhea’ became more marked and the animal’s hind quarters were soiled with feces. At 10.48 a. m. there was marked incoordination of the limbs and inability to stand. Finally, at 10.56 a. m., convulsions began and the animal died at 11.02 a.m. The autopsy was made about two hours later. The animal was then rigid. The kidneys seemed rather congested. The intes- tines were relaxed; mesenteric vessels dilated. The pyloric region of the stomach appeared hemorrhagic. A third rabbit, fed like the preceding with 0.5 gram of barium acetate, showed much the same result. In this case there was some retching, but the other symptoms were as above, the animal dying in one hour and five minutes. No hemorrhages were seen in the stomach walls. It was noted that after the administration of certain doses, 0.2 gram, there was no diarrhea. On September 23, 1907, a rabbit weighing 1,757 grams was fed at 10.42 a. m. with 0.1 gram of the same barium acetate. The tempera- ture at the time of feeding was 102.9° F. At 12.05 a. m. the animal urinated. Temperature, 101.4° F. On September 24 the animal weighed the same. Temperature at 10.55 a. m., 102.3° F. The same amount of barium was fed. At 3.40 p. m. the temperature was 102.5° F. On September 25 the animal weighed 1,800 grams. Tem- perature, 102.2° F. at 10.39 a.m. The dose of barium was repeated. At 3.55 p.m. the temperature was 101.4° F. On September 26 at 9.38 a. m. the temperature was 101.1° F., and again the barium was given. At 3.57 p. m. the temperature was 101.5° F. On September @Magnus, R.. Wirkungsweise u. Angriffspunkt einiger Gifte am Katzendarm. Archiy. f. Gesam. Physiol., yol. 108, p. 44, 1905. Note.—Reports on the histological changes in acute barium poisoning can be found in Pilliet, A., and Malbec, A. Note sur les Lesions Histologiques du Rein Produits par les Sels de Baryte sur les Animaux. Comp. Rend. Hebd. Soc. de Biol., vol. 4, p. 957. 1892. Literature on the pharmacology of barium not otherwise referred to is as follows: Boehm, R. Ueber d. Wirkungen d. Barytsalze auf d. Thierkérper. Arch, f, Exp. Path., vol. 3, p. 217. 1875.—Sommer, I’. Beitr. z. Kennt. d. 3aryum-Vergiftung. Dissert., Wiirzburg, 1890.—Neumann, -J. Ueber den Verbleib der in den_ thierischen Organismus eingefiihrten Bariumsalzen. Archiv. f. Gesam. Physiol., vol. 86, p. 576. 1885.—Hefftner, A. Ausscheidung k6rperfremder Substanzen im Harn, Ergeb. d. Physiol., pt. 1, p, 121. 19038.— 129 FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH BARIUM. 59 27 the rabbit weighed 1,772 grams. The temperature at 9.53 a. m. was 102.3° F. The barium was fed for the fifth time. At 10.27 a. m. there were general convulsions. The eyes teared. At 10.52 a. m. soft stools appeared and the animal urinated. Stools were passed at various periods. At 11.30 a. m. there were no signs of pain on pinching the ear. At 11.58 a. m. the animal retched. The animal was lying with the fore legs wide apart and could not support itself. At 12.05 p. m. the temperature was 98° F. and the rabbit died shortly after. The peritoneal cavity seemed normal. The small intestines were relaxed, while the mesenteric vessels were dilated. The kidneys seemed congested. The stomach walls were pink and in places covered with mucus, The heart was relaxed save the left ventricle, which seemed firm. On September 23, 1907, a second rabbit, weighing 1,360 grams, was fed with a similar solution and the feeding was repeated at the same time the first rabbit was fed. On September 27 the animal weighed 1,416 grams. On this day a peculiar movement of the hind legs on jumping appeared, apparently due to an inability to draw the legs completely up, and the fore legs were spread wide apart, as if too weak to support the animal. The temperature had also fallen. On September 28 the animal had apparently recovered. Weight, 1,516 grams on October 21. On September 23, 1907, a third rabbit, weighing 1,804 grams, was fed with 50 milligrams of barium acetate. This dose was repeated each time the other two rabbits were fed. On September 27 it weighed 1,304 grams. Marked muscular twitching appeared, with disinclination to move. Finally there were convulsions and paralysis of the limbs. No stools were seen. This animal lay quiet all night, Binet, P. Recherches Compar. sur l’Action Physiol. des Métaux Alcalins et Alcalino-terreux. Rey. Méd. de la Suisse. Romande, vol. 12, pp. 535, 607. 1892.—Cyon, M. Ueber d. toxisch. Wirkung. d. Baryt- u. Oxalsiiureyerbindun- gen. Archiv. f. Anat., Physiol. u. Wissens. Med., 1866, p. 196.—Mickwitz, L. Vergleich. Untersuch. ti. d. physiol. Wirkung d. Salze d. Alealien u. Aleal. Erden. Dissert., Dorpat, 1874.—Heilborn, F. Ueber Veriinderungen im Darme nach Vergift. mit Arsen, Chlorbarium und, Phosphor. | Dissert., Wiirzburg, 1891.—Reincke, J. J. Ein Fall mehrfacher Vergiftung durch kobhlensiiuren Baryt. Viertelj. f. gerichtl. Med., n. s., vol. 28, p. 248. 1878.—Orfila, Mémoire sur l’Empoisonnement par les Alcalis Fixes. Journ. de Chimie Méd., 2 s., vol. 8. p. 200. 1842.—Santi, L. Se nel Veneficio per Sali di Bario questo Metallo passa alla Urina? Gazz. Chem. Ital., vol. 33, pt. 2, p. 202. 1903.—Weber, F. R. Barium Chloride. Milwaukee Med. Journ., vol. 12, pp. 39, 60. 1904.— Rabuteau. De l’Innocuité des Sels de Strontium Comparée a l’Activité du Chlorure de Baryum. Gaz. Méd. de Paris, 3 s., vol. 24, p. 218. 1869,—The very early literature is considered in detail by Bary. 129 60 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. apparently unable to move, and continued on its side until 3.15 p. m. on September 28, when it gradually recovered, weighing 1,345 grams on October 24. On October 24, 1907, a rabbit weighing 1,346.5 grams was fed with a solution of 25 milligrams of crystallized barium acetate. On the next day the weight was 1,318 grams, and the dose was repeated. On October 26 it weighed 1,275.7 grams, and the dose was repeated; on October 30 it weighed 1,332 grams, and on October 31 its weight was 1,375 grams. The animal died at night on November 6; weight, 1,134 grams. The post-mortem examination, made with Dr. Meade Bolton, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, was negative save for the presence of necrotic tissue in one enlarged thyroid. On October 24, 1907, a rabbit weighing 1,332 grams was fed with a solution of 25 milligrams of crystallized barium acetate. On the next day the animal weighed the same, and the dose was repeated. On October 26 it weighed 1,289 grams, and the same amount of barium was given. On October 28 the weight was 1,219 grams and two days later 1,289 grams. On October 31, 1907, a rabbit weighing 723 grams was fed with a solution of 25 milligrams of barium acetate. This rabbit was fed in all nine times during a period of ten days. At the end of this time it weighed 779 grams and died six days later, weighing 723 grams. The post-mortem was negative. A rabbit weighing 779 grams was also fed on October 31, 1907, with a similar amount of barium. This dose was repeated six times during an interval of eight days. At the end of that time the animal still retained its normal weight. On November 14, 1907, it weighed 709 grams, having lost 70 grams. Thus after daily doses of 0.1 gram of crystallized barium acetate no symptoms appeared until the fifth day, when death resulted. After the similar administration of 50 milligrams severe symptoms developed on the same day, but the ani- mal recovered. After the administration of 25 milligrams on three successive days the animal died. In other cases of feeding 25 milli- grams for several successive days, some lost weight and died; others merely lost in weight, but recovered. Bary fed a rabbit weighing 0.9 kilogram a solution of 30 milligrams of barium chlorid on one day, on the second day 90 milligrams, and on the third day 30 milligrams. The only symptom noted was diar- rhea. The animal died on the fifth day. In other words, after feed- ing small doses of barium salts for several days acute symptoms sud- denly set in, showing a cumulative action. This cumulative action has been noted on man.? “Bary, A. Beitr. z Baryumwirkung. Dissert., Dorpat, 1888, p. 100. 129 FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITH BARIUM. 61 Onsum ¢ fed a medium-sized rabbit daily with small doses of barium carbonate, beginning with 20 milligrams. When the total amount reached 0.19 grams the rabbit died. The animal before death showed paralysis, respiratory disturbances, and fall in temperature. The sensibility of the cornea diminished, but the pupils responded to light. The stomach walls showed ecchymoses and the blood vessels of the brain, the spinal cord, and the abdominal vessels were dilated. Emboli in the pulmonary arteries were also noted. In a rabbit the application of 0.66 gram of barium chlorid to a wound was followed in twenty minutes by convulsions, paralysis, and finally coma and death.? Of barium nitrate 0.66 gram mixed with sugar and fed to a rabbit caused death in less than one hour, and 0.33 gram induced death in another rabbit in twenty-seven hours.¢ Six grains (0.4 gram) of barium iodid fed in solution to a rabbit caused death the following day. On this day there were tremors of the neck and shoulders with convulsive movements of. the limbs. There was also grinding of the teeth. “The mucous mem- brane of the stomach was rose-red at the cardia, and softened.” Membranes of the cord and brain also were congested./ For rabbits weighing 1,500 to 2,000 grams the lethal dose of barium chlorid on subcutaneous use is stated to be 0.05 to 0.06 grams.° A rabbit weighing 1,106 grams was fed with a solution containing 50 milligrams of crystallized barium acetate c. p. and 50 milligrams of zirconium chlorid (pure). In fifty-seven minutes the animal showed difficulty in moving the fore legs, developing marked paralysis of the same about five hours later, and died the following morning—that is, twenty-two hours after feeding. The heart was found dilated, kidneys congested, stomach walls pink and covered in places with mucus and partly digested blood, and cerebral dural vessels dilated, but no clots were seen; bladder full. Mixtures of 0.5 gram of calcium acetate and 50 milligrams of barium acetate failed to kill. Mixtures of titanium and barium were not tried, as no titanium salt soluble in water and of neutral reaction was accessible. @Onsum, J. Ueber d. toxisch. Wirkung. der Baryt- und Oxalsiiurever- bindungen. Arch. f. Path. Anat., vol. 28, p. 234. 1863. + Brodie, B. C. Further Experiments and Observations on the Pelletier, D. Observations sur la Strontiane. Annal. de Chimie, vol. 21, joy JH alr ¢ Christison, R. Treatise on Poisons. Edinburgh, 1845, p. 579.—Crampe, Bewiihrte Mittel gegen Feldmiiuse. Deutsch. Landw. Presse, vol. 5, p. 530. 1878.—Felletar, E. Fille von Intox. mit kohlensiiur. Baryum. Pest. Med.- Chir. Presse, vol. 28, p. 1072. 1892. @Husemann, T. Ein Beitrag z. Kennt. d. Barytvergiftungen. Zeits. f. pract. Heilk., vol. 3, p. 235. 1866. In this article Husemann has collected many cases of poisoning by barium in animals. € Christison, R. Treatise on Poisons. Edinburgh, 1845, p. 579. f According to v. Jaksch, “ Sie ist bei der grossen Toxicitit der Substanz im- mer ernst zu stellen.” Vergiftungen, 1897, p. 79. Nore.—A thorough pharmacological study of some barium salt is much needed, and it is hoped that the writer will be able to complete this work. 9 Filippi, E. Modificaz. del Ricambio Organice per Azione del Cloruro di Bario. La Sperimentale, vol. 60, p. 610. 1906; Sull’ Azione Cardiaca del Chlo- ruro di Bario. Archivio di Farmacol. Speriment., vol. 5, p. 122. 1906. 129 BARIUM POISONING IN MAN. 63 however, says, “ The effects on the heart and on the pressure are already the first indication of poisoning.” ‘This metal has also been used in the treatment of chronic diseases of the spinal cord, as mul- tiple sclerosis and paralysis agitans.? After the administration to a woman of 5 grain (0.005 gram) of barium chlorid three to five times a day for a few days, a total of 2} grains (0.135 gram), the patient developed rapid respiration, tender- ness over the epigastrium, nausea, constipation, cramps in the limbs, loss of appetite, weakness, great emaciation, dysuria, some deafness with tinnitus, difficulty in speaking and thinking, with vertigo.” In this case the eyes were glassy, the vision indistinct, and the cheeks flushed. Kohl after the use of small doses of the same noted sali- vation, swelling of the gums, and falling out of the teeth, with a mercurial odor to the breath. Christison¢ states: “I have known violent vomiting, gripes, and diarrhea produced in like manner by a quantity not exceeding the usual medicinal doses.” According to Kennedy few persons are able to bear 4 grain (0.0075 gram) of ba- rium chlorid.4 In Carpenter’s case after three doses of 1.6 grains (0.070 gram) of barium chlorid the patient developed almost lethal symptoms.® Car- penter calls attention to the drowsiness which developed in this patient after the administration of barium, a fact which had already been noted by Christison.f A cartarrhal affection of various mucous membranes and a swell- ing of various glands have been noted, especially of the lymph and salivary glands, and in the male the testes have at times swollen’ The inflammation of the glands may pass on to suppuration. The skin becomes dry and shows a tendency to crack. Febrile attacks are reported after the repeated use of small doses of barium. @Schulz, H. Vorles. iti. Wirkung. u. Anwendung d. unorganisch. Arzneistoffe. Leipzig, 1907, p. 234.—Hare, H. A. Use of Barium Chloride in Heart Disease. Med. News, vol. 54, p. 183. 1889. > Ferguson, J. C. Symptoms of Poisoning from Muriate of Barytes. Dublin Quart. Journ. Med. Sci., vol. 1, p. 271. 1846. ¢ Christison, R., I. ¢., p. 580. @ Kennedy, H. Dose of the Muriate of Barytes. Lancet, vol. 2, p. 28. 1873. € Carpenter, J. S. Barium Chloride from a Clinical Standpoint. Med. News, vol. 59, p..93. 1891. f Christison, R., 1. ¢., 1845, p. 578. 9 Schulz, H. Vorles. ii. Wirkung. u. Anwendung d. unorganisch. Arzneistoffe. Leipzig, 1907, p. 233.—Schwilgué, C. J. A. Traité de Mat. Méd., 3 ed., vol. 1, p. 441. 1818. Notr.—According to the files of the Office of Poisonous-Plant Investigations, EK. D. Smith reported in the Orange Judd Farmer, 1897, that locoed animals showed a swelling of various glands. As yet the writer has been unable to verify this reference. 129 64 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. Scheibler* has called attention to the possibility of producing chronic barium poisoning in man from the use of barium in the manu- facture of food products. Acute cases of poisoning in man from four or more grams of barium carbonate or chlorid or nitrate have been reported more or less fre- quently.” In the acute case of poisoning in man reported by Tira- boschi and Taito, no macroscopic changes were noted in the stomach mucosa.¢ Lopes? has reported one case of acute poisoning in man from less than 1 gram of barium chlorid. In this case paralysis of the limbs was a marked feature. Stern’ cites Perondi and Lisfranc to the effect that “remarkably large doses of barium chlorid can be borne without injury by gradually increasing the doses (dissolved in much water).” Lisfrane’ has suggested that the sensitiveness to poisoning by barium salts is greater in certain climates than in others. No data are as yet available as to the influence of altitude and par- tial starvation on the toxicity of barium salts. As is well known, @ Scheibler, C. Ueber d. Verwendung giftiger Stoffe, besonders d. Barytver- bindungen bei d. Zuckerfabrication. Chem. Zeit., vol. 11, p. 1463. 1887. ’ Schmidt’s Jahrbiicher, vol. 192, p. 181. 1881.—Walsh, J. Report of a Case of Poisoning by Chloride of Barium. Laneet, vol. 1, p. 211. 1859.—Walch. Sel- tener Fall einer tédlich. Vergiftung d. Baryta muriatica. Zeits. f. Staatsarznk., vol. 30, p. 1. 1835.—Carpenter, J. S. Barium Chloride from a Clinical Standpoint. Med. News, vol. 59, p. 93. 1891.—Eschricht. D¢gdeligt forlébende Forgiftning med salpetersurt Baryt. Ugeskrift for Laeger, vol. 4, p. 241. 1881.—Ogier and Soecquet. Empoisonnement par le Chlorure de Baryum. An- nal. d’Hyg. Publ., 3 s., vol. 25, p. 447. 1891.—Chevallier, A. Note sur un Cas d’Empoisonnement Déterminé par lAcétate de Baryte. Annal, d@’Hyg. Publ., 2s., vol. 39, p. 395. 1873. —Courtin, Cas d’Empoisonnement par du Chlorure de Baryum. Rey. d’Hyg., vol. 4, p. 653. 1882.—Poisoning by a Baryta Compound. Pharm. Journ., 3 S., vole 2, p. 1021. 1872.—Reichardt, E. Vergiftungsfall mit kohlensiurem Baryt. Arch. d. Pharm., 3 s., vol. 4, p. 426. 1874.—Lagarde, P. Acétate de Baryte livré sous le Nom de Sulfovinate de Soude. Union Méd., 3 s., vol. 14, p. 537. 1872.—Baum. Zwei Fiille von fahrliissiger Todtung durch saltpetersiiures Baryt. Zeits. f. Medizinalbeamte, vol, 9, p. 759. 1896.—Funaro, A. Sul Veneficio per Sali di Bario. L’Orosi, vol. 12, p. 3897. 1894. ¢ Tiraboschi, A., and Taito, F. Avvelenamento da Bario. Il Risveglio Medico d’Abruzzo e Molise, vol. 1, p. 171. 1906. Notre.—A criticism of this case is to be found in Bellisari, G., Su Di un Pre- sunto Avvelenamento da Bario. Il Risveglio Medico d’Abbruzzo e Molise, vol. 2, p. 15. 1907. 4T,opes, A. Caso Curioso de Envenenamento Pelo Chloret de Bario. Medicina Contempt., Lisbon, vol. 4, p. 109. 1886. € Stern, E. Vergiftung mit Chlorbarium. Zeits. f. Medizinalbeamte, vel. 9 p. 383. 1896. Note.—The writer has always theoretically questioned the danger of poison- ing by loco weeds in well-fed and well-watered animals, Compare Stalker, M., The “Loco” Plant and Its Effect on Animals. Bur. Animal Industry, 5d Ann. Report (1886), p. 271. 1887. f Lisfrane. Lecon sur Emploi du Muriate de Baryte contre les Tumeurs Blanches. Gaz. Méd. de Paris, 2 s., vol. 4, p. 215. 1836. 129 PATHOLOGICAL LESIONS IN BARIUM POISONING. 65 almost all recorded cases of locoed animals have occurred at a high altitude. It must also be remembered that the addition of one salt to the solution of another may greatly increase the toxicity of the first one. Thus, the addition of a few milligrams of barium chlorid to a solu- tion of a sulphocyanate renders the latter much more poisonous." This may be due to the fact that the salts are more completely ionized. PATHOLOGICAL LESIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL BARIUM POISONING. The post-mortem examinations in cases of acute experimental ba- rium poisoning, according to Schedel,’ show punctiform or large hemorrhagic effusion in the fundus ventriculi® and in the large and small intestines, contraction of the bladder, and hemorrhage into the walls of the bladder and uterus. The heart is usually found relaxed or the left ventricle contracted in systole, while the right is relaxed. Only once were ecchymoses under the endocardium seen. The liver and kidneys showed nothing special. The urine was free from albumen and sugar. In a few cases the lungs showed some infiltration with blood. In chronic cases, according to our own investigations in rab- bits, there are no characteristic macroscopic lesions, a result which agrees with Mittelstaedt’s report.?. Nothnagel and Rossbach° claim that in chronic poisoning by barium the peripheral nerves are al- tered. The same negative results have also been reported in chronic poisoning in higher animals. Reynolds’ noted a layer like a blood clot under the cerebellum in a horse fed with barium chlorid. Fuchs? has called attention to the fact that the flesh of cattle poisoned with barium chlorid was harmless, perhaps owing to a conversion into an insoluble salt, a fact which may be considered in the use of locoed animals for food. @Pauli, W., and Fréhlich, A. Pharmakodynam. Studien. Sitz. Kaiserl. Acad. d. Wissens. z. Wien, vol. 115, III, pt. 6, p. 445. 1906. >’ Schedel, H. Beitr. z. Kennt. d. Wirkung des Chlorbariums. 1903, p. 15. ¢ After subcutaneous injection of barium chlorid, Lewin, by means of the spec- troscope, has found barium in the stomach walls. Lewin, L. Schicksal k6rper- fremder chem. Stoffe im Menschen u. besonders ihre Ausscheidung. Deutsch. Med. Woch., vol. 32, p. 173. 1906. @d Mittelstaedt, F. Ueber chronische Bariumvergiftung. Dissert., Greifswald, 1895, p. 29. € Nothnagel, H., and Rossbach, M. J. Handb. d. Arzneimittel, p. 81. 1904. f Reynolds, M. H. A Study of Certain Cathartics. Minn. Agric. Exper. Sta., 15th Ann. Rept. 1907. 9 Fuchs, C.J. Vergiftungsfiille durch salzsiiuren Baryt beim Rindvieh. Thier- iirztl. Mittheil., vol. 5, p. 159. 1870. Fuchs suggests that further investigations on this point are desirable. The literature of this class of experiments is very scanty. See Fréhner and Knudsen, Einige Versuche tiber d. Geniessbarkeit d. Fleisches vergift. Thiere. Monats. f. Prakt. Thierheilk., vol. 1, p. 529. 1890. 44194—Bull. 129—08 7) 66 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. TOXICITY OF VARIOUS AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF LOCO PLANTS. On October 21, 1907, a rabbit weighing 1,531 grams was fed with an extract of 95 grams of dried Avagallus lamberti (Hugo, Colo., 1907), with an ash content of 12.44 per cent, with a barium content estimated as 2.6 milligrams of BaSO, in 1 gram of ash. On the fol- lowing day it weighed 1,517 grams, and the same dose was again administered. On October 23 the weight was 1,488 grams, and the dose was repeated. On the next day the weight was the same and the dose was repeated. On October 26 the weight was 1,446 grams, and again the same extract was given. On October 30 the animal weighed 1,502.5 grams; on October 31, 1,531 grams. The animal received a total extract of 475 grams of the dried plant without seri- ous injury. This result was apparently contradictory to the earlier work. On October 21, 1907, a rabbit weighing 1,743 grams was fed with an extract of 47.5 grams of the same dried plant. On the next day its weight was 1,729 grams, and the same amount of the extract was fed. On October 23 the weight remained the same, and the dose was repeated. On October 24 the weight was 1,658 grams, and the same amount of extract was fed. On October 26 the animal weighed 1,630 grams, when it was again fed with the same amount of extract. On October 28 the animal weighed 1,573.5 grams, but two days later the weight had risen to 1,644 grams. An extract of 237.5 grams had been administered. Here again the results appeared contradictory. On October 21, 1907, a rabbit weighing 1,517 grams was fed with an extract of 77.5 grams. On the next day it weighed 1,545 grams, and the dose was repeated. On October 23 the animal weighed 1,531 grams, and the same amount of extract was given. On the following day it weighed 1,488 grams, and the dose was repeated. On October 26 it weighed 1,474 grams, and again the dose was repeated. On October 30 the weight had risen to 1,545 grams, and on October 31 it was 1,559 grams. This animal received in all an extract of 387.5 grams of the dried plant. An aqueous extract of 200 grams of the same in one dose also failed to produce the acute symptoms. These feeding experiments show little of the characteristic action seen in the earlier experiments made with aqueous extracts either of the dry plant or of the fresh plant preserved with chloroform. In other words, the aqueous extract of the dried plant was only slightly poisonous, yet the plant from which the extract was made contained barium. Of this same dried loco 200 grams were then extracted with water and digested with pepsin and finally with pancreatin in the ther- mostat (37.5° C.). The extract was concentrated and fed to a rabbit weighing 1,616 grams. After five hours and ten minutes the animal 129 TOXICITY OF EXTRACTS OF LOCO PLANTS. 67 appeared weak in the fore legs and unable to support himself, and he died during the night. The intestines the following morning were found full of gas, the stomach red, the lungs seemed normal, and the heart was relaxed. A rabbit weighing 1,545 grams was fed on November 15, 1907, with a preparation made in a similar manner, save that the plant was not extracted with water before digestion. On the next day it weighed 1,517 grams and on November 19, 1,361 grams. The following day the weight was 1,318 grams; on November 21, 1,233 grams, and on the next day 1,162 grams. The animal died during the night, and the autopsy was made the following morning. The animal was greatly emaciated and the subcutaneous fat had almost all disappeared. The mesenteric vessels were dilated, but the intestines were not dilated. The peritoneal cavity was normal. The kidneys were perhaps a little injected, and measured 3 cm. in length. The lungs were normal. The left ventricle was con- tracted and the rest of the heart relaxed. The liver was normal and the spleen apparently normal. The stomach walls were dark, owing to decomposition. No ulcers were seen. The suprarenals were per- haps a little enlarged. The examination of the brain was negative, and no clots were found. A similar digestion from 200 grams of the same dried plant was then ashed and the ash treated with acetic acid and freed from acid by evaporation on the bath. The ash which was insoluble in water was ground up into a fine paste and the whole was fed to a rabbit weighing 992 grams. This animal died in forty minutes, showing the characteristic symptoms seen in acute cases already described. In the autopsy the lungs and other organs seemed perfectly normal macroscopically. The stomach walls, however, were reddened and ecchymotic, and the mesenteric vessels were dilated. On January 8, 1908, a similar digestion ot the same batch was treated with a few drops of sulphuric acid to remove the barium, and the filtrate was then treated with lead carbonate to remove the sul- phuric acid. After careful filtering, H,S was passed into the solu- tion and after concentration was fed in one dose on January 9, 1908, toa rabbit. The following morning the rabbit had gained in weight. On January 14 this animal weighed 30 grams more than its initial weight. The residue of this plant after such a digestion, examined by the Hillebrand method, showed no weighable amount of barium, so that it can be seen that barium in relatively large amount was found in the plant itself, but not after the digestion. It must therefore have been the aqueous digestion which produced the characteristic symp- toms. The examination of this fluid for barium might, however, be 129 68 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. misleading, as the large amount of proteids would unquestionably in- terfere with the determination of this amount of barium, unprotected by other salts and silica, so that this side of the investigation was not pursued. Control feedings with an emulsion of one-half gram each of pepsin and pancreatin proved inactive. Of the same Aragallus lamberti 200 grams were similarly digested and the barium was removed with a few drops of H.SO,, the sul- phuric acid by PbCO, and a httle lead acetate, and the lead by H,S. Such an extract it was shown in the previous experiment would not kill. However, to this extract was added 100 miligrams of crystal- lized barium acetate in a solution and a precipitate formed. Never- theless, the liquid and the precipitate were fed on February 1, 1908, to a rabbit weighing 1,304 grams. On February 3 the animal weighed 1,233 grams; on February 4, 1,176 grams; February 5, 1,120 grams; February 6, 1,006 grams; February 7, 1,219 grams; February 8, 1,219 grams; February 10, 1,804 grams. As a control for this animal, to make sure that the loss in weight was not due to the acetic acid set free by the treatment with H,S, a similar aqueous extract of the same lot of Aragallus lamberti was pre- cipitated with very much more lead acetate than in the’ preceding cases and also with lead subacetate and then H,S. After evaporating to dryness this was fed on February 8, 1908, to a rabbit weighing 1,035 grams. On February 11 it weighed 1,021 grams; on February 13, 1,091 grams, and on February 15, 1,120 grams, showing a gain in weight. Of the dried Astragalus missouriensis (Hugo, Colo., June, 1907) 400 grams with an ash content of 21.8 per cent and which was known to contain barium (8 mg. BaSO, in each 2 grams of the ash) were extracted with water and fed in four doses corresponding to 100 grams each in a period of four days. On November 18, 1907, the first day of feeding, this rabbit weighed 1,856.7 grams. Fifteen days later it weighed 1,984.3 grams. One hundred grams of this dried plant after extraction with water were found to leave about 51.1 grams“ of the plant undissolved. This when ashed yielded 8.2 grams of ash. Two grams of this ash yielded 5 milligrams of BaSO,. In other words, the aqueous extract of the plant was inactive and the barium was found practically unextracted in the residue of the plant. Evidently the barium in these dried plants had been converted into an insoluble form by drying or by some peculiarity of its metabolism, and was not extracted by water, but could be extracted by digesting the plants with the combined digestive ferments, pepsin and pan- creatin. 4 Some was lost, being attached to the cloth used in squeezing the extract. 129 TOXICITY OF EXTRACTS OF LOCO PLANTS. 69 Of the same dried Astragalus missouriensis 200 grams were ex- tracted with water and the extract treated with lead carbonate to remove any possible free sulphates and after filtering this was treated with H,S to remove the lead. As the preceding experiment showed that the aqueous extract of this dried plant was harmless without barium, the writer decided to add barium artificially, and 100 milli- grams of barium phosphate,? crystallized, was added to the liquid and the whole fed to a rabbit weighing 2,423.9 grams. The following morning the rabbit was found dead. The autopsy was made by Dr. H. J. Washburn, of the Bureau of Animal Industry. He found that the suprarenals were enlarged and congested, and there were small areas of hepatization at the apex of each lung. There were also acute corrosion areas on the greater curvature of the stomach and over the upper portion of the duodenum. Of the Astragalus missouriensis used in the preceding experiments, 200 grams were extracted thoroughly with water, and the extract cor- responding to 100 grams, together with 80 milligrams of barium phosphate pure, was fed on March 12, 1908, to a rabbit weighing 1,261.5 grams. During this day the animal walked at times with an uncertain gait and the following morning it weighed 1,233 grams. It was then fed the rest of the solution, that is, the extract of the remain- ing 100 grams of the plant, but without any barium. The animal soon developed convulsions and died in a little over twenty-four hours after the original feeding. The autopsy, which was made by Dr. J. R. Mohler, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, showed that the mucous membrane of the stomach was markedly hemorrhagic and in areas gelatinous infiltration was very marked. In one portion of this hem- orrhagic area there was distinct erosion. The large intestines were full of gas, the lungs were normal, the heart was relaxed, and the lungs collapsed. The blood vessels of the kidneys were markedly engorged. ; Of the dried Astragalus nitidus (Woodland Park, Colo., October, 1907) which was reported by the Bureau of Chemistry as containing no barium, 200 grams were extracted with water and fed in 100-gram doses for two successive days. The animal increased steadily in weight and fifteen days after the first feeding had gained 99.2 grams. This amount of the plant was also extracted with water and the resi- due was then digested with pepsin and pancreatin in the thermostat, as in the previous case, and fed in two doses corresponding to 100 grams each. This animal increased in weight, gaining 60 grams in six days and 165 grams in addition after a further fifteen days. “This barium phosphate was determined by the Bureau of Chemistry to be BaHPO, and to contain traces of iron, sodium, and potassium, but it was free from arsenic. 129 70 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. An Astragalus mollissimus (it Carson County, Colo., December, 1906), which was also reported by the Bureau of Chemistry as con- taining no barium, was extracted with water, and a dose correspond- ing to an extract of 200 grams of the dried plant was fed in one dose without any serious result. The same amount of the dried plant was also similarly digested with pepsin and pancreatin and fed in two doses, but without the production of any symptoms, the rabbit gaining 60 grams in four days. Of the Aragallus lamberti (Hugo, Colo., June, 1907), with an ash content of 12.44 per cent, 250 grams were ashed and the ash treated with acetic acid and, after evaporating off the acetic acid, was ex- tracted with water and the ash digested with pepsin and pancreatin. The aqueous extract and the digestion products of the ash were then fed after concentration, but without any serious effects to the animal, indicating that in this plant the barium is in a form insoluble in water and in the ashing is further changed so that it can not now be made soluble by digestion—an opposite result to the experiment in which the barium was first rendered soluble by digestion and the digestion products ashed, suggesting a possibility that plants might be found in which the barium is not extracted by digestion, at present a hypothesis. Of dried Astragalus decumbens (Ephraim, Utah, 1907), which was reported by the Bureau of Chemistry to contain no barium, 200 grams also failed to produce symptoms in rabbits by our test. A solution containing 50 milligrams of barium acetate (crystal- lized) was mixed with an aqueous extract of 200 grams of the dried Aragallus lamberti which had proved inactive pharmacologically, but a precipitate formed (BaSO,?) and the extract still remained inactive, suggesting that the question of toxicity depended not only upon the presence of barium, but also whether other agents, such as sulphates, etc., might not be present in sufficient amount to render the barium insoluble; that is, pharmacologically inactive. This Avagallus lamberti yielded an ash content of 37.3 per cent, and the SO, group was estimated at 0.27 per cent of the ash, while a corresponding lot which was obtained two years later from the same area yielded an ash content of 12.44 per cent and a SO, con- tent of 0.24 per cent of the ash. It may be urged that the full lethal dose of the barium was not always found in the plant, yet it must be remembered that the toxic action was the resultant of the action of the total constituents and that if the barium was removed the extract was practically harmless. In looking back over the work the most suitable preparation for producing the characteristic symptoms in rabbits seems to be the freshly ground-up plant mixed with water and preserved in chloro- form, for while the dried plant might contain barium, yet the aque- 129 ANTIDOTE FOR LOCO-WEED POISONING. Tk ous extract was often inactive, suggesting, perhaps, the presence of something in the fresh plant which aided the solution of the barium, thus accounting for the variations in toxicity of aqueous extracts made from plants dried under varying conditions. The nature of the compound in which barium exists in the plant is as yet unknown and has not been investigated. Jt is important to remember that not only must barium be found in the plant to prove poisonous, but it must be in such a form that it can be extracted in the gastro-intestinal canal, The amount of barium found in various species of loco plants will no doubt vary, and perhaps the pharmacological test on rabbits as the writer has used it may have to be modified for such plants, so that at present the wisest plan to test these plants is to determine their barium content and also make the physiological test, as has been proposed, and if the barium content runs low, say below 0.11 per cent of the ash, in plants yielding from 12 to 18 per cent of ash, then to increase the number of feedings on the rabbit. No doubt on ranges where a large number of loco plants are eaten, with little other food, plants with a very low barium content may be poisonous, but if large amounts of other food are fed the writer would expect few, if any, serious results. As the writer’s work has been confined to the laboratory side of the loco-weed investigations no feeding experiments with barium salts have been made by him on large animals. Such experiments should, of course, be made under range conditions; that is, where the water and food supply is deficient. THEORETICAL ANTIDOTE FOR LOCO-WEED POISONING. The fact that treatment of the loco-weed extract with a few drops of sulphuric acid, which will remove the barium, renders these ex- tracts harmless, and even apparently nutritious, would suggest the theoretical antidotal treatment to be with sulphates, in the form, perhaps, of epsom salts, but perhaps alkaline bicarbonates may be present in the stomach, either due to lessened acidity of the stomach or from drinking alkaline waters, in which case the precipitation of the barium by sulphates would presumably be interfered with, and thus the treatment be rendered ineffectual.* It is interesting to note that most of the remedies proposed for the successful treatment of locoed animals contain sulphates.? In Storer’s experiments on feeding rats with barium carbonate it was found that the barium carbonate would kill them, but if cal- cium carbonate was mixed with the barium the rats survived, sug- * Mendel, L. B., and Sicher, D. F., 1. ¢., p. 148. b’Mayo, N. S. Some Observations upon Loco. Kans. State Agric. Coll. Bul. 35, p. 119. 1898. (2 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. gesting an antidotal action. This apparent antagonism deserves further study and may lead to practical results.¢ A somewhat simi- lar antagonism for at least a part of the action of barium has been claimed to exist between barium and potassium.’ However, ex- tracts of ashed plants, treated with acetic acid, which contained cal- cium and potassium, caused death in the experiments of the writer, but no work has yet been done by him as to the antidotal action of calcium carbonate on barium. Then, too, as Liideking * pointed out, large quantities of calcium chlorid may interfere with the precipita- tion of barium as a sulphate. It is well known that the presence of various salts influences the solubility of barium sulphate in water.? and the fact that barium has been found in solution in the urine in the presence of sulphates shows that the precipitation of barium as a sulphate in the body is not so simple as in test-tube experiments.° Again, in very dilute solutions, such as must necessarily occur at any one time in the stomach, the precipitate with sulphates only slowly forms and the barium may be absorbed before the insoluble compound can be formed.’ Evidently an important point to be considered in the antidotal treatment of locoed animals with sulphates is the possibility of inducing a gastritis, with its attendant loss of weight. It therefore seems apparent that the proper treatment at present is preventive—that is, removal from the plants. Lewin’ has suggested the possibility of acquiring some immunity to barium, but our experiments point against the production of any practical immunity. ACTION OF BARIUM ON DOMESTIC AND FARM ANIMALS. Barium in the form of barium chlorid has been recently introduced into veterinary therapeutics by Dieckerhoff” in the treatment of “Storer, F. H. Experiments on Feeding Mice with Painter’s Putty and with Other Mixtures of Pigments and Oils. Bul. of Bussey Institute, vol. 2, p. 274. 1884. > Brunton, T. L., and Cash, J. T. Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Connection between Chemical Constitution, Physiological Action, and Antago- nism. Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London, I, vol. 175, p. 229. 1884. ¢ Liideking, C. Analyse d. Barytgruppe. Zeits. f. Anal. Chem., vol. 29, p. 556. 1890. @¥Fraps, G. S. Solubility of Barium Sulphate in Ferric Chloride, Aluminum Chloride, and Magnesium Chloride. Amer. Chem. Journ., vol. 27, p. 288. 1902. € Santi has paid special attention to the solubility of barium in the body. f Fresenius, C. G. Man. of Qualitat. Chem. Anal. Tr. by H. L. Wells, 1904, p. 148, 9 Lewin, L. Nebenwirkungen d. Arzneimittel, 2 ed., p. 489. 1893. h Dieckerhoff. Ueber d. Wirkung d. Chlorbaryum bei Pferden, Rindern und Schafen. Berliner Thieriirztl Woch., p. 265; see also pp. 3138 and 337, 1895; Abstract in Vet. Mag., vol. 2, p. 360. 1895. 129 ACTION OF BARIUM ON ANIMALS. 73 constipation, but Winslow @ says that “ the doses required to produce catharsis in the horse are almost toxic,” and he advises against the intravenous use of this remedy. Frohner ” has carefully summarized the literature on the use of barium chlorid in veterinary work, and reports that its use in the Ziirich clinic has recently been so unsatisfactory that it is now seldom employed and that in the last ten years the preponderance of reports in the literature are unfavorable to the use of this agent in colic. After the administration per os, much of the barium must be carried off in the diarrheal stools. A number of deaths in horses have been attributed to the use of this agent. No doubt the presence of sulphates, ete., derived from the food would render the barium insoluble in the gastro-intestinal tract, and this would explain the lack of poisonous action in certain of the cases in which large doses of barium proved harmless. Husard and Biron administered daily doses of 8 grams of barium chlorid to one horse, and the same amount of barium carbonate to a second horse, for several days. A fortnight later the first horse unex- pectedly died, and the second a few days later. The post-mortem examination was negative.e A third horse fed with barium carbon- ate also died suddenly. Recently barium occurring in brine has given rise to acute poisoning in stock.? In a case reported by Stietenroth ° the horse died after the injec- tion of 0.5 gram of barium chlorid into the jugular vein. A number of sudden deaths in horses after the intravenous injection of 0.7 gram and over of barium chlorid have been collected by Fréhner./ The lethal dose by mouth for acute poisoning with barium chlorid in horses les between 8 to 12 grams, while cattle require much larger doses (40 grams)? to induce death. Dieckerhoff advises against the use of barium chlorid in the treat- ment of constipation in sheep. “Winslow, K. Vet. Materia Medica and Therapeutics, p. 152. 1901. + Fréhner, E. Lehrb. d. Arzneimittellehre, p. 399. 1906. Fréhner gives a detailed account of these cases. Original note in Ehrhardt, J. Erfahrungen ii. iiltere u. neue Arzneimittel. Schweizer Archiy. f. Thierheilk., vol. 41, p. 44. 1899. © Pelletier. Observations on Strontian. Journ. Nat. Philos., vol. 1, p. 529. 1797; original in Annales de Chimie, vol. 21, p. 127. 1797. 4 Howard, C. D. Occurrence of Barium in the Ohio Valley Brines and Its Relation to Stock Poisoning. W. Va. Univ. Agric. Exper. Sta. Bul. 1038. 1906. © Stietenroth. Ueber Chlorbarium bei der Kolik der Pferde. Berliner Thier- irztl. Woch., p. 16. 1899. f Fréhner, E. Lehrb. d. Toxikol., 2 ed., p. 116. 1901. 9¥rohner, E., 1. ¢c., p. 116. See similar reports in Veterinarian, vol. 68, p. 572, 1895, and vol. 69, p. 228, 1896; Zeits. f. Veteriniirk., vol. 8, pp. 99 and 211, 1896; Nagler, F., Berliner Thieriirztl. Woch., p. 65. 1896. 129 74 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. After a dose of 6 grams of barium chlorid a 2-year-old healthy ram appeared perfectly well, but the following day he was depressed, refused to eat, staggered, and became so weak that he was unable to stand. The muscles of the extremities were paralyzed and the animal died. ‘The post-mortem examination revealed cedema of the lungs, shght cloudiness of the heart muscles, numerous small hemorrhagic spots on the mucous membrane of the small intestine, and stagnation of the blood in the vessels of the small and large intestines. Similar symptoms and lesions were found in a lamb 4 months old which was given per os 6.0 grams of barium chlorid dissolved in 200 grams of distilled water.” ¢ | Poisonings with barium carbonate have also been reported in pigs.” Domestic animals pastured in the neighborhood of barite deposits soon succumb,¢ and accidental cases of poisoning are reported in cows. Poisoning in dogs has also been reported after the subcu- taneous use of this agent.? Linossier says that if the barium salts are used for any time the salts are deposited in various organs, largely in the kidneys, brain, and medulla, but especially in the bones.¢ APPLICATION OF THE RESULTS OF THESE INVESTIGATIONS TO THE RANGE. Tt has been calculated that a medium estimate of food for cattle on green fodder is about 60 pounds (30 kilos) a day.’ Calculating this entirely in terms of Aragallus lamberti and allowing 10 per cent of moisture for these plants (Sayre) would make 27 kilos of dry loco @Dieckerhoff, W. Vet. Mag., vol. 2, p. 362. 1895. oKabitz, H. Ueber d. Wirkung einiger Baryumsalze beim Schwein. Deutsch. Thieriirztl. Woch., vol. 13, p. 317. 1905. ¢ Parkes. Chem. Essays, vol. 2, p. 213. Quoted by Christison, R., in Treatise on Poisons, Edinburgh, 4 ed., p. 581, 1845.—Fuchs, C. J. Vergiftungsfille durch salzsiuren Baryt beim Rindvieh. Thieriiraztl. Mittheil., vol. 5, pp. 155, 154. 1870. @Walk. Zur Vergift. von Hunden mit Chlorbarium. Berliner Thieriirztl. Woch., p. 40. 1897.—Schirmer, Chlorbariumvergift. beim Hunde. Berliner Thierirztl. Woch., vol. 23, p. 268. 1897. € Linossier, G. De la Localisation du Baryum dans l’Organisme a la Suite de l’Intoxication Chronique par un Sel de Baryum. Comp. Rend. Hebd. Soe. de Biol., 8 s., vol. 4, p. 123. 1887. Nore.—Other cases of poisoning in animals may be found in Marder, Beitrag z. Giftwirkung des Baryum chloratum. Berliner Thieriirtzl. Woch., vol. 57, p. 436. 1897: Absichtliche Vergift. mit Chlorbarium. Zeits. f. Veteriniirk., vol. GS p. 72. W897. f Lane, C. B. Soiling Crop Experiments. N. J. Agric. Exper. Sta. Bul. 158, p. 18. 1902.—Woll, F. W. One Hundred American Rations for Dairy Cows. Univ. Wis. Agric. Exper. Sta. Bul. 38, p. 12. 1894.—N. J. State Agric. Exper. Sta., 20th Ann. Rept. (1899), p. 198. 1900. 129 CONCLUSIONS. 75 eaten by each animal per diem. In the analysis of the writer of one Aragallus lamberti from Hugo, Colo., it was found to yield 12.44 per cent of ash, and the barium content corresponded to 2.6 milligrams BaSO, in each gram of the ash. This would correspond to 10.24 grams of barium acetate (Ba(C,H,O.),-+ H.O) or 9.15 grams of barium chlorid (BaCl,+2H,O) per diem. This amount daily administered would, theoretically, readily produce chronic poisoning owing to the accumulation in the system, as was shown in the case of rabbits. There is, however, some question as to whether this full theoretical amount of loco plants is eaten on the range, and the estimate has been made that one-sixth of this amount only would be actually taken. It must be remembered, as Stalker pointed out, that locoed animals develop an especial taste for these plants and after a time reject other food, so that while the number of loco plants at first taken may be small, yet later, perhaps, it is greater. A part of this barium, how- ever, may not be taken up by the system, but may pass out undis- solved. No actual experiments have yet been made with cattle by feeding small doses of the pure salt. No doubt more of the pure barium salts will be required to produce symptoms of poisoning in animals than would be necessary in the case of the form of barium found in the plant, as in the loco weed the barium is probably better protected from precipitation than are the barium salts when dissolved in water alone. CONCLUSIONS.? (1) Conditions analogous to those met with in locoed animals occur in other portions of the world, especially Australia. (2) The main symptoms described in stock on the range can be reproduced on rabbits by feeding extracts of certain loco plants. Those especially referred to here under the term “ loco plants” are Astragalus mollissimus and Aragallus lambertt. (3) The production of chronic symptoms in rabbits is a crucial test of the pharmacological activity of these plants. (4) The inorganic constituents, especially barium, are responsible for this action, at least in the plants collected at Hugo, Colo. Per- haps in other portions of the country other poisonous principles may be found. “Résumé of the results of the loco-weed investigations carried on by the Bureau of Plant Industry was issued as Bulletin 121, part 3, Bureau of Plant Industry, on January 28, 1908, in the form of papers by C. Dwight Marsh and Albert C. Crawford, respectively, under the titles ‘“ Results of Loco-Weed In- vestigations in the Field” and “Laboratory Work on Loco-Weed Investigations.” 129 76 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. (5) A close analogy exists between the clinical symptoms and pathological findings in barium poisoning and those resulting from feeding extracts of certain loco plants. Small doses of barium salts may be administered to rabbits without apparent effect, but sud- denly acute symptoms set in analogous to what is reported on the range. (6) The administration of sulphates, especially epsom salts, to form’ insoluble barium sulphate would be the chemical antidote which would logically be inferred from the laboratory work, but of necessity this would have to be frequently administered and its value after histological changes in the organs have occurred remains to be settled. But even the treatment of acute cases of barium poi- soning in man is not always successful, even when sulphates com- bined with symptomatic treatment are employed. The conditions under which the sulphates fail to precipitate barium must be con- sidered. At present it seems best to rely on preventive measures rather than on antidotal treatment. (7) Loco plants grown on certain soils are inactive pharmaco- logically and contain no barium. In drying certain loco plants the barium apparently is rendered insoluble so that is is not extracted by water, but can usually be extracted by digestion with the diges- tive ferments. (8) The barium to be harmful must be in such a form as to be dissolved out by digestion. (9) In deciding whether plants are poisonous it is desirable not merely to test the aqueous or alcoholic extract, but also the extracts obtained by digesting these plants with the ferments which occur in the gastro-intestinal tract. (10) It is important that the ash of plants, especially those grown on uncultivated soil, as on our unirrigated plains, be examined for various metals, using methods similar to those by which rocks are now analyzed in the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey. (11) It is desirable to study various obscure chronic conditions, such as lathyrism, with a view to determine the inorganic constitu- ents of lathyrus and other families of plants. 129 INDEX. Page Abortion; Cows, caused by loco poisoning... 13 rabbits, caused by loco and barium poisoning_______-_ 41, 42, 62 PC eaACCtiCs FOUNG ITs lOCORW ECO = === a= ase ee he ete es 26 PRC eC... TCLELERCETEO, WODK oe = 22 = 5 Se ee 52 PEELE a ESO UC SON OISCASCzos0 5 es ee en Oe ee ee a7 BLE Ata eOurA Clay OX CL UN CIES eg ee 28 Alkali deposits, supposed to cause loco disease____________.___ fat el KA OIG Al TCACGONS: SOCOND amis = 1 oie a Phe es Be ts 20 2d e2Kes Amaranthus graecizans, supposed cause of loco disease__-- =» 10 American Pharmaceutical Association, proceedings, reference___________ 10 PINON OULAINed rom lOConplani Ss: 2 ee 8 ee) 26 Ammonium sulphid precipitate, effect on rabbits___._.___._._______________ 50 Anemia, progressing, fundamental characteristic of loco disease_________ 16,19 Jie eE ies SistoCoy bol Keri 0) Fem 0 ss A ees ee ee ree 21, 22, 23: 32 ATIMETSON, (H'.. Ws) TELCTCNCES LON WOTK > 25 ese ee 10, 12, 14, 18, 19 Animals, carnivorous and herbivorous, varying immunity to loco disease__ 23 GOMERTIG, DALiM POISON Ey -CMeCts en et ss a 72 experiments with barium salts in laboratory__________________ 57-62 TAT DUT TEL Ol SOULS ORL OCES teres eras oe 72 LOCOCO! ATLODSIGS === uta ar a 2 ee ee 18-19, 24, 26, 30, 34, 36-48, 45 CLEA SV TIP CORISy £55 is By es earth ey ee 12-16 pathological conditions as described on the range________ 18-19" poisoned by barium, autopsies=—2) 2s) 57-61, 64, 67, 73, 74 young, susceptibility: to loco: poisoning oe - — 56 ses ee 15 ANTeLOpes; ‘SUSCEDLIDILILY. toi Jeo: disease = 2 a 12 AnMGote: tO: loco poison: theoretical = - 224205 aie ee 71-72 AEA ouslamMperieash GeLeEniinatlOM oat 226.2 oss ee ee ee D4 barium determina Gon see eee ee ee 54, 56 extracts, uses in laboratory experiments, feeding ani- MISO Sa 95 5 a A bee tt 20, 23-25, 37, 42, 4449, 66-68, TO properties: investications) ===> =~ = 20-21, 23-25, 32 Spiestus,ssludy. ang "experiments see suey an oi Peet eee 33 SDD: Cause Of locongisen se 2 see ie) ke Se ee = 10, 20-34 uses, medicinal and toxic properties____________________ 35 CRO NICs DOLSOOINe> “TEOLOTED CRS = oe seo mye ee high a see 2 nak ee 49 MAN FOCLCrInIna tons. O17 LOCO Dlanita a) Sees y NaS ee tee 54-55 CXUCACE ECON LOCO TALATIUR, RPT ees ee ee 8 ee ee 48-52 LOCO DISS: DanumGeterming tons. == 22a a ee St ee DD-OT MN DOLLANGE- GL. ae yi see) eee Le are oe 2 SE He 76 Asgtracalus bigelowill, extract; Tatal to rabbit... 38 DISGICHTUS. CeErack Tats tamranpipeea soe je ea 38 decumbens, extracts, feeding experiments with rabbits_____~ 70 id 129 78 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. Page. Astragalus exscapus, barium reported by C. Sprengel_______=._-_-_______ 53 NOLNil, (POISONOUS! PLOPeLties, . Study =———— == eee 19 lenticinosus; poisonous properties, study2=2—="—- =) 19 menziesii stock {polsoning "= = a eee eee 20 missouriensis, ash content and barium determination_______ 56 extracts, feeding experiments with rabbits___ 68-69 TOUTS SUT UTS ees Cl te OT OST ee 26 extracts, experiments in feeding animals___ 22, 23-25, 27-33, 3649, 70 investigations, experiments, and analyses_______ 21-34 DHYySTOLO si calls Chl Ona ee 22, 24-25 MOLtonina deadly Sheep O1SO 1 ee eee ee ee 20 nitidus extracts, feeding experiments with rabbits__________ 58, 69 Spp; -causevot loco wdisedse®==—- = a eee 10, 19-34 (KORA SN CkewenanihnennioNS —— 54-55 uses, medicinal and toxic properties. — = 2—= 222 35 WANN CO mmesuavvayey ovo) loyweabhon 57 Australia, disease similar to loco poison, description-_________________ 16-18 Autopsies on animals after barium poisoning____-____________ 57-61, 67, 73, 74 10CO:. -PCISOniNg Ss eae ata ee eee 18-19, 24, 26, 30, 34, 36-43, 45 Bachem, G.,, reference: tonwork S22 os ee eee 50 Batley; i: LM. referencest0, works == _ = ee eee ily Barium acetate, feeding experiments on animals in laboratory_________ 57-62 AVEO. (OM tisean Ahevel CloyavsinKe Bhawbon is 2 72-74 carbonate, feeding experiments on animals in laboratory_______ 61, 62 Tats :<22- ee eee ee Tal hypodermie injection, cats, fatal results_____________ 62 Chiloridvefkectis mony HUT aTaS OC LIN eS eee eee eee 63-65 feeding experiments with animals in laboratory________ 60-62 use in veterinary therapeutics, dangers________________ (2-73 CONTE OL LOCKS iM ECO C bsya VE OUT LETT eee eee ay! CelerminahonsingashwoflOcoOmp lan tsa eee ee 54, 55-57 discovery in loco plants, feeding experiments_____--__-_=______ 5 feeding experiments with range cattle, desirability_____________ 71 harmful when in soluble form______~ EE ER 223 ve SSeS 76 in} DrEINe; Poisoning "Stock. _ 232. ee ee ee 73 Wellewvalerain ihn clan dist 220 oe oe eels eee eee 57 insoluble after drying loco plants, extraction with digestive fer- MentS2 =e see as Se ot Oe a se ee eee 76 nitrate, feeding experiments on animals in laboratory, results___ 61, 62 phosphate, analysis by Bureau of Chemistry__--___--_________ 69 poisoning, experimental, pathological lesions___________________ 65 norsess sheep; and ‘pigs- 2] = eee eee ee 13, T4 TVA eS VITO LOTS 5 OS US cee ae ee 62-65 presence in certain vegetable substamces___---__=_- = 53 salts, feeding experiments on animals in laboratory____________ 57-62 HODaeiiny Cie (ohhocsvxerene solbuakoyatceos oS ee 64 relation of altitude, climate, and varying combi- Matron Seba 6 Ly ee ee eee eee 65 use in medicine__ 1s hd Cole 0 SA ee ae eos Ee age ee 62-65, 72-73 sulphate, nontoxic on account of insolubility__________________ 53 Barrows; Diseeoreterence TOMwWOLk. =. = 6 See eee eee 35 129 INDEX. 79 Page. eave Aes PELerenCes: tO» WOK ce neo pee ee Mo 53, 59, 60 ret er ereren@ey LOy WiOl Ks ene ee ae ee 64 PS PCCHee AD APTA sp) TCSCE bse anaes ee eee 5 I a i te 53 Beer Mies COmUISEC Ole. CEA Z Ya Vy COU ike =e alas es 8 eee oe 20 elipArice Gos ctGLevence: LO WOT Kes eee Sates ed Me ne as Ses eA eee 64 Beryl ClulOrid.;CiLect: Oni DADDIES =s— <= ee se 50 ie Giepel, oe LETT COc 10) Wy OL eta oa ee ey Ee ee de Le 59 Pete Ghte, Da TEL PDE CSOUL pee oe eel eS Se A ee SA Spy Sv AT TS 53 Birdsall, W. R., experiments with Aragallus lamberti__________________ 20 Eiankinship;’ Jc SW. rekerences= to. wOrke:2- 23) et 11, 34 ood «CloUs: OMe DTA 4.2 ===) — ahh oh ee wee 8 18, 26, 37, 42, 65 HOehii ah: VE GLereneertOl WOE kes a= = ete a a eth oS aos ee 58 hina Eyes TERERENCE) Ou WOLD Kea 2 ts oe ee es pd ee a 50 tyr On PeLenenCE. tO; WO EK = ee ee ee 53 EE Were Wert. elLereneceu ton wOlke = = 2s =) ss ee Se 20 Brine, barium content, producing acute poisoning in stock ___-_-_-__- >_> 73 EpEOGIC ai. ms BEECLENOTICOE LOmi ye OT ee gene ee Se 61 Hn LOn Weel TeTErence, TOMWwORKA2 = == Se a Fo ie bea Sst Gee TeLeCT EH COG OM WOl Kea So ie ee es 52 Gas chlonid. Cxperiments On) TaADDItS. = se eae os ee 51 OCCULTCNCE wills PLATS: LOXAC ty eet ee Sr 51 Galcinm- acerate, experiments, on) rabbits=-2— =e 52 GCATHDONALC ANCL OLA LOk Da IITs eee A ee TA SM PETIRNICH LOS Olle RAD DLCs se = = eee eg ne ee ape CCEULLCH CEST LOCO PLAS ae ees ee ee ee Le 25, 27 @amMpier:)...eX periments, wath) loco ;plamts= 5.2 9 ee 26-28 Ganada, disease caused by eating: ragzworts -—. 22s 2 ays BEECH ORS HOMIE LOCO; OC ISCAS Css a eee hs 9 Cannabis sativa, supposed cause of locoed conditions in Mexico__________ 10 Caprioides aureum, supposed cause of loco disease_____________________ 10 CAT penketamdrs., Telerences, (oc wOTk=22 2 8 63, 64 ial See laa PELOTON CO atO) SWOL Ke ee ee a8 72 Cae pari. Inj CChHOn iOXPeriments <= 2 ee 62 LOCO-DIAIii a CRC LIMES 62 Soe ee oe a ee 22, 24, 30 See also Wittens. Cattle, barium feeding experiments under range conditions, desirability__ ga daily ration of green fodder, toxic effects of loco plants_________ 74 LOL OS POISONS mNO LES see ere ee et 2 12, 19, 20, 22, 28 LOGOPO eS ba nar OSS a = tow ee hte Be i a Se et 65 poisoned with barium chlorid, flesh harmless________-_-_-_-_-_-__-____ 65 range, barium feeding experiments, desirability____________--___ 71 guNeentibility to loco disease. 2 2 Le Ae 12 Roriemscnlorid, ex periments.on: TaDDILS: == eS DO isnemical experiments: with loco: plamts=2= 2) = 2.22 es a 46-57 Chemicals in aqueous solution, effects on rabbits_____-__________-_______- 50-52 Chemistry, Bureau, ash and barium determinations, loco plants___-_--~-~-~ 54, 56 MBEAN Ave kee PCLePeRCes LO” Ww Olt === oe ee 10, 11, 3: Pe CMIIGE Leas. TOLEFONGe: TOuwrOl Ke 9 — te Se 64 DIINUINONL ik,.) LELerences tO WOlkKo_ 2. =a a ae 255 (62.63 Coffee substitute, use of seeds of Astragalus boeticus______________----_ 35 Soller. - eLer, SuuGdy Of lOCO Plante —— —- == Se ee 21 Golorado; loco disease experiments, results-.—- ==. _-__._._._____._ Ha) IGHH OP BLOCK: frOmlOCO: GIseane, PS0G— 22-5 [= a= 9 129 80 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. Page Constipation, treatment of animals with barium, danger______-__________ 73 Cotyledon ventricosa, cause of nenta, a goat disease___________________ 17 Courtin, reference tomwork. 2-223) Ss ee ee 64 Cows pAboLbionTcAuseds bys lOCOmPOLSO WII ae ee ee 13 HUutopsiessaLier WocoMpOIsonin gas os ee eee 18 locoed:SyMpPtOMmMs 2.2222 22 -- 2-323 eee eee 25 susceptibility ito loco) diseasei= == === 52) eae eee A? - Crawford, Albert C., loco investigations, reference to published paper____ ) Crazy weed. See Loco plants. Crotalaria sagittalis, cause of loco disease, chemical study__________ 10, 26-27 Eng OLEVMOCALEI IRS) yumi lVoUdSteey Se 26-27 @urtice; .C.; reference tO;wOrk2=—2_ 2222 = 2 ee eee ee 31 @yon,-M.; reference. tos wOrk= 2 2225 5. = eee eee ee 59 Cyprus, loco disease of cattle, sheep, and goats__-______________________ 22 Darling pea, effects on horses and sheep in Australia__________________ 16 feeding sheep, effects similar to loco poisoning ____________ 16-17 Day, M. G., experiments with Astragalus mollissimus and Aragallus lambertth222-4- Ss ees eee a ee eS eae eee eae 15, 23-26 Delphinium spp., supposed cause of loco disease________________________ 10 Pemoussy,: Es; reference to work=- ==" 2) 1s Ses Che ae ee 53 Didyminm Chloride exp SIT StS OTs ey bd a tee 51 Dieckerhoit, W referencesatoy works 22) = = ee eee ee (2, (4 DISES ELON MOL LOCO Mol eaTA ts Soe Nef SUTIN EH 66, 67, 68, TO Diuretic use of vASstrazalusse ly cop lyst sae eee 35 Dozs, barium feeding eExperiments,. res wltS see ee 62 poisoning. subcutaneous injection === es. =. eae 74 loco-plant, feeding experiments === =e eee 22, 23, 30; 53 Donkeys; susceptibility to loco: disedse= = EEE 12 Dworzak, \H., referenceto) work... 2 es eee eee 53 Dyrentorth,; reterencesto work]: +s oe Ae ee ee b4 Mastwoods A, TererenCesaton wiOr kas es ee ee ee 10, 12 Hekard: Gs referencesto work sW == 2 32 oe ee ee Be eee 53 Hhrhardt; J.; referencesto.works 2 ee ee eee 73 Hmory2. Ws se..-reference. to nwOrk 22 = 3-2 eee ee eee eee 19 Wschricht, referencestouwork = 20-2 = Sees See oe ee ee ee 64 IDp-qoyevauaae oust, JeN oor. \yyltelay joylemvooal Seiki ee ee ee 57-62 loco ‘plants 222.2 eee eee 56-56, 66-71 loco poisoning and barium feeding, results________________ 5 Iixtracts of loco plants, digestion with pepsin and pancreatin, experiments_ 66—68 testing, importance, 2222s h eee 76 use in laboratory experiments, varying toxicity__ 36-49 66-71 Halk, references tosworkwetess =. hou eee Be ee ee eee 74 aust HS. reterencesto work: 2. 3 se ee eee SL Maville; reference wtonwork 22222 2 Ses oe ee ee eee eee 18 Pelletar..W-reference®to work. 2.0) ee eee ae 62 Herguson:2J..Ca reference to works. 22-2 eee eee 63 Milippi) Hshreterencerto works. 5 2 2 ee ee eee 62 MletcheriJ., relerencesto*work=-- ~-—- ©... -e ee A eee ee 10 Mieurot: rererencenco works 22 a te SS ee ee eee eee 35 Kolin, “O:, reference iOnworks= =. = ee eee 56 Hood; useofiocosplants = == 2222) so hs ee ee See ee 35, T4 129 INDEX. 81 ; Page. Forage, use of Astragalus nuttallianus and A. crassicarpus_____________ 35 Horchhuammer, J. .G2, TELCrenCE)(Oi WOUK == =o on ba ae Dt 53 Sete hes Tt CROTON COstO" WOE f= a ee ee ee ee TS 26 MEMIKTOULEE: Gols. Tererence! CO: Wonka 2 = 2 2 Sawer ie 35 EAS Goes PCLeTCH CG: LO: WOT ke mene eee ee oe Ee a ee A ee [2 PERC COMIC. Crut., PELCreEnGe LOW OL Ke = ess ae A ee 8 (ie Fritillaria pudica, supposed cause of loco disease__________._-____ 10 LOSS OC O-OlATifan O4)C ITN CHL SS Mere Pe es ee ee nt a ee 8 DT,22524 [OXON ESOS 09 OVS es ae A Se le eee ne ee ee 17, 24 Penne HS AL TeLCLONCE: EO: WO ke aes see ee 2 ee ee 65 Hg iniehsgh meterencentol Wolke =: =). 10 iKGipMeyhys JEL. TEAMS OCE) io) ROK 8 eS 63 Kennedy, J., experiments with loco-weed extracts______----_-------_-__ 23: 26 RTM, 1835 INE, IBIAS wo) yO 8 = aby ITSSimeTe, (Cras WETS REMCS WO) WOK es eS 61 Kittens, loco-plant experiments, and autopsies____-__-__________________ 24-28 See also Cats. iMdench; J.ce;, referencesto; work—____.-- = Se 19 IOs Wi. Lelerencerto) WOLk== === === a= 53. Knowles, Mi-E., referencesito work. 223s =e. ee 13, 14 I 2. bo eee 14, 15 iNtO RGA OlMee= ee es ee EEE eee alse ales ale yy investigations from a pharmacological standpoint, historical sketch_ 19-34 plants, ash determinations.._____.__-__+=___-- {Ss 54-55 ashed aqueous extracts; effect. --- = = = ee ee ee 48-52 bariumodeterminations --2-- eee eee eee 5D-DT _ INDEX. 83 Page. Loco plants, eaten with large amounts of other food presumably not dan- CANO) ( _ ee ee eee 65 Orfila: reference: tomworke— = 22s) ee ee eee 59 Oseérow, referencestOswOllk.2]_ == ee 48 Ott, Dr. Isaac, experiments with extract of Astragalus mollissimus, re- SUIIS: -2.-2s: 24-3) -23- 24 2 9 ee ee ee 22 Oxytropis lamberti; analyses! =-— === ee ee 20 See also Aragallus. ATA YSU Se ESS Ute Oe bo UTE LULTIN YD ONS O NATO 2: UN NN a1 64 Parasites, loco plants, suggested cause of loco disease_________-____--__ ole Parker, Wa. 2s; ReLerenceat0) WOK] 225) a (3: Parkes. reference st swOrk2== = ==-=--5. = 3 ee eee 7 Pa thoOlOeCaleCOma OLS AD ATUL AN TD OUS Oa RN eee en eee 65 locoed) animal Sone thera Ca eee 18-19 Patterson, Aw He reference ston wOrlk 22-2) = ee ee ee 12 Pauli, .W., reterencestowwork=_--+- 2. -< = > 2 eee eee 65 Payne, ds -H.,.reterence 0c work= 22 -__ == = ee Eee 54 Pelletier; Ds references to: work... 62-25-25 eee ara: Pies. barium) poisoning=== =... 5 22 es eee eee 74 guinea. See Guinea pigs. Pilgrim, ‘©; W.,-relerencesto: work. =.= = 2a eee 11 Pilliet;A., reterencesto WOLk= =. =_ = = 2S ee ee eee eee 5S Plants marimesbarinme taken) Wp) LPO mee es eee ee eee ee 53 PIGNIUS; Ws Lelerenceato: WOK. —— == eee 41 Poison, loco, attempts to isolate the active principle___-____-___________ 47 PLOPELUESTOl Cental LOCO OLA GSS ee ae ee 35 Poisoning, barium, experimental, pathological lesions___--_____-_________ 65 horses; Sheep; and pics| Sa eee 73, T4 MAN G2 a aol ee eee 62-65 acute cases, symptoms, LeSUliS2 = eS. eee ee 64 possibility of production fron: use of food____-----___ 64 ign. INDEX. 85 Page BoOIsomine,..0co, theoreticaliantidotes= === a=. aes ea 71-72 SyMPtoOms= Saat = 11, 12-16, 17, 24, 26, 29, 33, 36-44 reproguction® im rabbits=——=_ 29, 33, 36-44. 75 Rorcnerent bs, reverence tonwotiee 222 = tee ee ee 35 Post-mortems. See Autopsies. Over weebelerecncestOuw OL sess a eeee non ee Pe PS ee ete 35 HOW.ClNe Ln i:, OxXPeCLIMents wall IOCO Dlantisee== = ee A ee ee 26-28 Pregnancy, animals in, experiments in feeding barium salts___-_-___ | 62 locoiplants==22" => ee 41, 42 ERCSCOLL, A... SLUCYAOb Aragcallusiampenrti=s- = = 2.) we Fe 20 LAD DMCS tO pSieS aALter ParilmM POIsOning=s === == =o eer e ees ed 57-61, 67 LOCOS POISON e= eee 2s ae ee 30, 34, 836-48 baniumesitss teedine experimentssseee= =n ee 51-62 chemicals in aqueous solutions, feeding experiments_________ | 50-52 loco plants, ash extracts, feeding experiments____________ 4S49, 66-71 feeding, experiments === 7 22 499) 30) 383. 34 in laboratory_____ 36-+, 4849, 66-71 reproduction of symptoms of loco poisoning ~~ ~______ 29) 33, 36-44. Rabies, treatment, use of Astragalus kentrophyta___________________ 35 AD UceHUs TeLerence LOnWOnK= == oes oe Se eee ee 59 SHOW NOL bE DOOM OUSCtLeGis. (Canada ssa eames Se eee 17 EE Dara MM OIOMIN es: TULOUS === = ee ee ee 74 Ration, daily, green food for cattle, toxic effects of loco plants___________ T4 Rats, feeding experiments with barium carbonate_____________.___ 71 Rattle-box. See Crotalaria sagittalis. Rattleweed disease. See Loco disease. IEVGH EGE we rerenrencenlo: WOlkie. 222 se5 seu Se ee eae i+ KGIMNCKes Jide, LELCrenCetOnWOLK= 2 Sees See eR Ne ee 59 LESinceimom Oco plants experimentsas = semen et 26 NEVHOLUOSeMi er, “investications with’ bariumee- 8 ee 65 Rhamnus lanceolata, supposed cause of loco disease____-___--___- 10 Rocky Mountains, high percentage of barium in rocks_____--__-_ 54 POSCOGs kn Hier CLELGNCe: tOMWOPKE—= » 5.8 e) eee a ee 53 MeRenUanil,: Le Cvs ReLeLence: C00 WORK =. -ermeame |. s. Seeee e BD FROSSOAGK wiVier Ue greterence” tO. WOK == een eee ee 65 Rothrock, description of loco plants, effects on animals_---- == = 20531 Ruedi, Carl, experiments with loco plants and references to work__ 14, 19, 29-30 Sees said. tO. Causenloco: GiSeHsen= === = oe. ss: 2 eee alt WHlvaOn Me TeSUt Of OCG. POlISONe] ==. == = eee Saws Seco 12 USe.OL parilum-onsnuman pemgs: 2 = sea eee 63 Salilicks Supposed: to.cause loco disease. = ese se 2 ae ee 11 prevention of poisonous effects of Darling pea____________________ 17 Bemis) Mn CLOTEN CES: On WOlK =o 2 ee Se ee CT 8 ee a Te ee 59, 72 Sayre, L. E., investigations and experiments and references to work____ 10,11, 1418; 19225728, 25; 28; 29) 30) 315-345 48 Ole Glatt aTOReLencestOuwOlke. = 2 2" es ee 65 BeUCIDLen, (OC. cReLerence: COn WOLK 22-8 ane ee ee Se 64 PSEUTNO I ECLOLOLGE LO: “WROD R= ae a oe pn on T4 SCUOLeMmer, a TeLerencesto. WOLK === =— = eee oe ed 53 Schuchardt, B., description of symptoms of locoed animals, similar to MALO ats ere ee ee, 4. RT eS ee ee... ee ee eres, 15 De hniiger bee TOLCT ONCE. COMNT ORIG. eee at 63 129 86 BARIUM, A CAUSE OF THE LOCO-WEED DISEASE. Page. Schiyartzkoptit, O:, references! to work - 2) -— 2 = See ee 12513 Schwileué,.Ca-J..vA., sreference to: work. = 2 ee eee eee 63 +aSclence,” references) to papers) on loco plants. = eee alg esti Scrofula. treatment, wsevot barium=— 22) ee 62 Senecio jacoboea, poisonous: effectS_--—- = = = eee eee aly Sestini, F:, ‘tests, for beryllium:—..---2 ===) ee eee eee 50 Sheepvautopsies atter barium poisoning =22- = == se eee 74 LOCO. POISONING. =2— =f = oe ee ee 18, 30, 33, 45 disease caused by feedingjon Darling peas—= = = ee 16-17 loco-plant feeding experiments = = 30, 4446 poisoning, Notes! ==. eee 20, 22, 30, 33, 34 Jocoed,. SymptOMS ===... =+ 55 ee 14-15 Susceptibility dios loco disease. 5-2) =< as ee ee eee 12 Smith, J; «G:, “reference tomwonk== 2-3 = == ee 35 Snow, . i. referencesto, work. 22-2 = = Se ee eee ae 3 Soulssanalvsis, Lugo Golo. tom traces, Ok barium saa ae ee eee 57 Sophora sericea, supposed cause of loco disease==2=-==-- === 22 === === 10 Spine: diseases, reatment; use: of bani) == 63 Sprengel: \C.; reference tO wOlk=-2.. = | SS eee 53 Staggers, grass, Texas loco disease, symptoms, description______________ dla Stalker, M., description of symptoms of locoed animals and references TOM WORK 2 =.) 210s Oe en oe 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 26, 64 Steele: CG: 1s reference to WOlk > = =. Se ee ee 31 Stern--b).> referencesto: work. =— 2222 .— 3 ee ee 64 Stictenroth, TreterenGe tomwOrks= 22 ne ee ee ee 73 Siipasyaseyi, Supposed ‘cause of loco diseasess ae 10 Stocks losses» from! locomdiseases2. 250s aes se eee 9, 34 PoOlsOnine by aniumM ine DLine ==) 2 se (ce Stockman, Doctor, experiments with extracts of Astragalus mollissimus_ 29; Storer: 1: EL. réeferencestoswo0rk.]_ 2-3-2 eee (2 Storkes Baby. reLerenCesmton WOR Ke — == = eee ee ee 19, 25 Strontium acetates Experiments: Oni arabs eee 52 Subcutaneous injections. See Injections. Sullivan, Dr. E. C., determination of barium in Aragallus lamberti______ 5+ Sulphates antidotalstosbarium, ‘Succestions222 = ss = ee 71-72, 75 Suzuki: Ui, reference stop wok. 2-2 = 52 Sse ee 53 Swain. (Ro be referenceaio. WOrk. 20.2.2 a ee eee 49 Swainsona galegifolia. See Darling pea. spp., effects on sheep and horses, similar to loco poisoning___ 16-17 Syphilis, treatment, use of Astragalus exscapus.—= 22 = ==) 5 3D Taenia expansa. See Tapeworm. Maito: VA FRELETENCESLOMVWIONK.. = 222 2 eae ee ee eee 64 TPaliquist: 0. Wrsrererence tO. Work. 222 23 Les 2 ee eee 51 Tapeworm, sheep, suggested cause of loco disease______________________ 30 Texas grass staggers, loco disease, symptoms, description_.________+___ lat [Dav hiuM M tA es ORT ET CS! COM Tea La Tits ee ea 50 PSN OT ULL TAN CENT OTT lle NAT) TENN TNS) OTN TEER BSS 50 Thorpe: Th serelerencesto" WOrk=. 2. 8 8. a eee ee 57 hay O=. Ms reteren CeRco ow Ores 2 22. 2235 ee ee ee 61 Diraboschii AS eLererencento WOnK=o == 2 ee ee ee eee 64 AMO ren calorie, Excoverinoeneayas ony peal oloynnse ne ee 50 Mixier: U5 sreference mts wor k= 2.5 3-2 8 1 ee eee ence 41 129 INDEX. 87 Page. BRORUCY nhs ECKLON Ce! LO) WiOl Kes = nes OM Sk ee 19 MNoxiciby, variations in- extracts! of loco) plamts_—_~— ==) 66-71 MEN eres MneLETeCN Ce: -TOMMVy Ol KS eae eee alr ULKees Seats Siro y on 2c 0 es ee ES ee 8 eee 18, 24, 37, 41, 43, 49, 69 Vasey, George, investigations and references to work _______ 2, 13514519820: 21 iio Chr CeTeren ce. tOMWiOl kes ese eee ed 51 Pita Silvera per OLeLENn Cel cLO mw Ol kee =e =e ae ee, UG 64 MATSON S., StUCyAOL ATAcAlling lam pertiase==s—s) wes 2 eee 20 Niehereiyekie, TCLCLENCC tOnWwOLk-= === = ween es ee ee 59 DTC DELI: PLESCIi ae eee ca ee ee 53 Rnecior.G. Mi references: tocwOrk-——-=2- 229 Se PAU REAL NigiLCOxamebi.. Vi, oT eLerenGeSs tO ewiOLkK] =. n= ee ee lll es: AN COXS orl, eo LOLOrenCentOmyyOr ke — 2 i: 5 eee Ce an 13 VES AS. TELCLeNnGe: TOMywOlKke= =) Se ee Ae ee ee 10 Wrinslo werk = reference: tO: wOtk. == =< Sn ee a A 73 Voile reLerence. COW WOLKe = 8s 5222. eee pee See 8 51 VOLS Were tehCrence- Onreskeres Mitriummichlorids experiments on tabbits= = =e 2 ee 51 Zirconium, chiorid, experiments on rabbits= 22-2 50-51 Zygadenus elegans, Supposed cause of loco disease__________ 10 129 O pia ia Wy weak 8 “fo = ee ke 845 74 = a rs 7 abs oL) gy 7 a : : “aa nite. €ietedess = es ey if’ a io ied ie : i = ditt 7 r fs mad! ae oe e VE-94 vt Avis ere: aie. ee, AY ; a ae ; Pe ee ie bs, th if ate Site 4 i Ae aes ety eae he iia a . of ta Ln nAke wee - oar i : . iaor A ery ae he : : PO) f Diet. whee SA i - iv é. Anta ol wer. Pe a i: ot ) pad dele gi iy rd pie ae ape % | aes act a et anata /: i , ; ' - . ‘ ‘ 1 1 e - ; 7 1 — » a ? = ‘ae >> ‘ > » cp) ; « 4 2 J i © - + or so J — . > \ or a _ 2 5 ; "| . 5 * Do; DEPART MEN OF; AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 130. | B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. PAPERS READ AT THE SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE COOPERATIVE EXPERI- MENT ASSOCIATION OF THE GREAT PLAINS AREA, HELD AT MANHAT- TAN, KANS., JUNE 26-27, 1907. IssuED OcToBER 12, 1908. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1908. BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. Physiologist and Pathologist, and Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. Physialogist and Pathologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods. Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge. Investigations of Diseases of Fruits, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge. Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Haven Metcalf, Pathologist in Charge. Cotton and Truck Diseases and Plant Disease Survey, William A. Orton, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge. Cotton Breeding Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel and Daniel N. Shoemaker, Vhysi- ologists in Charge. Tobacco Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel, Wightman W. Garner, and Ernest H. Mathewson, in Charge. Corn Investigations, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge. Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations, Thomas H. Kearney, Physi- ologist in Charge. Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiolo- gist in Charge. : Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge. Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge. Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge. Crop Technology and Fiber Plant Investigations, Nathan A. Cobb, Crop Technologist in Charge. Taxonomic and Range Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge. Farm Management Investigations, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge. Grain Investigations, Mark Alfred Carleton, Cerealist in Charge. Arlington Experimental Farm, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge. Vegetable Testing Gardens, William W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge. Western Agricultural Extension Investigations, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge. Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations, BE. Channing Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge. Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in Charge. Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent. Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge. Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge. Grain Standardization, John D. Shanahan, Crop Technologist in Charge. Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla., Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge. Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., W. W. Tracy, jr., Assistant Botanist in Charge. South Texas Garden, Brownsville, Tex., Hdward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge. Farmers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work, Seaman A. Knapp, Special Agent in Charge. Seed Distribution (Directed by Chief of Bureau), Lisle Morrison, Assistant in General Charge. Editor, J. EH. Rockwell. Chief Clerk, James HB. Jones. 130 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. . U. S. DeparTMENT or AGRICULTURE, Bureau or Puant Inpustry, OFrriIcE OF THE CHIEF, Washington, D. C., June 8, 1908. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith some papers on dry- land agriculture read at the second annual meeting of the Coopera- tive Experiment Association of the Great Plains Area, and to recom- mend their publication as a bulletin of the series of this Bureau. The association mentioned is an organization made up of workers in the Department of Agriculture and in the State agricultural ex- periment stations who are cooperating in the agricultural develop- ment of the Great Plains. This organization has proved of great value in coordinating the various lines of work being conducted in the Great Plains and in bringing the men into closer and more sym- pathetic association. It is believed that the papers read at its meet- ings will prove of value to all interested in the agricultural develop- ment of this region. The membership of the association is confined entirely to Department and experiment station men, most of whom are either officials or collaborators of the Department of Agriculture. Respectfully, B. T. Gatoway, Chief of Bureau. Hon. James Wison, Secretary of Agriculture. 130 3 ee ce = a aes “is ae cae “re ~ Fea ee is Leste ee re > ; ae es _ * » % . ra} fy os ad ete i . #. ‘ = . x : ; ay “> q % ; -¢e a a aT) ag _ ‘ie ha : ’ = See cel 2 ‘ ovr o, “peta i sree a .o ar ia > +) a a nS pad, arek? $i a Wats , < 2F % pid fe e » 166- Ain Oe ~ f ms, EA Pee ee pigs 2 “ ; : xa iva Sees. Gath ss $% i f = rf Page; eee Logs + C ie is ' 5 : ‘ x ~ SN eee Adjie haere pers ig ave ih 7 f th epee he rere Oiuirel: aihs ah te alt Ill 65 is Se ici § ee Pat 5 on leet te : . ~ 4 #2 ha pole te Dottie Mw wes are 4 G0 NAL NTS: ITO MELON, SALOME bes. caise Fae Se oe See ON eae saw oe ene The development of dry-land farming. By E. A. BurRNETT...............--- Some soil studies in dry-land regions. By F. J. ALWAY...............-.---- Crop production under humid and dry conditions. By E. G. Montcomery..- POMS SOUR Js yobeale: Liarienp ors st ot test ereg ie - oe! etter 8 ator tS Plant breeding in conjunction with dry-land agriculture. By L. R. WALpRon. Fate of sowing durum wheat. By L. R. WALDRON]... -222:.2.-.2..2222.2-- Priinerawme om ther Maing” “by do wr Avnet 2 ae eu see Oklahoma rotations and their relation to soil-culture work. By L. A. Moor- GIS ee AS a AS Ee a pe SS SL Le aR ee Hee Pry-land plant preeding. -By.d. Hi: SHEPPERD 2. 2.3....- -22.2.2223ss ee CO WO Dd OU rR © PU ST RAR ONS: Page. . Diagram of James Howell’s orchard, Flagler, Colo ..-_--..-.-------- 63 Diagram showing simple method of utilizing storm waters .-..------- 64 . Diagram showing combination of windmill irrigation and utilization of Storm’ watersimearsAlkronsiColos. see - en eee eee 65 Diagram showing windmill irrigation as practiced by John Rose, Sei- bert, Coloma res 2 De ic SR ae Os Se ee ee 66 130 6 -B. P. I.—370: DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. PAPERS READ AT THE SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE COOPERA- TIVE EXPERIMENT ASSOCIATION OF THE GREAT PLAINS AREA, HELD AT MANHATTAN, KANS., JUNE 26 AND 27, 1907. INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT. While establishing the work in dry-land agriculture in the Great Plains area the need was recognized of bringing the widely-scattered station workers in the area together for the purpose of discussing and conferring with each other about the various lines of cooperative work to be carried on at these stations. A meeting was held in Washington, D. C., on November 15, 1905, for the purpose of consid- ering the advisability of organizing an association which would bring into close relationship the officers of the Department of Agriculture and of the experiment stations who were carrying on cooperative work in dry-land agriculture in the Great Plains area. The meeting was presided over by Dr. B. T. Galloway, Chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry, and there were present either the presi- dents of the agricultural colleges or the directors of the agricultural experiment stations of the States lying within the area, as well as a number of Department men interested in the work. An organization was effected and the title of “ The Cooperative Experiment Association of the Great Plains Area” was adopted. The purpose of this organization, it was stated, “ shall be to encour- age and facilitate the coordination, systematization, and unification of all cooperative experimental work to be engaged in by the Bureau of Plant Industry and the experiment stations and substations of the several States included in whole or in part within the Great Plains area.” It was decided that meetings should be held at least twice each year—one of these to be held within the area—at which * papers shall be read, addresses delivered, and discussions carried on bearing di- rectly upon the cooperative work of the Great Plains area.” It was agreed that the directors and agriculturists of all States included in whole or in part within the Great Plains area and other members of the experiment stations’ staffs engaged in cooperation with the De- 130 7 8 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. partment of Agriculture and all officers and members of the Bureau of Plant Industry who are interested and actively engaged in cooper- ative work in this area should be considered eligible for membership. Officers are to be elected annually. The first annual meeting was held at Lincoln, Nebr., June 21-22, 1906, at which meeting a number of very interesting papers on im- portant problems were read, but, owing to the fact that no arrange- ments had yet been made for the publication of papers by the asso- ciation, they were published elsewhere. The second annual meeting was held at Manhattan, Kans., June 96-27, 1907, with President EK. A. Burnett in the chair. After an address of welcome by President E. R. Nicholls, of the Kansas Agri- cultural College, several papers were read and discussed. All are included in this bulletin, except one by Mr. T. H. Kearney, of the Department of Agriculture, upon “A striking example of dry-land arboriculture,” describing the growing of the date palm in the Sa- hara; a paper by Prof. J. B. Nelson, superintendent of dry-farm work, Montana, upon “ Dry farming in Montana;” and a paper by Dr. R. P. Hibbard, of the Department of Agriculture, upon “ Soil bacteria.” E. C. Cuincort, Agriculturist in Charge of Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations. Wasuineron, D. C., May 26, 1908. 130 THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRY-LAND FARMING. By E. A. Burnett, Director of the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln, Nebr. The development of agriculture in the semiarid regions of the Great Plains area is a question of national importance. It involves the settlement of a large area of fertile land, awaiting only the con- servation of moisture sufficient to insure the growth of crops or the selection of varieties which can maintain themselves under condi- tions which are often favorable, but sometimes extremely unfavorable, to crop production. The conservation of moisture in the soil by tillage to make up for the lack of rainfall during the growing period, the selection of early-maturing and of drought-resistant crops, and the practice of crop rotation to maintain fertility and the proper physical conditions of the soil seem to me the great problems which must be worked out in order that crop production may be extended into the region which has hitherto been occupied largely for grazing purposes. Moisture is the great problem. Much of this area receives sufficient rainfall each year to grow an abundant crop, provided all this water could be trapped where it falls and be used by the crop. The great problem is to trap the water, to absorb the rain as it falls and pre- vent its running off, to impound the water in the subsoil reservoir and reserve it for the use of the crop when it may be needed for the purpose. In this region of scant rainfall the distribution of water is particu- larly uncertain, a large proportion of the precipitation falling as local showers, which may come at opportune times over a small area, but leave many sections of the country—in fact, the greater part—to depend for the success of the crop upon water which has fallen at some earlier date. Unless it is possible through the conservation of moisture in the soil to grow certain grain crops practically without precipitation during a period of their growth, grain production in this region will necessarily be uncertain and hazardous. Not only is the precipitation uncertain in this region, but it often falls greatly in excess of the amount needed for immediate use, in the form of violent local storms which are so clean-cut in their outline that one farm may receive an excess of water while the adjoining land is left 130 9 10 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. dry and thirsting for rain. Grass land where closely pastured loses much of the rainfall by run-off and evaporation. Land which is plowed and cultivated to keep the surface loose furnishes ideal con- ditions for the absorption of rain and also furnishes the best condi- tion to prevent the escape of the water which has entered the soil. It is unnecessary for me to discuss the method of conservation of soil moisture before this body. We recognize the fact that soil moisture can be stored by cultivation sufficiently to insure a crop the following year where crop production would be hazardous or impos- sible without this previous preparation. The extent to which mois- ture can be stored, the extent and kind of cultivation necessary, and the minimum rainfall under which crop production is possible, I leave for others to discuss. These questions still need more accurate and extensive investigation. Many thousand acres of land which will not grow a crop every year are now being farmed by this method. Where rainfall is nearly sufficient to produce a crop the summer fal- low is not needed every alternate year. Possibly only a short period of tillage previous to the sowing of the crop is necessary, but it is essential that an abundance of moisture should be present, especially in the subsoil. We must not be deceived into the idea that it will always rain just at the right time. This is exactly the thing which does not happen. Enough water should be stored in the soil to make the crop sure. If rainfall is abundant you will still produce a crop. T believe the conservation of soil moisture to be the most important question in farming in the semiarid country. Summer tillage does more than to store moisture. It encourages the accumulation of nitrates in the soil. It puts the land in the proper physical condition for the growth of the crop, so that at the time the crop is planted all the conditions are favorable for its im- mediate germination and growth. The problem of preventing the blowing of the soil under this in- tensive method of cultivation is serious. The high evaporation of moisture from the soil in the western country is due largely to the high velocity of the wind. The cultivation necessary to store moisture and produce the perfect tilth required for the best growth of the crop favors both the blowing and washing of soils. Rolling lands can not long be cultivated under such methods without washing badly, and I know of no alternative but to seed these lands down to grass or keep them for a considerable portion of the time in sod. Fortunately, over most of this region alfalfa can be grown with considerable success— over much of it with very marked success—and, if it is possible to cultivate land in a rotation by which it shall be held in grass for three or four years in a seven or eight year rotation, much of the damage which would otherwise result from excessive washing and blowing can probably be overcome. 130 DEVELOPMENT OF DRY-LAND FARMING. 1h The selection of the soil will also help materially in preventing its loss by blowing. We have not yet reached the period when all the land in this western area must be cultivated. In fact, it is probable that only a small percentage of this land should be under plow, and that only gradually should we try to reclaim for the use of the grain farmer the country which has proven successful as cattle range. The hard, level lands may be used for cultivation, while the rougher and sandier portions of the country can be maintained as range. In this way we shall minimize or overcome the losses from blowing and soil washing. The planting of trees, especially for wind-breaks, should not go without mention in this connection, as nothing will so permanently check the force of the wind as the growth of timber; but the pro- duction of forests requires a generation. The influence of wind-breaks on the velocity of the wind is but local, affecting the land for only a short distance away from the wind-break. Agriculture on a large scale must depend upon some other method of preventing the loss of soil than by foresting this great area of land which we seek to put under the plow. The selection of varieties of crops suited to the dry region is also of prime importance in connection with this question. Certain prin- ciples should be worked out which apply to the general crops to be grown in this region. In this connection two important factors should be considered: (1) The selection of crops which can be grown and matured before the period of ordinary summer drought, and (2) the selection of those crops which can withstand a period of drought and continue their growth when sufficient moisture is later available. _ In this connection it occurs to me that throughout a large portion of the Great Plains area winter wheat should be looked upon as a stand- ard crop, and an effort should be made to determine the limits under which it may be successfully grown. It is true that the time when drought conditions will prevail can not be determined to a-certainty. Winter drought is a common form. While spring rains are generally abundant, they are sometimes lacking until late spring or early sum- mer. On the whole, however, I believe that winter wheat may be grown with little danger of winterkilling or of early spring drought if sufficient attention is given to tillage and the conservation of mois- ture previous to sowing the crop. Winter wheat possesses a decided advantage over the spring varieties—even over the durum wheats— which have been grown in Nebraska. It ripens considerably earlier and outyields the spring varieties. It is not greatly injured by early spring droughts when sown upon summer-tilled land. Under the con- ditions prevailing in Nebraska it has been possible to secure a good stand of winter wheat in the fall when lands not under summer tillage were too dry to germinate grain. In this connection it may be inter- 130 12 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. esting to state that light seeding—from one-half bushel to one bushel per acre—has yielded as well as heavier seedings. There seems to be little difference in the thickness of the grain at the ripening time between plats which had received one-half bushel of seed per acre and those which had received one bushel or more. This would indi- cate that in the ordinary heavy seeding only a portion of the grain ever occupies the ground, and that thick seeding at most does nothing more than prevent the tillering of the grain. It is presupposed in cases where light seeding is followed that the weeds have been killed so that they will not come on and occupy the ground before the grain has developed sufficiently to prevent their growth. The yields of winter wheat at the substation at North Platte in the year 1906 were as follows: Turkish Red wheat, sown at the rate of 14 bushels per acre, yielded 42.13 bushels. Turkish Red wheat, sown at the rate of 1 bushel per acre, yielded 44 bushels. Turkish Red wheat, sown at the rate of 4 bushel per acre, yielded 42.3 bushels. Kharkof wheat, sown at the rate of 14 bushels per acre, yielded 45.7 bushels. The crop of winter wheat for 1907 at the North Platte substation promises to be as good as that harvested the previous year. The durum wheats are now commonly grown throughout western Nebraska, and with quite satisfactory results. The area is annually extending into regions where wheat has not before been produced as a profitable crop. I am still of the opinion, however, that winter wheat will be more profitable than the durum wheat under the best methods of tillage, and that by this process the line of winter-wheat production can be pushed far into the dry country. In the local tests of oats at the Nebraska substation, the early- ripening varieties have uniformly produced the largest and most sat- isfactory yields, later varieties being injured by drought and rust. Among these early and successful varieties may be mentioned the Kherson, the Sixty-Day, and the Texas Red. Our ordinary local barley has proved superior to any of the intro- duced varieties and furnishes a large quantity of grain for local consumption. While corn is a somewhat uncertain crop in the dry region, it is also one of the most adaptable to local conditions, and there is no question about the ability of the station worker to develop varieties of corn which will be suited to the localities in which they are grown. The question as to what extent the corn crop may prepare the land for a subsequent small-grain crop should be carefully studied. I am uncertain as to the degree of drought resistance which can be pro- duced in the corn plant, but cultivation will largely overcome the effect of drought by accumulating moisture in the soil for the use of the plant during the latter part of its growing period. 130 DEVELOPMENT OF DRY-LAND FARMING, 13 It is probable that the Kafir corns will always be more drought- resistant than the Indian corn and that they will be used for grain production in the southern portion of the Great Plains area. I shall hope to hear a discussion during this meeting of what can be accomplished in securing crops which can actually grow and mature with a smaller quantity of water than those crops now being grown in the humid regions. If it can be demonstrated that prop- erly selected crops can grow and mature with certainty in the dry region, producing a ton of dry matter, either grain or forage, with smaller amounts of water than our ordinary crops, this will be one of the most successful methods of pushing settlement into the semi- arid region. The durum wheats, Kafir corn, and sorghum give some promise along this line. I believe, however, it should be the work of the members of this association to determine whether these so- called drought-resistant crops actually grow and mature with less water, or whether they simply have a greater power of endurance under drought conditions, enabling them to withstand somewhat longer or more severe conditions of drought than tenderer varieties of crops. The river valleys of this area are noted for their production of alfalfa, perhaps the most wonderful forage crop of the region. Either with or without irrigation they furnish a very large amount of forage for the winter maintenance and the fattening of cattle and sheep. Alfalfa has already extended itself in a limited way to the drier lands of this region and has demonstrated its ability to grow under dry conditions when once thoroughly established. This asso- ciation should endeavor to determine the most extreme conditions under which alfalfa can be profitably grown on the high table-lands of the region, as I believe it easily possible to extend the area under alfalfa in a way which shall very greatly increase the stock-carrying capacity of the country. The successful introduction of alfalfa removes the last difficulty in the production of pork and the develop- ment of the dairy industry, two extremely profitable lines of farming which have not been much developed in this region. Alfalfa seed production also promises to be an industry which can be made highly profitable on the cheap unirrigated lands where the rainfall reaches from 10 to 20 inches per annum. The region under consideration has developed into a great stock- growing country. The conditions of past years have very largely driven the grain grower out and allowed the cattleman and sheep- man to remain. The stockman has remained because he has been able to adapt his industry to the natural conditions of the country. He has gathered what nature has produced. He has not, as a rule, expended money upon the growing of cultivated crops. His industry 130 14 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. has been reasonably sure, but it has produced only a small revenue per acre and has not been conducive to the general settlement of the country. Still, the fact that the grain grower has been driven from the land by adverse conditions, often more than once from the same region, is an indication to us that the settlement of the semiarid region with farmers who depend upon grain production should be well considered. Experiment stations should not be used to exploit the country and to bring into these regions men who can not or will not practice suc- cessful methods of grain growing. Intensive methods of tillage require a large expenditure for farm machinery and motive power in order to cultivate a small area of land. The average settler has not the means with which to secure this equipment; neither has he the knowledge which will enable him to put it into successful operation. The settlement of this region will progress much more rapidly and more satisfactorily if the settlers already in the country can be induced to practice somewhat better methods and to determine the success of new varieties and of new methods under farm conditions before an attempt is made to bring settlers into the country whose success is dependent upon conditions which they can not meet. It is a mistake to assume that the climate of this region is changing permanently—that the rainfall follows the plow. While it is true that the conservation of moisture leaves more available for the crop, we have had wet years and dry years, lean years and fat years, in this region since the records of its settlement are available. The cattleman profits less by the years of abundant rainfall than the man who is growing grain. He also suffers less during the periods of drought. Having invested little in labor, seed, and farm machinery, he risks little in times of adverse conditions. His grass cures upon the ground, and he winters his cattle upon the range with limited amounts of forage which he has stored for their protection during adverse weather conditions. But people are not content to let the cattleman occupy this region unmolested. The pressure for settlement from outside regions is continuous. The high-priced lands of the rich arable country are driving the poor man to the region of cheaper lands. It is the province of the stations in this region to determine how this settler who has already occupied the land may succeed, how he may protect himself so as not to be driven out when adverse years come upon the country, and how he may help to develop this country into one which will support a larger population and give a more certain revenue to its people. The high-priced land of older sections has increased the price of land in the Great Plains area. The cattleman can no longer expect to hold 20 or 25 acres of land for a steer. It must be grown 130 DEVELOPMENT OF DRY-LAND FARMING. 15 on a much smaller area. This means that the question of forage and possibly of grains for the steer’s maintenance must be studied by the cattleman himself or he will be driven from the country by the small farmer and rancher who will give more personal attention to his cattle, producing a small area of crops, but never forgetting that grass is the crop which has built up and developed the region. The better land will be cultivated first. Probably not over 10 or 20 per cent of the land between the ninety-ninth and one hundred and fourth meridian should be under the plow. If grasses can be pro- duced which gvill support more live stock than heretofore, these should gradually be introduced. Forage crops should be grown in as large areas as possible for use in wintering the live stock which is now in the country. The losses of the ranchman from the depletion of his herd in winter through starvation must be overcome. Good business sense does not permit that a man with 100 head of cattle, weighing 100,000 pounds in the fall, should permit these cattle to come through the winter with a loss of 15,000 pounds of flesh which he must regain by months of summer growth. If the steer must live off a smaller area of land it means he must reach a market weight at an earlier age. This means better feed, more continuous growth, and the use of forage instead of the open range in winter. The experiment station worker can aid in this matter by deter- mining the methods which will make crop production successful in this area, by determining the varieties of crops which can be produced with greatest certainty and at largest commercial profit, and by sug- gesting the evolution which must take place in the present farm methods in order that the settler may prosper and that homes may be built in the country upon a substantial basis. 130 SOME SOIL STUDIES IN DRY-LAND REGIONS. By F. J. Atway, Chemist, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, Lincoln, Nebr. The soils and crops of which I shall speak to-day are those of the hard spring-wheat region of Saskatchewan, particularly those of the experimental farm at Indian Head and of the region westward to - Moose Jaw, a district that has been settled, though rather sparsely, for some twenty years. I wish to speak of the conditions and crops in this district somewhat in detail, because it is, in so far as I am aware, the only part of the Great Plains area in which the so-called “dry farming” has been tried for a considerable length of time and in which it has been found to be an economic success. It is a mistake to imagine that the Great Plains region suddenly ends at the forty- ninth parallel. Strange as it may seem, this new country is able to furnish valuable data bearing on the subject that we have met to discuss. Indian Head has the only experimental farm in the Great Plains area whose records go back before the dry years of the nineties. While this northern farm may have advantages of temperature and possibly of soil not enjoyed by the greater portion of the Great Plains region, these advantages must be inconsiderable when compared with those of parts of North Dakota, and may be slight even when com- pared with parts of western Kansas and western Nebraska. Before my first visit to Saskatchewan I had visited western Nebraska and western Kansas looking for evidences of successful “ dry farming,’ and was, accordingly, somewhat familiar with the con- ditions of soil and vegetation of the central portion of the Great Plains area. The extreme northern part of the Great Plains region is similar in appearance and vegetation to the prairies and plains of Nebraska and Kansas. Very little study has been devoted to the chemical and physical properties of the soils of the northern portion of the Great Plains region, better known as the Canadian Northwest. In the few investi- gations that have been conducted there methods have been employed which are adapted to the humid climate of eastern Canada, but which are ill-suited to the conditions that have produced the prairies and plains. 48224—Bul. 1830—08 . 2 17 18 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. The commonly accepted explanation of the large yields of small grains obtained in Saskatchewan is quite erroneous and has served to prevent the recognition of the value to the agricultural inter- ests of the semiarid portions of the United States of the large amount of data contained in the annual reports of the Indian Head experimental farm, covering a period of almost twenty years. The climate of the portion of the Saskatchewan with which I will deal is distinguished from that of the prairie portions of the United States chiefly by its lower winter temperature, its slightly longer summer days, and its low precipitation, the rainfall occasionally amounting to less than 5 inches during the crop season. Both American and English authorities have advanced or accepted in explanation of the large yields of grain in that region the theory that the frost penetrates to a great depth during the winter and that during the summer months this furnishes a constant supply of moisture to the growing grain. This theory seems to be due to a confusion of the two mean- ings of the term “ frost,” as though the cold which entered the soil in the winter time changed there to frozen water. Sir William Crookes in his presidential address before the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1908 chose as his subject “The wheat problem.” In the course of his address he made the following state- ment: The fertility of the Northwest Provinces of the Dominion of Canada is due to an exceptional and curious circumstance. In winter the ground freezes to a considerable depth. Wheat is sown in the spring, generally April, when the frozen ground has become thawed to a depth of 5 inches. Under the hot sun of the short summer the grain sprouts with surprising rapidity, partly because the grains are supplied with water from the thawing depths. The summer is too short to thaw the ground thoroughly, and gate posts and other dead wood ex- tracted in the autumn are found still frozen at their lower ends. Sir William had passed through Saskatchewan the preceding sum- mer. Storer, in his text book on agriculture, as an illustration of how melting ice may serve as a useful store of moisture in certain situations and for certain crops, makes the following statement re- garding Assiniboia, which is now southern Saskatchewan: Even in late July some of the soil still holds the winter’s frost at a depth of several feet below the surface. This underground layer of frozen earth is be- lieved to explain the wonderful fertility of the soil, as the frost in gradually coming to the surface during the summer months creates a moisture which, meeting the warmth from above, forms a kind of natural hotbed. This moisture counteracts the scarcity of rain during the spring and summer and accounts for the grain being forced with such amazing rapidity after the late sowing. Up to the present time this “ frost” explanation seems to have passed without criticism. IT am convinced that the soil of the prairie and of the grain fields of Saskatchewan does not remain frozen throughout the summer at 130 ; SOME SOIL STUDIES IN DRY-LAND REGIONS. 19 any depth. The winter of 1903-4 was the coldest that had occurred in twelve years. The winter had been unusually severe, the spring was late, and the early part of the summer cool. During the second week in July, 1904, I made borings to a depth of 9 feet in the most exposed situations that I could find. There was no trace of frost, although the soil at a depth of 6 feet was distinctly chilly to the touch. Both above and below, it was decidedly warmer. In the first part of April, 1905, I made numerous borings until the auger had passed through the frozen soil. In the exposed gardens and fallows the frost had penetrated from 44 to 54 feet. On the stubble it had reached a depth of only 34 feet. The subsoil of the prairie was so dry that I could not decide how far the ground was frozen. It is probable that the frost is all out of the ground by the Ist of July of every summer, unless it be on the edges of the forest country, where the drifting leaves serve to prevent the thawing of the soil. The fertility of the soil is apparent to any one who visits the Prov- ince of Saskatchewan at the close of a favorable crop season. It is a well-recognized fact, however, that in regions where the normal precipitation is very small, abundant crops are produced even on very coarse sands in those seasons during which the rainfall is unusually heavy and well distributed. Evidence that the soil of southern Sas- katchewan is characterized by the ability to produce a high average yield of wheat, oats, barley, and potatoes for many years in succession without the application of any fertilizers or even the growing of leguminous crops is furnished by the annual reports of the Indian Head experimental farm, which has been maintained by the Cana- dian government since 1888. Experimental farms are maintained by the same government at four other places—Nappan in Nova Scotia, Ottawa in Ontario, Agassiz in British Columbia, and Brandon in Manitoba. The first three represent humid climates with a heavy winter precipitation, while the farms at Brandon and Indian Head are in the region of very light winter precipitation. The climate at Brandon is very similar to that at Indian Head except that the pre- cipitation is somewhat heavier and the summer temperature some- what higher. Part of the Brandon experimental farm is on the up- land and part in the valley of the Assiniboine River, the latter being subject to occasional inundations and also, probably, to more or less subirrigation. No distinction has been made in most of the reports of the farm regarding the data inadmissible in a study of the relation of crop yield to rainfall. In illustration of the above-mentioned characteristics, the yield of the 12 best-adapted varieties of wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, ete., during a period of from four to nine years that they have been under 130 90 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. trial at the five Canadian farms, where the conditions of experiments are similar, are given in Table I. TaBLE I.—Average yields of the best-adapted varieties of various crops at the five Canadian experimental farms. Averages for years 1895-1903. Num- a ee eee A beret | | For t Indiar Crop. varie- |Forthe| For For For indian For a HEE ties five Ottawa | Nappan | Brandon Head Agassiz al a grown.) farms.| farm. farm. farm. spear farm. ; Oats, bushels 6)....-..... 12 76.2 64.5 The: 88.5 94.5 67.5 | 132.8 Barley, 2-rowed, bushels 6 45.5 45.3 45.1 46.0 56, 2 43.3 | 60.0 Barley, 6-rowed, bushels 6 50.8 50.1 50. 6 56.0 60.5 45.9 | 64.0 Wheat, spring, bushels - 12 34.3 28.0 36.9 35.9 42.2 34.9 63. 2 Peas) bushels. --e-eee 12 35.7 33.6 31.9 47.3 41.5 37.5 | 57.7 Maize, green, tons ...-... 6 19.4 Payal 18.8 19.6 14.6 22.9 Paw Rurcnips Aton Stes. ee eae 6 31.5 34.2 39.9 25.1 22.3 39.7 37.5 Mangels, tons........... 6 Sule y/ 39.1 38.0 31.1 22.6 34.3 29.3 Carrots stOnSsEe es. eres 6 22.0 30.7 22.3 14.3 12.2 31.1 | 12.6 Sugar beets, tons....--..- | 4 24.5 28.8 Dilee 19.4 ili, 17.0 | 27.7 Potatoes, bushels........ 12 | 377.9 | 399. 2 387.0 395. 3 433.6 371.0 20.5 “Some of the varieties in the averages have been under trial only four years, but most Piomashels et os quands eee It will be seen that the average yield of wheat, oats, barley, and potatoes is higher at Indian Head than at the other four farms. The yields of the same crops in 1901 are given in illustration of the effect of an unusually favorable season at Indian Head. It is im- portant to note that only in the case of peas, in addition to the four crops mentioned, does the Indian Head farm give heavy yields. The other crops included in the table, as well as hay, produce more heavily at each of the other four farms. The soil of the Indian Head farm is typical of that of the greater portion of the spring-wheat region of Saskatchewan. The surface soil consists in some places of bowlder clay, and in others of a very heavy lacustral deposit that had formed in the bottom of a large shallow glacial lake. The lacustral clay was not found to exceed more than 3 feet in depth on the Indian Head farm, while at Moose Jaw it exceeded 9 feet in depth in all places where samples were taken. The lacustral clay was everywhere underlaid by bowlder clay. (See Table II.) The chemical composition of the subsoil of the district gives every evidence of the aridity of the climate, the percentage of carbonates and soluble salts being very high. The amount of carbonates in the surface soils is in all cases less than that in the subsoil. The subsoil, judged by the content of car- bon dioxid, is of two distinct types, the one carrying from 7.5 to 12 per cent and the other from 1.25 to 4 per cent. These two types of subsoil differ in physical as well as in chemical properties. The first 130 SOME SOIL STUDIES IN DRY-LAND REGIONS. 21 ‘bowlder clay carries stones and bowlders, while in the second, a clay of lacustral origin, only an occasional small stone is found. The former rapidly disintegrates in contact with water, from 1 to 3 hours’ boiling being sufficient to reduce it to clean, single grains, as observed under the microscope, while the. latter when treated with water breaks up into small aggregations which, when rubbed with a stirring rod, be- come like putty, and which require from 30 to 36 hours’ boiling with water to completely resolve into their individual soil particles. The till, or bowlder clay, possesses much lighter color, both in the wet and in the dry condition, than the lacustral clay. The dried lumps of the former can be crushed between the thumb and finger, while those of the latter can not. As is shown by the table of me- chanical analyses, the till is much richer in sand and poorer in clay particles than the lacustral deposit; the proportion of silt in the two is about the same. The difference in appearance of the two types of soil when removed from fields in which a crop of grass or some cereal has just reached maturity is very marked, the till being brought to the surface by an augur in the form of powder, resembling wood ashes, while the other forms a more or less coherent mass of small ageregations. One of the most important and characteristic proper- ties in which the two types differ is the hygroscopic coefficient of the subsoil. The surface soil, on account of the humus it contains, pos- sesses a high coefficient, no matter to which type it belongs. In the case of the subsoils that of the till has a value between 3.9 and 6, and that of the lacustral clay lies between 10.3 and 14.7. A careful exami- nation of the samples whose coefficient lay between 5.8 and 10.8 showed that they were mixtures of the two types. TapLeE Il.—Mechanical analyses of specimens of the two soil types at the experimental farm at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, Bowlder Lacustral Character of soil. clay. clay. Per cent. Per cent. evel. 2 tot om. ae een ain sina an satis oS oeis = atin Soeiawin oma ne dc an a aaweae sete 1, 0.0 OF SSS in GIR Pe IS Pete a gc) ee eg ae D9 SR ee 5.2 | 0.01 Meditinn/ Aan: O:5 tO Ulep mM. occ kaa ae docdeeeceeccees Bee 8 ie eee 5.6 | 0.01 ihloe yoo G OO OI OG) ube = 2 ae ae Re eee ee nee eee ra 14.1 2.2 eo FERS ATIC, Cn) Ona CRITE oo dit. See seine pa eenia ks oalnen'scace-csmes sar 12.3 6.7 SORT HE BULL, 0-00 TO OMe Mer IRNENS 22 26s cee wa am amie areas see CS ae aie ben swiccin aan 16.2 19.0 Retr Bile. CH Lehi beh OME Ries ates ds ee em es roe penn ce a ease see eue 19.5 22.6 Of EGE SAUCE! sree 1 2 BS AS 8 Se ee ee eee eee 26.1 48.2 STEN TEL cee ee et en no ee oa eee See ie xia e 3 ons Sewanee ae 100.7 98.8 In most of the fields examined on the Indian Head experimental farm the surface soil seemed to consist of a mixture of the two types. This is probably due to a combination of three causes, viz, (1) high winds, which blow soil from the surface of one type over the surface of the other; (2) the action of the plow where the layer of the lacus- 130 O22 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. tral clay is very shallow; (3) the work of burrowing animals which carry bowlder clay subsoil to the surface and deposit it upon the lacustral clay. I made analyses of samples of soil taken from each of the first 6 feet of a field of 10 acres that had never been fertilized. The field had been in fallow in 1904, and in 1905 bore a crop of spring wheat yielding on an average per acre over 46 bushels. The samples were secured in November, 1905. The amount of nitrogen in the surface foot of soil was large, amounting to about one-fourth of 1 per cent. The percentage of potash was high, and that of phosphoric acid was fairly high at all depths. The percentage of calcium carbonate below the first foot was very high, varying from 15 to 20 per cent. While the chemical analysis indicates this to be a fertile soil, there is nothing in its chemical composition to explain the remarkable crop yields that have been obtained. There can be no doubt as to the semiaridity of the climate of south- ern Saskatchewan when an examination is made of the records of the meteorological stations which have been maintained there for the past twenty-three years by the Canadian government. . 89 AROMA E alee ae aaa Ie) |e 30 | es 30 | ers 57 ales eee | ene | er |saae 3.90) sass aes 2.87 ASOD eee lta BIE el eee -00| 2.10} 3.95] 3.82} .60/ 1.60] . 10} 0.90) 0.90) 12.17)......|...... 10. 37 HL SOG Seas See 0.05] 0.00) 1.75] 2.83) 4.32) 1.90] 1.39] .60} .00) 1.40) .15) 11.19|.....- eae 10.23 1SO7 Meee 0.25} .50| .30| .00} .00| 11.20) 1.52] 1.30] .20) . 80) 1.30} .00) 13.45) 27.5) 16.20) 12.74 1SOSMe eee 40! .30) .60! 1.05} .50! 4.14] 3.36! 4.00) 4.03) 1.85) .40) .00) 18.03! 26.0) 20.63! 9.75 1800p ae: 40| .00] 1.00) .50) 2.15] 5.24) .40| .90) 1.15] 1.20] .30| .40]/ 9.64) 41.0) 13.74] 9.19 TOLD) Soaneboe ‘10| 155} 145] .27| .80| .65] 1.73] 4.85] 3.81] .50| 1.00] .80| 12.21) 32.5] 15.46) 3.45 OOM 1.50} .35| .20) 1.71) .87| 5.63] 5.82) .00] 5.10] 1.58) .00] .50| 17.76) 55.0} 23.26] 12.38 TOU) EBLE oane .00| 1.40] 1.35] .87] 3.87) 4.96] .67) .57| .42| .00) .60| 1.30] 10.71] 53.0} 16.00) 9.78 1O03 eee 40} .10| .35| .16] 4.08] 1.29] 4.23) 4.16] 1.26] .40) 1.10) 1.40) 15.48} 34.5) 18.93] 12.50 1LQ0SRE eae 85] 2.25] 3.30/ .54| 1.94| 2.76] 3.81| 1.17] 1.79] .32) .38! 1.00] 11.92] 81.3) 20.05] 8.74 TG aahoohe 25] .45| .91) .57| 3.34) 5.16) 2.47) 2.23) 5.00] .54|.....|..... CEST Bake [eaewee 12. 49 Average .| .41| .61| .84| .61| 1.78] 4.25] 2.52] 1.72| 1.74] .73| 74] .64] 12.69]...... | 16.55) 9.54 Lowest..... .00} .00/ .00/ .00| .00] .65] .40| .00) .10] .00/ .00} .00) 3.90) 26.0)...... 2. 87 Highest ....| 1.50} 2.25 oe 1.75] 4 os 11. 20 B82 4. 85| 5.10} 1.85} 1.40) 1.40) 19.31 81.3 sone 13.14 In Table III the rainfall and snowfall at Indian Head are given in so far as these are available. There is no record of the rainfall 130 SOME SOIL STUDIES IN DRY-LAND REGIONS. 25 at this station prior to 1890, and the snowfall previous to 1895 was not recorded. The records of the neighboring stations of Regina and Qu’Appelle, dating from 1885, indicate that the climate from 1885 to 1890 was similar in character to that from 1890 to 1895. However, the precipitation records of these stations should not be used in seek- ing a relation between rainfall and crop yield at Indian Head. There may be enough difference in the rainfall at two different places 20 miles apart to account for a poor crop at one place and a good crop at the other. Accordingly, in the consideration of the crop yields at Indian Head I use only the data for the years begin- ning with 1890. Practically the whole of the precipitation from November to March, inclusive, is in the form of snow. It seems improbable that the snow which falls between the time when the ground freezes in the autumn and the time when it melts in the spring has much influence on the relative yield of spring-sown cereal crops except in so far as it favors germination of the seed. The snowfall is regarded in the table as melted snow (10 inches of snow equals 1 inch of rain). Over half the rain falls during the months of June and July, and over three-fourths between the time of seeding and that of harvest. There is, however, great variation from year to year in the precipitation of any one month, as is shown in the last two lines of the table. The heaviest rainfall of any crop season occurred in 1891, it being 13.14 inches, closely followed by that of the years 1897, 1901, 1903, and 1905, when it was between 12 and 13 inches. The lightest rain- falls occurred during the crop season of 1894 (2.87 inches), 1892 (5.10 inches), and 1900 (8.45 inches for crop season of wheat, 4.18 inches for that of oats, and 5.86 inches for that of barley). In 1892 and 1894 the rainfall of the crop season was the same for all three crops. The yields of field crops of wheat, oats, and barley, sown on fallow in these dry years, were as follows: TasLe 1V.—Yields at Indian Head during the three dry years 1892, 1894, and 1900. Rainfall Year. | of crop Wheat. | Oats. Barley. season, | Inches. Bu. lbs. Bu. lbs. Bu. lbs. RRA are tone don eeaan co eeiaeeeiss «a nenane ce Pama nee see 5.10 29 9 re 45 9 1 gy ee ee Se a Ie a a Ie ae Ry ee See ae 2.87 16 46 26 17 16 29 NM ea eet ada nelec nnn co's memeceee =a een vaca w cee 3.45 15 43 00.5. 30 «24 The summers of 1894 and 1900 were characterized by high temper- atures with hot winds. In the summer of 1894 the temperature often reached 95° to 100° F. In 1900 on June 21, 22, and 23 the thermome- 130 24 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. ter registered maximum temperatures of 101.5°, 106°, and 103°. From Table IV it will be seen that high temperatures are not uncommon at Indian Head. The instances of unusually heavy precipitation in April have been in the form of snow, and those in October in that of rain. Rains of such a torrential character as to cause a considerable run-off from level plowed fields have been rare, those of June, 1897, being probably the only ones during the past seventeen years. The precipitation of this summer was so unusual that I quote the follow- ing description from the annual report of the station: In the season of 1897 less than 1 one-hundredth of an inch of rain fell be- tween the 1st of April and the 14th of June. Seeding commenced on the 16th of April and continued without intermission until completed. High and continuous winds were prevalent during the last week in April, the whole of May, and from the Ist to the 15th of June. On June 14 0.6 inch of rain fell; on the following day within nine and one-half hours 6.6 inches fell. Twenty-seven hours after this downpour ceased a rain began, lasting two hours, during which 0.9 inch fell, making 10.6 inches within five days. The greater portion of this rain flowed over: the land to the coulées, thence to the Qu’Appelle River. The rainfall amounted to 2.12 inches between June 17 and harvest, which began on August 12 for barley, August 16 for wheat, and August 26 for oats. This amount was distributed as follows: June 27 (0.6 inch), July 4 (0.5 inch), 5 (0.1 inch), 7 (0.15 inch), 8 (0.4 inch), 10 (0.2 inch), and 23 (0.17 inch). No rain fell during August previous to the 26th. In Table V are given the mean monthly temperatures for both North Platte and Indian Head. The differences in the winter time are great, but those in the summer are very much smaller. TABLE V.—Average mean temperature at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, and at North Platte, Nebr. ‘ Indian North Differ- Month. Head. Platte. ence. OR oF. OTR JAMUAT Ye" sass ster eeoenee mae eereeeecctascae sees eee Saar e rae ame eet 4 20 16 lilo) ERAS a ameaas seSSobSUoorsaocoeC OsbaSnoEcae bose easeecnacponaccdese ae 5 25 20 IE ol Neen An ee Rens rs o A 0 ee ee Sep aor Co lnbooccdaebOsoaane 17 35 18 UN GS de ceemee reece eno meat orb ace ce ae Caen e PD OE eee crnt ork Vow apeduce 2 Je 41 49 8 11 IER a eS SOS O Bare ER BaTen SHORE aocob saaccnonsbes 54 58 4 ka Seis Bee een en oer ye OS et Ae ee oor Conn tae codon secre 65 68 3 (0 Aaa eee ee ere pooscneedcaeosdad seabed saebeb er couceascEcedeeucsadas 68 74 6 NAS ULE a, ope NG wes Sree a ater oro ORRR STE frm So a en ce on 66 71 5 Spree mer eis cee eee ee ae eee ea oe afore RTE ao fale eae 58 62 4 Octobers. 4615 2a aac b erent eee RE Ee ae CE ae eee eet ieee ent 42 50 8 November 2 3225 Cosa ee ee onic aoc Seon eee eee eee eter see 22 35 13. 1 DYECc(=5 011] OY:) ea eee ea Se RE ee ne aoe mm pn am SAGE DOntomcteas= 12 27 15 Mear: 5th ly 2a Se ee eer tne meals ena ainia Ae Seem aciee niet oes 38 48 10 In Table VI we have the annual maximum and minimum tempera- tures at Indian Head. While the minimum temperature is very low, the maximum temperature is generally quite high, sometimes exceed- ing 100° F. 130 SOME SOIL STUDIES IN DRY-LAND REGIONS. 25 TABLE VI.—Marimum and minimum temperatures at Indian Head, Saskatche- wan, from 1890 to 1906, inclusive. | Year. Maximum.) Minimum. Chile oF. 95 —40 85 —42 98 —44 100 —52 100 —39 95 —38 96 —38 92 —48 —4 106 —37 94 —37 90 —35 92 —42 92 —47 88 —43 99 Sos) In Table VII we have the mean monthly precipitation’ at Indian Head and at North Platte. The precipitation is similarly distrib- uted, but is higher at North Platte. TABLE VII.—Average precipitation at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, and at North Platte, Nebr., from 1890 to 1906, inclusive. Indian North Month. Head. | Platte. Inches. Inches. PSUS eerste ctaretate etactamrersinamasiects oa Seis sce 18 313 256 | 72 23 3 685 | The samples were obtained by the writer in July, 1904, and in September, 1905, a 14-inch extension auger being used for the pur- pose. cent | Gisecc.c eptember 9, 1905..... 28.7 | Fallow 1905; wheat 1904; wheat or oats 1903. int ae TS UY EE aes 24.7 | Fallow 1904; alternately in wheat and fallow since 1898. ae i September 9, 1905..... 21.9 | Wheat 1905; fallow 1904; wheat or oats 1903 and 1902. icenes % I JU 20 1904) sScc cs. 19.9 | Fallow 1904; carrots 1903; fallow 1902. oe September 5, 1905..... 19.9 | Wheat 1905; alternately in wheat and fallow since 1898. See secslsoes GU epee oop ren 19.0 | Wheat 1905; oats 1904; barley 1903; wheat 1902; oats 1901; barley 1900; wheat 1899; fallow 1898. , bee | July 26, 1904.....-..5-- 18.5 | Oats 1904; see above. ie aati | September 4, 1905. .... 18.5 | Rye-grass since 1901; cut for hay July 13, 1905; very little | growth after mowing. Lee September 5, 1905..... 17.9 | Wheat 1905; fallow 1904. eness=|aeun< OOicucoca so. r 2 15.0 | Oats 1905; fallow 1904; carrots 1903; fallow 1902. Basen _ July By LOOK tues ost 14.8 Rye-grass since 1901; cut for hay July 23, 1904. 36 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. TaBLE XIV.—Field notes on condition of soil at time of sampling. Field A. Field B. Field C. Depth. Ip =—= a July 25,1904. | Sept. 4, 1905. | July 25,1904. Sept. 5, 1905. | July 25, 1904. | Sept. 5, 1905. Mirstioot....-.. 2. | Moist....... Very moist.| Very moist., Moist ....-.. Dryc sie 2 =e. Very moist. Second foot...-.-. DEY = cmsante IMOISte eee Very moist.| Moist,adry®) Moist......-. Moist. Third foot..-.--- Powder..... Moist=24-2- Moist=- s-- => Powder....- Moist ..-..--2 Powder. Fourth foot....-.. | Powder..... MOISE S202. -- Moist. .----- | Powder..... Moist ..--.-- Powder,a moist. HitghetOOteesasese | rowder,a | Moist.....-.- MOIsteeaesee Moist 2.2% Moista-22=2 Moist. very dry.0 | SLX thm OOtneesee ae Powder, | Moist ...-.-.-.- IMOISbases2e WIMOISbmasee ee MOIRtSe = oose | Very moist. moist.? | Field D. Depth i Field BE, ‘ Field F, Field G, : July 25, 1904. Sept. 5, 1905. Sept. 5, 1905. | Sept. 9, 1905. | Sept. 9, 1905. Hirst, [ootss-- esa. Very moist ..... Moist <2 23222306- Very moist-- =|) Moist<2.-.-5.. Moist. Second foot....--- Very moist..... Moist -ces+- ooce IMOistee-ceeees DYYicec <>< wins 9. 89 10. 69 | 16. 25 Lit Cee SM Aa AAR Se Se ea 2S SRR ae eS ee ee ee 19. 38 20.11 12. 46 Py (ete RR ee tata She lel oleic e elole Resmi siete cio ieiel via he aoa wicreie! o\eiale eine esi stote aia = hatte ole 25. d4 13. 76 28. 92 LCi a pene ere Y A ps oe See oS oe ee ete ae Uttam eee elatatecees 27.03 24.05 16. 32 MECN) ratterates Skim wale mnie asec aps on/2 he Sean Ree Oneal Sain an ae ew aie cies See on 21.07 17. 64 13.18 UENO Sed 8 EE SSC CCR EIGA Get InD SCC DOC UCR TOC OAC OA ao ae CT ee ae 35, 48 22. 93 18.15 44 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. TABLE I.—Average rainfall in different sections of Nebraska, 1876-1906—Cont'd. | 5 South- : North- Year. | west. West. | west. Inches. Inches. | Inches. OS De raatajuro See eee eles bea nnioasisisiesisfone bis o SoS oe oe HOSS OS O ERS SE SER eee | 25. 94 17.95 17.54 BSB eae o ok Sia sisrotetatca nid ORR SE Gis Grae ieee oe occ a aida tratew wisios wate e ateeeeEe ee OL; 17. 30.01 | 24. 36 ABS ee rapes cee ae oe eee as Sater Cea als ae eee eee 26. 94 13. 53 13. 81 USSO Sass se ceed tomes ces toes a tee ca Ja xpeioe ta die de acme wes Sateen een wane | 33. 28 22.03 18. 81 Teo ral Sieseih eaten eee’ Aches ea ete tear Pe me ee ip ie a nS A ae See a ede 30. 43 16. 84 | 14.43 ay eee es ae ere ae ee Se Ree ee en eee ea eS ere 24. 60 18. 98 21. 64 LESS SRC e Sa Som cose Ore ee en Ned I nr a ee 21 U7; 13. 80 20.31 1 Baha? epee ee reentry arate pan SE ae ae LS ee I oe SR oe ee Ry pe i anh 28.11 16. 46 18.75 PSO bre esac oma Steere ie Pe Se eine Se ea ene ee oS ee ee aia 18. 43 12.00 15.81 BO ane de Areas Soe COR Oe ee Oe ore Cee SS Ee See Ee oaEees 33. 32 23:10 24.73 ROD Wet sstes Sas St Se ae oe Oe Oe ee ene Ste ene ee ere naan conser 22. 43 19,72 27.89 SOS rae Sots ace So atapeteretcta ce cig ee is ade Se Sele ee ae ne an sae eae 15. 67 10.28 14.38 hot: ee Sees Set ee eee ee et ea ary ts ae dS tee eee eee? oe ee 10. 33 | 11.30 12. 54 1b oO See Cen eee Seer CHEE Ee aaa aoe Sareea OCE COE OAD ann ban mar een eeene 20. 14 11.18 15. 28 PSO creases oars terct ciate erarae ote See oie ee ELST ne Ee Ee es Se ee ete nae 24.35 17.31 19. 48 1 IS Steet eens eae oe RE Bie Nl eS PAE Ae cee ae eae 24.94 19. 52 19.10 BOB aS 5 Aus toa Se Septo eae Seas re Torre eae re oe ere Bae EE EE ee ae ee 22. 23 16. 65 15. 57 1 RS RS Sele eae ti PRP A re id ele Oe ee oe eS he as oe kee eS 16.76 | 13. 42 16, 25 OOOH. Be 28 ot 2s ye Soe: Sy ea ts ee ame ae eee eS ee Se et eee 18.56 | 14.90 19. 61 310) bps eters een Omen ye ahs ae ee eel ae ee ee ee Nee Semel SNe oes Mee RAE aed Sad 20. 34 16.70 | 22.53 A Oa eee ORO ts tae AE AS Ce yay eee a ete ee Dk oe Soe 28.05 21.27 19.17 OO BY Raseerase ote ie Sheeare tos et tea nS TENS ee here ee ee 25. 50 14. 36 19. 88 et eee ee eee ite See ee tas A raat OT A re en ae Rae a a eee 22.89 15.92 18.19 dG See pee rae ale eae Reed ate A A eee on a ea eer kee = Ua oe 33. 30 24,81 25.52 MOOG Gaceie Be eer Ub bate ND Abe oor eS il ee ae eee 23,51 | 23. 81 23.48 Mieatn. 22 .ad chien mae Goo Se ee ee eae eee ee eae ee 23.73 17.60 18. 85 Upon two occasions the whole southwestern section has had 10 inches or less of rainfall, while it has also had over 33 inches four dif- ferent years out of the last thirty. In the western section they have had only 10 to 14 inches of rainfall eight years out of thirty, while they have had as high as 30 inches one year and 22 or more seven years cut of the thirty. The figures for the northwestern section are simi- lar. There is much evidence to indicate that with about 22 inches of ‘ainfall they are reasonably sure of a crop with almost any kind of farming in the western portion of the State. On that basis the south- western section of the State would raise a crop about half of the time, while the western section would raise a crop seven years out of thirty, or about one crop in four years. Perhaps a better idea of the variability of rainfall may be obtained by examining particular points, as it is not always fair to take the average rainfall for a large region in the West. Rainfall is very apt to be local, especially in western Kansas and Nebraska. This is brought out in Table II, where we have tabulated the rainfall for three different localities in western Nebraska—Culbertson in the southwestern part, Sidney and Kimball in the western part, and Fort Robinson in the northwestern part. . 130 CROP PRODUCTION UNDER HUMID AND DRY CONDITIONS. 45 TABLE II.—Rainfall at three points in western Nebraska, 1884 to 1905. Culbert- Sidneyand Fort Rob- Year. son. Kimball. inson. | Inches. Inches. Inches. [ESSEL 5 Re Pe eae Me PD orth oe A er a eee ae ces scoot eae 3.9 EROS 2 eps pt Oe | BO ee ae ee ene eee Sei ce aioe tesa ot eon aia|baxeeueaeeee 19.0 Pas Merete eerste RS SN et ae hes Uo ate oe ee ME Ease efile niece ccthee aan 11.0 LS Te een ea ele a eee ie otal onal mre ee Sale aeons Seem eccrine oe sc cclece% 17.4 25.2 PSPS eit aye na ae aise cao oe siclw cla nia eran te elo Seloere mae Sele aii einai -c/ieie eel | cla moo ae aces 10.9 17.5 NOS Smee ee en. Foe ee tA oa Bonen Ri oe Caco tate sep ocee coats 20.6 14.6 13.9 en) im eye tee hs ccd Sine tk haste kiste SEL Coe tne eae one ctemie geese cons 13.9 | pi 11.7 EN et ares cia a cco hoicine eS ecione Doane o seine eae cams ee cates 30. 6 18.4 18.7 SU ee ees ee SOS orc icion & Sra ee Oe be Sewanee Seine Saciae ans 23.0 21.4 32.3 eee SP Nes Aire = aa eae alana ols ata wie a en eats ao cae Dalene oe oe noe ens coe cs cm ee cielse wes 8.6 10.8 10 ORS SAS Geos nese eRe Se Scone Sn Oe eR Cee tee eee ieee Gi8i laces coseee ae 14.4 TUDE eee heen es oe eis wa emilee Uae Oey Caen ais Spe ceeninae ease ce 19. aa 14.6 PS Dee cate Maye mink ercrate Cae jo avkmte aux oe male Sue the be eMeta Sein aa sels a Sem Seem = } 1c i] Paes ee eet 12.6 USS dn cogs? SS ORR ee eS Se Sea ee A is ce ee eee 28.9 20.9 10.4 IAI aI Soe fev Set ins Bis a Ne eee Stale Sa ane omaee heeds Mee See SKS } 19.7 18.0 14.1 US Re atesne teen ats Rec a aoe ota ele DRE ES ccluiee cw laed Gauic nema se sSe owner 17.7 12.2 14.3 TERM eee eee ernest woe clone acl oa wis tom ties 2 ea tes acinar nace tee 15.4 14.9 19.6 RE ee eee EE eo att ah ae a oe eiis Micia(ie al abies Sie wie a ete Le 16.8 17.5 19.8 ees tee = crete Dorcas oo sina Ge Sam potas tae aoe osmEwoccmicate nes re ecu 23.8 17.3 19.5 Serpe eens Bet rates = eats & ln ee ae Ne, Pee ad Se Vio ne aS Sea Son 20.7 13.6 16.8 SERRE Sire foramen eke oyna sat cia ne Sie Oe o oo hant cabal aboata Wire eralaie ale octane 20.9 13.2 13.9 SU epee cca tok cae eee eee nose Me uie tae s she baa el Cosa dogaaete Baeh apes 26.1 2D Dy) este AMCTAL GC. oes apnea oa Sena Rh oes ose a Satoce ea eesesecr 20.0 15.3 16.49 Culbertson.—Average for sixteen years, 20.01 inches; five years, over 25 inches; eleven years, over 18 inches; three years, 15 inches or less. Sidney and Kimball.—Average for eighteen years, 15.5 inches; three years, over 20 inches; five years, over 18 inches; four years, 11 inches or less. Fort Robinson.—Average for twenty-two years, 16.49 inches; two years, over 25 inches; seven years, over 18 inches; four years, 11 inches or less. At Fort Robinson, with an average rainfall of 16.49 inches, which is almost below the minimum for crop production, they have had over 25 inches for two years out of the past twenty-two, and over 18 inches seven years out of the twenty-two, while they have had 11 inches of rain or less four years. There is no exact correlation between rainfall and crop production in this region, as hot winds or insects may easily destroy the crop even with plenty of rainfall. However, we know that a number of very good crops have been raised in that region, as much as 30 bushels of wheat and 60 or 70 bushels of oats within the last few years, and there seems to be evidence that with 18 or 20 inches of rainfall in this region the farmers are reasonably sure of a good crop. On that basis we might assume that at Fort Robinson they have had seven crops in the last twenty-two years, a light crop a num- ber of other years, and a few complete failures. At Sidney they have had sufficient rainfall for a crop three or four years out of the past eighteen and a number of failures, while at Culbertson it would seem that they have had sufficient rainfall for a crop probably half the time. Table ITI illustrates in a more graphic way the variability of rainfall in this region, both for the crop season and for the year. 130 46 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. Taste IIf.—Variability of rainfall at points in Nebraska, Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri. Crop season (April to August, a5 | inclusive). For the year. Locality. = : = = eit = ve Norma Seer tice Norma aria- rainfall. Variability. | rainfall. | bility. Inches. Inches. | Per cent. | Inches. | Per cent. Mort Robineans Nebrseeceteac estes sce 10.88) 4.47 | 41 16.49 | 23 Keim pall Nebriaaceces over cekinic eee se weaen ceeeneine 10. 96 1.66 | 43 15. 50 33 Culbertson, Nebricceesieneeccceeee eee cone eee ees 14.37 6.56 48 20. 70 21 imc olny Nebieseccerecneeee ene ace ne cee ase Peceeesan| paneaccee 48 | 27.95 24 Steal, Minas Soe are ees os orem shee eee eee | nied oo.2:5 Siasallle eee inverse si lsegemie seme Eee oes 13 DaVvenpOLE ALO Wa ease eee metre etme Eee eee ee ey | Lt ef" eae | See eae 16 St-pLOUis: Mor Sos. saecie ce eoseaua-meme cee eae aleeerioeeee | sesganszee | Heismiemiaeee | arate | 14 The variability of rainfall during the crop season is from 41 per cent to 48 per cent at the three points first mentioned, while it is 21 per cent to 33 per cent for the year. It will also be seen that the per cent of variability is 48 at Lincoln. However, the annual rainfall is 28 inches at Lincoln and 154 inches at Kimball, and a variability of 40 per cent makes a greater difference where the normal rainfall is really below the minimum necessary for crop production than where the rainfall is considerably above the minimum. For comparison, the variability of rainfall at several other well-known points is also given. The great uncertainty of crop production in this region has resulted in a type of farming somewhat peculiar to the West and in some ways rather a practical adaptation to the conditions. The peo- ple of this region are not shiftless, but are both practical and opti- mistic and deserve some credit for their ability to adapt their methods of cultivation to a climate of this nature and be able to succeed as well as they do. The principle in most of the farming seems to be to put as little expense as possible into the farming of an acre of ground, on the theory that if rains come a good crop will be produced and if rains do not come nothing will be produced under any conditions. This enables them to farm more extensively and to cultivate the land at one-third to one-half as much expense as in eastern Nebraska; hence, if they secure a crop one-half or one-third of the time it is produced almost as cheaply as a crop in eastern Nebraska. Their cheaper cul- tivation is due partly to the fact that weeds are less troublesome and partly to the fact that, owing to the drier seasons, the soil is kept in good tilth much easier. However, this should not be too encourag- ing, as there are many disadvantages connected with securing a crop only once in two or three years even though it may be produced as cheaply as a crop every year. However, it is this question of com- parative cost of production under different conditions and with dif- ferent systems of farming that really tests the merits of the case. The western farmers are now practicing an extensive system of farm- 130 CROP PRODUCTION UNDER HUMID AND DRY CONDITIONS. 47 ing, but a good deal is being said about the use of an intensive system of most extreme type. Just how far we shall proceed toward the intensive system must be determined solely on the comparative cost of production between the extensive and intensive systems of farming under western conditions. In regard to the present cost of producing crops in the more humid and in the drier portions of the State it is not easy to secure reliable statistics. Table IV shows that for a period of eleven years, from 1889 to 1899, inclusive, it cost the Standard Cattle Company, at Ames, Nebr., an average of 19 cents a bushel to produce corn on an annual area of about 2,000 acres. TABLE IV.—Cost of producing corn at Ames, in eastern Nebraska, 1889-1899. Total Yield | rotal cost, Cost per | Cost per Year. acreage. | per acre. acre. | bushel. | | Acres. Bushels. | | Cents. TRO Rare oe ee sen ae ae Sa ae a Se ce eee wee aec5 BAe Ss 1,485 27.0 | $4,867.42 $3. 28 12.2 ene eee ete ee eae Rea Ree cet aa ta asee's 1, 485 22.5 8, 924.79 6.01 | 26.7 eter eet ar te einai siaornint als una a lara Sale win are aa 1,825 23.0 9, 154. 20 5.01 | 22.0 Ee a Sen ak ce een see Sah er h meee ee ack 1, 825 28.0 9, 499. 97 5. 20 | 18.5 Die eas 5e5 RB ACRE eEraee nes 5460 Aan oe mao ree Se 1,325 45.3 9,198. 80 6. 93 15.3 PAGE a ena os Gasca acceesecesswaeeaeanecesesescs 1, 792 22.8 11, 950. 83 6. 66 29.1 fee rad set arse SOE < oS ees elo eine ces a 1,875 40.6 14,181. 48 7.56 18.6 TD He ee arc ee et in A gn ee ee pee 2, 462 68.6 | 19,888.70 8.08 11.7 en eee Se eo ears sere es ee Stones ero kes 2,717 41.1 17, 772. 85 6.54 15.9 EU Nee ne anes Serine acco ae a see ce eee a coe ose 3,431 31.5 | 21,575.89 6.32 20.1 SRC ee es ie orn heen an ein Samer te ieeate 1, 644 30.9 12,015. 80 7.53 20.0 BV OTAE Oe acts so hoe nt ose fe oan bee ce | 1, 987 30. 1 12, 639. 80 6. 28 | 19.1 The average cost per acre was $6.28. However, the annual cost per acre varied from $3.28 to $8.08, and it will be noticed that the cheapest corn was produced the year when it cost most per acre, and the next cheapest corn when it cost the least per acre. Since these data were taken, the rent of the land and the price of labor have advanced from 25 to 50 per cent, so that corn in the same region at present would probably cost 23 cents or 24 cents per bushel to produce. A few years ago Mr. Coburn collected data from fifty-four counties in eastern Kansas on the cost of producing corn. He showed that the average cost of corn for the ten years previous was 20} cents a bushel. However, the rent of the land and the cost of labor have also gone up in Kansas about the same as in Nebraska, so that, if data were col- lected now, they would probably show that corn in Kansas is costing 23 or 24 cents. In Table V I have attempted to compile a few data showing the average cost of production of crops in Kansas and Ne- braska. The first part of the table is compiled from Mr. Coburn’s reports for the years 1897 to 1906, inclusive. Nine counties were selected in northeastern Kansas and nine counties in northwestern Kansas. 130 48 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. TABLE V.—Cost of producing corn in Kansas and Nebraska, 1897-1906, inclusive. AVERAGE IN KANSAS. Northeastern Kan-} Northwestern Kan- sas. sas. x Winter , Winter Corn. wheat. Corn. wheat. Waeld'periacre: bushelseseaa--c.o: ere sone oe eee ee eee eee 26.3 | 16.6 13.5 | 9.77 Wale PEN a Clemens nae scoala Se aoe Sere eee eee ee See $8.92 | $10.82 $4.52 $5. 68 Walreyper'bushelisecssce scene ence ee oe eee ee once ee eee $0.336 | $0.649 $0. 356 | $0. 573 COST PON MCC Grr ccniseces sore aot nee aoe aeee eaeeee SERN Sekt $6.60 | $7.85 $3. 00 $4. 35 Costipersbusheliat senescence oe con ee eee aE CEE eee Eee $0.25 | $0.44 $0. 22 $0. 45 “ Hstimated. AVERAGE IN NEBRASKA. Kastern Nebraska. | Western Nebraska. , | Winter - | Winter Corn. | wheat. eee | wheat. Vieldsperiacre- bushelst rece ca-= dace seer eee moat eer 33 18 15 | 10 COS DOR ACC oe ee, Fe AN MAG ays Rae EE i $6.60 $7.35 | $3.00 | $4. 35 Costiper bushelen. .- 5-ec a8 eee see = ates Breeieteeietes oe neeien | $0. 20 | $0. 40 | $0. 20 | $0. 43 AVERAGE FOR KANSAS AND NEBRASKA. Costiperibushels-<2 sAccetpeece os os tes eee aCe eee | $0. 225 | $0. 42 | $0. 21 $0. 44 From these tables it will be seen that the average yield of corn in northeastern [Kansas in ten years has been 26.3 bushels per acre, and for the nine counties in northwestern Kansas, 13.5 bushels, practically one-half as much. The average price per bushel in western Kansas has been about 2 cents more, and the average value per acre about one-half as much. I have made a careful estimate of the cost of pro- ducing corn in eastern and western Nebraska, and assuming that it costs about the same in Kansas I use this to get the average cost of production in eastern and western Kansas. My figure for producing corn in eastern Nebraska is $6.60, counting rent at $3 per acre; labor of a man, $1 per day; of man, team, and tools, $3 per day. A few years ago Mr. Coburn made an estimate of $5.73 as the cost of production in eastern Kansas, but as rent of land and labor were cheaper it is certainly more than that to-day. In western Nebraska I have estimated the cost of production at about $3 per acre. This dif- ference in cost is due largely to the fact that they list more and plow much less, that the rent of land is about $1.50 cheaper per acre, and that fewer cultivations are necessary to destroy the weeds. Large tools are also used, and the ground worked more rapidly. I believe that $3 per acre is a fair estimate. On this basis corn in eastern Kansas for the past ten years has cost 25 cents a bushel and corn in western Kansas 22 cents. Winter wheat has averaged 15.6 bushels for eastern Kansas and 9.77 bushels for western Kansas, about three-fifths as much for the 130 CROP PRODUCTION UNDER HUMID AND DRY CONDITIONS. 49 west as for the east. I have again used my Nebraska estimates for the cost of production of wheat in eastern and western Nebraska. According to this estimate wheat has cost 44 cents per bushel in eastern Kansas and 45 cents in western Kansas. In obtaining the yield per acre my source of statistics has not been as extensive for Nebraska as for Kansas, but I have made as close an estimate as pos- sible from the data at hand. According to these I would place the cost of producing corn at 20 cents for eastern and western Nebraska and wheat at 40 cents for eastern Nebraska and 42 cents for western. I think there probably is no real difference in cost per bushel between Kansas and Nebraska, but I am using the best statistics I can secure. If my figures are at all reliable they show that at present, at least for the period of the last ten years, corn and wheat have been pro- duced about as cheaply per bushel in western Kansas and Nebraska as they have in the eastern part of those States. From this it would seem that at least until the rent of land increases they are doing fairly good farming in the western sections. It must not be concluded, however, that because they raise grain as cheaply by the bushel their farming is as profitable, because there are many disadvantages with raising crops only a part of the time as com- pared with raising crops every year. For comparison, I desired to obtain some data in regard to cost of production under more in- tensive farming in the western areas, but was unable to find such data. It is to be regretted that some such data are not at hand, for upon the cost of production will depend the development of the intensive system of farming. It must be remembered that the merits of a system of farming are not determined by what some one can figure out ought to be made by it, or even by what some expert is able to accomplish. For exam- ple, anyone ought to be able to figure out with the stub end of a lead pencil that farmers in eastern Nebraska should raise corn at 15 cents per bushel, and a few farmers are doing this, but it does not prove that the average farmer has the ability to do this. In the same way, while some of the intensive systems of dry-land farm- ing seem all right in theory, we can not judge of their merits until thoroughly tried in the hands of farmers. The value of the systeni depends on what the farmers as a class may be able to do with it. No matter how good the system may be in theory or in the hands of an expert, if it is too complicated or the principles are too difficult to grasp by the average farmer, the system must be considered im- practical. This emphasizes the importance of collecting accurate data, not only on the cost of producing farm crops under average methods of farm practice but under more intensive systems as well, 48224—Bul. 180—_08——-4 4 + ‘ an ra) a hii i Sa ; BLOWING SOILS. By L. E. HAZEN, Assistant in Dry-Land Agriculture, Hays Substation, Hays, Kans, The long-continued droughts in the semiarid belt are no more of a proposition than the excessive winds. As a rule such crops as wheat, barley, rye, sorghum, cowpeas, and Kafir corn will withstand a drought of six weeks to two months fairly well if there is no wind. Alfalfa will grow on 11 per cent of water in the first 3 feet, retaining a rich green color; two hours of 40-mile wind will stop all growth and cause a yellow tinge to appear on the leaves with 18 to 20 per cent of water in the soil and an air temperature of not over 80° F. There has been much written to explain how to establish a soil mulch, but so far there is little information as to how to keep it. A dust mulch will check evaporation, but the first stiff wind will blow the mulch away. Because this fact is overlooked land is being sold in western Kansas and eastern Colorado for $10 an acre which is really not worth $5. The clean-cultivated land at Hays blows very badly each spring, as the records show: land which is lightly tilled does not suffer much. The following is the cultivation history of the worst-blown land on the reservation this spring: _ In November, 1904, the land was plowed and harrowed; in March it was again harrowed and was planted to spring crops—wheat, oats, and barley. The part of the field west of the road was disked and harrowed in mid-April, plowed in July, and harrowed but not packed, as heavy rain beat it down; August 6 it was harrowed to break the crust and kill weeds; September 30, drilling winter wheat commenced. In the records the following comments are noted: March 1, 1905.—During the three days’ high winds this whole field blowed badly and considerable wheat is covered because of the flying dirt particles hay- ing lodged behind sorghum stalks and in low places. Wheat plants appear rather sickly, though the part in the ground is alive and thrifty. April 24, 1906.—The high wind of to-day did much damage to all spring crops that were above ground, and the barley and spring wheat east of the road were affected most because of the constant drifting of particles from the wheat fields on the west side of the road. 130 51 52 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. April 26 to 30.—Where wheat is killed the ground is listed to corn. May 28 to 31.—Cultivated with a 6-disk cultivator. Weather is dry. Cultiva- tion completed June 4. June § to 18.—Second cultivation. A special weeder was used after to con- serve moisture; completed weeding 20th. June 27 to July 3.—Cultivated the third time. July 25.—Used spiked plank. July 27.—Rain stopped this work. August 4.—Commenced using one-horse cultivator between rows to make mulch. Cultivation continued until crop matured. March 8 to 10, 1907.—Stalks raked and burned and disking commenced. February 18 to 20.—In another part of this flat the fall-plowed land was gone over with a disk drill having press wheels on to prevent blowing and drifting; wind has been blowing at the rate of 40 miles for a day or two and part of the land has drifted. It was noted from time to time that rough-harrowed land or that gone over in an east and west direction with a drill did not blow much in a 40-mile wind, but that broken by a special harrow did blow some. To determine the real value of rough harrowing, five 2-foot-square plats were laid off side by side on the hill south of the evaporation tank and the plats were treated as follows: No. 1 was a check plat, its surface being entirely free from vegetation, but no cultivation was given. No. 2 was rough-harrowed east and west, but was not stirred enough to make the dirt fine. No. 3 was also rough- harrowed, but the cultivation was so frequent that it had a very fine mulch. No. 4 had a broken crust of the same quality as No. 2, but was laid smooth instead of in ridges. No. 5 had a very fine, level, mulch surface. a In a 30-mile wind no blowing of any consequence took place, although plat No. 5 showed signs of losing dust; in a 35-mile wind Nos. 4 and 5 both blew some. In a 40-mile wind Nes. 3, 4, and 5 blew, and the mulch from No. 5 had to be reestablished. No difference in rate of blowing could be detected between Nos. 4 and 5 until the wind dropped to 30 or 35 miles, when No. 5 alone lost dirt. In a 50-mile wind No. 2 showed signs of blowing, as did the check plat; in a 57-mile wind all four cultivated surfaces blew away, but the check plat blew very little. The conclusion arrived at is that rough harrowing has no great advantage in a high wind. The Department of Horticulture has a small timber strip which surpasses anything for blowing the writer ever saw. It runs north and south along the fence next to the highway. This field grew barley in 1904, and about the middle of September it was plowed and harrowed. A number of lister rows were opened, tree seeds being dropped and covered with a cultivator. The field was again culti- vated in April, and then was kept continually loose with hoe, disk, cultivator, a tooth and slicing harrow, and throughout the season had 130 BLOWING SOILS. 53 a heavy dust mulch. The dust blew from this in clouds and drifted so thickly in the yard west of the boarding house as to kill weeds and grass in places. An orchard plowed and harrowed this spring, then planted and intertilled, has not suffered from blowing as yet. The main tillage is east and west. This field was a big weed patch last year. Trees do not start readily at Hays, but cottonwood and honey locust do fairly well, and where trees protect the south side of a field there is little blowing until a point is reached several rods from the protecting belt. Frequent timber belts running east and west, plenty of sod-forming crops, and care not to leave a smooth, fine-grained surface seem at present to be the best checks to this trouble. 130 « a ea } Ms | 40 Mets psy? m» | Oty ee Pies Cas < S =e fae bao eat Perey a bemariat ett: feria ta punt ae ae ‘Ages pee: Bi See miatd en ‘hey ee- hes : Jens es, iki ers Heresy. Oe eat te: ug Se my we Pah ae " . tet Cie ee ee TENE nae Paris Se t ee as axe pace © FR ESE cme fe Tse eahay eh et aoe, rh oN path, Tyce By side ba “ty cal Cagle 2. Pi bie fg nd Aes) Lt Bie gis iNew eee j Bes ed SR ae Me ila Stim a Nees Sia a ig wre ae yes hairiness i) Bear ee) P ms A P's CAS GEOG ITS GEES Gh Sao eae ool RUS sh fis ‘ive eral 2 ' 5 . : : : ~e eel ae! i 7 —10ice n as Pe ie . mda 4 : r $e oe* i. sates “tint 6 ; ee 5 r . a 7 , ea A =f ie ~~ ’ Kt 1 wit 2 «<' ‘7 Phe p Fans _ " 7 oe i. ' - ke or: ye } 4 ace : ; $f - - ~~ i ‘ i 4 tr de . = if : - = ge So, BE Cm Gis 1 E et : ¥ van “5 abd épx) . . cS e i + (Se } “ . G, Z > 5 ‘ «! - 7 a a 4; 4 ; * aks ate ¢ é . rr *y 7 ; ‘ ae" aon oe > . De é ad ei ¢ 7 * . i f re s ; es v t 7 ars tak ‘ei es a Ae 1 . a Aa - es 7 a 2 een PLANT BREEDING IN CONJUNCTION WITH DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. By L. R. WALpRON, Superintendent Agricultural Substation, Dickinson, N. Dak. While the variety testing, plant selection, and plant breeding car- ried on at the various experiment stations connected with the semi- arid belt can not fail to be of much benefit to our cooperative work, yet the ground may not be entirely covered and valuable work may be undertaken at the substations in immediate connection with the different cooperative projects. Any work of this character must be undertaken seriously, be well planned in advance, and funds must be set aside to carry it out. Obviously the work should be of as simple a nature as is consistent with the results to be obtained. Simple and well-tried methods applied along new lines may produce as satisfac- tory results as though more modern theories were used with a less sure hand. In the past plant breeding, or perhaps more properly plant selec- tion, has been devoted mainly to an increase of yield, an increase of rust resistance, of drought resistance, of hardiness, of milling quality, etc., and while these qualities are desirable and even necessary in our work, it may be that there are other qualities of equal value to be developed in grains which are to become preeminently suitable for our dry areas. Or may it not be possible that some of the qualities mentioned are really complexes which by appropriate methods may be analyzed into simpler elements? The terms vigor and hardiness may mean much or little, depending on the user’s standpoint. We are learning that the term “ drought resistance ” has an increasingly wider meaning, subjectively; and until we know the methods by which the plant may overcome Jack of moisture we may hope to make but little progress by selecting along this line. What are some of the difficulties against which cereals have to con- tend in the area which interests us? Surely one of the difficulties, though not the chief, is the cold soil which the spring-sown grains find ready to receive them. At Dickinson this season some grain scattered from the thrasher germinated in March and maintained a successful growth until the first of June, when it was pastured, being far in advance of grain sown in early April, which did not appear 130 55 56 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. above ground until the first week of May. This great difference was evidently due almost wholly to the warmer substratum secured to the early germinating grain. Now, while it may be difficult to move the mountain Mahometward by warming the soil, it may be possible to dislodge Mahomet by modifying our grain. At any rate the idea is worth thinking about, and perhaps acting upon. In a variety of grain is it not possible that there are some kernels which will start at a lower temperature than other kernels? From the writer’s observation upon grain sprouted in a germinator at a rather low temperature it seems very probable that this is so. Pro- ceeding on this assumption, it would seem but a simple matter to run the germinator at a temperature just below the degree necessary to cause germination for that particular variety, and from several thou- sand grains there may be one hundred which start at this lower tem- perature. These could be transplanted to the open ground and selec- tion could then be made for yield and other qualities. The next year the selected grains could be put through the same or a more exacting germinator test and the work continued as long as desired. From the writer’s observation on the germination of certain weed seeds, it seems reasonable to suppose that the germinating tempera- ture point varies widely with the seed of any one species and that those which germinate at the lower temperature are more frostproof than the remainder. If this should be found to be true of grains, we would be developing not only a strain that germinates at a low tem- perature, but one that is frost resistant also—a valuable desideratum. We need not only a grain having the above germinating characters, but one that will germinate with a minimum amount of moisture. The ground at planting time in the semiarid regions is apt to contain less than the optimum water content for germination. A grain that would accommodate itself to the drier conditions would aid the farmer in making good in his struggle for maintenance. It would seem feasible to fit up a germinator having the moisture content under control. In such a germinator, having the moisture content just below the minimum for germination, there could be selected grains or seedlings requiring the minimum amount of moisture. Such seedlings could then be planted out. These ideas could be carried out in a limited manner by purely out- of-door methods, but the work would be under better contre! aid re- sults would be attained more rapidly if the most essential portion of the work were carried on inside. Perhaps a method more suitable than that of the seed germinator would be that of a small glasshouse the temperature of which could be controlled. In such a place the plants could be started at the minimum temperature and later trans- 130 PLANT BREEDING. 57 planted. In other beds, with the moisture content kept at certain per- centages, seeds could be sown and the desired seedlings could be trans- planted and treated as seemed best. In carrying out the above sug- gestions the idea of using the various methods in combination readily comes to mind. While the difficulties attending plant selection carried on along the lines indicated are of some importance, yet it is believed that they are not insuperable, even to the substations. Furthermore, the bene- ficial results accruing should prove of much importance, not only as an end in themselves, but for the light that would be thrown upon other problems now scarcely guessed at. 130 al be : : - \ Paeen Sega vere, ; , it me ee a os Se a ae tr; t e Vl, al al — SUGAR GPs Us ieee CHT ee eect yaree hak: PLR US SOE eerigr ae wih st wth Soni svcakerick regen Pawan SUES | Mths Ff irs ut dl tee shold ah ; Spare a! 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P » t Prien RATE OF SOWING DURUM WHEAT. By L. R. WALDRON, Superintendent, Agricultural Substation, Dickinson, N. Dak.@ The statement is often made, by scientists as well as by farmers, that in sowing durum wheats the drill should be set to sow more than if sowing Fife or Bluestem wheats. This statement seems to be based on three assumptions: (1) That the grains, being larger, feed more slowly through the drill; (2) that the grains, being larger, a greater volume per acre is needed in order that as many grains per acre be sown as of the common wheats; (3) that as the durums stool less, they need to be sown more thickly in order that as many heads per given area may be produced as in the case of the common wheats. These postulates overlap somewhat and can not all be used in the same argument. Recently the author has made a little study with a view to testing the soundness of the practices derived from the above conclusions and also of the conclusions themselves. Two varieties of wheat were selected—Kubanka and Rysting’s Fife. The Kubanka weighed 63 pounds and the Fife 61 pounds to the bushel. Ten grams of each variety were weighed, and in the durum sample there were found 247 grains, as against 304 grains in the Fife sample. This is an excess of 23 per cent of the Fife grains over durum for a given weight and only a fraction less than 23 per cent for a given volume. Equal quantities—about 5 pounds each—of the two varieties were weighed out and each sample was placed in one half of a 6-foot drill having but one feed. The drill was set to.sow 6 pecks of common wheat. Enough revolutions of the shaft were made to sow one- twentieth of an acre. The wheat that passed through the hose was collected and weighed. It was found that of the Kubanka there were 1,088 grams and of the Fife 1,079 grams that had passed through the drill, a difference of less than 1 per cent, although it was found that the durum grains were 123 per cent the size of the Fife grains. It thus appears that under the conditions given, the two wheats feed at about the same rate. If this holds generally, the first assumption is unfounded. The second statement is self-evidently true; but is it necessary that more grains, or even as many grains, of the durum be sown per acre as of the Fife in order to produce the best results? It is true that @Mr. Oliver J. Grace aided in securing some of the data for this paper. 130 59 60 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. ' the durums stool less, but is it necessary that they stool so much as the Fifes or Bluestems to produce as much per stool? Are there no other factors entering that tend to offset the deficiency in stooling? In an attempt to answer this question in part, weighings may be given of some stools of these two varieties. They were grown in nursery plats under similar conditions, except that the Fife wheat was sown twelve days later than the durum. Six durum stools and seven Fife stools were selected on the basis of general quality—pri- marily yield as expressed by stooling. Of the durum, the six stools averaged 4.3 heads to the stool. The shelled grain averaged 10.11 grams per stool. The seven best stools of the Fife averaged 6.8 heads per stool and the shelled grain averaged 6.62 grams per stool. The shelled grain per durum stool thus shows itself to be 52 per cent greater than similar grain from the Fife stools. The durum grain yielded on an average 2.35 grams per head, while the Fife wheat yielded but 0.97 gram per head, an excess of over 140 per cent in favor of the durum. To put the matter more concretely, in order to produce a crop of 30 bushels per acre it would require a stand, according to the figures given, of 16 stools of the Ku- banka wheat per square yard, as against 25 stools of the Rysting’s Fife. If we were to do any a@ priori reasoning from these figures, the conclusion certainly would not be that the durum wheat needs to be sown the more thickly—rather the reverse. While the data given do not aid us materially in field practice, they serve to brush away certain deductive conclusions and preconceived notions that might prevent a good understanding of the subject. There may be reasons for thicker sowing of the durum, but it is scarcely possible that they lie along the lines indicated at the beginning of this paper. 130 FRUIT GROWING ON THE PLAINS. By J. E. Payne, Superintendent, Agricultural Substation, Akron, Colo. One who has been accustomed to going to the orchard or fruit gar- den and eating fruit fresh from the trees can hardly imagine that it would be possible to live and raise a family without using fruit of some kind as an article of diet. When fruit is shipped a long dis- tance it is never as good as the fruit which one would select from his own orchard, while the prices which must be paid for the inferior article which the stores occasionally have for sale are prohibitive to the average settler who files on a claim and attempts to eke out an existence for himself and family. So if the children of the Plains country are to have as much fruit as they should have it must be raised at home. The Plains country is likely to be settled by people who can not get a foothold where land is high priced. They must learn to farm under conditions as they exist. They must find drought-resistant crops for extensive use, and must learn to create suitable conditions for the production of their favorite fruits and vegetables which are not drought resistant. In other words, they must adapt themselves to conditions and learn to create environments suitable for some plants which can not be grown in the community under natural con- ditions or ordinary methods of culture. The agriculturists and agronomists are all working and studying to find or produce drought-resistant grains, grasses, and fruits. But I contend that these would avail but little if we could not find “ drought-resistant ” settlers who are willing to live in the country and demonstrate their value. . I have found that the quality of drought resistance is not confined to the settlers from any State or nation. It seems to be an individual trait instead of a quality of race or country. The man who can adapt himself to the conditions and do the right work at the proper time succeeds in maintaining himself, and those who do not do this fail. It is argued and has been argued that it does not pay to try to grow fruit and vegetables on the Plains because they can be bought cheaper than they can be raised. But I have noticed that those who talk that way have a very small variety of vegetables on their tables and that they seldom eat fruit of any kind, except the cheapest kind of dried fruit, unless perchance the man happens to be owner of a 130 61 62 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. large ranch from which a few hundred * feeders ~ are annually sold. “ven the wealthiest ranchmen fail to find good fruit and vegetables on the market at all times, and they can supply themselves only by maintaining an orchard and garden for the production of their own supplies of this kind. Fruit growing, gardening, and forestry as practiced by the ordi- nary farmer or ranchman are business propositions which it is impos- sible to demonstrate will pay in dollars and cents for all the work put into them. But asa factor in home building it certainly is easily shown that a good supply of fresh vegetables and fruits is worth all it costs in labor and money, especially when one must either produce his own supply or go without. Farming as practiced by the majority of men owning the land which they use is a home-building proposition instead of a business venture. Some men I have known whose annual production would not average $500 cash market value per year have lived on the Plains and raised large famihes. As wages for a man and his wife and children, all working hard, this does not seem like a business propo- sition. But the same man, if placed in some factory, would have to earn all the income, and he would not earn any more than the family earns on the drought-stricken prairie. If the father was employed in a factory the children would miss the sturdy training in thrift and industry that helping with the stock and doing farm work give. So, while at first the settler may appear to be playing a losing game, when we consider ultimate aims he has probably done more for his family and for society at large by raising a few honest, industrious men and women, who will also be “ drought resistant,” than he could do in any other way, and they will be able to give efficient aid in conquering the remainder of the American desert. Introduced trees and shrubs which have been tested have often given results not on account of drought-resistant qualities but because their fruit grew and ripened during the part of the year when humid conditions existed. Cherries, plums, and gooseberries have usually produced well. Only standard varieties of these have been tested by the writer, and it is his behef that they have succeeded because they make their growth of fruit before July 1, or before the usual time of drought. The Russian mulberry can also be depended upon to produce con- siderable fruit, which gives much pleasure to birds and children, and several varieties produced fruit at Chevenne Wells. The sand cherry and the wild black currant are found native in many parts of the Plains area. These also grow their fruit mainly during the humid parts of the year. Apples have not been successfully grown without irrigation, except during periods of excessive rainfall. Apple trees have been grown in many places on the Plains by careful tillage, but 130 FRUIT GROWING ON THE PLAINS. 63 nearly every year there is a time when the fruit is injured by drought. If the owner is prepared to give the trees a good irrigation at these critical times, they will produce good fruit. Otherwise much of the fruit falls and that which remains does not ripen properly, but withers and never has a good flavor. As water is necessary for trees or gardens, these should be located where it will be possible to give the trees extra water in some way and also guard against an accumulation of excess water about their roots in times of heavy rainfall. The ideal location for an orchard is on a slope adjoining permanent pasture land, where the storm water may be carried to ditches made just above the rows of trees and dis- tributed automatically during the storm, each tree to have a hole just above it on the slope, which will be filled from the prairie flood water. This method 1s shown in the map of James Howell’s orchard, which is situated near Flag- ler, Colo. (See fig. 1.) The mistake of not providing for drainage is shown in the same or- chard. The trees planted in the creek bed below the dam were much dam- aged by extra water during a season of excessive rainfall. During dry years they did well, but when a series of years having abnormal rainfall came many trees planted in the old creek bed died. Having chosen the location, the next thing to consider is the prep- aration of the land. Two extreme methods have been practiced, both with fair success. One is merely to dig holes for the trees and set them in the sod; the other is to plow the land several times during one year, each time a little deeper, and again in the spring just before planting. At this last plowing the tract is plowed in narrow lands, so that each row of trees will be planted in a dead furrow. Holes are dug and the trees set carefully with roots naturally spread. The top soil should be thrown in first and carefully packed. Trees should not be set when the ground is wet. The trees should be set and covered a little deeper than they were in the nursery row. The holes should be deep enough to be left with about 6 inches unfilled. This, with the furrow in which the holes were dug, will make a reservoir for holding storm water until it can sink into the ground. The trees planted 130 4 PRAIRIE, { TURN DURPETCTION OF CREE, \. RESERVOIR OW TOP OF i = Fic. 1.—Diagram of James Howell's orchard, Flagler, Colo. 64 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. should be trimmed so as to balance the root system and the top. Cut off all bruised roots and limbs and leave the limbs which are in posi- tion to make each tree well balanced. Pruning in after years will be likely confined to cutting out interfering branches. Each year more wood will be cut out, until after a few years a wagon load of brush will be cut from an acre of apple trees each year. Pruning should be done just before the growth starts in the spring, so that the wounds will quickly heal before they are ex- posed to dry, cold winds. T he omc haa should be — culti- vated carefully, so as to keep the weeds down and preserve a soil mulch. The disk harrow is probably the best tool we have for main- taining a deep soil mulch. The | smoothing. harrow used with teeth set slanting forward ! is good for main- taining a moder- ately deep mulch. I have always be- gun _— cultivation Fic. 2.—Diagram showing simple method of utilizing storm early in March and waters. . stopped by August 15. Some years the orchard was not cultivated after July 31. Fre- quency of cultivation depended upon rainfall. The tool used for any cultivation also depended upon the condition of the ground. TI never tried a cover crop, as I had the care of one orchard only eight years, and it grew well under clean culture and was not large enough to make any tests which would have been of any value. The fruit garden should not be extensive, but should include enough trees of each kind to furnish a succession during the summer and an 130 "W/OAG ISIS ‘NICYYSD FRUIT GROWING ON THE PLAINS. 65 abundant supply for winter use. It should be surrounded by a wind- break of hardy trees. I would now plant three rows of hardy trees 8 feet apart each way if I were planning a garden. I would use Rus- sian mulberry, black locust, and wild Russian olive for making the shelter belt. The black locust and wild olive are ornamental trees, and the Russian mulberry bears fruit which is quite acceptable to the bird friends and children. The work done in testing fruit trees has been pioneer work only. It has been demonstrated that fruit trees will grow in the Plains country if cared for properly. Variety tests should follow. We have produced good crops of Weaver, | | Minor, and Wolf \ plums; also good Pe PRAIRIE y erops of Early |\ Richmond, Early May, and English Morello cherries. The Downing goose- \ aye | berry has done well. \ mn l \ a | Apples of standard any! sorts, as Ben Davis, \ Se aoe Missouri Pippin, Winesap, and Duch- | ess of Oldenburg aaia® have all thrived and have borne a few good crops. Peaches | have often winter- killed, so if any of | them are raised hardy sorts must Fi«e.3.—Diagram showing combination of windmill irrigation tok and utilization of storm waters near Akron, Colo. be imported or the ; trees must be covered during the winter. Apricots make beautiful trees, but they nearly always blossom too soon in the spring to pro- duce a crop of fruit.) Standard grape varieties, such as Concord and Delaware, produce vegetative growth, but seldom fruit. After protection from the storms, the most important consideration in the production of fruit is a certain water supply in time of need. Some try to store this in the soil by cultivation, and when storm water can be drained from other land onto the fruit garden this method is a success. But during dry years trees suffer if they get only the water that can be saved from the rain which falls upon the space occupied by the orchard. 48224—Bul. 150—08 WELL WINDMILL, I 2 VEGETA. GE TABLE. APPLE OR CHAFO 5 66 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. Another method is by irrigating from wells. Some use a combi- nation of these two methods. In the accompanying illustrations are shown some methods of getting extra water for the fruit garden. Figure 2 shows a simple method of catching the water from a hillside and storing it in a buffalo wallow situated above the garden. This reservoir is fed by a deep-trodden cattle path. It holds water for several days and this is put upon the garden where it is most needed. Figure 1 shows a more complicated system involving the same gen- eral plan and used in combination with a well, so that if the storm water does not come at the right time the trees may be watered from the well. This garden islocated near Flagler, Colo. The res- ervoir on the hill is fed from the prairie by throwing a dam across the head of an arroyo or gully and mak- ALFALFA, ing a ditch from above the dam to the reservoir. The same ar- royo is dammed lower down and turned out of its \ course, leaving } \ the old chan- nel dry but sub- Fic. 4.—Diagram showing windmill irrigation as practiced by John irrigated from Rose, Seibert, Colo. the pond above the dam. Trees were planted in the old channel, but the wet years of 1904 and 1905 caused them to be much damaged by too much water standing about their roots and many of them died. During the dry years these trees did well. The trees planted upon the slope get the storm water from the higher land and the holes above the trees on the slope are often filled. This extra water, combined with good cultiva- tion, has kept the trees on the slope in good condition and able to bear fruit every year, although the crop is sometimes destroyed by hail. This fruit garden was set out about fifteen years ago and drought has caused no failures there. FRUIT GARDEN. WINO-MILL, VEGETAGLE GAFPDEN, OKWELL & WIND-MILL, S WELLE WINO-MILL, 130 FRUIT GROWING ON THE PLAINS. 67 Figure 3 shows another combination of the use of storm water, with windmill irrigation. This isa commercial fruit and vegetable garden. It is located near Akron, Colo., and the owner has supplied the com- munity with vegetables and small fruit for several years. The storm water is used to water the trees and large crops, while the water from the wells is stored and used for watering vegetables. This garden has furnished an income of about $800 a year, besides the ice crop from the reservoir, which often amounts to $500 a year. Figure 4 shows a type of windmill irrigation plant of which there are many on the Plains. The one chosen belongs to a pioneer in this line, Mr. John Rose, who is located near Seibert, Colo. Mr. Rose be- gan with one well and no mill. Later a mill was obtained, but blew down, and until it was put up again, several weeks later, Mrs. Rose pumped water by hand five hours every day in order to save her strawberries and trees. This garden was only a few square rods in extent at first, but it was extended as experience dictated until now three wells water about three acres. Mrs. Rose says that the little fruit garden enabled the family to live when they would have been compelled to leave if their garden had not been a success. Many of their neighbors sneered at the “ little patch ” at first, but now, after eighteen years of demonstration, every settler within 10 miles of Mr. Rose has a small fruit garden, and they have nearly all obtained strawberry plants from that pioneer fruit farmer. There is no doubt that every man can have a fruit garden if he is willing to make sacrifices to start it and care for it; but he must re- member to make conditions to suit the plants, instead of trying to change the plants to drought-resistant varieties. 130 OKLAHOMA ROTATIONS AND THEIR RELATION TO SOIL- CULTURE WORK. By L. A. Moornouss, Agronomist, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Stillwater, Okla, Rotation of crops in agriculture and horticulture has been defined as the system or practice of growing a recurring series of different annual crops upon the same piece of land. The system is based on the fact that various crops not only require but absorb different quan- tities of the mineral constituents of the soil; hence, if one crop is grown continuously upon the same section of land for a period of years and one of the essential elements is drawn upon to an excessive degree, it is evident that unless the supply of this constituent is pres- ent in unlimited quantities, the plant food elements will be thrown out of balance and low crop yields will result. Sir Henry Gilbert, in presenting a review of the rotation experiments at the Rotham- sted station, gives us the following definition: If I had to define the practice of rotation of crops as followed in our own country (England)—indeed, over large portions of Europe—in the fewest possi- ble words, I should say that it consists in the alternation of root crops and of leguminous crops with cereals. In the United States, however, it is a gramin- eous crop (maize) which largely takes the place of the root crops in Europe. The same writer also makes the following observations : The cereals constituting such a very important element of human food, it was natural that they should be grown almost continuously so long as the land would yield remuherative crops. Hence, the history of agriculture, not only in our own country but in others where these crops were of high relative yalue, shows that it very generally came to be the custom to grow them for a number of years in succession and then to have recourse to bare fallow, or in some cases to abandon the land to the growth of rough and weedy herbage, affording scanty food for domestic animals. This is precisely the history of agriculture in this country. First, the one-crop system constitutes the sole arrangement for the farm; then a reduction in yield necessitates some modification, and we note that an abandoned farm is the final outcome. History must not repeat itself in the West. With all our modern ideas in the realm of chem- istry, with new light in the field of biology, and with a mass of experi- mental data from the physical laboratory, where the soil is carefully studied, the-problems which are confronting the agriculturist of the West should not go unsolved. It is my belief that we are coming 130 69 70 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. (o a plane where more substantial experimental work can be planned and carried into effect, but this fact should not lead us to relax our efforts or to conclude that the goal has been reached, for it appears to me that we are merely commencing to grasp first principles. Several reasons may be advanced in favor of a well-planned rotation. In the first place, the adoption of such a system will enable the hus- bandman to distribute the farm labor throughout the greater part of the year; thus men who were formerly engaged for short periods will be given continuous employment. Again, a variety of crops, marketed at different periods of the year, gives a steady and regular income to the farmer, and, as a matter of fact, he will be able to manipulate his affairs with a smaller capital. Success in commercial life depends to a great extent on the business management, and this is also true in regard to agricultural pursuits. A good rotation affords an oppor- tunity for making regular applications of farm manure on the respec- tive areas; hence, the fertility of the soil will not deteriorate as rapidly as under the one-crop system, where manure is added spar- ingly; moreover, clean-culture crops can alternate with uncultivated crops and weeds may be held in check quite effectively. These and other reasons which might be given are decidedly in favor of a definite system in the order of cropping. One of the first questions which comes to us in making suggestions for the farmers of the West is this: * What factors should be observed in planning a rotation?” This question can not be answered for us from the standpoint of the eastern farmer, although the latter might receive instruction by observing western methods, and we can un- doubtedly profit by investigating his plans. It is possible that some of our failures in the semiarid region have been due largely to a strict adherence to some local ideas which have been imbibed under entirely different surroundings. The newcomer must learn to adapt himself to new conditions, and in order to do this successfully a study of the past history of this great area will be imperative. The conservation of soil moisture is an important item; thus, if maximum returns are to be secured, this factor must be reckoned with in the arrangement of our rotation. In discussing these factors it will be necessary for me to confine my attention to data which have been collected during the past ten years at the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. The rain- fall for this point is much higher than the rainfall which is reported for western parts of the territory; however, if any general deductions can be made in a study of our records for this county, a few of these lessons may be applicable under western conditions. In the first place, let us consider the precipitation throughout a period of years, and perchance we may determine the relation between 150 OKLAHOMA ROTATIONS. Yi the rainfall and our crop systems. Our records are complete for the years 1896 to 1906, inclusive; and the monthly distribution for this period is given for two five-year periods. The average for the first five years—1896-1900—is given in Table I, while the average for the second period—1901-1905—is given in Table II. The latter table also contains a ten-year average. The report blanks from which these figures were taken were apparently incomplete for the years 1893 to 1895, inclusive, consequently it would hardly be correct to make any comment for this period. TaBieE I.—Precipitation at the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station for 1896 to 1900, inclusive. Aver- Month. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899, 1900. age, 5 | years. Inches.| Inches. | Inches. Inches. | Inches.| Inches. AMLIBVAR ee bee keee tote spcbte Dg BE Oe ge eave 0.55] 0.76| 3.53| 0.48] 0.28 1.11 eDnaar ys at nS aon ne: On cite nae tne se ese SESE 19 1.51 3. 00 | 47 | -79 1.19 Mavens soo ehe et teat, sean meadekehccait ccnose nace 1.21 3.51 2.75 | 1.03 -ol 1.80 Noll je 5 eS RR Ae RNs Pei EAE SEN CaS .94| 6.36 DS. ALOE |, 4243 3. 46 May....... BRNSRY So aese, Diep ek Bee ett ae Aah 5.93| 4.77| 8.56| 5.61 | 3.71 5.72 RUPLI oe oe ite ean See a one sae ne Son a Seo Cazee |p SACL ai 3.64 | 3.28 4.61 AIK s= SAS SS Se E ie Rae es eee epee te 9.85 2.63 6.35 4.54 2. 69 4.41 PATIPTBLS cook cb ms aise aaa e a oon em ease ae oe rine 1.64) 4.51 2.86 2.97 1.39 2.59 SYSELVS) 00) 210 PR Ae Se eens A nie eae OS ee IES 2.54 | Tle |, S2AR 2 88 or 3.9 WMCIOBEUE saa. oo.8t ogee ae Pee o ea ite safeties 2.88 | 97 4.19 |} 6:15 2.5 NOMENIDEIII.K seock oe one eae Feces oe Boe See 1.56 80 . 68 peu! 93 x MGCOMIbeN Es -ae sasaetee aces, seep ecm onan mew senate 85 87 2.68 1. 60 SE ae Nec a a Be oe ke ey ae SOS 31.40 31.53 42.62 32. 87 29.98 The snowfall for this five-year period was not excessive, and yet there was sufficient to furnish at times a fair supply of moisture for the soil. It should be noted that almost’ the entire quantity of water falling in the form of snow eventually passes into the soil, because the time required to melt the snow generally exceeds one or two days, and if the material is not carried from the field by high winds some addition is made to the capillary water of the sur- face and subsurface area. The distribution for the period was as follows: January, 1896, 0.08 inch; January, 1897, 0.05 inch; Decem- ber, 1897, 0.49 inch; December, 1898, 1.25 inches; January, 1899, 2.5 inches; February, 1899, 0.5 inch; March, 1899, 1.9 inches; De- cember, 1899, 4.5 inches; January, 1900, 0.12 inch; February, 1900, 1.2 inches. The maximum snowfall for this period occurred in December, 1899. It should be observed that this precipitation was timely, inasmuch as the rainfall for the three subsequent months did not exceed 1.52 inches. In making a study of the average pre- cipitation for this five-year period two or three facts should be noted. First, our maximum rainfall occurs during the month of May, while the minimum point is reached during the month of January. The average rainfall for November, December, January, and February is comparatively low. 130 72 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. TABLE II.—Precipitation at the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station for 1901 to 1905, inclusive. | | | 5-year | 10-year Month. 1901. 1902. | 1908. 1904. | 1905. aver- aver- age. age. | | | | Inches. Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. January..... aj=iajoale(aleia{e/a\n(a{a/a\aia/als/a\s)s/aialatelsieie)ats i ONG20s 10213 0. 25 1.03 U79 0.76 0.94 MEDLUALY: <4-f one eee ee cceso noes s Deer Onengeee | .59 Sil 2.19 07 LP ies , 84 1.02 WIEN el bee aa Be Sada GUS Seep COA TORS peSeOSbE 2.95 5.038 3. 66 15 5. 42 3.44 2.62 Aprils sememcacscue Sas seein claw onion eee 1.29) 92 2.97 . 80 2. 80 1.96 DAML 1G A toes Serie is Sere A Poa eee lee op eee oes a 4.70 10. 86 9.27 7.28 4.86 7.39 6.55 AITO 25ers Se Monel ne en er ees es See ee ee .79 2.19 .73 6.54 3.76 2. 80 3.71 AUN RE Ge oadooee feos aaen oC een esac Cea aaEeeeene 1.48} 2.85 3.47 5.18 3.19 3. 23 3. 82 PAIS US trees Reece eee eno oto ere cares 1.95 Paty 2.48 7.42 8.15 4, 43 3.51 September: os cece. ccc heen actin oe eee aeons yale 4.64 3.01 1.66 2.38 2.56 2. 89 Ociober se e825. seeks soe coe se fe gag 92| 3.52 13} 2.88) 1.91] 2.66 INOVEMDER: x5 Saseccere eae sncc enamine | -99 | 7.78 . 59 | 574 1,57 OPAL 1.67 Wevemiber Bons kee ee ake ae } =a2S0aleonii68 48] 2.52 62| 1.23 1.24 AV OMT E Aiate pistaiayiave c Bete wrelom cle ss cvecioretan oes 19.44 40. 29 32.58 | 32.99 | 38. 59 | 32:78 | 33.23 The snowfall for this five-year period stands as follows: February, 1901, 1.4 inches; December, 1901, 2 inches; January, 1902, 0.5 inch; December, 1902, 0.9 inch; February, 1903, 1.5 inches; February, 1904, 0.25 inch; November, 1904, 0.05 inch; December, 1904, 0.75 inch; Feb- ruary, 1905, 1.12 inches. The annual average precipitation for the first five-year period was 33.9 inches, as compared with 32.78 inches for the second period, giy- ing an average for the ten-year period of 33.23 inches. The average monthly precipitation for the years 1896-1900 reaches a maximum point during the month of May, while the lowest rainfall occurred in January. In our second table, which includes the years 1901-1905, the month of May shows the maximum precipitation for the five years, and the lowest point is reached during the same month as in the pre- vious five-year period. The general results in the second period are practically the same as in the first. During the past two years there has been a marked increase in the rainfall for August, and this, with the rainfall for 1906, will have a tendency to raise the average for this part of the season. In general, our average precipitation runs low for the months of November, December, January, and February; then there is a gradual rise to the maximum point in the month of May, and subsequently the averages gradually decline until the end of October. After making a careful study of these tables I have been led to reach the conclusion that there is a direct relation between the pre- cipitation for this section and the recommendations which have been submitted by our station workers for the guidance of the farmers of the territory. For instance, the fall seeding of alfalfa has usually given more satisfactory results than spring seeding. As a matter of fact, crab-grass (Panicum sanguinale) gives less trouble in the fall- sown than in the spring-sown alfalfa, but there is still another reason 130 OKLAHOMA ROTATIONS. "3 for the existing preference, and this is found in the fact that the heavy rainfall of the spring months has a decided tendency to wash our fields; hence, many of the young alfalfa plants are destroyed. If the field is plowed early in July and is given good treatment through- out the summer months, the soil will be in excellent condition for seeding the latter part of August or early in September. This plan also facilitates the storage of water within the soil, and the alfalfa plant has a full and continuous supply at hand throughout that period of the year when the rainfall is comparatively light. Another illustration will serve to make this point somewhat clearer. The station at Stillwater has found that early (July) plowing for wheat gives better returns on the average than late (September) plowing. In this test the ground was plowed on or about July 15, August 15, and September 15 each year, and these plowings were designated “ early,” ‘“ medium,” and “ late,” respectively. Duplicate plats were used in each case. The soil was turned to a depth of 7 to 8 inches and worked down immediately. Subsequently the plats were given light cultivation after each shower or heavy rain. The different areas were all drilled at the same time to Fulcaster wheat at the rate of 13 bushels per acre. The time of seeding for the five years through which this experiment was carried ranged from September 15 to October 1. The yields are given in Table ITI. TABLE III.—Yields of wheat at Stillwater, Okla., from 1900 to 1904, inclusive, showing the effect of early, medium, and late plowing. | Early plowing. ene plow- Late plowing. Year. ee fue Grain. | Straw. | Grain. | Straw.| Grain. | Straw. Bush. | Tons. | Bush. | Tons. gush. | Tons. TROY | ond st CER ee eee O DSO EES aE ane ore nee: See 31. 32 1,81 23. 48 1, 23 15. 30 1.00 Peete eee aa rereate a caida cata’ staat a cjara/e nibin gvele-a Sale aide aiateisied 43. 60 1.99 38. 20 1.74 40. 20 1. 92 EON reece ie clete cident tere stmaje, sb. a'sro-e uals eicinia wares melee 17. 05 .63 18.15 -61 | 19.35 .81 SR eR Ae ricee oe acta ee oak eae octets 3.00 28. 20 1.74] 28.50 1.82 | 27.80 1.73 PRM eee ok eo en Sara Suitlc Wecan ad canac occesueeacese'ss 15. 25 - 82 12.54 .506 7.51 .o4 ASU TSE Oho) ou ciora eine vices Ss oe aie Saasic.c aes aieeetace.< 27.10 1.39 | 24.20 1.19 | 22.00 1.15 In five years the early plowed plat produced a total of 135.5 bushels of grain and 6.99 tons of straw per acre; the medium plowing pro- duced 120.7 bushels of grain, with 5.96 tons of straw, and the late plowing produced a total of 110.1 bushels of grain and 5.78 tons of straw. This makes a total difference in five years of 14.8 bushels of grain and 1.03 tons of straw in favor of the early plowing as com- pared with the medium plowing, and a total difference of 25.4 bush- els of grain and 1.21 tons of straw in favor of early plowing as com- pared with late plowing. These results lead to the conclusions that better yields can be obtained by plowing early in the summer the land which is to be seeded to wheat. This means July 1 to August 15. 130 74 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. The same publication from which these results were copied states: It should also be observed that these results were obtained on ground that was given good cultivation after early plowing. Early plowing alone will not suffice. The seed bed must be thoroughly prepared. On a great many farms the plowing is done at an early date, but the fields are allowed to remain in an open, broken condition until a few days before seeding commences, when the surface of the field is given a stroke with the harrow and the grain is drilled immediztely. In the interval between the time of plowing and seeding the mecianical condition of the soil has not been improvec. The fields become coy- ered with weeds and moisture evaporates rapidly; consequently a poor seed bed and an imperfect germination result.¢ If we had complete records of the moisture content of these plats during the progress of the experiment we would undoubtedly note an appreciable difference in the percentages shown for the respective treatments, especially during the more unfavorable seasons. If this is true, and we must concede the fact that our experimental data point in this direction, then in planning the rotation for this section some attention should be given to the monthly average precipitation, in order that we may be able to store a full supply of moisture for the growing crop. The different plants in use also consume varying amounts of water; hence, our plan should include a study of the moisture requirements of the crops in question. Our first principle may be resolved into a simple statement which reads thus: (1) The rotation should be so arranged that it will be possible to make the best use of our rainfall; and (2) it should not interfere with the needs of the subsequent crops so far as the moisture is concerned. We come now to another phase of the subject. The tiller of the soil wishes to maintain the productive capacity of his soil; therefore, the arrangement prescribed must meet the food requirements of the plant if maximum yields are to be maintained. This was the idea which found a prominent position in the minds of those men who were instrumental in giving to the world some well-defined systems. The Norfolk four-course rotation may be mentioned as one of these. Turnips, barley, clover, and wheat were the crops which comprised the list. Coming down to a later date we find that our foremost agricultural investigators have emphasized the importance of main- taining the productive capacity of the soil; hence, they planned their work and made suggestions with this end in view. Permit me to offer another quotation from Sir Henry Gilbert: Although different and sometimes very large amounts of these typical min- eral constituents are taken up by the various crops constituting the rotation, there is no material export of any in the salable products except of phosphoric acid and potash; and so far, at least, as phosphoric acid is concerned, experi- ence has shown that it may be advantageously supplied in purchased manures. “Bul. 65, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, ‘‘ Wheat Growing.” 130 OKLAHOMA ROTATIONS. 75 But although the eventual loss to the land of mineral constituents is in a self-supporting rotation comparatively so small, the very fact that the different crops require for their growth not only very dif- ferent amounts of individual constituents, but require these to be available within the soil in very different conditions, both of combi- nation and of distribution, points to the conclusion that in any explanation of the benefits of an alternation of crops the position and the réle of the mineral constituents must not be overlooked, and the less it can be when their connection with the very important element the nitrogen of the crops is considered. Some agricultural writers of the past have insisted that a well- planned rotation aids in maintaining the fertility of the soil, but they have failed to include the staternent that some return in the way of farm manure must be made if large crop yields are to be secured. Perhaps it would not be out of place to make a brief inquiry con- cerning the removal and ultimate distribution of the essential con- stituents of plant growth. It has been intimated that a rotation of crops offers a more satisfactory plan for the return of farm manure to the various fields, but the question of making a complete return was not discussed. This leads us to a study of the percentage of the elements which are found in a sample of average manure, and we shall also consider the amount of the mineral constituents which are taken from the soil by our staple crops. Farm manure is made up of the liquid and solid excrements of the farm stock, together with the litter which has been employed. The term farm manure was formerly used to include all substances which were applied to the land for the purpose of enriching it. “ Latterly the meaning of the word has changed somewhat, and it does not now embrace commercial fertilizers or those substances whose chief object is to improve the physical condition of the soil.” Farm manure is sometimes called a “ general manure,” because it contains all the constituents of plant growth and it is likely to be generally useful in all soils. A knowledge of the composition of farm manure is essen- tial to a proper understanding of the principles which have bearing not only upon the preservation of the material, but also in the apph- cation of the manure to the land. The composition of manure ob- tained from different sources varies in a great many cases to quite an extent, but in spite of this fact uniform results have been secured in many laboratories, and a few statements made will be based upon these results. “ Having regard to the more trustworthy of the analyses given in the tables, it will be seen that 100 pounds of good farm manure con- tains from 70 to 80-odd pounds of water, or say three-quarters of the weight of the whole manure, and it is safe to allow for each 100 130 76 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. pounds of the manure as much as four-tenths to six-tenths of a pound of potash, five-tenths to nine-tenths of a pound of lime, and about two-tenths of a pound of magnesia.” In simple form the percentage of the essential elements present in the manure may be stated as fol- lows: Nitrogen, .49 to .69 per cent; phosphorus, .06 to .15 per cent; and potassium, .33 to .49 per cent. If 10 tons of manure are applied to an acre of land once in three years, then 120 pounds of nitrogen, 30 pounds of phosphorus, and 98 pounds of potassium would be added to the soil. A three-year rotation of corn, wheat, and clover, where the crops approximate 100 bushels of grain for the corn, 40 bushels of grain for the wheat, and 3 tons of hay for the clover, re- moves 266 pounds of nitrogen, 388 pounds of phosphorus, and 120 pounds of potassium. According to this calculation, more plant food will be taken from the field in the grain and hay than is returned in the 10-ton application of average manure. The wheat, straw, and corn stover were not taken into account in this table. These figures serve to show, however, that although manure contains all the fer- tilizing elements, the quantity returned to the soil under average conditions is not sufficient to equal the amount which has been re- moved by the crops in question. Farm manure has given good results when applied to Oklahoma soils, even in cases where continuous cropping is practiced, and we believe that still better returns can be secured in the application of this material to fields which are placed under a systematic course of cropping. In 1893 an acre of virgin soil was laid out for a continu- ous culture experiment with wheat. This plat was cropped to wheat annually, without the addition of manure or fertilizers of any kind, up to the summer of 1898, at which time the acre was divided into two sections of one-half acre each. One of these received an applica- tion of barnyard manure at the rate of 15 tons per acre in the fall of 1898 and another application at the rate of 11 tons per acre in the fall of 1899. This area received no further application of manure until the summer of 1904, at which time the plat was given a dressing of average, well-rotted, farmyard manure at the rate of 18 tons per acre. The manure, which was applied in July, was very moist, and it was therefore necessary to make a heavier application than would have been the case if the manure had been in ordinary condition. The remaining half of the original plat has received no manure or fertilizer whatever, but nas been cropped continuously to wheat since the experiment started. Both plats have received the same cultural treatment, as follows: The plowing was invariably done in July, to a depth of 6 to 7 inches, and the soil was kept in a good state of tilth up to seeding time. The yields for an eight-year period are shown in Table IV. 130 : OKLAHOMA ROTATIONS. 77 TABLE IV.—Yields of wheat on manured and unmanured plats in Oklahoma, 1899 to 1905, inclusive. Unmanured | Mf: , Manured area. oa Year. Grain. | Straw. | Grain. | Straw. Tons. | Bush. | Tons. 2.76 | 12.00 als 2.50 18.10 1.16 TEAS) 1252 Ot eee 1.08 15. 30 74 2.16 20.30 1.39 la 12.60 57 1.53 4.75 55 2.00 7.10 72 ein 14516 99 In this field trial an average increase of 10.33 bushels per acre per annum was obtained by giving the treatment indicated, It is interesting to note that the average yield for the unmanured ground slightly exceeds the average yield for the Territory, according to the reports issued by the National Department of Agriculture. If we refer again to our calculation on the losses due to cropping, we reach the conclusion that there is a marked deficiency with respect to the element nitrogen, and as no suggestions were made concerning methods of securing this constituent for the crop, your attention is directed to the following paragraph, which appears in Bulletin 74 of the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station: The cowpea and soy bean can not only be used to advantage in securing practical results in the management of farm crops, but the plants also serve a useful purpose from a fertility standpoint. These plants, as well-as other members of the legume family, are able, through the medium of microscopic organisms which are found in small tubercles or nodules on the root systems, to assimilate free nitrogen from the soil air. This nitrogen is stored up within the plant in an organic form, and if the crop is used as a green manure the nitrogen in turn is rendered available for plant growth. Nitrogen is designated an essential element, and rightly so, because without this substance the plant or crop can not develop. In fields where the supply of nitrogen becomes deficient through the adoption of improper methods of soil manage- ment, the crop under average conditions does not make a normal growth; hence, in order to obtain maximum yields on such lands this element is fre- quently applied in some commercial form. The crop systems which are in yogue in the Southwest favor nitrogen exhaustion; thus, if the present plans are continued it will be but a short time until our lands will cease to return profitable yields. Nitrogen when purchased in commercial form is an ex- pensive element, and if care and judgment are not exercised in the application of the fertilizer serious losses are likely to accrue. On the other hand, the use of legumes—and we speak more particularly of the cowpea and the soy bean— appears to offer a safe and satisfactory solution for the problem of nitrogen restoration. It should be observed that the necessary bacteria must be present in the soil in order to insure the development of tubercles on the roots. In this section the cowpea nodule-producing bacteria are normally present in 130 78 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. the soil, but the soy bean fails to produce tubercles on its root systems. Where the proper bacteria are wanting they can be supplied by obtaining samples of soil from a field where the germs are present and scattering the same on the uninoculated area. These crops should be given a conspicuous position in our rotation. Inasmuch as the seasons in this section are comparatively long, the cowpeas and soy beans may be used as catch crops to follow wheat and spring grain. Alfalfa should be grown on the best land, and when a first-class set is obtained it will scarcely be profitable to replow the field for at least six or eight years. This plan throws one section of the farm out of the regular order of cropping, but it may be used in the rotation as soon as a second section is seeded to alfalfa. There is another phase of this subject which should be considered. It has already been remarked that a given crop, Indian corn, makes a much better record in following a crop like potatoes or soy beans than in cases where it follows sorghum or Kafir corn. In the rota- tion, therefore, some attention should be given to these discrimina- tions. Minnesota Station Bulletin 50 says: “ Rotations were begun in 1894, and thus far potatoes followed by mangolds, corn, or field peas, wheat, and flax in the order given best prepared the land for the succeeding crop.” The Rhode Island Station Report for 1897 contains the following statements: The average results for two seasons indicate that when potatoes are planted on a clover sod a better yield is obtained than when the erop is planted after corn. The growth of potatoes upon the clover sod plats was very rapid and vigorous, indicating the presence in the soil of considerable available nitrogen. Clover and lupines gave better results when grown after some other leguminous crops than when grown on a soil which had not produced a crop of that class for several years. There is another item which may have a very important bearing in the arrangement of plans for the southern farmer. It is compre- hended in the following statement in Louisiana Agricultural Experi- ment Station Bulletin 16, 2d series: Several years ago the following rotation was decided upon as the best com- bination attainable in this section. This rotation is corn, oats followed by cow- peas, and cotton. This rotation is faulty in principle but correct in practice and was adopted last season after two years’ trial. The corn should precede cotton, but experience has demonstrated that Red Rustproof oats, the only variety successfully grown here, must be planted in October if maximum results are desired. Cotton can not be removed in time for the crop, while corn can. The rotation may be arranged in courses of any number of succes- sive crops; thus, the farm can be divided into three, four, or five sec- tions, and the form or plan best suited to the particular branch of agriculture in which we are engaged may be adopted. 180 OKLAHOMA ROTATIONS. 79 The following is a good three-year rotation for northeastern Okla- homa: (1) Corn; (2) oats; (3) wheat followed by cowpeas. For the southeastern section of the State the three-year rotation may be as follows: (1) Corn; (2) oats followed by cowpeas; (3) cotton. These rotations are arranged to meet the requirements of farmers. Farm manure can be applied to the respective fields prior to cropping the area with corn. Ifa spring variety of oats is used in each case, a eatch crop of cowpeas might follow corn, although one could expect a reduction in the yield of corn by following such a method. The cowpea seed can be sown when the corn is “ laid by.” It will be seen that a winter variety of oats may be used to follow corn; hence, if better results can be secured by using such a variety than in the case of spring varieties, there will be sufficient time to prepare the land and sow the seed after removing the corn. This applies more par- ticularly to southern sections of the State. In the cotton-growing sections a four-course rotation could be arranged by using the three crops included in No. 1. The cotton in this case would follow wheat, and the cowpea crop might be used to advantage for green manure to be turned under after the wheat is harvested. The following is suggested as a suitable five-year rotation for farmers in central Oklahoma: (1) Corn; (2) kafir; (3) cotton; (4) oats; (5) wheat followed by soy beans. For northwestern Oklahoma the following is suggested: (1) Broom corn; (2) a legume crop; (3) wheat; (4) brome-grass; (5) brome-grass. It may be stated in connection with the last of these five-year rota- tions that a legume like cowpeas can hardly precede wheat, provided the seed of the latter crop is sown in the autumn; but, if spring wheat (durum) is grown, such a plan will give satisfactory results. With winter wheat this combination would tend to exhaust the soil moisture and reduce the yield of wheat quite perceptibly. We are not in a position to state definitely whether brome-grass will thrive in the northwestern section, but, as it has given good results in Kan- sas and Nebraska, we have included the same in the five-year rotation suggested for northwestern counties. In the central and southern parts of the State brome-grass has never given very satisfactory re- sults; consequently, this grass has not been recommended for those sections. Bermuda grass makes an excellent substitute, but it can not be manipulated as well in the rotation on account of its habits of growth. This grass is propagated mainly by scattering the roots in small furrows and covering them with a shallow layer of earth. Such a method requires considerable labor; hence, when 4 given area has been set to grass it is generally advisable to allow the same to re- main down for a period of years. Alfalfa is also allowed to stand for a period of six or eight years. Farm manure can be applied to the 130 80 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. land in both of the five-year rotations suggested immediately preced- ing corn, or it may be incorporated with the soil early in the summer preceding wheat. The following is suggested as a six-year course: (1) Corn; (2) oats followed by cowpeas; (3) kafir or sorghum; (4) cotton; (5) cowpeas (harvested) ; (6) wheat followed by soy beans. A five-year course of cropping followed by five years in alfalfa is suggested in the following: (1) Corn; (2) oats followed by cowpeas; (3) kafir or sorghum; (4) cowpeas or soy beans; (5) wheat; (6) alfalfa for five years. These rotations are somewhat more extensive than the preceding. In both cases legumes are grown on three fields during a given season, and one could plan to use two of these crops for green manure pro- vided the soil is deficient in humus. The stockman-farmer can use such crops to good advantage for feeding purposes, and then return the manure to the land. In the case of the last rotation given, the farm is divided into six fields, and five of these are subjected to an alternation of crops annually. At the end of the fifth year the alfalfa crop is moved to a new section, and the old alfalfa field is used in the yearly series. This plan presupposes that the entire farm is suitable for alfalfa. In planning a rotation the following facts should be taken into account : (1) The rotation should be arranged to make the very best use of the annual rainfall. (2) The productive capacity of the soil should be maintained; thus our crop system should be comprehensive enough to include provisions for the realization of this object. (3) Various crops differ in their moisture capacities; consequently the rotation should be so arranged that one crop will not suffer be- cause the preceding crop consumes an abnormal amount of moisture. (4) It has also been stated that a given crop may do much better when preceded by a crop of potatoes than in cases where the land was previously devoted to a cereal. The likes and dislikes of the plant should be considered. 130 DRY-LAND PLANT BREEDING. By J. H. Suerrerp, Director, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo, N. Dak. The possibilities in dry-land plant breeding are so great that I feel that it will be a mistake not to enlist the side time of each scientific worker who comes in contact with plant life in the region. Mendel, the Austrian monk, found time from his devotions to breed peas, and incidentally evolved one of the strongest hypotheses that the breeding world has ever received. Hugo De Vries, a Dutch botanist, found time to work upon scientific features of breeding and even to evolve a theory which has set the scientific world agog as to whether he has not more truly solved the question of the origin of species than did Charles Darwin. The originators of the Concord grape and of the Wealthy apple are alike men who simply caught them up as side issues. Light horses, poultry, dogs, pet stock, and flowers furnish more evidence of good sensible breeding than do any other classes of living domestic things, and they are simply the result, in a large part, of the side efforts of wealthy people. You young men represent the only organized body of persons who are interested, in a broad and permanent sense, in the upbuilding of the dry-land region of the West. You are trained scientific men and you are brought in contact with large numbers of plants of the best- adapted sorts which the world can supply, and this enlarges your chance of happening upon the mutant of De Vries, the Concord grape, or the Justin Morgan of the light-horse world. The climate makes you a strong and unbiased ally in selecting the Darwinian survival of the fittest for the Great Plains region. Animal breeders hold that the success of Robert Bakewell and the many successful breeders of later generations in old England was due to the fact that live stock was bred so much by geographical districts, more commonly by counties, that the observing breeder by short horseback journeys could see hundreds to thousands of head of the particular breed and class in which he was interested and conse- quently could select the superior individuals, the result being that the world’s breeds of domestic live stock, exclusive of swine, nearly all trace to the “ tight little island.” Do you not have a similar op- portunity, with interested neighbors who are anxious to grow stock 48224—Bul. 18008 —6 ot 82 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. of all the new things which you can recommend, who are glad to have you inspect their fields for prime specimens and who will, indeed, aid you in the task? IT am convinced that the Great Plains area has possibilities for producing crops of high quality which the balance of the country ‘-an not duplicate. It is a region noted for the clear air and intense sunlight. The fact that it is a dry-land country means more hours of sunshine than other portions of the country have, which, together with dry air, makes almost ideal natural disinfecting conditions. Absence of disease is certainly a great aid to the production of high quality. Dry ripening and curing weather are great aids in the pro- duction of high quality of crops, and I shall be surprised if the day does not come when the dry-land region will be looked to as the source of high quality in crop products. Durum wheat, nonsaccharine sorghum, and several of the horticul- tural plants are sufficient indication that there are special types of plants particularly adapted to the dry-land region. The success- ful culture of slender wheat-grass (Agropyrum tenerum), Bur- bank’s spineless cactus, and Hansen’s native fruits indicates that foundation and acclimated stocks may be at your very doors if you will but guide nature’s acclimated products into cultivated-plant channels. You are really engaged in a battle of conquest. You are at work upon a plan calculated to add territory to the profit- able farming country. You are doimg much by methods of moisture conservation and have much in prospect from that line and from the study of a sensible method of cropping, and it seems to me that it will be a fatal mistake not to take in this third ally—plant breed- ing—if not on an extended scale, certainly as a side line. To those who go into plant breeding I would suggest two things: First, do not undertake too extensive a line of work; second, make sure to keep a plain, easily traceable record. Interest in too many lines of breeding work will scatter your energies too much and force neglect. It is hard to throw away breeding stock, and especially when you have not worked it over thoroughly, as there is always the fear that you are throwing away the one which should be kept. Keeping a record of plant-breeding stocks soon becomes a serious matter, as they rapidly run into large numbers and many genera- tions. A plan of record keeping which would answer the needs, at least of those who practice plant breeding as a side line, is to indicate series by the letters of the alphabet and generations by figures. One of the great needs of the dry-land region is the breeding of legumes, particularly clover and alfalfa; also the development of suitable grasses. In that work special provision will need to be 130 DRY-LAND PLANT BREEDING. 83 made to prevent your climate ally in selection from destroying your entire stock. Nature’s selection is spasmodic, and during some seasons it 1s so severe as to eliminate good and bad alike. It is always wise to make provision for the future by saving a portion of your seed supply for a start during a second season. With the legumes and grasses at least two seasons’ failure should be guarded against, for in addition to winterkilling there is the chance of a failure to secure a “catch” of plants which will be able to live through the trying times of the growing season. I am convinced that there is great opportunity for improvement in the forage crops for the dry-land district, and particularly among the nonsaccharine sorghums, which can be selected and handled in much the same manner as corn breeding is done. Since they are annuals the chance of losing your entire improved stock of seed is much less than it would be with a biennial or perennial plant. They have individuality like corn, and hence are more easily handled in the nursery and in the pedigree record. In closing let me urge that those employed at stations where the breeding work is not undertaken by a special man be upon the alert for the strong-constitutioned, vigorous, heavy-yielding, thrifty plant whose descendants are liable to be especially valuable. Those who come in contact with plants in large numbers have the chance to discover the Shakespeare of the species, and if De Vries’s muta- tion theory is right it may be that a ready-made constant producer of a similar sort will be sighted. In any event it will prove an interesting line of study for the young man who gives it attention. 130 Page Mere TOOuOMOTOUNG. “WEIR Nie seme nee a Ae eee eet 2 Se ere eee 34 Agriculture, Department, cooperation in work on dry-land agriculture in Great IR aIns Area en COGmerne Dy eats seks cine peein ta te oe, AY 7 dry-land, plant breeding; paper.:2-..---22.2..----..5-2- 55-57, 81-88 Petit AOADiADINGY 10 Oly CerIONs= ce. o---o-- 2 sense eae eee 13 Pieeaiip need Mae amr TeClOnn. 2. ics. ek) We week ot cae eee 82-83 Ciliavanton dH TolinmInun, value’. 3222522350257. 2085. ot ae 10 fall seeding versus spring seeding..............---------------------- 72-73 growing under extreme conditions, need of investigation.............-- 13 Auway, F. J., ‘Some Soil Studies in Dry-Land Regions,”’ paper....-...--..--- 17-42 apples, varieties sritable for Great Plains........:...--...-:---2-----.05-20% 65 Rune UCOLGNTe CO MNCHIMION! re an a = Sset teak ee sce wee ss Snecene eke 65 Puc ions, wiropen-catherne, HUpply tO BOll....-...-...2-.- 02+ ---- ee cee eee ee 77-78 Barley, local variety, superiority to introduced varieties. -.............---.--- 12 yield at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, in dry years.......-..--.------ 23 on Carnaiian experimental farins: > 12°25... 5. .2-.2---2-22--f4e- 19 Beets, sugar, yield on Canadian experimental farms.............-...-------- 19 Bermuda grass, substitute for brome-grass, propagation...............-.------ 79 SMUEU SEMIN OR IET ee aan a rapes cee al eee oe ast hoa s< oe ates ekeneees 51-53 RORY Seer ee oe ae oe Ae ort ne wn eS cee eo Dae sa nee 53 Peeeeeces ann, EOLA. TUCCOF I) BUCCENS: 0222-5 os. 2+ ee eee 81 plant, suspestions:....2---.....---. 2 es eh Ie SEE ST 82-83 Pees MEY ANG GES, DUPE <2 eae ae coe ee Dek ce ee eee 81-83 plant, in conjunction with dry-land agriculture, paper .....-....--- 55-57 Burnett, E. A., “‘The Development of Dry-Land Farming,”’ paper........-- 9-15 Canada, Northwest Provinces, fertility of soil, erroneous explanation of cause. . 18 Baekarchowman Gishrticl, som Studies.--.0-+o-. 2. i222 2-2 ee eee 17-42 Carrot field, moisture content, Indian Head Experimental Farm, Saskatchewan. 31-32 Carrots, yield on Canadian experimental farms.................------------- 19 Caren. crops, value of cowpeas atid soy. beans: .....5...--.----.------.222ta. 78 Cereals, seeding in cold soils, delay in germination, suggestion..............-- 55-56 Cherries, varieties suitable for Great Plaims:.....\5:..2......-.--:--22222.52e 65 Curmcorn, ., C.,antroductory statement =. .:..:...-/252.0.--.--- 22s. Seeee 7-8 Clay soils, bowlder, capacity for storing moisture...............------------- 39 lacustral, capacity for storing moisture.............---...225-22---6 39 Sprmnnas, Ponkatctowar aistticte 22.2.0 ss022 i... 012 AR 19 wet and dry seasons, effect on industries ...............--------- Perea d 14 Smover breeding need for dry repions:.<-- .. 22... ..---------2-<+=2-tseen nee 82-83 Cooperative Experiment Association of the Great Plains Area, organization, PETE IONG 1 OUC Mean eS IEE ee eee ee hon ee bo ewe eee cents aa de ones 7-8 Car. eos of proguction ab Asics, Nebr. --2--+-....-....22...4-.-. 25 -ss-5- Ses 47 amr ad cen Us Sol ELE Se 47-49 WE GIOMN CAUGORS= aac. ne) S208 oe Se Semen 43 green, yield on Canadian experimental farms.............------------- 19 Rm Cassese ROO CME Fo eae Saigo fo on cain sc ea eens Jaen est ene 78 varieties for dry regions, need of development...............--..------- 12 130 85 86 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. Page Cowpeas, value'in supplying nitrogen to soili:.. 2.25. 022. 2a oe 77-78 Crookes, Sir William, statement on fertility of soil in Canadian Northwest... ...- 18 Crop production under humid and dry conditions, paper.................--.... 43-49 TOLATION Mla ClOrs MOI COMET Cralhl Oli see ree eterna eee «.. 70-80 reasons foriadopting system: =~ 3-5. 3.8.5 eee eee ee ee 70 season Indianw read sa saskat elie yrerriee ee: ssa oa eae near eee 27 Crops, drought-resistant, development, method of pushing settlement......... 13 largesyields> Saskatchewan, districts: 3.) 22. 5282 -ter ae poe eee ee 19 rotation, relation to soil-culture work, Oklahoma...................... 69-80 sod-forming:-check to. blowing,soll: 225.2.) 22.22. .4jn tess ee ee 53 suitable‘for-Saskatchewandastricts ic) s.csoots ese ee eee 27 varieties sittable toidry recions: 2222-2 s2 oh ee coe aaa ee eee eee 11-13 variety, value to farmer: sc. 2.6 cere ep eee oF ae eee 70 Daimysindustry, relation tovalialfa growing=.. o5: aoe ao oe ee eee 13 Development. of dry-landianming.. paper.) 220. ae cee os ee ee 9-15 Drilhing wheats sos.) 2 25545 See oe ae ee ee ee eRe es eee eee 59 “ Droucht-resistant’ settlers, need... 2.2.224¢ 5.2 ahs See eee 62 Dnouchts, seeding to.escapedamaves ~: 52 22 625.75. Seria So ee ees 11 Dry and humid conditions, crop production, paper...............---+---+------ 43-49 land) agriculture; plant breeding: papers... tos 3 ese sss ee eee 55-57 farming, development in Great Plains area, paper............-.------ 9-15 plant breeding, pa per... cc. es} -.ces ais eee eee eee ee 81-83 regions, possibilities for production of first-quality crops........-.-.--- 82 some soil! studless, pa pers... ese pe cee se nee et ee 17-42 DMimrum wheat, rate of sowing, paper. 2.2.2 5.26 26 cose s2e2 esse eee 59-60 Experiment stations, danger of misleading prospective settlers................- 14 PLOVINCC? 2.21) oe Oe Sy So sade Cae ae ee eee 14 Eaperimental farms,'Canada, location. 2. -222- <= —- -- ace = tree ee 19 Fallow field, moisture content, Moose Jaw district, Canada.......---...------ 33-34 Fallowed land, yield of crops at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, 1890-1905....... 28-29 Fallowing, summer, importance for storing moisture...............----------- 25-27 statement of Minister of Agriculture, Sas- kabehewaby 553-466 -n pees 5 a ee 26-27 Farming, dry-land, development in Great Plains area, paper........-..-------- 9-15 IahoHsaVKl have! br COrKOMWAOTS.< coos ecoeshesssosecs- votes oer eee 43-49 Plains CoumMbrys PUEOSS cree meee ee alee ree et ee 62 Horare crops, improvement, opportumitiess-_.< 2... 2 eens i 83 need of improvement.2.25. 2 -Gs2.e0 sae as = sae ae ee eee 15 Value of alfalfa: >.< sees scsi soe Saye cree eee een eee 13 Frost in soil, theory of fertility of Canadian Northwest................-------- 18 Bruit garden, location; management, ebc_.2 28 a2 ei 62-67 growing on the Plainspa per =. 5.2 ser a eee 61-67 hrnits: varieties'ior Plains:coumtry=222 So. -2 94 ee eee 62, 65 Galloway, B. T., chairman of meeting for organizing The Cooperative Experi- ment Asseeiation. of the-Great Plains, Area... .......-.-.+=--+-2=2=--=2-5 2-4-5 7 Germination, seed, tests-at‘low temperature. -...-. 2... -=-- = Sass - = a= oe 56 With Mimi Moistutes 2... --4-4 eee eee eee 56 Graimerowing, decline of industry.-=--=.- 22 -- xe ie eace = eo ee 13-14 large yields, erroneous explanation..............-------+--+---+------- 18 sowing, time in Saskatchewan. district... ..-.--....2.-++222--/)=--====-- 18 Grape culture, difheulties:.20 52.2222. se ee ae ee 65 Grass, Bermuda, substitute for brome-grass, propagation, etc........-.--------- 79 130 INDEX. 87 Page Great Plains, dry-land farming, development.......4........--.-.-.-.------- 9-15 TEAR EON NIE (UDEI Ae Peace a ere Soe ee eo TS. Ck Seas at Poca t 61-67 Gilbert, Sir Henry, statement on mineral constituents taken from soil, re- “CISD Ee 0) ee a oe oe a eae eee 74 rotation of crops in Europe.............-.. 69 Gooseberry, Downing, suitability to Plains country...............-..-...--.-- 65 Harvest time; Indian Head, Saskatchewan..............-2-.s202-.e2e0--- eee oT Papen, eli. PON INe SGlldy DA peN <..0 os a ee a pees eee ee 51-53 Humid and dry conditions, crop production, paper............-..------------ 43-49 Peeetionanpic COCMiCient, GenMmnOn=c52- 50/222 2.55 02S Se eek Ub. See et bse 34-35 value in estimating available moisture .............-- 35-39 Ice, supply from reservoir for fruit and vegetable garden, Akron, Colo., income. 67 Peeplemenis- orchard: caltiyaiOne 7-2-0). oc. een Bee ee teh eee oh aie 64 Indian Head Experimental Farm, Saskatchewan, size, management, etc... .-. 25-41 soul studies: .. 2.2.22 esse 17-42 ot en A Ree See 20-22 Pee CLORVEGtALOMICMG-2 2 Go.e seus serene tte St os ols EL Se ote Leo oes 7-8 ina COMMS. SHILA DULY LO dry TetONG so... ic ore int were eos Se ce eee ke ne eee 13 Musas, eastern: cost-of com: production: -22:22: $i. 20-2 2028.22. - oe eee eee ae 47, 48 ANE MENVETOR iu VRCLOMS eerie ot eet toate 22 crate Cad apo 2d is 24 ord ofp Seas 12 Barre Peat OAtee VALOIS ICMOYE 20 See Nose ak fia bs ga Soe ad se eee eect ob LS 12 PApor, distripution, valueror crop rotations >. -..\.. J... 2566. ees. ede ee. 2 25 70 Lands, rolling, treatment to prevent blowing and washing of soil...-........-. 10 wind-blown; Hays; Kans:, history-...2.2.---...-<-.ss20l5-. 2.22.5.) OES ernie hreeaine need im dry TerieMs=. 222.225.552.522 5 2 sas soe 22s See eB ee 82-83 Mocusiplack usedn- wind-breakes 5,-2.0 cece co ossc ce ewslk lon elses 65 Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, rotation of crops adopted........- 78 Mackay, statements as to importance of summer fallowing...........-.....-.-- 25-26 Mangel-wurzels, yield on Canadian experimental farms..............-------- 19 NeiE CAE COUSITEMEMLGss {ane tele ne as eciae Secccs Asin io < . te ok aes 75-76 effect on wheat crop, experiments.............-...-.---------- 76-77 Minerlconstituents’ot coil, replacements s- 2/2. 2. 22.020 Hs. 2s eee cle 74-75 statement by Sir Henry Gilbert...... 74 Moisture available per acre-foot, Indian Head and Moose Jaw, Canada........ 30 conservation, plowing in July, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment RSSUROMG re eee os ian Se sna ic Sk a Se eee 73 PLOplewr tase ees es PLL be eee 9-10 content, value dependent on hygroscopic coefficient, tables.........- 35-39 ROMA Al aD lec enimedie a2. sce h oe es See ee cS pe er 2s nee 34 stored, value compared with surface moisture..................------ 39 Montcomery, E. G., “Crop Production under Humid and Dry Conditions,”’ DOper == 2. ee An aS SLE tat Meee aa Sect pee Antes Dae ee eee 43-49 Mooruousg, L. A., “Oklahoma Rotations and Their Relation to Soil Culture EEE TOE a SENSI SS SESS eg PS oy =< Sh nth RR BO A aN a ce AE 69-80 ReMUnetr y=) HMESIA, VEG iN WIGADIOHUK: —Suscee foes. oases ecoketes osebeuten 65 NUP HE BO CIeCtIOle WING sets... Saas each oo Sele t ete on se teas Gabe 51 Webraskea, Culbertson; rainfall ford6ryears; table... . 2... 252.222. 2 sete eee 45 Fort Robinson, rainfall for 16 years, table................-.--..... 45 anions Tarnia tonrlG yor taWles 2.50. 64...ioooe es erode eee 45 Bremney, EArmInIliOnaG years thie. .020. 205-2... 60. oe see eS 45 WEB lentECORU Ol COMMmMONGUUGHOMs. o20..- 5025-5 soe <= oe ee nee ee 48, 49 type of farming: ..22.....2-2.--. Se ak eee eee 4347 Nitrogen, supply to soil through leguminous crops...............----------+--- 77-78 130 88 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. Page Norfolk four-course rotations: 4/0622 32-4 aac oe ee ee 74 Oats, early varieties, tests at Nebraska substation.....................-------- 12 field, moisture content, Indian Head Experimental Farm, Saskatchewan. 32 yield at Indian Head, dry years... 22222 henocc cee eee ee eee 23 on Canadian experimental farms........ es en ES 19 Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, data useful in study of crop rota- HON es i SSS ea nds bg Sa aad Re ee 70-74 rotation of crops, recommendations, for different sections........... 79-80 rotations and their relation to soil-culture work, paper.......... .-- 69-80 Olive; wild Russian; use inswindbreak: =. +. 2.5... 0a. 422, eee 65 One-erop system , history... ..ccc2 soe se tee Net Sates. oe Se eee 69 Orchard,);A kron;-Colos income: ce sstgiet ok a ee 67 cultivation, -time:and ‘manner? 22-4... 22-5 9.222 see ee 64 location: ‘setting trees, ete 22.260. ee ee 63 Orchards: cultivation, imieation,"6te 2-22). .005 5-2 ne ee ee 63 water requirements, methods of supplying....................------ 65-67 PAYNE, J... Pruit Growing on the Plains, ™ paper 3-2. 00 ee - 61-67 Beachyecultures dithculties:2ss2 25.05 5. soso ater eae eee eee 65 Peas; yield on Canadian experimentaliiarms 2-2: -2254-5s02 ee ee 19 Plant breeding, dry-land, POPE 22a) oaekioot =e atan spe eo eee 81-83 in conjunction with dry-land pericolene PODER he ee eee ee 55-57 stock; method of keeping record: 5-3 5.45 25 38 c8 oe 82 Plants, Ary TEsiOn 25. oss acts See. cee St Vee een Meee cer ae 82 Flowing; depth forsumimer fallow -<: 2<.2... eek che uek 22-25 Seed, alfalfa, production as promising industry................--...-------+- 13 selection, germination tests at low temperature...........-.......-...- 56 With IMimimMiUunt moisture... 2... .2 2... 56 summr-sown, growth compared to spring-sown.....-........----.----- 55-56 puppia care ail Case On Crop ire? .2-t2 ano ge ce. 22s - sz Seat ee 83 Became hme. budian Head, Saskatchewall.......202..--.-.-2---.-2--fsscece 27 STREETS Veg ELT 2 ete ae aa cea a a 12 Beauane Delt, eitect of wimds ON Crops--...-.-.-...222.-.2..52.-.2.225-2---5 D188 revigns erin rae velopment. .+2:..5... 2222.25 tose ct eek kee 9-15 Settlers, need of fruit and vegetables............... Sof arnt Sree re eR ee 61-62 Plains country, necessity for creating suitable conditions............. 61 prospective, need of knowledge of conditions..................-...... 14 SHEPPERD, J. H., ““Dry-Land Plant Breeding,” paper...................-.--- 81-83 Shutt, F. T., monthly determination of water in soil of two fields, table...... 39-40 Bares ay Oats WAG 28 COD econ a Se. So ond oe keenest eos ee 12 Snowfall, Indian Head station, Saskatchewan, 1890-1905..................... 22-23 Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, 10 years, tables........ 72-73 Soil-culture work, relation to crop rotations, Oklahoma, paper.......-.......- 69-80 moisture demonstrations, necessity for deep boring...................... 39-42 Northwest Provinces of Canada, erroneous explanation of fertility.......-. 17 RUE IGT Ses amin eas aoe ee ee te tails Ss Soe en eee sence ce stsescher ae 11 Sion ta ary WepteMs. PAPE ss. Sota. 25. k eee et eee esac ce eee 17-42 WanMINe and DlOWwIne prOveHtlves=-.-..-....----.-.-.+-..2----2-25 net nat eh woceeeacacus 12 imaper pelis,.protection to blowing soile-.. ...<...~.s-~.. seca see abe nek ee 53 PURINE CANOEING. Soe certs «Ce cnn aes fs dns oo ate heta oo teeee ses 63 planting, need as check to wind velocity......................--.-...- 11 protection to blowing soils from winds....................-..-2.-+-.+-- 53 Turkish Red wheat, yields from heavy and light seedings ...................- 12 Turnips, yield on Canadian experimental farms ........................------ 19 Vegetable garden; Akron, Colo., income........2....2..2-.0.0c2eeececeeeeenes 67 130 90 DRY-LAND AGRICULTURE. : Page Wa.pron, L. R., ‘‘ Rate of Sowing Durum Wheat,’ paper............--..--- 59-60 “Plant Breeding in Conjunction with Dry-Land Agricul- ture, paper. cee see ee oe ee eee Oe 55-57 Washington, D. C., meeting of officers of Department of Agriculture and experi- ment station workers of Great Plains Area, proceedings...............------- 7-8 Water, excess:in orchard, injury to;trees 42-320 ae -eoeeee oe e eee 66 storing foriotchards: 5.5. 2o.5. 2. Aeciene eee ee eee 65-67 Wells, use in supplying water for fruit and vegetable gardens.............-.-- 66-67 Wheat, durum, production per stool compared with other varieties..........-- 59-60 Fate: Ol SOWIE. ADEs < ac Sete 2 eee he eee 59-60 field, moisture content, Indian Head Experimental Farm, Saskatche- Walla sosca toe. eens eee DOr eo 32-33 Moose.Jaw: district, Canada-...-..-..------:-.- 30-34 production, effect of early plowing, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment EALION Sas 5 IS Se iat Bae are eS er be es Oe ae tee Ae ene 73-74 seeding: dohtivs:dneany 55 cay be $a ee es ee 12 winiter> ‘Vvalue=as crop. aa-t aces os ones See ee See 11-12 yields at North Platte substation.-...........-.-...-..-- erat 12 yield at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, dry years..........-.-.--------- 23 on‘ Canadianvexperumental farms] -<- 425. ees ate ee eee 19 Wheats, different varieties, sowing, feeding through drill..............------- 59 durum;-considerations,in.settingthe.drill) (2.0.5... - Sec occa eee 59 value compared with winter wheat.........--- - ane ee eee 11 western Nebraska» results... oe. .06 -oee5-c6- asset ee eee 12 spring: compared «with winter varieties. <..) 2.5. ee eee 11 Wand-blown land: Hays, Kans: history:.2:- 022... 4--222 4 9-2 eee Ree 51-53 breaks, orchard, planting and choosing trees.....-....-..-------------- 65 protection to blowing soils..............-.-- ety setae 53 lise, IN, ArUlt OTOWINE 552 os: SSS anatase = 6 eee 65 Vales. SU 2See Ha ae Been Ui te oe eee nerea ee iil Windmills, use in irrigation, fruit and vegetable gardens.............-.-..---- 67 Winds» ingh velocity, damage tojacriculiire 2-5 -5.4-40 eee a eee eee 10 semuaarid ‘belt “etlect om crops: 2252224552552. 3. ee ee ee 51-53 130 Nien tik i 4 i , We ae La ey, | i me (a MN i ‘ a om [hai i mn Ait yi Nou as} { NACI Aland ‘ j f POW 1 ie end | | i IW | { MUAY ILS f ‘ | iivatt oi i i, ! 4 WY ¢ by | ) ( | } (ua } } | abil f | j { 4 i j if . r ¥ (je ! } us HE | ur | W ‘ | { Hy, auc Srila ad alt ( ia AMOR HAY Wh } ; five iae PAR . Ri i MAR i % hoa SB U.S. Bureau of Plant 19 Industry, Soils, and Agri- A35 cultural Engineering no. Bulletin 121-130 PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET Biological! & Medical Serials UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY ed AF a Exes Soha ee Ge Witnbtenatt sre. eS eee eee EEE eee